[[["Secara tradisinya, Shell adalah sebuah perniagaan yang terdesentralisasi di seluruh dunia (terutamanya di hiliran) dengan syarikat-syarikat di lebih dari 100 buah negara, masing-masing beroperasi dengan tahap kemerdekaan yang tinggi. Hulu cenderung jauh lebih berpusat dengan banyak petunjuk teknikal dan kewangan yang datang dari pejabat pusat di Den Haag. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat syarikat-syarikat \"penerokaan dan pengeluaran\" yang sangat besar di beberapa pusat pengeluaran minyak dan gas utama seperti United Kingdom (Shell Expro, Usaha Sama dengan Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, dan Oman. <> Shell secara tradisinya menganggap jenis perniagaan di seluruh dunia? || sangat berpusat <> Shell yang dikendalikan syarikat-syarikat di berapa banyak negara? || lebih dari 100 <> Banyak hala tuju teknikal dan kewangan untuk hulu datang dari entiti apa? || pejabat pusat di The Hague <> Apa jenis syarikat yang ada di beberapa pusat pengeluaran minyak dan gas utama? || \"penerokaan dan pengeluaran\"", {"context": "Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large \"exploration and production\" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "heavily decentralised"}], "question": "Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "Shell operated companies in how many countries?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the central offices in The Hague"}], "question": "A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "\"exploration and production\""}], "question": "What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?", "id": "5726262f89a1e219009ac3dd"}]}], ["Atas sebab-sebab tertentu, firma baru itu beroperasi sebagai syarikat berdaftar dua, di mana syarikat penggabungan mengekalkan kewujudan undang-undang mereka, tetapi dikendalikan sebagai perkongsian satu unit untuk tujuan perniagaan. Istilah penggabungan itu memberikan 60 peratus pemilikan kumpulan baru kepada lengan Belanda dan 40 peratus kepada British. Kepekaan patriotik negara tidak akan membenarkan penggabungan atau pengambilalihan sama ada dari kedua-dua syarikat itu. Syarikat Belanda, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, bertanggungjawab di The Hague pengeluaran dan pembuatan. Sebuah syarikat British dibentuk, yang dikenali sebagai Syarikat Petroleum Anglo-Saxon, yang berpusat di London, mengarahkan pengangkutan dan penyimpanan produk. <> Sebanyak peratus kepunyaan penggabungan itu mengagihkan cabang Belanda? || 60 <> Apa yang menghalang penggabungan besar-besaran kedua-dua syarikat? || Kepekaan patriotik negara <> Apakah fungsi utama Syarikat Anglo-Saxon Petroleum? || untuk mengarahkan pengangkutan dan penyimpanan produk <> Syarikat baru yang dikendalikan sebagai jenis syarikat? || sebuah syarikat berdaftar <<Sebanyak peratus kepemilikan syarikat baru diberikan kepada British? || 40", {"context": "For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence, but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, was in charge at The Hague of production and manufacture. A British company was formed, called the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "60"}], "question": "What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "National patriotic sensibilities"}], "question": "What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "to direct the transport and storage of the products"}], "question": "What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad007"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "a dual-listed company"}], "question": "The new firm operated as what type of company?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "40"}], "question": "What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?", "id": "57261b3b38643c19005ad009"}]}], ["Kehadiran syarikat-syarikat seperti Shell di Niger-Delta telah membawa kepada isu-isu alam sekitar yang melampau di Delta Niger. Banyak saluran paip di Niger-Delta yang dimiliki oleh Shell sudah tua dan berkarat. Shell telah mengakui tanggungjawabnya untuk menjaga saluran paip yang baru tetapi juga menafikan tanggungjawab terhadap sebab-sebab alam sekitar. Ini telah membawa kepada protes besar-besaran dari penghuni Niger-Delta dan Amnesty International terhadap Shell dan Friends of the Earth Belanda. Ia juga telah membawa kepada rancangan tindakan memboikot Shell oleh kumpulan alam sekitar, dan kumpulan hak asasi manusia. Pada Januari 2013, sebuah mahkamah Belanda menolak empat dari lima tuduhan yang dibawa terhadap firma berkenaan pencemaran minyak di Delta Niger tetapi mendapati anak syarikat bersalah satu kes pencemaran, memerintahkan pampasan yang akan dibayar kepada petani Nigeria. <> Apakah penyebab isu alam sekitar yang teruk di Delta Niger? || Kehadiran syarikat-syarikat seperti Shell <> Banyak paip yang dimiliki oleh Shell di Niger Delta digambarkan sebagai apa? || lama dan corroded <> Shell telah menerima tanggungjawab untuk menjaga saluran paip dalam keadaan apa? || baru <> Berbeza dengan penerimaan tanggungjawab untuk menjaga saluran paip yang baru, Shell telah menafikan apa? || tanggungjawab penyebab alam sekitar <> Persatuan alam sekitar dan hak asasi manusia telah membuat rancangan tindakan untuk melakukan apa? || boikot Shell", {"context": "The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The presence of companies like Shell"}], "question": "What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "old and corroded"}], "question": "Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "new"}], "question": "Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "responsibility for environmental causes"}], "question": "In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "boycott Shell"}], "question": "Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?", "id": "572621b6ec44d21400f3d94b"}]}], ["Pada Februari 2010 Shell dan Cosan membentuk usahasama 50:50, Ra\u00edzen, yang terdiri daripada semua etanol Brazil, penjanaan tenaga, pengedaran bahan api dan aktiviti gula Brazil, dan semua perniagaan bahan api dan perniagaan runcit Shell di Brazil. Pada bulan Mac 2010, Shell mengumumkan penjualan beberapa asetnya, termasuk perniagaan gas petroleum cecair (LPG), untuk memenuhi kos perbelanjaan modal yang dirancang $ 28bn. Shell menjemput pembeli untuk mengemukakan bida yang menunjukkan, pada 22 Mac, dengan rancangan untuk menaikkan $ 2-3bn dari penjualan. Pada bulan Jun 2010, Royal Dutch Shell bersetuju untuk memperoleh semua perniagaan Resources Timur untuk pertimbangan tunai sebanyak $ 4.7 bilion. Urus niaga ini termasuk medan gas ketat Resources Resources. <> Dalam tahun apakah Shell dan Cosan membentuk usahasama 50:50? || 2010 <> Apa nama usahasama 50:50 yang dibentuk oleh Shell dan Cosan? || Ra\u00edzen <> Mengapa Shell menjual beberapa asetnya pada bulan Mac 2010? || untuk memenuhi kos program perbelanjaan modal yang dirancang $ 28b <> Berapakah rancangan Shell untuk menaikkan daripada penjualan asetnya? || $ 2-3bn <> Royal Dutch Shell bersetuju untuk memperoleh semua perniagaan entiti apa pada bulan Jun 2010? || Sumber Timur", {"context": "In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Ra\u00edzen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2\u20133bn from the sale. In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d90f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Ra\u00edzen"}], "question": "What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme"}], "question": "Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "$2\u20133bn"}], "question": "How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "East Resources"}], "question": "Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?", "id": "57261e2bec44d21400f3d913"}]}], ["Shell terintegrasi secara vertikal dan aktif dalam setiap bidang industri minyak dan gas, termasuk penerokaan dan pengeluaran, penapisan, pengedaran dan pemasaran, petrokimia, penjanaan kuasa dan perdagangan. Ia mempunyai aktiviti tenaga ringan yang boleh diperbaharui dalam bentuk biofuel dan angin. Ia mempunyai operasi di lebih dari 90 buah negara, menghasilkan sekitar 3.1 juta tong setara minyak sehari dan mempunyai 44,000 stesen servis di seluruh dunia. Shell Oil Company, anak syarikatnya di Amerika Syarikat, merupakan salah satu perniagaan terbesarnya. <> Selain bahan bakar bio apa aktiviti tenaga boleh diperbaharui lain yang terlibat dengan Shell? || angin <> Berapa banyak negara yang beroperasi di Shell? || lebih 90 <> Berapa banyak minyak sehari yang dihasilkan oleh Shell? || 3.1 juta tong <> Berapa banyak stesen perkhidmatan Shell yang ada? || 44,000 stesen servis <> Dalam berapa banyak negara Shell mempunyai operasi? || Lebih dari 90 <> Berapa banyak barel minyak bersamaan yang dihasilkan oleh Shell sehari? || 3.1 juta <> Shell mempunyai bilangan stesen servis di seluruh dunia? || 44,000 <> Apa nama anak syarikat Shell di Amerika Syarikat? || Shell Oil Company <> Shell mempunyai aktiviti tenaga boleh diperbaharui kecil di mana dua kawasan? || biofuel dan angin", {"context": "Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "wind"}], "question": "Aside from biofuels what other renewable energy activities is Shell involved with?", "id": "57260a6aec44d21400f3d823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "over 90"}], "question": "How many countries does Shell operate in?", "id": "57260a6aec44d21400f3d824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "3.1 million barrels"}], "question": "How much oil per day does Shell produce?", "id": "57260a6bec44d21400f3d825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "44,000 service stations"}], "question": "How many services stations does Shell have?", "id": "57260a6bec44d21400f3d826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "over 90"}], "question": "In how many countries does Shell have operations?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "3.1 million"}], "question": "How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "44,000"}], "question": "Shell has how many service stations worldwide?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Shell Oil Company"}], "question": "What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "biofuels and wind"}], "question": "Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?", "id": "572617bcec44d21400f3d8b3"}]}], ["Sepanjang tahun 2013, syarikat itu mula menjual aset gas shale AS dan membatalkan projek gas bernilai AS $ 20 bilion yang akan dibina di negeri Louisiana AS. Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif baru Ben van Beurden telah dilantik pada Januari 2014, sebelum pengumuman bahawa prestasi keseluruhan korporat pada tahun 2013 adalah 38 peratus lebih rendah daripada 2012-nilai saham Shell jatuh sebanyak 3 peratus. Berikutan penjualan majoriti aset Australianya pada Februari 2014, perbadanan itu merancang untuk menjual aset bernilai AS $ 15 bilion lagi dalam tempoh menjelang 2015, dengan tawaran yang diumumkan di Australia, Brazil dan Itali. <> Aset manakah perbadanan mula dijual pada tahun 2013? || Gas syal AS <> Apakah nilai projek gas yang dibatalkan yang akan dibina di Louisiana? || US $ 20 bilion <> Pelantikan CEO baru pada tahun 2014 datang sebelum pengumuman apa? || prestasi keseluruhan korporat pada tahun 2013 adalah 38 peratus lebih rendah daripada 2012 <> Dalam tahun apakah perbadanan menjual majoriti aset Australianya? || 2014 <> Apakah nilai aset korporat yang dirancang untuk dijual menjelang 2015? || US $ 15 bilion", {"context": "Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012\u2014the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "US shale gas"}], "question": "Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad053"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "US$20 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012"}], "question": "The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "US$15 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?", "id": "5726200038643c19005ad057"}]}], ["Perniagaan utama Shell ialah pengurusan syarikat minyak bersepadu secara vertikal. Pengembangan kepakaran teknikal dan komersil dalam semua peringkat integrasi menegak ini, dari pencarian awal untuk minyak (eksplorasi) melalui penuaian (pengeluaran), pengangkutan, penyulingan dan akhirnya perdagangan dan pemasaran menubuhkan kecekapan teras di mana syarikat itu diasaskan. Kecekapan yang sama diperlukan untuk gas asli, yang telah menjadi salah satu perniagaan paling penting di mana Shell terlibat, dan yang menyumbang sebahagian besar keuntungan syarikat. Walaupun model perniagaan yang bersepadu secara vertikal menyediakan skala ekonomi yang ketara dan halangan untuk masuk, setiap perniagaan kini berusaha untuk menjadi unit sokongan sendiri tanpa subsidi dari bahagian lain syarikat. <> Apakah perniagaan utama Shell? || pengurusan sebuah syarikat minyak bersepadu vertikal <> Pembangunan apa yang dua jenis exptertise menubuhkan kecekapan teras di mana syarikat itu diasaskan? || teknikal dan komersial <> Salah satu perniagaan paling penting di mana Shell terlibat adalah apa? || gas asli <> Setiap perniagaan kini berusaha untuk menjadi jenis unit apa? || menyokong sendiri <> Model perniagaan yang menyediakan skala ekonomi yang ketara dan halangan untuk masuk dipanggil apa? || bersepadu secara menegak", {"context": "Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the management of a vertically integrated oil company"}], "question": "What is Shell's primary business?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "technical and commercial"}], "question": "The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "natural gas"}], "question": "One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "self-supporting"}], "question": "Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "vertically integrated"}], "question": "The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?", "id": "572624ed38643c19005ad0b9"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 2004, selepas tempoh kekacauan yang disebabkan oleh penyataan bahawa Shell telah melebih-lebihkan rizab minyaknya, ia diumumkan bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal, mewujudkan sebuah syarikat induk baru yang akan dinamai Royal Dutch Shell plc, dengan senarai utamanya di Bursa Saham London, penyenaraian sekunder di Bursa Saham Amsterdam, ibu pejabatnya dan tempat tinggal cukai di The Hague, Belanda dan pejabat berdaftarnya di London. Penyatuan itu selesai pada 20 Julai 2005 dan pemilik asal telah memisahkan syarikat mereka dari bursa masing-masing. Pada 20 Julai 2005, syarikat Shell Transport & Trading Company telah disingkirkan daripada LSE, di mana, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company dari NYSE pada 18 November 2005. Saham syarikat itu dikeluarkan pada kelebihan 60/40 untuk para pemegang saham Royal Belanda sejajar dengan pemilikan asal Kumpulan Shell. <> Dalam tahun berapa ia mengumumkan bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal? || 2004 <> Apakah nama syarikat induk baru Shell Group itu? || Royal Dutch Shell plc <> Mengenai pertukaran apa syarikat induk baru Shell Group didaftarkan? || Bursa Saham London <> Di mana Royal Dutch Shell plc beribu pejabat? || The Hague, Netherlands <> Apakah punca tempoh kekacauan sebelum pengumuman bahawa Kumpulan Shell akan bergerak ke satu struktur modal tunggal? || wahyu bahawa Shell telah melebihkan rizab minyaknya", {"context": "In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Royal Dutch Shell plc"}], "question": "What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad024"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "the London Stock Exchange"}], "question": "On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "The Hague, Netherlands"}], "question": "Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves"}], "question": "What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?", "id": "57261cd638643c19005ad027"}]}], ["Nama Shell dikaitkan dengan Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\". Pada tahun 1833, bapa pengasas Marcus Samuel mengasaskan perniagaan import untuk menjual kerang ke pengumpul London. Apabila mengumpul spesimen kerang di kawasan Laut Caspian pada tahun 1892, Samuel muda menyedari terdapat potensi untuk mengeksport minyak lampu dari rantau ini dan menugaskan kapal tangki minyak buatan pertama di dunia, Murex (Latin untuk jenis siput), untuk masukkan pasaran ini; menjelang 1907 syarikat itu mempunyai armada. Walaupun selama beberapa dekad, syarikat itu mempunyai kilang penapisan di Shell Haven di Thames, tidak ada bukti tentang hal ini yang memberikan nama itu. <> Nama Shell disambungkan dengan syarikat apa? || Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" <> Apakah tujuan yang dibuat oleh Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\"? || untuk menjual kerang ke pengumpul London <> Apa yang ditemui oleh pengasas muda Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" sambil mengumpul spesimen kerang di kawasan Laut Caspian? || terdapat potensi untuk mengeksport minyak lampu dari rantau <> Pada tahun apakah syarikat itu mempunyai armada tangki minyak yang beroperasi di rantau Laut Caspian? || 1907 <> Syarikat mengendalikan kilang penapisan di mana sungai selama beberapa dekad? || Thames", {"context": "The name Shell is linked to The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company"}], "question": "The name Shell is connected to what company?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "to sell seashells to London collectors"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the created of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region"}], "question": "What did the younger founder of The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "1907"}], "question": "By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Thames"}], "question": "The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?", "id": "5726235c271a42140099d4db"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1907, Royal Dutch Shell Group diwujudkan melalui penggabungan dua syarikat saingan: Royal Dutch Petroleum Company dari Belanda dan \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd dari United Kingdom. Ia adalah langkah yang didorong oleh keperluan untuk bersaing secara global dengan Standard Oil. Syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum adalah sebuah syarikat Belanda yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1890 untuk membangun ladang minyak di Sumatra, dan pada awalnya dipimpin oleh August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, dan Henri Deterding. Syarikat Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan \"Shell\" (tanda petikan adalah sebahagian daripada nama undang-undang) adalah sebuah syarikat British yang diasaskan pada tahun 1897 oleh Marcus Samuel, Viscount 1 Bearsted, dan Samuel Samuel. Bapa mereka telah memiliki sebuah syarikat antik di Houndsditch, London, yang berkembang pada tahun 1833 untuk mengimport dan menjual peluru laut, dan selepas itu syarikat \"Shell\" mengambil namanya. <> Bilakah Draf Royal Shell Dibuat? || Februari 1907 <> Bilakah syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum diasaskan? || 1890 <> Apabila WAS \"Shell\" Pengangkutan dan Syarikat Perdagangan ditubuhkan? || 1897 <> Kumpulan Royal Dutch Shell dibentuk melalui penggabungan yang mana dua syarikat saingannya? || Syarikat Belanda Royal Petroleum Belanda dan \"Shell\" Pengangkutan dan Perdagangan Company Ltd di United Kingdom <> Apakah sebab utama penciptaan Royal Dutch Shell Group? || keperluan untuk bersaing di peringkat global dengan Standard Oil <> Dalam tahun apakah Kumpulan Royal Dutch Shell dibuat? || 1907 <> Pada tahun berapa syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum ditubuhkan? || 1890 <> Mengapa Syarikat Royal Dutch Petroleum dibuat? || untuk membangunkan ladang minyak di Sumatera", {"context": "In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company \"Shell\" took its name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 1907"}], "question": "When was Royal Shell Group Created?", "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1890"}], "question": "When was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?", "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "1897"}], "question": "When WAS the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company founded?", "id": "57260946ec44d21400f3d81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the \"Shell\" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom"}], "question": "The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the need to compete globally with Standard Oil"}], "question": "What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1907"}], "question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1890"}], "question": "In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "to develop an oilfield in Sumatra"}], "question": "Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?", "id": "572619b8ec44d21400f3d8d7"}]}], ["Masalah selanjutnya menghalang projek Artik selepas permulaan penggerudian pada tahun 2012, kerana Shell menangani beberapa isu yang melibatkan permit udara, pensijilan Coast Guard sebuah kapal marin dan kerosakan parah terhadap kelengkapan tumpahan minyak penting. Di samping itu, keadaan cuaca yang sukar mengakibatkan kelewatan penggerudian pada pertengahan 2012 dan keadaan yang sudah teruk telah diperburuk oleh insiden \"Kulluk\" pada akhir tahun ini. Royal Dutch Shell telah melabur hampir AS $ 5 bilion oleh tahap projek ini. <> Keadaan apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan penggerudian pada pertengahan tahun 2012? || cuaca sukar <> Apa yang memburukkan keadaan pada akhir tahun 2012? || Insiden \"Kulluk\" <> Berapakah jumlah yang telah dilaburkan oleh Royal Dutch Shell dalam projek pada akhir tahun 2012? || hampir AS $ 5 bilion <> Dalam tahun apakah penggerudian di rantau Artik bermula? || 2012", {"context": "Further problems hampered the Arctic project after the commencement of drilling in 2012, as Shell dealt with a series of issues that involved air permits, Coast Guard certification of a marine vessel and severe damage to essential oil-spill equipment. Additionally, difficult weather conditions resulted in the delay of drilling during mid-2012 and the already dire situation was exacerbated by the \"Kulluk\" incident at the end of the year. Royal Dutch Shell had invested nearly US$5 billion by this stage of the project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "difficult weather"}], "question": "What conditions caused the delay of drilling in mid-2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident"}], "question": "What worsened the situation at the end of 2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "nearly US$5 billion"}], "question": "What amount had Royal Dutch Shell invested in the project by the end of 2012?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did drilling in the Arctic region begin?", "id": "572630c589a1e219009ac533"}]}], ["Ketika pelantar minyak Kulluk ditarik ke negeri Washington Amerika untuk diservis sebagai persiapan untuk musim pengeboran 2013, badai musim sejuk pada 27 Disember 2012 menyebabkan kru menunda, serta perkhidmatan penyelamat, kehilangan kawalan keadaan . Pada 1 Januari 2013, Kulluk terletak di tepi pantai Sitkalidak Island, berhampiran dengan hujung timur Pulau Kodiak. Berikutan kemalangan tersebut, majalah Fortune menghubungi Larry McKinney, pengarah eksekutif di Institut Penyelidikan Harte untuk Kajian Gulf of Mexico di Texas A & M, dan dia menjelaskan bahawa \"Kelewatan dua bulan di Artik bukanlah kelewatan selama dua bulan. Kelewatan selama dua bulan dapat menghapuskan keseluruhan musim penggerudian. \" <> Kenapa pelantar minyak Kulluk ditarik ke Washington? || untuk diservis sebagai persediaan untuk musim pengeboran 2013 <> Apa yang menyebabkan kru penunggang dan perkhidmatan menyelamat hilang kawalan sementara rig Kulluk diangkut ke Washington? || ribut musim sejuk <> Pada 1 Januari 2013, Kulluk terletak di luar pantai pulau mana? || Sitkalidak <> Berikutan kejadian itu, majalah yang dihubungi Larry McKinney? || Fortune <> Larry McKinney menjelaskan bahawa kelewatan dua bulan dalam penggerudian boleh melakukan apa? || hapus seluruh musim penggerudian", {"context": "As the Kulluk oil rig was being towed to the American state of Washington to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season, a winter storm on 27 December 2012 caused the towing crews, as well as the rescue service, to lose control of the situation. As of 1 January 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast Sitkalidak Island, near the eastern end of Kodiak Island. Following the accident, a Fortune magazine contacted Larry McKinney, the executive director at the Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies at Texas A&M, and he explained that \"A two-month delay in the Arctic is not a two-month delay ... A two-month delay could wipe out the entire drilling season.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "to be serviced in preparation for the 2013 drilling season"}], "question": "Why was the Kulluk oil rig being towed to Washington?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "a winter storm"}], "question": "What caused towing crews and rescue service to lose control while the Kulluk rig was in transport to Washington?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Sitkalidak"}], "question": "On January 1, 2013, the Kulluk was grounded off the coast of which island?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Fortune"}], "question": "Following the incident, which magazine contacted Larry McKinney?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "wipe out the entire drilling season"}], "question": "Larry McKinney explained that a two-month delay in drilling could do what?", "id": "572631f7ec44d21400f3dc0b"}]}], ["Melalui kebanyakan sejarah awal Shell, perniagaan Shell Oil Company di Amerika Syarikat secara substansial bebas daripada stoknya yang didagangkan di NYSE dan sedikit penglibatan langsung dari pejabat pusat kumpulan dalam menjalankan perniagaan Amerika. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1984, Royal Dutch Shell telah membuat tawaran untuk membeli saham-saham Shell Oil Company yang tidak dimilikinya (kira-kira 30%) dan walaupun pembangkang daripada beberapa pemegang saham minoriti, yang membawa kepada kes mahkamah, Shell menyelesaikan pembelian untuk jumlah wang daripada $ 5.7 bilion. <> Perniagaan Amerika Syarikat Shell Oil di seluruh sejarah awal digambarkan sebagai apa? || substantially independent <> Di mana pertukarannya adalah saham A.S. Shell Oil yang diniagakan? || NYSE <> Shell Oil Company pada sejarahnya mempunyai sedikit penglibatan langsung dari apa entiti dalam menjalankan perniagaan Amerikanya? || pejabat pusat kumpulan <> Pada tahun apakah Royal Dutch Shell membuat tawaran untuk membeli kira-kira 30% saham Shell Oil Company? || 1984 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Royal Dutch Shell untuk membeli saham Shell Oil Company? || kes mahkamah", {"context": "Through most of Shell's early history, the Shell Oil Company business in the United States was substantially independent with its stock being traded on the NYSE and with little direct involvement from the group's central offices in the running of the American business. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite opposition from some minority shareholders, which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "substantially independent"}], "question": "Shell Oil Company's United States business throughout its early history is described as what?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "the NYSE"}], "question": "On which exchange was Shell Oil Company's U.S. stock historically traded?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the group's central offices"}], "question": "Shell Oil Company historically had little direct involvement from what entity in the running of its American businesses?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "1984"}], "question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell make a bid to purchase approximately 30% of Shell Oil Company's shares?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "a court case"}], "question": "What did Royal Dutch Shell's bid to purchase Shell Oil Company's shares lead to?", "id": "57262bce89a1e219009ac4f6"}]}], ["Pada 20 Mei 2011, keputusan pelaburan akhir Royal Dutch Shell untuk kemudahan gas asli cecair terapung pertama (FLNG) di dunia telah dimuktamadkan berikutan penemuan kawasan luar pesisir Prelude jauh di luar pantai barat laut Australia dan dianggarkan mengandungi kira-kira 3 trilion kaki kubik rizab bersamaan gas asli-pada tahun 2007. Teknologi FLNG didasarkan pada perkembangan gas asli cecair (LNG) yang dipelopori pada pertengahan abad ke-20 dan memudahkan eksploitasi rizab gas asli yang belum diterokai yang terletak di kawasan terpencil, sering terlalu kecil untuk mengeluarkan apa-apa cara. <> Keputusan pelaburan akhir untuk apa yang dimuktamadkan oleh Royal Dutch Shell pada Mei 2011? || kemudahan gas asli cecair terapung pertama di dunia (> FLNG) <> Lapangan pra-lepas luar pesisir terpencil di mana? || di luar pantai barat laut Australia <> Mengenai apa perkembangan teknologi FLNG? || Gas asli cecair (LNG) <> Bidang Prakiraan dianggarkan mengandungi berapa kaki kubik rizab gas asli? || 3 trilion <> teknologi FLNG membekalkan apa? || eksploitasi rizab gas asli yang belum diterokai di kawasan terpencil", {"context": "On 20 May 2011, Royal Dutch Shell's final investment decision for the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility was finalized following the discovery of the remote offshore Prelude field\u2014located off Australia's northwestern coast and estimated to contain about 3 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent reserves\u2014in 2007. FLNG technology is based on liquefied natural gas (LNG) developments that were pioneered in the mid-20th century and facilitates the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas, often too small to extract any other way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the world's first floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facility"}], "question": "The final investment decision for what was finalized by Royal Dutch Shell in May 2011?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "off Australia's northwestern coast"}], "question": "The remote offshore Prelude field was discovered where?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "liquefied natural gas (LNG)"}], "question": "On what developments was FLNG technology based?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "3 trillion"}], "question": "The Prelude field was estimated to contain how many cubic feet of natural gas reserves?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "the exploitation of untapped natural gas reserves located in remote areas"}], "question": "FLNG technology faciliates what?", "id": "57262d01ec44d21400f3dba7"}]}], ["Tidak jelas jika Shell akan memulakan penggerudian pada pertengahan 2013, berikutan insiden \"Kulluk\" dan, pada bulan Februari 2013, perbadanan menyatakan bahawa ia akan \"berhenti seketika\" projek penggerudian yang diawasi dekat pantai Alaskan pada tahun 2013, dan sebaliknya akan menyediakan untuk penerokaan masa depan. Pada bulan Januari 2014, perbadanan itu mengumumkan pelanjutan penggantungan program penggerudiannya di Artik, dengan ketua eksekutif van Beurden menjelaskan bahawa projek itu \"sedang diteliti\" disebabkan isu pasaran dan dalaman. <> Berikutan peristiwa apa yang tidak pasti jika Shell akan memulakan penggerudian? || kejadian \"Kulluk\" <> Pada bulan Februari 2013, Shell Corporation mengumumkan bahawa ia akan berhenti sejenak? || projek penggerudian yang dipantau di pantai Alaskan <> Shell Corporation mengumumkan pada Januari 2014? || lanjutan penggantungan program penggerudiannya di Arctic <> Yang eksekutif Shell Corporation menjelaskan sebab pengumuman Januari 2014? || van Beurden <> Apakah alasan yang diberikan oleh eksekutif untuk pengumuman Shell Januari 2014? || projek itu \"sedang diteliti\" kerana isu pasaran dan dalaman.", {"context": "It was unclear if Shell would recommence drilling in mid-2013, following the \"Kulluk\" incident and, in February 2013, the corporation stated that it would \"pause\" its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast in 2013, and will instead prepare for future exploration. In January 2014, the corporation announced the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic, with chief executive van Beurden explaining that the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the \"Kulluk\" incident"}], "question": "Following what event was it uncertain if Shell would recommence drilling?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "its closely watched drilling project off the Alaskan coast"}], "question": "In February 2013, Shell Corporation announced that it would pause what?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "the extension of the suspension of its drilling program in the Arctic"}], "question": "Shell Corporation announced what in January 2014?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "van Beurden"}], "question": "Which Shell Corporation executive explained the reason for the January 2014 announcement?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "the project is \"under review\" due to both market and internal issues."}], "question": "What reason did the executive give for Shell's January 2014 announcement?", "id": "5726384b38643c19005ad31d"}]}], ["Berikutan pembelian pajakan luar pesisir pada tahun 2005, Shell memulakan program pengeboran Arctic bernilai US $ 4.5 bilion pada tahun 2006, selepas syarikat membeli rig minyak \"Kulluk\" dan memajak drillship Noble Discoverer. Pada permulaannya, projek itu diketuai oleh Pete Slaiby, eksekutif Shell yang sebelum ini bekerja di Laut Utara. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas pembelian pajakan luar pesisir kedua pada tahun 2008, Shell hanya memulakan kerja penggerudian pada tahun 2012, disebabkan oleh pembaikan pelantar, kelewatan permit daripada pihak berkuasa dan undang-undang yang berkaitan. Rancangan untuk menggerakan di Artik menyebabkan protes dari kumpulan alam sekitar, terutama Greenpeace; Tambahan lagi, penganalisis dalam bidang tenaga, serta industri yang berkaitan, juga menyatakan keraguan kerana persepsi bahawa penggerudian di rantau ini \"terlalu berbahaya kerana keadaan yang teruk dan lokasi terpencil\". <> Shell membeli apa yang pada tahun 2005? || pajakan luar pesisir <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Shell selepas pembelian 2005? || program penggerudian Artik US $ 4.5 bilion <> Apa eksekutif yang pada mulanya mengetuai projek penggerudian Artik? || Pete Slaiby <> Apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan dalam penggerudian selepas pembelian Shell tahun 2008? || pembaikan pelantar, kelewatan permit daripada pihak berkuasa dan tuntutan yang berkaitan <> Rancangan Shell untuk menggerudi dalam Artik membawa kepada protes dari mana kumpulan alam sekitar tertentu? || Keamanan hijau", {"context": "Following the purchase of an offshore lease in 2005, Shell initiated its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program in 2006, after the corporation purchased the \"Kulluk\" oil rig and leased the Noble Discoverer drillship. At inception, the project was led by Pete Slaiby, a Shell executive who had previously worked in the North Sea. However, after the purchase of a second offshore lease in 2008, Shell only commenced drilling work in 2012, due to the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits. The plans to drill in the Arctic led to protests from environmental groups, particularly Greenpeace; furthermore, analysts in the energy field, as well as related industries, also expressed skepticism due to perceptions that drilling in the region is \"too dangerous because of harsh conditions and remote locations\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "an offshore lease"}], "question": "Shell purchased what in 2005?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "its US$4.5 billion Arctic drilling program"}], "question": "What did Shell initate after its 2005 purchase?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Pete Slaiby"}], "question": "What executive initially led the Artic drilling project?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "the refurbishment of rigs, permit delays from the relevant authorities and lawsuits"}], "question": "What caused the delay in drilling after Shell's 2008 purchase?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Greenpeace"}], "question": "Shell's plans to drill in the Artic led to protests from which particular environmental group?", "id": "57262fab271a42140099d725"}]}], ["Shell menjual 9.5% daripada 23.1% kepentingannya dalam Woodside Petroleum pada bulan Jun 2014 dan menasihatkan bahawa ia telah mencapai persetujuan untuk Woodside membeli kembali 9.5% sahamnya pada peringkat seterusnya. Shell menjadi pemegang saham utama di Woodside selepas percubaan pengambilalihan 2001 disekat oleh ketika itu Bendahari Persekutuan Peter Costello dan korporat telah terbuka mengenai hasratnya untuk menjual sahamnya di Woodside sebagai sebahagian daripada sasarannya untuk menumpahkan aset. Pada mesyuarat agung am, yang diadakan pada 1 Ogos 2014, 72 peratus pemegang saham mengundi untuk meluluskan pembelian balik, kurang daripada 75 peratus undi yang diperlukan untuk kelulusan. Kenyataan dari Shell membaca: \"Royal Dutch Shell mengiktiraf keputusan negatif pemegang saham Woodside Petroleum Limited mengenai cadangan pembelian balik terpilih. Shell mengkaji semula pilihannya berhubung baki 13.6 peratus pegangannya.\" <> Sebanyak peratus kepentingannya di Woodside Petroleum telah menjual Shell pada bulan Jun 2014? || 9.5% <> Shell menjadi pemegang saham utama di Woodside selepas percubaan pengambilalihan disekat pada tahun berapa? || 2001 <> Yang menghalang percubaan pengambilalihan? || maka Bendahari Persekutuan Peter Costello <> Berapa peratus daripada pemegang saham mengundi untuk meluluskan pembelian belian 2014? || 72 <Apa peratusan undi pemegang saham perlu meluluskan pembelian belian 2014? || 75", {"context": "Shell sold 9.5% of its 23.1% stake in Woodside Petroleum in June 2014 and advised that it had reached an agreement for Woodside to buy back 9.5% of its shares at a later stage. Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a 2001 takeover attempt was blocked by then federal Treasurer Peter Costello and the corporation has been open about its intention to sell its stake in Woodside as part of its target to shed assets. At a general body meeting, held on 1 August 2014, 72 percent of shareholders voted to approve the buy-back, short of the 75 percent vote that was required for approval. A statement from Shell read: \"Royal Dutch Shell acknowledges the outcome of Woodside Petroleum Limited's shareholders' negative vote on the selective buy-back proposal. Shell is reviewing its options in relation to its remaining 13.6 percent holding.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "9.5%"}], "question": "What percent of its stake in Woodside Petroleum did Shell sell in June 2014?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "2001"}], "question": "Shell became a major shareholder in Woodside after a takeover attempt was blocked in what year?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "then federal Treasurer Peter Costello"}], "question": "Who blocked the takeover attempt?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d70f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "72"}], "question": "What percentage of shareholders voted to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "75"}], "question": "What percentage of shareholder votes was need to approve the 2014 buy-back?", "id": "57262e99271a42140099d711"}]}], ["Pada April 2010, Shell mengumumkan niatnya untuk melepaskan diri dari perniagaan hiliran semua negara Afrika kecuali Afrika Selatan dan Mesir untuk Vitol dan \"Helios\". Di beberapa negara seperti Tunisia, protes dan mogok berlaku. Shell menafikan khabar angin mengenai sellout itu. Shell meneruskan aktiviti huluan / pengekstrakan minyak mentah di Delta Niger kaya minyak serta kegiatan hiliran / komersil di Afrika Selatan. Pada bulan Jun 2013, syarikat itu mengumumkan kajian semula strategik operasi di Nigeria, membayangkan bahawa aset itu boleh dibahagikan. Pada Ogos 2014, syarikat itu mendedahkan ia sedang dalam proses memuktamadkan penjualan kepentingannya di empat medan minyak Nigeria. <> Apa yang diumumkan oleh Shell pada April 2010? || hasratnya untuk melepaskan diri dari perniagaan hiliran semua negara Afrika kecuali Afrika Selatan dan Mesir untuk Vitol dan \"Helios\" <> Apa yang terjadi di beberapa negara sebagai respons kepada pengumuman Shell April 2010? || bantahan dan mogok mogok <> Pada bulan Jun 2013, Shell mengumumkan peninjauan operasinya di negara mana? || Nigeria <> Pada bulan Ogos 2014, Shell mengumumkan bahawa ia dalam proses melakukan apa? || memuktamadkan penjualan kepentingannya di empat medan minyak Nigeria. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh Shell adalah alasan untuk mengkaji semula operasi strategik di Nigeria? || aset boleh dibuang", {"context": "In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"Helios\""}], "question": "What did Shell announce in April 2010?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "protests and strikes broke out"}], "question": "What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields."}], "question": "In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "assets could be divested"}], "question": "What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?", "id": "572628da38643c19005ad1b7"}]}], ["Operasi hiliran, yang kini termasuk perniagaan kimia, menghasilkan satu pertiga daripada keuntungan Shell di seluruh dunia dan dikenali untuk rangkaian globalnya yang terdiri daripada lebih daripada 40,000 stesen minyak dan 47 penapisan minyaknya. Perniagaan hiliran, yang terdapat di beberapa negara termasuk penapisan minyak, secara amnya termasuk rangkaian stesen petrol runcit, pembuatan pelincir dan pemasaran, jualan bahan api dan minyak pelincir dan sebilangan produk / pasaran lain seperti LPG dan bitumen. Amalan di Shell adalah bahawa perniagaan-perniagaan ini pada dasarnya tempatan dan mereka lebih baik diuruskan oleh \"syarikat operasi\" tempatan - sering dengan pengurusan pertengahan dan kanan yang diperkuat oleh ekspatriat. Pada 1990-an, paradigma ini mula berubah, dan kebebasan syarikat-syarikat operasi di seluruh dunia secara beransur-ansur dikurangkan. Hari ini, hampir semua operasi Shell dalam pelbagai perniagaan lebih banyak diuruskan secara langsung dari London dan The Hague. Otonomi \"syarikat operasi\" telah dikeluarkan secara besar-besaran, kerana lebih banyak \"perniagaan global\" telah diwujudkan. <> Operasi hiliran kini merangkumi jenis perniagaan? || kimia <> Operasi hiliran menghasilkan apa peratus keuntungan Shell di seluruh dunia? || satu pertiga <> Berapa banyak stesen petrol yang termasuk dalam operasi hiliran operasi Shell global? || Lebih daripada 40,000 <sebelum tahun 1990-an, perniagaan hiliran Shell pada dasarnya dianggap sebagai jenis usaha apa? || tempatan <> Dengan cara bagaimana paradigma perniagaan operasi hiliran Shell mula berubah? || kebebasan syarikat-syarikat operasi di seluruh dunia secara beransur-ansur dikurangkan", {"context": "Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local \"operating companies\" \u2013 often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of \"operating companies\" has been largely removed, as more \"global businesses\" have been created.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "chemicals"}], "question": "Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "a third"}], "question": "Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "more than 40,000"}], "question": "How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "local"}], "question": "Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced"}], "question": "In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?", "id": "572627a5ec44d21400f3da6b"}]}], ["Pada 27 Ogos 2007, Royal Dutch Shell dan Reitan Group, pemilik jenama 7-Eleven di Scandinavia, mengumumkan satu perjanjian untuk merekod semula beberapa stesen perkhidmatan 269 di seluruh Norway, Sweden, Finland dan Denmark, tertakluk kepada mendapatkan kelulusan kawal selia di bawah undang-undang persaingan yang berbeza di setiap negara. Pada April 2010 Shell mengumumkan bahawa perbadanan sedang dalam proses cuba mencari pembeli berpotensi untuk semua operasi di Finland dan sedang melakukan penyelidikan pasaran serupa mengenai operasi Sweden. Pada bulan Oktober 2010 stesen minyak Shell dan rangkaian bekalan bahan api berat di Finland dan Sweden, bersama-sama dengan kilang penapisan yang terletak di Gothenburg, Sweden dijual kepada St1, syarikat tenaga Finland, lebih tepat lagi kepada syarikat induk pemegangan utamanya, Keele Oy. Stesen minyak berjenama Shell akan dijenamakan semula dalam masa maksimum lima tahun dari pengambilalihan dan bilangan stesen minyak dijangka berkurang. Sehingga itu stesen akan beroperasi di bawah lesen jenama Shell. <> Apa syarikat itu pemilik jenama 7-Eleven di Scandinavia? || Reitan Group <> Dalam tahun apakah Royal Dutch Shell dan Reitan Group mengumumkan perjanjian? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak stesen perkhidmatan yang dilakukan Royal Dutch Shell dan Kumpulan Reitan bersetuju untuk merek semula? || kira-kira 269 <> Shell mengumumkan bahawa ia dalam proses melakukan apa yang pada April 2010? || cuba mencari pembeli yang berpotensi untuk semua operasi di Finland <> Pada Oktober 2010, Shell menjual apa ke St1? || stesen minyak dan rangkaian bekalan bahan api kenderaan berat di Finland dan Sweden, bersama dengan kilang penapisan yang terletak di Gothenburg, Sweden", {"context": "On 27 August 2007, Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group, the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia, announced an agreement to re-brand some 269 service stations across Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, subject to obtaining regulatory approvals under the different competition laws in each country. On April 2010 Shell announced that the corporation is in process of trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland and is doing similar market research concerning Swedish operations. On October 2010 Shell's gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden were sold to St1, a Finnish energy company, more precisely to its major shareholding parent company Keele Oy. Shell branded gas stations will be rebranded within maximum of five years from the acquisition and the number of gas stations is likely to be reduced. Until then the stations will operate under Shell brand licence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Reitan Group"}], "question": "What company was the owner of the 7-Eleven brand in Scandinavia?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group announce an agreement?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "some 269"}], "question": "How many service stations did Royal Dutch Shell and Reitan Group agree to re-brand?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "trying to find a potential buyer for all of its operations in Finland"}], "question": "Shell announced it was in the process of doing what in April 2010?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "gas stations and the heavy vehicle fuel supply networks in Finland and Sweden, along with a refinery located in Gothenburg, Sweden"}], "question": "In October 2010, Shell sold what to St1?", "id": "57262a0bec44d21400f3db41"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an, para penunjuk perasaan mengkritik rekod persekitaran syarikat, terutamanya pencemaran yang mungkin disebabkan oleh cadangan pelupusan platform Brent Spar ke Laut Utara. Walaupun sokongan dari kerajaan Inggeris, Shell membatalkan keputusan itu di bawah tekanan awam tetapi mengekalkan bahawa tenggelam platform itu akan menjadi lebih baik dari segi alam sekitar. Shell kemudian menerbitkan komitmen yang teguh kepada pembangunan mampan, disokong oleh ucapan eksekutif yang menguatkan komitmen ini. <> Untuk apa sebab tertentu penunjuk perasaan mengkritik rekod persekitaran syarikat pada 1990-an? || kemungkinan pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh cadangan pelupusan platform Brent Spar ke Laut Utara <> Apakah entiti yang menyokong Shell semasa protes tahun 1990-an? || Kerajaan UK <> Berikutan pembalikan keputusannya, Shell menerbitkan apa? || komitmen yang teguh kepada pembangunan mampan", {"context": "In the 1990s, protesters criticised the company's environmental record, particularly the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea. Despite support from the UK government, Shell reversed the decision under public pressure but maintained that sinking the platform would have been environmentally better. Shell subsequently published an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development, supported by executive speeches reinforcing this commitment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the possible pollution caused by the proposed disposal of the Brent Spar platform into the North Sea"}], "question": "For what particular reason did protesters criticize the company's environmental record in the 1990s?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the UK government"}], "question": "What entity supported Shell during the 1990s protests?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "an unequivocal commitment to sustainable development"}], "question": "Following the reversal of its decision, Shell published what?", "id": "5726390c38643c19005ad325"}]}], ["Pada 16 Mac 2012, 52 aktivis Greenpeace dari lima negara berbeza menaiki Fennica dan Nordica, peluncur ais pelbagai guna yang disewa untuk menyokong pelantar penggerudian Shell berhampiran Alaska. Pada masa yang sama, seorang wartawan majalah Fortune bercakap dengan Edward Itta, seorang pemimpin Inupiat Eskimo dan bekas datuk bandar North Slope Borough, yang menyatakan bahawa dia bertentangan dengan rancangan Shell di Artik, kerana dia sangat prihatin bahawa tumpahan minyak dapat memusnahkan budaya memburu-dan-memancing Inupiat Eskimo, tetapi wilayahnya juga menerima pendapatan cukai utama dari pengeluaran minyak dan gas; Selain itu, hasil selanjutnya daripada aktiviti tenaga dianggap penting untuk masa depan standard hidup di komuniti Itta. <> Berapa ramai aktivis Greenpeace menaiki Fennica dan Nordica pada bulan Mac 2012? || 52 <> Berapa banyak negara yang mewakili kumpulan aktivis Greenpeace? || lima <> Apa jenis kenderaan Fennica dan Nordica? || pemburu ic pelbagai guna <> Mengapa Fennica dan Nordica menyewa? || untuk menyokong pelantar penggerudian Shell berhampiran Alaska <> Apa kebimbangan utama Edward Itta? || tumpahan minyak boleh memusnahkan budaya memburu dan memancing Inupiat Eskimo", {"context": "On 16 March 2012, 52 Greenpeace activists from five different countries boarded Fennica and Nordica, multipurpose icebreakers chartered to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska. Around the same time period, a reporter for Fortune magazine spoke with Edward Itta, an Inupiat Eskimo leader and the former mayor of the North Slope Borough, who expressed that he was conflicted about Shell's plans in the Arctic, as he was very concerned that an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture, but his borough also received major tax revenue from oil and gas production; additionally, further revenue from energy activity was considered crucial to the future of the living standard in Itta's community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "52"}], "question": "How many Greenpeace activists boarded Fennica and Nordica in March 2012?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many countries did the group of Greenpeace activists represent?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "multipurpose icebreakers"}], "question": "What types of vehicles were the Fennica and Nordica?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "to support Shell's drilling rigs near Alaska"}], "question": "Why were the Fennica and Nordica chartered?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "an oil spill could destroy the Inupiat Eskimo's hunting-and-fishing culture"}], "question": "What was the main concern of Edward Itta?", "id": "57263dd1ec44d21400f3dc99"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas, Shell memfailkan tindakan undang-undang untuk mendapatkan injunksi daripada kemungkinan protes, dan Benjamin Jealous dari NAACP dan Radford berhujah bahawa tindakan undang-undang itu \"mengejar hak Amerika.\" Menurut Greenpeace, Shell membuat permintaan dengan Google untuk mengharamkan rakaman video tindakan protes Greenpeace yang berlaku di Grand Prix Belgium Formula Satu (F1) yang ditaja Shell pada 25 Ogos 2013, di mana spanduk \"SaveTheArctic.org\" muncul di majlis podium pemenang. Dalam video itu, spanduk yang muncul secara automatik mengendalikan penampilan mereka dengan menggunakan empat antena kereta radio-mendedahkan URL laman web, di samping imej yang terdiri daripada separuh kepala kepala kutub dan separuh logo Shell. <> Kenapa tindakan undang-undang fail Shell? || untuk mencari injunksi dari kemungkinan protes <> Jealous dan Radford menegaskan bahawa tindakan undang-undang yang diambil oleh Shell adalah apa? || \"menginjak hak Amerika.\" <> Greenpeace mendakwa bahawa Shell meminta Google untuk melarang apa? || rakaman video tindakan protes Greenpeace yang berlaku di Grand Prix Belgium Formula Satu (F1) yang ditaja oleh Shell <> Apa sepanduk muncul di podium pemenang pada majlis Ogos 2013? || \"SaveTheArctic.org\" <> Pada majlis 2013, aktivitator mengendalikan penampilan mereka dengan apa? || penggunaan empat antena kereta radio", {"context": "In response, Shell filed lawsuits to seek injunctions from possible protests, and Benjamin Jealous of the NAACP and Radford argued that the legal action was \"trampling American's rights.\" According to Greenpeace, Shell lodged a request with Google to ban video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix on 25 August 2013, in which \"SaveTheArctic.org\" banners appear at the winners' podium ceremony. In the video, the banners rise up automatically\u2014activists controlled their appearance with the use of four radio car antennas\u2014revealing the website URL, alongside an image that consists of half of a polar bear's head and half of the Shell logo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "to seek injunctions from possible protests"}], "question": "Why did Shell file lawsuits?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "\"trampling American's rights.\""}], "question": "Jealous and Radford asserted that the legal action taken by Shell was what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "video footage of a Greenpeace protest action that occurred at the Shell-sponsored Formula One (F1) Belgian Grand Prix"}], "question": "Greenpeace claimed that Shell requested Google to ban what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "\"SaveTheArctic.org\""}], "question": "What banners appeared on the winners' podium at the August 2013 ceremony?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "the use of four radio car antennas"}], "question": "At the 2013 ceremony, activitsts controlled their appearance with what?", "id": "57263f3489a1e219009ac5cc"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1996, beberapa kumpulan hak asasi manusia membawa kes-kes untuk memegang Shell bertanggungjawab atas dakwaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Nigeria, termasuk pelaksanaan ringkasan, jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan, penyeksaan, rawatan tidak berperikemanusiaan dan penangkapan dan penahanan sewenang-wenangnya. Khususnya, Shell dituduh berkerjasama dalam pelaksanaan Ken Saro-Wiwa dan lapan pemimpin lain dari suku Ogoni di selatan Nigeria, yang digantung pada tahun 1995 oleh raja-raja tentera Nigeria pada masa itu. Tindakan undang-undang dibawa terhadap Royal Dutch Shell dan Brian Anderson, ketua operasi Nigeria. Pada tahun 2009, Shell bersetuju untuk membayar $ 15.5 juta dalam penyelesaian undang-undang. Shell tidak menerima apa-apa tanggungan terhadap tuduhan terhadapnya. <> Pada tahun 1996, beberapa kumpulan memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang untuk memegang Shell bertanggungjawab untuk apa? || dakwaan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Nigeria <> Shell dituduh terlibat dalam pelaksanaan yang mana pemimpin suku kaum Nigeria selatan? || Ken Saro-Wiwa <> Pada tahun apakah Shell bersetuju untuk menyelesaikan tindakan undang-undang yang difailkan pada tahun 1996? || 2009 <> Untuk apa jumlah yang disetujui Shell untuk menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang 1996? || $ 15.5m <> Berbeza dengan persetujuannya untuk menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang 1996, Shell enggan melakukan apa? || menerima apa-apa tanggungan terhadap tuduhan terhadapnya", {"context": "In the beginning of 1996, several human rights groups brought cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria, including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. In particular, Shell stood accused of collaborating in the execution of Ken Saro-Wiwa and eight other leaders of the Ogoni tribe of southern Nigeria, who were hanged in 1995 by Nigeria's then military rulers. The lawsuits were brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation. In 2009, Shell agreed to pay $15.5m in a legal settlement. Shell has not accepted any liability over the allegations against it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "alleged human rights violations in Nigeria"}], "question": "In 1996, multiple groups filed lawsuits to hold Shell accountable for what?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Ken Saro-Wiwa"}], "question": "Shell was accused of participating in the execution of which southern Nigerian tribal leader?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did Shell agree to settle the lawsuits filed in 1996?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "$15.5m"}], "question": "For what amount did Shell agree to settle the 1996 lawsuits?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "accepted any liability over the allegations against it"}], "question": "In contrast to its agreement to settle the 1996 lawsuits, Shell refused to do what?", "id": "57263b9538643c19005ad349"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, kabel bocor mendedahkan bahawa Shell mendakwa telah memasukkan kakitangan ke semua kementerian utama kerajaan Nigeria dan mengetahui \"semua yang sedang dilakukan di kementerian-kementerian itu,\" menurut eksekutif tertinggi Shell di Nigeria. Eksekutif yang sama juga membanggakan bahawa kerajaan Nigeria telah melupakan sejauh mana penyusupan Shell. Dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009 (tetapi tidak digunakan dalam kes mahkamah) mendedahkan bahawa Shell secara kerap membuat pembayaran kepada tentera Nigeria untuk mencegah protes. <> Satu komunikasi bocor 2010 mendedahkan bahawa Shell mendakwa telah memasukkan apa ke entiti mana? || kakitangan ke semua kementerian utama kerajaan Nigeria <> Komunikasi yang sama bocor memberitahu Shell mendakwa mengetahui apa? || \"semua yang sedang dilakukan di kementerian-kementerian itu\" <> Mengenai apa yang eksekutif Shell membanggakan berhubung dengan komunikasi bocor? || kerajaan Nigerian telah melupakan sejauh mana penyusupan Shell <> Dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009 menunjukkan bahawa Shell membuat pembayaran tetap ke entiti mana? || tentera Nigeria <> Untuk tujuan apa Shell membuat bayaran tetap kepada entiti yang disebutkan dalam dokumen yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2009? || untuk menghalang protes", {"context": "In 2010, a leaked cable revealed that Shell claims to have inserted staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government and know \"everything that was being done in those ministries\", according to Shell's top executive in Nigeria. The same executive also boasted that the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration. Documents released in 2009 (but not used in the court case) reveal that Shell regularly made payments to the Nigerian military in order to prevent protests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "staff into all the main ministries of the Nigerian government"}], "question": "A 2010 leaked communication revealed that Shell claimed to have inserted what into which entities?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "\"everything that was being done in those ministries\""}], "question": "The same leaked communication revealed Shell claimed to know what?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "the Nigerian government had forgotten about the extent of Shell's infiltration"}], "question": "About what did the Shell executive boast in relation to the leaked communication?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad357"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "the Nigerian military"}], "question": "Documents released in 2009 showed that Shell made regular payments to which entity?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "to prevent protests"}], "question": "For what purpose did Shell make regular payments to the entity cited in the documents released in 2009?", "id": "57263cb938643c19005ad359"}]}]], [["Dalam satu kajian yang diterbitkan dalam Journal of Behavioral dan Economic Experimental, dan dilaporkan pada awal Mei 2014, penyelidik dari University of Portsmouth di UK membincangkan penemuan dari meneliti tingkah laku menyalahi haram 6,000 rakyat Finland, berusia tujuh hingga 84 tahun. sebab-sebab untuk memuat turun yang diberikan oleh responden kajian termasuk penjimatan wang; keupayaan untuk mengakses bahan bukan pada pelepasan umum, atau sebelum ia dikeluarkan; dan membantu artis untuk mengelakkan penglibatan dengan syarikat rakaman dan studio filem. <> Apa penyelidik menjalankan kajian pada awal bulan Mei 2014? || University of Portsmouth <> Berapa ramai orang yang terlibat dalam kajian ini? || 6,000 <> Apa jajaran umur orang belajar? || tujuh hingga 84 <> Siapa yang membuat penyokong mahu membantu dengan mengelakkan studio dan syarikat rekod? || artis", {"context": "In a study published in the Journal of Behavioural and Experimental Economics, and reported on in early May 2014, researchers from the University of Portsmouth in the UK discussed findings from examining the illegal downloading behavior of 6,000 Finnish people, aged seven to 84. The list of reasons for downloading given by the study respondents included money saving; the ability to access material not on general release, or before it was released; and assisting artists to avoid involvement with record companies and movie studios.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "University of Portsmouth"}], "question": "What researchers conducted a study in the early part of May 2014?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "6,000"}], "question": "How many people were part of the study?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "seven to 84"}], "question": "What was the age range of people studied?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "artists"}], "question": "Who did downloaders want to help by avoiding studios and record companies?", "id": "5726d1bdf1498d1400e8ec41"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang hanya pematuhan separa dengan perjanjian lesen adalah punca. Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 2013, Tentera Darat AS menyelesaikan tuntutan undang-undang dengan Apptricity syarikat yang berpangkalan di Texas, yang menjadikan perisian yang membolehkan tentera mengesan tentera mereka dalam masa nyata. Pada tahun 2004, Tentera AS membayar US $ 4.5 juta untuk lesen 500 pengguna, manakala mendakwa memasang perisian untuk lebih daripada 9000 pengguna; kes itu diselesaikan dengan harga AS $ 50 juta. Pertubuhan anti-cetak rajah utama, seperti BSA, menjalankan pemeriksaan pelesenan perisian secara berkala untuk memastikan pematuhan penuh. <> Apa sebab penyalahgunaan hak cipta? || pematuhan sebahagian <> Siapa yang membuat perisian perisian syarikat Apptricity menulis untuk? || US Army <> Berapa ramai pengguna yang dibayar pada tahun 2004? || 500 pengguna <> Berapakah tuntutan tuntutan? || US $ 50 juta <> Siapakah contoh organisasi anti-cetak rompak yang utama? || BSA", {"context": "Sometimes only partial compliance with license agreements is the cause. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while allegedly installing the software for more than 9000 users; the case was settled for US$50 million. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "partial compliance"}], "question": "What is a possible cause of copyright infringement?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "US Army"}], "question": "Who did Texas software company Apptricity write software for?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "500 users"}], "question": "How many users were paid for in 2004?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "US$50 million"}], "question": "How much was the lawsuit settled for?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "the BSA"}], "question": "Who is an example of a major anti-piracy organization?", "id": "5726d11ef1498d1400e8ec2e"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada perspektif Cusumano, pengarah eksekutif Screen Producers Australia Matt Deaner menjelaskan motivasi industri filem: \"Pengedar biasanya ingin menggalakkan panggung wayang sebagai sebahagian daripada proses ini [mengewangkan melalui pulangan] dan menyekat akses segera ke talian supaya untuk menggalakkan bilangan maksimum orang untuk pergi ke pawagam. \" Deaner menerangkan perkara itu dari segi industri filem Australia, yang menyatakan: \"terdapat sekatan ke atas kuantiti sokongan cukai yang boleh diterima filem kecuali filem itu mempunyai pelepasan pawagam tradisional.\" <> Siapa yang membuat jelas motivasi para pembuat filem? || Matt Deaner <> Yang menggalakkan menonton filem di teater sebagai membuat wang dari filem? || Pengedar <> Apa yang terhad untuk memastikan bilangan terbesar orang menonton filem di teater? || akses segera ke talian <> Apa yang terhad kecuali filem itu mempunyai pelepasan teater tradisional? || sokongan cukai yang boleh diterima oleh filem", {"context": "In response to Cusumano's perspective, Screen Producers Australia executive director Matt Deaner clarified the motivation of the film industry: \"Distributors are usually wanting to encourage cinema-going as part of this process [monetizing through returns] and restrict the immediate access to online so as to encourage the maximum number of people to go to the cinema.\" Deaner further explained the matter in terms of the Australian film industry, stating: \"there are currently restrictions on quantities of tax support that a film can receive unless the film has a traditional cinema release.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Matt Deaner"}], "question": "Who made clear the motivations of the filmmakers?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Distributors"}], "question": "Who encourages watching movies at a theater as making money from the film?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "immediate access to online"}], "question": "What is restricted to ensure the largest number of people see a movie at the theater?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "tax support that a film can receive"}], "question": "What is restricted unless the film has a traditional theater release?", "id": "5726d1985951b619008f7f02"}]}], ["Cara Cusumano, pengarah Festival Filem Tribeca, menyatakan pada bulan April 2014: \"Pembajakan kurang mengenai orang yang tidak mahu bayar dan lebih banyak mengenai hanya mendesak - kata orang, 'Saya mahu menonton Spiderman sekarang' dan memuat turunnya\". Kenyataan itu berlaku pada tahun ketiga bahawa perayaan itu menggunakan Internet untuk mempersembahkan kandungannya, sementara itu adalah tahun pertama yang menampilkan pameran pengeluar kandungan yang berfungsi secara eksklusif dalam talian. Cusumano selanjutnya menjelaskan bahawa perilaku muat turun tidak semata-mata dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang hanya ingin mendapatkan kandungan secara percuma: <> Apa Cara Cusumano mengatakan tentang cetak rompak pada tahun 2014 yang dikehendaki orang? || immediacy <> Apa perayaan yang dilakukan selama tiga tahun yang lalu apabila pernyataan Cara Cusumano dibuat? || menggunakan Internet untuk membentangkan kandungannya <> Ia adalah tahun pertama Tribeca yang menampilkan pameran pengeluar yang melakukan apa? || kerja secara eksklusif dalam talian <> Apa kelakuan tidak hanya dilakukan oleh orang yang menginginkan kandungan secara percuma? || muat turun", {"context": "Cara Cusumano, director of the Tribeca Film Festival, stated in April 2014: \"Piracy is less about people not wanting to pay and more about just wanting the immediacy \u2013 people saying, 'I want to watch Spiderman right now' and downloading it\". The statement occurred during the third year that the festival used the Internet to present its content, while it was the first year that it featured a showcase of content producers who work exclusively online. Cusumano further explained that downloading behavior is not merely conducted by people who merely want to obtain content for free:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "immediacy"}], "question": "What did Cara Cusumano say about piracy in 2014 that people want?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9132"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "used the Internet to present its content"}], "question": "What had the festival done for the past three years when the statement by Cara Cusumano was made?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9133"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "work exclusively online"}], "question": "It was the first year of Tribeca featuring a showcase of producers who do what?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "downloading"}], "question": "What behavior is not just done by people who want content for free?", "id": "5726d15cdd62a815002e9135"}]}], ["Menurut kajian yang sama, walaupun cetak rompak digital menimbulkan kos tambahan di sisi pengeluaran media, ia juga menawarkan akses utama kepada barang media di negara-negara membangun. Tragedi yang kuat yang memihak kepada penggunaan cetak rompak digital dalam ekonomi membangun menegaskan penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang diabaikan sekarang terhadap cetak rompak digital. Di China, isu pelanggaran digital bukan sekadar undang-undang, tetapi sosial - yang berasal dari permintaan yang tinggi untuk barangan murah dan harga berpatutan serta hubungan kerajaan perniagaan yang menghasilkan barangan tersebut. <> Walaupun cetak rompak menambah kos kepada pengeluaran, apa lagi yang ditawarkan kepada negara-negara membangun? || akses utama ke barangan media <> Apa hubungan perdagangan sokongan cetak rompak digital? || penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang diabaikan semasa <> Dalam negara apakah isu sosial pelanggaran digital? || China <> Apakah permintaan tinggi di negara ini? || barangan murah dan berpatutan <> Apakah kerajaan negara ini menyediakan kepada perniagaan yang menghasilkan kandungan? || sambungan", {"context": "According to the same study, even though digital piracy inflicts additional costs on the production side of media, it also offers the main access to media goods in developing countries. The strong tradeoffs that favor using digital piracy in developing economies dictate the current neglected law enforcements toward digital piracy. In China, the issue of digital infringement is not merely legal, but social \u2013 originating from the high demand for cheap and affordable goods as well as the governmental connections of the businesses which produce such goods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "main access to media goods"}], "question": "Even though piracy adds costs to production, what else is offered to developing countries?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "current neglected law enforcements"}], "question": "What do the tradeoffs of digital piracy support?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "China"}], "question": "In what country is the issue of digital infringement social?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "cheap and affordable goods"}], "question": "What is in high demand in this country?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "connections"}], "question": "What does the government of this country provide to businesses that produce content?", "id": "5726d229708984140094d257"}]}], ["Terma-terma cetak rompak dan kecurian sering dikaitkan dengan pelanggaran hak cipta. Makna asal cetak rompak adalah \"rompakan atau keganasan haram di laut\", tetapi istilah itu telah digunakan selama berabad-abad sebagai sinonim untuk perbuatan pelanggaran hak cipta. Sementara itu kecurian, menekankan potensi bahaya komersil pelanggaran kepada pemegang hak cipta. Walau bagaimanapun, hak cipta adalah sejenis harta intelektual, bidang undang-undang yang berbeza dari yang merangkumi rompakan atau kecurian, kesalahan yang berkaitan hanya dengan harta yang nyata. Tidak semua pelanggaran hak cipta mengakibatkan kerugian komersil, dan Mahkamah Agung A.S. memutuskan pada 1985 bahawa pelanggaran tidak mudah sama dengan pencurian. <> Istilah apa yang sering dikaitkan dengan orang yang secara haram menggunakan atau mengedarkan kandungan yang bukan mereka sendiri? || cetak rompak dan kecurian <> Apa maksud sama rompakan atau keganasan haram di laut? || rompakan <> Apa jenis harta yang digunakan oleh hak cipta? || harta intelektual <> Apakah perbezaan antara rompakan dan cetak rompak? || yang berkaitan hanya dengan harta yang nyata <> Pada tahun 1980-an, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahawa pelanggaran tidak sama dengan apa? || kecurian", {"context": "The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement. The original meaning of piracy is \"robbery or illegal violence at sea\", but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential commercial harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of intellectual property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft, offenses related only to tangible property. Not all copyright infringement results in commercial loss, and the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "piracy and theft"}], "question": "What terms are often linked to people who illegally use or distribute content that is not their own?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "piracy"}], "question": "What means the same as robbery or illegal violence at sea?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "intellectual property"}], "question": "What kind of property is copyright used for?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "related only to tangible property"}], "question": "What is the difference between robbery and piracy?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "theft"}], "question": "In the 1980's, the Supreme Court ruled that infringement does not equal what?", "id": "5726d0385951b619008f7ec5"}]}], ["Pemegang hak cipta sering merujuk kepada pelanggaran hak cipta sebagai kecurian. Dalam undang-undang hak cipta, pelanggaran tidak merujuk kepada kecurian objek fizikal yang mengambil milik pemilik, tetapi suatu contoh di mana seseorang menjalankan salah satu hak eksklusif pemegang hak cipta tanpa kebenaran. Mahkamah telah membezakan antara pelanggaran dan pencurian hak cipta. Sebagai contoh, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat yang diadakan di Dowling v. Amerika Syarikat (1985) bahawa fonorektrik bootleg tidak menjadi harta curi. Sebaliknya, \"gangguan dengan hak cipta tidak mudah disamakan dengan kecurian, penukaran, atau penipuan. Akta Hak Cipta bahkan menggunakan istilah seni yang berasingan untuk menentukan seseorang yang menyalahgunakan hak cipta: '[...] pelanggar hak cipta.'\" Mahkamah mengatakan bahawa dalam kes pelanggaran hak cipta, wilayah yang dijamin kepada pemegang hak cipta oleh undang-undang hak cipta - hak eksklusif tertentu - diserang, tetapi tidak ada kawalan, fizikal atau sebaliknya, diambil alih hak cipta, dan tidak juga pemegang hak cipta yang sepenuhnya dilucutkan menggunakan karya berhak cipta atau menjalankan hak eksklusif yang dipegang. <> Apabila anda dituduh kecurian kerana ia berkaitan dengan undang-undang hak cipta, anda menjalankan hak eksklusif tanpa apa-apa? || kebenaran <> Apa yang ada di mahkamah mengatakan terdapat perbezaan antara? || pelanggaran hak cipta dan pencurian <> Dalam Dowling v. Amerika Syarikat, apakah rekod penculikan tidak? || kecurian, penukaran, atau penipuan <> Apakah istilah seni yang berasingan untuk menentukan penyalahgunaan hakcipta? || Akta Hak Cipta <> Apa yang dikatakan mahkamah diserang? || hak eksklusif tertentu", {"context": "Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, \"interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'\" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law \u2013 certain exclusive rights \u2013 is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "authorization"}], "question": "When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "copyright infringement and theft"}], "question": "What have courts said there is a difference between?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "theft, conversion, or fraud"}], "question": "In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "The Copyright Act"}], "question": "What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "certain exclusive rights"}], "question": "What did the court say was invaded?", "id": "5726d0f55951b619008f7ee9"}]}], ["Pelanggaran hak cipta adalah penggunaan karya yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta tanpa izin, melanggar hak eksklusif tertentu yang diberikan kepada pemegang hak cipta, seperti hak untuk memperbanyak, mengedarkan, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja yang dilindungi, atau membuat karya turunan. Pemegang hak cipta biasanya pencipta kerja, atau penerbit atau perniagaan lain yang hak cipta ditugaskan. Pemegang hak cipta secara rutin mengajukan tindakan undang-undang dan teknologi untuk mencegah dan menghukum pelanggaran hak cipta. <> Bagaimana pencipta kandungan melindungi karya mereka daripada pelanggaran? || secara rutin memohon tindakan undang-undang dan teknologi <> Apakah hak pencipta kandungan yang telah dilindungi oleh mereka? || hak untuk membiak, mengedarkan, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja yang dilindungi, atau membuat karya terbitan <> Siapa yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || Pemegang hak cipta biasanya pencipta kerja, atau penerbit atau perniagaan lain yang hak cipta ditugaskan <> Anda menulis lagu yang berdasarkan karya asal, apakah yang dipanggil ini? || untuk membuat karya terbitan <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang memuat video ke YouTube tanpa kebenaran pencipta? || Pelanggaran hak cipta <> Bagaimana pencipta kandungan melindungi karya mereka daripada pelanggaran? || undang hak cipta <> Siapa yang dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || pencipta kerja <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang memuat naik video ke YouTube tanpa kebenaran pencipta? || Pelanggaran hak cipta <> Anda menulis lagu yang berdasarkan karya asal, apakah yang dipanggil ini? || kerja derivatif", {"context": "Copyright infringement is the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works. The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "routinely invoke legal and technological measures"}], "question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works"}], "question": "What are the rights of a content creator that has their work protected?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "The copyright holder is typically the work's creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned"}], "question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "to make derivative works"}], "question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Copyright infringement"}], "question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?", "id": "5726113689a1e219009ac1d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "copyright law"}], "question": "How do creators of content protect their work from infringement?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "work's creator"}], "question": "Who is protected by copyright laws?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "copyright infringement"}], "question": "What is it called when someone uploads a video to YouTube without the creators permission?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "derivative works"}], "question": "You wrote a song that was based on an original work, what is this called?", "id": "5726ce13dd62a815002e90d4"}]}], ["Perselisihan pelanggaran hak cipta biasanya diselesaikan melalui rundingan langsung, notis dan proses pengunduran, atau litigasi di pengadilan sivil. Pelanggaran komersil yang besar atau besar, terutamanya apabila ia melibatkan pemalsuan, kadang-kadang didakwa melalui sistem keadilan jenayah. Peralihan harapan awam, kemajuan dalam teknologi digital, dan jangkauan Internet yang semakin meningkat telah menyebabkan pelanggaran tanpa nama yang meluas bahawa industri yang bergantung kepada hak cipta kini kurang fokus pada mengejar individu yang mencari dan berkongsi kandungan yang dilindungi hak cipta secara dalam talian, dan lebih banyak mengembangkan hak cipta undang-undang untuk mengiktiraf dan menghukum - sebagai pelanggar \"tidak langsung\" - penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian yang dikatakan memudahkan dan menggalakkan perbuatan individu pelanggaran oleh orang lain. <> Bagaimana pertikaian diselesaikan untuk pelanggaran kecil? || rundingan terus, notis dan proses pengunduran, atau litigasi di mahkamah sivil <> Mengapa pelanggaran hak cipta meningkat baru-baru ini? || Menggeser jangkaan orang ramai, kemajuan dalam teknologi digital, dan peningkatan jangkauan Internet <> Apa industri penciptaan kandungan yang memberi tumpuan kepada usaha untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || memperluaskan undang-undang hak cipta untuk mengiktiraf dan menghukum - sebagai pelanggar \"tidak langsung\" - pembekal perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada orang yang melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta secara besar-besaran? || kadang-kadang didakwa melalui sistem keadilan jenayah <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan yang membolehkan anda membuat salinan karya yang dilindungi? || penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian <> Apakah industri penciptaan kandungan yang memberi tumpuan kepada usaha untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || memperluaskan undang-undang hak cipta <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada orang yang melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta secara besar-besaran? || didakwa melalui sistem keadilan jenayah <> Apakah dua contoh kumpulan yang membolehkan anda mendapatkan salinan karya yang dilindungi? || penyedia perkhidmatan dan pengedar perisian", {"context": "Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system. Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet have led to such widespread, anonymous infringement that copyright-dependent industries now focus less on pursuing individuals who seek and share copyright-protected content online, and more on expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors which are said to facilitate and encourage individual acts of infringement by others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court"}], "question": "How are disputes resolved for small scale infringement?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Shifting public expectations, advances in digital technology, and the increasing reach of the Internet"}], "question": "Why has copyright infringement increased recently?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "expanding copyright law to recognize and penalize \u2013 as \"indirect\" infringers \u2013 the service providers and software distributors"}], "question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system"}], "question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "service providers and software distributors"}], "question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to make copies of protected works?", "id": "5726199989a1e219009ac25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "expanding copyright law"}], "question": "What are content creation industries focusing on doing to prevent infringement?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "prosecuted via the criminal justice system"}], "question": "What can happen to people who commit copyright infringement on a mass-scale?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "service providers and software distributors"}], "question": "What are two examples of groups that allow you to obtain copies of protected works?", "id": "5726cfd6dd62a815002e9106"}]}], ["Amalan melabel pelanggaran hak eksklusif dalam kerja-kerja kreatif sebagai \"cetak rompak\" mendahului undang-undang hak cipta berkanun. Sebelum Statute Anne pada tahun 1710, Stationers 'Company of London pada tahun 1557, menerima Piagam Diraja yang memberi syarikat itu satu monopoli dalam penerbitan dan menugaskannya dengan menguatkuasakan piagam itu. Mereka yang melanggar piagam itu diberi label lanun seawal 1603. Istilah \"cetak rompak\" telah digunakan untuk merujuk kepada penyalinan, pengedaran dan penjualan karya yang tidak sah di dalam hak cipta. Perkara 12 1886 Konvensyen Berne untuk Perlindungan Karya Sastera dan Artistik menggunakan istilah \"cetak rompak\" berhubung dengan pelanggaran hak cipta, yang menyatakan \"Kerja-kerja cetak rompak boleh disita atas pengimportan ke negara-negara Kesatuan di mana karya asal menikmati perlindungan undang-undang. \" Artikel 61 Perjanjian 1994 tentang Aspek Hak Harta Intelek (TRIPs) yang berkaitan dengan Perdagangan memerlukan prosedur jenayah dan penalti dalam kes \"pemalsuan tanda dagangan yang bersifat sengaja atau cetak rompak hak cipta pada skala komersial.\" Pembajakan secara tradisinya merujuk kepada perbuatan pelanggaran hak cipta yang sengaja dilakukan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan kewangan, walaupun baru-baru ini, pemegang hak cipta telah menerangkan pelanggaran hak cipta dalam talian, terutamanya berhubung dengan rangkaian perkongsian fail peer-to-peer, sebagai \"cetak rompak.\" <> Apa yang diberikan oleh Royal Charter kepada Syarikat Stationers 'London? || monopoli pada penerbitan dan menugaskannya dengan menguatkuasakan piagam <> Bagaimana Artikel 12 1886 Konvensyen Berne untuk Perlindungan Kerja Sastera dan Artistik menggunakan istilah cetak rompak? || berhubung dengan pelanggaran hak cipta <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika anda mengimport karya berhak cipta ke negara tempat asal dilindungi oleh undang-undang hak cipta? || disita atas pengimportan <> Bilakah Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Haku Intelektual Berkaitan dengan Perdagangan? || 1994 <> Piracy telah lebih baru diterangkan dalam talian berhubung dengan apa? || rangkaian perkongsian fail peer-to-peer", {"context": "The practice of labelling the infringement of exclusive rights in creative works as \"piracy\" predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers' Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter. Those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. The term \"piracy\" has been used to refer to the unauthorized copying, distribution and selling of works in copyright. Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works uses the term \"piracy\" in relation to copyright infringement, stating \"Pirated works may be seized on importation into those countries of the Union where the original work enjoys legal protection.\" Article 61 of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) requires criminal procedures and penalties in cases of \"willful trademark counterfeiting or copyright piracy on a commercial scale.\" Piracy traditionally refers to acts of copyright infringement intentionally committed for financial gain, though more recently, copyright holders have described online copyright infringement, particularly in relation to peer-to-peer file sharing networks, as \"piracy.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "monopoly on publication and tasking it with enforcing the charter"}], "question": "What did the Royal Charter give to the Stationers' Company of London?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "in relation to copyright infringement"}], "question": "How does Article 12 of the 1886 Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works use the term piracy?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "seized on importation"}], "question": "What would happen if you imported a copyrighted work into a country where the original is protected by copyright law?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights enacted?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7ede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1249, "text": "peer-to-peer file sharing networks"}], "question": "Piracy has been more recently described online in relation to what?", "id": "5726d0935951b619008f7edf"}]}], ["Di samping itu, pengantara kini juga difahamkan termasuk portal Internet, penyedia perisian dan permainan, yang menyediakan maklumat maya seperti forum interaktif dan kemudahan ulasan dengan atau tanpa sistem penyederhanaan, agregator pelbagai jenis, seperti agregator berita, universiti, perpustakaan dan arkib, enjin carian web, bilik sembang, blog web, senarai mel, dan mana-mana laman web yang menyediakan akses kepada kandungan pihak ketiga melalui, contohnya, hiperpautan, unsur penting World Wide Web. <> Apa yang termasuk portal Internet, perisian dan permainan? || perantara <> Contoh apa yang menyediakan maklumat maya? || forum interaktif dan kemudahan ulasan <> Berita, universiti, perpustakaan dan arkib adalah contoh dari apa? || agregator <> Apa unsur penting dalam World Wide Web? || hiperpautan", {"context": "In addition, intermediaries are now also generally understood to include Internet portals, software and games providers, those providing virtual information such as interactive forums and comment facilities with or without a moderation system, aggregators of various kinds, such as news aggregators, universities, libraries and archives, web search engines, chat rooms, web blogs, mailing lists, and any website which provides access to third party content through, for example, hyperlinks, a crucial element of the World Wide Web.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "intermediaries"}], "question": "What includes Internet portals, software and games?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "interactive forums and comment facilities"}], "question": "What examples provide virtual information?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "aggregators"}], "question": "News, universities and libraries and archives are examples of what?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "hyperlinks"}], "question": "What is an important element of the World Wide Web?", "id": "5726d735dd62a815002e9209"}]}], ["Amerika Syarikat v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) adalah kes yang diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Daerah Amerika Syarikat untuk Daerah Massachusetts yang memutuskan bahawa, di bawah undang-undang hak cipta dan jenayah siber yang berkesan pada masa itu, melakukan pelanggaran hak cipta untuk motif bukan komersil tidak boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang hak cipta jenayah . Keputusan itu menimbulkan apa yang dikenali sebagai \"LaMacchia Loophole,\" di mana tuduhan jenayah penipuan atau pelanggaran hak cipta akan dibuang mengikut piawaian undang-undang semasa, selagi tidak terdapat motif keuntungan yang terlibat. <> Bilakah Amerika Syarikat v. LaMacchia bertanding? || 1994 <> Pada masa itu, apa pelanggaran yang tidak boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang hak cipta jenayah? || motif bukan komersil <> Apa kelemahan yang dibuat oleh keputusan itu? || LaMacchia Loophole <> Jika tiada keuntungan yang terlibat, apa yang akan berlaku kepada tuduhan jenayah penipuan? || diberhentikan", {"context": "United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law. The ruling gave rise to what became known as the \"LaMacchia Loophole,\" wherein criminal charges of fraud or copyright infringement would be dismissed under current legal standards, so long as there was no profit motive involved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was United States v. LaMacchia contested?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "non-commercial motives"}], "question": "At the time, what infringement could not be prosecuted under criminal copyright law?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "LaMacchia Loophole"}], "question": "What loophole did the ruling give rise to?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "dismissed"}], "question": "If there is no profit involved, what would happen to criminal charges of fraud?", "id": "5726d529dd62a815002e91a7"}]}], ["Terdapat contoh di mana kerajaan negara mengharamkan filem, mengakibatkan penyebaran video dan DVD yang disalin. Pembuat dokumentari kelahiran Romania Ilinca Calugareanu menulis artikel New York Times yang menceritakan kisah Irina Margareta Nistor, seorang narator untuk TV negara di bawah rejim Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu. Seorang pelawat dari barat memberikan salinan filem-filem Amerika yang disandera, yang digelarkannya untuk melihat rahsia melalui Romania. Menurut artikel itu, dia menyebut lebih daripada 3,000 filem dan menjadi suara keduanya yang paling terkenal di negara ini selepas Ceau\u015fescu, walaupun tidak ada yang tahu namanya hingga bertahun-tahun kemudian. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila negara mengharamkan filem? || penyebaran video dan DVD yang disalin <> Siapa pembuat dokumentari Ilinca Calugareanu menulis artikel untuk? || New York Times <> Apa pekerjaan Irina Margareta Nistor di Romania? || seorang narator untuk TV negeri <> Apa yang diberikan pengunjung kepada Nistor? || salinan filem filem di Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa banyak filem yang diputar oleh Nistor untuk penampilan rahsia di Romania? || 3,000", {"context": "There have been instances where a country's government bans a movie, resulting in the spread of copied videos and DVDs. Romanian-born documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu wrote a New York Times article telling the story of Irina Margareta Nistor, a narrator for state TV under Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu's regime. A visitor from the west gave her bootlegged copies of American movies, which she dubbed for secret viewings through Romania. According to the article, she dubbed more than 3,000 movies and became the country's second-most famous voice after Ceau\u015fescu, even though no one knew her name until many years later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the spread of copied videos and DVDs"}], "question": "What happens when a country bans a movie?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "New York Times"}], "question": "Who did documentary maker Ilinca Calugareanu write an article for?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "a narrator for state TV"}], "question": "What was Irina Margareta Nistor's job in Romania?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "bootlegged copies of American movies"}], "question": "What did a visitor give to Nistor?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many movies did Nistor dub for secret viewings in Romania?", "id": "5726d370dd62a815002e918e"}]}], ["Dalam sesetengah bidang kuasa, hak cipta atau hak untuk menguatkuasakannya boleh ditugaskan secara kontrak kepada pihak ketiga yang tidak mempunyai peranan dalam menghasilkan kerja tersebut. Apabila litigator penyumberan luar ini tidak mempunyai niat untuk mengambil apa-apa kes pelanggaran hak cipta untuk perbicaraan, tetapi hanya membawa mereka cukup jauh melalui sistem undang-undang untuk mengenal pasti dan tepat penyelesaian dari orang yang disyaki pelanggar, pengkritik biasanya merujuk kepada parti itu sebagai \"troll hak cipta . \" Amalan sedemikian mempunyai hasil yang bercampur-campur di A.S. <> Siapa yang boleh diberikan kontrak untuk menguatkuasakan hak cipta dalam beberapa bidang kuasa? || pihak ketiga <> Apa yang berlaku di luar peguam yang membawa pelaku ke mahkamah? || untuk mengenal pasti dan tepat penempatan <> Apa yang pengkritik biasanya memanggil peguam ini? || troll hak cipta <> Apa tindakan undang-undang ini di A.S.? || keputusan bercampur", {"context": "In some jurisdictions, copyright or the right to enforce it can be contractually assigned to a third party which did not have a role in producing the work. When this outsourced litigator appears to have no intention of taking any copyright infringement cases to trial, but rather only takes them just far enough through the legal system to identify and exact settlements from suspected infringers, critics commonly refer to the party as a \"copyright troll.\" Such practices have had mixed results in the U.S.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "third party"}], "question": "Who can be assigned a contract to enforce a copyright in some jurisdictions?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "to identify and exact settlements"}], "question": "What do outside lawyers take infringers to court for?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "copyright troll"}], "question": "What do critics usually call these lawyers?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "mixed results"}], "question": "What do these lawsuits have in the U.S.?", "id": "5726d425f1498d1400e8ec85"}]}], ["Di A.S., pelanggaran hak cipta kadang-kadang dihadapi melalui tindakan undang-undang di mahkamah sivil, terhadap pengacara yang didakwa secara langsung, atau terhadap penyedia perkhidmatan dan perisian yang menyokong penyalinan tidak sah. Sebagai contoh, korporat gerakan gambar utama MGM Studios memfailkan saman terhadap perkhidmatan perkongsian fail P2P Grokster dan Streamcast kerana peranan penyumbang mereka dalam pelanggaran hak cipta. Pada tahun 2005, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan untuk memihak kepada MGM, memegang bahawa perkhidmatan tersebut boleh dipertanggungjawabkan untuk pelanggaran hak cipta kerana mereka berfungsi dan sesungguhnya, dengan sengaja memasarkan diri mereka sebagai tempat untuk memperoleh filem berhak cipta. Kes MGM v. Grokster tidak membatalkan keputusan Sony yang terdahulu, tetapi melimpahi perairan yang sah; Pereka perisian masa depan yang mampu digunakan untuk pelanggaran hak cipta telah diberi amaran. <> Di A.S., di manakah pelanggaran hak cipta yang dipertandingkan? || Mahkamah Sivil <> Siapa yang studio MGM memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang terhadap? || Grokster dan Streamcast <> Pada tahun 2005, siapa yang membuat keputusan Mahkamah Agung memihak? || MGM <> Apa perkhidmatan perkongsian fail P2P memasarkan diri mereka sebagai? || tempat untuk memperoleh filem hak cipta <> Keputusan kes studio apa TIDAK terbalik? || Sony", {"context": "In the U.S., copyright infringement is sometimes confronted via lawsuits in civil court, against alleged infringers directly, or against providers of services and software that support unauthorized copying. For example, major motion-picture corporation MGM Studios filed suit against P2P file-sharing services Grokster and Streamcast for their contributory role in copyright infringement. In 2005, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of MGM, holding that such services could be held liable for copyright infringement since they functioned and, indeed, willfully marketed themselves as venues for acquiring copyrighted movies. The MGM v. Grokster case did not overturn the earlier Sony decision, but rather clouded the legal waters; future designers of software capable of being used for copyright infringement were warned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "civil court"}], "question": "In the U.S., where is copyright infringement contested?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Grokster and Streamcast"}], "question": "Who did MGM studios file a lawsuit against?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "MGM"}], "question": "In 2005, who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "venues for acquiring copyrighted movies"}], "question": "What did P2P file sharing services market themselves as?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Sony"}], "question": "What studio's case decision was NOT overturned?", "id": "5726d3d3f1498d1400e8ec7c"}]}], ["Tajuk I DMCA A.S., Akta Pelaksanaan Hak Cipta dan Pelaksanaan dan Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Fonogram WIPO mempunyai peruntukan yang menghalang orang daripada \"mengelakkan [suatu] langkah teknologi yang berkesan mengawal akses ke suatu pekerjaan\". Oleh itu jika pengedar karya berhak cipta mempunyai beberapa jenis perisian, peranti akses dongle atau akses kata laluan yang dipasang dalam contoh kerja, sebarang percubaan untuk memintas skim perlindungan salinan seperti itu boleh dilakukan - walaupun Pejabat Hak Cipta AS sedang mengkaji pengisytiharan anticircumvention di bawah DMCA - Pengecualian anticircumvention yang telah disediakan di bawah DMCA termasuk dalam perisian yang direka untuk menapis tapak web yang umumnya dilihat tidak cekap (keselamatan kanak-kanak dan perisian penapisan laman web perpustakaan awam) dan pencegahan mekanisme perlindungan salinan yang telah rosak, telah menyebabkan contoh kerja untuk menjadi tidak beroperasi atau yang tidak lagi disokong oleh pengeluarnya. <> Apakah undang-undang A.S. yang menggunakan Hak Cipta WIPO kerana Title I? || DMCA <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila seseorang dengan sengaja memecahkan penyulitan pada filem atau permainan? || \"mengelakkan pengukuran teknologi <> Pengecualian anticircumvention pada umumnya dilihat sebagai apa? || | tidak cekap <> Apa keselamatan kanak-kanak dan perisian perpustakaan awam yang digunakan untuk menapis?", {"context": "Title I of the U.S. DMCA, the WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act has provisions that prevent persons from \"circumvent[ing] a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work\". Thus if a distributor of copyrighted works has some kind of software, dongle or password access device installed in instances of the work, any attempt to bypass such a copy protection scheme may be actionable \u2013 though the US Copyright Office is currently reviewing anticircumvention rulemaking under DMCA \u2013 anticircumvention exemptions that have been in place under the DMCA include those in software designed to filter websites that are generally seen to be inefficient (child safety and public library website filtering software) and the circumvention of copy protection mechanisms that have malfunctioned, have caused the instance of the work to become inoperable or which are no longer supported by their manufacturers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "DMCA"}], "question": "What is the U.S. law that uses the WIPO Copyright as it's Title I?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "\"circumvent[ing] a technological measure"}], "question": "What is it called when someone intentionally breaks encryption on a movie or game?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "inefficient"}], "question": "Anticircumvention exemptions are generally seen to be be what?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "website"}], "question": "What are child safety and public library software used to filter?", "id": "5726d6bcdd62a815002e91f9"}]}], ["Di sesetengah negara, pengecualian penyalinan peribadi secara jelas memerlukan kandungan yang disalin diperolehi secara sah - iaitu, dari sumber yang dibenarkan, bukan rangkaian perkongsian fail. Negara lain, seperti Belanda, tidak membezakannya; pengecualian di sana telah diandaikan, bahkan oleh kerajaan, untuk memohon kepada apa-apa penyalinan sedemikian, walaupun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail. Walau bagaimanapun, pada bulan April 2014, Mahkamah Keadilan Kesatuan Eropah memutuskan bahawa \"undang-undang negara yang tidak membezakan antara salinan peribadi yang dibuat daripada sumber yang sah dan yang dibuat daripada sumber yang palsu atau cetak rompak tidak boleh diterima.\" Oleh itu, di Belanda, misalnya, muat turun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail tidak lagi sah. <> Apa pengecualian menyalin peribadi dengan jelas? || telah diperoleh secara sah <> Apa contoh negara yang pengecualian diandaikan? || Belanda <> Bilakah Mahkamah Keadilan EU membuat keputusan mengenai perbezaan? || April 2014 <> Di mana negara sedang memuat turun dari rangkaian perkongsian fail tidak lagi sah? || Belanda", {"context": "In some countries, the personal copying exemption explicitly requires that the content being copied was obtained legitimately \u2013 i.e., from authorized sources, not file-sharing networks. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, make no such distinction; the exemption there had been assumed, even by the government, to apply to any such copying, even from file-sharing networks. However, in April 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that \"national legislation which makes no distinction between private copies made from lawful sources and those made from counterfeited or pirated sources cannot be tolerated.\" Thus, in the Netherlands, for example, downloading from file-sharing networks is no longer legal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "was obtained legitimately"}], "question": "What does the personal copying exemption explicitly need?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Netherlands"}], "question": "What is an example of a country that the exemption was assumed?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "April 2014"}], "question": "When did the Court of Justice of the EU make a ruling about distinction?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Netherlands"}], "question": "In which country is downloading from a file-sharing network no longer legal?", "id": "5726d65cdd62a815002e91e9"}]}], ["Akta Pencurian Elektronik Amerika Syarikat (Akta Pencegahan Elektronik) (undang-undang persekutuan yang diluluskan pada 1997, sebagai tindak balas kepada LaMacchia, memperuntukkan pendakwaan jenayah terhadap individu yang terlibat dalam pelanggaran hak cipta dalam keadaan tertentu, walaupun tidak ada keuntungan kewangan atau faedah komersil dari pelanggaran itu. Penalti maksimum boleh lima tahun penjara dan denda $ 250,000. Akta BERSIH juga menimbulkan ganti rugi statutori sebanyak 50%. Keputusan mahkamah secara eksplisit menarik perhatian pada kekurangan hukum saat ini yang memungkinkan orang untuk memfasilitasi pelanggaran hak cipta massa ketika sedang kebal terhadap pendakwaan di bawah Akta Hak Cipta. <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan telah meluluskan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1997, sebagai tindak balas kepada LaMacchia Loophole? || Tiada Akta Pencurian Elektronik <> Apakah masa penjara maksimum untuk pelanggaran di bawah undang-undang baru? || lima tahun penjara <> Apa denda monetari maksimum di bawah undang-undang baru? || $ 250,000 <> Berapa banyak ganti rugi statutori yang dibangkitkan oleh? || 50% <> Apa undang-undang yang dipanggil supaya orang menjadi kebal terhadap pendakwaan? || Akta Hakcipta", {"context": "The United States No Electronic Theft Act (NET Act), a federal law passed in 1997, in response to LaMacchia, provides for criminal prosecution of individuals who engage in copyright infringement under certain circumstances, even when there is no monetary profit or commercial benefit from the infringement. Maximum penalties can be five years in prison and up to $250,000 in fines. The NET Act also raised statutory damages by 50%. The court's ruling explicitly drew attention to the shortcomings of current law that allowed people to facilitate mass copyright infringement while being immune to prosecution under the Copyright Act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "No Electronic Theft Act"}], "question": "What federal law did the United States pass in 1997, in response to the LaMacchia Loophole?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "five years in prison"}], "question": "What is the maximum prison time for infringement under the new law?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "$250,000"}], "question": "What is the maximum monetary fine under the new law?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "50%"}], "question": "How much were statutory damages raised by?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Copyright Act"}], "question": "What was the law called that let people be immune to prosecution?", "id": "5726d598708984140094d2cd"}]}], ["Pengecualian penyalinan peribadi dalam undang-undang hak cipta negara anggota EU berasal dari Arahan Hak Cipta EU 2001, yang pada umumnya dirumuskan untuk membolehkan anggota EU memberlakukan undang-undang yang menyetujui membuat salinan tanpa kebenaran, selagi mereka digunakan untuk kegunaan pribadi dan bukan komersial. Arahan Hak Cipta tidak bertujuan untuk mengesahkan perkongsian fail, melainkan amalan umum ruang yang memindahkan kandungan yang dilindungi hak cipta dari CD yang dibeli secara sah (contohnya) kepada jenis peranti dan media tertentu, dengan syarat pemegang hak diberi pampasan dan tidak ada perlindungan salinan langkah-langkah dielakkan. Pampasan pemegang hak mengambil pelbagai bentuk, bergantung kepada negara, tetapi secara amnya sama ada levi pada \"rakaman\" peranti dan media, atau cukai ke atas kandungan itu sendiri. Di sesetengah negara, seperti Kanada, kebolehgunaan undang-undang sedemikian untuk menyalin ke peranti simpanan umum seperti pemacu cakera komputer, pemain media mudah alih, dan telefon, yang mana tiada levi dikumpulkan, telah menjadi subjek perdebatan dan usaha selanjutnya untuk pembaharuan undang-undang hak cipta. <> Apa arahan pada 2001 membiarkan negara-negara Kesatuan Eropah untuk menggubal undang-undang yang membenarkan membuat salinan untuk kegunaan peribadi? || Arahan Hak Cipta EU 2001 <> Apakah arahan TIDAK untuk? || mengesahkan perkongsian fail <> Pampasan kepada pemegang hak biasanya levi atau apa lagi? || cukai ke atas kandungan itu sendiri <> Apa contoh negara yang tidak mempunyai levi yang dipungut? || Kanada <> Apakah contoh alat penyimpanan tujuan umum? || cakera keras komputer, pemain media mudah alih dan telefon", {"context": "The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on \"recording\" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "EU Copyright Directive of 2001"}], "question": "What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "legitimize file-sharing"}], "question": "What was the directive NOT intended for?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "a tax on the content itself"}], "question": "Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones"}], "question": "What are examples of general purpose storage devices?", "id": "5726d602dd62a815002e91d6"}]}], ["Peruntukan jenayah pertama di undang-undang hak cipta A.S. ditambahkan pada tahun 1897, yang menimbulkan hukuman penalti untuk \"pertunjukan dan perwakilan yang melanggar hukum dramatik dan komposisi musik\" jika pelanggaran itu \"sengaja dan untuk keuntungan\". Pelanggaran hak cipta jenayah menghendaki pelanggar bertindak \"untuk tujuan kelebihan komersial atau keuntungan kewangan swasta.\" 17 A.S.C. \u00a7 506. Untuk menubuhkan liabiliti jenayah, pendakwa mesti terlebih dahulu menunjukkan unsur-unsur asas pelanggaran hak cipta: pemilikan hak cipta yang sah, dan pelanggaran hak eksklusif pemegang hak cipta satu atau lebih. Kerajaan kemudiannya harus menetapkan bahawa defendan sengaja dilanggar atau, dengan kata lain, memiliki hak-hak yang diperlukan. Pelanggaran Misdemeanor mempunyai ambang yang sangat rendah dari segi jumlah salinan dan nilai karya yang dilanggar. <> Bilakah bahagian jenayah hak cipta pertama di A.S. ditambah? || 1897 <> Apa jenis penalti dibuat untuk persembahan yang menyalahi undang-undang yang sengaja dan untuk keuntungan? || Misdemeanor <> Apa yang pelanggar kejahatan lakukan untuk didakwa? || untuk tujuan kelebihan komersil atau keuntungan kewangan swasta <> Apa yang harus ditunjukkan oleh prosecuter selepas unsur-unsur asas pelanggaran? || bahawa defendan dengan sengaja melanggar <> Apakah ambang bilangan salinan dan nilai kerja? || ambang yang sangat rendah", {"context": "The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for \"unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions\" if the violation had been \"willful and for profit.\" Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted \"for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain.\" 17 U.S.C. \u00a7 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1897"}], "question": "When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "misdemeanor"}], "question": "What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain"}], "question": "What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "that defendant willfully infringed"}], "question": "What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "very low threshold"}], "question": "What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?", "id": "5726d4d1708984140094d2af"}]}], ["Di A.S., contohnya, undang-undang kes hak cipta mengandungi keperluan persamaan yang besar untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu disalin. Begitu juga, mahkamah mungkin memerlukan perisian komputer untuk lulus Ujian Perbandingan Abstraksi-Penapisan (Ujian AFC) untuk menentukan sama ada ia terlalu abstrak untuk memenuhi syarat untuk perlindungan, atau terlalu berbeza dengan kerja asal yang dianggap melanggar. Undang-undang kes yang berkaitan dengan perisian juga menjelaskan bahawa jumlah R & D, usaha dan perbelanjaan yang dimasukkan ke dalam penciptaan kerja tidak mempengaruhi perlindungan hak cipta. <> Negara mana yang memerlukan keperluan keserupaan untuk menentukan sama ada kerja itu disalin? || A.S. <> Ujian apa yang mungkin pengadilan memerlukan perisian untuk lulus untuk menentukan sama ada ia dilindungi atau melanggar? || Ujian Perbandingan Abstraksi-Penapisan <> Apa yang berlaku undang-undang kes perisian mengenai R & D, usaha dan perbelanjaan yang dimasukkan ke dalam penciptaan? || tidak menjejaskan perlindungan hak cipta", {"context": "In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test"}], "question": "What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "doesn't affect copyright protection"}], "question": "What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?", "id": "5726da59dd62a815002e92a4"}]}], ["Untuk memenuhi syarat untuk perlindungan, kerja mestilah ungkapan dengan tahap keaslian, dan ia mestilah dalam medium tetap, seperti tertulis di atas kertas atau direkodkan secara digital. Ide itu sendiri tidak dilindungi. Maksudnya, satu salinan idea asal orang lain tidak melanggar hakikat melainkan ia menyalin idea yang unik dan nyata dari orang tersebut. Beberapa batasan ini, terutamanya mengenai apa yang layak sebagai asal, hanya terkandung dalam undang-undang kes (precedent kehakiman), dan bukannya dalam undang-undang. <> Jika kerja mesti merangkumi tahap keaslian, apa lagi yang perlu dipertahankan untuk dilindungi? || dalam medium tetap <> Apa yang TIDAK dilindungi? || Ide itu sendiri <> Apa yang membuat salinan idea asal melanggar? || ia menyalin ungkapan yang unik dan nyata dari orang tersebut <> Apakah batasan yang hanya terkandung dalam undang-undang, bukan patung? || apa yang layak sebagai asal", {"context": "In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "in a fixed medium"}], "question": "If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "The idea itself"}], "question": "What is NOT protected?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea"}], "question": "What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "what qualifies as original"}], "question": "What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?", "id": "5726da0f5951b619008f7ffa"}]}], ["Perbadanan dan badan perundangan mengambil pelbagai jenis langkah pencegahan untuk menghalang pelanggaran hak cipta, dengan banyak tumpuan sejak awal 1990-an sedang menghalang atau mengurangkan kaedah digital pelanggaran. Strategi termasuk pendidikan, undang-undang sivil & jenayah, dan perjanjian antarabangsa, serta mempublikasikan kejayaan litigasi anti-lanun dan mengenakan bentuk perlindungan salinan media digital, seperti teknologi DRM kontroversial dan undang-undang anti-pengintipan, yang membatasi jumlah pengguna kawalan yang ada ke atas penggunaan produk dan kandungan yang telah mereka beli. <> Siapa yang mengambil langkah yang berbeza untuk menghalang pelanggaran? || Korporat dan perundangan <> Apakah fokus utama langkah-langkah ini? || mencegah atau mengurangkan kaedah pelanggaran digital <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang menjadi strategi untuk mencegah pelanggaran? || sivil & jenayah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh undang-undang DRM dan anti-pengintipan? || had jumlah pengguna kawalan yang ada", {"context": "Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Corporations and legislatures"}], "question": "Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement"}], "question": "What is the major focus of these steps?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "civil & criminal"}], "question": "What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "limit the amount of control consumers have"}], "question": "What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?", "id": "5726daa5dd62a815002e92bf"}]}], ["Satu lagi contoh adalah amalan pelesenan wajib, di mana undang-undang melarang pemilik hak cipta daripada menafikan lesen untuk menggunakan tertentu jenis kerja tertentu, seperti kompilasi dan persembahan secara langsung muzik. Undang-undang pelesenan wajib secara amnya mengatakan bahawa untuk kegunaan tertentu karya tertentu, pelanggaran tidak berlaku selagi royalti, pada kadar yang ditentukan oleh undang-undang dan bukannya rundingan swasta, dibayar kepada pemilik hak cipta atau kolektif hak kolektif. Beberapa undang-undang berurusan adil, seperti Kanada, termasuk keperluan royalti yang sama. <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila undang-undang melarang pemilik hak cipta daripada menafikan lesen untuk kegunaan tertentu? || pelesenan wajib <> Apakah dua contoh pelesenan ini? || kompilasi dan persembahan secara langsung muzik <> Apa yang berlaku jika royalti dibayar kepada pemilik hak cipta atau wakil? || tiada pelanggaran berlaku <> Apa negara mempunyai undang-undang berurusan adil? || Kanada", {"context": "Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "compulsory licensing"}], "question": "What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "compilations and live performances of music"}], "question": "What are two examples of this licensing?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e927f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "no infringement occurs"}], "question": "What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "What country has fair dealing laws?", "id": "5726d944dd62a815002e9281"}]}], ["Kes-kes mahkamah awal memberi tumpuan kepada liabiliti penyedia perkhidmatan Internet (ISP) untuk menganjurkan, menghantar atau menerbitkan kandungan yang dibekalkan pengguna yang boleh diambil tindakan di bawah undang-undang sivil atau jenayah, seperti fitnah, fitnah, atau pornografi. Oleh kerana kandungan yang berbeza dipertimbangkan dalam sistem undang-undang yang berlainan, dan dengan ketiadaan definisi biasa untuk \"ISP,\" \"papan buletin\" atau \"penerbit dalam talian,\" undang-undang awal mengenai liabiliti pengantara dalam talian berbeza-beza secara meluas dari negara ke negara. Undang-undang pertama mengenai liabiliti pengantara dalam talian telah diluluskan sejak pertengahan tahun 1990-an dan seterusnya. [Rujukan?] Siapa yang membuat kes-kes mahkamah awal memberi tumpuan? || Penyedia perkhidmatan Internet <> Apa yang boleh didakwa di bawah undang-undang sivil atau jenayah? || fitnah, fitnah, atau pornografi <> Apa hasil undang-undang awal mengenai liabiliti dalam talian? || bervariasi secara meluas dari negara ke negara <> Bilakah undang-undang liabiliti pertama diluluskan? || pertengahan tahun 1990-an", {"context": "Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for \"ISPs,\" \"bulletin boards\" or \"online publishers,\" early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Internet service providers"}], "question": "Who did early court cases focus on?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "libel, defamation, or pornography"}], "question": "What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "varied widely from country to country"}], "question": "What was the result of early law on online liability?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "mid-1990s"}], "question": "When were the first laws of liability passed?", "id": "5726d791f1498d1400e8ecc5"}]}], ["Di Eropah, kes pelanggaran hak cipta Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Awam Ltd v Akhbar Perlesenan Agensi Ltd mempunyai dua bahagian; orang yang peduli apakah layanan agregator berita melanggar hak cipta generator berita; yang lain berkenaan apakah cache web sementara yang dibuat oleh penyemak imbas web pengguna dari layanan agregator, juga melanggar hak cipta generator berita. Batang pertama telah diputuskan untuk menyokong penjana berita; pada bulan Jun 2014, cabang kedua diputuskan oleh Mahkamah Keadilan Kesatuan Eropah (CJEU), yang memutuskan bahawa cache web sementara pengguna agregator tidak melanggar hak cipta penjana berita. <> Di manakah Persatuan Perunding Perhubungan Awam Ltd v Agensi Perlesenan Surat Khabar Surat Khabar yang dipertandingkan? || Eropah <> Siapa hak cipta yang agregator berita melanggar? || penjana berita <> Bilakah bahagian kedua kes itu diputuskan? || Jun 2014 <> Apa peraturan mahkamah TIDAK pelanggaran? || cache web sementara pengguna", {"context": "In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "news generators"}], "question": "Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "June 2014"}], "question": "When was the second part of the case decided?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "temporary web cache of consumers"}], "question": "What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?", "id": "5726d98cdd62a815002e9289"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, sama ada dan sejauh mana mana-mana jenis perantara ini mempunyai liabiliti menengah adalah subjek tindakan undang-undang yang berterusan. Struktur rangkaian peer-to-peer yang terdesentralisasi, khususnya, tidak mudah dipenuhi dengan undang-undang yang ada pada liabiliti pengantara dalam talian. Protokol BitTorrent menubuhkan senibina rangkaian yang sepenuhnya untuk mendistribusikan fail besar secara berkesan. Perkembangan terbaru dalam teknologi peer-to-peer ke arah konfigurasi rangkaian yang lebih kompleks dikatakan telah didorong oleh keinginan untuk mengelakkan liabiliti sebagai perantara di bawah undang-undang yang sedia ada. <> Apakah status undang-undang liabiliti menengah? || subjek litigasi yang berterusan <> Apa yang membuat rangkaian peer-to-peer berbeza daripada pembekal dalam talian yang lain? || struktur yang terdesentralisasi <> Apakah tujuan awal protokol BitTorrent? || mengagihkan fail besar dengan berkesan <> Apakah sebab-sebab konfigurasi rangkaian yang lebih rumit dalam pembangunan perisian sebaya? || untuk mengelakkan liabiliti sebagai perantara", {"context": "Nevertheless, whether and to what degree any of these types of intermediaries have secondary liability is the subject of ongoing litigation. The decentralised structure of peer-to-peer networks, in particular, does not sit easily with existing laws on online intermediaries' liability. The BitTorrent protocol established an entirely decentralised network architecture in order to distribute large files effectively. Recent developments in peer-to-peer technology towards more complex network configurations are said to have been driven by a desire to avoid liability as intermediaries under existing laws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "subject of ongoing litigation"}], "question": "What is the legal status of secondary liability?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "decentralised structure"}], "question": "What makes peer-to-peer networks different than other online providers?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "distribute large files effectively"}], "question": "What was the initial purpose of the BitTorrent protocol?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "to avoid liability as intermediaries"}], "question": "What are the reasons for more complex network configurations in peer-to-peer software development?", "id": "5726d8a5708984140094d356"}]}], ["Artikel 10 Konvensyen Berne menyatakan bahawa undang-undang negara memberi keterbatasan kepada hakcipta, supaya perlindungan hak cipta tidak diberikan kepada jenis kegunaan tertentu yang berada di bawah apa yang disebut perjanjian \"amalan adil\", termasuk tetapi tidak terhad kepada petikan minimum yang digunakan dalam kewartawanan dan pendidikan. Undang-undang yang melaksanakan batasan dan pengecualian untuk kegunaan yang sebaliknya akan melanggar secara umum jatuh ke dalam kategori sama ada penggunaan adil atau urusan yang adil. Dalam sistem undang-undang umum, undang-undang amalan yang saksama ini biasanya mengandungi prinsip-prinsip enshrrine yang mendasari terdahulu pengadilan terdahulu, dan dianggap penting untuk kebebasan bersuara. <> Apakah Artikel 10 dari Konvensyen Berne memanggil penggunaan tertentu yang membatasi hak cipta? || amalan adil <> Di manakah petikan yang biasa digunakan? || kewartawanan dan pendidikan <> Apakah kategori yang berfungsi yang biasanya dianggap melanggar hak? || penggunaan adil atau berurusan adil <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh undang-undang ini? || prinsip-prinsip yang mendasari terdahulu terdahulu terdahulu <> Apakah undang-undang ini penting untuk? || kebebasan bersuara", {"context": "Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls \"fair practice,\" including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "fair practice"}], "question": "What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "journalism and education"}], "question": "Where are minimal quotations commonly used?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "fair use or fair dealing"}], "question": "What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents"}], "question": "What do these statutes represent?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "freedom of speech"}], "question": "What are these statutes essential to?", "id": "5726d9005951b619008f7fdd"}]}], ["Jenis perantaraan ini tidak menganjurkan atau menghantar kandungan yang melanggar, diri mereka sendiri, tetapi boleh dianggap di beberapa mahkamah sebagai menggalakkan, membolehkan atau memudahkan pelanggaran oleh pengguna. Pengantara ini mungkin termasuk pengarang, penerbit dan pemasar perisian rangkaian peer-to-peer, dan laman web yang membolehkan pengguna memuat turun perisian tersebut. Dalam hal protokol BitTorrent, perantara mungkin termasuk pelacak torrent dan mana-mana laman web atau enjin carian yang memudahkan akses ke fail torrent. Fail-fail Torrent tidak mengandungi kandungan berhak cipta, tetapi mereka boleh membuat rujukan kepada fail yang dilakukan, dan mereka boleh menunjuk kepada pengesan yang menyelaraskan perkongsian fail tersebut. Beberapa tapak pengindeksan dan carian torrent, seperti The Pirate Bay, kini menggalakkan penggunaan pautan magnet, bukannya pautan terus ke fail torrent, mewujudkan satu lagi kelonggaran; menggunakan pautan sedemikian, fail torrent diperoleh dari rakan sebaya lain, bukan dari laman web tertentu. <> Apa jenis perantara tertentu TIDAK lakukan? || hos atau menghantar kandungan melanggar <> Protokol apa yang menggunakan perantara yang termasuk pelacak torrent? || BitTorrent <> Apa yang fail Torrent TIDAK mengandungi? || Kandungan berhak cipta <> Apakah tapak torrent yang menggunakan pautan magnet untuk berkongsi rakan sebaya? || The Pirate Bay", {"context": "These types of intermediaries do not host or transmit infringing content, themselves, but may be regarded in some courts as encouraging, enabling or facilitating infringement by users. These intermediaries may include the author, publishers and marketers of peer-to-peer networking software, and the websites that allow users to download such software. In the case of the BitTorrent protocol, intermediaries may include the torrent tracker and any websites or search engines which facilitate access to torrent files. Torrent files don't contain copyrighted content, but they may make reference to files that do, and they may point to trackers which coordinate the sharing of those files. Some torrent indexing and search sites, such as The Pirate Bay, now encourage the use of magnet links, instead of direct links to torrent files, creating another layer of indirection; using such links, torrent files are obtained from other peers, rather than from a particular website.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "host or transmit infringing content"}], "question": "What do certain type of intermediaries NOT do?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "BitTorrent"}], "question": "What protocol do intermediaries use that include a torrent tracker?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "copyrighted content"}], "question": "What do Torrent files NOT contain?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "The Pirate Bay"}], "question": "What is a torrent site that uses magnet links to share peer-to-peer?", "id": "5726d852708984140094d33e"}]}], ["Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital A.S. (1998) dan Arahan E-Commerce Eropah (2000) menyediakan pengantara dalam talian dengan imuniti berkanun terhad dari liabiliti untuk pelanggaran hak cipta. Pengantara dalam talian yang menganjurkan kandungan yang melanggar hak cipta tidak boleh dipertanggungjawabkan, selagi mereka tidak tahu mengenainya dan mengambil tindakan sebaik sahaja kandungan yang melanggar telah dibawa ke perhatian mereka. Dalam undang-undang A.S. ini dicirikan sebagai \"pelabuhan selamat\" peruntukan. Di bawah undang-undang Eropah, prinsip pentadbir untuk Penyedia Perkhidmatan Internet adalah \"saluran kecil\", yang bermaksud bahawa mereka adalah 'paip' neutral tanpa pengetahuan tentang apa yang mereka bawa; dan 'tidak ada kewajipan untuk memantau' bermaksud bahawa mereka tidak boleh diberi mandat am oleh kerajaan untuk memantau kandungan. Kedua-dua prinsip ini adalah halangan bagi beberapa bentuk penguatkuasaan hak cipta dalam talian dan mereka adalah sebab di sebalik percubaan untuk meminda Pakej Telecom Eropah pada tahun 2009 untuk menyokong langkah-langkah baru terhadap pelanggaran hak cipta. <> Apa undang-undang yang digubal di A.S. pada tahun 1998 memberi pengantara dalam talian kekebalan berkanun yang terhad? || Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital <> Bagaimana undang-undang ini dicirikan di A.S.? || selamat di <> di E.U., apakah prinsip-prinsip untuk ISP? || hanya saluran <> Apa yang dipanggil ketika perantara tidak dapat diberikan perintah oleh pemerintah untuk memantau apa yang terjadi pada layanan mereka? || tiada kewajipan untuk memantau <> Apa yang cuba dipinda pada tahun 2009 untuk menyokong cara-cara baru untuk mencegah pelanggaran hak cipta? || Pakej Telekom Eropah", {"context": "The U.S. Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998) and the European E-Commerce Directive (2000) provide online intermediaries with limited statutory immunity from liability for copyright infringement. Online intermediaries hosting content that infringes copyright are not liable, so long as they do not know about it and take actions once the infringing content is brought to their attention. In U.S. law this is characterized as \"safe harbor\" provisions. Under European law, the governing principles for Internet Service Providers are \"mere conduit\", meaning that they are neutral 'pipes' with no knowledge of what they are carrying; and 'no obligation to monitor' meaning that they cannot be given a general mandate by governments to monitor content. These two principles are a barrier for certain forms of online copyright enforcement and they were the reason behind an attempt to amend the European Telecoms Package in 2009 to support new measures against copyright infringement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"}], "question": "What law enacted in the U.S. in 1998 gave online intermediaries limited statutory immunity?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "safe harbor"}], "question": "How is this law characterized in the U.S.?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "mere conduit"}], "question": "In the E.U., what are the governing principles for ISP's?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "no obligation to monitor"}], "question": "What is it called when intermediaries cannot be given an order by governments to monitor what happens on their services?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "European Telecoms Package"}], "question": "What was attempted to be amended in 2009 to support new ways to prevent copyright infringement?", "id": "5726d7f05951b619008f7fb5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, Institut Inovasi Dasar (IPI) melaporkan bahawa cetak rompak muzik mengambil $ 12.5 bilion daripada ekonomi A.S.. Menurut kajian itu, pemuzik dan mereka yang terlibat dalam industri rakaman bukanlah satu-satunya yang mengalami kerugian yang disebabkan oleh cetak rompak muzik. Peruncit telah kehilangan lebih dari satu bilion dolar, manakala cetak rompak telah menyebabkan 46,000 kerja-kerja peringkat pengeluaran lebih sedikit dan hampir 25,000 pekerjaan runcit. Kerajaan A.S. juga dilaporkan mengalami cetak rompak muzik, kehilangan hasil cukai sebanyak $ 422 juta. <> Siapa yang melaporkan bahawa pembajakan mengambil $ 12.5 bilion dari ekonomi A.S.? || Institut untuk Inovasi Dasar <> Berapa banyak wang yang hilang? || lebih dari satu bilion dolar <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan peringkat produksi hilang? || 46,000 <> Kerajaan mana yang kehilangan $ 422 juta dalam potensi wang cukai? || Kerajaan A.S.", {"context": "In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Institute for Policy Innovation"}], "question": "Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f8069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "over a billion dollars"}], "question": "How much money have retailers lost?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "46,000"}], "question": "How many production-level jobs were lost?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "U.S. government"}], "question": "Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?", "id": "5726dd455951b619008f806c"}]}], ["Profesor Aram Sinnreich, dalam bukunya The Piracy Crusade, menyatakan bahawa hubungan antara merosakkan layar muzik dan penciptaan laman perkongsian fail ke rakan sebaya seperti Napster adalah lemah, berdasarkan korelasi dan bukan penyebab. Beliau berpendapat bahawa industri pada masa itu sedang mengalami pengembangan tiruan, apa yang digambarkannya sebagai \"gelembung sempurna\" - pertemuan kekuatan ekonomi, politik, dan teknologi yang mendorong nilai agregat jualan muzik ke tahap yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini pada akhir abad kedua puluh\". <> Apa buku yang ditulis oleh Professor Aram Sinnreich? || The Piracy Crusade <> Apa yang Sinnreich memanggil hubungan antara penjualan musik rendah dan laman perkongsian rakan-ke-peer? || lemah <> Apakah industri sedang berjalan? || pengembangan tiruan <> Apa yang dia panggil penggabungan kekuatan ekonomi, politik dan teknologi yang mendorong industri muzik? || gelembung yang sempurna", {"context": "Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a \"'perfect bubble'\u2014a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Piracy Crusade"}], "question": "What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "tenuous"}], "question": "What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "artificial expansion"}], "question": "What was the industry going through?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "perfect bubble"}], "question": "What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?", "id": "5726dd7af1498d1400e8ede5"}]}], ["Penemuan 2010 GAO A.S. mengenai kesukaran yang besar untuk mengenal pasti kesan ekonomi pelanggaran hak cipta secara tepat telah diperkukuhkan dalam laporan yang sama oleh penyelidikan badan ke dalam tiga anggaran umum yang telah diberikan sebelum ini kepada agensi A.S.. Laporan GAO menjelaskan bahawa sumber - anggaran Biro Siasuran Persekutuan (FBI), pelepasan siaran Kastam dan Perlindungan Sempadan (CBP) dan Persatuan Pengilang Motor dan Peralatan - \"tidak boleh dibuktikan atau dikesan semula kepada sumber data asas atau metodologi. \" <> Badan 2010 apa yang menemui betapa sukarnya untuk melaporkan kesan kewangan pelanggaran dengan tepat? || AO GAO <> Berapa banyak anggaran yang disebutkan pada laporan badan? || tiga <> Apa yang digunakan oleh FBI sebagai sumber? || anggaran <> Apa laporan mengatakan data tidak dapat dibuktikan atau dilacak ke sumber data yang boleh dipercayai? || Laporan GAO", {"context": "The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources \u2013 a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate \u2013 \"cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "U.S. GAO"}], "question": "What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "estimate"}], "question": "What did the FBI use as a source?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "GAO report"}], "question": "What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?", "id": "5726dc5add62a815002e9315"}]}], ["Dalam laporannya 2011, yang dijalankan dengan kerjasama IDC dan Hal Ehwal Awam Ipsos, BSA menyatakan: \"Lebih separuh daripada pengguna komputer peribadi dunia - 57 peratus - mengakui perisian perompakan.\" Tahun kesembilan \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" mendakwa bahawa \"nilai komersil pasaran bayangan perisian cetak rompak\" bernilai US $ 63.4 bilion pada tahun 2011, dengan nilai komersial tertinggi perisian cetak rompak yang terdapat di Amerika Syarikat pada tempoh masa itu ( US $ 9,773,000). Menurut kajian 2011, Zimbabwe adalah negara dengan kadar cetak rompak tertinggi, pada 92%, manakala kadar cetak rompak terendah berada di A.S., pada 19%. <> Siapa lagi yang BSA mengeluarkan laporan pada tahun 2011 dengan? || IDC dan Hal Ehwal Awam Ipsos <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang mengakui perompakan perisian? || 57 peratus <> Apakah nilai komersial perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2011? || US $ 63.4 bilion <> Negara apa yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak tertinggi? || Zimbabwe <> Apakah kadar cetak rompak A.S.? || 19%", {"context": "In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: \"Over half of the world's personal computer users \u2013 57 percent \u2013 admit to pirating software.\" The ninth annual \"BSA Global Software Piracy Study\" claims that the \"commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software\" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs"}], "question": "Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "57 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of people admit to pirating software?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "US$63.4 billion"}], "question": "What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f804f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Zimbabwe"}], "question": "What nation had the higest piracy rate?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "19%"}], "question": "What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?", "id": "5726dd035951b619008f8051"}]}], ["Perisian Perniagaan Perisikan Perikatan Perniagaan 2011, menganggarkan jumlah nilai komersial perisian yang disalin secara haram menjadi $ 59 bilion pada tahun 2010, dengan pasaran baru muncul $ 31.9 bilion, lebih daripada separuh jumlah keseluruhan. Selanjutnya, pasaran matang untuk kali pertama menerima penghantaran PC yang kurang daripada ekonomi sedang pesat membangun pada 2010, menjadikan pasaran baru muncul yang bertanggungjawab untuk lebih separuh daripada semua komputer yang digunakan di seluruh dunia. Di samping kadar pelanggaran perisian sebanyak 68 peratus berbanding dengan 24 peratus pasaran matang, pasaran baru muncul memandangkan majoriti peningkatan global dalam nilai komersil perisian palsu. China terus mempunyai nilai komersial yang tertinggi dalam perisian tersebut pada $ 8.9 bilion di kalangan negara-negara membangun dan kedua di dunia di belakang Amerika Syarikat pada $ 9.7 bilion pada tahun 2011. Pada tahun 2011, Perisian Perisian Perniagaan mengumumkan bahawa 83 peratus perisian yang digunakan di PC di Afrika telah telah dibajak (tidak termasuk Afrika Selatan). <> Apakah anggaran jumlah nilai perisian cetak rompak pada tahun 2010? || $ 59 bilion <> Siapa yang menyumbang lebih separuh jumlahnya? || pasaran baru muncul <> Apa yang diterima pasaran buat kali pertama? || kurang penghantaran PC daripada ekonomi baru muncul <> Negara apa yang mempunyai nilai runcit perisian paling tinggi? || China <> Berapakah peratusan perisian di Afrika yang haram? || 83 peratus", {"context": "The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "$59 billion"}], "question": "What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "emerging markets"}], "question": "Who accounted for over half the total?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "less PC shipments than emerging economies"}], "question": " What did the established markets receive for the first time?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country has the highest retail value of software?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8eded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "83 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?", "id": "5726ddd7f1498d1400e8edee"}]}], ["Perundangan telah mengurangkan pelanggaran dengan menyekat skop apa yang dianggap melanggar. Selain daripada menegakkan kewajiban perjanjian hak cipta antarabangsa untuk memberikan keterbatasan dan pengecualian umum, negara-negara telah membuat undang-undang pelesenan wajib yang memohon secara khusus untuk karya dan penggunaan digital. Sebagai contoh, di A.S., DMCA, pelaksanaan Perjanjian Hak Cipta WIPO 1996, menganggap penghantaran digital rakaman audio dilesenkan selagi royalti kolektif dan keperluan pelaporan kolektif ditetapkan. DMCA juga menyediakan pelabuhan selamat untuk penyedia perkhidmatan digital yang pengguna disyaki melanggar hak cipta, dengan itu mengurangkan kemungkinan penyedia itu sendiri dianggap langsung melanggar hak cipta. <> Bagaimana kerajaan menurunkan kadar pelanggaran? || menyempitkan ruang lingkup apa yang dianggap melanggar <> Selain menegakkan perjanjian antarabangsa, apa lagi yang dilakukan negara-negara khusus untuk karya dan penggunaan digital? || undang-undang pelesenan wajib yang digubal <> Apa undang-undang di Amerika menganggap penghantaran digital audio dilesenkan jika syarat-syarat tertentu dipenuhi? || DMCA <> Apa lagi undang-undang ini yang diberikan kepada penyedia perkhidmatan? || pelabuhan selamat <> Siapa yang menyasarkan undang-undang ini? || pembekal yang pengguna disyaki melanggar hak cipta", {"context": "Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing"}], "question": "How have governments lowered infringement rates?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "enacted compulsory licensing laws"}], "question": "Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "DMCA"}], "question": "What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "safe harbor"}], "question": "What else does this law provide to service providers?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement"}], "question": "Who does this law target?", "id": "5726db29708984140094d3b7"}]}], ["Menurut kajian BSA dan International Data Corporation (IDC) 2007, lima negara yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak perisian adalah: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); dan 5. Zimbabwe (91%). Menurut hasil kajian, lima negara dengan kadar cetak rompak terendah adalah: 1. A.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Jepun (23%); dan 5. Austria (25%). Laporan 2007 menunjukkan bahawa rantau Asia Pasifik dikaitkan dengan jumlah kerugian tertinggi, dari segi dolar A.S., dengan $ 14,090,000, diikuti oleh Kesatuan Eropah, dengan kerugian $ 12,383,000; jumlah paling rendah dolar AS hilang di rantau Timur Tengah / Afrika, di mana $ 2,446,000 telah didokumenkan. <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian pada tahun 2007 mengenai lima negara dengan kadar cetak rompak perisian yang paling tinggi? || BSA dan Perbadanan Data Antarabangsa <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai kadar cetak rompak perisian yang terendah? || A.S. <> Wilayah manakah yang mempunyai kerugian tertinggi? || Asia-Pasifik <> Berapa banyak kehilangan EU? || $ 12,383,000 <> Di manakah jumlah terendah dolar AS yang hilang? || Rantau Timur Tengah / Afrika", {"context": "According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "BSA and International Data Corporation"}], "question": "Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8eda9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Asia-Pacific"}], "question": "Which region had the highest loss?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "$12,383,000"}], "question": "How much did the EU lose?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Middle East/Africa region"}], "question": "Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?", "id": "5726dcc0f1498d1400e8edac"}]}], ["Untuk mengelakkan cetak rompak filem, gerai standard pengedaran filem adalah untuk filem pertama dikeluarkan melalui teater filem (teater tingkap), secara purata kira-kira 16 setengah minggu, sebelum dikeluarkan kepada Blu-Ray dan DVD (memasuki video tetingkap). Semasa tingkap teater, versi digital filem sering diangkut dalam peranti storan data oleh kurir daripada dengan penghantaran data. Data boleh disulitkan, dengan kekunci yang dibuat untuk berfungsi hanya pada waktu tertentu untuk mengelakkan kebocoran antara skrin. Tanda-tanda Anti-Pembajakan yang dikodkan boleh ditambah kepada filem untuk mengenal pasti sumber salinan haram dan menutupnya. Hasil daripada langkah-langkah ini, satu-satunya versi filem yang tersedia untuk cetak rompak semasa tetingkap teater biasanya \"kamera\" yang dibuat oleh rakaman video skrin filem, yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan versi filem asal. <> Berapa lama filem biasanya dikeluarkan di teater? || kira-kira 16 setengah minggu <> Pada masa ini, bagaimanakah versi digital filem yang diangkut dalam peranti storan data? || oleh kurir <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk filem untuk membenarkannya dipaparkan pada masa-masa tertentu? || disulitkan <> Apa yang boleh dikodkan kepada filem untuk mencari sumber salinan haram? || Tanda-tanda anti-Pembajakan boleh ditambah <> Apa filem-filem versi rendah yang tersedia untuk pembajakan semasa penggambaran filem yang dipanggil? || \"kamera\" yang dibuat oleh rakaman video skrin filem", {"context": "To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually \"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "approximately 16 and a half weeks"}], "question": "How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "by couriers"}], "question": "During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "encrypted"}], "question": "What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "Anti-Piracy marks can be added"}], "question": "What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "\"cams\" made by video recordings of the movie screens"}], "question": "What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?", "id": "5726dc14708984140094d3df"}]}], ["Sesetengah pemilik hak cipta secara sukarela mengurangkan skop apa yang dianggap pelanggaran dengan menggunakan strategi pelesenan, \"terbuka\" yang agak permisif, bukannya dari segi persetujuan lesen secara persendirian dengan pengguna individu yang mesti terlebih dahulu mencari pemilik hak cipta dan meminta izin, pemilik hak cipta menerbitkan dan mengedarkan karya itu dengan lesen yang disediakan yang boleh digunakan sesiapa, selagi mereka mematuhi syarat-syarat tertentu. Ini mempunyai kesan mengurangkan pelanggaran - dan beban di mahkamah - dengan hanya membenarkan jenis kegunaan tertentu di bawah syarat yang difikirkan munasabah oleh pemilik hak cipta. Contohnya termasuk lesen perisian percuma, seperti GNU General Public License (GPL), dan lesen Creative Commons, yang kebanyakannya digunakan untuk karya visual dan karya sastra. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pemilik hak cipta dengan mengurangkan skop pelanggaran? || menggunakan perizinan yang agak permisif, \"buka\" pelesenan <> Apa yang harus pengguna lakukan di bawah lesen yang disediakan? || mematuhi syarat-syarat tertentu <> Selain mengurangkan beban di mahkamah, apakah kesan lesen ini? || mengurangkan pelanggaran <> Apa contoh lesen perisian percuma? || Lesen Awam GNU Umum <> Apa yang berfungsi lesen Creative Commons secara amnya? || visual dan karya sastera", {"context": "Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement \u2013 and the burden on courts \u2013 by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "employing relatively permissive, \"open\" licensing"}], "question": "What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "adhere to certain conditions"}], "question": "What must a user do under a prepared license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "reducing infringement"}], "question": "Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "GNU General Public License"}], "question": "What is an example of a free software license?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "visual and literary works"}], "question": "What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?", "id": "5726db83708984140094d3c9"}]}]], [["Selepas tempoh kekeliruan berikutan kematian Alexander, dinasti Antigonid, yang berasal dari salah seorang jeneral Alexander, menubuhkan kawalannya ke atas Macedon dan sebahagian besar negara-negara kota Yunani pada tahun 276 SM. Dari kira-kira 200 SM Republik Rom menjadi semakin terlibat dalam urusan Yunani dan terlibat dalam siri perang dengan Macedon. Kekalahan Macedon di Pertempuran Pydna pada tahun 168 SM menandakan berakhirnya kuasa Antigonid di Yunani. Pada tahun 146 SM Macedonia telah dilampirkan sebagai sebuah wilayah oleh Rom, dan seluruh Yunani menjadi protektorat Rom. <> Siapa yang menguasai Macedon selepas Alexander meninggal? || Dinasti Antigonid <> Empayar Rom menjadi lebih mengawal Greece bermula pada tahun berapa? || 200 SM <> Macedon kehilangan apa yang berperang pada 168 SM? || Pertempuran Pydna <> Dalam tahun apakah Greece menjadi sebahagian daripada Rom? || 146 SM <> Hujung pemerintahan Antigonid bermula pada tahun berapa? || 168 SM", {"context": "After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon and most of the Greek city-states by 276 BC. From about 200 BC the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon. Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC signalled the end of Antigonid power in Greece. In 146 BC Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the Antigonid dynasty"}], "question": "Who controlled Macedon after Alexander died?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad16f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "200 BC"}], "question": "The Roman Empire became more controlling of Greece starting in what year?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Battle of Pydna"}], "question": "Macedon lost what war in 168 BC?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "146 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Greece become a part of Rome?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "168 BC"}], "question": "The end of Antigonid rule began in what year?", "id": "5726266b38643c19005ad173"}]}], ["Nama-nama bagi bangsa Yunani dan orang-orang Yunani berbeza dari nama yang digunakan dalam bahasa, lokasi dan budaya lain. Walaupun Yunani memanggil negara Hellas atau Ellada (Yunani: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 atau \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) dan nama rasminya ialah Republik Hellenic, dalam bahasa Inggeris disebut sebagai Yunani, yang berasal dari istilah Latin Graecia seperti yang digunakan oleh Rom, yang secara harfiah bermaksud 'tanah orang Yunani', dan berasal dari nama Yunani \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. Walau bagaimanapun, nama Hellas kadang-kadang digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggeris juga. <> Apakah salah satu daripada nama orang Yunani yang memanggil negara mereka? || Hellas <> Apa nama rasmi Greece? || Republik Hellenic <> Dari perkataan apa yang berasal dari Greece? || Graecia <> Apa maksud kerja Graecia? || tanah orang Yunani <> yang memanggil Greece Graecia? || Rom", {"context": "The names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: \u1f19\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03c2 or \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) and its official name is the Hellenic Republic, in English it is referred to as Greece, which comes from the Latin term Graecia as used by the Romans, which literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name \u0393\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2. However, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Hellas"}], "question": "What is one of the names the Greeks call their country?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Hellenic Republic"}], "question": "What is the official name of Greece?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Graecia"}], "question": "From what word is Greece derived?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "the land of the Greeks"}], "question": "What does the work Graecia mean?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Romans"}], "question": "Who called Greece Graecia?", "id": "57261a26ec44d21400f3d8e1"}]}], ["Greece adalah sebuah negara yang demokratik dan maju dengan ekonomi berpendapatan tinggi maju, kualiti kehidupan yang tinggi dan taraf hidup yang sangat tinggi. Ahli pendiri Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB), Greece adalah ahli kesepuluh untuk menyertai Komuniti Eropah (prekursor ke Kesatuan Eropah) dan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada zon Euro sejak tahun 2001. Ia juga merupakan ahli institusi antarabangsa yang lain, termasuk Majlis Eropah, NATO, [a] OECD, OIF, OSCE dan WTO. Greece, yang merupakan salah satu kuasa perkapalan terbesar di dunia, kuasa pertengahan dan destinasi pelancongan utama, mempunyai ekonomi terbesar di Balkan, di mana ia merupakan pelabur serantau yang penting. <> Greece adalah salah satu ahli yang mengasaskan organisasi apa? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Filsafat politik mana yang mengikuti Greece? || demokratik <> Bilakah Greece menyertai zon Euro? || 2001 <> Greece mempunyai kuasa ekonomi terbesar di mana? || Balkan", {"context": "Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the tenth member to join the European Communities (precursor to the European Union) and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. It is also a member of numerous other international institutions, including the Council of Europe, NATO,[a] OECD, OIF, OSCE and the WTO. Greece, which is one of the world's largest shipping powers, middle powers and top tourist destinations, has the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "Greece is one of the members who founded what organization?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "democratic"}], "question": "Which political philosophy does Greece follow?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did Greece join the Eurozone?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Balkans"}], "question": "Greece has the biggest economic power where?", "id": "572618f238643c19005acfee"}]}], ["Kekurangan perpaduan politik di Greece mengakibatkan konflik kerap antara negara-negara Yunani. Perang intra-Yunani yang paling dahsyat ialah Perang Peloponnesian (431-404 SM), yang dimenangi oleh Sparta dan menandakan kematian Empayar Athena sebagai kuasa utama di Yunani kuno. Kedua-dua Athens dan Sparta kemudian dibayangi oleh Thebes dan akhirnya Macedon, dengan yang terakhir menyatukan dunia Yunani di Liga Corinth (juga dikenali sebagai Liga Hellenik atau Liga Yunani) di bawah bimbingan Phillip II, yang dipilih sebagai pemimpin pertama bersatu negara Yunani dalam sejarah. <> Perang dari 431-404 SM dikenali sebagai apa? || Perang Peloponnesian <> Apa yang sering menyebabkan persengketaan antara negara-negara Yunani? || Kekurangan perpaduan politik <> Siapa memenangi peperangan Peloponnesian? || Sparta <> Yang akhirnya membawa orang Yunani bersama-sama? || Macedon <> Siapa pemimpin pertama Greece bersatu? || Phillip II", {"context": "Lack of political unity within Greece resulted in frequent conflict between Greek states. The most devastating intra-Greek war was the Peloponnesian War (431\u2013404 BC), won by Sparta and marking the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Peloponnesian War"}], "question": "The war from 431-404 BC is known as what? ", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lack of political unity"}], "question": "What often caused strife between Greek states?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Sparta"}], "question": "Who won the Peloponnesian war?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Macedon"}], "question": "Who eventually brought the Greeks together?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Phillip II"}], "question": "Who was the first leader of a unified Greece?", "id": "5726244bec44d21400f3d969"}]}], ["Bukti terdahulu kehadiran nenek moyang manusia di Balkan selatan, bertarikh 270.000 SM, boleh didapati di gua Petralona, di wilayah Yunani Macedonia. Ketiga-tiga tahap zaman batu (Paleolitik, Mesolitik, dan Neolitik) diwakili di Yunani, misalnya di Gua Franchthi. Pemukiman Neolitik di Yunani, yang berasal dari milenium ke-7 SM, adalah yang tertua di Eropa oleh beberapa abad, ketika Yunani terletak pada rute yang mana pertaniannya menyebar dari Timur Jauh ke Eropa. <> Manusia di Balkan telah bertarikh tahun berapa? || 270,000 SM <> Bukti manusia terawal ditemui dalam pembentukan bawah tanah? || Gua Petralona <> Gua Franchthi mempunyai bukti tentang 3 zaman kuno? || Paleolitik, Mesolitik, dan Neolitik <> Yunani mempunyai bukti tentang Orang-orang Umur Batu sepanjang tempoh masa apa? || Milenium ke-7 SM <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan Greece mempunyai beberapa permukiman awal zaman Batu? || berkebun", {"context": "The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "270,000 BC"}], "question": "Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Petralona cave"}], "question": "Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic"}], "question": "The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "7th millennium BC"}], "question": "Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "farming"}], "question": "What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?", "id": "57261d2089a1e219009ac286"}]}], ["Akhir Zaman Gelap secara tradisinya bertarikh 776 SM, tahun Olimpik pertama. Iliad dan Odyssey, teks asas kesusasteraan Barat, dipercayai telah disusun oleh Homer pada abad ke-8 atau ke-7 SM. Dengan berakhirnya Zaman Gelap, muncul beberapa kerajaan dan kota-kota di seluruh semenanjung Yunani, yang merebak ke pantai Laut Hitam, Itali Selatan (Latin: Magna Graecia, atau Greater Greece) dan Asia Kecil. Negara-negara dan koloni mereka mencapai tahap kemakmuran yang besar yang mengakibatkan kebangkitan budaya yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya, yaitu Yunani klasik, yang dinyatakan dalam seni bina, drama, sains, matematik dan falsafah. Pada 508 SM, Cleisthenes memulakan sistem pemerintahan demokratik yang pertama di dunia di Athens. <> Bilakah Sukan Olimpik bermula? || 776 SM <> Karya sastera \"The Odyssey :, ditulis oleh siapa? || Homer <> Tahun apa yang dianggap sebagai yang terakhir dari Zaman Gelap? || 776 SM <> Magna Graecia adalah Latin untuk jangka masa? | Greater Greece <> Dalam tahun berapa Demokrasi dianggap telah bermula? || 508 SM", {"context": "The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 8th or 7th centuries BC With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, Southern Italy (Latin: Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "776 BC"}], "question": "When did the Olympic Game begin?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Homer"}], "question": "The literary work \"The Odyssey:, was written by whom?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "776 BC"}], "question": "What year is considered the be the last of the Dark Ages?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Greater Greece"}], "question": "Magna Graecia is Latin for what term?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "508 BC"}], "question": "In what year is Democracy considered to have begun?", "id": "5726208f89a1e219009ac2c2"}]}], ["Greece adalah rumah kepada tamadun maju pertama di Eropah dan dianggap sebagai tempat kelahiran tamadun Barat, [sengketa] bermula dengan tamadun Cycladic di pulau-pulau Laut Aegea sekitar 3200 SM, peradaban Minoan di Crete (2700-1500 SM ), dan kemudian tamadun Mycenaean di tanah besar (1900-1100 SM). Peradaban ini mempunyai tulisan, orang Minoans menulis dalam skrip yang tidak diketik yang dikenal sebagai Linear A, dan Mycenaeans dalam Linear B, bentuk awal bahasa Yunani. The Mycenaeans secara beransur-ansur menyerap orang Minoans, tetapi runtuh dengan ganas sekitar 1200 SM, semasa zaman pergolakan serantau yang dikenali sebagai runtuhan Zaman Gangsa. Ini mengalir dalam tempoh yang dikenali sebagai Zaman Gelap Yunani, dari mana rekod tertulis tidak hadir. <> Yunani Purba dianggap berada di mana yang dilahirkan? || Tamadun Barat <> Apakah tamadun terakhir memerintah Greece? || Mycenaean <> Peradaban Mycenaean merosot dalam tempoh masa apa? || 1200 SM <> Sekitar 1200 SM, apa kejatuhan peradaban serantau? || Keruntuhan Zaman Gangsa <> Apa tempoh masa yang dipanggil dari mana penulisan tidak dapat dijumpai. || Zaman kegelapan Yunani", {"context": "Greece is home to the first advanced civilizations in Europe and is considered the birthplace of Western civilization,[citation clutter] beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3200 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700\u20131500 BC), and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900\u20131100 BC). These civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC, during a time of regional upheaval known as the Bronze Age collapse. This ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Western civilization"}], "question": "Ancient Greece is considered to be where what was born?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Mycenaean"}], "question": "What was the last civilization to rule Greece?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "1200 BC"}], "question": "The Mycenaean civilization deteriorated in what time period? ", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Bronze Age collapse"}], "question": "Around 1200 BC, what was the fall of the regional civilizations called?", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "Greek Dark Ages"}], "question": "What is the time period called from which no writing can be found.", "id": "57261f2f38643c19005ad045"}]}], ["Greece terletak secara strategik di persimpangan Eropah, Asia, dan Afrika. Terletak di hujung selatan semenanjung Balkan, ia bersempadan dengan Albania di barat laut, Republik Macedonia dan Bulgaria di utara dan Turki di timur laut. Greece terdiri daripada sembilan wilayah geografi: Macedonia, Yunani Tengah, Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, Kepulauan Aegean (termasuk Dodecanese dan Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, dan Kepulauan Ionian. Laut Aegea terletak di timur daratan, Laut Ionia di barat, dan Laut Mediterranean di selatan. Greece mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di Lembangan Mediterranean dan garis pantai terpanjang ke-11 di dunia pada ketinggian 13,676 km (8,498 mi), memaparkan sejumlah besar pulau, di mana 227 didiami. Lapan puluh peratus dari Greece adalah gunung, dengan Gunung Olympus menjadi puncak tertinggi pada 2,918 meter (9,573 kaki). <> Di mana semenanjung terletak di Greece? || Semenanjung Balkan <> Berapa banyak kawasan geografi yang membentuk Greece? || sembilan <> Berapa lamakah garis pantai Greece? || 8,498 mt <> Berapa banyak pulau di Yunani yang didiami? || 227 <> Apakah gunung tertinggi di Greece? || Gunung Olympus", {"context": "Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine geographic regions: Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands (including the Dodecanese and Cyclades), Thrace, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands, of which 227 are inhabited. Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres (9,573 ft).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Balkan peninsula"}], "question": "On what peninsula is Greece located?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many geographic regions make up Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "8,498 mi"}], "question": "How long is the coastline of Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "227"}], "question": "How many of Greece's islands are inhabited?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "Mount Olympus"}], "question": "What is the tallest mountain in Greece?", "id": "572611d489a1e219009ac1e4"}]}], ["Menjelang 500 SM, Empayar Parsi menguasai negeri-negeri kota Yunani di Asia Minor dan telah membuat keuntungan wilayah di wilayah Balkan dan Eropah Timur juga. Percubaan oleh sebahagian negara-negara Asia di Asia Minor untuk menggulingkan pemerintahan Parsi gagal, dan Persia menyerang negara-negara daratan Yunani pada 492 SM, tetapi terpaksa berundur setelah kekalahan pada Pertempuran Marathon pada 490 SM. Serangan kedua oleh Persia diikuti pada 480 SM. Walaupun rintangan berani di Thermopylae oleh Spartans dan orang Yunani lain yang diketuai oleh Raja Leonidas, dan penglibatan angkatan laut serentak di Artemisium, [pasukan diperlukan] pasukan Parsi menduduki Athens, yang telah dipindahkan dari masa ke masa, serta secara ringkas mengatasi separuh daripada Greece. Berikutan kemenangan Yunani yang menentu di 480 dan 479 SM di Salamis, Plataea, dan Mycale, orang Persia terpaksa menarik diri untuk kali kedua, menandakan penarikan mereka dari semua wilayah Eropah mereka. Diketuai oleh Athens dan Sparta, kemenangan Yunani dalam Perang Greco-Persia dianggap sebagai detik penting dalam sejarah dunia, ketika 50 tahun perdamaian yang diikuti dikenal sebagai Zaman Emas di Athena, periode mani dari Yunani purba yang meletakkan banyak asas tamadun Barat. <> Pada 500 SM, Yunani telah diperintah oleh siapa? || Empayar Parsi <> Peperangan apa yang menyebabkan Persia kalah pada 490 SM? || Battle of Marathon <> The Spartans membuat pendirian terakhir mereka di lokasi pertempuran mana? || Thermopylae <> Pertempuran antara orang Yunani dan Persia dikenali sebagai apa? || Greco-Persian Wars <> Selepas Persia meninggalkan Eropah, tempoh masa yang diikuti dipanggil apa? || Zaman Keemasan Athens", {"context": "By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled the Greek city states in Asia Minor and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well. Attempts by some of the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion by the Persians followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks led by King Leonidas, and a simultaneous naval engagement at Artemisium,[page needed] Persian forces occupied Athens, which had been evacuated in time, as well as briefly overrunning half of Greece. Following decisive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time, marking their eventual withdrawal from all of their European territories. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek victories in the Greco-Persian Wars are considered a pivotal moment in world history, as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as Golden Age of Athens, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Persian Empire"}], "question": "In 500 BC, Greece was ruled over by who?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d951"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Battle of Marathon"}], "question": "What battle did Persia lose in 490 BC?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Thermopylae"}], "question": "The Spartans made their last stand at what battle location?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "Greco-Persian Wars"}], "question": "The battles between the Greeks and Persians are known as what?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1102, "text": "Golden Age of Athens"}], "question": "After the Persians left Europe, the time period that followed was called what?", "id": "572621eeec44d21400f3d955"}]}], ["Greece mempunyai salah satu sejarah terpanjang di mana-mana negara, dan dianggap sebagai buaian tamadun Barat, dan oleh itu, adalah tempat kelahiran demokrasi, falsafah Barat, Sukan Olimpik, kesusasteraan Barat, historiografi, sains politik, prinsip sains dan matematik utama , dan drama Barat, termasuk kedua-dua tragedi dan komedi. Yunani pertama kali bersatu di bawah Philip of Macedon pada abad keempat SM. Anaknya Alexander the Great dengan cepat menakluki banyak dunia purba, menyebarkan budaya dan sains Yunani dari Mediterranean timur ke Sungai Indus. Diisi oleh Rom pada abad kedua SM, Yunani menjadi bahagian integral dari Empayar Rom dan penggantinya, Empayar Byzantine. Abad pertama AD melihat penubuhan Gereja Ortodoks Yunani, yang membentuk identiti Yunani moden dan menularkan tradisi Yunani ke Dunia Ortodoks yang lebih luas. Jatuh di bawah kekuasaan Uthmaniyyah pada pertengahan abad ke-15, negara negara moden Greece muncul pada tahun 1830 berikutan perang kemerdekaan. Warisan sejarah yang kaya di Greece digambarkan sebahagian besarnya oleh 17 Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO, antara yang paling di Eropah dan dunia. <> Siapa orang pertama yang membawa semua orang Greece bersama-sama? || Philip of Macedon <> Siapa anak Philip dari Macedon? || Alexander the Great <> Greece menjadi sebahagian daripada apa kekaisaran pada abad ke-2 SM? || Roma <> Bilakah gereja Ortodoks Yunani bermula? || abad pertama AD <> Tahun berapa dianggap permulaan Greece moden? || 1830", {"context": "Greece has one of the longest histories of any country, and is considered the cradle of Western civilization, and as such, is the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, the Olympic Games, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama, including both tragedy and comedy. Greece was first unified under Philip of Macedon in the fourth century BC. His son Alexander the Great rapidly conquered much of the ancient world, spreading Greek culture and science from the eastern Mediterranean to the Indus River. Annexed by Rome in the second century BC, Greece became an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire. The first century AD saw the establishment of the Greek Orthodox Church, which shaped the modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World. Falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following the war of independence. Greece's rich historical legacy is reflected in large part by its 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Philip of Macedon"}], "question": "Who was the first person to bring all of Greece together?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Alexander the Great"}], "question": "Who was the son of Philip of Macedon?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Greece came part of what empire in the 2nd century BC?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "first century AD"}], "question": "When was the Greek Orthodox Church started?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "1830"}], "question": "What year is considered the beginning of modern Greece?", "id": "5726162238643c19005acfd3"}]}], ["Apabila konflik ketenteraan berlaku di antara Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan negara-negara lain, orang Yunani biasanya mengambil senjata melawan Empayar, dengan beberapa pengecualian. Sebelum revolusi Yunani, terdapat beberapa peperangan yang menyaksikan orang Yunani berperang melawan Uthmaniyyah, seperti penyertaan Yunani dalam Pertempuran Lepanto pada tahun 1571, pemberontakan kaum Epirus dari 1600-1601, Perang Morean pada tahun 1684- 1699, dan Pemberontakan Orlov yang ditimbulkan oleh Rusia pada tahun 1770, yang bertujuan untuk memecah Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang memihak kepada kepentingan Rusia. [Halaman diperlukan] Kebangkitan ini ditumpangi oleh orang Uthmaniyyah dengan pertumpahan darah yang hebat. <> Pertempuran Lepanto berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1571 <> Perang Morean berlaku selama bertahun-tahun? || 1684-1699 <> The Orlov Revolt berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1770 <> The Revolt Orlov adalah yang mana manfaat negara? || Rusia <> Semasa pertempuran 1600 dan 1700-an, orang Yunani biasanya berperang melawan siapa? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600\u20131601, the Morean War of 1684\u20131699, and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770, which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests.[page needed] These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "1571"}], "question": "The Battle of of Lepanto took place in what year?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1684\u20131699"}], "question": "The Morean War took place during which years?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "1770"}], "question": "The Orlov Revolt took place in what year?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "The Orlov Revolt was for which nation's supposed benefit?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "During battles of the 1600 and 1700's, the Greeks usually fought against who?", "id": "572634a1271a42140099d75d"}]}], ["Gereja Ortodoks Yunani dan Patriarkat Ekumenikal Constantinople dianggap oleh kerajaan Uthmaniyyah sebagai pihak berkuasa yang memerintah seluruh penduduk Kristian Ortodoks Empayar Uthmaniyyah, sama ada etnik Yunani atau tidak. Walaupun negara Uthmaniyyah tidak memaksa orang bukan Islam untuk menukar agama Islam, orang Kristian menghadapi beberapa jenis diskriminasi yang bertujuan untuk menyerlahkan status mereka yang rendah dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Diskriminasi terhadap orang Kristian, terutamanya apabila digabungkan dengan perlakuan keras oleh pihak berkuasa Ottoman tempatan, membawa kepada penukaran kepada Islam, jika hanya dengan dangkal. Pada abad ke-19, ramai \"orang Kristian\" kembali kepada kesetiaan agama lama mereka. [Halaman diperlukan] <> Oleh kerana diskriminasi, sesetengah orang Kristian memeluk agama apa? || Islam <> Apakah nama salah satu gereja yang memerintah penduduk Kristian? || Gereja Ortodoks Yunani <> Empayar mana yang menganggap bahawa orang Kristian lebih rendah? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Orthodox Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, whether ethnically Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, Christians faced several types of discrimination intended to highlight their inferior status in the Ottoman Empire. Discrimination against Christians, particularly when combined with harsh treatment by local Ottoman authorities, led to conversions to Islam, if only superficially. In the 19th century, many \"crypto-Christians\" returned to their old religious allegiance.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "Due to discrimination, some Christians converted to what religion?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Greek Orthodox Church"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the churches that ruled over the Christian population?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Which empire thought that Christians were inferior?", "id": "572632a838643c19005ad2d1"}]}], ["Pemulihan Byzantine wilayah-wilayah yang hilang bermula pada akhir abad ke-8 dan sebagian besar semenanjung Yunani berada di bawah kawalan kerajaan sekali lagi, secara berperingkat-peringkat, pada abad ke-9. Proses ini difasilitasi oleh kemasukan orang Yunani yang besar dari Sicily dan Asia Minor ke semenanjung Yunani, sementara pada masa yang sama ramai orang Slav yang ditangkap dan ditetap semula di Asia Minor dan mereka yang tersisa diasimilasi. Pada abad ke-11 dan ke-12, kembalinya kestabilan mengakibatkan semenanjung Yunani mendapat manfaat daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat - lebih kuat daripada wilayah Anatolian Empayar. <> Byzantine mula mengambil balik wilayah pada abad yang lalu? || 8 <> The Byzantine mempunyai kawalan ke atas sebahagian besar Yunani dalam abad apa? || 9 <> Slavs yang ditangkap dipindahkan ke kawasan apa? || Asia Minor <> Greece yang stabil membenarkannya untuk apa? || pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kukuh", {"context": "The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century. This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated. During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth \u2013 much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "8th"}], "question": "The Byzantine began taking back territories during the last of what century?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "9th"}], "question": "The Byzantine had control over most of Greece in what century?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Asia Minor"}], "question": "Slavs that were caught were moved to what area?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "strong economic growth"}], "question": "A stable Greece allowed it to have what?", "id": "57262cc0ec44d21400f3db9e"}]}], ["Berikutan Perang Salib Keempat dan kejatuhan Constantinople ke \"Latins\" di 1204 tanah besar Greece dipecah antara Kekusalan Yunani Epirus (negara pengganti Byzantine) dan pemerintahan Frank (yang dikenali sebagai Frankokratia), sementara beberapa pulau berada di bawah pemerintahan Venetian. Pembentukan semula ibukota kerajaan Byzantine di Constantinople pada tahun 1261 diiringi oleh pemulihan empayar banyak semenanjung Yunani, walaupun Prinsip Besar Achaea di Peloponnese dan Yunani Menentang Epirus di utara kedua-duanya kekal sebagai kuasa serantau yang penting ke abad ke-14, sementara pulau-pulau masih banyak di bawah kawalan Genoa dan Venesia. <> Greece dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian pemerintah pada tahun berapa? || 1204 <> Constantinople sekali lagi menjadi modal dalam tahun berapa? || 1261 <> Pulau-pulau Yunani pada abad ke-14 berada di bawah kawalan siapa? || Genoa dan Venetian <> Pada 1261 Constantinople adalah ibu kota yang mana kerajaannya? || Byzantine", {"context": "Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the \"Latins\" in 1204 mainland Greece was split between the Greek Despotate of Epirus (a Byzantine successor state) and Frankish rule (known as the Frankokratia), while some islands came under Venetian rule. The re-establishment of the Byzantine imperial capital in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the empire's recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese and the rival Greek Despotate of Epirus in the north both remained important regional powers into the 14th century, while the islands remained largely under Genoese and Venetian control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1204"}], "question": "Greece was split into sections of different rulers in what year?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "1261"}], "question": "Constantinople once again became a capital  in what year?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Genoese and Venetian"}], "question": "The Grecian islands in the 14th century were under the control of who?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Byzantine"}], "question": "In 1261 Constantinople was the capital for which empire?", "id": "57262de2ec44d21400f3dbba"}]}], ["Walaupun sebahagian besar daratan Yunani dan pulau-pulau Aegean berada di bawah kawalan Uthmaniyyah menjelang akhir abad ke-15, Cyprus dan Crete kekal wilayah Venesia dan tidak jatuh ke Uthmaniyyah sehingga 1571 dan 1670 masing-masing. Satu-satunya bahagian dunia yang berbahasa Yunani yang melarikan diri pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah jangka panjang adalah Kepulauan Ionia, yang kekal sebagai Venetian sehingga penangkapan mereka oleh Republik Perancis Pertama pada 1797, kemudian diserahkan kepada United Kingdom pada 1809 sehingga penyatuan mereka dengan Greece pada tahun 1864 . [halaman diperlukan] <> Orang Ottoman mengambil pulau mana dari orang Venesia? || Cyprus dan Crete <> Pada tahun apakah Kepulauan Ionia yang ditangkap oleh Perancis? || 1797 <> Siapa yang berjaya mengawal Kepulauan Ionia pada tahun 1809? || United Kingdom <> Ottoman menguasai pulau-pulau apa yang mana pada penghujung abad ke-15? || Kepulauan Aegean <> Orang-orang Venesia mempunyai kawalan yang mana dua pulau pada abad ke-15? || Cyprus dan Crete", {"context": "While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Cyprus and Crete"}], "question": "The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "1797"}], "question": "In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac52a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Aegean islands"}], "question": "The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Cyprus and Crete"}], "question": "The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?", "id": "572630b389a1e219009ac527"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-14, sebahagian besar dari semenanjung Yunani telah hilang oleh Empayar Byzantine pada mulanya kepada Serbia dan kemudian ke Uthmaniyyah. Pada permulaan abad ke 15, kemajuan Uthmaniyyah bermakna Wilayah Byzantine di Greece adalah terhad terutamanya di bandarnya yang paling lama, Thessaloniki, dan Peloponnese (Mengecilkan Morea). Selepas kejatuhan Constantinople ke Ottoman pada 1453, Morea adalah sisa terakhir Empayar Byzantine untuk menentang Ottoman. Walau bagaimanapun, ini juga jatuh ke Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1460, menyelesaikan penaklukan Uthmaniyyah tanah besar Yunani. Dengan penaklukan Turki, banyak cendekiawan Yunani Byzantine, yang sehingga saat itu bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya untuk memelihara pengetahuan Yunani Klasik, melarikan diri ke Barat, membawa bersama mereka sebuah kesusasteraan besar dan dengan begitu menyumbang dengan besarnya ke Renaissance. <> Banyak orang Yunani yang hilang di mana pada abad ke-14? || Byzantine Empire <> Pada permulaan abad ke-15, kota Byzantine terbesar adalah apa? || Thessaloniki <> Constantinople telah diatasi oleh siapa di 1453? || Uthmaniyyah <> Uthmaniyyah menguasai tanah besar Greece pada tahun berapa? || 1460 <> Siapa yang mempunyai kesan besar pada Renaissance? || Ulama Yunani Byzantine", {"context": "In the 14th century, much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Byzantine Empire at first to the Serbs and then to the Ottomans. By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to its then-largest city, Thessaloniki, and the Peloponnese (Despotate of the Morea). After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece. With the Turkish conquest, many Byzantine Greek scholars, who up until then were largely responsible for preserving Classical Greek knowledge, fled to the West, taking with them a large body of literature and thereby significantly contributing to the Renaissance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "A lot of Greece was lost by whom in the 14th century?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Thessaloniki"}], "question": "At the start of 15th century, the biggest Byzantine city was what?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "the Ottomans"}], "question": "Constantinople was overcome by who in 1453?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "1460"}], "question": "The Ottomans controlled mainland Greece in what year?", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac51f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Byzantine Greek scholars"}], "question": "Who had a large impact on the Renaissance? ", "id": "57262f3689a1e219009ac520"}]}], ["Dari abad ke-4, wilayah-wilayah Balkan Empayar, termasuk Greece, menderita daripada terobosan Invasi Barbar. Serangan dan kemusnahan Goths dan Hun pada abad ke-4 dan ke-5 dan pencerobohan Slavia ke Yunani pada abad ke-7 mengakibatkan keruntuhan dramatik dalam kekuasaan empayar di semenanjung Yunani. Berikutan pencerobohan Slavia, kerajaan empayar mengekalkan kawalan rasmi hanya di pulau-pulau dan kawasan pesisiran pantai, terutamanya bandar berdinding padat penduduk seperti Athens, Korintus dan Tesalonika, manakala beberapa kawasan pergunungan di pedalaman itu sendiri dan terus mengiktiraf empayar kuasa. Di luar kawasan ini, jumlah penyelesaian Slavic yang terhad pada umumnya dianggap telah berlaku, walaupun pada skala yang jauh lebih kecil daripada yang difikirkan sebelumnya. <> Bilakah Slavs menyerang Greece? || Abad ke-7 <> Apa yang menyerang para pembajak menyebabkan kerosakan di Balkan pada abad ke-4. || Barbarian <> Selepas Slav menyerang, kerajaan hanya mengendalikan kawasan apa? || pulau dan kawasan pantai", {"context": "From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula. Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained formal control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly the densely populated walled cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority. Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "7th century"}], "question": "When did the Slavs invade Greece?", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Barbarian"}], "question": "What invading marauders caused havoc in the Balkans during the 4th century.", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "islands and coastal areas"}], "question": "After the Slav's invaded, the government only controlled what areas?", "id": "57262aa938643c19005ad28f"}]}], ["Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 dianggap sebagai \"zaman kegelapan\" dalam sejarah Yunani, dengan prospek menggulingkan pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah yang jauh hanya dengan kepulauan Ionia yang masih bebas dari penguasaan Turki. Corfu bertahan dengan tiga pengepungan besar pada tahun 1537, 1571 dan 1716 yang semuanya mengakibatkan penolakan pihak Uthmaniyyah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada abad ke-18, timbul timbul melalui pengiriman kelas saudagar Yunani yang kaya dan tersebar. Pedagang ini datang untuk menguasai perdagangan dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, menubuhkan komuniti di seluruh Mediterranean, Balkan, dan Eropah Barat. Walaupun penaklukan Uthmaniyyah telah memisahkan Greece dari pergerakan intelektual Eropah yang signifikan seperti Reformasi dan Pencerahan, idea-idea ini bersama dengan cita-cita Revolusi Perancis dan nasionalisme romantis mula menembusi dunia Yunani melalui diaspora perdagangan. pada akhir abad ke-18, Rigas Feraios, revolusioner pertama untuk membayangkan sebuah negara Yunani yang bebas, menerbitkan serangkaian dokumen yang berkaitan dengan kemerdekaan Yunani, termasuk tetapi tidak terbatas pada lagu kebangsaan dan peta terperinci pertama di Yunani, di Vienna, dan dibunuh oleh ejen Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1798. [halaman diperlukan] <> Zaman Gelap Yunani dianggap sebagai apa tempoh masa? || Abad ke-16 dan ke-17 <> pedagang Yunani memerintah industri perdagangan di mana abad ini? || 18th <> Siapa yang menerbitkan dokumen Yunani yang menyokong kemerdekaan Yunani? || Rigas Feraios <> Rigas Feraios dibunuh oleh pembunuh Uthmaniyah pada tahun berapa? || 1798", {"context": "The 16th and 17th centuries are regarded as something of a \"dark age\" in Greek history, with the prospect of overthrowing Ottoman rule appearing remote with only the Ionian islands remaining free of Turkish domination. Corfu withstood three major sieges in 1537, 1571 and 1716 all of which resulted in the repulsion of the Ottomans. However, in the 18th century, there arose through shipping a wealthy and dispersed Greek merchant class. These merchants came to dominate trade within the Ottoman Empire, establishing communities throughout the Mediterranean, the Balkans, and Western Europe. Though the Ottoman conquest had cut Greece off from significant European intellectual movements such as the Reformation and the Enlightenment, these ideas together with the ideals of the French Revolution and romantic nationalism began to penetrate the Greek world via the mercantile diaspora.[page needed] In the late 18th century, Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna, and was murdered by Ottoman agents in 1798.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "16th and 17th centuries"}], "question": "Greece's Dark Ages is thought of as what time periods?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d78f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "18th"}], "question": "Greek merchants ruled the trade industry in which century?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Rigas Feraios"}], "question": "Who published Greek documents that espoused Greek independence?", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1202, "text": "1798"}], "question": "Rigas Feraios was killed by Ottoman assassins in what year? ", "id": "572636e6271a42140099d792"}]}], ["Proses ini selesai pada tahun 27 SM ketika Kaisar Romawi Augustus mengambil bahagian di seluruh wilayah Yunani dan membentuknya sebagai wilayah senatorial dari Achaea. Walaupun keunggulan ketenteraan mereka, orang-orang Rom dikagumi dan menjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pencapaian budaya Yunani, oleh itu pernyataan terkenal Horace: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (\"Yunani, walaupun ditangkap, mengambil tawanan liar\"). Episod Homer mengilhami Aeneid of Virgil, dan penulis seperti Seneca yang lebih muda menulis menggunakan gaya Yunani. Wira Rom seperti Scipio Africanus, cenderung untuk mempelajari falsafah dan menganggap budaya dan sains Yunani sebagai contoh yang harus diikuti. Begitu juga, kebanyakan maharaja Romawi mengekalkan kekaguman untuk perkara-perkara dalam bahasa Yunani. Maharaja Rom Nero melawat Yunani pada tahun 66 AD, dan tampil di Sukan Olimpik Kuno, meskipun peraturan terhadap penyertaan bukan Yunani. Hadrian juga sangat gemar orang-orang Yunani; sebelum dia menjadi kaisar, dia berkhidmat sebagai arkon eponim Athens. <> Apakah Kaisar Rom menjadi pemerintah seluruh Greece? || Augustus <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Horace menjadi terkenal? || \"Yunani, walaupun ditangkap, mengambil tawanan penakluk liar\" <> Apa tokoh Rom terkenal yang melawat Greece pada tahun 66 AD? || Nero <> Apa pengarang Grecian yang terkenal mengilhami penulis dan karya mereka? || Homer <> Apa pahlawan Roma mempelajari falsafah dan sains Yunani? || Scipio Africanus", {"context": "The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit (\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Augustus"}], "question": "What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "\"Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive\""}], "question": "What saying by Horace became famous?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "Nero"}], "question": "What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Homer"}], "question": "What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Scipio Africanus"}], "question": "What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?", "id": "5726281438643c19005ad17d"}]}], ["Komuniti berbahasa Yunani dari Hellenized East berperanan dalam penyebaran agama Kristian awal pada abad ke-2 dan ke-3, dan pemimpin dan penulis awal Kristian (terutamanya St Paul) kebanyakannya berbahasa Yunani, walaupun umumnya bukan dari Yunani sendiri. Perjanjian Baru ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani, dan beberapa bahagiannya (Korintus, Tesalonika, Filipi, Wahyu St. John of Patmos) membuktikan pentingnya gereja-gereja di Yunani dalam kekristianan awal. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar dari Greece berpegang teguh pada paganisme, dan amalan keagamaan Yunani purba masih dalam mode di akhir abad ke-4 AD, ketika mereka dilarang oleh kaisar Rom Theodosius I dalam 391-392. Pertandingan Olimpik yang terakhir telah diadakan pada tahun 393, dan banyak kuil yang musnah atau rosak pada abad yang berikutnya. Di Athens dan kawasan luar bandar, paganisme diiktiraf dengan baik ke abad keenam AD dan bahkan kemudian. Penutupan Akademi Neoplatonic Athens oleh kaisar Justinian pada tahun 529 dianggap oleh ramai untuk menandakan akhir zaman dahulu, walaupun terdapat bukti bahawa Akademi meneruskan kegiatannya untuk beberapa waktu selepas itu. Beberapa daerah terpencil seperti Peloponnese tenggara tetap pagan hingga ke abad ke-10 AD. <> Dalam bahasa apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kitab pertama Alkitab? || Greek <> Agama apa yang dilakukan oleh amalan awal Yunani? || Paganisme <> Sukan Olimpik yang terakhir diadakan di Greece kuno pada tahun berapa? || 393 <> Paganisme dilarang oleh Kaisar Rom? || Theodosius I <> Yang Maharaja menutup sekolah di Athens? || Justinian", {"context": "Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were mostly Greek-speaking, though generally not from Greece itself. The New Testament was written in Greek, and some of its sections (Corinthians, Thessalonians, Philippians, Revelation of St. John of Patmos) attest to the importance of churches in Greece in early Christianity. Nevertheless, much of Greece clung tenaciously to paganism, and ancient Greek religious practices were still in vogue in the late 4th century AD, when they were outlawed by the Roman emperor Theodosius I in 391-392. The last recorded Olympic games were held in 393, and many temples were destroyed or damaged in the century that followed. In Athens and rural areas, paganism is attested well into the sixth century AD and even later. The closure of the Neoplatonic Academy of Athens by the emperor Justinian in 529 is considered by many to mark the end of antiquity, although there is evidence that the Academy continued its activities for some time after that. Some remote areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remained pagan until well into the 10th century AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "In what language was the first book of the Bible conceived?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "paganism"}], "question": "What religion did early Greece practice?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "393"}], "question": "The Olympics were last held in ancient Greece in what year? ", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Theodosius I"}], "question": "Paganism was forbidden by what Roman Emperor?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "Justinian"}], "question": "Which Emperor closed the school in Athens?", "id": "572629b789a1e219009ac484"}]}], ["Pada akhir Perang Balkan, tahap wilayah dan penduduk Greece telah meningkat. Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, perjuangan antara Raja Constantine I dan Perdana Menteri berkarisma Eleftherios Venizelos atas dasar luar negara pada malam Perang Dunia I menguasai adegan politik negara, dan membahagikan negara itu kepada dua kumpulan yang bertentangan. Semasa sebahagian Perang Dunia Pertama, Greece mempunyai dua kerajaan; kerajaan pro-Jerman diraja di Athens dan seorang pro-Britain Veniselis di Thessaloniki. Kedua-dua kerajaan bersatu pada tahun 1917, ketika Yunani secara resmi memasuki perang di sisi Tripente Entente. <> Apa yang membahagikan Greece ke dalam dua kumpulan politik? || dasar luar negara <> Berapa banyak kerajaan yang ada di Greece pada Perang Dunia 1? || dua <> Ketika Greece memasuki Perang Dunia I, di mana pihaknya bertempur? || Triple Entente <> Kerajaan-kerajaan Greece yang banyak datang pada tahun berapa? || 1917", {"context": "At the end of the Balkan Wars, the extent of Greece's territory and population had increased. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During parts of the First World War, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "the country's foreign policy"}], "question": "What divided Greece into two political groups?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many governments did Greece have in World War 1?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "the Triple Entente"}], "question": "When Greece entered World War I, on whose side did they fight?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "1917"}], "question": "Greece's multiple governments came together in what year?", "id": "5726434b271a42140099d802"}]}], ["Perbelanjaan peningkatan Rasuah dan Trikoupis untuk mewujudkan infrastruktur yang diperlukan seperti Kanal Korintus mengatasi ekonomi Yunani yang lemah, memaksa pengisytiharan insolvensi awam pada tahun 1893 dan untuk menerima pengenaan kuasa Kawalan Kewangan Antarabangsa untuk membayar penghutang negara. Satu lagi isu politik pada abad ke-19 Yunani adalah unik Yunani: soalan bahasa. Orang-orang Yunani bercakap sejenis bahasa Yunani yang dipanggil Demotic. Ramai elit yang berpendidikan melihat ini sebagai dialek petani dan bertekad untuk mengembalikan kemuliaan Yunani Kuno. <> Pada tahun 1893, Greece mengumumkan apa? || insolvensi awam <> Untuk membayar orang yang mereka bayar, Greece harus menerima apa? || Pihak berkuasa Kawalan Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Orang-orang Yunani yang mempunyai pendidikan tinggi melihat dialek apa yang di bawahnya? || Demotic <> Topik hangat di Greece pada abad ke-19 adalah apa? || bahasa", {"context": "Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "public insolvency"}], "question": "In 1893 Greece announced what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "International Financial Control authority"}], "question": "To pay off the people they owed, Greece had to accept what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Demotic"}], "question": "The people of Greece that had higher education saw what dialect as beneath them?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "language"}], "question": "A hot topic in Greece in the 19th century was what?", "id": "57264129271a42140099d7e0"}]}], ["Masa berikut ditandai oleh ketidakstabilan, kerana lebih daripada 1.5 juta pelarian Yunani yang tidak berpengalaman dari Turki terpaksa diintegrasikan ke dalam masyarakat Yunani. Kerana istilah \"orang Yunani\" dalam pertukaran itu didasarkan pada agama Yunani Cappadocian, Pontian Yunani, dan pengikut Yunani Yunani Ortodoksi tidak semua tertakluk kepada pertukaran itu juga. Kebanyakan pelarian ini tidak dapat bercakap bahasa itu, dan berasal dari persekitaran asing, seperti kes orang bukan Yunani dan Cappadocian. Pelarian juga membuat rangsangan penduduk perang dramatik, kerana jumlah pelarian adalah lebih daripada seperempat penduduk sebelum Greece. Tugas itu dilakukan dengan menyelesaikan Pontians dan Cappadocians di pergunungan Macedonia, di mana mereka akan beradaptasi dengan lebih baik, dan menyelesaikan penceramah Demotic dan bukan Yunani di Kepulauan Yunani dan bandar-bandar, di mana mereka telah disesuaikan dengan. <> Berapa banyak pelarian Yunani datang dari Turki? || 1.5 juta <> Pelarian Pontian dan Cappadocia dipindahkan ke mana? || Gunung Macedonia <> Demotic berbahasa Yunani pelarian diletakkan di mana? || Kepulauan Yunani dan bandar-bandar", {"context": "The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term \"Greeks\" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1.5 million"}], "question": "How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Macedonian mountains"}], "question": "Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "Greek Isles and cities"}], "question": "Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?", "id": "57264659708984140094c11f"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia Pertama, Greece cuba meluaskan lagi ke Asia Minor, sebuah rantau yang mempunyai populasi penduduk Yunani yang besar pada masa itu, tetapi dikalahkan dalam Perang Greco-Turki 1919-1922, yang menyumbang kepada penerbangan Asia yang besar Orang Yunani kecil. Peristiwa-peristiwa ini bertindih, dengan kedua-duanya terjadi semasa pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yunani (1914-1922), suatu tempoh di mana, menurut pelbagai sumber, para pegawai Uthmaniyyah dan Turki menyumbang kepada kematian beberapa ratus ribu Asia Minor Yunani. Pengeluaran Yunani yang dihasilkan dari Asia Minor telah dibuat kekal, dan berkembang, dalam pertukaran penduduk secara rasmi antara Yunani dan Turki. Pertukaran itu adalah sebahagian daripada terma Perjanjian Lausanne yang mengakhiri perang. <> Berapa tahun peperangan Greco-Turki berlaku? || 1919-1922 <> Selepas Perang Dunia I, Greece ingin memperluaskan ke kawasan apa? || Asia Minor <> Pertukaran orang di antara Yunani dan Turki berlaku berdasarkan perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Lausanne <> Dalam apa tempoh masa genosida orang Yunani berlaku? || 1914-1922 <> Siapa yang menyebabkan kematian ribuan orang Yunani? || Pegawai Ottoman dan Turki", {"context": "In the aftermath of the First World War, Greece attempted further expansion into Asia Minor, a region with a large native Greek population at the time, but was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919\u20131922, contributing to a massive flight of Asia Minor Greeks. These events overlapped, with both happening during the Greek genocide (1914-1922), a period during which, according to various sources, Ottoman and Turkish officials contributed to the death of several hundred thousand Asia Minor Greeks. The resultant Greek exodus from Asia Minor was made permanent, and expanded, in an official Population exchange between Greece and Turkey. The exchange was part of the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne which ended the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1919\u20131922"}], "question": "What years did the Greco-Turkish war take place?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Asia Minor"}], "question": "After World War I, Greece wanted to expand into what area?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "Treaty of Lausanne"}], "question": "An exchange of people between Greece and Turkey took place under what agreement?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "1914-1922"}], "question": "In what time period did the genocide of Greeks take place?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Ottoman and Turkish officials"}], "question": "Who caused the deaths of thousands of Greeks?", "id": "572644675951261400b5196e"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir bulan, Peloponnese berada dalam pemberontakan terbuka terhadap Uthmaniyyah dan pada Oktober 1821 orang Yunani di bawah Theodoros Kolokotronis telah menangkap Tripolitsa. Pemberontakan Peloponnesian dengan cepat diikuti oleh pemberontakan di Crete, Macedonia dan Central Greece, yang akan segera ditindas. Sementara itu, angkatan laut Yunani sementara telah mencapai kejayaan menentang angkatan laut Uthmaniyyah di Laut Aegean dan menghalang bala bantuan Uthmaniyyah dari tiba di laut. Pada tahun 1822 dan 1824 orang Turki dan Mesir merosakkan pulau-pulau, termasuk Chios dan Psara, melakukan pembunuhan besar-besaran penduduk. Ini mempunyai kesan pendapat orang ramai di Eropah barat memihak kepada pemberontak Yunani. [Halaman diperlukan] <> Dalam tahun berapa orang Yunani mengambil Tripolitsa? || 1821 <> Siapa pemimpin pemberontakan Yunani pada tahun 1821? || Theodoros Kolokotronis <> Angkatan Laut Yunani dan Uthmaniyyah berjuang di perairan mana? || Laut Aegean <> Turki dan Mesir menyerang pulau Yunani dalam tahun berapa? || 1822 dan 1824", {"context": "By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. In 1822 and 1824 the Turks and Egyptians ravaged the islands, including Chios and Psara, committing wholesale massacres of the population. This had the effect of galvanizing public opinion in western Europe in favor of the Greek rebels.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1821"}], "question": "In what year did the Greeks take Tripolitsa?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Theodoros Kolokotronis"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Greek revolt in 1821?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Aegean Sea"}], "question": "The Greek and Ottoman Navy fought in which waters?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "1822 and 1824"}], "question": "Turks and Egyptians attacked Greek island in what years?", "id": "57263bacec44d21400f3dc76"}]}], ["Ketegangan tidak lama lagi berkembang di kalangan puak-puak Yunani yang berlainan, yang membawa kepada dua perang saudara berturut-turut. Sementara itu, Sultan Uthmaniyyah berunding dengan Mehmet Ali dari Mesir, yang bersetuju untuk menghantar anaknya Ibrahim Pasha ke Yunani dengan tentera untuk menindas pemberontakan sebagai balasan untuk keuntungan wilayah. Ibrahim mendarat di Peloponnese pada Februari 1825 dan berjaya dengan cepat: menjelang akhir tahun 1825, sebahagian besar Peloponnese berada di bawah kawalan Mesir, dan kota Missolonghi yang dikepung oleh orang Turki sejak April 1825-jatuh pada April 1826. Walaupun Ibrahim dikalahkan di Mani, dia telah berjaya menghalang kebanyakan pemberontakan di Peloponnese dan Athens telah dikembalikan. <> Berapa banyak perang sivil berturut-turut berlaku antara puak-puak Yunani? || Dua <> yang menghantar Mesir ke Tentera Darat ke Greece? || Ibrahim Pasha <> Ibrahim Pasha mendarat dengan tenteranya ketika? || Februari 1825 <> Pada tahun apakah jatuh Missolonghi kepada orang Mesir? || 1826 <> Ibrahim Pasha akhirnya menghadapi kekalahan di mana? || Mani", {"context": "Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi\u2014put under siege by the Turks since April 1825\u2014fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many successive civil wars occurred between Greek clans?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Ibrahim Pasha"}], "question": "Who did Egypt send to Greece with an Army?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "February 1825"}], "question": "Ibrahim Pasha landed with his army when?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "1826"}], "question": "In what year did Missolonghi fall to the Egyptians?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Mani"}], "question": "Ibrahim Pasha finally faced defeat where?", "id": "57263cafec44d21400f3dc87"}]}], ["Semua orang Yunani bersatu, bagaimanapun, dalam tekad mereka untuk membebaskan wilayah berbahasa Yunani dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah, tanpa menghiraukan dialek yang mereka ucapkan. Terutama di Crete, pemberontakan yang berpanjangan pada 1866-1869 telah menimbulkan semangat nasionalis. Apabila perang meletus antara Rusia dan Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1877, sentimen popular Yunani bergegas ke rantau Rusia, tetapi Greece terlalu miskin, dan terlalu prihatin dengan campur tangan British, secara rasmi memasuki perang. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1881, Thessaly dan bahagian kecil Epirus telah diserahkan ke Greece sebagai sebahagian daripada Perjanjian Berlin, sementara harapan Yunani mengecewakan Crete. <> Perang antara Rusia dan Uthmaniyyah bermula pada tahun berapa? || 1877 <> Pemberontakan berlangsung selama 3 tahun di mana pulau Yunani? || Crete <> Pada tahun apakah Perjanjian Berlin berlaku? || 1881", {"context": "All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire, regardless of the dialect they spoke. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866\u20131869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "1877"}], "question": "War between Russia and the Ottomans began in what year?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Crete"}], "question": "A revolt lasted for 3 years on which Greek island?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "1881"}], "question": "In what year did the Treaty of Berlin occur?", "id": "572641f389a1e219009ac61e"}]}], ["Berikutan peristiwa bencana di Asia Minor, monarki itu dimansuhkan melalui referendum pada tahun 1924 dan Republik Hellenic Kedua telah diisytiharkan. Perdana Georgios Kondylis mengambil alih kuasa pada tahun 1935 dan secara berkesan menghapuskan republik itu dengan membawa kembali monarki melalui referendum pada tahun 1935. Satu rampasan kuasa diikuti pada tahun 1936 dan dipasang Ioannis Metaxas sebagai ketua rejim diktator yang dikenali sebagai Rejim 4 Ogos. Walaupun pemerintahan diktator, Yunani tetap baik dengan Britain dan tidak bersekutu dengan Axis. <> Raja monarki Yunani ditubuhkan semula oleh siapa? || Perdana Georgios Kondylis <> Pada tahun 1924, apa yang telah ditubuhkan? || Republik Hellenic Kedua <> Siapa yang menjadi pemimpin Yunani pada tahun 1935? || Perdana Georgios Kondylis <> Pada tahun apakah rampasan kuasa berlaku dan bentuk diktator baru? || 1936 <> Raja Monarki Yunani telah dimansuhkan ketika? || 1924", {"context": "Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'\u00e9tat followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis"}], "question": "The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?", "id": "57264784708984140094c144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Second Hellenic Republic"}], "question": "In 1924, what was established?", "id": "57264784708984140094c142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Premier Georgios Kondylis"}], "question": "Who became the Greek leader in 1935?", "id": "57264784708984140094c143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1936"}], "question": "In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?", "id": "57264784708984140094c145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1924"}], "question": "The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?", "id": "57264784708984140094c141"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1814, sebuah organisasi rahsia yang dipanggil Filiki Eteria (Persatuan Kawan) diasaskan dengan tujuan membebaskan Greece. The Filiki Eteria merancang untuk melancarkan revolusi di Peloponnese, Prinsipal Danubia dan Constantinople. Yang pertama pemberontakan ini bermula pada 6 Mac 1821 di Principalities Danubia di bawah pimpinan Alexandros Ypsilantis, tetapi ia tidak lama kemudian diturunkan oleh Uthmaniyyah. Peristiwa-peristiwa di utara memacu orang Yunani dari Peloponnese ke tindakan dan pada 17 Mac 1821 Maniots mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Uthmaniyyah. <> Di mana tahun Persatuan Kawan bermula? || 1814 <> Matlamat Pertubuhan Kawan adalah apa? || membebaskan Yunani <> Persatuan Kawan juga dikenal dengan nama apa? || Filiki Eteria <> Yang pertama beberapa revolusi bermula bila? || 6 Mac 1821 <> Perang bermula dengan orang-orang Uthmaniyyah? || 17 Mac 1821", {"context": "In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north spurred the Greeks of the Peloponnese into action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1814"}], "question": "In which year did the Society of Friends begin?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "liberating Greece"}], "question": "The Society of Friends goal was what?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Filiki Eteria"}], "question": "The Society of Friends was also known by what name?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "6 March 1821"}], "question": "The first of several revolutions began when?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "17 March 1821"}], "question": "War was started with the Ottomans when?", "id": "572639f638643c19005ad32d"}]}], ["Selepas bertahun-tahun rundingan, tiga Kuasa Besar, Rusia, United Kingdom dan Perancis, memutuskan untuk campur tangan dalam konflik dan setiap negara menghantar angkatan laut ke Greece. Berikutan berita bahawa gabungan armada Uthmaniyyah-Mesir akan menyerang pulau Hydra Yunani, armada bersekutu memintas armada Uthmaniyyah-Mesir di Navarino. Selepas pertumpahan selama seminggu, peperangan bermula yang mengakibatkan kemusnahan pasukan Ottoman-Mesir. Pasukan ekspedisi Perancis dihantar untuk mengawasi pemindahan tentera Mesir dari Peloponnese, sementara orang Yunani meneruskan bahagian yang ditangkap di Central Greece pada tahun 1828. Sebagai hasil dari tahun rundingan, negara Yunani yang baru akhirnya diiktiraf di bawah London Protokol pada tahun 1830. <> Apa tiga negara menghantar Angkatan Laut mereka ke Greece? || Rusia, United Kingdom dan Perancis <> Tentera laut mana yang memenangi pertempuran Hydra? || armada bersekutu <> Kapal angkatan laut mana yang dimaksudkan untuk menyerang Hydra? || Uthmaniyyah-Mesir <> Pengiktirafan negara Yunani berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1830 <> Apakah perjanjian yang mengakui Greece sebagai negara yang dipanggil? || Protokol London", {"context": "After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman\u2013Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Russia, the United Kingdom and France"}], "question": "What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "the allied fleet"}], "question": "Which navy won the battle of Hydra?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Ottoman\u2013Egyptian"}], "question": "Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "1830"}], "question": "The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "London Protocol"}], "question": "What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?", "id": "57263f6189a1e219009ac5d6"}]}], ["Iklim Greece terutamanya Mediterranean, memaparkan musim sejuk yang ringan dan basah serta panas, musim panas yang kering. Iklim ini berlaku di semua lokasi pesisir, termasuk Athens, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Crete, Peloponnese, Kepulauan Ionian dan bahagian-bahagian wilayah Central Continental Greece. Julat gunung Pindus sangat mempengaruhi iklim negara, kerana kawasan di barat julatnya agak rata-rata (disebabkan pendedahan yang lebih tinggi ke sistem barat daya yang membawa kelembapan) daripada kawasan yang terletak di sebelah timur julat ( akibat kesan bayang hujan). <> Iklim Greece terutamanya jenis apa? || Mediterranean <> iklim Greece dipengaruhi oleh jangkauan apa? || Jarak gunung Pindus <> Timur dari pergunungan Pindus, iklim kering disebabkan oleh apa? || kesan bayang hujan", {"context": "The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese, the Ionian Islands and parts of the Central Continental Greece region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "Greece's climate is mainly of what type?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Pindus mountain range"}], "question": "Greece's climate is affected by what range?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "a rain shadow effect"}], "question": "East of the Pindus mountains, the climate is drier due to what?", "id": "57264e94f1498d1400e8dbaa"}]}], ["Phytogeographically, Greece tergolong dalam Kerajaan Boreal dan dikongsi di antara wilayah Mediterranean Timur di Wilayah Mediterranean dan wilayah Illyrian Wilayah Circumboreal. Menurut World Wide Fund for Nature dan Agensi Alam Sekitar Eropah, wilayah Yunani boleh dibahagikan kepada enam ekoregion: hutan raksasa Illyrian, hutan campuran Pindus Mountains, hutan campuran Balkan, Rhodope montane mixed forest, Aegean dan Barat Turki sclerophyllous dan hutan campuran dan hutan Crete Mediterranean. <> Pengagihan tumbuhan Greece milik apa? || Kerajaan Boreal <> Berapa banyak ekoregion yang menduduki Greece? || enam <> Ekoregsi Pindus dan Balkan dikenali sebagai apa? || hutan bercampur <> Ecoregion di Crete dikenali sebagai apa? || Hutan Mediterranean <> Ekspedisi Illyrian dikenali sebagai apa? || hutan luruh", {"context": "Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Boreal Kingdom"}], "question": "Greece's plant distribution belongs to what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many ecoregions occupies Greece?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "mixed forests"}], "question": "The Pindus and Balkan ecoregions are known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Mediterranean forests"}], "question": "The Crete ecoregion is known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "deciduous forests"}], "question": "The Illyrian ecoregion is known as what?", "id": "57265106f1498d1400e8dbe8"}]}], ["Kawasan pegunungan di barat laut Greece (bahagian Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Makedonia Barat) serta di bahagian tengah pergunungan Peloponnese - termasuk bahagian-bahagian unit serantau Achaea, Arcadia dan Laconia - mempunyai iklim Alpine dengan salji berat . Bahagian pedalaman Greece utara, di Makedonia Tengah dan Timur Macedonia dan Thrace mempunyai iklim yang sederhana dengan musim dingin, lembap yang lembap dan musim panas yang panas yang kering dengan ribut petir yang kerap. Snowfalls berlaku setiap tahun di pergunungan dan kawasan utara, dan salji pendek tidak diketahui walaupun di kawasan selatan rendah, seperti Athens. <> Iklim Yunani di Barat Laut dikenali sebagai apa? || Iklim Alpine <> Iklim Alpine Greece mendapat apa jenis cuaca? || salji tebal <> Utara Greece menduduki apa jenis iklim? || sederhana <> Ia telah diketahui salji walaupun di bandar selatan? || Athens", {"context": "The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese \u2013 including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia \u2013 feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Alpine climate"}], "question": "The climate of Greece in the Northwest is known as what?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "heavy snowfalls"}], "question": "The Alpine climate of Greece gets what kind of weather?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "temperate"}], "question": "Northern Greece inland features what type of climate?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Athens"}], "question": "It has been known to snow even in what Southern city?", "id": "57264f965951b619008f6f8c"}]}], ["Rentang Pindus terus melalui pusat Peloponnese, melintasi kepulauan Kythera dan Antikythera dan menemui jalan ke Aegean barat daya, di pulau Crete dimana akhirnya berakhir. Pulau-pulau Aegean adalah puncak perairan di bawah air yang pernah menjadi lanjutan tanah besar. Pindus dicirikan oleh puncak yang tinggi, curam, yang sering dibedah oleh banyak jurang dan pelbagai landskap karstik yang lain. Vikos Gorge yang menakjubkan, sebahagian daripada Taman Negara Vikos-Aoos di rentang Pindus, disenaraikan oleh buku Guinness World Records sebagai jurang paling dalam di dunia. Satu lagi pembentukan yang ketara ialah tiang batu Meteora, di atas yang telah dibina biara-biara Ortodoks Yunani abad pertengahan. <> Di mana gunung Pindus berakhir? || Pulau Crete <> Kepulauan di Laut Aegean dibentuk oleh apa? || gunung bawah laut <> Apakah jurang yang paling dalam di dunia? || Vikos Gorge", {"context": "The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and finds its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world. Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "the island of Crete"}], "question": "Where does the Pindus mountain range end?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "underwater mountains"}], "question": "Islands in the Aegean Sea are formed by what?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Vikos Gorge"}], "question": "What is the deepest gorge in the world?", "id": "57264cde708984140094c1bf"}]}], ["Lapan puluh peratus daripada Greece terdiri daripada gunung atau bukit, menjadikan negara ini sebagai salah satu kawasan pergunungan di Eropah. Gunung Olympus, tempat nyanyian mitos Yunani Dewa, memuncak di puncak Mytikas 2,918 meter (9,573 kaki), tertinggi di negara ini. Western Greece mengandungi beberapa tasik dan tanah lembap dan dikuasai oleh rentang Gunung Pindus. Pindus, penerusan Alpari Dinaric, mencapai ketinggian maksimum 2,637 m (8,652 kaki) di Mt. Smolikas (yang kedua tertinggi di Greece) dan sejarah telah menjadi halangan penting untuk perjalanan timur-barat. <> Berapa tinggi Gunung Olympus? || 9,573 ft <> Gunung tertinggi di rentang Pindus adalah apa? || Mt. Smolikas <> Berapa tinggi adalah Mt. Smolikas? || 8652 kaki", {"context": "Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,918 metres (9,573 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "9,573 ft"}], "question": "How tall is Mount Olympus?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Mt. Smolikas"}], "question": "The tallest mountain in the Pindus range is what?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "8,652 ft"}], "question": "How tall is Mt. Smolikas?", "id": "57264b66f1498d1400e8db63"}]}], ["Pulau-pulau Yunani secara tradisinya dikelompokkan ke dalam kelompok-kelompok berikut: Kepulauan Argo-Saronic di Teluk Saronic berhampiran Athens, Cyclades, koleksi besar tetapi padat yang menduduki bahagian tengah Laut Aegean, kepulauan Aegean Utara, kumpulan longgar dari pantai barat Turki, Dodecanese, satu lagi koleksi yang longgar di tenggara antara Crete dan Turki, Sporades, kumpulan kecil yang ketat di luar pantai timur laut Euboea, dan Kepulauan Ionian, yang terletak di sebelah barat daratan di Laut Ionia. <> Teluk Saronic dekat bandar apa? || Athens <> Pulau Cyclade terletak di mana? || bahagian tengah Laut Aegean <> Kepulauan Aegea Utara terletak di mana? || pantai barat Turki <> Pulau Dodecanese terletak di mana? || antara Crete dan Turki <> Pulau Sporades terletak di mana? || di luar pantai timur laut Euboea", {"context": "The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of northeast Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Athens"}], "question": "The Saronic gulf is near what city?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "central part of the Aegean Sea"}], "question": "The Cyclade islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "west coast of Turkey"}], "question": "The North Aegean islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "between Crete and Turkey"}], "question": "The Dodecanese islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "off the coast of northeast Euboea"}], "question": "The Sporades islands are located where?", "id": "57264dcd708984140094c1db"}]}], ["Terletak di Eropah Selatan, Greece terdiri dari sebuah tanah besar, semenanjung jutting yang menjelajah ke laut di hujung selatan Balkan, berakhir di semenanjung Peloponnese (dipisahkan dari tanah besar oleh terusan Isthmus dari Corinth) dan terletak di lokasi strategik persimpangan di Eropah, Asia, dan Afrika. Disebabkan garis pantai yang sangat diandaikan dan kepulauan yang banyak, Greece mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang ke-11 di dunia dengan 13,676 km (8,498 mi); sempadan daratnya adalah 1,160 km (721 mi). Negara ini terletak kira-kira antara latitud 34 \u00b0 dan 42 \u00b0 N, dan bujur 19 \u00b0 dan 30 \u00b0 E, dengan mata ekstrem berada: <> Yunani di mana secara geografi? || Eropah Selatan <> Di mana garis pantai Greece berada dalam ranking dunia? || Paling lama ke-11 <> Berapa lamakah garis pantai Greece? || 8,498 mi", {"context": "Located in Southern Europe, Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth) and strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with 13,676 km (8,498 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34\u00b0 and 42\u00b0 N, and longitudes 19\u00b0 and 30\u00b0 E, with the extreme points being:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Southern Europe"}], "question": "Greece is where geographically?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "11th longest"}], "question": "Where does Greece's coastline place in world rankings?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "8,498 mi"}], "question": "How long is Greece's coastline?", "id": "57264a86f1498d1400e8db52"}]}], ["Greece adalah sebuah republik parlimen yang bersatu. Ketua nominal negara adalah Presiden Republik, yang dipilih oleh Parlemen untuk jangka masa lima tahun. Perlembagaan sekarang telah disediakan dan diterima pakai oleh Parlimen Revisi Parlimen Hellenes dan mula berkuat kuasa pada tahun 1975 selepas kejatuhan junta tentera pada tahun 1967-1974. Ia telah disemak tiga kali sejak, pada tahun 1986, 2001 dan 2008. Perlembagaan, yang mengandungi 120 artikel, memperuntukkan pemisahan kuasa ke cawangan eksekutif, perundangan dan kehakiman, dan memberikan jaminan khusus yang meluas (diperkuat lagi pada tahun 2001) kebebasan awam dan hak sosial. Pilihanraya wanita dijamin dengan pindaan kepada Perlembagaan 1952. <> Jenis republik apakah Greece? || parlimen kesatuan <> Apakah gelaran ketua Greece? || Presiden Republik <> Siapa yang memilih presiden Greece? || Parlimen <> Berapa lama Presiden Greece berkhidmat? || jangka masa lima tahun <> Perlembagaan Greece mempunyai banyak artikel? || 120", {"context": "Greece is a unitary parliamentary republic. The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967\u20131974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Women's suffrage was guaranteed with an amendment to the 1952 Constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "unitary parliamentary"}], "question": "What type of republic is Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "President of the Republic"}], "question": "What is the title of the leader of Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the Parliament"}], "question": "Who elects the president of Greece?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "five-year term"}], "question": "How long does the President of Greece serve?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8167"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "120"}], "question": "Greece's constitution has how many articles?", "id": "572651b3dd62a815002e8168"}]}], ["Sementara itu, Andreas Papandreou mengasaskan gerakan Sosialis Panhellenic (PASOK) sebagai tindak balas kepada parti Demokrasi Baru Karamanlis yang konservatif, dengan dua formasi politik bergantian dalam kerajaan sejak itu. Greece menyertai NATO pada tahun 1980. Yunani menjadi ahli kesepuluh Komuniti Eropah (kemudiannya disubsidi oleh Kesatuan Eropah) pada 1 Januari 1981, yang memasuki tempoh pertumbuhan yang mampan. Pelaburan yang meluas dalam perusahaan perindustrian dan infrastruktur berat, serta dana dari Kesatuan Eropah dan pendapatan yang semakin meningkat daripada pelancongan, perkapalan dan sektor perkhidmatan yang berkembang pesat menaikkan taraf hidup negara ke tahap yang belum pernah berlaku. Hubungan tradisional yang tegang dengan Turki jiran bertambah baik apabila gempa berturut-turut melanda kedua-dua negara pada tahun 1999, yang membawa kepada pengangkatan veto Yunani terhadap tawaran Turki untuk keanggotaan EU. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan PASOK? || Andreas Papandreou <> Apa PASOK berdiri? || Pergerakan Sosialis Panhellenic <> Dalam tahun berapa adakah Greece kembali menyertai NATO? || 1980 <> Gempa bumi melanda Greece dan Turki pada tahun itu? || 1999 <> Greece menyertai apa yang kemudian menjadi Kesatuan Eropah ketika? || 1 Januari 1981", {"context": "Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Andreas Papandreou"}], "question": "Who founded the PASOK?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Panhellenic Socialist Movement"}], "question": "What does PASOK stand for?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "1980"}], "question": "In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "1999"}], "question": "Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "1 January 1981"}], "question": "Greece joined what later became the European Union when?", "id": "572649865951b619008f6f20"}]}], ["Yunani akhirnya diduduki oleh Nazi yang meneruskan pentadbiran Athens dan Thessaloniki, sementara wilayah lain diberikan kepada rakan-rakan Nazi Jerman, Fasis Itali dan Bulgaria. Pendudukan membawa kesusahan yang dahsyat bagi penduduk awam Yunani. Lebih 100,000 orang awam meninggal dunia akibat kebuluran semasa musim sejuk 1941-1942, puluhan ribu lagi meninggal dunia akibat pembelaan oleh Nazis dan kolaborator, ekonomi negara telah musnah dan majoriti orang Yahudi Yunani diusir dan dibunuh di kem-kem tahanan Nazi. Rintangan Yunani, salah satu pergerakan ketahanan yang paling berkesan di Eropa, telah berjuang keras terhadap Nazi dan kolaborator mereka. Penjajah Jerman melakukan banyak kekejaman, hukuman mati, pembunuhan besar-besaran orang awam dan pemusnahan bandar-bandar dan kampung-kampung dalam pembalasan. Dalam perjalanan kempen anti-gerila, ratusan kampung secara sistematik dibakar dan hampir 1,000,000 orang Yunani kehilangan tempat tinggal. Secara keseluruhannya, Jerman mengeksekusi kira-kira 21,000 orang Yunani, 40,000 orang Bulgaria dan 9,000 orang Itali. <> Berapa ramai orang Yunani yang kebuluran kerana pendudukan Nazi? || Lebih 100,000 <> Dalam berapa tahun beribu-ribu orang Yunani kelaparan? || 1941-1942 <> Apa kumpulan awam di Greece bertempur melawan pendudukan Nazi? || Rintangan Yunani <> Berapa banyak warga Yunani yang diganti akibat pembalasan Nazi? || hampir 1,000,000", {"context": "Greece was eventually occupied by the Nazis who proceeded to administer Athens and Thessaloniki, while other regions of the country were given to Nazi Germany's partners, Fascist Italy and Bulgaria. The occupation brought about terrible hardships for the Greek civilian population. Over 100,000 civilians died of starvation during the winter of 1941\u20131942, tens of thousands more died because of reprisals by Nazis and collaborators, the country's economy was ruined and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported and murdered in Nazi concentration camps. The Greek Resistance, one of the most effective resistance movements in Europe fought vehemently against the Nazis and their collaborators. The German occupiers committed numerous atrocities, mass executions, and wholesale slaughter of civilians and destruction of towns and villages in reprisals. In the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians 40,000 and the Italians 9,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Over 100,000"}], "question": "How many Greeks starved due to Nazi occupation?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "1941\u20131942"}], "question": "In what years did thousands of Greeks starve?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "The Greek Resistance"}], "question": "What civilian group in Greece fought against Nazi occupation?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "almost 1,000,000"}], "question": "How many Greek citizens were displace due to Nazi retaliations?", "id": "57264890f1498d1400e8db17"}]}], ["Menurut kredit Der Spiegel yang diberikan kepada kerajaan Eropah telah menyamar sebagai \"swap\" dan akibatnya tidak didaftarkan sebagai hutang. Ketika Eurostat pada masa itu mengabaikan statistik yang melibatkan derivatif kewangan, seorang peniaga derivatif Jerman telah memberi komentar kepada Der Spiegel bahawa \"Peraturan Maastricht boleh diasingkan secara sah melalui pertukaran,\" dan \"Pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya, Itali menggunakan helah yang sama untuk menutupi hutangnya yang sebenarnya dengan bantuan bank AS yang berbeza. \" Keadaan ini telah membolehkan Yunani dan juga banyak kerajaan Eropah lain untuk melampaui kemampuan mereka, sambil memenuhi sasaran defisit Kesatuan Eropah. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menyembunyikan hutang? || swap <> Swaps membolehkan Greece melakukan apa? || melampaui cara mereka <> Apa negara lain menyembunyikan hutangnya melalui swap? || Itali <> Apa yang boleh diatasi secara sah dengan swap? || Peraturan Maastricht", {"context": "According to Der Spiegel credits given to European governments were disguised as \"swaps\" and consequently did not get registered as debt. As Eurostat at the time ignored statistics involving financial derivatives, a German derivatives dealer had commented to Der Spiegel that \"The Maastricht rules can be circumvented quite legally through swaps,\" and \"In previous years, Italy used a similar trick to mask its true debt with the help of a different US bank.\" These conditions had enabled Greek as well as many other European governments to spend beyond their means, while meeting the deficit targets of the European Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "swaps"}], "question": "What was used to hide debts?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "spend beyond their means"}], "question": "Swaps allow Greece to do what?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What other country hid its debt through swaps?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "The Maastricht rules"}], "question": "What can legally be overcome with swaps?", "id": "57265dddf1498d1400e8dd5d"}]}], ["Kuasa perundangan dilaksanakan oleh Parlimen unicameral elektif 300 anggota. Statut yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen diisytiharkan oleh Presiden Republik. Pilihanraya parlimen diadakan setiap empat tahun, tetapi Presiden Republik diwajibkan untuk membubarkan Parlimen lebih awal mengenai cadangan Kabinet, memandangkan menangani masalah kebangsaan yang luar biasa. Presiden juga diwajibkan untuk membubarkan Parlimen sebelum ini, jika pembangkang berhasil meloloskan gerakan tidak percaya. <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam parlimen Greece? || 300 <> Berapa kerapkah pilihan raya membantu parlimen? || setiap empat tahun <> Undang-undang Parlimen diberlakukan oleh siapa? || Presiden Republik", {"context": "Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many members are in Greece's parliament? ", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "every four years"}], "question": "How often are elections help for parliament?", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "President of the Republic"}], "question": "Parliamentary statutes are put into effect by who? ", "id": "57265504dd62a815002e81c4"}]}], ["Greece mempunyai perkhidmatan ketenteraan wajib universal untuk lelaki, manakala perempuan dikecualikan daripada wajib, tetapi mungkin sebaliknya berkhidmat dalam tentera. Sehingga tahun 2009 [kemas kini], perkhidmatan ketenteraan mandatori adalah sembilan bulan untuk warganegara lelaki berumur antara 19 dan 45 tahun. Selain itu, lelaki Yunani antara umur 18 dan 60 yang tinggal di kawasan sensitif strategik mungkin dikehendaki berkhidmat sambilan dalam Pengawal Kebangsaan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila tentera telah berusaha menjadi tenaga profesional sepenuhnya, kerajaan telah berjanji untuk mengurangkan perkhidmatan ketenteraan wajib atau menghapuskan sepenuhnya. <> Jenis perkhidmatan ketenteraan apa yang diperlukan Greece? || wajib universal <> Bolehkah perempuan digubal ke dalam tentera? || perempuan dikecualikan dari pengesahan <> Apa panjang perkhidmatan ketenteraan yang diperlukan oleh lelaki? || sembilan bulan <> Pada usia berapa lelaki mungkin dikehendaki berkhidmat di Pengawal Kebangsaan? || 18 dan 60", {"context": "Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females are exempted from conscription but may otherwise serve in the military. As of 2009[update], mandatory military service is nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. Additionally, Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. However, as the military has sought to become a completely professional force, the government has promised to reduce mandatory military service or abolish it completely.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "universal compulsory"}], "question": "What type of military service does Greece require?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "females are exempted from conscription"}], "question": "Can females be drafted into the military?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "nine months"}], "question": "What is the length of military service required of men?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f7039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "18 and 60"}], "question": "At what age might men required to serve in the National Guard?", "id": "5726593a5951b619008f703a"}]}], ["Ekonomi Yunani dikelaskan sebagai maju dan berpendapatan tinggi. Greece adalah ahli pengasas Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD) dan Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi Laut Hitam (BSEC). Pada tahun 1979, kesertaan negara di Komuniti Eropah dan pasaran tunggal telah ditandatangani, dan prosesnya telah siap pada tahun 1982. Yunani diterima ke dalam Kesatuan Ekonomi dan Monopoli Kesatuan Eropah pada 19 Jun 2000, dan pada Januari 2001 mengadopsi Euro sebagai mata wangnya, menggantikan drakma Yunani pada kadar pertukaran 340.75 drachma kepada Euro. Greece juga merupakan ahli Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa dan Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia, dan menduduki tangga ke-24 pada Indeks Globalisasi KOF untuk tahun 2013. <> Apakah pengelasan ekonomi Yunani? || maju dan berpendapatan tinggi <> Greece membantu menemui organisasi ekonomi apa? || Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan (OECD) dan Pertubuhan Kerjasama Ekonomi Laut Hitam (BSEC) <> Kapan Greece diterima ke Kesatuan Eropah? || 19 Jun 2000 <> Bilakah Yunani mulai menggunakan Euro sebagai mata wangnya? || Januari 2001 <> Apakah mata wang bekas Greece? || drakma Yunani", {"context": "The Greek economy is classified as advanced and high-income. Greece was a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC). In 1979 the accession of the country in the European Communities and the single market was signed, and the process was completed in 1982. Greece was accepted into the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union on 19 June 2000, and in January 2001 adopted the Euro as its currency, replacing the Greek drachma at an exchange rate of 340.75 drachma to the Euro. Greece is also a member of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization, and is ranked 24th on the KOF Globalization Index for 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "advanced and high-income"}], "question": "What classification does the Greek economy hold?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)"}], "question": "Greece help found what economic organizations?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "19 June 2000"}], "question": "When was Greece accepted into the European Union?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c38f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "January 2001"}], "question": "When did Greece start using the Euro as its currency?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "the Greek drachma"}], "question": "What was Greece's former currency?", "id": "57265cec708984140094c391"}]}], ["Sejak pembaharuan program Kallikratis mulai berlaku pada 1 Januari 2011, Greece telah merangkumi tiga belas wilayah yang terbahagi kepada 325 majlis perbandaran. 54 wilayah pemerintahan lama dan pentadbiran peringkat-tinggi telah sebahagian besarnya ditahan sebagai sub-unit wilayah. Tujuh pentadbir pentadbiran terpusat satu hingga tiga wilayah untuk tujuan pentadbiran secara serantau. Terdapat juga satu kawasan autonomi, Gunung Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Gunung Suci\"), yang bersempadan dengan wilayah Macedonia Tengah. <> Berapa rantau di Greece sejak 2011? || tiga belas <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran di Greece? || 325 <> Apa yang berkuatkuasa pada 1 Januari 2011? || Pembaharuan program Kallikratis <> Apa kawasan autonomi di Greece? || Mount Athos <> Di mana terletak Gunung Athos? || bersempadan dengan wilayah Macedonia Tengah", {"context": "Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece has consisted of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, \"Holy Mountain\"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "How many regions exist in Greece since 2011?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "325"}], "question": "How many municipalities exist in Greece? ", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Kallikratis programme reform"}], "question": "What went into effect on January 1, 2011?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Mount Athos"}], "question": "What is the one autonomous area in Greece?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "borders the region of Central Macedonia"}], "question": "Where is Mount Athos located?", "id": "57265a1ef1498d1400e8dce6"}]}], ["Dengan ekonomi yang lebih besar daripada semua gabungan ekonomi Balkan, Greece adalah ekonomi terbesar di Balkan, dan pelabur serantau yang penting. Greece adalah dua pelabur modal asing di Albania, tiga pelabur asing di Bulgaria, di tiga negara pelabur asing di Romania dan Serbia dan rakan perdagangan paling penting dan pelabur asing terbesar Republik Macedonia. Bank-bank Yunani membuka cawangan baru di suatu tempat di Balkan secara hampir setiap minggu. Syarikat telekomunikasi Yunani OTE telah menjadi pelabur yang kuat di Yugoslavia dan negara-negara Balkan yang lain. <> Ekonomi Greece apa saiznya? || lebih besar daripada semua ekonomi Balkan yang dikombinasikan <> Apakah pangkat Greece memegang sebagai pelabur Albania? || nombor dua <> Apa peringkat Yunani memegang sebagai pelabur Bulgaria? || nombor tiga <> Greece adalah pelabur asing terbesar di kawasan apa? || Republik Macedonia <> OTE dikenali sebagai apa? || Syarikat telekomunikasi Yunani", {"context": "With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "larger than all the Balkan economies combined"}], "question": "Greece's economy is what size?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "number-two"}], "question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "number-three"}], "question": "What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Republic of Macedonia"}], "question": "Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area? ", "id": "57265c22708984140094c386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Greek telecommunications company"}], "question": "OTE is known as what?", "id": "57265c22708984140094c387"}]}], ["Greece adalah negara maju dengan taraf hidup yang tinggi [rujukan?] Dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang tinggi. Ekonominya sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada sektor perkhidmatan (85.0%) dan industri (12.0%), manakala pertanian menghasilkan 3.0% daripada keluaran ekonomi negara. Industri-industri penting Yunani termasuk pelancongan (dengan 14.9 juta pelancong antarabangsa pada tahun 2009, ia disenaraikan sebagai negara ke-7 paling banyak dikunjungi di Kesatuan Eropah dan ke-16 di dunia oleh Pertubuhan Pelancongan Sedunia Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu) dan perkapalan saudagar (di 16.2% jumlah kapasiti, marin pedagang Yunani adalah yang terbesar di dunia), sementara negara ini juga merupakan pengeluar pertanian yang besar (termasuk perikanan) dalam kesatuan. <> Sektor terbesar ekonomi Greece adalah apa? || sektor perkhidmatan <> Berapa peratus daripada ekonomi sektor perkhidmatan Greece? || 85.0% <> Sebanyak peratus daripada ekonomi pertanian merangkumi? || 3.0% <> Berapa ramai pelancong melawat Greece pada tahun 2009? || 14.9 juta <> Greece memegang pangkat di kalangan negara-negara yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia? || 16th", {"context": "Greece is a developed country with high standards of living[citation needed] and high Human Development Index. Its economy mainly comprises the service sector (85.0%) and industry (12.0%), while agriculture makes up 3.0% of the national economic output. Important Greek industries include tourism (with 14.9 million international tourists in 2009, it is ranked as the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world by the United Nations World Tourism Organization) and merchant shipping (at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, the Greek merchant marine is the largest in the world), while the country is also a considerable agricultural producer (including fisheries) within the union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the service sector"}], "question": "The largest sector of Greece's economy is what?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "85.0%"}], "question": "What percentage of the economy is Greece's service sector?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "3.0%"}], "question": "What percentage of the economy does agriculture comprise?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "14.9 million"}], "question": "How many tourist visited Greece in 2009?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "16th"}], "question": "Greece holds what rank among most visited countries in the world?", "id": "57265b42dd62a815002e828e"}]}], ["Dasar luar Greece dilaksanakan melalui Kementerian Luar Negeri dan ketua, Menteri Luar Negeri. Menteri sekarang Nikos Kotzias. Menurut laman web rasmi, matlamat utama Kementerian Luar Negeri adalah mewakili Greece sebelum negara-negara lain dan organisasi antarabangsa; melindungi kepentingan negara Yunani dan warganya di luar negara; promosi budaya Yunani; memupuk hubungan yang lebih erat dengan diaspora Yunani; dan promosi kerjasama antarabangsa. Di samping itu, kerana kedudukan politik dan geografinya dengan Eropah, Asia, Timur Tengah dan Afrika, Greece adalah negara yang mempunyai kepentingan geostrategik yang penting dan dianggap sebagai kuasa tengah dan telah membangunkan dasar serantau untuk membantu mempromosikan keamanan dan kestabilan dalam Balkan, Mediterranean, dan Timur Tengah. <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua bagi dasar luar Greece? || Menteri Luar Negeri <> Siapa Menteri Luar Negeri sekarang? || Nikos Kotzias <> Matlamat Kementerian Luar Negeri adalah apa? || mewakili Greece sebelum negara-negara lain dan organisasi-organisasi antarabangsa <> Yunani adalah walaupun apa jenis kuasa? || kuasa tengah <> Greece mempunyai berapa banyak kepentingan strategik? || penting", {"context": "Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Nikos Kotzias. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations; safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad; the promotion of Greek culture; the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora; and the promotion of international cooperation. Additionally, due to its political and geographical proximity to Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, Greece is a country of significant geostrategic importance and is considered to be a middle power and has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Minister for Foreign Affairs"}], "question": "Who is the head for Greece's foreign policy?", "id": "57265844708984140094c337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Nikos Kotzias"}], "question": "Who is the present Minister of Foreign Affairs?", "id": "57265844708984140094c338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "represent Greece before other states and international organizations"}], "question": "The goal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is what?", "id": "57265844708984140094c339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "a middle power"}], "question": "Greece is though of as what kind of power?", "id": "57265844708984140094c33a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "significant"}], "question": "Greece has how much strategic importance?", "id": "57265844708984140094c33b"}]}], ["Mengikut Perlembagaan, kuasa eksekutif dilaksanakan oleh Presiden Republik dan Kerajaan. Dari pindaan Perlembagaan 1986, tugas-tugas Presiden telah dikurangkan ke tahap yang besar, dan mereka kini sebahagian besar upacara; kebanyakan kuasa politik itu terletak di tangan Perdana Menteri. Kedudukan Perdana Menteri, ketua kerajaan Greece, dimiliki oleh pemimpin partai politik saat ini yang dapat memperoleh suara keyakinan oleh Parlemen. Presiden Republik secara rasminya melantik Perdana Menteri dan, atas syornya, melantik dan menolak ahli-ahli Kabinet yang lain. <> Perlembagaan telah dipinda untuk mengurangkan kuasa Presiden pada tahun berapa? || 1986 <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa paling politik di Greece? || Perdana Menteri <> Perdana Menteri dipilih oleh siapa? || Parlimen <> Yang secara rasmi menamakan Perdana Menteri? || Presiden Republik", {"context": "According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government. From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister. The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1986"}], "question": "The constitution was amended to reduce the President's power in what year?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Prime Minister"}], "question": "Who has the most political power in Greece?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "the Parliament"}], "question": "The Prime Minister is elected by who?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "President of the Republic"}], "question": "Who formally names the Prime Minister?", "id": "572653eedd62a815002e81a7"}]}], ["Kerajaan campuran memimpin negara ke pilihan raya parlimen Mei 2012. Kuasa parti politik tradisional Yunani, PASOK dan Demokrasi Baru, masing-masing berkurang daripada 43% hingga 13% dan dari 33% hingga 18%, kerana sokongan mereka pada politik Mnimonio dan langkah-langkah penjimatan. Parti kiri dari SYRIZA menjadi parti utama kedua, dengan peningkatan dari 4% hingga 16%. Tiada parti boleh membentuk kerajaan mampan, yang membawa kepada pemilihan parlimen pada bulan Jun 2012. Keputusan pilihan raya kedua adalah pembentukan kerajaan gabungan yang terdiri daripada Demokrasi Baru (29%), PASOK (12%) dan Demokratik Kiri (6 %) pihak. <> Pada bulan Mei 2012, yang memulakan pemilihan parlimen? || Kerajaan campuran <> Apa yang menyebabkan kehilangan kuasa parti-parti Greek tradisional? || sokongan mereka terhadap politik Mnimonio dan langkah-langkah penjimatan <> Siapa yang menjadi parti utama kedua selepas pilihan raya? || Parti kiri dari SYRIZA <> Apa yang menyebabkan pemilihan kedua 2012? || Tiada pihak boleh membentuk kerajaan mampan <> Apa hasil demografi pilihan raya kedua? || kerajaan gabungan terdiri daripada Demokrasi Baru (29%), PASOK (12%) dan Parti Demokratik (6%).", {"context": "The coalition government led the country to the parliamentary elections of May 2012. The power of the traditional Greek political parties, PASOK and New Democracy, declined from 43% to 13% and from 33% to 18%, respectively, due to their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures. The leftist party of SYRIZA became the second major party, with an increase from 4% to 16%. No party could form a sustainable government, which led to the parliamentary elections of June 2012. The result of the second elections was the formation of a coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The coalition government"}], "question": "In May 2012, who started the parliamentary elections?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "their support on the politics of Mnimonio and the austerity measures"}], "question": "What led to the loss of power of traditional Greek parties? ", "id": "572657145951b619008f7016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "The leftist party of SYRIZA"}], "question": "Who became the second major party after the elections?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "No party could form a sustainable government"}], "question": "What caused the second election of 2012? ", "id": "572657145951b619008f7018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "coalition government composed of New Democracy (29%), PASOK (12%) and Democratic Left (6%) parties."}], "question": "What was the demographic result of the second election?", "id": "572657145951b619008f7019"}]}], ["Sambungan keretapi memainkan peranan yang agak kecil di Greece daripada di banyak negara Eropah yang lain, tetapi mereka juga telah berkembang, dengan sambungan kereta api pinggir bandar / komuter baru, yang diservis oleh Proastiakos sekitar Athens, ke lapangan terbangnya, Kiato dan Chalkida; sekitar Thessaloniki, ke arah bandar Larissa dan Edessa; dan sekitar Patras. Sambungan kereta api antara bandar moden antara Athens dan Thessaloniki juga telah ditubuhkan, manakala peningkatan ke atas dua jalur di banyak bahagian rangkaian 2,500 km (1,600 mi) sedang dijalankan. Talian keretapi antarabangsa menghubungkan bandar-bandar Yunani dengan seluruh Eropah, Balkan dan Turki. <> Berapa lamakah sistem kereta api Greek? || 1,600 mt <> Rancangan menaik taraf keretapi semasa untuk melakukan apa? || dua baris <> Sambungan kereta api moden yang baru telah dibuat di antara dua bandar itu? || Athens dan Thessaloniki", {"context": "Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "1,600 mi"}], "question": "How long is the Greek railway system?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "double lines"}], "question": "A current railway upgrade plans to do what?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Athens and Thessaloniki"}], "question": "A new modern rail connection has been made between which two cities?", "id": "5726612add62a815002e831c"}]}], ["Semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20 terdapat pertikaian utama yang dikenali sebagai soalan bahasa Yunani, sama ada bahasa rasmi Yunani mestilah Katharevousa kuno, yang dibuat pada abad ke-19 dan digunakan sebagai bahasa negara dan ilmiah, atau Dimotiki, yang bentuk bahasa Yunani yang berkembang secara semulajadi dari Greek Byzantine dan merupakan bahasa rakyat. Pertikaian itu akhirnya diselesaikan pada tahun 1976, ketika Dimotiki dibuat satu-satunya variasi resmi bahasa Yunani, dan Katharevousa jatuh untuk tidak digunakan. <> Bilakah pertikaian Bahasa Yunani berlaku? || Semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20 <> Bilakah bahasa Yunani dibuat oleh Katharevousa? || abad ke-19 <> Bahasa mana yang dianggap bahasa orang? || Dimotiki <> Bahasa apa yang dibuat satu-satunya variasi rasmi pada tahun 1976? || Dimotiki <> Dari mana bahasa dimotiki berkembang? || Byzantine Greek", {"context": "During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as the Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During the 19th and 20th centuries"}], "question": "When did the Greek Language dispute take place?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "the 19th century"}], "question": "When was the Greek language Katharevousa created?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Dimotiki"}], "question": "Which language was considered the language of the people?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Dimotiki"}], "question": "What language was made the only official variation in 1976?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Byzantine Greek"}], "question": "From which language did Dimotiki evolve?", "id": "57266a195951b619008f71fd"}]}], ["Kafe internet yang menyediakan akses bersih, aplikasi pejabat dan permainan berbilang pemain juga merupakan penglihatan biasa di negara ini, manakala internet mudah alih pada rangkaian 3G dan 4G-LTE dan sambungan Wi-Fi boleh didapati di mana-mana sahaja. Penggunaan internet mudah alih 3G / 4G telah meningkat dengan pesat dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, dengan peningkatan 340% antara Ogos 2011 dan Ogos 2012. Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menempatkan Greece di antara 30 negara teratas dengan infrastruktur maklumat dan komunikasi yang sangat maju. <> Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, penggunaan apa yang telah meningkat secara mendadak? || Internet mudah alih 3G / 4G <> Berapa banyak peningkatan penggunaan internet dalam setahun? || 340% <> Di manakah kedudukan Yunani dalam kerja dengan komunikasi? || antara 30 negara teratas", {"context": "Internet caf\u00e9s that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G and 4G- LTE cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere. 3G/4G mobile internet usage has been on a sharp increase in recent years, with a 340% increase between August 2011 and August 2012. The United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks Greece among the top 30 countries with a highly developed information and communications infrastructure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "3G/4G mobile internet"}], "question": "In recent years, what usage has risen dramatically?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "340%"}], "question": "How much did internet usage increase in one year?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "among the top 30 countries"}], "question": "Where does Greece rank in the work with communications?", "id": "5726625cf1498d1400e8ddcc"}]}], ["Dari segi jumlah kapal, Tentera Laut Merchant Yunani berada di 4 di seluruh dunia, dengan 3,150 kapal (741 daripadanya didaftarkan di Greece manakala 2,409 di pelabuhan lain). Dari segi kategori kapal, Greece berada di peringkat pertama dalam kedua-dua kapal tangki dan pembawa pukal kering, keempat dalam bilangan bekas, dan kelima dalam kapal lain. Walau bagaimanapun, jadual armada hari ini lebih kecil daripada paras tertinggi sepanjang 5,000 kapal pada akhir 1970-an. Di samping itu, jumlah kapal yang terbang bendera Yunani (termasuk armada bukan Yunani) adalah 1,517, atau 5.3% daripada dwt di dunia (di kedudukan ke-5). <> Di mana tentera Merchant Yunani berada di kedudukan? || Ke-4 di seluruh dunia <> Berapa banyak kapal yang ada di Tentera Laut Merchant Yunani? || 3,150 <> Di manakah Yunani menilai bilangan tangki? || pertama", {"context": "In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports). In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships. However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s. Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "4th worldwide"}], "question": "Where is the Greek Merchant Navy ranked?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "3,150"}], "question": "How many ships does the Greek Merchant Navy have?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "first"}], "question": "Where does Greece rank in number of tankers?", "id": "57265fcf708984140094c3f7"}]}], ["Taman teknologi Greece dengan kemudahan inkubator termasuk Taman Sains dan Teknologi Crete (Heraklion), Taman Teknologi Thessaloniki, Taman Teknologi Lavrio dan Taman Sains Patras, Taman Sains dan Teknologi Epirus (Ioannina). Greece telah menjadi ahli Agensi Angkasa Eropah (ESA) sejak tahun 2005. Kerjasama antara ESA dan Jawatankuasa Angkasa Negara Hellenik bermula pada awal 1990-an. Pada tahun 1994, Greece dan ESA menandatangani perjanjian kerjasama pertama mereka. Setelah memohon secara penuh untuk keahlian penuh pada tahun 2003, Greece menjadi ahli keenam belas ESA pada 16 Mac 2005. Sebagai ahli ESA, Greece mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti telekomunikasi dan teknologi agensi, dan Pemantauan Global untuk Inisiatif Keselamatan dan Alam Sekitar. <> Greece telah menjadi ahli agensi apa sejak tahun 2005? || Agensi Angkasa Eropah (ESA) <> Greece dan ESA menandatangani perjanjian pertama mereka dalam tahun berapa? || 1994 <> Bilakah / Greece memohon keahlian ESA? || 2003 <> Greece disenaraikan sebagai ahli ESA? || Keenam belas <> Greece menjadi ahli ESA penuh ketika? || 16 Mac 2005", {"context": "Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park, the Science and Technology Park of Epirus (Ioannina). Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "European Space Agency (ESA)"}], "question": "Greece has been a member of what agency since 2005?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "1994"}], "question": "Greece and ESA signed their first agreement in what year?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did /Greece apply for ESA membership?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "sixteenth"}], "question": "Greece is ranked as what member of ESA?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "16 March 2005"}], "question": "Greece became a full ESA member when?", "id": "572663205951b619008f712f"}]}], ["Greece hari ini agak homogen dalam segi linguistik, dengan majoriti penduduk asli menggunakan bahasa Yunani sebagai bahasa pertama atau satu-satunya. Antara penduduk berbahasa Yunani, penceramah dialek Pontic yang tersendiri datang ke Greece dari Asia Minor selepas pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yunani dan merupakan kumpulan yang cukup besar. Dialek Cappadocian datang ke Greece kerana genosida juga, tetapi terancam dan hampir tidak dibicarakan sekarang. Dialek Yunani pribumi termasuk Yunani kuno yang dituturkan oleh Sarakatsani, pengembara gunung tradisional transhument Macedonia dan bahagian-bahagian lain dari Yunani Utara. Bahasa Tsakonian, bahasa Yunani yang berbeza yang berasal dari Doric Greek dan bukan Ionik Yunani, masih dituturkan di beberapa buah desa di Peloponnese tenggara. <> Apakah bahasa yang digunakan oleh kebanyakan orang Yunani? || Greek <> Yunani yang bercakap dialek Pontic berasal dari mana? || Asia Minor <> Yang dialek Yunani yang hampir tidak dituturkan pada masa ini? || Cappadocian <> Dari bahasa mana yang diterbitkan oleh bahasa Tsakonian? || Doric Greek", {"context": "Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group. The Cappadocian dialect came to Greece due to the genocide as well, but is endangered and is barely spoken now. Indigenous Greek dialects include the archaic Greek spoken by the Sarakatsani, traditionally transhument mountain shepherds of Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece. The Tsakonian language, a distinct Greek language deriving from Doric Greek instead of Ionic Greek, is still spoken in some villages in the southeastern Peloponnese.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What is the language spoken by most Greeks?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Asia Minor"}], "question": "Greeks who speak the Pontic dialect came from where?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Cappadocian"}], "question": "Which Greek dialect is barely spoken currently?", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Doric Greek"}], "question": "From which language did the Tsakonian language derive? ", "id": "57266b20dd62a815002e8449"}]}], ["Anggaran minoriti Muslim Yunani yang diiktiraf, yang kebanyakannya terletak di Thrace, berkisar dari 98,000 hingga 140,000, (kira-kira 1%) manakala jumlah pendatang Muslim di antara 200,000 dan 300,000. Pendatang Albania ke Greece biasanya dikaitkan dengan agama Islam, walaupun kebanyakan adalah sekular dalam orientasi. Berikutan Perang Greco-Turki 1919-1922 dan Perjanjian 1923 Lausanne, Greece dan Turki bersetuju untuk perpindahan penduduk berdasarkan identiti budaya dan agama. Kira-kira 500,000 orang Islam dari Greece, yang kebanyakannya ditakrifkan sebagai Turki, tetapi juga orang-orang Yunani Yunani seperti Vallahades dari Macedonia barat, telah ditukar dengan kira-kira 1,500,000 orang Yunani dari Turki. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak pelarian yang menetap di bekas kampung Muslim Uthmaniyyah di Makedonia Tengah dan ditakrifkan sebagai Greek Orthodox Caucasus Greeks tiba dari bekas wilayah Transcaucasus Rusia Kars Wilayah selepas ia telah diubah ke Turki tetapi dalam beberapa tahun sebelum pertukaran penduduk rasmi. <> Apakah minoriti agama di Greece? || Muslim <> Muslim minoriti kebanyakannya terletak di bandar apa? || Thrace <> Pendatang dari Albania biasanya agama apa? || Muslim <> Orang-orang Yunani Yunani berada dalam pertukaran penduduk dengan negara apa? || Turki", {"context": "Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000, (about 1%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation. Following the 1919\u20131922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly those defined as Turks, but also Greek Muslims like the Vallahades of western Macedonia, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Turkey. However, many refugees who settled in former Ottoman Muslim villages in Central Macedonia and were defined as Christian Orthodox Caucasus Greeks arrived from the former Russian Transcaucasus province of Kars Oblast after it had been retroceded to Turkey but in the few years before the official population exchange.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What is the religious minority in Greece?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Thrace"}], "question": "The Muslim minority is mostly located in what city?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "Immigrants from Albania are usually what religion?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "Greek Muslims were in a population exchange with what country?", "id": "57266792dd62a815002e83d3"}]}], ["Warganegara Yunani yang Katolik Roman dianggarkan sekitar 50,000 dengan komuniti pendatang Katolik Roma di negara ini kira-kira 200,000. Pengikut Kalendar Lama mempunyai 500,000 pengikut. Protestan, termasuk Gereja Evangelikal Yunani dan Gereja Evangelikal Percuma, berdiri kira-kira 30,000. Perhimpunan Tuhan, Gereja Antarabangsa Injil Foursquare dan gereja-gereja Pentakosta lain dari Synod Yunani Gereja Apostolik mempunyai 12,000 ahli. Gereja Bebas Pentakosta Bebas Pentakosta adalah denominasi Protestan terbesar di Greece dengan 120 gereja. Tidak ada statistik rasmi mengenai Gereja Apostolik Percuma Pentakosta, tetapi Gereja Ortodoks menganggarkan pengikutnya sebagai 20.000. Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa melaporkan 28,874 anggota aktif. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini terdapat kebangkitan kecil agama Yunani kuno, dengan anggaran 2,000 orang pengamal aktif, dan 100,000 \"simpatisan\". <> Berapa ramai rakyat asli Yunani adalah Katolik? || 50,000 <> Berapa ramai pendatang Romawi Katolik berada di Greece? || 200,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Protestan tinggal di Greece? || 30,000 <> Berapa banyak gereja mempunyai denominasi Protestan yang terbesar? || 120 <> Berapa banyak Saksi Yehuwa di Greece? || 28,874", {"context": "Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church have 12,000 members. Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches. There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000. The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,874 active members. In recent years there has been a small-scale revival of the ancient Greek religion, with estimates of 2,000 people active practitioners, and 100,000 \"sympathisers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many Greek natural citizens are Catholic?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many Roman Catholic immigrants are in Greece?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many Protestants live in Greece? ", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many churches does the biggest Protestant denomination have?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "28,874"}], "question": "How many Jehovah's Witnesses are in Greece?", "id": "57266881f1498d1400e8deb2"}]}], ["Sebilangan besar pelawat di Greece pada tahun 2007 berasal dari benua Eropah, berjumlah 12.7 juta, sementara kebanyakan pengunjung dari satu kebangsaan adalah dari United Kingdom, (2.6 juta), diikuti oleh Jerman (2.3 juta). Pada tahun 2010, kawasan yang paling banyak dikunjungi di Greece ialah Makedonia Tengah, dengan 18% daripada jumlah pelancong negara (berjumlah 3.6 juta pelancong), diikuti oleh Attica dengan 2.6 juta dan Peloponnese dengan 1.8 juta. Northern Greece adalah wilayah geografi yang paling banyak dikunjungi negara, dengan 6.5 juta pelancong, sementara Central Greece kedua dengan 6.3 juta. <> Di manakah kebanyakan pengunjung Greece datang? || benua Eropah <> Berapa ramai pelawat Greece dari Eropah? || 12.7 juta <> Apa bangsa tunggal dengan kebanyakan pelawat? || United Kingdom <> Bahagian manakah dari Greece yang paling banyak dikunjungi? || Macedonia Tengah <> Greece Utara mendapat bilangan pelawat? || 6.5 juta", {"context": "The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the European continent"}], "question": "Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "12.7 million"}], "question": "How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "What is the single nation with the most visitors?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Central Macedonia"}], "question": "Which part of Greece is the most visited?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "6.5 million"}], "question": "Northern Greece gets how many visitors?", "id": "57266080f1498d1400e8ddb0"}]}], ["Ahli sains Yunani terkenal zaman moden termasuk Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (pencipta ujian Pap), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (terkenal dengan teorema Carath\u00e9odory dan Carath\u00e9odory), Manolis Andronikos (menemui makam Philip II dari Macedon di Vergina) , Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize atas sumbangannya pada fizik quark pesona, sumbangan besar kepada kelahiran Model Standard, teori moden Zarah Elementari), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Anugerah Turing, \"Hadiah Nobel\" Sains Komputer), Christos Papadimitriou (Hadiah Knuth 2002, Hadiah G\u00f6del 2012), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos dan Helene Ahrweiler. <> Apakah saintis Yunani mencipta ujian Pap? || Georgios Papanikolaou <> Siapa yang menemui kubur Philip II of Macedon? || Manolis Andronikos <> Apakah bahasa Yunani memenangi anugerah Turing 2007? || Joseph Sifakis <> Apa yang telah memenangi hadiah pada tahun 2002? || Christos Papadimitriou <> Apakah bahasa Yunani memenangi hadiah Knuth 2005? || Mihalis Yannakakis", {"context": "Notable Greek scientists of modern times include Dimitrios Galanos, Georgios Papanikolaou (inventor of the Pap test), Nicholas Negroponte, Constantin Carath\u00e9odory (known for the Carath\u00e9odory theorems and Carath\u00e9odory conjecture), Manolis Andronikos (discovered the tomb of Philip II of Macedon in Vergina), Michael Dertouzos, John Argyris, Panagiotis Kondylis, John Iliopoulos (2007 Dirac Prize for his contributions on the physics of the charm quark, a major contribution to the birth of the Standard Model, the modern theory of Elementary Particles), Joseph Sifakis (2007 Turing Award, the \"Nobel Prize\" of Computer Science), Christos Papadimitriou (2002 Knuth Prize, 2012 G\u00f6del Prize), Mihalis Yannakakis (2005 Knuth Prize), Dimitri Nanopoulos and Helene Ahrweiler.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Georgios Papanikolaou"}], "question": "What Greek scientist invented the Pap test?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Manolis Andronikos"}], "question": "Who found the tomb of Philip II of Macedon?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Joseph Sifakis"}], "question": "What Greek won the 2007 Turing award?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "Christos Papadimitriou"}], "question": "What Greek won the 2002 Knuth prize?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Mihalis Yannakakis"}], "question": "What Greek won the 2005 Knuth prize?", "id": "57266556f1498d1400e8de3e"}]}], ["Kebudayaan Yunani telah berevolusi beribu-ribu tahun, bermula di Mycenaean Greece dan berterusan terutama ke Klasik Yunani, melalui pengaruh Empayar Rom dan kesinambungan Yunani Timur, Empayar Timur atau Empayar Byzantine. Kebudayaan dan negara-negara lain, seperti negara Latin dan Frank, Empayar Uthmaniyyah, Republik Venetia, Republik Genoa, dan Empayar Britania juga telah meninggalkan pengaruh mereka terhadap budaya Yunani moden, walaupun ahli sejarah memperjuangkan Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani dengan menghidupkan semula Greece dan melahirkan entiti kohesif tunggal budaya yang pelbagai. <> Dimana budaya Yunani bermula? || Mycenaean Greece <> Apa sejarah ahli kredit dengan menghidupkan semula budaya Yunani? || Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani <> Perkembangan budaya Yunani telah berkembang sepanjang tempoh masa apa? || beribu tahun", {"context": "The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece and continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern continuation, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and nations, such as the Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, the Genoese Republic, and the British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, although historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single, cohesive entity of its multi-faceted culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Mycenaean Greece"}], "question": "Where did Greece culture begin?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Greek War of Independence"}], "question": "What do historians credit with revitalizing Greek culture?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "thousands of years"}], "question": "The evolution of Grecian culture has evolved over what time period?", "id": "57267541708984140094c6cb"}]}], ["Pada zaman purba, Greece adalah tempat kelahiran budaya Barat. Demokrasi moden berhutang hutang kepada kepercayaan Yunani dalam kerajaan oleh rakyat, perbicaraan oleh juri, dan kesaksamaan di bawah undang-undang. Orang Yunani purba mempelopori dalam banyak bidang yang bergantung pada pemikiran sistematik, termasuk biologi, geometri, sejarah, falsafah, fizik dan matematik. Mereka memperkenalkan bentuk sastera penting seperti puisi, sejarah, tragedi, dan komedi epik dan lirik. Dalam usaha mengejar ketertiban dan perkadaran, orang Yunani mencipta kecantikan ideal yang sangat mempengaruhi seni Barat. <> Yunani adalah perintis dalam banyak bidang saintifik yang memerlukan apa? || pemikiran sistematik <> Apakah pengaruh falsafah politik Greece? || Demokrasi moden <> Yunani purba adalah tempat kelahiran apa? || Budaya barat", {"context": "In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "systematic thought"}], "question": "Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Modern democracies"}], "question": "What did Greece's political philosophy affect?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Western culture"}], "question": "Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?", "id": "5726760c708984140094c6df"}]}], ["Orang-orang Yunani mempunyai tradisi lama untuk menilai dan melabur dalam paideia (pendidikan). Paideia adalah salah satu nilai masyarakat tertinggi di dunia Yunani dan Hellenistik sementara institusi Eropah yang pertama digambarkan sebagai sebuah universiti ditubuhkan pada abad ke-5 Constantinople dan beroperasi dalam pelbagai inkarnasi sehinggalah kejatuhan bandar ke Uthmaniyah pada tahun 1453. Universiti Constantinople adalah Kristian Institusi pengajian tinggi sekular pertama di Eropah kerana tidak ada mata pelajaran teologi yang diajar, dan mengingat makna asal universiti dunia sebagai perbadanan pelajar, universiti pertama di dunia. <> Paideia juga dikenali sebagai apa? || pendidikan <> Universiti Eropah pertama dicipta di bandar apa? || Constantinople <> Bilakah Konstantinopel diambil alih oleh Uthmaniyyah? || 1453", {"context": "Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in paideia (education). Paideia was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the city's fall to the Ottomans in 1453. The University of Constantinople was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught, and considering the original meaning of the world university as a corporation of students, the world\u2019s first university as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "education"}], "question": "Paideia is also known as what?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "The first European university was created in what city?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "1453"}], "question": "When was Constantinople taken over by the Ottoman?", "id": "57267131dd62a815002e8502"}]}], ["Satu kajian dari Balai Cerap Migrasi Mediterranean berpendapat bahawa banci 2001 mencatat 762,191 orang yang menetap di Yunani tanpa kewarganegaraan Yunani, yang membentuk sekitar 7% daripada jumlah penduduk. Daripada penduduk bukan warganegara, 48,560 adalah Kesatuan Eropah atau Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah dan 17,426 orang Cyprus dengan status istimewa. Majoriti berasal dari negara-negara Eropah Timur: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) dan Romania (3%), sementara migran dari bekas Soviet Union (Georgia, Rusia, Ukraine, Moldova, dll) jumlahnya. Sebahagian daripada pendatang dari Albania berasal dari minoriti Yunani di Albania yang berpusat di wilayah Epirus Utara. Tambahan pula jumlah penduduk kebangsaan Albania yang termasuk pendatang sementara dan orang tidak berdokumen adalah sekitar 600,000. <> Pada tahun 2001, berapa penduduk Yunani bukan warganegara? || 762,191 <> Pada tahun 2001, apakah peratusan populasi penduduk bukan warganegara? || 7% <> Dari manakah kebanyakan penduduk bukan warganegara datang? || Negara Eropah Timur <> Berapa jumlah penduduk Albania di Greece? || 600,000", {"context": "A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "762,191"}], "question": "In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "7%"}], "question": "In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Eastern European countries"}], "question": "From where did most non-citizen residents come? ", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "600,000"}], "question": "What is the total Albanian population in Greece?", "id": "57266e29dd62a815002e8495"}]}], ["Berhampiran sempadan Yunani utara terdapat juga beberapa kumpulan berbahasa Slavia, yang dikenali sebagai bahasa Slavomacedonian, yang kebanyakan ahlinya mengenal pasti secara etnik sebagai orang Yunani. Dialek mereka boleh diklasifikasikan secara linguistik sebagai bentuk sama ada Macedonia Slavic atau Bulgaria. Dianggarkan bahawa selepas pertukaran penduduk tahun 1923, Macedonia mempunyai 200,000 hingga 400,000 penceramah Slavic. Komuniti Yahudi di Greece secara tradisinya bercakap Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), hari ini diselenggarakan hanya oleh beberapa ribu pembicara. Lain-lain bahasa minoriti yang penting termasuk bahasa Armenia, Georgia, dan dialek Greco-Turk yang dituturkan oleh Urums, komuniti orang Yunani Caucasus dari rantau Tsalka di Georgia tengah dan etnik Yunani dari tenggara Ukraine yang tiba terutamanya di utara Greece sebagai pendatang ekonomi pada tahun 1990-an . <> Di mana kumpulan berbahasa Slavic biasanya dijumpai? || sempadan Yunani utara <> Macedonia mempunyai bilangan penutur Slavic? || 200,000 hingga 400,000 <> Masyarakat Yahudi Yunani bercakap bahasa apa secara tradisinya? || Ladino <> The Urums dikenali untuk bercakap dialek apa? || Greco-Turkic", {"context": "Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic\u2013speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "northern Greek borders"}], "question": "Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "200,000 to 400,000"}], "question": "Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Ladino"}], "question": "Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Greco-Turkic"}], "question": "The Urums are known to speak what dialect?", "id": "57266d3edd62a815002e8483"}]}], ["Pendidikan menengah pasca wajib di Greece terdiri daripada dua jenis sekolah: sekolah menengah atas bersatu (Sekolah Menengah, Sekolah Menengah) dan sekolah pendidikan teknikal-vokasional (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Pendidikan menengah pasca wajib juga termasuk institut latihan vokasional (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") yang menyediakan pendidikan formal tetapi tidak dikelaskan. Memandangkan mereka dapat menerima kedua-dua graduan Gymnasio (sekolah menengah rendah) dan Lykeio (sekolah menengah atas), institusi ini tidak diklasifikasikan sebagai menawarkan tahap pendidikan tertentu. <> Pendidikan menengah Greece mempunyai berapa jenis sekolah? || dua <> Apa salah satu jenis pendidikan menengah Greece? || sekolah menengah atas bersatu <> Apa jenis institut yang menuntut pendidikan menengah termasuk? || latihan vokasional <> Apa jenis pendidikan yang disediakan oleh institusi vokasional? || formal tetapi tidak dikelaskan", {"context": "Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u039b\u03cd\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, Genik\u03cc Lykei\u03cc) and technical\u2013vocational educational schools (\u03a4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \"TEE\"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (\u0399\u03bd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \"IEK\") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "two"}], "question": "Greece's secondary education has how many school types?", "id": "57267226708984140094c655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "unified upper secondary schools"}], "question": "What is one type of Greece's secondary education?", "id": "57267226708984140094c656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "vocational training"}], "question": "What type of institute does secondary education also include?", "id": "57267226708984140094c657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "formal but unclassified"}], "question": "What type of education do vocational institutes provide?", "id": "57267226708984140094c658"}]}], ["Greece, bersama dengan Itali dan Sepanyol, merupakan pintu masuk utama bagi pendatang tanpa izin yang cuba memasuki EU. Pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece kebanyakannya berbuat demikian dari sempadan dengan Turki di Sungai Evros dan kepulauan Aegean timur di seluruh Turki (terutamanya Lesbos, Chios, Kos, dan Samos). Pada tahun 2012, majoriti pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece datang dari Afghanistan, diikuti oleh Pakistan dan Bangladesh. Pada tahun 2015, ketibaan pelarian oleh laut telah meningkat secara mendadak disebabkan oleh perang saudara Syria yang berterusan. Terdapat 856,723 ketibaan oleh laut di Greece, peningkatan hampir lima kali ganda pada tempoh yang sama tahun 2014, di mana rakyat Syria mewakili hampir 45%. Dianggarkan 8% daripada pendatang yang memohon suaka di Greece. <> Greece adalah destinasi utama untuk masuk? || pendatang tanpa izin <> Pada tahun 2012, kebanyakan pendatang tanpa izin memasuki Greece dari mana? || Afghanistan <> Imigran yang tiba di laut datang terutamanya atas sebab apa? || Perang saudara Syria <> Berapa ramai pendatang tiba di laut pada tahun 2015? || 856,723 <> Berapa peratus pendatang laut meminta suaka di Greece? || 8%", {"context": "Greece, together with Italy and Spain, is a major entry point for illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. Illegal immigrants entering Greece mostly do so from the border with Turkey at the Evros River and the islands of the eastern Aegean across from Turkey (mainly Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Samos). In 2012, the majority of illegal immigrants entering Greece came from Afghanistan, followed by Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. In 2015, arrivals of refugees by sea have increased dramatically mainly due to the ongoing Syrian civil war. There were 856,723 arrivals by sea in Greece, an almost fivefold increase to the same period of 2014, of which the Syrians represent almost 45%. An estimated 8% of the arrivals applied for asylum in Greece.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "illegal immigrants"}], "question": "Greece is a major destination for what to enter?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "In 2012, most illegal immigrants entered Greece from where?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Syrian civil war"}], "question": "Immigrants arriving by sea are coming mainly for what reason?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f729f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "856,723"}], "question": "How many immigrants arrived by sea in 2015?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "8%"}], "question": "What percentage of sea immigrants asked for asylum in Greece?", "id": "57266f905951b619008f72a1"}]}], ["Minor Muslim di Thrace, yang berjumlah kira-kira 0.95% daripada jumlah penduduk, terdiri daripada penutur bahasa Turki, Bulgaria (Pomaks) dan Romani. Romani juga dituturkan oleh Christian Roma di bahagian lain di negara ini. Lebih lanjut bahasa minoriti secara tradisional telah dituturkan oleh kumpulan penduduk serantau di pelbagai bahagian negara. Kegunaan mereka telah menurun secara radikal pada abad ke-20 melalui asimilasi dengan majoriti berbahasa Yunani. Hari ini mereka hanya dikekalkan oleh generasi yang lebih tua dan hampir hancur. Ini berlaku untuk Arvanites, sebuah kumpulan berbahasa Albania yang kebanyakannya terletak di kawasan pedalaman di sekitar ibu kota Athens, dan untuk orang Aromanian dan Moglenites, yang juga dikenali sebagai Vlachs, bahasa yang berkait rapat dengan bahasa Romania dan yang biasa hidup di beberapa kawasan dari pusat pergunungan Yunani. Ahli-ahli kumpulan ini mengenal pasti secara etnik sebagai orang Yunani dan hari ini sekurang-kurangnya dua bahasa dwibahasa dalam bahasa Yunani. <> Umat Islam membentuk berapa banyak penduduk Yunani? || 0.95% <> Bahasa minoriti telah dikurangkan disebabkan oleh apa? || asimilasi dengan majoriti berbahasa Yunani <> Di bahagian-bahagian negara, Romani dituturkan oleh siapa? || Christian Roma <> Kumpulan apa yang dipanggil Vlachs? || Aromanian dan Moglenites", {"context": "The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks) and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountainous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "0.95%"}], "question": "Muslims make up how much of the Greek population?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority"}], "question": "Minority languages have been reduce due to what?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Christian Roma"}], "question": "In parts of the country, Romani is spoken by who?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "Aromanians and Moglenites"}], "question": "What groups are called Vlachs?", "id": "57266c21f1498d1400e8df4d"}]}], ["Greece mempunyai penjagaan kesihatan sejagat. Dalam laporan Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia 2000, sistem penjagaan kesihatannya menduduki tangga ke-14 dalam prestasi keseluruhan 191 negara yang ditinjau. Dalam laporan Save the Children pada 2013, Greece menduduki tempat ke-19 negara terbaik (daripada 176 negara yang dikaji) untuk keadaan ibu dan bayi yang baru dilahirkan. Pada tahun 2010, terdapat 138 hospital dengan 31,000 katil di negara ini, tetapi pada 1 Julai 2011, Kementerian Kesihatan dan Solidariti Sosial mengumumkan rancangannya untuk mengurangkan bilangannya kepada 77 hospital dengan 36,035 katil, sebagai pembaharuan yang diperlukan untuk mengurangkan perbelanjaan dan seterusnya. Perbelanjaan penjagaan kesihatan Yunani sebagai peratusan KDNK adalah 9.6% pada tahun 2007 menurut laporan OECD 2011, tepat di atas purata OECD sebanyak 9.5%. Negara ini mempunyai jumlah terbesar doktor-penduduk-penduduk di mana-mana negara OECD. <> Apakah jenis penjagaan kesihatan yang ada di Greece? || penjagaan kesihatan sejagat <> Di mana sistem penjagaan kesihatan Greece berpangkat dari 191 negara yang dikaji? || Ke-14 Apakah pangkat Greece memegang syarat untuk ibu-ibu dan bayi yang baru dilahirkan? || 19 <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa rumah sakit di Greece? || 138 <> Pada tahun 2011, rancangan dibuat untuk mengurangkan hospital kepada berapa banyak? || 77", {"context": "Greece has universal health care. In a 2000 World Health Organization report, its health care system ranked 14th in overall performance of 191 countries surveyed. In a 2013 Save the Children report, Greece was ranked the 19th best country (out of 176 countries surveyed) for the state of mothers and newborn babies. In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[disputed \u2013 discuss] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%. The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "universal health care"}], "question": "What kind of health care exists in Greece?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "14th"}], "question": "Where does Greece's health care system rank out of 191 countries surveyed?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "19th"}], "question": "What rank does Greece hold for the condition of mothers and new born babies?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "138"}], "question": "In 2010, how many hospitals were there in Greece?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "77"}], "question": "In 2011, plans were made to decrease hospitals to how many?", "id": "5726747e708984140094c6c3"}]}], ["Menurut Undang-undang Rangka Kerja (3549/2007), pendidikan tinggi \"Institusi Pendidikan Tertinggi\" (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c5\u03b9\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, An\u00f3tata Ekpaideytik\u00e1 Idr\u00fdmata, \"\u0391\u0395\u0399\") terdiri daripada dua sektor selari: sektor Universiti (Universiti, Politeknik, Universiti Terbuka) dan sektor Teknologi (Institusi Pendidikan Teknikal (TEI) dan Sekolah Pedagogi dan Pendidikan Teknologi). Terdapat juga Institusi Tertiari Institusi Bukan Universiti yang menawarkan kursus yang berorientasikan kursus jangka pendek (2 hingga 3 tahun) yang beroperasi di bawah kuasa Kementerian lain. Pelajar dimasukkan ke Institut ini mengikut prestasi mereka pada peperiksaan peringkat kebangsaan yang berlaku selepas tamat gred ketiga Lykeio. Di samping itu, pelajar berusia dua puluh dua tahun boleh masuk ke Universiti Terbuka Hellenic melalui satu bentuk loteri. The Capodistrian University of Athens adalah universiti tertua di Mediterranean timur. <> Apakah salah satu sektor pendidikan mengikut Undang-undang Rangka Kerja? || Sektor Universiti <> Berapa lamakah kursus institut Tertiari berlangsung? || 2 hingga 3 tahun <> Peperiksaan untuk institut Tertiari diberikan pada tahap gred? || Gred ketiga <> Pada umur berapa pelajar boleh masuk ke universiti Hellenic melalui loteri? || lebih daripada dua puluh dua tahun <> Apa universiti tertua di Mediterranean timur? || The Capodistrian University of Athens", {"context": "According to the Framework Law (3549/2007), Public higher education \"Highest Educational Institutions\" (\u0391\u03bd\u03ce\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u0395\u03ba\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0399\u03b4\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, An\u00f3tata Ekpaideytik\u00e1 Idr\u00fdmata, \"\u0391\u0395\u0399\") consists of two parallel sectors:the University sector (Universities, Polytechnics, Fine Arts Schools, the Open University) and the Technological sector (Technological Education Institutions (TEI) and the School of Pedagogic and Technological Education). There are also State Non-University Tertiary Institutes offering vocationally oriented courses of shorter duration (2 to 3 years) which operate under the authority of other Ministries. Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "University sector"}], "question": "What is one of the education sectors according to the Framework Law?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "2 to 3 years"}], "question": "How long do the Tertiary institute courses last?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "third grade"}], "question": "Examinations for Tertiary institutes are given at what grade level?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "over twenty-two years old"}], "question": "At what age may students be admitted to Hellenic university through lottery?", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "The Capodistrian University of Athens"}], "question": "What is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean? ", "id": "5726738af1498d1400e8e00c"}]}], ["Muzik vokal Yunani memanjang jauh ke zaman kuno di mana chorus campuran-gender dilakukan untuk hiburan, perayaan dan sebab-sebab rohani. Instrumen dalam tempoh itu termasuk aulos berganda dan instrumen rentetan, lirik, terutama jenis khas yang dipanggil kithara. Muzik memainkan peranan penting dalam sistem pendidikan semasa zaman purba. Kanak-kanak lelaki diajar muzik dari usia enam tahun. Pengaruh kemudian dari Empayar Rom, Timur Tengah, dan Empayar Byzantine turut mempengaruhi muzik Yunani. <> Muzik vokal Yunani kembali seberapa jauh dalam sejarah? || zaman purba <> Apakah salah satu alat muzik yang digunakan di Yunani kuno? || lyre <> Semasa Yunani purba, pada usia berapa lelaki mengajar muzik? || enam", {"context": "Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East, and the Byzantine Empire also had effect on Greek music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "ancient times"}], "question": "Greek vocal music goes back how far in history?", "id": "57268218708984140094c871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "lyre"}], "question": "What is one of the musical instruments used in ancient Greece? ", "id": "57268218708984140094c872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "six"}], "question": "During ancient Greece, at what age were boys taught music?", "id": "57268218708984140094c873"}]}], ["Pencuci mulut manis seperti galaktoboureko, dan minuman seperti ouzo, metaxa dan pelbagai wain termasuk retsina. Masakan Yunani berbeza dari pelbagai bahagian daratan dan dari pulau ke pulau. Ia menggunakan beberapa perasa lebih kerap daripada masakan Mediterranean yang lain: oregano, pudina, bawang putih, bawang, dill dan daun laurel bay. Rempah-rempah dan rempah-rempah lain yang lain termasuk selasih, thyme dan benih adas. Banyak resipi Yunani, terutamanya di bahagian utara negara ini, menggunakan rempah \"manis\" dengan kombinasi daging, contohnya kayu manis dan ulas dalam stew. <> Apakah nama satu pencuci mulut manis di Greece? || galaktoboureko <> Apa salah satu perasa yang biasa digunakan dalam makanan Mediterranean Yunani? || oregano <> Apa salah satu rempah yang manis Yunani suka menggunakan dengan daging? || kayu manis", {"context": "Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use \"sweet\" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "galaktoboureko"}], "question": "What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "oregano"}], "question": "What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? ", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "cinnamon"}], "question": "What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?", "id": "5726817edd62a815002e8792"}]}], ["Pada awal kesusasteraan Yunani berdiri dua karya monumental Homer: Iliad dan Odyssey. Walaupun tarikh komposisi berbeza-beza, kerja-kerja ini telah ditetapkan sekitar 800 SM atau selepas. Dalam tempoh klasik banyak genre kesusasteraan barat menjadi lebih menonjol. Puisi Lyrical, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; persembahan dramatik komedi dan tragedi; historiografi, risalah retorik, dialektik falsafah, dan risalah falsafah yang timbul dalam tempoh ini. Dua penyair lirikal utama ialah Sappho dan Pindar. Masa klasik juga melihat subuh drama. <> Apakah dua karya oleh Homer? || Iliad dan Odyssey <> Dalam apa tempoh masa Homer menulis Iliad dan Odyssey? || 800 SM <> Siapa dua penyair lirik yang utama? || Sappho dan Pindar <> Kapan drama pertama bermula dalam sejarah? || Era klasik", {"context": "At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period. The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Iliad and the Odyssey"}], "question": "What are two works by Homer?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "800 BC"}], "question": "During what time period did Homer write the Iliad and the Odyssey?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Sappho and Pindar"}], "question": "Who were two major lyrical poets?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Classical era"}], "question": "When did drama first begin in history?", "id": "57267d1fdd62a815002e86f7"}]}], ["Walaupun teknik polifoni baru berkembang di Barat, Gereja Ortodoks Timur menolak sebarang jenis perubahan. Oleh itu, muzik Byzantine tetap monophonic dan tanpa sebarang iringan instrumental. Akibatnya, dan meskipun terdapat percubaan tertentu oleh penyihir Yunani tertentu (seperti Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos atau Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), muzik Byzantine telah kehilangan unsur-unsur di Barat yang menggalakkan perkembangan seni yang tidak terkawal. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah ini yang menyimpan muzik jauh dari poliponi, bersama-sama dengan kultur berterusan berabad-abad, membolehkan muzik monophonik berkembang ke tahap tertinggi kesempurnaan. Byzantium mempersembahkan lagu Byzantine monophonic; perbendaharaan melodik nilai yang tidak dapat dipertimbangkan untuk pelbagai rhythmicalnya dan kuasa ekspresif. <> Gereja Ortodoks Timur menolak apa yang berubah dalam muzik? || polyphony <> Muzik tanpa apa-apa bentuk iringan instrumental dikenali sebagai apa? || monophonic <> Satu jenis muzik yang berasal dari Byzantine dipanggil apa? || Bunyi Byzantine", {"context": "While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "polyphony"}], "question": "The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "monophonic"}], "question": "Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? ", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "Byzantine chant"}], "question": "One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?", "id": "5726834af1498d1400e8e248"}]}], ["Aristotle Stagira, murid terpenting Plato, berkongsi dengan gurunya sebagai gelaran ahli falsafah yang paling dahulunya. Tetapi sementara Plato telah berusaha menjelaskan dan menerangkan perkara-perkara dari sudut pandangan supra-sensual terhadap bentuk-bentuknya, muridnya lebih suka memulakan dari fakta-fakta yang diberikan kepada kami melalui pengalaman. Kecuali dari ketiga-tiga ahli falsafah Yunani yang paling penting, sekolah-sekolah falsafah Yunani yang diketahui oleh pengasas lain pada zaman purba adalah Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skeptisisme dan Neoplatonisme. <> Murid Plato yang dianggap paling penting? || Aristotle of Stagira <> Filsafat Plato cuba menjelaskan kehidupan dari sudut pandangan apa? || falsafah Aristoteles 'supra-sensual' berdasarkan apa pandangan? || pengalaman <> Apakah nama dua sekolah falsafah? || Keraguan dan Neoplatonisme", {"context": "Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity. But while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, Epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Aristotle of Stagira"}], "question": "Which disciple of Plato was considered the most important?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "the supra-sensual"}], "question": "Plato's philosophy attempted to explain life from what standpoint?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "experience"}], "question": "Aristotle's philosophy was based from what standpoint? ", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Skepticism and Neoplatonism"}], "question": "What is the name of two schools of philosophy?", "id": "57267c23f1498d1400e8e165"}]}], ["Masakan Yunani adalah ciri makanan Mediterranean yang sihat, yang dilambangkan oleh hidangan Crete. Masakan Yunani menggabungkan bahan-bahan segar ke dalam pelbagai hidangan tempatan seperti moussaka, stifado, salad Greek, fasolada, spanakopita dan souvlaki. Sesetengah hidangan dapat dikesan kembali ke Yunani purba seperti skordalia (serbuk halus, kacang badam, bawang putih dan minyak zaitun yang tebal), sup lentil, retsina (anggur putih atau rosak yang disemai dengan resin pain) dan pasteli (bar gula-gula dengan biji bijan yang dibakar dengan madu). Sepanjang orang Greece sering menikmati makan dari hidangan kecil seperti meze dengan pelbagai hidangan seperti tzatziki, gurita panggang dan ikan kecil, keju feta, dolmades (beras, kismis dan biji pinus yang dibungkus dalam daun anggur), pelbagai denyutan, zaitun dan keju. Minyak zaitun ditambah kepada hampir setiap hidangan. <> Apakah ciri diet Mediterranean? || Masakan Yunani <> Cabaran diet Mediterranean adalah hidangan dari mana? || Kreta <> Makanan apa yang dapat ditelusuri kembali ke Yunani kuno? || skordalia <> Apa yang ditambahkan ke hampir setiap hidangan di Greece? || Minyak zaitun", {"context": "Greek cuisine is characteristic of the healthy Mediterranean diet, which is epitomized by dishes of Crete. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, fasolada, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia (a thick pur\u00e9e of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or ros\u00e9 wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Greek cuisine"}], "question": "What is a characteristic of the Mediterranean diet? ", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Crete"}], "question": "The epitome of the Mediterranean diet are dishes from where?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e876f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "skordalia"}], "question": "What food can be traced back to ancient Greece?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "Olive oil"}], "question": "What is added to almost every dish in Greece?", "id": "57268071dd62a815002e8771"}]}], ["Cacoyannis juga mengarahkan Zorba dalam bahasa Yunani dengan Anthony Quinn yang menerima pencalonan Terbaik, Skor Terbaik yang Diadaptasi dan Pencalonan Filem Terbaik. Filem Finos juga menyumbang kepada tempoh ini dengan filem-filem seperti \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf dan banyak lagi. Semasa tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an Theo Angelopoulos mengarahkan satu siri filem terkenal dan dihargai. Filem Eternity dan Harinya memenangi Palme d'Or dan Hadiah Juri Ekumenikal pada Festival Filem Cannes 1998. <> Apa filem terkenal lain yang dilakukan oleh Cacoyannis? || Zorba the Greek <> Yang membintangi filem Zorba the Greek? || Anthony Quinn <> Apa filem memenangi Palme d'Or di Cannes pada tahun 1998? || Keabadian dan Hari <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem Keabadian dan Hari? || Theo Angelopoulos", {"context": "Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as \u039b\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03a6\u03c4\u03ce\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf, Madalena, \u0397 \u0398\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03a3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf, \u03a4\u03bf \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf \u03b2\u03b3\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Zorba the Greek"}], "question": "What other famous movie did Cacoyannis direct?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Anthony Quinn"}], "question": "Who starred in the movie Zorba the Greek?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Eternity and a Day"}], "question": "What film won the Palme d'Or at Cannes in 1998?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Theo Angelopoulos"}], "question": "Who directed the film Eternity and a Day?", "id": "57267fa95951b619008f74ca"}]}], ["Teater Yunani moden dilahirkan selepas kemerdekaan Yunani, pada awal abad ke-19, dan pada mulanya dipengaruhi oleh teater Heptanese dan melodrama, seperti opera Itali. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 adalah teater pertama dan opera rumah Yunani moden dan tempat di mana opera Yunani pertama, Spyridon Xyndas 'Calon Parlimen (berdasarkan libretto Yunani secara eksklusif) telah dilakukan. Pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, adegan teater di Athena dikuasai oleh revue, komedi muzik, pengendali dan penolong dan penerbit drama terkenal termasuk Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis dan lain-lain. <> Teater Yunani moden bermula bila? || awal abad ke-19 <> moden teater Yunani dipengaruhi oleh apa? || Teater Heptanese dan melodrama <> Apakah teater pertama Yunani moden? || Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 <> Apakah opera Yunani pertama? || Calon Parlimen <> Siapa yang membuat opera pertama, Calon Parlimen? || Spyridon Xyndas", {"context": "The modern Greek theatre was born after the Greek independence, in the early 19th century, and initially was influenced by the Heptanesean theatre and melodrama, such as the Italian opera. The Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9 was the first theatre and opera house of modern Greece and the place where the first Greek opera, Spyridon Xyndas' The Parliamentary Candidate (based on an exclusively Greek libretto) was performed. During the late 19th and early 20th century, the Athenian theatre scene was dominated by revues, musical comedies, operettas and nocturnes and notable playwrights included Spyridon Samaras, Dionysios Lavrangas, Theophrastos Sakellaridis and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "early 19th century"}], "question": "Modern Greek theater began when?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Heptanesean theatre and melodrama"}], "question": "Modern Greek theater was influenced by what?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Nobile Teatro di San Giacomo di Corf\u00f9"}], "question": "What was the first theater of modern Greece?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "The Parliamentary Candidate"}], "question": "What was the first Greek opera?", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Spyridon Xyndas"}], "question": "Who created the first opera, The Parliamentary Candidate? ", "id": "57267a75dd62a815002e8684"}]}], ["Pawagam pertama kali muncul di Greece pada tahun 1896 tetapi teater cine sebenar pertama dibuka pada tahun 1907. Pada tahun 1914 Asty Films Company diasaskan dan pengeluaran filem lama bermula. Golfo (\u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9), cerita cinta tradisional yang terkenal, dianggap sebagai filem ciri Yunani pertama, walaupun terdapat beberapa produksi kecil seperti berita baru sebelum ini. Pada tahun 1931 Orestis Laskos mengarahkan Daphnis dan Chloe (\u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7), yang mengandungi adegan bogel pertama dalam sejarah pawagam Eropah; ia juga merupakan filem Greek pertama yang dimainkan di luar negara. Pada tahun 1944 Katina Paxinou telah dianugerahkan dengan Anugerah Pelakon Akademi Pelakon Terbaik untuk Siapa Bell Tolls. <> Tahun berapa panggung wayang pertama muncul di Greece? || 1896 <> Pada tahun apakah teater pawagam pertama dibuka di Greece? || 1907 <> Pada tahun 1914 apakah nama syarikat filem yang diasaskan? || Asty Films <> Apa filem filem Greek yang pertama? || Golfo <> Siapa yang mengarahkan adegan bogel pertama dalam sejarah filem Yunani? || Orestis Laskos", {"context": "Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films began. Golfo (\u0393\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c6\u03c9), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (\u0394\u03ac\u03c6\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03bb\u03cc\u03b7), containing the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1896"}], "question": "What year did cinema first appear in Greece?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "1907"}], "question": "In what year did the first cinema theater open in Greece?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e870f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Asty Films"}], "question": "In 1914 what was the name of the film company that was founded?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Golfo"}], "question": "What was the first Greek feature film?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Orestis Laskos"}], "question": "Who directed the first nude scene in Greek film history?", "id": "57267de2dd62a815002e8712"}]}], ["Tahun 1950-an dan awal 1960-an dianggap oleh ramai untuk menjadi era keemasan pawagam Yunani. Para pengarah dan pelakon zaman ini diakui sebagai tokoh sejarah yang penting di Greece dan ada yang mendapat pujian antarabangsa: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti dan lain-lain. Lebih daripada enam puluh filem setiap tahun dibuat, dengan majoriti mempunyai elemen noir filem. Filem yang terkenal ialah \u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 (1955 diarahkan oleh Giorgos Tzavellas), \u03a0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03a8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af (1951, diarahkan oleh Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 diarahkan oleh Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 diarahkan oleh Cacoyannis dan ditulis oleh Kampanellis). <> Tempoh masa mana yang dianggap zaman kegemilangan sinema Yunani? || 1950-an dan awal 1960-an <> Semasa zaman kegemilangan zaman Yunani, berapa banyak filem yang dibuat setiap tahun? || Lebih daripada enam puluh <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem O Drakos pada tahun 1956? || Nikos Koundouros <> Siapa yang mengarahkan filem Stella pada tahun 1955? || Cacoyannis <> Siapa yang menulis filem Stella pada tahun 1955? || Kampanellis", {"context": "The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many to be a golden age of Greek cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Irene Papas, Melina Mercouri, Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, and others. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements. Notable films were \u0397 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b1 (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), \u03a0\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc \u03a8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1950s and early 1960s"}], "question": "Which time period is considered the golden age of Greek cinema? ", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "More than sixty"}], "question": "During the Greek cinema golden age, how many films were made each year?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Nikos Koundouros"}], "question": "Who directed the movie O Drakos in 1956?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Cacoyannis"}], "question": "Who directed the movie Stella in 1955? ", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e8739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Kampanellis"}], "question": "Who wrote the movie Stella in 1955?", "id": "57267eecdd62a815002e873a"}]}], ["Rebetiko, pada mulanya muzik yang dikaitkan dengan kelas yang lebih rendah, kemudian (dan terutamanya selepas pertukaran penduduk antara Greece dan Turki) mencapai penerimaan umum yang lebih besar kerana pinggir kasar watak subkulturnya yang terang-terangan telah dilembutkan dan dipoles, kadang-kadang sampai ke tahap yang tidak dapat dikenali. Ia adalah pangkalan la\u00efk\u00f3 kemudian (lagu rakyat). Penampilan utama genre ini termasuk Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou dan Glykeria. <> Muzik apa yang mula dikaitkan dengan kelas yang lebih rendah? || Rebetiko <> Rebetiko adalah asas apa? || la\u00efk\u00f3 <> Salah seorang pelukis terkemuka dalam genre laiko siapa? || Apostolos Kaldaras", {"context": "Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later la\u00efk\u00f3 (song of the people). The leading performers of the genre include Apostolos Kaldaras, Grigoris Bithikotsis, Stelios Kazantzidis, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou and Glykeria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Rebetiko"}], "question": "What music began associated with the lower classes?", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "la\u00efk\u00f3"}], "question": "Rebetiko was the base of what? ", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e28f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Apostolos Kaldaras"}], "question": "One of the leading performers of the laiko genre is who?", "id": "5726859bf1498d1400e8e290"}]}], ["The Heptanese kantadhites (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 'serenades'; sing .: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) menjadi pelopor lagu moden Yunani, mempengaruhi perkembangannya hingga ke tahap yang agak tinggi. Untuk bahagian pertama abad yang akan datang, beberapa komposer Yunani terus meminjam unsur-unsur dari gaya Heptanese. Lagu-lagu yang paling berjaya dalam tempoh 1870-1930 adalah serenades Athenian yang dipanggil, dan lagu-lagu yang dilakukan di atas panggung (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 'lagu-lagu beratur teater') dalam revue, operettas dan nocturnes yang menguasai adegan teater Athens. <> Apakah pelopor lagu moden Yunani? || Heptanesean kantades <> Athenian serenades paling berjaya dalam tempoh masa apa? || 1870-1930 <> Apa pengaruh lagu moden Yunani? || Heptanese kantadh", {"context": "The Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes (\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 'serenades'; sing.: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870\u20131930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ac \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes"}], "question": "What was the forerunner of Greek modern song?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "1870\u20131930"}], "question": "Athenian serenades were most successful during what time period?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Heptanesean kant\u00e1dhes"}], "question": "What influenced Greek modern song considerably?", "id": "572684faf1498d1400e8e26c"}]}], ["Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Yunani, menduduki tempat ke-12 di dunia pada tahun 2014 (dan mencapai tahap ke-8 di dunia pada tahun 2008 dan 2011), dimenangi juara Eropah pada Euro 2004 dalam salah satu kejutan terbesar dalam sejarah sukan dan menjadi salah satu pasukan kebangsaan paling berjaya dalam bola sepak Eropah, menjadi salah satu daripada sembilan pasukan kebangsaan yang memenangi Kejohanan Eropah UEFA. Liga Super Yunani adalah liga bola sepak profesional tertinggi di negara ini yang terdiri daripada lapan belas pasukan. Yang paling berjaya adalah Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athena dan PAOK. <> Kedudukan apa yang dilakukan oleh pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Greece pada 2014. || 12 <> Yunani dinobatkan sebagai juara Eropah dalam apa acara? || Euro 2004 <> Berapa banyak pasukan kebangsaan memenangi Kejohanan Eropah UEFA? || sembilan <> Berapa banyak pasukan dalam Liga Super Greece? || lapan belas <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu pasukan paling berjaya dalam Liga Super Yunani? || Olympiacos", {"context": "The Greek national football team, ranking 12th in the world in 2014 (and having reached a high of 8th in the world in 2008 and 2011), were crowned European Champions in Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport and became one of the most successful national teams in European football, being one of only nine national teams to have won the UEFA European Championship. The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising eighteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "12th"}], "question": "What ranking did the Greek national football team hold in 2014.", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Euro 2004"}], "question": "Greek was crowned the European champions in what event?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many national teams have won the UEFA European Championship?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many teams are in the Greek Super League?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Olympiacos"}], "question": "Who is one of the most successful teams in the Greek Super League?", "id": "57268b01708984140094c991"}]}], ["Greece adalah tempat kelahiran Olimpik purba, yang pertama kali dirakamkan pada tahun 776 SM di Olympia, dan menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik moden dua kali, Olimpiade Musim Panas 1896 dan Olimpik Musim Panas 2004. Semasa perarakan negara-negara Yunani selalu dipanggil pertama, sebagai negara pendiri pelopor purba Olimpik moden. Negara ini telah bersaing di setiap Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas, satu daripada hanya empat negara yang telah melakukannya. Setelah memenangi 110 pingat (30 emas, 42 perak dan 38 gangsa), Greece menduduki tempat ke-32 oleh pingat emas dalam kiraan pingat Olimpik musim panas sepanjang masa. Pertunjukan terbaik mereka adalah pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1896, apabila Greece menduduki tempat kedua dalam pingat dengan 10 pingat emas. <> Greece adalah tempat kelahiran apa acara sukan? || Sukan Olimpik <> Sukan Olimpik pertama telah direkodkan dalam tahun berapa? || 776 SM <> Di manakah perlawanan Olimpik pertama di 775 SM diadakan? || Olympia <> Semasa perarakan Olimpik di negara-negara, yang selalu dipanggil pertama? || Greece <> Kedudukan apa yang Greece memegang dalam acara Olimpik musim panas sepanjang musim panas? || 32hb", {"context": "Greece is the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia, and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice, the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics. During the parade of nations Greece is always called first, as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics. The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games, one of only four countries to have done so. Having won a total of 110 medals (30 gold, 42 silver and 38 bronze), Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all-time Summer Olympic medal count. Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics, when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Olympic Games"}], "question": "Greece is the birthplace of what sporting event?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c945"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "776 BC"}], "question": "The first Olympic games was recorded in what year?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Olympia"}], "question": "Where were the first Olympic games in 775 BC held?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Greece"}], "question": "During the Olympic parade of nations, who is always called first?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "32nd"}], "question": "What ranking does Greece hold in all-time summer Olympics gold medal count?", "id": "57268a1a708984140094c949"}]}], ["Berhubung dengan muzik klasik, ia melalui pulau Ionia (yang berada di bawah pemerintahan barat dan pengaruh) bahawa semua kemajuan utama muzik klasik barat Eropah diperkenalkan ke tanah besar Yunani. Rantau ini terkenal dengan kelahiran Sekolah Muzik Greek moden pertama (Heptanesean atau Ionian School, Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1815. Perwakilan terkenal genre ini termasuk Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras dan Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris dianggap sebagai pengasas Sekolah Muzik Nasional Yunani. <> Melalui pulau mana adalah muzik klasik Eropah yang diperkenalkan kepada orang Yunani? || Ionian <> Kapan sekolah pertama muzik klasik Yunani moden terbentuk? || 1815 <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai pengasas Sekolah Muzik Kebangsaan Yunani? || Manolis Kalomiris", {"context": "Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek: \u0395\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03a3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Ionian"}], "question": "Through which islands was European classical music introduced to the Greeks?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "1815"}], "question": "When was the first school of modern Greek classical music formed?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Manolis Kalomiris"}], "question": "Who is considered the Greek National School of Music founder?", "id": "5726872cf1498d1400e8e2de"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-20, komposer Yunani mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan avant garde dan muzik klasik moden, dengan tokoh-tokoh seperti Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, dan Dimitri Mitropoulos yang mencapai keunggulan antarabangsa. Pada masa yang sama, para komposer dan pemuzik seperti Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis dan Demis Roussos mendapat undian antarabangsa untuk muzik mereka, termasuk skor filem terkenal seperti Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America , Keabadian dan Hari, Kereta Kebakaran, Blade Runner, dan lain-lain. Komposer Yunani Amerika yang terkenal dengan skor filem mereka termasuk Yanni dan Basil Poledouris. Penyanyi opera Yunani yang terkenal dan ahli muzik klasik abad ke-20 dan ke-21 termasuk Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros dan lain-lain. <> Siapa yang merupakan salah seorang komposer Yunani abad ke-20 yang mempunyai kesan ke atas muzik klasik moden? || Iannis Xenakis <> Apa salah satu filem terkenal dari komposer Yunani yang menjaringkan? || Zorba the Greek <> Siapa salah seorang komposer Yunani yang terkenal dengan skor filem mereka? || Yanni <> Siapakah penyanyi opera Yunani terkenal pada abad ke-20? || Maria Callas", {"context": "In the 20th century, Greek composers have had a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis, Nikos Skalkottas, and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence. At the same time, composers and musicians such as Mikis Theodorakis, Manos Hatzidakis, Eleni Karaindrou, Vangelis and Demis Roussos garnered an international following for their music, which include famous film scores such as Zorba the Greek, Serpico, Never on Sunday, America America, Eternity and a Day, Chariots of Fire, Blade Runner, among others. Greek American composers known for their film scores include Yanni and Basil Poledouris. Notable Greek opera singers and classical musicians of the 20th and 21st century include Maria Callas, Nana Mouskouri, Mario Frangoulis, Leonidas Kavakos, Dimitris Sgouros and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Iannis Xenakis"}], "question": "Who is one 20th century Greek composers that has had an impact on modern classical music?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Zorba the Greek"}], "question": "What is one of the famous movies Greek composers has scored?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Yanni"}], "question": "Who is one of the Greek composers known for their film scores?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "Maria Callas"}], "question": "Who is one of the notable Greek opera singers in the 20th century?", "id": "5726881edd62a815002e8865"}]}], ["Greece mengambil bahagian dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision sebanyak 35 kali selepas penampilannya pada Peraduan 1974. Pada tahun 2005, Greece menang dengan lagu \"My Number One\", yang dilakukan oleh penyanyi Yunani-Sweden, Elena Paparizou. Lagu itu menerima 230 mata dengan 10 set 12 mata dari Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, United Kingdom, Turki, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden dan Jerman serta menjadi tamparan hebat di negara-negara lain dan terutama di Greece. Peraduan Lagu ke-51 Eurovision telah diadakan di Athens di Balai Induk Olimpik Kompleks Sukan Olimpik Athens di Maroussi, yang dianjurkan oleh Maria Menounos dan Sakis Rouvas. <> Berapa banyak masa telah menyertai Greece dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 35 <> Pada tahun apakah Greece memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision? || 2005 <> Apa lagu Greek memenangi Peraduan Lagu Eurovision pada tahun 2005? || Saya Nombor Satu <> Siapa yang mempersembahkan lagu ini, My Number One, dalam Peraduan Lagu Eurovision 2005? || Elena Paparizou <> Dimana Peraduan Lagu ke-51 Eurovision diadakan? || Athens", {"context": "Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 35 times after its debut at the 1974 Contest. In 2005, Greece won with the song \"My Number One\", performed by Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou. The song received 230 points with 10 sets of 12 points from Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Albania, Cyprus, Serbia & Montenegro, Sweden and Germany and also became a smash hit in different countries and especially in Greece. The 51st Eurovision Song Contest was held in Athens at the Olympic Indoor Hall of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex in Maroussi, with hosted by Maria Menounos and Sakis Rouvas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many time has Greece participated in the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Greece win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e31f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "My Number One"}], "question": "What Greek song won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Elena Paparizou"}], "question": "Who performed the song, My Number One, in the 2005 Eurovision Song Contest?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Athens"}], "question": "Where was the 51st Eurovision Song Contest held?", "id": "57268900f1498d1400e8e322"}]}], ["Bersama dengan lagu dan muzik Byzantine (Gereja), orang Yunani juga menanam lagu rakyat Yunani yang dibahagikan kepada dua siklus, akritik dan klephtic. Akritik dicipta antara abad ke-9 dan ke-10 dan menyatakan kehidupan dan perjuangan akrites (pengawal sempadan) kerajaan Byzantin, yang paling terkenal adalah kisah-kisah yang berkaitan dengan Digenes Akritas. Kitaran klephtic menjadi antara tempoh akhir zaman Byzantine dan permulaan Perang Kemerdekaan Yunani. Kitaran klephtic, bersama-sama dengan lagu-lagu sejarah, lagu-lagu (lagu naratif atau balada), lagu-lagu cinta, mantinade, lagu-lagu perkahwinan, lagu-lagu pengasingan dan kengerian menyatakan kehidupan orang Yunani. Terdapat perpaduan antara perjuangan rakyat Yunani untuk kebebasan, kegembiraan dan kesedihan dan sikap mereka terhadap cinta dan kematian. <> Apakah dua kitaran lagu rakyat Yunani? || akritik dan klephtic <> Antara berabad-abad yang kitaran akritik lagu Yunani dicipta? || 9 dan 10 <> Yang lagu kesusasteraan Yunani menyatakan kehidupan orang Yunani? || klephtic", {"context": "Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "akritic and klephtic"}], "question": "What are the two cycles of the Greek folk song?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "9th and 10th"}], "question": "Between what centuries was the akritic cycle of Greek song created?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "klephtic"}], "question": "Which Greek song cycle expresses the life of the Greeks?", "id": "5726843b708984140094c8a7"}]}], ["Pasukan polo air negara wanita Greece telah muncul sebagai salah satu kuasa utama di dunia, menjadi Juara Dunia selepas kemenangan pingat emas mereka terhadap tuan rumah China pada Kejohanan Dunia 2011. Mereka juga memenangi pingat perak pada Olimpik Musim Panas 2004, pingat emas pada Liga Dunia 2005 dan pingat perak pada Kejohanan Eropah 2010 dan 2012. Pasukan polo air negara lelaki Greece menjadi pasukan polo air terbaik ketiga di dunia pada 2005, selepas kemenangan mereka menentang Croatia dalam pingat gangsa pada Kejohanan Akuatik Dunia 2005 di Kanada. Liga polo air domestik, Polo Air Polo Lelaki Yunani dan Liga Polo Air Yunani Wanita dianggap antara liga nasional teratas di polo air Eropah, kerana kelab-kelabnya telah berjaya dalam pertandingan Eropah. Dalam pertandingan Eropah lelaki, Olympiacos telah memenangi Liga Juara-Juara, Piala Super Eropah dan Triple Crown pada tahun 2002 menjadi kelab pertama dalam sejarah Polo Air untuk memenangi setiap gelaran di mana ia telah bertanding dalam satu tahun (kejohanan Kebangsaan, Piala Nasional, Liga Juara-Juara dan Piala Super Eropah), manakala NC Vouliagmeni telah memenangi Piala Pemenang Piala LEN pada 1997. Dalam pertandingan Eropah wanita, pasukan polo air Yunani (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) adalah antara yang paling berjaya di Eropah air, telah memenangi sebanyak 4 Piala Juara LEN, 3 LEN Trophies dan 2 Supercup Eropah. <> Dalam tahun apa pasukan polo air wanita Greece memenangi Kejohanan Dunia? || 2011 <> Pingat mana yang memenangi pasukan polo air wanita Greece pada Olimpik Musim Panas 2004? || perak <> Pingat mana yang memenangi pasukan polo air wanita Greece pada Liga Dunia 2005? || emas <> Pasukan polo air lelaki Greece yang menduduki peringkat dunia pada tahun 2005? || ketiga <> Siapa pasukan polo air Greece menewaskan pada Kejohanan Akuatik Dunia 2005? || Croatia", {"context": "The Greece women's national water polo team have emerged as one of the leading powers in the world, becoming World Champions after their gold medal win against the hosts China at the 2011 World Championship. They have also won the silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the gold medal at the 2005 World League and the silver medals at the 2010 and 2012 European Championships. The Greece men's national water polo team became the third best water polo team in the world in 2005, after their win against Croatia in the bronze medal game at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Canada. The domestic top water polo leagues, Greek Men's Water Polo League and Greek Women's Water Polo League are considered amongst the top national leagues in European water polo, as its clubs have made significant success in European competitions. In men's European competitions, Olympiacos has won the Champions League, the European Super Cup and the Triple Crown in 2002 becoming the first club in Water polo history to win every title in which it has competed within a single year (National championship, National cup, Champions League and European Super Cup), while NC Vouliagmeni has won the LEN Cup Winners' Cup in 1997. In women's European competitions, Greek water polo teams (NC Vouliagmeni, Glyfada NSC, Olympiacos, Ethnikos Piraeus) are amongst the most successful in European water pol\u03bf, having won as many as 4 LEN Champions Cups, 3 LEN Trophies and 2 European Supercups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did Greece's women's water polo team win the World Championship?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "silver"}], "question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2004 Summer Olympics?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "gold"}], "question": "Which medal did Greece's women's water polo team win at the 2005 World League?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "third"}], "question": "The Greece Men's water polo team held which world ranking in 2005?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Croatia"}], "question": "Who did Greece Men's water polo team beat in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships?", "id": "57268d7a708984140094c9e5"}]}], ["Pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece mempunyai tradisi kecemerlangan dalam dekad yang lalu dalam sukan ini, yang dianggap sebagai kekuatan bola keranjang tertinggi di dunia. Sehingga 2012, ia menduduki tempat ke-4 di dunia dan ke-2 di Eropah. Mereka telah memenangi Kejuaraan Eropah dua kali pada 1987 dan 2005, dan telah mencapai empat keempat dalam dua daripada empat Kejohanan Dunia FIBA yang terakhir, mengambil tempat kedua di dunia pada 2006 Kejohanan Dunia FIBA, selepas kemenangan 101-95 ke atas Pasukan Amerika Syarikat dalam semifinal kejohanan itu. Pertandingan bola keranjang domestik, A1 Ethniki, terdiri daripada empat belas pasukan. Pasukan Greek paling berjaya adalah Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens dan P.A.O.K. Pasukan bola keranjang Yunani adalah yang paling berjaya dalam bola keranjang Eropah dalam 25 tahun terakhir, setelah memenangi sebanyak 9 Euroleagu sejak penubuhan era Euroleague Final Four era pada tahun 1988, manakala negara lain telah memenangi lebih daripada 4 kejohanan Euroleague dalam tempoh ini . Selain 9 pasukan Euroleagu, pasukan bola keranjang Greece (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) telah memenangi 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Piala Saporta, 2 Piala Kora\u0107 dan 1 Piala Juara Eropah FIBA. Selepas kemenangan Kejohanan Eropah 2005 pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece, Greece menjadi Juara Eropah yang memerintah dalam bola sepak dan bola keranjang. <> Pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece mengadakan ranking dunia pada 2012? || Keempat <> Bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece pada tahun 2012 telah mengadakan ranking apa di Eropah? || 2 <> Berapa kali pasukan bola keranjang kebangsaan Greece memenangi kejuaraan Eropah? || dua kali <> Siapa pasukan bola keranjang Yunani menewaskan pada Kejohanan Dunia FIBA 2006? || Pasukan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah nama liga bola keranjang domestik teratas Greece? || A1 Ethniki", {"context": "The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport, being considered among the world's top basketball powers. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Europe. They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005, and have reached the final four in two of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking the second place in the world in 2006 FIBA World Championship, after a spectacular 101\u201395 win against Team USA in the tournament's semifinal. The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens and P.A.O.K. Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years, having won as many as 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988, while no other nation has won more than 4 Euroleague championships in this period. Besides the 9 Euroleagues, Greek basketball teams (Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki, AEK Athens, P.A.O.K, Maroussi) have won 3 Triple Crowns, 5 Saporta Cups, 2 Kora\u0107 Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup. After the 2005 European Championship triumph of the Greek national basketball team, Greece became the reigning European Champion in both football and basketball.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "4th"}], "question": "The Greek national basketball team held what world ranking in 2012?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "2nd"}], "question": "The Greek national basketball in 2012 held what ranking in Europe?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times has the Greek national basketball team won the European championship?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Team USA"}], "question": "Who did the Greek basketball team beat in the 2006 FIBA World Championship?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e8929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "A1 Ethniki"}], "question": "What is the name of Greece's top domestic basketball league?", "id": "57268c25dd62a815002e892a"}]}], ["Dewa utama agama Yunani kuno adalah Dodekatheon, atau Dewa Dua Belas, yang tinggal di puncak Gunung Olympus. Yang paling penting dari semua tuhan Yunani kuno adalah Zeus, raja para dewa, yang telah menikah dengan Hera, yang juga saudara perempuan Zeus. Dewa-dewa Yunani lain yang terdiri daripada Twelve Olympians adalah Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus dan Hermes. Selain daripada kedua belas tuhan ini, orang Yunani juga mempunyai pelbagai kepercayaan mistik lain, seperti nymph dan makhluk lain yang ajaib. <> Dimana tuhan Yunani mitos hidup? || Gunung Olympus <> Dewa-dewa utama Yunani purba yang dikenali sebagai apa? || Dodekatheon <> Yang paling penting dari tuhan-tuhan kuno ialah siapa? || Zeus <> Zeus telah berkahwin dengan dewi mana? || Hera <> Siapa adik perempuan Zeus? || Hera", {"context": "The principal gods of the ancient Greek religion were the Dodekatheon, or the Twelve Gods, who lived on the top of Mount Olympus. The most important of all ancient Greek gods was Zeus, the king of the gods, who was married to Hera, who was also Zeus's sister. The other Greek gods that made up the Twelve Olympians were Demeter, Ares, Poseidon, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and Hermes. Apart from these twelve gods, Greeks also had a variety of other mystical beliefs, such as nymphs and other magical creatures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Mount Olympus"}], "question": "Where did the mythical Greek gods live?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Dodekatheon"}], "question": "The main gods of ancient Greece known as the what?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Zeus"}], "question": "The most important of the ancient gods was who?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Hera"}], "question": "Zeus was married to which goddess?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Hera"}], "question": "Who was Zeus's sister?", "id": "57268f98dd62a815002e89a4"}]}], ["Menurut undang-undang Yunani, setiap hari Ahad tahun adalah cuti umum. Di samping itu, terdapat empat cuti umum rasmi mandatori: 25 Mac (Hari Kemerdekaan Yunani), Paskah Isnin, 15 Ogos (Assumption atau Dormition of the Virgin Virgin), dan 25 Disember (Krismas). 1 Mei (Hari Buruh) dan 28 Oktober (Hari Ohi) dikawal selia oleh undang-undang sebagai pilihan tetapi adalah adat bagi pekerja diberi hari. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat lebih banyak cuti umum yang dirayakan di Greece daripada yang diumumkan oleh Kementerian Buruh setiap tahun sebagai sama ada wajib atau pilihan. Senarai hari cuti kebangsaan yang tidak ditetapkan ini jarang berubah dan tidak berubah dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, memberikan sejumlah 11 cuti kebangsaan setiap tahun. <> Undang-undang Yunani mengatakan bahawa setiap hari Ahad tahun adalah apa? || cuti <> Berapa banyak cuti umum mandatori rasmi di Greece yang ada? || empat <> Berapa banyak cuti kebangsaan Greece di sana setiap tahun? || sebelas <> Apa salah satu cuti yang dikawal oleh undang-undang sebagai pilihan? || Hari Pekerja", {"context": "According to Greek law, every Sunday of the year is a public holiday. In addition, there are four mandatory official public holidays: 25 March (Greek Independence Day), Easter Monday, 15 August (Assumption or Dormition of the Holy Virgin), and 25 December (Christmas). 1 May (Labour Day) and 28 October (Ohi Day) are regulated by law as being optional but it is customary for employees to be given the day off. There are, however, more public holidays celebrated in Greece than are announced by the Ministry of Labour each year as either obligatory or optional. The list of these non-fixed national holidays rarely changes and has not changed in recent decades, giving a total of eleven national holidays each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "holiday"}], "question": "Greek law says that every Sunday of the year is a what?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many official Greek mandatory public holidays are there?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many Greek national holidays are there each year?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Labour Day"}], "question": "What is one of the holidays regulated by law as optional?", "id": "57269063f1498d1400e8e3f3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2011, ia menjadi jelas bahawa bailout tidak mencukupi dan bailout kedua berjumlah \u20ac 130 bilion ($ 173 bilion) telah dipersetujui pada tahun 2012, tertakluk kepada syarat-syarat yang ketat, termasuk pembaharuan kewangan dan langkah-langkah penjimatan yang lebih lanjut. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian itu, terdapat pengurangan 53% dalam beban hutang Yunani kepada pemiutang swasta dan apa-apa keuntungan yang dibuat oleh bank pusat Eurozone atas pegangan hutang Yunani mereka akan dipulangkan kembali ke Greece. Greece mencapai lebihan belanjawan kerajaan utama pada tahun 2013. Pada bulan April 2014, Greece kembali ke pasaran bon global kerana berjaya menjual bon kerajaan bernilai \u20ac 3 bilion pada kadar 4.95%. Greece kembali ke pertumbuhan selepas enam tahun penurunan ekonomi pada suku kedua tahun 2014, dan merupakan ekonomi paling pesat berkembang di Eropah pada suku ketiga. <> pada 2012, apakah jumlah bailout itu? || $ 173 bilion <> Berapa banyak hutang kepada pemiutang adalah Greece anggap untuk mengurangkan? || 53% <> Dalam tahun apakah Greece menyedari lebihan belanjawan? || 2013 <> Berapa banyak yang dibuat Greece daripada jualan bon pada tahun 2014? || \u20ac 3 bilion <> Selepas berapa tahun yang diperlukan untuk meraih pertumbuhan ekonomi? || enam tahun", {"context": "In 2011, it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to \u20ac130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures. As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by Eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece. Greece achieved a primary government budget surplus in 2013. In April 2014, Greece returned to the global bond market as it successfully sold \u20ac3 billion worth of five-year government bonds at a yield of 4.95%. Greece returned to growth after six years of economic decline in the second quarter of 2014, and was the Eurozone's fastest-growing economy in the third quarter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "$173 billion"}], "question": "in 2012, what was the amount of the bailout?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "53%"}], "question": "How much debt to creditors was Greece suppose to reduce?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year did Greece realize a budget surplus?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "\u20ac3 billion"}], "question": "How much did Greece make from a bond sale in 2014?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "six years"}], "question": "After how many years did it take for Greece to gain back growth in the economy?", "id": "5726909f5951b619008f76c7"}]}], ["Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Greece telah memenangi dua pingat gangsa, satu di Kejohanan Bola Tampar Eropah dan satu lagi di Liga Bola Tampar Eropah, tempat ke-5 dalam Sukan Olimpik dan tempat ke-6 dalam Kejohanan Dunia Lelaki Bola Tampar FIVB. Liga Yunani, A1 Ethniki, dianggap sebagai salah satu liga bola voli teratas di Eropah dan kelab Yunani telah membuat kejayaan besar dalam pertandingan Eropah. Olympiacos adalah kelab bola tampar paling berjaya di negara ini yang memenangi gelaran domestik dan menjadi satu-satunya kelab Yunani yang telah memenangi gelaran Eropah; mereka telah memenangi dua Piala CEV, mereka telah menjadi juara Liga Juara-Juara dua kali dan mereka bermain dalam sebanyak 12 Final Fours dalam pertandingan Eropah, menjadikan mereka salah satu kelab bola tampar paling tradisional di Eropah. Iraklis juga telah menyaksikan kejayaan besar dalam pertandingan Eropah, dengan tiga kali pelari dari Liga Juara-Juara CEV. <> Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Yunani telah memenangi berapa pingat gangsa? || dua <> Pasukan bola tampar kebangsaan lelaki Yunani datang di tempat mana di Sukan Olimpik? || 5th <> Apa kelab bola voli Yunani yang paling berjaya di negara ini? || Olympiacos <> Siapa satu-satunya kelab bola sepak Yunani untuk memenangi gelaran Eropah? || Olympiacos", {"context": "The Greek men's national volleyball team has won two bronze medals, one in the European Volleyball Championship and another one in the European Volleyball League, a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship. The Greek league, the A1 Ethniki, is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have made significant success in European competitions. Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European titles; they have won two CEV Cups, they have been CEV Champions League runners-up twice and they have played in as many as 12 Final Fours in the European competitions, making them one of the most traditional volleyball clubs in Europe. Iraklis have also seen significant success in European competitions, having been three times runners-up of the CEV Champions League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "two"}], "question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team has won how many bronze medals?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "5th"}], "question": "The Greek Men's national volleyball team came in what place in the Olympic games?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Olympiacos"}], "question": "What Greek volleyball club is the most successful in the country?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Olympiacos"}], "question": "Who is the only Greek volleyball club to win European titles?", "id": "57268eea708984140094ca16"}]}], ["Berikutan pembunuhan Phillip II, anaknya Alexander III (\"The Great\") menganggap kepimpinan League of Corinth dan melancarkan pencerobohan Empayar Parsi dengan kekuatan gabungan semua negara Yunani pada tahun 334 SM. Tidak terkalahkan dalam peperangan, Alexander telah menakluki Empayar Parsi keseluruhannya pada 330 SM. Pada masa kematiannya pada 323 SM, beliau telah mencipta salah satu empayar terbesar dalam sejarah, yang membentang dari Greece ke India. Empayarnya terbahagi kepada beberapa kerajaan setelah kematiannya, yang paling terkenal adalah Empayar Seleucid, Mesir Ptolemaic, Kerajaan Greco-Bactrian dan Kerajaan Indo-Yunani. Banyak orang Yunani yang berhijrah ke Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia dan banyak lagi bandar-bandar Hellenistik lain di Asia dan Afrika. Walaupun perpaduan politik empayar Alexander tidak dapat dikekalkan, ia mengakibatkan tamadun Yunani dan menyebarkan bahasa Yunani dan budaya Yunani di wilayah yang ditawan oleh Alexander. Sains sains, teknologi dan matematik Yunani pada umumnya dianggap mencapai kemuncaknya semasa zaman Helenistik. <> Alexander III adalah anak lelaki yang? || Phillip II <> Alexander III menyerang kerajaan apakah bapanya dibunuh? || Persia <> Tahun apakah Alexander III menyerang Persia? || 334 SM <> Empayar Persia ditakluk oleh Alexander pada tahun berapa? || 330 SM <> Pada tahun apakah Alexander III mati? || 323 SM", {"context": "Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III (\"The Great\") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Undefeated in battle, Alexander had conquered the Persian Empire in its entirety by 330 BC. By the time of his death in 323 BC, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to India. His empire split into several kingdoms upon his death, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire, Ptolemaic Egypt, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch, Seleucia and the many other new Hellenistic cities in Asia and Africa. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it resulted in the Hellenistic civilization and spread the Greek language and Greek culture in the territories conquered by Alexander. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Phillip II"}], "question": "Alexander III was the son of whom?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "Alexander III invaded what empire after his father was killed?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "334 BC"}], "question": "What year did Alexander III Invade Persia?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "330 BC"}], "question": "The Persian Empire was conquered by Alexander by what year?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "323 BC"}], "question": "In which year did Alexander III die?", "id": "5726918f5951b619008f76ef"}]}]], [["Kecuali lima spesies monotremes (mamalia bertelur), semua mamalia moden melahirkan anak muda. Kebanyakan mamalia, termasuk enam pesanan yang paling kaya dengan spesies, tergolong dalam kumpulan plasenta. Tiga pesanan terbesar dalam jumlah, adalah Rodentia pertama: tikus, tikus, landak, memerang, capybaras, dan mamalia lain yang menggigit; maka Chiroptera: kelawar; dan kemudian Soricomorpha: shrews, mol dan solenodons. Tiga pesanan berikutnya, bergantung kepada skim klasifikasi biologi yang digunakan, adalah Primata termasuk manusia; Cetartiodactyla termasuk ikan paus dan mamalia berkuku yang berkaki dua; dan Carnivora, iaitu kucing, anjing, weasel, beruang, anjing laut, dan sanak saudara mereka. <> Berapa banyak spesies mamalia tidak mempunyai kelahiran secara langsung? || lima spesies <> Kumpulan mana yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan mamalia? || Rodentia <> Kumpulan yang manakah juga manusia? || Primates <> Kumpulan yang manakah kucing dan anjing juga? || Carnivora", {"context": "Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "five species"}], "question": "How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Rodentia"}], "question": "Which group consist of the most mammals?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Primates"}], "question": "Which group do humans belong too?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad05f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Carnivora"}], "question": "Which group do cats and dogs belong too?", "id": "572620dc38643c19005ad060"}]}], ["Perkataan \"mamalia\" adalah moden, dari nama saintifik Mammalia yang dicipta oleh Carl Linnaeus pada tahun 1758, berasal dari mamma Latin (\"teat, pap\"). Semua mamalia wanita menyusui anak muda mereka dengan susu, yang dirembeskan dari kelenjar khusus, kelenjar susu. Menurut Spesies Mammal Dunia, 5,416 spesies diketahui pada tahun 2006. Ini dikumpulkan dalam 1,229 genera, 153 keluarga dan 29 pesanan. Pada tahun 2008, IUCN melengkapkan Penilaian Amalan Global Mammal yang terdiri daripada 1,700-saintifik untuk Senarai Merah IUCN, yang mengira 5,488 spesies yang diterima. <> Siapa yang mencipta nama \"mamalia\" dari nama saintifik Mamalia? || Carl Linnaeus <> Apa semua mamalia betina mempunyai persamaan apabila mereka mempunyai anak? || jururawat mereka yang muda dengan susu <> Berapa banyak mamalia diketahui wujud sehingga tahun 2006? || 5,416 <> Berapa banyak keluarga mamalia terdiri daripada pada tahun 2006? || 153 keluarga", {"context": "The word \"mammal\" is modern, from the scientific name Mammalia coined by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, derived from the Latin mamma (\"teat, pap\"). All female mammals nurse their young with milk, which is secreted from special glands, the mammary glands. According to Mammal Species of the World, 5,416 species were known in 2006. These were grouped in 1,229 genera, 153 families and 29 orders. In 2008 the IUCN completed a five-year, 1,700-scientist Global Mammal Assessment for its IUCN Red List, which counted 5,488 accepted species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Carl Linnaeus"}], "question": "Who coined the name \"mammal\" from the scientific name Mammalia?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "nurse their young with milk"}], "question": "What do all female mammals have in common when they have children?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "5,416"}], "question": "How many mammals were known to exist up to 2006?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "153 families"}], "question": "How many families did mammals consist of as of 2006?", "id": "57261ff0ec44d21400f3d942"}]}], ["Nenek moyang mamalia synapsid awal adalah sphenacodont pelycosaur, sebuah kumpulan yang menghasilkan Dimetrodon bukan mamalia. Pada akhir tempoh Karbon, kumpulan ini menyimpang dari garis sauropsid yang membawa kepada reptilia dan burung hari ini. Garis yang mengikuti kumpulan batang Sphenacodontia membahagikan beberapa kumpulan yang berbeza-beza synapsid bukan mamalia-kadang-kadang disebut sebagai reptilia seperti mamalia-sebelum menimbulkan proto-mamalia (Therapsida) pada era Mesozoik awal. Perintah mamalia moden muncul dalam tempoh Paleogene dan Neogene era Cenozoik, selepas kepupusan dinosaur bukan burung 66 juta tahun yang lalu. <> Dari tempoh masa mana burung dan reptilia mula muncul? || Tempoh karbon <> Bilakah dinosaur bukan burung menjadi pupus? || 66 juta tahun lalu <> Mana-mana leluhur mamalia awal yang dihasilkan bukan Dimetroden mamalia? || sphenacodont pelycosaurs", {"context": "The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids\u2014sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles\u2014before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Carboniferous period"}], "question": "From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "66 million years ago"}], "question": "When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "sphenacodont pelycosaurs"}], "question": "Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?", "id": "5726224738643c19005ad071"}]}], ["George Gaylord \"Prinsip Klasifikasi dan Klasifikasi Mamalia\" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) adalah sumber asal taksonomi yang disenaraikan di sini. Simpson meletakkan sistematika dari asal-usul mamalia dan hubungan yang diajar secara universal hingga akhir abad ke-20. Sejak klasifikasi Simpson, rekod paleontologi telah disesuaikan semula, dan tahun-tahun intervensi telah melihat banyak perdebatan dan kemajuan mengenai asas sistematis teori itu sendiri, sebahagiannya melalui konsep baru kladistik. Walaupun kerja lapangan secara beransur-ansur membuat klasifikasi Simpson ketinggalan zaman, ia tetap menjadi perkara yang paling dekat dengan pengelasan rasmi mamalia. <> Siapa yang menulis \"Prinsip Pengkelasan dan Klasifikasi Mamalia? || George Gaylord Simpson <> Simpson meletakkan sistematika asal-usul mamalia dan diajar secara universal hingga akhir abad apa? || 20 <> Konsep baru mana sangat diambil alih Simpsons banyak sistematisasi teori yang dibahaskan? cladistics", {"context": "George Gaylord Simpson's \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals\" (AMNH Bulletin v. 85, 1945) was the original source for the taxonomy listed here. Simpson laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century. Since Simpson's classification, the paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "George Gaylord Simpson"}], "question": "Who wrote the \"Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "20th"}], "question": "Simpson laid the systematics of mammal origins and was taught universally up until the end of what century?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "cladistics"}], "question": "Which new concept has greatly taken over Simpsons much debated theoretical systematization?", "id": "5726275589a1e219009ac3ee"}]}], ["Dalam kertas 1988 yang berpengaruh, Timothy Rowe menamai mamalia sebagai phylogenetically sebagai mamalia kumpulan mahkota, clade yang terdiri daripada nenek moyang biasa monotremes (echidnas dan platypus) dan mamalia therian (marsupial dan placentals) yang paling terkini dan semua keturunan nenek moyang itu. Sejak nenek moyang ini hidup dalam zaman Jurassic, definisi Rowe tidak termasuk semua haiwan dari Triassic sebelumnya, walaupun fakta bahawa fosil Triassic di Haramiyida telah dirujuk kepada Mamalia sejak pertengahan abad ke-19. <> Yang menentukan mamalia sebagai mamalia kumpulan mahkota? || Timothy Rowe <> Dengan definisi Rowe, ketika dia mula mengecualikan haiwan? || Triassic <> Kumpulan mana yang marsupial dan placentals milik? || mamalia therian", {"context": "In an influential 1988 paper, Timothy Rowe defined Mammalia phylogenetically as the crown group mammals, the clade consisting of the most recent common ancestor of living monotremes (echidnas and platypuses) and therian mammals (marsupials and placentals) and all descendants of that ancestor. Since this ancestor lived in the Jurassic period, Rowe's definition excludes all animals from the earlier Triassic, despite the fact that Triassic fossils in the Haramiyida have been referred to the Mammalia since the mid-19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Timothy Rowe"}], "question": "Who defined mammalian as the crown group mammals?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Triassic"}], "question": "By Rowe's definition, when did he start to exclude animals?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "therian mammals"}], "question": "Which group do marsupials and placentals belong to?", "id": "5726243c89a1e219009ac2ea"}]}], ["Amniotes pertama nampaknya timbul dalam Carboniferous Akhir. Mereka berasal dari tetrapod amfibia reptiliomorph yang terdahulu, yang tinggal di tanah yang telah didiami oleh serangga dan invertebrata lain serta pakis, lumut dan tumbuhan lain. Dalam beberapa juta tahun, dua keturunan amniote penting menjadi berbeza: sinapsid, yang kemudiannya termasuk leluhur umum mamalia; dan sauropsid, yang akhirnya akan menyertakan penyu, kadal, ular, buaya, dinosaur dan burung. Synapsids mempunyai lubang tunggal (fenestra temporal) rendah pada setiap sisi tengkorak. <> Dari mana tempoh amniotes pertama yang diketahui? || Carboniferous <> Dari mana kumpulan itu amniotes keturunan? || reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods <> Dua keturunan penting amnios menjadi berbeza, apa nama perbezaan itu? || sinapsid <> Sauropsid kemudian akan memasukkan haiwan lain ke dalam kumpulannya? || penyu, cicak, ular, buaya, dinosaur dan burung <> Apakah sifat Synapsids yang berbeza? || lubang tunggal (fenestra temporal) rendah pada setiap bahagian tengkorak", {"context": "The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Carboniferous"}], "question": "From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods"}], "question": "From which group did amniotes descendents of?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "the synapsids"}], "question": "Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds"}], "question": "Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull"}], "question": "What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?", "id": "57262dba89a1e219009ac508"}]}], ["Kajian molekul berdasarkan analisis DNA telah mencadangkan hubungan baru di kalangan keluarga mamalia sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Kebanyakan penemuan ini telah disahkan secara berasingan oleh data kehadiran / absen retrot transposon. Sistem klasifikasi berdasarkan kajian molekular menunjukkan tiga kumpulan utama atau keturunan mamalia plasenta - Afrani, Xenarthra, dan Boreoeutheria - yang tersebar dari nenek moyang yang terdahulu dalam Cretaceous. Hubungan antara ketiga keturunan ini adalah perbalahan, dan ketiga-tiga hipotesis yang mungkin berbeza telah dicadangkan berkenaan dengan kelompok mana yang basal berkenaan dengan placentals lain. Hipotesis ini adalah Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epnessia (basal Xenarthra), dan Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria pula mengandungi dua keturunan utama - Euarchontoglires dan Laurasiatheria. <> Melalui kajian molekular, apa yang digunakan untuk mencadangkan hubungan baru di kalangan keluarga mamalia? || Analisis DNA <> Semasa kajian Molekul ini, yang mana tiga kumpulan utama mamalia berkongsi nenek moyang yang sama dari tempoh Cretaceous? || Afrani, Xenarthra, dan Boreoeutheria <> Afrotheria, Xenartha, dan Boreoeutheria merosakkan dari mana dua keturunan? || Euarchontoglires dan Laurasiatheria", {"context": "Molecular studies based on DNA analysis have suggested new relationships among mammal families over the last few years. Most of these findings have been independently validated by retrotransposon presence/absence data. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of placental mammals- Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria- which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous. The relationships between these three lineages is contentious, and all three possible different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal with respect to other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Boreoeutheria in turn contains two major lineages- Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "DNA analysis"}], "question": "Through Molecular studies, what was used to suggest new relationships among mammal families?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Afrotheria, Xenarthra, and Boreoeutheria"}], "question": "During these Molecular studies, which three major groups of mammals shared a common ancestors from the Cretaceous period?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria"}], "question": "Afrotheria,Xenartha, and Boreoeutheria deprives from which two lineages?", "id": "57262b48ec44d21400f3db8d"}]}], ["Mamalia termasuk haiwan terbesar di planet ini, rumput dan paus besar lain, serta beberapa yang paling bijak, seperti gajah, primata, termasuk manusia, dan cetacea. Jenis badan asas adalah binatang buatan tanah berkaki empat, tetapi beberapa mamalia disesuaikan untuk kehidupan di laut, di udara, di dalam pokok, atau di atas dua kaki. Kumpulan mamalia terbesar, plasenta, mempunyai plasenta, yang membolehkan janin semasa hamil. Saiz mamalia dalam saiz dari 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 in) kelawar kelawar ke ikan paus biru 33 meter (108 kaki). <> Mamalia spesifik mana yang terbesar sekarang? || ikan paus biru <> Yang mamalia mana yang terkecil? || kumbang bumblebee <> Yang mana empat ekor kucing yang dianggap sebagai yang paling bijak? || gajah <> Seberapa kecil kelawar lebah rata? || 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 inci)", {"context": "Mammals include the largest animals on the planet, the rorquals and other large whales, as well as some of the most intelligent, such as elephants, primates, including humans, and cetaceans. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for life at sea, in the air, in trees, or on two legs. The largest group of mammals, the placentals, have a placenta, which enables feeding the fetus during gestation. Mammals range in size from the 30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in) bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108 ft) blue whale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "blue whale"}], "question": "Which specific mammal is the largest today?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "bumblebee bat"}], "question": "Which mammal is the smallest?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "elephants"}], "question": "Which four legged mammal is considered to be the smartest?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "30\u201340 mm (1.2\u20131.6 in)"}], "question": "About how small is the average bumble bee bat?", "id": "57261e7c271a42140099d4a4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1997, mamalia telah disemak semula secara komprehensif oleh Malcolm C. McKenna dan Susan K. Bell, yang menghasilkan klasifikasi McKenna / Bell. Buku 1997 mereka, Klasifikasi Mamalia di atas Tahap Spesies, adalah kerja yang paling komprehensif sehingga tarikh sistematika, hubungan, dan kejadian semua taksonomi mamalia, hidup dan pupus, turun pangkat genus, walaupun data genetik molekul terkini mencabar beberapa daripada kumpulan peringkat yang lebih tinggi. Penulis bekerja sama sebagai ahli paleontologi di Muzium Sejarah Alam Amerika, New York. McKenna mewarisi projek dari Simpson dan, dengan Bell, membina sistem hierarki yang telah dikemas kini, meliputi taksonomi yang hidup dan pupus yang mencerminkan silsilah sejarah Mammalia. <> Pada tahun 1997 yang menyemak semula klasifikasi mamalia? || Malcolm C. McKenna dan Susan K. Bell <> Di manakah kedua penulis bekerja bersama sebagai ahli paleontologi? || Muzium Sejarah Alam Amerika <> Dari siapakah McKenna mewarisi projek itu? || Simpson", {"context": "In 1997, the mammals were comprehensively revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell, which has resulted in the McKenna/Bell classification. Their 1997 book, Classification of Mammals above the Species Level, is the most comprehensive work to date on the systematics, relationships, and occurrences of all mammal taxa, living and extinct, down through the rank of genus, though recent molecular genetic data challenge several of the higher level groupings. The authors worked together as paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell"}], "question": "In 1997 who revised the classification of mammals?", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "American Museum of Natural History"}], "question": "Where did the two authors work together as paleontologist? ", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Simpson"}], "question": "From whom did McKenna inherit the project from?", "id": "5726292d89a1e219009ac44e"}]}], ["Sekiranya Mammalia dianggap sebagai kumpulan mahkota, asalnya boleh dikatakan bertarikh sebagai penampilan haiwan pertama yang diketahui lebih dekat dengan beberapa mamalia yang ada sekarang berbanding dengan orang lain. Ambondro lebih berkait rapat dengan monotremes daripada mamalia therian manakala Amphilestes dan Amphitherium lebih rapat dengan orang-orang; sebagai fosil ketiga-tiga genera bertarikh sekitar 167 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Tengah, ini adalah anggaran munasabah untuk kemunculan kumpulan mahkota. Takrif Kemp yang paling awal dikenali dengan kata-kata itu adalah Tikitherium, bertarikh 225 Ma, sehingga kemunculan mamalia dalam erti kata yang lebih luas ini dapat diberikan pada tarikh Akhir Triassic ini. Dalam apa jua keadaan, julat temporal kumpulan itu meluas hingga ke hari ini. <> Kumpulan mana yang berkaitan rapat dengan Ambondro? || monotremes <> Yang mana dua kumpulan berkait rapat dengan mamalia therian? || Amphilestes and Amphitherium <> Berapa tahunkah mamalia dan mamalia theram kembali? || 167 juta tahun <> Berapa tahun berapa tarikh synapsid kembali? || 225 Ma", {"context": "If Mammalia is considered as the crown group, its origin can be roughly dated as the first known appearance of animals more closely related to some extant mammals than to others. Ambondro is more closely related to monotremes than to therian mammals while Amphilestes and Amphitherium are more closely related to the therians; as fossils of all three genera are dated about 167 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic, this is a reasonable estimate for the appearance of the crown group. The earliest known synapsid satisfying Kemp's definitions is Tikitherium, dated 225 Ma, so the appearance of mammals in this broader sense can be given this Late Triassic date. In any case, the temporal range of the group extends to the present day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "monotremes"}], "question": "Which group are Ambondro's closely related to?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d59f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Amphilestes and Amphitherium"}], "question": "Which two groups are closely related to therian mammals?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "167 million years"}], "question": "How many years do momotremes and therian mammals go back?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "225 Ma"}], "question": "About what year do synapsid date back to?", "id": "57262598271a42140099d5a2"}]}], ["Kebanyakan mamalia masih hidup, melahirkan anak muda. Walau bagaimanapun, lima spesies monotreme, platipus dan echidnas, bertelur. Monotrem mempunyai sistem penentuan jantina yang berbeza dari kebanyakan mamalia yang lain. Khususnya, kromosom seks platipus lebih mirip dengan ayam daripada orang mamalia theran. Seperti marsupial dan kebanyakan mamalia yang lain, anak muda yang paling muda adalah larva dan janin, kerana kehadiran tulang epipulan menghalang perkembangan badan, memaksa mereka untuk menghasilkan anak kecil. <> Apakah kumpulan mamalia yang melahirkan anak muda? || viviparous <> Berapa banyak spesies mamalia bertelur? || lima spesies <> Yang mamalia mana yang mempunyai tagihan itik bertelur? || platipus <> Platypus mempunyai kromosom seks yang lebih berkaitan dengan yang lain bukan mamalia? || ayam", {"context": "Most mammals are viviparous, giving birth to live young. However, the five species of monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs. The monotremes have a sex determination system different from that of most other mammals. In particular, the sex chromosomes of a platypus are more like those of a chicken than those of a therian mammal. Like marsupials and most other mammals, monotreme young are larval and fetus-like, as the presence of epipubic bones prevents the expansion of the torso, forcing them to produce small young.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "viviparous"}], "question": "What is the common mammal group that gives birth to live young?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "five species"}], "question": "How many species of mammals lay eggs?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "platypus"}], "question": "Which mammal that has the bill of a duck lays eggs?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "chicken"}], "question": "The platypus has sex chromosomes more related to which other non-mammal?", "id": "57263e4c38643c19005ad36c"}]}], ["Therapsids berasal dari pelycosaurs di Permian Tengah, kira-kira 265 juta tahun yang lalu, dan menjadi vertebrata tanah yang dominan. Mereka berbeza dari eupelycosaur basal dalam beberapa ciri tengkorak dan rahang, termasuk: fenestrae temporal yang lebih besar dan incisors yang bersaiz yang sama. Keturunan terapi yang membawa kepada mamalia melalui beberapa peringkat, bermula dengan haiwan yang sangat mirip nenek moyang pelycosaur mereka dan berakhir dengan cynodonts probainognathian, yang sebahagiannya mudah dikira sebagai mamalia. Tahap-tahap tersebut dicirikan oleh: <> Dari mana kumpulan dinosaur telah turun Therapsids dari? || pelycosaurs <> Sekitar jam berapa Therapsids menjadi haiwan darat dominan? || 265 juta tahun yang lalu <> Di mana kumpulan telah melakukan Therapsids dengan? || cynodonts probainognathian", {"context": "Therapsids descended from pelycosaurs in the Middle Permian, about 265 million years ago, and became the dominant land vertebrates. They differ from basal eupelycosaurs in several features of the skull and jaws, including: larger temporal fenestrae and incisors which are equal in size. The therapsid lineage leading to mammals went through a series of stages, beginning with animals that were very like their pelycosaur ancestors and ending with probainognathian cynodonts, some of which could easily be mistaken for mammals. Those stages were characterized by:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "pelycosaurs"}], "question": "From which dinosaur group did Therapsids descend from?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "265 million years ago"}], "question": "Around what time did Therapsids become the dominant land animal?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "probainognathian cynodonts"}], "question": "At which group did Therapsids end with?", "id": "57262eb438643c19005ad2b3"}]}], ["Fosil tertua di kalangan Eutheria (\"binatang sejati\") adalah juramaia sinensis yang kecil seperti \"Jurassic mother from China\", bertarikh 160 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Late. Seorang eutherian kemudian, Eomaia, bertarikh 125 juta tahun yang lalu di Cretaceous Awal, mempunyai beberapa ciri yang sama dengan marsupial tetapi tidak dengan placentals, bukti bahawa ciri-ciri ini hadir dalam nenek moyang yang sama kedua-dua kumpulan tetapi kemudian hilang dalam garis keturunan plasenta. Khususnya: <> Apa fosil tertua di kalangan kumpulan Eutheria? || shrewlike Juramaia sinensis <> Berapa lama dahulu sudah tahu tarikh fosil kembali? || 160 juta tahun yang lalu <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah haiwan awal berkongsi beberapa ciri dengan marsupial? || 125 juta tahun yang lalu <> Keturunan yang mana beberapa ciri marsupial awal ini telah hilang? || plasenta", {"context": "The oldest known fossil among the Eutheria (\"true beasts\") is the small shrewlike Juramaia sinensis, or \"Jurassic mother from China\", dated to 160 million years ago in the Late Jurassic. A later eutherian, Eomaia, dated to 125 million years ago in the Early Cretaceous, possessed some features in common with the marsupials but not with the placentals, evidence that these features were present in the last common ancestor of the two groups but were later lost in the placental lineage. In particular:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "shrewlike Juramaia sinensis"}], "question": "What is the oldest know fossil among the Eutheria group? ", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "160 million years ago"}], "question": "How long ago does oldest know fossil date back to?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "125 million years ago"}], "question": "In what time period did early animals share some features with marsupials?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "placental"}], "question": "Which lineage were some of these early marsupial features were lost?", "id": "5726319938643c19005ad2ca"}]}], ["Epidermis biasanya 10 hingga 30 sel tebal; fungsi utamanya adalah untuk menyediakan lapisan kalis air. Sel terluarnya sentiasa hilang; Sel-sel bottommostnya sentiasa membahagikan dan menolak ke atas. Lapisan tengah, dermis, adalah 15 hingga 40 kali lebih tebal daripada epidermis. Dermis terdiri daripada banyak komponen, seperti struktur tulang dan saluran darah. Hipodermis terdiri daripada tisu adipose. Tugasnya adalah untuk menyimpan lipid, dan untuk menyediakan kusyen dan penebat. Ketebalan lapisan ini berbeza-beza dari spesies hingga spesies. <> Apakah ketebalan khas epidermis? || 10 hingga 30 sel tebal <> Apakah fungsi utama epidermis? || untuk menyediakan lapisan kalis air <> Seberapa lebih tebal adalah dermis ke epidermis? || 15 hingga 40 kali lebih tebal <> Apa dermis terutamanya terdiri daripada? || struktur tulang dan saluran darah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Hyperdermis? || tisu adipose", {"context": "The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "10 to 30 cells thick"}], "question": "What is the typical thickness of the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "to provide a waterproof layer"}], "question": "What is the main function of the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "15 to 40 times thicker"}], "question": "How much more thicker is the dermis to the epidermis?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "bony structures and blood vessels"}], "question": "What is the dermis mainly consist of?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "adipose tissue"}], "question": "What does the Hyperdermis consist of?", "id": "57263afcec44d21400f3dc6d"}]}], ["Acara kepupusan Permian-Triassic, yang merupakan peristiwa yang berpanjangan akibat pengumpulan beberapa kepupusan kepupusan, mengakhiri dominasi karnivor di kalangan terapi itu. Pada awal Triassic, kesemua medium hingga karnivora darat utama diambil alih oleh archosaur yang, dalam tempoh masa yang panjang (35 juta tahun), termasuk crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, dan dinosaur. Oleh Jurassic, dinosaur telah datang untuk menguasai niche herbivora terestrial yang besar juga. <> Apakah nama peristiwa tahap kepupusan yang mengakhiri dominasi karnivor di antara terapi? || Permian-Triassic <> Dalam tempoh masa mana arkosaur mula mengambil alih sebagai karnivora yang dominan? || Triassic <> Yang mana tiga kumpulan yang bermula pada awal Triassic? || crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, dan dinosaurs <> Dalam tempoh Jurassic yang mana kumpulan keluar sebagai yang paling menguasai kedua-dua karnivora dan herbivora? || dinosaur", {"context": "The Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, which was a prolonged event due to the accumulation of several extinction pulses, ended the dominance of the carnivores among the therapsids. In the early Triassic, all the medium to large land carnivore niches were taken over by archosaurs which, over an extended period of time (35 million years), came to include the crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs. By the Jurassic, the dinosaurs had come to dominate the large terrestrial herbivore niches as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Permian\u2013Triassic"}], "question": "What was the name of extinction level event that ended the dominance of the carnivores among therapsids?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Triassic"}], "question": "During which time period did archosaurs begin to take over as the dominant carnivore?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "crocodylomorphs, the pterosaurs, and the dinosaurs"}], "question": "Which three groups did the early Triassic period consist of?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "dinosaurs"}], "question": "During the Jurassic period which group came out as the most dominate for both carnivores and herbivores?", "id": "57263014271a42140099d72e"}]}], ["Bukti yang paling awal dari rambut atau bulu adalah dalam fosil Castorocauda, dari 164 juta tahun yang lalu di Jurassic Tengah. Pada tahun 1950-an, dicadangkan bahawa foramina (laluan) dalam maxillae dan premaxillae (tulang di bahagian depan rahang atas) cynodonts adalah saluran yang membekalkan saluran darah dan saraf ke vibrissae (kumis) dan begitu juga bukti rambut atau bulu; tetapi tidak lama lagi menunjukkan bahawa foramina tidak semestinya menunjukkan bahawa seekor binatang mempunyai vibrissae, seperti kadal moden Tupinambis mempunyai foramina yang hampir sama dengan yang ditemukan di Thrinaxodon cynodont nonmammalia. Sumber-sumber popular, bagaimanapun, terus menyifatkan kumis kepada Thrinaxodon. <> Bilakah ia percaya bahawa rambut terawal diketahui dikatakan wujud? || 164 juta tahun yang lalu <> Bilakah dicadangkan bahawa foramina premaxillae boleh mengandungi rambut yang pertama tahu? || 1950-an <> Yang manakah tempoh masa utama yang dicadangkan dari rambut? || Jurassic", {"context": "The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "164 million years ago"}], "question": "When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Jurassic"}], "question": "Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?", "id": "5726344989a1e219009ac568"}]}], ["Apabila endothermy pertama muncul dalam evolusi mamalia tidak pasti. Monotrem moden mempunyai suhu badan yang lebih rendah dan kadar metabolik yang lebih berubah daripada marsupial dan placentals, tetapi ada bukti bahawa beberapa nenek moyang mereka, mungkin termasuk nenek moyang orang, mungkin mempunyai suhu badan seperti orang-orang moden. Beberapa bukti yang didapati setakat ini menunjukkan bahawa cynodont Triassic mempunyai kadar metabolik yang agak tinggi, tetapi tidak konklusif. Bagi haiwan kecil, penutup badan seperti bulu diperlukan untuk penyelenggaraan suhu badan yang tinggi dan stabil. <> Kumpulan haiwan yang mana mempunyai suhu badan yang lebih rendah yang marsupial dan placentals? || monotremes <> Tempoh masa mana yang dicadangkan bahawa cynodonts mempunyai kadar metabolisme yang tinggi? || Triassic <> Mengapakah perlu untuk haiwan yang lebih kecil mempunyai penutup penebat? || penyelenggaraan suhu badan yang tinggi dan stabil", {"context": "When endothermy first appeared in the evolution of mammals is uncertain. Modern monotremes have lower body temperatures and more variable metabolic rates than marsupials and placentals, but there is evidence that some of their ancestors, perhaps including ancestors of the therians, may have had body temperatures like those of modern therians. Some of the evidence found so far suggests that Triassic cynodonts had fairly high metabolic rates, but it is not conclusive. For small animals, an insulative covering like fur is necessary for the maintenance of a high and stable body temperature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "monotremes"}], "question": "Which group of animal has a lower body temperature that marsupials and placentals?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Triassic"}], "question": "Which time period is suggested that cynodonts had a high metabolic rate?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "maintenance of a high and stable body temperature"}], "question": "Why is it necessary for smaller animals to have an insulative covering?", "id": "5726365038643c19005ad307"}]}], ["Kajian phylogenetik terkini molekul menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan perintah plasenta telah diverged sekitar 100 hingga 85 juta tahun yang lalu dan bahawa keluarga moden muncul dalam tempoh dari zaman Eosen lewat Miosen. Tetapi ahli paleontologi menegaskan bahawa tiada fosil plasenta telah dijumpai dari sebelum akhir Cretaceous. Fosil-fosil placentals yang paling awal tidak dapat dipisahkan berasal dari Paleocene awal, selepas kepupusan dinosaur. Khususnya, saintis baru-baru ini telah mengenal pasti haiwan Paleocene awal bernama Protungulatum donnae sebagai salah satu mamalia placental pertama. Nenek moyang primata yang paling terkenal ialah Archicebus achilles dari sekitar 55 juta tahun yang lalu. Primat kecil ini menimbang 20-30 gram (0.7-1.1 auns) dan boleh dimuatkan dalam sawit manusia. <> Berapa lamakah kebanyakan tempahan berlainan daripada berlainan? || 100 hingga 85 juta tahun yang lalu <> Yang dua tempoh masa utama yang dilakukan oleh placentals? || Eocene melalui Miocene <> Tempoh masa yang manakah fosil-fosil awal mamalia plasenta awal yang tidak dipertikaikan muncul? || Paleocene <> Bilakah yang paling awal diketahui bahawa primate sudah wujud? || 55 juta tahun lalu <> Berapakah berat badan primata pertama? || 20-30 gram (0.7-1.1 auns)", {"context": "Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "100 to 85 million years ago"}], "question": "How long ago did most placental orders diverge from?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Eocene through the Miocene"}], "question": "Which two major time periods did placentals appear?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Paleocene"}], "question": "Which time period did early highly undisputed fossils of placental mammals appear?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "55 million years ago"}], "question": "When is the earliest know primate thought to had exist?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "20\u201330 grams (0.7\u20131.1 ounce)"}], "question": "How much did the first primate weigh?", "id": "5726331638643c19005ad2e3"}]}], ["Pernafasan sebahagian besarnya didorong oleh diafragma otot, yang membahagi thorax dari rongga perut, membentuk kubah dengan cembungnya ke arah toraks. Penguncupan diafragma menyerupai kubah, meningkatkan jumlah rongga di mana paru-paru tertutup. Air memasuki melalui rongga lisan dan hidung; ia mengalir melalui laring, trakea dan bronkus dan mengembang alveoli. Relaksasi diafragma mempunyai kesan yang bertentangan, secara semula menarik semula semasa pernafasan normal. Semasa latihan, dinding dinding perut, meningkatkan tekanan pendengaran pada diafragma, dengan itu memaksa udara lebih cepat dan kuat. Sangkar tulang rusuk itu sendiri juga boleh mengembangkan dan mengikat rongga thoracic ke tahap tertentu, melalui tindakan otot pernafasan dan aksesori pernafasan lain. Akibatnya, udara disedut atau dikeluarkan dari paru-paru, sentiasa bergerak ke bawah kecerunan tekanannya. Paru jenis ini dikenali sebagai paru-paru belu kerana ia menyerupai belos pandai besi. Mamalia mengambil oksigen ke dalam paru-paru mereka, dan membuang karbon dioksida. <> Apabila udara memasuki rongga mulut dan hidung, di manakah ia mengalir? || laring, trakea dan bronchi <> Peningkatan tekanan pada diafragma sehingga meningkatkan output udara lebih kerap biasanya disebabkan oleh? || Latihan <> Hasil daripada udara yang disedut masuk atau ditiup keluar dari paru-paru yang memindahkan kecerunan tekanannya dirujuk? || Bellows paru-paru <> Di manakah istilah Bellows Lung berasal? || belos pandai besi", {"context": "Breathing is largely driven by the muscular diaphragm, which divides the thorax from the abdominal cavity, forming a dome with its convexity towards the thorax. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the dome, increasing the volume of the cavity in which the lung is enclosed. Air enters through the oral and nasal cavities; it flows through the larynx, trachea and bronchi and expands the alveoli. Relaxation of the diaphragm has the opposite effect, passively recoiling during normal breathing. During exercise, the abdominal wall contracts, increasing visceral pressure on the diaphragm, thus forcing the air out more quickly and forcefully. The rib cage itself also is able to expand and contract the thoracic cavity to some degree, through the action of other respiratory and accessory respiratory muscles. As a result, air is sucked into or expelled out of the lungs, always moving down its pressure gradient. This type of lung is known as a bellows lung as it resembles a blacksmith's bellows. Mammals take oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "larynx, trachea and bronchi"}], "question": "When air enters both the oral and nasal cavities, where does it flow through?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d79f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "exercise"}], "question": "Increasing pressure on the diaphragm thus increasing air output more frequently is usually caused by?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 947, "text": "bellows lung"}], "question": "A result of air being sucked into or blown out of the lung thats moving its pressure gradient is referred to?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 978, "text": "blacksmith's bellows"}], "question": "Where did the term Bellows Lung come from?", "id": "572639c7271a42140099d7a2"}]}], ["Rambut mamalia, juga dikenali sebagai pelage, boleh berubah warna antara populasi, organisma dalam populasi, dan juga pada organisma individu. Perubahan warna gelap adalah perkara biasa dalam taksonomi mamalia. Kadang-kadang, variasi warna ini ditentukan oleh variasi umur, bagaimanapun, dalam keadaan lain, ia ditentukan oleh faktor lain. Tekanan terpilih, seperti interaksi ekologi dengan populasi lain atau keadaan persekitaran, sering membawa kepada perubahan dalam warna mamalia. Tekanan selektif ini memihak kepada warna-warna tertentu untuk meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup. Penyamaran dianggap sebagai tekanan pemilihan utama yang membentuk warna dalam mamalia, walaupun terdapat bukti bahawa pemilihan seksual, komunikasi, dan proses fisiologi juga boleh mempengaruhi evolusi pewarnaan juga. Penyamaran adalah mekanisme yang paling utama untuk variasi warna, kerana ia membantu dalam penyembunyian organisme dari pemangsa atau dari mangsa mereka. Warna kot juga boleh digunakan untuk komunikasi intraspecies seperti ahli amaran tentang spesies mereka tentang pemangsa, menunjukkan kesihatan untuk tujuan pembiakan, berkomunikasi antara ibu dan muda, dan menakutkan pemangsa. Kajian menunjukkan bahawa dalam beberapa kes, perbezaan warna kot betina dan lelaki boleh menunjukkan tahap nutrisi dan hormon maklumat, yang penting dalam proses pemilihan pasangan. Satu mekanisme akhir untuk variasi warna kot adalah tujuan tindak balas fisiologi, seperti peraturan suhu di persekitaran tropika atau arktik. Walaupun banyak telah diperhatikan tentang variasi warna, kebanyakan genetik yang menghubungkan warna kot kepada gen masih belum diketahui. Tapak genetik di mana gen pigmentasi dijumpai mempengaruhi fenotip dengan: 1) mengubah taburan spasial pigmentasi rambut, dan 2) mengubah ketumpatan dan pengedaran rambut. Pemetaan sifat kuantitatif digunakan untuk lebih memahami pembahagian loci yang bertanggungjawab untuk variasi pigmentasi. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun tapak genetik diketahui, masih banyak yang dapat mengetahui bagaimana gen ini dinyatakan. <> Apakah nama lain digunakan untuk rambut mamalia? || pelage <> Warna rambut mana yang paling biasa di kalangan taksonomi mamalia? || Warna terang gelap <> Selain penyamaran menjadi alasan untuk mempunyai warna rambut tertentu, apakah sebab-sebab lain yang telah dijumpai? || pemilihan seks, komunikasi, dan proses fisiologi", {"context": "Mammalian hair, also known as pelage, can vary in color between populations, organisms within a population, and even on the individual organism. Light-dark color variation is common in the mammalian taxa. Sometimes, this color variation is determined by age variation, however, in other cases, it is determined by other factors. Selective pressures, such as ecological interactions with other populations or environmental conditions, often lead to the variation in mammalian coloration. These selective pressures favor certain colors in order to increase survival. Camouflage is thought to be a major selection pressure shaping coloration in mammals, although there is also evidence that sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes may influence the evolution of coloration as well. Camouflage is the most predominant mechanism for color variation, as it aids in the concealment of the organisms from predators or from their prey. Coat color can also be for intraspecies communication such as warning members of their species about predators, indicating health for reproductive purposes, communicating between mother and young, and intimidating predators. Studies have shown that in some cases, differences in female and male coat color could indicate information nutrition and hormone levels, which are important in the mate selection process. One final mechanism for coat color variation is physiological response purposes, such as temperature regulation in tropical or arctic environments. Although much has been observed about color variation, much of the genetic that link coat color to genes is still unknown. The genetic sites where pigmentation genes are found are known to affect phenotype by: 1) altering the spatial distribution of pigmentation of the hairs, and 2) altering the density and distribution of the hairs. Quantitative trait mapping is being used to better understand the distribution of loci responsible for pigmentation variation. However, although the genetic sites are known, there is still much to learn about how these genes are expressed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "pelage"}], "question": "What is another name used for mammalian hair?", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad34f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Light-dark color"}], "question": "Which color of hair is most common among mammalian taxa?", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "sexual selection, communication, and physiological processes"}], "question": "Besides Camouflage being a reason for having certain hair colors, what other reasons have been discovered? ", "id": "57263c9938643c19005ad351"}]}], ["Dalam mamalia pintar, seperti primata, cerebrum lebih besar berbanding dengan otak yang lain. Perisikan itu sendiri tidak mudah untuk didefinisikan, tetapi petunjuk kecerdasan termasuk keupayaan untuk belajar, dipadankan dengan fleksibiliti tingkah laku. Tikus, misalnya, dianggap sangat pintar, kerana mereka dapat belajar dan melakukan tugas-tugas baru, keupayaan yang mungkin penting ketika mereka pertama menjajah habitat baru. Dalam sesetengah mamalia, perhitungan makanan kelihatan berkaitan dengan kecerdasan: rusa yang memakan tumbuhan mempunyai otak yang lebih kecil daripada kucing, yang mesti berfikir untuk mengatasi mangsanya. <> Bahagian mana lebih besar berbanding dengan otak pada primata? || cerebrum <> Yang bukan primata mempunyai keupayaan untuk belajar dan melaksanakan tugas baru? || Tikus <> Mamalia dengan otak yang lebih kecil cenderung berada dalam kelas apa dalam rantaian makanan? || mangsa", {"context": "In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "cerebrum"}], "question": "Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Rats"}], "question": "Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "prey"}], "question": "Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?", "id": "572640ac89a1e219009ac5fa"}]}], ["Mamalia Viviparous berada di subkelas Theria; Mereka yang tinggal pada hari ini adalah di kalangan kacamata hitam dan megah. Sebuah marsupial mempunyai tempoh kehamilan yang pendek, biasanya lebih pendek daripada siklus estrousnya, dan melahirkan bayi baru yang belum berkembang yang kemudiannya mengalami perkembangan selanjutnya; dalam banyak spesies, ini berlaku dalam kantung seperti kantung, marsupium, yang terletak di bahagian depan abdomen ibu. Ini adalah keadaan plusomorphic di kalangan mamalia viviparous; kehadiran tulang epipulan di semua mamalia bukan plasenta menghalang perkembangan badan yang diperlukan untuk kehamilan penuh. Malah eutherian bukan plasenta mungkin direproduksi semula dengan cara ini. <> Yang sub kelas yang paling mamalia viviparous? || Theria <> Mamalia Viviparous hari ini di mana dua buah kacamata utama? || marsupial dan placental <> Apa yang ada dalam semua mamalia bukan plasenta? || tulang epipulan", {"context": "Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Theria"}], "question": "Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "marsupial and placental"}], "question": "Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "epipubic bones"}], "question": "What is present in all non-placental mammals?", "id": "57263f68ec44d21400f3dcc5"}]}], ["Untuk mengekalkan suhu badan yang tetap tinggi adalah tenaga yang mahal - mamalia memerlukan makanan yang berkhasiat dan berlimpah. Walaupun mamalia terawal mungkin pemangsa, spesies yang berbeza telah disesuaikan untuk memenuhi keperluan diet mereka dalam pelbagai cara. Sesetengah makan haiwan lain - ini adalah diet karnivor (dan termasuk diet insektivor). Mamalia lain, yang dipanggil herbivora, makan tumbuhan. Diet herbivorous termasuk subtipe seperti pemakanan buah-buahan dan pemakan rumput. An omnivore makan mangsa dan tumbuhan. Mamalia karnivora mempunyai saluran penghadaman yang mudah, kerana protein, lipid, dan mineral yang terdapat di dalam daging memerlukan sedikit cara untuk pencernaan khusus. Sebaliknya, tumbuh-tumbuhan mengandungi karbohidrat kompleks, seperti selulosa. Oleh itu, saluran penghadaman herbivora menjadi tuan rumah kepada bakteria yang menanam bahan-bahan ini, dan menjadikannya tersedia untuk pencernaan. Bakteria ditempatkan di perut banyak atau dalam cecum besar. Saiz haiwan juga merupakan faktor dalam menentukan jenis diet. Memandangkan mamalia kecil mempunyai nisbah luas permukaan yang kehilangan haba kepada jumlah penjanaan haba, mereka cenderung mempunyai keperluan tenaga yang tinggi dan kadar metabolik yang tinggi. Mamalia yang berat kurang daripada kira-kira 18 oz (500 g) kebanyakannya serangga kerana mereka tidak boleh bertolak ansur dengan proses pencernaan herba yang perlahan dan kompleks. Haiwan yang lebih besar, sebaliknya, menghasilkan lebih banyak haba dan kurang haba ini hilang. Oleh itu, mereka boleh bertolak ansur sama ada proses pengumpulan yang lebih perlahan (yang membiak pada vertebrata yang lebih besar) atau proses penghadaman yang lebih perlahan (herbivora). Tambahan pula, mamalia yang menimbang lebih daripada 18 oz (500 g) biasanya tidak dapat mengumpulkan serangga yang mencukupi semasa waktu bangun untuk mengekalkan diri mereka. Satu-satunya mamalia serangga yang besar adalah mereka yang memakan koloni besar serangga (semut atau rayap). <> Untuk dapat mengekalkan suhu badan yang tetap, apakah yang diperlukan oleh mamalia? || makanan berkhasiat dan berlimpah <> Apa yang dimaksudkan omnivore? || makan kedua-dua mangsa dan tumbuh-tumbuhan <> Apakah kebanyakan mamalia di bawah 18 oz makan? || serangga <> Apa yang menentukan jenis makanan mamalia? || Saiz", {"context": "To maintain a high constant body temperature is energy expensive \u2013 mammals therefore need a nutritious and plentiful diet. While the earliest mammals were probably predators, different species have since adapted to meet their dietary requirements in a variety of ways. Some eat other animals \u2013 this is a carnivorous diet (and includes insectivorous diets). Other mammals, called herbivores, eat plants. A herbivorous diet includes subtypes such as fruit-eating and grass-eating. An omnivore eats both prey and plants. Carnivorous mammals have a simple digestive tract, because the proteins, lipids, and minerals found in meat require little in the way of specialized digestion. Plants, on the other hand, contain complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose. The digestive tract of an herbivore is therefore host to bacteria that ferment these substances, and make them available for digestion. The bacteria are either housed in the multichambered stomach or in a large cecum. The size of an animal is also a factor in determining diet type. Since small mammals have a high ratio of heat-losing surface area to heat-generating volume, they tend to have high energy requirements and a high metabolic rate. Mammals that weigh less than about 18 oz (500 g) are mostly insectivorous because they cannot tolerate the slow, complex digestive process of a herbivore. Larger animals, on the other hand, generate more heat and less of this heat is lost. They can therefore tolerate either a slower collection process (those that prey on larger vertebrates) or a slower digestive process (herbivores). Furthermore, mammals that weigh more than 18 oz (500 g) usually cannot collect enough insects during their waking hours to sustain themselves. The only large insectivorous mammals are those that feed on huge colonies of insects (ants or termites).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "nutritious and plentiful diet"}], "question": "To be able to maintain a constant body temperature, what do mammals need to maintain?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "eats both prey and plants"}], "question": "What does a omnivore imply?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1674, "text": "insects"}], "question": "What do the majority of mammals under 18 oz eat?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "The size"}], "question": "What determines a mammals diet type?", "id": "5726420638643c19005ad3a2"}]}], ["Hibridisasi sengaja atau tidak sengaja dua atau lebih spesies haiwan yang berkait rapat melalui pembiakan tawanan adalah aktiviti manusia yang telah wujud selama beribu tahun dan telah berkembang pada masa-masa kebelakangan ini untuk tujuan ekonomi. Bilangan hibrid mamalia antara spesies yang berjaya adalah agak kecil, walaupun telah diketahui bahawa terdapat sejumlah besar hibrida yang terjadi secara semulajadi antara bentuk atau varieti serantau spesies tunggal. [Rujukan?] Ini boleh membentuk zon penggredan yang dikenali sebagai kelopak. Sesungguhnya, perbezaan antara sesetengah spesies yang berbeza boleh menjadi mendung sebaik sahaja ia dapat ditunjukkan bahawa mereka bukan sahaja boleh membiak tetapi menghasilkan keturunan yang subur. Sesetengah haiwan hibrid menunjukkan kekuatan dan daya tahan yang lebih besar daripada sama ada ibu bapa. Ini dikenali sebagai semangat hibrid. Kewujudan keledai (kuda keldai, empangan kuda) yang digunakan secara meluas sebagai draf haiwan yang keras sepanjang sejarah kuno dan moden adalah bukti ini. Contoh lain yang terkenal ialah hibrida singa / harimau, liger, yang merupakan kucing besar terbesar dan kadangkala digunakan dalam sarkas; dan hibrida lembu seperti antara lembu domestik Eropah dan India atau antara lembu domestik dan bison Amerika, yang digunakan dalam industri daging dan dipasarkan sebagai Beefalo. Terdapat beberapa spekulasi bahawa keldai itu sendiri mungkin hasil dari hibridisasi kuno di antara dua spesies keldai liar atau sub-spesies. Haiwan hibrid selalunya tidak subur kerana ibu bapa mereka biasanya mempunyai bilangan kromosom yang sedikit berbeza, menyebabkan kromosom yang tidak berpasangan di dalam sel mereka, yang menghalang pembahagian sel seks dan gonad daripada beroperasi dengan betul, terutama pada lelaki. Terdapat pengecualian kepada peraturan ini, terutamanya jika proses spesiasi relatif baru atau tidak lengkap seperti halnya banyak spesies ternak dan anjing. Biasanya sifat perilaku, permusuhan semulajadi, julat semulajadi dan perbezaan kitaran pembiakan mengekalkan pemisahan spesies yang berkait rapat dan menghalang hibridisasi semulajadi. Walau bagaimanapun, gangguan yang meluas kepada tingkah laku haiwan semulajadi dan julat yang disebabkan oleh aktiviti manusia, bandar-bandar, tempat pembuangan dengan makanan, pertanian, pagar, jalan raya dan lain-lain melakukan haiwan berkumpul bersama yang biasanya tidak membiak. Terdapat contoh yang jelas antara pelbagai sub-spesies serigala kelabu, anjing coyote dan anjing domestik di Amerika Utara. Seperti banyak burung dan mamalia yang dicatatkan pada ibu dan keluarga terdekat mereka sejak kecil, amalan yang digunakan oleh penggemar haiwan adalah untuk memupuk induk yang dirancang dalam program hibridisasi dengan spesies yang sama seperti yang mereka dirancangkan untuk pasangan. <> Apakah nama yang diberikan apabila zon gradasi keluar? || kura-kura <> Apakah nama hibrid singa dan harimau yang diberikan? || liger <> Apakah nama yang dipasarkan dalam industri daging apabila anda melibatkan lembu domestik european atau indian bercampur dengan bison Amerika? || Beefalo <> Apakah nama anak dari dua binatang yang diberikan? || hibrid", {"context": "The deliberate or accidental hybridising of two or more species of closely related animals through captive breeding is a human activity which has been in existence for millennia and has grown in recent times for economic purposes. The number of successful interspecific mammalian hybrids is relatively small, although it has come to be known that there is a significant number of naturally occurring hybrids between forms or regional varieties of a single species.[citation needed] These may form zones of gradation known as clines. Indeed, the distinction between some hitherto distinct species can become clouded once it can be shown that they may not only breed but produce fertile offspring. Some hybrid animals exhibit greater strength and resilience than either parent. This is known as hybrid vigor. The existence of the mule (donkey sire; horse dam) being used widely as a hardy draught animal throughout ancient and modern history is testament to this. Other well known examples are the lion/tiger hybrid, the liger, which is by far the largest big cat and sometimes used in circuses; and cattle hybrids such as between European and Indian domestic cattle or between domestic cattle and American bison, which are used in the meat industry and marketed as Beefalo. There is some speculation that the donkey itself may be the result of an ancient hybridisation between two wild ass species or sub-species. Hybrid animals are normally infertile partly because their parents usually have slightly different numbers of chromosomes, resulting in unpaired chromosomes in their cells, which prevents division of sex cells and the gonads from operating correctly, particularly in males. There are exceptions to this rule, especially if the speciation process was relatively recent or incomplete as is the case with many cattle and dog species. Normally behavior traits, natural hostility, natural ranges and breeding cycle differences maintain the separateness of closely related species and prevent natural hybridisation. However, the widespread disturbances to natural animal behaviours and range caused by human activity, cities, dumping grounds with food, agriculture, fencing, roads and so on do force animals together which would not normally breed. Clear examples exist between the various sub-species of grey wolf, coyote and domestic dog in North America. As many birds and mammals imprint on their mother and immediate family from infancy, a practice used by animal hybridizers is to foster a planned parent in a hybridization program with the same species as the one with which they are planned to mate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "clines"}], "question": "What is the name given when zones of gradation exits?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f0189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "liger"}], "question": "What is the given name of a lion and tiger hybrid?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1264, "text": "Beefalo"}], "question": "What is the marketed name given in the meat industry when you involve a european or indian domestic cattle mixed with an American bison?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2523, "text": "hybrid"}], "question": "What is the given name of a offspring from two different animals?", "id": "572643c7994a9e14006f018c"}]}]], [["Dalam dekad-dekad berikut terdapat pertempuran berterusan antara lobi syarikat dan Parlimen. Syarikat itu meminta pertubuhan tetap, sementara Parlimen tidak akan dengan mudah membenarkan ia menjadi autonomi yang lebih besar dan melepaskan peluang untuk mengeksploitasikan keuntungan syarikat. Pada tahun 1712, satu lagi perbuatan memperbaharui status syarikat itu, walaupun hutang itu dibayar balik. Menjelang 1720, 15% daripada import British berasal dari India, hampir semua melalui syarikat itu, yang menegaskan pengaruh lobi syarikat. Lesen ini telah berlanjutan sehingga 1766 dengan satu lagi perbuatan pada tahun 1730. <> pada tahun 1720 apakah% barang impor berasal dari India? || 15% <> Siapa yang meluluskan perbuatan yang menguntungkan keuntungan perusahaan india timur || Parlimen <> yang berhujah melawan parlimen mengenai isu perdagangan yang menyerang Syarikat India Timur || lobi syarikat", {"context": "In the following decades there was a constant battle between the company lobby and the Parliament. The company sought a permanent establishment, while the Parliament would not willingly allow it greater autonomy and so relinquish the opportunity to exploit the company's profits. In 1712, another act renewed the status of the company, though the debts were repaid. By 1720, 15% of British imports were from India, almost all passing through the company, which reasserted the influence of the company lobby. The licence was prolonged until 1766 by yet another act in 1730.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "15%"}], "question": "in 1720 what % of  import goods were from India? ", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Parliament"}], "question": "Who passed the acts that effected the profits of East india company", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "company lobby"}], "question": "Who argued against parliament on the trade issue that involded the East India Company", "id": "5726635ddd62a815002e8364"}]}], ["Tidak lama selepas kekalahan Armada Sepanyol pada tahun 1588, para pedagang London membentangkan petisyen kepada Queen Elizabeth I untuk kebenaran untuk berlayar ke Lautan Hindi. Kebenaran itu diberikan, dan walaupun kekalahan Armada Inggeris pada 1589, pada 10 April 1591 tiga kapal belayar dari Torbay di sekitar Cape of Good Hope ke Laut Arab pada salah satu ekspedisi India di luar negeri Inggeris terawal. Salah seorang daripada mereka, Edward Bonventure, kemudian berlayar di sekitar Cape Comorin dan ke Semenanjung Tanah Melayu dan seterusnya kembali ke England pada 1594. <> Armada Sepanyol mengalami kekalahan pada tahun berapa? || 1588 <> Apa tahun pertama pedagang London diberi kebenaran untuk berlayar di Lautan Indina? || 1589 <> Siapa yang membuat petisyen saudagar London mendapatkan kebenaran untuk belayar Lautan Hindi? || Ratu Elizabeth I <> berapa kapal yang belayar Torbay? || tiga <> yang kembali ke England selepas berlayar di sekitar Cape Comorin? || Edward Bonventure <> dalam perenggan ini Armada Sepanyol mengalami kekalahan pada tahun berapa? || 1588 <> berapa banyak kapal belayar dari Torbay? || tiga", {"context": "Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean. The permission was granted, and despite the defeat of the English Armada in 1589, on 10 April 1591 three ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions. One of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin and on to the Malay Peninsula and subsequently returned to England in 1594.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1588"}], "question": "The Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "1589"}], "question": "What was the first year the London merchants were granted permission to sail the Indina Ocean?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Queen Elizabeth I"}], "question": "Who did the London merchants petition to get permission to sail the Indian Ocean?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "three"}], "question": "how many ships sailed Torbay?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Edward Bonventure"}], "question": "who returned to england after sailing around Cape Comorin?", "id": "57261fdfec44d21400f3d939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1588"}], "question": " in this paragraph the Spanish Armada suffered a defeat in what year?", "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "three"}], "question": "how many ships sailed  from Torbay?", "id": "57264fa95951b619008f6f93"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 1695, Kapten Henry Every, sebuah lanun Inggeris di atas kapal Fancy, tiba di Selat Bab-el-Mandeb, di mana dia bekerjasama dengan lima lagi kapten lanun untuk membuat serangan terhadap armada India yang membuat pelayaran tahunan ke Mocha. Konvoi Mughal termasuk kumpulan Ganj-i-Sawai, yang dilaporkan menjadi yang terbesar di armada Mughal dan kapal terbesar yang beroperasi di Lautan Hindi, dan pengiringnya, Fateh Muhammed. Mereka dilihat melewati selat perjalanan ke Surat. Lanun itu mengejar dan terperangkap dengan Fateh Muhammed beberapa hari kemudian, dan menemui sedikit perlawanan, mengambil kira-kira \u00a3 50,000 hingga \u00a3 60,000. <> Berapa banyak harta yang diambil oleh lanun? || \u00a3 50,000 hingga \u00a3 60,000 <> waht adalah nama kapal terbesar yang beroperasi di lautan India? || Ganj-i-Sawai, <> berapa kerap pelayaran India ke Mocha? || tahunan <> Apa jenis Kapten adalah Henry Setiap? || Pirate Inggeris <> Apa nama Pirate di atas kapal Fancy yang kemudiannya bekerjasama dengan lima orang captionin lanun lain untuk menyerang Armada India? || Kapten Henry Setiap <> Kapten Henry Setiap menyerang Armada India || 1695 <> Dimana Armada indian menuju ke arah mereka ketika diserang oleh Kapten Setiap || Mocha <> Apa yang dikatakan kapal terbesar di Konvoi Mughal di Armada India? || Ganj-i-Sawai", {"context": "In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some \u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000 worth of treasure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "\u00a350,000 to \u00a360,000"}], "question": "How much treasure was taken by pirates?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai,"}], "question": "waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "annual"}], "question": "how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "English pirate"}], "question": "What type of Captain was Henry Every?", "id": "57262b91271a42140099d6e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Captain Henry Every"}], "question": "What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?", "id": "57265924708984140094c353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1695"}], "question": "When did  Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet", "id": "57265924708984140094c354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Mocha"}], "question": "Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every", "id": "57265924708984140094c355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai"}], "question": "What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?", "id": "57265924708984140094c356"}]}], ["Tiap-tiap terus berusaha dan berjaya merombak Ganj-i-Sawai, yang bertahan dengan kuat sebelum akhirnya mencolok. Ganj-i-Sawai membawa kekayaan yang sangat besar dan, menurut sumber-sumber Syarikat India Timur yang kontemporari, telah membawa saudara kepada Grand Mughal, walaupun tidak ada bukti yang menyatakan bahawa ia adalah anak perempuannya dan pengikutnya. Rampasan dari Ganj-i-Sawai mempunyai nilai keseluruhan antara \u00a3 325,000 dan \u00a3 600,000, termasuk 500,000 kepingan emas dan perak, dan telah dikenali sebagai kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh lanun. <> Berapa banyak potongan emas dan perak di Ganj-i-Sawai? || 500,000 <> Berapakah jumlah nilai kargo di Ganj-i-Sawai? || \u00a3 325,000 dan \u00a3 600,000 <> yang berada di Ganji-i-Sawai mengikut EIC? || saudara dari Grand Mughal <> apa yang diketahui oleh Ganj-i-Sawai? || kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh lanun <> Apa yang dikatakan tingginya nilai rampasan yang dilakukan oleh Ganj-i-Sawai? || \u00a3 600,000 <> sebagai masa telah berlalu apa yang telah menjadi tahu sebagai kapal terkaya yang pernah diambil oleh Pirates? || Ganj-i-Sawai <> berapa banyak potongan emas dan perak di Ganj-i-Sawai? || 500,000 keping emas dan perak", {"context": "Every continued in pursuit and managed to overhaul Ganj-i-Sawai, which resisted strongly before eventually striking. Ganj-i-Sawai carried enormous wealth and, according to contemporary East India Company sources, was carrying a relative of the Grand Mughal, though there is no evidence to suggest that it was his daughter and her retinue. The loot from the Ganj-i-Sawai had a total value between \u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000, including 500,000 gold and silver pieces, and has become known as the richest ship ever taken by pirates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "500,000"}], "question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "\u00a3325,000 and \u00a3600,000"}], "question": "What was the total value of cargo on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "a relative of the Grand Mughal"}], "question": "who was on the Ganji-i-Sawai according to the EIC?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "richest ship ever taken by pirates"}], "question": "what is the Ganj-i-Sawai know for?", "id": "57262e0289a1e219009ac517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "\u00a3600,000"}], "question": "What was reportedly the high value of of loot that the Ganj-i-Sawai had?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Ganj-i-Sawai"}], "question": "as times has past what has become know as the richest ship ever taken by Pirates?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "500,000 gold and silver pieces"}], "question": "how many gold and silver pieces were on the Ganj-i-Sawai?", "id": "57265ab2f1498d1400e8dcf8"}]}], ["Ini membolehkan mana-mana firma Inggeris untuk berdagang dengan India, melainkan secara khusus dilarang oleh perbuatan parlimen, dengan itu membatalkan piagam yang telah berkuatkuasa selama hampir 100 tahun. Dengan perbuatan yang diluluskan pada tahun 1698, sebuah syarikat \"Parallel\" East India yang baru (secara rasmi bertajuk Perdagangan Syarikat Inggeris ke Hindia Timur) telah terapung di bawah indemniti yang disokong negeri sebanyak \u00a3 2 juta. Pemegang saham kuat syarikat lama dengan cepat melanggan sejumlah \u00a3 315,000 dalam kebimbangan baru, dan menguasai badan baru itu. Kedua-dua syarikat bergelut dengan satu sama lain untuk beberapa waktu, sama ada di England dan di India, untuk bahagian perdagangan yang dominan. <> firma enlish dibenarkan untuk berdagang dengan India melainkan? || dilarang oleh perbuatan parlimen <> apakah nama syarikat india Timur kedua yang berakhir selari dengan yang pertama? || Syarikat Bahasa Inggeris Berdagang ke Hindia Timur <> Dua syarikat Hindia Timur yang selari mempunyai daya tersembunyi di kedua-dua England dan? || India <> Dalam tahun apakah Akta meluluskan syarikat India Timur yang selari? || 1698 <> Pemegang saham syarikat asal India Timur mencatatkan berapa banyak wang untuk mencuba dan berurusan dengan Syarikat Hindia Timur yang selari? || \u00a3 315,000", {"context": "This allowed any English firm to trade with India, unless specifically prohibited by act of parliament, thereby annulling the charter that had been in force for almost 100 years. By an act that was passed in 1698, a new \"parallel\" East India Company (officially titled the English Company Trading to the East Indies) was floated under a state-backed indemnity of \u00a32 million. The powerful stockholders of the old company quickly subscribed a sum of \u00a3315,000 in the new concern, and dominated the new body. The two companies wrestled with each other for some time, both in England and in India, for a dominant share of the trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "prohibited by act of parliament"}], "question": "enlish firms were allow to trade with  India unless?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "English Company Trading to the East Indies"}], "question": "what was the name of the  second East india company that ended up runnig parallel to the first?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "India"}], "question": "The two parallel East India company  had a power stuggle in both  England and?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "1698"}], "question": "In what  year was the Act passed the made a parallel East India company?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "\u00a3315,000"}], "question": "The stock holder of the Original East India  company rasied how much money  to  try and deal with the parallel East India Company?", "id": "572661a95951b619008f7109"}]}], ["Apabila berita itu tiba di England, ia menimbulkan bantahan. Sebagai tindak balas, satu hadiah sebanyak \u00a3 1,000 telah ditawarkan untuk penangkapan Setiap oleh Majlis Privy dan Syarikat India Timur, yang membawa kepada pemburuan pertama di dunia dalam sejarah yang direkodkan. Rampasan kapal kargo Aurangzeb mempunyai akibat yang serius bagi Syarikat India Timur India. Maharaja Mughal yang marah Aurangzeb mengarahkan Sidi Yaqub dan Nawab Daud Khan untuk menyerang dan menutup empat kilang syarikat di India dan memenjarakan pegawai mereka, yang hampir dipenuhi oleh sekumpulan Mughal yang marah, menyalahkan mereka kerana kemusnahan mereka, dan mengancam untuk meletakkan berakhir dengan semua perdagangan bahasa Inggeris di India. Untuk menenangkan Kaisar Aurangzeb dan terutama Viziernya Asad Khan, Parlimen mengecualikan Setiap dari semua Kisah Rahmat (pengampunan) dan amnesti yang kemudiannya akan dikeluarkan kepada lanun lain. <> Siapa yang menyebabkan pemburuan di seluruh dunia pertama? || Setiap <> Apa jumlah kurnia yang ditawarkan untuk Captian Setiap selepas England mendengar bahawa Ganj-i-Sawai telah diambil || \u00a3 1,000 <> Captian Every adalah fokus rekod pertama di dunia .... apa dalam sejarah? || manhunt <> Apa nama dewan yang menawarkan sebahagian daripada karunia untuk Kapten Setiap || Majlis Privy <> Yang mengambil 4 kapal India Timur dan menahan pegawai mereka sebagai reaksi terhadap serangan ke atas Ganj-i-Sawai || Maharaja Mughal Aurangzeb <> Oleh kerana bahaya yang Kapten Setiap meletakkan kekayaan perdagangan Syarikat India Timur apa Akta dia tidak akan layak untuk bajak laut lain kemudian ditawarkan? || Kisah Rahmat", {"context": "When the news arrived in England it caused an outcry. In response, a combined bounty of \u00a31,000 was offered for Every's capture by the Privy Council and East India Company, leading to the first worldwide manhunt in recorded history. The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the English East India Company. The furious Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ordered Sidi Yaqub and Nawab Daud Khan to attack and close four of the company's factories in India and imprison their officers, who were almost lynched by a mob of angry Mughals, blaming them for their countryman's depredations, and threatened to put an end to all English trading in India. To appease Emperor Aurangzeb and particularly his Grand Vizier Asad Khan, Parliament exempted Every from all of the Acts of Grace (pardons) and amnesties it would subsequently issue to other pirates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Every"}], "question": "Who caused the first worldwide manhunt?", "id": "5726314d271a42140099d739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "\u00a31,000"}], "question": "What was the total bounty offered for Captian Every after England heard that the Ganj-i-Sawai was  taken", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "manhunt"}], "question": "Captian Every was the focus of the first recorded worldwide.... what in history?", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Privy Council"}], "question": "What was the name of the  council that offered part of the bounty for Captain Every", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb"}], "question": "Who took 4 East India ship and arrested their officers as a reaction to the attack on Ganj-i-Sawai", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Acts of Grace"}], "question": "Due to the danger the Captian Every put the trading abiliy of East India Company what  Act would he never qualify for that other pirate were later offered?", "id": "57265d15dd62a815002e82c2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1634, Maharaja Mughal melanjutkan keramahtamahannya kepada pedagang Inggeris ke wilayah Bengal, dan pada tahun 1717 duti kastam sepenuhnya dikecualikan untuk perdagangan. Perniagaan pertambangan syarikat itu kemudiannya kapas, sutera, pewarna indigo, saltpetre, dan teh. Belanda adalah pesaing agresif dan pada masa itu memperluas monopoli mereka perdagangan rempah di Selat Malaka dengan mengusir Portugis pada 1640-41. Dengan pengurangan pengaruh Portugis dan Sepanyol di rantau ini, EIC dan Dutch East India Company (VOC) memasuki masa persaingan sengit, mengakibatkan Perang Anglo-Belanda pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. <> Nama peperangan yang disebabkan oleh persaingan sengit antara EIC dan Dutch East India Company || Perang Anglo-Belanda pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18 yang menyebabkan Belanda mengembangkan perdagangan rempah-rempah di Selat Malaka? || menggulingkan Portugis dalam 1640-41 <> Seberapa penting kapas, sutera, pewarna indigo, garpu dan teh ke syarikat? || Perniagaan utama syarikat <> tahun berapakah maharaja Mughal sama sekali menyerang kedutaan kastam? || 1717 <> yang maharaja Mughal memberhentikan keramahan? || Peniaga-peniaga Bahasa Inggeris <> kawasan mana yang disediakan untuk pedagang bahasa inggeris oleh maharaja Mughal? || Benggala <> pada tahun 1717 apa yang menjadikan wilayah Bengal begitu menarik bagi pedagang bahasa Inggeris? || duti kastam yang dibebaskan <> mengapa jenis pewarna adalah salah satu produk utama syarikat India Timur? || pewarna indigo <> Siapa pesaing utama yang mempunyai monopoli perdagangan rempah di Malaka? || Belanda <> perang apa akibat dari persaingan perusahaan perdagangan mulitple pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18? || Anglo-Belanda Wars", {"context": "In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries"}], "question": "Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "ousting the Portuguese in 1640\u201341"}], "question": "what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "The company's mainstay business"}], "question": "How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1717"}], "question": "what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "English traders"}], "question": "who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?", "id": "572629d9ec44d21400f3db2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Bengal"}], "question": "what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "waived customs duties"}], "question": "in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "indigo dye"}], "question": "why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "The Dutch"}], "question": "Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Anglo-Dutch Wars"}], "question": "what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?", "id": "5726572af1498d1400e8dc80"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh dua tahun akan datang, syarikat itu menubuhkan kilang pertamanya di selatan India di bandar Machilipatnam di Pantai Coromandel di Teluk Bengal. Keuntungan yang tinggi yang dilaporkan oleh syarikat selepas pendaratan di India pada mulanya mendorong King James I untuk memberikan lesen subsidiari kepada syarikat perdagangan lain di England. Tetapi pada tahun 1609, beliau memperbaharui piagam yang diberikan kepada syarikat itu untuk tempoh yang tidak ditentukan, termasuk klausa yang menyatakan bahawa piagam itu akan berkuatkuasa jika perdagangan berubah menjadi tidak menguntungkan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut. <> Di manakah kilang pertama di selatan India? || pekan Machilipatnam di Pantai Coromandel Teluk Benggala <> Pada tahun 1609 piagam itu diperbaharui untuk tempoh berapa? || tidak pasti apa yang akan berlaku jika perdagangan tidak mengembalikan keuntungan sekurang-kurangnya 3 tahun? || piagam akan berhenti berkuatkuasa <> mengapa Raja James I melesenkan syarikat perdagangan lain dari england? || keuntungan yang tinggi <> Di manakah kilang pertama di selatan India? || Machilipatnam <> Pada mulanya telah memindahkan King James 1 untuk memberikan lesen subsidiari kepada syarikat perdagangan lain di England? || Keuntungan yang tinggi <> Walaupun syarikat telah memberi tempoh yang tidak pasti apabila memperbaharui piagam mereka apa klausa yang digunakan King James untuk memastikan syarikat tetap menguntungkan || piagam itu akan berkuatkuasa jika perdagangan berubah menjadi tidak menguntungkan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut. <> Berapa tahunkah Peniaga-peniaga London harus menjadi profitabl apabila piagam mereka diperbaharui oleh raja james? || tiga tahun berturut-turut", {"context": "In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. The high profits reported by the company after landing in India initially prompted King James I to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England. But in 1609 he renewed the charter given to the company for an indefinite period, including a clause that specified that the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal"}], "question": "Where was the first factory in south India?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "indefinite"}], "question": "In 1609 the charter was renewed for what period of time?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "charter would cease to be in force"}], "question": "what would happen if the trade did not return a profit for at least 3 years?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "high profits"}], "question": "why did King James I licence other trading companies from england?", "id": "57262557ec44d21400f3da08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Machilipatnam"}], "question": "Where was the first factory in south India?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "high profits"}], "question": "What initially moved King James 1 to grant subsidiary licences to other trading companies in England?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "the charter would cease to be in force if the trade turned unprofitable for three consecutive years."}], "question": "While the company was  giving an indefinite period when renewing thier charter what clause did King james use to make sure the company stayed profitable", "id": "5726535d708984140094c279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "three consecutive years"}], "question": "how many years did the Merchants of London have to become profitabl when their charter was renewed by king james?", "id": "5726535d708984140094c27a"}]}], ["Syarikat yang mendapat manfaat daripada patronase imperial, tidak lama lagi memperluaskan operasi perdagangan komersilnya, melepaskan Portugis Negeri da India, yang telah mendirikan pangkalan di Goa, Chittagong, dan Bombay, yang kemudiannya diserahkan kepada Portugal sebagai bagian dari mas kahwin Catherine de Braganza. Syarikat India Timur juga melancarkan serangan bersama dengan Syarikat Hindia Belanda Timur India mengenai kapal Portugis dan Sepanyol di luar pantai China, yang membantu mengamankan pelabuhan mereka di China. Syarikat itu mendirikan jawatan perdagangan di Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), dan Calcutta (1690). Menjelang 1647, syarikat itu mempunyai 23 kilang, masing-masing di bawah komander faktor atau saudagar induk dan gabenor jika dipilih, dan 90 pekerja di India. Kilang-kilang utama menjadi kubu berdinding Fort William di Bengal, Fort St George di Madras, dan Bombay Castle. <> Bilakah pos dagang bombay ditubuhkan? || 1668 <> yang memerintahkan kilang yang dimiliki oleh syarikat India Timur? || faktor atau pedagang induk dan gabenor <> yang membantu menyertai syarikat India Timur dalam serangan bersama kapal Portugis dan Sepanyol? || Belanda United East India Company <> Berapa banyak pekerja di kilang-kilang di India? || 90 <> apa gerbang Fort William di Bengal, Fort St George di Madras dan kastil Bombay sebelum mereka kubu? || kilang-kilang utama <> yang membantu menyertai syarikat India Timur dalam serangan bersama kapal Portugis dan Sepanyol? || Belanda <> menjelang 1647 berapa kilang yang ada syarikat itu? || 23 <> syarikat india timur berubah bagaimana ia melakukan perniagaan dengan berpindah dari memfokuskan pada perlindungan kerajaan kepada jenis perniagaan apa? || operasi perdagangan komersial <> ketika syarikat india timur berpindah ke perdagangan komersial apa yang dilakukan syarikat mereka melampaui? || Portugis Negeri da India <> Kilang-kilang teratas atau paling penting mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang sama? || benteng berdinding", {"context": "The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1668"}], "question": "when was the bombay trading post established?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "factor or master merchant and governor"}], "question": "who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Dutch United East India Company"}], "question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "90"}], "question": "how many employees were in the factories in India?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "major factories"}], "question": "what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?", "id": "57262779271a42140099d5f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Dutch"}], "question": "who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "23"}], "question": "by 1647 how many factories did the company have?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "commercial trading operations"}], "question": "the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Portuguese Estado da \u00cdndia"}], "question": "when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "walled forts"}], "question": "The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?", "id": "572655495951b619008f6ff3"}]}], ["Kali ini mereka berjaya, dan pada 31 Disember 1600, Ratu memberikan Piagam Diraja kepada \"George, Earl of Cumberland, dan 215 Knights, Aldermen, dan Burgesses\" di bawah nama, Gabenor dan Perusahaan Perdagangan Pedagang London dengan Hindia Timur . Untuk tempoh lima belas tahun, piagam itu dianugerahkan syarikat baru yang terbentuk sebagai monopoli perdagangan dengan semua negara di sebelah timur Cape of Good Hope dan di barat Selat Magellan. Sir James Lancaster memerintahkan pelayaran Syarikat Hindia Timur pertama pada tahun 1601 dan kembali pada tahun 1603. dan pada bulan Mac 1604 Sir Henry Middleton memerintahkan pelayaran kedua. Jeneral William Keeling, seorang kapten semasa pelayaran kedua, mengetuai pelayaran ketiga dari tahun 1607 hingga 1610. <Apa yang diberikan oleh Ratu kepada mereka untuk meneruskannya? || Piagam Diraja <> Apakah nama Piagam Diraja? || Gabenor dan Syarikat Pedagang London yang berdagang dengan Hindia Timur <> Apa piagam ini memberi mereka? || satu monopoli dalam perdagangan dengan semua negara di sebelah timur Cape of Good Hope dan di barat Selat Magellan <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran antara 1601 dan 1603? || Sir James Lancaster <> Siapa yang mengetuai pelayaran ketiga? || Jeneral William Keeling <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran antara 1601 dan 1603? || Sir James Lancaster <> Siapa yang memerintahkan pelayaran kedua pada tahun 1604? || Sir Henry Middleton <> Apakah pangkat orang yang memerintahkan pelayaran ketiga? || Umum <> apakah nama syarikat yang berdagang dengan Hindia Timur? || Peniaga-peniaga London <> Berapa tahun berapa Peniaga-peniaga London mempunyai monoploy atas perdagangan? || lima belas", {"context": "This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to \"George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses\" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "a Royal Charter"}], "question": "What did the Queen give them for suceeding?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies"}], "question": "What was the name of the Royal Charter?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan"}], "question": "What did this charter give them?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Sir James Lancaster"}], "question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "General William Keeling"}], "question": "Who led the third voyage?", "id": "5726240738643c19005ad079"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Sir James Lancaster"}], "question": "Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Sir Henry Middleton"}], "question": "Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "General"}], "question": "What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Merchants of London"}], "question": "what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?", "id": "572651775951b619008f6fc3"}]}], ["Dalam Angkatan Tentera, pegawai British yang pada awalnya dilatih di akademi sendiri syarikat di Addiscombe Military Seminary, selalu mengalahkan kaum India, tidak kira berapa lama perkhidmatan mereka. Pangkat tertinggi yang mana seorang askar India dapat bercita-cita adalah Subadar-Major (atau Rissaldar-Major dalam unit kavaleri), secara efektif setara subaltern kanan. Promosi untuk kedua-dua tentera British dan India adalah dengan ketat, oleh itu tentara India jarang sampai ke peringkat yang ditugaskan oleh Jamadar atau Subadar sebelum mereka berusia pertengahan. Mereka tidak menerima latihan dalam pentadbiran atau kepimpinan untuk menjadikan mereka bebas daripada pegawai British mereka. <> Apakah nama syarikat tentera EIC? || Semenanjung Military Addiscombe <> apa pangkat tertinggi India boleh berada dalam tentera EIC || Subadar-Major <> Semasa dalam tentera EIC pegawai British melampaui pegawai India yang kedua-duanya dipromosikan berdasarkan? || kekananan", {"context": "Within the Army, British officers who initially trained at the company's own academy at the Addiscombe Military Seminary, always outranked Indians, no matter how long their service. The highest rank to which an Indian soldier could aspire was Subadar-Major (or Rissaldar-Major in cavalry units), effectively a senior subaltern equivalent. Promotion for both British and Indian soldiers was strictly by seniority, so Indian soldiers rarely reached the commissioned ranks of Jamadar or Subadar before they were middle aged at best. They received no training in administration or leadership to make them independent of their British officers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Addiscombe Military Seminary"}], "question": "What was the name of EIC military company?", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Subadar-Major"}], "question": "what was the  highest rank an Indian could be in the EIC army", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "seniority"}], "question": "While in EIC army  the British officer outrank the indian officer they  both promoted based on?", "id": "572670a2dd62a815002e84f0"}]}], ["Dalam abad pertama dan separuh pertama, EIC menggunakan beberapa ratus tentera sebagai pengawal. Pengembangan besar datang selepas 1750, ketika ia memiliki 3000 tentara reguler. Menjelang 1763, ia mempunyai 26,000; menjelang 1778, ia mempunyai 67,000. Ia merekrut sebahagian besar pasukan India, dan melatih mereka di sepanjang garis Eropah. Syarikat itu, segar dari kemenangan besar, dan dengan sokongan tenteranya sendiri yang berdisiplin dan berpengalaman sendiri, dapat menegaskan kepentingannya di rantau Carnatic dari pangkalannya di Madras dan di Bengal dari Calcutta, tanpa menghadapi sebarang halangan lagi dari kuasa penjajah yang lain. <> apakah akronim bagi syarikat india timur? || EIC <> Pada tahun 1750 berapa ramai pasukan biasa yang ada EIC? || 3000 <> pada tahun 1778 kebanyakan tentera bahawa EIC telah dari mana? || India <> berapa tahun EIC mempunyai 26,000 tentera dalam pekerja mereka || 1763", {"context": "In its first century and half, the EIC used a few hundred soldiers as guards. The great expansion came after 1750, when it had 3000 regular troops. By 1763, it had 26,000; by 1778, it had 67,000. It recruited largely Indian troops, and trained them along European lines. The company, fresh from a colossal victory, and with the backing of its own private well-disciplined and experienced army, was able to assert its interests in the Carnatic region from its base at Madras and in Bengal from Calcutta, without facing any further obstacles from other colonial powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "EIC"}], "question": "what is the acronym for the East india company?", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "3000"}], "question": "In 1750 how many regular troops did the  EIC  have? ", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Indian"}], "question": "in 1778 most of the troops that the EIC had were from where?", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1763"}], "question": "what year did the EIC have 26,000 troops in their employ", "id": "57266d4d5951b619008f7264"}]}], ["Dengan kelemahan Marathas yang beransur-ansur selepas tiga peperangan Anglo-Maratha, pihak British juga memperoleh Ganges-Jumna Doab, rantau Delhi-Agra, bahagian Bundelkhand, Broach, beberapa daerah Gujarat, kubu Ahmmadnagar, wilayah Cuttack (termasuk Mughalbandi / bahagian pesisir Odisha, Garjat / negeri-negeri perdana Odisha, Pelabuhan Balasore, bahagian Midnapore daerah Bengal Barat), Bombay (Mumbai) dan kawasan sekitarnya, yang membawa kepada akhir rasmi Kerajaan Maratha dan penubuhan firma Syarikat India Timur India di India. <> Berapa banyak Anglo Maratha perang di sana? || tiga <> Apa kekaisaran berakhir selepas tiga Anglo-Maratha perang? || Maratha empire <> Dengan akhir rasmi Empayar Maratha, EIC mencipta firma yang memegang apa negara? || India <> Adakah Empayar Maratha berakhir dengan cepat atau beransur-ansur? || beransur-ansur <> negara mana yang mengambil alih kubu Ahmmadnagar yang kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripada penyebab Maratha Emprie untuk berakhir? || Inggeris", {"context": "With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "three"}], "question": "how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Maratha empire"}], "question": "What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "India"}], "question": "With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a  firm hold on what country?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "gradual"}], "question": "Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "British"}], "question": "what country  took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?", "id": "57266f21708984140094c5d3"}]}], ["Hutang hutang juga telah dipersetujui dan syarikat itu dibenarkan mengeksport 250 ton garam. Sekali lagi pada tahun 1673, Bank berjaya merundingkan satu lagi kontrak untuk 700 ton garam di \u00a3 37,000 antara raja dan syarikat. Begitu pentingnya keperluan untuk membekalkan angkatan bersenjata di United Kingdom, Amerika dan di tempat lain yang pihak berkuasa kadang-kadang menjadi buta terhadap penjualan untaxed. Seorang gabenor syarikat itu bahkan dilaporkan berkata pada tahun 1864 bahawa dia lebih suka mempunyai garam yang dibuat daripada cukai garam. <> Oleh kerana hutang yang telah dipersetujui apakah 250 tan produk pertama yang diizinkan untuk dieksport oleh syarikat selepas perang tujuh tahun? || saltpetre <> dalam tahun berapa Bank berunding antara raja dan syarikat india Timur untuk 700 ton garam? || 1673 <> Saltpetre digunakan untuk apa yang orang, khususnya keperluan produk ini mempunyai orang yang tidak menjual jualan untaxed? || Angkatan Bersenjata <> Salah seorang gabenor syarikat itu berkata bahawa dia lebih suka mempunyai garam maka dalam bentuk mentahnya? || garam <> berapa banyak 700 tan garam masuk dalam kontrak yang dirundingkan oleh Bank di 1673 || \u00a3 37,000", {"context": "Outstanding debts were also agreed and the company permitted to export 250 tons of saltpetre. Again in 1673, Banks successfully negotiated another contract for 700 tons of saltpetre at \u00a337,000 between the king and the company. So urgent was the need to supply the armed forces in the United Kingdom, America and elsewhere that the authorities sometimes turned a blind eye on the untaxed sales. One governor of the company was even reported as saying in 1864 that he would rather have the saltpetre made than the tax on salt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "saltpetre"}], "question": "Due to agreed debt what 250 tons  product was first permitted to be exported by the company after the seven years' war?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "1673"}], "question": "in what year did Banks  negotiate between the king and the East india company for 700 tons of saltpetre?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "armed forces"}], "question": "Saltpetre was used for what people, specifically the need for this product had people overlooking untaxed sales? ", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "salt"}], "question": "One of the governor of the company said that he would rather have saltpetre then____ in its raw form?", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "\u00a337,000"}], "question": "how much did 700 tons of saltpetre go for in the contract negotiated by Banks in 1673", "id": "57266a2c5951b619008f7207"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, Britain dan Perancis menjadi pesaing pahit. Pertengkaran kerap antara mereka berlaku untuk mengawal harta kolonial. Pada tahun 1742, dengan ketakutan akibat monetari perang, kerajaan British bersetuju untuk melanjutkan tarikh akhir untuk perdagangan eksklusif berlesen oleh syarikat di India hingga 1783, sebagai balasan untuk pinjaman lebih kurang \u00a3 1 juta. Antara tahun 1756 dan 1763, Perang Tujuh Tahun mengalihkan perhatian negara ke arah penyatuan dan pertahanan harta wilayahnya di Eropah dan tanah jajahannya di Amerika Utara. <> Kerajaan British agrree untuk memperluaskan lesen untuk syarikat di India hingga 1793 untuk berapa banyak wang || \u00a3 1 juta <> Apakah ketakutan besar yang membawa kerajaan British untuk melanjutkan tarikh akhir bagi lesen perdagangan untuk syarikat itu? || akibat kewangan dari perang <> Apakah nama perang yang berlangsung dari tahun 1756 hingga 1763? || Perang Tujuh Tahun <> Perang tujuh tahun mengubah fokus negara British dari perdagangan untuk melindungi Eropah dan mempertahankan tanah jajahan mana? || jajahan di Amerika Utara <> dalam tahun apakah perang Tujuh tahun || 1763", {"context": "At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return for a further loan of \u00a31 million. Between 1756 and 1763, the Seven Years' War diverted the state's attention towards consolidation and defence of its territorial possessions in Europe and its colonies in North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "\u00a31 million"}], "question": "The British Government agrree to extend the licensed for the company in India until 1793 for how much money", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "monetary consequences of a war"}], "question": "What was the big fear that brought the British government to extend the deadline for the trade license for the company?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Seven Years' War"}], "question": "What was the name of the  war that lasted from 1756 to 1763?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "colonies in North America"}], "question": "The seven years' war  changed the British state focus from trade to protecting  europe and defending  which colonies?", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1763"}], "question": "in what year did the Seven years' war", "id": "57266614f1498d1400e8de62"}]}], ["Hastings diamanahkan dengan kuasa keamanan dan perang. Hakim dan majistret British juga akan dihantar ke India untuk mentadbir sistem perundangan. Gabenor Jeneral dan dewan akan mempunyai kuasa perundangan yang lengkap. Syarikat ini dibenarkan untuk mengekalkan monopoli maya ke atas perdagangan sebagai pertukaran untuk jumlah dwitahunan dan diwajibkan untuk mengeksport jumlah minimum barang setiap tahun ke Britain. Kos pentadbiran perlu dipenuhi oleh syarikat. Syarikat pada mulanya mengalu-alukan peruntukan ini, tetapi beban tahunan pembayaran menyumbang kepada penurunan kewangan yang mantap. <> dalam india Inggeris seorang jugde terpaksa datang dari mana untuk mengawasi sistem perundangan? || British <> Gelaran orang tertinggi dalam india British? || Gubernur Jeneral <> Gelaran orang tertinggi di india British? || Gabenor Jeneral <> Adakah EIC mempunyai monopoli atas pemerintahan atau perdagangan di india british || Dagangan <> Lain-lain maka wang apa yang dikenakan biaya EIC untuk mempunyai kawalan perdagangan yang ada di British India || mengeksport barang minimum setiap tahun ke Britain", {"context": "Hastings was entrusted with the power of peace and war. British judges and magistrates would also be sent to India to administer the legal system. The Governor General and the council would have complete legislative powers. The company was allowed to maintain its virtual monopoly over trade in exchange for the biennial sum and was obligated to export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain. The costs of administration were to be met by the company. The Company initially welcomed these provisions, but the annual burden of the payment contributed to the steady decline of its finances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "British"}], "question": "in British indian a jugde had to come from where to oversee the  legal system?", "id": "572675245951b619008f7334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "The Governor General"}], "question": "The highest ranking persons title in British india is?", "id": "572675245951b619008f7333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Governor General"}], "question": "The highest ranking person's title in British india is?", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "trade"}], "question": "Did EIC have a monopoly over the governement or trade in british india ", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "export a minimum quantity of goods yearly to Britain"}], "question": "Other then money what did it cost the EIC to have the control in trade the had in British India", "id": "57267837f1498d1400e8e0c3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1838 dengan jumlah opium yang diseludup masuk ke China mendekati 1,400 ton setahun, orang China mengenakan hukuman mati untuk penyeludupan opium dan menghantar Pesuruhjaya Khas Khas, Lin Zexu, untuk mengekang penyeludupan. Ini mengakibatkan Perang Opium Pertama (1839-42). Selepas perang Hong Kong, pulau diserahkan kepada Britain di bawah Perjanjian Nanking dan pasaran China dibuka kepada peniaga candu Britain dan negara-negara lain. Jardines dan Apcar and Company mendominasi perdagangan, walaupun P & O juga cuba mengambil bahagian. Perang Opium Kedua yang diperjuangkan oleh Britain dan Perancis melawan China bertahan dari 1856 hingga 1860 dan membawa kepada Perjanjian Tientsin, yang melegakan pengimportan opium. Pembubaran merangsang pengeluaran candu domestik Cina dan meningkatkan pengimportan candu dari Turki dan Persia. Persaingan yang semakin meningkat bagi pasaran China menyebabkan India mengurangkan pengeluaran candu dan mempelbagaikan eksportnya. <> pada tahun 1838 apakah hukuman untuk penyeludupan opium ke China? || hukuman mati <> pada tahun 1838 tentang berapa banyak nada Opium yang diseludup ke China setahun? || 1,400 tan <> apakah tajuk orang yang dihantar kepada mereka jika mereka tertangkap dalam penyeludupan Opium ke China? || Pesuruhjaya Khas Khas <> ketika perang pertama bermula? || 1839 <> Perancis bersatu dengan negara apa di dalam perang Opium kedua? || Perancis", {"context": "In 1838 with the amount of smuggled opium entering China approaching 1,400 tons a year, the Chinese imposed a death penalty for opium smuggling and sent a Special Imperial Commissioner, Lin Zexu, to curb smuggling. This resulted in the First Opium War (1839\u201342). After the war Hong Kong island was ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Nanking and the Chinese market opened to the opium traders of Britain and other nations. The Jardines and Apcar and Company dominated the trade, although P&O also tried to take a share. A Second Opium War fought by Britain and France against China lasted from 1856 until 1860 and led to the Treaty of Tientsin, which legalised the importation of opium. Legalisation stimulated domestic Chinese opium production and increased the importation of opium from Turkey and Persia. This increased competition for the Chinese market led to India reducing its opium output and diversifying its exports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "death penalty"}], "question": "in 1838 what was the sentence for smuggling opium in to China?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "1,400 tons"}], "question": "in 1838 about how many tone of  Opium was smuggled in to China per year?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e851f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Special Imperial Commissioner"}], "question": "what was the title of the person people were sent to if they were  caught smuggling Opium in to China?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1839"}], "question": "when did the first Opium war start?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "France"}], "question": "Britian faught side by side with what country  in the second Opium war?", "id": "57267215dd62a815002e8522"}]}], ["Dengan kemunculan Revolusi Perindustrian, Britain melonjak ke hadapan pesaingnya di Eropah. Permintaan untuk komoditi India didorong oleh keperluan untuk mengekalkan tentera dan ekonomi semasa perang, dan dengan peningkatan ketersediaan bahan mentah dan kaedah pengeluaran yang cekap. Sebagai rumah kepada revolusi, Britain mengalami taraf hidup yang lebih tinggi. Kitaran kemakmuran, permintaan dan pengeluarannya mempunyai pengaruh mendalam terhadap perdagangan luar negeri. Syarikat itu menjadi pemain tunggal terbesar dalam pasaran global Britain. William Henry Pyne mencatat dalam bukunya The Microcosm of London (1808) bahawa: <> apakah jenis Revolusi yang membolehkan orang Inggeris menggerakkan pesaingnya di Eropah? || Revolusi Perindustrian <> Apakah nama William Henry Pyne dari 1808? || The Microcosm of London <> Apa yang menjadi pemain terbesar dalam pasaran global British menurut William Henry Pyne? || Syarikat <> Negara mana yang menjadi rumah kepada Revolusi Perindustrian? || Britain <> Pemberontakan perindustrian membangkitkan akses kepada apa jenis bahan? || mentah", {"context": "With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Industrial Revolution"}], "question": "what was the type of  Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "The Microcosm of London"}], "question": "What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "The company"}], "question": "What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "raw"}], "question": "The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?", "id": "572667f7dd62a815002e83e6"}]}], ["Dengan Perjanjian Paris (1763), Perancis memperoleh kembali lima pertubuhan yang ditangkap oleh British semasa perang (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam dan Chandernagar) tetapi dihalang daripada membina kubu-kubu dan menahan pasukan di Bengal (seni XI). Di tempat lain di India, Perancis tetap menjadi ancaman ketenteraan, terutama semasa Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika, dan sehingga penangkapan Pondich\u00e9ry pada tahun 1793 pada awal Perang Revolusi Perancis tanpa kehadiran ketenteraan. Walaupun pos-pos kecil ini kekal sebagai milik Perancis selama dua ratus tahun yang akan datang, cita-cita Perancis mengenai wilayah India secara efektif diletakkan untuk berehat, dengan itu menghapuskan sumber utama persaingan ekonomi bagi syarikat itu. <> tahun apakah Perjanjian bersetuju dengan Paris? || 1763 <> Perjanjian Paris kembali berapa banyak persediaan yang ditangkap oleh pihak British? || lima <> Perjanjian Paris menghalang Perancis daripada memelihara tentera di lokasi apa? || Bengal <> pada tahun 1793 apakah peperangan yang ditimbulkan Perancis walaupun tanpa presiden ketenteraan yang besar? || Perang Revolusi Perancis", {"context": "By the Treaty of Paris (1763), France regained the five establishments captured by the British during the war (Pondich\u00e9ry, Mahe, Karikal, Yanam and Chandernagar) but was prevented from erecting fortifications and keeping troops in Bengal (art. XI). Elsewhere in India, the French were to remain a military threat, particularly during the War of American Independence, and up to the capture of Pondich\u00e9ry in 1793 at the outset of the French Revolutionary Wars without any military presence. Although these small outposts remained French possessions for the next two hundred years, French ambitions on Indian territories were effectively laid to rest, thus eliminating a major source of economic competition for the company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1763"}], "question": "what year was the Treaty of Paris agreed on?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "five"}], "question": "The treaty of Paris return how many esablishment captured by the British?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e845f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Bengal"}], "question": "The Treaty of Paris prevented France from keeping troops in what location?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "French Revolutionary Wars"}], "question": "in 1793 what war was the french involded in even without a big  military presences?", "id": "57266bc1dd62a815002e8461"}]}], ["Walaupun rintangan sengit dari lobi India Timur di Parlimen dan dari para pemegang saham Syarikat, Akta tersebut diluluskan. Ia memperkenalkan kawalan kerajaan yang substansial dan membenarkan India India secara rasmi di bawah kawalan Mahkota, tetapi dipajak kembali kepada Syarikat dengan harga \u00a3 40,000 selama dua tahun. Di bawah peruntukan yang paling penting, majlis yang terdiri daripada lima ahli telah diwujudkan di Calcutta. Ketiga-tiga ahli yang dicalonkan oleh Parlimen dan mewakili kepentingan Kerajaan boleh, dan selalu akan keluar dari kedua-dua anggota Syarikat. Majlis ini diketuai oleh Warren Hastings, Gubernur yang hadir, yang menjadi Gubernur-Jeneral Bengal yang pertama, dengan kuasa yang tidak jelas mengenai Presiden-Presiden Bombay dan Madras. Pencalonannya, yang dibuat oleh Mahkamah Pengarah, pada masa akan datang tertakluk kepada kelulusan Majlis Empat yang dilantik oleh Mahkota. Pada mulanya, Majlis terdiri daripada Lt. Jeneral Sir John Clavering, Yang Mulia Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, dan Sir Philip Francis. <> EIC telah menyewakan kembali tanah yang mereka pegang di British India oleh apa bahagian pemerintah British? || Parlimen <Berapa banyak parlimen memajak india British untuk EIC (pajakan itu selama dua tahun)? || \u00a3 40,000 <> Kerajaan British mencipta berapa ahli majlis di Calcutta? || lima <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang membenarkan dari EIC? || dua <> Dengan mempunyai 3 ahli di majlis di Calcutta dari Kerajaan British mereka selalu dapat ____ dua ahli EIC? || outvote", {"context": "Despite stiff resistance from the East India lobby in parliament and from the Company's shareholders, the Act passed. It introduced substantial governmental control and allowed British India to be formally under the control of the Crown, but leased back to the Company at \u00a340,000 for two years. Under the Act's most important provision, a governing Council composed of five members was created in Calcutta. The three members nominated by Parliament and representing the Government's interest could, and invariably would, outvote the two Company members. The Council was headed by Warren Hastings, the incumbent Governor, who became the first Governor-General of Bengal, with an ill-defined authority over the Bombay and Madras Presidencies. His nomination, made by the Court of Directors, would in future be subject to the approval of a Council of Four appointed by the Crown. Initially, the Council consisted of Lt. General Sir John Clavering, The Honourable Sir George Monson, Sir Richard Barwell, and Sir Philip Francis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Parliament"}], "question": "EIC was leased back the land they held in British India by what part of the British goverment?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "\u00a340,000"}], "question": "How much did the parliament lease British india for to EIC (the lease was for two years)? ", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "five"}], "question": "The British Government  created a how many man council in Calcutta?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many council member weres allow to be from the EIC?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "outvote"}], "question": "By having 3 members on the council in Calcutta from the British Government they were always able to ____ the two EIC members?", "id": "57267423f1498d1400e8e020"}]}], ["Tangan India Timur, yang diberikan pada 1698, adalah: \"Argent adalah Gules silang, di suku ketua dexter suatu peluncur tangan lengan Perancis dan England setiap suku tahun, perisai perhiasan dan secara rapi dinobatkan Or.\" Puncaknya ialah: \"Penjaga singa yang merajalela Atau memegang tali depan yang tepat.\" Para penyokongnya adalah: \"Dua singa yang berjaga penjaga atau, masing-masing menyokong sepanduk erent Argent, dikenakan dengan Gules salib.\" Moto ini adalah AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLI\u00c6 (Latin: Di sebelah kanan Raja dan Senat England). <> EIC Arms memaparkan apa yang raja binatang di atasnya? || singa <> di tangan EIC apa yang singa memegang di forepaws || mahkota <> berapa banyak singa di lengan EIC || Dua tahun yang lalu apakah lengan EIC termasuk kedua-dua Perancis dan England? || 1698", {"context": "The East India Company's arms, granted in 1698, were: \"Argent a cross Gules; in the dexter chief quarter an escutcheon of the arms of France and England quarterly, the shield ornamentally and regally crowned Or.\" The crest was: \"A lion rampant guardant Or holding between the forepaws a regal crown proper.\" The supporters were: \"Two lions rampant guardant Or, each supporting a banner erect Argent, charged with a cross Gules.\" The motto was AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLI\u00c6 (Latin: By right of the King and the Senate of England).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "lion"}], "question": "The EIC Arms feature what king of the jungle animal on it?", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "crown"}], "question": "in the arms of EIC what was the lion holding in his forepaws", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Two"}], "question": "how many lions were on the EIC arms", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "1698"}], "question": "what year did the EIC arms include both france and england?", "id": "57268432f1498d1400e8e25f"}]}], ["\"Azure, tiga kapal dengan tiga tiang, rigged dan di bawah layar penuh, layar, panji-panji dan penandaan Argent, masing-masing ditahan dengan Gules silang; pada seorang ketua kedua suku Azure dan Gules suku pertama, pada 1 dan 4 fleur -de-lis atau, pada tahun ke-2 dan ke-3 seekor harimau atau, antara dua mawar Gules unggulan Atau berduri Vert. \" Perisai itu sebagai puncak: \"Sfera tanpa bingkai, yang dibatasi dengan Zodiak di tikungan. Atau, di antara dua palang Argot flanel, masing-masing dikenakan dengan Gules salib, di atas sfera perkataan DEUS INDICAT\" (Latin: God Indicates). Penyokongnya adalah dua singa laut (singa dengan ekor ikan) dan motto adalah DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Di mana Tuhan Menuju, Tidak ada Hurts). <> Apakah maksud DEUS INDICAT? || Tuhan Menunjukkan <> jenis bunga apa yang digunakan oleh Gules? || mawar <> selepas DEUT INDICAT jenis haiwan laut yang digambarkan? || singa laut <> dalam petikan di atas berapa banyak kapal dan tiang yang ditunjukkan? || tiga <> haiwan apa yang disenaraikan sebagai sebahagian daripada empat fleur-de-lis dalam petikan di atas || harimau", {"context": "\"Azure, three ships with three masts, rigged and under full sail, the sails, pennants and ensigns Argent, each charged with a cross Gules; on a chief of the second a pale quarterly Azure and Gules, on the 1st and 4th a fleur-de-lis or, on the 2nd and 3rd a leopard or, between two roses Gules seeded Or barbed Vert.\" The shield had as a crest: \"A sphere without a frame, bounded with the Zodiac in bend Or, between two pennants flottant Argent, each charged with a cross Gules, over the sphere the words DEUS INDICAT\" (Latin: God Indicates). The supporters were two sea lions (lions with fishes' tails) and the motto was DEO DUCENTE NIL NOCET (Latin: Where God Leads, Nothing Hurts).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "God Indicates"}], "question": "What does DEUS INDICAT mean?", "id": "57268361708984140094c893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "roses"}], "question": "what type of flowers did Gules use?", "id": "57268361708984140094c894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "sea lions"}], "question": "after the DEUS INDICAT what type of sea animals were pictured?", "id": "57268361708984140094c895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "three"}], "question": "in the above quote how many ship and masts were indicated?", "id": "57268361708984140094c896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "leopard"}], "question": "What animal was listed as part of the four fleur-de-lis in the above quote", "id": "57268361708984140094c897"}]}], ["Sepanjang Perang Napoleon, Syarikat India Timur mengatur surat-surat untuk kapal-kapal seperti Lord Nelson. Ini bukannya supaya mereka boleh membawa meriam untuk menangkis kapal perang, orang persendirian dan lanun di pelayaran mereka ke India dan China (yang boleh mereka lakukan tanpa izin) tetapi supaya mereka berpeluang untuk mengambil hadiah, mereka boleh melakukannya tanpa bersalah kerana cetak rompak. Begitu juga, Earl of Mornington, sebuah kapal packet Syarikat Timur India yang hanya enam senjata api, juga berlayar di bawah surat marque. <> Semasa peperangan Adakah EIC mendapat surat marque untuk kapal-kapalnya || Napoleonic Wars <> Mengapa EIC mahu surat-surat yang paling banyak? || Sekiranya mereka mempunyai peluang untuk mengambil hadiah, mereka boleh berbuat demikian tanpa bersalah merompak. Dengan mengeluarkan surat-surat marque apa wepon mereka harus melindungi dirinya sendiri yang merupakan sebahagian dari kapal mereka? || meriam <> The Earl of Mornington akan mempunyai berapa banyak senjata ___ di kapal EIc? || enam", {"context": "During the period of the Napoleonic Wars, the East India Company arranged for letters of marque for its vessels such as the Lord Nelson. This was not so that they could carry cannon to fend off warships, privateers and pirates on their voyages to India and China (that they could do without permission) but so that, should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy. Similarly, the Earl of Mornington, an East India Company packet ship of only six guns, also sailed under a letter of marque.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "During what war Did the EIC get letter of marque for its vessels", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "should they have the opportunity to take a prize, they could do so without being guilty of piracy"}], "question": "Why did EIC want tthe letters of marque most?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "cannon"}], "question": "With out the letters of marque what wepon did  they have to protect themself that was a part of their ship?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "six"}], "question": "The Earl of Mornington would have how many ___ guns on the EIc ships?", "id": "57268541708984140094c8ca"}]}], ["Dari tempoh 1600, canton terdiri daripada St George's Cross mewakili Kerajaan England. Dengan Akta Kesatuan 1707, canton itu dikemaskini untuk menjadi Bendera Kesatuan yang baru yang terdiri daripada bahasa Inggeris St George's Cross yang digabungkan dengan Scottish St Andrew yang mewakili Kerajaan Great Britain. Selepas Kisah Kesatuan 1800 yang menyertai Ireland dengan Great Britain untuk membentuk United Kingdom, bendera Bendera Syarikat Timur India telah diubah dengan sewajarnya untuk memasukkan Saltire Saint Patrick yang mereplikasi Bendera Kesatuan yang dikemaskini mewakili United Kingdom Great Britain dan Ireland. <> dalam tempoh 1600 apa salib Canton merepresentasikan England || St George's Cross <> selepas perbuatan 1707 apa salib kedua ditambah ke Canton untuk british yang hebat || Salib St Andrew <> DI tahun berapakah canton menjadi bendera dengan salib di atasnya dan bukan sekadar salib? || 1707 <> pada tahun yang lalu adakah ireland bergabung dengan british yang hebat? || 1800 <> Apakah nama kesatuan Ireland dan Great Britain dicipta ketika mereka berkumpul? || United Kingdom", {"context": "From the period of 1600, the canton consisted of a St George's Cross representing the Kingdom of England. With the Acts of Union 1707, the canton was updated to be the new Union Flag\u2014consisting of an English St George's Cross combined with a Scottish St Andrew's cross\u2014representing the Kingdom of Great Britain. After the Acts of Union 1800 that joined Ireland with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom, the canton of the East India Company flag was altered accordingly to include a Saint Patrick's Saltire replicating the updated Union Flag representing the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "St George's Cross"}], "question": "in the period of  1600 what Canton cross repesented England", "id": "572681d6708984140094c867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "St Andrew's cross"}], "question": "after the act of  1707  what was the second  cross added to the Canton for great britian", "id": "572681d6708984140094c868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "1707"}], "question": "IN what year did the canton become a flag with crosses on it and not just a cross?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "1800"}], "question": "in wat year did  ireland join with great britian offically?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c86a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "What is the name of the union that Ireland and Great Britian created when they came together?", "id": "572681d6708984140094c86b"}]}], ["Akta Pitt dianggap gagal kerana dengan cepat menjadi jelas bahawa sempadan antara kawalan kerajaan dan kuasa syarikat adalah samar-samar dan sangat subjektif. Kerajaan berasa bertanggungjawab untuk bertindak balas terhadap panggilan kemanusiaan untuk mendapatkan rawatan yang lebih baik terhadap penduduk tempatan di wilayah-wilayah yang diduduki oleh orang-orang Inggeris. Edmund Burke, bekas pemegang saham dan diplomat Syarikat India Timur, dipindahkan untuk menangani masalah tersebut dan memperkenalkan Rang Undang-Undang Pengawalseliaan baru pada 1783. Rang undang-undang itu dikalahkan di tengah lobi oleh para penyokong syarikat dan tuduhan nepotisme dalam cadangan rang undang-undang untuk pelantikan ahli majlis. <> Nama Akta yang merupakan kegagalan dalam mewujudkan borod untuk Mahkota dan EIC untuk menjadi subyektif? || Akta Pitt <> selepas Pitt bertindak Mahkota mula memberi tumpuan lebih kepada usaha _______ orang-orang di dalamnya wilayah? || kemanusiaan <> apakah nama orang yang pernah menjadi pemegang saham besar di EIC dan bercakap dengan isu-isu dengan Rang undang-undang Pengawalseliaan baru pada tahun 1793? || Edmund Burke <> Adakah Rang Undang-Undang Pengawalseliaan baru 1793 diluluskan atau dikalahkan? || dikalahkan", {"context": "Pitt's Act was deemed a failure because it quickly became apparent that the boundaries between government control and the company's powers were nebulous and highly subjective. The government felt obliged to respond to humanitarian calls for better treatment of local peoples in British-occupied territories. Edmund Burke, a former East India Company shareholder and diplomat, was moved to address the situation and introduced a new Regulating Bill in 1783. The bill was defeated amid lobbying by company loyalists and accusations of nepotism in the bill's recommendations for the appointment of councillors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pitt's Act"}], "question": "The name of the Act that was a failure in creating bourdaries for the Crown and the EIC for being subjective?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "humanitarian"}], "question": "after the Pitt act the Crown began to focus more on _______ efforts of its people in it territories?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Edmund Burke"}], "question": "what was the  name of the person who was once a large  shareholder in EIC and talk to the issues with with the new Regulating bill in 1793?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "defeated"}], "question": "Was the new Regulating Bill of 1793 passed or defeated?", "id": "572679f45951b619008f73e8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1803, satu Akta Parlimen, yang dipromosikan oleh Syarikat India Timur, telah menubuhkan Syarikat Dock East India, dengan tujuan untuk menubuhkan satu set dok baru (East India Docks) terutamanya untuk kegunaan perdagangan kapal dengan India. Dock Brunswick yang sedia ada, sebahagian daripada laman Blackwall Yard, menjadi Dok Eksport; sementara Dock Import baru dibina di utara. Pada tahun 1838 Syarikat Hindia Timur India bergabung dengan Syarikat Hindia Barat India. Dok itu diambil alih oleh Port of London Authority pada tahun 1909, dan ditutup pada 1967. <> pada 1803 adalah tindakan parlimen yang disokong oleh EIC? || yang dipromosikan oleh Syarikat India Timur <> 1803 bertindak membuat program dok apa? || Syarikat Hindia Timur India <> Matlamat Timur di syarikat dok pertama adalah apa? || bertujuan menubuhkan set dok baru (East India Docks) terutamanya untuk kegunaan perdagangan kapal dengan India <> Apakah nama dok eksport EIC selepas perbuatan 1803? || Brunswick Dock <> pada tahun 1838 apa syarikat yang bergabung dengan syarikat induk Timur india dengan? || Syarikat Hindia Barat India", {"context": "In 1803, an Act of Parliament, promoted by the East India Company, established the East India Dock Company, with the aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India. The existing Brunswick Dock, part of the Blackwall Yard site, became the Export Dock; while a new Import Dock was built to the north. In 1838 the East India Dock Company merged with the West India Dock Company. The docks were taken over by the Port of London Authority in 1909, and closed in 1967.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "promoted by the East India Company"}], "question": "in 1803 was act of parliament supported by  EIC? ", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "East India Dock Company"}], "question": "the 1803 act created what dock program?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "aim of establishing a new set of docks (the East India Docks) primarily for the use of ships trading with India"}], "question": "The goal of the East in dock company was  first what?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Brunswick Dock"}], "question": "What was the name of the export dock of the EIC after the 1803 act?", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "West India Dock Company"}], "question": "in 1838 what company did the  East india dock company merge with? ", "id": "5726806a5951b619008f74e1"}]}], ["Pada Pertempuran Pulo Aura, yang mungkin kemenangan tentera laut yang paling ketara, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore sebuah konvoi Indiamen dan belayar di atas Warley, memimpin beberapa Indiamen dalam pertengkaran dengan skuadron Perancis, menghalau mereka. Beberapa tahun yang lalu, pada 28 Januari 1797, lima Indiamen, Woodford, di bawah Kapten Charles Lennox, Istana Taunton, Kapten Edward Studd, Kanton, Kapten Abel Vyvyan, dan Boddam, Kapten George Palmer dan Ocean, Kapten John Christian Lochner , telah menemui Admiral de Sercey dan skuadron frigatnya. Pada kesempatan ini, Indiamen juga berjaya membohongi cara mereka untuk keselamatan, dan tanpa sebarang tembakan bahkan dipecat. Akhirnya, pada 15 Jun 1795, Jeneral Goddard memainkan peranan besar dalam menangkap tujuh Hindia Timur Belanda dari St Helena. <> Apakah kemenangan EIC yang paling ketara? || Pertempuran Pulo Aura <> apa jeneral memainkan peranan terbesar dalam penangkapan tujuh Indiamen Timur Belanda? || General Goddard <> Di mana 7 orang Belanda Easteast menangkap? || off St Helena <> Pada tahun 1797 bagaimana Woodford dapat selamat tanpa menembak satu peluru? || penipuan <> pada tahun 1797 yang merupakan kapten Woodford yang pertama kali disenaraikan dari 5 orang captians? || Kapten Charles Lennox", {"context": "At the Battle of Pulo Aura, which was probably the company's most notable naval victory, Nathaniel Dance, Commodore of a convoy of Indiamen and sailing aboard the Warley, led several Indiamen in a skirmish with a French squadron, driving them off. Some six years earlier, on 28 January 1797, five Indiamen, the Woodford, under Captain Charles Lennox, the Taunton-Castle, Captain Edward Studd, Canton, Captain Abel Vyvyan, and Boddam, Captain George Palmer, and Ocean, Captain John Christian Lochner, had encountered Admiral de Sercey and his squadron of frigates. On this occasion the Indiamen also succeeded in bluffing their way to safety, and without any shots even being fired. Lastly, on 15 June 1795, the General Goddard played a large role in the capture of seven Dutch East Indiamen off St Helena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Battle of Pulo Aura"}], "question": "What was the most notable naval victory EIC  had?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "General Goddard"}], "question": "what general played the biggest role in the capture of the seven Dutch East Indiamen?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "off St Helena"}], "question": "Where were the 7 Dutch Easteast indiamen capture?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8832"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "bluffing"}], "question": "In 1797 how did the  Woodford  get to safety without firing one bullet?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Captain Charles Lennox"}], "question": "in 1797 who was the captian of the Woodford that is first listed of the 5 captians?", "id": "572686e8dd62a815002e8834"}]}], ["Ibu pejabat Syarikat di London, yang mana kebanyakan dari India ditadbir, adalah Rumah India Timur di Leadenhall Street. Selepas menduduki premis di Philpot Lane dari 1600 hingga 1621; di Crosby House, Bishopsgate, dari 1621 hingga 1638; dan di Leadenhall Street dari 1638 hingga 1648, Syarikat berpindah ke Craven House, sebuah rumah Elizabethan di Leadenhall Street. Bangunan itu telah dikenali sebagai Rumah India Timur pada tahun 1661. Ia telah dibina semula dan dibesarkan pada tahun 1726-9; dan selanjutnya direkodkan dengan ketara dan berkembang pada tahun 1796-1800. Ia akhirnya dikosongkan pada tahun 1860 dan dirobohkan pada tahun 1861-62. Laman ini kini ditempati oleh bangunan Lloyd. <> Di manakah ibu pejabat EIC terletak? || London <> Apa nama kepala sekolah EIC? || Rumah India Timur <> antara 1638 dan 1648 apakah jalan utama ibu pejabat EIC? || Leadenhall Street <> Dimana ibu pejabat EIC berpindah ke selepas 1648? || Craven House <> Apa bangunan sekarang duduk di mana ibu pejabat EIC duduk? || bangunan Lloyd", {"context": "The Company's headquarters in London, from which much of India was governed, was East India House in Leadenhall Street. After occupying premises in Philpot Lane from 1600 to 1621; in Crosby House, Bishopsgate, from 1621 to 1638; and in Leadenhall Street from 1638 to 1648, the Company moved into Craven House, an Elizabethan mansion in Leadenhall Street. The building had become known as East India House by 1661. It was completely rebuilt and enlarged in 1726\u20139; and further significantly remodelled and expanded in 1796\u20131800. It was finally vacated in 1860 and demolished in 1861\u201362. The site is now occupied by the Lloyd's building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where were the EIC  headquarters located?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "East India House"}], "question": "What was the name of EIC headquartes?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Leadenhall Street"}], "question": "between 1638 and 1648 what street was EIC headquarters on?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Craven House"}], "question": "Where was the EIC headquarters moved to after  1648?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "the Lloyd's building"}], "question": "What building now sits where the EIC headquarters last sat?", "id": "57267f375951b619008f74b7"}]}], ["Dasar-dasar agresif Lord Wellesley dan Marquis of Hastings mendorong kepada Syarikat untuk menguasai seluruh India (kecuali Punjab dan Sindh), dan sebahagian dari kerajaan Nepal pada masa itu di bawah Perjanjian Sugauli. Para Putera India telah menjadi pengikut-pengikutnya. Tetapi perbelanjaan peperangan yang membawa kepada kawalan keseluruhan India menimbulkan kewangan Syarikat. Syarikat dipaksa untuk meminta bantuan Parlimen. Ini adalah latar belakang Akta Piagam Tahun 1813 yang, antara lain: <> Apa Tuhan membantu EIC menerusi politiknya, mengawal seluruh india? || Lord Wellesley <> pada masa lalu perjanjian di bawah mahkota itu telah menelan belanja kewangan EIC sekarang ketika mereka mengalir di seluruh India apa yang menjadi masalah terbesar dalam kewangan mereka || perbelanjaan peperangan <> perjanjian apa yang membenarkan Eic masuk ke kerajaan nepal itu? || Perjanjian Sugauli <> Ketika EIc mengambil alih seluruh India, dua pengecualian yang pertama adalah Punjab, apa yang Kedua? || Sindh <> EIC menjangkau parlimen untuk mendapatkan bantuan kewangan. ini membawa kepada Akta mana? || Akta Piagam Tahun 1813", {"context": "The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Lord Wellesley"}], "question": "What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "the expense of wars"}], "question": "in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Sugauli Treaty"}], "question": "what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Sindh"}], "question": "While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Charter Act of 1813"}], "question": "EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?", "id": "57267e115951b619008f749f"}]}], ["Akta ini jelas menandakan sempadan antara Crown dan Syarikat. Selepas ini, Syarikat berfungsi sebagai anak syarikat Crown yang mantap, dengan akauntabiliti yang lebih besar untuk tindakannya dan mencapai tahap pengembangan dan penyatuan yang stabil. Setelah buat sementara untuk mencapai keadaan gencatan senjata dengan Mahkota, Syarikat terus memperluas pengaruhnya ke wilayah berdekatan melalui ancaman dan tindakan paksaan. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, peraturan Syarikat diperluaskan ke seluruh India, Burma, Malaya, Singapura, dan Hong Kong British, dan seperlima penduduk dunia berada di bawah pengaruh dagangannya. Di samping itu, Pulau Pinang, salah satu negeri di Malaya, menjadi penyelesaian keempat yang paling penting, jawatan presiden, wilayah India Syarikat. <> pada pertengahan abad ke-19 berapa banyak penduduk dunia yang dipengaruhi oleh EIC dan ia berdagang? || kelima <> Kepada EIC di Malaya apakah negeri mana yang dimaksudkan dengan penyelesaian paling improtant? || Pulau Pinang <> pada masa ini perubahan hubungan antara Inggeris dan EIC. EIC menjadi lebih daripada apa yang ke mahkota ?? || anak syarikat yang diperbaharui <> apabila EIC menjadi lebih mirip anak syarikat yang diperbaharui adakah mereka mempunyai akauntabiliti yang lebih besar atau kurang kepada Crown || akauntabiliti yang lebih besar", {"context": "This Act clearly demarcated borders between the Crown and the Company. After this point, the Company functioned as a regularised subsidiary of the Crown, with greater accountability for its actions and reached a stable stage of expansion and consolidation. Having temporarily achieved a state of truce with the Crown, the Company continued to expand its influence to nearby territories through threats and coercive actions. By the middle of the 19th century, the Company's rule extended across most of India, Burma, Malaya, Singapore, and British Hong Kong, and a fifth of the world's population was under its trading influence. In addition, Penang, one of the states in Malaya, became the fourth most important settlement, a presidency, of the Company's Indian territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "by the middle of the 19th century how much of the worlds population was effected by EIC and it trade?", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Penang"}], "question": "To EIC in Malaya what state  was the forth most improtant settlement?", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "regularised subsidiary"}], "question": "during this time the relationship change between Britian and the EIC. the EIC became more of a what to the crown??", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "greater accountability"}], "question": "when EIC become more like a regularised subsidiary  did they have greater or less accountability to the Crown", "id": "57267ba4f1498d1400e8e153"}]}], ["Tidak seperti semua rekod Kerajaan British yang lain, rekod-rekod dari Syarikat India Timur (dan penggantinya Pejabat India) tidak di dalam Arkib Negara di Kew, London, tetapi dipegang oleh Perpustakaan British di London sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia, Pasifik dan Afrika Koleksi. Katalog ini boleh dicari dalam talian dalam katalog Access to Archives. Banyak rekod Syarikat India Timur tersedia secara dalam talian di bawah perjanjian bahawa Keluarga di Persatuan British India mempunyai Perpustakaan British. Katalog terbitan ada jurnal dan log kapal Syarikat India Timur, 1600-1834; dan beberapa institusi anak syarikat, termasuk Kolej Syarikat India Timur, Haileybury, dan Addiscombe Military Seminary. <> Di manakah rekod EIC yang ditempatkan hari ini? || Perpustakaan British di London <> Di mana rekod kerajaan British dibina hari ini? || Arkib Negara di Kew <> Adakah anda boleh mencari kebanyakan rekod dalam talian hari ini? || Katalog ini boleh dicari dalam talian dalam katalog Access to Archives", {"context": "Unlike all other British Government records, the records from the East India Company (and its successor the India Office) are not in The National Archives at Kew, London, but are held by the British Library in London as part of the Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections. The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues. Many of the East India Company records are freely available online under an agreement that the Families in British India Society has with the British Library. Published catalogues exist of East India Company ships' journals and logs, 1600\u20131834; and of some of the Company's daughter institutions, including the East India Company College, Haileybury, and Addiscombe Military Seminary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "British Library in London"}], "question": "Where are the records of the EIC housed today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "The National Archives at Kew"}], "question": "Where are the British government's records houseed today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "The catalogue is searchable online in the Access to Archives catalogues"}], "question": "Are you able to search most of the records online today?", "id": "572687e3708984140094c8ff"}]}]], [["Empayar Majapahit adalah kerajaan India yang berpusat di Jawa timur dari tahun 1293 hingga sekitar 1500. Penguasa terbesarnya adalah Hayam Wuruk, yang memerintah 1350-1889 menandai puncak kerajaan ketika mendominasi kerajaan-kerajaan lain di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, Borneo, Sumatra, dan Bali. Pelbagai sumber seperti Nagarakertagama juga menyebutkan pengaruhnya merentasi bahagian-bahagian Sulawesi, Maluku, dan beberapa kawasan di barat New Guinea dan Filipina, menjadikannya empayar terbesar yang pernah wujud dalam sejarah Asia Tenggara. <> Kerajaan manakah yang berasaskan jawa timur? || Kerajaan Majapahit <> Penguasa mana yang memerintah antara 1350 hingga 1389? || Hayam Wuruk <> Berapa lama Empayar Majapahit berlangsung? || 1293 hingga kira-kira 1500 <> Berapa jauh pengaruh Empayar Majapahit? || bahagian Sulawesi, Maluku, dan beberapa kawasan di barat New Guinea dan Filipina", {"context": "The Majapahit Empire was an Indianised kingdom based in eastern Java from 1293 to around 1500. Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it dominated other kingdoms in the southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali. Various sources such as the Nagarakertagama also mention that its influence spanned over parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines, making it the largest empire to ever exist in Southeast Asian history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Majapahit Empire"}], "question": "Which Indianised kingdom was based in eastern java?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Hayam Wuruk"}], "question": "Which ruler reigned between 1350 to 1389?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "1293 to around 1500"}], "question": "How long did the Majapahit Empire last?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "parts of Sulawesi, Maluku, and some areas of western New Guinea and the Philippines"}], "question": "How far did the Majapahit Empire's influence stretch?", "id": "57264da3f1498d1400e8db87"}]}], ["Indonesia adalah negara terbesar di Asia Tenggara dan ia juga merupakan kepulauan terbesar di dunia mengikut saiz (menurut CIA World Factbook). Secara geologi, Nusantara Indonesia adalah salah satu kawasan aktif yang paling bergiat di dunia. Peningkatan geologi di rantau ini juga menghasilkan gunung-gunung yang mengagumkan, berpuncak di Puncak Jaya di Papua, Indonesia pada 5,030 meter (16,500 kaki), di pulau New Guinea; ia adalah satu-satunya tempat di mana glasier ais boleh ditemui di Asia Tenggara. Puncak tertinggi kedua adalah Gunung Kinabalu di Sabah, Malaysia di pulau Borneo dengan ketinggian 4,095 meter (13,435 kaki). Gunung tertinggi di Asia Tenggara ialah Hkakabo Razi pada 5,967 meter dan boleh ditemui di utara Burma yang berkongsi puncak puncak ibubapa yang sama, Gunung Everest. <> Namakan negara terbesar di Asia Tenggara. || Indonesia <> Geologi apa yang paling aktif di rantau Indonesia? || aktif secara volkanik", {"context": "Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.", "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "volcanically active"}], "question": "Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?", "id": "572654d6dd62a815002e81bf"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, Imperial Jepun menyerang sebahagian besar bekas jajahan barat. Rezim pendudukan Sh\u014dwa melakukan tindakan ganas terhadap orang awam seperti pembantaian Manila dan pelaksanaan sistem buruh paksa, seperti yang melibatkan 4 hingga 10 juta romusha di Indonesia. Laporan PBB yang kemudian menyatakan bahawa empat juta orang mati di Indonesia akibat bencana kelaparan dan paksa semasa pendudukan Jepun. Kuasa Sekutu yang mengalahkan Jepun di teater Asia Tenggara di Perang Dunia II kemudian bertanding dengan kaum nasionalis yang mana pihak berkuasa pendudukan telah memberikan kemerdekaan. <> Koloni barat telah diserang oleh siapa semasa Perang Dunia II? || Imperial Jepang <> Menurut laporan PBB, apakah jumlah penduduk yang mati akibat kebuluran? || 4 hingga 10 juta <> Apa perbuatan ganas melakukan rejim Showa? || Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Manila dan pelaksanaan sistem kerja paksa <> Yang mengalahkan Jepun semasa Perang Dunia II? || Kuasa Sekutu", {"context": "During World War II, Imperial Japan invaded most of the former western colonies. The Sh\u014dwa occupation regime committed violent actions against civilians such as the Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour, such as the one involving 4 to 10 million romusha in Indonesia. A later UN report stated that four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation. The Allied powers who defeated Japan in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II then contended with nationalists to whom the occupation authorities had granted independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Imperial Japan"}], "question": "The western colonies were invaded by whom during World War II?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "4 to 10 million"}], "question": "According to the UN report, what was the count of people who perished due to famine?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Manila massacre and the implementation of a system of forced labour"}], "question": "What violent acts did the Showa regime commit?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "The Allied powers"}], "question": "Who defeated Japan during the World War II?", "id": "5726542d708984140094c296"}]}], ["Homo sapiens mencapai wilayah ini kira-kira 45,000 tahun yang lalu, setelah berpindah ke timur dari benua India. Homo floresiensis juga tinggal di kawasan itu sehingga 12,000 tahun lalu, ketika mereka menjadi pupus. Rakyat Austronesia, yang membentuk majoriti penduduk moden di Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Timor Timur, dan Filipina, mungkin telah berhijrah ke Asia Tenggara dari Taiwan. Mereka tiba di Indonesia kira-kira 2000 SM, dan ketika mereka menyeberang ke nusantara, mereka sering menetap di kawasan pesisir dan penduduk pribumi yang terbatas seperti Negritos Filipina atau Papua New Guinea ke kawasan pedalaman. <> Berapa tahun yang lalu adakah Homo sapiens mencapai rantau Asia Tenggara? || 45,000 tahun lalu <> Manakah jenis orang yang mungkin telah berhijrah dari Taiwan ke Asia Tenggara? || Bangsa Austronesia <> Negara mana yang datang pada orang Austronesia pada mulanya? || Indonesia <> Kumpulan mana yang pupus selepas tinggal di rantau itu selama kira-kira 12,000 tahun? || Homo floresiensis <> Bilakah orang Austronesia tiba di indonesia? || 2000 SM <> Dimana penduduk Austronesia menetap di Indonesia? || kawasan pesisir <> Manakah yang telah pupus selepas Homosapiens tiba? || Homo floresiensis <> Berapa lama dahulu Homo floresiensis hidup sebelum mereka menjadi pupus? || 12,000 tahun lalu", {"context": "Homo sapiens reached the region by around 45,000 years ago, having moved eastwards from the Indian subcontinent. Homo floresiensis also lived in the area up until 12,000 years ago, when they became extinct. Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, East Timor, and the Philippines, may have migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC,and as they spread through the archipelago, they often settled along coastal areas and confined indigenous peoples such as Negritos of the Philippines or Papuans of New Guinea to inland regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "45,000 years ago"}], "question": "How many years ago did Homo sapiens reached the Southeast Asia region?", "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Austronesian people"}], "question": "Which type of people might have migrated from Taiwan into Southeast Asia?", "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "What country did the Austronesian people arrived at first?", "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Homo floresiensis"}], "question": "Which group became extinct after living in the region for about 12,000 years?", "id": "57262ff638643c19005ad2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "2000 BC"}], "question": "When did the Austronesian people arrive in indonesia?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "coastal areas"}], "question": "Where did the Austronesian people settle down in Indonesia?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Homo floresiensis"}], "question": "Which people became extinct after the Homosapiens arrived?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "12,000 years ago"}], "question": "How long ago did the Homo floresiensis live before they became extinct?", "id": "5726476ddd62a815002e804f"}]}], ["Iklim di Asia Tenggara terutamanya tropika-panas dan lembap sepanjang tahun dengan hujan banyak. Vietnam Utara dan Himalaya Myanmar adalah satu-satunya kawasan di Asia Tenggara yang mempunyai iklim subtropika, yang mempunyai musim sejuk yang sejuk dengan salji. Sebahagian besar Asia Tenggara mempunyai musim basah dan kering yang disebabkan oleh peralihan musiman dalam angin atau angin musim. Sabuk hujan tropika menyebabkan hujan tambahan semasa musim tengkujuh. Hutan hujan adalah yang kedua terbesar di bumi (dengan Amazon yang terbesar). Pengecualian terhadap jenis iklim dan tumbuh-tumbuhan ini adalah kawasan gunung di rantau utara, di mana ketinggian tinggi membawa kepada suhu yang lebih ringan dan landskap kering. Bahagian lain jatuh dari iklim ini kerana mereka seperti padang pasir. <> Apakah iklim seperti di Asia Tenggara? || tropika-panas dan lembap <> Kawasan mana yang mempunyai hutan hujan ke-2 terbesar di dunia? || Asia Tenggara <> Kawasan mana di Asia Tenggara lihat musim sejuk dengan salji? || Vietnam Utara dan Himalaya Myanmar <> Apa yang menyebabkan hujan lebat semasa monsun? || Tali hujan tropika <> Apa yang menyebabkan kawasan Asia Tenggara mengalami musim basah & kering? || Peralihan bermusim dalam angin atau musim monsun", {"context": "The climate in Southeast Asia is mainly tropical\u2013hot and humid all year round with plentiful rainfall. Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas are the only regions in Southeast Asia that feature a subtropical climate, which has a cold winter with snow. The majority of Southeast Asia has a wet and dry season caused by seasonal shift in winds or monsoon. The tropical rain belt causes additional rainfall during the monsoon season. The rain forest is the second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). An exception to this type of climate and vegetation is the mountain areas in the northern region, where high altitudes lead to milder temperatures and drier landscape. Other parts fall out of this climate because they are desert like.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "tropical\u2013hot and humid"}], "question": "What is the climate like in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57265794708984140094c309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Southeast Asia"}], "question": "Which region has the 2nd largest rain-forest in the world?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Northern Vietnam and the Myanmar Himalayas"}], "question": "Which regions in Southeast Asia see cold winter with snow?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "The tropical rain belt"}], "question": "What causes additional rainfall during monsoon?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "seasonal shift in winds or monsoon"}], "question": "What causes the Southeast Asian regions to experience wet & dry seasons?", "id": "57265794708984140094c30d"}]}], ["Kerajaan Hindu Jawa Dwipa di Jawa dan Sumatra ada sekitar 200 SM. Sejarah dunia berbahasa Melayu bermula dengan munculnya pengaruh India, yang bermula pada sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-3 BCE. Peniaga India datang ke kepulauan untuk mendapatkan hasil hutan dan maritimnya yang berlimpah dan berdagang dengan peniaga dari China, yang juga menemui dunia Melayu pada awal zaman. Kedua-dua agama Hindu dan Budha didirikan di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu pada awal abad ke-1 CE, dan dari sana tersebar di seluruh kepulauan. <> Kerajaan mana yang selama 200 SM yang terletak di Jawa dan Sumatera ada? || Jawa Dwipa Hindu <> Kebangsaan apakah pedagang yang datang ke kepulauan? || India <> Negara apa pedagang yang didagang oleh pedagang? || China <> Berapa lama pengaruh India kembali kepada dunia berbahasa Melayu? || Ketiga abad BCE <> Apa agama selain agama Hindu menjadi mantap di Semenanjung Melayu? || Buddhisme <> Kerajaan mana kerajaan Hindu yang wujud sekitar 200 SM? || Jawa Dwipa <> Peniaga-peniaga mana yang datang ke nusantara untuk perdagangan? || Pedagang India <> Kerajaan Dwipa Jawa terkenal dengan apa? || produk hutan dan maritim yang berlimpah <> Agama-agama manakah yang mantap di semenanjung Melayu pada permulaan abad ke-1 CE? || Hindu dan Buddhisme <> Selain pedagang India, siapa lagi yang menemui Semenanjung Melayu untuk perdagangan? || peniaga dari China", {"context": "The Jawa Dwipa Hindu kingdom in Java and Sumatra existed around 200 BCE. The history of the Malay-speaking world began with the advent of Indian influence, which dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE. Indian traders came to the archipelago both for its abundant forest and maritime products and to trade with merchants from China, who also discovered the Malay world at an early date. Both Hinduism and Buddhism were well established in the Malay Peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE, and from there spread across the archipelago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Jawa Dwipa Hindu"}], "question": "Which kingdom during 200 BCE that is located in Java and Sumatra exist?", "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Indian"}], "question": "What nationality were the traders that came to archipelago?", "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country did the merchants the traders did trade with come from?", "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "3rd century BCE"}], "question": "How long did the Indian influence date back to for the Malay-speaking world?", "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What religion besides Hinduism became well established in the Malay Peninsula?", "id": "572632bc89a1e219009ac558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Jawa Dwipa"}], "question": "Which Hindu kingdom existed around 200 BCE?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Indian traders"}], "question": "Which traders came to the archipelago for trade?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "abundant forest and maritime products"}], "question": "The Java Dwipa kingdom was well-known for what?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Hinduism and Buddhism"}], "question": "Which religions were well established in the Malay peninsula by the beginning of the 1st century CE?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "merchants from China"}], "question": "Apart from the Indian traders, who else discovered the Malay peninsula for trade?", "id": "572648da5951b619008f6efd"}]}], ["Takrif \"Asia Tenggara\" berbeza-beza, tetapi kebanyakan definisi termasuk kawasan yang diwakili oleh negara-negara (negara berdaulat dan wilayah yang bergantung) yang disenaraikan di bawah. Semua negeri kecuali Timor Timur adalah anggota Persatuan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN). Kawasan ini, bersama-sama dengan sebahagian Asia Selatan, dikenali secara luas sebagai Hindia Timur atau hanya Hindia hingga abad ke-20. Pulau Krismas dan Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara walaupun mereka dikuasai oleh Australia. Isu kedaulatan wujud di beberapa wilayah di Laut China Selatan. Papua New Guinea telah menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin menyertai ASEAN, dan kini pemerhati. <> Keadaan mana yang bukan ahli negara-negara Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)? || Timor Timur <> Negara mana yang sedang mempertimbangkan untuk menyertai Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)? || Papua New Guinea <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Asia Tenggara dahulu? || Hindia Timur <> Apakah jenis isu yang ada di wilayah-wilayah di laut China Selatan? || Kedaulatan <> Negara manakah Pulau Krismas yang ditadbir oleh? || Australia <> Negara mana yang menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin menyertai ASEAN? || Papua New Guinea <> Apakah maksud ASEAN? || Persatuan Negara-negara Asia Tenggara <> Yang mana dua pulau yang dikuasai oleh Australia dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada ASEAN? || Pulau Krismas dan Kepulauan Cocos (Keeling) <> Negara mana yang bukan ahli ASEAN? || Timor Timur", {"context": "Definitions of \"Southeast Asia\" vary, but most definitions include the area represented by the countries (sovereign states and dependent territories) listed below. All of the states except for East Timor are members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The area, together with part of South Asia, was widely known as the East Indies or simply the Indies until the 20th century. Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands[citation needed] are considered part of Southeast Asia though they are governed by Australia.[citation needed] Sovereignty issues exist over some territories in the South China Sea. Papua New Guinea has stated that it might join ASEAN, and is currently an observer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "East Timor"}], "question": "Which state is not a member of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?", "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Papua New Guinea"}], "question": "Which country is considering joining the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?", "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "East Indies"}], "question": "What was Southeast Asia commonly known as before?", "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Sovereignty"}], "question": "What type of issue exist over the territories in the South China sea?", "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Which country is Christmas Island governed by?", "id": "57262b3438643c19005ad297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Papua New Guinea"}], "question": "Which country has stated that it might join ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Association of Southeast Asian Nations"}], "question": "What does ASEAN mean?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}], "question": "Which two Islands governed by Australia are considered a part of ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "East Timor"}], "question": "Which state is not a member of ASEAN?", "id": "5726419dec44d21400f3dce8"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa teori mengenai proses Islamisasi di Asia Tenggara. Teori lain adalah perdagangan. Perkembangan perdagangan antara Asia Barat, India dan Asia Tenggara membantu penyebaran agama sebagai pedagang Muslim dari Selatan Yemen (Hadramout) membawa Islam ke rantau ini dengan jumlah perdagangan yang besar. Ramai yang menetap di Indonesia, Singapura, dan Malaysia. Ini terbukti dalam populasi Arab-Indonesia, Arab-Singapura, dan Arab-Melayu yang pada satu masa sangat menonjol di setiap negara mereka. Teori kedua adalah peranan misionaris atau Sufi. [Rujukan?] Para misionaris Sufi memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan iman dengan memperkenalkan ide-ide Islam ke rantau ini. Akhirnya, kelas pemerintah memeluk agama Islam dan seterusnya membanteras penyebaran agama di seluruh rantau ini. Penguasa pelabuhan yang paling penting di rantau ini, Kesultanan Melaka, memeluk agama Islam pada abad ke-15, yang memperlihatkan tempoh penukaran Islam yang dipercepat di seluruh rantau ini memandangkan Islam memberikan kekuatan positif di kalangan kelas pemerintah dan perdagangan. <> Pada abad ke-15, penguasa di mana pelabuhan memeluk Islam? || Kesultanan Melaka <> Di mana peniaga-peniaga dari Yaman menetap? || Indonesia, Singapura, dan Malaysia <> Yang mubaligh membantu menyebarkan Islam? || Para mubaligh Sufi <> Agama mana yang membuktikan kekuatan positif antara kelas pemerintah dan perdagangan? || Islam", {"context": "There are several theories to the Islamisation process in Southeast Asia. Another theory is trade. The expansion of trade among West Asia, India and Southeast Asia helped the spread of the religion as Muslim traders from Southern Yemen (Hadramout) brought Islam to the region with their large volume of trade. Many settled in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. This is evident in the Arab-Indonesian, Arab-Singaporean, and Arab-Malay populations who were at one time very prominent in each of their countries. The second theory is the role of missionaries or Sufis.[citation needed] The Sufi missionaries played a significant role in spreading the faith by introducing Islamic ideas to the region. Finally, the ruling classes embraced Islam and that further aided the permeation of the religion throughout the region. The ruler of the region's most important port, Malacca Sultanate, embraced Islam in the 15th century, heralding a period of accelerated conversion of Islam throughout the region as Islam provided a positive force among the ruling and trading classes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "Malacca Sultanate"}], "question": "In the 15th century, the ruler of which port embraced Islam?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia"}], "question": "Where did the traders from Yemen settle?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e8189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "The Sufi missionaries"}], "question": "Which missionary helped to spread Islam?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "Which religion proved a positive force among the ruling & trading classes?", "id": "572652fddd62a815002e818b"}]}], ["Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar India secara geografi dianggap sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara. Bangladesh Timur dan Tujuh Sister Negeri India adalah budaya dari Asia Tenggara dan kadang-kadang dianggap sebagai Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara. Negara Tujuh Sister India juga secara geografi sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara. [Selanjutnya] Selebihnya pulau New Guinea yang bukan sebahagian dari Indonesia, iaitu Papua New Guinea, terkadang termasuk Palau, Guam, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara, yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Hindia Timur Sepanyol. [Rujukan?] <> Negara mana yang terdapat di Pulau Nicobar? || India <> Apa bahagian New Guinea juga dianggap terpisah dari Asia Tenggara? || Papua New Guinea <> Apa pulau di India juga dianggap secara geografi sebagai sebahagian dari Asia Tenggara selain Pulau Nicobar? || Andaman <> Apakah tujuh Tuan Negeri India secara geografi? || Asia Tenggara <> Pulau mana yang secara geografi dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Asia Tenggara? || Kepulauan Andaman dan Nicobar <> Negara manakah budaya dari Asia Tenggara? || Timur Bangladesh dan Tujuh Negara Sister India <> Pulau-pulau mana yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Hindia Timur Sepanyol? || Papua New Guinea, kadang kala termasuk Palau, Guam, dan Kepulauan Mariana Utara", {"context": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India are geographically considered part of Southeast Asia. Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India are culturally part of Southeast Asia and sometimes considered both South Asian and Southeast Asian. The Seven Sister States of India are also geographically part of Southeast Asia.[citation needed] The rest of the island of New Guinea which is not part of Indonesia, namely, Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands, which were all part of the Spanish East Indies.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "India"}], "question": "What country is Nicobar Island apart of?", "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Papua New Guinea"}], "question": "What part of New Guinea is also considered to be apart of Southeast Asia?", "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Andaman"}], "question": "What island in India is also considered to be geographically a part of Southeast Asia besides Nicobar Island?", "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Southeast Asia"}], "question": "What is the Seven Sister States of India geographically apart of?", "id": "57262e04ec44d21400f3dbc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Andaman and Nicobar Islands"}], "question": "Which Island is geographically considered a part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Eastern Bangladesh and the Seven Sister States of India"}], "question": "Which countries are culturally a part of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e8029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Papua New Guinea, is sometimes included so are Palau, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands"}], "question": "Which islands were a part of the Spanish East Indies?", "id": "572645e3dd62a815002e802a"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-11, tempoh bergelora berlaku dalam sejarah Maritim Asia Tenggara. Tentara Chola India menyeberangi lautan dan menyerang kerajaan Sriwijaya Sangrama Vijayatungavarman di Kadaram (Kedah), ibukota kerajaan maritim yang kuat dipecat dan raja ditawan. Bersama dengan Kadaram, Pannai di Sumatera dan Malaiyur sekarang dan semenanjung Tanah Melayu juga diserang. Tidak lama selepas itu, raja Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa menjadi penguasa pertama untuk meninggalkan agama Hindu tradisional, dan memeluk agama Islam dengan Kesultanan Kedah yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1136. Samudera Pasai memeluk agama Islam pada tahun 1267, Raja Melaka Parameswara berkahwin dengan puteri Pasai, dan anaknya menjadi sultan pertama Melaka. Tidak lama kemudian, Melaka menjadi pusat kajian Islam dan perdagangan maritim, dan penguasa lain mengikutinya. Pemimpin agama dan ulama Islam Indonesia Hamka (1908-1981) menulis pada tahun 1961: \"Pengembangan Islam di Indonesia dan Malaya sangat berkait dengan seorang Muslim Cina, Laksamana Zheng He.\" <> Kerajaan manakah yang menyerang tentera laut Chola pada abad ke-11? || Kerajaan Srivijaya <> Apakah ibukota kerajaan Sriwijaya? || Sangrama Vijayatungavarman <> Yang mana raja Kedah menukar agama Islam pada tahun 1267? || Phra Ong Mahawangsa <> Nama seorang cendekiawan Islam Indonesia yang hidup dari 1908-1981? || Hamka <> Yang admiral Cina berkaitan dengan perkembangan Islam di Indonesia & Tanah Melayu? || Laksamana Zheng He", {"context": "In the 11th century, a turbulent period occurred in the history of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Indian Chola navy crossed the ocean and attacked the Srivijaya kingdom of Sangrama Vijayatungavarman in Kadaram (Kedah), the capital of the powerful maritime kingdom was sacked and the king was taken captive. Along with Kadaram, Pannai in present-day Sumatra and Malaiyur and the Malayan peninsula were attacked too. Soon after that, the king of Kedah Phra Ong Mahawangsa became the first ruler to abandon the traditional Hindu faith, and converted to Islam with the Sultanate of Kedah established in year 1136. Samudera Pasai converted to Islam in the year 1267, the King of Malacca Parameswara married the princess of Pasai, and the son became the first sultan of Malacca. Soon, Malacca became the center of Islamic study and maritime trade, and other rulers followed suit. Indonesian religious leader and Islamic scholar Hamka (1908\u20131981) wrote in 1961: \"The development of Islam in Indonesia and Malaya is intimately related to a Chinese Muslim, Admiral Zheng He.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Srivijaya kingdom"}], "question": "Which kingdom did the Chola navy attack during the 11th century?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Sangrama Vijayatungavarman"}], "question": "What was the capital of Srivijaya kingdom?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Phra Ong Mahawangsa"}], "question": "Which king of Kedah converted to Islam in the year 1267?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "Hamka"}], "question": "Name an Indonesian Islamic scholar who lived from 1908-1981?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "Admiral Zheng He"}], "question": "Which Chinese admiral was related to the development of Islam in Indonesia & Malaya?", "id": "57265064dd62a815002e8154"}]}], ["Asia Tenggara mempunyai keluasan kira-kira 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 juta batu persegi). Sehingga 2013, Sekitar 625 juta orang tinggal di rantau ini, lebih daripada satu perlima daripada mereka (143 juta) di pulau Jawa Indonesia, pulau besar yang padat penduduknya di dunia. Indonesia adalah negara paling ramai penduduk dengan 255 juta orang pada tahun 2015, dan juga negara paling ramai ke-4 di dunia. Pengagihan agama dan masyarakat adalah berbeza di Asia Tenggara dan berbeza mengikut negara. Sekitar 30 juta orang Cina di luar negara juga tinggal di Asia Tenggara, yang paling menonjol di Pulau Krismas, Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, dan Thailand, dan juga sebagai Hoa di Vietnam. <> Apakah kawasan perkiraan Asia Tenggara? || 4,000,000 km2 <> Antara negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang mana penduduknya padat? || Indonesia <> Pulau mana di Asia Tenggara padat penduduknya? || Java", {"context": "Southeast Asia has an area of approximately 4,000,000 km2 (1.6 million square miles). As of 2013, Around 625 million people lived in the region, more than a fifth of them (143 million) on the Indonesian island of Java, the most densely populated large island in the world. Indonesia is the most populous country with 255 million people as of 2015, and also the 4th most populous country in the world. The distribution of the religions and people is diverse in Southeast Asia and varies by country. Some 30 million overseas Chinese also live in Southeast Asia, most prominently in Christmas Island, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, and also, as the Hoa, in Vietnam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "4,000,000 km2"}], "question": "What is the approximate area of Southeast Asia?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which one is densely populated?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e02f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Java"}], "question": "Which Island in Southeast Asia is densely populated?", "id": "572674a4f1498d1400e8e030"}]}], ["Pada zaman moden, orang Jawa adalah kumpulan etnik terbesar di Asia Tenggara, dengan lebih dari 100 juta orang, kebanyakannya tertumpu di Jawa, Indonesia. Di Burma, Burma mempunyai lebih daripada dua pertiga daripada stok etnik di negara ini, manakala etnik Thailand dan Vietnam menyumbang kira-kira empat perlima daripada populasi negara masing-masing. Indonesia jelas dikuasai oleh kumpulan etnik Jawa dan Sunda, manakala Malaysia dipisahkan antara separuh Melayu dan suku Cina. Di Filipina, kumpulan Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, dan Hiligaynon adalah penting. <> nama kumpulan etnik terbesar di Asia Tenggara. || bangsa Jawa <> kumpulan etnik mana yang menguasai di Indonesia? || Bahasa Jawa dan Sunda <> Kumpulan Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano & Hiligaynon adalah penting di mana negara di Asia Tenggara? || Filipina <> Kumpulan etnik Melayu & Cina yang utama di negara mana? || Malaysia", {"context": "In modern times, the Javanese are the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia, with more than 100 million people, mostly concentrated in Java, Indonesia. In Burma, the Burmese account for more than two-thirds of the ethnic stock in this country, while ethnic Thais and Vietnamese account for about four-fifths of the respective populations of those countries. Indonesia is clearly dominated by the Javanese and Sundanese ethnic groups, while Malaysia is split between half Malays and one-quarter Chinese. Within the Philippines, the Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon groups are significant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "the Javanese"}], "question": "name the largest ethnic group in Southeast Asia.", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Javanese and Sundanese"}], "question": "Which ethnic groups dominate in Indonesia?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "The Tagalog, Cebuano,Ilocano & Hiligaynon groups are significant within which country in Southeast Asia?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Malaysia"}], "question": "The ethnic groups Malays & Chinese are predominant in which country?", "id": "5726764cdd62a815002e85c7"}]}], ["Ekonomi rantau ini sangat bergantung kepada pertanian; beras dan getah telah lama menjadi eksport yang terkenal. Pembuatan dan perkhidmatan semakin penting. Pasar baru muncul, Indonesia adalah ekonomi terbesar di rantau ini. Negara-negara baru perindustrian termasuk Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Filipina, manakala Singapura dan Brunei adalah negara maju yang kaya. Selebihnya Asia Tenggara masih sangat bergantung pada pertanian, tetapi Vietnam juga membuat kemajuan yang mantap dalam mengembangkan sektor perindustriannya. Wilayah ini terutamanya mengeluarkan tekstil, barang elektronik berteknologi tinggi seperti mikropemproses dan produk perindustrian berat seperti automobil. Rizab minyak di Asia Tenggara adalah banyak. <> Apa rizab yang berlimpah di Asia Tenggara? || Rizab minyak <> Rantau manakah yang mengeluarkan tekstil, produk perindustrian berat & barangan elektronik berteknologi tinggi? || Vietnam <> Di negara-negara Asia Tenggara, negara mana yang mempunyai ekonomi terbesar? || Indonesia <> Sektor mana yang sangat bergantung kepada Asia Tenggara? || pertanian", {"context": "The region's economy greatly depends on agriculture; rice and rubber have long been prominent exports. Manufacturing and services are becoming more important. An emerging market, Indonesia is the largest economy in this region. Newly industrialised countries include Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines, while Singapore and Brunei are affluent developed economies. The rest of Southeast Asia is still heavily dependent on agriculture, but Vietnam is notably making steady progress in developing its industrial sectors. The region notably manufactures textiles, electronic high-tech goods such as microprocessors and heavy industrial products such as automobiles. Oil reserves in Southeast Asia are plentiful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Oil reserves"}], "question": "What reserves are abundant in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57267141708984140094c625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Vietnam"}], "question": "Which region manufactures textiles, heavy industrial products & high-tech electronic goods?", "id": "57267141708984140094c628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which country has  the largest economy?", "id": "57267141708984140094c627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "Which sector is the Southeast Asia heavily dependent on?", "id": "57267141708984140094c626"}]}], ["Islam adalah agama yang paling banyak diamalkan di Asia Tenggara, yang berjumlah kira-kira 240 juta penganut yang menerjemahkan kepada kira-kira 40% daripada seluruh penduduk, dengan majoriti di Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia dan Filipina Selatan dengan Indonesia sebagai negara Islam yang terbesar dan paling ramai penduduk sekitar dunia. Negara-negara di Asia Tenggara mengamalkan banyak agama yang berbeza. Buddhisme adalah dominan di Thailand, Kemboja, Laos, Burma, Vietnam dan Singapura. Ibadat tauhid dan Konfusianisme juga diamalkan secara meluas di Vietnam dan Singapura. Kekristianan dominan di Filipina, Indonesia timur, Malaysia Timur dan Timor Timur. Filipina mempunyai penduduk Katolik terbesar di Asia. Timor Timur juga kebanyakannya Katolik Roma disebabkan oleh sejarah pemerintahan Portugis. <> Agama mana yang diamalkan secara meluas di Asia Tenggara? || Islam <> Antara negara-negara Asia Tenggara, negara manakah yang mempunyai penduduk Islam yang paling ramai di kalangan mereka? || Indonesia <> Penduduk Roman Katolik dominan di mana negara Asia? || Filipina <> Berapa peratus penduduk di Asia Tenggara mengamalkan Islam? || 40% <> Timor Timur kebanyakannya katolik kerana sejarah pemerintahan Eropah? || Portugis", {"context": "Islam is the most widely practised religion in Southeast Asia, numbering approximately 240 million adherents which translate to about 40% of the entire population, with majorities in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia and in Southern Philippines with Indonesia as the largest and most populated Muslim country around the world. Countries in Southeast Asia practice many different religions. Buddhism is predominant in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Vietnam and Singapore. Ancestor worship and Confucianism are also widely practised in Vietnam and Singapore. Christianity is predominant in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, East Malaysia and East Timor. The Philippines has the largest Roman Catholic population in Asia. East Timor is also predominantly Roman Catholic due to a history of Portuguese rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "Which religion is widely practiced in Southeast Asia?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Among the Southeast Asian countries, which country has the most populous Muslims among them?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "Roman Catholic population is predominant in which Asian country?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population in Southeast Asia practice Islam?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e85fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "East Timor is predominantly catholic due to which European rule's history?", "id": "572677b7dd62a815002e8600"}]}], ["Pelancongan menjadi faktor utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi bagi banyak negara Asia Tenggara, terutamanya Kemboja. Menurut UNESCO, \"pelancongan, jika dikandung dengan betul, dapat menjadi alat pembangunan yang luar biasa dan cara yang efektif untuk memelihara kepelbagaian budaya planet kita.\" Sejak awal 1990-an, \"bahkan negara-negara bukan ASEAN seperti Kemboja, Laos, Vietnam dan Burma, di mana pendapatan yang diperoleh dari pelancongan rendah, cuba mengembangkan industri pelancongan mereka sendiri.\" Pada tahun 1995, Singapura merupakan pemimpin serantau dalam penerimaan pelancongan berbanding dengan KDNK di lebih dari 8%. Menjelang tahun 1998, penerimaan tersebut telah menurun kepada kurang daripada 6% daripada KDNK manakala Thailand dan Lao PDR meningkat sebanyak 7%. Sejak tahun 2000, Kemboja telah melampaui semua negara ASEAN yang lain dan menjana hampir 15% daripada KDNKnya daripada pelancongan pada tahun 2006. <Dari negara-negara Asia Tenggara, yang mana pembangunan ekonomi pentingnya didasarkan pada Pelancongan? || Kemboja Menurut entiti mana boleh pelancongan menjadi alat pembangunan yang luar biasa & cara untuk memelihara kepelbagaian budaya planet ini? || UNESCO <> Siapa pemimpin serantau dalam pelancongan pada tahun 1995? || Singapura <> Sejak tahun 2000, Kemboja telah melampaui negara-negara ASEAN yang lain dalam menjana KDNK di sektor mana? || pelancongan", {"context": "Tourism has been a key factor in economic development for many Southeast Asian countries, especially Cambodia. According to UNESCO, \"tourism, if correctly conceived, can be a tremendous development tool and an effective means of preserving the cultural diversity of our planet.\" Since the early 1990s, \"even the non-ASEAN nations such as Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Burma, where the income derived from tourism is low, are attempting to expand their own tourism industries.\" In 1995, Singapore was the regional leader in tourism receipts relative to GDP at over 8%. By 1998, those receipts had dropped to less than 6% of GDP while Thailand and Lao PDR increased receipts to over 7%. Since 2000, Cambodia has surpassed all other ASEAN countries and generated almost 15% of its GDP from tourism in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Cambodia"}], "question": "Of the Southeast Asian countries, which one's key economic development is based on Tourism?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "UNESCO"}], "question": "According to which entity can tourism be a tremendous development tool & means to preserving the cultural diversity of the planet?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Singapore"}], "question": "Who was the regional leader in tourism in 1995?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "tourism"}], "question": "From 2000, Cambodia has surpassed other ASEAN countries in generating GDP on which sector?", "id": "572673195951b619008f72ea"}]}], ["Walaupun Asia Tenggara kaya dengan flora dan fauna, Asia Tenggara menghadapi penebangan hutan yang teruk yang menyebabkan kehilangan habitat bagi pelbagai spesies terancam seperti orangutan dan harimau Sumatera. Ramalan telah dibuat bahawa lebih daripada 40% spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan di Asia Tenggara dapat dihapuskan pada abad ke-21. Pada masa yang sama, jerebu telah berlaku biasa. Kedua-dua bahaya serantau yang paling teruk adalah pada tahun 1997 dan 2006 di mana pelbagai negara diliputi jerebu tebal, kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh aktiviti \"slash and burn\" di Sumatera dan Borneo. Sebagai tindak balas, beberapa negara di Asia Tenggara menandatangani Perjanjian ASEAN mengenai Pencemaran Jerebu Merentas sempadan untuk memerangi pencemaran jerebu. <> Berapa peratus kepupusan tumbuhan dan haiwan ditakrifkan pada abad ke-21? || 40% <> Di manakah jerebu telah menjadi dominan? || Sumatra dan Borneo <> Bagaimana jerebu terbentuk? || yang disebabkan oleh \"mengurangkan dan membakar\" aktiviti <> Perjanjian apa yang telah ditandatangani negara-negara Asia Tenggara untuk memerangi pencemaran jerebu? || Pencemaran Jerebu Merentasi Sempadan <> Bilakah 2 pencemaran jerebu terburuk berlaku di Asia Tenggara? || 1997 dan 2006", {"context": "While Southeast Asia is rich in flora and fauna, Southeast Asia is facing severe deforestation which causes habitat loss for various endangered species such as orangutan and the Sumatran tiger. Predictions have been made that more than 40% of the animal and plant species in Southeast Asia could be wiped out in the 21st century. At the same time, haze has been a regular occurrence. The two worst regional hazes were in 1997 and 2006 in which multiple countries were covered with thick haze, mostly caused by \"slash and burn\" activities in Sumatra and Borneo. In reaction, several countries in Southeast Asia signed the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution to combat haze pollution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of plant and animal species extinction is predicted in the 21st century?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Sumatra and Borneo"}], "question": "Where has haze been predominant?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "caused by \"slash and burn\" activities"}], "question": "How is a haze formed?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Transboundary Haze Pollution"}], "question": "What agreement has the Southeast Asian countries signed to combat haze pollution?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c52a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "1997 and 2006"}], "question": "When did the 2 worst haze pollution occur in Southeast Asia?", "id": "572669d0708984140094c52b"}]}], ["Masyarakat Cina di luar negara telah memainkan peranan besar dalam pembangunan ekonomi di rantau ini. Komuniti perniagaan ini dihubungkan melalui rangkaian buluh, rangkaian perniagaan Cina di luar negara yang beroperasi di pasaran Asia Tenggara yang berkongsi hubungan keluarga dan budaya bersama. Asal-usul pengaruh China dapat dikesan pada abad ke-16, ketika para pendatang Cina dari selatan China menetap di Indonesia, Thailand, dan negara-negara Asia Tenggara lainnya. Penduduk Cina di rantau ini mengalami peningkatan pesat berikutan Revolusi Komunis pada tahun 1949, yang memaksa ramai pelarian untuk berpindah ke luar China. <> Asal komuniti mana yang dapat dikesan pada abad ke-16? || Cina <> Kebangkitan penduduk China menyaksikan peningkatan pesat di mana revolusi? || Revolusi Komunis <> Bilakah revolusi Cina bermula di Asia Tenggara? || 1949 <> Apakah nama rangkaian di mana masyarakat Cina dihubungkan dengannya? || rangkaian buluh", {"context": "The overseas Chinese community has played a large role in the development of the economies in the region. These business communities are connected through the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties. The origins of Chinese influence can be traced to the 16th century, when Chinese migrants from southern China settled in Indonesia, Thailand, and other Southeast Asian countries. Chinese populations in the region saw a rapid increase following the Communist Revolution in 1949, which forced many refugees to emigrate outside of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "The origin of which community can be traced to the 16th century?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Communist Revolution"}], "question": "The rise of Chinese population saw a rapid increase during which revolution?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When did the Chinese revolution start in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the bamboo network"}], "question": "What is the name of the network through which the Chinese communities were connected with?", "id": "57266f97dd62a815002e84c3"}]}], ["Malah sebelum penembusan kepentingan Eropah, Asia Tenggara merupakan bahagian kritikal sistem perdagangan dunia. Pelbagai komoditi yang berasal dari rantau ini, tetapi yang penting adalah rempah seperti lada, halia, ulas, dan pala. Perdagangan rempah pada mulanya dibangunkan oleh pedagang India dan Arab, tetapi juga membawa orang Eropah ke rantau ini. Orang Sepanyol pertama (galleon Manila) dan Portugis, kemudian Belanda, dan akhirnya British dan Perancis terlibat dalam perusahaan ini di berbagai negara. Penembusan kepentingan komersial Eropah secara beransur-ansur berkembang menjadi penggabungan wilayah, sebagai pedagang melobi untuk lanjutan kawalan untuk melindungi dan mengembangkan kegiatan mereka. Akibatnya, Belanda berpindah ke Indonesia, British ke Tanah Melayu dan sebahagian Borneo, Perancis ke Indocina, dan Sepanyol dan AS ke Filipina. <> Namakan beberapa komoditi penting yang berasal dari rantau Asia Tenggara? || lada, halia, ulas, dan buah pala <> Siapa yang memulakan perdagangan rempah pada mulanya? || Pedagang India dan Arab <> Yang mana pedagang Eropah berpindah ke Indonesia? || Belanda", {"context": "Even prior to the penetration of European interests, Southeast Asia was a critical part of the world trading system. A wide range of commodities originated in the region, but especially important were spices such as pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg. The spice trade initially was developed by Indian and Arab merchants, but it also brought Europeans to the region. First Spaniards (Manila galleon) and Portuguese, then the Dutch, and finally the British and French became involved in this enterprise in various countries. The penetration of European commercial interests gradually evolved into annexation of territories, as traders lobbied for an extension of control to protect and expand their activities. As a result, the Dutch moved into Indonesia, the British into Malaya and parts of Borneo, the French into Indochina, and the Spanish and the US into the Philippines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "pepper, ginger, cloves, and nutmeg"}], "question": "Name some important commodities that originated in Southeast asian region?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Indian and Arab merchants"}], "question": "Who developed the spice trade initially?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "Dutch"}], "question": "Which European traders moved into Indonesia?", "id": "57266c13708984140094c57d"}]}], ["Perairan cetek terumbu karang Asia Tenggara mempunyai paras tertinggi biodiversiti untuk ekosistem laut dunia, di mana karang, ikan dan moluska berlimpah. Menurut Conservation International, kaji selidik marin menunjukkan bahawa kepelbagaian kehidupan marin di Raja Ampat (Indonesia) adalah rekod tertinggi di Bumi. Kepelbagaian adalah lebih besar daripada mana-mana kawasan lain yang dicontohi di Segitiga Karang yang terdiri dari Indonesia, Filipina, dan Papua New Guinea. Segitiga Karang adalah pusat dari kepelbagaian terumbu karang dunia, Verde Passage digelar oleh Conservation International sebagai \"pusat pusat biodiversiti laut laut\" di dunia. Ikan yu paus, spesies ikan terbesar di dunia dan 6 spesies penyu laut juga boleh didapati di Laut China Selatan dan wilayah-wilayah Lautan Pasifik Filipina. <> Di mana di Bumi adalah aktiviti marin tertinggi yang direkodkan? || Raja Ampat <> Kawasan manakah yang terdiri daripada Segi Tiga Karang? || Indonesia, Filipina, dan Papua New Guinea. <> Kawasan manakah yang dipanggil hati biodiversiti terumbu karang di dunia? || Segitiga Karang <> Namakan spesies ikan terbesar di dunia. || Ikan hiu", {"context": "The shallow waters of the Southeast Asian coral reefs have the highest levels of biodiversity for the world's marine ecosystems, where coral, fish and molluscs abound. According to Conservation International, marine surveys suggest that the marine life diversity in the Raja Ampat (Indonesia) is the highest recorded on Earth. Diversity is considerably greater than any other area sampled in the Coral Triangle composed of Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The Coral Triangle is the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity, the Verde Passage is dubbed by Conservation International as the world's \"center of the center of marine shorefish biodiversity\". The whale shark, the world's largest species of fish and 6 species of sea turtles can also be found in the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean territories of the Philippines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Raja Ampat"}], "question": "Where on Earth is the highest marine activity recorded?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea."}], "question": "Which areas are composed as the Coral Triangle?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "The Coral Triangle"}], "question": "Which area is called the heart of the world's Coral reef biodiversity?", "id": "5726609b708984140094c415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "The whale shark"}], "question": "Name the largest species of fish in the world.", "id": "5726609b708984140094c416"}]}], ["Kepulauan Indonesia dipecah oleh Wallace Line. Barisan ini berjalan di sepanjang apa yang sekarang dikenali sebagai sempadan plat tektonik, dan memisahkan spesies Asia (Barat) dari spesies Australasian (Timur). Pulau-pulau di antara Jawa / Borneo dan Papua membentuk zon campuran, di mana kedua-dua jenis ini terjadi, yang dikenal sebagai Wallacea. Apabila kadar pertumbuhan mempercepatkan dan penduduk terus berkembang di Asia Tenggara, kebimbangan telah meningkat mengenai kesan aktiviti manusia di persekitaran rantau ini. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar Asia Tenggara tidak banyak berubah dan kekal sebagai rumah yang tidak berubah untuk hidupan liar. Negara-negara di rantau ini, dengan hanya beberapa pengecualian, telah menyedari keperluan untuk memelihara perlindungan hutan bukan sahaja untuk mencegah hakisan tanah tetapi untuk memelihara kepelbagaian flora dan fauna. Sebagai contoh, Indonesia telah mewujudkan sistem taman negara yang luas dan diperhatikan untuk tujuan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, spesies seperti badak Jawa muka dengan kepupusan, dengan hanya segelintir haiwan yang tinggal di Jawa barat. <> Namakan garis yang membelah Nusantara Indonesia? || Wallace Line <> Kawasan apa yang terdiri daripada Wallacea? || Pulau-pulau di antara Jawa / Borneo dan Papua <> Negara manakah yang telah mewujudkan sistem taman nasional & perlindungan? || Indonesia <> Spesies manakah di Jawa menghadapi kepupusan? || Badak Jawa <> Apakah kebimbangan di rantau Asia Tenggara akibat pembangunan & pengembangan penduduk? || kesan aktiviti manusia di persekitaran rantau ini.", {"context": "The Indonesian Archipelago is split by the Wallace Line. This line runs along what is now known to be a tectonic plate boundary, and separates Asian (Western) species from Australasian (Eastern) species. The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua form a mixed zone, where both types occur, known as Wallacea. As the pace of development accelerates and populations continue to expand in Southeast Asia, concern has increased regarding the impact of human activity on the region's environment. A significant portion of Southeast Asia, however, has not changed greatly and remains an unaltered home to wildlife. The nations of the region, with only few exceptions, have become aware of the need to maintain forest cover not only to prevent soil erosion but to preserve the diversity of flora and fauna. Indonesia, for example, has created an extensive system of national parks and preserves for this purpose. Even so, such species as the Javan rhinoceros face extinction, with only a handful of the animals remaining in western Java.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Wallace Line"}], "question": "Name the line that splits the Indonesian Archipelago?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "The islands between Java/Borneo and Papua"}], "question": "What region comprises of the Wallacea?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Which country has created a system of national parks & preserves?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "Javan rhinoceros"}], "question": "Which species in Java face extinction?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "impact of human activity on the region's environment."}], "question": "What is the concern in Southeast Asian region due to development & population expansion?", "id": "57265eb4dd62a815002e82ea"}]}], ["Kesenian Asia Tenggara mempunyai hubungan seni dengan bidang lain. Menari di banyak Asia Tenggara termasuk pergerakan tangan dan kaki, untuk mengekspresikan emosi tarian dan makna kisah yang pemain ballerina akan memberitahu penonton. Kebanyakan Asia Tenggara memperkenalkan tarian ke mahkamah mereka; khususnya, balet diraja Kamboja mewakili mereka pada awal abad ke-7 sebelum Empayar Khmer, yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Hindu India. Tarian Apsara, yang terkenal dengan pergerakan tangan dan kaki yang kuat, merupakan contoh besar tarian simbol Hindu. <> Di mana orang Asia Tenggara memperkenalkan tarian mereka? || ke dalam istana mereka <> Tarian mana yang terkenal dengan kaki yang kuat & pergerakan tangan? || Tarian Apsara <> Empayar Khmer dipengaruhi oleh apa? || Hindu India", {"context": "The arts of Southeast Asia have affinity with the arts of other areas. Dance in much of Southeast Asia includes movement of the hands as well as the feet, to express the dance's emotion and meaning of the story that the ballerina is going to tell the audience. Most of Southeast Asia introduced dance into their court; in particular, Cambodian royal ballet represented them in the early 7th century before the Khmer Empire, which was highly influenced by Indian Hinduism. Apsara Dance, famous for strong hand and feet movement, is a great example of Hindu symbolic dance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "into their court"}], "question": "Where did the Southeast Asians introduce their dance?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Apsara Dance"}], "question": "Which dance was famous for strong feet & hand movements?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Indian Hinduism"}], "question": "The Khmer Empire was influenced by what?", "id": "5726812e708984140094c84f"}]}], ["Ia telah menunjukkan bahawa Khmer dan seni klasik Indonesia bimbang dengan menggambarkan kehidupan tuhan-tuhan, tetapi kepada pemikiran Asia Tenggara hidup tuhan-tuhan itu adalah kehidupan rakyat sendiri-gembira, bersahaja, namun ilahi. Tai, yang datang ke Asia Tenggara, membawa mereka beberapa tradisi seni Cina, tetapi mereka segera melepaskan mereka memihak kepada tradisi Khmer dan Mon, dan satu-satunya petunjuk hubungan mereka dengan seni Cina adalah gaya kuil mereka, terutamanya bumbung tirus, dan dalam pernis mereka. <> Apakah seni klasik Khmer & Indonesia menggambarkan? || kehidupan para tuhan <> Kumpulan mana yang membawa mereka tradisi seni Cina ke negara Asia Tenggara? || Tai <> Menurut orang-orang Asia Tenggara, kehidupan para Dewa adalah setanding dengan apa? || kehidupan orang-orang sendiri", {"context": "It has been pointed out that Khmer and Indonesian classical arts were concerned with depicting the life of the gods, but to the Southeast Asian mind the life of the gods was the life of the peoples themselves\u2014joyous, earthy, yet divine. The Tai, coming late into Southeast Asia, brought with them some Chinese artistic traditions, but they soon shed them in favour of the Khmer and Mon traditions, and the only indications of their earlier contact with Chinese arts were in the style of their temples, especially the tapering roof, and in their lacquerware.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "the life of the gods"}], "question": "What did the Khmer & Indonesian classical arts depict of?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Tai"}], "question": "Which group brought with them the Chinese artistic traditions to the Southeast Asian country?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "life of the peoples themselves"}], "question": "According to the Southeast Asian people, the life of the Gods were comparable to what?", "id": "572687f6708984140094c905"}]}], ["Keaslian bentuk tulisan ini meluas sebelum penciptaan kertas sekitar tahun 100 di China. Perhatikan setiap bahagian daun sawit hanya beberapa baris, ditulis secara longitudinal melintasi daun, dan terikat dengan membelit ke bahagian lain. Bahagian luar dihiasi. Huruf-huruf di Asia Tenggara cenderung menjadi abugida, sehingga ketibaan orang Eropah, yang menggunakan kata-kata yang juga berakhir dengan konsonan, bukan hanya vokal. Bentuk lain dokumen rasmi, yang tidak menggunakan kertas, termasuk skrol tembaga Jawa. Bahan ini lebih tahan lama daripada kertas di iklim tropika Asia Tenggara. <> Mana bentuk penulisan yang dilanjutkan sebelum penciptaan kertas? || daun palma <> Apakah abjad Asia Tenggara? || abugidas <> Apa bentuk bahan penulisan lain yang digunakan dalam tempoh ini? || skrol tembaga tembaga <> Di manakah tulisan-tulisan pada daun sawit? || longitudinal <> Bahagian daun kelapa terikat dengan bahan apa? || twine", {"context": "The antiquity of this form of writing extends before the invention of paper around the year 100 in China. Note each palm leaf section was only several lines, written longitudinally across the leaf, and bound by twine to the other sections. The outer portion was decorated. The alphabets of Southeast Asia tended to be abugidas, until the arrival of the Europeans, who used words that also ended in consonants, not just vowels. Other forms of official documents, which did not use paper, included Javanese copperplate scrolls. This material would have been more durable than paper in the tropical climate of Southeast Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "palm leaf"}], "question": "Which form of writing extended before the invention of paper?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "abugidas"}], "question": "What were the alphabets of Southeast Asia?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "copperplate scrolls"}], "question": "What other forms of writing materials were used during this period?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "longitudinally"}], "question": "In what direction were the writings on a palm leaf?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "twine"}], "question": "The sections of the palm leafs were bound by what material?", "id": "57268974708984140094c93f"}]}], ["Boneka dan bayangan juga merupakan bentuk hiburan yang digemari dalam abad yang lalu, yang terkenal sebagai Wayang dari Indonesia. Kesenian dan kesusasteraan di Asia Tenggara agak dipengaruhi oleh Hinduisme, yang dibawa kepada mereka berabad-abad yang lalu. Indonesia, walaupun penukaran kepada Islam yang menentang bentuk seni tertentu, telah mengekalkan banyak bentuk amalan, budaya, seni dan kesusasteraan yang dipengaruhi oleh Hindu. Contohnya ialah Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) dan kesusasteraan seperti Ramayana. Pertunjukan wayang kulit telah diiktiraf oleh UNESCO pada 7 November 2003, sebagai Karya Warisan Warisan Lisan dan Tidak Berwujud Kemanusiaan. <> Apa bentuk hiburan hiburan di Asia Tenggara? || Puppetry and shadow plays <> Seni & literatur di Asia Tenggara dipengaruhi oleh agama mana? || Hinduisme <> UNESCO telah mengiktiraf yang menunjukkan sebagai Karya Warisan Lisan & Tidak Tepat Kemanusiaan || The wayang kulit <> Negara mana yang walaupun memeluk agama Islam telah mengekalkan banyak bentuk amalan Hindu, budaya, seni dan kesusasteraan? || Indonesia", {"context": "Puppetry and shadow plays were also a favoured form of entertainment in past centuries, a famous one being Wayang from Indonesia. The arts and literature in some of Southeast Asia is quite influenced by Hinduism, which was brought to them centuries ago. Indonesia, despite conversion to Islam which opposes certain forms of art, has retained many forms of Hindu-influenced practices, culture, art and literature. An example is the Wayang Kulit (Shadow Puppet) and literature like the Ramayana. The wayang kulit show has been recognized by UNESCO on November 7, 2003, as a Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Puppetry and shadow plays"}], "question": "What were the favorite forms of entertainment in Southeast Asia?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Hinduism"}], "question": "Art & literature in Southeast Asia is influenced by which religion?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "The wayang kulit"}], "question": "The UNESCO has recognized which show as a Masterpiece of Oral & Intangible Heritage of Humanity", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Which country despite converting to Islam has retained many forms of Hindu practices, culture, art & literature?", "id": "57268716dd62a815002e883d"}]}], ["Kebudayaan di Asia Tenggara sangat pelbagai: di tanah besar Asia Tenggara, budaya adalah campuran Indochinese (Burma, Kamboja, Laos dan Thailand) dan Cina (Singapura dan Vietnam). Sedangkan di Indonesia, Filipina dan Malaysia budaya adalah campuran budaya Austronesia, India, Islam, Barat, dan Cina pribumi. Juga Brunei menunjukkan pengaruh yang kuat dari Arab. Singapura dan Vietnam menunjukkan lebih banyak pengaruh China di Singapura, walaupun secara geografi sebagai negara Asia Tenggara, adalah rumah kepada majoriti Cina yang besar dan Vietnam berada dalam pengaruh China untuk kebanyakan sejarahnya. Pengaruh India di Singapura hanya dapat dilihat melalui pendatang Tamil, yang mempengaruhi, sedikit sebanyak, masakan Singapura. Sepanjang sejarah Vietnam, ia tidak mempunyai pengaruh langsung dari India - hanya melalui hubungan dengan rakyat Thai, Khmer dan Cham. <> Arab mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat di mana negara Asia Tenggara? || Pertunjukan Brunei & Singapura yang mempengaruhi yang utama? || Cina <> Pengaruh India jelas di mana negara melalui pendatang Tamil? || Singapura", {"context": "The culture in Southeast Asia is very diverse: on mainland Southeast Asia, the culture is a mix of Indochinese (Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand) and Chinese (Singapore and Vietnam). While in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia the culture is a mix of indigenous Austronesian, Indian, Islamic, Western, and Chinese cultures. Also Brunei shows a strong influence from Arabia. Singapore and Vietnam show more Chinese influence in that Singapore, although being geographically a Southeast Asian nation, is home to a large Chinese majority and Vietnam was in China's sphere of influence for much of its history. Indian influence in Singapore is only evident through the Tamil migrants, which influenced, to some extent, the cuisine of Singapore. Throughout Vietnam's history, it has had no direct influence from India - only through contact with the Thai, Khmer and Cham peoples.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Brunei"}], "question": "Arabia has a strong influence in which Southeast Asian country?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "Singapore & Vietnam shows which influence predominantly?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Singapore"}], "question": "The Indian influence is evident in which country through the Tamil migrants?", "id": "57267fbcdd62a815002e874c"}]}], ["Agama dan masyarakat adalah berbeza di Asia Tenggara dan tidak satu negara adalah homogen. Di negara Islam paling ramai di dunia, Indonesia, Hindu, dominan di pulau-pulau seperti Bali. Kekristianan juga mendominasi di seluruh Filipina, New Guinea dan Timor. Poket penduduk Hindu juga boleh ditemui di Asia Tenggara di Singapura, Malaysia dan lain-lain. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garu\u1e0da), phoenix yang merupakan vahanam dari Wisnu, adalah simbol kebangsaan di Thailand dan Indonesia; di Filipina, imej emas Garuda telah dijumpai di Palawan; imej emas para tuhan Hindu dan dewi Hindu juga telah ditemui di Mindanao. Hindu Hindu adalah agak berbeza daripada Hindu yang diamalkan di tempat lain, kerana Animism dan budaya tempatan dimasukkan ke dalamnya. Kristian juga boleh ditemui di seluruh Asia Tenggara; mereka adalah majoriti di Timor Timur dan Filipina, negara Kristian terbesar di Asia. Di samping itu, terdapat juga amalan keagamaan puak yang lebih tua di kawasan pedalaman Sarawak di Malaysia Timur, Highland Filipina dan Papua di bahagian timur Indonesia. Di Burma, Sakka (Indra) dihormati sebagai nat. Di Vietnam, Buddhisme Mahayana diamalkan, yang dipengaruhi oleh animisme asli tetapi dengan penekanan kuat pada Ibadat Penyembahan. <> Yang manakah negara Kristian terbesar di Asia? || Filipina <> Garuda adalah simbol kebangsaan yang mana 2 negara? || Thailand dan Indonesia <> Agama mana yang dominan di Pulau Bali? || Hindu <> Nama rantau yang paling ramai penduduk Islam di Asia? || Indonesia <> Apa yang diamalkan di Vietnam? || Vietnam", {"context": "Religions and peoples are diverse in Southeast Asia and not one country is homogeneous. In the world's most populous Muslim nation, Indonesia, Hinduism is dominant on islands such as Bali. Christianity also predominates in the rest of the part of the Philippines, New Guinea and Timor. Pockets of Hindu population can also be found around Southeast Asia in Singapore, Malaysia etc. Garuda (Sanskrit: Garu\u1e0da), the phoenix who is the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu, is a national symbol in both Thailand and Indonesia; in the Philippines, gold images of Garuda have been found on Palawan; gold images of other Hindu gods and goddesses have also been found on Mindanao. Balinese Hinduism is somewhat different from Hinduism practised elsewhere, as Animism and local culture is incorporated into it. Christians can also be found throughout Southeast Asia; they are in the majority in East Timor and the Philippines, Asia's largest Christian nation. In addition, there are also older tribal religious practices in remote areas of Sarawak in East Malaysia,Highland Philippines and Papua in eastern Indonesia. In Burma, Sakka (Indra) is revered as a nat. In Vietnam, Mahayana Buddhism is practised, which is influenced by native animism but with strong emphasis on Ancestor Worship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "Philippines"}], "question": "Which is Asia's largest christian nation?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f7429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Thailand and Indonesia"}], "question": "Garuda is the national symbol of which 2 countries?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Hinduism"}], "question": "Which religion is dominant on the Island of Bali?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "Name the most Muslim populous region in Asia?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1146, "text": "Vietnam"}], "question": "What is practiced in Vietnam?", "id": "57267b4c5951b619008f742d"}]}]], [["Oleh kerana kehadiran budaya yang berterusan dan kebaruannya dalam seni persembahan, gusti merupakan topik yang berulang dalam kedua-dua ahli akademik dan media. Beberapa dokumentari telah dihasilkan memaparkan gusti profesional, terutamanya, Beyond the Mat yang diarahkan oleh Barry W. Blaustein, dan Wrestling with Shadows yang menampilkan ahli gusti Bret Hart dan diarahkan oleh Paul Jay. Terdapat juga banyak gambaran fiksyen gusti; filem 2008 The Wrestler menerima beberapa pencalonan Oscar dan memulakan kebangkitan semula karir untuk bintang Mickey Rourke. <> Apa salah satu filem gusti terkenal? || 2008 filem The Wrestler <> Apa yang dianugerahkan oleh The Wrestler? || beberapa pencalonan Oscar <> Apakah nama-nama pasangan dokumentari gusti? || Di luar Mat yang diarahkan oleh Barry W. Blaustein, dan Wrestling with Shadows <> Di manakah wrestling terus muncul sebagai subjek? || di kedua-dua ahli akademik dan media", {"context": "Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, wrestling constitutes a recurring topic in both academia and the media. Several documentaries have been produced looking at professional wrestling, most notably, Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows featuring wrestler Bret Hart and directed by Paul Jay. There have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling; the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "2008 film The Wrestler"}], "question": "What is one popular wrestling film?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "several Oscar nominations"}], "question": "What award was The Wrestler nominated for?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Beyond the Mat directed by Barry W. Blaustein, and Wrestling with Shadows"}], "question": "What are the names of a couple wrestling documentaries?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "in both academia and the media"}], "question": "Where does wrestling keep coming up as a subject?", "id": "5726320889a1e219009ac545"}]}], ["Wrestling profesional (kolar yang disingkat untuk gusti atau gusti) adalah bentuk sukan yang bersifat atletik berdasarkan gambaran sukan tempur. Mengambil bentuk acara langsung yang diadakan oleh promosi pelancongan, ia menggambarkan gaya pertempuran yang unik berdasarkan gabungan gaya pakai, termasuk gusti klasik, menangkap gusti dan pelbagai bentuk seni mempertahankan diri, serta gaya inovatif berdasarkan perebutan ( memegang / melemparkan), menarik, dan aerialisme. Pelbagai bentuk senjata kadang-kadang digunakan. <> Apakah gusti profesional disingkat sebagai? || gusti pro <> Apakah beberapa gaya pertempuran berdasarkan? || gusti klasik, menangkap gusti <> Siapa peristiwa hidup yang dipegang oleh? || promosi pelancongan <> Apakah gusti profesional? || bentuk hiburan sukan berdasarkan gambaran sukan tempur <> Gaya jenis apa yang menunjukkan gusti? || ia menggambarkan gaya pertempuran yang unik berdasarkan kombinasi gaya pakai, termasuk gusti klasik", {"context": "Professional wrestling (colloquially abbreviated to pro wrestling or wrestling) is an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport. Taking the form of live events held by touring promotions, it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling, catch wrestling and various forms of martial arts, as well as an innovative style based on grappling (holds/throws), striking, and aerialism. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "pro wrestling"}], "question": "What is professional wrestling abbreviated as?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "classical wrestling, catch wrestling"}], "question": "What are a couple of styles of combat based on?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "touring promotions"}], "question": "Who are live events held by?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "an athletic form of entertainment based on a portrayal of a combat sport"}], "question": "What is professional wrestling?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "it portrays a unique style of combat based on a combination of adopted styles, which include classical wrestling"}], "question": "What kind of style does wrestling show?", "id": "57262c2c271a42140099d6f3"}]}], ["Secara beransur-ansur, sifat yang telah ditetapkan oleh gusti profesional menjadi rahsia terbuka, sebagai tokoh penting dalam perniagaan gusti (termasuk pemilik WWE, Vince McMahon) mula mengakui secara terbuka bahawa gusti adalah hiburan, bukan persaingan. Pendedahan awam ini telah mendapat reaksi bercampur-campur dari komuniti gusti, kerana ada yang berpendapat pendedahan itu merosakkan pengalaman kepada penonton seperti pendedahan ilusi. Walaupun kemasukan orang ramai terhadap sifat teater bergulat profesional, banyak negeri A.S. masih mengawal gusti profesional kerana mereka melakukan sukan kompetitif yang profesional. Sebagai contoh, New York State masih mengawal \"gusti profesional\" melalui Suruhanjaya Atletik Negeri New York (SAC). <> Siapa yang mengaku bahawa gusti bukan persaingan? || tokoh-tokoh terkemuka dalam perniagaan gusti (termasuk pemilik WWE, Vince McMahon) <> Bagaimana orang bertindak balas kepada wahyu yang bergelut semata-mata hiburan? || Orang awam ini mendedahkan reaksi bercampur-campur dari masyarakat gusti <> Bagaimana banyak negara A.S. mengendalikan bergulat? || banyak negeri A.S. masih mengawal gusti profesional kerana mereka melakukan sukan kompetitif profesional yang lain", {"context": "Gradually, the predetermined nature of professional wrestling became an open secret, as prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon) began to publicly admit that wrestling was entertainment, not competition. This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community, as some feel that exposure ruins the experience to the spectators as does exposure in illusionism. Despite the public admission of the theatrical nature of professional wrestling, many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports. For example, New York State still regulates \"professional wrestling\" through the New York State Athletic Commission (SAC).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "prominent figures in the wrestling business (including WWE owner Vince McMahon)"}], "question": "Who confessed that wrestling was not competition?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "This public reveal has garnered mixed reactions from the wrestling community"}], "question": "How have people reacted to the revelation that wrestling is purely entertainment?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "many U.S. states still regulate professional wrestling as they do other professional competitive sports"}], "question": "How do many U.S. states handle wrestling?", "id": "5726338138643c19005ad2eb"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, syarikat gusti profesional terbesar di seluruh dunia adalah WWE yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat, yang membeli banyak syarikat serantau yang lebih kecil pada akhir abad ke-20, serta pesaing AS utama WCW dan Kejohanan Kejohanan Wrestling (ECW) pada awal tahun 2001. Lain-lain menonjol Syarikat-syarikat gusti profesional di seluruh dunia termasuk Wrestling Aksi Total Nonstop Wrestling (TNA) dan Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) dan Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) di Mexico, dan New Japanese Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), dan pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) liga. <> Apa syarikat wrestling terbesar? || WWE yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat <> Syarikat mana yang mana beberapa persaingan WWE? || WCW dan Kejohanan Wrestling Extreme (ECW) <> Apa beberapa syarikat gusti utama lain? || Jumlah Pertaruhan Tindakan Tanpa Beban (TNA) dan Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) dan Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) <> Apa nama syarikat gusti Jepun? || Jepun New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)", {"context": "Currently, the largest professional wrestling company worldwide is the United States-based WWE, which bought out many smaller regional companies in the late 20th century, as well as its primary US competitors WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) in early 2001. Other prominent professional wrestling companies worldwide include the US-based Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA) in Mexico, and the Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), and Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH) leagues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the United States-based WWE"}], "question": "What is the biggest wrestling company?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "WCW and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)"}], "question": "Which companies are some of WWE's competition?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac55f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and Asistencia Asesor\u00eda y Administraci\u00f3n (AAA)"}], "question": "What are some other major wrestling companies?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Japanese New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW)"}], "question": "What is the name of a Japanese wrestling company?", "id": "572632cf89a1e219009ac561"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pertandingan gusti bertahan untuk beberapa set jatuh, dengan pihak pertama untuk mencapai bilangan majoriti pinpoint, pengajuan, atau pengiraan sebagai pemenang. Secara sejarah, pertandingan bergelut dengan 3 jatuh (\"terbaik 2 daripada 3\") atau 5 jatuh (\"terbaik 3 daripada 5\"). Standard untuk pertandingan moden adalah satu kejatuhan. Bagaimanapun, walaupun sekarang standard, banyak penyiar akan menyatakan secara jelasnya (mis. \"Peraduan berikut ditetapkan untuk satu musim gugur dengan batas masa 20 minit\"). Perlawanan ini diberi had masa; jika tidak cukup jatuh dijaringkan oleh hujung had masa, perlawanan itu diisytiharkan seri. Pertandingan moden biasanya diberikan batasan masa 10 hingga 30 minit untuk perlawanan standard; Perlawanan tajuk boleh pergi sehingga satu jam. Pertandingan gusti British yang diadakan di bawah peraturan Admiral-Lord Mountevans adalah 2 daripada 3 jatuh. <> Siapa yang menang dalam pertandingan gusti? || sebelah pertama untuk mencapai bilangan majoriti pinpoint, penghujahan, atau pengiraan sebagai pemenang. <> Bagaimana mungkin seorang pegulat menang di masa lalu? || Secara sejarah, pertandingan bergelut dengan 3 jatuh (\"terbaik 2 daripada 3\") atau 5 jatuh (\"terbaik 3 daripada 5\"). <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti boleh menang di zaman moden? || Standard untuk pertandingan moden adalah satu kejatuhan. <> Dalam contoh apakah perlawanan akan diisytiharkan seri? || jika tidak cukup jatuh dijaringkan oleh hujung had masa, perlawanan itu diisytiharkan seri. <> Berapa lama boleh perlawanan tajuk? || Perlawanan tajuk boleh pergi sehingga satu jam", {"context": "Most wrestling matches last for a set number of falls, with the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner. Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\"). The standard for modern matches is one fall. However, even though it is now standard, many announcers will explicitly state this (e.g. \"The following contest is set for one fall with a 20-minute time limit\"). These matches are given a time limit; if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw. Modern matches are generally given a 10- to 30-minute time limit for standard matches; title matches can go for up to one hour. British wrestling matches held under Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules are 2 out of 3 falls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the first side to achieve the majority number of pinfalls, submissions, or countouts being the winner."}], "question": "Who wins in a wrestling match?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Historically, matches were wrestled to 3 falls (\"best 2 out of 3\") or 5 falls (\"best 3 out of 5\")."}], "question": "How could a wrestler win in the past?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "The standard for modern matches is one fall."}], "question": "How can a wrestler win in modern times?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d76f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "if not enough falls are scored by the end of the time limit, the match is declared a draw."}], "question": "In what instance will a match be declared a draw?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "title matches can go for up to one hour"}], "question": "How long can a title match be?", "id": "572634fc271a42140099d771"}]}], ["Pertunjukan gusti profesional boleh dianggap sebagai bentuk teater dalam pusingan, dengan cincin, kawasan ringside, dan pintu masuk yang merangkumi tahap teras. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat konsep yang lebih terhad pada dinding keempat daripada persembahan teater yang paling banyak. Para penonton diiktiraf dan diakui oleh para penonton sebagai penonton untuk acara sukan yang digambarkan, dan digalakkan untuk berinteraksi seperti itu. Ini membawa kepada penyertaan penonton yang tinggi; Malah, tindak balas mereka dapat menentukan bagaimana prestasi berlaku. Selalunya, pertandingan individu akan menjadi sebahagian daripada konflik cerita yang lebih panjang antara \"babyfaces\" (sering dipendekkan kepada hanya \"wajah\") dan \"tumit\". \"Faces\" (\"orang baik\") adalah orang-orang yang tindakannya bertujuan untuk menggalakkan penonton bersorak, sementara \"tumit\" (\"orang jahat\") bertindak untuk merangsang penonton. <> Bagaimana wrestlers merawat penonton? || Penonton diiktiraf dan diakui oleh para pelaku sebagai penonton <> Bagaimana audiens yang diakui oleh para pegulat memberi impak kepada persembahan? || Ini membawa kepada tahap penyertaan khalayak yang tinggi <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan penonton semasa pertunjukan? || reaksi mereka boleh menentukan bagaimana prestasi berlaku. <> Apa jenis konflik yang boleh timbul semasa pertunjukan? || Selalunya, pertandingan individu akan menjadi sebahagian daripada konflik cerita yang lebih panjang antara \"babyfaces\" (sering dipendekkan kepada hanya \"wajah\") dan \"tumit\". <> Antara wrestlers yang mana orang jahat? || \"tumit\" (\"orang jahat\")", {"context": "Professional wrestling shows can be considered a form of theatre in the round, with the ring, ringside area, and entryway comprising a thrust stage. However, there is a much more limited concept of a fourth wall than in most theatric performances. The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators to the sporting event being portrayed, and are encouraged to interact as such. This leads to a high level of audience participation; in fact, their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds. Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\". \"Faces\" (the \"good guys\") are those whose actions are intended to encourage the audience to cheer, while \"heels\" (the \"bad guys\") act to draw the spectators' ire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "The audience is recognized and acknowledged by the performers as spectators"}], "question": "How do the wrestlers treat the audience?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "This leads to a high level of audience participation"}], "question": "How does the audience being acknowledged by the wrestlers impact the show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "their reactions can dictate how the performance unfolds."}], "question": "What can the audience do during a show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Often, individual matches will be part of a longer storyline conflict between \"babyfaces\" (often shortened to just \"faces\") and \"heels\"."}], "question": "What kind of conflict can arise during a show?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "\"heels\" (the \"bad guys\")"}], "question": "Which of the wrestlers are the bad guys?", "id": "57263451ec44d21400f3dc39"}]}], ["Kandungan termasuk hasil perlawanan dijodohkan dan tindak balas tindakan dan tindak balas dilakukan dengan cara khusus yang dirancang untuk melindungi dari, namun mensimulasikan, rasa sakit. Fakta-fakta ini pernah disimpan sangat rahsia, tetapi kini mereka secara terbuka diisytiharkan sebagai kebenaran. Secara semulajadi, sifat sebenar kandungannya tidak diendahkan oleh promosi yang dilakukan di media rasmi untuk mengekalkan dan menggalakkan penggantungan rasa tidak percaya kepada penonton dengan mengekalkan aura kebenaran. Komunikasi kipas oleh pegulat individu dan promosi melalui media luar (iaitu, wawancara) akan sering mengakui sifat fiksyen cermin. <> Bagaimana tindakan dilakukan? || Tindakan combative dan reaksi dilaksanakan dengan cara khusus yang dirancang untuk melindungi dari, namun mensimulasikan, rasa sakit <> Apa yang digalakkan peminat? || sanggup penggantungan ketidakpercayaan untuk penonton <> Bagaimana keputusan akhir perlawanan dirancang? || Hasil perlawanan dipadankan dengan koreografi <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh para wrestler tentang kesungguhan atau kegagalan pertandingan? || selalunya akan secara langsung mengakui sifat fiksyen cermin itu.", {"context": "The content including match outcomes is choreographed and the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain. These facts were once kept highly secret, but they are now openly declared as the truth. By and large, the true nature of the content is ignored by the performing promotion in official media in order to sustain and promote the willing suspension of disbelief for the audience by maintaining an aura of verisimilitude. Fan communications by individual wrestlers and promotions through outside media (i.e., interviews) will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the combative actions and reactions are executed in special manners designed to both protect from, yet simulate, pain"}], "question": "How are the actions conducted?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "willing suspension of disbelief for the audience"}], "question": "What are the fan encouraged to do?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "match outcomes is choreographed"}], "question": "How is the end result of the match planned out?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "will often directly acknowledge the fictional nature of the spectacle."}], "question": "What do wrestlers have to say about the realness or fakeness of the matches?", "id": "57262d8f89a1e219009ac4ff"}]}], ["Dalam pertandingan dengan beberapa pesaing, sistem penghapusan boleh digunakan. Mana-mana ahli gusti yang menjatuhkan kejatuhan mereka dipaksa keluar dari perlawanan, dan perlawanan terus berlanjutan sehingga hanya satu yang tersisa. Walau bagaimanapun, ia adalah lebih biasa apabila lebih daripada dua orang gusti terlibat untuk hanya pergi satu kejatuhan, dengan yang menjaringkan kejatuhan, tanpa mengira siapa yang mereka menjaringkannya, sebagai pemenang. Dalam pertandingan kejuaraan, ini bermakna bahawa, tidak seperti perlawanan satu sama lain (di mana juara hanya boleh membatalkan diri mereka atau mendapatkan diri mereka dikira untuk mengekalkan gelaran melalui \"keuntungan juara\"), juara tidak perlu disematkan atau terlibat dalam keputusan kehilangan kejuaraan. Walau bagaimanapun, juara tumit sering mendapat kelebihan, bukan dengan kelebihan juara, tetapi dalam penggunaan senjata dan gangguan luar, kerana perlawanan poli-sisi ini cenderung tidak melibatkan peraturan yang melarang. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila ahli gusti jatuh ke atas mereka? || dipaksa keluar dari perlawanan <> Peraturan jenis apa yang biasanya ada padanan poli-sisi? || tidak memegang peraturan yang dihalang <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku apabila dua atau lebih ahli gusti terlibat? || untuk hanya pergi satu kejatuhan, dengan orang yang menjatuhkan kejatuhan, tanpa mengira siapa mereka menjaringkannya melawan, menjadi pemenang. <> Bagaimana seorang juara kalah dalam kejohanan? || tidak perlu disematkan atau terlibat dalam keputusan kehilangan kejuaraan.", {"context": "In matches with multiple competitors, an elimination system may be used. Any wrestler who has a fall scored against them is forced out of the match, and the match continues until only one remains. However, it is much more common when more than two wrestlers are involved to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner. In championship matches, this means that, unlike one-on-one matches (where the champion can simply disqualify themselves or get themselves counted out to retain the title via the \"champion's advantag\"), the champion does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship. However, heel champions often find advantages, not in champion's advantage, but in the use of weapons and outside interference, as these poly-sided matches tend to involve no holds barred rules.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "is forced out of the match"}], "question": "What happens when a wrestler has a fall against them?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "no holds barred rules"}], "question": "What kind of rules does a poly-sided match usually have?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "to simply go one fall, with the one scoring the fall, regardless of who they scored it against, being the winner."}], "question": "What usually happens when two or more wrestlers are involved?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "does not have to be pinned or involved in the decision to lose the championship."}], "question": "How can a champion lose a championship?", "id": "572635e3271a42140099d78a"}]}], ["Bermula sebagai bentuk hiburan yang popular di Eropah abad ke-19 dan kemudiannya sebagai pameran tontonan di karnaval perjalanan Amerika Utara dan dewan vaudeville, gusti profesional berkembang menjadi genre hiburan yang berdiri sendiri dengan pelbagai variasi budaya di seluruh dunia, dan kini dianggap industri hiburan berjuta-juta dolar. Walaupun ia telah banyak merosot di Eropah, di Amerika Utara ia telah mengalami beberapa masa berlainan popularitas budaya yang terkenal selama abad dan setengah kewujudannya. Kemunculan televisyen memberi gusti profesional sebuah kedai baru, dan gusti (bersama-sama dengan tinju) memainkan peranan penting dalam membuat bayar-per-view kaedah penyampaian kandungan yang berdaya maju. <> Sebarang bahagian dunia dengan gusti menjadi kurang popular? || ia sangat merosot di Eropah <> Di mana asal gusti berasal? || Bermula sebagai bentuk hiburan yang popular di Eropah abad ke-19 <> Di manakah bergelut kemudian dipamerkan di Amerika Utara? || kemudian sebagai pameran tontonan di karnaval perjalanan Amerika Utara dan dewan vaudeville <> Apa yang sekarang dianggap sebagai gusti? || kini dianggap industri hiburan berjuta-juta dolar <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh televisyen untuk bergelut? || Kedatangan televisyen memberi gusti profesional sebuah kedai baru", {"context": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe and later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls, professional wrestling grew into a standalone genre of entertainment with many diverse variations in cultures around the globe, and is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry. While it has greatly declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century and a half of existence. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, and wrestling (along with boxing) was instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "it has greatly declined in Europe"}], "question": "What part of the world has wrestling become less popular in?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Originating as a popular form of entertainment in 19th-century Europe"}], "question": "Where did wrestling originally come from?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "later as a sideshow exhibition in North American traveling carnivals and vaudeville halls"}], "question": "Where was wrestling later showcased in North America?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "is now considered a multimillion-dollar entertainment industry"}], "question": "What is wrestling now thought to be?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet"}], "question": "What did television do for wrestling?", "id": "57262e6bec44d21400f3dbcb"}]}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional bermula sebagai tindakan kecil di sisi, sorong perjalanan dan karnival, hari ini ia adalah industri bernilai bilion dolar. Pendapatan diperoleh daripada jualan tiket acara secara langsung, siaran televisyen rangkaian, siaran bayar setiap tontonan, penampilan peribadi oleh penghibur, barangan berjenama dan video rumah. Terutama sejak tahun 1950-an, acara gusti pro sering bertanggungjawab untuk orang ramai di arena besar, termasuk Madison Square Garden, serta stadium bola sepak, dengan promosi termasuk WWE, sistem wilayah NWA, WCW, dan AWA. Gulat Pro juga berperanan dalam membuat bayar-per-view kaedah penghantaran kandungan yang berdaya maju. Pertunjukan tahunan seperti WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, dan sebelumnya Bash di Pantai, Halloween Havoc dan Starrcade adalah antara program bayar-bayar setiap kali jualan tertinggi setiap tahun. Di zaman moden, pengaturcaraan internet telah digunakan oleh beberapa syarikat untuk menunjukkan rancangan web, pandang bayar per a (iPPV) atau kandungan atas permintaan, membantu menjana pendapatan hasil berkaitan internet daripada World Wide Web yang berkembang. <> Di manakah wang yang dihasilkan dari gusti berasal? || jualan tiket acara secara langsung, siaran televisyen rangkaian, siaran bayar setiap tontonan, penampilan peribadi oleh artis, barangan berjenama dan video rumah <> Di mana tempat-tempat besar adalah sebahagian daripada pertunjukan gusti utama yang diadakan di? || Madison Square Garden, serta stadium bola sepak <> Apa yang digunakan oleh internet dalam gulat? || untuk menunjukkan web udara, bayar bayar per a (iPPV) internet atau kandungan atas permintaan <> apakah rancangan gusti berlaku setiap tahun? || WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, dan dahulunya Bash di Pantai, Havoc Halloween dan Starrcade <> Dalam sedekadnja bergelut mula menjadi sangat popular? || Terutama sejak tahun 1950-an, acara gusti pro sering bertanggungjawab terhadap orang ramai di arena besar", {"context": "Although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video. Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas, including Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums, by promotions including the WWE, the NWA territory system, WCW, and AWA. Pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade are among the highest-selling pay-per-view programming each year. In modern day, internet programming has been utilized by a number of companies to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content, helping to generate internet-related revenue earnings from the evolving World Wide Web.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise and home video"}], "question": "Where does the money made from wrestling come from?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Madison Square Garden, as well as football stadiums"}], "question": "Where large places are some of the major wrestling shows held at?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "to air web shows, internet pay-per-views (iPPVs) or on-demand content"}], "question": "What has the internet been utilized for in wrestling?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc and Starrcade"}], "question": "what wrestling shows occur yearly?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Particularly since the 1950s, pro wrestling events have frequently been responsible for sellout crowds at large arenas"}], "question": "In which decade did wrestling start becoming very popular?", "id": "5726316889a1e219009ac53c"}]}], ["Seorang ahli gusti boleh secara sukarela mengemukakan secara lisan memaklumkan pengadil (biasanya digunakan dalam gerakan seperti Papan Basikal Mexico, di mana kesemua empat anggota badan tidak berupaya, menjadikannya tidak mungkin). Juga, sejak Ken Shamrock (pesaing UFC yang sah pada zaman awal) mempopularkannya pada tahun 1997, seorang ahli gusti dapat menunjukkan penyerahan sukarela dengan \"mengetuk\", iaitu, mengetuk tangan bebas terhadap tikar atau melawan lawan. Sekali-sekala, seorang ahli gusti akan menjangkau tali (lihat rentetan tali di bawah), hanya untuk meletakkan tangan mereka kembali di atas tikar supaya mereka dapat merangkak ke arah tali lagi; ini bukan penyerahan, dan pengadil memutuskan apa maksudnya. <> Bagaimana seorang gusti sanggup tunduk? || secara lisan memaklumkan pengadil <> Apakah langkah yang dipanggil di mana semua anggota badan tidak berupaya? || Mexican Surfboard <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan seorang gusti untuk menunjukkan penyerahan yang sanggup? || mengetuk keluar", {"context": "A wrestler may voluntarily submit by verbally informing the referee (usually used in moves such as the Mexican Surfboard, where all four limbs are incapacitated, making tapping impossible). Also, since Ken Shamrock (a legitimate UFC competitor in its early days) popularized it in 1997, a wrestler can indicate a voluntary submission by \"tapping out\", that is, tapping a free hand against the mat or against an opponent. Occasionally, a wrestler will reach for a rope (see rope breaks below), only to put their hand back on the mat so they can crawl towards the rope some more; this is not a submission, and the referee decides what their intent is.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "verbally informing the referee"}], "question": "How can a wrestler willingly submit?", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Mexican Surfboard"}], "question": "What is the move called where all limbs are incapicitated? ", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "tapping out"}], "question": "What can a wrestler do to show a willing submission?", "id": "57265ff85951b619008f70fb"}]}], ["Perlawanan dipegang dalam cincin bergelut, tikar kanvas persegi yang bertingkat dengan jawatan di setiap sudut. Apron kain tergantung di tepi cincin. Tiga tali mendatar atau kabel mengelilingi cincin, digantung dengan turnbuckles yang disambungkan ke jawatan. Untuk keselamatan, tali dipenuhi pada turnbuckles dan tikar kusyen mengelilingi lantai di luar cincin. Guardrails atau halangan yang sama menyertakan kawasan ini dari penonton. Wrestlers biasanya dijangka tinggal di dalam lingkungan cincin, walaupun perlawanan kadang-kadang berakhir di luar cincin, dan bahkan di khalayak, untuk menambah kegembiraan. <> Apa bahan dalam cincin gusti? || sebuah kanvas kanvas persegi tinggi dengan tiang di setiap sudut. <> Apa yang ada di sekeliling cincin itu? || Tiga tali mendatar atau kabel mengelilingi gelang, <> Apa yang digunakan untuk perlindungan di gelanggang? || Untuk keselamatan, tali dipenuhi pada turnbuckles dan tikar kusyen mengelilingi lantai di luar cincin.", {"context": "Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner."}], "question": "What material is within a wrestling ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f701f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,"}], "question": "What is around the ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f7021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring."}], "question": "What is used for protection in the ring?", "id": "572657a75951b619008f7020"}]}], ["Kiraan boleh dimulakan pada bila-bila masa bahu pegulat (kedua-dua bahu menyentuh tikar), belakang-pertama dan mana-mana bahagian badan lawan berbaring di atas pegulat. Ini sering menyebabkan pin yang mudah ditendang keluar, sekiranya ahli gusti pertahanan malah lebih sedar. Contohnya, ahli gusti yang menyerang yang separuh menyedari hanya dapat melukis lengan ke atas lawan, atau ahli gusti yang sombong boleh meletakkan kaki mereka dengan perlahan pada tubuh lawan, menyebabkan tiga pertuduhan dari pengadil. <> Pada apa titik boleh dikira bermula? || pada bila-bila masa bahu pegulat turun (kedua-dua bahu menyentuh tikar), belakang-pertama dan mana-mana bahagian badan lawan berbaring di atas pegulat. <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada ahli gusti yang sombong? || ahli gusti yang sombong boleh meletakkan kaki mereka perlahan-lahan pada badan lawan, menyebabkan tiga pengiraan dari pengadil. <> Apa yang mungkin dilakukan seorang ahli gusti yang sadar? || ahli gusti yang separuh sedar mungkin hanya mengikat lengan ke atas lawan", {"context": "A count may be started at any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler. This often results in pins that can easily be kicked out of, if the defensive wrestler is even slightly conscious. For example, an attacking wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent, or a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "any time that a wrestler's shoulders are down (both shoulders touching the mat), back-first and any part of the opponent's body is lying over the wrestler."}], "question": "At what point can a count be started? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "a cocky wrestler may place their foot gently on the opponent's body, prompting a three-count from the referee."}], "question": "What can happen to an arrogant wrestler? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "wrestler who is half-conscious may simply drape an arm over an opponent"}], "question": "What might a partially conscious wrestler do? ", "id": "57265ae4f1498d1400e8dcfe"}]}], ["Dalam sesetengah pertandingan pasukan, hanya satu peserta dari setiap pasukan boleh ditetapkan sebagai ahli gusti \"sah\" atau \"aktif\" pada satu ketika. Dua wrestlers mesti membuat hubungan fizikal (biasanya kelapa sawit) untuk memindahkan status undang-undang ini. Ini dikenali sebagai \"tag\", dengan peserta \"menandai\" dan \"menandatangani\". Kebiasaannya ahli gusti yang menandatangani mempunyai kiraan 5 saat untuk meninggalkan cincin, manakala satu penandaan boleh memasuki cincin pada bila-bila masa, yang mengakibatkan tumit secara sah menggandakan muka. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"tag\"? || Dua wrestlers mesti membuat hubungan fizikal (biasanya kelapa sawit) untuk memindahkan status undang-undang ini. <> Apakah dua perkara yang boleh dilakukan dengan menandai? || \"penandaan\" dan \"penandaan\". <> Berapa lamakah pegulat harus meninggalkan cincin apabila mereka ditandai? || mempunyai kiraan 5 saat untuk meninggalkan cincin <> Berapa banyak masa yang dimiliki pegulat apabila mereka menandatangani? || satu penandaan masuk boleh memasuki cincin pada bila-bila masa, menyebabkan tumit secara sah menggandakan wajah.", {"context": "In some team matches, only one entrant from each team may be designated as the \"legal\" or \"active\" wrestler at any given moment. Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status. This is known as a \"tag\", with the participants \"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\". Typically the wrestler who is tagging out has a 5-second count to leave the ring, whereas the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Two wrestlers must make physical contact (typically palm-to-palm) in order to transfer this legal status."}], "question": "What does a \"tag\" entail?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "\"tagging out\" and \"tagging in\"."}], "question": "What are two things that can be done with tagging?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "has a 5-second count to leave the ring"}], "question": "How long does a wrestler have to leave the ring once they are tagged out?", "id": "572659c5708984140094c35f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "the one tagging in can enter the ring at any time, resulting in heels legally double-teaming a face."}], "question": "How much time does a wrestler have once they tag in? ", "id": "572659c5708984140094c360"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang, perlawanan poli-sisi yang mengepam setiap orang untuk diri mereka sendiri akan memasukkan peraturan penandaan. Di luar kayfabe, ini dilakukan untuk memberikan pegulat istirahat dari tindakan (kerana perlawanan ini cenderung berjalan untuk jangka masa yang lama), dan untuk membuat tindakan di cincin lebih mudah untuk choreograph. Salah satu contoh yang paling utama ialah pertandingan empat penjuru, jenis perlawanan yang paling biasa di WWE sebelum diganti dengan empat cara yang membawa maut; Empat wrestlers, masing-masing untuk diri sendiri, bertarung dalam perlawanan, tetapi hanya dua orang wrestlers yang boleh berada dalam perlawanan pada bila-bila masa. Dua lagi berada di sudut, dan tag boleh dibuat di antara dua orang pegulat. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam empat cara maut? || Empat wrestlers, masing-masing untuk diri sendiri, bertarung dalam perlawanan, tetapi hanya dua orang wrestlers yang boleh berada dalam perlawanan pada bila-bila masa. <> Dalam empat cara maut, siapa yang boleh membuat tag? || tag boleh dibuat di antara mana-mana dua pegulat. <> Apakah jenis perlawanan yang paling biasa sebelum empat cara maut? || Pertandingan empat penjuru <> Mengapa peraturan penandaan dibuat? || ini dilakukan untuk memberi istirahat kepada gusti dari tindakan tersebut", {"context": "Sometimes, poly-sided matches that pit every one for themselves will incorporate tagging rules. Outside of kayfabe, this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action (as these matches tend to go on for long periods of time), and to make the action in the ring easier to choreograph. One of the most mainstream examples of this is the four-corner match, the most common type of match in the WWE before it was replaced with its equivalent fatal four-way; four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time. The other two are positioned in the corner, and tags can be made between any two wrestlers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "four wrestlers, each for themselves, fight in a match, but only two wrestlers can be in the match at any given time."}], "question": "What happens in a fatal four-way?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "tags can be made between any two wrestlers."}], "question": "In a fatal four-way, who can make tags?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "four-corner match"}], "question": "What was the most common type of match before the fatal four-way? ", "id": "57265a655951b619008f705c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "this is done to give wrestlers a break from the action"}], "question": "Why are tagging rules made?", "id": "57265a655951b619008f7059"}]}], ["Kaedah penyemakan haram termasuk menggunakan tali untuk memanfaatkan dan mengaitkan pakaian lawan, yang oleh itu kaedah penipuan yang popular untuk tumit, kecuali hal-hal tertentu membuat kelebihan yang sah. Pin seperti ini jarang dilihat oleh pengadil (kerana mereka perlu melihat jika bahu mereka turun) dan kemudiannya sering digunakan oleh tumit dan kadang-kadang dengan menipu muka untuk memenangi perlawanan. Sekalipun dilihat, jarang berlaku untuk cubaan seperti ini untuk mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan (lihat di bawah), dan sebaliknya ia hanya mengakibatkan pembatalan percubaan pin, jadi pegulat tumit jarang sekali kehilangan apa-apa untuk mencubanya. <> Apakah kaedah pinning yang tidak dibenarkan? || menggunakan tali untuk memanfaatkan dan mengaitkan pakaian lawan, <> Berapa kerap kaedah pengikat haram yang dilihat oleh pengadil? || PIN seperti ini jarang dilihat oleh pengadil <> Apakah kaedah pinning haram yang dipanggil? || menipu <> Bolehkah kaedah pinning haram mengakibatkan hilang kelayakan? || adalah jarang berlaku untuk percubaan seperti itu untuk mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan <> Apa yang berlaku dengan langkah penyembelihan haram apabila dilihat oleh pengadil? || mengakibatkan pembatalan percubaan pin,", {"context": "Illegal pinning methods include using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing, which are therefore popular cheating methods for heels, unless certain stipulations make such an advantage legal. Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee (as they have to see if their shoulders are down) and are subsequently often used by heels and on occasion by cheating faces to win matches. Even if it is noticed, it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification (see below), and instead it simply results in nullification of the pin attempt, so the heel wrestler rarely has anything to lose for trying it, anyway.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "using the ropes for leverage and hooking the opponent's clothing,"}], "question": "What is a pinning method that isn't allowed?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Such pins as these are rarely seen by the referee"}], "question": "How often are illegal pinning methods seen by the referee?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "cheating"}], "question": "What are the illegal pinning methods called?", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "it is rare for such an attempt to result in a disqualification"}], "question": "Can illegal pinning methods result in being disqualified? ", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "results in nullification of the pin attempt,"}], "question": "What happens with an illegal pinning move when it is seen by a referee? ", "id": "57265f5df1498d1400e8dd96"}]}], ["Bagaimanapun, walaupun hampir semua senario di mana seorang ahli gusti merangkumi seorang lagi penderhaka, orang pertama yang boleh dianggap sebagai percubaan pin, terdapat satu pengecualian penting bagi peraturan itu: Percubaan pin yang dipecahkan oleh pegulat lain. Dalam pertandingan yang melibatkan pelbagai ahli gusti (seperti perlawanan ancaman triple atau perlawanan pasukan tag), para pegulat yang melihat percubaan pin yang, jika berjaya, akan menyebabkan mereka kehilangan perlawanan dijangka berjalan masuk dan memecahkan percubaan pin dengan melakukan beberapa jenis manuver ofensif pada wrestler yang mencuba pin. Serangan yang paling biasa untuk memecahkan pin adalah stomp ke belakang dan siku ke belakang kepala, kerana mereka mudah untuk menarik di merangsang saat ini. Walau bagaimanapun, langkah-langkah ini, mudah kerana mereka, masih meninggalkan ahli gusti pinning di atas ahli gusti yang disematkan. Walaupun ahli gusti pinning masih secara teknis berada di atas ahli gusti yang disematkan, pengadil akan tetap mempertimbangkan percubaan pin untuk dipecahkan. <> Apa yang berlaku semasa percubaan pin? || seorang ahli gusti yang melingkungi ahli gusti yang lebih rawan, pertama dapat dianggap sebagai percubaan pin <> Apakah tindakan yang menyinggung biasa untuk memecahkan serangan pin? || sebuah stomp ke bahagian belakang dan sebuah siku ke belakang kepala <> Apa yang boleh pengadil mempertimbangkan cubaan pin, walaupun penyerang masih berada di atas wrest yang disematkan? || pecah", {"context": "However, although almost any scenario where one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt, there is one important exception to that rule: Pin attempts broken up by other wrestlers. In matches involving multiple wrestlers (such as triple threat matches or tag team matches), wrestlers who see a pin attempt that, if successful, would result in them losing the match are expected to run in and break the pin attempt by performing some sort of offensive maneuver on the wrestler attempting the pin. The most common attacks for breaking pins are a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head, as they are simple to pull off in the spur of the moment. However, these moves, simple as they are, still leave the pinning wrestler on top of the pinned wrestler. Despite the pinning wrestler still technically being on top of the pinned wrestler, the referee will still consider the pin attempt to be broken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "one wrestler is covering another prone, back-first wrestler can be considered a pin attempt"}], "question": "What happens during a pin attempt?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "a stomp to the back and an elbow to the back of the head"}], "question": "What is a common offensive move to break a pin attack?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 948, "text": "broken"}], "question": "What can the referee consider a pin attempt to be, even if the attacker is still on top of the pinned wrester?", "id": "57265e8c5951b619008f70c3"}]}], ["Pengadil tetamu khas boleh digunakan dari semasa ke semasa; berdasarkan status selebriti mereka, mereka sering dijadikan bahan untuk mengetengahkan neutraliti dan menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk mempengaruhi keputusan perlawanan secara dramatik untuk kesan yang dramatik. Wajah pengadil khas sering akan bertarung melawan musuh-musuh tumit yang bermusuhan, terutamanya jika pengadil khusus sama ada ahli gusti sendiri atau seorang artis bela diri yang terkenal (seperti Tito Ortiz dalam acara utama di TEA's Justice Justice pada tahun 2005). Mereka juga mempunyai kuasa untuk melepaskan diri dari ringide mana-mana rombongan pemanah / stabil, yang mungkin mengganggu pertandingan tersebut. <> Apakah pengadil macam mana kadangkala digunakan? || Pengadil tetamu khas boleh digunakan dari semasa ke semasa; <> Apakah pengadil terkenal yang diarahkan untuk dilakukan? || sering dituliskan untuk mengetengahkan penampilan neutral dan menggunakan pengaruh mereka untuk tidak mempengaruhi keputusan perlawanan untuk kesan dramatik. F <> Apakah pengadil khas mempunyai keupayaan untuk melakukan? || Mereka juga mempunyai kuasa untuk melepaskan diri dari ringide mana-mana rombongan pemanah / stabil, yang mungkin mengganggu pertandingan tersebut.", {"context": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time; by virtue of their celebrity status, they are often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. Face special referees will often fight back against hostile heel wrestlers, particularly if the special referee is either a wrestler themselves or a famous martial artist (such as Tito Ortiz in the main event at TNA's THard Justice in 2005). They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Special guest referees may be used from time to time;"}], "question": "What kind of referees are occasionally used?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "often scripted to dispense with the appearance of neutrality and use their influence to unfairly influence the outcome of the match for added dramatic impact. F"}], "question": "What are famous referees directed to do?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "They also have the power to eject from ringside any of the heel wrestler's entourage/stable, who may otherwise interfere with the match."}], "question": "What do special referees have the ability to do?", "id": "57265693dd62a815002e81ee"}]}], ["Kerana peranan sah yang pengadil bermain dalam gusti berkhidmat sebagai penghubung di antara pentadbir di belakang pentas dan para pegulat di cincin (peranan sebagai penimbang tara terakhir hanyalah kayfabe), pengadil hadir, walaupun dalam pertandingan yang tidak pada mulanya Sekilas kelihatan memerlukan pengadil (seperti perlawanan tangga, kerana ia tidak dipegang, dan kriteria untuk kemenangan dapat secara teoritis dinilai dari jauh). Walaupun tindakan mereka juga kerap ditulis untuk kesan dramatik, pengadil tertakluk kepada peraturan umum dan keperluan tertentu untuk mengekalkan penampilan teater dari pihak berkuasa yang tidak berat sebelah. Peraturan yang paling asas ialah tindakan harus dilihat oleh pengadil untuk diisytiharkan untuk jatuh atau hilang kelayakan. Ini membolehkan watak tumit untuk mendapatkan kelebihan skrip dengan mengalihkan perhatian atau melumpuhkan pengadil untuk melakukan beberapa tindakan yang tidak sah secara lali terhadap lawan mereka. Kebanyakan pengadil tidak dinamakan dan pada asasnya tanpa nama, walaupun WWE telah membiarkan pegawai mereka mendedahkan nama mereka. <> Apa yang menentukan bagaimana pengadil bertindak? || tindakan mereka juga sering dijadikan skrip untuk kesan dramatik <> Apa peraturan umum tentang pengadil? || Peraturan yang paling asas ialah tindakan harus dilihat oleh pengadil untuk diisytiharkan untuk jatuh atau hilang kelayakan. <> Apa yang dipanggil pengadil? || Kebanyakan pengadil tidak dinamakan dan pada asasnya tanpa nama, walaupun WWE telah membiarkan pegawai mereka mendedahkan nama mereka. <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti dapat memperoleh kelebihan dengan menggunakan pengadil? || mengganggu atau melumpuhkan pengadil untuk melakukan beberapa gerakan yang tidak sah secara lisan terhadap lawan mereka.", {"context": "Due to the legitimate role that referees play in wrestling of serving as liaison between the bookers backstage and the wrestlers in the ring (the role of being a final arbitrator is merely kayfabe), the referee is present, even in matches that do not at first glance appear to require a referee (such as a ladder match, as it is no holds barred, and the criteria for victory could theoretically be assessed from afar). Although their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect, referees are subject to certain general rules and requirements in order to maintain the theatrical appearance of unbiased authority. The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification. This allows for heel characters to gain a scripted advantage by distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent. Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "their actions are also frequently scripted for dramatic effect"}], "question": "What determines how the referee acts?", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "The most basic rule is that an action must be seen by a referee to be declared for a fall or disqualification."}], "question": "What is a common rule about referees? ", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "Most referees are unnamed and essentially anonymous, though the WWE has let their officials reveal their names."}], "question": "What are referees called?", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "distracting or disabling the referee in order to perform some ostensibly illegal maneuver on their opponent."}], "question": "How can a wrestler gain an advantage by using a referee? ", "id": "572655bedd62a815002e81d3"}]}], ["Banyak pertandingan khusus moden telah dirancang, dengan keadaan pemenang yang unik. Yang paling umum ialah perlawanan tangga. Dalam perlawanan tangga asas, para pegulat atau pasukan wrestlers mesti memanjat tangga untuk mendapatkan hadiah yang diangkat di atas cincin. Kunci untuk memenangi perlawanan ini adalah bahawa pegulat atau pasukan gusti mesti cuba untuk mencabar satu sama lain cukup lama untuk satu ahli gusti untuk memanjat tangga dan menjamin hadiah itu untuk pasukan mereka. Hasilnya, tangga boleh digunakan sebagai senjata. Hadiah termasuk - tetapi tidak terhad kepada mana-mana tali pinggang kejohanan yang diberikan (hadiah tradisional), dokumen yang memberikan pemenang hak kepada pukulan tajuk masa depan, atau mana-mana dokumen yang penting kepada para gusti yang terlibat dalam perlawanan (seperti pemberian pemenang hadiah wang tunai). Satu lagi perlawanan khas yang biasa dikenali sebagai pertempuran perang. Dalam pertempuran perang, semua gusti memasuki cincin ke titik yang terdapat 20-30 wrestlers di gelanggang pada satu masa. Apabila perlawanan bermula, tujuan mudah adalah membuang lawan ke atas tali atas dan keluar dari cincin dengan kedua kaki di atas lantai untuk menghilangkan lawan tersebut. Kedudukan pegulat terakhir diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang. Variasi pada jenis perlawanan ini adalah Royal Rumble WWE di mana dua wrestlers memasuki cincin untuk memulakan perlawanan dan gusti lain mengikuti dalam 90 detik (sebelum 2 minit) hingga 30-40 wrestlers memasuki cincin itu. Semua peraturan lain tetap sama. Untuk lebih banyak jenis perlawanan, lihat jenis pertandingan gusti profesional. <> Apa yang paling biasa dalam perlawanan khas? || Yang paling umum adalah perlawanan tangga <> Apa yang harus dilakukan para pegulat dalam pertandingan tangga? || Dalam perlawanan tangga asas, para pegulat atau pasukan wrestlers mesti memanjat tangga untuk mendapatkan hadiah yang diangkat di atas cincin. <> Bagaimana seseorang memenangi perlawanan tangga? || ahli gusti atau pasukan gusti mesti berusaha untuk mencetuskan satu sama lain cukup lama untuk satu ahli gusti untuk memanjat tangga dan menjamin hadiah itu untuk pasukan mereka. <> Apakah hadiah bersama dalam perlawanan tangga? || tali pinggang kejohanan <> Berapa banyak wrestlers dalam pertandingan raja pertempuran standard? || 20-30 wrestlers", {"context": "Many modern specialty matches have been devised, with unique winning conditions. The most common of these is the ladder match. In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring. The key to winning this match is that the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team. As a result, the ladder can be used as a weapon. The prizes include \u2013 but are not limited to any given championship belt (the traditional prize), a document granting the winner the right to a future title shot, or any document that matters to the wrestlers involved in the match (such as one granting the winner a cash prize). Another common specialty match is known as the battle royal. In a battle royal, all the wrestlers enter the ring to the point that there are 20-30 wrestlers in the ring at one time. When the match begins, the simple objective is to throw the opponent over the top rope and out of the ring with both feet on the floor in order to eliminate that opponent. The last wrestler standing is declared the winner. A variant on this type of match is the WWE's Royal Rumble where two wrestlers enter the ring to start the match and other wrestlers follow in 90 second intervals (previously 2 minutes) until 30-40 wrestlers have entered the ring. All other rules stay the same. For more match types, see Professional wrestling match types.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "The most common of these is the ladder match"}], "question": "What is the most common of the special matches?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "In the basic ladder match, the wrestlers or teams of wrestlers must climb a ladder to obtain a prize that is hoisted above the ring."}], "question": "What must the wrestlers do in a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the wrestler or team of wrestlers must try to incapacitate each other long enough for one wrestler to climb the ladder and secure that prize for their team."}], "question": "How does one win a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "championship belt"}], "question": "What is a common prize in a ladder match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "20-30 wrestlers"}], "question": "How many wrestlers are in a standard battle royal match?", "id": "57265208dd62a815002e8178"}]}], ["Disqualification (kadang-kadang disingkat sebagai \"DQ\") berlaku apabila seorang ahli gusti melanggar peraturan perlawanan, sehingga kehilangan secara automatik. Walaupun pengiraan secara teknikal boleh dianggap sebagai hilang kelayakan (kerana, untuk semua niat dan tujuan, kerugian automatik yang diderita sebagai akibat melanggar peraturan perlawanan), kedua-dua konsep ini sering berbeza dalam gusti. Perlawanan tidak dapat dikalahkan masih boleh diakhiri oleh kiraan (walaupun ini jarang berlaku); biasanya pertandingan mesti diisytiharkan sebagai perlawanan \"tiada pertaruhan yang dihalang\", \"pertarungan jalanan\" atau sebilangan istilah lain, agar kedua-dua kehilangan kelayakan dan pengembalian diketepikan. [rujukan?] Apa lagi yang disebut kelayakan? || DQ <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti boleh dibatalkan? || ahli gusti melanggar peraturan perlawanan, dengan itu kalah secara automatik <> Dalam kes apa yang boleh dikira dan hilang kelayakan dibatalkan sepenuhnya? || mesti diisytiharkan sebagai perlawanan \"tidak memegang dihalang\", \"pertarungan jalanan\" atau beberapa istilah lain", {"context": "Disqualification (sometimes abbreviated as \"DQ\") occurs when a wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically. Although a countout can technically be considered a disqualification (as it is, for all intents and purposes, an automatic loss suffered as a result of violating a match rule), the two concepts are often distinct in wrestling. A no disqualification match can still end by countout (although this is rare); typically, a match must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term, in order for both disqualifications and countouts to be waived.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "DQ"}], "question": "What else is disqualification called?", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "wrestler violates the match's rules, thus losing automatically"}], "question": "How can a wrestler be disqualified? ", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "must be declared a \"no holds barred\" match, a \"street fight\" or some other term"}], "question": "In what case can a countout and disqualification be done away with entirely? ", "id": "572663f95951b619008f7153"}]}], ["Pertandingan gusti boleh diisytiharkan tidak ada pertandingan jika keadaan pemenang tidak dapat berlaku. Ini boleh disebabkan oleh gangguan berlebihan, kehilangan kawalan pengadil ke atas perlawanan, satu atau lebih peserta yang mengalami kecederaan melemahkan yang tidak disebabkan oleh lawan, atau ketidakupayaan perlawanan yang dijadualkan untuk bermula. Peraduan tidak adalah negeri yang berasingan dan berbeza daripada cabutan - cabutan menunjukkan keadaan memenangi dipenuhi. Walaupun istilah ini kadang-kadang digunakan secara bergantian dalam amalan, penggunaan ini secara tekal tidak benar. <> Apakah jenis kecederaan yang boleh menyebabkan tidak ada pertandingan yang menentukan? || melemahkan <> Bagaimana tidak ada pertandingan yang berkaitan dengan cabutan, jika sama sekali? || negeri yang berasingan dan berbeza daripada cabutan <> Bagaimana tindakan pengadil itu tidak akan bertanding? || kehilangan kawalan pengadil atas perlawanan", {"context": "A wrestling match may be declared a no contest if the winning conditions are unable to occur. This can be due to excessive interference, loss of referee's control over the match, one or more participants sustaining debilitating injury not caused by the opponent, or the inability of a scheduled match to even begin. A no contest is a state separate and distinct from a draw \u2014 a draw indicates winning conditions were met. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in practice, this usage is technically incorrect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "debilitating"}], "question": "What kind of injury can cause a no contest ruling?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "state separate and distinct from a draw"}], "question": "How is no contest related to a draw, if at all?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "loss of referee's control over the match"}], "question": "How can a referee's action result in a no contest?", "id": "572666475951b619008f71bd"}]}], ["Pengadil boleh menghentikan perlawanan apabila mereka atau doktor cincin rasmi memutuskan bahawa seorang pegulat tidak dapat meneruskan perlawanan dengan selamat. Ini boleh diputuskan jika ahli gusti tidak dapat meneruskan perlawanan kerana kecederaan. Di Great American Bash pada 2008, Chris Jericho diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang pertandingan melawan Shawn Michaels ketika Michaels tidak dapat mempertahankan dirinya kerana kehilangan darah yang berlebihan dan penglihatan yang cacat. Pada NXT TakeOver: Saingan pada tahun 2015, pengadil berhenti perlawanan ketika Sami Zayn tidak dapat mempertahankan dirinya akibat kecederaan yang dialami Kevin Owens untuk Kejohanan NXT. <> Dalam apa kes boleh si pengadil memilih untuk mengakhiri perlawanan? || apabila mereka atau doktor cincin rasmi memutuskan bahawa ahli gusti tidak boleh meneruskan perlawanan dengan selamat <> Apa salah satu alasan bahawa seorang ahli gusti mungkin tidak dapat meneruskan? || kecederaan <> Mengapa tidak boleh Shawn Michaels mempertahankan dirinya? || kerana kehilangan darah yang berlebihan dan penglihatan yang cacat <> Di mana Chris Jericho menang pada tahun 2008? || Great American Bash", {"context": "A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match"}], "question": "In what case can a referee choose to end the match?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "an injury"}], "question": "What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision"}], "question": "Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself? ", "id": "572662d9708984140094c477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Great American Bash"}], "question": "Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?", "id": "572662d9708984140094c478"}]}], ["Penyerahan pada mulanya merupakan faktor yang besar dalam gusti profesional, tetapi berikutan kemerosotan gaya penangkapan yang boleh berorientasikan penyerahan diri dari gusti profesional arus perdana, penyerahan itu sebahagian besar pudar sehingga munculnya sukan sah seni mempertahankan diri yang sah. Walaupun begitu, ada beberapa wrestlers, seperti Chris Jericho, Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit dan Tazz. Seorang ahli gusti dengan teknik penyerahan tandatangan digambarkan sebagai lebih baik untuk memohon pegangan, menjadikannya lebih menyakitkan atau lebih sukar untuk keluar dari orang lain yang menggunakannya, atau boleh dikreditkan palsu sebagai mencipta pegangan (seperti ketika Tazz mempopularkan kata ha jime judo choke dalam gusti pro sebagai \"Tazzmission\"). <> Beberapa ahli gusti yang terkenal terkenal dengan kemenangan dengan langkah yang dipanggil apa? || penyerahan <> Apa langkah yang membuat Tazz popular? || Tazzmission <> Apa sukan yang sah yang berkaitan dengan gusti mula menjadi popular? || seni mempertahankan diri campuran", {"context": "Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the \"Tazzmission\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "submission"}], "question": "Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "Tazzmission"}], "question": "What move did Tazz make popular?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "mixed martial arts"}], "question": "What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?", "id": "572660bfdd62a815002e8316"}]}], ["Walaupun setiap pertandingan gusti kononnya pertandingan olahraga dan strategi, matlamat setiap perlawanan dari sudut perniagaan adalah untuk merangsang dan menghiburkan penonton. Walaupun persaingan diadakan, penekanan dramatik dapat digunakan untuk mengeluarkan reaksi paling sengit dari penonton. Kadar minat meningkat dengan kadar kehadiran yang lebih tinggi, peningkatan jualan tiket, penarafan yang lebih tinggi pada siaran televisyen (yang mengakibatkan pendapatan iklan yang lebih besar), pembeli membayar bayar per tayangan yang lebih tinggi, dan penjualan barangan berjenama dan rakaman rakaman video. Semua ini menyumbang kepada keuntungan syarikat promosi. <> Apa gunanya perlawanan? || untuk merangsang dan menghiburkan penonton <> Kehadiran yang lebih tinggi dan lebih banyak jualan tiket boleh menjadi hasil dari apa? || Meningkatkan minat <> Walaupun pertandingan diadakan, apakah yang dapat menarik lebih banyak minat dari orang ramai? || penekanan dramatik", {"context": "While each wrestling match is ostensibly a competition of athletics and strategy, the goal of each match from a business standpoint is to excite and entertain the audience. Although the competition is staged, dramatic emphasis can be utilized to draw out the most intense reaction from the audience. Heightened interest results in higher attendance rates, increased ticket sales, higher ratings on television broadcasts (which result in greater ad revenue), higher pay-per-view buyrates, and sales of branded merchandise and recorded video footage. All of these contribute to the profit of the promotion company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "to excite and entertain the audience"}], "question": "What is the point of a match?", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Heightened interest"}], "question": "Higher attendance and more ticket sales can be the result of what?", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "dramatic emphasis"}], "question": "Though the contest is staged, what can garner more interest from the crowd? ", "id": "572666c9708984140094c4e1"}]}], ["Kerana semua hubungan di antara para pegulat mesti terhenti jika mana-mana bahagian badan menyentuh, atau di bawahnya, tali, banyak pegulat akan cuba memecahkan memegang penyerahan dengan sengaja merebut tali bawah. Ini dipanggil \"rehat tali\", dan ia adalah salah satu cara yang paling biasa untuk memecahkan pegangan penyerahan. Kebanyakan yang memegang meninggalkan lengan atau kaki secara percuma, supaya orang itu dapat memanfaatkan jika mereka mahu. Sebaliknya, mereka menggunakan anggota bebas ini sama ada untuk merebut salah satu tali cincin (yang paling bawah adalah yang paling biasa, kerana yang paling hampir dengan wrestlers, walaupun tali lain kadang-kadang digunakan untuk pegangan seperti Chris Master Master Lock) atau drape kaki mereka, atau di bawah satu. Apabila ini telah dicapai, dan pencapaian itu disaksikan oleh pengadil, pengadil akan menuntut bahawa ahli gusti yang melanggar melanggar pegangan, dan mula menghitung kepada lima jika pegulat itu tidak. Jika pengadil mencapai kiraan lima, dan pegulat masih tidak memecahkan pegangan, mereka dibatalkan. <> Banyak memegang akan meninggalkan bahagian badan apa yang percuma? || lengan atau kaki <> Bilakah mesti menghubungi perhentian antara wrestlers? || jika mana-mana bahagian badan menyentuh, atau di bawah, tali, <> Bagaimana mungkin seorang wrestler cuba memecahkan pemasukan? || dengan sengaja merampas tali bawah <> Berapa lama pegulat harus membebaskan diri daripada pegangan? || kiraan lima <> Apa yang berlaku jika ahli gusti tidak memegang pegangan? || mereka didiskualifikasi", {"context": "Since all contact between the wrestlers must cease if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes, many wrestlers will attempt to break submission holds by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes. This is called a \"rope break\", and it is one of the most common ways to break a submission hold. Most holds leave an arm or leg free, so that the person can tap out if they want. Instead, they use these free limbs to either grab one of the ring ropes (the bottom one is the most common, as it is nearest the wrestlers, though other ropes sometimes are used for standing holds such as Chris Masters' Master Lock) or drape their foot across, or underneath one. Once this has been accomplished, and the accomplishment is witnessed by the referee, the referee will demand that the offending wrestler break the hold, and start counting to five if the wrestler does not. If the referee reaches the count of five, and the wrestler still does not break the hold, they are disqualified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "an arm or leg"}], "question": "Many holds will leave what body parts free?", "id": "57266174708984140094c429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "if any part of the body is touching, or underneath, the ropes,"}], "question": "When must contact stop between wrestlers?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "by deliberately grabbing the bottom ropes"}], "question": "How might a wrestler attempt to break a submission hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "the count of five"}], "question": "How long does a wrestler have to get themselves free of the hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "they are disqualified"}], "question": "What happens if the wrestler doesn't break a hold?", "id": "57266174708984140094c42d"}]}], ["Pengiraan (secara alternatif \"dikira\" atau \"dikira\") berlaku apabila seorang ahli gusti berada di luar cincin yang cukup lama untuk pengadil mengira hingga sepuluh (dua puluh dalam beberapa promosi) dan dengan itu dibatalkan. Kiraan itu dipecahkan dan dimulakan semula apabila seorang pegulat dalam gelanggang keluar dari cincin. Bermain ke dalam ini, beberapa ahli gusti akan \"susu\" hitungan dengan gelongsor di gelanggang, dan segera meluncur kembali. Memandangkan mereka secara teknis berada di dalam gelanggang untuk perpecahan sebelum keluar lagi, cukup untuk memulakan semula kiraan. Ini sering dirujuk oleh pengulas sebagai \"memecahkan kiraan.\" Heels sering menggunakan taktik ini untuk membeli diri mereka lebih banyak masa untuk menangkap nafas mereka, atau cuba untuk melepaskan lawan mereka. <> Apakah beberapa cara lain untuk menulis kiraan? || \"mengira\" atau \"menghitung\" <> Apa yang berlaku semasa pengiraan? || apabila seorang ahli gusti keluar dari gelanggang cukup lama untuk pengadil untuk mengira kepada sepuluh <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh beberapa ahli gusti untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada pengiraan itu? || gelongsor di gelanggang, dan segera meluncur kembali <> Apa silap mata gelongsor masuk dan kemudian keluar dari cincin yang dipanggil? || memecahkan kiraan.", {"context": "A countout (alternatively \"count-out\" or \"count out\") happens when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten (twenty in some promotions) and thus disqualified. The count is broken and restarted when a wrestler in the ring exits the ring. Playing into this, some wrestlers will \"milk\" the count by sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out. As they were technically inside the ring for a split second before exiting again, it is sufficient to restart the count. This is often referred to by commentators as \"breaking the count.\" Heels often use this tactic in order to buy themselves more time to catch their breath, or to attempt to frustrate their babyface opponents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "\"count-out\" or \"count out\""}], "question": "What are a couple other ways to write countout?", "id": "57266386708984140094c487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "when a wrestler is out of the ring long enough for the referee to count to ten"}], "question": "What happens during a countout?", "id": "57266386708984140094c488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "sliding in the ring, and immediately sliding back out"}], "question": "What will some wrestlers do to take advantage of the countout? ", "id": "57266386708984140094c489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "breaking the count."}], "question": "What is the trick of sliding in and then back out of the ring called?", "id": "57266386708984140094c48a"}]}], ["Seorang ahli gusti boleh menang dengan kalah mati (kadangkala dirujuk sebagai penghentikan pengadil) jika mereka tidak mengambil tindakan memegang, tetapi masih memukul lawan mereka sehingga mereka tidak sedarkan diri atau tidak dapat mempertahankan diri secara bijak. Untuk memeriksa kalah mati dengan cara ini, pengadil akan menggerakkan tangan mereka di hadapan wajah ahli gusti; jika ahli gusti tidak bertindak balas dalam apa jua cara, pengadil akan memberi kemenangan kepada ahli gusti lain. Sekiranya semua pegulat aktif dalam perlawanan berada di dalam cincin pada masa yang sama, pengadil akan memulakan kiraan (biasanya sepuluh saat, dua puluh di Jepun). Sekiranya tiada siapa yang bangkit pada akhir kiraannya, perlawanan itu akan diturunkan. Mana-mana peserta yang berdiri tepat pada waktunya akan mengakhiri penghitungan untuk orang lain. Dalam pertandingan Perlawanan Terakhir Manusia, form knockout ini adalah satu-satunya cara perlawanan dapat berakhir, sehingga pengadil akan menghitung ketika satu atau lebih wrestlers turun, dan satu wrestler berdiri sebelum 10-kiraan tidak menghentikan mengira ahli gusti lain yang masih ada. <> Bagaimanakah pengadil menyemak untuk kalah mati? || pengadil akan menggerakkan tangan mereka di hadapan wajah pegulat <> Apa yang berlaku jika semua ahli gusti turun? || Sekiranya tiada siapa yang bangkit pada akhir kiraannya, perlawanan itu akan diturunkan. <> Jika semua ahli gusti turun, berapa lama mereka perlu bangkit? || biasanya sepuluh saat, dua puluh di Jepang <> Apa jenis pertandingan yang harus berakhir dalam kalah mati? || Man Berdiri <> Apakah nama lain untuk kalah mati? || penghentikan pengadil", {"context": "A wrestler can win by knockout (sometimes referred to as a referee stoppage) if they do not resort to submission holds, but stills pummels their opponent to the point that they are unconscious or are unable to intelligently defend themselves. To check for a knockout in this manner, a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face; if the wrestler does not react in any way, the referee will award the victory to the other wrestler. If all the active wrestlers in a match are down inside the ring at the same time, the referee will begin a count (usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan). If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw. Any participant who stands up in time will end the count for everyone else. In a Last Man Standing match, this form of a knockout is the only way that the match can end, so the referee will count when one or more wrestlers are down, and one wrestler standing up before the 10-count doesn't stop the count for another wrestler who is still down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "a referee will wave their hand in front of the wrestler's face"}], "question": "How does a referee check for a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "If nobody rises to their feet by the end of the count, the match is ruled a draw."}], "question": "What happens if all wrestlers are down?", "id": "57266248708984140094c466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "usually ten seconds, twenty in Japan"}], "question": "If all wrestlers are down, how long do they have to rise? ", "id": "57266248708984140094c467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "Last Man Standing"}], "question": "What kind of match has to end in a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "referee stoppage"}], "question": "What is another name for a knockout?", "id": "57266248708984140094c469"}]}], ["Perlawanan gusti profesional boleh berakhir dengan cabutan. Cabutan berlaku jika kedua-dua lawan secara serentak didiskualifikasi (seperti melalui kiraan atau jika pengadil kehilangan kawalan sepenuhnya terhadap perlawanan dan kedua-dua lawan menyerang satu sama lain dengan tidak mempedulikan perlawanan, seperti Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker di Unforgiven pada tahun 2002) lawan tidak dapat menjawab sepuluh kiraan, atau kedua-dua lawan secara serentak memenangi perlawanan. Yang terakhir ini boleh berlaku jika, sebagai contoh, bahu seorang lawan menyentuh tikar sambil mengekalkan memegang penyerahan terhadap lawan lain. Sekiranya lawan dalam pemegangan itu mula keluar pada masa yang sama, pengadil adalah kira-kira tiga orang untuk menyandarkan lawan yang menyerahkan pegangan itu, kedua-dua lawan secara sah telah mencapai syarat pemarkahan secara serentak. Secara tradisinya, kejuaraan tidak boleh berubah jika acara seri (walaupun ia mungkin menjadi kosong), walaupun beberapa promosi seperti TNA telah mengesahkan peraturan di mana juara itu mungkin kehilangan gelaran dengan kehilangan kelayakan. Satu varian cabutan adalah cabutan masa, di mana perlawanan tidak mempunyai pemenang mengikut tempoh masa yang ditentukan (cabutan selama satu jam, yang lazim sekali, diketahui dalam kalangan bergelut sebagai \"Broadway\"). <> Apa salah satu cara perlawanan boleh berakhir? || dalam cabutan <> Apa salah satu sebab cabutan boleh dihasilkan? || jika kedua-dua lawan secara serentak hilang kelayakan <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku mengenai kejohanan semasa cabutan? || tidak boleh menukar tangan sekiranya berlaku undian <> Apakah nama lain untuk lukisan satu jam? || \"Broadway\"", {"context": "A professional wrestling match can end in a draw. A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified (as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match, like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002), neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count, or both opponents simultaneously win the match. The latter can occur if, for example, one opponent's shoulders touch the mat while maintaining a submission hold against another opponent. If the opponent in the hold begins to tap out at the same time a referee counts to three for pinning the opponent delivering the hold, both opponents have legally achieved scoring conditions simultaneously. Traditionally, a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw (though it may become vacant), though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification. A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw, where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period (a one-hour draw, which was once common, is known in wrestling circles as a \"Broadway\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "in a draw"}], "question": "What is one way a match can end?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified"}], "question": "What is one reason a draw can result?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "may not change hands in the event of a draw"}], "question": "What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1162, "text": "\"Broadway\""}], "question": "What is another name for a one hour draw?", "id": "572665d8708984140094c4be"}]}], ["Dalam amalan, tidak semua pelanggaran peraturan akan mengakibatkan kehilangan kelayakan sebagai pengadil boleh menggunakan penghakiman mereka sendiri dan tidak diwajibkan untuk menghentikan perlawanan. Biasanya, satu-satunya kesalahan yang akan dilihat oleh pengadil dan dengan segera membatalkan penyertaan pada (yang bertentangan dengan melakukan pelbagai kesalahan) adalah pukulan rendah, penggunaan senjata, campurtangan, atau menyerang pengadil. Di WWE, pengadil mesti melihat pelanggaran dengan mata mereka sendiri untuk memerintah bahawa perlawanan berakhir dengan kehilangan kelayakan (hanya menonton pita video biasanya tidak cukup) dan keputusan pengadil hampir selalu muktamad, walaupun Dusty selesai (dinamakan selepas, dan yang terkenal dengan, Dusty Rhodes) akan sering menyebabkan keputusan pengadil terbalik. Ia bukan perkara biasa bagi pengadil itu sendiri untuk tersingkir semasa pertandingan, yang biasanya dirujuk oleh istilah \"ref bump\". Walaupun pengadil tetap \"tidak sedarkan diri\", para pegulat bebas melanggar peraturan sehingga pengadil dibangkitkan semula atau diganti. Dalam sesetengah kes, pengadil boleh membatalkan kelayakan seseorang di bawah anggapan bahawa itu adalah ahli gusti yang mengetuk mereka keluar; pengundi kebanyakan pengadil disusun untuk membolehkan ahli gusti, biasanya tumit, untuk mendapatkan kelebihan. Sebagai contoh, seorang ahli gusti boleh mendapatkan disebat pengadil pada kelajuan yang lebih perlahan, mengetuk ref pada masa yang singkat; semasa tempoh interim itu, seorang ahli gusti boleh mengetepikan lawan mereka untuk tiga pertaruhan dan akan memenangi perlawanan tetapi untuk pengadil sedang turun (kadang-kadang, pengadil lain akan memecut ke cincin dari belakang pentas untuk cuba membuat kiraan itu, tetapi pada masa itu , ahli gusti yang lain telah mempunyai masa yang mencukupi untuk membuat keputusan sendiri). <> Apakah sebab-sebab biasa untuk kehilangan kelayakan automatik? || pukulan rendah, penggunaan senjata, campur tangan, atau menyerang pengadil <> Apa yang harus dilakukan oleh pengadil untuk memerintah perlawanan pada akhir melalui kelayakan hilang? || mesti melihat pelanggaran dengan mata mereka sendiri <> Dalam apa kes boleh keputusan pengadil dibatalkan? || Dusty selesai <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila ref tersingkir? || ref bump <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh wrestlers apabila ref sedang keluar? || bebas untuk melanggar peraturan", {"context": "In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term \"ref bump\". While the referee remains \"unconscious\", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee"}], "question": "What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? ", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f7189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "must see the violation with their own eyes"}], "question": "What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Dusty finishes"}], "question": "In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "ref bump"}], "question": "What is it called when a ref is knocked out?", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "free to violate rules"}], "question": "What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? ", "id": "5726652e5951b619008f718d"}]}], ["Walaupun perlawanan pameran benar tidak biasa, kebanyakan pertandingan menceritakan kisah yang serupa dengan adegan dalam drama atau filem, atau satu episod drama bersiri: Wajah kadang-kadang akan menang (kemenangan) atau kadang-kadang kalah (tragedi). Cerita cerita lebih lama boleh dihasilkan dari pelbagai perlawanan sepanjang masa. Memandangkan kebanyakan promosi mempunyai gelaran juara, persaingan untuk kejohanan adalah dorongan biasa untuk cerita. Juga, apa-apa dari rambut watak sendiri untuk pekerjaan mereka dengan promosi boleh dipertaruhkan dalam perlawanan. Jenis cerita yang baik berbanding jalan cerita yang jahat juga pernah popular di derby roller. <> Apa yang paling banyak perlawanan? || kisah yang sama dengan adegan dalam drama atau filem, atau episod drama bersiri: <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila protagonis kalah? || tragedi <> Apa yang mereka panggil ketika protagonis menang? || kemenangan <> Apa yang boleh dipungut dalam pertandingan? || dari rambut watak sendiri ke tugas mereka dengan promosi", {"context": "While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:"}], "question": "What do most matches have?", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "tragedy"}], "question": "What is it called when the protagonist loses?", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "triumph"}], "question": "What do they call it when a protagonist wins? ", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion"}], "question": "What can be wagered in a match? ", "id": "57266c04f1498d1400e8df45"}]}], ["Di belakang tabir, para penerbit di sebuah syarikat akan meletakkan tajuk pada pelaku yang paling berjaya, atau mereka yang percaya bahawa akan menghasilkan minat peminat dari segi kehadiran acara dan penonton televisyen. Tajuk peringkat rendah juga boleh digunakan pada para pelaku yang menunjukkan potensi, sehingga membolehkan mereka lebih banyak pendedahan kepada penonton. Walau bagaimanapun, keadaan lain mungkin juga menentukan kegunaan kejohanan. Gabungan keturunan kejohanan, pelakon yang berkaliber sebagai juara, dan kekerapan dan cara perubahan tajuk, menentukan persepsi penonton mengenai kualiti, makna dan reputasi tajuk. <> Apa yang berlaku di sebalik tabir perlawanan? || booker dalam sebuah syarikat akan meletakkan tajuk pada pelaku yang paling berjaya, <> Siapa lagi yang buku-buku tumpuan? || mereka yang percaya bahawa buku itu akan menjana minat peminat <> Siapa yang mereka mungkin menggunakan gelaran peringkat rendah? || penghibur yang menunjukkan potensi", {"context": "Behind the scenes, the bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer, or those the bookers believe will generate fan interest in terms of event attendance and television viewership. Lower ranked titles may also be used on the performers who show potential, thus allowing them greater exposure to the audience. However other circumstances may also determine the use of a championship. A combination of a championship's lineage, the caliber of performers as champion, and the frequency and manner of title changes, dictates the audience's perception of the title's quality, significance and reputation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "bookers in a company will place the title on the most accomplished performer,"}], "question": "What happens behind the scenes of a match?", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "those the bookers believe will generate fan interest"}], "question": "Who else do bookers focus on? ", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "performers who show potential"}], "question": "Who might they use a lower ranked title on?", "id": "57266d835951b619008f7275"}]}], ["Cerita-cerita lain hasil daripada persaingan semulajadi antara dua atau lebih aksara. Di luar prestasi, ini dirujuk sebagai persengketaan. Pertikaian boleh wujud di antara bilangan peserta dan dapat bertahan selama beberapa hari hingga beberapa dekad. Perselisihan antara Ric Flair dan Ricky Steamboat berlangsung dari akhir 1970-an hingga awal 1990-an dan didakwa merangkumi lebih dari dua ribu pertandingan (walaupun kebanyakan pertandingan itu hanya pertandingan gelap). Sejarah kerjaya antara tokoh-tokoh Mike Awesome dan Masato Tanaka adalah satu lagi contoh persengketaan yang lama, seperti kes Batu Cold Steve Austin vs. Encik McMahon, salah satu persengketaan yang paling menguntungkan dalam Persekutuan Gusti Dunia (WWF ) pada tahun 1998 dan 1999. <> Apa persaingan yang sering dipanggil? || persengketaan <> Berapa lamakah masa yang lama berlaku? || beberapa hari sehingga beberapa dekad <> Berapa lamakah persengketaan antara Ric Flair dan Ricky Steamboat terakhir? || akhir 1970-an ke awal 1990-an <> Apa contoh pertikaian popular? || Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon", {"context": "Other stories result from a natural rivalry between two or more characters. Outside of performance, these are referred to as feuds. A feud can exist between any number of participants and can last for a few days up to multiple decades. The feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat lasted from the late 1970s into the early 1990s and allegedly spanned over two thousand matches (although most of those matches were mere dark matches). The career-spanning history between characters Mike Awesome and Masato Tanaka is another example of a long-running feud, as is the case of Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon, one of the most lucrative feuds in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) during 1998 and 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "feuds"}], "question": "What are rivalries often called?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "a few days up to multiple decades"}], "question": "How long might a feud last?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "late 1970s into the early 1990s"}], "question": "How long did the feud between Ric Flair and Ricky Steamboat last? ", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Stone Cold Steve Austin vs. Mr. McMahon"}], "question": "What is an example of a popular feud?", "id": "57266c7f708984140094c58e"}]}], ["Kadangkala watak boleh \"menghidupkan\", mengubah penjajaran muka / tumit mereka. Ini mungkin peristiwa yang tiba-tiba, mengejutkan, atau ia perlahan-lahan akan membina dari masa ke masa. Ia hampir selalu dicapai dengan perubahan tingkah laku yang menonjol di bahagian watak. Beberapa giliran menjadi titik penentu dalam kerjaya seorang ahli gusti, seperti mana ketika Hulk Hogan berubah menjadi tumit setelah menjadi wajah teratas selama lebih satu dekad. Orang lain mungkin tidak mempunyai kesan ketara pada status watak. Sekiranya watak berulang bertukar antara menjadi muka dan tumit, ini mengurangkan kesan lilitan itu, dan boleh menyebabkan sikap tidak peduli daripada penonton. Vince McMahon adalah contoh yang baik untuk mempunyai lebih banyak tumit dan wajah bertukar daripada sesiapa sahaja dalam sejarah WWE. <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku kepada watak mereka? || berpaling <> Apa yang Hulk Hogan menjadi? || tumit <> Siapa yang paling berpaling pada WWE? || Vince McMahon", {"context": "At times a character may \"turn\", altering their face/heel alignment. This may be an abrupt, surprising event, or it may slowly build up over time. It almost always is accomplished with a markable change in behavior on the part of the character. Some turns become defining points in a wrestler's career, as was the case when Hulk Hogan turned heel after being a top face for over a decade. Others may have no noticeable effect on the character's status. If a character repeatedly switches between being a face and heel, this lessens the effect of such turns, and may result in apathy from the audience. Vince McMahon is a good example of having more heel and face turns than anyone in WWE history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "turn"}], "question": "What might a character do with their persona?", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "heel"}], "question": "What did Hulk Hogan become? ", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dedf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Vince McMahon"}], "question": "Who has the most turns in the WWE?", "id": "57266970f1498d1400e8dee0"}]}], ["Biasanya, pertandingan diadakan di antara protagonis (sejarah kegemaran penonton, yang dikenali sebagai babyface, atau \"lelaki yang baik\") dan seorang antagonis (sejarah seorang penjahat dengan kesombongan, kecenderungan untuk melanggar aturan atau kualiti lain yang tidak dapat dipanggil dipanggil tumit ). Walau bagaimanapun, dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, antiheroes juga menjadi terkenal dalam gusti profesional. Terdapat juga peranan yang kurang biasa iaitu \"tweener\", yang tidak mempunyai wajah sepenuhnya atau tidak sepenuhnya tetapi mampu memainkan peranan sama ada dengan berkesan (contohnya Samoa Joe semasa tarian pertamanya di TNA dari Jun 2005 hingga November 2006). <> Apakah nama-nama lain untuk protagonis? || babyface, atau \"lelaki yang baik\" <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh antagonis? || peraturan pecah <> Apakah ahli gusti yang mana seseorang berada di antara kedua-dua norma yang dipanggil? || tweener <> Siapa yang umumnya kegemaran penonton? || protagonis", {"context": "Typically, matches are staged between a protagonist (historically an audience favorite, known as a babyface, or \"the good guy\") and an antagonist (historically a villain with arrogance, a tendency to break rules, or other unlikable qualities, called a heel). In recent years, however, antiheroes have also become prominent in professional wrestling. There is also a less common role of a \"tweener\", who is neither fully face nor fully heel yet able to play either role effectively (case in point, Samoa Joe during his first run in TNA from June 2005 to November 2006).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "babyface, or \"the good guy\""}], "question": "What are other names for a protagonist?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "break rules"}], "question": "What will an antagonist usually do?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "tweener"}], "question": "What is a wrestler whose persona is somewhere between the two norms called?", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8dece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "protagonist"}], "question": "Who is generally the audience favorite? ", "id": "57266905f1498d1400e8decf"}]}], ["Dalam sesetengah kes, seorang ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang mengagumkan, tetapi kebolehan berbahasa umum yang biasa (seperti Brock Lesnar), atau gimmik mereka mungkin \"liar liar\" yang memerlukan pengendali (seperti Kamala). Penghibur sedemikian mempunyai sejarah yang menggunakan seorang pengurus, yang bercakap bagi pihak mereka dan menambah prestasi. Pengurus kadang-kadang menjadi personaliti utama, termasuk Bobby Heenan, Paul Heyman, Ernie Roth, dan Pembawa Paul. Peranan pengurus juga boleh diisi oleh \"valet\", biasanya seorang wanita yang menarik yang boleh mengambil bahagian dalam jalan cerita segitiga cinta, situasi \"penderita dalam keadaan kesengsaraan\", dan pergaduhan skrip dengan pegulat wanita. Sebahagian daripada mereka juga telah menjadi bintang yang dikenali, seperti Tammy Lynn Sytch, Stacy Keibler, dan Miss Elizabeth. <> Siapa yang membantu ahli gusti dengan kebolehan berbicara yang kurang baik? || pengurus <> Apa yang kadang-kadang berlaku dengan pengurus? || menjadi personaliti utama <> Siapa lagi yang boleh melaksanakan peranan pengurus? || \"valet <> Siapa yang mungkin mengambil bahagian dalam cerita cinta segitiga? || wanita yang menarik", {"context": "In some cases a wrestler may possess admirable physical traits but perceived mediocre public speaking abilities (such as Brock Lesnar), or their gimmick may be that of a \"wild savage\" needing a handler (such as Kamala). Such performers have historically employed a manager, who speaks on their behalf and adds to the performance. Managers have sometimes become major personalities, including Bobby Heenan, Paul Heyman, Ernie Roth, and Paul Bearer. A manager role may also be filled by a \"valet\", typically an appealing female who may participate in love triangle storylines, \"damsel in distress\" situations, and scripted fights with female wrestlers. Some of these have also gone on to become recognized stars, such as Tammy Lynn Sytch, Stacy Keibler, and Miss Elizabeth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "manager"}], "question": "Who helps out a wrestler with poor speaking abilities?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "become major personalities"}], "question": "What sometimes happens with managers?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "\"valet"}], "question": "Who else can perform the manager role?", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "an appealing female"}], "question": "Who might participate in a love triangle story? ", "id": "57266b67dd62a815002e8459"}]}], ["Juga, apa-apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai elemen drama boleh wujud dalam cerita gusti profesional: hubungan romantis (termasuk cinta segitiga dan perkahwinan), rasisme, klasisme, nepotisme, pilih kasih, korupsi korporat, bon keluarga, sejarah peribadi, dendam, kecurian, penipuan, serangan, pengkhianatan, penyogokan, rayuan, penglihatan, keyakinan, pemerasan, pemerasan, penyalahgunaan bahan, keraguan diri, pengorbanan diri; walaupun penculikan, fetishisme seksual, necrophilia, kejam, rogol dan kematian telah digambarkan dalam bergelut. Beberapa promosi termasuk unsur-unsur ghaib seperti sihir, kutukan, gambar undead dan syaitan (terutamanya The Undertaker dan Kementrian Kegelapannya, sebuah kestabilan yang selalu melakukan ritual jahat dan pengorbanan manusia dalam ibadat setan seperti seorang kuasa yang tersembunyi). Selebriti juga akan terlibat dalam alur cerita. <> Apa benda ghaib telah digambarkan dalam perlawanan? || sihir, kutukan, imej undead dan syaitan <> Apa yang boleh digunakan dalam cerita gusti? || apa-apa yang boleh digunakan sebagai elemen drama <> Apa drama romantis yang boleh digunakan dalam cerita? || cinta segitiga dan perkahwinan", {"context": "Also, anything that can be used as an element of drama can exist in professional wrestling stories: romantic relationships (including love triangles and marriage), racism, classism, nepotism, favoritism, corporate corruption, family bonds, personal histories, grudges, theft, cheating, assault, betrayal, bribery, seduction, stalking, confidence tricks, extortion, blackmail, substance abuse, self-doubt, self-sacrifice; even kidnapping, sexual fetishism, necrophilia, misogyny, rape and death have been portrayed in wrestling. Some promotions have included supernatural elements such as magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery (most notably The Undertaker and his Ministry of Darkness, a stable that regularly performed evil rituals and human sacrifice in Satanic-like worship of a hidden power figure). Celebrities would also be involved in storylines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "magic, curses, the undead and Satanic imagery"}], "question": "What supernatural things have been portrayed in matches?", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "anything that can be used as an element of drama"}], "question": "What can be used in a wrestling story? ", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "love triangles and marriage"}], "question": "What romantic drama might be used in a story? ", "id": "57266cf9dd62a815002e847c"}]}], ["Di Amerika Latin dan negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris, kebanyakan ahli gusti (dan pengatur peringkat lain) menggambarkan peranan watak, kadang-kadang dengan keperibadian yang berbeza dari mereka sendiri. Keperibadian ini adalah gimik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepentingan ahli gusti tanpa mengambil kira keupayaan olahraga. Sesetengahnya boleh menjadi tidak realistik dan seperti kartun (seperti Doink the Clown), manakala yang lain membawa lebih banyak kepastian dan boleh dilihat sebagai versi yang berlebihan daripada personaliti kehidupan sebenar pelaku (seperti Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin , dan CM Punk). Dalam lucha percuma, banyak watak memakai topeng, mengamalkan identiti rahsia serupa dengan seorang superhero, tradisi yang hampir suci. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kebanyakan ahli gusti, sejauh mana mereka bertindak? || menggambarkan peranan watak <> Apakah nama seorang pegulat yang bertindak seperti watak kartunis? || Doink the Clown <> The person's Rock dilihat sebagai apa? || versi berlebihan keperibadian sebenar kehidupan pelaku <> Apa pakaian biasa di lucha percuma? || topeng", {"context": "In Latin America and English-speaking countries, most wrestlers (and other on-stage performers) portray character roles, sometimes with personalities wildly different from their own. These personalities are a gimmick intended to heighten interest in a wrestler without regard to athletic ability. Some can be unrealistic and cartoon-like (such as Doink the Clown), while others carry more verisimilitude and can be seen as exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality (such as Chris Jericho, The Rock, John Cena, Stone Cold Steve Austin, and CM Punk). In lucha libre, many characters wear masks, adopting a secret identity akin to a superhero, a near-sacred tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "portray character roles"}], "question": "What do most wrestlers do, as far as how they act?", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Doink the Clown"}], "question": "What is the name of one wrestler who acts like a cartoonish character? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "exaggerated versions of the performer's real life personality"}], "question": "The Rock's persona is seen as what? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "masks"}], "question": "What is common apparel in lucha libre? ", "id": "57266781dd62a815002e83cb"}]}], ["Sama seperti personae secara umum, penjajaran muka atau tumit boleh berubah mengikut masa, atau tetap berterusan sepanjang hayatnya (contoh yang paling terkenal ialah Ricky Steamboat, WWE Hall of Famer yang kekal sebagai penyandang kerjaya sepanjang kariernya). Kadang-kadang giliran tumit watak akan menjadi begitu popular sehingga akhirnya tindak balas penonton akan mengubah kitaran muka tumit watak ke titik di mana personel tumit akan, dalam praktiknya, menjadi persona muka, dan yang sebelumnya adalah persona muka, akan berubah menjadi personel tumit, seperti ketika Dwayne Johnson pertama kali menggunakan persona \"The Rock\" sebagai watak tumit, bertentangan dengan personalisasi \"Baby Rocky Maivia\" yang asli. Satu lagi contoh legenda adalah Stone Cold Steve Austin, yang pada asalnya ditempah sebagai tumit, dengan sikap seperti meminumnya di atas kerjanya, menggunakan pelacuran, memecahkan harta syarikat, dan juga memecah masuk ke rumah peribadi rakyat. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak kejutan WWF, para peminat menikmati keraguan Austin sehingga dia menjadi salah satu antiheroes terbesar dalam sejarah perniagaan. Beliau, bersama-sama dengan stabil D-Generasi X, secara umumnya dikreditkan dengan mengetuai dalam Era Sikap pengaturcaraan WWF. <> Siapa ahli gusti yang tidak pernah berpaling? || Ricky Steamboat <> Apa Batu Steve Austin bermula? || tumit <> Apakah watak asal The Rock? || Rocky Maivia <> Apa yang dilakukan Steve Austin? || salah satu antiheroes terbesar", {"context": "As with personae in general, a character's face or heel alignment may change with time, or remain constant over its lifetime (the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat, a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career). Sometimes a character's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will, in practice, become a face persona, and what was previously the face persona, will turn into the heel persona, such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using \"The Rock\" persona as a heel character, as opposed to his original \"Rocky Maivia\" babyface persona. Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was originally booked as a heel, with such mannerisms as drinking on the job, using profanity, breaking company property, and even breaking into people's private homes. However, much to WWF's surprise, the fans enjoyed Austin's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business. He, along with the stable of D-Generation X, is generally credited with ushering in the Attitude Era of WWF programming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Ricky Steamboat"}], "question": "Who is a wrestler who never turned? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "heel"}], "question": "What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Rocky Maivia"}], "question": "What was The Rock's original character? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "one of the greatest antiheroes"}], "question": "What did Steve Austin become? ", "id": "57266a045951b619008f71f4"}]}], ["Seorang ahli gusti kadang-kadang boleh menggunakan nama sebenar mereka, atau variasi kecil untuk kerjaya mereka, seperti Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, dan Randy Orton. Lain-lain boleh menyimpan satu nama cincin untuk keseluruhan kerjaya mereka (kes yang termasuk Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk dan Ricky Steamboat), atau mungkin berubah dari semasa ke semasa untuk lebih sesuai dengan tuntutan penonton atau syarikat. Kadang-kadang satu watak dimiliki dan ditandakan oleh syarikat, memaksa ahli gusti untuk mencari yang baru ketika mereka pergi (walaupun perubahan jenis yang ringkas, seperti menukar Rhyno kepada Rhino, biasanya boleh mendapatkan sekitar ini), dan kadang-kadang watak dimiliki oleh ahli gusti. Kadang-kadang, seorang ahli gusti boleh mengubah nama undang-undang mereka untuk mendapatkan pemilikan nama cincin mereka (contohnya ialah Andrew Martin dan Warrior). Ramai ahli gusti (seperti The Rock dan The Undertaker) sangat dikenal pasti dengan watak mereka, malah memberi respons kepada nama itu di kalangan orang ramai atau antara rakan-rakan. Ia benar-benar dianggap sebagai kebiasaan yang tepat bagi sesama gusti untuk merujuk kepada satu sama lain oleh nama / watak panggung mereka daripada nama kelahiran / undang-undang mereka, melainkan sebaliknya diperkenalkan. Populariti watak bergelut profesional boleh berkembang hingga ke tahap yang menunjukkan penampilan di media lain (lihat Hulk Hogan dan El Santo) atau bahkan memberikan penglihatan yang cukup untuk memasuki politik (Antonio Inoki dan Jesse Ventura, antara lain). <> Apakah cara popular bagi para pegulat untuk merujuk kepada satu sama lain? || oleh nama panggung / aksara mereka <> Selain daripada syarikat, siapa lagi yang boleh memiliki watak? || ahli gusti <> Bagaimana seorang ahli gusti dapat mengubah nama cincin mereka sepenuhnya? || ubah jenis <> Apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan seorang pegulat untuk mendapatkan nama cincin mereka? || menukar nama undang-undang mereka", {"context": "An individual wrestler may sometimes use their real name, or a minor variation of it, for much of their career, such as Angelo Poffo, Ernie Ladd, Verne Gagne, Bret Hart, and Randy Orton. Others can keep one ring name for their entire career (cases in point include Chris Jericho, Shawn Michaels, CM Punk and Ricky Steamboat), or may change from time to time to better suit the demands of the audience or company. Sometimes a character is owned and trademarked by the company, forcing the wrestler to find a new one when they leave (although a simple typeset change, such as changing Rhyno to Rhino, can usually get around this), and sometimes a character is owned by the wrestler. Sometimes, a wrestler may change their legal name in order to obtain ownership of their ring name (examples include Andrew Martin and Warrior). Many wrestlers (such as The Rock and The Undertaker) are strongly identified with their character, even responding to the name in public or between friends. It's actually considered proper decorum for fellow wrestlers to refer to each other by their stage names/characters rather than their birth/legal names, unless otherwise introduced. A professional wrestling character's popularity can grow to the point that it makes appearances in other media (see Hulk Hogan and El Santo) or even give the performer enough visibility to enter politics (Antonio Inoki and Jesse Ventura, among others).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1066, "text": "by their stage names/characters"}], "question": "What is the popular way for wrestlers to refer to one another?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "the wrestler"}], "question": "Other than a company, who else can own a character?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "typeset change"}], "question": "How can a wrestler get around changing their ring name entirely?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "change their legal name"}], "question": "What else might a wrestler do to obtain their ring name?", "id": "5726687f708984140094c512"}]}], ["Pertempuran perseorangan antara pertama kali diperjuangkan di peringkat kebangsaan pada 1990-an. Ini bermula dengan Luna Vachon, yang menghadapi lelaki di ECW dan WWF. Kemudian, Chyna menjadi wanita pertama yang memegang tali pinggang yang tidak eksklusif kepada wanita apabila dia memenangi Kejohanan Intercontinental. Walaupun ia adalah satu prestasi yang jarang berlaku di WWE, di TNA, ODB menyertai pertandingan intergender tunggal. Selain itu, pasangan suami dan rakan sepasukan kayfabe ODB, Eric Young memegang Kejohanan Tag Team Knockouts untuk rekod 478 hari sebelum dilucutkan oleh Brooke Hogan kerana Young adalah seorang lelaki. <> Bilakah pertempuran perseorangan intergender bertempur pada skala nasional? || 1990-an <> Siapa wanita pertama yang memegang tali pinggang yang tidak eksklusif untuk wanita? || Chyna <> Apa rekod sebelum dilucutkan? || 478 hari <> Siapa yang melupuskan rekod sebelumnya? || Brooke Hogan", {"context": "Intergender singles bouts were first fought on a national level in the 1990s. This began with Luna Vachon, who faced men in ECW and WWF. Later, Chyna became the first female to hold a belt that was not exclusive to women when she won the Intercontinental Championship. While it is a rare feat in WWE, in TNA, ODB participates in singles intergender matches. Also, ODB's kayfabe husband and tag team partner Eric Young held the Knockouts Tag Team Championship for a record 478 days before it was stripped by Brooke Hogan because Young was a male.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When were intergender singles bouts fought on a national scale? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Chyna"}], "question": "Who was the first woman to hold a belt that wasn't exclusive to women?", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "478 days"}], "question": "What was the record before it was stripped? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Brooke Hogan"}], "question": "Who stripped the previous record? ", "id": "57267254f1498d1400e8dff9"}]}], ["Di Jepun, gusti profesional yang dilakukan oleh pegulat wanita dipanggil joshi puroresu (\u5973\u5b50 \u30d7 \u30ed \u30ec \u30b9) atau joshi puro untuk jangka pendek. Gulat wanita biasanya dikendalikan oleh promosi yang mengkhususkan diri dalam joshi puroresu dan bukan divisi promosi yang didominasi lelaki, seperti halnya di Amerika Serikat. Walau bagaimanapun, promosi joshi puroresu biasanya mempunyai perjanjian dengan promosi lelaki puroresu supaya mereka mengiktiraf gelaran masing-masing sebagai sah, dan boleh berkongsi kad. Semua Pro-Wrestling Wanita Jepun adalah organisasi joshi yang dominan dari tahun 1970-an hingga 1990-an. <> Apakah gusti wanita profesional yang dipanggil di Jepun? || joshi puroresu <> Apa bentuk ringkas untuk joshi puroresu? || joshi puro <> Apa organisasi joshi utama selama dua dekad? || Pro-Wrestling Wanita Jepun", {"context": "In Japan, professional wrestling done by female wrestlers is called joshi puroresu (\u5973\u5b50\u30d7\u30ed\u30ec\u30b9) or joshi puro for short. Female wrestling is usually handled by promotions that specialize in joshi puroresu rather than divisions of otherwise male-dominated promotions, as is the case in the United States. However, joshi puroresu promotions usually have agreements with male puroresu promotions such that they recognize each other's titles as legitimate, and may share cards. All Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling was the dominant joshi organization from the 1970s to the 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "joshi puroresu"}], "question": "What is professional female wrestling called in Japan?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "joshi puro"}], "question": "What is the short form for joshi puroresu?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Japan Women's Pro-Wrestling"}], "question": "What was the major joshi organization for two decades?", "id": "5726715cdd62a815002e8508"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980-an, perlawanan pasukan tag campuran bermula berlaku, dengan lelaki dan perempuan pada setiap pasukan dan peraturan yang menyatakan bahawa setiap ahli gusti hanya boleh menyerang lawan dari jantina yang sama. Sekiranya satu tag telah dibuat, pasukan lain terpaksa menukar ahli undang-undang mereka secara automatik juga. Walaupun sekatan ini, banyak pertandingan tag bercampur melakukan beberapa interaksi fizikal antara peserta gender yang berbeza. Sebagai contoh, tumit boleh mengambil tembakan murah di pegulat wanita pasukan lawan untuk menarik reaksi negatif orang ramai. Dalam lucha percuma, tembakan murah dan serangan lelaki-perempuan tidak biasa. <> Apakah gabungan pasukan tag terdiri daripada? || seorang lelaki dan perempuan pada setiap pasukan <> Bilakah tim campuran campuran bermula? || 1980-an <> Apa yang berlaku ketika tag dibuat? || pasukan lain terpaksa secara automatik menukar ahli gusti undang-undang mereka <> Apa yang tidak biasa di lucha percuma? || tembakan murah dan serangan lelaki-perempuan", {"context": "In the 1980s, mixed tag team matches began to take place, with a male and female on each team and a rule stating that each wrestler could only attack the opponent of the same gender. If a tag was made, the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well. Despite these restrictions, many mixed tag matches do feature some physical interaction between participants of different genders. For example, a heel may take a cheap shot at the female wrestler of the opposing team to draw a negative crowd reaction. In lucha libre, cheap-shots and male-female attacks are not uncommon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "a male and female on each team"}], "question": "What does a mixed tag team consist of?", "id": "572671c4708984140094c645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When did mixed tag teams start? ", "id": "572671c4708984140094c646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the other team had to automatically switch their legal wrestler as well"}], "question": "What happened when a tag was made? ", "id": "572671c4708984140094c647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "cheap-shots and male-female attacks"}], "question": "What isn't uncommon in lucha libre?", "id": "572671c4708984140094c648"}]}], ["Semua ahli gusti yang terkenal kini memasuki cincin yang diiringi oleh muzik, dan secara rutin menambah unsur-unsur lain ke pintu masuk mereka. Muzik yang dimainkan semasa masuk cincin biasanya akan mencerminkan keperibadian pegulat. Ramai ahli gusti, terutamanya di Amerika, mempunyai muzik dan lirik yang ditulis khas untuk masuk cincin mereka. Semasa dicipta jauh sebelum ini, amalan termasuk muzik dengan pintu masuk mendapat populariti yang tinggi pada tahun 1980-an, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh kejayaan besar Hulk Hogan dan WWF, dan Rock 'n' Connest Wrestling. Apabila pertandingan dimenangi, muzik tema pemenang biasanya dimainkan dalam perayaan. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seorang gusti memasuki cincin itu? || disertai dengan muzik <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh muzik? || keperibadian pegulat <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku ketika pertandingan dimenangkan? || Muzik tema pemenang biasanya juga dimainkan <> Apa yang berlaku dengan banyak wrestlers? || mempunyai muzik dan lirik yang ditulis khas untuk masuk cincin mereka", {"context": "All notable wrestlers now enter the ring accompanied by music, and regularly add other elements to their entrance. The music played during the ring entrance will usually mirror the wrestler's personality. Many wrestlers, particularly in America, have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance. While invented long before, the practice of including music with the entrance gained rapid popularity during the 1980s, largely as a result of the huge success of Hulk Hogan and the WWF, and their Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection. When a match is won, the victor's theme music is usually also played in celebration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "accompanied by music"}], "question": "What occurs when a wrestler enters the ring?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "the wrestler's personality"}], "question": "What does the music playing indicate? ", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "victor's theme music is usually also played"}], "question": "What typically happens when a match is won?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "have music and lyrics specially written for their ring entrance"}], "question": "What happens with many wrestlers?", "id": "57267077dd62a815002e84e9"}]}], ["Walaupun mereka tidak mempunyai tahap pendedahan sebagai pegulat lain, beruang telah lama menjadi sebahagian daripada gusti profesional. Kebiasaannya dibatalkan dan dibongkar, mereka sering bergaduh menembak perlawanan terhadap ahli penonton, menawarkan ganjaran tunai jika mereka boleh mengetuk beruang itu. Mereka juga bergelut profesional dalam bekerja, sering bertarung diraja atau kecacatan, perlawanan (biasanya ditempah jadi beruang menang). Walaupun mereka telah bergelut di seluruh dunia dan terus berbuat demikian, bergelut memeluk menikmati populariti terbesar mereka di Amerika Selatan, semasa tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an. Amalan memegang gusti telah menemui pembangkang yang kuat dari aktivis hak asasi haiwan dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, yang menyumbang kepada kekurangan penerimaan arus perdana. Sehingga 2006, ia dilarang di 20 buah negeri A.S.. Mungkin beruang gusti yang paling terkenal adalah Halia, Victor, Hercules dan Terrible Ted. <> Siapa yang berawan gusti yang paling terkenal? || Halia, Victor, Hercules dan Terrible Terrible <> Apa haiwan telah menjadi sebahagian daripada gusti untuk masa yang lama? || beruang <> Keadaan apa yang biasanya dikenakan masuk? || menolak dan muzzled <> Siapa yang beruang berjuang? || ahli penonton <> Berapa banyak negara telah mengharamkan gusti pada 2006? || 20", {"context": "Though they have not had the level of exposure as other wrestlers, bears have long been a part of professional wrestling. Usually declawed and muzzled, they often wrestled shoot matches against audience members, offered a cash reward if they could pin the bear. They also wrestled professionals in worked, often battle royal or handicap, matches (usually booked so the bear won). Though they have wrestled around the world and continue to do so, wrestling bears enjoyed their greatest popularity in the Southern United States, during the 1960s and 1970s. The practice of bear wrestling has met strong opposition from animal rights activists in recent decades, contributing to its lack of mainstream acceptance. As of 2006, it is banned in 20 U.S. states. Perhaps the most famous wrestling bears are Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "Ginger, Victor, Hercules and Terrible Ted"}], "question": "Who are the most well-known wrestling bears?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "bears"}], "question": "What animal has been a part of wrestling for a long time?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "declawed and muzzled"}], "question": "What condition are bears usually brought in in?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f7309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "audience members"}], "question": "Who do the bears fight?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f730a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many states have banned bear wrestling as of 2006?", "id": "572673df5951b619008f730b"}]}], ["Pencapaian kejohanan para jurulatih boleh menjadi pusat kepada kerjaya mereka, menjadi ukuran keupayaan prestasi dan daya tarikan mereka. Secara umum, seorang ahli gusti yang mempunyai gelaran berganda atau pemerintahan gelaran yang diperluaskan adalah menunjukkan keupayaan para pegulat untuk mengekalkan minat penonton dan / atau keupayaan para pegulat untuk melakukan di gelanggang. Oleh itu, gusti yang paling berjaya atau dihiasi cenderung dihormati sebagai legenda walaupun sifat gelaran yang telah ditetapkan. Wrestler Amerika Ric Flair telah memenangi gelaran juara dunia kelas berat yang merangkumi lebih dari tiga dekad. Wrestler Jepun \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n pernah memegang dan mempertahankan rekod 10 tajuk serentak. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan apabila seorang ahli gusti mempunyai banyak tajuk? || keupayaan untuk mengekalkan minat penonton dan / atau keupayaan untuk bertanding di cincin <> Apa yang penting dalam kerjaya seorang pegulat? || pencapaian kejohanan <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh pencapaian tersebut? || keupayaan prestasi dan kekuatan lukisan <> Apa yang telah dicapai Ric Flair? || pelbagai kejohanan kelas berat dunia yang merangkumi lebih dari tiga dekad <> Siapa yang memegang 10 rekod sekaligus? || \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n", {"context": "A wrestler's championship accomplishments can be central to their career, becoming a measure of their performance ability and drawing power. In general, a wrestler with multiple title reigns or an extended title reign is indicative of a wrestler's ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring. As such, the most accomplished or decorated wrestlers tend to be revered as legends despite the predetermined nature of title reigns. American wrestler Ric Flair has had multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades. Japanese wrestler \u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n once held and defended a record 10 titles simultaneously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "ability to maintain audience interest and/or a wrestler's ability to perform in the ring"}], "question": "What does it show when a wrestler has many titles?", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "championship accomplishments"}], "question": "What can be important in a wrestler's career? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e8489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "performance ability and drawing power"}], "question": "What do those accomplishments indicate? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "multiple world heavyweight championship reigns spanning over three decades"}], "question": "What has Ric Flair accomplished? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "\u00daltimo Drag\u00f3n"}], "question": "Who held 10 records at once? ", "id": "57266e09dd62a815002e848c"}]}], ["Sesetengah ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai \"mini saya\" khusus mereka, seperti Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije mempunyai Quije, dan sebagainya. Terdapat juga kes-kes di mana pemain tengah boleh menjadi penembak untuk seorang ahli gusti, dan juga terlibat secara fizikal dalam perlawanan, seperti Alushe, yang sering mengiringi Tinieblas, atau KeMonito, yang digambarkan sebagai maskot Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre dan juga pelayan untuk Mistico. Dave Finlay sering dibantu dalam pertandingannya dengan gol yang dikenali sebagai Hornswoggle ketika berada di WWE, yang bersembunyi di bawah cincin itu dan memberi shillelagh kepada Finlay untuk digunakan pada lawannya. Finlay juga kadang-kadang melemparkannya ke lawannya. Hornswoggle juga telah dikendalikan dengan Kejohanan Cruiserweight dan bertarung dengan D-Generation X pada tahun 2009. <> Seorang ahli gusti mungkin mempunyai orang kecil yang dipanggil apa? || mini me <> Apa lagi yang boleh dilakukan oleh orang kecil dalam perlawanan? || menjadi valets <> Siapa yang Dave Finlay sering dibantu oleh? || Hornswoggle <> Apa lagi yang dilakukan Finlay dengan orang kecilnya? || kadang-kadang melemparkannya ke lawannya (s <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Hornswoggle? || diberikan lari dengan Kejohanan Cruiserweight", {"context": "Some wrestlers may have their own specific \"mini me\", like Mascarita Sagrada, Alebrije has Quije, etc. There are also cases in which midgets can become valets for a wrestler, and even get physically involved in matches, like Alushe, who often accompanies Tinieblas, or KeMonito, who is portrayed as Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's mascot and is also a valet for Mistico. Dave Finlay was often aided in his matches by a midget known mainly as Hornswoggle while in WWE, who hid under the ring and gave a shillelagh to Finlay to use on his opponent. Finlay also occasionally threw him at his opponent(s). Hornswoggle has also been given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship and feuded with D-Generation X in 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "mini me"}], "question": "A wrestler may have a small person called what?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "become valets"}], "question": "What else can a little person do in the match?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Hornswoggle"}], "question": "Who was Dave Finlay often helped by?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "occasionally threw him at his opponent(s"}], "question": "What else did Finlay do with his little person?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "given a run with the Cruiserweight Championship"}], "question": "What happened to Hornswoggle?", "id": "5726733b5951b619008f72f3"}]}], ["Gulat profesional di A.S. cenderung mempunyai tumpuan berat terhadap bangunan cerita dan penubuhan watak-watak (dan personaliti mereka). Terdapat cerita untuk setiap pertandingan, dan juga cerita yang lebih panjang untuk perlawanan berturut-turut. Kisah-kisah ini biasanya mengandungi watak-watak seperti muka dan tumit, dan kurang antiheroe dan tweeners. Ia adalah \"kemenangan\" jika wajah menang, sedangkan ia adalah \"tragedi\" jika tumit menang. Watak-watak biasanya mempunyai personaliti yang kuat dan tajam, dengan contoh-contoh seperti Doink the Clown, yang keperibadiannya melodramatic, slapstick dan fantastical. Pembangkang antara muka dan tumit sangat sengit dalam cerita, dan tumit mungkin menyerang muka semasa wawancara TV. Hubungan antara watak-watak yang berlainan juga boleh menjadi sangat kompleks. <> Apakah setiap perlawanan? || kisah <> Siapa yang biasanya termasuk dalam cerita? || watak-watak seperti muka dan tumit <> Apakah kemungkinan hasil sesuatu cerita? || Ia adalah \"kemenangan\" jika wajah menang, sedangkan ia adalah \"tragedi\" jika tumit menang. <> Apa itu Doink the person's Clown? || melodramatic, slapstick dan fantastical <> Apa yang mungkin berlaku semasa wawancara? || tumit mungkin menyerang muka", {"context": "Professional wrestling in the U.S. tends to have a heavy focus on story building and the establishment of characters (and their personalities). There is a story for each match, and even a longer story for successive matches. The stories usually contain characters like faces and heels, and less often antiheroes and tweeners. It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins. The characters usually have strong and sharp personalities, with examples like Doink the Clown, whose personality is melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical. The opposition between faces and heels is very intense in the story, and the heels may even attack the faces during TV interviews. The relationship between different characters can also be very complex.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "a story"}], "question": "What does every match have?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "characters like faces and heels"}], "question": "Who is usually included in stories? ", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "It is a \"triumph\" if the face wins, while it is a \"tragedy\" if the heel wins."}], "question": "What are the possibly outcomes of a story? ", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "melodramatic, slapstick and fantastical"}], "question": "What is Doink the Clown's persona like?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "heels may even attack the faces"}], "question": "What might happen during interviews?", "id": "5726744ddd62a815002e8588"}]}], ["Bahagian wanita gusti profesional telah mengekalkan juara dunia yang diiktiraf sejak 1937, ketika Mildred Burke memenangi gelaran Dunia Wanita yang asal. Dia kemudiannya membentuk Persatuan Sejarah Dunia Wanita pada awal tahun 1950-an dan mengakui dirinya sebagai juara pertama, walaupun kejohanan itu akan dikosongkan semasa persaraannya pada tahun 1956. Walau bagaimanapun, NWA tidak lagi mengakui Burke sebagai juara Dunia Wanita mereka pada tahun 1954, dan sebaliknya mengakui Jun Byers sebagai juara selepas selesai kontroversial untuk pertandingan berprofil tinggi antara Burke dan Byers pada tahun itu. Selepas persaraan Byers pada tahun 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, yang memenangi versi kelas berat junior Kejohanan Wanita Dunia NWA (pendahulu ke Kejohanan Wanita WWE) pada kejohanan pada tahun 1958, diiktiraf oleh kebanyakan promoter NWA sebagai juara secara lalai. <> Siapa yang memenangi gelaran wanita pada tahun 1937? || Mildred Burke <> Apa bentuk Mildred Burke? || Persatuan gusti wanita <> tahun berapakah Jun Byers bersara? || 1964 <> Tahun berapakah Mildred Burke bersara? || 1956", {"context": "The women's division of professional wrestling has maintained a recognized world champion since 1937, when Mildred Burke won the original World Women's title. She then formed the World Women's Wrestling Association in the early 1950s and recognized herself as the first champion, although the championship would be vacated upon her retirement in 1956. The NWA, however, ceased to acknowledge Burke as their Women's World champion in 1954, and instead acknowledged June Byers as champion after a controversial finish to a high-profile match between Burke and Byers that year. Upon Byers' retirement in 1964, The Fabulous Moolah, who won a junior heavyweight version of the NWA World Women's Championship (the predecessor to the WWE's Women's Championship) in a tournament back in 1958, was recognized by most NWA promoters as champion by default.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Mildred Burke"}], "question": "Who won the women's title in 1937?", "id": "572670f2708984140094c615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Women's Wrestling Association"}], "question": "What did Mildred Burke form?", "id": "572670f2708984140094c616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "1964"}], "question": "What year did June Byers retire? ", "id": "572670f2708984140094c617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "1956"}], "question": "What year did Mildred Burke retire? ", "id": "572670f2708984140094c618"}]}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional di Mexico (lucha percuma) juga mempunyai cerita dan watak, mereka kurang ditekankan. Wrestlers di Mexico secara tradisinya lebih tangkas dan melakukan lebih banyak gerakan udara daripada ahli gusti profesional di A.S. yang, lebih kerap, bergantung pada gerakan kuasa dan serangan untuk menundukkan lawan mereka. Perbezaan dalam gaya adalah disebabkan oleh evolusi bebas sukan di Mexico bermula pada tahun 1930-an dan fakta bahawa para pegulat di bahagian berat kapal pesi (peso semicomapos) sering menjadi pegulat paling popular di Mexico lucha percuma. Wrestlers sering melaksanakan ciri-ciri bergerak tinggi lucha percuma dengan menggunakan tali gelang gusti untuk melontarkan diri mereka ke arah lawan mereka, menggunakan kombinasi yang rumit dalam penggantian cepat-api, dan memohon memegang kompleks memegang. Lucha percuma juga dikenali untuk perlawanan gusti pasukan tagnya, di mana pasukan sering terdiri daripada tiga ahli, bukannya dua seperti biasa di A.S. <> Bagaimana karakter berbeza dalam gusti Mexico? || mereka kurang ditekankan <> Bagaimana pencabar Mexico berbeza? || lebih tangkas dan melakukan lebih banyak pergerakan udara <> Apa yang dikhaskan oleh gusti Amerika? || bergantung kepada gerakan dan serangan kuasa untuk menundukkan lawan mereka <> Apa lagi yang diketahui oleh lucha percuma? || pertandingan gusti pasukan tag <> Bagaimana perlawanan pasukan tag lucha percuma berbeza? || seringkali terdiri daripada tiga ahli, dan bukannya dua yang biasa di U.S", {"context": "Although professional wrestling in Mexico (lucha libre) also has stories and characters, they are less emphasized. Wrestlers in Mexico are traditionally more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers than professional wrestlers in the U.S. who, more often, rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents. The difference in styles is due to the independent evolution of the sport in Mexico beginning in the 1930s and the fact that wrestlers in the cruiserweight division (peso semicompleto) are often the most popular wrestlers in Mexican lucha libre. Wrestlers often execute high flying moves characteristic of lucha libre by utilizing the wrestling ring's ropes to catapult themselves towards their opponents, using intricate combinations in rapid-fire succession, and applying complex submission holds. Lucha libre is also known for its tag team wrestling matches, in which the teams are often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "they are less emphasized"}], "question": "How do characters differ in Mexican wrestling?", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "more agile and perform more aerial maneuvers"}], "question": "How are Mexican wrestlers different? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "rely on power moves and strikes to subdue their opponents"}], "question": "What do American wrestlers depend on? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "tag team wrestling matches"}], "question": "What else is lucha libre known for?", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e8599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "often made up of three members, instead of two as is common in the U.S"}], "question": "How does lucha libre's tag team matches differ? ", "id": "572674d5dd62a815002e859a"}]}], ["Sesetengah peminat menikmati hobi mengumpulkan pita pertunjukan gusti dari syarikat tertentu, ahli gusti tertentu, atau genre tertentu. Internet telah memberi pendedahan peminat kepada pelbagai jenis gusti yang mereka tidak dapat melihat sebaliknya. Sejak tahun 1990-an, banyak syarikat telah ditubuhkan yang menangani terutamanya dalam rakaman gusti. Apabila WWF membeli kedua-dua WCW dan ECW pada tahun 2001, mereka juga memperoleh keseluruhan perpustakaan video masa lalu kedua-dua pengeluaran dan telah mengeluarkan banyak perlawanan masa lalu dalam talian dan video rumah. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh peminat? || mengumpul pita pertunjukan gusti <> Apa yang dilakukan internet untuk peminat gusti? || pendedahan kepada variasi gusti di seluruh dunia <> Banyak syarikat yang mengendalikan rekod gusti telah ditubuhkan sejak dekad apa? || 1990-an <> Apa syarikat yang membeli pembelian WWF pada tahun 2001? || WCW dan ECW", {"context": "Some fans enjoy a pastime of collecting tapes of wrestling shows from specific companies, of certain wrestlers, or of specific genres. The Internet has given fans exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling they would be unable to see otherwise. Since the 1990s, many companies have been founded which deal primarily in wrestling footage. When the WWF purchased both WCW and ECW in 2001, they also obtained the entire past video libraries of both productions and have released many past matches online and on home video.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "collecting tapes of wrestling shows"}], "question": "What do some fans like to do?", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "exposure to worldwide variations of wrestling"}], "question": "What has the internet done for wrestling fans? ", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "Many companies who handle wrestling footage have been founded since what decade?", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "WCW and ECW"}], "question": "What companies did WWF purchase in 2001? ", "id": "572676e75951b619008f7378"}]}], ["Dari kejohanan dunia yang pertama kali ditubuhkan, ahli gusti profesional terkemuka telah mendapat kemasyhuran dalam masyarakat arus perdana. Setiap generasi berturut-turut telah menghasilkan sejumlah ahli gusti yang meluaskan kerjaya mereka ke alam muzik, akting, menulis, perniagaan, politik atau bercakap awam, dan diketahui oleh mereka yang tidak biasa dengan gusti secara umum. Sebaliknya, selebriti dari sukan lain atau budaya pop umum juga terlibat dengan gusti untuk jangka masa yang singkat. Satu contoh utama ini ialah Sambungan Wrestling The Rock 'n 1980, yang menggabungkan gusti dengan MTV. <> Jenis terkenal apa yang boleh dicapai oleh gusti? || kemasyhuran dalam masyarakat arus perdana <> Apa hubungan Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection lakukan? || bergumul gusti dengan MTV <> Apa beberapa ahli gusti lain yang memulakan kerjaya? || muzik, akting, menulis, perniagaan, politik atau bercakap awam", {"context": "From the first established world championship, the top professional wrestlers have garnered fame within mainstream society. Each successive generation has produced a number of wrestlers who extend their careers into the realms of music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking, and are known to those who are unfamiliar with wrestling in general. Conversely, celebrities from other sports or general pop culture also become involved with wrestling for brief periods of time. A prime example of this is The Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection of the 1980s, which combined wrestling with MTV.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "fame within mainstream society"}], "question": "What kind of notoriety have wrestlers achieved?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "combined wrestling with MTV"}], "question": "What did the Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection do?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "music, acting, writing, business, politics or public speaking"}], "question": "What are some other career paths wrestlers embarked on?", "id": "5726776e5951b619008f7389"}]}], ["Walaupun gusti pro sering digambarkan secara sederhana sebagai \"opera sabun untuk lelaki\", ia juga telah dinamakan sebagai mengisi peranan bentuk seni dan teater masa lalu; sintesis heroik klasik, komedia dell'arte, tragedi balas dendam, bermain moral, dan membosankan. Watak-watak dan alur cerita yang digambarkan oleh promosi yang berjaya dilihat untuk menggambarkan suasana hati, sikap, dan keprihatinan masyarakat promosi itu (dan boleh pula mempengaruhi perkara yang sama). Tahap keganasan dan kejantanan tinggi bergelut menjadikan ia sebagai alat ganti untuk pencerobohan semasa masa aman. <> Apa yang kadang-kadang dipanggil gusti? || \"opera sabun untuk lelaki\" <> Apa gulat kepada orang dalam masa yang damai? || Perwakilan untuk keganasan <> Peranan apa yang harus dipenuhi bergelut? || bentuk kesusasteraan dan teater lalu;", {"context": "While pro wrestling is often described simplistically as a \"soap opera for males\", it has also been cited as filling the role of past forms of literature and theatre; a synthesis of classical heroics, commedia dell'arte, revenge tragedies, morality plays, and burlesque. The characters and storylines portrayed by a successful promotion are seen to reflect the current mood, attitudes, and concerns of that promotion's society (and can, in turn, influence those same things). Wrestling's high levels of violence and masculinity make it a vicarious outlet for aggression during peacetime.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "\"soap opera for males\""}], "question": "What is wrestling sometimes called?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "vicarious outlet for aggression"}], "question": "What is wrestling to people during a peaceful time?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "past forms of literature and theatre;"}], "question": "What role does wrestling fill?", "id": "572679f3708984140094c75f"}]}], ["Peminat gusti profesional mempunyai subkultur sendiri, setanding dengan fiksyen sains, permainan video, atau buku komik (dalam sesetengah kes, \"fandoms\" bertindih, dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, beberapa ahli gusti profesional, terutama mereka yang memelihara pemberontakan anti-penubuhan persona, seperti CM Punk, telah membuat penampilan tetamu di konvensyen buku komik). Mereka yang berminat dengan kejadian di belakang pentas, jalan cerita masa depan, dan pemikiran di sebalik keputusan syarikat membaca surat berita yang ditulis oleh wartawan dengan ikatan dalam industri gusti. Ini \"kain\" atau \"lembaran kotoran\" telah berkembang ke Internet, di mana maklumat mereka boleh dibekalkan pada asas yang sangat pantas. Sesetengah telah berkembang menjadi rancangan radio. <> Apa yang ada pada peminat? || subkultur mereka sendiri <> Apa yang kadang-kadang berlaku dengan fandoms? || bertindih <> Dimana ada beberapa wrestlers muncul? || konvensyen buku komik", {"context": "Fans of professional wrestling have their own subculture, comparable to those of science fiction, video games, or comic books (in some cases, the \"fandoms\" overlap; in recent years, some professional wrestlers, particularly those who nurture an anti-establishment rebel persona, such as CM Punk, have made guest appearances at comic book conventions). Those who are interested in the backstage occurrences, future storylines, and reasonings behind company decisions read newsletters written by journalists with inside ties to the wrestling industry. These \"rags\" or \"dirt sheets\" have expanded into the Internet, where their information can be dispensed on an up-to-the-minute basis. Some have expanded into radio shows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "their own subculture"}], "question": "What do the fans have?", "id": "57267676708984140094c701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "overlap"}], "question": "What sometimes happens with fandoms? ", "id": "57267676708984140094c702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "comic book conventions"}], "question": "Where have some wrestlers appeared?", "id": "57267676708984140094c703"}]}], ["Dengan populariti yang semakin meningkat, gusti profesional telah menarik perhatian sebagai subjek kajian akademik yang serius dan kritikan jurnalistik. Banyak kursus, tesis, esei, dan disertasi telah menganalisa konvensyen, kandungan, dan peranan gusti dalam masyarakat moden. Ia sering dimasukkan sebagai sebahagian daripada kajian teater, sosiologi, prestasi, dan media. Institut Teknologi Massachusetts telah membangun kursus pengajian mengenai kepentingan kebudayaan gusti profesional, dan antropolog Heather Levi telah menulis etnografi tentang budaya lucha percuma di Mexico. <> Apa bidang lain yang mempunyai gulat mendapat faedah dari? || kajian akademik dan kritikan kewartawanan <> Bidang pengajian apa yang sedang dibicarakan? || teater, sosiologi, persembahan, dan media <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Heather Levi? || sebuah etnografi tentang budaya lucha percuma <> Kolej apa yang mempunyai kursus mengenai kesan kebudayaan gusti? || Institut Teknologi Massachusetts", {"context": "With its growing popularity, professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism. Many courses, theses, essays, and dissertations have analyzed wrestling's conventions, content, and its role in modern society. It is often included as part of studies on theatre, sociology, performance, and media. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "academic study and journalistic criticism"}], "question": "What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "theatre, sociology, performance, and media"}], "question": "What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre"}], "question": "What did Heather Levi write?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}], "question": "What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?", "id": "572678caf1498d1400e8e0df"}]}], ["Pembuat filem dokumentari telah mengkaji kehidupan para pegulat dan kesannya terhadap profesi mereka dan keluarga mereka. Dokumentari teater 1999 Beyond the Mat memberi tumpuan kepada Terry Funk, seorang ahli gusti yang hampir bersara; Mick Foley, seorang ahli gusti dalam perdana menteri; Jake Roberts, bekas bintang jatuh dari rahmat; dan sekolah pelajar gusti berusaha untuk memasuki perniagaan. Gincu dan Dynamite, Piss dan Cuka yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2005: Wanita Pertama Wrestling mencatat perkembangan gusti wanita sepanjang abad ke-20. Gulat Pro telah dipaparkan beberapa kali di Real Sports HBO dengan Bryant Gumbel. Siri dokumenter MTV's True Life memaparkan dua episod bertajuk \"I'm a Professional Wrestler\" dan \"I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler\". Dokumenter lain telah dihasilkan oleh The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Wrestling Profesional) dan A & E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Memoirs Bloodstained meneroka karier beberapa ahli gusti, termasuk Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam dan Roddy Piper. <> Siapa yang telah mempelajari kehidupan para pegulat? || Pembuat filem dokumentari <> Bilakah Beyond the Mat keluar? || 1999 <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Real? || Bryant Gumbel <> Siapa beberapa ahli gusti yang telah memoir tentang mereka? || Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam dan Roddy Piper", {"context": "Documentary filmmakers have studied the lives of wrestlers and the effects the profession has on them and their families. The 1999 theatrical documentary Beyond the Mat focused on Terry Funk, a wrestler nearing retirement; Mick Foley, a wrestler within his prime; Jake Roberts, a former star fallen from grace; and a school of wrestling student trying to break into the business. The 2005 release Lipstick and Dynamite, Piss and Vinegar: The First Ladies of Wrestling chronicled the development of women's wrestling throughout the 20th century. Pro wrestling has been featured several times on HBO's Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. MTV's documentary series True Life featured two episodes titled \"I'm a Professional Wrestler\" and \"I Want to Be a Professional Wrestler\". Other documentaries have been produced by The Learning Channel (The Secret World of Professional Wrestling) and A&E (Hitman Hart: Wrestling with Shadows). Bloodstained Memoirs explored the careers of several pro wrestlers, including Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Documentary filmmakers"}], "question": "Who has studied the lives of wrestlers?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When did Beyond the Mat come out? ", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Bryant Gumbel"}], "question": "Who hosts Real Sports?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "Chris Jericho, Rob Van Dam and Roddy Piper"}], "question": "Who are a few wrestlers who have had memoirs written about them?", "id": "57267a6d708984140094c778"}]}], ["Mereka yang terlibat dalam menghasilkan gusti profesional telah membentuk sejenis persaudaraan global, dengan bon keluarga, bahasa bersama dan tradisi lulus. Penghibur baru dijangka \"membayar denda mereka\" selama beberapa tahun dengan bekerja di promosi berprofil rendah dan bekerja sebagai kru cincin sebelum berjalan ke atas. Para pengurus kekal yang paling banyak memajukan susunan pentas di belakang pentas, dengan para veteran mengantarkan konflik dan mentoring para pegulat yang lebih muda. Selama beberapa dekad (dan masih kurang hari ini), penghibur dijangka menyimpan ilusi legitimasi gusti hidup walaupun tidak melakukan, pada asasnya bertindak dalam watak kapan saja di khalayak ramai. Sesetengah veteran bercakap tentang \"penyakit\" di kalangan pengarang gusti, satu tarikan yang tidak dapat diterangkan untuk terus aktif dalam dunia gusti walaupun kesan buruk yang boleh berlaku pada kehidupan dan kesihatan seseorang. <> Apa yang diharapkan daripada pendatang baru? || untuk \"membayar denda mereka\" selama beberapa tahun dengan bekerja dalam promosi berprofil rendah <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh wrestlers lakukan selama beberapa dekad? || teruskan ilusi legitimasi gusti hidup <> Bagaimana wrestlers perlu bertindak di khalayak ramai? || bertindak dalam watak <> Apa kesan yang boleh bergumul pada para pegulat? || kesan buruk yang boleh menjejaskan pekerjaan dan kehidupan seseorang", {"context": "Those involved in producing professional wrestling have developed a kind of global fraternity, with familial bonds, shared language and passed-down traditions. New performers are expected to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions and working as ring crew before working their way upward. The permanent rosters of most promotions develop a backstage pecking order, with veterans mediating conflicts and mentoring younger wrestlers. For many decades (and still to a lesser extent today), performers were expected to keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive even while not performing, essentially acting in character any time they were in public. Some veterans speak of a \"sickness\" among wrestling performers, an inexplicable pull to remain active in the wrestling world despite the devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "to \"pay their dues\" for a few years by working in lower-profile promotions"}], "question": "What is expected of newcomers? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "keep the illusions of wrestling's legitimacy alive"}], "question": "What were wrestlers expected to do for decades? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "acting in character"}], "question": "How did wrestlers have to act in public? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "devastating effects the job can have on one's life and health"}], "question": "What effects can wrestling have on the wrestlers? ", "id": "5726761edd62a815002e85bf"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak selalu berlaku; pada awal abad ke-20, apabila ia menjadi jelas bahawa \"sukan\" itu telah dikerjakan, gusti pro dipandang rendah sebagai hiburan yang murah untuk kelas pekerja yang tidak berpendidikan - sikap yang masih wujud pada tahap yang berbeza hari ini. Ahli teori Perancis Roland Barthes adalah antara yang pertama mencadangkan bahawa gusti layak mendapat analisis yang lebih mendalam, dalam eseinya \"The World of Wrestling\" dari buku Mythologies, yang pertama diterbitkan pada tahun 1957. Barthes berhujah bahawa ia harus dilihat bukan sebagai penipuan orang yang jahil, tetapi sebagai cermin mata; satu cara persembahan teater untuk bersedia, jika penonton yang dahagakan darah. Wrestling digambarkan sebagai seni yang dipersembahkan yang menuntut pembacaan segera mengenai makna juxtaposed. Kesimpulan logik diberikan paling tidak penting ke atas para pengarang teater para pegulat dan pengadil. Menurut Barthes, fungsi seorang pegulat bukanlah untuk menang: ia adalah untuk pergi tepat melalui gerakan yang diharapkan dari mereka dan untuk memberikan penonton tontonan teater. Kerja-kerja ini dianggap asas bagi semua kajian yang akan datang. <> Apakah kesannya bahawa pembatalan gusti yang \"tetap\" ada? || memandang rendah sebagai hiburan murah untuk kelas pekerja yang tidak berpendidikan <> Bilakah buku Roland Barthes diterbitkan? || 1957 <> Apa yang Barthes percaya ahli gusti memberikan penonton? || tontonan teater <> Apakah nama esei Roland Barthes? || \"The World of Wrestling\"", {"context": "However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the \"sport\" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class \u2014 an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay \"The World of Wrestling\" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class"}], "question": "What impact did the revelation of wrestling being \"fixed\" have?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When was Roland Barthes book published?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "a theatrical spectacle"}], "question": "What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "\"The World of Wrestling\""}], "question": "What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?", "id": "5726798af1498d1400e8e0f9"}]}], ["Banyak rancangan televisyen dan filem telah dihasilkan yang menggambarkan ahli-ahli gusti profesional sebagai protagonis, seperti Ready to Rumble, \u00a1Mucha Lucha !, Nacho Libre, dan siri filem Santo. Dalam siri rocky Rocky yang terkenal tentang petinju fiksyen Rocky Balboa, Rocky III menyaksikan pahlawannya melawan pertandingan pameran \"petarung vs petarung\" melawan ahli gusti yang hebat dan jahat \"Thunderlips\", yang digambarkan oleh kehidupan sebenar akan segera menjadi ikon gusti Hulk Hogan. Sekurang-kurangnya dua pertunjukan panggung yang ditetapkan dalam dunia gusti pro telah dihasilkan: Baron adalah komedi yang mengulangi kehidupan aktor yang sebenarnya dikenali sebagai Baron von Raschke. Dari Bahagian Tidak Diketahui ... adalah drama Kanada yang dinamakan anugerah mengenai peningkatan dan kejatuhan seorang ahli fiksyen. Episod South Park 2009 \"W.T.F.\" dimainkan pada unsur-unsur pengangkut sabun gusti profesional. Salah satu watak utama di siri Disney Channel, Kim Possible adalah peminat besar gusti pro dan sebenarnya memaparkannya pada satu episod (dengan dua bekas ahli WWE menceritakan dua ahli gusti rekaan yang dipaparkan dalam episod). The 2008 Wrestler filem, tentang ahli gusti profesional yang dibasuh, mendapat beberapa pencalonan Oscar. <> Namakan siri filem tinju yang popular? || Siri Rocky <> Siapa filem The Baron tentang? || Baron von Raschke <> Apa episod South Park berurusan dengan gusti? || \"W.T.F.\" <> Apa filem gusti yang terkenal di dunia pada tahun 2008? || The Wrestler <> Banyak dari apa bentuk hiburan yang menggambarkan gusti? || rancangan televisyen dan filem", {"context": "Many television shows and films have been produced which portray in-character professional wrestlers as protagonists, such as Ready to Rumble, \u00a1Mucha Lucha!, Nacho Libre, and the Santo film series. In the wildly popular Rocky series of films about the fictional boxer Rocky Balboa, Rocky III saw its hero fighting a \"boxer vs. wrestler\" exhibition match against the enormous and villainous wrestler \"Thunderlips\", portrayed by real-life soon-to-be wrestling icon Hulk Hogan. At least two stage plays set in the world of pro wrestling have been produced: The Baron is a comedy that retells the life of an actual performer known as Baron von Raschke. From Parts Unknown... is an award-nominated Canadian drama about the rise and fall of a fictional wrestler. The 2009 South Park episode \"W.T.F.\" played on the soap operatic elements of professional wrestling. One of the lead characters on the Disney Channel series Kim Possible was a huge fan of pro wrestling and actually featured it on an episode (with two former WWE wrestlers voicing the two fictitious wrestlers featured in the episode). The 2008 film The Wrestler, about a washed-up professional wrestler, garnered several Oscar nominations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Rocky series"}], "question": "Name a popular series of boxing films?", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Baron von Raschke"}], "question": "Who is the movie The Baron about? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "\"W.T.F.\""}], "question": "What episode of South Park dealt with wrestling?", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1106, "text": "The Wrestler"}], "question": "What critically acclaimed wrestling film came out in 2008? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "television shows and films"}], "question": "Many of what forms of entertainment have portrayed wrestlers? ", "id": "5726783a5951b619008f73a7"}]}], ["Gaya gusti profesional Jepun (puroresu) sekali lagi berbeza. Dengan asal-usulnya dalam gaya gusti tradisional Amerika dan masih berada di bawah genre yang sama, ia menjadi entiti dengan sendirinya. Walaupun persamaan dengan rakan sejawatnya di Amerika Syarikat bahawa hasil perlawanan tetap ditentukan, fenomena ini berbeza dalam bentuk psikologi dan persembahan sukan; ia diperlakukan sebagai sukan tempur pertempuran penuh kerana ia mencampurkan serangan seni mempertahankan diri yang keras dengan memegang penyerahan gaya menembak, sementara di A.S. ia lebih dihormati sebagai pertunjukan hiburan. Wrestlers menggabungkan tendangan dan serangan dari disiplin seni mempertahankan diri, dan penekanan kuat diberikan pada gusti penyerahan, dan tidak seperti penggunaan jalan cerita yang terlibat di Amerika Syarikat, mereka tidak begitu rumit di Jepun, lebih banyak penekanan diletakkan pada konsep Fighting Spirit, bererti penampilan gusti stamina fizikal dan mental dinilai jauh lebih banyak daripada teater. Banyak ahli gusti Jepun termasuk bintang-bintang teratas seperti Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu dan Keiji Mutoh berasal dari latar belakang seni mempertahankan diri yang sah dan banyak ahli gusti Jepun pada tahun 1990-an mula mengejar kerjaya dalam organisasi seni mempertahankan diri campuran seperti Pancrase dan Shooto yang pada masa itu ditahan penampilan asal puroresu, tetapi sebenarnya pertandingan. <> Bagaimana gusti Jepun sama dengan Amerika? || hasil perlawanan tetap ditentukan <> Bagaimana cara bergelut Jepun? || bentuk psikologi dan persembahan sukan <> Apa ikatan gusti Jepun? || keras memukul seni mempertahankan diri menyerang dengan pemantauan gaya menembak memegang <> Apa penekanan yang diletakkan di dalam gusti Jepun? || Memperjuangkan Roh <> Apa latar belakang yang biasa untuk seorang pegulat Jepun? || seni mempertahankan diri yang sah", {"context": "The style of Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) is again different. With its origins in traditional American style of wrestling and still being under the same genre, it has become an entity in itself. Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined, the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds, while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show. Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines, and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling, and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S., they are not as intricate in Japan, more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit, meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics. Many of Japan's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu, but were actual competitions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "outcome of the matches remains predetermined"}], "question": "How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport"}], "question": "How does Japanese wrestling differ? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds"}], "question": "What does Japanese wrestling combine?", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "Fighting Spirit"}], "question": "What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1093, "text": "legitimate martial arts"}], "question": "What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? ", "id": "5726758cf1498d1400e8e05c"}]}], ["Walaupun gusti profesional bekerja, terdapat peluang yang tinggi untuk kecederaan, dan juga kematian. Pemogokan sering sengit, terutama di Jepun dan promosi gusti bebas seperti Combat Zone Combe (CZW) dan Ring of Honor (ROH). Cincin ini sering diperbuat daripada papan kayu sebanyak 2 hingga 8. Banyak kecederaan yang berlaku dalam gusti pro adalah bahu, lutut, belakang, leher, dan tulang rusuk. Kecacatan traumatik ensefalopati kronik dan kecederaan otak traumatik juga dikaitkan dengan gusti pro, termasuk dalam kes bunuh diri dua bunuh yang melibatkan Chris Benoit. Ahli gusti profesional Davey Richards berkata pada tahun 2015, \"Kami berlatih untuk merosakkan, kami tahu kami akan merosakkan dan kami menerimanya\". <> Apakah risiko gulat? || peluang kecederaan yang tinggi, dan juga kematian <> Apa cincin yang biasa dibuat? || 2 oleh 8 papan kayu <> Apakah kecederaan biasa dalam bergelut? || bahu, lutut, belakang, leher, dan tulang rusuk <> Apakah kecederaan lain yang berkaitan dengan gusti? || Encephalopathy traumatik traumatik dan kecederaan otak traumatik <> Chris Benoit terlibat dalam apa peristiwa tragis? || kes bunuh diri dua kali membunuh", {"context": "Although professional wrestling is worked, there is a high chance of injury, and even death. Strikes are often stiff, especially in Japan and in independent wrestling promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) and Ring of Honor (ROH). The ring is often made out of 2 by 8 timber planks. Many of the injuries that occur in pro wrestling are shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries have also been linked to pro wrestling, including in the double-murder suicide case involving Chris Benoit. Professional wrestler Davey Richards said in 2015, \"We train to take damage, we know we are going to take damage and we accept that\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "high chance of injury, and even death"}], "question": "What are the risks of wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f740f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "2 by 8 timber planks"}], "question": "What is the ring commonly made of?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "shoulders, knee, back, neck, and rib injuries"}], "question": "What are common injuries in wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Chronic traumatic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injuries"}], "question": "What other injuries have been connected with wrestling?", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "double-murder suicide case"}], "question": "Chris Benoit was involved in what tragic event? ", "id": "57267ae05951b619008f7413"}]}]], [["General Electric bertukar menggunakan skala ASA pada tahun 1946. Meter yang dikeluarkan sejak Februari 1946 dilengkapi dengan skala ASA (yang diberi label \"Indeks Paparan\"). Bagi sesetengah meter yang lebih tua dengan skala \"Speed Film\" atau \"Nilai Filem\" (misalnya model DW-48, DW-49 dan juga variasi awal DW-58 dan GW-68), tudung diganti dengan skala ASA Pengeluar. Syarikat terus menerbitkan nilai-nilai filem yang disyorkan selepas tarikh itu, namun, kini mereka selaras dengan skala ASA. <> Syarikat manakah yang menggunakan skala ASA pada tahun 1946? || General Electric <> Bermula tahun berapa kamera dibina dengan meter ASA? || 1946 <> Bagaimana model lama diubah menjadi skala ASA? || tudung diganti dengan skala ASA <> Bagaimana skala ASA ditunjukkan pada model yang dibina selepas tahun 1946? || dilabel \"Indeks Paparan\" <> Apa yang disyorkan untuk nilai filem berbaris selepas 1946? || mereka kini bersekutu dengan skala ASA", {"context": "General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled \"Exposure Index\") already. For some of the older meters with scales in \"Film Speed\" or \"Film Value\" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "General Electric"}], "question": "Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1946"}], "question": "Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "replaceable hoods with ASA scales"}], "question": "How did older models convert to ASA scale?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "labeled \"Exposure Index\""}], "question": "How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "they were now aligned to the ASA scale"}], "question": "What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?", "id": "57264fdcf1498d1400e8dbde"}]}], ["Di peringkat antarabangsa, sistem DIN 4512 Jerman telah digantikan dengan berkesan pada tahun 1980-an oleh ISO 6: 1974, ISO 2240: 1982, dan ISO 5800: 1979 di mana kepekaan yang sama ditulis dalam bentuk linier dan logaritma sebagai \"ISO 100/21 \u00b0 \"(sekarang lagi dengan simbol darjah). Piawaian ISO ini kemudiannya diterima pakai oleh DIN juga. Akhir sekali, revisi DIN 4512 terkini digantikan oleh piawaian ISO yang sepadan, DIN 4512-1: 1993-05 oleh DIN ISO 6: 1996-02 pada bulan September 2000, DIN 4512-4: 1985-08 oleh DIN ISO 2240: 1998-06 dan DIN 4512-5: 1990-11 oleh DIN ISO 5800: 1998-06 kedua-duanya pada Julai 2002. <> Apa yang mengambil tempat sistem DIN 4512 Jerman? || ISO 6: 1974, ISO 2240: 1982, dan ISO 5800: 1979 <> Bagaimana sensitiviti ditunjukkan dalam sistem ISO? || dalam bentuk linear dan logaritma sebagai \"ISO 100/21 \u00b0\" <> Apakah piawaian yang DIN mula digunakan? || Piawaian ISO <> Bilakah piawaian ISO pertama diterima pakai? || pada 1980-an <> Bilakah piawaian ISO terakhir yang diterima pakai? || Julai 2002", {"context": "On an international level the German DIN 4512 system has been effectively superseded in the 1980s by ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979 where the same sensitivity is written in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\" (now again with degree symbol). These ISO standards were subsequently adopted by DIN as well. Finally, the latest DIN 4512 revisions were replaced by corresponding ISO standards, DIN 4512-1:1993-05 by DIN ISO 6:1996-02 in September 2000, DIN 4512-4:1985-08 by DIN ISO 2240:1998-06 and DIN 4512-5:1990-11 by DIN ISO 5800:1998-06 both in July 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "ISO 6:1974, ISO 2240:1982, and ISO 5800:1979"}], "question": "What took the place of the German DIN 4512 system?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "in linear and logarithmic form as \"ISO 100/21\u00b0\""}], "question": "How is sensitivity shown in the ISO systems?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "ISO standards"}], "question": "What standards did the DIN begin to use?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "in the 1980s"}], "question": "When were the ISO standards first adopted?", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "July 2002"}], "question": "When were the last ISO standards adopted? ", "id": "57264597f1498d1400e8dad2"}]}], ["Sistem Scheinergrade (Sch.) Direka oleh ahli astronomi Jerman, Julius Scheiner (1858-1913) pada tahun 1894 sebagai kaedah membandingkan kelajuan plat yang digunakan untuk fotografi astronomi. Sistem Scheiner menilai kelajuan plat dengan pendedahan yang paling sedikit untuk menghasilkan kegelapan yang kelihatan selepas pembangunan. Kelajuan dinyatakan dalam skala Scheiner, asalnya dari 1 \u00b0 Sch. hingga 20 \u00b0 Sch., di mana kenaikan 19 \u00b0 Sch. sesuai dengan peningkatan kepekaan seratus kali ganda, yang bermakna peningkatan 3 \u00b0 Sch. mendekati kepekaan dua kali ganda. <> Siapa yang membuat sistem Scheinergrade? || ahli astronomi Jerman Julius Scheiner <> Apakah sistem Scheinergrade digunakan? || membandingkan kelajuan plat yang digunakan untuk fotografi astronomi <> Apa yang ditunjukkan Scheiner darjah? || kelajuan plat <> Apakah pelbagai kelajuan Scheiner? || dari 1 \u00b0 Sch. hingga 20 \u00b0 Sch <> Kira-kira berapa darjah menunjukkan kepekaan dua kali ganda? || kenaikan 3 \u00b0 Sch", {"context": "The Scheinergrade (Sch.) system was devised by the German astronomer Julius Scheiner (1858\u20131913) in 1894 originally as a method of comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography. Scheiner's system rated the speed of a plate by the least exposure to produce a visible darkening upon development. Speed was expressed in degrees Scheiner, originally ranging from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch., where an increment of 19\u00b0 Sch. corresponded to a hundredfold increase in sensitivity, which meant that an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch. came close to a doubling of sensitivity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the German astronomer Julius Scheiner"}], "question": "Who created the Scheinergrade system? ", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "comparing the speeds of plates used for astronomical photography"}], "question": "What is the Scheinergrade system used for?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the speed of a plate"}], "question": "What do degrees Scheiner indicate?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "from 1\u00b0 Sch. to 20\u00b0 Sch"}], "question": "What is the range of Scheiner speeds?", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "an increment of 3\u00b0 Sch"}], "question": "Approximately how many degrees indicate double the sensitivity? ", "id": "57263eaf89a1e219009ac5b8"}]}], ["Sistem DIN, secara rasmi DIN standard 4512 oleh Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung (tetapi masih dinamakan Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df (DNA) pada masa ini), diterbitkan pada bulan Januari 1934. Ia berkembang daripada draf untuk kaedah sensitometri standard yang dikemukakan oleh Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik seperti yang dicadangkan oleh jawatankuasa sensitiviti Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung sejak tahun 1930 dan dibentangkan oleh Robert Luther (de) (1868-1945) dan Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) pada berpengaruh VIII. Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa (German: International Photographie) yang diadakan di Dresden dari 3 hingga 8 Ogos 1931. <> Bilakah sistem DIN ditubuhkan? || Januari 1934 <> Siapa yang membuat sistem DIN? || Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung <> Apa yang dicadangkan di Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa VIII? || kaedah penyesuaian sensitiviti <> yang menyampaikan idea yang berkembang menjadi DIN? || Robert Luther (de) (1868-1945) dan Emanuel Goldberg (1881-1970) <> Di mana Kongres Fotografi Antarabangsa VIII diadakan? || Dresden", {"context": "The DIN system, officially DIN standard 4512 by Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung (but still named Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df (DNA) at this time), was published in January 1934. It grew out of drafts for a standardized method of sensitometry put forward by Deutscher Normenausschu\u00df f\u00fcr Phototechnik as proposed by the committee for sensitometry of the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr photographische Forschung since 1930 and presented by Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970) at the influential VIII. International Congress of Photography (German: Internationaler Kongre\u00df f\u00fcr wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie) held in Dresden from August 3 to 8, 1931.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "January 1934"}], "question": "When was the DIN system established? ", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung"}], "question": "Who created the DIN system?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "a standardized method of sensitometry"}], "question": "What was proposed at the VIII International Congress of Photography?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Robert Luther (de) (1868\u20131945) and Emanuel Goldberg (1881\u20131970)"}], "question": "Who presented the idea that grew into the DIN?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Dresden"}], "question": "Where was the VIII International Congress of Photography held?", "id": "5726428438643c19005ad3b3"}]}], ["Seperti dalam sistem Scheiner, kelajuan dinyatakan dalam 'darjah'. Pada asalnya kepekaan ditulis sebagai pecahan dengan 'tenths' (contohnya \"18/10 \u00b0 DIN\"), di mana nilai yang dihasilkan 1.8 mewakili asas relatif 10 logaritma kelajuan. 'Kesepuluh' kemudian ditinggalkan dengan DIN 4512: 1957-11, dan contoh di atas akan ditulis sebagai \"18 \u00b0 DIN\". Simbol darjah akhirnya digugurkan dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10. Semakan ini juga menyaksikan perubahan ketara dalam definisi kelajuan filem untuk menampung perubahan terkini dalam standard ASA PH2.5-1960 Amerika, supaya filem negatif filem hitam dan putih berkesan akan menjadi dua kali ganda, iaitu , filem yang sebelum ini ditandakan sebagai \"18 \u00b0 DIN\" kini akan dilabel sebagai \"21 DIN\" tanpa perubahan emulsi. <> Unit apa yang digunakan dalam DIN untuk menyatakan kelajuan? || derajat <> Bagaimana sensitiviti yang dinyatakan pada mulanya dalam sistem DIN? || sebagai pecahan dengan 'tenths' (sebagai contoh \"18/10 \u00b0 DIN\") <> Bilakah simbol darjah tidak diguna pakai dalam sistem DIN? || dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10 <> Mengapa definisi kelajuan filem berubah dengan ketara? || untuk menampung perubahan baru-baru ini dalam ASA AS PH2.5-1960 standard <> Apa yang berlaku dengan filem kelajuan filem negatif hitam dan putih? || akan menjadi dua kali ganda", {"context": "As in the Scheiner system, speeds were expressed in 'degrees'. Originally the sensitivity was written as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\"), where the resultant value 1.8 represented the relative base 10 logarithm of the speed. 'Tenths' were later abandoned with DIN 4512:1957-11, and the example above would be written as \"18\u00b0 DIN\". The degree symbol was finally dropped with DIN 4512:1961-10. This revision also saw significant changes in the definition of film speeds in order to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard, so that film speeds of black-and-white negative film effectively would become doubled, that is, a film previously marked as \"18\u00b0 DIN\" would now be labeled as \"21 DIN\" without emulsion changes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "degrees"}], "question": "What unit was used in the DIN to express speeds? ", "id": "572644315951261400b51960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "as a fraction with 'tenths' (for example \"18/10\u00b0 DIN\")"}], "question": "How was sensitivity expressed at first in the DIN system?", "id": "572644315951261400b51961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "with DIN 4512:1961-10"}], "question": "When did the degree symbol fall out of use in the DIN system?", "id": "572644315951261400b51962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "to accommodate then-recent changes in the American ASA PH2.5-1960 standard"}], "question": "Why did the definition of film speeds change considerably?", "id": "572644315951261400b51963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "would become doubled"}], "question": "What happened to film speeds of black-and-white negative film?", "id": "572644315951261400b51964"}]}], ["Sebelum kedatangan sistem ASA, sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston diperkenalkan oleh Edward Faraday Weston (1878-1971) dan bapanya, Dr. Edward Weston (1850-1936), seorang jurutera elektrik kelahiran British, perindustrian dan pendiri Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation yang berpangkalan di Amerika Syarikat, dengan model Weston 617, salah satu meter pendedahan foto elektrik pertama, pada bulan Ogos 1932. Sistem penarafan meter dan filem dicipta oleh William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., yang bekerja untuk mereka dan kemudian menerima Pingat Howard N. Potts atas sumbangan beliau dalam kejuruteraan. <> Sistem apa yang digunakan sebelum ini untuk sistem ASA? || sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston <> Siapa yang merancang rating kelajuan filem Weston? || Edward Faraday Weston (1878-1971) dan bapanya Dr. Edward Weston (1850-1936) <> Apa syarikat yang memulakan Dr Edward Weston? || Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation yang berpusat di AS <> Kapan model Weston 617 dibuat? || Ogos 1932 <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan mencipta sistem filem dan meter? || William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.", {"context": "Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the system of Weston film speed ratings"}], "question": "What system was used previous to the ASA system?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Edward Faraday Weston (1878\u20131971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850\u20131936)"}], "question": "Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? ", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e8039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation"}], "question": "What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? ", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "August 1932"}], "question": "When was the Weston model 617 created?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "William Nelson Goodwin, Jr."}], "question": "Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?", "id": "57264675dd62a815002e803c"}]}], ["Filem sensitif yang kurang sensitif, dengan indeks kepantasan yang lebih rendah, memerlukan lebih banyak pendedahan kepada cahaya untuk menghasilkan ketumpatan imej yang sama sebagai filem yang lebih sensitif, dan dengan demikian lazimnya disebut filem perlahan. Filem yang sangat sensitif sepatutnya disebut filem pantas. Dalam kedua-dua fotografi digital dan filem, pengurangan pendedahan yang sepadan dengan penggunaan sensitiviti yang lebih tinggi umumnya membawa kepada kualiti imej yang berkurangan (melalui butiran filem kasar atau bunyi imej yang lebih tinggi daripada jenis lain). Ringkasnya, semakin tinggi kepekaan, imej yang lebih tebal akan menjadi lebih tinggi. Kepekaan akhirnya terhad oleh kecekapan kuantum filem atau sensor. <> Apakah had kecekapan kuantum filem? || kepekaan <> Apa kelajuan filem dihasilkan oleh filem tidak sensitif? || filem perlahan <> Apa yang membawa kepada imej berkualiti rendah? || pengurangan pendedahan <> Apakah jenis filem yang dianggap filem pantas? || Filem yang sangat sensitif <> Apa kesan filem yang sangat sensitif terhadap imej? || kualiti imej berkurangan", {"context": "Relatively insensitive film, with a correspondingly lower speed index, requires more exposure to light to produce the same image density as a more sensitive film, and is thus commonly termed a slow film. Highly sensitive films are correspondingly termed fast films. In both digital and film photography, the reduction of exposure corresponding to use of higher sensitivities generally leads to reduced image quality (via coarser film grain or higher image noise of other types). In short, the higher the sensitivity, the grainier the image will be. Ultimately sensitivity is limited by the quantum efficiency of the film or sensor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "sensitivity"}], "question": "What does the film's quantum efficiency limit? ", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "slow film"}], "question": "What speed of film is produced by insensitive film? ", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "reduction of exposure"}], "question": "What leads to lower quality images?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Highly sensitive films"}], "question": "What types of film are considered fast films?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "reduced image quality"}], "question": "What effect does highly sensitive film have on images?", "id": "57263b5b38643c19005ad33f"}]}], ["Sistem ini kemudiannya diperluaskan untuk meliputi julat yang lebih besar dan beberapa kekurangan praktikalnya ditangani oleh saintis Austria Josef Maria Eder (1855-1944) dan ahli botani kelahiran Flemish Walter Hecht (de) (1896-1960), (yang pada tahun 1919 / 1920, bersama mereka membangunkan sensitiviti baji neutral baji neutral Eder-Hecht yang mengukur kelajuan emulsi dalam gred Eder-Hecht). Walau bagaimanapun, ia tetap sukar untuk dihasilkan dengan pasti menentukan kelajuan filem, sering hanya dengan membandingkan produk yang bersaing, sehingga semakin banyak sistem berasaskan semi-Scheiner yang diubahsuai mulai menyebar, yang tidak lagi mengikut prosedur asal Scheiner dan dengan itu mengalahkan idea daripada perbandingan. <> Siapa yang membangunkan peranti yang diperbaiki atas kekurangan penciptaan Scheiner? || Saintis Austria Josef Maria Eder (1855-1944) dan ahli botani kelahiran Flemish Walter Hecht (de) <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh peranti Eder-Hecht? || kelajuan emulsi <> Cara apakah pengeluar menggunakan banyak masa untuk membandingkan kelajuan filem? || membandingkan dengan produk yang bersaing <> Apakah jenis kaedah pengukuran yang mula berkembang? || sistem berasaskan separa-Scheiner yang diubahsuai <> Apa yang boleh diasingkan dengan perbandingan? || sistem berasaskan separa Scheiner yang diubahsuai", {"context": "The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896\u20131960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder\u2013Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder\u2013Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855\u20131944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)"}], "question": "Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "emulsion speeds"}], "question": "What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "comparing with competing products"}], "question": "What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"}], "question": "What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "modified semi-Scheiner-based systems"}], "question": "What eliminated comparability?", "id": "572640b938643c19005ad387"}]}], ["Sensitometer Standard Warnerke terdiri daripada bingkai yang memegang skrin legap dengan pelbagai biasanya 25 bernombor, secara beransur-ansur berpigmen kotak dijadikan kenalan dengan plat fotografi semasa pendedahan ujian masa di bawah tablet phosphorescent yang teruja sebelum dengan cahaya reben Magnesium terbakar. Kelajuan emulsi kemudiannya dinyatakan dalam Warnerke 'darjah' (kadang-kadang dilihat sebagai Warn atau \u00b0 W.) Sepadan dengan nombor terakhir yang dilihat pada plat terdedah selepas pembangunan dan penetapan. Setiap nombor mewakili peningkatan 1/3 dalam kelajuan, kelajuan plat biasa adalah antara 10 \u00b0 dan 25 \u00b0 Warnerke pada masa itu. <> Apa yang mengandungi 25 petak berpigmen menyentuh pinggan di bawah tablet pendarfluor di bawah cahaya reben Magnesium? || Sensitometer Standard Warnerke <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh langkah Warnerke? || Kelajuan emulsi <> Berapakah kelajuan dikaitkan dengan setiap Warnerke darjah? || peningkatan 1/3 dalam kelajuan <> Apa yang biasa berlaku dalam kelajuan Warnerke? || antara 10 \u00b0 dan 25 \u00b0 Warnerke <> Apa nombor pendedahan yang terakhir pada plat yang mewakili? || 'darjah' Warnerke", {"context": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer consisted of a frame holding an opaque screen with an array of typically 25 numbered, gradually pigmented squares brought into contact with the photographic plate during a timed test exposure under a phosphorescent tablet excited before by the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon. The speed of the emulsion was then expressed in 'degrees' Warnerke (sometimes seen as Warn. or \u00b0W.) corresponding with the last number visible on the exposed plate after development and fixation. Each number represented an increase of 1/3 in speed, typical plate speeds were between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke at the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Warnerke Standard Sensitometer"}], "question": "What consists of 25 pigmented squares touching a plate below a phosphorescent tablet under the light of a burning Magnesium ribbon?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "The speed of the emulsion"}], "question": "What do degrees Warnerke measure?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "an increase of 1/3 in speed"}], "question": "How much speed is associated with each degree Warnerke?", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "between 10\u00b0 and 25\u00b0 Warnerke"}], "question": "What were usual ranges of Warnerke speeds? ", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "'degrees' Warnerke"}], "question": "What does the last exposed number on the plate represent? ", "id": "57263d16271a42140099d7b5"}]}], ["Cadangan Weston Cadet (model 852 yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949), Bacaan Langsung (model 853 diperkenalkan 1954) dan Master III (model 737 dan S141.3 yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1956) adalah yang pertama dalam meter pendedahan mereka untuk menukar dan menggunakan ASA skala sebaliknya. Model-model lain menggunakan skala asal Weston sehingga ca. 1955. Syarikat itu terus menerbitkan rating filem Weston selepas 1955, tetapi ketika nilai-nilai disyorkan mereka sering berbeza sedikit dari kelajuan filem ASA yang terdapat pada kotak filem, nilai-nilai Weston yang lebih baru ini berdasarkan sistem ASA dan terpaksa ditukarkan untuk digunakan dengan lebih tua Weston meters dengan menolak 1/3 pendedahan berhenti mengikut cadangan Weston. Sebaliknya, penarafan kelajuan filem \"lama\" Weston boleh ditukar menjadi \"baru\" Westons dan skala ASA dengan menambahkan jumlah yang sama iaitu penarafan filem 100 Weston (sehingga tahun 1955) bersamaan dengan 125 ASA (seperti ASA PH2.5-1954 dan sebelum). Penukaran ini tidak diperlukan pada Weston meters manufactured dan penilaian filem Weston yang diterbitkan sejak tahun 1956 disebabkan penggunaan sistem ASA yang sedia ada; walau bagaimanapun perubahan revisi ASA PH2.5-1960 boleh diambil kira apabila dibandingkan dengan nilai-nilai ASA atau ISO baru. <> Kamera mana yang pertama jenis mereka untuk mengamalkan skala ASA? || Weston Cadet (model 852 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949), Reading Direct (model 853 diperkenalkan 1954) dan Master III (model 737 dan S141.3 diperkenalkan pada tahun 1956) <> Apa yang telah dikemaskini oleh Weston berdasarkan? || sistem ASA <> Bagaimana nilai Weston berubah menjadi nilai ASA? || dengan menolak 1/3 pendedahan berhenti <> Bermula dengan tahun mana penukaran Weston ke ASA tidak diperlukan? || 1956 <> Hingga tahun berapa model lain menggunakan skala Weston asal? || 1955", {"context": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956) were the first in their line of exposure meters to switch and utilize the meanwhile established ASA scale instead. Other models used the original Weston scale up until ca. 1955. The company continued to publish Weston film ratings after 1955, but while their recommended values often differed slightly from the ASA film speeds found on film boxes, these newer Weston values were based on the ASA system and had to be converted for use with older Weston meters by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop as per Weston's recommendation. Vice versa, \"old\" Weston film speed ratings could be converted into \"new\" Westons and the ASA scale by adding the same amount, that is, a film rating of 100 Weston (up to 1955) corresponded with 125 ASA (as per ASA PH2.5-1954 and before). This conversion was not necessary on Weston meters manufactured and Weston film ratings published since 1956 due to their inherent use of the ASA system; however the changes of the ASA PH2.5-1960 revision may be taken into account when comparing with newer ASA or ISO values.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Weston Cadet (model 852 introduced in 1949), Direct Reading (model 853 introduced 1954) and Master III (models 737 and S141.3 introduced in 1956)"}], "question": "Which cameras were first of their type to adopt the ASA scale?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "the ASA system"}], "question": "What were updated Weston values based on?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "by subtracting 1/3 exposure stop"}], "question": "How were Weston values changed to ASA values?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "1956"}], "question": "Beginning with which year was the Weston to ASA conversion not necessary?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "1955"}], "question": "Until what year did other models use the original Weston scale?", "id": "57264e6f5951b619008f6f73"}]}], ["Kamera digital jauh melebihi filem dari segi kepekaan hingga cahaya, dengan kelajuan setara ISO sehingga 409,600, nombor yang tidak dapat diukur dalam bidang fotografi filem konvensional. Pemproses yang lebih cepat, serta kemajuan dalam teknik pengurangan hingar perisian membolehkan jenis pemprosesan ini dilaksanakan semasa foto ditangkap, membolehkan jurugambar menyimpan imej yang mempunyai tahap penambahbaikan yang lebih tinggi dan akan melarang memakan masa untuk memproses dengan lebih awal generasi perkakasan kamera digital. <> Apakah jenis kamera yang telah terbukti menjadi lebih sensitif terhadap cahaya daripada filem? || Kamera digital <> Apakah kelajuan setara ISO boleh mendapatkan kamera digital? || 409,600 <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kenaikan kelajuan ini? || Pemproses lebih cepat, serta kemajuan dalam teknik pengurangan bunyi perisian <> Apa salah satu perkara yang memperlahankan perkakasan digital yang lebih lama? || melarang memakan masa untuk memproses <> Apa kelajuan yang lebih tinggi lakukan untuk menghasilkan imej? || tahap penambahbaikan yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "Digital cameras have far surpassed film in terms of sensitivity to light, with ISO equivalent speeds of up to 409,600, a number that is unfathomable in the realm of conventional film photography. Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques allow this type of processing to be executed the moment the photo is captured, allowing photographers to store images that have a higher level of refinement and would have been prohibitively time consuming to process with earlier generations of digital camera hardware.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Digital cameras"}], "question": "What types of cameras have proven to be much more sensitive to light than film?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "409,600"}], "question": "What ISO equivalent speeds can digital cameras obtain?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Faster processors, as well as advances in software noise reduction techniques"}], "question": "What is responsible for these vast increases in speed?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "prohibitively time consuming to process"}], "question": "What is one thing that limited speeds of older digital hardware?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "a higher level of refinement"}], "question": "What does the higher speed do for the images produced?", "id": "57265d27708984140094c3a5"}]}], ["Standard ASA menjalani semakan utama pada tahun 1960 dengan ASA PH2.5-1960, apabila kaedah untuk menentukan kelajuan filem telah diperhalusi dan sebelum ini digunakan faktor keselamatan terhadap pendedahan terdedah telah ditinggalkan, dengan berkesan menggandakan kelajuan nominal banyak hitam-putih filem negatif. Contohnya, Ilford HP3 yang diberi nilai pada 200 ASA sebelum 1960 dilabelkan 400 ASA selepas itu tanpa sebarang perubahan kepada emulsi. Perubahan serupa diterapkan pada sistem DIN dengan DIN 4512: 1961-10 dan sistem BS dengan BS 1380: 1963 pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. <> Pada tahun apakah perubahan besar yang dibuat kepada ANSI? || 1960 <> Apa perubahan 1960 ke langkah-langkah kelajuan filem membawa kepada? || berkesan menggandakan kelajuan nominal banyak filem negative hitam-putih-putih <> Sistem lain yang mana perubahan ini diterapkan? || sistem DIN <> Dalam tahun apakah sistem BS telah diubahsuai? || 1963 <> Apa faktor keselamatan yang telah dihapuskan dengan permulaan dengan pengubahsuaian kepada piawaian? || faktor keselamatan terhadap pendedahan yang kurang jelas", {"context": "The ASA standard underwent a major revision in 1960 with ASA PH2.5-1960, when the method to determine film speed was refined and previously applied safety factors against under-exposure were abandoned, effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films. For example, an Ilford HP3 that had been rated at 200 ASA before 1960 was labeled 400 ASA afterwards without any change to the emulsion. Similar changes were applied to the DIN system with DIN 4512:1961-10 and the BS system with BS 1380:1963 in the following years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1960"}], "question": "In what year were big changes made to the ANSI?", "id": "57265236708984140094c249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "effectively doubling the nominal speed of many black-and-white negative films"}], "question": "What did the 1960 changes to film speed measures lead to?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "the DIN system"}], "question": "Which other system were these changes applied to?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year was the BS system modified?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "safety factors against under-exposure"}], "question": "What safety factors were done away with beginning with the modifications to the standards?", "id": "57265236708984140094c24d"}]}], ["Apabila terdedah, jumlah tenaga cahaya yang mencapai filem menentukan kesan ke atas emulsi. Jika kecerahan cahaya dikalikan dengan faktor dan pendedahan filem menurun dengan faktor yang sama dengan mengubah kelajuan pengatup kamera dan aperture, supaya tenaga yang diterima adalah sama, filem itu akan dikembangkan ke ketumpatan yang sama. Peraturan ini dipanggil timbal balik. Sistem untuk menentukan kepekaan untuk emulsi adalah mungkin kerana timbal balik memegang. Dalam praktiknya, timbal balik berfungsi dengan baik untuk filem-filem fotografi biasa untuk pelbagai pendedahan antara 1/1000 kedua hingga 1/2 saat. Walau bagaimanapun, hubungan ini merosot di luar batas ini, satu fenomena yang dikenali sebagai kegagalan balas timbal balik. <> Apa yang menentukan kesan ke atas emulsi selepas pendedahan? || jumlah tenaga cahaya yang mencapai filem <> Dalam apa julat pendedahan yang biasanya berlaku? || antara 1/1000 kedua hingga 1/2 saat <> Bagaimana pendedahan filem berubah? || dengan mengubah kelajuan pengatup kamera dan aperture <> Bagaimana cara mencari kepekaan emulsi mungkin? || kerana timbal balik memegang <> Apa yang berlaku di luar julat pendedahan 1/1000 hingga 1 / kedua? || kegagalan timbal balas", {"context": "Upon exposure, the amount of light energy that reaches the film determines the effect upon the emulsion. If the brightness of the light is multiplied by a factor and the exposure of the film decreased by the same factor by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture, so that the energy received is the same, the film will be developed to the same density. This rule is called reciprocity. The systems for determining the sensitivity for an emulsion are possible because reciprocity holds. In practice, reciprocity works reasonably well for normal photographic films for the range of exposures between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second. However, this relationship breaks down outside these limits, a phenomenon known as reciprocity failure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the amount of light energy that reaches the film"}], "question": "What determines the effect on the emulsion after exposure?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "between 1/1000 second to 1/2 second"}], "question": "In what range of exposures does reciprocity usually work?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "by varying the camera's shutter speed and aperture"}], "question": "How is the exposure of film changed?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "because reciprocity holds"}], "question": "How are ways of finding an emulsion's sensitivity possible?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "reciprocity failure"}], "question": "What happens outside the 1/1000 second to 1/second exposure range?", "id": "5726565df1498d1400e8dc76"}]}], ["Kelajuan filem ditemui dari satu plot kepadatan optik berbanding log pendedahan untuk filem, yang dikenali sebagai kurva D-log H atau Hurter-Driffield. Biasanya terdapat lima kawasan dalam lengkung: asas + kabut, kaki, rantau linear, bahu, dan rantau yang terlalu padat. Untuk filem negatif hitam dan putih, \"titik kelajuan\" m adalah titik pada lengkung di mana ketumpatan melebihi ketumpatan kabus + asas sebanyak 0.1 apabila negatif dibangunkan supaya titik n di mana log pendedahan adalah 1.3 unit lebih besar daripada pendedahan pada titik m mempunyai kepadatan 0.8 lebih besar daripada ketumpatan pada titik m. Pendedahan Hm, dalam lux-s, adalah untuk titik m apabila keadaan kontras yang dinyatakan berpuas hati. Kelajuan aritmetik ISO ditentukan dari: <> Apakah plot dari mana kelajuan filem diperolehi dipanggil? || kurva D-log H atau Hurter-Driffield curve <> Berapa rantau mempunyai keluk Hurter-Driffield? || lima <> Apa yang diplotkan dalam lengkung Hurter-Driffield? || satu plot kepadatan optik berbanding log pendedahan untuk filem <> Apa yang dinyatakan apabila keadaan kontras yang dinyatakan dipenuhi? || Pendedahan Hm, dalam lux-s <> Apakah lima kawasan lengkung Hurter-Driffield? || dasar + kabut, kaki, rantau linear, bahu, dan rantau yang terlalu padat", {"context": "Film speed is found from a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film, known as the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve. There typically are five regions in the curve: the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region. For black-and-white negative film, the \u201cspeed point\u201d m is the point on the curve where density exceeds the base + fog density by 0.1 when the negative is developed so that a point n where the log of exposure is 1.3 units greater than the exposure at point m has a density 0.8 greater than the density at point m. The exposure Hm, in lux-s, is that for point m when the specified contrast condition is satisfied. The ISO arithmetic speed is determined from:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the D\u2013log H curve or Hurter\u2013Driffield curve"}], "question": "What is the plot from which film speed is derived called?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many regions does the Hurter-Driffield curve have?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "a plot of optical density vs. log of exposure for the film"}], "question": "What is plotted in the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "The exposure Hm, in lux-s"}], "question": "What is denoted when the specified contrast condition is met?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "the base + fog, the toe, the linear region, the shoulder, and the overexposed region"}], "question": "What are the five regions of the Hurter-Driffield curve?", "id": "57265352dd62a815002e8194"}]}], ["Untuk kamera foto digital (\"kamera tetap digital\"), penarafan indeks pendedahan (EI) yang biasanya dipanggil tetapan ISO-ditentukan oleh pengeluar supaya fail imej sRGB yang dihasilkan oleh kamera akan mempunyai cahaya yang serupa dengan apa yang akan diperolehi dengan filem penarafan EI yang sama pada pendedahan yang sama. Reka bentuk yang biasa adalah bahawa parameter kamera untuk menafsirkan nilai-nilai data sensor ke dalam nilai sRGB adalah tetap, dan beberapa pilihan EI yang berbeza diakomodasi dengan mengubah keuntungan isyarat sensor dalam bidang analog, sebelum penukaran kepada digital. Sesetengah reka bentuk kamera menyediakan sekurang-kurangnya beberapa pilihan EI dengan menyesuaikan penambahan isyarat sensor dalam dunia digital. Reka bentuk kamera beberapa juga menyediakan pelarasan EI melalui pilihan parameter ringan untuk tafsiran nilai data sensor ke dalam sRGB; variasi ini membolehkan tradeoffs berbeza antara pelbagai sorotan yang boleh ditangkap dan jumlah bunyi yang diperkenalkan ke dalam kawasan bayangan foto. <> Apakah nama lain untuk penilaian indeks pendedahan? || Tetapan ISO <> Bagaimana sesetengah reka bentuk kamera memberikan beberapa pilihan EI? || dengan melaraskan keuntungan isyarat sensor dalam dunia digital <> Siapa yang memberi penarafan indeks pendedahan? || pengilang <> Apakah kamera foto digital juga dipanggil? || kamera tetap digital", {"context": "For digital photo cameras (\"digital still cameras\"), an exposure index (EI) rating\u2014commonly called ISO setting\u2014is specified by the manufacturer such that the sRGB image files produced by the camera will have a lightness similar to what would be obtained with film of the same EI rating at the same exposure. The usual design is that the camera's parameters for interpreting the sensor data values into sRGB values are fixed, and a number of different EI choices are accommodated by varying the sensor's signal gain in the analog realm, prior to conversion to digital. Some camera designs provide at least some EI choices by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm. A few camera designs also provide EI adjustment through a choice of lightness parameters for the interpretation of sensor data values into sRGB; this variation allows different tradeoffs between the range of highlights that can be captured and the amount of noise introduced into the shadow areas of the photo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "ISO setting"}], "question": "What is another name for an exposure index rating?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "by adjusting the sensor's signal gain in the digital realm"}], "question": "How do some camera designs give some EI choices?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "the manufacturer"}], "question": "Who provides the exposure index rating?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "digital still cameras"}], "question": "What are digital photo cameras also called?", "id": "57265bf25951b619008f7088"}]}], ["Sesetengah filem hitam dan putih berkelajuan tinggi, seperti Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200, dipasarkan dengan kelajuan filem melebihi kelajuan ISO sebenar mereka yang ditentukan menggunakan kaedah ujian ISO. Sebagai contoh, produk Ilford sebenarnya adalah filem ISO 1000, mengikut lembaran datanya. Pengilang tidak menunjukkan bahawa nombor 3200 adalah penilaian ISO pada pembungkusan mereka. Kodak dan Fuji juga memasarkan filem E6 yang direka untuk menolak (dengan itu awalan \"P\"), seperti Ektachrome P800 / 1600 dan Fujichrome P1600, kedua-duanya dengan kelajuan asas ISO 400. <> Apakah dua contoh filem yang dipasarkan kelajuan di atas kelajuan ISO sebenar mereka? || Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200 <> Apa kelajuan filem adalah Ilford Delta 3200? || ISO 1000 <> Yang mana dua syarikat menghasilkan filem E6 dimaksudkan untuk \"menolak\"? || Kodak dan Fuji <> Apakah kelajuan asas Ektachrome P800 / 1600 dan Fujichrome P1600? || ISO 400 <> Apa jenis filem-filem Ilford Delta 3200 dan Kodak T-MAX P3200? || filem hitam dan putih berkelajuan tinggi", {"context": "Some high-speed black-and-white films, such as Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200, are marketed with film speeds in excess of their true ISO speed as determined using the ISO testing method. For example, the Ilford product is actually an ISO 1000 film, according to its data sheet. The manufacturers do not indicate that the 3200 number is an ISO rating on their packaging. Kodak and Fuji also marketed E6 films designed for pushing (hence the \"P\" prefix), such as Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600, both with a base speed of ISO 400.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200"}], "question": "What are two examples of films that are marketed with speeds above their true ISO speed?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "ISO 1000"}], "question": "What speed of film is the Ilford Delta 3200?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Kodak and Fuji"}], "question": "Which two companies produced E6 films meant for \"pushing\"?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c31f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "ISO 400"}], "question": "What is the base speed of Ektachrome P800/1600 and Fujichrome P1600?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "high-speed black-and-white films"}], "question": "What type of films are Ilford Delta 3200 and Kodak T-MAX P3200?", "id": "572657b8708984140094c321"}]}], ["Teknik Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan (REI), yang baru dalam versi 2006, membenarkan pengeluar untuk menentukan pilihan EI model kamera sewenang-wenangnya. Pilihan berdasarkan semata-mata berdasarkan pendapat pengeluar tentang apa nilai EI menghasilkan imej sRGB yang terdedah dengan baik di pelbagai tetapan kepekaan sensor. Ini adalah satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah standard untuk format output yang tidak berada dalam ruang warna sRGB. Ini juga satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah piawai apabila pemetauan berbilang zon (juga dikenali sebagai pemeteran corak) digunakan. <> Apakah pilihan Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan untuk memberikan pengeluar? || untuk menentukan pilihan EI model kamera sewenang-wenangnya <> Apakah nama lain untuk pemeteran berbilang zon? || corak pemeterian <> Apakah perbezaan yang ada dalam Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan? || satu-satunya teknik yang terdapat di bawah standard untuk format output yang tidak berada dalam ruang warna sRGB <> Bilakah Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan diperkenalkan? || 2006 <> Apakah satu-satunya teknik yang boleh digunakan apabila pengukuran pelbagai zon digunakan? || Indeks Pendedahan yang Disyorkan (REI)", {"context": "The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer\u2019s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "to specify a camera model\u2019s EI choices arbitrarily"}], "question": "What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? ", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "pattern metering"}], "question": "What is another name for multi-zone metering?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space"}], "question": "What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f7149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique"}], "question": "What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?", "id": "572663cd5951b619008f714b"}]}], ["Berdasarkan karya penyelidikan awal oleh Loyd Ancile Jones (1884-1954) Kodak dan diilhamkan oleh sistem penilaian kelajuan filem Weston dan nilai-nilai filem General Electric, Persatuan Piawaian Amerika (sekarang bernama ANSI) menetapkan kaedah baru untuk menentukan dan menentukan filem kelajuan filem-filem negatif hitam-putih pada tahun 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 telah disemak semula pada tahun 1946 dan 1947 sebelum standard berkembang menjadi ASA PH2.5-1954. Asalnya, nilai ASA sering dirujuk sebagai nombor kelajuan standard Amerika atau nombor indeks pendedahan ASA. (Lihat juga: Indeks Pendedahan (EI).) <> Siapa yang mempelopori penyelidikan yang membawa kepada nilai ANSI baru? || Loyd Ancile Jones <> Apakah standard yang dibangunkan oleh ANSI? || Kedudukan kelajuan filem Weston dan nilai filem General Electric <> Apakah jenis filem yang dilakukan oleh ANSI? || filem negatif hitam-putih <> Bilakah ANSI mentakrifkan langkah barunya? || 1943 <> Apakah nilai-nilai ANSI yang sering dipanggil pada permulaan? || Nombor kelajuan standard Amerika atau nombor indeks pendedahan ASA", {"context": "Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884\u20131954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Loyd Ancile Jones"}], "question": "Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values"}], "question": "What standards were the ANSI developed from?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "black-and-white negative films"}], "question": "What types of film did the ANSI measure?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "1943"}], "question": "When did the ANSI define its new measure?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers"}], "question": "What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?", "id": "572650e6708984140094c21d"}]}], ["Kelajuan filem digunakan dalam persamaan pendedahan untuk mencari parameter pendedahan yang sesuai. Empat pembolehubah disediakan untuk jurugambar untuk mendapatkan kesan yang diingini: pencahayaan, kelajuan filem, f-nombor (saiz apertur), dan kelajuan pengatup (masa pendedahan). Persamaan boleh dinyatakan sebagai nisbah, atau, dengan mengambil logaritma (asas 2) kedua-dua pihak, dengan penambahan, dengan menggunakan sistem APEX, di mana setiap kenaikan 1 ialah pendedahan dua kali ganda; kenaikan ini biasanya dikenali sebagai \"berhenti\". Nombor f yang berkesan adalah berkadar dengan nisbah antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter apertur, diameternya sendiri berkadaran dengan punca kuasa kawasan apertur. Oleh itu, lensa yang ditetapkan ke f / 1.4 membolehkan dua kali lebih banyak cahaya untuk menyerang satah fokus sebagai lensa yang ditetapkan ke f / 2. Oleh itu, setiap faktor f-bilangan akar kuadrat dua (kira-kira 1.4) juga berhenti, jadi lensa biasanya ditandakan dalam perkembangan: f / 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22 , 32, dan lain-lain <> Berapakah f-nombor berkesan yang berkadar dengan? || nisbah antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter apertur <> Apa yang digunakan untuk mengetahui parameter pendedahan yang betul? || Kelajuan filem <> Pemboleh ubah apa yang membantu jurugambar menghasilkan kesan yang diingini? || pencahayaan, kelajuan filem, nombor f (saiz apertur), dan kelajuan pengatup (masa pendedahan) <> Satu lensa dengan tetapan f / 1.4 membolehkan berapa banyak memukul pesawat fokus berbanding dengan tetapan f / 2? || dua kali lebih banyak <> Dalam sistem APEX, kenaikan yang menyebabkan pendedahan dipanggil apa? || \"berhenti\"", {"context": "Film speed is used in the exposure equations to find the appropriate exposure parameters. Four variables are available to the photographer to obtain the desired effect: lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time). The equation may be expressed as ratios, or, by taking the logarithm (base 2) of both sides, by addition, using the APEX system, in which every increment of 1 is a doubling of exposure; this increment is commonly known as a \"stop\". The effective f-number is proportional to the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter, the diameter itself being proportional to the square root of the aperture area. Thus, a lens set to f/1.4 allows twice as much light to strike the focal plane as a lens set to f/2. Therefore, each f-number factor of the square root of two (approximately 1.4) is also a stop, so lenses are typically marked in that progression: f/1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22, 32, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "the ratio between the lens focal length and aperture diameter"}], "question": "What is the effective f-number proportional to?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Film speed"}], "question": "What is used to discover the right exposure parameters?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "lighting, film speed, f-number (aperture size), and shutter speed (exposure time)"}], "question": "What variables help the photographer produce the desired effect?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "twice as much"}], "question": "A lens with a setting of f/1.4 lets how much to hit the focal plane compared with a setting of f/2?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "\"stop\""}], "question": "In the APEX system, the increment that doubles the exposure is called what?", "id": "572655085951b619008f6fdf"}]}], ["Standard ISO ISO 12232: 2006 memberi pengeluar kamera tetap digital pilihan lima teknik yang berbeza untuk menentukan penarafan indeks pendedahan pada setiap tetapan sensitiviti yang disediakan oleh model kamera tertentu. Tiga teknik dalam ISO 12232: 2006 dijalankan dari versi 1998 standard, manakala dua teknik baru yang membolehkan pengukuran fail output JPEG diperkenalkan dari CIPA DC-004. Bergantung kepada teknik yang dipilih, penarafan indeks pendedahan boleh bergantung kepada kepekaan sensor, bunyi sensor, dan rupa imej yang dihasilkan. Standard menentukan pengukuran kepekaan cahaya keseluruhan sistem kamera digital dan bukan komponen individu seperti sensor digital, walaupun Kodak telah melaporkan menggunakan variasi untuk mencirikan kepekaan dua sensor mereka pada tahun 2001. <> Berapa banyak teknik yang tersedia kerana ISO 12232: 2006? || lima <> Apakah teknik yang disediakan CIPA DC-004? || dua teknik baru yang membolehkan pengukuran fail output JPEG <> Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi penilaian indeks pendedahan? || sensitiviti sensor, bunyi sensor, dan rupa imej yang dihasilkan <> Apakah standard ISO 12232: 2006 yang dinyatakan? || pengukuran kepekaan cahaya keseluruhan sistem kamera digital dan bukan komponen individu <> Dalam tahun apakah Kodak mula menggunakan cara yang berbeza untuk mencirikan dua sensor? || 2001", {"context": "The ISO standard ISO 12232:2006 gives digital still camera manufacturers a choice of five different techniques for determining the exposure index rating at each sensitivity setting provided by a particular camera model. Three of the techniques in ISO 12232:2006 are carried over from the 1998 version of the standard, while two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files are introduced from CIPA DC-004. Depending on the technique selected, the exposure index rating can depend on the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image. The standard specifies the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components such as digital sensors, although Kodak has reported using a variation to characterize the sensitivity of two of their sensors in 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many techniques are available because of ISO 12232:2006?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f710f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "two new techniques allowing for measurement of JPEG output files"}], "question": "What techniques did CIPA DC-004 provide?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "the sensor sensitivity, the sensor noise, and the appearance of the resulting image"}], "question": "What factors affect the exposure index rating?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "the measurement of light sensitivity of the entire digital camera system and not of individual components"}], "question": "What does the standard of ISO 12232:2006 specify?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year did Kodak start using a different way of characterizing two sensors?", "id": "5726625c5951b619008f7113"}]}], ["Standard CIPA DC-004 menghendaki pengeluar kamera digital digital menggunakan sama ada teknik REI atau SOS, dan DC-008 mengemas kini spesifikasi Exif untuk membezakan antara nilai-nilai ini. Akibatnya, tiga teknik EI yang dibawa dari ISO 12232: 1998 tidak banyak digunakan dalam model kamera terkini (sekitar 2007 dan kemudian). Oleh kerana teknik-teknik terdahulu tidak membenarkan pengukuran daripada imej yang dihasilkan dengan pemampatan lossy, mereka tidak boleh digunakan sama sekali pada kamera yang menghasilkan imej hanya dalam format JPEG. <> Kaedah mana yang diperlukan oleh CIPA DC-004? || Teknik REI atau SOS <> Pada tahun apakah tiga teknik EI dari ISO 12232: 1998 sebahagian besarnya berhenti digunakan? || kira-kira 2007 dan kemudian <> Dengan apa kamera teknik terdahulu tidak boleh digunakan? || kamera yang menghasilkan imej hanya dalam format JPEG <> Kamera negara mana yang dikenakan CIPA DC-004? || Jepun <> Apa perubahan DC-008? || spesifikasi Exif", {"context": "The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "REI or SOS techniques"}], "question": "Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "approximately 2007 and later"}], "question": "In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "cameras that produce images only in JPEG format"}], "question": "With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Japanese"}], "question": "What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "the Exif specification"}], "question": "What does the DC-008 change?", "id": "5726668a708984140094c4cf"}]}], ["Teknik Sensitiviti Keluaran Output (SOS), juga baru dalam versi 2006 standard, dengan jelas menyatakan bahawa paras purata dalam imej sRGB mestilah 18% kelabu ditambah atau tolak 1/3 berhenti apabila pendedahan dikawal oleh pendedahan automatik sistem kawalan yang dikalibrasi setiap ISO 2721 dan ditetapkan kepada EI tanpa pampasan pendedahan. Kerana tahap keluaran diukur dalam output sRGB dari kamera, ia hanya terpakai untuk imej sRGB-biasanya JPEG dan bukan untuk mengeluarkan fail dalam format imej mentah. Ia tidak boleh digunakan apabila meterai pelbagai zon digunakan. <> Tahun apakah teknik Sensitivitas Keluaran Standard yang diperkenalkan? || 2006 <> Apa gunanya teknik Sensitivity Output Standard? || sRGB images-typically JPEG <> Apakah tahap output diukur? || output sRGB dari kamera <> Dengan apa jenis pemeteran boleh Sensitivity Output Standard tidak boleh digunakan? || pemeteran pelbagai zon <> Dengan piawaian apakah sistem kawalan pendedahan automatik ditentukur? || ISO 2721", {"context": "The Standard Output Sensitivity (SOS) technique, also new in the 2006 version of the standard, effectively specifies that the average level in the sRGB image must be 18% gray plus or minus 1/3 stop when the exposure is controlled by an automatic exposure control system calibrated per ISO 2721 and set to the EI with no exposure compensation. Because the output level is measured in the sRGB output from the camera, it is only applicable to sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG\u2014and not to output files in raw image format. It is not applicable when multi-zone metering is used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the Standard Output Sensitivity technique introduced?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "sRGB images\u2014typically JPEG"}], "question": "What does the Standard Output Sensitivity technique apply to?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "the sRGB output from the camera"}], "question": "What is the output level measured in?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "multi-zone metering"}], "question": "With what type of metering can the Standard Output Sensitivity not be used?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "ISO 2721"}], "question": "With what standard is the automatic exposure control system calibrated?", "id": "572665495951b619008f7197"}]}], ["di mana pendedahan maksimum yang tidak membawa kepada keluaran kamera yang dipotong atau dibekukan. Biasanya, had yang lebih rendah dalam kelajuan tepu ditentukan oleh sensor itu sendiri, tetapi dengan mendapat penguat di antara sensor dan penukar analog-ke-digital, kelajuan tepu dapat ditingkatkan. Faktor 78 dipilih supaya tetapan pendedahan berdasarkan meter cahaya standard dan permukaan reflektif 18 peratus akan menghasilkan imej dengan tahap kelabu 18% / \u221a2 = 12.7% tepu. Faktor \u221a2 menunjukkan bahawa terdapat separuh stop headroom untuk menangani pantulan spekular yang akan kelihatan lebih terang daripada 100% yang mencerminkan permukaan putih. <> Apakah sensor biasanya menentukan? || had bawah kelajuan tepu <> Bagaimana kelajuan tepu dapat ditingkatkan? || dengan mendapat penguat antara sensor dan penukar analog-ke-digital <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh faktor \u221a2? || terdapat separuh stop headroom untuk berurusan dengan pantulan spekular yang akan kelihatan lebih terang daripada 100% yang mencerminkan permukaan putih <> Apa yang dapat menyebabkan terlalu banyak pendedahan? || keluaran kamera dipotong atau dibekukan", {"context": "where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/\u221a2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor \u221a2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "lower limit of the saturation speed"}], "question": "What does the sensor usually determine?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter"}], "question": "How can the saturation speed be increased?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dfef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface"}], "question": "What is indicated by the factor \u221a2?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "clipped or bloomed camera output"}], "question": "What can too much exposure lead to?", "id": "5726722df1498d1400e8dff1"}]}], ["Walaupun definisi standard terperinci ini, kamera biasanya tidak menunjukkan dengan jelas sama ada tetapan \"ISO\" pengguna merujuk kepada kelajuan berasaskan bunyi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau sensitiviti keluaran tertentu, atau beberapa nombor dibuat untuk tujuan pemasaran. Kerana versi ISO 12232 1998 tidak membenarkan pengukuran output kamera yang mempunyai mampatan lossy, tidak mungkin untuk menggunakan mana-mana pengukuran tersebut dengan kamera yang tidak menghasilkan fail sRGB dengan betul dalam format yang tidak dikompresi seperti TIFF. Berikutan penerbitan CIPA DC-004 pada tahun 2006, pengilang kamera digital digital diperlukan untuk menentukan sama ada penarafan kepekaan adalah REI atau SOS. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah langkah-langkah yang mungkin ditetapkan oleh pengguna \"ISO\"? || kelajuan berasaskan bunyi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau kepekaan keluaran yang ditentukan, atau beberapa nombor yang dibuat untuk tujuan pemasaran <> Apakah versi ISO 12232 tidak dibenarkan? || pengukuran output kamera yang mempunyai mampatan lossy <> Apakah jenis penarafan kepekaan yang boleh ditentukan oleh kamera? || REI atau SOS <> Apakah standard yang telah diubah oleh pembuat kamera Jepun? || CIPA DC-004 <> Pada tahun apakah CIPA DC-004 diperkenalkan? || 2006", {"context": "Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user \"ISO\" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes"}], "question": "What measures might the user \"ISO\" setting correspond to?", "id": "572676395951b619008f734f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "measurement of camera output that had lossy compression"}], "question": "What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "REI or SOS"}], "question": "What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "CIPA DC-004"}], "question": "What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?", "id": "572676395951b619008f7353"}]}], ["Piawaian ini menentukan bagaimana rating kelajuan harus dilaporkan oleh kamera. Jika kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu, kelajuan berasaskan bunyi harus dilaporkan, dibulatkan ke bawah ke nilai standard (contohnya 200, 250, 320, atau 400). Rasional adalah pendedahan berdasarkan kelajuan berasaskan tepu yang rendah tidak akan menghasilkan imej yang lebih jelas. Di samping itu, latitud pendedahan boleh ditentukan, dari kelajuan berasaskan tepu ke kelajuan berasaskan bunyi 10: 1. Jika kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) lebih rendah daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu, atau tidak ditentukan kerana bunyi yang tinggi, kelajuan berasaskan tepu ditentukan, dibundarkan ke atas nilai standard, kerana menggunakan kelajuan berasaskan bunyi membawa kepada imej yang terlalu banyak. Kamera juga boleh melaporkan kelajuan berasaskan SOS (secara eksplisit sebagai kelajuan SOS), dibundarkan kepada penarafan kelajuan standard yang terdekat. <> Apakah julat untuk latitud pendedahan? || dari kelajuan berasaskan tepu ke kelajuan berasaskan bunyi 10: 1 <> Apakah kelajuan lain yang juga boleh dilaporkan oleh kamera? || Kelajuan berasaskan SOS <> Bilakah kelajuan berasaskan bunyi digunakan? || kelajuan berasaskan bunyi (40: 1) adalah lebih tinggi daripada kelajuan berasaskan tepu <> Mengapa kelajuan berasaskan bunyi harus dibulatkan ke standard yang lebih rendah? || pendedahan mengikut kelajuan berasaskan ketepuan yang lebih rendah tidak akan menghasilkan imej yang lebih jelas <> Apa standard menentukan? || bagaimana rating kelajuan harus dilaporkan oleh kamera", {"context": "The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed"}], "question": "What is the range for exposure latitude?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 793, "text": "SOS-based speed"}], "question": "What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed"}], "question": "When should the noise-based speed be used?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f7317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image"}], "question": "Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f731a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "how speed ratings should be reported by the camera"}], "question": "What does the standard specify?", "id": "572674a05951b619008f731b"}]}], ["Kelajuan berasaskan bunyi yang ditakrifkan sebagai pendedahan yang akan membawa kepada nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi yang diberikan pada piksel individu. Dua nisbah digunakan, 40: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang sangat baik\") dan nisbah 10: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang boleh diterima\"). Rasio-rasio ini telah ditentukan secara subjektif berdasarkan resolusi 70 piksel per cm (178 DPI) apabila dilihat pada jarak 25 cm (9.8 inci). Nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi ditakrifkan sebagai sisihan piawai purata wajaran cahaya dan warna piksel individu. Kelajuan berasaskan bunyi adalah kebanyakannya ditentukan oleh sifat-sifat sensor dan agak terjejas oleh bunyi bising dalam alat elektronik dan penukar AD. <> Rasio mana yang digunakan untuk mengira kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || 40: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang sangat baik\") dan nisbah 10: 1 (\"kualiti imej yang boleh diterima\") <> Apa kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || pendedahan yang akan membawa kepada nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi yang diberikan pada piksel individu <> Bagaimana kedua-dua nisbah tersebut dijumpai? || secara subjektif ditentukan berdasarkan resolusi 70 piksel per cm (178 DPI) apabila dilihat pada jarak 25 cm (9.8 inci) <> Apakah definisi nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi? || sisihan piawai purata berwajaran cahaya dan warna piksel individu <> Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kelajuan berasaskan bunyi? || sifat-sifat sensor dan agak terjejas oleh hingar dalam keuntungan elektronik dan penukar AD", {"context": "The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "the 40:1 (\"excellent image quality\") and the 10:1 (\"acceptable image quality\") ratio"}], "question": "Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels"}], "question": "What is the noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8dfff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance"}], "question": "How are the two ratios found?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels"}], "question": "What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter"}], "question": "What factors influence the noise-based speed?", "id": "57267360f1498d1400e8e002"}]}]], [["Semasa pertempuran ini, pada 13 September, Bahagian 4, di bawah John A. Quitman, mempelopori serangan terhadap Chapultepec dan membawa istana. Jeneral Konfederasi masa depan George E. Pickett dan James Longstreet mengambil bahagian dalam serangan itu. Berkhidmat dalam pertahanan Mexico adalah kadet yang kemudian diabadikan sebagai Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes (\"Pahlawan Anak\"). Pasukan Mexico jatuh dari Chapultepec dan berundur dalam bandar. Serangan terhadap Bel\u00e9n dan San Cosme Gates datang selepas itu. Perjanjian Guadalupe Hidalgo ditandatangani dalam apa yang kini jauh di utara bandar. <> Siapa yang mengetuai bahagian 4? || John A. Quitman <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani? || Guadalupe Hidalgo <> Siapa jeneral yang akan datang? || George E. Pickett dan James Longstreet <> Siapa yang membawa istana? || Bahagian Keempat <> Bilakah istana jatuh? || pada 13 September", {"context": "During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes (the \"Boy Heroes\"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Bel\u00e9n and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "John A. Quitman"}], "question": "Who led the 4th division?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Guadalupe Hidalgo"}], "question": "What treaty was signed?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "George E. Pickett and James Longstreet"}], "question": "Who were the future confederate generals?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the 4th Division"}], "question": "Who carried the castle?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "on September 13"}], "question": "When did the castle fall?", "id": "57265d79708984140094c3af"}]}], ["Mexico City, atau Mexico City (Bahasa Sepanyol: Ciudad de M\u00e9xico audio (bantuan \u00b7 maklumat) American Spanish: [sju\u00f0a (\u00f0) \u00cc m\u00e9xiko]; disingkat sebagai \"CDMX\"), ibu kota Mexico. Sebagai bandar global \"alpha\", Mexico City adalah salah satu pusat kewangan yang paling penting di Amerika. Ia terletak di Lembah Mexico (Valle de M\u00e9xico), sebuah lembah yang besar di dataran tinggi di pusat Mexico, di ketinggian 2,240 meter (7,350 kaki). Bandar ini terdiri daripada enam daerah perbandaran (sebelum ini disebut borough). <> Bagaimana kaki manusia di atas permukaan laut adalah Bandar Mexico || 7,350 <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran di Mexico City? || enam belas <> Apa yang mereka gunakan untuk memanggil majlis perbandaran di Bandar Raya Mexico? || borough <> Apakah perkataan Sepanyol untuk Mexico City? || Ciudad de M\u00e9xico <> Berapa meter di atas laut adalah Bandar Mexico? || 2,240", {"context": "Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de M\u00e9xico  audio (help\u00b7info) American Spanish: [sju\u02c8\u00f0a(\u00f0) \u00f0e \u02c8m\u00e9xiko]; abbreviated as \"CDMX\"), is the capital of Mexico. As an \"alpha\" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de M\u00e9xico), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "7,350"}], "question": "How man feet above sea level is Mexico City", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "sixteen"}], "question": "How many municipalities are in Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "boroughs"}], "question": "What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Ciudad de M\u00e9xico"}], "question": "What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "2,240"}], "question": "How many meters above sea is Mexico City?", "id": "57263e5189a1e219009ac5ae"}]}], ["Semasa era pemerintahan Porfirian, bandar ini menjalani pemodenan yang luas. Banyak bangunan gaya Kolonial Sepanyol telah dimusnahkan, digantikan oleh institusi Porfirian yang jauh lebih besar dan banyak kawasan luar bandar yang terpencil telah berubah menjadi daerah bandar atau perindustrian dengan kebanyakannya mempunyai kemudahan elektrik, gas dan kumbahan menjelang tahun 1908. Walaupun tumpuan awalnya adalah untuk membangunkan hospital-hospital moden, sekolah-sekolah , kilang-kilang dan kerja-kerja awam besar-besaran, mungkin kesan-kesan yang paling berpanjangan dari pemodenan Porfirian adalah penciptaan kawasan Colonia Roma dan pembangunan Reforma Avenue. Banyak tarikan utama di Mexico City dan landmark telah dibina pada era ini dalam gaya ini. <> Bilakah kebanyakan pembandaran selesai? || oleh 1908 <> Pemodenan yang luas bermula dengan apa? || Banyak bangunan gaya Kolonial Sepanyol dimusnahkan <> Apa yang dibina semasa pemodenan? || hospital, sekolah, kilang dan kerja-kerja awam yang besar <> Jalan terkenal apa yang dibina semasa zaman pemodenan ini? || Reforma Avenue", {"context": "During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "by 1908"}], "question": "When was most of the urbanization completed? ", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed"}], "question": "The extensive modernization started with what?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works"}], "question": "What was built during the modernization?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Reforma Avenue"}], "question": "What famous street was built during this period of modernization?", "id": "57265e0bf1498d1400e8dd65"}]}], ["Bandar ini semakin meningkat apabila penduduknya naik ke perairan tasik. Ketika kedalaman air tasik berfluktuasi, Mexico City mengalami banjir berkala. Satu draf buruh utama, yang desag\u00fce, memaksa beribu-ribu orang India dalam tempoh penjajah untuk mengusahakan infrastruktur untuk mencegah banjir. Banjir bukan sahaja menyusahkan tetapi juga bahaya kesihatan, sejak semasa banjir berlaku sisa manusia mencemarkan jalan-jalan di bandar. Dengan mengalir kawasan itu, populasi nyamuk menurun seperti kekerapan penyakit yang disebarkannya. Walau bagaimanapun, penyaliran tanah lembap juga mengubah habitat untuk ikan dan burung dan kawasan yang boleh diakses penanaman India dekat dengan ibu kota. <> Apa draf buruh dipanggil? || yang desag\u00fce <> Siapa yang membantu membina infrastruktur di sekitar tasik? || India <> Apakah masalah utama dengan begitu dekat dengan tasik? || banjir <> Apa yang negatif mengawal ketinggian air tasik? || menukar habitat untuk ikan dan burung <> Berapa banyak orang India membantu membina infrastruktur? || beribu-ribu", {"context": "The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desag\u00fce, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the desag\u00fce"}], "question": "What was the labor draft called?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Indians"}], "question": "Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "flooding"}], "question": "What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "changed the habitat for fish and birds"}], "question": "What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? ", "id": "57265b12f1498d1400e8dd06"}]}], ["Ibukota Mexico adalah ibu kota tertua di Amerika dan salah satu daripada dua yang diasaskan oleh Amerindians (Orang asli Amerika), yang lain adalah Quito. Bandar ini pada asalnya dibina di atas sebuah pulau Lake Texcoco oleh Aztecs pada tahun 1325 sebagai Tenochtitlan, yang hampir hancur sepenuhnya pada pengepungan Tennojatlan 1521, dan kemudiannya direka semula dan dibina semula mengikut piawaian bandar Sepanyol. Pada tahun 1524, perbandaran Mexico City ditubuhkan, dikenali sebagai M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, dan pada 1585 ia secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City berkhidmat sebagai pusat politik, pentadbiran dan kewangan sebahagian utama empayar kolonial Sepanyol. Selepas kemerdekaan dari Sepanyol dicapai, Daerah Persekutuan dicipta pada tahun 1824. <> Apakah nama asal Mexico City? || Tenochtitlan <> Siapa yang mula membina Bandar Raya Mexico? || Aztecs <> Bilakah Daerah Persekutuan dibentuk? || 1824 <> Di manakah bandar pertama dibina? || di sebuah pulau Tasik Texcoco <> Ketika Mexico City secara rasminya diasaskan oleh orang Sepanyol? || 1585", {"context": "Mexico\u2019s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as M\u00e9xico Tenochtitl\u00e1n, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Tenochtitlan"}], "question": "What was the original name of Mexico City?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dcff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the Aztecs"}], "question": "Who originally built Mexico City?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "1824"}], "question": "When was the Federal District formed?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "on an island of Lake Texcoco"}], "question": "Where was the city first built?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "1585"}], "question": "When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?", "id": "5726427cec44d21400f3dd03"}]}], ["Kota Raya Mexico mempunyai keluaran dalam negeri kasar (KDNK) US $ 411 bilion pada tahun 2011, menjadikan bandar raya Mexico City sebagai salah satu kawasan metropolitan terbesar di dunia. Bandar ini bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan 15.8% daripada Produk Domestik Kotor Mexico dan kawasan metropolitan menyumbang kira-kira 22% daripada jumlah KDNK negara. Sebagai sebuah negara yang berdiri sendiri, pada tahun 2013, Mexico City menjadi ekonomi kelima terbesar di Amerika Latin-lima kali lebih besar dari Costa Rica dan kira-kira sama dengan Peru. <> Berapa besar ialah GDP Mexico City? || US $ 411 bilion <> Berapa besarkah ialah GDP Mexico City daripada Costa Rica? || lima kali <> Sebanyak peratus daripada KDNK Mexico adalah kawasan metropolitan Mexico City yang bertanggungjawab? || 22% <> Negara manakah yang mempunyai KDNK saiz yang sama seperti bandar Mexico? || Peru", {"context": "The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America\u2014five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "US$411 billion"}], "question": "How big is Mexico City's GDP?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "five times"}], "question": "How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "22%"}], "question": "What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Peru"}], "question": "Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?", "id": "572641e4ec44d21400f3dcf0"}]}], ["Pertempuran untuk Mexico City adalah siri pertunangan dari 8 September hingga 15 September 1847, di sekitar Mexico City semasa Perang Mexico-Amerika. Termasuk tindakan utama pada pertempuran Molino del Rey dan Chapultepec, yang berpuncak dengan kejatuhan Mexico City. Tentera A.S. di bawah Winfield Scott menjaringkan kejayaan besar yang menamatkan perang. Pencerobohan Amerika ke Daerah Persekutuan pertama kali ditentang semasa Pertempuran Churubusco pada 8 Ogos di mana Batalion Saint Patrick, yang terdiri terutamanya daripada pendatang Katolik dan Jerman Katolik, tetapi juga Kanada, Inggeris, Perancis, Itali, Polandia, Skotlandia, Sepanyol , Switzerland, dan orang Mexico, berjuang untuk serangan Mexico yang menangkis serangan Amerika. Selepas mengalahkan Batalion Saint Patrick, Perang Mexico-Amerika hampir berakhir selepas Amerika Syarikat mengerahkan unit tempur jauh ke Mexico yang mengakibatkan penangkapan Mexico City dan Veracruz oleh Bahagian 1, 2, 3 dan 4 Angkatan Tentera A.S.. Pencerobohan ini memuncak dengan menyerang Istana Chapultepec di bandar itu sendiri. <> Siapa yang memerintahkan Tentera A.S. dalam pertempuran melawan Mexico City? || Winfield Scott <> Perang apa yang dilakukan Amerika dan Mexico? || Perang Mexico-Amerika <> Bilakah pertempuran untuk Mexico City berlaku || September 8 hingga 15 September 1847 <> Apakah bahagian Amerika masuk ke Mexico City? || Tentera A.S. 1, 2, 3 dan 4", {"context": "The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican\u2013American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican\u2013American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Winfield Scott"}], "question": "Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Mexican\u2013American War"}], "question": "What war did America and Mexico fight in?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "September 8 to September 15, 1847"}], "question": "When did the battle for Mexico City take place", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 955, "text": "U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th"}], "question": "What American divisions got into Mexico City?", "id": "57265d135951b619008f70a4"}]}], ["Selepas bertahun-tahun menuntut autonomi politik yang lebih besar, penduduk diberi hak untuk terus memilih Ketua Kerajaan dan wakil-wakil Dewan Undangan Perhimpunan Agung secara undi pada tahun 1997. Sejak itu, Parti Demokratik Revolusi Demokratik (PRD) mengawal keduanya. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, kerajaan tempatan telah meluluskan gelombang dasar liberal, seperti pengguguran atas permintaan, bentuk euthanasia terhad, perceraian tidak bersalah, dan perkahwinan sejenis. Pada 29 Januari 2016, ia tidak lagi dipanggil Daerah Persekutuan (Spanish: Distrito Federal atau D.F.) dan kini dalam peralihan untuk menjadi entiti persekutuan ke-32 negara, memberikannya tahap autonomi setanding dengan negara. Kerana satu klausa dalam Perlembagaan Mexico, bagaimanapun, sebagai tempat kuasa-kuasa Kesatuan, ia tidak boleh menjadi negara, supaya ibukota negara dipindahkan ke tempat lain. <> Mengapa Mexico City tidak boleh menjadi negeri? || Kerana klausa dalam Perlembagaan Mexico <> Kapan orang dapat mengundi untuk perwakilan? || 1997 <> Apa parti politik mengawal perundangan Mexico City? || Parti Revolusi Demokratik (PRD) <> Apakah hubungan Mexico City lama dengan negara Mexico? || Federal District <> Bagaimana pegawai dipilih ke badan perundangan? || undi popular", {"context": "After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution"}], "question": "Why can't Mexico City become a state?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did people become able to vote for representation?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)"}], "question": "What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? ", "id": "57265a65708984140094c36f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Federal District"}], "question": "What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?", "id": "57265a65708984140094c370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "popular vote"}], "question": "How are officials elected to the legislature? ", "id": "57265a65708984140094c371"}]}], ["Konsep bangsawan berkembang di New Spain dengan cara yang tidak dilihat di bahagian lain di Amerika. Orang Sepanyol menemui masyarakat di mana konsep bangsawan mencerminkan sendiri. Orang Sepanyol menghormati perintah kaum bangsawan dan menambahnya. Dalam abad yang akan datang, pemilikan gelaran yang mulia di Mexico tidak bermakna seseorang menjalankan kuasa politik yang hebat, kerana kuasa seseorang adalah terhad walaupun pengumpulan kekayaan tidak. Konsep bangsawan di Mexico bukanlah politik tetapi sebaliknya satu sosial sosial Spanyol yang konservatif, berdasarkan bukti kelayakan keluarga. Kebanyakan keluarga ini membuktikan kebolehan mereka dengan membuat nasib di New Spain di luar bandar itu sendiri, kemudian membelanjakan pendapatan di ibukota, membina gereja, menyokong amal dan membina rumah palatial yang mewah. Kegilaan untuk membina kediaman paling mewah mungkin mencapai kemuncaknya pada separuh terakhir abad ke-18. Kebanyakan istana ini masih boleh dilihat pada hari ini, yang membawa kepada nama samaran Mexico City sebagai \"Kota istana\" yang diberikan oleh Alexander Von Humboldt. <> Apakah nama samaran untuk Mexico City? || Kota-kota istana <> Bagaimana orang-orang bangsawan Mexico menghabiskan wang di Mexico City? || membina gereja-gereja, menyokong amal dan membina rumah-rumah palatial yang mewah <> Bilakah pembinaan rumah-rumah yang menggembirakan perlahan? || separuh terakhir abad ke-18", {"context": "The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of \"The city of palaces\" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1020, "text": "The city of palaces"}], "question": "What is a common nickname for Mexico City?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes"}], "question": "How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "the last half of the 18th century"}], "question": "When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?", "id": "57265bd2708984140094c37f"}]}], ["Grito de Dolores (\"Cry of Dolores\") juga dikenali sebagai El Grito de la Independencia (\"Cry of Independence\"), yang diucapkan dari pekan kecil Dolores dekat Guanajuato pada 16 September 1810, adalah peristiwa yang menandakan permulaan Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dan merupakan cuti kebangsaan yang paling penting yang diperhatikan di Mexico. \"Grito\" adalah pertempuran perang Kemerdekaan Mexico oleh Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, seorang imam Katolik Roma. Hidalgo dan beberapa orang criollos terlibat dalam pemberontakan yang dirancang terhadap kerajaan penjajah Sepanyol, dan para penipu dikhianati. Takut terhadap penangkapannya, Hidalgo memerintahkan saudaranya Mauricio serta Ignacio Allende dan Mariano Abasolo untuk pergi dengan sejumlah orang bersenjata lain untuk membuat sheriff membebaskan penghuni pro-kemerdekaan di sana pada malam 15 September. Mereka berjaya menetapkan kelapan puluh bebas . Sekitar pukul 6:00 pagi 16 September 1810, Hidalgo mengarahkan lonceng-lonceng gereja itu untuk dibundel dan mengumpulkan jemaahnya. Dikelilingi oleh Allende dan Juan Aldama, dia berbicara kepada orang-orang di hadapan gerejanya, menggalakkan mereka untuk memberontak. Pertempuran Guanajuato, penglibatan utama pertama pemberontakan, berlaku empat hari kemudian. Kemerdekaan Mexico dari Sepanyol secara efektif diisytiharkan dalam Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Empayar Mexico pada 27 September 1821, selepas satu dekad perang. Kerusuhan diikuti selama beberapa dekad yang akan datang, kerana puak-puak yang berbeza berjuang untuk menguasai Mexico. <> Bilakah Mexico mendapat kebebasan? || 27 September 1821 <> Berapa lama perang? || satu dekade <> Apakah pertempuran pertama perang Kemerdekaan Mexico dipanggil? || Pertempuran Guanajuato <> Apa perang menang perang? || Grito <> Kapan perang bermula? || 16 September 1810", {"context": "The Grito de Dolores (\"Cry of Dolores\") also known as El Grito de la Independencia (\"Cry of Independence\"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The \"Grito\" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1288, "text": "September 27, 1821"}], "question": "When did Mexico gain independence? ", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1314, "text": "a decade"}], "question": "How long was the war?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1072, "text": "The Battle of Guanajuato"}], "question": "What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? ", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Grito"}], "question": "What was the battle cry of the war?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "September 16, 1810"}], "question": "When did the war begin?", "id": "57265c63f1498d1400e8dd42"}]}], ["Untuk membersihkan pencemaran, kerajaan persekutuan dan tempatan melaksanakan pelbagai pelan termasuk pemantauan dan pelaporan keadaan persekitaran yang berterusan, seperti ozon dan oksida nitrogen. Apabila paras kedua-dua bahan pencemar ini mencapai tahap kritikal, tindakan luar jangka telah dilaksanakan termasuk kilang penutupan, menukar waktu sekolah, dan memperluaskan hari tanpa program kereta hingga dua hari dalam seminggu. Kerajaan juga memulakan penambahbaikan teknologi industri, pemeriksaan pelepasan kenderaan setiap dua tahun yang ketat dan pembaharuan bahan bakar petrol dan diesel. Pengenalan bas transit cepat Metrob\u00fas dan perkongsian basikal Ecobici adalah antara usaha untuk menggalakkan bentuk pengangkutan yang bersalut, lebih hijau. <> Apa sistem bas yang dipanggil di Mexico City? || Metrob\u00fas <> Apakah program perkongsian basikal di Mexico City? || Ecobici <> Berapa hari seminggu di bandar ini menggalakkan orang ramai pergi tanpa kereta? || dua hari <> Apa bahan pencemar yang memantau bandar dengan teliti? || ozon dan nitrogen oksida <> Berapa kerapkah rakyat perlu mendapatkan kereta mereka diperiksa? || setiap dua tahun", {"context": "To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrob\u00fas bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Metrob\u00fas"}], "question": "What is the bus system called in Mexico City?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Ecobici"}], "question": "What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "two days"}], "question": "How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "ozone and nitrogen oxides"}], "question": "What pollutants does the city closely monitor?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "biannual"}], "question": "How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?", "id": "57267786dd62a815002e85f6"}]}], ["Pada hari Khamis, 19 September 1985, jam 7:19 pagi waktu tempatan, Mexico City dilanda gempa magnitud 8.1 pada skala Richter. Walaupun gempa bumi ini tidak mematikan atau merosakkan seperti banyak peristiwa serupa di Asia dan bahagian lain di Amerika Latin, ia terbukti menjadi bencana politik untuk kerajaan satu pihak. Kerajaan telah lumpuh oleh birokrasi dan rasuahnya sendiri, memaksa rakyat biasa mencipta dan mengarahkan usaha penyelamatan mereka sendiri dan untuk membina semula banyak perumahan yang hilang juga. <> Apa hari minggu melakukan mogok gempa utama di Mexico City? || Khamis <> Berapa kuatnya gempa bumi kuat yang melanda Mexico City pada tahun 1985? || 8.1 pada skala Richter <> Berapa bulankah 8.1 gempa bumi melanda Mexico City pada tahun 1985? || September <> Mengapa kerajaan satu pihak bergelut selepas gempa bumi besar pada tahun 1985? || lumpuh oleh birokrasi dan rasuahnya sendiri <> yang memimpin usaha penyelamatan selepas gempa bumi tahun 1985? || warganegara biasa", {"context": "On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Thursday"}], "question": "What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "8.1 on the Richter scale"}], "question": "How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "September"}], "question": "What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c66f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption"}], "question": "Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "ordinary citizens"}], "question": "Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?", "id": "572672d9708984140094c671"}]}], ["Tentera Zapatist, yang berpusat di Morelos jiran mempunyai kekuatan di pinggir selatan Daerah Persekutuan, termasuk Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac dan Milpa Alta untuk memerangi rejim Victoriano Huerta dan Venustiano Carranza. Selepas pembunuhan Carranza dan mandat singkat oleh Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n mengambil kuasa. Selepas bersedia untuk dipilih semula, dia dibunuh oleh Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, seorang Katolik yang taat, di sebuah restoran berhampiran La Bombilla Park di San \u00c1ngel pada tahun 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles menggantikan Obreg\u00f3n dan memuncak Revolusi Mexico. <> Siapa pemimpin di akhir Revolusi Mexico? || Plutarco Elias Calles <> Di manakah Alvaro Obregon dibunuh? || di sebuah restoran berhampiran La Bombilla Park di San \u00c1ngel <> Bilakah Alvaro Obregon terbunuh? || 1928 <> Di manakah angkatan Zapatist? || Morelos <> Siapa yang ketiga kepada pemimpin terakhir sebelum akhir Revolusi Mexico? || Adolfo de la Huerta", {"context": "Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tl\u00e1huac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obreg\u00f3n and culminated the Mexican Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Plutarco Elias Calles"}], "question": "Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "id": "57267186708984140094c635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San \u00c1ngel"}], "question": "Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "id": "57267186708984140094c636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "1928"}], "question": "When was Alvaro Obregon killed? ", "id": "57267186708984140094c637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Morelos"}], "question": "Where were the Zapatist forces from?", "id": "57267186708984140094c638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Adolfo de la Huerta"}], "question": "Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?", "id": "57267186708984140094c639"}]}], ["Bandar Mexico terutamanya terletak pada apa yang Lake Texcoco. Aktiviti seismik sering di sini. Danau Texcoco telah disaliran bermula dari abad ke-17. Walaupun tiada perairan tasik yang tinggal, bandar ini terletak di atas tanah liat yang sangat tepu. Pangkalan lembut ini runtuh akibat pengekstrakan air bawah tanah, yang disebut sebagai penenggelaman yang berkaitan dengan tanah air. Semenjak awal abad ke-20, bandar telah tenggelam sebanyak sembilan meter (30 kaki) di beberapa kawasan. Tenggelam ini menyebabkan masalah pengurusan air larian dan air kumbahan, yang membawa kepada masalah banjir, terutama semasa musim hujan. Keseluruhan katil tasik kini diaspal dan sebahagian besar kawasan hutan yang tinggal di bandar terletak di bahagian selatan Milpa Alta, Tlalpan dan Xochimilco. <> Bilakah bermula dari Lake Texcoco? || Abad ke-17 <> Berapa banyak air di sana, kira-kira, di tasik Mexico City berada? || tiada <> Berapakah bandar telah jatuh? || sejauh sembilan meter (30 kaki) <> Apa yang berlaku di Mexico City? || Lake Texcoco <> Di manakah pokok-pokok yang terdapat di Mexico City? || borough selatan", {"context": "Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "none"}], "question": "How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "as much as nine metres (30 feet)"}], "question": "How much has the city fallen?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Lake Texcoco"}], "question": "What does Mexico City rest on?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "southern boroughs"}], "question": "Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?", "id": "57267507f1498d1400e8e048"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980 separuh daripada semua pekerjaan perindustrian di Mexico terletak di Mexico City. Di bawah pertumbuhan tanpa henti, kerajaan Mexico City hampir tidak dapat bersaing dengan perkhidmatan. Penduduk kampung dari kawasan pedalaman yang terus mencurahkan ke bandar untuk melepaskan diri dari kemiskinan hanya menggabungkan masalah bandar. Dengan tidak ada perumahan yang ada, mereka mengambil alih kawasan sekitar bandar, mewujudkan bandar-bandar besar yang meluas untuk beberapa batu. Ini menyebabkan pencemaran udara yang serius di Mexico City dan masalah pencemaran air, serta penenggelaman disebabkan oleh penambahan air bawah tanah. Pencemaran udara dan air telah terkandung dan bertambah baik di beberapa kawasan disebabkan oleh program kerajaan, pengubahsuaian kenderaan dan pemodenan pengangkutan awam. <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan perindustrian di daerah itu berpangkalan di Mexico City pada akhir abad ke-20? || separuh <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh pekerja desa untuk hidup? || shantytowns <> Apa yang dibuat oleh shantytown? || pencemaran udara yang serius", {"context": "In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "half"}], "question": "How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "shantytowns"}], "question": "What did the countryside workers make to live in? ", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "serious air pollution"}], "question": "What did the shantytowns create?", "id": "5726723f5951b619008f72e3"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1990-an Mexico City telah terkenal sebagai salah satu daripada bandar-bandar yang paling tercemar di dunia; Walau bagaimanapun, bandar telah menjadi model untuk menurunkan tahap pencemaran secara mendadak. Dengan pencemaran karbon monoksida tahun 2014 telah menurun secara dramatik, manakala tahap sulfur dioksida dan nitrogen dioksida hampir tiga kali lebih rendah berbanding pada tahun 1992. Tahap pencemaran tandatangan di Mexico City adalah serupa dengan Los Angeles. [Rujukan?] Walaupun pembersihan, kawasan metropolitan masih menjadi sebahagian yang paling tercemar ozon di negara ini, dengan paras ozon 2.5 kali melebihi had selamat WHO yang ditetapkan. <> Seberapa buruk ozon di Mexico City? || 2.5 kali melebihi had selamat yang ditentukan oleh WHO <> Tahap Karbon Monoksida adalah kira-kira 3 kali lebih rendah daripada tahun berapa? || 1992 <> Apa bandar yang serupa dengan Mexico City dari segi pencemaran? || Los Angeles <> Ketika Mexico salah satu daripada bandar terburuk dari segi pencemaran? || 1990-an <<Siapa yang menentukan tahap o-zon selamat di bandar? || WHO", {"context": "By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits"}], "question": "How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "1992"}], "question": "Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f737f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? ", "id": "572676f15951b619008f7380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "WHO"}], "question": "Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?", "id": "572676f15951b619008f7381"}]}], ["Rancangan Diaz memanggil seluruh bandar untuk akhirnya dimodernisasi atau dibina semula dalam gaya Porfirian / Perancis Colonia Roma; tetapi Revolusi Mexico bermula tidak lama kemudian dan perancangan tidak pernah menjadi hasil, dengan banyak projek yang dibiarkan separuh selesai. Salah satu contoh terbaik adalah Monumen Revolusi Mexico. Asalnya monumen itu menjadi kubah utama dewan senat baru Diaz, tetapi ketika revolusi meletus hanya kubah dewan senat dan tiang-tiang pendukungnya selesai, ini kemudiannya dilihat sebagai simbol oleh banyak orang Mexico bahawa era Porfirian telah berakhir sekali dan untuk semua dan dengan itu, ia menjadi monumen untuk kemenangan atas Diaz. <> Apa yang menjadi monumen selepas perang? || kubah utama dewan senat baru Diaz <> Siapa lelaki di belakang pemodenan Mexico City? || Diaz <> Mengapa rancangan Diaz tidak selesai? || Revolusi Mexico <> Apakah rancangan reka bentuk keseluruhan Mexico City? || Porfirian / gaya Perancis <> Apakah projek pembinaan utama dalam gaya Profirian / Perancis? || Colonia Roma", {"context": "Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall"}], "question": "What was turned into a monument after the war? ", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Diaz"}], "question": "Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "the Mexican Revolution"}], "question": "Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? ", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Porfirian/French style"}], "question": "What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Colonia Roma"}], "question": "What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?", "id": "57265ece708984140094c3dd"}]}], ["Mexico City terletak di Lembah Mexico, kadang-kadang dipanggil Basin Mexico. Lembah ini terletak di Belt Volcanic Trans-Mexico di dataran tinggi Mexico tengah-selatan. Ia mempunyai ketinggian minimum 2,200 meter (7,200 kaki) di atas paras laut dan dikelilingi oleh gunung dan gunung berapi yang mencapai ketinggian lebih dari 5,000 meter (16,000 kaki). Lembah ini tidak mempunyai saliran saliran semula jadi untuk perairan yang mengalir dari pergunungan, menjadikan bandar terdedah kepada banjir. Parit telah direkayasa melalui penggunaan terusan dan terowong bermula pada abad ke-17. <> Apakah ketinggian minimum meter di kawasan Mexico City terletak? || 2,200 <> Di mana terletak Mexico City? || Lembah Mexico <> Berapa tinggi pergunungan di rantau Mexico City? || 5,000 meter (16,000 kaki) <> Mengapa Mexico City terdedah kepada banjir? || tiada saliran salur semula jadi untuk perairan yang mengalir dari pergunungan <> Bagaimana bandar menghalang banjir? || terusan dan terowong", {"context": "Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "2,200"}], "question": "What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Valley of Mexico"}], "question": "Where is Mexico City located?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "5,000 metres (16,000 feet)"}], "question": "How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides"}], "question": "Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e8569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "canals and tunnels"}], "question": "How does the city prevent flooding?", "id": "572673f0dd62a815002e856a"}]}], ["Pada mulanya banyak lembah diletakkan di bawah perairan Tasik Texcoco, sistem garam dan tasik air yang saling berkaitan. Aztecs dibina dikes untuk memisahkan air tawar yang digunakan untuk menaikkan tanaman di chinampas dan untuk mencegah banjir berulang. Duri ini telah dimusnahkan semasa pengepungan Tenochtitlan, dan semasa zaman kolonial, Sepanyol secara berkala mengeringkan tasik untuk mengelakkan banjir. Hanya seksyen kecil tasik asalnya, terletak di luar Daerah Persekutuan, di perbandaran Atenco, Negeri Mexico. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada duri yang dibina Aztec? || dimusnahkan semasa pengepungan Tenochtitlan <> Di manakah tasik masih kekal? || perbandaran Atenco, Negeri Mexico <> Yang pertama membina duri di Lake Texcoco? || The Aztecs <> Apa yang membentuk Lake Texcoco? || sistem garam dan tasik air yang saling berkaitan <> Di manakah tasik yang terdapat di Atenco? || Daerah Persekutuan", {"context": "Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan"}], "question": "What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico"}], "question": "Where does the lake still remain?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The Aztecs"}], "question": "Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes"}], "question": "What made up Lake Texcoco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Federal District"}], "question": "Where is the lake located in Atenco?", "id": "57267657708984140094c6fb"}]}], ["Kawasan ini menerima kira-kira 820 milimeter (32.3 in) hujan tahunan, yang tertumpu dari bulan Jun hingga September / Oktober dengan sedikit atau tidak ada hujan sepanjang tahun. Kawasan ini mempunyai dua musim utama. Musim hujan berjalan dari bulan Jun hingga Oktober apabila angin membawa kelembapan tropika dari laut. Musim kering berjalan dari bulan November hingga Mei, apabila udara agak kering. Musim kering ini terbahagi kepada tempoh yang sejuk dan tempoh yang hangat. Tempoh sejuk berlanjutan dari November hingga Februari apabila massa udara kutub turun dari utara dan menjaga udara agak kering. Tempoh hangat bermula dari bulan Mac hingga Mei apabila angin tropika sekali lagi menguasai tetapi masih belum cukup kelembapan untuk hujan. <> Berapa banyak hujan jatuh di Bandar Raya Mexico? || 820 milimeter (32.3 in) <> Bilakah panas, namun tidak hujan? || Mac hingga Mei <> Bilakah majoriti hujan jatuh di Mexico City? || Jun hingga Oktober <> Bilakah ia paling sejuk di Mexico City? || November hingga Februari <> Apa yang mengawal hujan di Mexico City? || angin tropika", {"context": "The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "820 millimetres (32.3 in)"}], "question": "How much rain falls on Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "March to May"}], "question": "When is it warm, yet does not rain?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "June to October"}], "question": "When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "November to February"}], "question": "When is it coldest in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "tropical winds"}], "question": "What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?", "id": "57267593dd62a815002e85ac"}]}], ["Majelis Perundangan Daerah Persekutuan dibentuk, kerana ia berlaku di semua badan perundangan di Mexico, dengan kerusi satu tempat duduk dan proporsional, menjadikannya sistem pengundian selari. Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada 40 kawasan pemilih pilihan raya yang memilih satu wakil oleh pluraliti pertama (past-the-post-post-post) yang disebut \"timbalan uninominal\" di dalam negara. Daerah Persekutuan secara keseluruhannya membentuk satu kawasan pilihan raya untuk pemilihan selari dengan 26 wakil mengikut perkadaran (PR) dengan senarai pihak terbuka, yang dipanggil \"timbalan plurinominal\" dalam negara. <> Apakah kerajaan tempatan Mexico dipanggil? || Dewan Perwakilan Daerah Persekutuan <> Bagaimana kerajaan daerah Mexico City terbentuk? || pengundian selari <> Apakah pengundian proporsional yang dirujuk di Mexico City? || plurinominal deputies <> Berapa banyak wakil yang membentuk Daerah Persekutuan? || 26", {"context": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called \"uninominal deputies\". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called \"plurinominal deputies\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District"}], "question": "What is the local government of Mexico City called?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "parallel voting"}], "question": "How is the local government of Mexico City formed?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e19f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "plurinominal deputies"}], "question": "What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "26"}], "question": "How many representatives make up the Federal District?", "id": "57267e13f1498d1400e8e1a1"}]}], ["Yang pertama dipilih ketua kerajaan adalah Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. C\u00e1rdenas meletak jawatan pada tahun 1999 untuk berlari dalam pemilihan presiden 2000 dan ditunjuk Rosario Robles untuk menggantikannya, yang menjadi wanita pertama (dipilih atau sebaliknya) untuk mengawal Mexico City. Pada tahun 2000 Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador telah dipilih, dan meletak jawatan pada tahun 2005 untuk berlari dalam pilihan raya presiden 2006, Alejandro Encinas ditunjuk oleh Dewan Undangan untuk menyelesaikan penggal ini. Pada tahun 2006, Marcelo Ebrard dipilih untuk tempoh 2006-2012. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai ketua kerajaan pada tahun 2006? || Marcelo Ebrard <> Mengapa ketua kerajaan terpilih Mexico City meletak jawatan? || untuk berlari dalam pilihan raya presiden 2000 <> Siapa ketua kerajaan pilihan kedua? || Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador <> Siapa kepala pemerintahan setelah kepala pemerintahan pertama yang dipilih? || Rosario Robles <> Siapa wanita pertama yang menjalankan Mexico City? || Rosario Robles", {"context": "The first elected head of government was Cuauht\u00e9moc C\u00e1rdenas. C\u00e1rdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006\u20132012 period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard"}], "question": "Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "to run in the 2000 presidential elections"}], "question": "Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador"}], "question": "Who was the second head of government elected?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Rosario Robles"}], "question": "Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e86ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Rosario Robles"}], "question": "Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?", "id": "57267d72dd62a815002e8700"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1941, pangkalan Jeneral Anaya telah digabungkan ke Jabatan Pusat, yang kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai \"Mexico City\" (dengan itu menghidupkan semula nama itu, tetapi bukannya perbandaran autonomi). Dari tahun 1941 hingga 1970, Daerah Persekutuan terdiri daripada dua belas delegaciones dan Mexico City. Pada tahun 1970, Bandar Raya Mexico dibahagikan kepada empat pertimbangan yang berbeza: Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza dan Benito Ju\u00e1rez, yang meningkatkan jumlah penyisihan kepada enam belas. Sejak itu, dengan cara de facto, seluruh Daerah Persekutuan, yang mana delegaciones pada masa itu hampir membentuk satu kawasan bandar, mula dianggap sinonim Mexico City. <> Bilakah kolej General Anaya secara rasmi bergabung ke Bandar Raya Mexico? || 1941 <> Bagaimana penduduk bandar adalah kota Mexico yang berpecah pada tahun 1970? || empat <> Berapa banyak daerah yang mengawal kerajaan persekutuan pada tahun 1970? || enam belas <> Yang borough adalah bandar Mexico yang berpecah? || Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza dan Benito Ju\u00e1rez", {"context": "In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed \"Mexico City\" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "four"}], "question": "How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "sixteen"}], "question": "How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Cuauht\u00e9moc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Ju\u00e1rez"}], "question": "Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?", "id": "57267b3c708984140094c78e"}]}], ["Pada 1854 presiden, Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna membesarkan kawasan Daerah Persekutuan hampir lapan kali ganda dari asal 220 hingga 1,700 km2 (80 hingga 660 batu persegi), menggantikan kawasan pedalaman dan pergunungan untuk mendapatkan pas gunung yang strategik di selatan dan barat daya melindungi bandar dalam keadaan pencerobohan asing. (Perang Mexico-Amerika baru saja diperjuangkan.) Perubahan terakhir ke sempadan Daerah Persekutuan telah dibuat antara 1898 dan 1902, mengurangkan kawasan itu kepada 1,479 km2 (571 meter persegi) semasa dengan menyesuaikan sempadan selatan dengan negeri daripada Morelos. Pada masa itu, jumlah perbandaran di dalam Daerah Persekutuan adalah dua puluh dua. <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar kecil yang dibuat Mexico City pada ketinggiannya? || dua puluh dua <> Apakah kawasan Mexico City sekarang? || 1,479 km2 (571 meter persegi) <> Berapa besarnya Bandar Raya Mexico yang terbesar? || 1,700 km2 <> Bilakah sempadan kota yang terakhir diselaraskan? || 1902 <> Siapa yang meningkatkan saiz Mexico City untuk itu yang terbesar? || Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna", {"context": "In 1854 president Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican\u2013American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "twenty-two"}], "question": "How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)"}], "question": "What is the current area of Mexico City?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "1,700 km2"}], "question": "How large was Mexico City at its largest?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "1902"}], "question": "When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? ", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna"}], "question": "Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?", "id": "572679945951b619008f73cd"}]}], ["Walaupun kepekaan terhad kepada kerusi proporsional untuk menghalang sebahagian daripada menjadi terlalu banyak perwakilan, beberapa sekatan dikenakan dalam penyerahan kerusi; iaitu, tiada parti boleh mempunyai lebih daripada 63% daripada semua kerusi, kedua-dua uninominal dan plurinominal. Pada pemilihan PRD tahun 2006, majoriti mutlak dalam pemilihan tidak langsung secara langsung, memperoleh 34 daripada 40 kerusi FPP. Oleh itu, PRD tidak ditugaskan mana-mana kerusi plurinominal untuk mematuhi undang-undang yang menghalang perwakilan. Komposisi keseluruhan Dewan Undangan adalah: <> Apakah peratusan maksimal kerusi yang dapat dikendalikan oleh satu pihak? || 63 <> Berapa banyak kerusi pilihan raya tidak diambil PRD pada pilihan raya 2006? || 34 <> Mengapa kerajaan menghalang lebih daripada 63% parti untuk mengawal perundangan? || lebih-perwakilan", {"context": "Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "63"}], "question": "What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "34"}], "question": "How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "over-representation"}], "question": "Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? ", "id": "57267e8df1498d1400e8e1b2"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada tuntutan, pada 1987, Daerah Persekutuan menerima lebih banyak autonomi, dengan penghuraian Statuta Kerajaan pertama (Estatuto de Gobierno), dan penciptaan Dewan Perwakilan. [Rujukan?] Pada tahun 1990-an, ini autonomi diperkembangkan lagi dan, bermula dari tahun 1997, penduduk boleh secara langsung memilih ketua kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan dan wakil-wakil Dewan Undangan unicameral (yang berjaya Perhimpunan sebelumnya) dengan undi popular. <> Bilakah Daerah Persekutuan menerima lebih kuasa? || 1987 <> Bilakah rakyat menerima hak untuk memilih ketua Daerah Persekutuan? || 1997 <> Bagaimana pemimpin Mexico City kini ditubuhkan? || undian popular <> Apa yang memberikan autonomi kepada Daerah Persekutuan? || Statut Kerajaan pertama", {"context": "In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did the Federal District receive more power? ", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "popular vote"}], "question": "How is the leader of Mexico City now established?", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "first Statute of Government"}], "question": "What gave the Federal District more autonomy? ", "id": "57267cbe708984140094c7c4"}]}], ["Sementara Daerah Persekutuan diperintah oleh kerajaan persekutuan melalui gabenor yang dilantik, majlis perbandaran di dalamnya bersifat autonomi, dan keduanya kekuasaan ini mewujudkan ketegangan antara majlis perbandaran dan kerajaan persekutuan selama lebih dari satu abad. Pada tahun 1903, Porfirio D\u00edaz sebahagian besarnya mengurangkan kuasa majlis perbandaran di Daerah Persekutuan. Akhirnya, pada Disember 1928, kerajaan persekutuan memutuskan untuk memansuhkan semua majlis perbandaran Daerah Persekutuan. Di tempat majlis perbandaran, Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada satu \"Jabatan Utama\" dan 13 wilayah (pentadbiran) yang ditadbir secara langsung oleh kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan. Jabatan Pusat telah diintegrasikan oleh bekas bandar raya Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya dan Mixcoac. <> Bilakah kuasa majlis perbandaran Mexico City mula dikurangkan? || 1903 <> Bilakah otonomi majlis perbandaran dihapuskan? || 1928 <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar yang diperbuat daripada bandar ketika mereka pertama kali ditubuhkan? || 13 <> Yang pertama mengurangkan kuasa majlis perbandaran Mexico City? || Porfirio D\u00edaz <> Yang mengetuai Mexico City? || gabenor yang dilantik", {"context": "While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio D\u00edaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one \"Central Department\" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1903"}], "question": "When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "1928"}], "question": "When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? ", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Porfirio D\u00edaz"}], "question": "Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "an appointed governor"}], "question": "Who led Mexico City?", "id": "57267a3f708984140094c76f"}]}], ["Oleh kerana sebahagian besarnya kepada persuasi wakil Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City dipilih kerana ia adalah pusat penduduk dan sejarah negara, walaupun Quer\u00e9taro lebih dekat dengan pusatnya secara geografi. Pilihannya adalah rasmi pada 18 November 1824, dan Kongres menggambarkan kawasan permukaan dua liga persegi (8.800 ekar) yang berpusat di Zocalo. Kawasan ini kemudiannya dipisahkan dari Negeri Mexico, memaksa kerajaan negeri itu berpindah dari Istana Inkuisisi (kini Muzium Perubatan Mexico) di bandar itu ke Texcoco. Kawasan ini tidak termasuk pusat-pusat penduduk di bandar-bandar Coyoac\u00e1n, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo dan Tlalpan, yang semuanya kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Negeri Mexico. <> Bilakah bandar Mexico mengisytiharkan modal? || 18 November 1824 <> Berapa luas kawasan yang akan diproklamasikan oleh kerajaan persekutuan menjadi modal? || dua liga persegi (8,800 ekar) <> Di manakah kerajaan negeri yang terletak ketika Mexico City diisytiharkan sebagai modal? || Istana Perikatan <> Apakah Istana Penyiasatan itu dikenali sekarang? || Muzium Perubatan Mexico <> Dimana kerajaan Mexico City berpindah ke ketika ia diisytiharkan sebagai ibu kota Mexico? || Texcoco", {"context": "Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Quer\u00e9taro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "November 18, 1824"}], "question": "When was Mexico City declared the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "two leagues square (8,800 acres)"}], "question": "How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Palace of the Inquisition"}], "question": "Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Museum of Mexican Medicine"}], "question": "What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Texcoco"}], "question": "Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?", "id": "572678f75951b619008f73c3"}]}], ["Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n pada 31 Januari 1824, dan Perlembagaan Persekutuan pada 4 Oktober 1824, menetapkan organisasi politik dan pentadbiran Amerika Serikat Amerika selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Mexico. Di samping itu, Seksyen XXVIII Perkara 50 memberi Kongres baru hak untuk memilih di mana kerajaan persekutuan akan ditempatkan. Lokasi ini kemudiannya akan diperuntukkan sebagai tanah persekutuan, dengan kerajaan persekutuan bertindak sebagai pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kedua-dua calon utama untuk menjadi ibu kota ialah Mexico City dan Quer\u00e9taro. <> Apa bandar lain yang berlari untuk menjadi ibu kota Mexico? || Quer\u00e9taro <> Apa bahagian perlembagaan menubuhkan hak untuk mewujudkan ibu kota? || Seksyen XXVIII Perkara 50 <> Bilakah perlembagaan persekutuan ditandatangani? || 4 Oktober 1824 <> Apa jenis tanah Mexico City? || persekutuan <> Siapakah yang bertanggungjawab atas tanah Mexico City mengikut perlembagaan asal? || kerajaan Persekutuan", {"context": "The Acta Constitutiva de la Federaci\u00f3n of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Quer\u00e9taro.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Quer\u00e9taro"}], "question": "What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?", "id": "57267841708984140094c731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Section XXVIII of Article 50"}], "question": "What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?", "id": "57267841708984140094c732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "October 4, 1824"}], "question": "When was the federal constitution signed? ", "id": "57267841708984140094c733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "federal"}], "question": "What type of land is Mexico City?", "id": "57267841708984140094c734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "federal government"}], "question": "Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?", "id": "57267841708984140094c735"}]}], ["Bandar Raya Mexico, yang menjadi pusat kuasa Kesatuan, tidak termasuk di mana-mana negeri tertentu tetapi untuk semua. Oleh itu, ia adalah presiden, yang mewakili federasi, yang digunakan untuk menunjuk kepala pemerintah Daerah Persekutuan, kedudukan yang kadang-kadang dibentangkan di luar Mexico sebagai \"Mayor\" Mexico City. [1980] peningkatan dramatik penduduk pada dekad-dekad terdahulu, ketidakcokstensi politik yang wujud dalam sistem itu, serta ketidakpuasan terhadap tindak balas tidak memadai kerajaan persekutuan selepas gempa bumi tahun 1985, penduduk mula meminta autonomi politik dan pentadbiran untuk menguruskan hal ehwal tempatan mereka. [rujukan?] Sesetengah kumpulan politik juga mencadangkan bahawa Daerah Persekutuan ditukar kepada keadaan ke-32 persekutuan. <> Jika Mexico City diisytiharkan sebagai negara, berapa banyak negeri yang akan berada di persekutuan? || 32 <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan rakyat menimbang semula bagaimana kerajaan Mexico City ditubuhkan? || gempa tahun 1985 <> Apa yang orang panggil pemimpin Mexico City? || Datuk Bandar <> Siapa yang mengisytiharkan \"Datuk Bandar\" Mexico City? || presiden <> Apa negeri Mexico milik Mexico? || semua", {"context": "Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "32"}], "question": "If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "the 1985 earthquake"}], "question": "What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Mayor"}], "question": "What do people call the leader of Mexico City?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f7449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the president"}], "question": "Who declared the \"Mayor\" of Mexico City?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "all"}], "question": "What state does Mexico City belong to?", "id": "57267bf95951b619008f744b"}]}], ["Di selatan bandar ini terdapat beberapa kawasan kejiranan yang berpendapatan tinggi seperti Colonia del Valle dan Jardines del Pedregal, dan bandar-bandar kolonial bekas Coyoac\u00e1n, San \u00c1ngel, dan San Jer\u00f3nimo. Bersama Avenida Insurgentes dari Paseo de la Reforma, berhampiran pusat, selatan lalu Pusat Perdagangan Dunia dan universiti UNAM ke arah jalan lingkaran Perif\u00e9rico, merupakan satu lagi koridor penting ruang pejabat korporat. Benteng Xochimilco dan Tl\u00e1huac di selatan selatan mempunyai penduduk pedalaman yang besar dengan Milpa Alta yang sepenuhnya pedalaman. <> Jenis penduduk apa yang tinggal di Tiahuac? || pedesaan <> Bagaimana Milpa Alta dibina? || seluruh kawasan luar bandar <> Di mana Pusat Perdagangan Dunia? || Bersama Avenida Insurgentes <> Apa nama salah satu kejiranan kaya di selatan bandar? || Colonia del Valle", {"context": "The south of the city is home to some other high-income neighborhoods such as Colonia del Valle and Jardines del Pedregal, and the formerly separate colonial towns of Coyoac\u00e1n, San \u00c1ngel, and San Jer\u00f3nimo. Along Avenida Insurgentes from Paseo de la Reforma, near the center, south past the World Trade Center and UNAM university towards the Perif\u00e9rico ring road, is another important corridor of corporate office space. The far southern boroughs of Xochimilco and Tl\u00e1huac have a significant rural population with Milpa Alta being entirely rural.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "rural"}], "question": "What type of population lives in Tiahuac?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "entirely rural"}], "question": "How is Milpa Alta constructed? ", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e881f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Along Avenida Insurgentes"}], "question": "Where is the World Trade Center?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Colonia del Valle"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the rich neighborhoods south of the city?", "id": "57268645dd62a815002e8821"}]}], ["Utara Pusat Bersejarah, Azcapotzalco dan Gustavo A. Madero mempunyai pusat perindustrian penting dan kejiranan yang terdiri daripada koloni kelas menengah yang ditubuhkan seperti Claveria dan Lindavista ke kawasan perumahan berpendapatan rendah yang berkongsi bukit-bukit dengan perbandaran bersebelahan di Negeri Mexico. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan, industri utara Mexico City telah berpindah ke majlis perbandaran berdekatan di Negeri Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City sendiri adalah Ciudad Sat\u00e9lite, kawasan perumahan dan perniagaan kelas pertengahan dan menengah yang luas. <> Di mana terdapat banyak industri sekarang? || berdekatan bandar di Negeri Mexico <> Apa itu Ciudad Satelite? || sebuah kawasan kediaman dan perniagaan kelas pertengahan dan kelas menengah yang luas. <> Di mana Gustavo A. Madero? || Utara Pusat Bersejarah", {"context": "North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Sat\u00e9lite, a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico"}], "question": "Where is much of the industry now located?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area."}], "question": "What is Ciudad Satelite?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "North of the Historic Center"}], "question": "Where is Gustavo A. Madero?", "id": "572687585951b619008f75df"}]}], ["Mexico City adalah rumah kepada beberapa hospital swasta terbaik di negara ini; Hospital \u00c1ngeles, Hospital ABC dan M\u00e9dica Sur untuk menamakan beberapa. Institusi penjagaan kesihatan awam negara untuk pekerja sektor swasta, IMSS, mempunyai kemudahan terbesar di Mexico City-termasuk Pusat Perubatan Nasional dan Pusat Perubatan La Raza-dan mempunyai anggaran tahunan lebih dari 6 bilion peso. IMSS dan institusi kesihatan awam yang lain, termasuk ISSSTE (Institusi Keselamatan Sosial Pekerja Sektor Awam) dan Kementerian Kesihatan Negara (SSA) mengekalkan kemudahan khusus yang besar di bandar. Ini termasuk National Institutes of Cardiology, Pemakanan, Psikiatri, Onkologi, Pediatrik, Rehabilitasi, antara lain. <> Seberapa besar anggaran IMSS? || lebih daripada 6 bilion peso <> Apa nama salah satu hospital besar di Mexico City? || Hospital \u00c1ngeles <> Apakah organisasi yang mempunyai kehadiran yang besar di bandar? || Kementerian Kesihatan Negara (SSA) <> Apakah nama kemudahan besar yang dijalankan oleh IMSS di Mexico City? || Pusat Perubatan Nasional", {"context": "Mexico City is home to some of the best private hospitals in the country; Hospital \u00c1ngeles, Hospital ABC and M\u00e9dica Sur to name a few. The national public healthcare institution for private-sector employees, IMSS, has its largest facilities in Mexico City\u2014including the National Medical Center and the La Raza Medical Center\u2014and has an annual budget of over 6 billion pesos. The IMSS and other public health institutions, including the ISSSTE (Public Sector Employees' Social Security Institute) and the National Health Ministry (SSA) maintain large specialty facilities in the city. These include the National Institutes of Cardiology, Nutrition, Psychiatry, Oncology, Pediatrics, Rehabilitation, among others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "over 6 billion pesos"}], "question": "How large is the budget of the IMSS?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Hospital \u00c1ngeles"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the great hospitals in Mexico City?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "National Health Ministry (SSA)"}], "question": "What is an organization that has a large presence in the city?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "National Medical Center"}], "question": "What is the name of a large facility run by the IMSS in Mexico City?", "id": "57268945dd62a815002e8885"}]}], ["West of the Historic Center (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) di sepanjang Paseo de la Reforma adalah banyak kejiranan tersohor di bandar seperti Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, dan (di Negeri Mexico) Interlomas, yang juga kawasan paling penting di bandar kelas A ruang pejabat, ibu pejabat korporat, pencakar langit dan pusat membeli-belah. Walau bagaimanapun, kawasan-kawasan pendapatan koloni yang rendah ada dalam beberapa kes di mana-mana jiran dengan kawasan kaya, terutamanya dalam kes Santa Fe. <> Di mana terdapat banyak kawasan kejiranan yang kaya? || West of the Historic Center <> Apa nama Mexico untuk pusat bersejarah? || Centro Hist\u00f3rico <> Yang kejiranan yang kaya mempunyai masalah yang kuat di kawasan-kawasan miskin di sekelilingnya? || Santa Fe <> Di mana terdapat banyak ibu pejabat korporat dan bangunan tinggi yang lain? || di sepanjang Paseo de la Reforma", {"context": "West of the Historic Center (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "West of the Historic Center"}], "question": "Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? ", "id": "572685955951b619008f756b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Centro Hist\u00f3rico"}], "question": "What is the Mexican name for the historic center?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Santa Fe"}], "question": "Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "along Paseo de la Reforma"}], "question": "Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?", "id": "572685955951b619008f756e"}]}], ["Untuk tujuan pentadbiran, Daerah Persekutuan dibahagikan kepada 16 \"delegaciones\" atau borough. Walaupun tidak sepenuhnya bersamaan dengan perbandaran, 16 buah daerah telah mendapat autonomi yang ketara, dan sejak 2000 ketua-ketua kerajaan mereka dipilih secara langsung oleh pluraliti (sebelum ini dilantik oleh ketua pemerintah Daerah Persekutuan). Memandangkan Bandar Raya Mexico dianjurkan sepenuhnya sebagai Daerah Persekutuan, sebahagian besar perkhidmatan bandar disediakan atau dianjurkan oleh Kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan dan bukan oleh daerah sendiri, sementara di negeri-negeri konstituen, perkhidmatan ini akan disediakan oleh majlis perbandaran. 16 buah daerah Persekutuan dengan populasi 2010 mereka adalah: <> Berapa banyak bandar membentuk Mexico City? || 16 <> Bagaimana kepala daerah dipilih? || pluralidad <> Bagaimana ketua-ketua borough itu mula-mula ditubuhkan? || yang dilantik oleh ketua kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan <> Siapa yang menyediakan perkhidmatan bandar? || Kerajaan Daerah Persekutuan <> Bilakah pemilihan kepala daerah bermula? || 2000", {"context": "For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 \"delegaciones\" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "16"}], "question": "How many boroughs make up Mexico City?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "plurality"}], "question": "How are the heads of the boroughs elected?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "appointed by the head of government of the Federal District"}], "question": "How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? ", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Government of the Federal District"}], "question": "Who provides the city services?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When did election of borough heads begin?", "id": "572680f85951b619008f74fd"}]}], ["Laporan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia pada tahun 2005 menunjukkan bahawa terdapat tiga borough dengan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang sangat tinggi, 12 dengan nilai HDI tinggi (9 di atas .85) dan satu dengan nilai HDI sederhana (hampir tinggi). Benteng Benito Ju\u00e1rez mempunyai HDI tertinggi di negara ini (.9510) diikuti oleh Miguel Hidalgo yang ke 4 negara dengan HDI (.9189) dan Coyoac\u00e1n (ke-5 negara) dengan nilai HDI (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauht\u00e9moc dan Azcapotzalco mempunyai nilai yang sangat tinggi; masing-masing .8994 (ke-15 negara), 8922 (ke-23) dan .8915 (ke-25). <> Berapa banyak borough mempunyai skor HDI yang tinggi pada tahun 2005? || tiga <> Berapa banyak borough mempunyai skor HDI yang tinggi (tidak terlalu tinggi)? || 12 <> Bidang manakah yang mempunyai skor HDI tertinggi? || Benito Ju\u00e1rez <> Tahun apakah laporan yang mengatakan 3 borough mempunyai skor HDI yang sangat tinggi? || 2005 <> Apa jenis skor HDI tertinggi kedua? || Miguel Hidalgo", {"context": "The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Ju\u00e1rez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoac\u00e1n (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauht\u00e9moc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Benito Ju\u00e1rez"}], "question": "Which borough had the highest HDI score?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Miguel Hidalgo"}], "question": "What borough was the second highest HDI score?", "id": "572687e35951b619008f75f4"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, daerah-daerah di Xochimilco (172th), Tl\u00e1huac (177th) dan Iztapalapa (183th) mempersembahkan nilai-nilai HDI terendah di Daerah Persekutuan dengan nilai-nilai .8481, .8473 dan .8464 masing-masing-nilai masih dalam HDI pelbagai. Satu-satunya perkara yang tidak menunjukkan HDI yang tinggi ialah Milpa Alta di luar bandar yang membentangkan HDI \"sederhana\" .7984, jauh di bawah semua daerah lain (627 di peringkat kebangsaan sementara selebihnya berada di bahagian atas 200). HDI Mexico City untuk laporan 2005 adalah .9012 (sangat tinggi), dan nilai 2010 sebesar .9225 (sangat tinggi) atau (dengan kaedah baru) .8307, dan tertinggi Mexico. <> Berapakah skor HDI yang paling rendah di daerah persekutuan? || Iztapalapa <> Bidang manakah yang mempunyai skor HDI terendah? || Milpa Alta <> Apa peringkatnya Milpa Alta secara nasional dari segi skor HDI? || 627 <Semua wilayah kecuali Milpa Alta berada dalam kedudukan ranking HDI? || atas 200 <> Skor apa Milpa Alta mendapat ujian HDI? || .7984", {"context": "In contrast, the boroughs of Xochimilco (172th), Tl\u00e1huac (177th) and Iztapalapa (183th) presented the lowest HDI values of the Federal District with values of .8481, .8473 and .8464 respectively\u2014values still in the global high-HDI range. The only borough that did not present a high HDI was that of rural Milpa Alta which presented a \"medium\" HDI of .7984, far below all other boroughs (627th nationally while the rest stood in the top 200). Mexico City's HDI for the 2005 report was of .9012 (very high), and its 2010 value of .9225 (very high) or (by newer methodology) .8307, and Mexico's highest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Iztapalapa"}], "question": "What borough had the lowest HDI score in the federal district?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Milpa Alta"}], "question": "Which borough had the lowest HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "627th"}], "question": "What rank was Milpa Alta nationally in terms of HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f7609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "top 200"}], "question": "All boroughs except for Milpa Alta were in what ranking of HDI score?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": ".7984"}], "question": "What score did Milpa Alta get on the HDI test?", "id": "5726888d5951b619008f760b"}]}], ["Politik yang diketuai oleh pentadbiran ketua-ketua kerajaan di Mexico City sejak paruh kedua abad ke-20 biasanya lebih liberal daripada negara-negara lain, sama ada dengan sokongan pemerintah persekutuan-seperti halnya dengan kelulusan beberapa undang-undang alam sekitar yang komprehensif pada 1980-an-melalui undang-undang baru-baru ini diluluskan oleh Dewan Undangan. Pada bulan April tahun yang sama, Dewan Undangan memperluas peruntukan mengenai pengguguran, menjadi entiti persekutuan pertama untuk memperluaskan pengguguran di Mexico melampaui kes-kes rogol dan sebab-sebab ekonomi, untuk membenarkannya tanpa mengira alasan yang harus diminta oleh ibu itu sebelum minggu kedua belas kehamilan. Pada bulan Disember 2009, Daerah Persekutuan menjadi bandar pertama di Amerika Latin, dan salah satu yang sangat sedikit di dunia, untuk menghalalkan perkahwinan sejenis. <> Bilakah perkahwinan gay disahkan di Mexico City? || Disember 2009 <> Bilakah undang-undang ekonomi diluluskan di Mexico City? || 1980-an <> Apa yang bersandar politik dilakukan oleh Mexico City? || lebih liberal berbanding dengan negara-negara lain <> Berbanding dengan bandar-bandar lain di Amerika Latin, berapa awal Mexico City menghalalkan perkahwinan seks yang sama? || pertama", {"context": "The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government\u2014as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s\u2014or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "December 2009"}], "question": "When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "more liberal than those of the rest of the country"}], "question": "What political leaning does Mexico City take?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "first"}], "question": "Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?", "id": "57268081f1498d1400e8e1eb"}]}], ["Borough itu terdiri oleh ratusan koloni atau kawasan kejiranan, yang tidak mempunyai autonomi atau perwakilan bidang kuasa. Pusat Bersejarah adalah bahagian tertua bandar (bersama dengan beberapa bandar kolonial yang lain, seperti Coyoac\u00e1n dan San \u00c1ngel), beberapa bangunan sejak abad ke-16. Kejiranan pusat lain yang terkenal termasuk Condesa, yang terkenal dengan senibina Art Deco dan pemandangan restorannya; Colonia Roma, kejiranan seni beaux dan kawasan panas artistik dan masakan, Zona Rosa, yang merupakan pusat kehidupan malam dan restoran, kini dilahirkan semula sebagai pusat komuniti LGBT dan Korea-Mexico; dan Tepito dan La Lagunilla, yang terkenal dengan foklore kelas pekerja tempatan dan pasar lambak besar. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera dan San Rafael adalah kejiranan terkini seni bina Porfiriato yang mengagumkan melihat tanda-tanda awal gentrifikasi. <> Apakah bahagian paling tua di bandar ini? || Pusat Sejarah <> Berapa lama bangunan tertua di Mexico City? || Abad ke-16 <> Apa yang pernah menjadi daerah pesta utama Mexico City? || Zona Rosa <> Apakah pusat komuniti LGBT di Mexico City? || Seni Deco seni bina <> Daerah apa yang dikenali dengan Art Deco Seni Bina? || Condesa", {"context": "The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoac\u00e1n and San \u00c1ngel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa Mar\u00eda la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The Historic Center"}], "question": "What is the oldest part of the city?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Zona Rosa"}], "question": "What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Art Deco architecture"}], "question": "What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Condesa"}], "question": "What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? ", "id": "57268500f1498d1400e8e274"}]}], ["Bank Dunia telah menaja projek untuk membendung pencemaran udara melalui penambahbaikan pengangkutan awam dan kerajaan Mexico telah mula menutup kilang mencemarkan. Mereka telah menembusi bas diesel dan mengendalikan kawalan pelepasan baru ke atas kereta baru; sejak 1993 semua kereta baru mesti dipasang dengan penukar pemangkin, yang mengurangkan pelepasan yang dikeluarkan. Trak mesti menggunakan hanya gas petroleum cecair (LPG). Juga pembinaan sistem kereta bawah tanah bermula pada tahun 1968 untuk membantu membendung masalah pencemaran udara dan mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas. Hari ini ia mempunyai lebih daripada 201 km (125 mi) trek dan membawa lebih dari 5 juta orang setiap hari. Yuran tetap rendah untuk menggalakkan penggunaan sistem dan semasa waktu sibuk, sangat menghancurkan, pihak berkuasa telah menyimpan kereta khas khusus untuk wanita. Disebabkan oleh inisiatif dan lain-lain, kualiti udara di Mexico City telah mula bertambah baik, dengan udara semakin bersih sejak tahun 1991, apabila kualiti udara diisytiharkan sebagai risiko kesihatan awam untuk 355 hari dalam tahun. [Rujukan?] > Apa yang perlu ada kereta baru di Mexico? || penukar pemangkin <> Bilakah sistem rel bawah tanah memulakan pembinaan? || 1968 <> Berapa ramai orang menunggang sistem kereta bawah tanah di Mexico setiap hari? || 5 juta orang <> Berapa hari tahun pada tahun 1991 adalah pencemaran udara merupakan risiko kesihatan yang serius? || 355 <> Apa salahnya cara kerajaan membantu dengan \"Crush\" dari waktu yang sibuk dengan menaiki sistem kereta bawah tanah? || menyimpan sebuah kereta khas khusus untuk wanita", {"context": "The World Bank has sponsored a project to curb air pollution through public transport improvements and the Mexican government has started shutting down polluting factories. They have phased out diesel buses and mandated new emission controls on new cars; since 1993 all new cars must be fitted with a catalytic converter, which reduces the emissions released. Trucks must use only liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Also construction of an underground rail system was begun in 1968 in order to help curb air pollution problems and alleviate traffic congestion. Today it has over 201 km (125 mi) of track and carries over 5 million people every day. Fees are kept low to encourage use of the system and during rush hours the crush is so great, that authorities have reserved a special carriage specifically for women. Due to these initiatives and others, the air quality in Mexico City has begun to improve, with the air becoming cleaner since 1991, when the air quality was declared to be a public health risk for 355 days of the year.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "catalytic converter"}], "question": "What do new cars in Mexico need to have?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e328"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When did the underground rail system begin construction?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "5 million people"}], "question": "How many people ride the Mexico city subway system each day?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1010, "text": "355"}], "question": "How many days of the year in 1991 was the air pollution a serious health risk?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "reserved a special carriage specifically for women"}], "question": "What is one way the government helps with the \"Crush\" of the rush hour riding of the subway system?", "id": "572689fef1498d1400e8e32c"}]}], ["Di samping itu, bandar ini mempunyai kira-kira 160 buah muzium-kepekatan metropolitan tunggal terbesar di dunia - 100 galeri seni, dan kira-kira 30 dewan konsert, yang semuanya mengekalkan aktiviti kebudayaan yang berterusan sepanjang tahun. Ia mempunyai sama ada bilangan teater ketiga atau keempat tertinggi di dunia selepas New York, London dan mungkin Toronto. Banyak kawasan (contohnya Palacio Nacional dan Institut Kardiologi Kebangsaan) mempunyai lukisan yang dicat oleh Diego Rivera. Dia dan isterinya Frida Kahlo tinggal di Coyoac\u00e1n, di mana beberapa koleksi rumah, studio, dan koleksi mereka terbuka kepada orang ramai. Rumah di mana Leon Trotsky pada awalnya diberikan suaka dan akhirnya dibunuh pada tahun 1940 juga di Coyoac\u00e1n. <> Berapa banyak muzium di Mexico City? || kira-kira 160 <> Berapa banyak galeri seni di Mexico City? || lebih 100 <> Berapa banyak dewan konsert di Mexico City? || 30 <> Siapa yang telah melukis mural di seluruh bandar? || Diego Rivera <> Di mana rumah Leon Trotsky dibunuh? || Coyoac\u00e1n", {"context": "In addition, the city has about 160 museums\u2014the world's greatest single metropolitan concentration \u2014over 100 art galleries, and some 30 concert halls, all of which maintain a constant cultural activity during the whole year. It has either the third or fourth-highest number of theatres in the world after New York, London and perhaps Toronto. Many areas (e.g. Palacio Nacional and the National Institute of Cardiology) have murals painted by Diego Rivera. He and his wife Frida Kahlo lived in Coyoac\u00e1n, where several of their homes, studios, and art collections are open to the public. The house where Leon Trotsky was initially granted asylum and finally murdered in 1940 is also in Coyoac\u00e1n.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "about 160"}], "question": "How many museums are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many art galleries are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many concert halls are in Mexico City?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Diego Rivera"}], "question": "Who has painted murals all over the city?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Coyoac\u00e1n"}], "question": "Where is the house that Leon Trotsky was murdered?", "id": "572692035951b619008f76f9"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, Mexico City juga merupakan rumah kepada komuniti besar ekspatriat dan pendatang, terutamanya dari seluruh Amerika Utara (AS dan Kanada), dari Amerika Selatan (terutamanya dari Argentina dan Colombia, tetapi juga dari Brazil, Chile, Uruguay dan Venezuela), dari Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean (terutamanya dari Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti dan Honduras); dari Eropah (terutamanya dari Sepanyol, Jerman dan Switzerland, tetapi juga dari Republik Czech, Hungary, Perancis, Itali, Ireland, Belanda, Poland dan Romania), dari Timur Tengah (terutama dari Mesir, Lubnan dan Syria); dan baru-baru ini dari Asia Pasifik (terutamanya dari China dan Korea Selatan). Dari segi sejarah sejak zaman New Spain, banyak orang Filipina yang menetap di bandar dan telah terintegrasi dalam masyarakat Mexico. Walaupun tiada angka rasmi telah dilaporkan, anggaran penduduk setiap komuniti ini agak ketara. <> Negara apa yang kebanyakan berasal dari imigran Amerika Selatan? || Argentina dan Colombia <> Di mana kebanyakan pendatang Asia berasal? || China dan Korea Selatan <> Bilakah Filipina mula berpindah ke Mexico City? || sejak era New Spain", {"context": "On the other hand, Mexico City is also home to large communities of expatriates and immigrants, most notably from the rest of North America (U.S. and Canada), from South America (mainly from Argentina and Colombia, but also from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela), from Central America and the Caribbean (mainly from Cuba, Guatemala, El Salvador, Haiti and Honduras); from Europe (mainly from Spain, Germany and Switzerland, but also from Czech Republic, Hungary, France, Italy, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland and Romania), from the Middle East (mainly from Egypt, Lebanon and Syria); and recently from Asia-Pacific (mainly from China and South Korea). Historically since the era of New Spain, many Filipinos settled in the city and have become integrated in Mexican society. While no official figures have been reported, population estimates of each of these communities are quite significant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Argentina and Colombia"}], "question": "What countries do most of the South American immigrants come from?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "China and South Korea"}], "question": "Where do most of the Asian immigrants come from?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "since the era of New Spain"}], "question": "When did Filipinos start migrating to Mexico City?", "id": "57268f75f1498d1400e8e3ce"}]}], ["Sehingga tahun 1990-an, Daerah Persekutuan adalah entiti persekutuan paling ramai di Mexico, tetapi sejak itu penduduknya kekal stabil sekitar 8.7 juta. Pertumbuhan kota telah melampaui batas Daerah Persekutuan untuk 59 kota di negara bagian Mexico dan 1 di Hidalgo. Dengan penduduk kira-kira 19.8 juta penduduk (2008), ia adalah salah satu konurbasi yang paling ramai penduduk di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, kadar pertumbuhan tahunan Metropolitan Area Mexico City jauh lebih rendah berbanding dengan aglomerasi bandar besar lain di Mexico, fenomena yang paling mungkin dikaitkan dengan dasar desentralisasi alam sekitar. Kadar penghijrahan bersih Daerah Persekutuan dari tahun 1995 hingga 2000 adalah negatif. <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Daerah Persekutuan? || 8.7 juta <> Apakah keseluruhan penduduk Mexico City pada tahun 2008? || 19.8 juta <> Apakah kadar penghijrahan Mexico City dari 95-2000? || negatif <> Berbanding dengan bandar-bandar lain di Mexico, pertumbuhan Mexico City? || jauh lebih rendah", {"context": "Up to the 1990s, the Federal District was the most populous federal entity in Mexico, but since then its population has remained stable at around 8.7 million. The growth of the city has extended beyond the limits of the Federal District to 59 municipalities of the state of Mexico and 1 in the state of Hidalgo. With a population of approximately 19.8 million inhabitants (2008), it is one of the most populous conurbations in the world. Nonetheless, the annual rate of growth of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City is much lower than that of other large urban agglomerations in Mexico, a phenomenon most likely attributable to the environmental policy of decentralization. The net migration rate of the Federal District from 1995 to 2000 was negative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "8.7 million"}], "question": "How many people live in the Federal District? ", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "19.8 million"}], "question": "What is the overall population of Mexico City in 2008?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "negative"}], "question": "What was the migration rate of Mexico City from 95-2000?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "much lower"}], "question": "Compared to other cities in Mexico, Mexico City's growth is?", "id": "57268d79dd62a815002e8959"}]}], ["Ikon yang paling dikenali di Mexico City adalah Malaikat Emas Kemerdekaan di jalan yang luas dan elegan, Paseo de la Reforma, dimodelkan oleh perintah Maharaja Maximilian dari Mexico selepas Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es di Paris. Laluan ini direka di atas jalan utama yang paling lama diketahui di Amerika pada abad ke-19 untuk menghubungkan Istana Negara (kerusi kerajaan) dengan Istana Chapultepec, kediaman imperial. Hari ini, jalan ini merupakan daerah kewangan penting di mana Bursa Saham Mexico dan beberapa ibu pejabat korporat terletak. Satu lagi jalan penting ialah Avenida de los Insurgentes, yang memanjangkan 28.8 km (17.9 mi) dan merupakan salah satu jalan terpanjang di dunia. <> Apakah ikon Mexico City yang paling popular? || Malaikat Kemerdekaan keemasan <> Siapa yang membuat Malaikat Kemerdekaan? || perintah Maharaja Maximilian <> Malaikat kemerdekaan di atas jalan yang menghubungkan apa? || Istana Negara (kerusi kerajaan) dengan Istana Chapultepec <> Apakah nama jalan paling lama di Mexico City? || Avenida de los Insurgentes <> Berapa lama jalan paling lama di Mexico City? || 28.8 km (17.9 mi)", {"context": "The most recognizable icon of Mexico City is the golden Angel of Independence on the wide, elegant avenue Paseo de la Reforma, modeled by the order of the Emperor Maximilian of Mexico after the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris. This avenue was designed over the Americas' oldest known major roadway in the 19th century to connect the National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec, the imperial residence. Today, this avenue is an important financial district in which the Mexican Stock Exchange and several corporate headquarters are located. Another important avenue is the Avenida de los Insurgentes, which extends 28.8 km (17.9 mi) and is one of the longest single avenues in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "golden Angel of Independence"}], "question": "What is the most popular icon of Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "the order of the Emperor Maximilian"}], "question": "Who made the Angel of Independence?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "National Palace (seat of government) with the Castle of Chapultepec"}], "question": "The angel of independence is over the roadway that connects what?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Avenida de los Insurgentes"}], "question": "What is the name of the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "28.8 km (17.9 mi)"}], "question": "How long is the longest avenue in Mexico City?", "id": "572690d45951b619008f76d0"}]}], ["Pusat bersejarah Mexico City (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) dan \"taman terapung\" Xochimilco di borough selatan telah diisytiharkan Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO. Mercu tanda terkenal di Pusat Bersejarah termasuk Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (Z\u00f3calo), dataran tengah utama dengan era katedral Metropolitan era Sepanyol yang berlainan zaman dan Istana Negara, kuil purba Aztec purba Templo Mayor (\"Kuil Besar\") dan struktur moden, semuanya dalam beberapa langkah satu sama lain. (Walikota Templo ditemui pada tahun 1978 sementara pekerja digali untuk meletakkan kabel elektrik bawah tanah). <> Siapa yang menunjuk taman-taman terapung sebagai tapak Warisan Dunia? || UNESCO <> Pusat Sejarah dan taman-taman terapung adalah kedua-dua contoh? || Tapak Warisan Dunia <> Bilakah Templo Datuk Bandar ditemui? || 1978 <> Bagaimana Kuil Templo ditemui? || pekerja menggali untuk meletakkan kabel elektrik bawah tanah", {"context": "The Historic center of Mexico City (Centro Hist\u00f3rico) and the \"floating gardens\" of Xochimilco in the southern borough have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Famous landmarks in the Historic Center include the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n (Z\u00f3calo), the main central square with its epoch-contrasting Spanish-era Metropolitan Cathedral and National Palace, ancient Aztec temple ruins Templo Mayor (\"Major Temple\") and modern structures, all within a few steps of one another. (The Templo Mayor was discovered in 1978 while workers were digging to place underground electric cables).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "UNESCO"}], "question": "Who designated the floating gardens as a World Heritage site?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "World Heritage Sites"}], "question": "The Historic Center and the floating gardens are both examples of what?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When was the Templo Mayor found?", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "workers were digging to place underground electric cables"}], "question": "How was Templo Mayor discovered? ", "id": "57269001708984140094ca3c"}]}], ["Pembaharuan ekonomi Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari mempunyai kesan yang luar biasa di bandar ini, kerana sejumlah perniagaan, termasuk bank dan penerbangan, telah diswastakan. Beliau juga menandatangani Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara (NAFTA). Ini membawa kepada desentralisasi dan peralihan di pangkalan ekonomi Mexico City, dari pembuatan ke perkhidmatan, memandangkan kebanyakan kilang berpindah ke Negeri Mexico, atau lebih sering ke sempadan utara. Sebaliknya, bangunan pejabat korporat menetapkan pangkalan mereka di bandar. <> Siapa yang menswastakan syarikat penerbangan di Mexico? || Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari <> Siapa yang menandatangani NAFTA untuk Mexico? || Presiden Carlos Salinas de Gortari <> Apa yang dilakukan NAFTA terhadap perniagaan di Mexico City? || membawa kepada desentralisasi dan peralihan di pangkalan ekonomi Mexico City, dari pembuatan ke perkhidmatan <> Di manakah kilang-kilang Mexico City bergerak ke tahap yang paling biasa? || sempadan utara", {"context": "The economic reforms of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari had a tremendous effect on the city, as a number of businesses, including banks and airlines, were privatized. He also signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services, as most factories moved away to either the State of Mexico, or more commonly to the northern border. By contrast, corporate office buildings set their base in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"}], "question": "Who privatized the airlines of Mexico?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari"}], "question": "Who signed NAFTA for Mexico?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e8939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "led to decentralization and a shift in Mexico City's economic base, from manufacturing to services"}], "question": "What did NAFTA do to the businesses in Mexico City?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "northern border"}], "question": "Where did the factories of Mexico City move to most commonly?", "id": "57268c7fdd62a815002e893b"}]}], ["Secara sejarah, dan sejak zaman pra-Hispanik, Lembah Anahuac telah menjadi salah satu kawasan yang paling padat penduduk di Mexico. Apabila Daerah Persekutuan diwujudkan pada tahun 1824, kawasan bandar Mexico City diperluaskan ke kawasan Cuauht\u00e9moc hari ini. Pada permulaan abad ke-20, golongan elit mula berpindah ke selatan dan barat dan tidak lama lagi bandar-bandar kecil Mixcoac dan San \u00c1ngel digabungkan dengan conurbation yang semakin meningkat. Menurut bancian tahun 1921, 54.78% daripada penduduk bandar ini dianggap Mestizo (Orang Asli bercampur dengan Eropah), 22.79% dianggap Eropah, dan 18.74% dianggap Orang Asli. Ini adalah Banci Mexico yang terakhir yang meminta orang untuk mengenal diri mereka sendiri dengan warisan selain Amerindian. Bagaimanapun, banci mempunyai kekhasan yang, tidak seperti banci kaum / etnik di negara lain, ia memberi tumpuan kepada persepsi warisan budaya dan bukannya dalam persepsi kaum, yang membawa kepada bilangan orang kulit putih yang baik untuk mengenal pasti dengan \"warisan campuran\" pengaruh kebudayaan. Pada tahun 1921, Mexico City mempunyai kurang daripada satu juta penduduk. <> pada tahun 1921, berapa peratus penduduk Mexico City Mestizo? || 54.78 <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Mexico City pada tahun 1921? || kurang daripada satu juta <> Berapa peratus penduduk Mexico City adalah asli pada tahun 1921? || 18.74", {"context": "Historically, and since pre-Hispanic times, the Valley of Anahuac has been one of the most densely populated areas in Mexico. When the Federal District was created in 1824, the urban area of Mexico City extended approximately to the area of today's Cuauht\u00e9moc borough. At the beginning of the 20th century, the elites began migrating to the south and west and soon the small towns of Mixcoac and San \u00c1ngel were incorporated by the growing conurbation. According to the 1921 census, 54.78% of the city's population was considered Mestizo (Indigenous mixed with European), 22.79% considered European, and 18.74% considered Indigenous. This was the last Mexican Census which asked people to self-identify themselves with an heritage other than Amerindian. However, the census had the particularity that, unlike racial/ethnic census in other countries, it was focused in the perception of cultural heritage rather than in a racial perception, leading to a good number of white people to identify with \"Mixed heritage\" due cultural influence. In 1921, Mexico City had less than one million inhabitants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "54.78"}], "question": "in 1921, what percent of Mexico City's population Mestizo?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1063, "text": "less than one million"}], "question": "How many people lived in Mexico City in 1921?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "18.74"}], "question": "What percentage of Mexico City's population was indigenous in 1921?", "id": "57268d0b708984140094c9c8"}]}], ["Chapultepec Park menempatkan Istana Chapultepec, kini sebuah muzium di bukit yang menghadap ke taman dan banyak muzium, monumen dan kebangsaan zoo serta Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan (yang menempatkan Batu Kalendar Aztec). Satu lagi seni bina adalah Istana Seni Halus, teater marmar putih / muzium yang beratnya sedemikian rupa sehingga secara beransur-ansur telah tenggelam ke dalam tanah lembut di bawah. Pembinaannya bermula semasa presiden Porfirio D\u00edaz dan berakhir pada tahun 1934, selepas diganggu oleh Revolusi Mexico pada tahun 1920an. Plaza of the Three Cultures di kejiranan Tlatelolco, dan kuil dan Basilicas Our Lady of Guadalupe juga merupakan tapak penting. Terdapat bas dua tingkat, yang dikenali sebagai \"Turibus\", yang melingkari sebahagian besar laman web ini, dan telah menetapkan masa audio menggambarkan laman web dalam berbilang bahasa semasa mereka diluluskan. <> Chapultepec Castle terletak di mana? || Chapultepec Park <> Di mana Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan terletak? || Chapultepec Park <> Bilakah pembinaan istana Fine Arts berakhir? || 1934 <> Apa nama bas pelancongan yang menunjukkan monumen Mexico City? || Turibus <> Mengapa pembinaan Istana Seni Halal mengambil masa yang lama? || terganggu oleh Revolusi Mexico", {"context": "Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio D\u00edaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the \"Turibus\", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chapultepec Park"}], "question": "Chapultepec Castle is located where?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chapultepec Park"}], "question": "Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "1934"}], "question": "When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Turibus"}], "question": "What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "interrupted by the Mexican Revolution"}], "question": "Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?", "id": "572691a7708984140094ca67"}]}], ["Mexico City adalah salah satu hab ekonomi paling penting di Amerika Latin. Bandaraya yang betul (Daerah Persekutuan) menghasilkan 15.8% daripada keluaran dalam negara kasar. Menurut satu kajian yang dijalankan oleh PwC, Mexico City mempunyai KDNK sebanyak $ 390 bilion, kedudukannya sebagai bandar terkaya kelapan di dunia selepas kawasan metropolitan Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London dan Osaka / Kobe (dan terkaya di seluruh Amerika Latin). Tidak termasuk ekonomi Mexico yang lain, Mexico City sahaja akan menjadi negara ke-30 terbesar di dunia. Mexico City adalah penyumbang utama kepada KDNK perindustrian negara (15.8%) dan juga penyumbang utama kepada KDNK negara dalam sektor perkhidmatan (25.3%). Oleh kerana ruang tidak bersempadan yang terhad di selatan-kebanyakannya dilindungi oleh undang-undang alam sekitar - sumbangan Daerah Persekutuan dalam bidang pertanian adalah yang terkecil daripada semua entiti persekutuan di negara ini. Mexico City mempunyai salah satu ekonomi yang paling cepat berkembang di dunia dan KDNKnya ditetapkan dua kali ganda pada tahun 2020. <Peratusan daripada KDNK Negara apakah yang dihasilkan oleh Daerah Persekutuan? || 15.8 <> Apakah KDNK Mexico City? || $ 390 bilion <> Kedudukan apa dari segi GDP adalah Mexico City secara global? || kelapan <> Berapa peratus daripada sektor perkhidmatan KDNK nasional yang dilakukan oleh Mexico City? || 25.3 <> Dengan tahun apakah GDP Mexico City akan berganda, menurut penyelidikan? || 2020", {"context": "Mexico City is one of the most important economic hubs in Latin America. The city proper (Federal District) produces 15.8% of the country's gross domestic product. According to a study conducted by PwC, Mexico City had a GDP of $390 billion, ranking it as the eighth richest city in the world after the greater metropolitan areas of Tokyo, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Paris, London and Osaka/Kobe (and the richest in the whole of Latin America). Excluding the rest of the Mexican economy, Mexico City alone would rank as the 30th largest economy in the world. Mexico City is the greatest contributor to the country's industrial GDP (15.8%) and also the greatest contributor to the country's GDP in the service sector (25.3%). Due to the limited non-urbanized space at the south\u2014most of which is protected through environmental laws\u2014the contribution of the Federal District in agriculture is the smallest of all federal entities in the country. Mexico City has one of the world's fastest-growing economies and its GDP is set to double by 2020.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "15.8"}], "question": "What percentage of the National GDP does the Federal District produce?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "$390 billion"}], "question": "What is the GDP of Mexico City?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "eighth"}], "question": "What ranking in terms of GDP is Mexico City globally?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "25.3"}], "question": "What percentage of service sector national GDP does Mexico City account for?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "2020"}], "question": "By what year will the Mexico City GDP double by, according to research?", "id": "57268ac8dd62a815002e88dc"}]}], ["Mexico City dihidangkan oleh Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, sebuah sistem metro 225.9 km (140 batu), yang merupakan yang terbesar di Amerika Latin. Bahagian pertama dibuka pada tahun 1969 dan telah berkembang menjadi 12 baris dengan 195 stesen. Metro adalah salah satu yang paling sibuk di dunia yang mengangkut kira-kira 4.5 juta orang setiap hari, melepasi hanya dengan kereta bawah tanah di Moscow (7.5 juta), Tokyo (5.9 juta), dan New York City (5.1 juta). Ia sangat disubsidi, dan mempunyai beberapa tambang terendah di dunia, setiap perjalanan berharga 5.00 peso dari 05:00 pagi hingga tengah malam. Beberapa stesen memaparkan artifak dan senibina pra-Columbian yang ditemui semasa pembinaan metro. [Rujukan?] Walau bagaimanapun, metro meliputi kurang daripada separuh daripada jumlah kawasan bandar. Stesen Metro juga dibezakan dengan penggunaan ikon dan glyphs yang dicadangkan untuk orang yang tidak dapat membaca. Ikon spesifik dibangunkan berdasarkan sejarah (watak, tapak, motif pra-Hispanik), linguistik, simbolik (glyphs) atau rujukan lokasi dan telah ditiru dalam alternatif pengangkutan di Bandar Raya dan di bandar-bandar Mexico yang lain. Mexico City adalah satu-satunya bandar di dunia untuk menggunakan rujukan ikon dan telah menjadi tanda kebudayaan budaya popular untuk bandar. <> Seberapa besar sistem metro Mexico City? || 225.9 km (140 mi) <> Bilakah sistem metro Mexico City dibuka pertama kali? || 1969 <> Berapa banyak garis dalam sistem metro? || 12 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menunggang sistem metro setiap hari? || 4.5 juta <> Berapa banyak stesen di sistem metro Mexico City? || 195", {"context": "Mexico City is served by the Sistema de Transporte Colectivo, a 225.9 km (140 mi) metro system, which is the largest in Latin America. The first portions were opened in 1969 and it has expanded to 12 lines with 195 stations. The metro is one of the busiest in the world transporting approximately 4.5 million people every day, surpassed only by subway lines in Moscow (7.5 million), Tokyo (5.9 million), and New York City (5.1 million). It is heavily subsidized, and has some of the lowest fares in the world, each trip costing 5.00 pesos from 05:00 am to midnight. Several stations display pre-Columbian artifacts and architecture that were discovered during the metro's construction.[citation needed] However, the metro covers less than half of the total urban area. The Metro stations are also differentiated by the use of icons and glyphs which were proposed for people who could not read. The specific icons were developed based on historical (characters, sites, pre-Hispanic motifs), linguistic, symbolic (glyphs) or location references and has being emulated in further transportations alternatives in the City and in other Mexican cities. Mexico City is the only city in the world to use the icon reference and has become a popular culture trademark for the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "225.9 km (140 mi)"}], "question": "How large is the metro system of Mexico City?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f772f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "1969"}], "question": "When was the Mexico City metro system first opened?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many lines are in the metro system?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "4.5 million"}], "question": "How many people ride the metro system each day?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "195"}], "question": "How many stations are in the Mexico City metro system?", "id": "572693ac5951b619008f7733"}]}], ["Dalam ucapannya yang bertajuk dua negara pada 2 September 2014, Presiden Mexico Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto melancarkan rancangan untuk lapangan terbang antarabangsa baru untuk memudahkan kesesakan lalu lintas udara yang terkenal di bandar itu, sementara menunggu untuk pembukaan 2018. Lapangan terbang baru, yang akan mempunyai enam landasan, akan menelan belanja $ 9.15 bilion dan akan dibina di atas tanah persekutuan yang kosong di timur Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City. Matlamat akhirnya akan mengendalikan 120 juta penumpang setahun, yang menjadikannya lapangan terbang paling sibuk di dunia. <> Bilakah rancangan baru lapangan terbang didedahkan? || 2 September 2014 <> Bilakah rancangan baru sepatutnya datang kepada lapangan terbang? || 2018 <> Berapa banyak landasan pacu akan berada di lapangan terbang baru? || enam <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang akan dapat mengendalikan lapangan terbang baru? || 120 juta <> Berapa kos lapangan terbang baru? || $ 9.15 bilion", {"context": "During his annual state-of-the-nation address on September 2, 2014, President of Mexico Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto unveiled plans for a new international airport to ease the city's notorious air traffic congestion, tentatively slated for a 2018 opening. The new airport, which would have six runways, will cost $9.15 billion and would be built on vacant federal land east of Mexico City International Airport. Goals are to eventually handle 120 million passengers a year, which would make it the busiest airport in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "September 2, 2014"}], "question": "When were the new plans of the airport revealed?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "2018"}], "question": "When are the new plans supposed to come to fruition for the airport?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many runways will be in the new airport?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "120 million"}], "question": "How many passengers will the new airport be able to handle?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "$9.15 billion"}], "question": "How much does the new airport cost?", "id": "5726a4cdf1498d1400e8e5e0"}]}], ["Di lapangan terbang Mexico City, kerajaan terlibat dalam program penstrukturan semula yang luas termasuk penambahan terminal kedua baru, yang mula beroperasi pada tahun 2007, dan pembesaran empat lapangan terbang lain (di kota Toluca, Quer\u00e9taro, Puebla dan Cuernavaca ) yang, bersama-sama dengan lapangan terbang Bandar Raya Mexico, terdiri daripada Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de M\u00e9xico, mengedarkan trafik ke pelbagai wilayah di Mexico. Bandar Pachuca juga akan menyediakan pengembangan tambahan ke rangkaian lapangan terbang pusat Mexico. Lapangan Terbang Mexico City adalah hab utama bagi 11 daripada 21 syarikat penerbangan kebangsaan. <> Bilakah terminal kedua dibuka di Lapangan Terbang Mexico City? || 2007 <> Berapa banyak syarikat penerbangan kebangsaan ada di Mexico? || 21 <> Berapa banyak syarikat utama Mexico yang berpusat di Mexico City? || 11 <> Apa bandar baru yang akan ditambah kepada kumpulan Lapangan Terbang Mexico di sekitar Mexico City? || Pachuca", {"context": "In the Mexico City airport, the government engaged in an extensive restructuring program that includes the addition of a new second terminal, which began operations in 2007, and the enlargement of four other airports (at the nearby cities of Toluca, Quer\u00e9taro, Puebla and Cuernavaca) that, along with Mexico City's airport, comprise the Grupo Aeroportuario del Valle de M\u00e9xico, distributing traffic to different regions in Mexico. The city of Pachuca will also provide additional expansion to central Mexico's airport network. Mexico City's airport is the main hub for 11 of the 21 national airline companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did the second terminal open at the Mexico City Airport?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many national airlines are there in Mexico?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many of the main Mexican airlines are based in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Pachuca"}], "question": "What is the new city that will be added to the group of Mexican Airports around Mexico City?", "id": "5726a4465951b619008f78c2"}]}], ["Kebanyakan seni penjajah awal berasal dari codices (Aztec yang digambarkan buku), bertujuan untuk memulihkan dan memelihara beberapa Aztec dan ikonografi Amerindian dan sejarah lain. Sejak itu, ungkapan seni di Mexico kebanyakannya tema agama. Katedral Metropolitan masih memaparkan kerja oleh Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa dan lukisan minyak yang pengarangnya telah dikaitkan dengan Murillo. Seni kerja sekular dalam tempoh ini termasuk patung ekuestrian Charles IV dari Sepanyol, yang dikenali sebagai El Caballito (\"Kuda kecil\"). Sekeping ini, dalam gangsa, adalah karya Manuel Tols\u00e1 dan ia telah diletakkan di Plaza Tols\u00e1, di hadapan Palacio de Miner\u00eda (Istana Pertambangan). Terus di hadapan bangunan ini adalah Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) yang indah (Muzium Seni Kebangsaan). <> Apa yang merangkumi sebahagian besar seni belia Mexico City? || codices <> Kebanyakan seni sejak Aztec mengambil gaya apa? || agama <> Seni mana yang dipaparkan di katedral besar di Mexico City? || Juan de Rojas <> \"The Little Horse\" juga dikenali sebagai apa? || arca ekuestrian Charles IV of Spain <> Yang menciptakan \"The Little Horse?\" || Manuel Tols\u00e1", {"context": "Much of the early colonial art stemmed from the codices (Aztec illustrated books), aiming to recover and preserve some Aztec and other Amerindian iconography and history. From then, artistic expressions in Mexico were mostly religious in theme. The Metropolitan Cathedral still displays works by Juan de Rojas, Juan Correa and an oil painting whose authorship has been attributed to Murillo. Secular works of art of this period include the equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain, locally known as El Caballito (\"The little horse\"). This piece, in bronze, was the work of Manuel Tols\u00e1 and it has been placed at the Plaza Tols\u00e1, in front of the Palacio de Miner\u00eda (Mining Palace). Directly in front of this building is the beautiful Museo Nacional de Arte (Munal) (the National Museum of Art).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "codices"}], "question": "What comprised most of the early art of Mexico City?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "religious"}], "question": "Most of the art since the Aztecs took what style? ", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Juan de Rojas"}], "question": "Whose art is displayed at the large cathedral in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "equestrian sculpture of Charles IV of Spain"}], "question": "\"The Little Horse\" is also known as what?", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Manuel Tols\u00e1"}], "question": "Who created \"The Little Horse?\"", "id": "5726a632708984140094ccdd"}]}], ["Laluan transit cepat bas pertama di bandar ini, Metrob\u00fas, mula beroperasi pada bulan Jun 2005, bersama Avenida Insurgentes. Talian 2 dibuka pada Disember 2008, berkhidmat dengan Eje 4 Sur, baris 3 dibuka pada bulan Februari 2011, berkhidmat dengan Eje 1 Poniente, dan barisan 4 dibuka pada April 2012 menghubungkan lapangan terbang dengan San L\u00e1zaro dan Buenavista Station di Insurgentes. Oleh kerana mikrobus dikeluarkan dari laluannya, diharapkan Metrob\u00fas dapat mengurangkan pencemaran dan mengurangkan masa transit bagi penumpang. Pada bulan Jun 2013, Datuk Bandar Mexico mengumumkan dua lagi baris untuk datang: Talian 5 berkhidmat Eje 3 Oriente dan Talian 6 berkhidmat Eje 5 Norte. Sehingga Jun 2013, 367 bas Metrobus mengangkut 850,000 penumpang setiap hari. <> Berapa nama jalur bas bandar yang pantas? || Metrobus <> Bilakah Metrobus memulakan perkhidmatan? || Jun 2005 <> Bilakah barisan kedua Metrobus dibuka? || Disember 2008 <> Berapa ramai orang menunggang Metrobus setiap hari? || 850,000 <> April 2012 adalah tahun yang dibuka Metrobus? || baris 4", {"context": "The city's first bus rapid transit line, the Metrob\u00fas, began operation in June 2005, along Avenida Insurgentes. Line 2 opened in December 2008, serving Eje 4 Sur, line 3 opened in February 2011, serving Eje 1 Poniente, and line 4 opened in April 2012 connecting the airport with San L\u00e1zaro and Buenavista Station at Insurgentes. As the microbuses were removed from its route, it was hoped that the Metrob\u00fas could reduce pollution and decrease transit time for passengers. In June 2013, Mexico City's mayor announced two more lines to come: Line 5 serving Eje 3 Oriente and Line 6 serving Eje 5 Norte. As of June 2013, 367 Metrob\u00fas buses transported 850,000 passengers daily.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Metrob\u00fas"}], "question": "What is the name of the city's fast bus line?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "June 2005"}], "question": "When did Metrobus begin services?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "December 2008"}], "question": "When did the second line of Metrobus open?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "850,000"}], "question": "How many people ride the Metrobus every day?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "line 4"}], "question": "April 2012 was the year which Metrobus line opened?", "id": "572694255951b619008f7745"}]}], ["Terdapat program alam sekitar, yang dipanggil Hoy No Circula (\"Hari Ini Tidak Berjalan\" atau \"Satu Hari Tanpa Kereta\"), di mana kenderaan yang belum melepasi ujian pelepasan adalah terhad daripada beredar pada hari-hari tertentu mengikut digit akhir mereka plat lesen; ini dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pencemaran dan kesesakan lalu lintas. Walaupun pada tahun 2003, program ini masih menyekat 40% kenderaan di kawasan metropolitan, dengan penggunaan piawaian pelepasan ketat pada tahun 2001 dan 2006, dalam praktiknya, hari ini kebanyakan kenderaan dikecualikan daripada sekatan edaran selagi mereka lulus ujian pelepasan tetap . <> Bagaimana orang tahu hari mana yang tidak memandu kereta mereka? || mengakhiri angka plat lesen mereka <> Berapa banyak kereta yang masih terhad pada tahun 2003? || 40% <> Bilakah piawaian emisson baru digubal? || 2006 <> Bagaimana kereta boleh dikecualikan daripada sekatan? || lulus ujian pelepasan tetap", {"context": "There is an environmental program, called Hoy No Circula (\"Today Does Not Run\", or \"One Day without a Car\"), whereby vehicles that have not passed emissions testing are restricted from circulating on certain days according to the ending digit of their license plates; this in an attempt to cut down on pollution and traffic congestion. While in 2003, the program still restricted 40% of vehicles in the metropolitan area, with the adoption of stricter emissions standards in 2001 and 2006, in practice, these days most vehicles are exempt from the circulation restrictions as long as they pass regular emissions tests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "ending digit of their license plates"}], "question": "How do people know which days to not drive their car?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "40%"}], "question": "How many cars were still restricted in 2003?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When were new emisson standards enacted?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "pass regular emissions tests"}], "question": "How can cars get exempt from the restrictions?", "id": "5726a1abf1498d1400e8e565"}]}], ["Setelah menjadi ibu kota kekaisaran pra-Hispanik yang luas, dan juga ibu kota kekuasaan paling kaya di dalam Empayar Sepanyol (yang memerintah wilayah yang luas di Amerika dan Hindia Barat Sepanyol), dan, akhirnya, ibukota Negara-negara Mexico, Mexico, Mexico Bandar mempunyai sejarah yang kaya dengan ekspresi artistik. Sejak zaman pra-Klasik mesoamerika penduduk penempatan di sekitar Lake Texcoco menghasilkan banyak karya seni dan ketukangan yang kompleks, beberapa di antaranya hari ini dipamerkan di Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan yang terkenal di dunia dan muzium Templo Mayor. Walaupun banyak potongan tembikar dan ukiran batu telah terselamat, majoriti ikonografi Amerindian telah dimusnahkan semasa Penaklukan Mexico. <> Bilakah Mexico City kehilangan sebahagian besar artifaknya? || Penaklukan Mexico <> Bilakah seni kompleks Mexico City bermula? || tempoh pra-Klasik <> Apa yang memegang kebanyakan seni lama di rantau Mexico Mexico? || Muzium Antropologi Kebangsaan dan muzium Templo Mayor <> Apakah artefak utama yang terselamat? || tembikar dan ukiran batu", {"context": "Having been capital of a vast pre-Hispanic empire, and also the capital of richest viceroyalty within the Spanish Empire (ruling over a vast territory in the Americas and Spanish West Indies), and, finally, the capital of the United Mexican States, Mexico City has a rich history of artistic expression. Since the mesoamerican pre-Classical period the inhabitants of the settlements around Lake Texcoco produced many works of art and complex craftsmanship, some of which are today displayed at the world-renowned National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum. While many pieces of pottery and stone-engraving have survived, the great majority of the Amerindian iconography was destroyed during the Conquest of Mexico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Conquest of Mexico"}], "question": "When did Mexico City lost most of its artifacts? ", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "pre-Classical period"}], "question": "When did the complex art of Mexico City begin?", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "National Museum of Anthropology and the Templo Mayor museum"}], "question": "What holds most of the old art of the Mexico city region?", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "pottery and stone-engraving"}], "question": "What are the main artifacts that have survived? ", "id": "5726a5b2708984140094ccd4"}]}], ["Kerajaan tempatan terus berusaha untuk mengurangkan kesesakan lalu lintas yang besar, dan telah meningkatkan insentif untuk membuat bandar mesra basikal. Ini termasuk sistem Amerika Utara kedua terbesar perkongsian basikal, EcoBici, yang dilancarkan pada tahun 2010, yang mencatatkan penduduk boleh mendapatkan basikal selama 45 minit dengan langganan prabayar 300 peso setahun. Terdapat, pada September 2013, 276 stesen dengan 4,000 basikal merentas kawasan dari pusat bersejarah ke Polanco. dalam jarak 300 meter (980 kaki) antara satu sama lain dan secara automatik menggunakan kad berasaskan transponder. pengguna basikal perkhidmatan mempunyai akses kepada beberapa Ciclov\u00edas (laluan basikal khusus / lorong / jalan-jalan) tetap, termasuk orang-orang yang bersama-sama Paseo de la Reforma dan Avenida Chapultepec serta satu berlari 59 kilometer (37 batu) dari Polanco untuk Fierro del Toro, yang terletak di selatan Taman Negara Cumbres del Ajusco, berhampiran dengan negeri Morelos. Inisiatif bandar ini diilhamkan oleh contoh-contoh pemikiran ke hadapan, seperti Copenhagenization Denmark. <> Apakah nama sistem perkongsian basikal di bandar ini? || EcoBici <> Bilakah sistem perkongsian basikal di bandar bermula? || 2010 <> Berapa banyak motosikal yang terlibat dalam sistem pengendalian basikal? || 4,000 <> Apa yang mereka panggil laluan basikal di Bandar Raya Mexico? || Ciclov\u00edas <> Negara apa yang menjadi inspirasi untuk program-program baru Mexico City? || Denmark", {"context": "The local government continuously strives for a reduction of massive traffic congestion, and has increased incentives for making a bicycle-friendly city. This includes North America's second-largest bicycle sharing system, EcoBici, launched in 2010, in which registered residents can get bicycles for 45 minutes with a pre-paid subscription of 300 pesos a year. There are, as of September 2013, 276 stations with 4,000 bicycles across an area stretching from the Historic center to Polanco. within 300 metres (980 feet) of one another and are fully automatic using a transponder based card. Bicycle-service users have access to several permanent Ciclov\u00edas (dedicated bike paths/lanes/streets), including ones along Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida Chapultepec as well as one running 59 kilometres (37 miles) from Polanco to Fierro del Toro, which is located south of Cumbres del Ajusco National Park, near the Morelos state line. The city's initiative is inspired by forward thinking examples, such as Denmark's Copenhagenization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "EcoBici"}], "question": "What is the name of the city's bike sharing system?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did the bike sharing system of the city begin?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "4,000"}], "question": "How many bikes are involved in the bike share system?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cc9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Ciclov\u00edas"}], "question": "What do they call the bike paths in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1001, "text": "Denmark"}], "question": "What country is the inspiration for Mexico City's new programs?", "id": "5726a33e708984140094cca1"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1970-an banyak jalan arteri telah direka bentuk semula sebagai vesel ejes; jalan-jalan sehala tinggi yang menyeberang, secara teori, bandar Mexico tepat dari sisi ke sisi. Rangkaian eje vial adalah berdasarkan grid kuasi-Cartesian, dengan ejes sendiri dipanggil Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, dan Eje 1 Oriente, contohnya untuk jalan-jalan utara-selatan, dan Eje 2 Sur dan Eje 3 Norte, contohnya, untuk jalan raya timur-barat. Jalan cincin adalah Circuito Interior (cincin batin), Anillo Perif\u00e9rico; Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (\"luar negeri loop\") jalan tol di pinggir timur laut dan timur kawasan metropolitan, jalan tol Chamapa-La Venta melangkah tepi barat laut, dan Arco Norte sepenuhnya melepasi kawasan metropolitan dalam arka dari barat laut (Atlacomulco) ke utara (Tula, Hidalgo) ke timur (Puebla). Tahap kedua (di mana tol dikenakan bayaran) dari Perif\u00e9rico, yang biasa disebut segundo piso (\"tingkat kedua\"), dibuka secara rasmi pada tahun 2012, dengan bahagian yang masih lengkap. Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n melintasi bandar timur-barat dari Observatorio ke lapangan terbang. Pada tahun 2013, Superv\u00eda Poniente dibuka, jalan tol menghubungkan daerah perniagaan Santa Fe yang baru dengan ibu kota Mexico barat daya. <> Apakah jalan sehala di bandar Mexico dipanggil? || ejes viales <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai jalan raya kedua? || tol dikenakan bayaran <> Bilakah jalan-jalan peringkat kedua ini dibuka? || 2012 <> Jalan utama apa yang membawa ke lapangan terbang? || The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n <> Apa yang menghubungkan Santa Fe dan bahagian barat daya bandar? || Superv\u00eda Poniente", {"context": "In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Perif\u00e9rico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense (\"State of Mexico outer loop\") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Perif\u00e9rico, colloquially called the segundo piso (\"second floor\"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Superv\u00eda Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "ejes viales"}], "question": "What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "tolls are charged"}], "question": "What is different about the second level roads?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When were these second level roads opened?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "The Viaducto Miguel Alem\u00e1n"}], "question": "What main road leads to the airport?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "the Superv\u00eda Poniente"}], "question": "What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?", "id": "572694bef1498d1400e8e46a"}]}], ["Mexico City dilayan oleh Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City (Kod Lapangan Terbang IATA: MEX). Lapangan terbang ini merupakan tempat tersibuk kedua di Amerika Latin dan salah satu yang paling ramai dalam trafik, dengan penerbangan harian ke Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada, tanah besar Mexico, Amerika Tengah dan Caribbean, Amerika Selatan, Eropah dan Asia. Aerom\u00e9xico (Skyteam) berpusat di lapangan terbang ini, dan menyediakan perjanjian codeshare dengan syarikat penerbangan bukan Mexico yang merangkumi seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 2014, lapangan terbang mengendalikan lebih dari 34 juta penumpang, lebih daripada 2 juta lebih banyak berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Trafik ini melebihi kapasiti semasa lapangan terbang, yang secara historis memusatkan majoriti trafik udara di negara ini. Pilihan alternatif adalah Lic. Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos (Kod Lapangan Terbang IATA: TLC) di Toluca, Negeri Mexico, walaupun disebabkan oleh beberapa keputusan syarikat penerbangan untuk menamatkan perkhidmatan ke TLC, lapangan terbang telah menyaksikan penurunan penumpang kepada lebih 700,000 penumpang pada tahun 2014 dari lebih dari 2.1 juta penumpang hanya empat tahun sebelum ini. <> Apa nama lapangan terbang utama di Bandar Raya Mexico? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City <> Apakah kod tangan pendek untuk lapangan terbang terbesar di Mexico City? || MEX <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang datang melalui Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Mexico City setiap tahun? || 34 juta <> Apakah nama lapangan terbang yang lebih kecil berhampiran Bandar Raya Mexico? || Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang datang melalui Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Adolfo Lopez Mateos? || 700,000", {"context": "Mexico City is served by Mexico City International Airport (IATA Airport Code: MEX). This airport is Latin America's second busiest and one of the largests in traffic, with daily flights to United States and Canada, mainland Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Europe and Asia. Aerom\u00e9xico (Skyteam) is based at this airport, and provide codeshare agreements with non-Mexican airlines that span the entire globe. In 2014, the airport handled well over 34 million passengers, just over 2 million more than the year before. This traffic exceeds the current capacity of the airport, which has historically centralized the majority of air traffic in the country. An alternate option is Lic. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport (IATA Airport Code: TLC) in nearby Toluca, State of Mexico, although due to several airlines' decisions to terminate service to TLC, the airport has seen a passenger drop to just over 700,000 passengers in 2014 from over 2.1 million passengers just four years prior.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Mexico City International Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the major airport in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "MEX"}], "question": "What is the short hand code for Mexico City's largest airport?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "34 million"}], "question": "About how many passengers come through the Mexico City International Airport each year?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos International Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the smaller airport near Mexico City?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "700,000"}], "question": "How many passengers come through Adolfo Lopez Mateos International Airport?", "id": "5726a3d5708984140094ccb1"}]}], ["Tempat letak kereta di kawasan kejiranan bandar kebanyakannya dikendalikan oleh franeleros aka \"viene vienes\" (lit. \"datang, datang\"), yang meminta pemandu untuk bayaran untuk meletak kereta, secara teori untuk menjaga kereta, tetapi dengan ancaman tersirat yang franelero akan merosakkan kereta jika bayarannya tidak dibayar. Tempat letak kereta yang double adalah perkara biasa (dengan franeleros memindahkan kereta seperti yang diperlukan), menghalang lorong yang ada untuk trafik. Untuk mengurangkan masalah itu dan lain-lain dan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan, 721 meter letak kereta (sehingga Oktober 2013) telah dipasang di kawasan kejiranan barat daya Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco dan Anzures, beroperasi dari 8 pagi hingga 8 malam pada hari kerja dan mengenakan kadar 2 peso setiap 15 minit, dengan kereta pelanggar digerakkan, berharga kira-kira 500 peso untuk dikeluarkan. 30 peratus dari pendapatan bulanan 16 juta-peso (sehingga Oktober 2013) dari sistem parkir-meter (dinamakan \"ecoParq\") diperuntukkan bagi penambahbaikan kejiranan. Pemberian lesen untuk semua zon semata-mata kepada sebuah syarikat baru tanpa pengalaman dalam mengendalikan meter letak kereta, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, telah menghasilkan kontroversi. <> Apakah nama sistem meter parkir di Mexico City? || ecoParq <> Siapa yang mengendalikan meter letak kereta? || Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario <> Berapa banyak wang sebulan yang membawa masuk ke tempat letak kereta? || 16 juta peso <> Berapa jam meter letak kereta Mexico City? || 8 pagi hingga 8 malam <> Berapa banyak meter letak kereta dipasang pada Oktober 2013? || 721", {"context": "Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. \"viene vienes\" (lit. \"come on, come on\"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named \"ecoParq\") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "ecoParq"}], "question": "What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1061, "text": "Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario"}], "question": "Who operates the parking meters?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7876"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "16 million-peso"}], "question": "How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7877"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "8 AM to 8 PM"}], "question": "What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "721"}], "question": "How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?", "id": "5726a2b75951b619008f7879"}]}], ["Satu lagi penambahan utama ke adegan muzium di bandar ini ialah Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), yang dirasmikan pada awal 2011. Idea daripada dua wanita Mexico muda sebagai muzium Holocaust, idea itu menjadi muzium unik yang khusus untuk mempamerkan semua peristiwa sejarah utama diskriminasi dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. Pameran tetap termasuk orang-orang di Holocaust dan kekejaman berskala besar lainnya. Ia juga menempatkan pameran sementara; satu di Tibet telah dirasmikan oleh Dalai Lama pada bulan September 2011. <> Bilakah Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi dibuka? || 2011 <> Apakah acara utama yang diilhamkan oleh Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi? || Holocaust <> Pameran yang dirasmikan oleh Dalai Lama dibuka ketika? || September 2011 <> Apakah subjek utama Muzium Peringatan dan Toleransi? || diskriminasi dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai", {"context": "Another major addition to the city's museum scene is the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance (Museo de la Memoria y Tolerancia), inaugurated in early 2011. The brainchild of two young Mexican women as a Holocaust museum, the idea morphed into a unique museum dedicated to showcasing all major historical events of discrimination and genocide. Permanent exhibits include those on the Holocaust and other large-scale atrocities. It also houses temporary exhibits; one on Tibet was inaugurated by the Dalai Lama in September 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance open?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Holocaust"}], "question": "What main event inspired the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "September 2011"}], "question": "The exhibit inaugurated by the Dalai Lama opened when?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "discrimination and genocide"}], "question": "What is the main subject of the Museum of Remembrance and Tolerance?", "id": "5726bc865951b619008f7c86"}]}], ["Centro Nacional de las Artes (Pusat Kebangsaan Seni mempunyai beberapa tempat untuk muzik, teater, tarian. Kampus utama UNAM, juga di bahagian selatan bandar, adalah rumah Centro Cultural Universitario (Pusat Kebudayaan Universiti) (CCU CCU juga menempatkan Perpustakaan Negara, Universum interaktif, Museo de las Ciencias, dewan konsert Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, beberapa teater dan panggung wayang, dan Muzium Seni Kontemporari Universiti (MUAC) yang baru. Sebuah cawangan kebudayaan CCU Kebangsaan Universiti Pusat ini telah dirasmikan pada 2007 di kemudahan bekas Kementerian Luar Negeri, yang dikenali sebagai Tlatelolco, di utara-tengah Mexico City. <> Di mana Centro Cultural Universitario? || Kampus utama UNAM <> CCU memegang, sebagai tambahan kepada teater muzik, apa? || Perpustakaan Negara <> Bekas Kementerian Luar Negeri telah membuka pusat kebudayaan pada tahun apa? || 2007 <> Apa nama pusat CCU dibuka pada 2007? || Tlatelolco <> Di mana adalah Tlatelolco mencari d? || utara-tengah Mexico City", {"context": "The Centro Nacional de las Artes (National Center for the Arts has several venues for music, theatre, dance. UNAM's main campus, also in the southern part of the city, is home to the Centro Cultural Universitario (the University Culture Center) (CCU). The CCU also houses the National Library, the interactive Universum, Museo de las Ciencias, the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl concert hall, several theatres and cinemas, and the new University Museum of Contemporary Art (MUAC). A branch of the National University's CCU cultural center was inaugurated in 2007 in the facilities of the former Ministry of Foreign Affairs, known as Tlatelolco, in north-central Mexico City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "UNAM's main campus"}], "question": "Where is the Centro Cultural Universitario?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "National Library"}], "question": "The CCU holds, in addition to a music theater, what?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "2007"}], "question": "The former Ministry of Foreign Affairs had a cultural center opened in what year?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "Tlatelolco"}], "question": "What is the name of the CCU center opened in 2007?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "north-central Mexico City"}], "question": "Where is Tlatelolco located?", "id": "5726bea0708984140094d01f"}]}], ["Tapak-tapak popular lain untuk persembahan pop-artis termasuk Teatro Metropolitan 3,000 tempat duduk, Palacio de los Deportes yang mempunyai 15,000 tempat duduk, dan Stadium Foro Sol 50,000 yang lebih besar, di mana artis-artis antarabangsa yang popular melakukan secara teratur. Cirque du Soleil telah mengadakan beberapa musim di Carpa Santa Fe, di daerah Santa Fe di bahagian barat bandar. Terdapat banyak tempat untuk pertunjukan muzik dan penari solo yang lebih kecil. Ini termasuk Hard Rock Live, Batacl\u00e1n, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador dan Voil\u00e1 Acoustique. Tambahan baru-baru ini termasuk Arena Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 20,000 tempat duduk, Pusat Dagangan Dunia Pepsi Pusat 3,000, dan 2,500 tempat duduk Auditorio Blackberry. <> Berapa banyak set di Teatro Metropolitan? || 3,000 <> The Foro Sol Stadium hols berapa orang? || 50,000 <> Di manakah Cirque du Soleil pergi di Mexico City? || Carpa Santa Fe <> Pusat Dagangan Dunia Pepsi Pusat memegang berapa ramai orang? || 3,000", {"context": "Other popular sites for pop-artist performances include the 3,000-seat Teatro Metropolitan, the 15,000-seat Palacio de los Deportes, and the larger 50,000-seat Foro Sol Stadium, where popular international artists perform on a regular basis. The Cirque du Soleil has held several seasons at the Carpa Santa Fe, in the Santa Fe district in the western part of the city. There are numerous venues for smaller musical ensembles and solo performers. These include the Hard Rock Live, Batacl\u00e1n, Foro Scotiabank, Lunario, Circo Volador and Voil\u00e1 Acoustique. Recent additions include the 20,000-seat Arena Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, the 3,000-seat Pepsi Center World Trade Center, and the 2,500-seat Auditorio Blackberry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many sets are in the Teatro Metropolitan?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "The Foro Sol Stadium hols how many people?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Carpa Santa Fe"}], "question": "Where does Cirque du Soleil go in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "The Pepsi Center World Trade Center holds how many people?", "id": "5726bdde708984140094cffc"}]}], ["Muzium kanak-kanak Papalote, yang menempatkan skrin kubah terbesar di dunia, terletak di taman kayu Chapultepec, berhampiran Museo Tecnol\u00f3gico, dan taman hiburan La Feria. Taman tema Six Flags M\u00e9xico (taman hiburan terbesar di Amerika Latin) terletak di kejiranan Ajusco, di daerah Tlalpan, selatan Mexico City. Semasa musim sejuk, alun-alun utama Z\u00f3calo berubah menjadi gelanggang luncur ais raksasa, yang dikatakan terbesar di dunia di belakang Red Square Moscow. <> Apa yang membuat muzium kanak-kanak Papalote begitu terkenal? || skrin kubah terbesar di dunia <> Di mana Muzium Kanak-kanak Papalote terletak? || taman berhutan di Chapultepec <> Apa taman hiburan terbesar di Amerika Latin? || Six Flags M\u00e9xico <> Apa borough adalah Six Flags Mexico terletak? || Tlalpan <> Apa bandar yang mempunyai gelanggang skating ais luar terbesar di dunia? || Moscow", {"context": "The Papalote children's museum, which houses the world's largest dome screen, is located in the wooded park of Chapultepec, near the Museo Tecnol\u00f3gico, and La Feria amusement park. The theme park Six Flags M\u00e9xico (the largest amusement park in Latin America) is located in the Ajusco neighborhood, in Tlalpan borough, southern Mexico City. During the winter, the main square of the Z\u00f3calo is transformed into a gigantic ice skating rink, which is said to be the largest in the world behind that of Moscow's Red Square.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "world's largest dome screen"}], "question": "What makes the Papalote children's museum so famous?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d025"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "wooded park of Chapultepec"}], "question": "Where is the Papalote Children's Museum located?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Six Flags M\u00e9xico"}], "question": "What is the largest amusement park in Latin America?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Tlalpan"}], "question": "What borough is Six Flags Mexico located?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Moscow"}], "question": "What city has the largest outdoor ice skating rink in the world?", "id": "5726bf0a708984140094d029"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga merupakan pusat budaya dan muzik yang popular. Terdapat banyak tempat yang menganjurkan penghibur bahasa Sepanyol dan asing. Ini termasuk Auditorium Nasional 10,000 tempat duduk yang kerap menjadualkan artis pop dan rock bahasa Sepanyol dan bahasa Inggeris, serta banyak persembahan seni persembahan terkemuka di dunia, auditorium itu juga menyiarkan persembahan Grand Opera dari Opera Metropolitan New York di atas gergasi, tinggi skrin definisi. Pada tahun 2007, National Auditorium dipilih sebagai tempat terbaik dunia oleh pelbagai media genre. <> Berapa ramai orang yang mengadakan Auditorium Negara? || 10,000 <> Apakah bahasa utama yang disokong oleh pameran di Auditorium Negara? || Bahasa Sepanyol dan Bahasa Inggeris <> Tahun apakah Auditorium Kebangsaan mengundi terbaik di dunia? || 2007 <> Bagaimana anda boleh melihat Grand Opera of New York di Mexico City? || gergasi, skrin definisi tinggi", {"context": "The city is also a leading center of popular culture and music. There are a multitude of venues hosting Spanish and foreign-language performers. These include the 10,000-seat National Auditorium that regularly schedules the Spanish and English-language pop and rock artists, as well as many of the world's leading performing arts ensembles, the auditorium also broadcasts Grand Opera performances from New York's Metropolitan Opera on giant, high definition screens. In 2007 National Auditorium was selected world's best venue by multiple genre media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many people does the National Auditorium hold?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Spanish and English"}], "question": "What main languages are supported by shows at the National Auditorium?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year was the National Auditorium voted best in the world?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "giant, high definition screens"}], "question": "How can you see the Grand Opera of New York in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bd78dd62a815002e8ef7"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-19, pengeluar seni penting ialah Akademi Seni San Carlos (Akademi Seni San Carlos), yang ditubuhkan pada masa penjajahan dan kemudian menjadi Escuela Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas (Sekolah Kebangsaan Seni) termasuk lukisan, patung dan reka bentuk grafik, salah satu sekolah seni UNAM. Kebanyakan karya yang dihasilkan oleh pelajar dan fakulti pada masa itu kini dipaparkan di Museo Nacional de San Carlos (Muzium Negara San Carlos). Salah seorang pelajar, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco, dianggap sebagai pelukis landskap Mexico terbesar abad ke-19. Seni penganugerahan rejim Porfirio D\u00edaz, terutama yang mengikuti sekolah Perancis. Seni popular dalam bentuk kartun dan ilustrasi berkembang, mis. mereka dari Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada dan Manuel Manilla. Koleksi tetap Muzium San Carlos juga termasuk lukisan oleh tuan-tuan Eropah seperti Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, dan Rubens. <> Apakah sekolah seni besar di Mexico City? || Academia de San Carlos <> Di manakah kebanyakan karya seni yang dihasilkan sebagai Academia de San Carlos dapat dipaparkan? || Museo Nacional de San Carlos <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu daripada orang paling terkenal yang menamatkan pengajian dari sekolah seni besar di Mexico City? || Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco <> Muzium San Carlos mempunyai seni dari siapa, antara lain? || Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, dan Rubens", {"context": "During the 19th century, an important producer of art was the Academia de San Carlos (San Carlos Art Academy), founded during colonial times, and which later became the Escuela Nacional de Artes Pl\u00e1sticas (the National School of Arts) including painting, sculpture and graphic design, one of UNAM's art schools. Many of the works produced by the students and faculty of that time are now displayed in the Museo Nacional de San Carlos (National Museum of San Carlos). One of the students, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco, is considered one of the greatest Mexican landscape painters of the 19th century. Porfirio D\u00edaz's regime sponsored arts, especially those that followed the French school. Popular arts in the form of cartoons and illustrations flourished, e.g. those of Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Manilla. The permanent collection of the San Carlos Museum also includes paintings by European masters such as Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Academia de San Carlos"}], "question": "What is the large art school in Mexico City?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Museo Nacional de San Carlos"}], "question": "Where does most of the artwork produced as the Academia de San Carlos get featured? ", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco"}], "question": "Who is one of the most famous people to graduate from the large art school of Mexico City?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "Rembrandt, Vel\u00e1zquez, Murillo, and Rubens"}], "question": "The San Carlos Museum has art from who, among others?", "id": "5726a6c9708984140094ccfa"}]}], ["Mexico City mempunyai banyak muzium yang didedikasikan untuk seni, termasuk seni penjajah Mexico, moden dan kontemporari, dan seni antarabangsa. Museo Tamayo dibuka pada pertengahan 1980-an untuk menempatkan koleksi seni kontemporari antarabangsa yang disumbangkan oleh pelukis Rufino Tamayo yang terkenal dari Mexico (lahir di negeri Oaxaca). Koleksi ini termasuk kepingan Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol dan banyak lagi, walaupun kebanyakan koleksi disimpan semasa melawat pameran ditunjukkan. Museo de Arte Moderno (Muzium Seni Moden) adalah repositori artis-artis Mexico dari abad ke-20, termasuk Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, dan juga mengendalikan pameran sementara seni moden antarabangsa . Di selatan Mexico City, Museo Carrillo Gil (Muzium Carrillo Gil) mempamerkan artis-artis avant garde, seperti juga Muzium Universiti / Seni Kontemporari (Museo Universitario Arte Contempor\u00e1neo - atau MUAC), yang direka oleh arkitek terkenal Mexico, Teodoro Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, yang dirasmikan lewat tahun 2008. <> Bilakah Museo Tamayo dibuka? || pertengahan 1980-an <> Siapa koleksi seni adalah alasan yang dibuka oleh Museo Tamayo? || Rufino Tamayo <> Dimana lahir Rufino Tamayo? || Oaxaca <> Jenis seni apa yang ditunjukkan di The Museo Carrillo Gil? || avant-garde <> Apa bangunan seni yang terkenal dibuka pada akhir tahun 2008? || Muzium Universiti / Seni Kontemporari", {"context": "Mexico City has numerous museums dedicated to art, including Mexican colonial, modern and contemporary art, and international art. The Museo Tamayo was opened in the mid-1980s to house the collection of international contemporary art donated by famed Mexican (born in the state of Oaxaca) painter Rufino Tamayo. The collection includes pieces by Picasso, Klee, Kandinsky, Warhol and many others, though most of the collection is stored while visiting exhibits are shown. The Museo de Arte Moderno (Museum of Modern Art) is a repository of Mexican artists from the 20th century, including Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros, Kahlo, Gerzso, Carrington, Tamayo, among others, and also regularly hosts temporary exhibits of international modern art. In southern Mexico City, the Museo Carrillo Gil (Carrillo Gil Museum) showcases avant-garde artists, as does the University Museum/Contemporary Art (Museo Universitario Arte Contempor\u00e1neo \u2013 or MUAC), designed by famed Mexican architect Teodoro Gonz\u00e1lez de Le\u00f3n, inaugurated in late 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "mid-1980s"}], "question": "When was the Museo Tamayo opened?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Rufino Tamayo"}], "question": "Who's art collection was the reason the Museo Tamayo opened?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Oaxaca"}], "question": "Where was Rufino Tamayo born?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "avant-garde"}], "question": "What type of art is shown in The Museo Carrillo Gil?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "University Museum/Contemporary Art"}], "question": "What famous art building was opened in late 2008?", "id": "5726ba7c5951b619008f7c11"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-20, banyak artis yang berhijrah ke Mexico City dari pelbagai wilayah Mexico, seperti Leopoldo Mendez, pengukir dari Veracruz, yang menyokong penciptaan sosialis Taller de la Gr\u00e1fica Popular (Bengkel Graphics Popular) pekerja kolar mencari tempat untuk menyampaikan seni mereka. Pelukis lain datang dari luar negeri, seperti pelukis Catalan Remedios Varo dan orang buangan Sepanyol dan Yahudi yang lain. Pada separuh kedua abad ke-20, pergerakan artistik mula hanyut dari tema Revolusi. Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas memilih gaya modenis berbeza dengan pergerakan muralis yang berkaitan dengan politik sosial. <> Siapa penyokong besar dalam seni moden? || Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas <> Bilakah seniman mula berpindah ke Mexico City? || Abad ke-20 <Siapakah pemahat terkenal yang berpindah ke Mexico City? || Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez <> Apa misi bengkel grafik Popular? || membantu pekerja kolar biru mencari tempat untuk menyampaikan seni mereka <> Apa kewarganegaraan Remedios Varas? || Catalan", {"context": "During the 20th century, many artists immigrated to Mexico City from different regions of Mexico, such as Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez, an engraver from Veracruz, who supported the creation of the socialist Taller de la Gr\u00e1fica Popular (Popular Graphics Workshop), designed to help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art. Other painters came from abroad, such as Catalan painter Remedios Varo and other Spanish and Jewish exiles. It was in the second half of the 20th century that the artistic movement began to drift apart from the Revolutionary theme. Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas opted for a modernist style in contrast to the muralist movement associated with social politics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas"}], "question": "Who was a big proponent of modernism in art?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When did artists start to immigrate to Mexico City?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Leopoldo M\u00e9ndez"}], "question": "Who was a famous engraver that migrated to Mexico City?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "help blue-collar workers find a venue to express their art"}], "question": "What was the Popular Graphics Workshop mission?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Catalan"}], "question": "What nationality was Remedios Varas?", "id": "5726b9e3f1498d1400e8e908"}]}], ["Mexico City adalah rumah kepada beberapa orkestra yang menawarkan program musim. Ini termasuk Philharmonic City Mexico, yang berlangsung di Sala Ollin Yoliztli; Orkestra Simfoni Kebangsaan, yang pangkalannya adalah Palacio de Bellas Artes (Istana Seni Halus), karya seni nouveau dan gaya seni deco; Orkestra Filharmonik Universiti Otonomi Kebangsaan Mexico (OFUNAM), dan Orkestra Simfoni Mineria, yang kedua-duanya bertanding di Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, yang merupakan dewan konsert balut pertama di Hemisfera Barat ketika diresmikan pada tahun 1976. Terdapat juga banyak persembahan yang lebih kecil yang memperkayakan pemandangan muzik di bandar ini termasuk Simfoni Pemuda Carlos Ch\u00e1vez, Orkestra Dunia Baru (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), Simfoni Politeknik Kebangsaan dan Orkestra Bellas Artes Chamber (Orquesta de C\u00e1mara de Bellas Artes). <> Di manakah melakukan Mexico Philharmonic City? || Sala Ollin Yoliztli <> Kapan dewan konsert balut pertama di belahan bumi Barat dibuka? || 1976 <> Apa nama salah satu orkestra utama Mexico City? || Orkestra Simfoni Kebangsaan <> Istana Seni Rupa menganjurkan apa yang utama dalam simfoni? || Orkestra Symphony Kebangsaan <> Apa yang diperbuat oleh OFUNAM? || Orkestra Filharmonik Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico", {"context": "Mexico City is home to a number of orchestras offering season programs. These include the Mexico City Philharmonic, which performs at the Sala Ollin Yoliztli; the National Symphony Orchestra, whose home base is the Palacio de Bellas Artes (Palace of the Fine Arts), a masterpiece of art nouveau and art dec\u00f3 styles; the Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (OFUNAM), and the Miner\u00eda Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Sala Nezahualc\u00f3yotl, which was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere when inaugurated in 1976. There are also many smaller ensembles that enrich the city's musical scene, including the Carlos Ch\u00e1vez Youth Symphony, the New World Orchestra (Orquesta del Nuevo Mundo), the National Polytechnical Symphony and the Bellas Artes Chamber Orchestra (Orquesta de C\u00e1mara de Bellas Artes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "Sala Ollin Yoliztli"}], "question": "Where does the Mexico City Philharmonic perform?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When was the first wrap-around concert hall in the Western Hemisphere opened?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "National Symphony Orchestra"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the main orchestras of Mexico City?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "National Symphony Orchestra"}], "question": "The Palace of Fine Arts hosts what main symphony? ", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Philharmonic Orchestra of the National Autonomous University of Mexico"}], "question": "What does OFUNAM stand for?", "id": "5726bd04708984140094cfcb"}]}], ["Museo Soumaya, yang dinamakan sempena isteri tukang emas Mexico, Carlos Slim, mempunyai koleksi ukiran Rodin yang asli di luar Paris. Ia juga mempunyai koleksi besar ukiran Dal\u00ed, dan baru-baru ini mula menunjukkan kepingan dalam koleksi tuannya termasuk El Greco, Vel\u00e1zquez, Picasso dan Canaletto. Muzium ini merasmikan kemudahan reka bentuk futuristik baru pada 2011 di utara Polanco, sambil mengekalkan kemudahan yang lebih kecil di Plaza Loreto di selatan Mexico City. The Colecci\u00f3n J\u00famex adalah sebuah muzium seni kontemporari yang terletak di dasar jus syarikat jus Jumex di pinggir bandar perindustrian Ecatepec. Ia dikatakan mempunyai koleksi seni kontemporari swasta terbesar di Amerika Latin dan menjadi tuan rumah dari koleksi tetapnya serta pameran perjalanan dengan artis kontemporari terkemuka. Muzium Museo J\u00famex baru di Nuevo Polanco dijadualkan dibuka pada bulan November 2013. Museo de San Ildefonso, bertempat di Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso di daerah pusat bandar bersejarah Mexico City, adalah sebuah istana abad ke-17 yang menempatkan sebuah muzium seni yang sering menjadi tuan rumah dunia kelas ekshibit seni Mexico dan antarabangsa. Pameran baru-baru ini termasuk orang-orang di David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley dan Ron Mueck. Muzium Seni Kebangsaan (Museo Nacional de Arte) juga terletak di bekas istana di pusat bersejarah. Ia menempatkan koleksi besar-besaran oleh semua artis Mexico utama dalam 400 tahun yang lalu dan juga menjadi tuan rumah melawat pameran. <> Siapakah nama Museo Soumaya? || isteri hartawan Mexico Carlos Slim <> Apa arca terkenal yang lain telah memperlihatkan seninya di Museo Soumaya? || Dal\u00ed <> Berapa tahun seni bernilai apakah Muzium di pusat bersejarah? || 400 <> Apa rumah bandar koleksi satu-satunya patung Rodin yang lebih besar daripada yang di Mexico City? || Paris <> Bilakah reka bentuk baru muzium dibuka? || 2011", {"context": "The Museo Soumaya, named after the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim, has the largest private collection of original Rodin sculptures outside Paris. It also has a large collection of Dal\u00ed sculptures, and recently began showing pieces in its masters collection including El Greco, Vel\u00e1zquez, Picasso and Canaletto. The museum inaugurated a new futuristic-design facility in 2011 just north of Polanco, while maintaining a smaller facility in Plaza Loreto in southern Mexico City. The Colecci\u00f3n J\u00famex is a contemporary art museum located on the sprawling grounds of the Jumex juice company in the northern industrial suburb of Ecatepec. It is said to have the largest private contemporary art collection in Latin America and hosts pieces from its permanent collection as well as traveling exhibits by leading contemporary artists. The new Museo J\u00famex in Nuevo Polanco was slated to open in November 2013. The Museo de San Ildefonso, housed in the Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City's historic downtown district is a 17th-century colonnaded palace housing an art museum that regularly hosts world-class exhibits of Mexican and international art. Recent exhibits have included those on David LaChapelle, Antony Gormley and Ron Mueck. The National Museum of Art (Museo Nacional de Arte) is also located in a former palace in the historic center. It houses a large collection of pieces by all major Mexican artists of the last 400 years and also hosts visiting exhibits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the wife of Mexican magnate Carlos Slim"}], "question": "Who is the Museo Soumaya named after?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Dal\u00ed"}], "question": "What other famous sculpture has had his art displayed at the Museo Soumaya?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1436, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many years worth of art does the Museum in the historic center hold?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "What city houses the only collection of Rodin sculptures that is larger than the one in Mexico City?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did the new design of the museum open?", "id": "5726bc21f1498d1400e8e965"}]}], ["Tidak seperti sekolah-sekolah negeri-negeri Mexico, kurikulum sekolah-sekolah di Mexico City dikendalikan oleh Setiausaha Persatuan Pendidikan Awam. Keseluruhan dana yang diperuntukkan oleh kerajaan Mexico City (dalam beberapa kes tertentu, seperti El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, pembiayaan berasal dari kerajaan kota dan entiti nasional dan antarabangsa awam dan swasta yang lain). [Rujukan?] Sistem sekolah adalah Institut Pendidikan Media Superior Wilayah Persekutuan (IEMS-DF). <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab dalam pendidikan di Mexico City? || Setiausaha Pendidikan Awam <> Apakah sistem sekolah menengah awam dipanggil di Mexico City? || Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal <> Siapa yang memperuntukkan pembiayaan sistem sekolah? || kerajaan Mexico City", {"context": "Unlike those of Mexican states' schools, curricula of Mexico City's public schools is managed by the federal Secretary of Public Education. The whole funding is allocated by the government of Mexico City (in some specific cases, such as El Colegio de M\u00e9xico, funding comes from both the city's government and other public and private national and international entities).[citation needed] The city's public high school system is the Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal (IEMS-DF).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Secretary of Public Education"}], "question": "Who is in charge of the education in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Instituto de Educaci\u00f3n Media Superior del Distrito Federal"}], "question": "What is the public high school system called in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "government of Mexico City"}], "question": "Who allocates the funding of the school systems?", "id": "5726ccd2f1498d1400e8eb90"}]}], ["Mexico City merupakan satu-satunya bandar Amerika Latin untuk menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik, yang mengadakan Olimpik Musim Panas pada tahun 1968, memenangi bidaan melawan Buenos Aires, Lyon dan Detroit. (Ini juga akan berubah terima kasih kepada tuan rumah Rio, 2016 Summer host). Bandar ini menganjurkan 1955 dan 1975 Pan American Games, yang terakhir selepas Santiago dan S\u00e3o Paulo menarik diri. Kejuaraan Dunia Perlumbaan Flatwater ICF dianjurkan di sini pada tahun 1974 dan 1994. Lucha percuma adalah gaya gusti Mexico, dan merupakan salah satu sukan yang lebih popular di seluruh negara. Tempat-tempat utama di bandar adalah Arena M\u00e9xico dan Arena Coliseo. <> Berapa tahun yang menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Mexico? || 1968 <> Di manakah kota Amerika Syarikat yang menewaskan Mexico City untuk menganjurkan Olimpik 1968? || Detroit <> Apa tahun pertama Mexico City menjadi tuan rumah permainan Pan Amerika? || 1955 <> Apa bentuk gusti yang terkenal berasal dari Mexico? || Lucha percuma <> Apa aren utama untuk Lucha Libre? || Arena M\u00e9xico dan Arena Coliseo", {"context": "Mexico City remains the only Latin American city to host the Olympic Games, having held the Summer Olympics in 1968, winning bids against Buenos Aires, Lyon and Detroit. (This too will change thanks to Rio, 2016 Summer Games host). The city hosted the 1955 and 1975 Pan American Games, the last after Santiago and S\u00e3o Paulo withdrew. The ICF Flatwater Racing World Championships were hosted here in 1974 and 1994. Lucha libre is a Mexican style of wrestling, and is one of the more popular sports throughout the country. The main venues in the city are Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "1968"}], "question": "What year did Mexico City host the olympics?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "Which American city did Mexico City defeat to host the 1968 olympics?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "1955"}], "question": "What year did Mexico City first host the Pan America games?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Lucha libre"}], "question": "What famous form of wrestling is native to Mexico?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Arena M\u00e9xico and Arena Coliseo"}], "question": "What are the main arenas for Lucha Libre?", "id": "5726cac4f1498d1400e8eb6a"}]}], ["Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico (UNAM), yang terletak di Mexico City, merupakan universiti terbesar di benua itu, dengan lebih daripada 300,000 pelajar dari semua latar belakang. Tiga pemenang Hadiah Nobel, beberapa usahawan Mexico dan sebahagian besar presiden moden Mexico adalah antara bekas pelajarnya. UNAM menjalankan 50% penyelidikan saintifik Mexico dan mempunyai kehadiran di seluruh negara dengan kampus satelit, pusat pemerhatian dan penyelidikan. UNAM menduduki tempat ke-74 dalam Ranking 200 World University Ranking yang diterbitkan oleh Times Higher Education (kemudian dipanggil Times Higher Education Supplement) pada tahun 2006, menjadikannya universiti berbahasa Sepanyol tertinggi di dunia. Kampus utama universiti, yang dikenali sebagai Ciudad Universitaria, dinamakan Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO pada tahun 2007. <> Apa universiti terbesar di benua itu? || Universiti Autonomi Nasional Mexico <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang menghadiri UNAM? || 300,000 <> Sebanyak peratus kajian saintifik dilakukan di UNAM? || 50 <> Apakah ranking seluruh dunia yang dipegang oleh UNAM? || 74 <Apa kampus utama UNAM dipanggil? || Ciudad Universitaria", {"context": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), located in Mexico City, is the largest university on the continent, with more than 300,000 students from all backgrounds. Three Nobel laureates, several Mexican entrepreneurs and most of Mexico's modern-day presidents are among its former students. UNAM conducts 50% of Mexico's scientific research and has presence all across the country with satellite campuses, observatories and research centres. UNAM ranked 74th in the Top 200 World University Ranking published by Times Higher Education (then called Times Higher Education Supplement) in 2006, making it the highest ranked Spanish-speaking university in the world. The sprawling main campus of the university, known as Ciudad Universitaria, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Autonomous University of Mexico"}], "question": "What university is the largest of the continent?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How many students attend UNAM?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "50"}], "question": "What percent of scientific research is done at UNAM?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "74th"}], "question": "What worldwide ranking does UNAM hold?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "Ciudad Universitaria"}], "question": "What is the main campus of UNAM called?", "id": "5726cb515951b619008f7e4f"}]}], ["Cineteca Nacional (Perpustakaan Filem Mexico), berhampiran dengan pinggir bandar Coyoac\u00e1n, menunjukkan pelbagai filem, dan banyak festival filem, termasuk Pameran Antarabangsa tahunan, dan banyak lagi yang lebih kecil dari pawagam Scandinavia dan Uruguay, kepada tema Yahudi dan LGBT filem. Cin\u00e9polis dan Cinemex, dua rangkaian perniagaan filem terbesar, juga mempunyai beberapa festival filem sepanjang tahun, dengan kedua-dua filem nasional dan antarabangsa. Mexico City mendahului dunia dalam jumlah teater IMAX, [rujukan?] Yang menyediakan penduduk dan pelawat akses kepada filem-filem yang terdiri daripada dokumentari untuk blockbusters popular di skrin-layar yang sangat besar dan dramatik ini. <> Di mana terdapat Perpustakaan Filem Mexico? || berhampiran pinggir bandar Coyoac\u00e1n <> Apa festival filem besar yang dihoskan di Perpustakaan Filem Mexico? || Pameran Antarabangsa <> Apa dua syarikat filem besar di Mexico? || Cin\u00e9polis dan Cinemex <> Jenis teater apa yang Mexico City mempunyai yang paling banyak dibandingkan dengan bandar-bandar lain? || IMAX", {"context": "The Cineteca Nacional (the Mexican Film Library), near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb, shows a variety of films, and stages many film festivals, including the annual International Showcase, and many smaller ones ranging from Scandinavian and Uruguayan cinema, to Jewish and LGBT-themed films. Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex, the two biggest film business chains, also have several film festivals throughout the year, with both national and international movies. Mexico City tops the world in number of IMAX theatres,[citation needed] providing residents and visitors access to films ranging from documentaries to popular blockbusters on these especially large, dramatic screens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "near the Coyoac\u00e1n suburb"}], "question": "Where is the Mexican Film Library located?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "International Showcase"}], "question": "What large movie festival is hosted at the Mexican Film Library?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Cin\u00e9polis and Cinemex"}], "question": "What are the two large movie companies in Mexico?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "IMAX"}], "question": "What type of theaters does Mexico City have the most of compared to other cities?", "id": "5726bf625951b619008f7d0a"}]}], ["Kes yang istimewa ialah El Colegio Nacional, yang dicipta semasa tempoh pemerintahan daerah Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s, di Mexico, sebuah institusi yang sama dengan Kolej Perancis. Kumpulan-kumpulan saintis dan seniman Mexico yang terpilih dan ahli kepunyaan keahlian institusi ini adalah untuk kehidupan termasuk, di antara ramai, Mario Lavista, Ruy P\u00e9rez Tamayo, Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Sober\u00f3n Acevedo. Ahli diwajibkan untuk mendedahkan secara terbuka karya mereka melalui persidangan dan acara awam seperti konsert dan recitals. <> Siapa yang membuat El Colegio Nacional? || Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s <> Di manakah para seniman dan saintis Mexico City mempunyai pilihan untuk hadir? || El Colegio Nacional <> Apa yang perlu ahli El Colegio Nacional lakukan? || awam mendedahkan karya mereka melalui persidangan dan acara awam <> Apakah model El Colegio Nacional selepas? || Kolej Perancis", {"context": "A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution\u2014membership is for life\u2014include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy P\u00e9rez Tamayo, Jos\u00e9 Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Sober\u00f3n Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s"}], "question": "Who created El Colegio Nacional?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "El Colegio Nacional"}], "question": "Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events"}], "question": "What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "College of France"}], "question": "What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?", "id": "5726cd44dd62a815002e90af"}]}], ["Mexico City adalah pusat utama Amerika Latin untuk industri televisyen, muzik dan filem. Ia juga merupakan yang paling penting bagi industri media cetak dan penerbitan buku Mexico. Puluhan akhbar harian diterbitkan, termasuk El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma dan La Jornada. Makalah utama lain termasuk Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista dan El Financiero. Majalah-majlis utama termasuk Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, serta beberapa penerbitan hiburan seperti Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, dan edisi tempatan Vogue, GQ, dan Architectural Digest. <> Berapa banyak surat khabar memanggil rumah Mexico City? || Puluhan <> Apa salah satu kertas utama di Mexico City? || El Universal <> Apa majalah Amerika mempunyai jejak di Mexico City? || Vogue, GQ, dan Architectural Digest <> Berapa banyak majalah hiburan diterbitkan di Mexico City? || berpuluh-puluh", {"context": "Mexico City is Latin America's leading center for the television, music and film industries. It is also Mexico's most important for the printed media and book publishing industries. Dozens of daily newspapers are published, including El Universal, Exc\u00e9lsior, Reforma and La Jornada. Other major papers include Milenio, Cr\u00f3nica, El Economista and El Financiero. Leading magazines include Expansi\u00f3n, Proceso, Poder, as well as dozens of entertainment publications such as Vanidades, Qui\u00e9n, Chilango, TV Notas, and local editions of Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Dozens"}], "question": "How many newspaper call Mexico City home?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "El Universal"}], "question": "What is one of the main papers of Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Vogue, GQ, and Architectural Digest"}], "question": "What American magazines have a footprint in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "dozens"}], "question": "How many entertainment magazines are published in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cd9edd62a815002e90b7"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga mempunyai beberapa cawangan restoran dan koki antarabangsa yang terkenal. Ini termasuk Paris 'Au Pied de Cochon dan Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (oleh Philippe Chow); Nobu, Morimoto; P\u00e1mpano, yang dimiliki oleh legenda opera yang dibesarkan oleh Mexico, Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. Terdapat cawangan restoran Jepun eksklusif Suntory, Alfredo terkenal Roma, serta stok rumah New York Morton dan The Palm, dan BeefBar Monte Carlo. Tiga restoran Peru Haute yang paling terkenal di Lima, La Mar, Segundo Muelle dan Astrid y Gast\u00f3n mempunyai lokasi di Mexico City. <> Apakah legenda opera juga mempunyai restoran terkenal di Mexico City? || Pl\u00e1cido Domingo <> Apa restoran Itali yang terkenal juga mempunyai cawangan di Mexico City? || Alfredo <> Apa salah satu restoran berasaskan Lima yang terkenal di Mexico City? || La Mar <> Restoran Jepun apa yang ada di Mexico City? || Suntory", {"context": "The city also has several branches of renowned international restaurants and chefs. These include Paris' Au Pied de Cochon and Brasserie Lipp, Philippe (by Philippe Chow); Nobu, Morimoto; P\u00e1mpano, owned by Mexican-raised opera legend Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. There are branches of the exclusive Japanese restaurant Suntory, Rome's famed Alfredo, as well as New York steakhouses Morton's and The Palm, and Monte Carlo's BeefBar. Three of the most famous Lima-based Haute Peruvian restaurants, La Mar, Segundo Muelle and Astrid y Gast\u00f3n have locations in Mexico City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Pl\u00e1cido Domingo"}], "question": "What opera legend also has a famous restaurant in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Alfredo"}], "question": "What famous Italian Restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "La Mar"}], "question": "What is one of the famous Lima-based restaurants in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Suntory"}], "question": "What Japanese restaurant also has a branch in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9cddd62a815002e9053"}]}], ["Mexico City menawarkan pelbagai masakan. Restoran yang mengkhususkan diri dalam masakan serantau dari 31 negeri di Mexico boleh didapati di bandar. Juga terdapat pelbagai masakan antarabangsa, termasuk Kanada, Perancis, Itali, Croatia, Sepanyol (termasuk banyak variasi serantau), Yahudi, Lubnan, Cina (sekali lagi dengan variasi serantau), India, Jepun, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam; dan tentu saja masakan Latin Amerika seperti Argentina, Brazil, dan Peru. Masakan Haute, gabungan, halal, vegetarian dan vegan juga tersedia, seperti restoran semata-mata berdasarkan konsep makanan tempatan dan makanan yang lambat. <> Berapa banyak negeri yang ada di Mexico? || 31 <> Apa sajian masakan antarabangsa yang ditawarkan di Mexico City? || Kanada, Perancis, Itali, <> Apa jenis makanan tertentu yang ditawarkan oleh bandar? || halal, vegetarian dan vegan", {"context": "Mexico City offers a variety of cuisines. Restaurants specializing in the regional cuisines of Mexico's 31 states are available in the city. Also available are an array of international cuisines, including Canadian, French, Italian, Croatian, Spanish (including many regional variations), Jewish, Lebanese, Chinese (again with regional variations), Indian, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese; and of course fellow Latin American cuisines such as Argentine, Brazilian, and Peruvian. Haute, fusion, kosher, vegetarian and vegan cuisines are also available, as are restaurants solely based on the concepts of local food and slow Food.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "31"}], "question": "How many states does Mexico have?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Canadian, French, Italian,"}], "question": "What are some international cuisines offered in Mexico City?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "kosher, vegetarian and vegan"}], "question": "What other specific types of food does the city offer?", "id": "5726c9405951b619008f7e07"}]}], ["Persatuan bola sepak adalah sukan francais yang paling popular dan paling popular di negara ini. Tempat pentingnya di Mexico City termasuk Stadium Azteca, rumah pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Mexico dan gergasi Am\u00e9rica, yang boleh menduduki 91,653 peminat, menjadikannya stadium terbesar di Amerika Latin. Stadium Olimpik di Ciudad Universitaria adalah rumah kepada gergasi kelab bola sepak Universidad Nacional, dengan kapasiti tempat duduk lebih dari 52,000. Estadio Azul, yang mempunyai 33,042 peminat, terletak berhampiran Pusat Dagangan Dunia Mexico City di kejiranan Nochebuena, dan merupakan rumah kepada gergasi Cruz Azul. Tiga pasukan itu berpangkalan di Mexico City dan bermain di Bahagian Pertama; mereka juga sebahagian, dengan gergasi yang berpangkalan di Guadalajara Club Deportivo Guadalajara, \"Empat Besar\" tradisional Mexico (walaupun tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini cenderung mengikis status utama pasukan sekurang-kurangnya dalam kedudukan). Negara ini menganjurkan Piala Dunia FIFA pada tahun 1970 dan 1986, dan Stadium Azteca adalah stadium pertama dalam sejarah Piala Dunia untuk menjadi tuan rumah akhir dua kali. <> Apa stadium bola sepak terkenal di Mexico City? || Stadium Azteca <> Berapa ramai peminat memegang Stadium Azteca? || 91,653 <> Apa stadium terbesar di Amerika Latin? || Stadium Azteca <> Tahun apa Mexico pernah menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia? || 1986 <> Apakah pembahagian pasukan bola sepak Mexico City? || Pertama", {"context": "Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants Am\u00e9rica, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional \"Big Four\" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Azteca Stadium"}], "question": "What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "91,653"}], "question": "How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Azteca Stadium"}], "question": "What is the largest stadium in Latin America?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "1986"}], "question": "What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "First"}], "question": "What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?", "id": "5726ca58f1498d1400e8eb4e"}]}], ["Institusi pendidikan tinggi kedua terbesar adalah Institut Politeknik Nasional (IPN), yang termasuk di antara pusat-pusat lain yang berkaitan dengan Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), di mana penyelidikan saintifik dan teknologi peringkat tinggi telah dilakukan. Institusi pengajian tinggi utama lain di bandar termasuk Universiti Autonomi Metropolitan (UAM), Sekolah Antropologi dan Sejarah Nasional (ENAH), Institut Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), Institut Teknologi dan Pengajian Tinggi Monterrey (3 kampus ), Universidad Panamericana (UP), Universidad La Salle, Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), Universidad An\u00e1huac, Universiti Simon Bolivar (USB), Alliant International University, Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex ), Escuela Percuma de Derecho dan Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). Di samping itu, Universiti California yang berprestij mengekalkan kampus yang dikenali sebagai \"Casa de California\" di bandar. Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico juga di Mexico City. <> Apakah pusat pendidikan kedua terbesar di Mexico City? || Institut Politeknik Kebangsaan <> Apa Universiti Amerika mempunyai kampus besar di Mexico City? || University of California <> Apakah Universiti California memanggil kampusnya di Mexico City? || Casa de California <> Di mana Universidad Tecnologica terletak? || Bandar Mexico", {"context": "The second largest higher-education institution is the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), which includes among many other relevant centers the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), where varied high-level scientific and technological research is done. Other major higher-education institutions in the city include the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), the National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH), the Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico Aut\u00f3nomo de M\u00e9xico (ITAM), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (3 campuses), the Universidad Panamericana (UP), the Universidad La Salle, the Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), the Universidad An\u00e1huac, Simon Bolivar University (USB), the Alliant International University, the Universidad Iberoamericana, El Colegio de M\u00e9xico (Colmex), Escuela Libre de Derecho and the Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3mica, (CIDE). In addition, the prestigious University of California maintains a campus known as \"Casa de California\" in the city. The Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de M\u00e9xico is also in Mexico City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "National Polytechnic Institute"}], "question": "What is the second biggest education center in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "University of California"}], "question": "What American University has a big campus in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "Casa de California"}], "question": "What does the University of California call its campus in Mexico City?", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1082, "text": "Mexico City"}], "question": "Where is the Universidad Tecnologica located? ", "id": "5726cbf65951b619008f7e68"}]}], ["Mexico City menawarkan pasaran runcit pengguna yang sangat besar dan pelbagai, mulai dari makanan asas hingga barangan mewah ultra mewah. Pengguna boleh membeli di pasar tertutup tetap, tianguis, dari kedai-kedai di jalan, di kedai-kedai di jalan yang didedikasikan untuk jenis yang baik, di kedai serbaneka dan kedai kejiranan tradisional, di pasaraya moden, di gudang dan kedai keanggotaan pusat membeli-belah yang mereka anchor, di gedung-gedung serbaneka, kedai-kedai besar dan di pusat-pusat membeli-belah moden. <> Apakah pasaran mudah alih di Mexico City dipanggil? || tianguis <> Bagaimana pasaran runcit Mexico City? || besar dan bervariasi <> Apakah kedai cara yang biasa diedarkan di Bandar Raya Mexico? || di jalan yang didedikasikan untuk jenis tertentu <> Apa spektrum tuhan yang anda boleh dapatkan di Mexico City? || makanan asas kepada barangan mewah ultra mewah", {"context": "Mexico City offers an immense and varied consumer retail market, ranging from basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods. Consumers may buy in fixed indoor markets, mobile markets (tianguis), from street vendors, from downtown shops in a street dedicated to a certain type of good, in convenience stores and traditional neighborhood stores, in modern supermarkets, in warehouse and membership stores and the shopping centers that they anchor, in department stores, big-box stores and in modern shopping malls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "tianguis"}], "question": "What are mobile markets in Mexico City called?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "immense and varied"}], "question": "How is the retail market of Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "in a street dedicated to a certain type of good"}], "question": "What is a common way stores are distributed in Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "basic foods to ultra high-end luxury goods"}], "question": "What is the spectrum of gods you can get in Mexico City?", "id": "572740e1f1498d1400e8f52f"}]}], ["Ruji untuk pengguna di bandar adalah \"mercado\" yang mana-mana. Setiap kejiranan utama di bandar mempunyai pasaran sendiri yang dikawal selia, selalunya lebih daripada satu. Ini adalah kemudahan besar yang menawarkan banyak produk asas, seperti produk segar dan daging / unggas, barang kering, tortilla, dan banyak perkhidmatan lain seperti tukang kunci, ubat herba, barang perkakasan, alat jahit; dan pelbagai berdiri yang menawarkan masakan dan minuman gaya yang baru dibuat dalam tradisi aguas frescas dan atole. <> Apa pasaran dipanggil yang terletak dan dijalankan oleh boroughs? || mercado <> Apa sajakah minuman tradisional Mexico City? || aguas frescas dan atole <> Apa gunanya pasaran Mexico City || mercado <> Penulis menggunakan kata sifat untuk menggambarkan mercados? || di mana-mana", {"context": "A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent \"mercado\". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortiller\u00edas, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "mercado"}], "question": "What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "aguas frescas and atole"}], "question": "What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "mercado"}], "question": "What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "omnipresent"}], "question": "The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?", "id": "57274177dd62a815002e9a31"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador slogan politik diperkenalkan: la Ciudad de la Esperanza (\"Kota Harapan\"). Moto ini cepat-cepat diadopsi sebagai nama samaran bandar, tetapi telah memudar sejak moto baru Capital en Movimiento (\"Modal dalam Pergerakan\") telah diterima pakai oleh pentadbiran yang diketuai oleh Marcelo Ebrard, walaupun yang terakhir tidak diperlakukan sesetengah nama panggilan di media . Sejak tahun 2013, untuk merujuk kepada Bandaraya terutamanya berhubung dengan kempen kerajaan, singkatan CDMX telah digunakan (dari Ciudad de M\u00e9xico). <> Siapa yang menyebut slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\" || Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador <> Apa nama panggilan kota yang sedang ditekan oleh pemerintah sekarang? || Capital en Movimiento <> Bagaimana bandar ini biasanya disingkat? || CDMX <> Bilakah singkatan CDMX dimulakan? || 2013 <> Siapa yang baru-baru ini cuba mengubah nama samaran Mexico? || Marcelo Ebrard", {"context": "During Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador's administration a political slogan was introduced: la Ciudad de la Esperanza (\"The City of Hope\"). This motto was quickly adopted as a city nickname, but has faded since the new motto Capital en Movimiento (\"Capital in Movement\") was adopted by the administration headed by Marcelo Ebrard, though the latter is not treated as often as a nickname in media. Since 2013, to refer to the City particularly in relation to government campaigns, the abbreviation CDMX has been used (from Ciudad de M\u00e9xico).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Andr\u00e9s L\u00f3pez Obrador"}], "question": "Who termed the slogan \"la Ciudad de la Esperanza?\"", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Capital en Movimiento"}], "question": "What is the nickname of the city that the government is trying to push now?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "CDMX"}], "question": "How is the city commonly abbreviated?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f878f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did the abbreviation CDMX begin to take hold?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard"}], "question": "Who more recently tried to change the nickname of Mexico city?", "id": "5727435f5951b619008f8791"}]}], ["Penjual jalanan memainkan perdagangan mereka dari gerai-gerai di tianguis serta di kepekatan yang tidak secara rasmi dikawal di stesen metro dan hospital; di plaza comerciales, di mana vendor \"tema\" tertentu (misalnya alat tulis) ditempatkan; Pada asalnya ini dianjurkan untuk menampung vendor yang dahulu menjual di jalan; atau hanya dari gerai-gerai improvisasi di trotoar bandar. Di samping itu, makanan dan barang dijual dari orang yang berjalan dengan bakul, gerudi kereta, basikal atau belakang trak, atau hanya dari tarp atau kain yang diletakkan di atas tanah. <> Tianguis yang serupa mungkin menubuhkan kedai di mana? || plazas comerciales <> Apa cara paling asas penjual jalanan menjual barang-barang mereka? || tarp atau kain yang diletakkan di atas tanah <> Penjual jalan boleh menjual barangan mereka di tempat rasmi serta di mana? || kepekatan yang tidak secara rasmi dikawal di stesen metro dan hospital", {"context": "Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain \"theme\" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "plazas comerciales"}], "question": "Similar tianguis might set up shop where?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f877f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "tarp or cloth laid on the ground"}], "question": "What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals"}], "question": "Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?", "id": "5727420d5951b619008f8781"}]}], ["Bandar ini dikenali sebagai Chilangolandia selepas chilangos nama samaran tempatan. Chilango digunakan pejoratively oleh orang yang tinggal di luar Mexico City untuk \"mengenakan orang yang kuat, sombong, tidak sopan, kasar\". Bagi sebahagian mereka yang tinggal di Mexico City menegaskan mereka yang hidup di tempat lain sebagai penduduk di la provincia (\"wilayah-wilayah\", pinggirnya) dan banyak bangga memeluk istilah chilango. Penduduk Mexico City baru-baru ini dinamakan sebagai the losos (yang berasal dari singkatan pos dari Federal District dalam bahasa Spanyol: D.F., yang dibaca \"De-Efe\"). Mereka secara rasmi dikenali sebagai capitalinos (merujuk kepada bandar yang menjadi ibu negara negara itu), tetapi \"[p] erhaps kerana capitalino adalah kata yang lebih sopan, khusus dan tepat, hampir tidak digunakan\". <> Apakah penduduk Mexico dipanggil? || chilangos <> Apa yang dipanggil Mexico City Mexico? || Chilangolandia <> Bagaimana orang Mexico dipanggil \"chilangos?\" || dengan bangga <> Apa nama panggilan penduduk Mexico diberikan yang lebih mencerminkan pengaruh Sepanyol di bandar ini? || </ b> </ b> </ b> Apa istilah \"rasmi\" untuk menandakan seorang warga kota Mexico? || modal", {"context": "The city is colloquially known as Chilangolandia after the locals' nickname chilangos. Chilango is used pejoratively by people living outside Mexico City to \"connote a loud, arrogant, ill-mannered, loutish person\". For their part those living in Mexico City designate insultingly those who live elsewhere as living in la provincia (\"the provinces\", the periphery) and many proudly embrace the term chilango. Residents of Mexico City are more recently called defe\u00f1os (deriving from the postal abbreviation of the Federal District in Spanish: D.F., which is read \"De-Efe\"). They are formally called capitalinos (in reference to the city being the capital of the country), but \"[p]erhaps because capitalino is the more polite, specific, and correct word, it is almost never utilized\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "chilangos"}], "question": "What are locals of Mexico City called?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Chilangolandia"}], "question": "What do Mexicans call Mexico City?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "proudly"}], "question": "How do Mexicans take being called \"chilangos?\"", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "defe\u00f1os"}], "question": "What nickname are residents of Mexico given that more reflects the Spanish influence of the city?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "capitalinos"}], "question": "What is the \"official\" term to denote a citizen of Mexico City?", "id": "572743e2f1498d1400e8f56e"}]}], ["Antara 2000 dan 2004 purata 478 jenayah dilaporkan setiap hari di Mexico City; Walau bagaimanapun, kadar jenayah sebenarnya dianggap lebih tinggi \"kerana kebanyakan orang enggan melaporkan jenayah\". Di bawah dasar yang digubal oleh Datuk Bandar Marcelo Ebrard antara 2009 dan 2011, Mexico City mengalami peningkatan keselamatan yang besar dengan kadar jenayah yang ganas dan kecil kedua-duanya jatuh dengan ketara meskipun peningkatan jenayah ganas di bahagian lain di negara ini. Beberapa dasar yang digubal termasuk pemasangan 11,000 kamera keselamatan di sekitar bandaraya dan pengembangan polis yang sangat besar. Mexico City mempunyai salah satu daripada nisbah pegawai polis kepada penduduk yang tertinggi di dunia, dengan seorang pegawai beruniform setiap 100 warganegara. <> Berapa banyak jenayah berlaku sekitar abad terakhir? || purata 478 jenayah dilaporkan setiap hari <> Mengapa mungkin lebih daripada 500 jenayah berlaku setiap hari pada pergantian abad bukannya nombor yang dilaporkan secara rasmi? || kebanyakan orang enggan melaporkan jenayah <> Apa yang majoritinya Mexico cuba merosakkan kejahatan? || Marcelo Ebrard <> Apa salah satu cara bandar cuba memerangi jenayah? || pemasangan 11,000 kamera keselamatan <> Apakah nisbah polis kepada rakyat di Mexico City? || seorang pegawai beruniform setiap 100 warganegara", {"context": "Between 2000 and 2004 an average of 478 crimes were reported each day in Mexico City; however, the actual crime rate is thought to be much higher \"since most people are reluctant to report crime\". Under policies enacted by Mayor Marcelo Ebrard between 2009 and 2011, Mexico City underwent a major security upgrade with violent and petty crime rates both falling significantly despite the rise in violent crime in other parts of the country. Some of the policies enacted included the installation of 11,000 security cameras around the city and a very large expansion of the police force. Mexico City has one of the world's highest police officer-to-resident ratios, with one uniformed officer per 100 citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "average of 478 crimes were reported each day"}], "question": "How many crimes occurred around the turn of the latest century? ", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "most people are reluctant to report crime"}], "question": "Why might more than 500 crimes have occurred each day at the turn of the century instead of the officially reported number?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f57f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Marcelo Ebrard"}], "question": "What Mexican mayor tried to crack down on crime immensely? ", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "installation of 11,000 security cameras"}], "question": "What is one way the city tried to combat crime?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "one uniformed officer per 100 citizens"}], "question": "What is the ratio of cops to citizens in Mexico City?", "id": "5727446af1498d1400e8f582"}]}], ["Mexico City mempunyai tiga zoo. Zoo Chapultepec, Zoo San Juan de Aragon dan Zoo Los Coyotes. Chapultepec Zoo terletak di bahagian pertama Chapultepec Park di Miguel Hidalgo. Ia dibuka pada tahun 1924. Pengunjung boleh melihat kira-kira 243 spesimen spesies yang berbeza termasuk kangaroo, panda gergasi, gorila, karacal, hyena, kuda nil, jaguar, jerapah, lemur, singa, dan lain-lain. Zoo San Juan de Aragon terletak berhampiran dengan Taman San Juan de Aragon di Gustavo A. Madero. Di zoo ini, dibuka pada tahun 1964, terdapat spesies yang berada dalam bahaya kepupusan seperti jaguar dan serigala Mexico. Tetamu lain adalah helang emas, pronghorn, domba bighorn, caracara, zebra, gajah Afrika, macaw, kuda nil, dan lain-lain. Zoo Los Coyotes adalah zoo 27.68 ekar (11.2 hektar) yang terletak di selatan Mexico City di Coyoacan. Ia telah dirasmikan pada 2 Februari 1999. Ia mempunyai lebih daripada 301 spesimen 51 spesies liar asli atau endemik liar dari Mexico City. Anda boleh mengagumi helang, jagung, coyote, macaw, bobcats, serigala Mexico, raccoon, singa gunung, teporingos, rubah, rusa ekor putih. <> Di mana Zoo Chapultepec terletak? || Chapultepec Park di Miguel Hidalgo <> Bilakah Zoo Chapultepec dibuka? || 1924 <> Apa yang membezakan Zoo San Juan de Aragon daripada yang lain? || spesies yang berada dalam bahaya kepupusan <> Berapa besar adalah Zoo Los Coyotes? || 27.68 ekar (11.2 ha) <> Berapa banyak haiwan yang tinggal di Zoo Los Coyotes? || lebih daripada 301 spesimen", {"context": "Mexico City has three zoos. Chapultepec Zoo, the San Juan de Aragon Zoo and Los Coyotes Zoo. Chapultepec Zoo is located in the first section of Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo. It was opened in 1924. Visitors can see about 243 specimens of different species including kangaroos, giant panda, gorillas, caracal, hyena, hippos, jaguar, giraffe, lemur, lion, among others. Zoo San Juan de Aragon is near the San Juan de Aragon Park in the Gustavo A. Madero. In this zoo, opened in 1964, there are species that are in danger of extinction such as the jaguar and the Mexican wolf. Other guests are the golden eagle, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, caracara, zebras, African elephant, macaw, hippo, among others. Zoo Los Coyotes is a 27.68-acre (11.2 ha) zoo located south of Mexico City in the Coyoacan. It was inaugurated on February 2, 1999. It has more than 301 specimens of 51 species of wild native or endemic fauna from the Mexico City. You can admire eagles, ajolotes, coyotes, macaws, bobcats, Mexican wolves, raccoons, mountain lions, teporingos, foxes, white-tailed deer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Chapultepec Park in the Miguel Hidalgo"}], "question": "Where is the Chapultepec Zoo located?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "1924"}], "question": "When was the Chapultepec Zoo opened?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "species that are in danger of extinction"}], "question": "What sets the Zoo San Juan de Aragon apart from the others?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "27.68-acre (11.2 ha)"}], "question": "How big is the Zoo Los Coyotes?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "more than 301 specimens"}], "question": "How many animals inhabit Zoo Los Coyotes?", "id": "572742e2708984140094db8d"}]}]], [["Etnik Jerman muncul dalam perjalanan Zaman Pertengahan, akhirnya sebagai hasil pembentukan kerajaan Jerman di dalam Francia Timur dan kemudian Empayar Rom Suci, bermula pada abad ke-9. Proses itu beransur-ansur dan tidak mempunyai definisi yang jelas, dan penggunaan istilah-istilah yang \"Jerman\" berkembang hanya pada Zaman Pertengahan yang Tinggi. Gelaran rex teutonicum \"Raja Jerman\" mula-mula digunakan pada abad ke-11, oleh chancery Paus Gregorius VII, untuk menggambarkan masa depan Maharaja Suci Romawi dari Negara Jerman Henry IV. Secara beransur-ansur, istilah ein diutscher (\"seorang Jerman\") digunakan untuk orang-orang Jerman dari abad ke-12. <> Apa tempoh dalam sejarah kita melihat kemunculan budaya Jerman? || Pertengahan Abad Pertengahan <> Kerajaan Jerman dibentuk di dalam apa yang diletakkan di luar empayar? || Timur Francia <> Bilakah Raja Tajuk pertama Jerman digunakan? || akhir abad ke-11 <> Siapa yang mencipta ungkapan \"raja Jerman\" || chancery daripada Paus Gregory VII, <> Siapa yang diberikan prilavage dipanggil Raja pertama Jerman? || Henry IV <> Bilakah etnik Jerman muncul? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Bilakah gelaran rex teutonicum digunakan dahulu? || akhir abad ke-11 <> Siapa yang mula-mula menggunakan rex teutonicum? || Paus Gregory VII <> Bilakah ein diutscher digunakan dahulu? || Abad ke-12 <> Apa maksud ein diutscher? || seorang Jerman", {"context": "A German ethnicity emerged in the course of the Middle Ages, ultimately as a result of the formation of the kingdom of Germany within East Francia and later the Holy Roman Empire, beginning in the 9th century. The process was gradual and lacked any clear definition, and the use of exonyms designating \"the Germans\" develops only during the High Middle Ages. The title of rex teutonicum \"King of the Germans\" is first used in the late 11th century, by the chancery of Pope Gregory VII, to describe the future Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation Henry IV. Natively, the term ein diutscher (\"a German\") is used for the people of Germany from the 12th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "High Middle Ages"}], "question": "What period in history do we see the emergence of German culture?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "East Francia"}], "question": "The kingdom of Germany formed within what outer established empires?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c196"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "late 11th century"}], "question": "When was the Title King of the Germans first used?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "chancery of Pope Gregory VII,"}], "question": "Who coined the phrase \"king of the Germans\"", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Henry IV"}], "question": "Who was given the prilavage of being called the first King of the Germans?", "id": "57264a9f708984140094c199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "When did a German ethnicity emerge?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "the late 11th century"}], "question": "When is the title of rex teutonicum first used?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Pope Gregory VII"}], "question": "Who first used rex teutonicum?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "12th century"}], "question": "When is ein diutscher first used?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "a German"}], "question": "What does ein diutscher mean?", "id": "572937f96aef051400154b84"}]}], ["Menjelang Abad Pertengahan, sejumlah besar orang Yahudi tinggal di Empayar Rom Suci dan telah mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, termasuk banyak orang Yahudi yang sebelum ini telah mengasimilasi budaya Perancis dan telah bercakap bahasa campuran Judeo-Perancis. Selepas mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, orang Yahudi Jerman menggabungkan sebahagian besar bahasa Jerman dan unsur-unsur bahasa Eropah lain menjadi bahasa campuran yang dikenali sebagai Yiddish. Walau bagaimanapun toleransi dan asimilasi orang Yahudi dalam masyarakat Jerman tiba-tiba berakhir semasa Perang Salib dengan banyak orang Yahudi yang dipaksa paksa dari Jerman dan Barat Yiddish hilang sebagai bahasa di Jerman selama berabad-abad, dengan orang Yahudi Jerman sepenuhnya mengadopsi bahasa Jerman. <> Dengan apa tempoh masa yang telah banyak penduduk Yahudi menyertai Empayar Rom Suci? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Penduduk Yahudi apabila berpindah ke masyarakat Jerman bercampur bahasa untuk membentuk bahasa baru apa? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Apa yang menyebabkan toleransi dan pencampuran ke dalam Persatuan Jerman berakhir untuk orang Yahudi? || Perang Salib <> Bahasa apa yang banyak digunakan oleh orang Yahudi selepas perang salib? || Bahasa Jerman <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan orang Yahudi sebelum mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman? || Judeo-French <> Selepas mengasimilasikan budaya Jerman, bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Yahudi? || Yiddish. <> Bilakah asimilasi Yahudi berakhir? || semasa Perang Salib <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang Yahudi semasa perang salib? || dengan paksa dikeluarkan dari Jerman", {"context": "By the Middle Ages, large numbers of Jews lived in the Holy Roman Empire and had assimilated into German culture, including many Jews who had previously assimilated into French culture and had spoken a mixed Judeo-French language. Upon assimilating into German culture, the Jewish German peoples incorporated major parts of the German language and elements of other European languages into a mixed language known as Yiddish. However tolerance and assimilation of Jews in German society suddenly ended during the Crusades with many Jews being forcefully expelled from Germany and Western Yiddish disappeared as a language in Germany over the centuries, with German Jewish people fully adopting the German language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Middle Ages"}], "question": "By what time period had many of the Jewish  population joined the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Yiddish"}], "question": "The Jewish populations upon migrating into the German society mingled languages to form what new language? ", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Crusades"}], "question": "What cause the tolerance and mixing  into German Society to end for the Jews?", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "German"}], "question": "What language did many of the Jews speak after the crusades? ", "id": "57268312dd62a815002e87c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Judeo-French"}], "question": "What language did the Jews speak prior to assimilating into German culture?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Yiddish."}], "question": "After assimilating to German culture, what language did the Jews adopt?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "during the Crusades"}], "question": "When did Jewish assimilation end?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "forcefully expelled from Germany"}], "question": "What happened to the Jews during the crusades?", "id": "57293c921d046914007791b2"}]}], ["Daripada kira-kira 100 juta penceramah asli Jerman di dunia, kira-kira 80 juta menganggap diri mereka sebagai orang Jerman. Terdapat tambahan 80 juta orang keturunan Jerman terutamanya di Amerika Syarikat, Brazil (terutamanya di Wilayah Selatan negara) , Argentina, Kanada, Afrika Selatan, negara pasca Soviet (terutamanya di Rusia dan Kazakhstan), dan Perancis, masing-masing menyumbang sekurang-kurangnya 1 juta. [Nota 2] Oleh itu, jumlah Jerman terletak di antara 100 dan lebih daripada 150 juta, bergantung pada kriteria yang digunakan (penceramah asli, nenek moyang tunggal etnik Jerman, keturunan Jerman keturunan, dll.). <> Lebih kurang berapa ramai penduduk dunia berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda? || 100 juta <> Dari penduduk yang bercakap Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda berapa banyak dari mereka menganggap diri mereka Jerman? || 80 juta <> Berapa ramai penduduk dunia mendakwa nenek moyang Jerman? || 80 juta <> berapa jumlah Jerman yang bercakap dan keturunan asli di dunia? || antara 100 dan lebih daripada 150 juta <> Di mana di Brazil kebanyakan keturunan Jerman terletak? || terutamanya di Wilayah Selatan negara <> Berapa banyak penutur asli Jerman di dunia yang ada? || 100 juta <> Berapa banyak penutur asli Jerman menganggap diri mereka Jerman? || 80 juta <> Berapa ramai orang di dunia yang mendakwa berasal dari keturunan Jerman? || 100 dan lebih daripada 150 juta", {"context": "Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans.[citation needed] There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million.[note 2] Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "Approximately how many of the world population speak German as a native language? ", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "80 million"}], "question": "Of the population that speaks German as a native language how many of them consider themselves to be German?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "80 million"}], "question": "How many of the worlds population claim German ancestors?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "between 100 and more than 150 million"}], "question": "what is the total number of Germans both native speaking and heredity in the world?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "mainly in the South Region of the country"}], "question": "Where in Brazil is most of the German descendants located?", "id": "57263ffa89a1e219009ac5e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many native German speakers in the world are there?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "80 million"}], "question": "How many native German speakers consider themselves German?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "100 and more than 150 million"}], "question": "How many people in the world claim to be from German ancestry?", "id": "57292ace3f37b319004780ab"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1866, perseteruan antara Austria dan Prusia akhirnya menjadi kepalanya. Terdapat beberapa sebab di sebalik perang ini. Sebagai nasionalisme Jerman berkembang dengan kuat di dalam Konfederasi Jerman dan tidak dapat memutuskan bagaimana Jerman akan bersatu menjadi sebuah negara bangsa. Austria menyukai penyatuan Jerman Besar tetapi tidak sanggup melepaskan mana-mana tanah yang tidak berbahasa Jerman di dalam Empayar Austria dan mengambil tempat kedua ke Prusia. Akan tetapi, Prussians ingin menyatukan Jerman sebagai Jerman Kecil terutama oleh Kerajaan Prusia, sementara tidak termasuk Austria. Dalam peperangan terakhir peperangan Jerman (Pertempuran K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) orang Prussian berjaya mengalahkan Austria dan berjaya mewujudkan Konfederasi Jerman Utara. <> Bilakah pergaduhan antara Austria dan Prussia meletus? || 1866 <> Apa percanggahan perang Jerman apakah Prussians berjaya mencipta Konfederasi Jerman Utara? || (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz <> Apa yang Jerman akan dipanggil jika Prussian menang? || Little Germany <> Apa yang Austria tidak sanggup menyerah untuk menyelesaikan konflik? || tanah yang tidak berbahasa Jerman di dalam Empayar Austria < > Bilakah Austria dan Prussia pergi berperang? || 1866 <> Siapa yang memenangi pertempuran Koniggratz? || Prussia <> Apa yang kaum Prussians mahu Jerman disatukan di bawah? || Little Germany <> Apa yang dicipta ketika orang Prussia mengalahkan Austria ?? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara", {"context": "In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. There were several reasons behind this war. As German nationalism grew strongly inside the German Confederation and neither could decide on how Germany was going to be unified into a nation-state. The Austrians favoured the Greater Germany unification but were not willing to give up any of the non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire and take second place to Prussia. The Prussians however wanted to unify Germany as Little Germany primarily by the Kingdom of Prussia, whilst excluding Austria. In the final battle of the German war (Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz) the Prussians successfully defeated the Austrians and succeeded in creating the North German Confederation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1866"}], "question": "When did the strife between Austria and Prussia erupt?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "(Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz"}], "question": "in What conflict of the German war did the Prussians successfully create the North German Confederation?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Little Germany"}], "question": "What was Germany going to be called if Prussian won?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "non-German-speaking land inside of the Austrian Empire"}], "question": "What was Austria not willing to give up to settle the conflict?", "id": "5726876a5951b619008f75e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1866"}], "question": "When did Austria and Prussia go to war?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Prussia"}], "question": "Who won the battle of Koniggratz?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Little Germany"}], "question": "What did the Prussians want Germany to unify under?", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "North German Confederation"}], "question": "What was created when the Prussians defeated Austria??", "id": "57294d87af94a219006aa27a"}]}], ["Konflik antara puak-puak Jerman dan pasukan Rom di bawah Julio Caesar memaksa puak-puak Jerman utama untuk berundur ke tebing timur Rhine. Maharaja Romus Augustus pada 12 SM mengarahkan penaklukan Jerman, tetapi kekalahan Roman bencana di Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg mengakibatkan Empayar Rom meninggalkan rancangannya untuk menakluki Jerman. Orang-orang Jerman di wilayah Rom telah dikuasai oleh budaya, dan walaupun kebanyakan dari Jerman tetap bebas dari pemerintahan Rom secara langsung, Rom sangat memengaruhi perkembangan masyarakat Jerman, terutama penggunaan kekristenan oleh orang-orang Jerman yang memperolehnya dari orang-orang Rom. Di wilayah-wilayah Rom yang dipegang oleh penduduk Jerman, orang Jerman dan Rom berkahwin, dan tradisi Rom, Jerman, dan Kristian bercantum. Penerapan agama Kristiani akan menjadi pengaruh utama dalam pembangunan identiti Jerman yang sama. <> Apa kaisar yang memaksa puak Jerman ke sebelah timur Rhine? || Julius Caesar <> Dalam apa yang Kaisar Augustus memerintahkan penaklukan orang-orang Jerman? || 12 SM <> Roma mengalami kekalahan yang mengerikan di sana penaklukan Jerman dalam pertempuran apa? || Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg <> Roman mengamalkan agama apa yang akan mempengaruhi masyarakat Jerman? || Kristian <> Melalui perbuatan apa yang akan menjadi adat istiadat Rom dan Jerman? || Orang Jerman dan Romawi berkahwin <> Yang mana raja Romawi mengarahkan penaklukan orang Jerman? || Augustus <> Apa agama yang diterima oleh orang Jerman? || Kristian <> Peperangan apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Jerman mengalahkan orang Rom? || Pertempuran Hutan Teutoburg r", {"context": "Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine. Roman emperor Augustus in 12 BC ordered the conquest of the Germans, but the catastrophic Roman defeat at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest resulted in the Roman Empire abandoning its plans to completely conquer Germany. Germanic peoples in Roman territory were culturally Romanized, and although much of Germany remained free of direct Roman rule, Rome deeply influenced the development of German society, especially the adoption of Christianity by the Germans who obtained it from the Romans. In Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become a major influence in the development of a common German identity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Julius Caesar"}], "question": "What emperor forced the Germanic tribes to the east side of the Rhine?", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "12 BC"}], "question": "In what did Emperor Augustus order the conquest of the Germans? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest"}], "question": "The Romans suffered a horrible defeat in there conquest of the Germans in what battle? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "Roman's adoption of what religion would greatly influence the German society? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried"}], "question": "Through what act would Roman and German customs become intertwine? ", "id": "5726431a38643c19005ad3c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Augustus"}], "question": "Which Roman emperor ordered the conquest of the Germans?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What religion did Germans adopt?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Battle of the Teutoburg Forest r"}], "question": "What battle did Germans defeat the Romans?", "id": "57292b563f37b319004780b1"}]}], ["Orang-orang zaman penghijrahan yang kemudiannya bersatu dengan etnik \"Jerman\" adalah puak-puak Jerman Saxon, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni dan Bavarii. Lima suku ini, kadang-kadang dengan memasukkan orang Frisia, dianggap sebagai kumpulan utama untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pembentukan orang-orang Jerman. Jenis bahasa Jerman masih dibahagikan kepada kumpulan-kumpulan ini. Ahli bahasa membezakan jenis Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian dan Alemannic rendah dalam bahasa Jerman moden. Menjelang abad ke-9, suku besar yang hidup di wilayah Jerman moden telah bersatu di bawah pemerintahan raja Frank, Charlemagne, yang dikenali dalam bahasa Jerman sebagai Karl der Gro\u00dfe. Kebanyakan apa yang kini Jerman Timur menjadi bahasa Slavik (Sorbs dan Veleti), selepas kawasan-kawasan ini dikosongkan oleh puak-puak Jerman (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians dan Suebi antara lain) yang telah berhijrah ke kawasan bekas Empayar Rom. <> Berapa banyak suku dikreditkan dengan penciptaan zaman moden di Jerman? || lima suku <> Pada zaman moden apa yang masih dipengaruhi oleh lima suku bangsa? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apa raja menyatukan suku-suku pada abad ke-9? || Charlemagne <> Apa bahagian Jerman menjadi kebanyakannya berbahasa Slavik kerana migrasi? || Timur Jerman <> Suku-suku yang berpindah dari timur Jerman mengambil tempat untuk mendiami tanah empayar yang jatuh? || Empayar Rom <> Apa lima suku yang dikaitkan dengan berkumpul menjadi etnik Jerman? || Saxon, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni dan Bavarii <> Apa suku ke-6 kadang-kadang termasuk dengan 5 suku asli Jerman? || Frisians <> Yang menyatukan 5 suku? || raja Charlemagne <> Berapa abad yang memerintah Raja Charlemagne? || 9hb", {"context": "The migration-period peoples who later coalesced into a \"German\" ethnicity were the Germanic tribes of the Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii. These five tribes, sometimes with inclusion of the Frisians, are considered as the major groups to take part in the formation of the Germans. The varieties of the German language are still divided up into these groups. Linguists distinguish low Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Thuringian and Alemannic varieties in modern German. By the 9th century, the large tribes which lived on the territory of modern Germany had been united under the rule of the Frankish king Charlemagne, known in German as Karl der Gro\u00dfe. Much of what is now Eastern Germany became Slavonic-speaking (Sorbs and Veleti), after these areas were vacated by Germanic tribes (Vandals, Lombards, Burgundians and Suebi amongst others) which had migrated into the former areas of the Roman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "five tribes"}], "question": "how many tribes are credited with the creation of the modern day germans?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "German language"}], "question": "In modern day what is still influenced by the  five tribes?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Charlemagne"}], "question": "What king united the tribes in the 9th century? ", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Eastern Germany"}], "question": "What part of Germany became mostly Slavonic-speaking due to migration?  ", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "Roman Empire"}], "question": "The tribes that moved out of east Germany took to inhabit what fallen empires lands?", "id": "57264984f1498d1400e8db28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Saxons, Franci, Thuringii, Alamanni and Bavarii"}], "question": "What five tribes are attributed with coalescing into a German ethnicity?", "id": "5729371d1d0469140077917f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Frisians"}], "question": "What 6th tribe is sometimes included with the original 5 German tribes?", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "king Charlemagne"}], "question": "Who united the 5 tribes?", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "9th"}], "question": "What century did King Charlemagne reign? ", "id": "5729371d1d04691400779182"}]}], ["Perang Napoleon adalah punca pembubaran terakhir Empayar Rom Suci, dan akhirnya menjadi sebab untuk usaha negara Jerman pada abad ke-19 nasionalisme Jerman. Selepas Kongres Vienna, Austria dan Prussia muncul sebagai dua pesaing. Austria, berusaha untuk terus menjadi kuasa dominan di Eropah Tengah, memimpin jalan dari segi Kongres Vienna. Kongres Vienna pada dasarnya konservatif, menjamin bahawa sedikit akan berubah di Eropah dan menghalang Jerman dari menyatukan. Istilah ini tiba-tiba terhenti selepas Revolusi 1848 dan Perang Krimea pada tahun 1856, membuka jalan untuk penyatuan Jerman pada tahun 1860-an. Menjelang tahun 1820, ramai wanita Yahudi Jerman telah berkahwin dengan lelaki Kristian Jerman dan telah memeluk agama Kristian. Yahudi Jerman Eduard Lasker adalah seorang tokoh nasionalis Jerman yang mempromosikan penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19. <> Apakah salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan pembubaran Empayar Rom Suci? || Peperangan Napoleon <> Apa jaminan bahawa Eropah akan tetap sama menghalang Jerman dari menjadi satu negara? || Kongres Vienna <> Kapan Perang Krimea? || 1856 <> Bilakah penyatuan Jerman? || 1860s <> Apa kaum Yahudi Jerman yang menonjol mencari penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19? || Eduard Lasker <> Apakah punca pembubaran terakhir Empayar Rom Suci? || Perang Napoleon <> Apa dua negara muncul sebagai pesaing selepas Kongres Vienna? || Austria dan Prussia <> Yang memimpin jalan untuk Kongres Vienna? || Austria <> Dalam sedekad apa penyatuan Jerman? || 1860s <> Siapa Eduard Lasker? || tokoh nasionalis Jerman yang mempromosikan penyatuan Jerman pada pertengahan abad ke-19", {"context": "The Napoleonic Wars were the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, and ultimately the cause for the quest for a German nation state in 19th-century German nationalism. After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. Austria, trying to remain the dominant power in Central Europe, led the way in the terms of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna was essentially conservative, assuring that little would change in Europe and preventing Germany from uniting. These terms came to a sudden halt following the Revolutions of 1848 and the Crimean War in 1856, paving the way for German unification in the 1860s. By the 1820s, large numbers of Jewish German women had intermarried with Christian German men and had converted to Christianity. Jewish German Eduard Lasker was a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "What was one of the main factors that caused the dissolve of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Congress of Vienna"}], "question": "What assured  Europe would remain the same preventing Germany from becoming one country?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "1856"}], "question": "When was the Crimean War?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "1860s"}], "question": "When was Germany's unification? ", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Eduard Lasker"}], "question": "What prominent Jewish German  sought German unification in the mid 19th century?", "id": "57268623f1498d1400e8e2ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "What was the cause of the final dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Austria and Prussia"}], "question": "What two countries emerged as competitors after the Congress of Vienna?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "Who led the way for the Congress of Vienna?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "1860s"}], "question": "In what decade was German unification?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "a prominent German nationalist figure who promoted the unification of Germany in the mid-19th century"}], "question": "Who was Eduard Lasker?", "id": "5729483faf94a219006aa255"}]}], ["Selepas Kristianisasi, Gereja Roman Katolik dan penguasa tempatan memimpin pengembangan dan penyelesaian Jerman di kawasan yang didiami oleh Slavs dan Balts, yang dikenali sebagai Ostsiedlung. Semasa perang yang dilancarkan di Baltik oleh Katolik Jerman Ksatria Ksatria; tanah yang didiami oleh kumpulan etnik Orang Prussia Lama (rujukan semasa kepada orang yang dikenali kemudian hanya sebagai \"orang Prussia\"), telah ditawan oleh orang Jerman. Orang Prusia Lama adalah kumpulan etnik yang berkaitan dengan bangsa Baltik Latvia dan Lithuania. Bekas negara Prusia dari Jerman mengambil namanya dari Prusia Baltik, walaupun dipimpin oleh orang Jerman yang telah mengasimilasi Prusia Lama; bahasa Prusia lama telah pupus oleh abad ke-17 atau awal abad ke-18. Orang-orang Slavik dari Baltik yang dikuasai Teutonik diasimilasikan ke dalam budaya Jerman dan akhirnya terdapat banyak perkahwinan keluarga Slavia dan Jerman, termasuk kalangan bangsawan Prusia yang dikenal sebagai Junkers. Strategi ketenteraan Prusia Karl von Clausewitz adalah seorang Jerman terkenal yang namanya berasal dari Slavia. Penyelesaian Jerman secara besar-besaran membawa kepada asimilasi penduduk Baltik (Orang Prusia) dan Slavic (Wends), yang habis dengan peperangan sebelumnya. <> Pembesaran Jerman oleh Gereja Katolik ke kawasan-kawasan Slavs dan balts adalah seperti apa? || Ostsiedlung <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang berperang di Baltik? || Jerman Katolik Teutonik Ksatria <> Siapakah kumpulan etnik Lama Prusia yang berkaitan? || Orang-orang Baltik Latvia dan Lithuania <> Walaupun menakluk bahasa Parsi terus hidup? || 17 atau awal abad ke-18 <> Siapakah nama Jerman yang terkenal itu mempunyai asal-usul Slavia? || Karl von Clausewitz <> Bilakah bahasa Prusia telah pupus? || 17 atau awal abad ke-18 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang Slavik Baltik? || telah diasimilasikan ke dalam budaya Jerman <> Yang mengetuai pengembangan Jerman? || Gereja Roman Katolik dan penguasa tempatan <> Apa strategi ahli tentera Jerman yang terkenal dengan nama Slavia? || Karl von Clausewitz <> Apa yang dibolehkan untuk asimilasi populasi Baltik dan Slavik? || Penyelesaian Jerman yang besar", {"context": "After Christianization, the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers led German expansion and settlement in areas inhabited by Slavs and Balts, known as Ostsiedlung. During the wars waged in the Baltic by the Catholic German Teutonic Knights; the lands inhabited by the ethnic group of the Old Prussians (the current reference to the people known then simply as the \"Prussians\"), were conquered by the Germans. The Old Prussians were an ethnic group related to the Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples. The former German state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although it was led by Germans who had assimilated the Old Prussians; the old Prussian language was extinct by the 17th or early 18th century. The Slavic people of the Teutonic-controlled Baltic were assimilated into German culture and eventually there were many intermarriages of Slavic and German families, including amongst the Prussia's aristocracy known as the Junkers. Prussian military strategist Karl von Clausewitz is a famous German whose surname is of Slavic origin. Massive German settlement led to the assimilation of Baltic (Old Prussians) and Slavic (Wends) populations, who were exhausted by previous warfare.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Ostsiedlung"}], "question": "The Expansion of Germany  by the Catholic Church into the areas of the Slavs and balts is know as what?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Catholic German Teutonic Knights"}], "question": "What was the name of the group that waged war in the Baltic?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Latvian and Lithuanian Baltic peoples"}], "question": "Who was the Old Prussians ethnic group related to?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "17th or early 18th century"}], "question": "Although conquered the Persian language lived on till when?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "Karl von Clausewitz"}], "question": "Who is a famous German that  name has Slavic origins?", "id": "57264c97dd62a815002e80de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "17th or early 18th century"}], "question": "When was the Prussian language extinct?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "were assimilated into German culture"}], "question": "What happened to the Slavic people of the Baltic?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church and local rulers"}], "question": "Who led the German expansion?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "Karl von Clausewitz"}], "question": "What famous German military strategist has a name with Slavic origin?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1056, "text": "Massive German settlement"}], "question": "What let to the assimilation of Baltic and Slavic populations?", "id": "57293a886aef051400154ba2"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, inovasi laut membawa kepada penguasaan perdagangan Jerman di Laut Baltik dan sebahagian dari Eropah Timur melalui Liga Hanseatic. Sepanjang laluan perdagangan, stesen perdagangan Hanseatic menjadi pusat budaya Jerman. Undang-undang bandar Jerman (Stadtrecht) dipromosikan oleh kehadiran penduduk Jerman yang besar, kaya dan berpengaruh, pengaruh mereka dan kuasa politik. Oleh itu, orang-orang yang akan dianggap \"orang Jerman\", dengan budaya, bahasa, dan pandangan umum yang berbeza dari orang-orang luar bandar di sekitarnya, bandar-bandar perdagangan yang dijajah sehinggalah ke utara Jerman sekarang seperti Bergen (di Norway), Stockholm (Sweden ), dan Vyborg (sekarang di Rusia). Liga Hanseatic bukan semata-mata bahasa Jerman dalam akal etnik: banyak bandar yang bergabung dengan liga berada di luar Empayar Rom Suci dan beberapa dari mereka mungkin hanya dicirikan sebagai Jerman. Empayar itu sendiri tidak sama sekali Jerman. Ia mempunyai struktur pelbagai etnik dan multi-bahasa, sesetengah etnik dan bahasa yang digunakan pada masa yang berlainan adalah Belanda, Itali, Perancis, Czech dan Poland. <> Penguasaan perdagangan Jerman di Eropah Timur dikreditkan ke apa? || inovasi angkatan laut <> Oleh sebab perdagangan yang semakin meningkat apa tempat-tempat menjadi hub budaya Jerman? || Stesen perdagangan Hanseatic <> Apa yang dipromosikan kerana kekayaan dan kuasa keluarga Jerman? || Stadtrecht <> kekaisaran Romawi Suci kerana banyak penaklukan yang berbeza dilihat sebagai jenis masyarakat? || pelbagai etnik dan pelbagai bahasa <> Apa yang membantu Jerman menguasai perdagangan? || inovasi laut <> Apa kerja Jerman untuk undang-undang bandar Jerman? || Stadtrecht <> Adakah pasukan Hanseatic eksklusif Jerman? || Liga Hanseatic tidak semata-mata Jerman <> Apa etnik lain, selain Jerman adalah sebahagian daripada The Empire? || Belanda, Itali, Perancis, Czech dan Poland", {"context": "At the same time, naval innovations led to a German domination of trade in the Baltic Sea and parts of Eastern Europe through the Hanseatic League. Along the trade routes, Hanseatic trade stations became centers of the German culture. German town law (Stadtrecht) was promoted by the presence of large, relatively wealthy German populations, their influence and political power. Thus people who would be considered \"Germans\", with a common culture, language, and worldview different from that of the surrounding rural peoples, colonized trading towns as far north of present-day Germany as Bergen (in Norway), Stockholm (in Sweden), and Vyborg (now in Russia). The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German in any ethnic sense: many towns who joined the league were outside the Holy Roman Empire and a number of them may only loosely be characterized as German. The Empire itself was not entirely German either. It had a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual structure, some of the smaller ethnicities and languages used at different times were Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "naval innovations"}], "question": "German's domination of trade in the Eastern Europe was credited to what?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Hanseatic trade stations"}], "question": "Because of the increased trade what places became the hubs of German culture?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Stadtrecht"}], "question": "What was promoted due to wealth and power of the German families?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "multi-ethnic and multi-lingual"}], "question": "the holy roman empire due to its many different conquests was seen as what type of society?", "id": "57266232dd62a815002e8345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "naval innovations"}], "question": "What helped the Germans dominate trade?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Stadtrecht"}], "question": "What is the German work for German town law?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "The Hanseatic League was not exclusively German"}], "question": "Was the Hanseatic league exclusively German?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1040, "text": "Dutch, Italian, French, Czech and Polish"}], "question": "What other ethnicities, besides German were part of The Empire?", "id": "57293b841d04691400779196"}]}], ["Orang-orang Jerman semasa Tempoh Migrasi bersentuhan dengan orang lain; dalam kes penduduk yang menetap di wilayah Jerman moden, mereka menemui Celts di selatan, dan Balts dan Slavs ke arah timur. The Limes Germanicus telah dilanggar pada tahun 260 AD. Memindahkan puak-puak Jerman berkumpul dengan penduduk Gallo-Roman setempat dalam apa yang sekarang Swabia dan Bavaria. Kedatangan orang-orang Hun di Eropah mengakibatkan penaklukan Hun di bahagian-bahagian besar Eropah Timur, orang Hun pada awalnya adalah sekutu Empayar Rom yang bertempur melawan suku-suku Jerman, tetapi kemudian orang-orang Hun bekerja sama dengan suku Jerman Ostrogoths, dan sejumlah besar Jerman tinggal di tanah-tanah Empayar Hunian Attila. Attila mempunyai keluarga Hunik dan Jermanik dan ketua-ketua Jerman terkemuka di kalangan rombongannya yang rapat di Eropah. Hun yang tinggal di wilayah Jerman di Eropah Timur mengadopsi bahasa Jerman Timur sebagai bahasa lingua franca mereka. Sebahagian besar tentera Attila adalah orang Jerman, semasa kempen Huns menentang Empayar Rom. Selepas kematian Attila yang tidak dijangka, Empayar Hunik runtuh dengan kaum Hun menghilang sebagai orang di Eropah - yang sama ada melarikan diri ke Asia, atau sebaliknya dicampur di kalangan orang Eropah. <> Semasa tempoh Migrasi Jerman akan menemui kumpulan apa di timur? || Balt dan Slavs <> Semasa tempoh Migrasi Jerman akan menemui kumpulan apa di selatan? || Celts <> The Limes Germanicus telah dilanggar dalam tahun berapa? || AD 260 <> Siapa yang bersekutu dengan orang-orang Jerman sebelum melawan mereka di samping Rom? || Bangsa <> Pemimpin apa yang mempunyai keluarga Jerman dan Hun yang terkenal di rombongannya di seluruh Eropah? || Attila <> Bilakah Limes Germanicus melanggar? || AD 260 <> Siapa orang Jerman datang ke selatan? || Celtic <> Suku Jerman mana kaum bekerjasama? || Ostrogoths <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Hun? || Jermanik Timur <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang Hun selepas kematian Attila? || sama ada melarikan diri ke Asia, atau sebaliknya dicampur di kalangan orang Eropah", {"context": "The Germanic peoples during the Migrations Period came into contact with other peoples; in the case of the populations settling in the territory of modern Germany, they encountered Celts to the south, and Balts and Slavs towards the east. The Limes Germanicus was breached in AD 260. Migrating Germanic tribes commingled with the local Gallo-Roman populations in what is now Swabia and Bavaria. The arrival of the Huns in Europe resulted in Hun conquest of large parts of Eastern Europe, the Huns initially were allies of the Roman Empire who fought against Germanic tribes, but later the Huns cooperated with the Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths, and large numbers of Germans lived within the lands of the Hunnic Empire of Attila. Attila had both Hunnic and Germanic families and prominent Germanic chiefs amongst his close entourage in Europe. The Huns living in Germanic territories in Eastern Europe adopted an East Germanic language as their lingua franca. A major part of Attila's army were Germans, during the Huns' campaign against the Roman Empire. After Attila's unexpected death the Hunnic Empire collapsed with the Huns disappearing as a people in Europe \u2013 who either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Balts and Slavs"}], "question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what groups in the east?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Celts"}], "question": "During the Migrations period Germans would encounter what group in the south?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "AD 260"}], "question": "The Limes Germanicus was breached in what year?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "the Huns"}], "question": "Who allied with the Germans after previous fighting them along side the Romans?", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Attila"}], "question": "What leader had both prominent German and Hun families in his entourage throughout Europe? ", "id": "57264622f1498d1400e8dadc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "AD 260"}], "question": "When was the Limes Germanicus breached?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Celts"}], "question": "Who did the Germans come in contact with to the south?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Ostrogoths"}], "question": "Which Germanic tribe did the Huns cooperate with?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "East Germanic"}], "question": "What language did the Huns adopt?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1173, "text": "either escaped into Asia, or otherwise blended in amongst Europeans"}], "question": "What happened to the Huns after Attila's death?", "id": "572935dd3f37b3190047810f"}]}], ["Orang asal Jerman terdapat di pelbagai tempat di seluruh dunia. Amerika Syarikat adalah rumah kepada kira-kira 50 juta orang Amerika Jerman atau satu pertiga daripada diaspora Jerman, menjadikannya pusat terbesar orang Jerman yang turun di luar Jerman. Brazil adalah yang kedua terbesar dengan 5 juta orang mendakwa keturunan Jerman. Pusat-pusat penting lain adalah Kanada, Argentina, Afrika Selatan dan Perancis masing-masing menyumbang sekurang-kurangnya 1 juta. Walaupun bilangan sebenar orang Jerman turun adalah sukar untuk dikira, data yang ada menjadikannya selamat untuk menuntut jumlah itu melebihi 100 juta orang. <> Berapa ramai orang Jerman Jerman ada di sana? || 50 juta <> Berapa banyak penduduk Jerman tinggal di Brazil? || 5 juta <> Berapa ramai orang di dunia mempunyai warisan Jerman? || 100 juta <> Amerika adalah rumah kepada berapa peratusan orang-orang Jerman yang meninggal dunia? || satu per tiga", {"context": "People of German origin are found in various places around the globe. United States is home to approximately 50 million German Americans or one third of the German diaspora, making it the largest centre of German-descended people outside Germany. Brazil is the second largest with 5 million people claiming German ancestry. Other significant centres are Canada, Argentina, South Africa and France each accounting for at least 1 million. While the exact number of German-descended people is difficult to calculate, the available data makes it safe to claim the number is exceeding 100 million people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "50 million"}], "question": "How many German Americans are there?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "5 million"}], "question": "How many Germans live in Brazil?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many people in the world have German heritage?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "one third"}], "question": "America is home to what percentage of German decedent people?", "id": "5729533caf94a219006aa2a6"}]}], ["Bahasa asli Jerman adalah bahasa Jerman, bahasa Jermanik Barat, berkaitan dengan dan diklasifikasikan bersama bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda, dan berkongsi banyak persamaan dengan bahasa Jermanik Utara dan Scandinavia. Diucapkan oleh kira-kira 100 juta penutur asli, bahasa Jerman adalah salah satu bahasa utama di dunia dan bahasa pertama yang paling banyak digunakan di Kesatuan Eropah. Bahasa Jerman telah digantikan oleh bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa dominan penutur Nobel yang berkaitan dengan sains pada separuh kedua abad ke-20. Ia adalah lingua franca dalam Empayar Rom Suci. <> Apakah bahasa asli Jerman? || Bahasa Jerman <> Bahasa apa yang berkaitan dengan Jerman? || Bahasa Inggeris dan Belanda <> Berapa banyak orang asli berbahasa Jerman? || 100 juta <> Apa bahasa yang paling biasa digunakan dalam Kesatuan Eropah? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apakah bahasa sains dominan? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "The native language of Germans is German, a West Germanic language, related to and classified alongside English and Dutch, and sharing many similarities with the North Germanic and Scandinavian languages. Spoken by approximately 100 million native speakers, German is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. German has been replaced by English as the dominant language of science-related Nobel Prize laureates during the second half of the 20th century. It was a lingua franca in the Holy Roman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is the native language of Germans?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "English and Dutch"}], "question": "What languages is German related to?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "100 million"}], "question": "How many natives speak German?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is the most commonly spoken language in the European Union?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is the dominant language of science?", "id": "572952cb6aef051400154ce6"}]}], ["Dalam bidang muzik, Jerman mendakwa beberapa komposer klasik terkenal di dunia termasuk Bach, Mozart dan Beethoven, yang menandakan peralihan antara era klasik dan romantis dalam muzik klasik Barat. Komposer lain tradisi Austro-Jerman yang mencapai kemasyhuran antarabangsa termasuk Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff dan yang paling baru-baru ini. , Henze, Lachenmann, dan Stockhausen. <> Dari negara manakah Bach, Mozart dan Beethoven dari? || Jerman <> Dalam apa tradisi muzik Brahms Wagner dan Hadyn mencapai kemasyhuran? || Austro-Jerman <> Yang menandakan suis dari klasik ke zaman romantis dalam muzik klasik? || Beethoven", {"context": "In the field of music, Germany claims some of the most renowned classical composers of the world including Bach, Mozart and Beethoven, who marked the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music. Other composers of the Austro-German tradition who achieved international fame include Brahms, Wagner, Haydn, Schubert, H\u00e4ndel, Schumann, Liszt, Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johann Strauss II, Bruckner, Mahler, Telemann, Richard Strauss, Schoenberg, Orff, and most recently, Henze, Lachenmann, and Stockhausen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "From which country is Bach, Mozart and Beethoven from?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Austro-German"}], "question": "In what tradition of music did Brahms Wagner and Hadyn achieve fame?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Beethoven"}], "question": "Who marked the switch from classical to romantic eras in classical music?", "id": "57295848af94a219006aa2f3"}]}], ["Ahli falsafah Jerman telah membantu membentuk falsafah barat sejak awal Abad Pertengahan (Albertus Magnus). Kemudian, Leibniz (abad ke-17) dan yang paling penting, Kant memainkan peranan utama dalam sejarah falsafah. Kantianisme mengilhami kerja Schopenhauer dan Nietzsche serta idealisme Jerman yang dipertahankan oleh Fichte dan Hegel. Engels membantu mengembangkan teori komunis pada separuh kedua abad ke-19 sementara Heidegger dan Gadamer meneruskan tradisi falsafah Jerman pada abad ke-20. Sejumlah cendekiawan Jerman juga berpengaruh dalam sosiologi, terutamanya Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, dan Weber. Universiti Berlin yang diasaskan pada tahun 1810 oleh ahli bahasa dan ahli falsafah Wilhelm von Humboldt berkhidmat sebagai model berpengaruh untuk beberapa universiti barat moden. <> Siapa ahli falsafah Jerman dari zaman pertengahan? || Albertus Magnus <> Bilakah Leibniz seorang ahli falsafah aktif? || Abad ke-17 <> Apa falsafah Jerman mengilhamkan Schopenhauer dan Nietzsche? || Kant <> Pada akhir abad ke-19, yang ahli falsafah Jerman membantu mengembangkan idea komunisme? || Engels <> Bilakah Universiti Berlin ditubuhkan? || 1810", {"context": "German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, T\u00f6nnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Albertus Magnus"}], "question": "Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "When was Leibniz an active philosopher?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Kant"}], "question": "What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Engels"}], "question": "In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "1810"}], "question": "When was the University of Berlin founded?", "id": "572953ee1d046914007792ad"}]}], ["Kerja David Hilbert dan Max Planck adalah penting untuk asas fizik moden, yang dikembangkan oleh Werner Heisenberg dan Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger. Mereka didahului oleh ahli fizik utama seperti Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, dan Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, antara lain. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen menemui X-ray, pencapaian yang membuatnya menjadi pemenang pertama Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1901. Kuil Walhalla untuk \"Jerman yang dipuji dan dibezakan\", mempunyai beberapa saintis, dan terletak di timur Regensburg, dalam Bavaria. <> Siapa yang menemui X-Rays? || Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen <> Siapa yang memenangi Hadiah Nobel pertama dalam Fizik? || Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen <> Pada tahun berapa, apakah Hadiah Nobel pertama dalam Fizik dimenangi? || 1901 <> Di manakah candi Walhalla terletak? || Bavaria <> Apa dua orang penting dalam penciptaan fizik moden? || David Hilbert dan Max Planck", {"context": "The work of David Hilbert and Max Planck was crucial to the foundation of modern physics, which Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger developed further. They were preceded by such key physicists as Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer, and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen discovered X-rays, an accomplishment that made him the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. The Walhalla temple for \"laudable and distinguished Germans\", features a number of scientists, and is located east of Regensburg, in Bavaria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen"}], "question": "Who discovered X-Rays?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen"}], "question": "Who won the first Nobel Prize in Physics?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "1901"}], "question": "In what year, was the first Nobel Prize in Physics won?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Bavaria"}], "question": "Where is the Walhalla temple located?", "id": "572954806aef051400154cff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "David Hilbert and Max Planck"}], "question": "What two people were important to the creation of modern physics?", "id": "572954806aef051400154d00"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1870, selepas Perancis menyerang Prusia, Prussia dan sekutunya yang baru di Jerman Selatan (di antara mereka Bavaria) telah menang dalam Perang Franco-Prusia. Ia mewujudkan Empayar Jerman pada tahun 1871 sebagai negara bangsa Jerman, dengan berkesan tidak termasuk monarki Habsburg Austria dan Liechtenstein yang pelbagai etnik. Mengintegrasikan bangsa Austria tetap menjadi keinginan yang kuat bagi banyak orang di Jerman dan Austria, terutama di kalangan liberal, demokrat sosial dan juga umat Katolik yang minoriti dalam Protestan Jerman. <> Bilakah Perancis menyerang Prussia? || 1870 <> Siapa yang memenangi Perang Franco-Prusia? || Prussia dan sekutunya yang baru di Jerman Selatan <> Bilakah Empayar Jerman ditubuhkan? || 1871 <> Kawasan apa yang dikecualikan daripada Empayar Jerman? || berkesan tidak termasuk kerajaan multi-etnik Austria Habsburg <> Apa agama utama Jerman? || Protestan <> Bilakah empayar Jerman dicipta? || 1871 <> Siapakah yang dikeluarkan daripada Negara Jerman? || Austrian Habsburg monarchy dan Liechtenstein <> Agama apa yang majoriti di Jerman? || Protestan <> Apa yang orang ramai mahu lakukan di Jerman? || Mengintegrasikan Austria", {"context": "In 1870, after France attacked Prussia, Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany (among them Bavaria) were victorious in the Franco-Prussian War. It created the German Empire in 1871 as a German nation-state, effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein. Integrating the Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of Germany and Austria, especially among the liberals, the social democrats and also the Catholics who were a minority within the Protestant Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1870"}], "question": "When did France attack Prussia? ", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Prussia and its new allies in Southern Germany"}], "question": "Who won the Franco-Prussian War?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When was the German Empire founded?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "effectively excluding the multi-ethnic Austrian Habsburg monarchy"}], "question": "What regions was excluded from the German Empire?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "What was the primary religion of Germany?", "id": "572691045951b619008f76db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When was the German empire created?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Austrian Habsburg monarchy and Liechtenstein"}], "question": "Who was excluded from the German Nation State?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "What religion was a majority in Germany?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Integrating the Austrians"}], "question": "What did many people in Germany still want to do?", "id": "57294fd03f37b31900478228"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, negara-negara Eropah Timur seperti Kesatuan Soviet, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania dan Yugoslavia mengusir Jerman dari wilayah mereka. Kebanyakan mereka telah mendiami tanah-tanah ini selama berabad-abad, membangun budaya yang unik. Jerman juga terpaksa meninggalkan bekas wilayah timur Jerman, yang dilampirkan oleh Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, bahagian Brandenburg dan bahagian selatan Prusia Timur) dan Kesatuan Soviet (bahagian utara Prussia Timur). Antara 12 dan 16,5 juta etnis Jerman dan warga Jerman diusir ke barat ke Jerman yang bersekutu. <> Dengan kesimpulan Perang Dunia 2, apa yang dilakukan kebanyakan negara Eropah Timur dengan warga Jerman mereka? || mengusir orang Jerman <> Berapa lama ramai orang Jerman tinggal di negara Eropah timur sebelum diusir? || selama berabad-abad <> Berapa banyaknya Jerman yang diusir dari rumah mereka selepas perang dunia II? || 12 dan 16,5 juta etnis Jerman dan warga Jerman <> Selepas Perang Dunia II di mana Jerman terpaksa berpindah ke? || ke barat ke Jerman yang bersekutu Jerman <> Berapa banyak orang Jerman yang diusir setelah WWII? || Antara 12 dan 16,5 juta <> Selepas apa peperangan Jerman dipecat dari wilayah mereka? || Perang Dunia II <> Dimana Jerman yang mendiami tanah lain yang diusir? || bersekutu Jerman", {"context": "After World War II, eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia expelled the Germans from their territories. Many of those had inhabited these lands for centuries, developing a unique culture. Germans were also forced to leave the former eastern territories of Germany, which were annexed by Poland (Silesia, Pomerania, parts of Brandenburg and southern part of East Prussia) and the Soviet Union (northern part of East Prussia). Between 12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens were expelled westwards to allied-occupied Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "expelled the Germans"}], "question": "With the conclusion of World War 2 what did most Eastern Europe countries do with their German citizens?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "for centuries"}], "question": "How long did many of the Germans live in the eastern Europe countries before being expelled? ", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "12 and 16,5 million ethnic Germans and German citizens"}], "question": "Approximately how many Germans were expelled from their home after world war II?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "westwards to allied-occupied Germany"}], "question": "After World War II where were Germans forced to relocate to?", "id": "572696a1708984140094cb0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Between 12 and 16,5 million"}], "question": "How many Germans were expelled after WWII?", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "After what war were Germans expelled from their territories? ", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "allied-occupied Germany"}], "question": "Where were Germans that were inhabiting other lands expelled to?", "id": "572951466aef051400154cc4"}]}], ["Orang yang berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa pertama mereka, melihat Jerman dan keluarga mereka tinggal di Jerman selama beberapa generasi dianggap \"paling Jerman\", diikuti dengan kategori berkurang Germanness seperti Aussiedler (orang-orang keturunan Jerman yang keluarga mereka tinggal di Eropah Timur tetapi yang telah kembali ke Jerman), Restdeutsche (orang yang tinggal di tanah yang mempunyai sejarahnya milik Jerman tetapi yang kini berada di luar Jerman), Auswanderer (orang yang keluarganya telah berhijrah dari Jerman dan masih berbahasa Jerman), penutur Jerman di negara-negara berbahasa Jerman seperti Austria, dan akhirnya orang-orang latar belakang emigran Jerman yang tidak lagi berbahasa Jerman. <> Kediaman yang berbahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa ibunda dan keluarga mereka telah disediakan untuk generasi yang sering dipertimbangkan? || paling Jerman <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada orang Jerman yang tinggal keluarga tetapi kembali ke tanah? || Aussiedler <> Apa nama anak kepada penduduk yang tinggal di luar sempadan Jerman semasa tetapi masih dalam Jerman bersejarah? || Restdeutsche <> Apa pelarian dari Jerman yang masih bercakap Jerman? || Auswanderer <> Orang yang mempunyai generasi keluarga di Jerman, dan melihat dan bercakap bahasa Jerman diklasifikasikan sebagai apa? || kebanyakan orang Jerman <> Siapakah orang keturunan Jerman tetapi tinggal di bahagian lain di Eropah, kemudian kembali ke Jerman? || Aussiedler <> Apakah orang yang mempunyai akar leluhur di Jerman, tetapi sekarang tinggal di luar Jerman? || Restdeutsche <> Apa yang dipanggil orang yang telah meninggalkan Jerman tetapi masih berbahasa Jerman? || Auswanderer", {"context": "Persons who speak German as their first language, look German and whose families have lived in Germany for generations are considered \"most German\", followed by categories of diminishing Germanness such as Aussiedler (people of German ancestry whose families have lived in Eastern Europe but who have returned to Germany), Restdeutsche (people living in lands that have historically belonged to Germany but which is currently outside of Germany), Auswanderer (people whose families have emigrated from Germany and who still speak German), German speakers in German-speaking nations such as Austrians, and finally people of German emigrant background who no longer speak German.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "most German"}], "question": "Residence that speak German as their mother tongue and  families have been in place for generations are often consider?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Aussiedler"}], "question": "What is the name given to Germans who family left but came back to the lands?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Restdeutsche"}], "question": "What is the name of  gven to the population that lives outside of current Germany boundary but still within historic Germany?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Auswanderer"}], "question": "What are refugees from Germany that still speak German referred to?", "id": "5726adaff1498d1400e8e6f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "most German"}], "question": "People who have generations of family in Germany, and look and speak German are classified as what?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Aussiedler"}], "question": "Who are people of German ancestry but have lived in other parts of Europe, then returned to Germany?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Restdeutsche"}], "question": "What are people who have ancestral roots in Germany, but now live outside of Germany called?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Auswanderer"}], "question": "What are people called who have left Germany but still speak German?", "id": "5729525c3f37b31900478248"}]}], ["Acara Reformasi Protestan dan politik yang berlaku telah disebut sebagai asal-usul identiti Jerman yang timbul sebagai tindak balas terhadap penyebaran bahasa dan kesusasteraan Jerman yang sama. Budaya kebangsaan Jerman awal dibangunkan melalui tokoh-tokoh sastera dan agama termasuk Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dan Friedrich Schiller. Konsep sebuah negara Jerman telah dibangunkan oleh ahli falsafah Jerman, Johann Gottfried Herder. Populariti identiti Jerman timbul selepas Revolusi Perancis. <> Apa yang dikreditkan dengan asal-usul identiti Jerman? || Reformasi Protestan <> Bagaimana budaya Jerman awal berkembang? || tokoh sastera dan agama <> Manusia apa yang dikreditkan dengan kemunculan bangsa Jerman? || Johann Gottfried Herder <> Kapan populariti bangsa Jerman meningkat? || selepas Revolusi Perancis <> Apa yang dikreditkan dengan mencipta Asal-usul identiti Jerman? || Reformasi Protestan <> Siapa yang membangunkan konsep Negara Jerman? || Johann Gottfried Herder <> Bilakah populariti identiti Jerman muncul? || selepas Revolusi Perancis <> Siapa Johann Herder? || Ahli falsafah Jerman", {"context": "The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "What is credited with the origins of the German identity?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "literary and religious figures"}], "question": "How was early German culture developed?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}], "question": "What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "aftermath of the French Revolution"}], "question": "When did the popularity of the German nation increase?", "id": "5726ac89708984140094cd8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}], "question": "Who developed the concept of a German Nation?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "in the aftermath of the French Revolution"}], "question": "When did the popularity of a German identity arise?", "id": "572951c03f37b3190047823f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "German philosopher"}], "question": "Who was Johann Herder?", "id": "572951c03f37b31900478240"}]}], ["Nazi, yang diketuai oleh Adolf Hitler, berusaha untuk menyatukan semua orang yang mereka nyatakan sebagai \"Jerman\" (Volksdeutsche) menjadi satu alam, termasuk Jerman etnik di Eropah Timur, kebanyakannya telah berhijrah lebih dari seratus lima puluh tahun sebelum dan membangun budaya yang terpisah di tanah baru mereka. Idea ini pada mulanya disambut oleh banyak etnik Jerman di Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig dan barat Lithuania, terutama orang Jerman dari Klaipeda (Memel). Swiss menolak idea itu. Mereka telah melihat diri mereka sebagai sebuah negara yang tersendiri sejak Peace of Westphalia tahun 1648. <> Apa pemimpin cuba menyatukan semua orang menganggap diri mereka sebagai \"Jerman\" || Adolf Hitler <> Yang menentang penyatuan orang di bawah Hitler? || Swiss <> Swiss telah melihat diri mereka sendiri sebagai negara mereka sejak tahun berapa? || 1648 <> Siapa yang mengalu-alukan idea di kawasan seperti Sudetenland dan Poland? || etnik Jerman <> Siapa yang mengetuai Nazi? || Adolf Hitler <> Siapa yang menolak idea Nazi untuk menyatukan semua orang Jerman dari perjalanan? || The Swiss <> Sejak ketika orang Swiss melihat diri mereka sebagai bangsa yang berbeda? || 1648 <> Bilakah Damai Westphalia? || 1648 <> Siapa mahu menyatukan semua orang Jerman di seluruh kawasan itu? || Nazi", {"context": "The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, attempted to unite all the people they claimed were \"Germans\" (Volksdeutsche) into one realm, including ethnic Germans in eastern Europe, many of whom had emigrated more than one hundred fifty years before and developed separate cultures in their new lands. This idea was initially welcomed by many ethnic Germans in Sudetenland, Austria, Poland, Danzig and western Lithuania, particularly the Germans from Klaipeda (Memel). The Swiss resisted the idea. They had viewed themselves as a distinctly separate nation since the Peace of Westphalia of 1648.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Adolf Hitler"}], "question": "What leader tried to unite all people considered themselves \"German\"", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "The Swiss"}], "question": "Who resisted the uniting of people under Hitler?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1648"}], "question": "The Swiss has viewed themselves as their own country since what year?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "ethnic Germans"}], "question": "Who welcomed the idea in area such as Sudetenland and Poland?", "id": "572693eaf1498d1400e8e45b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Adolf Hitler"}], "question": "Who headed the Nazis?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "The Swiss"}], "question": "Who resisted the Nazi idea of uniting all Germans from the get go?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1648"}], "question": "Since when had the Swiss viewed themselves as a different nation?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1648"}], "question": "When was the Peace of Westphalia?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Nazis"}], "question": "Who wanted to unite all of the Germans all over the area?", "id": "5729508d3f37b31900478237"}]}], ["Sejak Piala Dunia FIFA 2006, penilaian dalaman dan luaran imej negara Jerman telah berubah. Dalam tinjauan global Indeks Jenama Negara tahunan, Jerman menjadi ketara dan berulang kali lebih tinggi kedudukan selepas kejohanan itu. Orang-orang di 20 negeri yang berbeza menilai reputasi negara dari segi budaya, politik, eksport, rakyatnya dan tarikannya kepada pelancong, pendatang dan pelaburan. Jerman telah dinamakan sebagai negara paling bernilai kedua di kalangan 50 negara pada 2010. Satu lagi tinjauan pendapat global, untuk BBC, mendedahkan bahawa Jerman diiktiraf sebagai pengaruh yang paling positif di dunia pada tahun 2010. Majoriti 59% mempunyai pandangan positif negara ini, manakala 14% mempunyai pandangan negatif. <> Tahun berapa adalah titik perubahan bagi Jerman dalam Indeks Jenama Negara? || 2006 <> Tahun apa BBC mendedahkan bahawa Jerman adalah pengaruh yang paling positif di dunia? || 2010 <> berapa peratusan mempunyai pandangan negatif terhadap Jerman? || 14% <> Apakah peratusan orang mempunyai pandangan positif terhadap Jerman? || 59", {"context": "Since the 2006 FIFA World Cup, the internal and external evaluation of Germany's national image has changed. In the annual Nation Brands Index global survey, Germany became significantly and repeatedly more highly ranked after the tournament. People in 20 different states assessed the country's reputation in terms of culture, politics, exports, its people and its attractiveness to tourists, immigrants and investments. Germany has been named the world's second most valued nation among 50 countries in 2010. Another global opinion poll, for the BBC, revealed that Germany is recognised for the most positive influence in the world in 2010. A majority of 59% have a positive view of the country, while 14% have a negative view.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "2006"}], "question": "What year was the turning point for Germany in the Nation Brands Index?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did BBC reveal that Germany is the most positive influence in the world?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "14%"}], "question": "what percentage have a negative view of Germany?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "59"}], "question": "What percentage of people have a positive view of Germany?", "id": "57295e18af94a219006aa32c"}]}], ["Berikutan kekalahan dalam Perang Dunia I, pengaruh golongan elit yang berbahasa Jerman di Eropah Tengah dan Timur sangat terhad. Pada perjanjian Versailles Jerman telah dikurangkan secara besar-besaran. Austria-Hungary berpecah. Rump-Austria, yang pada tahap tertentu sepadan dengan kawasan Austria-Hungary yang bercakap bahasa Jerman (perpecahan lengkap ke dalam kumpulan bahasa adalah mustahil disebabkan oleh pelbagai bahasa dan bahasa-exclaves) mengguna nama \"Jerman-Austria\" (Jerman : Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). Nama Jerman-Austria dilarang oleh kuasa-kuasa menang Perang Dunia I. Jerman Volga yang tinggal di Kesatuan Soviet dibenamkan di gambut atau secara paksa dipindahkan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. <> Apa yang sangat mengurangkan saiz Jerman selepas WWI? || perjanjian Versailles <> Siapakah yang dipindahkan semasa perang dunia kedua dari Soviet Union? || Volga Jerman <> Apa nama yang digunakan oleh Rump-Austria? || Jerman-Austria <> Apakah terjemahan Jerman untuk Jerman-Austria? || Deutsch\u00f6sterreich", {"context": "Following the defeat in World War I, influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the treaty of Versailles Germany was substantially reduced in size. Austria-Hungary was split up. Rump-Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name \"German-Austria\" (German: Deutsch\u00f6sterreich). The name German-Austria was forbidden by the victorious powers of World War I. Volga Germans living in the Soviet Union were interned in gulags or forcibly relocated during the Second World War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "treaty of Versailles"}], "question": "What greatly reduced the size of Germany after WWI?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Volga Germans"}], "question": "Who was relocated during the second world war from the Soviet Union?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "German-Austria"}], "question": "What name did Rump-Austria adopt?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Deutsch\u00f6sterreich"}], "question": "What is the German translation for German-Austria?", "id": "572960b43f37b319004782dc"}]}], ["Mengikut banci terkini di seluruh negara, Roman Katolik membentuk 30.8% daripada jumlah penduduk Jerman, diikuti oleh Protestan Evangelis pada 30.3%. Agama-agama lain, ateis atau yang tidak ditentukan merangkumi 38.8% penduduk pada masa itu. Antara \"orang lain\" adalah Protestan yang tidak termasuk dalam Gereja Evangelis Jerman, dan Kristian lain seperti Gereja Pemulihan Baru Apostolik. Protestantisme adalah lebih biasa di kalangan rakyat Jerman. Jerman Utara dan Timur kebanyakannya Protestan, Selatan dan Barat agak Katolik. Pada masa kini terdapat majoriti bukan agama di Hamburg dan negara-negara Jerman Timur. <> Berapa peratus daripada Jerman adalah Katolik Roman? || 30.8 <> Berapa peratus daripada Jerman adalah Protestan Evangelikal? || 30.3 <> Apa agama adalah bahagian utara dan timur Jerman? || Protestan <> Di manakah majoriti bukan agama? || Hamburg dan Jerman Timur", {"context": "According to the latest nationwide census, Roman Catholics constituted 30.8% of the total population of Germany, followed by the Evangelical Protestants at 30.3%. Other religions, atheists or not specified constituted 38.8% of the population at the time. Among \"others\" are Protestants not included in Evangelical Church of Germany, and other Christians such as the Restorationist New Apostolic Church. Protestantism was more common among the citizens of Germany. The North and East Germany is predominantly Protestant, the South and West rather Catholic. Nowadays there is a non-religious majority in Hamburg and the East German states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "30.8"}], "question": "What percentage of Germans are Roman Catholic?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "30.3"}], "question": "What percentage of Germans are Evangelical Protestants?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "What religion is the North and East part of Germany?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Hamburg and the East German states"}], "question": "Where is there a non-religious majority?", "id": "57295d303f37b319004782b6"}]}], ["Pawagam Jerman bermula pada tahun-tahun awal media dengan karya Max Skladanowsky. Ia sangat berpengaruh pada tahun-tahun Republik Weimar dengan ekspresionis Jerman seperti Robert Wiene dan Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Era Nazi menghasilkan kebanyakan filem propaganda walaupun karya Leni Riefenstahl masih memperkenalkan estetika baru dalam filem. Dari tahun 1960-an, pengarah New German Cinema seperti Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder meletakkan pawagam Barat-Jerman kembali ke pentas antarabangsa dengan filem-filem yang sering mereka provokatif, sementara Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft menguasai pengeluaran filem di GDR . <> Siapakah sinematik asal Jerman? || Max Skladanowsky <> Apa jenis filem yang dihasilkan di era Nazi? || propaganda <> Siapa mengawal pengeluaran filem di GDR? || Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft <> Bilakah pawagam Jerman kembali ke peringkat antarabangsa? || 1960-an", {"context": "German cinema dates back to the very early years of the medium with the work of Max Skladanowsky. It was particularly influential during the years of the Weimar Republic with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. The Nazi era produced mostly propaganda films although the work of Leni Riefenstahl still introduced new aesthetics in film. From the 1960s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schl\u00f6ndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, Rainer Werner Fassbinder placed West-German cinema back onto the international stage with their often provocative films, while the Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft controlled film production in the GDR.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Max Skladanowsky"}], "question": "Who was the original German cinematic?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "propaganda"}], "question": "What types of film were produced in the Nazi era?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft"}], "question": "Who controls film production in the GDR?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "When did German cinema come back internationally?", "id": "57295afd6aef051400154d51"}]}], ["Baru-baru ini, filem-filem seperti Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Ketua-atas) (2004) dan Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) telah menikmati kejayaan antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2002, Anugerah Akademi Filem Bahasa Asing Terbaik pergi ke Caroline Link di Afrika, pada tahun 2007 kepada Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck The Lives of Others. Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin, yang diadakan setiap tahun sejak 1951, merupakan salah satu festival filem dan pawagam terkemuka di dunia. <> Dalam tahun berapa kisah yang tidak pernah berakhir? || 1984 <> Anugerah apa yang tidak dimenangi Afrika pada tahun 2002? || Anugerah Akademi untuk Filem Bahasa Asing Terbaik <> Dalam tahun apakah yang Kehidupan Orang Lain memenangi Anugerah Akademi Bahasa Asing Terbaik? || 2007 <> Berapa kerapkah Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin diadakan? || tahunan <> Apa tahun pertama Festival Filem Antarabangsa Berlin? || 1951", {"context": "More recently, films such as Das Boot (1981), The Never Ending Story (1984) Run Lola Run (1998), Das Experiment (2001), Good Bye Lenin! (2003), Gegen die Wand (Head-on) (2004) and Der Untergang (Downfall) (2004) have enjoyed international success. In 2002 the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film went to Caroline Link's Nowhere in Africa, in 2007 to Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck's The Lives of Others. The Berlin International Film Festival, held yearly since 1951, is one of the world's foremost film and cinema festivals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1984"}], "question": "In what year was the never ending story made?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film"}], "question": "What award did Nowhere in Africa win in 2002?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did The Lives of Others win the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "yearly"}], "question": "How often is the Berlin International Film Festival held?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1951"}], "question": "What was the first year of the Berlin International Film Festival?", "id": "57295c1d6aef051400154d74"}]}], ["Sukan merupakan sebahagian daripada kehidupan Jerman, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh fakta bahawa 27 juta orang Jerman adalah ahli kelab sukan dan tambahan dua belas juta orang mengejar kegiatan tersebut secara individu. Bola sepak adalah sukan yang paling popular, dan Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) dengan lebih daripada 6.3 juta ahli adalah organisasi olahraga terbesar di negara ini. Ia juga menarik penonton yang hebat, dengan beratus-ratus ribu penonton menghadiri perlawanan Bundesliga dan berjuta-juta lagi menonton di televisyen. <> Berapa ramai orang Jerman adalah ahli kelab sukan? || 27 juta <> Apa olahraga paling popular di Jerman? || Bola sepak <> Apakah organisasi olahraga terbesar di negara ini? || Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Persekutuan Bola Sepak Jerman? || 6.3 juta", {"context": "Sport forms an integral part of German life, as demonstrated by the fact that 27 million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue such an activity individually. Football is by far the most popular sport, and the German Football Federation (Deutscher Fu\u00dfballbund) with more than 6.3 million members is the largest athletic organisation in the country. It also attracts the greatest audience, with hundreds of thousands of spectators attending Bundesliga matches and millions more watching on television.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "27 million"}], "question": "How many Germans are members of sports clubs?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Football"}], "question": "What is the most popular sport in Germany?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "German Football Federation"}], "question": "What is the largest athletic organisation in the country?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "6.3 million"}], "question": "How many members are in the German Football Federation?", "id": "57295d901d04691400779336"}]}], ["Asal-usul Pan-Germanism bermula pada awal abad ke-19 berikutan Perang Napoleon. Peperangan melancarkan pergerakan baru yang dilahirkan di Perancis sendiri semasa Revolusi Perancis. Nasionalisme semasa abad ke-19 mengancam rezim bangsawan lama. Banyak kumpulan etnik Tengah dan Eropah Timur telah dibahagikan selama berabad-abad, yang dikuasai oleh Monarki lama Romanovs dan Habsburgs. Jerman, sebahagian besarnya, telah menjadi orang yang longgar dan terpecah sejak Reformasi apabila Empayar Rom Suci telah hancur menjadi sebuah negeri yang bersambung. Ahli-ahli kebangsaan Jerman yang baru, kebanyakan pembaharuan muda seperti Johann Tillmann dari Prusia Timur, berusaha untuk menyatukan semua orang berbahasa Jerman dan etnik-Jerman (Volksdeutsche). <> Dalam abad apa asal usul Pan-Germanisme? || 19 <Pergerakan apa yang keluar dari Revolusi Perancis? || Nasionalisme <> Yang telah diancam oleh Nasionalisme? || rejim bangsawan <> Yang memerintah Eropah Tengah dan Timur semasa abad ke-19? || Romanovs dan Habsburgs <> Di mana Johann Tillmann dari? || Prussia Timur", {"context": "Pan-Germanism's origins began in the early 19th century following the Napoleonic Wars. The wars launched a new movement that was born in France itself during the French Revolution. Nationalism during the 19th century threatened the old aristocratic regimes. Many ethnic groups of Central and Eastern Europe had been divided for centuries, ruled over by the old Monarchies of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states. The new German nationalists, mostly young reformers such as Johann Tillmann of East Prussia, sought to unite all the German-speaking and ethnic-German (Volksdeutsche) people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "19th"}], "question": "In what century did the Pan-Germanisms origins begin?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Nationalism"}], "question": "What movement came out of the French Revolution?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "aristocratic regimes"}], "question": "Who was threatened by Nationalism?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Romanovs and the Habsburgs"}], "question": "Who ruled central and Eastern Europe during the 19th century?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "East Prussia"}], "question": "Where was Johann Tillmann from?", "id": "57295f556aef051400154daa"}]}], ["Katolik Roman adalah satu-satunya agama yang ditubuhkan di Empayar Rom Suci sehinggalah Reformasi berubah secara drastik. Pada 1517, Martin Luther mencabar Gereja Katolik kerana dia melihatnya sebagai rasuah kepercayaan Kristian. Melalui ini, dia mengubah sejarah Eropah dan dunia dan menubuhkan Protestanisme. Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun (1618-1648) merupakan salah satu konflik yang paling merosakkan dalam sejarah Eropah. Peperangan ini telah berjuang terutama di Jerman sekarang, dan pada pelbagai perkara yang melibatkan kebanyakan negara Eropah. Peperangan ini sebahagian besarnya berperang sebagai konflik agama antara Protestan dan Katolik di Empayar Rom Suci. <> Dalam tahun berapa Martin Luther mencabar Gereja Katolik? || 1517 <> Selama bertahun-tahun perang tiga puluh tahun? || 1618-1648 <> Sehingga Reformasi, apakah agama yang ditegakkan di Jerman? || Katolik Roma <> Di manakah perang selama tiga puluh tahun terutamanya berperang? || Jerman <> Siapa perang tiga puluh tahun antara? || Protestan dan Katolik", {"context": "Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestantism. The Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe. The war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "1517"}], "question": "In what year did Martin Luther challenge the Catholic Church?", "id": "57295cd51d0469140077931f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "1618\u20131648"}], "question": "During what years was the thirty year war?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Roman Catholicism"}], "question": "Until the Reformation, what was the established religion in Germany?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Where was the thirty year war primarily fought?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Protestants and Catholics"}], "question": "Who was the thirty year war between?", "id": "57295cd51d04691400779323"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1860-an Kerajaan Prusia dan Empayar Austria adalah dua negara yang paling berkuasa dikuasai oleh golongan elit yang berbahasa Jerman. Kedua-duanya berusaha mengembangkan pengaruh dan wilayah mereka. Empayar Austria - seperti Empayar Rom Suci - adalah sebuah negara berbilang etnik, tetapi orang berbahasa Jerman di sana tidak mempunyai majoriti angka mutlak; penciptaan Empayar Austro-Hungaria adalah satu hasil dari kebangsaan yang semakin meningkat dari etnik-etnis yang lain terutama kaum Hungaria. Prusia di bawah Otto von Bismarck akan menunggang kepalanya nasionalisme untuk menyatukan semua Jerman moden. Empayar Jerman (\"Reich Kedua\") telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1871 berikutan pengisytiharan Wilhelm I sebagai ketua kesatuan negara berbahasa Jerman, sambil mengabaikan berjuta-juta subjek non-Jerman yang menginginkan penentuan diri dari pemerintahan Jerman. <> Siapa dua negara yang paling berkuasa pada tahun 1860? || Kerajaan Prusia dan Empayar Austria <> Bilakah Empayar Jerman dicipta? || 1871 <> Siapa Wilhelm I? || ketua kesatuan negara berbahasa Jerman <> Apa itu Prussia dan Austria yang ingin berkembang? || pengaruh dan wilayah <> Empayar mana yang merupakan negara pelbagai etnik? || Empayar Austria", {"context": "By the 1860s the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire were the two most powerful nations dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire \u2013 like the Holy Roman Empire \u2013 was a multi-ethnic state, but German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities especially the Hungarians. Prussia under Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of modern-day Germany. The German Empire (\"Second Reich\") was created in 1871 following the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire"}], "question": "Who were the two most powerful nations in the 1860's?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "1871"}], "question": "When was the German Empire created?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "head of a union of German-speaking states"}], "question": "Who was Wilhelm I?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "influence and territory"}], "question": "What were Prussia and Austria looking to expand?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "The Austrian Empire"}], "question": "Which empire was a multi ethnic state?", "id": "5729600e6aef051400154db4"}]}], ["Sehingga tahun 2008 [update], Jerman adalah pasaran muzik keempat terbesar di dunia dan telah memberikan pengaruh kuat pada muzik Tarian dan Rock, dan mempelopori muzik berkhayal. Artis seperti Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel dan Talking Moden telah menikmati kemasyhuran antarabangsa. Pemuzik Jerman dan, terutamanya, kumpulan perintis Tangerine Dream dan Kraftwerk juga menyumbang kepada perkembangan muzik elektronik. Jerman menganjurkan banyak festival musik rock besar setiap tahun. Perayaan Rock am Ring adalah festival muzik terbesar di Jerman, dan antara yang terbesar di dunia. Artis Jerman juga membentuk peratusan besar aksi muzik Perindustrian, yang dipanggil Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte. Jerman menganjurkan beberapa adegan dan festival Goth terbesar di seluruh dunia, dengan acara-acara seperti Festival Wave-Gothic-Treffen dan Muna Luna dengan mudah menarik sehingga 30,000 orang. Antara artis terkenal di Jerman terdapat pelbagai penghibur Belanda, seperti Johannes Heesters. <> Pada tahun 2008, di mana kedudukan Jerman sebagai pasaran muzik dunia? || keempat terbesar <> Apa jenis muzik yang dipelopori di Jerman? || trance <> Apa jenis muzik yang dibuat oleh Kraftwerk? || elektronik <> Apa festival muzik terbesar di Jerman? || Rock am Ring <> Berapa banyak orang yang mengadakan Festival M'era Luna? || sehingga 30,000", {"context": "As of 2008[update], Germany is the fourth largest music market in the world and has exerted a strong influence on Dance and Rock music, and pioneered trance music. Artists such as Herbert Gr\u00f6nemeyer, Scorpions, Rammstein, Nena, Dieter Bohlen, Tokio Hotel and Modern Talking have enjoyed international fame. German musicians and, particularly, the pioneering bands Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk have also contributed to the development of electronic music. Germany hosts many large rock music festivals annually. The Rock am Ring festival is the largest music festival in Germany, and among the largest in the world. German artists also make up a large percentage of Industrial music acts, which is called Neue Deutsche H\u00e4rte. Germany hosts some of the largest Goth scenes and festivals in the entire world, with events like Wave-Gothic-Treffen and M'era Luna Festival easily attracting up to 30,000 people. Amongst Germany's famous artists there are various Dutch entertainers, such as Johannes Heesters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "fourth largest"}], "question": "In 2008,, where was Germany ranked as a world music market?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "trance"}], "question": "What type of music was pioneered in Germany?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "electronic"}], "question": "What type of music does Kraftwerk make?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Rock am Ring"}], "question": "What is the largest music festival in Germany?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "up to 30,000"}], "question": "How many people does M'era Luna Festival attract?", "id": "57295a38af94a219006aa30b"}]}], ["Selama beberapa dekad selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, mana-mana simbol atau ekspresi nasional adalah pantang larang. Bagaimanapun, Jerman semakin patriotik. Semasa kajian pada tahun 2009, di mana kira-kira 2,000 warga Jerman berumur 14 tahun ke atas mengisi kuesioner, hampir 60% daripada mereka yang disurvei bersetuju dengan sentimen \"Saya bangga menjadi orang Jerman.\" Dan 78%, jika bebas untuk memilih negara mereka, akan memilih kewarganegaraan Jerman dengan \"kepastian dekat atau mutlak\". Satu lagi kajian pada tahun 2009, yang dijalankan oleh Yayasan Identiti di D\u00fcsseldorf, menunjukkan bahawa 73% daripada Jerman bangga dengan negara mereka, dua kali lebih daripada 8 tahun lebih awal. Menurut Eugen Buss, seorang profesor sosiologi di Universiti Hohenheim, terdapat normalisasi yang berterusan dan semakin banyak orang Jerman menjadi bangga dengan negara mereka. <> Berapa peratus daripada 14 tahun berumur mereka berkata mereka bangga menjadi orang Jerman pada tahun 2009? || 60 <> Berapa peratus daripada 14 tahun pada tahun 2009 berkata mereka akan memilih bahasa Jerman untuk kewarganegaraan mereka jika mereka terpaksa memilih? || 78 <> Di manakah kerja Eugen Buss? || Universiti Hohenheim", {"context": "For decades after the Second World War, any national symbol or expression was a taboo. However, the Germans are becoming increasingly patriotic. During a study in 2009, in which some 2,000 German citizens age 14 and upwards filled out a questionnaire, nearly 60% of those surveyed agreed with the sentiment \"I'm proud to be German.\" And 78%, if free to choose their nation, would opt for German nationality with \"near or absolute certainty\". Another study in 2009, carried out by the Identity Foundation in D\u00fcsseldorf, showed that 73% of the Germans were proud of their country, twice more than 8 years earlier. According to Eugen Buss, a sociology professor at the University of Hohenheim, there's an ongoing normalisation and more and more Germans are becoming openly proud of their country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "60"}], "question": "What percentage of 14 year olds said they were proud to be German in 2009?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "78"}], "question": "What percentage of 14 year olds in 2009 said they would choose German for their nationality if they got to choose?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "University of Hohenheim"}], "question": "Where does Eugen Buss work?", "id": "572961806aef051400154dc6"}]}], ["Di tengah-tengah krisis hutang kerajaan Eropah, Radek Sikorski, Menteri Luar Negeri Poland, menyatakan pada November 2011, \"Saya mungkin akan menjadi Menteri Luar Poland pertama dalam sejarah untuk mengatakan demikian, tetapi di sini adalah: Saya takut kuasa Jerman kurang daripada Saya mula takut ketidakaktifan di Jerman. Anda telah menjadi negara yang sangat diperlukan di Eropah. \" Menurut Jacob Heilbrunn, editor kanan di The National Interest, pernyataan sedemikian tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini ketika mempertimbangkan sejarah Jerman. \"Ini adalah pernyataan luar biasa dari seorang pegawai tertinggi sebuah negara yang telah diancam oleh Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II dan ia mencerminkan perubahan besar yang berlaku di seluruh Jerman dan Eropah mengenai kedudukan Berlin di pusat Benua.\" Heilbrunn percaya bahawa pepatah, \"apa yang baik untuk Jerman adalah buruk untuk Kesatuan Eropah\" telah digantikan oleh mentaliti baru-apa yang kepentingan Jerman juga kepentingan negara-negara tetangganya. Evolusi dalam identiti kebangsaan Jerman berpunca daripada memusatkan perhatiannya pada masa lalu Nazi dan lebih banyak lagi mengenai sejarah Prusia, yang banyak orang Jerman percaya telah dikhianati-dan tidak diwakili oleh Nazisme. Evolusi terus dicetuskan oleh kedudukan Jerman yang mencolok sebagai ekonomi terkuat di Eropah. Sesungguhnya pengaruh Jerman ini telah dialu-alukan oleh negara-negara yang sempadannya, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh menteri luar Poland, Radek Sikorski pujian untuk jiran baratnya negaranya. Peralihan ini dipertingkatkan oleh generasi baru Jerman yang melihat Perang Dunia II sebagai ingatan yang jauh. <> Siapa Menteri Luar Poland pada 2011? || Radek Sikorski <> Apa yang cuba dicuba oleh orang Jerman? || Nazi lalu <> Apa yang Jerman cuba fokus? || Sejarah Prusia <> Siapa ekonomi terkuat di Eropah? || Jerman", {"context": "In the midst of the European sovereign-debt crisis, Radek Sikorski, Poland's Foreign Minister, stated in November 2011, \"I will probably be the first Polish foreign minister in history to say so, but here it is: I fear German power less than I am beginning to fear German inactivity. You have become Europe's indispensable nation.\" According to Jacob Heilbrunn, a senior editor at The National Interest, such a statement is unprecedented when taking into consideration Germany's history. \"This was an extraordinary statement from a top official of a nation that was ravaged by Germany during World War II. And it reflects a profound shift taking place throughout Germany and Europe about Berlin's position at the center of the Continent.\" Heilbrunn believes that the adage, \"what was good for Germany was bad for the European Union\" has been supplanted by a new mentality\u2014what is in the interest of Germany is also in the interest of its neighbors. The evolution in Germany's national identity stems from focusing less on its Nazi past and more on its Prussian history, which many Germans believe was betrayed\u2014and not represented\u2014by Nazism. The evolution is further precipitated by Germany's conspicuous position as Europe's strongest economy. Indeed, this German sphere of influence has been welcomed by the countries that border it, as demonstrated by Polish foreign minister Radek Sikorski's effusive praise for his country's western neighbor. This shift in thinking is boosted by a newer generation of Germans who see World War II as a distant memory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Radek Sikorski"}], "question": "Who was Poland's foreign minister in 2011?", "id": "572962431d04691400779363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1026, "text": "Nazi past"}], "question": "What are Germans trying to forget?", "id": "572962431d04691400779364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "Prussian history"}], "question": "What are Germans trying to focus on?", "id": "572962431d04691400779365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1182, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Who is Europe's strongest economy?", "id": "572962431d04691400779366"}]}]], [["New Haven menjadi rumah kepada salah satu peristiwa awal yang penting dalam pergerakan anti-perbudakan yang semakin meningkat apabila, pada tahun 1839, percubaan pengkhianatan kaum Mende yang diangkut sebagai budak pada budak budak Sepanyol, Amistad telah diadakan di Mahkamah Daerah New Haven di Amerika Syarikat. Terdapat sebuah patung Joseph Cinqu\u00e9, pemimpin informal budak, di samping Dewan Bandaraya. Lihat \"Muzium\" di bawah untuk maklumat lanjut. Abraham Lincoln menyampaikan ucapan mengenai perhambaan di New Haven pada tahun 1860, sejurus sebelum dia memperoleh pencalonan Republik untuk Presiden. <> Pada tahun apakah percubaan penting yang berlaku di New Haven di kalangan barisan depan gerakan anti perbudakan yang semakin meningkat? || 1839 <> Apa suku yang diangkut sebagai budak di kapal oleh orang Sepanyol? || Mende <> Apakah nama kapal budak Sepanyol digunakan untuk mengangkut suku-suku Mende? || Amistad <> Siapa pemimpin informal budak yang ada patung yang didedikasikan di samping Dewan Bandaraya di New Haven? || Joseph Cinqu\u00e9 <> Pada tahun 1860, apa yang dipanggil presiden A.S. memberikan ucapan mengenai perhambaan di New Haven? || Abraham Lincoln <> Siapa pemimpin budak semasa pergerakan anti hamba New Haven pada tahun 1839 || Joseph Cinqu\u00e9 <> Apa presiden terkenal yang membuat ucapan di New Haven pada tahun 1860? || Abraham Lincoln <> Tepat yang menjadi hamba atas budak perempuan Sepanyol itu? || Mende tribesmen <> Apakah nama budak yang pernah duduk di Pelabuhan New Haven? || Amistad", {"context": "New Haven was home to one of the important early events in the burgeoning anti-slavery movement when, in 1839, the trial of mutineering Mende tribesmen being transported as slaves on the Spanish slaveship Amistad was held in New Haven's United States District Court. There is a statue of Joseph Cinqu\u00e9, the informal leader of the slaves, beside City Hall. See \"Museums\" below for more information. Abraham Lincoln delivered a speech on slavery in New Haven in 1860, shortly before he secured the Republican nomination for President.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1839"}], "question": "In what year did an important trial take place which situated New Haven among the forefront of the growing anti-slavery movement?", "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Mende"}], "question": "What tribesman were being transported  as slaves on a ship by the Spanish?", "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Amistad"}], "question": "What was the name of the Spanish slave ship used to transport the Mende tribesmen?", "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was the informal leader of the slaves to whom there is a statue dedicated beside City Hall in New Haven?", "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Abraham Lincoln"}], "question": "In 1860, what notable U.S. president gave a speech on slavery in New Haven?", "id": "57274df4f1498d1400e8f604"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Joseph Cinqu\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was the leader of slaves during the New Haven anti slavery movement in 1839", "id": "5729499d1d04691400779254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Abraham Lincoln"}], "question": "What famous president made a speech in New Haven in 1860?", "id": "5729499d1d04691400779255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Mende tribesmen"}], "question": "Exactly who were the slaves upon the Spanish slaveship?", "id": "5729499d1d04691400779256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Amistad"}], "question": "What is the name of the slaveship that once sit in New Haven Harbor?", "id": "5729499d1d04691400779253"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1954, Datuk Bandar, Richard C. Lee, memulakan beberapa projek pembaharuan bandar utama di Amerika Syarikat. Bahagian tertentu di pusat bandar New Haven telah dibangunkan semula untuk memasukkan muzium, menara pejabat baru, sebuah hotel, dan kompleks membeli-belah yang besar. Bahagian lain di bandar ini dipengaruhi oleh pembinaan Interstate 95 sepanjang bahagian Long Wharf, Interstate 91, dan Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), yang berjalan antara Interstate 95, pusat bandar, dan kejiranan The Hill, pada asalnya bertujuan sebagai lebuh raya ke pinggir bandar barat di bandar ini tetapi hanya selesai sebagai lebuh raya ke kawasan pusat bandar, dengan kawasan di barat menjadi boulevard (Lihat \"Pembangunan semula\" di bawah). <> Apa yang Datuk Bandar New Haven bertanggungjawab terhadap projek-projek yang menempatkan bandar di kalangan barisan hadapan pembaharuan bandar di sekitar A.S. sekitar tahun 1954? || Richard C. Lee <> Apa interstate utama A.S. berjalan di sepanjang bahagian Long Wharf di New Haven? || Interstate 95 <> Apa jalan raya New Haven berjalan antara Interstate 95, pusat bandar, dan kejiranan yang dikenali sebagai The Hill? || The Oak Street Connector <> Kawasan New Haven apa yang Route 34 pada asalnya dimaksudkan untuk perkhidmatan? || barat pinggiran bandar <> Apa bahagian barat Laluan 34 akhirnya menjadi? || sebuah boulevard <> Apa nama Datuk Bandar yang mengetuai projek pembangunan bandar di New Haven 1954? || Richard C. Lee <> Apa perkembangan bandar utama yang menjejaskan beberapa kejiranan New Haven? || pembinaan Interstate 95 <> Semasa proses pembangunan semula ini apa yang berlaku di bahagian barat Route 34? || menjadi boulevard", {"context": "In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See \"Redevelopment\" below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Richard C. Lee"}], "question": "What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? ", "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Interstate 95"}], "question": "What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?", "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "The Oak Street Connector"}], "question": "What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?", "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "the city's western suburbs"}], "question": "What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?", "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "a boulevard"}], "question": "What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?", "id": "572755c0f1498d1400e8f66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Richard C. Lee"}], "question": "What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?", "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "construction of Interstate 95"}], "question": "What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?", "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "becoming a boulevard"}], "question": "During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?", "id": "572959cb6aef051400154d40"}]}], ["New Haven, di Amerika Syarikat Connecticut, adalah perbandaran utama di Greater New Haven, yang mempunyai jumlah penduduk 862,477 pada tahun 2010. Ia terletak di New Haven Harbour pada pantai utara Long Island Sound di New Haven County, Connecticut, yang pada gilirannya merangkumi batas luar kawasan metropolitan New York. Ia adalah bandar kedua terbesar di Connecticut (selepas Bridgeport), dengan populasi 129,779 orang berbanding dengan Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010. Menurut banci pada 1 Julai 2012, oleh Biro Banci, bandar ini mempunyai penduduk 130,741. <> Apa bandar terbesar di Connecticuty? || Bridgeport <> Apakah populasi New Haven menurut Banci 2012? || 130,741 <> Apakah populasi New Haven menurut Banci 2010? || 129,779 <> Apakah populasi Greater New Haven pada tahun 2010? || 862,477 <> New Haven Harbour terletak di pantai utara apa laluan air? || Long Island Sound <> Di mana negara AS adalah New Haven terletak? || Connecticut <> Di mana daerah New Haven terletak? || New Haven County <> Berapa populasi New Haven menurut Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010? || 129,779 <> New Haven County membentuk had luar kawasan metropolitan yang utama? || New York metropolitan area <> Apakah populasi New Haven City pada tahun 2010? || 129,779 <> Apa bandar terbesar di Connecticut itu? || Bridgeport <> Di mana daerah New Haven terletak? || New Haven County, <> Penduduk Greater New Haven pada tahun 2010? || 862,477 <> Apa metropolitan bersebelahan dengan New Haven County, Connecticut? || New York", {"context": "New Haven (local /nu\u02d0 \u02c8he\u026av\u0259n/, noo-HAY-v\u0259n), in the U.S. state of Connecticut, is the principal municipality in Greater New Haven, which had a total population of 862,477 in 2010. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of the Long Island Sound in New Haven County, Connecticut, which in turn comprises the outer limits of the New York metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Connecticut (after Bridgeport), with a population of 129,779 people as of the 2010 United States Census. According to a census of 1 July 2012, by the Census Bureau, the city had a population of 130,741.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Bridgeport"}], "question": "What is the largest city in Connecticuty?", "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "130,741"}], "question": "What was the population of New Haven according to the 2012 Census?", "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779"}], "question": "What was the population of New Haven according to the 2010 Census?", "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "862,477"}], "question": "What was the population of Greater New Haven in 2010?", "id": "572642ea89a1e219009ac622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Long Island Sound"}], "question": "New Haven Harbor is located on the northern shore of what waterway? ", "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Connecticut"}], "question": "In which US state is New Haven located?", "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "New Haven County"}], "question": "In what county is New Haven located?", "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779"}], "question": "What is the population of New Haven according to the 2010 United States Census?", "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "New York metropolitan area"}], "question": "New Haven County makes up the outer limits of what major metropolitan area?", "id": "5727363d5951b619008f86cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "129,779"}], "question": "What is the population of New Haven City in 2010?", "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Bridgeport"}], "question": "What is Connecticut's biggest city?", "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "New Haven County,"}], "question": "In what county is New Haven located in?", "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "862,477"}], "question": "The population of the Greater New Haven in 2010?", "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What is the metropolitan next to New Haven County, Connecticut? ", "id": "57293d9e1d046914007791cf"}]}], ["Perang Saudara Amerika menaikkan ekonomi tempatan dengan pembelian barang-barang perindustrian, termasuk Syarikat New Haven Arms, yang kemudiannya menjadi Syarikat Berputar Winchester. (Winchester akan terus menghasilkan senjata di New Haven sehingga tahun 2006, dan banyak bangunan yang merupakan sebahagian daripada kilang Winchester kini menjadi sebahagian daripada Daerah Bersejarah Syarikat Berlian Winchester.) Selepas peperangan, populasi meningkat dan meningkat dua kali ganda oleh permulaan abad ke-20, terutamanya disebabkan kemasukan imigran dari Eropah selatan, terutamanya Itali. Kini, kira-kira separuh daripada populasi East Haven, West Haven, dan North Haven adalah orang Itali-Amerika. Imigresen Yahudi ke New Haven telah meninggalkan tanda bertahan di bandar. Westville adalah pusat kehidupan Yahudi di New Haven, walaupun hari ini ramai yang telah pergi ke masyarakat pinggir bandar seperti Woodbridge dan Cheshire. <> Apa perang besar yang merangsang ekonomi New Haven dengan cara barang perindustrian yang dibeli melalui New Haven Arms Company? || Perang Saudara Amerika <> Apakah New Haven Arms Company kemudian dinamakan semula? || Winchester Repeating Arms Company <> Peningkatan pendatang dari apa negara di Eropah selatan mempunyai kesan yang ketara terhadap pertumbuhan penduduk di New Haven pada awal abad ke-20? || Itali <> Apa kumpulan etnik pada masa ini terdiri kira-kira separuh penduduk East Haven, West Haven dan North Haven? || Italian-American <> Kawasan New Haven yang dikenali sebagai pusat komuniti Yahudi? || Westville <> Apakah nama asli syarikat pembuatan senapang terkenal di New Haven? || New Haven Arms Company <> Pada zaman moden New Haven yang membentuk sebahagian besar demografi dari segi etnik? || Itali-Amerika <> Perang Saudara mempunyai banyak kesan selepas perang, apakah kesan utama untuk New Haven? || Penduduk meningkat dan meningkat dua kali ganda", {"context": "The American Civil War boosted the local economy with wartime purchases of industrial goods, including that of the New Haven Arms Company, which would later become the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. (Winchester would continue to produce arms in New Haven until 2006, and many of the buildings that were a part of the Winchester plant are now a part of the Winchester Repeating Arms Company Historic District.) After the war, population grew and doubled by the start of the 20th century, most notably due to the influx of immigrants from southern Europe, particularly Italy. Today, roughly half the populations of East Haven, West Haven, and North Haven are Italian-American. Jewish immigration to New Haven has left an enduring mark on the city. Westville was the center of Jewish life in New Haven, though today many have fanned out to suburban communities such as Woodbridge and Cheshire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "American Civil War"}], "question": "What major war stimulated the New Haven economy by way of industrial goods purchased through the New Haven Arms Company?", "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Winchester Repeating Arms Company"}], "question": "What was the New Haven Arms Company later renamed?", "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "The increase in immigrants from what country in southern Europe had a notable impact on the population growth in New Haven in the early 20th century?", "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Italian-American"}], "question": "What ethnic group currently comprises approximately half the population of East Haven, West Haven and North Haven?", "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Westville"}], "question": "What area of New Haven was known for being the center of the Jewish community?", "id": "57275373f1498d1400e8f646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "New Haven Arms Company"}], "question": "What was the original name of the famous rifle manufacturing companies in New Haven?", "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Italian-American"}], "question": "In modern day New Haven who makes up for majority of the demographics in terms of ethnicity?", "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "population grew and doubled"}], "question": "The Civil War had many effects after the war, what was the main effect for New Haven?", "id": "57294fd36aef051400154ca8"}]}], ["Pada 5 Julai 1779, 2,600 pengikut setia dan orang Inggeris di bawah jeneral William Tryon, gabenor New York, mendarat di New Haven Harbour dan menyerbu bandar seluas 3,500 orang. Seorang militia pelajar Yale telah bersedia untuk berperang, dan bekas presiden Yale dan profesor Yale Divinity School Naphtali Daggett menunggangnya untuk menghadapi Redcoats. Presiden Yale Ezra Stiles menceritakan di dalam buku hariannya bahawa ketika ia memindahkan perabot dengan harapan untuk berperang, ia masih tidak dapat percaya revolusi telah bermula. New Haven tidak dibakar kerana penceroboh dilakukan dengan Danbury pada tahun 1777, atau Fairfield dan Norwalk seminggu selepas serangan New Haven, begitu banyak ciri penjajah di bandar itu dipelihara. <> Apakah nama Ketua yang mengetuai serbuan terhadap New Haven pada 5 Julai 1779? || Ketua William Tryon <> Siapa presiden Yale pada masa serangan itu? || Ezra Stiles <> Mengapa New Haven lebih baik daripada bandar-bandar lain yang menyerang? || New Haven tidak dibakar <> Apakah saiz kuasa menyerang? || 2,600 <> Siapa gubernur New York di mana serangan loyalis dan British New Haven berlaku? || Jeneral William Tryon <> Para pelajar dari universiti New Haven yang membentuk sebuah ad hoc militia untuk menghadapi Redcoats? || Yale <> Siapa guru profesor Yale Divinity School yang memimpin milisi pelajar untuk menghadapi Redcoats? || Naphtali Daggett <> Pada tarikh apakah para penyokong dan Redcoats mendarat di Pelabuhan New Haven untuk memulakan serbuan di New Haven? || 5 Julai 1779 <> Siapa presiden Yale yang menyediakan akaun diari yang menyatakan ketidakpercayaan terhadap permulaan revolusi di New Haven? || Ezra Stiles <> Apa nama jeneral yang memimpin tetap Britain ke New Haven Harbour? || William Tryon <> Pada masa itu berapa penduduk Pelabuhan New Haven? || 3,500 <> Sekumpulan militia dari bandar moden yang terkenal di Connecticut datang berperang di Harbour, apa nama bandar mereka? || Yale <> Militia yang berperang di New Haven dipimpin oleh siapa? || Naphtali Daggett <> Selepas peperangan adalah ciri sejarah New Haven yang hilang atau dibakar? || ciri penjajah di bandar telah dipelihara.", {"context": "On July 5, 1779, 2,600 loyalists and British regulars under General William Tryon, governor of New York, landed in New Haven Harbor and raided the 3,500-person town. A militia of Yale students had been prepping for battle, and former Yale president and Yale Divinity School professor Naphtali Daggett rode out to confront the Redcoats. Yale president Ezra Stiles recounted in his diary that while he moved furniture in anticipation of battle, he still couldn't quite believe the revolution had begun. New Haven was not torched as the invaders did with Danbury in 1777, or Fairfield and Norwalk a week after the New Haven raid, so many of the town's colonial features were preserved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "General William Tryon"}], "question": "What is the name of the General who led the raid against New Haven on July 5, 1779?", "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Ezra Stiles"}], "question": "Who was the president of Yale at the time of the attack?", "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "New Haven was not torched"}], "question": "Why did New Haven fair better than other invaded cities?", "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "2,600"}], "question": "What was the size  of the invading force?", "id": "57264a50f1498d1400e8db4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "General William Tryon"}], "question": "Who was the governor of New York under which the loyalist and British raid of New Haven took place?", "id": "572746c4708984140094dba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "The students of what New Haven university formed an ad-hoc militia to confront the Redcoats?", "id": "572746c4708984140094dba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Naphtali Daggett"}], "question": "Who was the professor of Yale Divinity School that led the student militia to confront the Redcoats?", "id": "572746c4708984140094dba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 5, 1779"}], "question": "On what date did the loyalists and Redcoats land in New Haven Harbor to commence a raid on New Haven?", "id": "572746c4708984140094dba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Ezra Stiles"}], "question": "Who was the president of Yale that provided diary accounts expressing disbelief over the commencement of the revolution in New Haven?", "id": "572746c4708984140094dba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "William Tryon"}], "question": "What is the name of the general that lead British regulars to New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57294516af94a219006aa223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "3,500"}], "question": "At the time what was the population of New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57294516af94a219006aa224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "A group of militia from a very famous modern town in Connecticut came to fought in the Harbor, what was the name of their town?", "id": "57294516af94a219006aa225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Naphtali Daggett"}], "question": "The militia that fought in New Haven was lead by who? ", "id": "57294516af94a219006aa226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "town's colonial features were preserved."}], "question": "After the battle were New Haven historical features lost or torched?", "id": "57294516af94a219006aa227"}]}], ["Menjelang 1640, kerajaan teokratik bandar dan rancangan grid sembilan persegi telah disediakan, dan bandar itu dinamakan semula sebagai Newhaven dari Quinnipiac. Walau bagaimanapun, kawasan utara New Haven kekal Quinnipiac sehingga 1678, apabila ia dinamakan semula sebagai Hamden. Pemukiman itu menjadi ibu pejabat Koloni New Haven. Pada masa itu, New Haven Colony terpisah dari Koloni Connecticut, yang telah ditubuhkan di utara berpusat di Hartford. Salah satu perbezaan utama antara kedua jajahan adalah bahawa koloni New Haven adalah teokrasi yang tidak toleran yang tidak membenarkan gereja-gereja lain ditubuhkan, sementara koloni Connecticut membenarkan penubuhan gereja-gereja lain. <> Bagaimana koloni New Haven berbeza dari koloni Connecticut berkenaan dengan agama? || Koloni New Haven adalah teokrasi yang tidak toleran yang tidak membenarkan gereja-gereja lain ditubuhkan <> Apakah nama penyelesaian sebelum dipanggil New Haven? || Quinnipiac <> Apa nama kawasan utara New Haven berubah pada tahun 1678? || Hamden <> Apakah pusat bandar koloni Connecticut itu? || Hartford <> Apakah jenis pemerintahan yang ditubuhkan oleh peneroka Puritan? || kerajaan teokratik <> Berapa tahun peneroka Puritan menamakan kawasan itu dari Quinnipac ke Newhaven? || 1640 <> Pada tahun apakah kawasan utara New Haven dinamakan Hamden? || 1678 <> Koloni apa yang terletak di utara Koloni New Haven, berpusat di kawasan yang dikenali sebagai Hartford? || Colony Connecticut <> Apa yang Colony New Haven tidak membenarkan yang paling membezakannya dari Colony Connecticut? || gereja lain yang akan ditubuhkan <> Pada tahun 1678 apakah nama baru bahagian Utara New Haven? || Hamden <> New Haven Colony dipisahkan dari Colony Connecticut yang terletak di mana? || Hartford <> Apa yang membuat New Haven berbeza dari koloni lain di Connecticut? || sebuah teokrasi yang tidak bertoleransi <> Di manakah ibu pejabat di New Haven Colony terletak? || Quinnipiac", {"context": "By 1640, the town's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony. At the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established, while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established"}], "question": "How did New Haven colony differ from Connecticut colony in regard to religion?", "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Quinnipiac"}], "question": "What was the name of the settlement before it was called New Haven?", "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Hamden"}], "question": "What was the name of the area north of New Haven changed to in 1678?", "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Hartford"}], "question": "What was the town center of the Connecticut colony?", "id": "572644ce994a9e14006f0194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "theocratic government"}], "question": "What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?", "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1640"}], "question": "By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?", "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1678"}], "question": "In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?", "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f8759"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Connecticut Colony"}], "question": "What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?", "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f875a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "other churches to be established"}], "question": "What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?", "id": "57273f5b5951b619008f875b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Hamden"}], "question": "In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?", "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Hartford"}], "question": "New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?", "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "an intolerant theocracy"}], "question": "What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?", "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Quinnipiac"}], "question": "Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?", "id": "572940ea6aef051400154bf7"}]}], ["Sejak kira-kira 2000, banyak bahagian pusat bandar New Haven telah direvitalisasi, dengan restoran baru, hiburan malam, dan kedai runcit kecil. Khususnya, kawasan sekitar New Haven Green telah mengalami kemasukan pangsapuri dan kondominium. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, pilihan runcit pusat bandar telah meningkat dengan pembukaan kedai-kedai baru seperti Urban Oufitters, J Crew, Origins, Pakaian Amerika, Pakaian Gant, dan Kedai Apple, yang menyertai kedai-kedai yang lebih tua seperti Barnes & Noble, Cutlers Records, dan Raggs Pakaian. Di samping itu, penduduk kediaman penduduk di pusat bandar akan dihidangkan oleh dua pasar raya baru, Stop & Shop di luar pusat bandar dan Pasar Elm City terletak satu blok dari Green. Pemulihan baru-baru ini di pusat bandar New Haven telah menerima akhbar positif dari pelbagai majalah. <> Dalam kira berapa tahun apakah revitalisasi yang paling baru-baru ini mula berlaku di pusat bandar New Haven? || 2000 <> Kawasan khusus di New Haven di tengah-tengah menikmati peningkatan pangsapuri di kondominium pada permulaan abad kini? || kawasan sekitar New Haven Green <> Sektor perkhidmatan tertentu apa yang telah banyak meningkat di pusat bandar New Haven dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || runcit <> Selain Stop & Shop, pasar raya baru apa yang terletak satu blok dari Green dan bersedia untuk melayani penduduk pusat bandar yang semakin meningkat? || Elm City Market <> Pada abad ke-21 apa yang berlaku kepada kebanyakan New Haven Downtown dari segi runcit? || pembukaan kedai-kedai baru <> Bagaimana media melihat kebanyakan perubahan ini ke kawasan Downtown? || akhbar positif dari pelbagai majalah. <> Apa yang berlaku di New Haven Green pada tahun 2000an? || mengalami kebanjiran pangsapuri <> Termasuk pertumbuhan, apa rantaian pasaran telah berkembang berhampiran Downtown New Haven? || Stop & Shop", {"context": "Since approximately 2000, many parts of downtown New Haven have been revitalized, with new restaurants, nightlife, and small retail stores. In particular, the area surrounding the New Haven Green has experienced an influx of apartments and condominiums. In recent years, downtown retail options have increased with the opening of new stores such as Urban Oufitters, J Crew, Origins, American Apparel, Gant Clothing, and an Apple Store, joining older stores such as Barnes & Noble, Cutlers Records, and Raggs Clothing. In addition, downtown's growing residential population will be served by two new supermarkets, a Stop & Shop just outside downtown and Elm City Market located one block from the Green. The recent turnaround of downtown New Haven has received positive press from various periodicals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In approximately what year did revitalization most recently begin to occur in downtown New Haven?", "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the area surrounding the New Haven Green"}], "question": "What specific area of downtown New Haven enjoyed a notable increase in apartments in condominiums at the beginning of the current century?", "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "retail"}], "question": "What specific service sector has substantially increased in downtown New Haven in recent years?", "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Elm City Market"}], "question": "In addition to Stop & Shop, what new supermarket is located one block from the Green and is poised to serve the growing downtown population?", "id": "57275811dd62a815002e9b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "the opening of new stores"}], "question": "In the 21st Century what has happen to most of Downtown New Haven in terms of retail?", "id": "57295be46aef051400154d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "positive press from various periodicals."}], "question": "How has the media perceive most of these changes to the Downtown area?", "id": "57295be46aef051400154d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "experienced an influx of apartments"}], "question": "What has happen in New Haven Green during the 2000s?", "id": "57295be46aef051400154d6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Stop & Shop"}], "question": "Including to the growth, what market chain have expanded nearby Downtown New Haven?", "id": "57295be46aef051400154d6b"}]}], ["Bandar ini mengalahkan kekayaan pada akhir abad ke-18 dengan penemuan dan aktiviti perindustrian Eli Whitney, seorang lulusan Yale yang tinggal di New Haven untuk membangunkan kapas gin dan menubuhkan kilang pembuatan senjata di bahagian utara bandar berhampiran bandar Hamden talian. Kawasan itu masih dikenali sebagai Whitneyville, dan jalan utama melalui kedua-dua bandar itu dikenali sebagai Whitney Avenue. Kilang kini adalah Muzium Eli Whitney, yang mempunyai penekanan khusus terhadap aktiviti untuk kanak-kanak dan pameran yang berkaitan dengan syarikat A. C. Gilbert. Kilangnya, bersama dengan Simeon Utara, dan sektor perkakas pembuatan jam dan tembaga yang meriah, menyumbang untuk menjadikan Connecticut awal ekonomi perkilangan yang kuat; begitu banyak pengeluar senjata berkembang sehingga negara itu dikenali sebagai \"The Arsenal of America\". Ia adalah di kilang pembuatan senjata Gun Whitney yang Samuel Colt mencipta revolver automatik pada tahun 1836. The Farmington Canal, yang dicipta pada awal abad ke-19, adalah pengangkut barang-barang yang tinggal pendek ke kawasan pedalaman Connecticut dan Massachusetts, dan berlari dari New Haven ke Northampton, Massachusetts. <> Siapa yang lulusan Yale, pencipta, dan pengeluar senjata yang mempunyai kesan positif yang besar terhadap ekonomi New Haven pada akhir abad ke-18? || Eli Whitney <> Apa ciptaan, yang mana dia paling terkenal, telah membuat Eli Whitney di New Haven? || kapas gin <> Apa kawasan berhampiran Hamden yang dinamakan semula untuk Eli Whitney? || Whitneyville <> Apa julukan yang diberikan kepada Connecticut kerana banyak pengeluar senjata yang timbul di negeri ini? || \"The Arsenal of America\" <> Pada 1836, yang mencipta revolver automatik di kilang pembuatan senjata api Eli Whitney? || Samuel Colt <> Apakah nama pencipta yang mencipta gin cotton di New Haven? || Eli Whitney <> Apakah nama jalan utama yang menghubungkan New Haven ke Hamden? || Whitney Avenue <> Apa syarikat yang bertanggungjawab Connecticut naik sebagai ekonomi perkilangan? || A. C. Gilbert <> Kemunculan kilang senjata api di Connecticut mendapatkan nama apa? || The Arsenal of America <> Dalam tahun apakah revolver automatik pertama dicipta? || 1836", {"context": "The city struck fortune in the late 18th century with the inventions and industrial activity of Eli Whitney, a Yale graduate who remained in New Haven to develop the cotton gin and establish a gun-manufacturing factory in the northern part of the city near the Hamden town line. That area is still known as Whitneyville, and the main road through both towns is known as Whitney Avenue. The factory is now the Eli Whitney Museum, which has a particular emphasis on activities for children and exhibits pertaining to the A. C. Gilbert Company. His factory, along with that of Simeon North, and the lively clock-making and brass hardware sectors, contributed to making early Connecticut a powerful manufacturing economy; so many arms manufacturers sprang up that the state became known as \"The Arsenal of America\". It was in Whitney's gun-manufacturing plant that Samuel Colt invented the automatic revolver in 1836. The Farmington Canal, created in the early 19th century, was a short-lived transporter of goods into the interior regions of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and ran from New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Eli Whitney"}], "question": "Who is the Yale graduate, inventor, and arms manufacturer that had a large positive impact on the New Haven economy in the late 18th century?", "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the cotton gin"}], "question": "What invention, for which he is primarily known, did Eli Whitney develop in New Haven?", "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Whitneyville"}], "question": "What is the area near Hamden that was renamed for Eli Whitney?", "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "\"The Arsenal of America\""}], "question": "What was the nickname given to Connecticut due to the large number of arms manufacturers that arose in the state? ", "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "Samuel Colt"}], "question": "In 1836, who invented the automatic revolver in Eli Whitney's gun manufacturing plant?", "id": "572749fdf1498d1400e8f5ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Eli Whitney"}], "question": "What is the name of the inventor that created the cotton gin in New Haven?", "id": "572948091d04691400779249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Whitney Avenue"}], "question": "What is the name of the main road that connects New Haven to Hamden?", "id": "572948091d0469140077924a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "A. C. Gilbert"}], "question": "What was the company that was responsible Connecticut rise as a manufacturing economy? ", "id": "572948091d0469140077924b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "The Arsenal of America"}], "question": "The rise of gun factories within Connecticut earn the state what name?", "id": "572948091d0469140077924c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "1836"}], "question": "In what year was the first automatic revolver invented?", "id": "572948091d0469140077924d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1637, parti kecil Puritans telah menyelaraskan semula kawasan pelabuhan New Haven dan bertamasya musim sejuk. Pada bulan April 1638, parti utama lima ratus Puritans yang meninggalkan Massachusetts Bay Colony di bawah pimpinan Pendeta John Davenport dan saudagar London Theophilus Eaton berlayar ke pelabuhan. Pendatang-pendatang ini berharap dapat mewujudkan masyarakat teologi yang lebih baik, dengan kerajaan lebih rapat dengan gereja daripada yang mereka tinggalkan di Massachusetts dan berusaha memanfaatkan keupayaan pelabuhan yang sangat baik di pelabuhan. The Quinnipiacs, yang telah diserang oleh Pequots jiran, menjual tanah mereka kepada peneroka sebagai balasan untuk perlindungan. <> Berapa banyak orang Puritans dalam kumpulan awal yang menetap di New Haven? || lima ratus <> Apa kelompok menjual tanah itu kepada kaum Puritan? || The Quinnipiacs <> The Quinnipiacs sedang diserang oleh kumpulan apa? || Pequots <> Apakah nama pemimpin agama yang mengetuai kumpulan pengasas ini? || Pendeta John Davenport <> Apakah nama peniaga London yang pernah mengetuai kumpulan pengasas ini? || Theophilus Eaton <> Dalam tahun apakah kajian Puritans New Haven Harbour? || 1637 <> Dari mana jajahan koloni 500 asal asal peneroka Puritan? || Massachusetts Bay Colony <> Siapa pemimpin agama para peneroka asli Puritan? || Pendeta John Davenport <> Pada tahun apakah 500 peneroka asli Puritan tiba di kawasan pelabuhan New Haven? || 1638 <> Dari apa suku kaum asal apakah peneroka Puritan yang asli membeli tanah sebagai pertukaran untuk menawarkan perlindungan? || Quinnipiacs <> Berapa tahun memulakan penubuhan New Haven Harbour? || 1638 <> Di manakah peneroka datang? || Massachusetts Bay Colony <> Apakah nama Orang Asli Amerika yang menjual tanah mereka? || Quinnipiacs, <> Berbanding dengan Massachusetts apa yang mana peneroka berharap untuk menubuhkan di New Haven Harbour? || komuniti teologi yang lebih baik <> Siapa pemimpin agama yang mengetuai jemaah haji ke New Haven Harbour? || Pendeta John Davenport", {"context": "In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers were hoping to establish a (in their mind) better theological community, with the government more closely linked to the church than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "five hundred"}], "question": "How many Puritans were in the initial group that settled New Haven?", "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a84039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "The Quinnipiacs"}], "question": "What group sold the land to the Puritans?", "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Pequots"}], "question": "The Quinnipiacs were under attack by what group?", "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport"}], "question": "What is the name of the religious leader who co-led this founding group?", "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "Theophilus Eaton"}], "question": "What is the name of the London merchant who co-led this founding group?", "id": "572643cc89cfff1900a8403d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1637"}], "question": "In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57273f46708984140094db47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"}], "question": "From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?", "id": "57273f46708984140094db48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport"}], "question": "Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?", "id": "57273f46708984140094db49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1638"}], "question": "In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?", "id": "57273f46708984140094db4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Quinnipiacs"}], "question": "From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?", "id": "57273f46708984140094db4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1638"}], "question": "What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Massachusetts Bay Colony"}], "question": "Where did the settlers came from?", "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Quinnipiacs,"}], "question": "What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?", "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "better theological community"}], "question": "In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Reverend John Davenport"}], "question": "Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?", "id": "57293f52af94a219006aa1e9"}]}], ["Selama lebih dari satu abad, warga New Haven telah berjuang di milisi penjajah bersama pasukan tetap Britain, seperti dalam Perang Perancis dan India. Ketika Revolusi Amerika menghampiri, Jeneral David Wooster dan penduduk lain yang berpengaruh berharap konflik dengan kerajaan di Britain dapat diselesaikan dengan singkat pemberontakan. Pada 23 April 1775, yang masih diraikan di New Haven sebagai Hari Rumah Powder, Syarikat Kedua, Penjaga Kaki Gabenor, New Haven memasuki perjuangan menentang parlimen British yang memerintah. Di bawah Kapten Benedict Arnold, mereka memasuki rumah serbuk untuk melengkapkan diri mereka dan memulakan perjalanan tiga hari ke Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ahli-ahli militia New Haven lain berada di tangan untuk mengawal George Washington dari penginapannya di New Haven dalam perjalanan ke Cambridge. Laporan kontemporari, dari kedua-dua belah pihak, bercerita tentang tentera profesional New Haven yang berwibawa, termasuk seragam. <> Apakah nama yang diberikan pada tarikh yang disambut pada 23 April 1775 di New Haven? || Hari Rumah Serbuk <> Siapa kapten Syarikat Kedua New Haven, Penjaga Kaki Gabenor? || Benedict Arnold <> Berapa lama perarakan dari New Haven ke Cambridge, Massachusetts mengambil Arnold dan orang-orangnya? || perbarisan tiga hari <> Siapa yang umum berpengaruh di New Haven umum yang mengharapkan untuk mengelakkan konflik dengan Parlimen British apabila Revolusi Amerika semakin dekat? || Jeneral David Wooster <> Apa tarikh yang masih diperingati oleh Powder House Day di New Haven? || 23 April 1775 <> Apakah nama Syarikat Kedua di New Haven yang pertama memasuki perjuangan sulung dengan British? || Pengawal Kaki Gubernur <> Di bawah kepimpinannya yang mana Pengawal Kaki Gubernur memecah masuk ke rumah serbuk untuk membekalkan diri? || Kapten Benedict Arnold <> Ke arah apa yang dilakukan militia New Haven selama tiga hari berikutan kejadian serbuk rumah itu? || Cambridge, Massachusetts <> Power House Day dirayakan pada hari apa di New Haven? || 23 April <> Apakah nama orang bersejarah terkenal yang memainkan peranan penting pada Hari Rumah Kuasa? || Benedict Arnold <> Di mana George Washington merancang untuk pergi selepas tinggal di New Haven? || Cambridge <> Apa nama Militia New Haven yang bertempur semasa Hari Rumah Powder? || Pengawal Kaki Gabenor <> Walaupun militia kebanyakannya diperbuat daripada sukarelawan apa barang yang membezakan mereka dari syarikat milisi lain? || pakaian seragam.", {"context": "For over a century, New Haven citizens had fought in the colonial militia alongside regular British forces, as in the French and Indian War. As the American Revolution approached, General David Wooster and other influential residents hoped that the conflict with the government in Britain could be resolved short of rebellion. On 23 April 1775, which is still celebrated in New Haven as Powder House Day, the Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard, of New Haven entered the struggle against the governing British parliament. Under Captain Benedict Arnold, they broke into the powder house to arm themselves and began a three-day march to Cambridge, Massachusetts. Other New Haven militia members were on hand to escort George Washington from his overnight stay in New Haven on his way to Cambridge. Contemporary reports, from both sides, remark on the New Haven volunteers' professional military bearing, including uniforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Powder House Day"}], "question": "What is the name given to the celebrated date of 23 April 1775 in New Haven?", "id": "572649565951b619008f6f17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "Who was the captain of New Haven's Second Company, Governor's Foot Guard?", "id": "572649565951b619008f6f18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "a three-day march"}], "question": "How long did the march from New Haven to Cambridge, Massachusetts take Arnold and his men?", "id": "572649565951b619008f6f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "General David Wooster"}], "question": "Who was the influential New Haven general that hoped to avoid conflict with the British Parliament as the American Revolution loomed closer?", "id": "5727423f708984140094db75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "23 April 1775"}], "question": "What date is still commemorated by Powder House Day in New Haven?", "id": "5727423f708984140094db76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Governor's Foot Guard"}], "question": "What was the name of the Second Company in New Haven that was the first to enter the inaugural struggle with the British?", "id": "5727423f708984140094db77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Captain Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "Under whose leadership did the Governor's Foot Guard break into the powder house to arm themselves?", "id": "5727423f708984140094db78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Cambridge, Massachusetts"}], "question": "Toward what area did the New Haven militia march for three days following the powder house incident?", "id": "5727423f708984140094db79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "23 April"}], "question": "Power House Day is celebrated on what day in New Haven?", "id": "572943173f37b319004781c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "What is the name of infamous historical person who played an important role on Power House Day? ", "id": "572943173f37b319004781ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "Cambridge"}], "question": "Where was George Washington planning to go after staying in New Haven?", "id": "572943173f37b319004781cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Governor's Foot Guard"}], "question": "What is the name of the New Haven Militia that fought on during Powder House Day?", "id": "572943173f37b319004781cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "uniforms."}], "question": "Although the militia were mainly made of volunteers what item distinguish them from other militia companies?", "id": "572943173f37b319004781cd"}]}], ["Downtown New Haven, yang diduduki oleh hampir 7,000 penduduk, mempunyai watak yang lebih kediaman daripada kebanyakan pusat bandar. Kawasan pusat bandar menyediakan kira-kira separuh daripada pekerjaan bandar dan separuh daripada asas cukai dan pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini telah dipenuhi dengan berpuluh-puluh restoran kelas atas baru, beberapa di antaranya telah mendapat pujian kebangsaan (seperti Ibiza, diiktiraf oleh Esquire dan Majalah Penonton Wain sebagai serta New York Times sebagai makanan Sepanyol yang terbaik di negara ini), sebagai tambahan kepada kedai-kedai dan beribu-ribu unit pangsapuri dan kondominium yang seterusnya dapat membantu pertumbuhan keseluruhan bandar. <> Kira-kira berapa banyak penduduk yang membentuk penduduk pusat bandar New Haven? || 7,000 <> Apa restoran di pusat bandar New Haven dikutip oleh New York Times, Esquire dan Spectator Wine untuk masakan Sepanyol yang luar biasa? || Ibiza <> Downtown New Haven menyumbang kira-kira jumlah asas cukai keseluruhan untuk kawasan itu? || setengah <> Downtown New Haven menyumbang kira-kira berapa banyak pekerjaan ke bandar? || kira-kira separuh <> Berapa ramai orang tinggal di pusat bandar New Haven? || 7,000 penduduk <> Dari segi ekonomi bahagian pusat bandar bertanggungjawab untuk apa? || separuh daripada pekerjaan di bandar <> Dari kawasan pusat bandar apa yang mendapat liputan media yang paling positif? || restoran kelas atas baru <> Apa yang paling banyak membantu dengan pertumbuhan yang berterusan di kawasan tersebut? || beribu-ribu pangsapuri dan kondominium", {"context": "Downtown New Haven, occupied by nearly 7,000 residents, has a more residential character than most downtowns. The downtown area provides about half of the city's jobs and half of its tax base and in recent years has become filled with dozens of new upscale restaurants, several of which have garnered national praise (such as Ibiza, recognized by Esquire and Wine Spectator magazines as well as the New York Times as the best Spanish food in the country), in addition to shops and thousands of apartments and condominium units which subsequently help overall growth of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many residents make up the population of downtown New Haven?", "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Ibiza"}], "question": "What downtown New Haven restaurant was cited by the New York Times, Esquire and Wine Spectator for its outstanding Spanish cuisine?", "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "half"}], "question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately what amount of the overall tax base for the area?", "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "about half"}], "question": "Downtown New Haven contributes approximately how many jobs to the city?", "id": "57277787dd62a815002e9da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "7,000 residents"}], "question": "How many people live in downtown New Haven?", "id": "5729734f1d04691400779495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "half of the city's jobs"}], "question": "In terms of economy the downtown portion is responsible for what?", "id": "5729734f1d04691400779496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "new upscale restaurants"}], "question": "Of the downtown area what gets the most positive media coverage?", "id": "5729734f1d04691400779497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "thousands of apartments and condominium"}], "question": "What has help the most with the continuous growth within the area?", "id": "5729734f1d04691400779498"}]}], ["New Haven terletak di peralihan antara iklim kontinental lembap (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: Dfa) dan iklim subtropika lembab (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), tetapi mempunyai lebih banyak ciri-ciri yang dahulu, seperti ciri khas kebanyakan kawasan metropolitan New York. Musim panas adalah lembap dan hangat, dengan suhu melebihi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada 7-8 hari setahun. Winters sejuk dengan salji sederhana yang diselingi dengan hujan dan kadang-kadang hujan curah hujan. Corak cuaca yang menjejaskan New Haven akibat dari arah luar pesisir, dengan itu mengurangkan pengaruh marin Long Island Sound-walaupun, seperti kawasan laut lain, perbezaan suhu antara kawasan-kawasan di sepanjang pantai dan kawasan seluas dua batu atau dua darat boleh menjadi besar pada masa-masa tertentu. <> Walaupun melindungi sifat transitif, apakah klasifikasi iklim Koppen yang iklim New Haven lebih mencirikan? || Dfa <> Musim apa yang biasanya dicirikan sebagai lembap dan hangat di New Haven? || Summers <> Apakah ambang suhu dasar apa suhu biasanya melebihi sepanjang musim panas di New Haven? || 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) <> Berapa beratnya salji biasanya sepanjang musim sejuk di New Haven? || sederhana <> Iklim New Haven sebahagian besarnya sama dengan kawasan metropolitan yang bersebelahan? || New York <> Kawasan New Haven hampir menyerupai jenis iklim yang mana? || iklim benua lembap <> Adakah musim panas mendapat cuaca lebih panas dari 90 darjah? || 7-8 hari setiap tahun <> Oleh kerana menjadi bandar pesisir, berapa salji yang diperoleh bandar raya itu? || salji sederhana <> Apakah kesan utama dalam cuaca New Haven kerana menjadi bandar pantai? || perbezaan suhu di antara kawasan", {"context": "New Haven lies in the transition between a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Dfa) and humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), but having more characteristics of the former, as is typical of much of the New York metropolitan area. Summers are humid and warm, with temperatures exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 7\u20138 days per year. Winters are cold with moderate snowfall interspersed with rainfall and occasionally mixed precipitation. The weather patterns that affect New Haven result from a primarily offshore direction, thus reducing the marine influence of Long Island Sound\u2014although, like other marine areas, differences in temperature between areas right along the coastline and areas a mile or two inland can be large at times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Dfa"}], "question": "Though harboring transitive properties, what Koppen climate classification does the New Haven climate more closely characterize?", "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Summers"}], "question": "What season is typically characterized as humid and warm in New Haven?", "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "What baseline temperature threshold do temperatures normally exceed throughout the summer in New Haven?", "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "moderate"}], "question": "How heavy is the snowfall typically throughout the winter in New Haven?", "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "New York"}], "question": "New Haven's climate is largely analogous to what major adjoining metropolitan area?", "id": "572772285951b619008f8a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "humid continental climate"}], "question": "The New Haven's area closesly resemble which type of climate?", "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "7\u20138 days per year"}], "question": "Does summertime gets weather hotter than 90 degrees?", "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "moderate snowfall"}], "question": "Due to being a coastal city, how much snow does the city gets?", "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "differences in temperature between areas"}], "question": "What is the main effects  in New Haven's weather due to being a coastal city?", "id": "57296fe53f37b319004783b0"}]}], ["Bandar ini dikeringkan oleh tiga sungai; Barat, Kilang, dan Quinnipiac, dinamakan secara teratur dari barat ke timur. Sungai Barat dilepaskan ke West Haven Harbour, manakala Sungai Mill dan Quinnipiac discharge ke New Haven Harbour. Kedua-dua pelabuhan adalah embayments Long Island Sound. Di samping itu, beberapa aliran kecil mengalir melalui kejiranan bandar, termasuk Wintergreen Brook, Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, dan Prospect Creek. Tidak semua aliran kecil ini mempunyai aliran berterusan sepanjang tahun. <> Berapa banyak sungai di bandar New Haven yang dikeringkan? || tiga <> Yang mana sungai New Haven dibebaskan ke West Haven Harbour? || Sungai Barat <> Ke dalam badan air mana yang menunaikan sungai dan Quinnipiac sungai? || Pelabuhan New Haven <> Ke mana saluran air yang lebih besar melakukan West Haven Harbour dan New Haven Harbour reses sebagai embayments? || Long Island Sound <> Apakah nama sungai barat di bandar New Haven? || Barat <> Sungai timur menamai nama suku asli Amerika yang pernah tinggal di New Haven, apa nama itu? || Quinnipiac <> Dua sungai timur bertemu dengan mana di New Haven Harbour? || Pelabuhan New Haven <> Kedua pelabuhan ini adalah sebahagian daripada muara? || Long Island Sound. <> Adakah semua aliran kecil New Haven aktif sepanjang empat musim? || Tidak semua aliran kecil ini", {"context": "The city is drained by three rivers; the West, Mill, and Quinnipiac, named in order from west to east. The West River discharges into West Haven Harbor, while the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge into New Haven Harbor. Both harbors are embayments of Long Island Sound. In addition, several smaller streams flow through the city's neighborhoods, including Wintergreen Brook, the Beaver Ponds Outlet, Wilmot Brook, Belden Brook, and Prospect Creek. Not all of these small streams have continuous flow year-round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "three"}], "question": "By how many rivers is the city of New Haven drained?", "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "West River"}], "question": "Which New Haven river releases into West Haven Harbor?", "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Harbor"}], "question": "Into what local body of water do the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers discharge? ", "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f80a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Long Island Sound"}], "question": "Into what larger waterway do the West Haven Harbor and New Haven Harbor recess as embayments?", "id": "57276f39f1498d1400e8f80b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the West"}], "question": "What is the name of the western river in the city of New Haven?", "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Quinnipiac"}], "question": "The eastern river bears the name of the Native American Tribes that once live in New Haven, what is the name?", "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Harbor"}], "question": "The two eastern rivers meets in which of New Haven Harbor?", "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Long Island Sound."}], "question": "These two harbors are part of what estuary?", "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Not all of these small streams"}], "question": "Are all of New Haven's smaller stream active through all four seasons?", "id": "5729662c6aef051400154e0c"}]}], ["Ekonomi New Haven pada asalnya berasaskan pembuatan, tetapi tempoh selepas perang membawa kemerosotan perindustrian yang pesat; seluruh timur laut terjejas, dan bandar bersaiz sederhana dengan penduduk kelas pekerja yang besar, seperti New Haven, terkena sangat keras. Pada masa yang sama, pertumbuhan dan pengembangan Yale University lebih menjejaskan peralihan ekonomi. Kini, lebih separuh (56%) ekonomi bandar kini terdiri daripada perkhidmatan, khususnya pendidikan dan penjagaan kesihatan; Yale adalah majikan terbesar di bandar itu, diikuti oleh Hospital Yale - New Haven. Majikan yang lain termasuk Hospital St. Raphael, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Universiti Negeri Connecticut Selatan, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, ibu pejabat Knights of Columbus, yang lebih tinggi, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien dan United Illuminating. Yale dan Yale-New Haven juga merupakan salah satu daripada majikan terbesar di negeri ini, dan menyediakan lebih $ 100,000 + kedudukan daripada majikan lain di Connecticut. Sektor apa yang pada asalnya memberikan sumbangan terbesar kepada ekonomi New Haven? || pembuatan <> Apakah entiti berfungsi sebagai majikan terbesar di New Haven? || Yale <> Berapa peratuskah perekonomian New Haven yang berasaskan perkhidmatan yang berasaskan penjagaan kesihatan dan pendidikan? || 56% <> Apa majikan kedua terbesar di New Haven? || Yale - Hospital New Haven <> Apa syarikat farmaseutikal berfungsi sebagai pembekal pekerjaan besar untuk New Haven? || Alexion <> New Haven bergantung pada pertumbuhan dan ekonomi? || pembuatan <> Adakah bandar itu satu-satunya yang mengalami penurunan dalam sektor perkilangan? || seluruh timur laut terjejas <> Pada hari moden berapa banyak New Haven bergantung kepada pekerjaan kolar biru? || Lebih separuh (56%) <> Institusi apa yang mempunyai kesan terbesar di pasaran kerja bandar? || Yale", {"context": "New Haven's economy originally was based in manufacturing, but the postwar period brought rapid industrial decline; the entire Northeast was affected, and medium-sized cities with large working-class populations, like New Haven, were hit particularly hard. Simultaneously, the growth and expansion of Yale University further affected the economic shift. Today, over half (56%) of the city's economy is now made up of services, in particular education and health care; Yale is the city's largest employer, followed by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital. Other large employers include St. Raphael Hospital, Smilow Cancer Hospital, Southern Connecticut State University, Assa Abloy Manufacturing, the Knights of Columbus headquarters, Higher One, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Covidien and United Illuminating. Yale and Yale-New Haven are also among the largest employers in the state, and provide more $100,000+-salaried positions than any other employer in Connecticut.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "What sector originally provided the largest contribution to New Haven's economy?", "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "What entity serves as the largest employer in New Haven?", "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "56%"}], "question": "What percentage of New Haven's economy is based in services grounded in health care and education?", "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"}], "question": "What is the second largest employer in New Haven?", "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f993"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Alexion"}], "question": "What pharmaceutical company serves as a large employment provider for New Haven? ", "id": "57277d20f1498d1400e8f994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "New Haven relied on what in terms of growth and economy?", "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "entire Northeast was affected"}], "question": "Was the city the only one that suffer a decline within the manufacturing sector?", "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "over half (56%)"}], "question": "In modern day how much does New Haven depend on blue collar jobs?", "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "What institution has largest impact on the city's job market?", "id": "5729778f6aef051400154f5d"}]}], ["New Haven mempunyai tradisi lama perancangan bandar dan reka bentuk yang bertujuan untuk susun atur bandar. Bandar ini boleh dikatakan mempunyai beberapa susun atur awal yang pertama di negara ini. Selepas penubuhan, New Haven dibentangkan dalam pelan grid sebanyak sembilan blok persegi; dataran tengah dibiarkan terbuka, dalam tradisi banyak bandar New England, sebagai bandar hijau (kawasan komun). Bandar ini juga memulakan program menanam pokok pertama di Amerika. Seperti di bandar-bandar lain, banyak elm yang memberikan New Haven nama samaran \"Elm City\" yang musnah pada pertengahan abad ke-20 disebabkan oleh penyakit Elm Belanda, walaupun ramai yang telah ditanam semula. New Haven Green kini menjadi rumah kepada tiga gereja bersejarah yang berasingan yang bercakap dengan sifat teokratik asal kota. Hijau kekal sebagai pusat sosial bandar hari ini. Ia dinamakan Landmark Bersejarah Kebangsaan pada tahun 1970. <> Pada apa jenis pelan bandar New Haven dibentangkan apabila penubuhan kawasan itu? || pelan grid sembilan blok persegi <> Untuk apa inisiatif alam sekitar adalah bandar New Haven dikenali, terutamanya untuk memulakan yang pertama seumpamanya di Amerika? || program penanaman pokok awam <> Apakah nama samaran yang diberikan kepada bandar New Haven disebabkan oleh pokok asli yang sebahagiannya telah musnah pada pertengahan abad ke-20? || \"Elm City\" <> Apakah punca kepupusan tiba-tiba banyak elm di New Haven? || Penyakit Elm Belanda <> Apakah kawasan awam di New Haven dinamakan Landmark Bersejarah Kebangsaan pada tahun 1970? || New Haven Green <> Apakah nama samaran New Haven? || Elm City \"<> Oleh sebab penanaman semula pokok-pokok di pusat bandar dipanggil apa? || New Haven Green <> Pada tahun apakah ia menjadi pengiktirafan sebagai mercu tanda? || 1970 <> Dalam rancangan asal bandar , berapa blok bandar yang dirancang? || sembilan blok persegi <> Oleh kerana pokok itu New Haven dikenali sebagai yang pertama dilaksanakan apa yang ada di Amerika Syarikat? || program penanaman pokok awam", {"context": "New Haven has a long tradition of urban planning and a purposeful design for the city's layout. The city could be argued to have some of the first preconceived layouts in the country. Upon founding, New Haven was laid out in a grid plan of nine square blocks; the central square was left open, in the tradition of many New England towns, as the city green (a commons area). The city also instituted the first public tree planting program in America. As in other cities, many of the elms that gave New Haven the nickname \"Elm City\" perished in the mid-20th century due to Dutch Elm disease, although many have since been replanted. The New Haven Green is currently home to three separate historic churches which speak to the original theocratic nature of the city. The Green remains the social center of the city today. It was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "grid plan of nine square blocks"}], "question": "On what type of city plan was New Haven laid out upon the founding of the area?", "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "public tree planting program"}], "question": "For what environmental initiative is the city of New Haven known, primarily for instituting the first of its kind in America?", "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "\"Elm City\""}], "question": "What was the nickname given to the city of New Haven due to an indigenous tree which largely perished in the mid-20th century?", "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Dutch Elm disease"}], "question": "What was the cause of the sudden extinction of many of the elms in New Haven?", "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "New Haven Green"}], "question": "What public area in New Haven was named a National Historic Landmark in 1970?", "id": "57277582f1498d1400e8f8ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Elm City\""}], "question": "What was New Haven's nickname?", "id": "572971f23f37b319004783df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "New Haven Green"}], "question": "Due to the replanting of trees the center of the city is called what?", "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "1970"}], "question": "In what year did it became recognize as a landmark?", "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "nine square blocks"}], "question": "In the original plans of the city, how many city block were designed?", "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "public tree planting program"}], "question": "Because of it's trees New Haven is known for being first to implemented what in the US?", "id": "572971f23f37b319004783e3"}]}], ["Pada bulan April 2009, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat bersetuju untuk mendengar saman atas diskriminasi terbalik yang dibawa oleh 18 ahli bomba putih terhadap bandar. Saman itu melibatkan ujian promosi 2003 untuk Jabatan Bomba New Haven. Selepas ujian itu diperoleh, tidak ada ahli bomba hitam yang mencetak gol yang cukup tinggi untuk layak dipertimbangkan untuk promosi, jadi bandar itu mengumumkan bahawa tiada siapa akan dinaikkan pangkat. Dalam keputusan Ricci v. DeStefano yang berikutnya mahkamah mendapati 5-4 bahawa keputusan New Haven untuk mengabaikan keputusan ujian melanggar Title VII Akta Hak Sivil pada tahun 1964. Akibatnya, mahkamah daerah kemudiannya memerintahkan bandar untuk mempromosikan 14 dari pemadam kebakaran putih. <> Pada tahun apakah Mahkamah Agung A.S. menganjurkan gugatan yang difailkan oleh 18 ahli bomba New Haven terhadap bandar New Haven? || 2009 <> Apakah isu pembezaan tuntutan yang membabitkan 18 orang anggota bomba putih di New Haven meminta bantuan daripada Mahkamah Agung A.S.? || diskriminasi terbalik <> Apakah nama kes di mana Mahkamah Agung A.S. memutuskan bahawa bandar New Haven telah melanggar Akta Hak Sivil 1964 dengan menafikan mana-mana ahli bomba promosi? || Ricci v. DeStefano <> Pada tahun apakah skor pemadam api yang rendah pada ujian promosi yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Bomba New Haven akhirnya menghentikan promosi untuk semua anggota bomba mana-mana kaum di bandar? || 2003 <> Berapa banyak daripada 18 pemadam kebakaran putih yang menerima promosi melalui perintah mahkamah daerah ke bandar New Haven berikutan keputusan Mahkamah Agung A.S. memihak kepada petugas pemadam petisyen? || 14 <> Apa keputusan dari Kes Mahkamah Agung 2009? || untuk mengabaikan keputusan ujian <> Kes Mahkamah melibatkan antara dua pihak? || bomba terhadap bandar <> Apa yang dilakukan bandar setelah skor ujian gagal untuk promosi? || tidak ada yang akan dipromosikan <> Daripada berapa banyak ahli bomba putih mendapat promosi selepas itu? || 14 daripada ahli bomba putih", {"context": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 18 white firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no black firefighters scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. In the subsequent Ricci v. DeStefano decision the court found 5-4 that New Haven's decision to ignore the test results violated Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As a result, a district court subsequently ordered the city to promote 14 of the white firefighters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court entertain a lawsuit filed by 18 New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?", "id": "572760715951b619008f88f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "reverse discrimination"}], "question": "What was the distinguishing issue of the lawsuit over which 18 white firefighters in New Haven sought relief from the U.S. Supreme Court?", "id": "572760715951b619008f88f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}], "question": "What was the name of the case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the city of New Haven had violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by denying any firefighter a promotion? ", "id": "572760715951b619008f88f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did low scores of black firefighters on a promotion test issued by the New Haven Fire Department ultimately halt promotions for all firefighters of any race in the city?", "id": "572760715951b619008f88f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many of the 18 white firefighters received promotions via district court order to the city of New Haven following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in favor of the petitioning firefighters?", "id": "572760715951b619008f88f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "to ignore the test results"}], "question": "What was the decision from the 2009 Supreme Court Case?", "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "firefighters against the city"}], "question": "The Court case was involve between which two parties?", "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "no one would be promoted"}], "question": "What did the city do after the fail test scores for promotions?", "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "14 of the white firefighters"}], "question": "Out of how many of the white fireman got a promotion afterwards?", "id": "5729606d1d0469140077934e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010 dan 2011, dana negeri dan persekutuan dianugerahkan kepada Connecticut (dan Massachusetts) untuk membina Line Hartford, dengan terminal selatan di Stesen Union New Haven dan terminal utara di Stesen Union Springfield. Menurut White House, \"Koridor ini pada masa ini mempunyai satu kereta api setiap hari yang menghubungkan komuniti di Connecticut dan Massachusetts ke Koridor Timur Laut dan Vermont. Penglihatan untuk koridor ini adalah untuk memulihkan penjajaran laluan asalnya melalui Koridor Pengetahuan di barat Massachusetts, meningkatkan masa perjalanan dan meningkatkan asas penduduk yang boleh disampaikan. \" Dibina untuk pembinaan pada tahun 2013, projek \"kereta api penumpang lintas kelajuan tinggi\" akan bernilai kira-kira $ 1 bilion, dan terminal utara utama untuk projek itu dilaporkan menjadi Montreal di Kanada. Kelajuan keretapi antara dilaporkan melebihi 110 batu sejam (180 km / j) dan meningkatkan trafik kereta api kedua bandar secara eksponen. <> Pembiayaan dianugerahkan kepada Connecticut pada tahun 2010 dan 2011 untuk membina garis apa dengan terminal selatan di New Haven? || Hartford Line <> Di mana terminal di New Haven adalah Line Hartford yang dijadualkan bermula? || Stesen Union <> Lokasi apa yang menyediakan terminal utara untuk Talian Hartford? || Springfield's Union Station <> Apakah nama koridor di Massachusetts barat yang mana pihak berkuasa persekutuan berusaha memperbaiki masa perjalanan dan jumlah penduduk yang berkhidmat di New Haven dan Springfield? || Koridor Pengetahuan <> Pada tahun apakah \"kereta api penumpang lintas kelajuan tinggi koridor pengetahuan\" yang dijadualkan untuk pembinaan? || 2013 <> Apakah nama kereta api yang menghubungkan Connecticut dan Massachusetts bersama-sama? || Hartford Line <> Di mana titik permulaan garis terminal di New Haven? || Stesen New Haven Union <> Tujuan talian kereta api adalah untuk menghubungkan Connecticut dan Massachusetts ke negeri utara? || Vermont <> Bilakah barisan Pengetahuan Koridor bermula pembinaannya? || pada tahun 2013 <> Secara amnya berapa pantas kereta api ini? || 180 km / h", {"context": "In 2010 and 2011, state and federal funds were awarded to Connecticut (and Massachusetts) to construct the Hartford Line, with a southern terminus at New Haven's Union Station and a northern terminus at Springfield's Union Station. According to the White House, \"This corridor [currently] has one train per day connecting communities in Connecticut and Massachusetts to the Northeast Corridor and Vermont. The vision for this corridor is to restore the alignment to its original route via the Knowledge Corridor in western Massachusetts, improving trip time and increasing the population base that can be served.\" Set for construction in 2013, the \"Knowledge Corridor high speed intercity passenger rail\" project will cost approximately $1 billion, and the ultimate northern terminus for the project is reported to be Montreal in Canada. Train speeds between will reportedly exceed 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) and increase both cities' rail traffic exponentially.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Hartford Line"}], "question": "Funding was awarded to Connecticut in 2010 and 2011 to build what line with a southern terminus in New Haven?", "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Union Station"}], "question": "At what terminal in New Haven was the Hartford Line slated to originate?", "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Springfield's Union Station"}], "question": "What location provided the northern terminus for the Hartford Line?", "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Knowledge Corridor"}], "question": "What is the name of the corridor in western Massachusetts by which federal authorities sought to improve trip times and the amount of the population served in both New Haven and Springfield? ", "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year was the \"Knowledge corridor high speed intercity passenger rail\" slated for construction?", "id": "572767f2dd62a815002e9c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Hartford Line"}], "question": "What is the name of the train line that connects Connecticut and Massachusetts together?", "id": "572962873f37b319004782eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "New Haven's Union Station"}], "question": "Where is the starting point of the terminus line in New Haven?", "id": "572962873f37b319004782ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Vermont"}], "question": "The purpose of the train line is to connect Connecticut and Massachusetts to what state north?", "id": "572962873f37b319004782ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "in 2013"}], "question": "When does the Knowledge Corridor line begins it's construction?", "id": "572962873f37b319004782ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "180 km/h"}], "question": "Generally how fast are these trains?", "id": "572962873f37b319004782ef"}]}], ["Projek-projek utama termasuk pembinaan semasa kampus baru untuk pusat bandar Gateway Community College, dan juga sebuah bangunan pangsapuri / runcit 500-tingkat yang dipanggil 32 Street. Projek 360 State Street kini diduduki dan merupakan bangunan kediaman terbesar di Connecticut. Sebuah bot boom dan dermaga baru dirancang untuk New Haven Harbour, dan taman linear Canal Trail Farmington ditetapkan untuk memasuki pusat bandar New Haven dalam tahun yang akan datang. Selain itu, asas dan kerja jalan untuk meluaskan I-95 untuk mewujudkan persimpangan pelabuhan baru untuk New Haven, dengan jambatan yang dikekalkan untuk menggantikan jambatan Q era 1950-an, telah bermula. Bandar ini masih berharap untuk membangunkan semula tapak New Haven Coliseum, yang telah dirobohkan pada tahun 2007. <> Apa projek pelbagai guna di New Haven adalah bangunan kediaman terbesar di Connecticut? || 360 State Street <> Taman apa yang dijangkakan untuk dilanjutkan ke pusat bandar New Haven? || Trail Terusan Farmington <> Untuk kawasan apa yang ada rancangan boathouse dan dok yang baru? || Pelabuhan New Haven <> Apa gunanya merobohkan bandar pada tahun 2007 yang bandar itu semestinya ingin dibangun semula? || New Haven Coliseum <> Apakah nama projek bangunan sedang berlaku di pusat bandar Gateway Community College? || 360 State Street. <> Pelabuhan New Haven menerima apa jenis penyelarasan? || dok dirancangkan <> Kota New Haven mahu membangunkan semula / membina jenis struktur apa? || New Haven Coliseum <> Dari segi infrastruktur, apa yang sedang dibangunkan di kawasan pusat bandar? || taman lorong Farmington Canal Trail <> Jenis jambatan apa yang menggantikan Jambatan Q lama? || jambatan yang dikekang", {"context": "Major projects include the current construction of a new campus for Gateway Community College downtown, and also a 32-story, 500-unit apartment/retail building called 360 State Street. The 360 State Street project is now occupied and is the largest residential building in Connecticut. A new boathouse and dock is planned for New Haven Harbor, and the linear park Farmington Canal Trail is set to extend into downtown New Haven within the coming year. Additionally, foundation and ramp work to widen I-95 to create a new harbor crossing for New Haven, with an extradosed bridge to replace the 1950s-era Q Bridge, has begun. The city still hopes to redevelop the site of the New Haven Coliseum, which was demolished in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "360 State Street"}], "question": "What multi-use project in New Haven is the largest residential building in Connecticut?", "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Farmington Canal Trail"}], "question": "What park is anticipated to extend to downtown New Haven?", "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "New Haven Harbor"}], "question": "For what area are a new boathouse and dock being planned?", "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "New Haven Coliseum"}], "question": "What is the city landmark demolished in 2007 that the city ultimately wish to redevelop?", "id": "572759bddd62a815002e9b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "360 State Street."}], "question": "What is the name of building project is taking place in Gateway Community College downtown?", "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "dock is planned"}], "question": "The New Haven Harbor is receiving what kind of adjustment?", "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "New Haven Coliseum"}], "question": "The city of New Haven wants to redevelop/build what sort of structure?", "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "linear park Farmington Canal Trail"}], "question": "In terms of infrastructure, what is being develop in the downtown area?", "id": "57295e513f37b319004782be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "an extradosed bridge"}], "question": "What type of bridge is replacing the old Q Bridge?", "id": "57295e513f37b319004782bf"}]}], ["Bandar ini mempunyai banyak kejiranan yang berbeza. Sebagai tambahan kepada Downtown, berpusat di pusat perniagaan pusat dan Green, adalah kejiranan berikut: kawasan kejiranan barat Dixwell dan Dwight; kawasan selatan The Hill, City Point depan bersejarah (atau Oyster Point), dan daerah dermaga Long Wharf; perkampungan barat Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, dan West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, dan Newhallville di bahagian utara bandar; kawasan tengah timur Sungai Mill dan Dataran Wooster, kejiranan Itali-Amerika; Fair Haven, sebuah komuniti pendatang yang terletak di antara Kilang dan Sungai Quinnipiac; Quinnipiac Meadows dan Fair Haven Heights di seberang Sungai Quinnipiac; dan menghadap ke sisi timur pelabuhan, The Annex dan East Shore (atau Morris Cove). <> Kawasan New Haven yang mana kawasannya berpusat di sekitar kawasan perniagaan dan New Haven Green? || Downtown <> Apa kejiranan depan air bersejarah yang terletak di kawasan selatan New Haven? || City Point <> Apa kejiranan timur tengah di New Haven adalah rumah kepada sejumlah besar orang Itali-Amerika? || Wooster Square <> Apakah nama kejiranan di New Haven yang terletak di antara Sungai Mill dan Quinnipiac, dan sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada komuniti imigran? || Fair Haven <> Apa nama daerah yang berhampiran dengan pelabuhan bandar? || Long Wharf <> Walaupun Hijau adalah pusat popular di bandar, terdapat satu lagi daerah, apa nama itu? || daerah perniagaan pusat <> Jika anda pergi ke bahagian utara New Haven, daerah apa yang akan anda cari? || Newhallville <> Di antara dua sungai itu terletak sebuah daerah dengan populasi imigran yang berat, namanya? || Fair Haven <> Wooster Square terkenal dengan apa akarnya? || Itali-Amerika", {"context": "The city has many distinct neighborhoods. In addition to Downtown, centered on the central business district and the Green, are the following neighborhoods: the west central neighborhoods of Dixwell and Dwight; the southern neighborhoods of The Hill, historic water-front City Point (or Oyster Point), and the harborside district of Long Wharf; the western neighborhoods of Edgewood, West River, Westville, Amity, and West Rock-Westhills; East Rock, Cedar Hill, Prospect Hill, and Newhallville in the northern side of town; the east central neighborhoods of Mill River and Wooster Square, an Italian-American neighborhood; Fair Haven, an immigrant community located between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers; Quinnipiac Meadows and Fair Haven Heights across the Quinnipiac River; and facing the eastern side of the harbor, The Annex and East Shore (or Morris Cove).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "What area of New Haven comprises the area centered around the business district and New Haven Green?", "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9df8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "City Point"}], "question": "What is the historic water-front neighborhood located in the southern area of New Haven?", "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Wooster Square"}], "question": "What east-central neighborhood in New Haven is home to a large number of Italian-Americans?", "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Fair Haven"}], "question": "What is the name of the neighborhood in New Haven that rests between the Mill and Quinnipiac rivers, and is comprised primarily of an immigrant community?", "id": "572779a2dd62a815002e9dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Long Wharf"}], "question": "What is the name of the district nearing the harbor of the city?", "id": "572975a46aef051400154f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "central business district"}], "question": "Though the Green is the popular center of the city, there is another district, what's the name?", "id": "572975a46aef051400154f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Newhallville"}], "question": "If you were to go northern part of New Haven, what district would you find?", "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Fair Haven"}], "question": "Between two of it's rivers lies a district with a heavy immigrant population, the name is?", "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "Italian-American"}], "question": "Wooster Square is known for what roots?", "id": "572975a46aef051400154f3c"}]}], ["Ciri-ciri geografi New Haven yang terkenal adalah pelabuhan laut yang besar, dan dua jurang batu perangkap basalt merah yang naik ke timur laut dan barat laut teras bandar. Batu perangkap ini dikenali sebagai East Rock dan West Rock, dan kedua-duanya menjadi taman yang luas. West Rock telah terowong untuk memberi jalan untuk laluan timur-barat Wilbur Cross Parkway (satu-satunya terowong lebuh raya melalui halangan semulajadi di Connecticut), dan sekali berkhidmat sebagai tempat persembunyian \"Regicides\" (lihat: Regicides Trail) . Kebanyakan New Haveners merujuk kepada lelaki ini sebagai \"The Three Judges\". East Rock mempunyai tugu perang Askar dan Pelaut yang terkemuka di puncaknya serta \"Langkah-langkah Besar / Raksasa\" yang mengalir di tebing batu itu. <> Sebagai tambahan kepada New Haven Harbour, apa unsur semula jadi tambahan adalah ciri geografi yang terkenal di kawasan itu, mengatasi sempadan timur laut dan barat laut? || jurang batu perangkap basalt <> Perangkap batu mana yang mana telah diubah untuk menampung bahagian barat laut Wilbur Park Crossway? || West Rock <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang pernah menggunakan West Rock sebagai tempat persembunyian, yang dikenal secara colloquially sebagai \"The Three Judges?\" || \"Regicides\" <> Apakah nama monumen perang yang terletak di puncak East Rock? || Askar dan Pelaut <> Apakah nama untuk ciri popular yang naik ke tebing East Rock? || \"Langkah-langkah Besar / Raksasa\" <> Apakah New Haven paling terkenal di segi mercu tanda dan struktur utama? || pelabuhan dalam yang besar <> Dari segi ekonomi dan landskap geografi apa yang digunakan untuk kedua-dua rabung batu tropis utara berhampiran bandar? || sebagai taman yang luas <> The West Rock juga digunakan untuk apa jenis infrastruktur? || terowong lebuh raya <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh Rocks Timur sebagai sebuah taman di sisi lain? || monumen perang", {"context": "New Haven's best-known geographic features are its large deep harbor, and two reddish basalt trap rock ridges which rise to the northeast and northwest of the city core. These trap rocks are known respectively as East Rock and West Rock, and both serve as extensive parks. West Rock has been tunneled through to make way for the east-west passage of the Wilbur Cross Parkway (the only highway tunnel through a natural obstacle in Connecticut), and once served as the hideout of the \"Regicides\" (see: Regicides Trail). Most New Haveners refer to these men as \"The Three Judges\". East Rock features the prominent Soldiers and Sailors war monument on its peak as well as the \"Great/Giant Steps\" which run up the rock's cliffside.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "basalt trap rock ridges"}], "question": "In addition to the New Haven Harbor, what additional natural element is a prominent geographic feature of the area, flanking the northeast and northwest boundaries?", "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "West Rock"}], "question": "Which trap rock ridge was altered to accommodate the east-west portion of the Wilbur Park Crossway?", "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "\"Regicides\""}], "question": "What was the name of the group that once utilized West Rock as a hideout, known colloquially as \"The Three Judges?\"", "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Soldiers and Sailors"}], "question": "What is the name of the war monument located at the peak of East Rock?", "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "\"Great/Giant Steps\""}], "question": "What is the name for the popular feature that ascends the cliffside of East Rock?", "id": "57276cfdf1498d1400e8f7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "large deep harbor"}], "question": "What is New Haven best known for in terms of the main landmark and structure?", "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "as extensive parks"}], "question": "In terms of economy and geographic landscape what is the used for the two trop rocks ridges north nearby the city?", "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "highway tunnel"}], "question": "The West Rock is also used for what sort of infrastructure?", "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "war monument"}], "question": "What does the Eastern Rocks offer as a park on the other hand?", "id": "572963dcaf94a219006aa36e"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, analisis oleh Kerjasama Data Serantau untuk Greater New Haven, Inc., menunjukkan bahawa disebabkan isu-isu penyebut perbandingan dan faktor-faktor lain, kedudukan berasaskan perbandaran itu boleh dianggap tidak tepat. Contohnya, dua bandar penduduk yang sama boleh merangkumi kawasan tanah yang berlainan, menjadikan analisis sedemikian tidak relevan. Organisasi penyelidikan menyeru perbandingan berdasarkan kejiranan, blok, atau metodologi standard (sama seperti yang digunakan oleh Brookings, DiversityData, dan institusi lain yang ditubuhkan), tidak berdasarkan majlis perbandaran. <> Analisis oleh organisasi apa yang mendedahkan bahawa kedudukan berasaskan perbandaran mungkin tidak tepat? || Kerjasama Data Serantau untuk Greater New Haven, Inc <> Apa yang berterusan di dua bandar dapat mewujudkan kesenjangan dalam analisa dengan cara pengedaran terhadap kawasan tanah yang berlainan? || penduduk yang sama <> Kejiranan dan blok, berbanding dengan majlis perbandaran, kedua-dua contohnya? || metodologi piawai <> Apa organisasi penyelidikan melakukan analisis bandar di New Haven? || Kerjasama Data Wilayah untuk Greater New Haven, Inc <> Organisasi menyatakan bahawa analisis harus berdasarkan perbandingan kejiranan di dalam kota dan bukan apa? || berdasarkan perbandaran <> Menurut institusi apa yang membawa kepada analisis yang tidak tepat di bandar? || bandar-bandar penduduk yang sama", {"context": "However, an analysis by the Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc., has shown that due to issues of comparative denominators and other factors, such municipality-based rankings can be considered inaccurate. For example, two cities of identical population can cover widely differing land areas, making such analyses irrelevant. The research organization called for comparisons based on neighborhoods, blocks, or standard methodologies (similar to those used by Brookings, DiversityData, and other established institutions), not based on municipalities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"}], "question": "Analysis by what organization detailed that municipality-based rankings may be inaccurate? ", "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "identical population"}], "question": "What constant in two cities can create disparities in analysis by way of distribution over differing land areas?", "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "standard methodologies"}], "question": "Neighborhoods and blocks, as opposed to municipalities, are both examples of what?", "id": "5727a4c72ca10214002d92a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Regional Data Cooperative for Greater New Haven, Inc"}], "question": "What research organization did an city analysis on New Haven?", "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "based on municipalities"}], "question": "The organization stated that analysis should be based on comparison of neighborhoods within the city and not what?", "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "cities of identical population"}], "question": "According to the institution what leads to inaccurate analysis of the city?  ", "id": "572a369c3f37b319004787c1"}]}], ["New Haven adalah bandaraya Katolik yang kebanyakannya Roman, kerana wilayah Dominican, Ireland, Itali, Mexico, Ecuador, dan Puerto Rico di bandaraya adalah Katolik. Bandar ini adalah sebahagian daripada Keuskupan Agung Hartford. Orang Yahudi juga membentuk sebahagian besar penduduk, seperti juga Baptis Hitam. Terdapat peningkatan Pentakostal (kebanyakannya Puerto Rico). Terdapat gereja-gereja untuk semua cawangan utama Kristian di dalam bandar, pelbagai gereja di hadapan, kementerian (terutamanya di kawasan Latino dan Hitam kelas pekerja), sebuah masjid, banyak sinagog (termasuk dua yeshivas), dan tempat ibadah lain; tahap kepelbagaian agama di bandar ini tinggi. <> Apakah agama yang paling menonjol di New Haven? || Roman Katolik <> Di bawah apa bidang kuasa segera Gereja Katolik yang jatuh New Haven? || Keuskupan Agung Hartford <> Berapa banyak yeshivas terletak di New Haven? || dua <> Dengan apa pergerakan agama yang banyak Puerto Ricans di New Haven bersekutu? || Pentakosta <> Sebagai tambahan kepada orang Yahudi, apa lagi komuniti keagamaan yang terdiri daripada sebahagian besar penduduk New Haven yang bukan Katolik? || Black Baptists <> Dari segi hubungan agama, apakah agama yang paling lazim di bandar? || Roman Katolik <> Terdapat beberapa kumpulan agama yang kelihatannya naik demografi, salah satu daripadanya popular di kalangan orang-orang Afrika Amerika? || Pembaptis <> Namun agama Kristian boleh didapati di dalam kota, khususnya kawasan kejiranan? || kelas pekerja", {"context": "New Haven is a predominantly Roman Catholic city, as the city's Dominican, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Ecuadorian, and Puerto Rican populations are overwhelmingly Catholic. The city is part of the Archdiocese of Hartford. Jews also make up a considerable portion of the population, as do Black Baptists. There is a growing number of (mostly Puerto Rican) Pentecostals as well. There are churches for all major branches of Christianity within the city, multiple store-front churches, ministries (especially in working-class Latino and Black neighborhoods), a mosque, many synagogues (including two yeshivas), and other places of worship; the level of religious diversity in the city is high.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What is the most prominent religion in New Haven?", "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Archdiocese of Hartford"}], "question": "Under what immediate jurisdiction of the Catholic Church does New Haven fall?", "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many yeshivas are located in New Haven?", "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Pentecostals"}], "question": "With what religious movement do many Puerto Ricans in New Haven associate?", "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Black Baptists"}], "question": "In addition to Jews, what other religious community comprises a large share of the non-Catholic population of New Haven?", "id": "572785725951b619008f8c3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "In terms of religious affiliation, what is the most prevalent religion in the city? ", "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Baptists"}], "question": "There are several religious group that have seem rise in demographics, one of which is popular among African Americans being?", "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "working-class"}], "question": "However Christianity can be found within the city, particularly which neighborhoods?", "id": "572a2c091d0469140077980d"}]}], ["Garry Trudeau, pencipta jalur komik Doonesbury politik, menghadiri Universiti Yale. Di sana dia bertemu rakan pelajar dan kemudian calon Parti Hijau untuk Kongres Charles Pillsbury, seorang penduduk lama New Haven yang namanya diberi nama komik Trudeau. Semasa kuliahnya, Pillsbury dikenali dengan gelaran \"The Doones\". Satu teori undang-undang antarabangsa, yang berhujah untuk pendekatan normatif sosiologi berkaitan dengan perundangan, dinamakan Pendekatan Baru Haven, selepas bandar. Connecticut Senator AS Richard Blumenthal adalah lulusan Yale, seperti bekas Senator Amerika Connecticut Joe Lieberman yang juga seorang penduduk New Haven selama bertahun-tahun, sebelum pindah ke kampung halamannya Stamford. <> Siapa pengarang jalur komik terkenal Doonesbury yang menghadiri Universiti Yale di New Haven? || Garry Trudeau <> Untuk mana lama penduduk New Haven dan bekas pelajar Yale adalah bernama Doonesbury? || Charles Pillsbury <> Apa nama panggilan Charles Pillsbury semasa kolej? || \"The Doones\" <> Apakah nama teori undang-undang antarabangsa, yang didasarkan pada perundangan yang dibingkai oleh pendekatan normatif sosiologi? || Pendekatan New Haven <> Apa duduk senator A.S. Connecticut lulus dari Universiti Yale di New Haven? || Richard Blumenthal <> Yang sebelum senator A.S. pernah tinggal di New Haven dan lulus dari Yale? || Joe Lieberman <> Istilah, Pendekatan Baru Haven adalah apa sebenarnya? || Teori undang-undang antarabangsa, <> Apa nama ahli parti Hijau yang juga belajar di Yale? || Charles Pillsbury", {"context": "Garry Trudeau, creator of the political Doonesbury comic strip, attended Yale University. There he met fellow student and later Green Party candidate for Congress Charles Pillsbury, a long-time New Haven resident for whom Trudeau's comic strip is named. During his college years, Pillsbury was known by the nickname \"The Doones\". A theory of international law, which argues for a sociological normative approach in regards to jurisprudence, is named the New Haven Approach, after the city. Connecticut US senator Richard Blumenthal is a Yale graduate, as is former Connecticut US Senator Joe Lieberman who also was a New Haven resident for many years, before moving back to his hometown of Stamford.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Garry Trudeau"}], "question": "Who is the famous comic strip author of Doonesbury that attended Yale University in New Haven?", "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Charles Pillsbury"}], "question": "For which long-time New Haven resident and former Yale student is Doonesbury named?", "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "\"The Doones\""}], "question": "What was the Charles Pillsbury's nickname during college?", "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "the New Haven Approach"}], "question": "What is the name of the international law theory, grounded in jurisprudence framed by a sociological normative approach?", "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Richard Blumenthal"}], "question": "What sitting Connecticut U.S. senator graduated from Yale University in New Haven?", "id": "5727a326ff5b5019007d918e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Joe Lieberman"}], "question": "Which past U.S. senator had lived in New Haven and graduated from Yale?", "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "A theory of international law,"}], "question": "The term, the New Haven Approach was what exactly?", "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Charles Pillsbury"}], "question": "What is the name of the Green party member that also studied at Yale?", "id": "572a353c3f37b319004787b3"}]}], ["New Haven adalah pusat yang terkenal untuk pendidikan tinggi. Universiti Yale, di tengah-tengah pusat bandar, merupakan salah satu ciri terkenal di bandar dan majikan terbesarnya. New Haven juga merupakan rumah kepada Southern State University Connecticut, sebahagian daripada Sistem Universiti Negeri Connecticut, dan Albertus Magnus College, sebuah institusi swasta. Gateway Community College mempunyai kampus di pusat bandar New Haven, yang dahulunya terletak di daerah Long Wharf; Gateway disatukan ke dalam satu kampus di pusat bandar menjadi kampus canggih baru (di tapak bangunan lama Macy) dan dibuka untuk semester Kejatuhan 2012. <> Apa universiti swasta terletak di pusat bandar New Haven? || Yale University <> Apa kolej komuniti terletak di pusat bandar New Haven? || Gateway Community College <> Apa universiti negeri terletak di New Haven? || Sekolah Negeri Southern Connecticut <> Sekolah apa yang berfungsi sebagai majikan terbesar New Haven? || Universiti Yale <> Pada tahun apakah Gateway Community College membuka kampus pusat bandar yang baru disatukan? || 2012 <> Di mana terletak di Universiti Yale. || jantung pusat bandar <> Apa nama sebuah universiti negeri juga terletak di bandar? || Southern Connecticut State University <> Sebelum pindah ke kawasan pusat bandar, New Haven mempunyai kolej komuniti yang biasa terletak di mana? || Daerah Long Wharf <> Selain daripada Yale, New Haven mempunyai satu lagi kolej swasta di bandar itu, nama itu? || Kolej Albertus Magnus <> Bilakah Kolej Komuniti Gateway baru dibuka? || Kejatuhan 2012", {"context": "New Haven is a notable center for higher education. Yale University, at the heart of downtown, is one of the city's best known features and its largest employer. New Haven is also home to Southern Connecticut State University, part of the Connecticut State University System, and Albertus Magnus College, a private institution. Gateway Community College has a campus in downtown New Haven, formerly located in the Long Wharf district; Gateway consolidated into one campus downtown into a new state-of-the-art campus (on the site of the old Macy's building) and was open for the Fall 2012 semester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Yale University"}], "question": "What private university is located in downtown New Haven?", "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Gateway Community College"}], "question": "What community college is located in downtown New Haven?", "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Southern Connecticut State University"}], "question": "What state university is located in New Haven?", "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Yale University"}], "question": "What school serves as the largest employer of New Haven?", "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did Gateway Community College open its newly consolidated downtown campus?", "id": "5727a6233acd2414000de8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "heart of downtown"}], "question": "Where is Yale University located.", "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Southern Connecticut State University"}], "question": "What the name of a state university also located in the city?", "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Long Wharf district"}], "question": "Before relocating to downtown area, New Haven has a community college that used to be located where?", "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Albertus Magnus College"}], "question": "Other than Yale, New Haven has another private college in the city, it's name?", "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Fall 2012"}], "question": "When was the new Gateway Community College open?", "id": "572a37a3af94a219006aa8c1"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1970, ujian New Haven Black Panther berlaku, ujian terbesar dan paling lama dalam sejarah Connecticut. Pengasas Parti Black Panther Bobby Seale dan sepuluh ahli Parti lain telah dibicarakan kerana membunuh seorang pemberi maklumat yang dikatakan. Bermula pada hari Mei, bandar ini menjadi pusat protes bagi 12,000 penyokong panther, pelajar kolej, dan aktivis New Left (termasuk Jean Genet, Benjamin Spock, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, dan John Froines), yang menumpukan pada New Haven Green , di seberang jalan dari mana percubaan diadakan. Konfrontasi ganas antara penunjuk perasaan dan polis New Haven berlaku, dan beberapa bom telah dimatikan di kawasan oleh radikal. Acara itu menjadi titik rali bagi New Left dan pengkritik Pentadbiran Nixon. <> Apa percubaan New Haven yang diketahui menjadi yang paling lama dalam sejarah Connecticut? || Ujian New Haven Black Panther <> Dalam tahun apakah percubaan New Haven Black Panther berlaku di New Haven? || 1970 <> Siapa pengasas bersama Black Panthers yang telah dibicarakan di New Haven? || Bobby Seale <> Hari apa yang menandakan permulaan New Haven ditimpa oleh 12,000 orang yang memperjuangkan percubaan Black Panther? || May Day <> Di lokasi Pusat New Haven mana penunjuk percobaan Black Panther berkumpul? || New Haven Green <> Apa kumpulan pergerakan politik yang diketahui di dalam bandar di kalangan orang bukan orang kulit putih? || Black Panther <> Berapa ramai yang menghadiri percubaan Black Panther pada tahun 1970? || 12,000 <> Hujahan percubaan menghasilkan apa yang khusus? || Konfrontasi ganas <> Protes juga memulakan permulaan mengkritik pentadbiran presiden? || Pentadbiran Nixon <> Apa nama salah seorang pemimpin parti yang juga berlaku pada percubaan? || Bobby Seale", {"context": "In 1970, the New Haven Black Panther trials took place, the largest and longest trials in Connecticut history. Black Panther Party co-founder Bobby Seale and ten other Party members were tried for murdering an alleged informant. Beginning on May Day, the city became a center of protest for 12,000 Panther supporters, college students, and New Left activists (including Jean Genet, Benjamin Spock, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and John Froines), who amassed on the New Haven Green, across the street from where the trials were being held. Violent confrontations between the demonstrators and the New Haven police occurred, and several bombs were set off in the area by radicals. The event became a rallying point for the New Left and critics of the Nixon Administration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "New Haven Black Panther trials"}], "question": "What New Haven trial is known to be the longest in the history of Connecticut?", "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1970"}], "question": "In what year did the New Haven Black Panther trials take place in New Haven?", "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Bobby Seale"}], "question": "Who was the co-founder of the Black Panthers that was placed on trial in New Haven?", "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "May Day"}], "question": "What day marked the beginning of New Haven being overwhelmed by 12,000 individuals protesting the Black Panther trials? ", "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "New Haven Green"}], "question": "In what central New Haven location did protesters of the Black Panther trials congregate?", "id": "57279e8c4b864d19001638b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Black Panther"}], "question": "What political movement group is known in within city among non whites?", "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many attended the trials of the Black Panther in 1970?", "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Violent confrontations"}], "question": "The protest of trial result in what specifically?", "id": "572a31b73f37b3190047879f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "the Nixon Administration"}], "question": "The protest also initiate the start of criticizing what presidential administration?", "id": "572a31b73f37b319004787a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Bobby Seale"}], "question": "What was the name of one of the party's leader that also happen to be on trial?", "id": "572a31b73f37b319004787a1"}]}], ["New Haven adalah tempat kelahiran bekas presiden George W. Bush, yang dilahirkan ketika bapanya, bekas presiden George H. W. Bush, tinggal di New Haven sementara seorang pelajar di Yale. Di samping menjadi tapak pendidikan kolej kedua-dua Presiden Bush, sebagai pelajar Yale, New Haven juga merupakan rumah sementara bekas presiden William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, dan Bill Clinton, serta Setiausaha Negara John Kerry. Presiden Clinton bertemu dengan isterinya, bekas Setiausaha Negara A.S. Hillary Rodham Clinton, sementara keduanya adalah pelajar di Yale Law School. Bekas naib presiden John C. Calhoun dan Dick Cheney juga belajar di New Haven (walaupun yang terakhir tidak lulus dari Yale). Sebelum pilihan raya 2008, kali terakhir tidak ada orang yang mempunyai hubungan dengan New Haven dan Yale sama ada tiket utama parti itu ialah 1968. James Hillhouse, seorang penduduk New Haven, berkhidmat sebagai Presiden pro tempore Senat Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1801. < > Apakah bekas presiden AS dilahirkan di New Haven? || George W. Bush <> Apa lembaga New Haven melakukan bekas presiden A.S., Bill Clinton dan Hillary Rodham Clinton? || Yale Law School <> Apa bekas naib presiden A.S. lulus dari Yale University? || John C. Calhoun <> Sebelum tahun 2008, pada tahun apa pemilihan terakhir berlaku di mana parti utama tidak mempunyai individu di atas tiket dengan sambungan ke New Haven dan Yale University? || 1968 <> Siapa yang pro Presiden Tempatan Senat pada tahun 1801 yang berasal dari New Haven? || James Hillhouse <> Yang mana bekas presiden A.S. telah dilahirkan di New Haven? || George W. Bush <> Pelbagai presiden telah belajar di kolej popular ini, anda boleh meneka nama universiti? || Yale <> Berkhidmat dalam Kabinet Presiden Obama, lelaki ini juga telah belajar di Yale, bolehkah anda meneka siapa? || John Kerry <> Yale University sangat bersekutu dengan calon presiden kami sejak tahun berapa? || 1968", {"context": "New Haven is the birthplace of former president George W. Bush, who was born when his father, former president George H. W. Bush, was living in New Haven while a student at Yale. In addition to being the site of the college educations of both Presidents Bush, as Yale students, New Haven was also the temporary home of former presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, and Bill Clinton, as well as Secretary of State John Kerry. President Clinton met his wife, former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, while the two were students at Yale Law School. Former vice presidents John C. Calhoun and Dick Cheney also studied in New Haven (although the latter did not graduate from Yale). Before the 2008 election, the last time there was not a person with ties to New Haven and Yale on either major party's ticket was 1968. James Hillhouse, a New Haven native, served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate in 1801.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "What former U.S. president was born in New Haven?", "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Yale Law School"}], "question": "What New Haven institution did former U.S. president Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton both attend?", "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "John C. Calhoun"}], "question": "What former U.S. vice president graduated from Yale University?", "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "1968"}], "question": "Prior to 2008, in what year did the last election occur in which neither major party had an individual on the ticket with a connection to New Haven and Yale University?", "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "James Hillhouse"}], "question": "Who was the President pro tempore of the Senate in 1801 that was native to New Haven?", "id": "57278c0ddd62a815002e9ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "George W. Bush"}], "question": "Which former U.S. president have been born in New Haven?", "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "Multiple president have studied at this popular college, you can guess the name of the university?", "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "John Kerry"}], "question": "Serving in President Obama's cabinet, this man has also studied at Yale, can you guess who?", "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "1968"}], "question": "Yale University is heavily affiliate with our presidential candidates since what year?", "id": "572a2e1aaf94a219006aa86c"}]}], ["Biro Banci A.S. melaporkan penduduk tahun 2010 sebanyak 129,779, dengan 47,094 isi rumah dan 25,854 keluarga dalam bandar New Haven. Ketumpatan penduduk adalah 6,859.8 orang per mil persegi (2,648.6 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 52,941 unit rumah pada kepadatan purata 2,808.5 satu batu persegi (1,084.4 / km\u00b2). Ucapan perkauman bandar adalah 42.6% Putih, 35.4% Afrika Amerika, 0.5% Bahasa Asli Amerika, 4.6% Asia, 0.1% Pulau Pasifik, 12.9% daripada kaum lain dan 3.9% daripada dua atau lebih kaum. Penduduk Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum adalah 27.4% daripada penduduk. Orang bukan Hispanik adalah 31.8% daripada penduduk pada tahun 2010, turun dari 69.6% pada tahun 1970. Demografi di bandar ini beralih dengan cepat: New Haven sentiasa menjadi bandar pendatang dan kini penduduk Latin berkembang dengan pesat. Kebangkitan sebelumnya di kalangan kumpulan etnik telah menjadi Afrika-Amerika dalam era pasca perang, dan Ireland, Itali dan (kepada tahap yang lebih rendah) rakyat Slavia dalam tempoh sebelum perang. <> Berapa banyak rumah tangga terletak di New Haven menurut laporan Biro Banci A.S. 2010? || 47,094 <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk New Haven yang terdiri daripada individu yang mengenal pasti White? || 42.6% <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk New Haven yang terdiri daripada individu yang mengenal pasti sebagai Afrika Amerika? || 35.4% <> Apakah sektor minoriti poulation di New Haven saat ini mengalami pertumbuhan pesat? || Latino <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk New Haven seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Biro Banci A.S. pada tahun 2010? || 129,779 <> Dari segi kepadatan penduduk, apakah purata orang per kilometer persegi di New Haven? || 2,648.6 / km\u00b2 <> Mengenai pemastautin, apakah demografi untuk penduduk asli Amerika yang tinggal di bandar? || 0.5% <> New Haven mempunyai penduduk imigran yang besar, apa yang menjadi salah satu penyebab utama sepanjang abad yang lalu? || selepas perang <> Pada masa moden mempunyai penduduk Putih / Kaukasia meningkat atau berkurangan sejak 70-an? || turun dari 69.6% pada tahun 1970", {"context": "The U.S. Census Bureau reports a 2010 population of 129,779, with 47,094 households and 25,854 families within the city of New Haven. The population density is 6,859.8 people per square mile (2,648.6/km\u00b2). There are 52,941 housing units at an average density of 2,808.5 per square mile (1,084.4/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city is 42.6% White, 35.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 12.9% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 27.4% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 31.8% of the population in 2010, down from 69.6% in 1970. The city's demography is shifting rapidly: New Haven has always been a city of immigrants and currently the Latino population is growing rapidly. Previous influxes among ethnic groups have been African-Americans in the postwar era, and Irish, Italian and (to a lesser degree) Slavic peoples in the prewar period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "47,094"}], "question": "How many households are located in New Haven according to the 2010 U.S. Census Bureau report?", "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "42.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as White?", "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "35.4%"}], "question": "What percentage of New Haven's population is comprised by individuals identifying as African American?", "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Latino"}], "question": "What minority sector of the poulation in New Haven is currently experiencing rapid growth?", "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "129,779"}], "question": "What is the total population of New Haven as reported by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2010?", "id": "5727835af1498d1400e8fa4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "2,648.6/km\u00b2"}], "question": "In terms of population density, what is the average person per square kilometers in New Haven?", "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "0.5%"}], "question": "In regards to it resident, what is the demographic for Native Americans living in the city? ", "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "postwar"}], "question": "New Haven has a large immigrant population, what seems to be one of the main cause of it throughout the last century?", "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "down from 69.6% in 1970"}], "question": "In modern times has the population of White/Caucasian increase or decrease since the 70s?", "id": "572a2a71af94a219006aa852"}]}], ["Pada April 2009, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat bersetuju untuk mendengar saman atas diskriminasi terbalik yang dibawa oleh 20 ahli bomba putih dan Hispanik terhadap bandar. Saman itu melibatkan ujian promosi 2003 untuk Jabatan Bomba New Haven. Selepas ujian telah dijumlahkan, tiada orang kulit hitam yang mencetak gol cukup tinggi untuk layak dipertimbangkan untuk promosi, jadi bandar itu mengumumkan bahawa tidak ada yang akan dipromosikan. Pada 29 Jun 2009, Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat memutuskan untuk memihak kepada anggota bomba, menyetujui bahawa mereka tidak dinafikan promosi kerana bangsa mereka. Kes itu, Ricci v. DeStefano, menjadi sangat publisiti dan membawa perhatian nasional kepada politik New Haven kerana penglibatan penama Mahkamah Agung kemudian (dan Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor dalam keputusan mahkamah rendah. <> Pada tahun apakah Mahkamah Agung A.S. bersetuju untuk mendengar tuntutan undang-undang yang pada asalnya difailkan oleh 20 anggota bomba putih dan Hispanik mencari bantuan dari bandar New Haven? || 2009 <> Apakah isu undang-undang utama di pusat saman yang difailkan terhadap New Haven oleh ahli bomba? || diskriminasi terbalik <> Pada tahun apa bandar New Haven menafikan semua promosi pemadam kebakaran memetik prestasi buruk para pemadam kebakaran hitam mengenai ujian prestasi? || 2003 <> Apa nama kes 2009 di mana Mahkamah Agung A.S. memberikan bantuan kepada ahli bomba New Haven terhadap bandar New Haven? || Ricci v. DeStefano Yang Hakim Mahkamah Agung adalah lulusan Yale Law School dan sedang menjalani proses pencalonan pada masa tuntutan 2009 yang difailkan oleh petugas pemadam kebakaran terhadap kota New Haven? || Sonia Sotomayor <> Kasus Mahkamah Agung pada 2009 yang mempunyai City of New Haven berbanding siapa? || 20 orang ahli bomba putih dan Hispanik <> Apakah tarikh keputusan terakhir? || 29 Jun 2009 <> Nama sebenar untuk kes itu? || Ricci v. DeStefano <> Pelakon mahkamah agak popular kerana orang yang berkenaan? || Sonia Sotomayor <> Setelah mencapai keputusan itu, pernyataan ringkasan adalah bandar yang menafikan pemadam kebakaran sebagai promosi kerana apa? || kerana bangsa mereka", {"context": "In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for consideration for promotion, so the city announced that no one would be promoted. On 29 June 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of the firefighters, agreeing that they were improperly denied promotion because of their race. The case, Ricci v. DeStefano, became highly publicized and brought national attention to New Haven politics due to the involvement of then-Supreme Court nominee (and Yale Law School graduate) Sonia Sotomayor in a lower court decision.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did the U.S. Supreme Court agree to hear a lawsuit originally filed by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters seeking relief from the city of New Haven?", "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d9258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "reverse discrimination"}], "question": "What was the primary legal issue at the center of the suit filed against New Haven by firefighters?", "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d9259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did the city of New Haven deny all firefighters promotions citing the poor performance of black firefighters on performance tests ?", "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}], "question": "What was the name of the 2009 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court awarded relief to New Haven firefighters against the city of New Haven?", "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Sonia Sotomayor"}], "question": "Which Supreme Court Justice was a graduate of Yale Law School and was currently undergoing the nomination process at the time of the 2009 lawsuit filed by firefighters against the city of New Haven? ", "id": "5727a1232ca10214002d925c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "20 white and Hispanic firefighters"}], "question": "The 2009 Supreme Court Case which had the City of New Haven versus who?", "id": "572a334d1d04691400779845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "29 June 2009"}], "question": "What was the date of the final ruling?", "id": "572a334d1d04691400779846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}], "question": "The actual name for the case was what?", "id": "572a334d1d04691400779847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "Sonia Sotomayor"}], "question": "The court cast was rather popular due to which person on the case?", "id": "572a334d1d04691400779848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "because of their race"}], "question": "Upon reaching a verdict the summary statement was that city denied the firefighter a promotion because of what?", "id": "572a334d1d04691400779849"}]}], ["New Haven adalah subjek Who Governs? Demokrasi dan Kuasa di Kota Amerika, sebuah buku yang sangat berpengaruh dalam sains politik oleh profesor Yale yang terkenal Robert A. Dahl, yang merangkumi sejarah bandar yang luas dan penerangan menyeluruh mengenai politiknya pada tahun 1950-an. Sejarah teokratik New Haven juga disebutkan beberapa kali oleh Alexis de Tocqueville dalam jilid klasiknya pada kehidupan politik Amerika abad ke-19, Demokrasi di Amerika. New Haven adalah kediaman pemikir konservatif William F. Buckley, Jr., pada tahun 1951, ketika dia menulis Tuhan dan Manusia yang berpengaruh di Yale. William Lee Miller's The Fifteenth Ward dan The Great Society (1966) juga meneroka hubungan antara politik tempatan di New Haven dan pergerakan politik negara, memfokuskan kepada Great Society Lyndon Johnson dan pembaharuan bandar. <> Apakah tajuk buku sains politik yang ditulis oleh seorang profesor Yale, yang meneroka politik dan sejarah New Haven sepanjang tahun 1950-an? || Siapa Yang Mengurus? Demokrasi dan Kuasa di Kota Amerika <> Siapakah pengarang \"Siapa yang Menguasa? Demokrasi Kuasa di Kota Amerika\" || Robert A. Dahl <> Apa kerja terakhir oleh Alexis de Tocqueville menyebutkan kerajaan teokratik asal New Haven? || Demokrasi di Amerika <> Kepada yang konservatif yang menonjol, yang mengarang Tuhan dan Man di Yale, adakah New Haven menyediakan kediaman pada tahun 1951? || William F. Buckley, Jr. <Siapa pengarang The Ward Kelima dan Masyarakat Besar? || William Lee Miller <> Apakah nama buku yang popular membincangkan politik New Haven yang diterbitkan pada tahun 50-an? || Demokrasi dan Kuasa di Kota Amerika <> Apa sejarah sejarawan Perancis yang terkenal menyebut bandar di dalam bukunya Demokrasi di Amerika? || Alexis de Tocqueville <> New Haven adalah rumah kepada pengarang yang menulis Tuhan dan Man di Yale, nama penulis itu? || William F. Buckley, Jr. <> Apa nama buku yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1966 yang memberi tumpuan kepada politik bandar dalam hubungan dengan dasar Presiden Johnson? || Persatuan Besar", {"context": "New Haven was the subject of Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City, a very influential book in political science by preeminent Yale professor Robert A. Dahl, which includes an extensive history of the city and thorough description of its politics in the 1950s. New Haven's theocratic history is also mentioned several times by Alexis de Tocqueville in his classic volume on 19th-century American political life, Democracy in America. New Haven was the residence of conservative thinker William F. Buckley, Jr., in 1951, when he wrote his influential God and Man at Yale. William Lee Miller's The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society (1966) similarly explores the relationship between local politics in New Haven and national political movements, focusing on Lyndon Johnson's Great Society and urban renewal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Who Governs? Democracy and Power in An American City"}], "question": "What is the title of the political science book, written by a Yale professor, that explores New Haven politics and history throughout the 1950's?", "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Robert A. Dahl"}], "question": "Who is the author of \"Who Governs? Democracy an Power in An American City\"", "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Democracy in America"}], "question": "What penultimate work by Alexis de Tocqueville makes mention of New Haven's original theocratic government?", "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}], "question": "To which prominent conservative, that authored God and Man at Yale, did New Haven provide residence in 1951?", "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "William Lee Miller"}], "question": "Who is the author of The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society?", "id": "57279d143acd2414000de7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Democracy and Power in An American City"}], "question": "What is the name of popular book discussing the politics of New Haven published in the 50s?", "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Alexis de Tocqueville"}], "question": "What famous french historian mention the city within his book Democracy in America?", "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "William F. Buckley, Jr."}], "question": "New Haven was the home to author that wrote God and Man at Yale, the writer's name was?", "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the Great Society"}], "question": "What is the name of the book published in 1966 that had focus on the city politics in relations with President Johnson's policies?", "id": "572a2fefaf94a219006aa874"}]}], ["Ksatria Columbus, organisasi perkhidmatan persaudaraan Katolik terbesar di dunia dan syarikat Fortune 1000, beribu pejabat di New Haven. Dua lagi Fortune 1000 syarikat berpangkalan di Greater New Haven: pengeluar peralatan elektrik Hubbell, yang berpangkalan di Orange, dan Amphenol, yang berpangkalan di Wallingford. Lapan Courant 100 syarikat berpangkalan di Greater New Haven, dengan empat beribu pejabat di New Haven sesuai. Syarikat-syarikat yang berpangkalan di New Haven yang didagangkan di bursa saham termasuk NewAlliance Bank, bank kedua terbesar di Connecticut dan keempat terbesar di New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), firma perkhidmatan kewangan United Illuminating, pengedar untuk Connecticut selatan (NYSE: UIL), Achillion Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ACHN), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS: ALXN), dan Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). Vion Pharmaceuticals didagangkan OTC (OTC BB: VIONQ.OB). Syarikat-syarikat terkenal lain yang berpusat di bandar itu termasuk Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (bahagian pembuatan gula-gula Syarikat Hershey), bahagian Amerika Syarikat Assa Abloy (salah satu pengeluar terkemuka di dunia), Yale University Press, dan Russell Persatuan Amanah (cabang perniagaan Persatuan Skull dan Bones). Syarikat Telefon Southern New England (SNET) mula beroperasi di bandar sebagai Syarikat Telefon Distrik New Haven pada tahun 1878; syarikat itu masih beribu pejabat di New Haven sebagai anak syarikat AT & T Inc., kini menjalankan perniagaan sebagai AT & T Connecticut, dan menyediakan perkhidmatan telefon untuk semua tetapi dua majlis perbandaran di Connecticut. <> Apa syarikat Fortune 1000, juga organisasi perkhidmatan Katolik terbesar di dunia, berpangkalan di New Haven? || The Knights of Columbus <> Apa pengeluar peralatan elektrik terkemuka, juga sebuah syarikat Fortune 1000, yang berpusat di Greater New Haven? || Hubbell <> Apa bank yang didagangkan secara terbuka, juga yang kedua terbesar di Connecticut, berpusat di New Haven? || NewAlliance <> Apakah nama perniagaan New Haven yang berpusat pada Persatuan Skull dan Bones yang terkenal? || Persatuan Amanah Russell <> Pada tahun apakah Syarikat Telefon Southern New England, dahulu Syarikat Telefon Daerah New Haven, menubuhkan operasi di kawasan tersebut? || 1878 <> New Haven mengandungi salah satu organisasi perkhidmatan agama terbesar di dunia, nama itu? || Ksatria Columbus <> Dalam kawasan metropolitan New Haven mengandungi syarikat Fortune 1000 yang terletak di Orange, nama syarikat itu? || Hubbell <> Apa nama bank kedua terbesar yang terdapat di Connecticut? || NewAlliance Bank <> Sebagai salah satu syarikat telefon tertua, SNET bermula pada tahun berapa? || 1878 <> Pada zaman moden SNET beroperasi seperti apa di New Haven? || anak syarikat AT & T", {"context": "The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization and a Fortune 1000 company, is headquartered in New Haven. Two more Fortune 1000 companies are based in Greater New Haven: the electrical equipment producers Hubbell, based in Orange, and Amphenol, based in Wallingford. Eight Courant 100 companies are based in Greater New Haven, with four headquartered in New Haven proper. New Haven-based companies traded on stock exchanges include NewAlliance Bank, the second largest bank in Connecticut and fourth-largest in New England (NYSE: NAL), Higher One Holdings (NYSE: ONE), a financial services firm United Illuminating, the electricity distributor for southern Connecticut (NYSE: UIL), Achillion Pharmaceuticals (NASDAQ: ACHN), Alexion Pharmaceuticals (NasdaqGS: ALXN), and Transpro Inc. (AMEX: TPR). Vion Pharmaceuticals is traded OTC (OTC BB: VIONQ.OB). Other notable companies based in the city include the Peter Paul Candy Manufacturing Company (the candy-making division of the Hershey Company), the American division of Assa Abloy (one of the world's leading manufacturers of locks), Yale University Press, and the Russell Trust Association (the business arm of the Skull and Bones Society). The Southern New England Telephone Company (SNET) began operations in the city as the District Telephone Company of New Haven in 1878; the company remains headquartered in New Haven as a subsidiary of AT&T Inc., now doing business as AT&T Connecticut, and provides telephone service for all but two municipalities in Connecticut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Knights of Columbus"}], "question": "What Fortune 1000 company, also the largest Catholic service organization in the world, is based in New Haven?", "id": "5727814d708984140094df65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Hubbell"}], "question": "What prominent producer of electrical equipment, also a Fortune 1000 company, is based in Greater New Haven? ", "id": "5727814d708984140094df66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "NewAlliance"}], "question": "What publicly traded bank, also the second largest in Connecticut, is based in New Haven?", "id": "5727814d708984140094df67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1155, "text": "Russell Trust Association"}], "question": "What is the name of the New Haven-based business faction of the infamous Skull and Bones Society?", "id": "5727814d708984140094df68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1361, "text": "1878"}], "question": "In what year did the Southern New England Telephone Company, formerly the District Telephone Company of New Haven, establish operations in the area? ", "id": "5727814d708984140094df69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Knights of Columbus"}], "question": "New Haven contains one of largest religious service organization in the world, it's name?", "id": "572a28b06aef051400155320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Hubbell"}], "question": "Within the New Haven metropolitan area contain a Fortune 1000 company located in Orange, the name of the company?", "id": "572a28b06aef051400155321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "NewAlliance Bank"}], "question": "What is the name of the second largest bank found in Connecticut?", "id": "572a28b06aef051400155322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1361, "text": "1878"}], "question": "As one of the oldest telephone companies, the SNET started in what year?", "id": "572a28b06aef051400155323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1419, "text": "subsidiary of AT&T"}], "question": "In modern day SNET operates as what in New Haven?", "id": "572a28b06aef051400155324"}]}], ["Semasa waktu makan tengah hari, lebih daripada 150 gerai makan tengah hari dan trak makanan dari restoran kejiranan memenuhi pelbagai populasi pelajar di seluruh kampus Yale. Keratan gerabak di tiga tempat utama: oleh Yale - Hospital New Haven di pusat Hospital Green (jalan raya Cedar dan York), oleh Yale's Trumbull College (Jalan Elm dan York), dan di persimpangan Jalan Prospect dan Sachem oleh Yale School of Management. Pasar-pasar petani yang popular, yang dikendalikan oleh CitySeed bukan keuntungan tempatan, menubuhkan mingguan di beberapa kawasan kejiranan, termasuk Westville / Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, dan Downtown / New Haven Green. <> Di mana jalan-jalan silang, menandakan pusat Hospital Green of Yale - Hospital New Haven, melakukan keranjang makanan berkumpul pada hari kerja? || Cedar dan York streets <> Apa kuliah Yale terletak di Elm dan York Street di New Haven? || Trumbull College <> Sekolah apa Yale terletak berhampiran persimpangan Jalan Prospect dan Sachem? || Yale School of Management <> Apa untung New Haven mengurus pasaran petani yang melayani pelbagai kawasan mingguan di seluruh kawasan itu? || CitySeed <> Berapa keranjang makan tengah hari di Kampus Yale semasa makan tengah hari? || lebih dari 150 <> yang menguruskan pasaran petani New Haven? || Fair Haven, <> Hospital New Haven terletak di mana di Hospital Green? || Jalan-jalan Cedar dan York", {"context": "During weekday lunchtime, over 150 lunch carts and food trucks from neighborhood restaurants cater to different student populations throughout Yale's campus. The carts cluster at three main points: by Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital in the center of the Hospital Green (Cedar and York streets), by Yale's Trumbull College (Elm and York streets), and on the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets by the Yale School of Management. Popular farmers' markets, managed by the local non-profit CitySeed, set up shop weekly in several neighborhoods, including Westville/Edgewood Park, Fair Haven, Upper State Street, Wooster Square, and Downtown/New Haven Green.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Cedar and York streets"}], "question": "At what cross streets, marking the center of the Hospital Green of Yale - New Haven Hospital, do food carts congregate on weekdays?", "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Trumbull College"}], "question": "What college of Yale is located at Elm and York Streets in New Haven? ", "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Yale School of Management"}], "question": "What school of Yale is located nearest the intersection of Prospect and Sachem streets?", "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "CitySeed"}], "question": "What New Haven non-profit manages the farmer's markets that service various neighborhoods weekly throughout the area?", "id": "5727b27d4b864d1900163aa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "over 150"}], "question": "How many lunch carts are there in Yale's Campus during lunchtime?", "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Fair Haven,"}], "question": "Who manages New Haven's farmers' market?", "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Cedar and York streets"}], "question": "New Haven Hospital is located at where in Hospital Green?", "id": "572a3cf63f37b3190047880d"}]}], ["Artspace di Orange Street adalah salah satu daripada beberapa galeri seni kontemporari di sekitar bandaraya, mempamerkan karya artis tempatan, kebangsaan, dan antarabangsa. Lain-lain termasuk City Gallery dan A. Leaf Gallery di kawasan pusat bandar. Galeri Westville termasuk Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, dan The Hungry Eye. Kompleks Erector Square di kejiranan Fair Haven menempatkan galeri Parasut Kilang bersama dengan banyak studio artis, dan kompleks berfungsi sebagai destinasi aktif semasa City-Wide Open Studios diadakan setiap tahun pada bulan Oktober. <> Apa nama galeri seni kontemporari terkemuka di Orange Street di New Haven? || Artspace <> Apakah dua galeri seni kontemporari yang terletak di pusat bandar New Haven? || Galeri Bandar dan A. Leaf Gallery <> Di mana kawasan New Haven adalah Kehler Liddel, Galeri Jennider Jane, dan Galeri Hungry Eye terletak? || Westville <> Apa galeri New Haven ditempatkan di kompleks Erector Square yang terletak di kawasan kejiranan Fair Haven? || Kilang Parachute <> Untuk apa acara seni tahunan New Haven, yang diadakan pada awal bulan Oktober, adalah kompleks Erector Square yang digunakan? || City-Wide Open Studios <> Apakah nama galeri seni yang menjadi tuan rumah pelbagai artis di dalam dan di seluruh dunia? || Artspace <> Galeri ini mengandungi karya-karya artis seperti The Hungry Eye, apa nama tempat itu? || Galeri Westville <> Kompleks Erector Square adalah galeri yang terletak di mana? || Rumah kejiranan Fair Haven <> Selama bulan mana kompleksnya sangat aktif? || Oktober", {"context": "Artspace on Orange Street is one of several contemporary art galleries around the city, showcasing the work of local, national, and international artists. Others include City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery in the downtown area. Westville galleries include Kehler Liddell, Jennifer Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye. The Erector Square complex in the Fair Haven neighborhood houses the Parachute Factory gallery along with numerous artist studios, and the complex serves as an active destination during City-Wide Open Studios held yearly in October.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Artspace"}], "question": "What is the name of a prominent contemporary art gallery on Orange Street in New Haven?", "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "City Gallery and A. Leaf Gallery"}], "question": "What are two contemporary art galleries located in downtown New Haven?", "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Westville"}], "question": "In what area of New Haven are Kehler Liddel, Jennider Jane Gallery, and The Hungry Eye Gallery located? ", "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Parachute Factory"}], "question": "What New Haven gallery is housed in the Erector Square complex located in the Fair Haven neighborhood? ", "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "City-Wide Open Studios"}], "question": "For what annual New Haven art event, held in early October, is the Erector Square complex used? ", "id": "5727b7823acd2414000dea77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Artspace"}], "question": "What is the name of the art gallery that hosts multiple artist locally and around the world?", "id": "572a48aefed8de19000d5b6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Westville galleries"}], "question": "This gallery contains works of artist such as The Hungry Eye, what is name of the place?", "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Fair Haven neighborhood houses"}], "question": "The Erector Square complex is a gallery that is located where?", "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "October"}], "question": "During which month is the complex particularly active? ", "id": "572a48affed8de19000d5b70"}]}], ["The New Haven Green adalah tapak banyak konsert muzik percuma, terutamanya semasa musim panas. Ini termasuk Orkestra Simfoni New Haven, Konser Bebas Bulan Julai di Hijau pada bulan Julai, dan Festival Jazz New Haven pada bulan Ogos. Festival Jazz, yang bermula pada tahun 1982, merupakan salah satu festival luaran yang paling lama di Amerika Syarikat, sehingga ia dibatalkan untuk tahun 2007. The headliners seperti The Breakfast, Dave Brubeck, Ray Charles dan Celia Cruz telah menarik 30,000 hingga 50,000 peminat, mengisi New Haven Green menjadi kapasiti. Festival Jazz New Haven dihidupkan semula pada tahun 2008 dan telah ditaja sejak Jazz Haven. <> Kawasan awam yang mana di New Haven adalah rumah untuk konsert percuma pada musim panas? || New Haven Green <> Apa festival muzik yang dimulakan pada tahun 1982 di New Haven? || New Haven Jazz Festival <> Pada tahun apakah New Javen Jazz Festival dibatalkan, dengan itu menghalangnya daripada menjadi salah satu perayaan luaran percuma yang paling lama di A.S.? || 2007 <> Siapa yang menaja Festival Jazz New Haven? || Jazz Haven <> Apakah nama konsert yang diadakan di New Haven Green sepanjang bulan Julai? || Julai Konsert Percuma <> Apa peristiwa popular yang berlaku di kawasan New Haven Green? || konsert muzik percuma <> Bila pesta Jazz pertama kali pertama kali dibuat? || 1982 <> Secara amnya berapa ramai orang menghadiri konsert muzik ini? || 30,000 hingga 50,000 peminat <Selepas pembatalan pada 2007, organisasi apa yang menyokong Pesta Jazz New Haven? || Jazz Haven", {"context": "The New Haven Green is the site of many free music concerts, especially during the summer months. These have included the New Haven Symphony Orchestra, the July Free Concerts on the Green in July, and the New Haven Jazz Festival in August. The Jazz Festival, which began in 1982, is one of the longest-running free outdoor festivals in the U.S., until it was canceled for 2007. Headliners such as The Breakfast, Dave Brubeck, Ray Charles and Celia Cruz have historically drawn 30,000 to 50,000 fans, filling up the New Haven Green to capacity. The New Haven Jazz Festival was revived in 2008 and has been sponsored since by Jazz Haven.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "New Haven Green"}], "question": "What public area in New Haven is home to free concerts in the summer?", "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "New Haven Jazz Festival"}], "question": "What musical festival was initiated in 1982 in New Haven?", "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year was the New Haven Jazz Festival cancelled, thereby precluding it from being one of the longest running free outdoor festivals in the U.S.?", "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Jazz Haven"}], "question": "Who sponsors the New Haven Jazz Festival?", "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "July Free Concerts"}], "question": "What is the name for the concerts held on New Haven Green throughout the month of July?", "id": "5727b8ae3acd2414000dea93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "free music concerts"}], "question": "What popular events that place in New Haven Green area?", "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did the first Jazz Festival made it debut?", "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "30,000 to 50,000 fans"}], "question": "In general how many people attend these music concerts?", "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Jazz Haven"}], "question": "After being cancel in 2007, what organization currently support New Haven Jazz Festival?", "id": "572a4a2a1d046914007798ce"}]}], ["Tuntutan gastronomi New Haven yang kedua adalah Louis 'Lunch, yang terletak di bangunan bata kecil di Crown Street dan telah berkhidmat makanan segera sejak tahun 1895. Walaupun sangat dibahaskan, pengasas restoran Louis Lassen dikreditkan oleh Perpustakaan Kongres dengan mencipta sandwich hamburger dan stik. Makan tengah hari Louis menyerbu hamburger, sandwic steak dan anjing panas secara menegak di dapur antik asli 1898 dengan menggunakan gridiron, yang dipatenkan oleh pemastautin tempatan Luigi Pieragostini pada tahun 1939, yang memegang daging di tempat sementara ia memasak. <> Apa tempat penubuhan makanan segera New Haven yang terletak di Crown Street? || Louis 'Lunch <> Pada tahun apakah Louis' Makan Tengahari memulakan hidangan makanan segera di New Haven? || 1895 <> Siapakah pengasas makan tengahari Louis di New Haven? || Louis Lassen <> Apakah badan kerajaan persekutuan mengiktiraf penduduk New Haven Louis Lassen dengan mencipta sandwich hamburger dan stik? || Perpustakaan Kongres <> Yang mana penduduk New Haven paten dapur besi tuang menggunakan besi grid pada tahun 1939? || Luigi Pieragostini <> Louis 'Lunch adalah popular untuk melayani apa? || hamburger <> Apa yang khusus bagaimana makan siang Louis 'memasak' makanannya? || 1898 dapur besi tuang menggunakan gridirons <> Bilakah makan tengahari Louis didapati? || 1895", {"context": "A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Louis' Lunch"}], "question": "What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?", "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "1895"}], "question": "In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?", "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Louis Lassen"}], "question": "Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?", "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Library of Congress"}], "question": "What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?", "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Luigi Pieragostini"}], "question": "Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?", "id": "5727afea2ca10214002d93d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "the hamburger"}], "question": "Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?", "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons"}], "question": "What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?", "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "1895"}], "question": "When was Louis's Lunch found?", "id": "572a3c136aef0514001553c2"}]}], ["Hopkins School, sebuah sekolah swasta, ditubuhkan pada 1660 dan merupakan institusi pendidikan kelima tertua di Amerika Syarikat. New Haven adalah rumah kepada beberapa sekolah swasta dan sekolah magnet biasa, termasuk Akademi Perniagaan Metropolitan, Sekolah Tinggi dalam Komuniti, Sekolah Tinggi Kerjaya Wilayah Hill, Sekolah Tinggi Ko-op, Akademi New Haven, Pusat Pendidikan ACES untuk Seni, Sekolah Foote dan Sekolah Bunyi, semuanya menarik pelajar dari New Haven dan bandar pinggir bandar. New Haven juga menempatkan dua Sekolah Piagam Pencapaian Pertama, Amistad Academy dan Elm City College Prep, dan Common Ground, sebuah sekolah piagam persekitaran. <> Apa sekolah swasta, dengan perbezaan yang ketara sebagai institusi pendidikan kelima tertua di A.S., diasaskan di New Haven? || Hopkins School <> Pada tahun berapa sekolah Hopkins ditubuhkan di New Haven? || 1660 <> Apakah nama sekolah piagam persekitaran yang terletak di New Haven? || Common Ground <> Apakah nama-nama kedua sekolah piagam Pencapaian Pertama yang terletak di New Haven? || Akademi Amistad dan Sekolah Elm City Prep <> Apa sekolah magnet di New Haven berpusat di sekitar pendidikan seni? || ACES Pusat Pendidikan untuk Seni <> Sebagai salah satu sekolah tertua yang diasaskan pada tahun 1660, apakah nama itu? || Hopkins School <> Dari segi sekolah berapa umurnya berbanding dengan sejarah orang lain? || kelima tertua <> Berapa banyak sekolah piagam yang terdapat di New Haven? || dua", {"context": "Hopkins School, a private school, was founded in 1660 and is the fifth-oldest educational institution in the United States. New Haven is home to a number of other private schools as well as public magnet schools, including Metropolitan Business Academy, High School in the Community, Hill Regional Career High School, Co-op High School, New Haven Academy, ACES Educational Center for the Arts, the Foote School and the Sound School, all of which draw students from New Haven and suburban towns. New Haven is also home to two Achievement First charter schools, Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep, and to Common Ground, an environmental charter school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hopkins School"}], "question": "What private school, with the notable distinction of being the fifth-oldest educational institution in the U.S., was founded in New Haven?", "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1660"}], "question": "In what year was Hopkins School founded in New Haven?", "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "Common Ground"}], "question": "What is the name of the environmental charter school located in New Haven?", "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Amistad Academy and Elm City College Prep"}], "question": "What are the names of the two Achievement First charter schools located in New Haven?", "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "ACES Educational Center for the Arts"}], "question": "What magnet school in New Haven is centered around arts education?", "id": "5727aa68ff5b5019007d9224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hopkins School"}], "question": "As one of the oldest school which was founded in 1660, what is it's name?", "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "fifth-oldest"}], "question": "In terms of schools how old is it historically compare to others?", "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many charters schools are available in New Haven?", "id": "572a38a73f37b319004787d9"}]}], ["Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Janji Baru Haven, beasiswa yang dibiayai oleh Universiti Yale untuk pelajar yang memenuhi syarat. Pelajar mesti didaftarkan di sekolah menengah awam (termasuk termasuk) selama empat tahun, menjadi pemastautin di bandar pada masa itu, membawa purata rata-rata gred kumulatif 3.0, mempunyai kadar kehadiran 90 peratus dan melaksanakan 40 jam perkhidmatan untuk Bandar. Inisiatif ini telah dilancarkan pada 2010 dan kini terdapat lebih daripada 500 Sarjana yang mendaftar di kolej dan universiti Connecticut yang layak. Terdapat lebih daripada 60 bandar di negara ini yang mempunyai program jenis Janji untuk pelajar mereka. <> Apakah biasiswa yang diberikan di New Haven oleh Yale University kepada pelajar sekolah awam memenuhi kriteria yang ditetapkan? || New Haven Promise <> Apa itu kumulatif IPK yang diperlukan untuk pelajar untuk layak mendapat beasiswa New Haven Promise? || 3.0 <> Berapa jam perkhidmatan masyarakat harus dilakukan oleh pelajar untuk memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan khidmat Beasiswa Baru Haven? || 40 jam <> Berapakah kadar kehadiran minimum untuk pelajar layak untuk Beasiswa Baru Haven Beasiswa? || 90 peratus <> Pada tahun apakah inisiatif New Haven Promise scholarship? || 2010 <> Apakah nama biasiswa dibiayai oleh Yale? || New Haven Promise <> Dari segi keperluan jenis perkhidmatan apa yang perlu dipenuhi untuk digunakan? || 40 jam perkhidmatan ke bandar. <> Bilakah projek sarjana bermula? || 2010 <> Sekarang berapa jumlah pelajar yang telah diluluskan oleh program ini? || lebih daripada 500 Ulama", {"context": "The city is home to New Haven Promise, a scholarship funded by Yale University for students who meet the requirements. Students must be enrolled in a public high school (charters included) for four years, be a resident of the city during that time, carry a 3.0 cumulative grade-point average, have a 90-percent attendance rate and perform 40 hours of service to the city. The initiative was launched in 2010 and there are currently more than 500 Scholars enrolled in qualifying Connecticut colleges and universities. There are more than 60 cities in the country that have a Promise-type program for their students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "New Haven Promise"}], "question": "What scholarship is awarded in New Haven by Yale University to public school students meeting specified criteria?", "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "3.0"}], "question": "What is the cumulative GPA necessary for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?", "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "40 hours"}], "question": "How many hours of community service must a student perform in order to be eligible for the New Haven Promise scholarship?", "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "90-percent"}], "question": "What is the minimum attendance rate for a student to be eligible for the New Haven Promise Scholarship?", "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was the New Haven Promise scholarship initiated? ", "id": "5727abea3acd2414000de943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "New Haven Promise"}], "question": "What is the name of the scholarship is funded by Yale?", "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "40 hours of service to the city."}], "question": "In terms of requirement what sort of service would one needs to fulfilled in order to apply?", "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did the scholar project begin?", "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "more than 500 Scholars"}], "question": "Currently how many students total have been approve by the program?", "id": "572a398baf94a219006aa8d4"}]}], ["Livability.com bernama New Haven sebagai City Foodie Terbaik di negara ini pada tahun 2014. Terdapat 56 restoran bernilai Zagat di New Haven, yang paling banyak di Connecticut dan yang paling tinggi di New England (selepas Boston dan Cambridge). Lebih daripada 120 restoran terletak dalam dua blok Green Haven Baru. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada campuran eklektik restoran etnik dan pasar kecil yang mengkhususkan diri dalam pelbagai makanan asing. Mewakili masakan termasuk Malaysia, Ethiopia, Sepanyol, Belgium, Perancis, Yunani, Amerika Latin, Mexico, Itali, Thai, Cina, Jepun, Vietnam, Korea, India, Jamaica, Cuba, Peru, Syria / Lubnan dan Turki. <> Apakah perbezaan yang diberikan kepada New Haven pada tahun 2014 oleh Livability.com? || City Foodie Terbaik <> Berapa banyak restoran bernilai Zagat yang terletak di New Haven? || 56 <> Berapa bandar di Connecticut mempunyai bilangan tertinggi restoran berpangkalan di Zagat? || New Haven <> Berapa banyak restoran yang boleh diakses dalam radius dua blok New Haven Green? || Lebih daripada 120 <> Laman web apa yang memberikan kritikan kritikal kepada New Haven untuk makanan di bandar? || Livability.com <> Berapa banyak restoran yang terletak di pusat bandar New Haven? || Lebih daripada 120 restoran <> Terdapat kira-kira berapa restoran bernilai Zagat yang terletak di bandar? || 56 <> Di dalam bandar ada pasar yang menumpukan pada apa jenis masakan? || pelbagai makanan asing.", {"context": "Livability.com named New Haven as the Best Foodie City in the country in 2014. There are 56 Zagat-rated restaurants in New Haven, the most in Connecticut and the third most in New England (after Boston and Cambridge). More than 120 restaurants are located within two blocks of the New Haven Green. The city is home to an eclectic mix of ethnic restaurants and small markets specializing in various foreign foods. Represented cuisines include Malaysian, Ethiopian, Spanish, Belgian, French, Greek, Latin American, Mexican, Italian, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, Indian, Jamaican, Cuban, Peruvian, Syrian/Lebanese, and Turkish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Best Foodie City"}], "question": "What distinction was afforded to New Haven in 2014 by Livability.com?", "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "56"}], "question": "How many Zagat-rated restaurants are located in New Haven?", "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "New Haven"}], "question": "What city in Connecticut has the highest number of Zagat-rated restaurants?", "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "More than 120"}], "question": "How many restaurants can be accessed within a two block radius of New Haven Green?", "id": "5727ac984b864d1900163a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Livability.com"}], "question": "What website gave critical acclaim to New Haven for the city's food?", "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "More than 120 restaurants"}], "question": "How many restaurant are located in the center of New Haven's city?", "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "56"}], "question": "There are about how many Zagat-rated restaurants located in the city?", "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "various foreign foods."}], "question": "Within the cities there are markets that focus on what sort of cuisines?", "id": "572a3a4b6aef0514001553af"}]}], ["Bandar ini menjadi tuan rumah teater dan rumah produksi yang banyak, termasuk Yale Repertory Theatre, Long Wharf Theatre, dan Teater Shubert. Terdapat juga aktiviti teater dari Yale School of Drama, yang berfungsi melalui Teater Universiti Yale dan Yale Cabaret yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar. Universiti Negeri Connecticut Selatan menjadi tuan rumah Pusat Seni Persembahan Lyman. Teater Istana yang tertutup (bertentangan dengan Teater Shubert) sedang diubahsuai dan akan dibuka semula sebagai Dewan Muzik College Street pada Mei, 2015. Teater-teater yang lebih kecil termasuk Teater Little di Lincoln Street. Sekolah Seni Koperasi dan Kemanusiaan juga mempunyai teater terkini di College Street. Teater ini digunakan untuk produksi pelajar serta rumah untuk perkhidmatan mingguan ke gereja bukan denominasi tempatan, New Haven Church City. <> Selain Yale Reparatory Theatre, apakah dua rumah teater utama tambahan yang terletak di New Haven? || Long Wharf Theatre, dan Teater Shubert <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar di Universiti Yale menyediakan penerbitan teater di New Haven? || Yale Cabaret <> Apa tempat persembahan New Haven dihoskan oleh Southern State University Connecticut? || Lyman Centre for the Performing Arts <> Apakah nama asal College Street Music Hall? || Istana Istana <> Dalam tahun berapakah Dewan Muzik College Street yang telah diubahsuai semula? || 2015 <> Teater apa yang duduk di kampus Yale? || Yale University Theatre <> The Southern Connecticut State University mempunyai teater sendiri sebagai sementara, nama itu? || Lyman Centre <> Teater apa yang sedang dalam renovasi di bandar? || Istana Palace yang tertutup <> Sekolah apa yang terdapat di New Haven dikenali kerana ia teater yang digunakan oleh pelajar dan gereja? || Seni Koperasi dan Kemanusiaan High School <> Yale juga mempunyai teater yang diuruskan oleh 'murid sendiri', maka namanya? || Yale Cabaret.", {"context": "The city hosts numerous theatres and production houses, including the Yale Repertory Theatre, the Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre. There is also theatre activity from the Yale School of Drama, which works through the Yale University Theatre and the student-run Yale Cabaret. Southern Connecticut State University hosts the Lyman Center for the Performing Arts. The shuttered Palace Theatre (opposite the Shubert Theatre) is being renovated and will reopen as the College Street Music Hall in May, 2015. Smaller theatres include the Little Theater on Lincoln Street. Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School also boasts a state-of-the-art theatre on College Street. The theatre is used for student productions as well as the home to weekly services to a local non-denominational church, the City Church New Haven.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Long Wharf Theatre, and the Shubert Theatre"}], "question": "In addition to Yale Reparatory Theatre, what are two additional major theatre houses located in New Haven?", "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Yale Cabaret"}], "question": "What is the name of the student-run group at Yale University provides theatrical productions in New Haven?", "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Lyman Center for the Performing Arts"}], "question": "What New Haven performance venue is hosted by Southern Connecticut State University?", "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Palace Theatre"}], "question": "What was the original name of the College Street Music Hall?", "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "2015"}], "question": "In what year did the newly renovated College Street Music Hall reopen? ", "id": "5727b42d4b864d1900163ace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Yale University Theatre"}], "question": "What theater sits on Yale's campus?", "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Lyman Center"}], "question": "The Southern Connecticut State University has it own theater as while, it's name?", "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "The shuttered Palace Theatre"}], "question": "What theater is currently under renovation in the city?", "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "Cooperative Arts and Humanities High School"}], "question": "What school in New Haven is known for it's theater being used by both students and church?", "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Yale Cabaret."}], "question": "Yale also has a theater managed by its' own student, then name?", "id": "572a43916aef0514001553e6"}]}], ["New Haven mempunyai pelbagai muzium, kebanyakannya dikaitkan dengan Yale. Buku Rias Buku dan Manuskrip Beinecke mempunyai salinan asal Alkitab Gutenberg. Terdapat juga Muzium Kanak-kanak Connecticut; muzium Knights of Columbus berhampiran ibu pejabat dunia organisasi itu; Muzium Sejarah Alam Peabody; Koleksi Yale University of Musical Instruments; Muzium Eli Whitney (merentasi garis bandar di Hamden, Connecticut, di Whitney Avenue); Pusat Yale untuk Seni British, yang menempatkan koleksi seni terbesar di luar Inggeris, dan Yale University Art Gallery, muzium seni kolej tertua di negara ini. [rujukan?] New Haven juga merupakan rumah kepada Muzium New Haven dan Persatuan Sejarah di Whitney Avenue, yang mempunyai perpustakaan banyak khazanah sumber utama yang berasal dari masa Kolonial hingga sekarang. <> Di mana muzium New Haven adalah salinan asli Bible Gutenberg yang ditempatkan? || Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library <> Apa gunaan New Haven berfungsi sebagai muzium seni kolej tertua di negara ini? || Galeri Seni Universiti Yale <> Apa muzium New Haven menawarkan koleksi terbesar seni Inggeris yang terdapat di luar UK? || Yale Centre for Art British <> Muzium apa yang terletak di Hamden di Whitney Street dan didedikasikan untuk pencipta New Haven yang terkenal? || Muzium Eli Whitney <> Dengan apa universiti utama majoriti muzium di New Haven dikaitkan? || Yale <> Muzium yang mempunyai salinan asal Alkitab Gutenberg? || The Rare Book and Manuscript Beinecke <> Yale mendakwa memiliki muzium seni tertua di Amerika Syarikat, apa nama tempat itu? || Galeri Seni Universiti Yale <> Terdapat sebuah muzium di Whitney Avenue yang mengandungi pelbagai harta karun sejarah, apa nama 'nya? || Muzium dan Persatuan Sejarah New Haven <> Apakah nama muzium yang khusus menumpukan pada pencipta tunggal yang terletak di bandar itu? || Muzium Eli Whitney", {"context": "New Haven has a variety of museums, many of them associated with Yale. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library features an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible. There is also the Connecticut Children's Museum; the Knights of Columbus museum near that organization's world headquarters; the Peabody Museum of Natural History; the Yale University Collection of Musical Instruments; the Eli Whitney Museum (across the town line in Hamden, Connecticut, on Whitney Avenue); the Yale Center for British Art, which houses the largest collection of British art outside the U.K., and the Yale University Art Gallery, the nation's oldest college art museum.[citation needed] New Haven is also home to the New Haven Museum and Historical Society on Whitney Avenue, which has a library of many primary source treasures dating from Colonial times to the present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library"}], "question": "At what New Haven museum is an original copy of the Gutenberg Bible housed? ", "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d9488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Yale University Art Gallery"}], "question": "What New Haven landmark serves as the nation's oldest college art museum?", "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d9489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Yale Center for British Art"}], "question": "What New Haven museum offers the largest collection of British art available outside of the UK?", "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Eli Whitney Museum"}], "question": "What museum is located in Hamden on Whitney Street and dedicated to a notable New Haven inventor?", "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "With what major university are the majority of museums in New Haven associated? ", "id": "5727b5f02ca10214002d948c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript"}], "question": "Which museum feature the original copy of the Gutenberg Bible?", "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Yale University Art Gallery"}], "question": "Yale claim to have the oldest college art museum in the United States, what is the name of the place?", "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "New Haven Museum and Historical Society"}], "question": "There is a museum on Whitney Avenue that contain a variety of historical treasure, what is its' name?", "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "the Eli Whitney Museum"}], "question": "What is the name of the museum that specifically focus on a single inventor located the city?", "id": "572a470efed8de19000d5b68"}]}], ["Tuntutan masakan terbesar New Haven untuk kemasyhuran mungkin pizzanya, yang dikatakan sebagai antara yang terbaik di negara ini, atau bahkan di dunia. Piza ala gaya baru, yang dipanggil \"apizza\" (disebutkan ah-BEETS, [apitts] dalam dialek Itali asal), membuat kemunculannya di ikon Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana (dikenali sebagai Pepe's) pada tahun 1925. Apizza dipanggang di arang batu- atau ketuhar bata yang dipecat kayu, dan ketara untuk kerak tipisnya. Apizza mungkin merah (dengan sos berasaskan tomato) atau putih (dengan sos bawang putih dan minyak zaitun), dan pai yang diperintahkan \"biasa\" dibuat tanpa keju mozzarella yang biasa (asalnya merokok mozzarella, dikenali sebagai \"scamorza\" Itali). Pai kerang putih adalah spesies restoran terkenal di Wooster Street di bahagian Little Italy di New Haven, termasuk Pepe dan Sally's Apizza (yang dibuka pada tahun 1938). Apizza moden di State Street, yang dibuka pada tahun 1934, juga terkenal. <> Hidangan apa yang lazimnya dianggap sebagai pencapaian masakan terakhir di New Haven? || Pizza gaya New Haven <> Apa istilah lazim yang diberikan kepada pizza gaya New Haven? || \"apizza\" <> Pada apa penubuhan New Haven \"apizza\" menjadikan penampilan sulung pada tahun 1925? || Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana <> Ramuan apa yang tidak hadir dari pizza gaya New Haven apabila diperintahkan biasa? || Keju mozzarella <> Di mana seksyen New Haven akan seseorang mengharapkan untuk mencari piza putih clam pie yang cemerlang di Wooster Street? || Little Italy <> New Haven, dari segi makanan yang paling terkenal dengan apa? || pizza <> Dimana gaya pizza New Haven berasal? || Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana <> Secara umum apa yang dikenali sebagai \"apizza\"? || kerak nipis <> White clam pie ditemui di daerah apa New Haven? || Wooster Street di bahagian Little Italy <> Dalam apa tahun yang terdapat pizza gaya New Haven? || 1925", {"context": "New Haven's greatest culinary claim to fame may be its pizza, which has been claimed to be among the best in the country, or even in the world. New Haven-style pizza, called \"apizza\" (pronounced ah-BEETS, [a\u02c8pitts] in the original Italian dialect), made its debut at the iconic Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana (known as Pepe's) in 1925. Apizza is baked in coal- or wood-fired brick ovens, and is notable for its thin crust. Apizza may be red (with a tomato-based sauce) or white (with a sauce of garlic and olive oil), and pies ordered \"plain\" are made without the otherwise customary mozzarella cheese (originally smoked mozzarella, known as \"scamorza\" in Italian). A white clam pie is a well-known specialty of the restaurants on Wooster Street in the Little Italy section of New Haven, including Pepe's and Sally's Apizza (which opened in 1938). Modern Apizza on State Street, which opened in 1934, is also well-known.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "New Haven-style pizza"}], "question": "What dish is commonly considered to be penultimate culinary achievement in New Haven?", "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "\"apizza\""}], "question": "What is the colloquial term afforded to New Haven-style pizza?", "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"}], "question": "At what New Haven establishment did \"apizza\" make it's inaugural appearance in 1925? ", "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "mozzarella cheese"}], "question": "What ingredient is notably absent from a New Haven-style pizza when ordered plain?", "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "Little Italy"}], "question": "In what section of New Haven would one expect to find an outstanding white clam pie pizza on Wooster Street?", "id": "5727aec04b864d1900163a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "pizza"}], "question": "New Haven, in terms of food is best known for what?", "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Frank Pepe Pizzeria Napoletana"}], "question": "Where did New Haven pizza style originated from?", "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "its thin crust"}], "question": "In general what are \"apizza\" known for?", "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "Wooster Street in the Little Italy section"}], "question": "White clam pie is found in what district of New Haven?", "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "1925"}], "question": "In what year was New Haven-style pizza found?", "id": "572a3b543f37b319004787f3"}]}], ["New Haven merupakan tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Khas Dunia 1995; kemudian Presiden Bill Clinton bercakap pada upacara pembukaan. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada acara tenis Pilot Pen International, yang berlangsung setiap bulan Ogos di Pusat Tenis Connecticut, salah satu tempat tenis terbesar di dunia. New Haven dua kali tuan rumah \"The Game\" antara Yale dan Harvard, persaingan bola sepak kolej tertua kedua negara. Perlumbaan jalan raya banyak berlaku di New Haven, termasuk Kejuaraan 20K Amerika Syarikat semasa Perlumbaan Jalan New Haven. <> Pada tahun apakah New Haven menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas Khas? || 1995 <> Apa acara tenis utama yang berlaku setiap tahun pada bulan Ogos di New Haven? || Pilot Pen International <> Apa nama kompleks tenis, yang dikatakan sebagai salah satu yang terbesar di seluruh dunia, yang terletak di New Haven? || Pusat Tenis Connecticut <> Apakah nama samaran persaingan bola sepak bersejarah antara Yale dan Harvard yang dihoskan setiap tahun di New Haven? || \"Permainan\" <> Tahun berapa New Haven menjadi tuan rumah untuk Olimpik Istimewa? || 1995 <> Bandar ini juga menganjurkan acara tenis antarabangsa yang besar, bilakah biasanya ia berlaku? || setiap Ogos <> \"The Game\" adalah acara istimewa yang menumpukan pada apa persaingan antara perguruan tinggi? || bola sepak kolej <> Apakah nama perlumbaan jalan utama yang terletak di dalam bandar? || Kejohanan 20K Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "New Haven was the host of the 1995 Special Olympics World Summer Games; then-President Bill Clinton spoke at the opening ceremonies. The city is home to the Pilot Pen International tennis event, which takes place every August at the Connecticut Tennis Center, one of the largest tennis venues in the world. New Haven biannually hosts \"The Game\" between Yale and Harvard, the country's second-oldest college football rivalry. Numerous road races take place in New Haven, including the USA 20K Championship during the New Haven Road Race.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1995"}], "question": "In what year did New Haven host the Special Olympic Summer World Games?", "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Pilot Pen International"}], "question": "What major tennis event take place annually every August in New Haven?", "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Connecticut Tennis Center"}], "question": "What is the name of the tennis complex, cited as one of the largest worldwide, located in New Haven?", "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "\"The Game\""}], "question": "What is the nickname of the historic football rivalry between Yale and Harvard hosted annually in New Haven?", "id": "5727c28c3acd2414000debe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1995"}], "question": "What year did New Haven became a host for the Specials Olympics?", "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "every August"}], "question": "The city also host a large international tennis event, when does it usually take place?", "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "college football"}], "question": "\"The Game\" is a special event that focus on what sort of rivalry between the colleges?", "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "USA 20K Championship"}], "question": "What is the name of major road race that places within the city?", "id": "572b91a4f75d5e190021fe4d"}]}], ["Lighthouse Point Park, sebuah pantai awam yang dikendalikan oleh bandar, merupakan destinasi pelancongan yang popular semasa Roaring Twenties, yang menarik pencahayaan masa seperti Babe Ruth dan Ty Cobb. Taman ini masih popular di kalangan New Haveners, dan merupakan rumah kepada Rumah Api Lima Mile Point, yang dibina pada tahun 1847 dan Lighthouse Point Carousel, dibina pada tahun 1916. Lima Mile Point Light telah dibatalkan pada tahun 1877 berikutan pembinaan Southwest Ledge Light di pintu masuk pelabuhan, yang masih dalam perkhidmatan hingga ke hari ini. Kedua-dua rumah api dan karusel itu disenaraikan di Daftar Tempat Tempat Bersejarah Kebangsaan. <> Sepanjang Roaring Twenties, apa pantai awam di New Haven adalah destinasi yang disukai untuk pelancong? || Lighthouse Point Park <> Pemain baseball profesional terkenal yang pernah berkunjung di Lighthouse Point Park di New Haven pada tahun 1920-an? || Babe Ruth <> Apa yang menarik perhatian New Haven yang dibina pada tahun 1847 terletak di Lighthouse Point Park? || Rumah Api Lima Mile Point <> Pada tahun apakah Carousel Point Lighthouse New Haven dibina? || 1916 <> Pada tahun berapa pula Lighthouse Lima Mile Point yang dibatalkan selepas pembinaan Rumah Api Ledge Barat Daya? || 1877 <> Apa laman pelancongan popular yang sangat aktif pada tahun 20-an? || Mercusuar Point Park <> Pada tahun 1847, sebuah mercu tanda baru telah dibina di taman, apa sebenarnya? || Rumah Api <> Selepas tahun 1877 sebuah rumah api lain dibina untuk menggantikan Titik Mile File, apakah namanya? || Southwest Ledge Light <> Adakah Southwest Ledge Light masih aktif hari ini? || dalam perkhidmatan hingga ke hari ini", {"context": "Lighthouse Point Park, a public beach run by the city, was a popular tourist destination during the Roaring Twenties, attracting luminaries of the period such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. The park remains popular among New Haveners, and is home to the Five Mile Point Lighthouse, constructed in 1847, and the Lighthouse Point Carousel, constructed in 1916. Five Mile Point Light was decommissioned in 1877 following the construction of Southwest Ledge Light at the entrance of the harbor, which remains in service to this day. Both of the lighthouses and the carousel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighthouse Point Park"}], "question": "Throughout the Roaring Twenties, what public beach in New Haven was a favored destination for tourists?", "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Babe Ruth"}], "question": "Which famed professional baseball player is known to have visited at Lighthouse Point Park in New Haven during the 1920's?", "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Five Mile Point Lighthouse"}], "question": "What notable New Haven attraction constructed in 1847 was located at Lighthouse Point Park?", "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "1916"}], "question": "In what year was New Haven's Lighthouse Point carousel constructed? ", "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "1877"}], "question": "In what year was Five Mile Point Lighthouse decommissioned upon construction of Southwest Ledge Lighthouse? ", "id": "5727cedf2ca10214002d96fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lighthouse Point Park"}], "question": "What popular tourist site was particularly active during the 20s?", "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Lighthouse"}], "question": "In 1847, a new landmark was constructed at the park, what exactly was it?", "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Southwest Ledge Light"}], "question": "After 1877 another lighthouse was build to replace File Mile Point, what was its' name?", "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb845f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "in service to this day"}], "question": "Is Southwest Ledge Light still active today?", "id": "572b9b14be1ee31400cb8460"}]}], ["Perkuburan Grove Street, Landmark Bersejarah Kebangsaan yang terletak berdekatan dengan kampus Yale, mengandungi kuburan Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear dan Walter Camp, antara pengebumian terkenal yang lain. Perkuburan itu terkenal dengan gerbang Kebangkitan Mesir yang agung. Bangunan Union League Club di New Haven, terletak di Chapel Street, terkenal kerana bukan sahaja menjadi bangunan bersejarah Beaux-Arts, tetapi juga dibina di tapak tempat rumah Roger Sherman pernah berdiri; George Washington diketahui tinggal di kediaman Sherman ketika Presiden pada tahun 1789 (satu daripada tiga kali Washington melawat New Haven sepanjang hayatnya). <> Apa makam di New Haven terletak di sebelah kampus Universiti Yale dan telah ditetapkan Landmark Negara Bersejarah? || Grove Street <> Dalam apa gaya seni bina adalah pintu gerbang Grove Street Cemetery yang direka khas? || Struktur Seni Beaux di Chapel Street New Haven dibina di laman web yang dipercayai pernah menjadi ciri rumah Roger Sherman? || The Union League Club of New Haven bangunan <> Apa bekas presiden A.S. dipercayai telah tinggal di New Haven di rumah Roger Sherman? || George Washington <> Yang paling terkenal pencipta New Haven, dikreditkan dengan gin kapas, dikebumikan di Grove Street Cemetery? || Eli Whitney <> Apakah nama tapak bersejarah yang tapaknya di sebelah kampus Yale? || Grove Street Cemetery <> Apakah Grove Street Cemetery terkenal? || Gerbang Kebangkitan Mesir <> Roger Sherman pernah tinggal di Chapel Street, pada hari moden apakah bangunan nama yang duduk di tempatnya? || Kelab Liga Union <> George Washington pernah berkunjung ke rumah Sherman, berapa tahun ini? || 1789", {"context": "Grove Street Cemetery, a National Historic Landmark which lies adjacent to Yale's campus, contains the graves of Roger Sherman, Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Charles Goodyear and Walter Camp, among other notable burials. The cemetery is known for its grand Egyptian Revival gateway. The Union League Club of New Haven building, located on Chapel Street, is notable for not only being a historic Beaux-Arts building, but also is built on the site where Roger Sherman's home once stood; George Washington is known to have stayed at the Sherman residence while President in 1789 (one of three times Washington visited New Haven throughout his lifetime).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Grove Street"}], "question": "What cemetery in New Haven is situated next to the campus of Yale University and has been designated a National Historic Landmark? ", "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Egyptian Revival"}], "question": "In what architectural style is the gateway of Grove Street Cemetery notably designed?  ", "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "The Union League Club of New Haven building"}], "question": "What Beaux Arts structure on New Haven's Chapel Street was built on the site believed to formerly feature the home of Roger Sherman?", "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "George Washington"}], "question": "What former U.S. president is believed to have stayed in New Haven at the home of Roger Sherman?", "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Eli Whitney"}], "question": "Which notable New Haven resident inventor, credited with the cotton gin, is buried in Grove Street Cemetery?", "id": "5727cbba3acd2414000dec95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Grove Street Cemetery"}], "question": "What is the name of the historical site that site next to Yale's campus?", "id": "572b995234ae481900deaebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Egyptian Revival gateway"}], "question": "What is Grove Street Cemetery famously known for?", "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Union League Club"}], "question": "Roger Sherman once lived in Chapel Street, in modern day what is the name building that sit in its' place?", "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "1789"}], "question": "George Washington once paid visit to Sherman's house, what year was this?", "id": "572b995234ae481900deaec2"}]}], ["New Haven mempunyai sejarah francais sukan profesional sejak abad ke-19 dan menjadi rumah kepada bola sepak profesional, bola keranjang, bola sepak, hoki, dan pasukan bola sepak-termasuk New York Giants dari National Football League dari 1973 hingga 1974, yang dimainkan di Yale Bowl. Sepanjang separuh kedua abad ke-20, New Haven secara konsisten mempunyai pasukan hoki liga dan pasukan besbol kecil yang bermain di New Haven Arena (dibina pada tahun 1926, dirobohkan pada tahun 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972-2002), dan Yale Field 1928-sekarang). <> Apa pasukan NFL dimainkan di Yale Bowl dari 1973-1974? || New York Giants <> Pada tahun apakah New Haven Arena dirobohkan? || 1972 <> Pada apa tempat New Haven yang tidak berfungsi, apakah pasukan hoki liga dan pasukan besbol kecil bermain sepanjang separuh akhir abad ke-20? || New Haven Arena (dibina pada tahun 1926, dirobohkan pada tahun 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972-2002) <> Pada tahun apakah bidang Yale ditubuhkan di New Haven? || 1928 <> Kota New Haven telah dikenali untuknya pelbagai pasukan sukan untuk berapa lama? || 19th century <> Apa pasukan NFL yang terkenal bermain di stadium sendiri di New Haven pada tahun 70-an? || New York Giants <> Bandar ini mempunyai beberapa stadium sukan yang salah satu daripada mereka telah hancur di abad ke-20? || New Haven Arena <> Pada hari moden mana stadium yang terus menjadi tuan rumah liga sukan kecil? || Yale Field <> Berapa lama telah Yale Field dibuka dan aktif? || 1928-sekarang", {"context": "New Haven has a history of professional sports franchises dating back to the 19th century and has been the home to professional baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer teams\u2014including the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1973 to 1974, who played at the Yale Bowl. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, New Haven consistently had minor league hockey and baseball teams, which played at the New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002), and Yale Field (1928\u2013present).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "New York Giants"}], "question": "What NFL team played at the Yale Bowl from 1973-1974?", "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year was the New Haven Arena demolished?", "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "New Haven Arena (built in 1926, demolished in 1972), New Haven Coliseum (1972\u20132002)"}], "question": "At what currently defunct New Haven venues did minor league hockey and baseball teams play throughout the latter half of the 20th century?", "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "1928"}], "question": "In what year was Yale field established in New Haven?", "id": "5727bfa5ff5b5019007d9435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "The city of New Haven has been known for it various sport teams for how long?", "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "New York Giants"}], "question": "What famous NFL team played in New Haven own stadium in the 70s?", "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "New Haven Arena"}], "question": "The city has couple of sport stadium which one of them was torn down in 20th century?", "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Yale Field"}], "question": "In modern day which of the stadiums have continue to host minor sport leagues?", "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "1928\u2013present"}], "question": "How long has  Yale Field been open and active?", "id": "572b8ba1be1ee31400cb842f"}]}], ["New Haven mempunyai banyak landmark seni bina yang berasal dari setiap tempoh masa yang penting dan gaya seni bina dalam sejarah Amerika. Bandar ini telah menjadi rumah kepada sejumlah arkitek dan firma arkitek yang telah meninggalkan tanda mereka di bandar termasuk Ithiel Town dan Henry Austin pada abad ke-19 dan Cesar Pelli, Warren Platner, Kevin Roche, Herbert Newman dan Barry Svigals pada ke-20. The Yale School of Architecture telah memupuk komponen penting dalam ekonomi bandar ini. Cass Gilbert, sekolah Beaux-Arts, telah menubuhkan Stesen Union New Haven dan Perpustakaan Awam Bebas New Haven dan juga telah ditugaskan untuk rancangan City Beautiful pada tahun 1919. Frank Lloyd Wright, Marcel Breuer, Alexander Jackson Davis, Philip C. Johnson, Gordon Bunshaft, Louis Kahn, James Gamble Rogers, Frank Gehry, Charles Willard Moore, Stefan Behnisch, James Polshek, Paul Rudolph, Eero Saarinen dan Robert Venturi semuanya telah merancang bangunan di New Haven. Ingalls Rink, yang direka oleh Eero Saarinen pada tahun 1950-an, telah dimasukkan ke dalam senarai Senibina Kegemaran Amerika yang dicipta pada tahun 2007. <> New Haven berkhidmat sebagai rumah kepada apa dua arkitek abad ke-19 yang ketara? || Ithiel Town dan Henry Austin <> Apa pembahagian Universiti Yale dikreditkan dengan memupuk komponen arkitek ekonomi New Havens? || The Yale School of Architecture <> Siapakah seniman yang terkenal di sekolah Beaux-Arts yang bertanggungjawab untuk merancang Stesen Union New Haven dan Perpustakaan Awam New Haven? || Cass Gilbert <> Pada tahun apakah komisen New Haven rancangan City Beautiful? || 1919 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mereka bentuk Ingalls Rink di Universiti Yale di New Haven? || Eero Saarinen <> New Haven juga terkenal dengan institusi seni bina yang sangat terkenal, nama itu? || Yale School of Architecture <> Siapa arkitek yang merancang Perpustakaan Awam Bebas New Haven? || Cass Gilbert <> Apa nama bangunan yang terdapat dalam senarai Senibina Kegemaran Amerika 2007? || Ingalls Rink", {"context": "New Haven has many architectural landmarks dating from every important time period and architectural style in American history. The city has been home to a number of architects and architectural firms that have left their mark on the city including Ithiel Town and Henry Austin in the 19th century and Cesar Pelli, Warren Platner, Kevin Roche, Herbert Newman and Barry Svigals in the 20th. The Yale School of Architecture has fostered this important component of the city's economy. Cass Gilbert, of the Beaux-Arts school, designed New Haven's Union Station and the New Haven Free Public Library and was also commissioned for a City Beautiful plan in 1919. Frank Lloyd Wright, Marcel Breuer, Alexander Jackson Davis, Philip C. Johnson, Gordon Bunshaft, Louis Kahn, James Gamble Rogers, Frank Gehry, Charles Willard Moore, Stefan Behnisch, James Polshek, Paul Rudolph, Eero Saarinen and Robert Venturi all have designed buildings in New Haven. Yale's 1950s-era Ingalls Rink, designed by Eero Saarinen, was included on the America's Favorite Architecture list created in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Ithiel Town and Henry Austin"}], "question": "New Haven served as home to what two notable 19th century architects?", "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "The Yale School of Architecture"}], "question": "What division of Yale University is credited with nurturing the architectural component of New Havens economy?", "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Cass Gilbert"}], "question": "Who is the notable artist of the Beaux-Arts school responsible for designing both New Haven's Union Station and New Haven Public Library?", "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "1919"}], "question": "In what year did New Haven commission the City Beautiful plan?", "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "Eero Saarinen"}], "question": "Who is responsible for designing Ingalls Rink at Yale University in New Haven? ", "id": "5727c5c42ca10214002d95fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Yale School of Architecture"}], "question": "New Haven is also known for a very notable architecture institution, it's name?", "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Cass Gilbert"}], "question": "Who was the architect that design the New Haven Free Public Library?", "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaeaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 960, "text": "Ingalls Rink"}], "question": "What was the name of the building that was feature in America's Favorite Architecture list of 2007?", "id": "572b93c834ae481900deaeab"}]}], ["New Haven dihidangkan oleh New Haven Register harian, \"New Haven Advocate\" mingguan mingguan (yang dikendalikan oleh Tribune, syarikat yang memiliki Hartford Courant), dalam talian harian New Haven Independent, dan Buletin Komuniti Berita Bulanan. Downtown New Haven dilindungi oleh forum berita sivik mendalam, Design New Haven. Daftar juga menyokong majalah PLAY, penerbitan hiburan mingguan. Bandar ini juga dihidangkan oleh beberapa kertas kerja yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar, termasuk Yale Daily News, Yale Herald mingguan dan tabloid humor, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, sekutu ABC untuk Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, sekutu MyNetworkTV untuk negeri ini, dan stesen televisyen Public Connecticut saluran WEDY 65, sebuah sekutu PBS, yang disiarkan dari New Haven. Semua berita dan stesen pasukan sukan New York City disiarkan ke New Haven County. <> Apakah nama akhbar editorial harian utama bagi bandar New Haven? || New Haven Register <> Apakah forum berita sivik yang secara khusus melaporkan di pusat bandar New Haven? || Reka Bentuk New Haven <> Apa sumber berita cetak hiburan mingguan untuk New Haven disokong oleh Daftar? || MAJLIS MAIN <> Channel 65 adalah rumah New Haven untuk apa kaitan PBS? || Connecticut Public Television <> Apakah penerbitan mingguan di New Haven dikeluarkan oleh Universiti Yale? || Yale Herald <> Apa syarikat akhbar utama untuk New Haven? || New Haven Register <> Akhbar lain, New Haven Advocate dijalankan oleh syarikat mana? || Tribune <> Ada syarikat akhbar di bandar yang menjalankan bulanan, nama itu? || Akhbar Komuniti Berita Utama> Apakah nama tabloid yang dikendalikan oleh pelajar-pelajar kolej? || Majalah Rumpus <> Dari segi berita dan sukan, New Haven menerima penyiaran televisyen dari bandar-bandar lain? || Semua berita dan sukan di New York City", {"context": "New Haven is served by the daily New Haven Register, the weekly \"alternative\" New Haven Advocate (which is run by Tribune, the corporation owning the Hartford Courant), the online daily New Haven Independent, and the monthly Grand News Community Newspaper. Downtown New Haven is covered by an in-depth civic news forum, Design New Haven. The Register also backs PLAY magazine, a weekly entertainment publication. The city is also served by several student-run papers, including the Yale Daily News, the weekly Yale Herald and a humor tabloid, Rumpus Magazine. WTNH Channel 8, the ABC affiliate for Connecticut, WCTX Channel 59, the MyNetworkTV affiliate for the state, and Connecticut Public Television station WEDY channel 65, a PBS affiliate, broadcast from New Haven. All New York City news and sports team stations broadcast to New Haven County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "New Haven Register"}], "question": "What is the name of the major daily editorial newspaper for the city of New Haven?", "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Design New Haven"}], "question": "What is the civic news forum that specifically reports on downtown New Haven? ", "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "PLAY magazine"}], "question": "What weekly entertainment print news source for New Haven is backed by The Register?", "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Connecticut Public Television"}], "question": "Channel 65 is New Haven's home to what PBS affiliate? ", "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Yale Herald"}], "question": "What weekly publication in New Haven is issued by Yale University? ", "id": "5727be76ff5b5019007d9418"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "New Haven Register"}], "question": "What is the main newspaper company for New Haven?", "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb840f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Tribune"}], "question": "The other newspaper, New Haven Advocate is run by which company?", "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Grand News Community Newspaper"}], "question": "There is newspaper company within the city that runs monthly, it's name ?", "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Rumpus Magazine"}], "question": "What is the name of the tabloid that is run by mainly college students?", "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "All New York City news and sports"}], "question": "In terms of news and sports does New Haven receive television broadcasting from other cities?", "id": "572b881ebe1ee31400cb8413"}]}], ["Apabila John DeStefano, Jr, menjadi Datuk Bandar New Haven pada tahun 1995, beliau menggariskan rancangan untuk mengubah bandar menjadi pusat kebudayaan dan kesenian utama di Timur Laut, yang melibatkan pelaburan dalam program dan projek selain francais sukan. Ketika Bridgeport yang berdekatan membina kemudahan sukan baru, brutal New Haven Coliseum semakin merosot. Percaya pemeliharaan di tempat itu untuk mengalirkan dolar cukai, pentadbiran DeStefano menutup Coliseum pada tahun 2002; ia telah dirobohkan pada tahun 2007. Pasukan sukan profesional terakhir New Haven, Pemotong County New Haven, meninggalkan pada tahun 2009. Pentadbiran DeStefano bagaimanapun, melihat pembinaan New Haven Athletic Centre pada tahun 1998, 94,000 kaki persegi (8,700 m2) kemudahan sukan dalaman dengan kapasiti tempat duduk lebih dari 3,000. NHAC, yang dibina bersebelahan dengan Sekolah Tinggi Hillhouse, digunakan untuk olahraga sekolah-sekolah awam New Haven, serta kawasan berskala besar dan acara sukan negeri; ia adalah kompleks sukan tertutup sekolah menengah terbesar di negeri ini. <> Apa 1995 Datuk Bandar New Haven berusaha untuk mencipta semula kawasan itu menjadi hab timur laut seni dan budaya? || John DeStefano, Jr. <> Apa kompleks sukan ditutup di New Haven oleh pentadbiran DeStefano pada tahun 2002? || New Haven Coliseum <> Apakah pasukan sukan profesional terakhir New Haven? || New Haven County Cutters <> Apa kompleks sukan dalaman di New Haven dibina oleh pentadbiran DeStefano pada tahun 1998? || Pusat Hoki New Haven <> Berapakah kapasiti tempat duduk di New Haven Athletic Center? || Lebih 3,000 <> Siapa yang menjadi walikota bagi bandar ini pada lewat 90-an? || John DeStefano, Jr <> Oleh kerana pemeliharaan yang berat, DeStefano memutuskan untuk menutup infrastruktur utama di bandar ini? || New Haven Coliseum <> Bilakah kali terakhir New Haven mempunyai pasukan sukan profesional? || 2009 <> Dari segi kapasiti berapa besar yang baru dibina Pusat New Haven Athletic? || lebih 3,000", {"context": "When John DeStefano, Jr., became mayor of New Haven in 1995, he outlined a plan to transform the city into a major cultural and arts center in the Northeast, which involved investments in programs and projects other than sports franchises. As nearby Bridgeport built new sports facilities, the brutalist New Haven Coliseum rapidly deteriorated. Believing the upkeep on the venue to be a drain of tax dollars, the DeStefano administration closed the Coliseum in 2002; it was demolished in 2007. New Haven's last professional sports team, the New Haven County Cutters, left in 2009. The DeStefano administration did, however, see the construction of the New Haven Athletic Center in 1998, a 94,000-square-foot (8,700 m2) indoor athletic facility with a seating capacity of over 3,000. The NHAC, built adjacent to Hillhouse High School, is used for New Haven public schools athletics, as well as large-scale area and state sporting events; it is the largest high school indoor sports complex in the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "John DeStefano, Jr."}], "question": "What 1995 mayor of New Haven sought to reinvent the area into a northeastern hub of art and culture?", "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "New Haven Coliseum"}], "question": "What sports complex was shuttered in New Haven by the DeStefano administration in 2002? ", "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "New Haven County Cutters"}], "question": "What was New Haven's last professional sports team?", "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "New Haven Athletic Center"}], "question": "What indoor sporting complex in New Haven was constructed by the DeStefano administration in 1998?", "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "over 3,000"}], "question": "What is the approximate seating capacity of the New Haven Athletic Center?", "id": "5727c17c3acd2414000debc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "John DeStefano, Jr"}], "question": "Who was the mayor for the city in the late 90s?", "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "New Haven Coliseum"}], "question": "Due to the heavy upkeep, DeStefano decided to close what major infrastructure in the city?", "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When was the last time New Haven had a professional sport team?", "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "over 3,000"}], "question": "In terms of capacity how big was the new constructed New Haven Athletic Center?", "id": "572b8e48be1ee31400cb8438"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika meletus pada 1776, kerajaan penjajah Connecticut mengarahkan pembinaan Black Rock Fort (yang akan dibina di atas kubu abad ke-17 yang lebih tua) untuk melindungi pelabuhan New Haven. Pada tahun 1779, semasa Pertempuran New Haven, askar British menangkap Black Rock Fort dan membakar barak ke tanah. Kubu itu dibina semula pada tahun 1807 oleh kerajaan persekutuan (atas perintah dari pentadbiran Thomas Jefferson), dan menghidupkan semula Fort Nathan Hale, selepas pahlawan Perang Revolusi yang telah tinggal di New Haven. The meriam Fort Nathan Hale berjaya menentang kapal perang British semasa Perang 1812. Pada tahun 1863, semasa Perang Saudara, Fort Hale kedua dibina di sebelah asal, lengkap dengan bunker tahan bom dan parit, untuk mempertahankan bandar itu harus dilancarkan serangan selatan melawan New Haven. Kongres Amerika Syarikat telah melancarkan laman web ini ke negeri ini pada tahun 1921, dan ketiga-tiga versi kubu telah dipulihkan. Laman ini kini disenaraikan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah dan menerima ribuan pengunjung setiap tahun. <> Struktur apa yang diperintahkan untuk dibina di New Haven pada tahun 1776 untuk melindungi pelabuhan pada awal Perang Revolusi? || Black Rock Fort <> Pada tahun apakah Fort Black Rock ditawan oleh British di New Haven dan dibakar? || 1779 <Selepas perang hero revolusioner dan asal New Haven adalah Black Rock Fort rechristened setelah pembinaan semula pada tahun 1807? || Nathan Hale <> Apa dua benteng membezakan Fort Hale kedua yang dibina di New Haven semasa Perang Saudara? || bunkers tahan bom dan parit <> Dalam tahun berapakah Kongres A.S. membiayai akta Connecticut di laman web di Fort Hale di New Haven? || 1921 <> Black Rock Fort dibina sebagai tindak balas terhadap peristiwa apa yang berlaku pada abad ke-18? || Perang Revolusi Amerika <> Kubu dimusnahkan semasa pertempuran hanya akan dibina semula pada tahun berapa? || 1807 <> Betapa betulnya namanya berganti nama menjadi Fort Nathan Hale? || Perang Wira Revolusioner <> Semasa Perang Saudara, New Haven perlu memperkukuhkan lagi pencerobohan lain, struktur apa yang telah dibina oleh bandar itu? || Fortaleus kedua dibina <> Kerajaan persekutuan menyerahkan pemilikan benteng ke negeri Connecticut, tahun berapa ini? || 1921", {"context": "After the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, the Connecticut colonial government ordered the construction of Black Rock Fort (to be built on top of an older 17th-century fort) to protect the port of New Haven. In 1779, during the Battle of New Haven, British soldiers captured Black Rock Fort and burned the barracks to the ground. The fort was reconstructed in 1807 by the federal government (on orders from the Thomas Jefferson administration), and rechristened Fort Nathan Hale, after the Revolutionary War hero who had lived in New Haven. The cannons of Fort Nathan Hale were successful in defying British war ships during the War of 1812. In 1863, during the Civil War, a second Fort Hale was built next to the original, complete with bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat, to defend the city should a Southern raid against New Haven be launched. The United States Congress deeded the site to the state in 1921, and all three versions of the fort have been restored. The site is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places and receives thousands of visitors each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Black Rock Fort"}], "question": "What structure was ordered to be built in New Haven in 1776 to protect the port at the outset of the Revolutionary War?", "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1779"}], "question": "In what year was Black Rock Fort captured by the British in New Haven and incinerated? ", "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Nathan Hale"}], "question": "After which revolutionary war hero and New Haven native was Black Rock Fort rechristened upon reconstruction in 1807?", "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 751, "text": "bomb-resistant bunkers and a moat"}], "question": "What two fortifications distinguished the second Fort Hale built in New Haven during the Civil War?", "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "1921"}], "question": "In what year did the U.S. Congress afford Connecticut the deed to the site at Fort Hale in New Haven?", "id": "5727ca06ff5b5019007d9558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the American Revolutionary War"}], "question": "Black Rock Fort was built in response to what event in the 18th century?", "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "1807"}], "question": "The fort was destroy during the fighting only to be rebuilt in what year?", "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Revolutionary War hero"}], "question": "Why exactly was the fort rename to Fort Nathan Hale?", "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "a second Fort Hale was built"}], "question": "During the Civil War, New Haven needed to be further fortify incase of another invasion, what structure did the city built?", "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "1921"}], "question": "The federal government pass the ownership of the fort to the state of Connecticut, what year was this?", "id": "572b97b734ae481900deaeb9"}]}], ["Banyak tapak bersejarah wujud di seluruh bandar, termasuk 59 hartanah yang disenaraikan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah. Daripada jumlah ini, sembilan adalah antara 60 Tandaaya Bersejarah Kebangsaan A.S. di Connecticut. New Haven Green, salah satu Mercu Tanda Bersejarah Kebangsaan, dibentuk pada 1638, dan merupakan rumah kepada tiga gereja abad ke-19. Di bawah salah satu gereja (dirujuk sebagai Pusat Gereja di-Hijau) terletak sebuah crypt abad ke-17, yang terbuka kepada pelawat. Beberapa pengebumian yang lebih terkenal termasuk isteri pertama Benedict Arnold dan ibu saudara dan nenek Presiden Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes melawat keranda semasa Presiden pada tahun 1880. Kampus Lama Universiti Yale terletak bersebelahan dengan Green, dan termasuk Connecticut Hall, bangunan tertua Yale dan National Historic Landmark. Kawasan Hillhouse Avenue, yang disenaraikan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah dan juga merupakan sebahagian daripada kampus Yale, telah dipanggil muzium yang boleh dilayari, berikutan rumah agam abad ke-19 dan kawasan jalan; Charles Dickens dikatakan telah memanggil Hillhouse Avenue \"jalan yang paling indah di Amerika\" ketika melawat bandar itu pada tahun 1868. Berapa banyak hartanah di New Haven yang dipaparkan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah? || 59 <> Pada tahun 1868, pengarang terkenal yang dilaporkan telah mengumumkan New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue menjadi \"jalan yang paling indah di Amerika?\" || Charles Dickens <> Dari tiga gereja yang mengapit New Haven Green, yang merupakan rumah kepada crypt abad ke-17 yang terkenal? || Pusat Gereja Hijau <> Apa pengkhianat Amerika yang terkenal mempunyai isteri pertama yang dikebumikan di dalam kubur abad ke-17 di gereja New Haven mengapit New Haven Green? || Benedict Arnold <> Apa struktur Universiti Yale, yang tersenarai di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah, memegang perbezaan menjadi bangunan tertua di kampus? || Dewan Connecticut <> Menurut Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah berapa laman-laman bersejarah ada di New Haven? || 59 <> Pada tahun apa yang diasaskan The New Haven Green yang terkenal? || 1638 <> Apa tempat pelancongan yang boleh didapati di bawah New Haven Green? || sebuah medan perang abad ke-17 <> Yale University juga mengandungi tapak bersejarah di dalamnya kampus, nama itu? || Hillhouse Avenue", {"context": "Many historical sites exist throughout the city, including 59 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Of these, nine are among the 60 U.S. National Historic Landmarks in Connecticut. The New Haven Green, one of the National Historic Landmarks, was formed in 1638, and is home to three 19th-century churches. Below one of the churches (referred to as the Center Church on-the-Green) lies a 17th-century crypt, which is open to visitors. Some of the more famous burials include the first wife of Benedict Arnold and the aunt and grandmother of President Rutherford B. Hayes; Hayes visited the crypt while President in 1880. The Old Campus of Yale University is located next to the Green, and includes Connecticut Hall, Yale's oldest building and a National Historic Landmark. The Hillhouse Avenue area, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also a part of Yale's campus, has been called a walkable museum, due to its 19th-century mansions and street scape; Charles Dickens is said to have called Hillhouse Avenue \"the most beautiful street in America\" when visiting the city in 1868.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "59"}], "question": "How many properties in New Haven are featured on the National Register of Historic Places? ", "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1007, "text": "Charles Dickens"}], "question": "In 1868, which famous author is reported to have declared New Haven's Hillhouse Avenue to be \"the most beautiful street in America?\"", "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Center Church on-the-Green"}], "question": "Of the three churches flanking New Haven Green, which is home to a notorious 17th century crypt?", "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "What famous American traitor has a first wife buried in a 17th century crypt in a New Haven church flanking New Haven Green?", "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "Connecticut Hall"}], "question": "What structure of Yale University, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, holds the distinction of being the oldest building on campus?", "id": "5727c7ed2ca10214002d9618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "59"}], "question": "According to the National Register of Historic Places how many historical sites are there in New Haven? ", "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1638"}], "question": "In what year was the famous The New Haven Green founded?", "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "a 17th-century crypt"}], "question": "What tourist spot can be found directly underneath the New Haven Green?", "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "Hillhouse Avenue"}], "question": "Yale University also contains a historical site within it campus, the name of it?", "id": "572b9576be1ee31400cb8458"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada Festival Jazz (diterangkan di atas), New Haven berfungsi sebagai bandar rumah Festival dan Idea Festival Antarabangsa tahunan. Perbarisan Hari Saint Haven's New Haven, yang bermula pada tahun 1842, adalah perbarisan Hari St Hari Tertua New England yang paling lama dan menarik ramai penonton terbesar di mana-mana acara penonton satu hari di Connecticut. The St Andrew Italian Festival telah berlangsung di kejiranan Wooster Square yang bersejarah setiap tahun sejak tahun 1900. Paroki-paroki lain di bandar merayakan Perayaan Saint Anthony dari Padua dan karnival sebagai penghormatan kepada St. Bernadette Soubirous. New Haven merayakan Hari Powder House setiap bulan April di New Haven Green untuk memperingati pintu masuk bandar ke Perang Revolusi. Festival Wooster Square Cherry Blossom tahunan memperingati penanaman 72 tanaman Yoshino Jepun Cherry Blossom oleh Suruhanjaya Bersejarah New Haven dengan kerjasama Jabatan Taman New Haven dan penduduk kejiranan. Festival kini menarik lebih daripada 5,000 pelawat. The New Haven Film Fest telah diadakan setiap tahun sejak tahun 1995. <> Untuk apa festival seni tahunan adalah bandar New Haven rumah? || Festival Seni dan Idea Antarabangsa <> Apakah tahun pertama perbarisan Hari Haven St. Patrick yang pertama? || 1842 <> Dalam apa kejiranan New Haven yang bersejarah ini, apakah perayaan St Andrew Itali yang berlangsung? || Wooster Square <> Perayaan tahunan apa yang disambut di New Haven Green, memorializes laluan New Haven ke Perang Revolusi? || Hari Rumah Serbuk <> Dalam tahun apakah Filem Fest New Haven bermula? || 1995 <> Apa seni meraikan acara antarabangsa yang dihoskan di New Haven? || Festival Seni dan Idea Antarabangsa <> Sebagai salah satu tradisi tertua dan terbesar, berapa lama bandar raya ini telah merayakan Hari Saint Patrick? || 1842 <> Peristiwa manakah yang berlaku setiap tahun di Wooster Square sejak awal abad ke-20? || St Andrew the Italian Festival <<Apa organisasi yang bertanggungjawab untuk penanaman beberapa pokok bunga ceri pada tahun 1973? || Suruhanjaya Bersejarah New Haven <> Secara amnya berapa ramai orang menghadiri Festival Wooster Square Cheery Blossom setiap tahun? || lebih 5,000 pelawat", {"context": "In addition to the Jazz Festival (described above), New Haven serves as the home city of the annual International Festival of Arts and Ideas. New Haven's Saint Patrick's Day parade, which began in 1842, is New England's oldest St. Patty's Day parade and draws the largest crowds of any one-day spectator event in Connecticut. The St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival has taken place in the historic Wooster Square neighborhood every year since 1900. Other parishes in the city celebrate the Feast of Saint Anthony of Padua and a carnival in honor of St. Bernadette Soubirous. New Haven celebrates Powder House Day every April on the New Haven Green to commemorate the city's entrance into the Revolutionary War. The annual Wooster Square Cherry Blossom Festival commemorates the 1973 planting of 72 Yoshino Japanese Cherry Blossom trees by the New Haven Historic Commission in collaboration with the New Haven Parks Department and residents of the neighborhood. The Festival now draws well over 5,000 visitors. The Film Fest New Haven has been held annually since 1995.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"}], "question": "To what annual art festival is the city of New Haven home?", "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1842"}], "question": "What was the inaugural year of the New Haven St. Patrick's Day parade?", "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Wooster Square"}], "question": "In what historic New Haven neighborhood does the St. Andrew the Apostle Italian festival take place?", "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "Powder House Day"}], "question": "What annual festival, celebrated on New Haven Green, memorializes the New Haven's passage into the Revolutionary War?", "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "1995"}], "question": "In what year did Film Fest New Haven begin?", "id": "5727bcdfff5b5019007d93d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "International Festival of Arts and Ideas"}], "question": "What international event celebrating art is hosted in New Haven?", "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "1842"}], "question": "As one of the oldest and largest traditions, how long have the city been celebrating Saint Patrick's Day?", "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "St. Andrew the Apostle Italian Festival"}], "question": "Which event takes place every year in Wooster Square since the beginning of the 20th century?", "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "New Haven Historic Commission"}], "question": "What organization was responsible for the planting of several cherry blossom trees in 1973?", "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "over 5,000 visitors"}], "question": "In general how many people attend  the yearly Wooster Square Cheery Blossom Festival?", "id": "572b8670be1ee31400cb83ff"}]}], ["New Haven Harbour adalah rumah kepada Pelabuhan New Haven, sebuah pelabuhan laut dalam dengan tiga dermaga yang mampu menganjurkan kapal dan tongkang serta kemudahan yang diperlukan untuk mengendalikan kargo pukal. Pelabuhan ini mempunyai kapasiti memuatkan 200 trak sehari dari tanah atau melalui dandang pemunggahan. Akses pengangkutan rel disediakan, dengan enjin beralih swasta untuk pergerakan halaman dan tepi peribadi untuk memuat dan memunggah. Kira-kira 400,000 kaki persegi (40,000 m2) di dalam storan dan 50 ekar (200,000 m2) penyimpanan luar boleh didapati di laman web ini. Kren lima pantai dengan kapasiti 250 tan dan 26 forklift, masing-masing dengan kapasiti 26 tan, juga boleh didapati. <> Di mana pelabuhan Port of New Haven terletak? || New Haven Harbour <> Berapa banyak lori yang Port of New Haven mempunyai kapasiti harian untuk memuatkan? || 200 <> Sebagai tambahan kepada perkhidmatan tanah, apa lagi fungsi lain di Port of New Haven untuk mengangkut kargo trak? || memuatkan dok <> Kira-kira berapa kaki persegi penyimpanan dalaman disediakan di Pelabuhan New Haven? || 400,000 <> Lebih kurang berapa ekar simpanan luar yang ditawarkan Pelabuhan New Haven? || 50 <> Nama pelabuhan New Haven? || Pelabuhan New Haven <> Dari segi skala berapa besar pelabuhan itu? || 400,000 kaki persegi <> Berapa banyak forklift yang boleh digunakan di dalamnya setiap hari pengeluaran? || 26 <> Berapa banyak kenderaan pengangkutan yang boleh digunakan oleh pelabuhan? || 200", {"context": "New Haven Harbor is home to the Port of New Haven, a deep-water seaport with three berths capable of hosting vessels and barges as well as the facilities required to handle break bulk cargo. The port has the capacity to load 200 trucks a day from the ground or via loading docks. Rail transportation access is available, with a private switch engine for yard movements and private siding for loading and unloading. Approximately 400,000 square feet (40,000 m2) of inside storage and 50 acres (200,000 m2) of outside storage are available at the site. Five shore cranes with a 250-ton capacity and 26 forklifts, each with a 26-ton capacity, are also available.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New Haven Harbor"}], "question": "In what harbor is the Port of New Haven located?", "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many trucks does the Port of New Haven have the daily capacity to load?", "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "loading docks"}], "question": "In addition to ground service, what other function is available at the Port of New Haven for offloading truck cargo?", "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "400,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many square feet of interior storage is available at the Port of New Haven?", "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "50"}], "question": "Approximately how many acres of outside storage does the Port of New Haven offer?", "id": "5727e04eff5b5019007d974e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Port of New Haven"}], "question": "The name of New Haven harbor?", "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaedf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "400,000 square feet"}], "question": "In terms of scale how big is the harbor?", "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "26"}], "question": "How many forklift are available for use in it everyday production?", "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many transport vehicle can the harbor actually hold?", "id": "572bb6bc34ae481900deaee2"}]}], ["Penyambung Oak Street (Connecticut Route 34) memintas I-91 di exit 1, di selatan persimpangan I-95 / I-91, dan berjalan barat laut untuk beberapa blok sebagai lebuh raya memacu ke pusat bandar sebelum mengosongkan ke jalan permukaan. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) berjalan sejajar dengan I-95 barat New Haven, berpaling ke arah utara kerana ia menghampiri bandar dan kemudian berjalan ke arah utara ke parallel dengan I-91 melalui tepi luar New Haven dan Hamden, menawarkan alternatif kepada perjalanan I-95 / I-91 (terhad kepada kenderaan bukan komersil). Laluan 15 di New Haven adalah tapak satu-satunya terowong lebuh raya di negeri ini (yang secara rasmi ditetapkan sebagai Terowong Heroes), berjalan melalui West Rock, rumah West Rock Park dan Tiga Hakim Gua. <> Apa bandaraya New Haven melancarkan pergerakkan intersek di exit 1 dari 1-91? || Penyambung Oak Street <> Apakah nama lain untuk Connecticut Route 15, yang menyediakan laluan alternatif dari perjalanan pada 1-95 / 1/91? || The Wilbur Cross Parkway <> Apa jalan raya di New Haven mempunyai satu-satunya terowong lebuh raya di Connecticut? || Laluan 15 <> Apakah nama terowong lebuh raya di Laluan 15 di New Haven? || Terowong Heroes <> Melalui apa kejiranan di New Haven yang dijalankan Route 15? || West Rock <> Oak Street Connect melintasi lebuh raya antara negeri? || I-91 di exit 1 <> Connecticut Route 15 adalah sebelah mana lebuh raya? || I-95 barat New Haven, <> Apa nama satu-satunya terowong lebuh raya di Connecticut? || Laluan 15", {"context": "The Oak Street Connector (Connecticut Route 34) intersects I-91 at exit 1, just south of the I-95/I-91 interchange, and runs northwest for a few blocks as an expressway spur into downtown before emptying onto surface roads. The Wilbur Cross Parkway (Connecticut Route 15) runs parallel to I-95 west of New Haven, turning northwards as it nears the city and then running northwards parallel to I-91 through the outer rim of New Haven and Hamden, offering an alternative to the I-95/I-91 journey (restricted to non-commercial vehicles). Route 15 in New Haven is the site of the only highway tunnel in the state (officially designated as Heroes Tunnel), running through West Rock, home to West Rock Park and the Three Judges Cave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Oak Street Connector"}], "question": "What downtown New Haven expressway spur intersects at exit 1 of 1-91?", "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "The Wilbur Cross Parkway"}], "question": "What is another name for Connecticut Route 15, which provides an alternate route from traveling on 1-95/1/91?", "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Route 15"}], "question": "What thoroughfare in New Haven features the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?", "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Heroes Tunnel"}], "question": "What is the name of the highway tunnel on Route 15 in New Haven? ", "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "West Rock"}], "question": "Through what neighborhood in New Haven does Route 15 run? ", "id": "5727dd2d3acd2414000dee57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "I-91 at exit 1"}], "question": "Oak Street Connect crosses which interstate highway?", "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "I-95 west of New Haven,"}], "question": "Connecticut Route 15 is next to which highway?", "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Route 15"}], "question": "What is the name of the only highway tunnel in Connecticut?", "id": "572bb385111d821400f38f4e"}]}], ["Bas Division New Haven mengikut laluan yang pada asalnya telah diliputi oleh perkhidmatan troli. Steetcars yang ditarik kuda mula beroperasi di New Haven pada tahun 1860-an, dan pada pertengahan tahun 1890-an semua garis telah menjadi elektrik. Pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, beberapa jalur troli mula diganti dengan laluan bas, dengan laluan troli terakhir diubah menjadi bas pada tahun 1948. Bandar New Haven berada di peringkat awal untuk mempertimbangkan pemulihan trem (lampu- kereta api), yang telah tidak hadir sejak tempoh selepas perang. <> Apakah bentuk pengangkutan awam yang mendahului laluan bas Divisyen New Haven semasa? || perkhidmatan troli <> Berapa dekad apa yang diiringi dalam operasi kereta kuda di New Haven? || 1860-an Apa kemajuan yang dibuat ke bar kereta New Haven pada pertengahan 1890? || semua saluran telah menjadi elektrik <> Cara pengangkutan awam di New Haven menundukkan perkhidmatan troli pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an? || Laluan bas <> Pada tahun apakah laluan troli akhir di New Haven ditukarkan ke laluan bas? || 1948 <> Bas di New Haven menggunakan jenis laluan untuk perkhidmatan mereka? || troli <> Sebelum abad ke-20, apakah bentuk pengangkutan awam di bandar? || Steetcars yang ditarik kuda <> Apa lagi idea untuk pengangkutan awam yang sedang dipertimbangkan oleh bandar raya? || perkhidmatan kereta api (light-rail) <> Pada tahun apakah troli akhirnya diganti sepenuhnya oleh bas? || 1948", {"context": "The New Haven Division buses follow routes that had originally been covered by trolley service. Horse-drawn steetcars began operating in New Haven in the 1860s, and by the mid-1890s all the lines had become electric. In the 1920s and 1930s, some of the trolley lines began to be replaced by bus lines, with the last trolley route converted to bus in 1948. The City of New Haven is in the very early stages of considering the restoration of streetcar (light-rail) service, which has been absent since the postwar period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "trolley service"}], "question": "What form of public transportation preceded the current New Haven Division bus routes?", "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the 1860s"}], "question": "What decade ushered in the operation of horse-drawn carriages in New Haven? ", "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "all the lines had become electric"}], "question": "What advancement was made to New Haven trolley lines in the mid 1890's?", "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "bus lines"}], "question": "What mode of public transportation in New Haven phased out the trolley service in the 1920's and 1930's?", "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "1948"}], "question": "In what year was the final trolley route in New Haven converted to a bus line? ", "id": "5727d28c4b864d1900163df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "trolley"}], "question": "Buses in New Haven uses what kind of route for their service?", "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Horse-drawn steetcars"}], "question": "Before 20th century, what was the form of public transportation in the city?", "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "streetcar (light-rail) service"}], "question": "What further ideas for public transportation is the city currently considering?", "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaeda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "1948"}], "question": "In what year were trolleys finally replaced completely by buses?", "id": "572bad4734ae481900deaed9"}]}], ["The Canal Trail Farmington adalah laluan kereta api yang akan berjalan secara berterusan dari pusat bandar New Haven ke Northampton, Massachusetts. Jejak yang indah mengikuti laluan New Haven bersejarah dan Syarikat Northampton dan Terusan Farmington. Pada masa ini, terdapat laluan sepanjang 14 km (23 km) yang berterusan dari pusat bandar, melalui Hamden dan ke Cheshire, membuat bas ulang-alik antara New Haven dan kawasan pinggir bandar yang mungkin. Laluan ini adalah sebahagian daripada Greenway Coastway, laluan basikal sejauh 3,000 batu (4,800 km) yang akan menghubungkan setiap bandar utama di Pantai Timur dari Florida ke Maine. <> Apa jejak kereta api dijangka berjalan antara pusat bandar New Haven dan Northampton, Massachusetts? || Trail Canal Farmington <> Apa jejak bersejarah yang mengikuti Trail Canal Farmington? || New Haven dan Syarikat Northampton <> Apakah terusan yang terletak bersebelahan dengan jejak syarikat New Haven dan Northamption bersejarah? || Terusan Farmington <> Apa laluan basikal yang dicadangkan, yang disyorkan menghubungkan setiap bandar utama di pantai timur, adalah sebahagian daripada Trail Terusan Farmington? || East Coast Greenway <> Apakah nama jejak yang berjalan dari New Haven sehingga ke Massachusetts Timur? || Trail Terusan Farmington <> Sebahagian daripada jejak kereta api juga boleh diakses dengan apa bentuk pengangkutan? || basikal <> Segmen di Terusan Farmington juga sebahagian daripada jejak basikal? || East Coast Greenway <> Dari segi panjang, berapa lama adalah laluan Greenway Green Coast jika ia membentang dari Maine ke Florida? || 3,000 batu", {"context": "The Farmington Canal Trail is a rail trail that will eventually run continuously from downtown New Haven to Northampton, Massachusetts. The scenic trail follows the path of the historic New Haven and Northampton Company and the Farmington Canal. Currently, there is a continuous 14-mile (23 km) stretch of the trail from downtown, through Hamden and into Cheshire, making bicycle commuting between New Haven and those suburbs possible. The trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, a proposed 3,000-mile (4,800 km) bike path that would link every major city on the East Coast from Florida to Maine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Farmington Canal Trail"}], "question": "What rail trail is slated to run between downtown New Haven and Northampton, Massachusetts? ", "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "New Haven and Northampton Company"}], "question": "What historic trail does the Farmington Canal Trail follow? ", "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Farmington Canal"}], "question": "What canal lies adjacent to the Historic New Haven and Northamption company trail?", "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "East Coast Greenway"}], "question": "What proposed bike path, projected connect every major city on the eastern seaboard, is part of the Farmington Canal Trail?", "id": "5727d5234b864d1900163e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Farmington Canal Trail"}], "question": "What is the name of the trail that runs from to New Haven all the way to Eastern Massachusetts?", "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "bicycle"}], "question": "Part of the rail trail is also accessible by what form of transportation? ", "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "East Coast Greenway"}], "question": "Segments of the Farmington Canal is also part of which bicycle trail?", "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "3,000-mile"}], "question": "In terms of length, how long is the East Coast Greenway trail if it stretches from Maine to Florida?", "id": "572baec6111d821400f38f47"}]}], ["Kawasan New Haven menyokong beberapa kemudahan perubatan yang dianggap beberapa hospital terbaik di negara ini. Terdapat dua pusat perubatan utama di pusat bandar: Yale - Hospital New Haven mempunyai empat pavilion, termasuk Yale - Hospital Kanak-Kanak New Haven dan Hospital Kanser Smilow; Hospital Saint Raphael adalah beberapa blok di utara, dan mempunyai program penjagaan kecemasan jantung cemerlang. Kemudahan kesihatan di pusat bandar yang lebih kecil adalah Pusat Perubatan Temple yang terletak di pusat bandar Temple Street, Pusat Kesihatan Mental Connecticut / di Park Street dari Y-NHH, dan Hill Health Centre, yang melayani kejiranan Hill kelas kerja. Hospital Hal Ehwal Veteran besar terletak di West Haven jiran. Di barat di Milford ialah Hospital Milford, dan di utara di Meriden adalah Pusat Perubatan MidState. <> Berapa banyak pusat perubatan utama terletak di pusat bandar New Haven? || dua <> Pusat perubatan New Haven yang paling menyeluruh ialah Hospital Smilow Cancer? || Yale - Hospital New Haven <> Apa hospital di New Haven menyediakan penjagaan kecemasan jantung yang ketara? || Hospital Saint Raphael <> Berapa banyak pavilion terdiri daripada Yale - Hospital New Haven? || empat <> Apakah kemudahan kesihatan mental terletak di New Haven? || Pusat Kesihatan Mental Connecticut <> Berapa banyak paviliun adalah sebahagian daripada Hospital New Haven? || empat pavilion <> Apa hospital yang terletak berhampiran daerah kelas pekerja di dalam bandar? || Hill Health Centre, <> Apa hospital yang terletak di utara New Haven di Meriden? || Pusat Perubatan MidState <> Apakah nama hospital yang terkenal di kalangan pesakit kanak-kanak? || Hospital Kanak-kanak New Haven <> Apa bandar berdekatan yang anda akan pergi untuk kecederaan berkaitan perang? || West Haven", {"context": "The New Haven area supports several medical facilities that are considered some of the best hospitals in the country. There are two major medical centers downtown: Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital has four pavilions, including the Yale \u2013 New Haven Children's Hospital and the Smilow Cancer Hospital; the Hospital of Saint Raphael is several blocks north, and touts its excellent cardiac emergency care program. Smaller downtown health facilities are the Temple Medical Center located downtown on Temple Street, Connecticut Mental Health Center/ across Park Street from Y-NHH, and the Hill Health Center, which serves the working-class Hill neighborhood. A large Veterans Affairs hospital is located in neighboring West Haven. To the west in Milford is Milford Hospital, and to the north in Meriden is the MidState Medical Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many major medical centers are located in downtown New Haven?", "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital"}], "question": "What overarching New Haven medical center is the Smilow Cancer Hospital a part of?", "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Hospital of Saint Raphael"}], "question": "What hospital in New Haven provides notable cardiac emergency care? ", "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many pavilions comprise Yale -- New Haven Hospital?", "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Connecticut Mental Health Center"}], "question": "What is the mental health facility is located in New Haven?", "id": "5727e1cfff5b5019007d9774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "four pavilions"}], "question": "How many pavilion are part of New Haven Hospital?", "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Hill Health Center,"}], "question": "What hospital is located nearby a working class district within the city?", "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "MidState Medical Center"}], "question": "What is the hospital located north of New Haven in Meriden?", "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "New Haven Children's Hospital"}], "question": "What is the name of the well known hospital specializes in young children patients?", "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaeea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "West Haven"}], "question": "What nearby city would you go to for war related injuries?", "id": "572bb90c34ae481900deaeeb"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga mempunyai beberapa arteri permukaan utama. Laluan A.S. (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) berjalan di arah timur laut barat pusat bandar yang melayani Union Station dan memimpin bandar ke Milford, West Haven, East Haven dan Branford. Jalan utama dari pusat bandar menuju barat laut adalah Whalley Avenue (sebahagiannya ditandatangani sebagai Laluan 10 dan Laluan 63) yang membawa kepada Westville dan Woodbridge. Menuju utara menuju Hamden, terdapat dua jalan utama, Dixwell Avenue dan Whitney Avenue. Di timur laut terdapat Middletown Avenue (Laluan 17), yang mengarah ke bahagian Montowese di North Haven, dan Foxon Boulevard (Route 80), yang mengarah ke bahagian Foxon East Haven dan ke bandar Branford Utara. Di barat adalah Laluan 34, yang mengarah ke bandar Derby. Arteri intracity utama lain adalah Ella Grasso Boulevard (Laluan 10) di barat pusat bandar, dan College Street, Temple Street, Church Street, Jalan Elm dan Grove Street di kawasan pusat bandar. <> Apa arteri timur-barat di New Haven melayani Union Station? || Laluan A.S. <> Jalan mana yang menuju ke barat laut dari pusat bandar New Haven terdiri daripada Route 10 dan Route 63 di pelbagai tempat? || Whalley Avenue <> Apa dua jalan utama yang terletak di utara New Haven ke arah Hamden? || Dixwell Avenue dan Whitney Avenue <> Apa jalan timur laut di New Haven ditandatangani sebagai Laluan 17? || Middletown <> Apa jalan barat menyediakan akses dari New Haven ke bandar Derby? || Laluan 34 <> Di mana Jalan A.S. A berjalan dari segi arah dalam bandar? || arah timur-barat <> Apakah nama laluan yang menuju ke utara pusat bandar? || Whalley Avenue <> Apa bandar yang membawa laluan barat ke 34? || Derby <> Apa arteri permukaan lain yang terletak di barat pusat bandar New Haven? || Ella Grasso Boulevard", {"context": "The city also has several major surface arteries. U.S. Route 1 (Columbus Avenue, Union Avenue, Water Street, Forbes Avenue) runs in an east-west direction south of downtown serving Union Station and leading out of the city to Milford, West Haven, East Haven and Branford. The main road from downtown heading northwest is Whalley Avenue (partly signed as Route 10 and Route 63) leading to Westville and Woodbridge. Heading north towards Hamden, there are two major thoroughfares, Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue. To the northeast are Middletown Avenue (Route 17), which leads to the Montowese section of North Haven, and Foxon Boulevard (Route 80), which leads to the Foxon section of East Haven and to the town of North Branford. To the west is Route 34, which leads to the city of Derby. Other major intracity arteries are Ella Grasso Boulevard (Route 10) west of downtown, and College Street, Temple Street, Church Street, Elm Street, and Grove Street in the downtown area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "U.S. Route 1"}], "question": "What east-west artery in New Haven serves Union Station? ", "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163eee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Whalley Avenue"}], "question": "What road leading northwest from downtown New Haven comprises both Route 10 and Route 63 at various points?", "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Dixwell Avenue and Whitney Avenue"}], "question": "What two major thoroughfares lie to the north of New Haven towards Hamden? ", "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Middletown"}], "question": "What northeast avenue in New Haven is signed as Route 17?", "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Route 34"}], "question": "What western road provides access from New Haven to the city of Derby?", "id": "5727dee74b864d1900163ef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "east-west direction"}], "question": "Where does U.S. Route 1 runs in terms of direction within the city?", "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Whalley Avenue"}], "question": "What is the name of the route that heads north of downtown?", "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Derby"}], "question": "What city does the western route 34 leads to?", "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "Ella Grasso Boulevard"}], "question": "What is another surface arteries that is located west of downtown New Haven?", "id": "572bb58f111d821400f38f55"}]}], ["Yale dan New Haven bekerja untuk membina sebuah pusat penyelidikan perubatan dan bioteknologi di bandar raya dan kawasan Greater New Haven, dan berjaya sampai ke tahap tertentu. [Bandar raya, negeri dan Yale bersama-sama menjalankan Sains Park, tapak besar tiga blok barat laut kampus Sains Hill Yale. Tapak berbilang blok ini, kira-kira bersempadan dengan Mansfield Street, Division Street, dan Shelton Avenue, adalah rumah kediaman 45 gedung kilang besar di Winchester dan Olin Corporation. Pada masa ini, bahagian-bahagian laman web ini adalah tempat letak kereta besar-besaran atau struktur terbengkalai, tetapi terdapat juga bangunan besar yang berfungsi semula dan berfungsi (disewa terutamanya oleh pemaju swasta) dengan banyak pekerja Yale, perkhidmatan kewangan dan syarikat bioteknologi. <> Yale dan New Haven bersama-sama cuba untuk membina kawasan itu menjadi pusat penyelidikan untuk apa dua industri? || perubatan dan bioteknologi <> Apa laman besar yang dikendalikan oleh Yale, bersempena dengan New Haven dan negeri, terletak tiga blok dari kampus Sains Sains Yale? || Taman Sains <> Kepada syarikat apa tapak berbilang blok yang terdiri daripada Taman Sains dahulu milik? || Winchester dan Olin <> Selain kakitangan Yale dan perkhidmatan kewangan, syarikat-syarikat dalam industri apa yang kini boleh didapati di kawasan yang berfungsi sebagai Taman Sains? || Bioteknologi <> Apakah nama projek kerjasama antara Universiti Yale, Connecticut dan New Haven? || Sains Park <> Kawasan Taman Sains pada awalnya dipenuhi dengan apa? || 45 bangunan kilang berskala besar <> Walaupun beberapa kawasan Taman Sains digunakan oleh pelbagai institusi dan kumpulan, apa yang tersisa daripada syarikat Winchester dan Olin? || tempat letak kereta atau struktur terbengkalai", {"context": "Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[citation needed] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "medical and biotechnology"}], "question": "Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?", "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Science Park"}], "question": "What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?", "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Winchester's and Olin"}], "question": "To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?", "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "biotech"}], "question": "In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?", "id": "5727e3874b864d1900163f4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Science Park"}], "question": "What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? ", "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "45 large-scale factory buildings"}], "question": "The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?", "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "parking lots or abandoned structures"}], "question": "Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?", "id": "572bbb82111d821400f38f64"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, lorong basikal pertama di bandar itu telah ditambahkan ke Orange Street, menghubungkan East Rock Park dan kawasan kejiranan East Rock ke pusat bandar. Sejak itu, lorong basikal juga telah ditambahkan ke bahagian Howard Ave, Elm St, Dixwell Avenue, Water Street, Clinton Avenue dan State Street. Bandar ini telah membuat laluan basikal yang disyorkan untuk mendapatkan sekitar New Haven, termasuk penggunaan Laluan Terusan dan lorong Orange Street. Peta basikal di seluruh bandar boleh dilihat di sini, dan peta basikal dipecahkan mengikut kawasan di sini. Sehingga akhir tahun 2012, lorong basikal juga telah ditambah di kedua-dua arah di Dixwell Avenue di sepanjang jalan dari pusat bandar ke laluan bandar Hamden, serta sepanjang Howard Avenue dari Hospital Yale New Haven ke City Point. <> Pada tahun apakah Orange Street menerima lorong basikal pertama di New Haven? || 2004 <> Untuk mana kejiranan New Haven melakukan lorong basikal Orange Street menyediakan sambungan ke pusat bandar? || East Rock <> Sebagai tambahan kepada Orange Street, apakah laluan basikal yang disyorkan untuk digunakan oleh bandar New Haven? || Trail Canal <> Pada tahun apakah jalur lorong basikal ditambah di Dixwell Avenue dan Howard Avenue? || 2012 <> Bilakah lorong basikal pertama dibuat di New Haven? || 2004 <> Lorong melangkah dari taman East Rock ke bahagian mana bandar? || downtown <> Tahun berapa New Haven akhirnya bersepadu lorong basikal ke kebanyakan bandar? || akhir tahun 2012 <> Bagaimana mungkin terletak arah lorong basikal di dalam bandar? || peta basikal bandar", {"context": "In 2004, the first bike lane in the city was added to Orange Street, connecting East Rock Park and the East Rock neighborhood to downtown. Since then, bike lanes have also been added to sections of Howard Ave, Elm St, Dixwell Avenue, Water Street, Clinton Avenue and State Street. The city has created recommended bike routes for getting around New Haven, including use of the Canal Trail and the Orange Street lane. A bike map of the city entire can be seen here , and bike maps broken down by area here . As of the end of 2012, bicycle lanes have also been added in both directions on Dixwell Avenue along most of the street from downtown to the Hamden town line, as well as along Howard Avenue from Yale New Haven Hospital to City Point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did Orange Street receive the first bike lane in New Haven?", "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "East Rock"}], "question": "For which New Haven neighborhood did the Orange Street bike lane provide a connection to downtown? ", "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Canal Trail"}], "question": "In addition to Orange Street, what is a bike route recommended for use by the city of New Haven?", "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year were bike lanes added on Dixwell Avenue and Howard Avenue? ", "id": "5727d6cf2ca10214002d97cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was the first bicycle lane created in New Haven? ", "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "downtown"}], "question": "The lane stretch from East Rock park to what part of the city?", "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "end of 2012"}], "question": "What year did New Haven finally integrated bike lanes to most of the city?", "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "bike map of the city"}], "question": "How is it possible to located the direction of bike lanes within the city?", "id": "572baff7f75d5e190021fe9f"}]}], ["New Haven terletak di persimpangan Interstate 95 di pantai - yang menyediakan akses ke arah selatan dan / atau ke barat ke pantai barat Connecticut dan ke New York City, dan ke timur ke pantai timur Connecticut, Rhode Island, dan Massachusetts timur-dan Interstate 91, yang membawa ke utara ke pedalaman Massachusetts dan Vermont dan sempadan Kanada. I-95 sangat terkenal dengan kesesakan lalu lintas yang semakin meningkat dengan jarak dekat ke New York City; di sebelah timur New Haven ia melewati Sungai Quinnipiac melalui Pearl Harbor Memorial, atau \"Q Bridge\", yang sering menyampaikan kesesakan utama untuk lalu lintas. I-91, bagaimanapun, agak kurang sesak, kecuali di persimpangan dengan I-95 semasa masa perjalanan puncak. <> Apa antara negeri utama yang menyediakan akses antara New Haven dan New York City? || Interstate 95 <> Apa bandar utama di New Haven menyediakan akses ke utara ke Massachusetts, Vermont, dan akhirnya sampai ke sempadan Kanada? || Interstate 91 <> Di mana sungai New Haven melakukan 1-95 bersilang di sebelah timur? || Quinnipiac River <> Berapakah nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada Pearl Harbor Memorial? || \"Jambatan Q\" <> Yang mana antara negeri New Haven kurang sesak sepanjang masa yang ditetapkan sebagai perjalanan puncak? || I-91 <> New Haven adalah bersebelahan dengan bahagian mana lebuh raya nasional? || Interstate 95 <> Adakah I-91 sama dengan I-95 dari segi lalu lintas yang tidak baik? || agak kurang sesak <> Yang mana jalan raya yang terdekat akan membawa anda ke utara ke Massachusetts? || Interstate 91 <> Interstate 95 juga terkenal dengan apa sebenarnya? || kesesakan lalulintas <> Apa sungai melintas jalan dengan I-95? || Sungai Quinnipiac", {"context": "New Haven lies at the intersection of Interstate 95 on the coast\u2014which provides access southwards and/or westwards to the western coast of Connecticut and to New York City, and eastwards to the eastern Connecticut shoreline, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts\u2014and Interstate 91, which leads northward to the interior of Massachusetts and Vermont and the Canadian border. I-95 is infamous for traffic jams increasing with proximity to New York City; on the east side of New Haven it passes over the Quinnipiac River via the Pearl Harbor Memorial, or \"Q Bridge\", which often presents a major bottleneck to traffic. I-91, however, is relatively less congested, except at the intersection with I-95 during peak travel times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Interstate 95"}], "question": "What major interstate provides access between New Haven and New York City?", "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Interstate 91"}], "question": "What major interstate in New Haven provides access northward into Massachusetts, Vermont, and eventually reaches the Canadian border?", "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Quinnipiac River"}], "question": "Over which New Haven river does 1-95 cross on the east side?", "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "\"Q Bridge\""}], "question": "What is the nickname given to the Pearl Harbor Memorial? ", "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "I-91"}], "question": "Which New Haven interstate is less congested throughout times designated as peak travel?", "id": "5727d90c2ca10214002d97fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Interstate 95"}], "question": "New Haven is adjacent to what part of the national highway?", "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "is relatively less congested"}], "question": "Is I-91 similar to I-95 in terms of bad traffic?", "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Interstate 91"}], "question": "Which of the nearby highway would take you north to Massachusetts?", "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "traffic jams"}], "question": "Interstate 95 is also infamous for what exactly?", "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Quinnipiac River"}], "question": "What river crosses path with I-95?", "id": "572bb136f75d5e190021fea7"}]}], ["Stesen Kesatuan akan terus dihidangkan oleh empat laluan Amtrak: Wilayah Timur Laut dan kelajuan tinggi Acela Express menyediakan perkhidmatan ke New York, Washington, D.C. dan Boston, dan kedudukan sebagai laluan tersibuk pertama dan kedua di negara ini; New Haven-Springfield Line menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada Hartford dan Springfield, Massachusetts; dan Vermonter menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada Washington, D.C., dan Vermont, 15 batu (24 km) dari sempadan Kanada. Amtrak juga merangkum dengan United Airlines untuk perjalanan ke mana-mana lapangan terbang yang diservis oleh United Airlines, melalui Lapangan Terbang Newark (EWR) yang berasal dari atau menamatkan di Union Station, (IATA: ZVE). <> Berapa banyak stesen Amtrak perkhidmatan Union Station? || empat <> Jalur transit mana yang keluar dari Union Station disenaraikan sebagai laluan tersibuk di A.S.? || Northeast Regional dan kelajuan tinggi Acela Express <> Jalur transit mana yang keluar dari Union Station menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada Hartford dan Springfield, Massachusetts? || New Haven-Springfield Line <> Jalur transit yang mana dari Union Station menyediakan perkhidmatan antara Vermont dan Washington D.C. || Vermonter <> Dengan syarikat penerbangan apakah codeshare Amtrak untuk transit ke Lapangan Terbang Newark yang berasal atau tamat di Union Station? || United Airlines <> Apa nama stesen kereta api di New Haven? || Stesen Union <> Jalur kereta yang menghubungkan Connecticut, Massachusetts dan Vermont bersama-sama dikenali sebagai apa? || New Haven-Springfield Line <> Dalam penambahan, talian kereta api juga berkaitan dengan perkhidmatan penerbangan? || United Airlines", {"context": "Union Station is further served by four Amtrak lines: the Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express provide service to New York, Washington, D.C. and Boston, and rank as the first and second busiest routes in the country; the New Haven\u2013Springfield Line provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts; and the Vermonter provides service to both Washington, D.C., and Vermont, 15 miles (24 km) from the Canadian border. Amtrak also codeshares with United Airlines for travel to any airport serviced by United Airlines, via Newark Airport (EWR) originating from or terminating at Union Station, (IATA: ZVE).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Amtrak lines service Union Station?", "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Northeast Regional and the high-speed Acela Express"}], "question": "Which transit lines out of Union Station are ranked as the busiest routes in the U.S.?", "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"}], "question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service to Hartford and Springfield, Massachusetts?", "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the Vermonter"}], "question": "Which transit line out of Union Station provides service between Vermont and Washington D.C.?", "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "United Airlines"}], "question": "With what airline does Amtrak codeshare for transit to Newark Airport that originates or terminates at Union Station?", "id": "5727d1343acd2414000ded26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Union Station"}], "question": "What is the name of the train station within New Haven?", "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "New Haven\u2013Springfield Line"}], "question": "The train line that connects Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont together is known as what?", "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "United Airlines"}], "question": "In additions, the train line is also connected with which airline services?", "id": "572ba73dbe1ee31400cb8485"}]}], ["New Haven adalah lokasi salah satu penangkapan Jim Morrison yang terkenal ketika dia mendahului kumpulan The Doors. Konsert dan penangkapan hampir pada tahun 1967 di New Haven Arena diperingati oleh Morrison dalam lirik \"Katak Keamanan\" yang merangkumi \"... darah di jalan-jalan di bandar New Haven ...\" Ini adalah [sunting | sunting sumber] Acara ini digambarkan dalam filem The Doors (1991), yang dibintangi oleh Val Kilmer sebagai Morrison, dengan dewan konsert di Los Angeles digunakan untuk menggambarkan New Haven Arena . <> Apa yang dilahirkan oleh front door Doors pernah ditangkap di New Haven? || Jim Morrison <> Di mana tempat Jim Morrison ditangkap di New Haven? || New Haven Arena <> Apa lagu Morrison membayar penghormatan terhadap penangkapan New Havennya ketika menyebut bandar dengan nama? || \"Katak Keamanan\" <> Apa filem 1991 menggambarkan penangkapan Morrison tahun 1979 di New Haven? || The Doors <> Sebuah kumpulan band rock popular 70an pernah bermain di New Haven, yang mengakibatkan kemalangan dengan salah seorang anggota itu, nama lelaki itu? || Jim Morrison <> Apa lagu yang dinyanyikan yang membawa kepada penangkapan Morrison? || \"Katak Keamanan\" <> Acara pada tahun 1967 kemudian membawa kepada inspirasi filem apa pada tahun 1991? || The Doors <> The Doors filem bagaimanapun tidak filem di New Haven, sebaliknya di mana mereka filem reenactment? || Los Angeles", {"context": "New Haven was the location of one of Jim Morrison's infamous arrests while he fronted the rock group The Doors. The near-riotous concert and arrest in 1967 at the New Haven Arena was commemorated by Morrison in the lyrics to \"Peace Frog\" which include the line \"...blood in the streets in the town of New Haven...\" This was the first time a rock star had ever been arrested in concert.[citation needed] This event is portrayed in the movie The Doors (1991), starring Val Kilmer as Morrison, with a concert hall in Los Angeles used to depict the New Haven Arena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Jim Morrison"}], "question": "What infamous Doors frontman was once arrested in New Haven?", "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "New Haven Arena"}], "question": "At what venue was Jim Morrison arrested in New Haven?", "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "\"Peace Frog\""}], "question": "What Morrison song pays homage to his New Haven arrest while mentioning the town by name?", "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "The Doors"}], "question": "What 1991 film depicts the 1979 Morrison arrest in New Haven?", "id": "5727ee2a2ca10214002d99e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Jim Morrison"}], "question": "A popular 70s rock band group once played in New Haven, which result in an accident with one of it member, the man name was?", "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb8499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "\"Peace Frog\""}], "question": "What was the song sung that lead to the arrest of Morrison?", "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "The Doors"}], "question": "The event in 1967 later lead to inspiration of what movie in 1991? ", "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Los Angeles"}], "question": "The movie The Doors however did not film at New Haven, instead where did they film the reenactment? ", "id": "572bcf17be1ee31400cb849c"}]}], ["New Haven berulang kali dirujuk oleh Nick Carraway dalam karya klasik Scott The Great Gatsby, karya Scott Scott Fitzgerald, dan juga ahli alumnus Yale, C. Montgomery Burns, watak dari rancangan televisyen The Simpsons. Orang asli fiksyen New Haven adalah Alex Welch dari novella, The Saga Odd dari Amerika dan Flock Islandia Curious. Acara TV Gilmore Girls ditetapkan (tetapi tidak difilemkan) di New Haven dan di Universiti Yale, seperti adegan dalam filem The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008). <> Dalam apa klasik Fitzgerald adakah protagonis fiksyen membuat rujukan berulang ke New Haven? || The Great Gatsby <> Siapa alumnus fiksyen Universiti fiksyen, dan bekas penduduk New Haven, yang muncul di The Simpsons? || C. Montgomery Burns <> Apa peminat New Haven fiksyen yang dipaparkan di novella, The Saga Odd dari Amerika dan Curam Iceland Curam? || Alex Welch <> Di mana universiti New Haven adalah The Gilmore Girls yang secara hipotesis ditetapkan, sekurang-kurangnya sebahagiannya? || Yale <> Kota New Haven sering dirujuk beberapa kali oleh watak dalam novel yang sangat popular yang namanya? || The Great Gatsby <> The Simpson mempunyai watak yang ditetapkan untuk lulus dari Universiti Yale, bolehkah kamu meneka namanya? || Montgomery Burns <> Hubungan apa yang menunjukkan rancangan Gilmore Girls ke bandar New Haven? || ditetapkan (tetapi tidak difilemkan) di New Haven", {"context": "New Haven is repeatedly referenced by Nick Carraway in F. Scott Fitzgerald's literary classic The Great Gatsby, as well as by fellow fictional Yale alumnus C. Montgomery Burns, a character from The Simpsons television show. A fictional native of New Haven is Alex Welch from the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Icelandic Flock. The TV show Gilmore Girls is set (but not filmed) in New Haven and at Yale University, as are scenes in the film The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "The Great Gatsby"}], "question": "In what Fitzgerald classic does the fictional protagonist make repeated references to New Haven?", "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "C. Montgomery Burns"}], "question": "Who is the fictional Yale University alumnus, and ostensible former resident of New Haven, featured on The Simpsons? ", "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Alex Welch"}], "question": "What fictional New Haven resident is featured in the novella, The Odd Saga of the American and a Curious Iceland Flock?", "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Yale"}], "question": "At what New Haven university is The Gilmore Girls hypothetically set, at least in part? ", "id": "5727ed00ff5b5019007d98a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "The Great Gatsby"}], "question": "The city of New Haven was often referenced several time by a character in a very popular novel which name was?", "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Montgomery Burns"}], "question": "The Simpson has a character that was set to graduated from Yale University, can you guess his name?", "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "is set (but not filmed) in New Haven"}], "question": "What relations does the television show Gilmore Girls have to New Haven city?", "id": "572bcd9b111d821400f38f8a"}]}], ["Berhampiran New Haven terdapat loji penyongsang statik HVDC Cross Sound Cable. Terdapat tiga sel bahan bakar PureCell Model 400 yang ditempatkan di bandar New Haven-one di Sekolah-sekolah Awam New Haven dan Sekolah Roberto Clemente yang baru dibina, satu di gedung 360 State Street yang bercampur-campur, dan satu di Dewan Bandaraya. Menurut Giovanni Zinn dari Pejabat Kemapanan di bandar, setiap sel bahan bakar dapat menyelamatkan kota hingga $ 1 juta dalam kos tenaga selama satu dekad. Sel bahan bakar disediakan oleh ClearEdge Power, dahulu Kuasa UTC. <> Apa tanaman inverter statik terletak berhampiran New Haven? || HVDC Cross Sound Cable <> Berapa banyak bahan bakar PureCell Model 400 boleh didapati di New Haven? || tiga <> Berapa banyak wang yang setiap sel bahan api PureCell Model 400 dijangka menyelamatkan bandar New Haven dalam kos tenaga sepanjang dekad? || $ 1 juta <> Apa syarikat menyediakan New Haven dengan sel bahan bakar yang kini di tempat di seluruh bandar? || ClearEdge Power <> Syarikat kabel Cross Sound mempunyai struktur apa yang terletak berhampiran New Haven? || loji penyongsang statik <> Berapa banyak sel bahan api Model 400 terletak di New Haven? || tiga <> Apakah nama syarikat yang menyediakan sel bahan bakar ke bandar? || Kuasa UTC <> Dari segi anggaran, apakah anggaran simpanan dari menggunakan sistem sel bahan api? || $ 1 juta dalam kos tenaga", {"context": "Near New Haven there is the static inverter plant of the HVDC Cross Sound Cable. There are three PureCell Model 400 fuel cells placed in the city of New Haven\u2014one at the New Haven Public Schools and newly constructed Roberto Clemente School, one at the mixed-use 360 State Street building, and one at City Hall. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, each fuel cell may save the city up to $1 million in energy costs over a decade. The fuel cells were provided by ClearEdge Power, formerly UTC Power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "HVDC Cross Sound Cable"}], "question": "What static inverter plant lies near New Haven? ", "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many PureCell Model 400 fuel cells can be found in New Haven?", "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "$1 million"}], "question": "How much money is each PureCell Model 400 fuel cell projected to save the city of New Haven in energy costs over the course of a decade?", "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "ClearEdge Power"}], "question": "What company provided New Haven with the fuel cells currently in place throughout the city? ", "id": "5727e83f3acd2414000def82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "static inverter plant"}], "question": "The Cross Sound Cable company has what sort of structure located near New Haven?", "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaefd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Model 400 fuel cell lies within New Haven?", "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaefe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "UTC Power"}], "question": "What was the former name of the company that provided the fuel cells to the city?", "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaeff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "$1 million in energy costs"}], "question": "In terms of budget, what is the estimated savings from using the fuel cell system?", "id": "572bc33134ae481900deaf00"}]}], ["Daerah bioteknologi kedua sedang dirancang untuk jalur median di Frontage Road, di tanah yang dibersihkan untuk laluan Laluan 34 yang tidak pernah dibina. Sehingga akhir tahun 2009, sebuah klinik ujian ubat Pfizer, sebuah bangunan makmal perubatan yang menghidangkan Hospital Yale - New Haven, dan struktur penggunaan campuran yang mengandungi tempat letak kereta, perumahan dan ruang pejabat, telah dibina di koridor ini. Sebuah bangunan telefon bekas SNET di 300 George Street sedang diubah menjadi ruang makmal, dan sejauh ini agak berjaya dalam menarik bioteknologi dan firma perubatan. <> Di jalur median jalan apakah perancangan New Haven untuk mewujudkan daerah bioteknologi menengah? || Frontage <> Apa yang asalnya dijangka akan dibina di tapak kawasan yang dicadangkan untuk daerah bioteknologi menengah? || Laluan 34 sambungan <> Apa syarikat farmaseutikal utama yang sedang menjalankan klinik ubat di New Haven dalam koridor bioteknologi baru? || Pfizer <> Apakah bekas bangunan SNET di New Haven sedang ditukar dalam usaha menarik syarikat perubatan atau bioteknologi baru? || ruang makmal <> Di manakah kawasan bioteknologi yang dirancang kedua? || Frontage Road <> Apakah nama bekas tempat sekarang yang berfungsi sebagai bangunan bioteknologi di 300 George Street? || Bangunan telefon SNET <> Bilakah pembukaan bangunan pertama di daerah biotek kedua? || lewat tahun 2009", {"context": "A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale \u2013 New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Frontage"}], "question": "On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?", "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Route 34 extension"}], "question": "What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?", "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Pfizer"}], "question": "What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?", "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "lab space"}], "question": "What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?", "id": "5727e50a2ca10214002d98f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Frontage Road"}], "question": "Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?", "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "SNET telephone building"}], "question": "What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?", "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "late 2009"}], "question": "When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?", "id": "572bc198be1ee31400cb8495"}]}], ["New Haven telah digambarkan dalam beberapa filem. Adegan dalam filem All About Eve (1950) ditetapkan di Taft Hotel (sekarang Taft Apartments) di sudut jalan-jalan Kolej dan Chapel, dan sejarah teater New Haven sebagai Broadway \"tryouts\" digambarkan dalam filem Fred Astaire The Band Wagon (1953). Bandar ini secara fiksi digambarkan dalam filem Steven Spielberg Amistad (1997) mengenai peristiwa-peristiwa di sekitar perbicaraan mutiny kapal-kapal tawanan yang memberontak. New Haven juga difokuskan dalam filem The Skulls (2000), yang memberi tumpuan kepada teori konspirasi mengelilingi masyarakat rahsia Skull dan Bones yang terletak di New Haven. <> Pada apa bekas kemudahan penginapan di New Haven adalah pemandangan dari klasik 1950's, All About Eve, yang difilemkan? || Taft Hotel <> Apa filem Fred Astaire menggambarkan sejarah teater New Haven yang dilaporkan sebagai \"cubaan\" untuk Broadway? || The Wagon Band <> Apa filem Spielberg menyediakan satu akaun fiksyen mengenai perbuatan menggerunkan kapal budak yang berlaku di New Haven? || Amistad <> Filem apa yang dihasilkan pada tahun 2000 menyiasat teori konspirasi mengelilingi Skull and Bone Society yang terkenal di New Haven? || The Skulls <> Apa yang kini terletak di tapak Taft Hotel lama di New Haven? || Taft Apartments <> Apa nama filem yang pernah menjadi filem di sudut jalan-jalan Kolej dan Chapel? || All About Eve (1950) <> Amistad fim menggunakan rujukan kepada New Haven dalam filem, yang merupakan pengarah Amistad? || Steven Spielberg <> New Haven adalah ciri dalam filem apa mengenai masyarakat rahsia dan teori konspirasi? || The Skulls (2000)", {"context": "New Haven has been depicted in a number of movies. Scenes in the film All About Eve (1950) are set at the Taft Hotel (now Taft Apartments) on the corner of College and Chapel streets, and the history of New Haven theaters as Broadway \"tryouts\" is depicted in the Fred Astaire film The Band Wagon (1953). The city was fictionally portrayed in the Steven Spielberg movie Amistad (1997) concerning the events around the mutiny trial of that ship's rebelling captives. New Haven was also fictionalized in the movie The Skulls (2000), which focused on conspiracy theories surrounding the real-life Skull and Bones secret society which is located in New Haven.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Taft Hotel"}], "question": "At what former lodging facility in New Haven were scenes from the 1950's classic, All About Eve, filmed?", "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "The Band Wagon"}], "question": "What Fred Astaire film depicts the reported history of New Haven theaters as \"tryouts\" for Broadway?", "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Amistad"}], "question": "What Spielberg movie provided a fictional account of the slave ship mutiny trials that took place in New Haven?", "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "The Skulls"}], "question": "What movie produced in 2000 investigated conspiracy theories surrounding the notorious Skull and Bone Society in New Haven? ", "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Taft Apartments"}], "question": "What is currently located at the site of the old Taft Hotel in New Haven?", "id": "5727ea07ff5b5019007d9864"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "All About Eve (1950)"}], "question": "What was the name of the movie that once film in the corner of College and Chapel streets?", "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Steven Spielberg"}], "question": "The fim Amistad uses references to New Haven in the movie, who was the director of Amistad?", "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "The Skulls (2000)"}], "question": "New Haven was feature in what movie regarding secret society and conspiracy theories? ", "id": "572bc4b234ae481900deaf07"}]}], ["Beberapa filem baru-baru ini telah difilemkan di New Haven, termasuk Mona Lisa Smile (2003), dengan Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), dengan Uma Thurman, dan Indiana Jones dan Kerajaan Crystal Skull (2008) yang diarahkan oleh Steven Spielberg dan dibintangi oleh Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett dan Shia LaBeouf. Penggambaran Crystal Skull melibatkan urutan mengejar luas melalui jalan-jalan di New Haven. Beberapa jalan di pusat bandar ditutup kepada lalu lintas dan menerima \"makeover\" untuk kelihatan seperti jalan raya pada tahun 1957, apabila filem itu ditetapkan. 500 penduduk tempatan telah dilemparkan sebagai tambahan untuk filem itu. Di Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro mempunyai pertemuan rapat dengan apa yang sepatutnya menjadi stesen keretapi Denver; tempat kejadian difilemkan di Stesen Union New Haven. <> Apa filem 2003 yang menampilkan Julia Roberts difilmkan di New Haven? || Mona Lisa Smile <> Apa francais Spielberg difilmkan di New Haven pada tahun 2008? || Indiana Jones dan Kerajaan Skull Crystal <> Tahun berapa jalan-jalan di pusat bandar New Haven direka semula untuk menyerupai penggambaran Crystal Skull? || 1957 <> Berapa ramai penduduk New Haven yang dilemparkan sebagai tambahan dalam penggambaran Tengkorak Kristal? || 500 <> Dalam apa yang mercu tanda New Haven ialah filem Robert De Niro 2009, Semua orang yang Baik, difilmkan? || Union Station <> Apakah nama filem filem popular di New Haven yang menampilkan Julia Roberts? || Mona Lisa Smile (2003) <> Ciri filem Indiana Jones baru-baru ini berapa ramai rakyat tempatan dalam filem? || 500 <> Union Station adalah sebahagian daripada satu set filem, apakah nama filem itu? || Everybody's Fine (2009)", {"context": "Several recent movies have been filmed in New Haven, including Mona Lisa Smile (2003), with Julia Roberts, The Life Before Her Eyes (2007), with Uma Thurman, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Harrison Ford, Cate Blanchett and Shia LaBeouf. The filming of Crystal Skull involved an extensive chase sequence through the streets of New Haven. Several downtown streets were closed to traffic and received a \"makeover\" to look like streets of 1957, when the film is set. 500 locals were cast as extras for the film. In Everybody's Fine (2009), Robert De Niro has a close encounter in what is supposed to be the Denver train station; the scene was filmed in New Haven's Union Station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Mona Lisa Smile"}], "question": "What 2003 movie featuring Julia Roberts was filmed in New Haven?", "id": "5727eb704b864d190016402e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull"}], "question": "What Spielberg franchise was filmed in New Haven in 2008?", "id": "5727eb704b864d190016402f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "1957"}], "question": "What year were the streets of downtown New Haven redesigned to resemble for the filming of the Crystal Skull?", "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "500"}], "question": "How many New Haven locals were cast as extras throughout filming of the Crystal Skull?", "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "Union Station"}], "question": "In what New Haven landmark was the 2009 Robert De Niro movie, Everybody's Fine, filmed?", "id": "5727eb704b864d1900164032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Mona Lisa Smile (2003)"}], "question": "What was the name of popular movie film in New Haven featuring Julia Roberts?", "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "500"}], "question": "The recent Indiana Jones movie feature how many of the local citizen in film?", "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Everybody's Fine (2009)"}], "question": "Union Station was as a part of a set on a film, what was the name of the movie?", "id": "572bcc46111d821400f38f84"}]}]], [["BYU menerima 49 peratus daripada 11,423 orang yang memohon kemasukan pada musim panas dan jatuh semester 2013. Rata-rata IPK untuk pelajar yang diakuinya ialah 3.82. Berita A.S. dan World Report menerangkan pemilihan BYU sebagai \"lebih selektif\" dan membandingkannya dengan universiti seperti Universiti Texas di Austin dan The Ohio State University. Di samping itu, BYU menduduki tempat ke-26 di kolej-kolega yang paling ramai pelajar Merit Scholars, dengan 88 pada tahun 2006. BYU mempunyai salah satu peratusan tertinggi pemohon yang diterima masuk (78 peratus pada tahun 2010). <> Berapa peratus daripada pemohon yang BYU terima kerana ia musim panas dan jatuh semester pada tahun 2013? || 49 <> Apakah purata IPK bagi pelajar yang diterima pada tahun 2013? || 3.82 <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU yang diterima untuk mendaftar pada tahun 2010? || 78 <> Apakah ranking BYU di kolej-kolej yang paling ramai pelajar baru Merit Scholars? || 26th <> Berapa ramai pelajar baru di BYU adalah Scholars Merit pada tahun 2006? || 88", {"context": "BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being \"more selective\" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "49"}], "question": "What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "3.82"}], "question": "What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "78"}], "question": "What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "26th"}], "question": "What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "88"}], "question": "How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?", "id": "5728887dff5b5019007da2b8"}]}], ["BYU menawarkan program dalam seni liberal, kejuruteraan, pertanian, pengurusan, sains fizikal dan matematik, kejururawatan dan undang-undang. Universiti ini diagihkan secara meluas ke 11 kolej atau sekolah di kampus Provo utama, dengan beberapa kolej dan bahagian tertentu menentukan standard kemasukan mereka sendiri. Universiti juga mengendalikan dua kampus satelit, satu di Jerusalem dan satu di Salt Lake City, sementara organisasi induknya, Sistem Pendidikan Gereja (CES), menaja sekolah-sekolah saudara di Hawaii dan Idaho. Fokus utama universiti adalah pendidikan sarjana, tetapi ia juga mempunyai 68 program sarjana dan 25 kedoktoran. <> Apakah tumpuan utama BYU? || pendidikan sarjana <> Apa bandar asing memegang kampus cawangan BYU? || Yerusalem <> Institusi apa yang mengawal BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja <> Di mana adik-beradik sekolah BYU ada? || Hawaii dan Idaho <> Berapa banyak program tuan punya BYU? || 68 <> Berapa banyak kolej membuat BYU di kampus utamanya? || 11 <> Berapa banyak kampus satelit yang dikendalikan oleh BYU? || dua <> Apakah organisasi ibu bapa BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja (CES) <> Di manakah CES menaja sekolah kakak BYU? || Hawaii dan Idaho", {"context": "BYU offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing and law. The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards. The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "undergraduate education"}], "question": "What is BYU's main focal point?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Jerusalem"}], "question": "What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Church Educational System"}], "question": "What institution controls BYU?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Hawaii and Idaho"}], "question": "Where are BYU's sibling schools located?", "id": "572654245951b619008f6fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "68"}], "question": "How many master's programs does BYU have?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "the Church Educational System (CES)"}], "question": "What is BYU's parent organization?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Hawaii and Idaho"}], "question": "Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?", "id": "5728253a2ca10214002d9ef8"}]}], ["Bateman bertanggungjawab membina 36 bangunan baru untuk universiti baik di dalam dan di luar kampus, termasuk pengembangan Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee. Beliau juga merupakan salah satu daripada beberapa pemimpin utama yang membawa kepada penciptaan Persidangan Gunung Barat, yang program olahraga BYU - BYU sebelum ini mengambil bahagian dalam Persidangan Athletic Barat. Rangkaian TV satelit BYU juga dibuka pada tahun 2000 di bawah kepimpinannya. Bateman juga menjadi presiden semasa serangan ke-11 pada tahun 2001. Pesawat-pesawat itu jatuh pada hari Selasa, jam sebelum kebaktian mingguan yang biasanya diadakan di BYU. Pelan sebelumnya untuk kebaktian telah diubah, kerana Bateman memimpin badan pelajar dalam doa untuk damai. Bateman diikuti oleh Cecil O. Samuelson pada tahun 2003. Samuelson digantikan oleh Kevin J Worthen pada tahun 2014. <> Apa peristiwa yang terkenal berlaku semasa masa Bateman sebagai presiden? || serangan 11 September <> Apa nama acara sukan yang terlibat sebelum persidangan Mountain West? || Persidangan Athletic Barat <> Pada tahun apakah sekolah memulakan rangkaian televisyen BYU? || 2000 <> Siapa yang menggantikan pengganti Bateman? || Kevin J Worthen <> Apa jenis rangkaian BYU TV dibuka pada tahun 2000 di bawah Pres. Merrill J. Bateman? || satelit <> Apa yang dilakukan Pres. Bateman menggantikan penyembahan berjadual yang dijadualkan selepas serangan 11 September, 2001? || memimpin badan pelajar dalam doa untuk perdamaian <> Perpustakaan apa yang ada di Pres. Bateman bertanggungjawab untuk berkembang? || Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee Apa program olahraga BYU menyertai di bawah Pres. Bateman? || Persidangan Gunung Barat <> Yang mana program athletik BYU dimiliki sebelum menyertai Persidangan Gunung Barat? || Persidangan Athletic Barat", {"context": "Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined \u2014 BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace. Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003. Samuelson was succeeded by Kevin J Worthen in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "the September 11th attacks"}], "question": "What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the Western Athletic Conference"}], "question": "What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "Kevin J Worthen"}], "question": "Who replaced Bateman's successor?", "id": "5726763c708984140094c6e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "satellite"}], "question": "What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfa9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "led the student body in a prayer for peace"}], "question": "What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Harold B. Lee Library"}], "question": "What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the Mountain West Conference"}], "question": "What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the Western Athletic Conference"}], "question": "Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?", "id": "572886d43acd2414000dfaa3"}]}], ["Dallin H. Oaks menggantikan Wilkinson sebagai presiden pada tahun 1971. Oaks meneruskan pengembangan pendahulunya, menambah sekolah undang-undang dan mencadangkan rancangan untuk Sekolah Pengurusan baru. Semasa pentadbirannya, sebuah perpustakaan baru juga ditambah, menggandakan ruang perpustakaan di kampus. Jeffrey R. Holland diikuti sebagai presiden pada tahun 1980, menggalakkan gabungan kecemerlangan pendidikan dan kepercayaan agama di universiti. Beliau percaya bahawa salah satu kekuatan terbesar sekolah itu adalah sifat keagamaannya dan ini harus dimanfaatkan bukannya tersembunyi. Semasa pentadbirannya, universiti itu menambah sebuah kampus di Yerusalem, yang kini dikenali sebagai BYU Jerusalem Centre. Pada tahun 1989, Holland digantikan oleh Rex E. Lee. Lee bertanggungjawab terhadap Benson Science Building dan Muzium Seni di kampus. Seorang mangsa kanser, Lee diperingati setiap tahun di BYU semasa penggalangan dana kanser yang dipanggil Rex Lee Run. Tidak lama sebelum kematiannya, Lee digantikan pada tahun 1995 oleh Merrill J. Bateman. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kampus pertama BYU di luar A.S.? || Jeffrey R. Holland <> Yang presiden BYU mengalami penyakit terminal? || Rex E. Lee <> Siapa berjaya Rex E. Lee? || Merrill J. Bateman <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pengembangan universiti ke sekolah undang-undang dan pengurusan? || Dallin H. Oaks <> Apa yang Jeffrey R. Holland percaya sebagai aset terkuat BYU? || sifat keagamaannya <> Sekolah BYU yang baru telah ditambah di bawah Pres. Dallin H. Oaks pada tahun 1971? || undang-undang <> Di mana negara asing telah Jeffrey R. Holland membuka kampus BYU semasa jawatan presidennya? || Yerusalem <> Apa acara tahunan di BYU dilakukan dalam ingatan kepada bekas presiden Rex E. Lee, yang membina Muzium Seni di kampus? || pengumpulan dana kanser yang dipanggil Rex Lee Run <> Apa yang dipercayai sebagai salah satu sekolah kekuatan terbesar oleh Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland? || sifat keagamaannya <> Apa nama kampus BYU di Jerusulem? || BYU Pusat Baitulmuqaddis", {"context": "Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Jeffrey R. Holland"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Rex E. Lee"}], "question": "Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "Merrill J. Bateman"}], "question": "Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dallin H. Oaks"}], "question": "Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "its religious nature"}], "question": "What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?", "id": "5726712af1498d1400e8dfc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "law"}], "question": "Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Jerusalem"}], "question": "In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run"}], "question": "What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "its religious nature"}], "question": "What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "BYU Jerusalem Center"}], "question": "What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?", "id": "57288582ff5b5019007da2ae"}]}], ["Universiti Brigham Young (sering disebut BYU atau, secara kolektif, The Y) adalah sebuah universiti penyelidikan swasta yang terletak di Provo, Utah, Amerika Syarikat. Ia dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir (Gereja LDS), dan, tidak termasuk pelajar dalam talian, adalah yang terbesar di mana-mana universiti agama dan universiti swasta ketiga terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 29,672 di kampus pelajar. Kira-kira 99 peratus pelajar adalah ahli Gereja LDS, dan satu pertiga daripada pelajar AS dari Utah. <> Berapa ramai pelajar menghadiri BYU di kampus? || 29,672 <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang juga ahli-ahli Gereja Orang Suci Latter Hari? || 99 peratus <> Apa bahagian pelajar pelajar penduduk asli Utah? || satu pertiga <> Di mana Brigham Young University? || Provo, Utah <> Apakah ranking BYU di kalangan universiti swasta? || ketiga <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang hadir di BYU di kampus? || 29,672 <> Di mana kampus utama BYU? || Provo, Utah <> Apakah ranking BYU di kalangan universiti swasta? || ketiga <> Berapa ramai pelajar BYU yang tinggal di Utah? || satu pertiga <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU berasal dari Utah? || satu per tiga <> Berapa peratus daripada pelajar BYU adalah anggota Gereja LDS? || Kira-kira 99 peratus <> Bagaimana ukuran BYU disenaraikan antara universiti swasta di A.S.? || yang ketiga terbesar <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh LDS? || Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir <> Siapa yang memiliki dan mengendalikan Brigham University? || Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir", {"context": "Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States, with 29,672 on-campus students. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, and one-third of its US students are from Utah.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "29,672"}], "question": "How many students attend BYU on campus?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "99 percent"}], "question": "How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "What portion of students are native Utah residents?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Provo, Utah"}], "question": "Where is Brigham Young University?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "third"}], "question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?", "id": "572643ee1125e71900ae1918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "29,672"}], "question": "How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Provo, Utah"}], "question": "Where is BYU's main campus?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "third"}], "question": "What is BYU's ranking among private universities?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Approximately 99 percent"}], "question": "What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "the third largest"}], "question": "How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"}], "question": "What does LDS stand for?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"}], "question": "Who owns and operates Brigham University?", "id": "572823673acd2414000df577"}]}], ["Pelajar yang menghadiri BYU dikehendaki mengikuti kod kehormatan, yang memerintahkan tingkah laku selaras dengan ajaran LDS seperti kejujuran akademik, pematuhan kepada standard pakaian dan dandanan, dan pantang larang dari seks luar nikah dan dari penggunaan dadah dan alkohol. Ramai pelajar (88 peratus lelaki, 33 peratus wanita) sama ada melewatkan pendaftaran atau mengambil hos dari pelajaran mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon. (Lelaki biasanya berkhidmat selama dua tahun, manakala wanita berkhidmat selama 18 bulan.) Pendidikan di BYU juga lebih murah daripada di universiti swasta yang sama, kerana \"sebahagian besar\" kos operasi universiti disubsidi oleh persepuluhan gereja dana. <> Atas sebab mengapa ramai pelajar menangguhkan pendaftaran mereka ke BYU? || untuk berkhidmat sebagai mublis Mormon <> Apa sumber pendanaan BYU? || dana persepuluhan gereja <> Berapa banyak wanita di BYU melakukan kerja mubaligh? || 33 peratus <> Berapakah jumlah purata masa lelaki melayani sebagai mubaligh? || dua tahun <> Apakah asas kod tingkah laku di BYU? || Ajaran LDS <> Apakah sebahagian besar daripada kos operasi BYU yang disubsidi oleh? || dana persepuluhan gereja <> Berapa peratuskah lelaki yang menangguhkan pendaftaran BYU mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon? || 88 <> Berapa peratus wanita melambatkan pendaftaran BYU mereka untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh Mormon? || 33 <> Bagaimana kos menghadiri BYU berbanding dengan kos universiti yang sama? || kurang mahal <> Apa yang semua pelajar di BYU bersetuju untuk menahan diri daripada memakan? || dadah dan alkohol", {"context": "Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since \"a significant portion\" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "to serve as Mormon missionaries"}], "question": "For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the church's tithing funds"}], "question": "What is the source of much of BYU's funding?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "33 percent"}], "question": "How many women at BYU do missionary work?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "two-years"}], "question": "What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e8099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "LDS teachings"}], "question": "What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?", "id": "57264abedd62a815002e809a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "the church's tithing funds"}], "question": "What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "88"}], "question": "What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "33"}], "question": "What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "less expensive"}], "question": "How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "drugs and alcohol"}], "question": "What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?", "id": "5728248dff5b5019007d9df4"}]}], ["Asal mula Brigham Young University dapat dikesan kembali pada tahun 1862 ketika seorang lelaki bernama Warren Dusenberry memulai sekolah Provo di gedung adobe yang terkenal bernama Cluff Hall, yang terletak di sudut timur laut 200 Timur dan 200 Utara. Pada 16 Oktober 1875, Brigham Young, presiden Gereja LDS, secara peribadi membeli Bangunan Lewis selepas membayangkan bahawa sebuah sekolah akan dibina di Draper, Utah pada tahun 1867. Oleh itu, pada 16 Oktober 1875 biasanya diadakan sebagai tarikh penubuhan BYU . Said Young mengenai visinya: \"Saya berharap dapat melihat Akademi yang ditubuhkan di Provo ... di mana anak-anak Orang Suci Zaman Akhir dapat menerima pendidikan yang baik tanpa pengaruh ateis yang merosakkan yang terdapat di begitu banyak sekolah tinggi negara ini. \" <> Bilakah harta pertama untuk apa yang akan diperoleh BYU? || 16 Oktober 1875 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mendapatkan bangunan pertama BYU? || Brigham Young <> Di mana sekolah Brigham Young awalnya dipercayai terletak? || Draper, Utah <> Siapa yang memulakan sekolah yang sebelum ini wujud di tapak di mana BYU kini terletak? || Warren Dusenberry <> Berapa tahun boleh asal BYU dikesan dengan sebuah bangunan bernama Cluff Hall? || 1862 <> Yang presiden gereja LDS membeli Bangunan Lewis selepas mengisyaratkan pembinaan sebuah sekolah? || Brigham Young <> Apakah jenis pengaruh yang dilakukan oleh Brigham Young untuk menghindari BYU? || atheistic <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh BYU tahun penubuhan yang biasa? || 1867 <> Siapa yang berharap Brigham Young mendidik melalui BYU? || anak-anak Orang Suci Zaman Akhir", {"context": "Brigham Young University's origin can be traced back to 1862 when a man named Warren Dusenberry started a Provo school in a prominent adobe building called Cluff Hall, which was located in the northeast corner of 200 East and 200 North. On October 16, 1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah in 1867. Hence, October 16, 1875 is commonly held as BYU's founding date. Said Young about his vision: \"I hope to see an Academy established in Provo... at which the children of the Latter-day Saints can receive a good education unmixed with the pernicious atheistic influences that are found in so many of the higher schools of the country.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "October 16, 1875"}], "question": "When was the first property for what would become BYU acquired?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Brigham Young"}], "question": "Who was responsible for acquiring BYU's first building?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Draper, Utah"}], "question": "Where was Brigham  Young's school originally believed to be located?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Warren Dusenberry"}], "question": "Who began the school that previously existed at the site where BYU is now located?", "id": "572656badd62a815002e81f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1862"}], "question": "What year can BYU's origin be traced to with a building called Cluff Hall?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Brigham Young"}], "question": "Which president of the LDS church purchased the Lewis Building after hinting at the building of a school?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "atheistic"}], "question": "What type of influences did Brigham Young hope to avoid with BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "1867"}], "question": "What is the commonly held founding year of BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "children of the Latter-day Saints"}], "question": "Who did Brigham Young hope to educate via BYU?", "id": "572826ce2ca10214002d9f44"}]}], ["Sekolah ini bermula dari Universiti Deseret dan menjadi Akademi Brigham Young, dengan kelas bermula pada 3 Januari 1876. Warren Dusenberry berkhidmat sebagai pengetua sementara sekolah selama beberapa bulan sehingga April 1876 ketika pilihan Brigham Young untuk kepala sekolah tiba-orang pendatang Jerman bernama Karl Maeser. Di bawah arahan Maeser, sekolah menuntut banyak pencerahan termasuk masa depan Hakim Mahkamah Agung A.S. George Sutherland dan Senator Reed Smoot di masa depan. Sekolah itu, bagaimanapun, tidak menjadi universiti sehinggalah berakhirnya istilah Benjamin Cluff, Jr pada ketua institusi. Pada masa itu, sekolah itu juga masih disokong secara persendirian oleh ahli-ahli masyarakat dan tidak diserap dan ditaja secara rasmi oleh Gereja LDS sehingga 18 Julai 1896. Satu siri keputusan pengurusan yang ganjil oleh Cluff membawa kepada penurunannya; Walau bagaimanapun, dalam akta rasmi terakhirnya, beliau mencadangkan kepada Lembaga bahawa Akademi dinamakan \"Brigham Young University\". Cadangan itu menerima banyak pembangkang, dengan banyak ahli Lembaga menyatakan bahawa sekolah itu tidak cukup besar untuk menjadi sebuah universiti, tetapi keputusan itu akhirnya diluluskan. Seorang lawan kepada keputusan itu, Anthon H. Lund, kemudian berkata, \"Saya harap kepala mereka akan tumbuh cukup besar untuk topi mereka.\" <> Kolej apa yang BYU terpisah daripada menjadi entiti sendiri? || University of Deseret <> Bilakah pertama kali membuka pintu kepada pelajar? || 3 Januari 1876 <> Siapa ketua sekolah untuk beberapa bulan pertama? || Warren Dusenberry <> Bilakah Gereja Latter Day Saint mengakui dan mula menyokong BYU? || 18 Julai 1896 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab mencadangkan nama semasa BYU? || Benjamin Cluff, Jr <> Sekolah mana yang Brigham Young Acadamy, sekarang BYU, berpisah dari tahun 1876? || University of Deseret <> Siapa yang pertama Brigham Young Acadamy, sekarang BYU, prinsipal yang dipilih oleh Brigham Young? || Karl Maeser <> Apa yang dilakukan Brigham Young Acadamy pada akhir istilah Benjamin Cluff Jr? || sebuah universiti <> Siapa yang BYU disokong oleh sebelum ditaja oleh Gereja LDS? || anggota komuniti <> Apa pendapat pihak lawan dari pihak Anthon H. Lund selepas Brigham memilih untuk menukar nama mereka ke Universiti? || \"Saya harap kepala mereka akan tumbuh cukup besar untuk topi mereka.\"", {"context": "The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, with classes commencing on January 3, 1876. Warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Young's choice for principal arrived\u2014a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maeser's direction the school educated many luminaries including future U.S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland and future U.S. Senator Reed Smoot among others. The school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluff, Jr's term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was also still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18, 1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion; however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named \"Brigham Young University\". The suggestion received a large amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasn't large enough to be a university, but the decision ultimately passed. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, \"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "University of Deseret"}], "question": "What college did BYU separate from to become its own entity?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "January 3, 1876"}], "question": "When did BYU first open its doors to students?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Warren Dusenberry"}], "question": "Who was the head of the school for its first few months?", "id": "57265810708984140094c32f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "July 18, 1896"}], "question": "When did the Latter Day Saints Church acknowledge and begin to support BYU?", "id": "57265810708984140094c330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Benjamin Cluff, Jr"}], "question": "Who is responsible for proposing BYU's current name?", "id": "57265810708984140094c331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "University of Deseret"}], "question": "Which school did Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  break off from in 1876?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Karl Maeser"}], "question": "Who was the first Brigham Young Acadamy, now BYU,  principal chosen by Brigham Young?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "a university"}], "question": "What did Brigham Young Acadamy become at the end of Benjamin Cluff Jr's term at the helm?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "members of the community"}], "question": "Who was BYU supported by before being sponsored by the LDS Church?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1206, "text": "\"I hope their head will grow big enough for their hat.\""}], "question": "What did Board opponent Anthon H. Lund say after Brigham voted to change their name to a University?", "id": "5728807d3acd2414000dfa5f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1903, Brigham Young Academy dibubarkan, dan telah digantikan oleh dua institusi: Brigham Young High School, dan Brigham Young University. (Kelas OLEH Sekolah Tinggi pada tahun 1907 akhirnya bertanggungjawab terhadap gergasi terkenal \"Y\" yang hingga kini tertanam di sebuah gunung berhampiran kampus.) Lembaga memilih George H. Brimhall sebagai Presiden baru BYU. Dia tidak menerima pendidikan sekolah menengah sehingga dia berumur empat puluh tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau adalah seorang penganjur dan penganjur yang cemerlang. Di bawah jawatannya pada tahun 1904, Universiti Brigham Young baru membeli 17 ekar tanah (69,000 m2) dari Provo yang dipanggil \"Temple Hill\". Selepas beberapa kontroversi di kalangan penduduk tempatan atas pembelian hartanah BYU, pembinaan bermula pada tahun 1909 di bangunan pertama di kampus semasa, Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall juga mempengerusikan Universiti semasa krisis ringkas yang melibatkan teori evolusi. Sifat keagamaan sekolah seolah-olah pada masa itu bertabrakan dengan teori saintifik ini. Joseph F. Smith, presiden Gereja LDS, menyelesaikan persoalan ini dengan meminta evolusi tidak diajar di sekolah. Beberapa orang telah menggambarkan sekolah pada masa ini sebagai tidak lebih daripada \"seminari agama\". Walau bagaimanapun, banyak graduan pada masa ini akan terus berjaya dan menjadi terkenal di bidang mereka. <> Pada tahun apakah Brigham Young Academy dipecah menjadi dua sekolah yang berasingan? || 1903 <> Apa nama tanah yang dibeli oleh BYU pada tahun 1904? || Temple Hill <> Berapa lama George H. Brimhall ketika dia menamatkan Sekolah Tinggi? || empat puluh <> Topik mana yang dikecualikan daripada diajar di BYU? || evolusi <> Siapa yang dipilih untuk mengetuai BYU? || George H. Brimhall <> Pada tahun 1903, yang mana dua lembaga itu adalah Brigham Young Univesity digantikan dengan? || Brigham Young High School, dan Brigham Young University <> Siapa yang kita bertanggungjawab untuk \"Y\" raksasa yang tertanam di atas gunung di dekat kampus? || OLEH kelas sekolah tinggi tahun 1907 <> Pada umur berapa presiden yang dipilih oleh BYU pada tahun 1904, George H. Brimhall, menerima pendidikan sekolah menengahnya? || Empat Puluh <> Apa krisis ringkas yang muncul di sekolah pada masa presiden Brimhall yang menyebabkan teori krisis tidak diajar selama beberapa waktu? || teori evolusi <> Apa harta George Brimhall bertanggungjawab untuk membeli kampus? || Temple Hill", {"context": "In 1903, Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions: Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. (The BY High School class of 1907 was ultimately responsible for the famous giant \"Y\" that is to this day embedded on a mountain near campus.) The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU. He had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer. Under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres (69,000 m2) of land from Provo called \"Temple Hill\". After some controversy among locals over BYU's purchase of this property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus, the Karl G. Maeser Memorial. Brimhall also presided over the University during a brief crisis involving the theory of evolution. The religious nature of the school seemed at the time to collide with this scientific theory. Joseph F. Smith, LDS Church president, settled the question for a time by asking that evolution not be taught at the school. A few have described the school at this time as nothing more than a \"religious seminary\". However, many of its graduates at this time would go on to great success and become well renowned in their fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1903"}], "question": "In what year was Brigham Young Academy split into two separate schools?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Temple Hill"}], "question": "What was the name of the land purchased by BYU in 1904?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "forty"}], "question": "How old was George H. Brimhall when he completed High School?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "evolution"}], "question": "What topic was excluded from being taught at BYU?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "George H. Brimhall"}], "question": "Who was chosen to head BYU?", "id": "57266d61f1498d1400e8df6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University"}], "question": "In 1903, which two institutions was Brigham Young Univesity replaced with?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "BY High School class of 1907"}], "question": "Who we responsible for the giant \"Y\" that is embedded on a mountain near the campus?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "forty"}], "question": "At what age did BYU's elected president in 1904, George H. Brimhall, receive his high school education?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "the theory of evolution"}], "question": "What brief crisis rose in the school at the time of Brimhall's presidency that caused the crises' theory to not be taught for a time?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Temple Hill"}], "question": "What property was George Brimhall responsible for purchasing for the campus?", "id": "572882433acd2414000dfa69"}]}], ["Franklin S. Harris dilantik sebagai presiden universiti pada tahun 1921. Beliau adalah presiden BYU pertama yang mempunyai ijazah kedoktoran. Harris membuat beberapa perubahan penting ke sekolah, menyusun semulanya ke sebuah universiti sejati, sedangkan sebelum ini organisasinya mempunyai sisa-sisa masa Akademi. Pada permulaan tempohnya, sekolah itu tidak diiktiraf secara rasmi sebagai universiti oleh mana-mana organisasi akreditasi. Menjelang akhir penggalinya, sekolah itu diakreditasi di bawah semua organisasi akreditasi utama pada masa itu. Dia akhirnya digantikan oleh Howard S. McDonald, yang menerima gelar doktor dari University of California. Apabila dia mula-mula menerima kedudukan itu, Perang Dunia Kedua baru saja berakhir, dan beribu-ribu pelajar membanjiri BYU. Menjelang akhir masa tinggalnya, sekolah itu telah berkembang hampir lima kali kepada pendaftaran 5,440 pelajar. Universiti tidak mempunyai kemudahan untuk mengendalikan kemasukan yang begitu besar, jadi dia membeli sebahagian daripada Pangkalan Angkatan Udara di Ogden, Utah dan membina semula itu untuk menempatkan beberapa pelajar. Presiden yang akan datang, Ernest L. Wilkinson, juga mengawasi masa pertumbuhan yang sengit, ketika sekolah mengadopsi program bangunan dipercepat. Wilkinson bertanggungjawab membina lebih daripada lapan puluh struktur di kampus, yang kebanyakannya masih berdiri. Semasa masa jabatannya, badan pelajar meningkat enam kali, menjadikan BYU sebagai sekolah swasta terbesar pada masa itu. Kualiti pelajar juga meningkat, membawa kepada tahap pendidikan yang lebih tinggi di sekolah. Akhirnya, Wilkinson menyusun semula unit Gereja LDS di kampus, dengan sepuluh kepentingan dan lebih daripada 100 wad yang ditambah semasa pentadbirannya. <> Kepercayaan apa jenis Franklin S. Harris? || doktor falsafah <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mendapatkan BYU diiktiraf sebagai universiti rasmi? || Franklin S. Harris <> Apa yang dibeli untuk menampung lebih ramai pelajar? || Pangkalan Tentera Udara <> Yang mana presiden bertanggungjawab terhadap jumlah pertumbuhan yang paling besar di kampus? || Ernest L. Wilkinson <> Berapa badan pelajar berkembang di bawah Howard S. McDonald? || hampir lima kali <> Apa jenis ijazah yang dilantik presiden BYU pada tahun 1921, Franklin S. Harris tidak pernah ada bekas presiden BYU? || doktor yang <> Yang presiden BYU bertanggungjawab untuk BYU menjadi terakreditasi sepenuhnya di bawah semua organisasi utama? || Franklin S. Harris <> Apa peristiwa yang mendorong BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald membeli sebahagian daripada Pangkalan Angkatan Udara untuk menempatkan kemasukan pelajar tiba-tiba? || Perang Dunia Kedua baru saja berakhir <> Berapa badan studen BYU meningkat di bawah tempoh Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson menjadi sekolah swasta terbesar pada masa itu? || enam kali <> Berapa banyak bar Gereja LDS yang baru ditambah semasa presiden Wilkinson? || lebih daripada 100", {"context": "Franklin S. Harris was appointed the university's president in 1921. He was the first BYU president to have a doctoral degree. Harris made several important changes to the school, reorganizing it into a true university, whereas before, its organization had remnants of the Academy days. At the beginning of his tenure, the school was not officially recognized as a university by any accreditation organization. By the end of his term, the school was accredited under all major accrediting organizations at the time. He was eventually replaced by Howard S. McDonald, who received his doctorate from the University of California. When he first received the position, the Second World War had just ended, and thousands of students were flooding into BYU. By the end of his stay, the school had grown nearly five times to an enrollment of 5,440 students. The university did not have the facilities to handle such a large influx, so he bought part of an Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah and rebuilt it to house some of the students. The next president, Ernest L. Wilkinson, also oversaw a period of intense growth, as the school adopted an accelerated building program. Wilkinson was responsible for the building of over eighty structures on the campus, many of which still stand. During his tenure, the student body increased six times, making BYU the largest private school at the time. The quality of the students also increased, leading to higher educational standards at the school. Finally, Wilkinson reorganized the LDS Church units on campus, with ten stakes and over 100 wards being added during his administration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "doctoral degree"}], "question": "What sort of credentials did Franklin S. Harris have?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Franklin S. Harris"}], "question": "Who was responsible for getting BYU acknowledged as an official university?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "an Air Force Base"}], "question": "What was purchased to accommodate more students?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1045, "text": "Ernest L. Wilkinson"}], "question": "Which president was responsible for the most amount of growth to the campus?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "nearly five times"}], "question": "How much did the student body expand under Howard S. McDonald?", "id": "57266f33708984140094c5dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "doctoral"}], "question": "What type of degree did BYU's appointed president of 1921, Franklin S. Harris have that no former BYU president had?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Franklin S. Harris"}], "question": "Which BYU president was responsible for BYU becoming fully accredited under all major organizations?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "the Second World War had just ended"}], "question": "What event prompted BYU Pres. Howard S. MacDonald to purchase a portion of an Air Force Base to house a sudden influx of students?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1319, "text": "six times"}], "question": "How much did the studen body of BYU increase under the term of Pres. Ernest L. Wilkinson to become the largest private school at the time?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1563, "text": "over 100"}], "question": "How many new LDS Church wards were added during Wilkinson's presidency?", "id": "5728840f4b864d1900164a68"}]}], ["Brigham Young University adalah sebahagian daripada Sistem Pendidikan Gereja Gereja LDS. Ia dianjurkan di bawah Lembaga Pemegang Amanah, dengan Presiden Gereja (sekarang Thomas S. Monson) sebagai pengerusi. Lembaga ini terdiri daripada orang yang sama dengan Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja, corak yang telah ada sejak 1939. Sebelum 1939, BYU mempunyai lembaga pemegang amanah yang berasingan yang bawahan kepada Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja. Presiden BYU, saat ini Kevin J Worthen, melaporkan kepada Dewan melalui Pesuruhjaya Pendidikan. <> Sistem manakah bahagian BYU? || Sistem Pendidikan Gereja Gereja LDS <> Yang bertindak sebagai pengerusi BYU? || Presiden Jemaat (sekarang Thomas S. Monson) <> Lembaga apa ahli-ahli Lembaga Pemegang Amanah BYU juga? || Lembaga Pendidikan Gereja <> Bilakah BYU mempunyai lembaga pemegang amanah yang berasingan? || Sebelum 1939 <> Bagaimana laporan Presiden BYU kepada Lembaga? || melalui Pesuruhjaya Pendidikan", {"context": "Brigham Young University is a part of the Church Educational System of LDS Church. It is organized under a Board of Trustees, with the President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson) as chairman. This board consists of the same people as the Church Board of Education, a pattern that has been in place since 1939. Prior to 1939, BYU had a separate board of trustees that was subordinate to the Church Board of Education. The President of BYU, currently Kevin J Worthen, reports to the Board, through the Commissioner of Education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Church Educational System of LDS Church"}], "question": "Which system is BYU part of?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "President of the Church (currently Thomas S. Monson)"}], "question": "Who acts as chairman of BYU?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Church Board of Education"}], "question": "What board do the members of the BYU Board of Trustees also belong to?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da328"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Prior to 1939"}], "question": "When did BYU have a separate board of trustees?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da329"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "through the Commissioner of Education"}], "question": "How does the President of BYU report to the Board?", "id": "57289b73ff5b5019007da32a"}]}], ["Beberapa tambahan khas meningkatkan pengalaman pembelajaran bahasa. Sebagai contoh, Pawagam Antarabangsa BYU, yang memaparkan filem dalam beberapa bahasa, adalah program filem luar negara yang paling banyak dan paling lama berjalan di negara ini. Seperti yang telah disebutkan, BYU juga menawarkan pengalaman hidup bahasa asing yang intensif, Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing. Ini adalah kompleks pangsapuri di kampus di mana para pelajar komited untuk bercakap hanya bahasa asing yang mereka pilih semasa berada di pangsapuri mereka. Setiap apartmen mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya seorang penutur asli untuk memastikan penggunaan bahasa yang betul. <> Apa program filem luar negara yang paling banyak dan paling lama dijalankan di A.S.? || Pawagam Antarabangsa BYU <> Apakah nama pengalaman hidup bahasa asing BYU? || Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing <> Sebagai sebahagian daripada Program Kediaman Pelajar Luar Negara, apa yang pelajar komited untuk bercakap semasa di pangsapuri mereka? || hanya bahasa asing yang mereka pilih <> Berapa banyak penutur asli di setiap bangunan pangsapuri di program Kediaman Pelajar Bahasa Asing? || sekurang-kurangnya satu <> Yang BYU membina ciri-ciri filem dalam beberapa bahasa? || Pawagam Antarabangsa", {"context": "A few special additions enhance the language-learning experience. For example, BYU's International Cinema, featuring films in several languages, is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the country. As already noted, BYU also offers an intensive foreign language living experience, the Foreign Language Student Residence. This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "BYU's International Cinema"}], "question": "What is the largest and longest-running university-run foreign film program in the U.S.?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Foreign Language Student Residence"}], "question": "What is the name of BYU's foreign language living experience?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "only their chosen foreign language"}], "question": "As part of the Foreign Language Student Residence program, what do students commit to speak while in their apartments?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "at least one"}], "question": "How many native speakers are in each apartment building in the Foreign Language Student Residence program?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "International Cinema"}], "question": "Which BYU building features films in several languages?", "id": "572897fe2ca10214002da4a4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2009, Marriott School of Management menerima kedudukan No. 5 oleh BusinessWeek untuk program siswazahnya, dan program MBAnya disenaraikan oleh beberapa sumber: No. 22 ranking oleh BusinessWeek, No. 16 oleh Forbes, dan No. 29 oleh Laporan Berita & Dunia AS. Di antara sekolah-sekolah serantau program MBA berada di kedudukan ke-1 oleh Kedudukan Terkini Wall Street Journal (2007), dan ia menduduki tempat No. 92 di kalangan sekolah perniagaan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2009 oleh Financial Times. Untuk tahun 2009, Sekolah Perakaunan universiti, yang ditempatkan di Sekolah Marriott, menerima dua ranking No 3 untuk program sarjana-nya oleh Laporan Perakaunan Awam dan yang lain oleh A.S. News & World Report. Dua agensi pelapor yang sama juga menduduki program MAcc sekolah No. 3 dan No. 8 di negara masing-masing. Pada tahun 2010, satu artikel di dalam senarai Wall Street Journal yang graduannya paling tinggi oleh para perekrut menduduki ranking BYU No. 11. Menggunakan data tahun fiskal 2010, Persatuan Pengurus Teknologi Universiti menguasai BYU No. 3 dalam penilaian mewujudkan universiti syarikat permulaan yang paling melalui penyelidikan kampus. <> Siapakah yang menduduki peringkat UPM Marriott sebagai No. 5 untuk program sarjana muda pada tahun 2009? || BusinessWeek <> Yang menduduki program MBA BYU di kalangan sekolah serantau pada tahun 2007? || The Wall Street Journal <> Menggunakan data 2010, bagaimanakah kedudukan BYU sebagai universiti mencipta syarikat permulaan yang paling melalui penyelidikan kampus? || No. 3 <> Siapa yang menduduki BYU sebagai No. 11 institusi yang grednya paling tinggi oleh perekrut dalam artikel 2010? || Wall Street Journal <> Bagaimana Financial Times berpangkat BYU di kalangan sekolah perniagaan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2009? || No. 92", {"context": "In 2009, the university's Marriott School of Management received a No. 5 ranking by BusinessWeek for its undergraduate programs, and its MBA program was ranked by several sources: No. 22 ranking by BusinessWeek, No. 16 by Forbes, and No. 29 by U.S. News & World Report. Among regional schools the MBA program was ranked No. 1 by The Wall Street Journal's most recent ranking (2007), and it was ranked No. 92 among business schools worldwide in 2009 by Financial Times. For 2009, the university's School of Accountancy, which is housed within the Marriott School, received two No. 3 rankings for its undergraduate program\u2014one by Public Accounting Report and the other by U.S. News & World Report. The same two reporting agencies also ranked the school's MAcc program No. 3 and No. 8 in the nation, respectively. In 2010, an article in the Wall Street Journal listing institutions whose graduates were the top-rated by recruiters ranked BYU No. 11. Using 2010 fiscal year data, the Association of University Technology Managers ranked BYU No. 3 in an evaluation of universities creating the most startup companies through campus research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "BusinessWeek"}], "question": "Who ranked BYU's Marriott School of Mangement as No. 5 for it's undergrad programs in 2009?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "The Wall Street Journal"}], "question": "Who ranked BYU's MBA program No. 1 among regional schools in 2007?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "No. 3"}], "question": "Using 2010 data, how was BYU ranked as a university creating the most startup companies through campus research?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "Wall Street Journal"}], "question": "Who ranked BYU as No. 11 of institutions whose grads were top-rated by recruiters in a 2010 article?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "No. 92"}], "question": "How did Financial Times rank BYU among business schools worldwide in 2009?", "id": "57288b974b864d1900164a90"}]}], ["Lebih tiga perempat daripada badan pelajar mempunyai kemahiran dalam bahasa kedua (berjumlah 107 bahasa secara total). Ini sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa 45 peratus daripada badan pelajar di BYU telah menjadi mubaligh untuk Gereja LDS, dan kebanyakan mereka belajar bahasa asing sebagai sebahagian daripada tugas misi mereka. Semasa mana-mana semester yang diberikan, kira-kira satu pertiga daripada badan pelajar didaftarkan dalam kelas bahasa asing, kadar hampir empat kali purata kebangsaan. BYU menawarkan kursus di lebih 60 bahasa yang berbeza, banyak dengan kursus lanjutan yang jarang ditawarkan di tempat lain. Beberapa program bahasanya adalah yang terbesar dalam bahasa mereka, program Rusia menjadi satu contoh. Universiti ini dipilih oleh Jabatan Pendidikan Amerika Syarikat sebagai lokasi Pusat Sumber Bahasa Pusat Kebangsaan negara itu, menjadikan sekolah sebagai hub untuk pakar di rantau itu. Ia juga dipilih sebagai Pusat Penyelidikan Pendidikan Perniagaan Antarabangsa, sebuah fungsi yang melatih pekerja perniagaan dalam bahasa dan hubungan antarabangsa. <> Berapa peratus daripada badan pelajar BYU mempunyai kemahiran dalam bahasa kedua? || Lebih tiga perempat <> Apa yang boleh dikaitkan dengan peratusan pelajar BYU yang tinggi dalam bahasa kedua? || 45 peratus daripada badan pelajar di BYU telah menjadi mubaligh untuk Gereja LDS <> Berapa banyak bahasa ditawarkan sebagai kursus di BYU? || lebih dari 60 <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh program bahasa Rusia BYU? || yang terbesar di negara mereka <> Yang memilih BYU sebagai lokasi pusat Sumber Bahasa Kebangsaan Timur Tengah? || Jabatan Pendidikan Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total). This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment. During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average. BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages, many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region. It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Over three quarters"}], "question": "What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church"}], "question": "What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da46f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "over 60"}], "question": "How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "largest of their kind in the nation"}], "question": "What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "United States Department of Education"}], "question": "Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?", "id": "57288f642ca10214002da472"}]}], ["Kampus utama di Provo, Utah, Amerika Syarikat terletak kira-kira 560 ekar (2.3 km2) terletak di dasar Pergunungan Wasatch dan termasuk 295 bangunan. Bangunan ini mempunyai pelbagai gaya seni bina, setiap bangunan dibina mengikut gaya masa. Rumput, pokok, dan katil bunga di kampus BYU dikekalkan tanpa cela. Selain itu, pemandangan Pergunungan Wasatch, (termasuk Gunung Timpanogos) dapat dilihat dari kampus. Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee dari BYU yang juga dikenali sebagai \"HBLL\", yang mana The Princeton Review menduduki tempat sebagai \"Perpustakaan Kolej Besar\" pada tahun 2004, mempunyai kira-kira 8\u00bd juta item dalam koleksinya, mengandungi 98 batu (158 km) rak, dan boleh memuatkan 4,600 orang. Menara Spencer W. Kimball, dipinggirkan ke SWKT dan dikatakan Swicket oleh ramai pelajar, adalah rumah kepada beberapa jabatan dan program universiti dan merupakan bangunan tertinggi di Provo, Utah. Di samping itu, BYU's Marriott Centre, yang digunakan sebagai arena bola keranjang, boleh menempatkan lebih 22,000 orang dan merupakan salah satu arena di kampus terbesar di negara ini. Menariknya tidak ada di kampus universiti yang dimiliki gereja ini adalah sebuah gereja kampus. Walau bagaimanapun, setiap perkhidmatan Gereja LDS Ahad untuk pelajar dijalankan di kampus, tetapi kerana banyak pelajar yang menghadiri perkhidmatan ini, hampir semua bangunan dan ruang pertemuan yang mungkin di kampus digunakan (di samping itu, banyak pelajar menghadiri perkhidmatan di luar kampus Kapel LDS di sekitar masyarakat). <> Berapa banyak bangunan di kampus utama BYU? || 295 <> Berapa banyak ekar yang dimasukkan ke dalam kampus utama BYU? || kira-kira 560 <> Di manakah kampus utama BYU terletak? || Provo, Utah <> Berapa batu dari rak di Perpustakaan Harold B. Lee BYU? || 98 <> Bangunan BYU mana yang tertinggi di Provost, Utah? || Menara Spencer W. Kimball", {"context": "The main campus in Provo, Utah, United States sits on approximately 560 acres (2.3 km2) nestled at the base of the Wasatch Mountains and includes 295 buildings. The buildings feature a wide variety of architectural styles, each building being built in the style of its time. The grass, trees, and flower beds on BYU's campus are impeccably maintained. Furthermore, views of the Wasatch Mountains, (including Mount Timpanogos) can be seen from the campus. BYU's Harold B. Lee Library (also known as \"HBLL\"), which The Princeton Review ranked as the No. 1 \"Great College Library\" in 2004, has approximately 8\u00bd million items in its collections, contains 98 miles (158 km) of shelving, and can seat 4,600 people. The Spencer W. Kimball Tower, shortened to SWKT and pronounced Swicket by many students, is home to several of the university's departments and programs and is the tallest building in Provo, Utah. Furthermore, BYU's Marriott Center, used as a basketball arena, can seat over 22,000 and is one of the largest on-campus arenas in the nation. Interestingly absent on the campus of this church owned university is a campus chapel. Notwithstanding, each Sunday LDS Church services for students are conducted on campus, but due to the large number of students attending these services, nearly all of the buildings and possible meeting spaces on campus are utilized (in addition, many students attend services off campus in LDS chapels in the surrounding communities).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "295"}], "question": "How many buildings are on BYU's main campus?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "approximately 560"}], "question": "How many acres are included in BYU's main campus?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Provo, Utah"}], "question": "Where is BYU's main campus located?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "98"}], "question": "How many miles of shelving are in BYU's Harold B. Lee Library?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "Spencer W. Kimball Tower"}], "question": "Which BYU building is the tallest in Provost, Utah?", "id": "57289cf93acd2414000dfb65"}]}], ["Para saintis yang dikaitkan dengan BYU telah mencipta beberapa ciptaan yang ketara. Philo T. Farnsworth, pencipta televisyen elektronik, menerima pendidikannya di BYU, dan kemudian kembali melakukan penyelidikan gabungan, menerima ijazah kehormat dari universiti. Harvey Fletcher, juga seorang alumni BYU, pencipta suara stereophonic, telah menjalankan eksperimen drop minyak yang terkenal dengan Robert Millikan, dan kemudiannya Dekan Pengasas BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, pencipta berlian buatan manusia, meninggalkan General Electric pada tahun 1955 dan menjadi profesor kimia penuh dan Pengarah Penyelidikan di BYU. Semasa di sana, dia mencipta akhbar berlian baru, akhbar tetrahedral. Dalam pencapaian pelajar, pasukan BYU Ad Lab memenangi kedua-dua Kompetitif Brandstorm National L'Or\u00e9al 2007 dan 2008, dan pelajar membangunkan algoritma Magnetic Lasso yang terdapat dalam Adobe Photoshop. Dalam biasiswa berprestij, BYU telah menghasilkan 10 Ulama Rhodes, empat Ulama Gates dalam enam tahun terakhir, dan dalam dekad yang lalu telah mendakwa 41 sarjana Fulbright dan 3 sarjana Jack Kent Cooke. <> Kolej BYU mana yang diasaskan oleh bekas alumnus Harvey Fletcher? || Kolej Kejuruteraan <> Apa alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth mencipta sebelum menerima gelar kehormatannya dari kolej? || televisyen elektronik <> Yang terkenal bekas pelajar BYU mencipta berlian buatan manusia? || Tracy Hall <> Apakah bekas pelajar Tracy Hall mencipta sebagai profesor kimia BYU dan Pengarah Penyelidikan? || jenis baru berlian tekan, tekan tetrahedral <> Yang pelajar BYU yang menghasilkan algoritma yang terdapat dalam Adobe Photoshop? || Magnetic Lasso", {"context": "Scientists associated with BYU have created some notable inventions. Philo T. Farnsworth, inventor of the electronic television, received his education at BYU, and later returned to do fusion research, receiving an honorary degree from the university. Harvey Fletcher, also an alumnus of BYU, inventor of stereophonic sound, went on to carry out the now famous oil-drop experiment with Robert Millikan, and was later Founding Dean of the BYU College of Engineering. H. Tracy Hall, inventor of the man-made diamond, left General Electric in 1955 and became a full professor of chemistry and Director of Research at BYU. While there, he invented a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press. In student achievements, BYU Ad Lab teams won both the 2007 and 2008 L'Or\u00e9al National Brandstorm Competition, and students developed the Magnetic Lasso algorithm found in Adobe Photoshop. In prestigious scholarships, BYU has produced 10 Rhodes Scholars, four Gates Scholars in the last six years, and in the last decade has claimed 41 Fulbright scholars and 3 Jack Kent Cooke scholars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "College of Engineering"}], "question": "Which BYU college was founded by former alumnus Harvey Fletcher?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "the electronic television"}], "question": "What did alumnus Philo T. Farnsworth invent before receiving his honorary degree from the college?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Tracy Hall"}], "question": "Which notable former BYU student invented the man-made diamond?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "a new type of diamond press, the tetrahedral press"}], "question": "What did former student Tracy Hall invent as a BYU professor of chemistry and Director of Research?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Magnetic Lasso"}], "question": "Which BYU student produced algorithm is found in Adobe Photoshop?", "id": "57288d3b3acd2414000dfae7"}]}], ["Selain itu, BYU juga menjalankan program pengajian luar negara yang sangat besar, dengan pusat-pusat satelit di London, Yerusalem, dan Paris, serta lebih dari 20 tapak lain. Hampir 2,000 pelajar memanfaatkan program ini setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2001, Institut Pendidikan Antarabangsa menduduki BYU sebagai universiti nombor satu di A.S. untuk menawarkan pelajar belajar peluang di luar negara. BYU Jerusalem Jerusalem, yang ditutup pada tahun 2000 disebabkan oleh masalah keselamatan pelajar yang berkaitan dengan Intifada Kedua dan, baru-baru ini, konflik Israel-Lebanon tahun 2006, dibuka semula kepada pelajar pada semester Musim Musim Sejuk 2007. <> Bagaimana pelajar-pelajar lelaki memanfaatkan program pengajian luar negara BYU? || Hampir 2,000 <> Bagaimana Institut Pendidikan Antarabangsa menilai BYU pada tahun 2009 berbanding universiti A.S. yang menawarkan peluang belajar di luar negara? || nombor satu <> yang mana kampus BYU asing ditutup pada tahun 2000 disebabkan masalah keselamatan? || BYU Pusat Baitulmuqaddis <> Bilakah BYU Pusat Baitulmuqaddiah dibuka semula untuk pelajar-pelajar setelah penutupannya pada tahun 2000? || Musim sejuk 2007 semester <> Apakah konflik terkini yang menjejaskan penutupan BYU Jerusalem Centre dari tahun 2000-2007? || 2006 konflik Israel-Lebanon", {"context": "Beyond this, BYU also runs a very large study abroad program, with satellite centers in London, Jerusalem, and Paris, as well as more than 20 other sites. Nearly 2,000 students take advantage of these programs yearly. In 2001, the Institute of International Education ranked BYU as the number one university in the U.S. to offer students study abroad opportunities. The BYU Jerusalem Center, which was closed in 2000 due to student security concerns related to the Second Intifada and, more recently, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, was reopened to students in the Winter 2007 semester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Nearly 2,000"}], "question": "How manys students take advantage of BYU's study abroad programs?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "number one"}], "question": "How did the Institute of International Education rank BYU in 2009 compared with U.S. universities that offer study abroad opportunities?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "BYU Jerusalem Center"}], "question": "Which foreign BYU campus was closed in 2000 due to security concerns?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Winter 2007 semester"}], "question": "When was the BYU Jerusalem Center reopened for students following it's closure in 2000?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict"}], "question": "What was the most recent conflict that affected the closure of BYU Jerusalem Center from 2000-2007?", "id": "572890ab3acd2414000dfb37"}]}], ["Universiti ini beroperasi di bawah 11 kolej atau sekolah, yang secara kolektif menawarkan 194 program sarjana muda, 68 program ijazah sarjana, 25 program PhD, dan program Doktor Juris. BYU juga mengendalikan beberapa kursus dan jurusan melalui Pusat Pengajian Antarabangsa David M. Kennedy dan pelbagai jurusan kuliah, termasuk Pendidikan Sarjana Muda, Pengajian Siswazah, Kajian Bebas, Pendidikan Berterusan, dan Program Kepujian. Semester Winter BYU berakhir lebih awal daripada kebanyakan universiti pada bulan April kerana tidak ada rehat Spring, sehingga membolehkan para pelajar untuk mengejar latihan magang dan aktiviti musim panas yang lain lebih awal. Tahun akademik yang tipikal dipecahkan kepada dua semester: Kejatuhan (September-Disember) dan Musim Sejuk (Januari-April), serta dua istilah pendek pada musim panas: Spring (Mei-Jun) dan Summer (Julai-Ogos). <> Mengapa semester Winter BYU berakhir lebih awal daripada kebanyakan kolej? || tidak ada rehat Spring <> Berapa banyak semester adalah tahun BYU yang biasa dipecah? || dua <> Berapa banyak istilah yang lebih singkat yang pernah dilakukan oleh BYU semasa musim panas? || dua <> Jenis Program Doktor yang ditawarkan di BYU? || Juris <> Apa yang membolehkan pelajar BYU meneruskan latihan magang musim panas lebih awal daripada kebanyakan pelajar kolej? || Semester musim sejuk lebih awal daripada kebanyakan universiti", {"context": "The university operates under 11 colleges or schools, which collectively offer 194 bachelor's degree programs, 68 master's degree programs, 25 PhD programs, and a Juris Doctor program. BYU also manages some courses and majors through the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and \"miscellaneous\" college departments, including Undergraduate Education, Graduate Studies, Independent Study, Continuing Education, and the Honors Program. BYU's Winter semester ends earlier than most universities in April since there is no Spring break, thus allowing students to pursue internships and other summer activities earlier. A typical academic year is broken up into two semesters: Fall (September\u2013December) and Winter (January\u2013April), as well as two shorter terms during the summer months: Spring (May\u2013June) and Summer (July\u2013August).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "there is no Spring break"}], "question": "Why does BYU's Winter semester end earlier than most colleges?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many semesters is a typical BYU year broken up into?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many shorter terms does BYU have during the summer?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Juris"}], "question": "What type of Doctor Program is offered at BYU?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Winter semester ends earlier than most universities"}], "question": "What allows BYU students to pursue summer internships earlier than most college students?", "id": "57289c54ff5b5019007da33e"}]}], ["Untuk 2016, A.S. News & World Report menduduki BYU terikat untuk ke-66 untuk universiti negara di Amerika Syarikat. Kajian Jurnal Ekonomi Suku tahun 2013 di mana pelajar sekolah menengah atas negara memilih untuk mendaftarkan BYU No. 21 dalam kajian peer reviewednya. Kajian Princeton telah menduduki ranking BYU sebagai nilai terbaik untuk kolej pada tahun 2007, dan perpustakaannya secara konsisten berada di peringkat teratas sepuluh negara nombor 1 di tahun 2004 dan No. 4 pada tahun 2007. BYU juga menduduki tempat ke-19 di Berita AS dan Barisan \"Sekolah Besar, Harga Besar\" Laporan Dunia dan Nombor 12 di hutang pelajar yang terendah. Disebabkan sebahagian daripada penekanan sekolah terhadap penyelidikan sarjana, dalam kedudukan untuk 2008-2009, BYU berada di kedudukan nombor 10 di peringkat kebangsaan untuk bilangan pelajar yang pergi mendapatkan PhD, No. 1 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah pergigian, No. 6 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah undang-undang, dan No. 10 secara nasional untuk pelajar yang pergi ke sekolah perubatan. BYU ditunjuk sebagai universiti penyelidikan dengan aktiviti penyelidikan yang tinggi oleh Yayasan Carnegie untuk Peningkatan Pengajaran.]] Majalah Forbes menduduki peringkat ini sebagai No. 1 \"Universiti Terunggul untuk Kerja Untuk Tahun 2014\" dan sebagai universiti terbaik di Utah. <> Yang menduduki BYU sebagai kolej terbaik di Utah? || Majalah Forbes <> Yang ditugaskan oleh BYU sebagai mempunyai aktiviti penyelidikan yang tinggi? || Yayasan Carnegie untuk Kemajuan Pengajaran <> Yang menduduki BYU nilai jubah untuk kolej pada tahun 2007? || The Princeton Review <> Di mana BYU menduduki tempat ke-12 di sekolah-sekolah dengan hutang pelajar yang terendah? || Lineup A.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\"> Pada tahun 2008-2009, bagaimanakah BYU berada di peringkat nasional untuk bilangan pelajar yang terus memperoleh PhD? || No. 10", {"context": "For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked BYU as tied for 66th for national universities in the United States. A 2013 Quarterly Journal of Economics study of where the nation's top high school students choose to enroll ranked BYU No. 21 in its peer-reviewed study. The Princeton Review has ranked BYU the best value for college in 2007, and its library is consistently ranked in the nation's top ten \u2014 No. 1 in 2004 and No. 4 in 2007. BYU is also ranked No. 19 in the U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup, and No. 12 in lowest student-incurred debt. Due in part to the school's emphasis on undergraduate research, in rankings for 2008-2009, BYU was ranked No. 10 nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs, No. 1 nationally for students who go on to dental school, No. 6 nationally for students who go on to law school, and No. 10 nationally for students who go on to medical school. BYU is designated as a research university with high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.]] Forbes Magazine ranked it as the No. 1 \"Top University to Work For in 2014\" and as the best college in Utah.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "Forbes Magazine"}], "question": "Who ranked BYU as the best college in Utah?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching"}], "question": "Who designated BYU as having high research activity?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "The Princeton Review"}], "question": "Who ranked BYU the vest value for college in 2007?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "U.S. News and World Report's \"Great Schools, Great Prices\" lineup"}], "question": "Where was BYU  ranked No. 12 in schools with the lowest student-incurred debt?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "No. 10"}], "question": "In 2008-2009, how was BYU ranked nationally for the number of students who go on to earn PhDs?", "id": "572889ae3acd2414000dfab7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1992, universiti telah mencipta Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru, menyatakan bahawa batasan boleh diletakkan pada \"ungkapan dengan pelajar atau orang ramai bahawa: (1) bercanggah atau menentang, bukannya menganalisis atau membincangkan, doktrin atau dasar Gereja yang asas; ) dengan sengaja menyerang atau membantah Gereja atau pemimpin umumnya; atau (3) melanggar Kod Kehormatan kerana ungkapan itu tidak jujur, haram, tidak bersalah, tidak senonoh, atau terlalu tidak menghormati orang lain. \" Sekatan-sekatan ini telah menyebabkan beberapa kontroversi kerana beberapa profesor telah disiplin mengikut peraturan baru. Persatuan Universiti Amerika Profesor telah mendakwa bahawa \"pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan akademik sungguh menyedihkan dan iklim untuk kebebasan akademik sangat buruk.\" Peraturan baru itu tidak menjejaskan akreditasi BYU, kerana badan akreditasi yang dipilih oleh universiti itu membenarkan \"kolej dan universiti agama untuk meletakkan keterbatasan kebebasan akademik selagi mereka menerbitkan batasan-batasan itu secara terang-terangan\", menurut naib presiden akademik yang bersekutu, Jim Gordon. Kebimbangan AAUP itu bukan sekatan terhadap ekspresi keagamaan ahli fakulti tetapi dengan kegagalan, seperti yang didakwa oleh anggota fakulti dan AAUP, bahawa sekatan-sekatan itu belum cukup ditentukan sebelumnya oleh BYU: \"The AAUP mengharuskan apa-apa batasan doktrin mengenai akademik kebebasan dikemukakan dengan jelas secara bertulis. Kami [AAUP] menyimpulkan bahawa BYU telah gagal melakukannya dengan secukupnya. \" <> Pada tahun apakah BYU merangka Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik baru? || 1992 <> Kenyataan Kebebasan Akademik baru membolehkan pelajar menganalisis dan membincangkan doktrin Gereja tetapi tidak membenarkan ekspresi pelajar melakukan apa? || bertentangan atau menentang <> Apa yang tidak boleh dilanggar kerana ungkapan itu tidak jujur menurut Pernyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru? || Kod Kehormat <> Berapa ramai profesor telah disiplin mengikut Pernyataan Kebebasan Akademik yang baru? || Beberapa <> yang mendakwa bahawa pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan akademik saling menyedihkan dan iklim untuk kebebasan akademik sangat mengganggu? || Persatuan Universiti Profesor Amerika", {"context": "In 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom, specifying that limitations may be placed upon \"expression with students or in public that: (1) contradicts or opposes, rather than analyzes or discusses, fundamental Church doctrine or policy; (2) deliberately attacks or derides the Church or its general leaders; or (3) violates the Honor Code because the expression is dishonest, illegal, unchaste, profane, or unduly disrespectful of others.\" These restrictions have caused some controversy as several professors have been disciplined according to the new rule. The American Association of University Professors has claimed that \"infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly poor.\" The new rules have not affected BYU's accreditation, as the university's chosen accrediting body allows \"religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly\", according to associate academic vice president Jim Gordon. The AAUP's concern was not with restrictions on the faculty member's religious expression but with a failure, as alleged by the faculty member and AAUP, that the restrictions had not been adequately specified in advance by BYU: \"The AAUP requires that any doctrinal limitations on academic freedom be laid out clearly in writing. We [AAUP] concluded that BYU had failed to do so adequately.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year did BYU draft a new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "contradicts or opposes"}], "question": "The new Statement on Academic Freedom allows students to analyze and discuss Church doctrine but does not allow student expressions that do what?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Honor Code"}], "question": "What cannot be violated because the expression is dishonest according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "several"}], "question": "How many professors have been disciplined according to the new Statement on Academic Freedom?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "The American Association of University Professors"}], "question": "Who claimed that infringements on academic freedom are distressingly common and that the climate for academic freedom is distressingly por?", "id": "57289a652ca10214002da4ae"}]}], ["BYU mandat bahawa para pelajarnya yang menjadi anggota Gereja LDS aktif secara religius. Kedua-dua pelajar LDS dan Bukan LDS dikehendaki memberi sokongan daripada pemimpin gereja dengan permohonan mereka untuk masuk. Lebih 900 bilik di kampus BYU digunakan untuk tujuan jemaat Gereja LDS. Lebih dari 150 jemaah bertemu di kampus BYU setiap hari Ahad. \"Kampus BYU menjadi salah satu pusat ibadat tersibuk dan terbesar di dunia\" dengan kira-kira 24,000 orang menghadiri khidmat gereja di kampus. <> Apakah mandat BYU daripada ahli-ahli pelajar Gereja LDS itu? || aktif agama <> Siapakah pelajar LDS dan bukan LDS yang dikehendaki untuk memberikan sokongan daripada setelah mengemukakan permohonan mereka? || seorang pemimpin eklesius <> Berapa banyak bilik kampus BYU digunakan untuk tujuan jemaat Gereja LDS? || Lebih dari 900 <> Berapa banyak jemaah bertemu di kampus BYU setiap hari Ahad? || Lebih daripada 150 <> Lebih kurang berapa orang yang menghadiri khidmat gereja di kampus BYU? || 24,000", {"context": "BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. \"BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world\" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "religiously active"}], "question": "What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "an ecclesiastic leader"}], "question": "Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da39f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Over 900"}], "question": "How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "More than 150"}], "question": "How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "24,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?", "id": "5728a5c6ff5b5019007da3a2"}]}], ["Misi dinyatakan BYU \"adalah untuk membantu individu dalam usaha mereka untuk kesempurnaan dan kehidupan kekal.\" Oleh itu, BYU dianggap oleh para pemimpinnya untuk menjadi sebuah institusi keagamaan, di mana, secara ideal, pendidikan agama dan sekular dipersatukan dengan cara yang menggalakkan piawaian tertinggi dalam kedua-dua bidang. Ini menenun aspek sekular dan agama dari sebuah universiti agama kembali sejauh Brigham Young sendiri, yang memberitahu Karl G. Maeser ketika Gereja membeli sekolah: \"Saya ingin kamu ingat bahawa kamu tidak sepatutnya mengajar walaupun abjad atau jadual pendaraban tanpa Roh Tuhan. \" <> Apakah misi BYU yang dinyatakan? || \"adalah untuk membantu individu dalam usaha mereka untuk kesempurnaan dan kehidupan kekal.\" <> Apakah Brigham Young mengarahkan Karl G. Maeser untuk tidak mengajar walaupun abjad tanpa? || Roh Tuhan <> Institusi macam apa yang dilakukan para pemimpin BYU menganggapnya berada di hati? || agama <> Apa dua jenis pendidikan yang BYU berusaha untuk unggul dalam menggabungkan? || agama dan sekular", {"context": "BYU's stated mission \"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\" BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: \"I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "\"is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life.\""}], "question": "What is the stated mission of BYU?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "the Spirit of God"}], "question": "What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "religious"}], "question": "What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "religious and secular"}], "question": "What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?", "id": "5728a3732ca10214002da507"}]}], ["Kampus ini juga menempatkan beberapa kemudahan seni persembahan. Dewan Konsert de Jong duduk 1282 orang dan dinamakan untuk Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre dinamakan untuk T. Earl dan Kathryn Pardoe. Pelajar menggunakan peringkatnya dalam pelbagai eksperimen teater, serta untuk persembahan Pardoe Series. Ia mempunyai 500 orang, dan mempunyai tahap yang besar dengan pembukaan proscenium sebanyak 19 kaki 55 kaki (17 m). Teater Margetts dinamakan untuk Philip N. Margetts, tokoh teater Utah yang terkenal. Teater kotak hitam yang lebih kecil, ia membolehkan pelbagai format tempat duduk dan pementasan. Ia berkedudukan 125, dan berukuran 30 hingga 50 kaki (15 m). Teater Nelke, yang dinamakan salah satu guru drama BYU, digunakan terutamanya untuk arahan di teater eksperimen. Ia duduk 280. <> Berapa ramai orang yang duduk Dewan Konsert de Jong? || 1282 <> Bangunan apa yang dinamakan selepas Earl dan Kathryn Pardoe? || The Pardoe Theatre <> Apa bangunan itu dinamakan selepas tokoh teater Utah yang terkenal Philip N. Margetts? || The Margetts Theatre <> Who was the Nelke Theater? || salah satu guru drama BYU yang pertama <?> Teater jenis apa yang digunakan oleh Teater Nelke? || percubaan", {"context": "The campus also houses several performing arts facilities. The de Jong Concert Hall seats 1282 people and is named for Gerrit de Jong Jr. The Pardoe Theatre is named for T. Earl and Kathryn Pardoe. Students use its stage in a variety of theatre experiments, as well as for Pardoe Series performances. It seats 500 people, and has quite a large stage with a proscenium opening of 19 by 55 feet (17 m). The Margetts Theatre was named for Philip N. Margetts, a prominent Utah theatre figure. A smaller, black box theater, it allows a variety of seating and staging formats. It seats 125, and measures 30 by 50 feet (15 m). The Nelke Theatre, named for one of BYU's first drama teachers, is used largely for instruction in experimental theater. It seats 280.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1282"}], "question": "How many people does the de Jong Concert Hall seat?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "The Pardoe Theatre"}], "question": "What building is named after Earl and Kathryn Pardoe?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "The Margetts Theatre"}], "question": "What building was named after prominent Utah theater figure Philip N. Margetts?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "one of BYU's first drama teachers"}], "question": "Who was the Nelke Theatre named for?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "experimental"}], "question": "What type of theater is Nelke Theatre primarily used for?", "id": "57289efb2ca10214002da4d6"}]}], ["BYU telah dipertimbangkan oleh beberapa Orang Suci Zaman Akhir, serta beberapa pemimpin universiti dan gereja, menjadi \"universiti Tuhan\". Frasa ini digunakan merujuk kepada misi sekolah sebagai \"duta\" kepada dunia untuk Gereja LDS dan dengan demikian, untuk Yesus Kristus. Pada masa lalu, sesetengah pelajar dan fakulti telah menyatakan rasa tidak puas hati dengan nama samaran ini, yang menyatakan bahawa ia memberi para pelajar idea bahawa pihak berkuasa universiti sentiasa diilhamkan secara ilahi dan tidak pernah bercanggah. Pemimpin sekolah, bagaimanapun, mengakui bahawa julukan mewakili lebih banyak matlamat yang dituntut oleh universiti dan bukannya keadaan semasa. Pemimpin menggalakkan pelajar dan fakulti untuk membantu memenuhi matlamat dengan mengikuti ajaran agama mereka, mematuhi kod kehormatan sekolah, dan melayani orang lain dengan pengetahuan yang mereka peroleh semasa menghadiri. <> Frasa apa yang telah digunakan oleh beberapa Orang Suci Zaman Akhir dalam merujuk kepada misi BYU sebagai duta ke dunia untuk Gereja LDS? || \"Universiti universiti\" <> Siapa yang telah menyatakan ketidakpuasan dengan nama samaran \"The Lord's University\" pada masa lalu? || sesetengah pelajar dan fakulti <> Persepsi apa yang ada yang merasakan bahawa nama samaran \"Universiti Tuhan\" memberi mengenai pegawai universiti? || sentiasa diilhamkan secara ilahi dan tidak pernah bercanggah <> Apa yang dikatakan para pemimpin BYU mengatakan \"Universiti Tuhan\" mewakili bukannya merujuk kepada keadaan semasanya? || lebih banyak gol", {"context": "BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be \"The Lord's university\". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an \"ambassador\" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "\"The Lord's university\""}], "question": "What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "some students and faculty"}], "question": "Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname \"The Lord's University\" in the past?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted"}], "question": "What perception do some feel that the nickname \"The Lord's University\" gives about university officials?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "more a goal"}], "question": "What do the leaders of BYU say \"The Lord's University\" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?", "id": "5728a4fdff5b5019007da38f"}]}], ["Sebanyak 97 peratus daripada graduan BYU lelaki dan 32 peratus daripada siswazah wanita mengambil satu hos dari kajian sarjana mereka pada satu masa untuk berkhidmat sebagai mubaligh LDS. Pada bulan Oktober 2012, Jemaat LDS mengumumkan pada persidangan umum bahawa lelaki muda boleh melayani misi selepas mereka berumur 18 tahun dan lulus dari sekolah menengah, dan bukan selepas umur 19 tahun di bawah polisi lama. Ramai lelaki muda sering menghadiri semester atau dua pendidikan tinggi sebelum memulakan perkhidmatan mubaligh. Perubahan dasar ini mungkin memberi impak kepada apa yang telah menjadi kelas pendatang tradisional yang masuk di BYU. Pelajar wanita kini boleh memulakan perkhidmatan mubaligh mereka pada bila-bila masa selepas bertukar menjadi 19, dan bukannya berumur 21 tahun di bawah dasar sebelumnya. Bagi lelaki, misi sepenuh masa adalah dua tahun panjang, dan bagi perempuan ia berlangsung selama 18 bulan. <> Pada umur berapa, sejak 2012, lelaki dibenarkan untuk berkhidmat dalam misi selepas tamat pengajian sekolah tinggi? || 18 <> Pada usia berapa, sejak 2012, wanita dibenarkan untuk berkhidmat dalam misi selepas tamat pengajian sekolah tinggi? || 19 <> Berapa lama misi sepenuh masa untuk lelaki? || dua tahun <> Berapa lama misi sepenuh masa untuk wanita? || 18 bulan <> Berapa peratus daripada graduan telah mengambil pengajian dari pengajian BYU untuk menjadi mubaligh LDS? || 97", {"context": "Some 97 percent of male BYU graduates and 32 percent of female graduates took a hiatus from their undergraduate studies at one point to serve as LDS missionaries. In October 2012, the LDS Church announced at its general conference that young men could serve a mission after they turn 18 and have graduated from high school, rather than after age 19 under the old policy. Many young men would often attend a semester or two of higher education prior to beginning missionary service. This policy change will likely impact what has been the traditional incoming freshman class at BYU. Female students may now begin their missionary service anytime after turning 19, rather than age 21 under the previous policy. For males, a full-time mission is two years in length, and for females it lasts 18 months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "18"}], "question": "At what age, since 2012, are men allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "19"}], "question": "At what age, since 2012, are women allowed to serve a mission after high school graduation?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "two years"}], "question": "How long is a full-time mission for males?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "18 months"}], "question": "How long is a full-time mission for females?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "97"}], "question": "What percentage of graduates had taken a hiatus from their BYU studies to serve as an LDS missionary?", "id": "5728a6bc4b864d1900164b82"}]}], ["Tarian Ballroom BYU dikenali sebagai salah satu pasukan tarian ballroom pembentukan terbaik di dunia, setelah memenangi Kejohanan Tarian Pembentukan Negara AS setiap tahun sejak 1982. Pasukan tarian Ballroom BYU telah memenangi tempat pertama dalam bahasa Latin atau Standard (atau kedua) banyak kali ketika mereka bertanding di Festival Dance Blackpool, dan mereka adalah pasukan AS pertama yang memenangi kejohanan pembentukan di Kejohanan British yang terkenal di Blackpool, England pada tahun 1972. Kejohanan Nasional DanceSport NDCA telah diadakan di BYU selama beberapa tahun, dan BYU memegang puluhan kelas tarian tarian setiap semester dan seterusnya program tarian tarian universiti terbesar di dunia. Di samping itu, BYU mempunyai beberapa pasukan tarian dan program lain yang terkenal. Pasukan-pasukan ini termasuk Balet Panggung, Teater Tarian Kontemporari, Legenda Hidup, dan Ensemble Tarian Rakyat Antarabangsa. Living Legends melakukan tarian Latin, Native American, dan Polynesian. BYU mempunyai salah satu jabatan tarian terbesar di negara ini. Ramai pelajar dari semua jurusan yang berbeza di seluruh kampus mengambil bahagian dalam pelbagai kelas tarian setiap semester. <> Apa kumpulan BYU yang dikenali sebagai salah satu pasukan tarian ballroom pembentukan terbaik di dunia? || Ballroom Dance Company <> Apa kejohanan tarian yang diadakan di BYU selama beberapa tahun? || NDCA National DanceSport <> Bagaimana program tarian tarian kolej BYU dinilai di seluruh dunia? || yang terbesar <> Apa jenis tarian yang dilakukan oleh The Living Legends BYU? || Latin, Native American, dan Polynesian", {"context": "The BYU Ballroom Dance Company is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world, having won the U.S. National Formation Dance Championship every year since 1982. BYU's Ballroom dance team has won first place in Latin or Standard (or both) many times when they have competed at the Blackpool Dance Festival, and they were the first U.S. team to win the formation championships at the famed British Championships in Blackpool, England in 1972 . The NDCA National DanceSport championships have been held at BYU for several years, and BYU holds dozens of ballroom dance classes each semester and is consequently the largest collegiate ballroom dance program in the world. In addition, BYU has a number of other notable dance teams and programs. These teams include the Theatre Ballet, Contemporary Dance Theatre, Living Legends, and International Folk Dance Ensemble. The Living Legends perform Latin, Native American, and Polynesian dancing. BYU boasts one of the largest dance departments in the nation. Many students from all different majors across campus participate in various dance classes each semester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Ballroom Dance Company"}], "question": "What BYU group is known as one of the best formation ballroom dance teams in the world?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da356"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "NDCA National DanceSport"}], "question": "What dance championships have been held at BYU for several years?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da357"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "the largest"}], "question": "How is BYU's collegiate ballroom dance program rated worldwide?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "Latin, Native American, and Polynesian"}], "question": "What types of dancing are performed by BYU's The Living Legends?", "id": "5728a145ff5b5019007da359"}]}], ["BYU telah menetapkan pemuliharaan tenaga, produk dan bahan, kitar semula, perancangan tapak dan reka bentuk bangunan, penglibatan pelajar, pengangkutan, pemuliharaan air, dan sifar acara sebagai kategori keutamaan di mana untuk melanjutkan usahanya menjadi kampus yang mapan di alam sekitar. Universiti menyatakan bahawa \"kita mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk menjadi pelayan yang bijak di bumi dan sumber dayanya.\" BYU sedang berusaha untuk meningkatkan kecekapan tenaga bangunannya dengan memasang pelbagai pemacu laju pada semua pam dan peminat, menggantikan lampu pijar dengan pencahayaan pendarfluor, bangunan kampus yang dipasang dengan kaca reflektif rendah E, dan menaikkan penebat bumbung untuk mengelakkan kehilangan haba. Kumpulan pelajar BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, dan BYU Earth mendidik pelajar, fakulti, staf, dan pentadbir tentang bagaimana kampus dapat mengurangkan kesan alam sekitar. BYU Recycles mempelopori kempen baru-baru ini untuk memulakan plastik kitar semula, yang dilakukan oleh universiti selepas setahun berkempen pelajar. <> Apa yang BYU berfungsi untuk meningkatkan dengan memasang pelbagai pemacu kelajuan pada semua pam dan peminat? || kecekapan tenaga bangunannya <> Siapa yang mempelopori kempen baru-baru ini BYU untuk memulakan plastik kitar semula? || BYU Recycles <> Berapa lama selepas kempen pelajar lakukan BYU memulakan plastik kitar semula? || setahun <> Apa jenis peristiwa sisa yang menjadi keutamaan di BYU untuk menjadi alam sekitar yang mampan? || sifar <> Apakah BYU menggantikan lampu pijar itu dengan? || pendarfluor", {"context": "BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that \"we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources.\" BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "energy efficiency of its buildings"}], "question": "What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "BYU Recycles"}], "question": "Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "a year"}], "question": "How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "zero"}], "question": "What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "fluorescent"}], "question": "What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?", "id": "5728a01c2ca10214002da4e0"}]}], ["Kampus ini adalah rumah kepada beberapa muzium yang mengandungi pameran dari pelbagai bidang pengajian. Muzium Seni BYU, contohnya, adalah salah satu muzium seni terbesar dan paling banyak di Mountain West. Muzium ini membantu dalam kegiatan akademik pelajar di BYU melalui penyelidikan dan kajian karya seni dalam koleksinya. Muzium ini juga terbuka kepada orang awam dan menyediakan pengaturcaraan pendidikan. Muzium Rakyat dan Budaya adalah muzium arkeologi dan etnologi. Ia memberi tumpuan kepada budaya asli dan artifak Lembah Besar, Barat Daya Amerika, Mesoamerika, Peru, dan Polynesia. Berada di lebih dari 40,000 artifak dan 50,000 gambar, ia memperlihatkan penyelidikan arkeologi BYU. Muzium Paleontologi BYU dibina pada tahun 1976 untuk memaparkan banyak fosil yang terdapat oleh Dr. James A. Jensen dari BYU. Ia memegang banyak artifak dari Period Jurassic (210-140 juta tahun yang lalu), dan merupakan salah satu daripada lima koleksi teratas dalam dunia fosil dari masa itu. Ia telah dipaparkan dalam majalah, akhbar, dan televisyen di peringkat antarabangsa. Muzium ini menerima kira-kira 25,000 pengunjung setiap tahun. Muzium Sains Kehidupan Monte L. Bean dibentuk pada tahun 1978. Ia mempunyai beberapa bentuk tumbuhan dan kehidupan haiwan yang dipamerkan dan tersedia untuk penyelidikan oleh pelajar dan sarjana. <> Berapa banyak gambar di Muzium Rakyat dan Budaya BYU? || 50,000 <> Berapa ramai pengunjung yang menerima BYU Museum of Paleontology setiap tahun? || kira-kira 25,000 <> Dari mana tempoh BYU Museum of Paleontology memegang banyak artifak dari? || Tempoh Jurassic (210-140 juta tahun yang lalu) <> Siapa yang mendapati banyak fosil yang dipaparkan di Muzium Paleontologi BYU? || BYU Dr. James A. Jensen <> Yang BYU bangunan adalah salah satu museus seni yang paling banyak dihadiri di Mountain West? || Muzium Seni", {"context": "The campus is home to several museums containing exhibits from many different fields of study. BYU's Museum of Art, for example, is one of the largest and most attended art museums in the Mountain West. This Museum aids in academic pursuits of students at BYU via research and study of the artworks in its collection. The Museum is also open to the general public and provides educational programming. The Museum of Peoples and Cultures is a museum of archaeology and ethnology. It focuses on native cultures and artifacts of the Great Basin, American Southwest, Mesoamerica, Peru, and Polynesia. Home to more than 40,000 artifacts and 50,000 photographs, it documents BYU's archaeological research. The BYU Museum of Paleontology was built in 1976 to display the many fossils found by BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen. It holds many artifacts from the Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago), and is one of the top five collections in the world of fossils from that time period. It has been featured in magazines, newspapers, and on television internationally. The museum receives about 25,000 visitors every year. The Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum was formed in 1978. It features several forms of plant and animal life on display and available for research by students and scholars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many photographs are in BYU's Museum of Peoples and Cultures?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1079, "text": "about 25,000"}], "question": "How many visitors does BYU Museum of Paleontology receive each year?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "Jurassic Period (210-140 million years ago)"}], "question": "From which period does BYU Museum of Paleontology hold many artifacts from?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "BYU's Dr. James A. Jensen"}], "question": "Who found many of the fossils displayed in BYU's Museum of Paleontology?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Museum of Art"}], "question": "Which BYU building is one of the most attended art museus in the Mountain West?", "id": "57289dff2ca10214002da4c8"}]}], ["Semua pelajar dan fakulti, tanpa mengira agama, dikehendaki bersetuju untuk mematuhi kod kehormatan. Bentuk-bentuk awal Kod Kehormatan Sistem Pendidikan Gereja didapati sejak zaman Akademi Brigham Young dan sekolah rendah Presiden Karl G. Maeser. Maeser mencipta \"Organisasi Domestik\", yang merupakan sekumpulan guru yang akan melawat pelajar di rumah mereka untuk melihat bahawa mereka mengikuti peraturan moral sekolah yang melarang kelakuan seksual, kejam, merokok, dan alkohol. Kod Kehormat itu sendiri tidak dicipta sehingga sekitar tahun 1940, dan digunakan terutamanya untuk kes-kes penipuan dan ketidakjujuran akademik. Presiden Wilkinson memperluas Kod Kehormat pada tahun 1957 untuk memasukkan piawaian sekolah yang lain. Ini membawa kepada apa yang diwakili oleh Kod Kehormat hari ini: peraturan mengenai kesucian, pakaian, dandanan, dadah, dan alkohol. Komitmen yang ditandatangani untuk mematuhi kod kehormatan adalah sebahagian daripada proses permohonan, dan mesti dipatuhi oleh semua pelajar, fakulti, dan kakitangan. Pelajar dan fakulti yang didapati melanggar piawaian sama ada diberi amaran atau dipanggil untuk bertemu dengan wakil-wakil Majlis Kehormatan. Dalam kes tertentu, pelajar dan fakulti boleh diusir dari sekolah atau kehilangan tempoh. Kedua-dua pelajar LDS dan bukan LDS dikehendaki bertemu setiap tahun dengan pemimpin Gereja untuk menerima sokongan gereja untuk penerimaan dan penerusan. Pelbagai kumpulan advokasi LGBT telah memprotes kod kehormatan dan mengkritiknya sebagai anti-gay, dan The Princeton Review menduduki BYU sebagai sekolah ke-3 paling tidak ramah LGBT di Amerika Syarikat. <> Kumpulan apa yang telah dibuat oleh Presiden Maeser yang menghantar guru ke rumah pelajar untuk mengesahkan mereka mengikuti peraturan moral sekolah? || Organisasi Domestik <> Bilakah kod Honor BYU dibuat? || kira-kira 1940 <> Apakah Kod Honor BYU yang digunakan terutamanya untuk penciptaannya? || kes-kes penipuan dan ketidakjujuran akademik <> Dalam tahun berapa adalah Kod Kehormat memperluas untuk memasukkan piawaian sekolah lain, seperti peraturan mengenai penggunaan dadah? || 1957 <> Siapa yang mesti menandatangani komitmen untuk hidup dengan kod kehormatan sebagai sebahagian daripada proses permohonan? || semua pelajar, fakulti, dan kakitangan", {"context": "All students and faculty, regardless of religion, are required to agree to adhere to an honor code. Early forms of the Church Educational System Honor Code are found as far back as the days of the Brigham Young Academy and early school President Karl G. Maeser. Maeser created the \"Domestic Organization\", which was a group of teachers who would visit students at their homes to see that they were following the schools moral rules prohibiting obscenity, profanity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The Honor Code itself was not created until about 1940, and was used mainly for cases of cheating and academic dishonesty. President Wilkinson expanded the Honor Code in 1957 to include other school standards. This led to what the Honor Code represents today: rules regarding chastity, dress, grooming, drugs, and alcohol. A signed commitment to live the honor code is part of the application process, and must be adhered by all students, faculty, and staff. Students and faculty found in violation of standards are either warned or called to meet with representatives of the Honor Council. In certain cases, students and faculty can be expelled from the school or lose tenure. Both LDS and non-LDS students are required to meet annually with a Church leader to receive an ecclesiastical endorsement for both acceptance and continuance. Various LGBT advocacy groups have protested the honor code and criticized it as being anti-gay, and The Princeton Review ranked BYU as the 3rd most LGBT-unfriendly school in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Domestic Organization"}], "question": "What group did President Maeser create that sent teachers to student's homes to verify they were following the school's moral rules?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "about 1940"}], "question": "When was the BYU Honor Code actually created?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "cases of cheating and academic dishonesty"}], "question": "What was BYU's Honor Code mainly used for upon its creation?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "1957"}], "question": "In what year was the Honor Code expanded to include other school standards, such as rules regarding drug use?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "all students, faculty, and staff"}], "question": "Who must sign a comitment to live by the honor code as part of the application process?", "id": "5728a7b83acd2414000dfc07"}]}], ["BYU mempunyai 21 pasukan universiti NCAA. Sembilan belas dari tim ini dimainkan terutama di Persidangan Gunung Barat sejak didirikan pada tahun 1999 hingga sekolah meninggalkan persidangan itu pada tahun 2011. Sebelum itu, tim BYU bersaing dalam Konferensi Athletic Barat. Semua pasukan dinamakan \"Cougars\", dan Cosmo Cougar telah menjadi maskot sekolah sejak tahun 1953. Lagu perjuangan sekolah adalah Cougar Fight Song. Kerana ramai pemainnya berkhidmat dalam misi sepenuh masa selama dua tahun (lelaki ketika mereka berumur 18 tahun, wanita ketika 19 tahun), atlet BYU sering lebih tua daripada pemain sekolah lain-lain. NCAA membenarkan para pelajar untuk melayani misi selama dua tahun tanpa mengurangkan masa dari tempoh kelayakan mereka. Ini telah menyebabkan kontroversi kecil, tetapi sebahagian besarnya diiktiraf kerana tidak memberi pinjaman kepada sekolah apa-apa kelebihan yang ketara, kerana pemain tidak menerima latihan fizikal yang ringan dan ringan semasa misi mereka. BYU juga mendapat perhatian dari rangkaian sukan kerana keengganan untuk bermain pada hari Ahad, serta pemain yang mengusir kerana melanggar kehormatan kod. Bermula pada musim 2011, bola sepak BYU bersaing dalam bola sepak kolej sebagai seorang yang bebas. Di samping itu, kebanyakan sukan lain kini bersaing di Persidangan Pantai Barat. Pasukan berenang dan menyelam dan trek dan padang dalaman untuk lelaki dan wanita menyertai program bola tampar lelaki di Persekutuan Sukan Gunung Pasifik. Untuk trek dan padang luar, Cougars menjadi Bebas. Softball kembali ke Persidangan Athletic Barat, tetapi hanya menghabiskan satu musim di WAC; pasukan itu berpindah ke Persidangan Bola Sepak Pantai Pasifik selepas musim 2012. Program bola tampar boleh bergerak lagi selepas musim 2013; pemulangan Pasifik Julai 2013 ke WCC akan membolehkan persidangan itu untuk menambah bola sepak sebagai sukan rasmi. <> Berapa ramai pasukan universiti NCAA yang tidak mempunyai BYU? || 21 <> Apa nama lagu berperang BYU? || Cougar Fight Song <> Mengapa ramai atlet BYU lebih tua daripada pemain sekolah lain? || ramai pemainnya berkhidmat dalam misi sepenuh masa selama dua tahun <> Bilakah BYU enggan memainkan permainan sukan yang mendapat perhatian rangkaian sukan? || Ahad <> Apa pelanggaran yang boleh membawa kepada pemain yang diusir dari pasukan sukan? || kod kehormatan", {"context": "BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams. Nineteen of these teams played mainly in the Mountain West Conference from its inception in 1999 until the school left that conference in 2011. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the \"Cougars\", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. The school's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song. Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions. BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday, as well as expelling players due to honor code violations. Beginning in the 2011 season, BYU football competes in college football as an independent. In addition, most other sports now compete in the West Coast Conference. Teams in swimming and diving and indoor track and field for both men and women joined the men's volleyball program in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. For outdoor track and field, the Cougars became an Independent. Softball returned to the Western Athletic Conference, but spent only one season in the WAC; the team moved to the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. The softball program may move again after the 2013 season; the July 2013 return of Pacific to the WCC will enable that conference to add softball as an official sport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da368"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Cougar Fight Song"}], "question": "What is the name of BYU's fight song?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years"}], "question": "Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "Sunday"}], "question": "When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1017, "text": "honor code"}], "question": "What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?", "id": "5728a249ff5b5019007da36c"}]}], ["Suasana sosial dan budaya BYU adalah unik. Kadar pendaftaran tinggi di universiti oleh ahli-ahli Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir (lebih daripada 98 peratus) menghasilkan penguatan norma budaya LDS; BYU disenaraikan oleh The Princeton Review pada tahun 2008 sebagai ke-14 di negara ini kerana mempunyai pelajar yang paling bahagia dan kualiti kehidupan yang paling tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, kebencian dan kadang-kadang budaya \"terlalu bagus\" sering dijadikan sebagai contoh, dari segi berkahwin awal dan sangat konservatif. <> Bagaimana BYU disenaraikan oleh The Princeton Review kerana mempunyai pelajar yang paling bahagia dan kualiti kehidupan yang paling tinggi pada tahun 2008? || Ke-14 di negara <> Apa bahagian-bahagian yang kadang-kadang \"terlalu bagus\" kebudayaan BYU sering karikatur? || berkahwin awal dan sangat konservatif <> Apakah kadar pendaftaran BYU yang tinggi oleh ahli LDS menghasilkan norma budaya LDS? || penguatan", {"context": "BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes \"too nice\" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "14th in the nation"}], "question": "How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "marrying early and being very conservative"}], "question": "What parts of the sometimes \"too nice\" BYU culture is often caricatured?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "amplification of"}], "question": "What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?", "id": "5728a88d4b864d1900164ba6"}]}], ["Salah satu ciri BYU yang sering disebutkan ialah reputasi untuk menekankan \"budaya perkahwinan\". Ahli-ahli Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir sangat menghargai perkahwinan dan keluarga, terutama perkawinan dalam iman. Kira-kira 51 peratus daripada graduan di kelas BYU 2005 telah berkahwin. Ini dibandingkan dengan purata perkahwinan nasional di kalangan siswazah kolej sebanyak 11 peratus. Pelajar BYU secara purata berkahwin pada usia 22 tahun, menurut kajian tahun 2005, manakala usia purata nasional adalah 25 tahun untuk lelaki dan 27 tahun untuk wanita. <> Apakah ciri-ciri BYU yang paling sering ditunjukkan melalui reputasi? || menekankan \"budaya perkahwinan\" <> Berapa peratuskah kelas kelas BYU 2005 telah berkahwin? || Kira-kira 51 <> Berapa purata perkahwinan nasional di kalangan graduan kolej? || 11 peratus <> Berapa umur purata pelajar BYU berkahwin mengikut kajian tahun 2005? || 22 <> Apa jenis perkahwinan yang sangat dihargai oleh ahli LDS? || perkahwinan dalam iman", {"context": "One of the characteristics of BYU most often pointed out is its reputation for emphasizing a \"marriage culture\". Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints highly value marriage and family, especially marriage within the faith. Approximately 51 percent of the graduates in BYU's class of 2005 were married. This is compared to a national marriage average among college graduates of 11 percent. BYU students on average marry at the age of 22, according to a 2005 study, while the national average age is 25 years for men and 27 years for women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "emphasizing a \"marriage culture\""}], "question": "What is one of BYU's characteristics that is most often pointed out through reputation?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Approximately 51"}], "question": "What percentage of BYU's class of 2005 were married?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "11 percent"}], "question": "What is the national marriage average among college graduates?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "22"}], "question": "What is the average age that BYU students marry according to a 2005 study?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "marriage within the faith"}], "question": "What type of marriage is highly valued by LDS members?", "id": "5728a9702ca10214002da55a"}]}], ["Pusat Operasi Teknikal Broadcasting BYU adalah kemudahan pengeluaran dan pengedaran HD yang merupakan rumah kepada pengedar PBS tempatan KBYU-TV, stesen muzik klasik tempatan KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv dan BYU Television International dengan kandungan dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis (kedua-duanya tersedia melalui isyarat darat, satelit, dan internet). BYUtv juga boleh didapati melalui kabel di beberapa kawasan di Amerika Syarikat. Pusat Operasi Teknikal Broadcasting BYU adalah rumah kepada tiga studio pengeluaran televisyen, dua bilik kawalan televisyen, studio radio, ruang prestasi radio, dan operasi kawalan induk. <> Berapa banyak studio pengeluaran televisyen adalah BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Centre ke? || tiga <> Berapa studio radio adalah BYU BYU Penyiaran Pusat Operasi Teknikal ke? || dua <> Berapa banyak bilik kawalan televisyen adalah BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Centre ke? || dua <> Stesen BYU mana yang menawarkan kandungan dalam bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis? || BYU Television International <> Stesen BYU yang mana boleh didapati melalui kabel di beberapa kawasan di A.S.? || BYUtv", {"context": "The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is an HD production and distribution facility that is home to local PBS affiliate KBYU-TV, local classical music station KBYU-FM Classical 89, BYU Radio, BYU Radio Instrumental, BYU Radio International, BYUtv and BYU Television International with content in Spanish and Portuguese (both available via terrestrial, satellite, and internet signals). BYUtv is also available via cable throughout some areas of the United States. The BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center is home to three television production studios, two television control rooms, radio studios, radio performance space, and master control operations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many television production studios is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many radio studios is BYU BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many television control rooms is BYU Broadcasting Technical Operations Center home to?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "BYU Television International"}], "question": "Which BYU station offers content in both Spanish and Portugese?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "BYUtv"}], "question": "Which BYU station is available via cable throughout some areas of the U.S.?", "id": "5728ab684b864d1900164bf4"}]}], ["Sejumlah alumni BYU telah berjaya dalam sukan profesional, mewakili Universiti dalam 7 Siri Dunia MLB, 5 Final NBA dan 25 NFL Super Bowls. Dalam besbol, alumni BYU termasuk All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, dan Jack Morris '76. Pemain bola keranjang profesional termasuk juara NBA tiga kali, Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year dan NBA All-Star Melanie All-Star, 49 tahun, [rujukan?] Tiga pingat olimpiade Olimpik dan Hall of Famer Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 '73 , dan konsensus 2011 pemain kebangsaan negara Jimmer Fredette '11, kini dengan organisasi New York Knicks. BYU juga mendakwa pemain bola sepak profesional yang terkenal termasuk dua kali NFL MVP dan Super Bowl MVP dan pemain bola sepak Pro Football Hall of Fame Steve Young '84 & JD '96, pemenang Piala Heisman Ty Detmer '90, dan pemenang Super Bowl dua kali, Jim McMahon . Dalam golf, alumni BYU termasuk dua pemenang kejohanan utama: Johnny Miller ('69) pada Terbuka A.S. 1973 dan Terbuka British 1976 dan Mike Weir ('92) pada 2003 Masters. <> Yang pingat Olimpik tiga kali dan Hall of Famer lulus dari BYU? || Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 <> Pemenang Piala Heisman mana yang lulus dari BYU? || Ty Detmer <> Yang mana pemenang Super Bowl dua kali lulus dari BYU? || Jim McMahon <> Yang mana pemenang Golf Master 2003 lulus dari BYU? || Mike Weir <> Yang lulusan BYU telah memenangi kedua-dua Terbuka British 1976 dan Terbuka A.S. 1973? || Johnny Miller", {"context": "A number of BYU alumni have found success in professional sports, representing the University in 7 MLB World Series, 5 NBA Finals, and 25 NFL Super Bowls. In baseball, BYU alumni include All-Stars Rick Aguilera '83, Wally Joyner '84, and Jack Morris '76. Professional basketball players include three-time NBA champion Danny Ainge '81, 1952 NBA Rookie of the Year and 4-time NBA All-Star Mel Hutchins '51,[citation needed] three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107 '73, and consensus 2011 national college player of the year Jimmer Fredette '11, currently with the New York Knicks organization. BYU also claims notable professional football players including two-time NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP and Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Steve Young '84 & J.D. '96, Heisman Trophy winner Ty Detmer '90, and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon. In golf, BYU alumni include two major championship winners: Johnny Miller ('69) at the 1973 U.S. Open and 1976 British Open and Mike Weir ('92) at the 2003 Masters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Kre\u0161imir \u0106osi\u0107"}], "question": "Which three-time Olympic medalist and Hall of Famer graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "Ty Detmer"}], "question": "Which Heisman Trophy winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "Jim McMahon"}], "question": "Which two-time Super Bowl winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "Mike Weir"}], "question": "Which winner of the 2003 Golf Masters graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Johnny Miller"}], "question": "Which BYU graduate has won both the 1976 British Open and the 1973 U.S. Open?", "id": "5728ae4d4b864d1900164c16"}]}], ["Alumni BYU di akademik termasuk bekas Dekan Sekolah Perniagaan Harvard Kim B. Clark, dua pemikir perniagaan paling berpengaruh di dunia, Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young, 73, presiden semasa University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, semasa Presiden University of Utah Valley, Stan L. Albrecht, presiden semasa Universiti Negeri Utah, Teppo Felin, Profesor di University of Oxford, dan Stephen D. Nadauld, presiden sebelumnya di Dixie State University. Universiti juga menamatkan pemenang Hadiah Nobel Paul D. Boyer, serta Philo Farnsworth (pencipta televisyen elektronik) dan Harvey Fletcher (pencipta alat bantu pendengaran). Empat daripada tiga presiden BYU adalah alumni Universiti. Selain itu, alumni BYU yang pernah berkhidmat sebagai pemimpin perniagaan termasuk Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, bekas CEO Dell Kevin Rollins '84, CEO Deseret Book Sheri L. Dew, dan Matthew K. McCauley, Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif anak syarikat Gymboree. <> Apakah bekas alumnus Paul D. Boyer diketahui? || Pemenang Hadiah Nobel <> Apakah bekas lulusan BYU Harvey Fletcher mencipta? || alat bantu dengar <> Syarikat pakaian terkenal mana yang BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif? || Gymboree <> Apakah lulusan BYU Clayton M. Christensen dikenali sebagai? || dua pemikir perniagaan paling berpengaruh dunia <> Yang mana pemenang Hadiah Nobel lulus dari BYU? || Paul D. Boyer", {"context": "BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Nobel Prize winner"}], "question": "What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "the hearing aid"}], "question": "What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "Gymboree"}], "question": "Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "two time world's most influential business thinker"}], "question": "What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Paul D. Boyer"}], "question": "Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ac94ff5b5019007da444"}]}], ["Ramai pelawat ke BYU, dan Utah Valley secara keseluruhan, laporan yang terkejut dengan persekitaran budaya yang konservatif. Kod Honours Brigham Young University, yang semua pelajar BYU bersetuju untuk mengikuti sebagai syarat belajar di BYU, melarang pengambilan minuman keras, tembakau, dan sebagainya. Seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, The Princeton Review telah menilai BYU yang \"# 1 batu sejuk mabuk sekolah \"di negara selama bertahun-tahun berlalu, penghormatan yang diumumkan oleh presiden Gereja LDS Gordon B. Hinckley dengan bangga. Peringkat BYU yang 2014 \"# 1 batu sejuk\" penarafan sedap yang menandakan tahun ke 17 berturut-turut sekolah itu telah mendapat penarafan itu. BYU telah menggunakan ini dan penghormatan lain yang diberikan kepada sekolah untuk mengiklankan diri kepada calon pelajar, menunjukkan bahawa BYU bangga dengan penarafan itu. Menurut Laporan Jenayah Seragam, insiden jenayah di Provo lebih rendah daripada purata kebangsaan. Pembunuhan jarang, dan rompakan adalah kira-kira 1/10 purata kebangsaan. Business Insider menilai BYU sebagai kampus kampus paling tinggi # 1 di negara ini. <> Yang menilai BYU sebagai sekolah # 1 batu sejuk dalam negara selama beberapa tahun? || The Princeton Review <> Bagaimana perasaan BYU tentang dinilai sekolah # 1 batu yang sejuk? || bangga <> Bagaimana rompakan di Provo BYU berbanding dengan purata kebangsaan? || kira-kira 1/10 <> Yang menilai BYU sebagai kampus kampus paling tinggi # 1 di negara ini? || Perniagaan Insider <> Apa persekitaran BYU nampaknya mengejutkan banyak pelawat ke BYU dan ke Lembah Utah? || budaya konservatif", {"context": "Many visitors to BYU, and Utah Valley as a whole, report being surprised by the culturally conservative environment. Brigham Young University's Honor Code, which all BYU students agree to follow as a condition of studying at BYU, prohibits the consumption of alcoholic beverages, tobacco, etc. As mentioned earlier, The Princeton Review has rated BYU the \"#1 stone cold sober school\" in the nation for several years running, an honor which the late LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had commented on with pride. BYU's 2014 \"#1 stone cold\" sober rating marked the 17th year in a row that the school had earned that rating. BYU has used this and other honors awarded to the school to advertise itself to prospective students, showing that BYU is proud of the rating. According to the Uniform Crime Reports, incidents of crime in Provo are lower than the national average. Murder is rare, and robberies are about 1/10 the national average. Business Insider rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "The Princeton Review"}], "question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 stone cold sober school in the nation for several years?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "proud"}], "question": "How does BYU feel about being rated the #1 stone cold sober school?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 910, "text": "about 1/10"}], "question": "How do robberies at BYU's Provo compare to the national average?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "Business Insider"}], "question": "Who rated BYU as the #1 safest college campus in the nation?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "culturally conservative"}], "question": "What BYU environment seems to surprise many visitors to BYU as well as to the Utah Valley?", "id": "5728aa533acd2414000dfc65"}]}], ["Dalam kesusasteraan dan kewartawanan, BYU telah menghasilkan beberapa penulis paling laris, termasuk Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, dan Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU juga lulus aktivis dan penyumbang aktivis Amerika Syarikat untuk ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Kepelbagaian media lain termasuk bekas wartawan CBS News Art Rascon, jurulatih ESPN yang memenangi anugerah dan bekas Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 dan bekas tuan rumah bersama The Early Show CBS Jane Clayson Johnson '90. Dalam hiburan dan televisyen, BYU diwakili oleh Jon Heder '02 (terkenal kerana peranannya sebagai Napoleon Dynamite), pengarang penulis Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe yang dicalonkan Aaron Eckhart '94, animator dan pembikin filem Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy ! juara sepanjang zaman Ken Jennings '00, dan Richard Dutcher, \"Bapa Mormon Cinema.\" Dalam industri muzik, BYU diwakili oleh penyanyi utama pemenang Grammy Award, Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, pelukis multi-platinum, Elaine Bradley dari band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep biola Lindsey Stirling, bekas peserta American Idol, Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir pengarah Mack Wilberg dan pianis Massimiliano Frani. <> Di manakah lulusan terbaik penulis Stephenie Meyer dari tahun 1995? || BYU <> Yang bekas Miss America lulus dari BYU? || Sharlene Wells Hawkes <> Yang pertama bersama-host CBS The Early Show lulus dari BYU? || Jane Clayson Johnson <> Pemenang anugerah pemenang ESPN yang menamatkan pengajian BYU? || Sharlene Wells Hawkes <> Yang mana bekas koresponden CBS News lulus dari BYU? || Art Rascon", {"context": "In literature and journalism, BYU has produced several best-selling authors, including Orson Scott Card '75, Brandon Sanderson '00 & '05, Ben English '98, and Stephenie Meyer '95. BYU also graduated American activist and contributor for ABC News Elizabeth Smart-Gilmour. Other media personalities include former CBS News correspondent Art Rascon, award-winning ESPN sportscaster and former Miss America Sharlene Wells Hawkes '86 and former co-host of CBS's The Early Show Jane Clayson Johnson '90. In entertainment and television, BYU is represented by Jon Heder '02 (best known for his role as Napoleon Dynamite), writer-director Daryn Tufts '98, Golden Globe-nominated Aaron Eckhart '94, animator and filmmaker Don Bluth '54, Jeopardy! all-time champion Ken Jennings '00, and Richard Dutcher, the \"Father of Mormon Cinema.\" In the music industry BYU is represented by lead singer of the Grammy Award winning band Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds, multi-platinum selling drummer Elaine Bradley from the band Neon Trees, crossover dubstep violinist Lindsey Stirling, former American Idol contestant Carmen Rasmusen, Mormon Tabernacle Choir director Mack Wilberg and pianist Massimiliano Frani.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "BYU"}], "question": "Where did best selling author Stephenie Meyer graduate from in 1995?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes"}], "question": "Which former Miss America graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Jane Clayson Johnson"}], "question": "Which former co-host of CBS's The Early Show graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Sharlene Wells Hawkes"}], "question": "Which award winning ESPN sports writer graduated form BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Art Rascon"}], "question": "Which former CBS News correspondent graduated from BYU?", "id": "5728ad6a3acd2414000dfcc1"}]}]], [["Sesak nafas terjadi apabila kerosakan pada jantung menghalang keluaran ventrikel kiri, menyebabkan kegagalan ventrikel kiri dan edema pulmonari yang terhasil. Gejala lain termasuk diaforesis (bentuk peluh yang berlebihan), kelemahan, keputihan, mual, muntah, dan berdebar-debar. Gejala-gejala ini mungkin disebabkan oleh lonjakan besar catecholamines dari sistem saraf bersimpati, yang berlaku sebagai tindak balas kepada kesakitan dan keabnormalan aliran darah yang disebabkan oleh disfungsi otot jantung. Kehilangan kesedaran (disebabkan oleh aliran darah yang tidak mencukupi ke otak dan kejutan kardiogenik) dan kematian secara tiba-tiba (sering disebabkan oleh perkembangan fibrillasi ventrikel) boleh berlaku di dalam MI. <> Bila mungkin seseorang mengalami sesak nafas? || jantung mengehadkan output ventrikel kiri <> Apa yang diaforesis merujuk kepada? || bentuk berpeluh berlebihan <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan seseorang kehilangan kesedaran dari MI? || aliran darah yang tidak mencukupi ke otak", {"context": "Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "heart limits the output of the left ventricle"}], "question": "When might an individual experience shortness of breath?", "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "excessive form of sweating"}], "question": "What does diaphoresis refer to?", "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "inadequate blood flow to the brain"}], "question": "What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?", "id": "57264d28dd62a815002e80f0"}]}], ["Permulaan simptom dalam infark miokard (MI) biasanya beransur-ansur, selama beberapa minit, dan jarang seketika. Kesakitan dada adalah gejala yang paling biasa dari MI akut dan sering digambarkan sebagai sensasi sesak, tekanan, atau perit. Kesakitan dada akibat iskemia (kekurangan darah dan bekalan oksigen) dari otot jantung disebut angina pectoris. Sakit memancar paling kerap ke lengan kiri, tetapi juga boleh memancar ke rahang bawah, leher, lengan kanan, belakang, dan bahagian atas abdomen, di mana ia boleh meniru pedih ulu hati. Tanda Levine, di mana seseorang menyesuaikan kesakitan dada dengan mengepalkan tinju mereka di atas tulang belakang mereka, secara klasiknya dianggap sebagai ramalan kesakitan dada jantung, walaupun kajian prospektif menunjukkan ia mempunyai nilai ramalan positif yang buruk. <> Apakah gejala MI yang paling biasa? || Sakit dada <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan ischemia? || kekurangan darah <> Apakah kesakitan biasanya disebabkan oleh MI? || kiri tangan <> Apakah tanda kisah seseorang mengalami kesakitan dada jantung? || mengepalkan penumbuk mereka di atas sternum mereka", {"context": "The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Chest pain"}], "question": "What is the most common symptom of MI?", "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "a lack of blood"}], "question": "What does ischemia refer too?", "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "left arm"}], "question": "What does the pain usually stem from with MI?", "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "clenching their fists over their sternum"}], "question": "What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?", "id": "57264bf3f1498d1400e8db6b"}]}], ["Kebanyakan MI berlaku disebabkan oleh penyakit arteri koronari. Faktor risiko termasuk tekanan darah tinggi, merokok, kencing manis, kurang senaman, obesiti, kolesterol darah tinggi, diet yang buruk, dan pengambilan alkohol yang berlebihan, antara lain. Mekanisme MI sering melibatkan penyumbatan lengkap arteri koronari yang disebabkan oleh pecah plak aterosklerotik. MI tidak biasa disebabkan oleh kekejangan arteri koronari, yang mungkin disebabkan kokain, tekanan emosi yang ketara, dan sejuk yang melampau, antara lain. Beberapa ujian berguna untuk membantu diagnosis, termasuk elektrokardiograms (ECGs), ujian darah, dan angiografi koronari. ECG boleh mengesahkan ketinggian ST apabila terdapat ketinggian ST. Ujian darah yang biasa digunakan termasuk troponin dan kurang kerap creatine kinase MB. <> Apa yang boleh dikonfirmasi oleh EKG? || ST ketinggian <> Apakah jenis ujian darah yang digunakan? || troponin <> Bagaimana kebanyakan orang datang? || penyakit arteri koronari <> Apakah mekanisme utama untuk MI? || Penyumbatan lengkap arteri koronari <> Nama satu ujian yang digunakan untuk mengenali MI? || elektrokardiograms (ECGs), ujian darah, dan angiografi koronari", {"context": "Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "ST elevation"}], "question": "What can ECG confirm?", "id": "572648c15951b619008f6eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "troponin"}], "question": "What type of blood tests are used?", "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "coronary artery disease"}], "question": "How do most MIs come about?", "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "complete blockage of a coronary artery"}], "question": "What is the main mechanism for MI?", "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography"}], "question": "Name one test used to recognize MI?", "id": "572648c15951b619008f6ef3"}]}], ["Infark miokardium (MI) atau infark miokard akut (AMI), yang biasanya dikenali sebagai serangan jantung, berlaku apabila aliran darah berhenti ke bahagian jantung menyebabkan kerosakan pada otot jantung. Simptom yang paling biasa adalah sakit dada atau ketidakselesaan yang mungkin bergerak ke bahu, lengan, belakang, leher, atau rahang. Selalunya ia berada di bahagian tengah atau kiri dada dan berlangsung selama lebih daripada beberapa minit. Ketidaknyamanan mungkin kadang-kadang berasa seperti pedih ulu hati. Gejala lain mungkin termasuk sesak nafas, loya, rasa pingsan, peluh sejuk, atau rasa letih. Kira-kira 30% orang mempunyai gejala-gejala atipikal, dengan wanita lebih cenderung daripada lelaki untuk mempersembahkan secara simpatik. Antara mereka berusia lebih 75 tahun, kira-kira 5% mempunyai MI dengan sedikit gejala sejarah atau tidak. MI boleh menyebabkan kegagalan jantung, denyutan jantung yang tidak teratur, atau penangkapan jantung. <> Apa yang MI berdiri? || Infark miokardium <> Apakah peratusan orang mengalami gejala-gejala atipikal? || 30% <> Apakah gejala MI yang paling biasa? || kesakitan dada atau ketidakselesaan <> Berapa lamakah kesakitan MI terakhir? || lebih daripada beberapa minit <> Apa yang boleh disukai oleh MI? || pedih ulu hati", {"context": "Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Myocardial infarction"}], "question": "What does MI stand for?", "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "30%"}], "question": "WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms?", "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "chest pain or discomfort"}], "question": "What is the most common symptom of MI?", "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "more than a few minutes"}], "question": "How long can the pain of MI last?", "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "heartburn"}], "question": "What can the discomfort of MI feel like?", "id": "572647aa5951b619008f6ed7"}]}], ["Aspirin adalah rawatan segera yang sesuai untuk MI yang disyaki. Nitrogliserin atau opioid boleh digunakan untuk membantu sakit dada; Walau bagaimanapun, mereka tidak meningkatkan hasil keseluruhan. Oksigen tambahan harus digunakan pada mereka yang mempunyai tahap oksigen yang rendah atau sesak nafas. Dalam rawatan elevasi ST, MI yang cuba mengembalikan aliran darah ke jantung biasanya disyorkan dan termasuk angioplasti, di mana arteri ditekan terbuka, atau trombolisis, di mana penyumbatan itu dikeluarkan menggunakan ubat. Orang yang mempunyai ketegangan miokardium bukan ST (NSTEMI) sering dikendalikan dengan heparin yang lebih nipis darah, dengan penggunaan tambahan angioplasti pada mereka yang beresiko tinggi. Pada orang yang mengalami penyumbatan pelbagai arteri koronari dan kencing manis, pembedahan pintasan (CABG) mungkin disyorkan bukan angioplasti. Selepas MI, pengubahsuaian gaya hidup, bersama-sama dengan rawatan jangka panjang dengan aspirin, beta blocker, dan statin, biasanya disyorkan. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk rawatan segera untuk MI? || Aspirin <> Nitrogliserin boleh digunakan untuk membantu? || sakit dada <> Adakah NSTEMI berdiri? || bukan ST elevasi miokardium infarction <> Bila pembedahan pintasan disyorkan? || penyumbatan pelbagai arteri koronari dan kencing manis <> Apa yang perlu digunakan untuk individu yang mempunyai sesak nafas? || Oksigen tambahan", {"context": "Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Aspirin"}], "question": "What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?", "id": "57264ac2708984140094c19f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "chest pain"}], "question": "Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?", "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "non-ST elevation myocardial infarction"}], "question": "WHat does NSTEMI stand for?", "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes"}], "question": "When is bypass surgery recommended?", "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Supplemental oxygen"}], "question": "What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?", "id": "57264ac2708984140094c1a3"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1877, John Wanamaker membuka kedai serbaneka yang pertama di United State di sebuah bekas pengangkutan barang Pennsylvania Railroad di Philadelphia. Wanamakers adalah kedai serbaneka yang pertama untuk menawarkan harga tetap yang ditandakan pada setiap artikel dan juga memperkenalkan pencahayaan elektrik (1878), telefon (1879), dan penggunaan tiub pneumatik untuk mengangkut wang tunai dan dokumen (1880) ke perniagaan kedai jabatan. Kedai serbaneka yang diasaskan di Philadelphia termasuk Strawbridge dan Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, dan Snellenbergs. <> Siapa yang membuka kedai serbaneka yang \"moden\" di Amerika? || John Wanamaker <> Ciri apa yang membuatkan Wanamakers berbeza dari kedai lain pada masa itu? || harga tetap yang ditanda pada setiap artikel <> Bagaimana dokumen penting dan wang yang dibawa di seluruh kedai? || tiub pneumatik <> Bilakah lampu elektrik dipasang pertama dan digunakan di kedai? || 1878 <> Dalam keadaan apa yang ditubuhkan Wanamakers? || Pennsylvania", {"context": "In 1877, John Wanamaker opened the United State's first modern department store in a former Pennsylvania Railroad freight terminal in Philadelphia. Wanamakers was the first department store to offer fixed prices marked on every article and also introduced electrical illumination (1878), the telephone (1879), and the use of pneumatic tubes to transport cash and documents (1880) to the department store business. Subsequent department stores founded in Philadelphia included Strawbridge and Clothier, Gimbels, Lit Brothers, and Snellenbergs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "John Wanamaker"}], "question": "Who opened the original \"modern\" department store in America?", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "fixed prices marked on every article"}], "question": "What feature made Wanamakers different from other stores at the time? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "pneumatic tubes"}], "question": "How were important documents and money transported throughout the store? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1878"}], "question": "When was electric lighting first installed and used in the store? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Pennsylvania"}], "question": "In what state was Wanamakers established? ", "id": "572653fef1498d1400e8dc1a"}]}], ["Kedai jabatan Paris mempunyai akarnya dalam majalah nouveaut\u00e9s, atau kedai baru; yang pertama, Tapis Rouge, dicipta pada tahun 1784. Mereka berkembang pada awal abad ke-19, dengan La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), dan Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac menggambarkan fungsi mereka dalam novelnya C\u00e9sar Birotteau. Pada tahun 1840-an, dengan kedatangan kereta api di Paris dan peningkatan bilangan pembeli yang mereka bawa, mereka bertambah besar, dan mula mempunyai tingkap paparan kaca besar, harga tetap dan tag harga, dan iklan di akhbar. <> Apakah asal-usul kedai jabatan Paris? || magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s <> Tahun berapa kedai di Paris yang pertama? || 1784 <> Buku apa yang menggambarkan fungsi dan operasi sebuah jabatan Paris / kedai novelty kontemporari? || C\u00e9sar Birotteau <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kenaikan kedai-kedai di Paris? || ketibaan keretapi di Paris dan peningkatan jumlah pembeli yang mereka bawa <> Di manakah kedai serbaneka mula mengiklankan selepas kemasukan besar pembeli baru? || akhbar", {"context": "The Paris department store had its roots in the magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s, or novelty store; the first, the Tapis Rouge, was created in 1784. They flourished in the early 19th century, with La Belle Jardiniere (1824), Aux Trois Quartiers (1829), and Le Petit Saint Thomas (1830). Balzac described their functioning in his novel C\u00e9sar Birotteau. In the 1840s, with the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought, they grew in size, and began to have large plate glass display windows, fixed prices and price tags, and advertising in newspapers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "magasin de nouveaut\u00e9s"}], "question": "What were the origins of the Paris department store? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1784"}], "question": "What year was the first Paris department store founded? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "C\u00e9sar Birotteau"}], "question": "What book described the functionality and operation of a contemporary Paris department/novelty store?", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the arrival of the railroads in Paris and the increased number of shoppers they brought"}], "question": "What factors influenced the increase of department stores in Paris? ", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "newspapers"}], "question": "Where did department stores begin to advertise after the large influx of new shoppers?", "id": "57264cd75951b619008f6f57"}]}], ["Pusat membeli-belah hari ini mempunyai bahagian-bahagian yang menjual barang-barang berikut: pakaian, perabot, peralatan rumah, mainan, kosmetik, berkebun, peralatan mandi, barangan sukan, lakukan sendiri, cat, dan perkakasan serta memilih produk lain seperti makanan, buku, , elektronik, alat tulis, peralatan fotografi, produk bayi, dan produk untuk haiwan kesayangan. Pelanggan menyemak di hadapan kedai atau, secara alternatif, di kaunter jualan dalam setiap jabatan. Sesetengahnya adalah sebahagian daripada rantaian runcit banyak kedai, sementara yang lain mungkin peruncit bebas. Pada tahun 1970-an, mereka mengalami tekanan yang berat dari diskaun. Sejak 2010, mereka telah mengalami tekanan yang lebih berat dari kedai dalam talian seperti Amazon. <> Apa jenis jabatan yang mungkin dapat dilihat di sebuah gedung utama? || pakaian, perabot, peralatan rumah, mainan, kosmetik, berkebun, peralatan mandi, barangan sukan <> Siapa yang mula mempengaruhi gedung-gedung serbaneka pada tahun 1970-an? || diskaun <> Apa yang telah mula menekankan gedung-gedung jabatan pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini? || kedai dalam talian seperti Amazon. <> Selain daripada di lorong keluar di hadapan kedai, di mana pelanggan boleh menyemak? || di kaunter jualan dalam setiap jabatan.", {"context": "Department stores today have sections that sell the following: clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods, do it yourself, paint, and hardware and additionally select other lines of products such as food, books, jewelry, electronics, stationery, photographic equipment, baby products, and products for pets. Customers check out near the front of the store or, alternatively, at sales counters within each department. Some are part of a retail chain of many stores, while others may be independent retailers. In the 1970s, they came under heavy pressure from discounters. Since 2010, they have come under even heavier pressure from online stores such as Amazon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "clothing, furniture, home appliances, toys, cosmetics, gardening, toiletries, sporting goods"}], "question": "What sorts of departments might one see in a major department store?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c16f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "discounters"}], "question": "Who started influencing department stores in the 1970's? ", "id": "5726494f708984140094c170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "online stores such as Amazon."}], "question": "What has begun pressuring department stores in more recent years?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "at sales counters within each department."}], "question": "Other than at the check-out lanes at the front of a store, where may customers check out?", "id": "5726494f708984140094c172"}]}], ["Asal-usul kedai jabatan terletak pada pertumbuhan masyarakat pengguna yang mudah dilihat pada pergantian abad ke-19. Apabila Revolusi Perindustrian mempercepatkan pengembangan ekonomi, golongan kelas menengah yang bertambah berkembang dalam saiz dan kekayaan. Kumpulan sosial bandar ini, berkongsi budaya penggunaan dan perubahan fesyen, merupakan pemangkin kepada revolusi runcit. Kerana kemakmuran yang semakin meningkat dan mobiliti sosial meningkatkan bilangan orang, terutama wanita (yang mendapati mereka boleh berbelanja tanpa bersamanya di gedung-gedung serbaneka tanpa merosakkan reputasi mereka), dengan pendapatan boleh guna pada zaman akhir Georgia, membeli-belah tetingkap berubah menjadi aktiviti rekreasi dan usahawan, seperti tukang potter Josiah Wedgwood, mempelopori penggunaan teknik pemasaran untuk mempengaruhi cita rasa dan keinginan masyarakat yang lazim. <> Bilakah idea tentang \"masyarakat pengguna\" bermula? || pada pergantian abad ke-19. <> Apa kumpulan sosial berkembang akibat revolusi perindustrian? || kelas pertengahan yang mewah> Yang mana Josiah Wedgewood? || usahawan <> Apakah satu penjelasan mengenai peningkatan kedai-kedai runcit dalam sejarah terdahulu? || kumpulan sosial bandar <> Apa kumpulan orang tiba-tiba bebas untuk pergi membeli-belah tanpa rasa takut dihakimi atau ditegur? || wanita", {"context": "The origins of the department store lay in the growth of the conspicuous consumer society at the turn of the 19th century. As the Industrial Revolution accelerated economy expansion, the affluent middle-class grew in size and wealth. This urbanized social group, sharing a culture of consumption and changing fashion, was the catalyst for the retail revolution. As rising prosperity and social mobility increased the number of people, especially women (who found they could shop unaccompanied at department stores without damaging their reputation), with disposable income in the late Georgian period, window shopping was transformed into a leisure activity and entrepreneurs, like the potter Josiah Wedgwood, pioneered the use of marketing techniques to influence the prevailing tastes and preferences of society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "at the turn of the 19th century."}], "question": "When did the idea of a \"consumer society\" begin? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "the affluent middle-class"}], "question": "What social group grew as a result of the industrial revolution? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "entrepreneurs"}], "question": "Who was Josiah Wedgewood?", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "urbanized social group"}], "question": "What is one explanation for the rise of retail stores in earlier history?", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "women"}], "question": "What group of people were suddenly free to go shopping without fears of being judged or reprimanded? ", "id": "57264ac7f1498d1400e8db5a"}]}], ["Kesemua bandar raya utama di Britain mempunyai kedai serbaneka yang berkembang pada pertengahan atau akhir abad kesembilan belas. Semakin ramai, wanita menjadi pembeli utama dan rumah tangga kelas menengah. Kendals (sebelum ini Kendal Milne & Faulkner) di Manchester menyatakan bahawa ia adalah salah satu kedai serbaneka yang pertama dan masih banyak diketahui oleh pelanggannya sebagai Kendal, walaupun namanya berubah tahun ke House of Fraser. Institusi Manchester bermula pada tahun 1836 tetapi telah diperdagangkan sebagai Watts Bazaar sejak tahun 1796. Pada puncaknya gedung itu memiliki bangunan di kedua sisi Deansgate yang dihubungkan oleh laluan bawah tanah \"Kendals Arcade\" dan dewan makanan nouveau berjubin. Kedai ini amat terkenal kerana penekanannya pada kualiti dan gaya harga rendah yang memberikan nama panggilan \"Harrods of the North\", walaupun ini sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh Harrods membeli kedai pada tahun 1919. Lain-lain kedai Manchester yang besar termasuk Paulden (kini Debenhams ) dan Lewis (sekarang Primark). <> Siapa yang menjadi pembeli utama bagi isi rumah individu pada abad kesembilan belas? || wanita <> Apa perniagaan di Manchester mendakwa sebagai kedai serbaneka yang pertama? || Kendals (dahulunya Kendal Milne & Faulkner) <> Apakah Kendals menukar namanya pada tahun 2005? || House of Fraser <> Tahun apakah institusi Manchester bermula? || 1836 <> Siapa yang membeli kedai Manchester pada tahun 1919? || Harrods", {"context": "All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households. Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796. At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage \"Kendals Arcade\" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname \"the Harrods of the North\", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Other large Manchester stores included Paulden's (currently Debenhams) and Lewis's (now a Primark).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "women"}], "question": "Who became the predominant shoppers for individual households in the nineteenth century? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner)"}], "question": "What business in Manchester claims to be the first department store? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "House of Fraser"}], "question": "What did Kendals change it's name to in 2005? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "1836"}], "question": "What year did the Manchester institution begin?", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "Harrods"}], "question": "Who acquired the Manchester store in 1919? ", "id": "57264ba3dd62a815002e80b6"}]}], ["The Grands Magasins Dufayel adalah sebuah gedung besar dengan harga murah yang dibina pada tahun 1890 di bahagian utara Paris, di mana ia mencapai pangkalan pelanggan baru yang sangat besar di kelas pekerja. Di kawasan kejiranan dengan beberapa ruang awam, ia menyediakan versi pengguna dataran awam. Ia mendidik para pekerja untuk mendekati belanja sebagai aktiviti sosial yang menarik bukan hanya satu latihan rutin untuk mendapatkan keperluan, sama seperti borjuasi dilakukan di pusat-pusat jabatan terkenal di pusat bandar. Seperti kedai-kedai borjuasi, ia membantu mengubah penggunaan dari transaksi perniagaan menjadi hubungan langsung antara pengguna dan barangan yang dicari. Iklan-iklannya menjanjikan peluang untuk berpartisipasi dalam konsumerisme terbaru dan paling modis dengan harga yang berpatutan. Teknologi terkini dipaparkan, seperti panggung wayang dan pameran ciptaan seperti mesin sinar-X (yang boleh digunakan untuk menyesuaikan kasut) dan gramophone. <> Di manakah The Grands Magasins Dufayel dibina? || bahagian utara Paris <> Apa yang diajar oleh pekerja yang membuat pengalaman membeli-belah berbeza? || aktiviti sosial yang menarik bukan sekadar latihan rutin untuk mendapatkan keperluan <> Apa jenis kedai yang Grands Magasins Dufayel berbanding dengan? || kedai borjuasi <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai ini berbeza daripada kebanyakan pada masa itu? || mengubah penggunaan dari transaksi perniagaan menjadi hubungan langsung antara pengguna dan barangan yang dicari", {"context": "The Grands Magasins Dufayel was a huge department store with inexpensive prices built in 1890 in the northern part of Paris, where it reached a very large new customer base in the working class. In a neighborhood with few public spaces, it provided a consumer version of the public square. It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Like the bourgeois stores, it helped transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods. Its advertisements promised the opportunity to participate in the newest, most fashionable consumerism at reasonable cost. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the northern part of Paris"}], "question": "Where was The Grands Magasins Dufayel built? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "exciting social activity not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities"}], "question": "What were employees taught that made a shopping experience different? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "bourgeois stores"}], "question": "What sort of stores were The Grands Magasins Dufayel compared to? ", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "transform consumption from a business transaction into a direct relationship between consumer and sought-after goods"}], "question": "How were these stores different than most during that time?", "id": "57264e925951b619008f6f7c"}]}], ["Arnold, Constable adalah kedai serbaneka Amerika pertama. Ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 1825 oleh Aaron Arnold (1794 -1876), seorang pendatang dari Great Britain, sebagai kedai barang-barang kering kecil di Pine Street di New York City. Pada tahun 1857, kedai itu berpindah ke istana barang marmar putih lima tingkat yang dikenali sebagai Marble House. Semasa Perang Saudara Arnold, Constable adalah salah satu kedai pertama yang mengeluarkan tagihan kredit kepada pelanggannya setiap bulan dan bukannya secara bi-tahunan. Diiktiraf sebagai emporium untuk fesyen yang berkualiti tinggi, gedung itu tidak lama lagi mengalahkan Marble House dan mendirikan bangunan besi tuang di Broadway dan Nineteenth Street pada tahun 1869; \"Istana Perdagangan\" ini berkembang selama bertahun-tahun sehingga perlu bergerak ke ruang yang lebih besar pada tahun 1914. Pada tahun 1925, Arnold, Constable bergabung dengan Stewart & Company dan berkembang menjadi pinggiran kota, pertama dengan kedai 1937 di New Rochelle, New York dan kemudiannya di Hempstead dan Manhasset di Long Island, dan di New Jersey. Masalah kewangan menyebabkan kebankrapan pada tahun 1975. <> Apa yang diiktiraf sebagai pusat membeli-belah \"pertama\" di Amerika? || Arnold, Constable <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Arnold, Constable? || Aaron Arnold <> Di manakah kedai itu bergerak pada tahun 1857? || sebuah istana barang marmar putih lima tingkat yang dikenali sebagai Marble House. <> Apa yang membuat Arnold, Constable menonjol dari kedai-kedai lain semasa perang saudara? || adalah salah satu kedai pertama yang mengeluarkan tagihan kredit kepada pelanggannya setiap bulan dan bukan pada setiap dua tahun <> Bilakah \"Istana Perdagangan\" dibina? || 1869", {"context": "Arnold, Constable was the first American department store. It was founded in 1825 by Aaron Arnold (1794?-1876), an emigrant from Great Britain, as a small dry goods store on Pine Street in New York City. In 1857 the store moved into a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House. During the Civil War Arnold, Constable was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis. Recognized as an emporium for high-quality fashions, the store soon outgrew the Marble House and erected a cast-iron building on Broadway and Nineteenth Street in 1869; this \u201cPalace of Trade\u201d expanded over the years until it was necessary to move into a larger space in 1914. In 1925, Arnold, Constable merged with Stewart & Company and expanded into the suburbs, first with a 1937 store in New Rochelle, New York and later in Hempstead and Manhasset on Long Island, and in New Jersey. Financial problems led to bankruptcy in 1975.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Arnold, Constable"}], "question": "What is recognized as the \"first\" department store in America?", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Aaron Arnold"}], "question": "Who founded Arnold, Constable? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "a five-story white marble dry goods palace known as the Marble House."}], "question": "Where was the store moved in 1857?", "id": "57264f37708984140094c1ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "was one of the first stores to issue charge bills of credit to its customers each month instead of on a bi-annual basis"}], "question": "What made Arnold, Constable stand out from other stores during the civil war? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "1869"}], "question": "When was the \"Palace of Trade\" built? ", "id": "57264f37708984140094c201"}]}], ["Sebuah kedai kebaruan bernama Au Bon March\u00e9 telah diasaskan di Paris pada tahun 1838 untuk menjual renda, reben, helai, tilam, butang, payung dan barang-barang lain yang pelbagai. Ia pada mulanya mempunyai empat jabatan, dua belas pekerja, dan satu ruang lantai tiga ratus meter. Usahawan Aristide Boucicaut menjadi rakan kongsi pada tahun 1852, dan menukar rancangan pemasaran, melaksanakan harga tetap dan jaminan yang membolehkan pertukaran dan pengembalian dana, pengiklanan, dan pelbagai barangan yang lebih luas. Pendapatan tahunan kedai meningkat dari 500,000 franc pada tahun 1852 hingga lima juta pada tahun 1860. Pada tahun 1869 ia membina bangunan yang lebih besar di 24 rue de S\u00e8vres di Left Bank, dan membesarkan lagi kedai pada tahun 1872, dengan bantuan dari firma kejuruteraan Gustave Eiffel, pencipta Menara Eiffel. Pendapatan itu meningkat daripada dua puluh juta franc pada tahun 1870 hingga 72 juta pada saat kematian Boucicaut pada tahun 1877. Ruang lantai telah meningkat dari tiga ratus meter persegi pada tahun 1838 menjadi lima puluh ribu, dan jumlah pekerja telah meningkat dari dua belas tahun pada tahun 1838 1788 pada tahun 1879. Boucicaut terkenal dengan inovasi pemasarannya; bilik bacaan untuk suami sementara isteri mereka berbelanja; pengiklanan akhbar yang luas; hiburan untuk kanak-kanak; dan enam juta katalog dihantar kepada pelanggan. Menjelang tahun 1880 setengah pekerja adalah wanita; pekerja perempuan yang belum berkahwin tinggal di asrama di tingkat atas. <> Kedai apa yang diasaskan di Paris, pada tahun 1838, yang menjual pelbagai jenis produk? || Au Bon March\u00e9 <> Siapa yang menjadi rakan kongsi di kedai ini pada tahun 1852 dan operasi secara drastik berubah? || Aristide Boucicaut <> Apakah perubahan keuntungan kepada Au Bon Marche selepas perubahan ini? || meningkat dari 500,000 franc pada tahun 1852 hingga lima juta pada tahun 1860 <> Apa syarikat kejuruteraan membantu kedai berkembang pada 1872 || Gustave Eiffel <> Apa itu Boucicaut yang paling terkenal? || inovasi pemasaran", {"context": "A novelty shop called Au Bon March\u00e9 had been founded in Paris in 1838 to sell lace, ribbons, sheets, mattresses, buttons, umbrellas and other assorted goods. It originally had four departments, twelve employees, and a floor space of three hundred meters. The entrepreneur Aristide Boucicaut became a partner in 1852, and changed the marketing plan, instituting fixed prices and guarantees that allowed exchanges and refunds, advertising, and a much wider variety of merchandise. The annual income of the store increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860. In 1869 he built much larger building at 24 rue de S\u00e8vres on the Left Bank, and enlarged the store again in 1872, with help from the engineering firm of Gustave Eiffel, creator of the Eiffel Tower. The income rose from twenty million francs in 1870 to 72 million at the time of the Boucicaut's death in 1877. The floor space had increased from three hundred square meters in 1838 to fifty thousand, and the number of employees had increased from twelve in 1838 to 1788 in 1879. Boucicaut was famous for his marketing innovations; a reading room for husbands while their wives shopped; extensive newspaper advertising; entertainment for children; and six million catalogs sent out to customers. By 1880 half the employees were women; unmarried women employees lived in dormitories on the upper floors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Au Bon March\u00e9"}], "question": "What store was founded in Paris, in 1838, which sold a wide variety of products? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Aristide Boucicaut"}], "question": "Who became a partner to this store in 1852 and drastically changed operations?", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "increased from 500,000 francs in 1852 to five million in 1860"}], "question": "What was the change in profit to Au Bon Marche after these changes? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Gustave Eiffel"}], "question": "What engineering company helped the store expand in 1872", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e8109"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1080, "text": "marketing innovations"}], "question": "What was Boucicaut most widely known for? ", "id": "57264da2dd62a815002e810a"}]}], ["Selfridges ditubuhkan pada tahun 1909 oleh kelahiran Amerika Syarikat, Harry Gordon Selfridge di Oxford Street. Pemasaran inovatif syarikat itu mempromosikan idea radikal untuk membeli-belah untuk keseronokan dan bukannya keperluan dan tekniknya telah digunakan oleh kedai-kedai serba moden di seluruh dunia. Kedai itu telah dipromosikan secara meluas melalui iklan berbayar. Lantai kedai disusun supaya barang-barang dapat dijadikan lebih mudah bagi pelanggan. Terdapat restoran yang elegan dengan harga yang sederhana, perpustakaan, bilik membaca dan menulis, bilik resepsi istimewa untuk pelanggan Perancis, Jerman, Amerika dan \"Kolonial\", Bilik Pertolongan Pertama dan Bilik Silence, dengan lampu lembut, kerusi yang mendalam, dan double -Laporan, semuanya bertujuan untuk menyimpan pelanggan di kedai selama mungkin. Ahli-ahli kakitangan diarahkan untuk membantu para pelanggan, tetapi tidak terlalu agresif, dan menjual barang dagangan. Selfridge menarik pembeli dengan pameran pendidikan dan saintifik; - pada tahun 1909, monoplane Louis Bl\u00e9riot dipamerkan di Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot adalah yang pertama terbang di Selat Inggeris), dan demonstrasi televisyen pertama oleh John Logie Baird berlaku di gedung membeli-belah pada tahun 1925. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Selfridges dalam 1909? || Harry Gordon Selfridge <> Apa yang membuat Selfridges berbeza dari banyak gedung serba guna pada masa itu? || idea radikal membeli-belah untuk keseronokan dan bukannya keperluan <> Bagaimana kedai yang paling sering disampaikan kepada orang ramai? || pengiklanan dibayar <> Apa jenis pelanggan yang Selfridges paling kerap memenuhi? || pembeli dengan pameran pendidikan dan saintifik", {"context": "Selfridges was established in 1909 by American-born Harry Gordon Selfridge on Oxford Street. The company's innovative marketing promoted the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity and its techniques were adopted by modern department stores the world over. The store was extensively promoted through paid advertising. The shop floors were structured so that goods could be made more accessible to customers. There were elegant restaurants with modest prices, a library, reading and writing rooms, special reception rooms for French, German, American and \"Colonial\" customers, a First Aid Room, and a Silence Room, with soft lights, deep chairs, and double-glazing, all intended to keep customers in the store as long as possible. Staff members were taught to be on hand to assist customers, but not too aggressively, and to sell the merchandise. Selfridge attracted shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits; \u2013 in 1909, Louis Bl\u00e9riot's monoplane was exhibited at Selfridges (Bl\u00e9riot was the first to fly over the English Channel), and the first public demonstration of television by John Logie Baird took place in the department store in 1925.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Harry Gordon Selfridge"}], "question": "Who founded Selfridges in 1909?", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "the radical notion of shopping for pleasure rather than necessity"}], "question": "What made Selfridges different from many department stores at the time? ", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "paid advertising"}], "question": "How was the store most often presented to the public? ", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "shoppers with educational and scientific exhibits"}], "question": "What sort of customers did Selfridges most often cater to?", "id": "57264c445951b619008f6f44"}]}], ["Di New York City pada tahun 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart mendirikan \"Istana Marmer\" di Broadway, antara jalan-jalan Chambers dan Reade. Beliau menawarkan barangan runcit Eropah pada harga tetap pada pelbagai barangan kering, dan mengiklankan dasar untuk menyediakan \"pintu masuk percuma\" kepada semua bakal pelanggan. Walaupun ia berpakaian marmar putih untuk kelihatan seperti palazzo Renaissance, pembinaan besi tuang bangunan membenarkan tingkap kaca plat besar yang membenarkan memaparkan bermusim utama, terutamanya dalam musim belanja Krismas. Pada tahun 1862, Stewart membina sebuah kedai baru di blok bandar penuh dengan lapan tingkat dan sembilan belas jabatan barangan pakaian dan bahan-bahan perabotan, permaidani, kaca dan china, mainan dan peralatan sukan, yang terletak di sekitar sebuah gelanggang kaca yang tertutup kaca. Inovasinya termasuk membeli dari pengilang untuk wang tunai dan dalam kuantiti yang besar, mengekalkan markupnya yang kecil dan harga yang rendah, pembentangan barangan yang benar, dasar satu harga (jadi tidak ada tawar-menawar), pulangan barangan mudah dan dasar pembayaran balik tunai, menjual dengan tunai dan bukan kredit, pembeli yang mencari di seluruh dunia untuk barangan yang berkualiti, penyatuan, integrasi menegak dan mendatar, jualan volum, dan perkhidmatan percuma untuk pelanggan seperti bilik tunggu dan penghantaran percuma. Inovasinya telah disalin dengan cepat oleh kedai serbaneka yang lain. <> Dimana \"Istana Marmar\" dibina pada tahun 1846? || di Broadway, di antara jalan-jalan Chambers dan Reade <> Dasar apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Marble Palace? || \"masuk percuma\" kepada semua bakal pelanggan. <> Berapa banyak jabatan yang ada kedai baru, dibina pada tahun 1862? || sembilan belas <> Apa kaedah jualan yang digunakan oleh Istana Marmer? || tunai dan tidak kredit <> Perkhidmatan pelanggan apa yang ditawarkan oleh Marble Palace? || bilik tunggu dan penghantaran percuma", {"context": "In New York City in 1846, Alexander Turney Stewart established the \"Marble Palace\" on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets. He offered European retail merchandise at fixed prices on a variety of dry goods, and advertised a policy of providing \"free entrance\" to all potential customers. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a Renaissance palazzo, the building's cast iron construction permitted large plate glass windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the Christmas shopping season. In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise, departmentalization, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "on Broadway, between Chambers and Reade streets"}], "question": "Where was the \"Marble Palace\" built in 1846?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "\"free entrance\" to all potential customers."}], "question": "What policy did the Marble Palace introduce? ", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "nineteen"}], "question": "How many departments did the new store have, built in 1862?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1039, "text": "cash and not credit"}], "question": "What selling methods did the Marble Palace use?", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1227, "text": "waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases"}], "question": "What customer services did the Marble Palace offer? ", "id": "57265296f1498d1400e8dc06"}]}], ["Jambatan pertama menyimpan Lane Crawford dibuka pada tahun 1850 oleh Scots Thomas Ash Lane dan Ninian Crawford di Des Voeux Road, Pulau Hong Kong. Pada mulanya, kedai itu terutama memenuhi krew kapal berkunjung serta kakitangan Tentera Laut British dan keluarga mereka. Pada tahun 1900, Sincere Department Store milik etnik Cina yang pertama dibuka oleh Ma Ying Piu, yang kembali dari Australia dan diilhami oleh David Jones. Pada tahun 1907, bekas pegawai Hong Kong di Australia, keluarga Kwok, kembali ke Hong Kong dan mengasaskan Wing On. <> Tahun berapa Lane Crawford dibuka? || 1850 <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Lane Crawford? || Scots Thomas Ash Lane dan Ninian Crawford <> Apakah asas pelanggan sasaran kedai? || krew kapal berkunjung serta kakitangan Tentera Laut British dan keluarga mereka <> Yang membuka kedai jabatan milik orang Cina pertama? || Ma Ying Piu", {"context": "The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1850"}], "question": "What year did Lane Crawford open? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford"}], "question": "Who established Lane Crawford? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families"}], "question": "What was the store's original target customer base?", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8ddec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Ma Ying Piu"}], "question": "Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? ", "id": "5726638ef1498d1400e8dded"}]}], ["Reka bentuk dan fungsi kedai serbaneka di Jerman mengikuti peneraju London, Paris dan New York. Jerman pernah mempunyai beberapa gedung serbaneka; pada masa kini hanya segelintir sahaja yang tinggal. Di samping beberapa kedai serbaneka yang lebih kecil, Karstadt (pada 2010 diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen, juga mengendalikan KaDeWe di Berlin, Alsterhaus di Hamburg dan Oberpollinger di Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (sebahagian daripada Metro AG). Lain-lain seperti Hertie, Wertheim dan Horten AG telah diambil alih oleh orang lain dan sama ada bersepadu sepenuhnya atau kemudiannya ditutup. <> Apa bandar-bandar yang mempengaruhi bagaimana kedai-kedai di Jerman beroperasi? || London, Paris dan New York. <> Apa kedai jabatan diambil alih oleh Nicolas Berggruen pada tahun 2010? || Karstadt <> Apa jabatan utama utama beroperasi di Berlin? || KaDeWe <> Apa kedai adalah sebahagian daripada Metro AG? || GALERIA Kaufhof", {"context": "The design and function of department stores in Germany followed the lead of London, Paris and New York. Germany used to have a number of department stores; nowadays only a few of them remain. Next to some smaller, independent department stores these are Karstadt (in 2010 taken over by Nicolas Berggruen, also operating the KaDeWe in Berlin, the Alsterhaus in Hamburg and the Oberpollinger in Munich), GALERIA Kaufhof (part of the Metro AG). Others like Hertie, Wertheim and Horten AG were taken over by others and either fully integrated or later closed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "London, Paris and New York."}], "question": "What cities influenced how department stores in Germany operated? ", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Karstadt"}], "question": "What department store was taken over by Nicolas Berggruen in 2010?", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "KaDeWe"}], "question": "What major department store operates in Berlin? ", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "GALERIA Kaufhof"}], "question": "What store is a part of the Metro AG?", "id": "57266708708984140094c4e8"}]}], ["Sejak dasar pembukaan pada tahun 1979, kedai-kedai jabatan Cina juga berkembang pesat bersama-sama dengan ekonomi yang pesat berkembang. Terdapat kumpulan kedai serbaneka yang menguasai kawasan yang berbeza. Contohnya, kedai jabatan INTIME mempunyai kehadiran pasaran terbesar di wilayah Zhejiang, manakala jabatan-jabatan Jinying menguasai Wilayah Jiangsu. Selain itu, terdapat banyak lagi kumpulan kedai jabatan lain, seperti Pasifik, Parkson, Wangfujing, Dunia Baru, dan sebagainya, ramai di antaranya berkembang pesat dengan penyenaraian di pasaran kewangan. <> Apa yang memulakan kemasukan kedai serbaneka Cina? || dasar pembukaan pada tahun 1979 <> Kawasan apa yang ada di gedung-gedung gedung INTIME mempunyai pengaruh yang paling dalam? || Wilayah Zhejiang <> Apa jabatan kedai paling berjaya di Wilayah Jiangsu? || Jinying <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan asing ini berkembang begitu cepat? || dengan penyenaraian di pasaran kewangan.", {"context": "Since the opening policy in 1979, the Chinese department stores also develops swiftly along with the fast-growing economy. There are different department store groups dominating different regions. For example, INTIME department store has the biggest market presence in Zhejiang province, while Jinying department stores dominate Jiangsu Province. Besides, there are many other department store groups, such as Pacific, Parkson, Wangfujing\uff0cNew World\uff0cetc., many of them are expanding quickly by listing in the financial market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "opening policy in 1979"}], "question": "What began the influx of Chinese department stores?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Zhejiang province"}], "question": "What area does INTIME department stores have the most influence in?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Jinying"}], "question": "What department store has the most success in Jiangsu Province?", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "by listing in the financial market."}], "question": "How are these foreign department stores expanding so quickly? ", "id": "572662f85951b619008f7126"}]}], ["David Jones dimulakan oleh David Jones, seorang saudagar Welsh yang bertemu dengan pengusaha Hobart Charles Appleton di London. Appleton mendirikan kedai di Sydney pada tahun 1825 dan kemudian Jones menubuhkan perkongsian dengan Appleton, berpindah ke Australia pada tahun 1835, dan kedai Sydney dikenali sebagai Appleton & Jones. Apabila perkongsian itu dibubarkan pada tahun 1838, Jones memindahkan perniagaannya ke premis di sudut George Street dan Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones mendakwa sebagai kedai serbaneka tertua di dunia yang masih berdagang di bawah nama asalnya. <> Apa pekerjaan yang dilakukan oleh David Jones? || saudagar <> Di mana David Jones dan Charles Appleton bertemu? || di London <> Dimana Appleton memulakan sebuah kedai pada tahun 1825? || Sydney <> Apa kedai di Sydney dipanggil selepas Jones berpindah ke Australia? || Appleton & Jones <> Bilakah perkongsian antara Jones dan Appleton berakhir? || 1838", {"context": "David Jones was started by David Jones, a Welsh merchant who met Hobart businessman Charles Appleton in London. Appleton established a store in Sydney in 1825 and Jones subsequently established a partnership with Appleton, moved to Australia in 1835, and the Sydney store became known as Appleton & Jones. When the partnership was dissolved in 1838, Jones moved his business to premises on the corner of George Street and Barrack Lane, Sydney. David Jones claims to be the oldest department store in the world still trading under its original name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "merchant"}], "question": "What occupation did David Jones have?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "in London"}], "question": "Where did David Jones and Charles Appleton meet? ", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Sydney"}], "question": "Where did Appleton begin a store in 1825?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Appleton & Jones"}], "question": "What was the store in Sydney called after Jones moved to Australia? ", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1838"}], "question": "When did the partnership between Jones and Appleton end?", "id": "572656cf708984140094c2e7"}]}], ["Di Denmark, anda dapati tiga rantaian kedai serbaneka: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin adalah yang terbesar dengan 6 kedai di seluruh negara, dengan kedai utama yang Magasin du Nord di Kongens Nytorv di Copenhagen. Illum kedai hanya di Amagertorv di Copenhagen mempunyai kemunculan kedai serbaneka dengan 20% yang dikendalikan oleh Magasin, tetapi mempunyai pemilik kedai individu yang menjadikannya sebuah pusat membeli-belah. Tetapi dalam fikiran rakyat, ia tetap menjadi sebuah gedung. Salling mempunyai dua kedai di Jutland dengan salah satu daripada ini adalah sebab penutupan kedai magasin kerana persaingan. <> Apakah 3 syarikat pusat jabatan utama di Denmark? || Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). <> Pada masa ini, apakah rantaian gedung terbesar di Denmark? || Magasin <> Di mana kedai \"perdana\" Magasin terletak? || Kongens Nytorv di Copenhagen <> Berapa banyak kedai yang ada di Salling di Jutland? || dua", {"context": "In Denmark you find three department store chains: Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906). Magasin is by far the largest with 6 stores all over the country, with the flagship store being Magasin du Nord on Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen. Illums only store on Amagertorv in Copenhagen has the appearance of a department store with 20% run by Magasin, but has individual shop owners making it a shopping centre. But in people's mind it remains a department store. Salling has two stores in Jutland with one of these being the reason for the closure of a magasin store due to the competition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Magasin (1868), Illum (1891), Salling (1906)."}], "question": "What are the 3 main department store companies in Denmark? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Magasin"}], "question": "Currently, what is the largest department store chain in Denmark? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen"}], "question": "Where is Magasin's \"flagship\" store located? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many stores does Salling have in Jutland? ", "id": "57266400f1498d1400e8de09"}]}], ["Kedai-kedai utama mewah di Perancis adalah Galeries Lafayette dan Le Printemps, yang kedua-duanya mempunyai kedai-kedai utama di Boulevard Haussmann di Paris dan cawangan di seluruh negara. Kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Perancis, Le Bon March\u00e9 di Paris, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1852 dan kini dimiliki oleh barang-barang mewah LVMH konglomerat. La Samaritaine, sebuah lagi gedung membeli-belah kelas atas yang juga dimiliki oleh LVMH, ditutup pada tahun 2005. Rangkaian kedai jajaran jarak jauh juga wujud di Perancis seperti BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), sebahagian daripada kumpulan yang sama dengan Galeries Lafayette. <> Apakah dua kedai utama di Perancis? || Galeries Lafayette dan Le Printemps <> Tahun berapa kedai jabatan pertama dibuka di Perancis? || 1852 <> Siapa yang kini memiliki Le Bon Marche? || LVMH <> Apa kedai pangsapuri di Paris ditutup pada tahun 2005? || La Samaritaine <> Apa department store Perancis adalah bagian dari kelompok yang sama dengan Galeries Lafayette? || BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)", {"context": "France's major upscale department stores are Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps, which both have flagship stores on Boulevard Haussmann in Paris and branches around the country. The first department store in France, Le Bon March\u00e9 in Paris, was founded in 1852 and is now owned by the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH. La Samaritaine, another upscale department store also owned by LVMH, closed in 2005. Mid-range department stores chains also exist in France such as the BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville), part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Galeries Lafayette and Le Printemps"}], "question": "What are two main department stores in France?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "1852"}], "question": "What year was the first department store open in France? ", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "LVMH"}], "question": "Who currently owns Le Bon Marche?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "La Samaritaine"}], "question": "What apartment store in Paris was closed in 2005? ", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "BHV (Bazar de l'Hotel de Ville)"}], "question": "What French department store is part of the same group as Galeries Lafayette?", "id": "572664de5951b619008f7179"}]}], ["Sebelum tahun 1950-an, kedai jabatan mengadakan tempat yang unggul di kedua-dua Kanada dan Australia, semasa kedua-dua Great Depression dan Perang Dunia II. Sejak itu, mereka telah mengalami persaingan yang kuat dari kedai pakar. Baru-baru ini persaingan semakin meningkat dengan kedatangan superstores skala besar (Jones et al 1994, Merrilees dan Miller 1997). Persaingan bukanlah satu-satunya alasan untuk kelemahan kekuatan kedai-kedai; struktur berubah di bandar-bandar turut mempengaruhi mereka. Bandar yang padat dan berpusat di abad ke-19 dengan garis transit massa yang menumpu di pusat bandar adalah persekitaran yang sempurna untuk pertumbuhan kedai jabatan. Tetapi apabila penduduk berpindah dari kawasan pusat bandar ke pinggir bandar, pusat membeli-belah besar di pusat bandar menjadi tidak menyenangkan dan kehilangan perniagaan ke pusat membeli-belah pinggir bandar yang lebih baru. Pada tahun 2003, penjualan gedung jabatan A.S. telah dilangkau oleh jualan gedung besar untuk pertama kalinya (walaupun beberapa kedai boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai \"kotak besar\" oleh susun atur fizikal dan \"gedung gedung\" oleh barangan). <> Apakah satu jenis kedai jabatan pertandingan yang dihadapi? || kedai pakar <> Apakah jenis kedai yang telah mencipta lebih banyak persaingan? || superstores <> Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan penurunan dalam pembeli kedai jabatan? || penduduk berpindah dari kawasan pusat bandar ke pinggir bandar <> Dalam tahun apakah jualan jabatan dipukul oleh kedai-kedai yang lebih besar? || 2003", {"context": "Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as \"big box\" by physical layout and \"department store\" by merchandise).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "specialist stores"}], "question": "What is one type of competition department stores face? ", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "superstores"}], "question": "What types of stores have created even more competition? ", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs"}], "question": "What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?", "id": "57266257dd62a815002e8355"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat beberapa gedung serbaneka di Australia untuk kebanyakan Abad ke-20, termasuk rantai seperti Grace Bros dan Waltons, banyak yang hilang pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an. Hari ini, Myer dan David Jones, yang terletak di seluruh negara, praktikalnya adalah kedai duopoli kebangsaan di Australia. Apabila migran kelahiran Rusia, Sidney Myer, datang ke Australia pada tahun 1899, dia membentuk kumpulan runcit Myer dengan abangnya, Elcon Myer. Pada tahun 1900, mereka membuka kedai Myer yang pertama, di Bendigo, Victoria. Sejak itu, kumpulan runcit Myer telah berkembang menjadi peruncit terbesar di Australia. Kedua-duanya, Myer dan David Jones, adalah rantaian di pasaran, menawarkan pelbagai produk dari nama-nama mid-range hingga jenama mewah. Kedai-kedai runcit lain seperti Target (yang tidak berkaitan dengan rantaian Amerika dengan nama yang sama), Venture (kini tidak berfungsi), Kmart dan Big W, juga terletak di peringkat nasional, dianggap sebagai pusat membeli-belah diskaun Australia. Harris Scarfe, walaupun hanya beroperasi di empat negeri dan satu wilayah, adalah sebuah gedung membeli-belah yang menggunakan format kedai serbaneka besar dan kecil. Kebanyakan kedai serbaneka di Australia mempunyai syarikat kad kredit masing-masing, masing-masing mempunyai faedah sendiri sementara kedai-kedai jabatan diskaun tidak mempunyai hak kad kredit mereka sendiri. <> Apakah beberapa kedai serbaneka asal Australia? || Grace Bros dan Waltons <> Bilakah Sydney Myer datang ke Australia? || 1899 <> Di manakah Myer Retail Group membuka kedai pertama? || Bendigo, Victoria <> Apa jenis kedai serbaneka Myer dan David Jones? || rantai up-market <> Apakah jenama kedai serbaneka sekarang yang keluar dari perniagaan di Australia? || Usaha", {"context": "Although there were a number of department stores in Australia for much of the 20th Century, including chains such as Grace Bros. and Waltons, many disappeared during the 1980s and 1990s. Today Myer and David Jones, located nationally, are practically the national department stores duopoly in Australia. When Russian-born migrant, Sidney Myer, came to Australia in 1899 he formed the Myer retail group with his brother, Elcon Myer. In 1900, they opened the first Myer department store, in Bendigo, Victoria. Since then, the Myer retail group has grown to be Australia's largest retailer. Both, Myer and David Jones, are up-market chains, offering a wide variety of products from mid-range names to luxury brands. Other retail chain stores such as Target (unrelated to the American chain of the same name), Venture (now defunct), Kmart and Big W, also located nationally, are considered to be Australia's discount department stores. Harris Scarfe, though only operating in four states and one territory, is a department store using both the large full-line and small discount department store formats. Most department stores in Australia have their own credit card companies, each having their own benefits while the discount department stores do not have their own credit card rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Grace Bros. and Waltons"}], "question": "What were some of the original Australian department stores? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "1899"}], "question": "When did Sydney Myer come to Australia? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Bendigo, Victoria"}], "question": "Where did the Myer Retail Group open it's first store? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "up-market chains"}], "question": "What type of department stores are Myer and David Jones? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Venture"}], "question": "What department store brand is now out of business in Australia? ", "id": "572657a0f1498d1400e8dc8a"}]}], ["Dari asal-usulnya dalam perdagangan bulu, Syarikat Hudson Bay adalah syarikat tertua di Amerika Utara dan merupakan pengendali gedung terbesar di Kanada sehingga pertengahan 1980-an, dengan lokasi di seluruh negara. Ia juga sebelum ini memiliki Zellers, satu lagi gedung besar Kanada yang tidak lagi wujud pada bulan Mac 2013 selepas menjual pegangan pajakannya ke Target Canada. Kedai-kedai lain di Kanada ialah: Tayar Kanada, Sears Kanada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco dan Holt Renfrew. Superstore grocery runcit membawa banyak barangan bukan runcit sama seperti sebuah gedung membeli-belah. Woolco mempunyai 160 kedai di Kanada apabila operasi berhenti (Walmart membeli Woolco pada tahun 1994). Walmart harga rendah hari ini adalah peruncit kedai jabatan yang paling dominan di Kanada dengan cawangan di seluruh negara. Secara sejarah, kedai-kedai adalah komponen penting dalam kehidupan ekonomi Kanada, dan kedai rantaian seperti Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman, Spencer, Simpsons, Morgan's, dan Woodward adalah staples dalam komuniti masing-masing. Kedai-kedai di Kanada adalah serupa dengan reka bentuk dan gaya ke kedai serbaneka di Amerika Syarikat. <> Perniagaan apa perniagaan Hudson's Bay pada awalnya terlibat? || perdagangan bulu <> Apakah rantaian kedai serbaneka yang dilakukan oleh Syarikat Hudson Bay sehingga ia dibubarkan pada tahun 2013? || Zellers <> Berapa banyak kedai yang beroperasi di Woolco sebelum menjual saham mereka ke Walmart? || 160 <> Pada masa ini, kedai serbaneka yang paling popular di Kanada? || Walmart", {"context": "From its origins in the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company is the oldest corporation in North America and was the largest department store operator in Canada until the mid-1980s, with locations across the country. It also previously owned Zellers, another major Canadian department store which ceased to exist in March 2013 after selling its lease holdings to Target Canada. Other department stores in Canada are: Canadian Tire, Sears Canada, Ogilvy, Les Ailes de la Mode, Giant Tiger, Co-op, Costco and Holt Renfrew. Grocery giant Superstores carry many non-grocery items akin to a department store. Woolco had 160 stores in Canada when operations ceased (Walmart bought out Woolco in 1994). Today low-price Walmart is by far the most dominant department store retailer in Canada with outlets throughout the country. Historically, department stores were a significant component in Canadian economic life, and chain stores such as Eaton's, Charles Ogilvy Limited, Freiman's, Spencer's, Simpsons, Morgan's, and Woodward's were staples in their respective communities. Department stores in Canada are similar in design and style to department stores in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the fur trade"}], "question": "What business was the Hudson's Bay Company originally involved in? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Zellers"}], "question": "What department store chain did Hudson's Bay Company own until it dissolved in 2013?", "id": "57265901708984140094c34c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "160"}], "question": "How many stores did Woolco operate before selling their shares to Walmart? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "Walmart"}], "question": "Currently, what department store is most popular in Canada? ", "id": "57265901708984140094c34e"}]}], ["Marshall Field & Company berasal pada 1852. Ia adalah gedung utama utama di jalan membeli-belah utama di Midwest, State Street di Chicago. Pembeli kelas atas datang dengan kereta api dari seluruh rantau ini, menawan hotel berhampiran. Ia berkembang menjadi rantai utama sebelum ditukar kepada papan nama Macy pada 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served sebagai model untuk kedai-kedai lain yang mempunyai perkhidmatan pelanggan yang luar biasa. Bidang juga membawa jenama penjernih Frango yang terkenal kini yang sangat dikenal pasti dengan Marshall Field dan Chicago dari kedai Frederick & Nelson Department yang tidak berfungsi. Marshall Field juga mempunyai yang pertama, di antara banyak inovasi oleh Marshall Field's. Field mempunyai pejabat membeli Eropah yang pertama, yang terletak di Manchester, England, dan pendaftaran pengantin pertama. Syarikat itu adalah yang pertama memperkenalkan konsep pembeli peribadi, dan perkhidmatan itu disediakan tanpa caj di setiap kedai Field, sehingga hari terakhir rantai di bawah nama Marshall Field. Ia adalah kedai pertama yang menawarkan kredit pusingan dan kedai serbaneka yang pertama menggunakan eskalator. Jabatan buku Marshall Field di kedai Street State adalah legenda; ia mempelopori konsep \"penandatanganan buku.\" Selain itu, setiap tahun pada Krismas, tingkap kedai di pusat bandar Marshall Field dipenuhi dengan paparan animasi sebagai sebahagian daripada paparan pusat membeli-belah di pusat bandar; memaparkan tingkap \"tema\" menjadi terkenal dengan kepintaran dan kecantikan mereka, dan melawat tingkap Marshall Field pada Krismas menjadi tradisi untuk Chicago dan pelawat, sama seperti amalan tempatan sebagai melawat Bilik Walnut dengan pokok Krismas yang sama terkenalnya atau pertemuan \" di bawah jam \"di State Street. <> Pada tahun apakah Marshall Field dan syarikat ditubuhkan? || 1852 <> Bilakah Marshall menukar ke nama Macy? || 9 September 2006 <> Apa yang menjadikan contoh Marshall sebagai contoh yang baik untuk kedai-kedai lain? || perkhidmatan pelanggan yang luar biasa <> Di mana pejabat pembelian Marshall di Eropah terletak? || Manchester, England <> Perkhidmatan percuma apa yang Marshall memberikan pelanggan sehingga menukar nama mereka ke Macy? || pembeli peribadi", {"context": "Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's Served as a model for other departments stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts, among many innovations by Marshall Field's. Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "1852"}], "question": "In what year was Marshall Field and company established? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "9 September 2006"}], "question": "When did Marshall's convert to the Macy's name? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "exceptional customer service"}], "question": "What made Marshall's such a good example for other stores?", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "Manchester, England"}], "question": "Where was Marshall's European buying office located? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "personal shopper"}], "question": "What free service did Marshall's provide customers until changing their name to Macy's? ", "id": "572654ddf1498d1400e8dc40"}]}], ["Ireland membangunkan kelas menengah yang kuat, terutama di bandar-bandar utama, pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas. Mereka adalah pelanggan kedai serbaneka aktif. New Mart Delany dibuka pada tahun 1853 di Dublin, Ireland. Tidak seperti yang lain, Delany tidak berevolusi secara beransur-ansur dari sebuah kedai kecil di lokasi. Oleh itu ia boleh mendakwa sebagai Store Department yang pertama dibina di dunia. Perkataan department store tidak dicipta pada masa itu dan oleh itu ia dipanggil \"Monster House\". Kedai itu telah dimusnahkan sepenuhnya pada tahun 1916 Rising Easter, tetapi dibuka semula pada tahun 1922. <> Bilakah Ireland mulai melihat pertumbuhan di kelas menengahnya? || pertengahan abad kesembilan belas. <> Apa kedai serbaneka ditubuhkan pada tahun 1853? || Delany's New Mart <> Di mana bandar Delany's New Mart dibuka? || Dublin <> Apa yang asalnya dipanggil Delany? || Monster House <> Dalam tahun berapa kedai dimusnahkan? || 1916", {"context": "Ireland developed a strong middle class, especially in the major cities, by the mid-nineteenth century. They were active patrons of department stores. Delany's New Mart was opened in 1853 in Dublin, Ireland. Unlike others, Delany's had not evolved gradually from a smaller shop on site. Thus it could claim to be the first purpose-built Department Store in the world. The word department store had not been invented at that time and thus it was called the \"Monster House\". The store was completely destroyed in the 1916 Easter Rising, but reopened in 1922.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "mid-nineteenth century."}], "question": "When did Ireland begin to see a growth in its middle class?", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Delany's New Mart"}], "question": "What department store was founded in 1853?", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Dublin"}], "question": "In what city was Delany's New Mart opened? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Monster House"}], "question": "What was Delany's originally called? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "1916"}], "question": "In what year was the store destroyed? ", "id": "57266ee0708984140094c5c9"}]}], ["Mexico mempunyai sebilangan besar kedai serbaneka yang berpangkalan di Mexico, yang mana yang paling tradisional ialah El Palacio de Hierro (barang mewah dan mewah) dan Liverpool (pendapatan menengah atas), dengan kedai saudara tengahnya Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns mempunyai lebih daripada 100 kedai tahap pendapatan sederhana di seluruh negara. Grupo Carso mengendalikan Sears Mexico dan dua kedai Saks 5th Avenue mewah. Rantai besar lain adalah Coppel dan Elektra, yang menawarkan item untuk pencari harga murah. Wal-Mart mengendalikan Suburbia untuk pembeli pendapatan rendah, bersama-sama dengan kedai di bawah jenama Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, dan Superama. <> Apa kedai jabatan Mexico biasanya memenuhi barangan mewah? || El Palacio de Hierro <> Syarikat apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk lebih dari 100 kedai di negara ini? || Sanborns <> Syarikat apa yang beroperasi Sears Mexico? || Grupo Carso <> Rantai apa yang lazimnya digunakan untuk tawar-menawar pembeli? || Coppel dan Elektra", {"context": "Mexico has a large number of department stores based in Mexico, of which the most traditional are El Palacio de Hierro (High end and luxury goods) and Liverpool (Upper-middle income), with its middle income sister store Fabricas de Francia. Sanborns owns over 100 middle income level stores throughout the country. Grupo Carso operates Sears Mexico and two high-end Saks 5th Avenue stores. Other large chains are Coppel and Elektra, which offer items for the bargain price seeker. Wal-Mart operates Suburbia for lower income shoppers, along with stores under the brand names of Wal-Mart, Bodega Aurrera, and Superama.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "El Palacio de Hierro"}], "question": "What Mexican department store typically caters to high-end goods?", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Sanborns"}], "question": "What company is responsible for over 100 stores in the country? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Grupo Carso"}], "question": "What company operates Sears Mexico? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Coppel and Elektra"}], "question": "What chains typically cater to bargain shoppers? ", "id": "57266f58dd62a815002e84b3"}]}], ["Kedai-kedai runcit ikonik di tiga pusat utama New Zealand adalah Smith & Caughey (diasaskan 1880), di bandar paling ramai penduduk New Zealand, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (ditubuhkan 1863) di ibu negara, Wellington; dan Ballantynes (ditubuhkan 1854) di bandar terbesar kedua di New Zealand, Christchurch. Ini menawarkan barangan mewah dan mewah. Di samping itu, Arthur Barnett (1903) beroperasi di Dunedin. H & J Smith adalah sebuah rangkaian kecil yang beroperasi di seluruh Southland dengan sebuah kedai utama besar di Invercargill. Petani adalah rangkaian pertengahan rangkaian kedai (pada asalnya sebuah firma pesanan surat yang dikenali sebagai Laidlaw Leeds yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1909). Kedai serbaneka sejarah termasuk DIC. Rantai diskaun termasuk The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, dan DEKA sekarang yang tidak berfungsi. <> Apa jenis barang yang menyimpan kedai serbaneka yang paling popular di tawaran New Zealand? || barangan mewah dan mewah <> Bandar apakah Arthur Barnett? || Dunedin <> Di mana kedai utama H & J Smith? || Invercargill <> Di mana kedai-kedai H & J Smith biasanya terletak? || Southland <> Bilakah Laidlaw Leeds pertama ditubuhkan? || 1909", {"context": "The iconic department stores of New Zealand's three major centres are Smith & Caughey's (founded 1880), in New Zealand's most populous city, Auckland; Kirkcaldie & Stains (founded 1863) in the capital, Wellington; and Ballantynes (founded 1854) in New Zealand's second biggest city, Christchurch. These offer high-end and luxury items. Additionally, Arthur Barnett (1903) operates in Dunedin. H & J Smith is a small chain operating throughout Southland with a large flagship store in Invercargill. Farmers is a mid-range national chain of stores (originally a mail-order firm known as Laidlaw Leeds founded in 1909). Historical department stores include DIC. Discount chains include The Warehouse, Kmart Australia, and the now-defunct DEKA.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "high-end and luxury items"}], "question": "What sorts of goods do the most popular department stores in New Zealand offer? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Dunedin"}], "question": "What city is Arthur Barnett in? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Invercargill"}], "question": "Where is H & J Smith's flagship store?", "id": "572671565951b619008f72c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Southland"}], "question": "Where are H & J Smith stores typically located? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "1909"}], "question": "When was Laidlaw Leeds first established? ", "id": "572671565951b619008f72cb"}]}], ["Parkson memasuki dengan membeli jenama tempatan Centro Department Store pada tahun 2011. Centro masih beroperasi untuk pasaran pertengahan manakala jenama 'Parkson' itu sendiri, diposisikan untuk segmen menengah, memasuki tahun 2014 dengan membuka kedai pertamanya di Medan, diikuti dengan kedai kedua di Jakarta. Sementara itu, Lotte memasuki pasaran dengan kerjasama dengan Ciputra Group, mewujudkan apa yang disebutnya 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' di dalam kompleks Ciputra World Jakarta, serta memperoleh Makro dan menjenamakan semula ke Lotte Mart. <> Kedai apa yang Parkson membeli pada tahun 2011? || Centro Department Store <> Di mana Centro membuka kedai pertama pada 2014? || Medan <> Siapa yang pernah bersama Lotte? || Ciputra Group <> Di mana \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" terletak? || Ciputra World Jakarta kompleks <> Apakah Makro dilabel sebagai setelah pembelian? || Lotte Mart", {"context": "Parkson enters by acquiring local brand Centro Department Store in 2011. Centro still operates for middle market while the 'Parkson' brand itself, positioned for middle-up segment, enters in 2014 by opening its first store in Medan, followed by its second store in Jakarta. Lotte, meanwhile, enters the market by inking partnership with Ciputra Group, creating what its called 'Lotte Shopping Avenue' inside the Ciputra World Jakarta complex, as well as acquiring Makro and rebranding it into Lotte Mart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Centro Department Store"}], "question": "What store did Parkson buy in 2011? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Medan"}], "question": "Where did Centro open it's first store of 2014?", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Ciputra Group"}], "question": "Who did Lotte partner with? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f722f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Ciputra World Jakarta complex"}], "question": "Where is the \"Lotte Shopping Avenue\" located? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Lotte Mart"}], "question": "What was Makro re-labeled as after it's purchase? ", "id": "57266bdd5951b619008f7231"}]}], ["Di Puerto Rico, pelbagai gedung jabatan telah dikendalikan, seperti Sears, JC Penney, Macy, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Kilang Burlington Coat, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Kelab Sam dan lain-lain. La New York adalah kedai jabatan Puerto Rico. Topeka, Capri dan Pitusa adalah pesaing di pasaran Puerto Riko yang juga mempunyai pasar raya besar yang beroperasi di bawah nama mereka. Peruncit-peruncit Nordstrom dan Saks Fifth Avenue juga mempunyai rancangan untuk datang ke Mall of San Juan, sebuah projek runcit mewah baru dengan lebih 100 penyewa. Pusat membeli-belah ini akan dibuka pada Mac 2015. <> Apa kedai serbaneka di Puerto Rico dinamakan sempena bandar Amerika? || La New York <> Bilakah Mall of San Juan dijangka dibuka? || Mac 2015 <> Berapa banyak penyewa dijangka menubuhkan kedai di Mall of San Juan? || 100 penyewa <> Apa dua peruncit utama mempunyai rancangan untuk menjalankan perniagaan di pusat membeli-belah sebaik sahaja ia dibuka? || Nordstrom dan Saks Fifth Avenue", {"context": "In Puerto Rico, various department stores have operated, such as Sears, JC Penney, Macy's, Kmart, Wal-Mart, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, T.J. Maxx, Costco, Sam's Club and others. La New York was a Puerto Rican department store. Topeka, Capri and Pitusa are competitors on the Puerto Rican market that also have hypermarkets operating under their names. Retailers Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue also have plans to come to the Mall of San Juan, a new high-end retail project with over 100 tenants. The mall is set to open in March 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "La New York"}], "question": "What department store in Puerto Rico is named after an American city?", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "March 2015"}], "question": "When is the Mall of San Juan expected to open? ", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "100 tenants"}], "question": "How many tenants are expected to set up shop in the Mall of San Juan?", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Nordstrom and Saks Fifth Avenue"}], "question": "What two major retailers have plans to do business in the mall once it opens? ", "id": "5726746a708984140094c6ba"}]}], ["Situs di mana rentetan Saint Petersburg Passage telah dikhaskan untuk diperdagangkan sejak asas bandar ini pada awal abad ke-18. Ia telah diduduki oleh pelbagai kedai dan gudang (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) sehingga 1846, ketika Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor memperoleh alasan untuk membina sebuah pusat membeli-belah elit untuk bangsawan Rusia dan borjuasi kaya. Stenbock-Fermor mengandung Passage sebagai lebih daripada sebuah pusat membeli-belah semata-mata, tetapi juga sebagai pusat kebudayaan dan sosial untuk rakyat St Petersburg. Bangunan itu mengandungi rumah-rumah kopi, kedai-kedai confectioneries, pemasangan panorama, muzium anatomi, muzium lilin, dan juga sebuah kebun kecil yang digambarkan oleh Dostoyevsky dalam \"Buaya, atau Passage melalui Passage\". Dewan konsert terkenal sebagai tempat untuk bacaan sastera yang disertai oleh orang-orang seperti Dostoevsky dan Turgenev. Secara bersendirian, premis Passage telah lama dikaitkan dengan industri hiburan dan masih kekal di rumah Teater Komissarzhevskaya. <> Bilakah Saint Petersburg ditubuhkan? || awal abad ke-18 <> Siapakah yang mendirikan pusat membeli-belah yang dikhaskan untuk golongan paling elit masyarakat? || Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor <> Apa pengarang terkenal menggambarkan bahagian-bahagian pusat membeli-belah dalam bukunya? || Dostoyevsky <> Apakah tapak bersejarah yang masih beroperasi dalam pusat membeli-belah? || Panggung Komissarzhevskaya", {"context": "The site where the Saint Petersburg Passage sprawls had been devoted to trade since the city's foundation in the early 18th century. It had been occupied by various shops and warehouses (Maly Gostiny Dvor, Schukin Dvor, Apraksin Dvor) until 1846, when Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor acquired the grounds to build an elite shopping mall for the Russian nobility and wealthy bourgeoisie. Stenbock-Fermor conceived of the Passage as more than a mere shopping mall, but also as a cultural and social centre for the people of St Petersburg. The edifice contained coffee-houses, confectioneries, panorama installations, an anatomical museum, a wax museum, and even a small zoo, described by Dostoyevsky in his extravaganza \"Crocodile, or Passage through the Passage\". The concert hall became renowned as a setting for literary readings attended by the likes of Dostoevsky and Turgenev. Parenthetically, the Passage premises have long been associated with the entertainment industry and still remains home to the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "early 18th century"}], "question": "When was Saint Petersburg established? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Count Essen-Stenbock-Fermor"}], "question": "Who founded a shopping mall reserved for the most elites of society? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Dostoyevsky"}], "question": "What famous author described parts of the mall in his books?", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "Komissarzhevskaya Theatre"}], "question": "What historical site still operates within the mall? ", "id": "5726751a5951b619008f732e"}]}], ["Kedai-kedai utama Panama seperti Bazaar Franc\u00e9s, La Dalia dan La Villa de Paris bermula sebagai peruncit tekstil pada akhir abad kesembilan belas. Kemudian pada abad ke-20 ini akhirnya memberi laluan kepada kedai-kedai seperti Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panam\u00e1, Figali, Dant\u00e9, Sears, Gran Morrison dan yang lebih kecil seperti Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo dan Clubman. Dari ini hanya Felix B. Maduro (biasanya dirujuk sebagai Felix oleh penduduk tempatan) dan Dant\u00e9 tetap kuat. Semua yang lain telah dilipat atau diturunkan walaupun Cocos telah berjaya mendapatkan kedudukan yang baik di pasaran. <> Bagaimana kedai-kedai jabatan Panama bermula? || sebagai peruncit tekstil <> Bilakah kedai Panama bermula dahulu? || pada pergantian abad kesembilan belas <> Apa kedai jabatan yang sering dipanggil \"Felix\" oleh penduduk setempat? || Felix B. Maduro <> Apa kedai yang telah berjaya bertahan walaupun banyak persaingan di bawah? || Cocos", {"context": "Panama's first department stores such as Bazaar Franc\u00e9s, La Dalia and La Villa de Paris started as textile retailers at the turn of the nineteenth century. Later on in the twentieth century these eventually gave way to stores such as Felix B. Maduro, Sarah Panam\u00e1, Figali, Dant\u00e9, Sears, Gran Morrison and smaller ones such as Bon Bini, Cocos, El Lider, Piccolo and Clubman among others. Of these only Felix B. Maduro (usually referred to as Felix by locals) and Dant\u00e9 remain strong. All the others have either folded or declined although Cocos has managed to secure a good position in the market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "as textile retailers"}], "question": "How did Panama's department stores originally begin? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "at the turn of the nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did Panama's Department stores first start? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Felix B. Maduro"}], "question": "What department store is often called \"Felix\" by the local population? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Cocos"}], "question": "What store has managed to survive despite much it's competition going under? ", "id": "5726731d708984140094c684"}]}], ["Sosialisme berhadapan dengan konsumerisme di rantai Gedung Jabatan Negara (GUM), yang ditubuhkan oleh Lenin pada tahun 1921 sebagai sebuah perusahaan runcit model. Ia mengendalikan kedai-kedai di seluruh Rusia dan mensasarkan pengguna di seluruh kelas, jantina, dan garis etnik. GUM direka untuk memajukan matlamat Bolsheviks untuk menghapuskan perusahaan swasta dan membina semula kepenggunaan bersama-sama garis sosialis, serta demokrasi penggunaan untuk pekerja dan petani di seluruh negara. GUM menjadi penyedia propaganda utama, dengan kempen pengiklanan dan promosi yang mengajar orang Rusia matlamat rejim dan berusaha untuk menanamkan sikap dan tingkah laku baru. Dalam usaha untuk mencipta budaya pengguna sosialis dari awal, GUM mengulangi fungsi dan makna membeli dan menjual, menjadikannya sebagai tindakan politik yang boleh menyumbang atau menangguhkan perarakan ke arah komunisme utopia. Menjelang akhir 1920-an, matlamat Gandhiose telah membuktikan pengguna yang tidak realistik dan sebahagian besarnya terasing, yang sebaliknya mempelajari kebudayaan aduan dan hak. Fungsi utama GUM menjadi salah satu pengedaran apa sahaja yang dihantar oleh kilang mereka, tanpa mengira permintaan atau kualiti pengguna. <> Kumpulan apa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1921 sebagai tindak balas kepada pertembungan antara sosialisme dan konsumerisme? || Kedai Gedung Negeri (GUM) <> Bilakah GUM mula merosot dan kehilangan kuasa? || lewat 1920-an <> Siapa yang membentuk Kedai Jabatan Negeri, AKA GUM? || Lenin <> Bilakah mereka pertama kali mendirikan organisasi? || 1921", {"context": "Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "State Department Stores (GUM)"}], "question": "What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 873, "text": "late 1920s"}], "question": "When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Lenin"}], "question": "Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? ", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1921"}], "question": "When did they first establish the organization?", "id": "57267609f1498d1400e8e065"}]}], ["Segmen pertengahan adalah terutamanya diduduki oleh Metro Department Store yang berasal dari Singapura dan Sogo dari Jepun. 2007 menyaksikan pembukaan semula Seibu di Jakarta, yang merupakan kedai serbaneka terbesar dan kedua di Indonesia selepas Harvey Nichols, yang ditutup pada 2010 dan merancang untuk kembali. Kedai serbaneka antarabangsa lain termasuk Debenhams dan Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette juga menyertai pasaran Indonesia pada tahun 2013 di dalam Pacific Place Mall. Kedai runcit ini mensasarkan pasaran menengah dengan pelbagai harga dari harga berpatutan hingga mewah, dijangka menjadi gedung membeli-belah kelas atas terbesar. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu dan Sogo semuanya dikendalikan oleh PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. <> Dimana kedai di Metro Department bermula? || Singapura dan Sogo dari Jepun <> Bilakah Seibu, yang terletak di Jakarta, dibuka semula? || 2007 <> Di mana Galeries Lafayette dibuka pada tahun 2013, di dalam Indonesia? || Pacific Place Mall <> Siapa yang mengendalikan pelbagai kedai serbaneka di kawasan ini? || PT. Mitra Adiperkasa. <> Kedai apa yang memimpin pasaran Indonesia sehingga 2010 apabila ia ditutup? || Harvey Nichols", {"context": "The middle up segment is mainly occupied by Metro Department Store originated from Singapore and Sogo from Japan. 2007 saw the re-opening of Jakarta's Seibu, poised to be the largest and second most upscale department store in Indonesia after Harvey Nichols, which the latter closed in 2010 and yet plans to return. Other international department stores include Debenhams and Marks & Spencer. Galeries Lafayette also joins the Indonesian market in 2013 inside Pacific Place Mall. This department store is targeting middle up market with price range from affordable to luxury, poised to be the largest upscale department store. Galeries Lafayette, Debenhams, Harvey Nichols, Marks & Spencer, Seibu and Sogo are all operated by PT. Mitra Adiperkasa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Singapore and Sogo from Japan"}], "question": "Where did the Metro Department store originally begin?", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did Seibu, located in Jakarta, re-open? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Pacific Place Mall"}], "question": "Where did Galeries Lafayette open in 2013, inside Indonesia? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "PT. Mitra Adiperkasa."}], "question": "Who operates the wide range of department stores in these areas?", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Harvey Nichols"}], "question": "What store led the Indonesian markets until 2010 when it closed? ", "id": "57266ad8f1498d1400e8df22"}]}], ["Kedai jabatan pertama di Filipina ialah Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1877 di Iloilo oleh Inggeris Henry Hoskyn, anak saudara Nicholas Loney, naib konsul British pertama di Iloilo. Beberapa kedai serbaneka yang paling awal di Filipina terletak di Manila seawal tahun 1898 dengan pembukaan Bazar Amerika, yang kemudiannya dinamakan Beck. Sepanjang pendudukan Amerika di Filipina, banyak gedung serbaneka dibina di seluruh kota, kebanyakannya terletak di Escolta. Heacock, kedai jabatan mewah, dianggap sebagai gedung serba terbaik di Timur. Kedai serbaneka yang lain termasuk Aguinaldo, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, dan Crystal Arcade, yang semuanya telah musnah semasa Pertempuran Manila pada tahun 1945. Selepas perang, kedai-kedai sekali lagi hidup dengan penubuhan Shoemart (sekarang SM), dan Rustan's. Sejak asas syarikat-syarikat ini pada tahun 1950-an, kini terdapat lebih dari seratus jabatan kedai sehingga kini. Pada masa ini, kerana kejayaan besar pusat membeli-belah, gedung-gedung di Filipina biasanya merupakan penyewa utama dalam pusat membeli-belah. SM Supermalls dan Robinsons Malls adalah dua rantai mall yang paling menonjol di negara ini, yang semuanya mempunyai bahagian-bahagian Gedung. <> Bilakah kedai serbaneka pertama di Filipina dibuka? || 1877 <> Siapa yang membuka beberapa kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Filipina? || Henry Hoskyn <> Di manakah terdapat beberapa kedai asal Filipina? || Manila <> Apa peristiwa sejarah yang membawa kepada banyak gedung-gedung serbaneka di kawasan yang dimusnahkan? || Pertempuran Manila pada tahun 1945 <> Bilakah syarikat-syarikat Shoemart dan Rustan ditubuhkan? || 1950-an", {"context": "The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Henry Hoskyn"}], "question": "Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Manila"}], "question": "Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Battle of Manila in 1945"}], "question": "What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e855f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? ", "id": "572673e0dd62a815002e8560"}]}], ["Semua bandar utama mempunyai kedai serbaneka yang tersendiri, yang berlabuh di pusat membeli-belah di pusat bandar sehingga kedatangan pusat membeli-belah pada tahun 1960-an. Sebagai contoh, selepas tahun 1887, Woodward & Lothrop dan Garfinckel bermula pada tahun 1905. Garfield telah muflis pada tahun 1990, seperti juga Woodward & Lothrop pada tahun 1994. Baltimore mempunyai empat gedung utama: Hutzler adalah pemimpin prestij, diikuti oleh Hecht, Hochschild dan Stewart's. Mereka semua mengendalikan cawangan di pinggir bandar, tetapi semuanya ditutup pada akhir abad kedua puluh. Menjelang 2015, kebanyakan gedung membeli-belah milik tempatan di seluruh negara telah disatukan menjadi rantai yang lebih besar, atau telah ditutup sepenuhnya. <> Bilakah Garfinckel mula beroperasi di Washington? || 1905 <> Pada tahun apakah Garfield telah bangkrut? || 1990 <> Berapa banyak kedai serbaneka yang ada di Baltimore pada masa itu? || empat <> Oleh tahun apa kedai kedai paling banyak telah diasimilasikan ke dalam operasi rantaian yang lebih besar? || 2015", {"context": "All major cities have their distinctive local department stores, which anchored the downtown shopping district until the arrival of the malls in the 1960s. Washington, for example, after 1887 had Woodward & Lothrop and Garfinckel's starting in 1905. Garfield's went bankrupt in 1990, as did Woodward & Lothrop in 1994. Baltimore had four major department stores: Hutzler's was the prestige leader, followed by Hecht's, Hochschild's and Stewart's. They all operated branches in the suburbs, but all closed in the late twentieth century. By 2015, most locally owned department stores around the country had been consolidated into larger chains, or had closed down entirely.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "1905"}], "question": "When did Garfinckel's begin operating in Washington? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In what year did Garfield's go bankrupt?", "id": "57267a20708984140094c764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many major department stores did Baltimore have at the time? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "2015"}], "question": "By what year had most local stores been assimilated into larger chain operations? ", "id": "57267a20708984140094c766"}]}], ["George Dayton telah menubuhkan kedai Barang Kering Daytonnya di Minneapolis pada tahun 1902 dan koperasi AMC pada tahun 1912. Keturunannya membina Southdale Center pada tahun 1956, membuka rantaian kedai diskaun Sasaran pada tahun 1962 dan rantaian B. Dalton Bookseller pada tahun 1966. Dayton berkembang menjadi 19 kedai di bawah nama Dayton ditambah lima nama serantau lain yang diperoleh oleh Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation menutup perdana J. L. Hudson Department Store di pusat bandar Detroit pada tahun 1983, tetapi mengembangkan operasi runcitnya yang lain. Ia memperoleh Mervyn pada tahun 1978, Marshall Field pada tahun 1990, dan dinamakan semula sebagai Target Corporation pada tahun 2000. Pada tahun 2002, Dayton dan Hudson disatukan ke nama Marshall Field. Pada tahun 2005, May Department Stores memperoleh semua kedai Marshall Field dan tidak lama kemudian, Macy memperoleh Mei. <> Siapa yang membuka Barang Kering Dayton? || George Dayton <> Pada tahun apakah Dayton's Dry Goods ditubuhkan? || 1902 <> Bilakah Pusat Southdale dibuka? || 1956 <> Kedai apa yang membeli pembelian Dayton-Hudson Corporation pada tahun 1978? || Mervyn's", {"context": "George Dayton had founded his Dayton's Dry Goods store in Minneapolis in 1902 and the AMC cooperative in 1912. His descendants built Southdale Center in 1956, opened the Target discount store chain in 1962 and the B. Dalton Bookseller chain in 1966. Dayton's grew to 19 stores under the Dayton's name plus five other regional names acquired by Dayton-Hudson. The Dayton-Hudson Corporation closed the flagship J. L. Hudson Department Store in downtown Detroit in 1983, but expanded its other retail operations. It acquired Mervyn's in 1978, Marshall Field's in 1990, and renamed itself the Target Corporation in 2000. In 2002, Dayton's and Hudson's were consolidated into the Marshall Field's name. In 2005, May Department Stores acquired all of the Marshall Field's stores and shortly thereafter, Macy's acquired May.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "George Dayton"}], "question": "Who opened Dayton's Dry Goods?", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "1902"}], "question": "In what year was Dayton's Dry Goods established? ", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "1956"}], "question": "When was the Southdale Center opened? ", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Mervyn's"}], "question": "What store did the Dayton-Hudson Corporation purchase in 1978?", "id": "57267d63708984140094c7e4"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-21 kedai serbaneka yang paling terkenal di Rusia adalah GUM di Moscow, diikuti oleh TsUM dan Petrovsky Passage. Kedai-kedai terkenal lain adalah Mega (pusat membeli-belah), Stockmann, dan Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, dan White Wind (Veteran Beliy) menjual sejumlah besar peranti elektronik. Di St. Petersburg The Passage telah popular sejak tahun 1840-an. 1956 filem Soviet Behind Window Store (di sini) di YouTube menggambarkan operasi sebuah gedung membeli-belah Moscow pada tahun 1950-an. <> Di mana terdapat kedai serbaneka yang paling terkenal di Rusia? || Moscow <> Dalam apa bandar yang terletak di Passage? || St Petersburg <> Filem apa yang menunjukkan operasi kedai serbaneka di bekas Kesatuan Soviet? || Behind Window Store <> Kapan filem yang menggambarkan kedai serbaneka soviet difilmkan? || 1956", {"context": "In the 21st century the most famous department store in Russia is GUM in Moscow, followed by TsUM and the Petrovsky Passage. Other popular stores are Mega (shopping malls), Stockmann, and Marks & Spencer. Media Markt, M-video, Technosila, and White Wind (Beliy Veter) sell large number of electronic devices. In St. Petersburg The Passage has been popular since the 1840s. 1956 Soviet film Behind Store Window (\u0417\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430) on YouTube depicts operation of a Moscow department store in 1950's.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Moscow"}], "question": "Where is the most notable Russian department store located?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "St. Petersburg"}], "question": "In what city is the Passage located?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Behind Store Window"}], "question": "What movie demonstrates the operation of department stores in the former Soviet Union?", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "1956"}], "question": "When was the movie depicting soviet department stores filmed? ", "id": "5726768b5951b619008f7366"}]}], ["Kedai serbaneka yang pertama di Sepanyol ialah Almacenes el Siglo yang dibuka pada bulan Oktober 1881 di Barcelona. Berikutan penutupan tahun 2002 oleh kumpulan Partridges kumpulan Australia dari rangkaian kedai serbaneka SEPU mereka (Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Precios Unicos), yang merupakan salah satu daripada Sepanyol yang tertua, pasaran kini dikuasai oleh El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1934 sebagai sebuah kedai pakaian. Kedai-kedai El Corte Ingl\u00e9s cenderung menjadi bangunan yang luas, menjual produk yang sangat luas dan kumpulan itu juga mengawal beberapa format runcit lain termasuk rangkaian 'Supercor' dan hypercarket chain 'Hipercor'. Peserta lain seperti 'Simago' dan 'Galer\u00edas Preciados' ditutup pada tahun 1990-an, namun El Corte Ingl\u00e9s menghadapi persaingan utama dari operator diskaun Perancis seperti Carrefour dan Auchan. <> Apakah nama kedai jabatan Sepanyol yang pertama? || Almacenes el Siglo <> Bilakah kedai jabatan Sepanyol pertama dibuka? || Oktober 1881 <> Apa jenama jabatan kedai sekarang memiliki sebahagian besar pasaran di Sepanyol? || El Corte Ingl\u00e9s <> Bilakah El Corte Ingles ditubuhkan? || 1934", {"context": "The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Ingl\u00e9s stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galer\u00edas Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Ingl\u00e9s, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Almacenes el Siglo"}], "question": "What was the name of the first Spanish department store?", "id": "572678385951b619008f739b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "October 1881"}], "question": "When was the first Spanish department store opened? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "El Corte Ingl\u00e9s"}], "question": "What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "1934"}], "question": "When was El Corte Ingles established? ", "id": "572678385951b619008f739e"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II Hudson menyedari bahawa ruang letak kereta yang terhad di pencakar langit pusat bandarnya akan semakin menjadi masalah bagi para pelanggannya. Penyelesaiannya pada tahun 1954 adalah untuk membuka Pusat Northland di Southfield berhampiran, di luar batas bandar. Ia adalah pusat membeli-belah pinggir bandar terbesar di dunia, dan dengan cepat menjadi destinasi membeli-belah utama untuk utara dan barat Detroit, dan untuk kebanyakan kawasan pinggir bandar. Menjelang tahun 1961 pencakar langit di pusat bandar menyumbang hanya separuh jualan Hudson; ia ditutup pada tahun 1986. Northland Center Hudson, yang dijenamakan semula Macy pada tahun 2006 berikutan pengambilalihan oleh Jabatan Pertanian Bersekutu, ditutup bersama-sama dengan baki kedai di pusat pada bulan Mac 2015 disebabkan kekosongan gedung mall yang tinggi, kerosakan infrastruktur, dan ketidakpatuhan kewangan. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Hudson menangani isu tempat letak kereta di bandar? || 1954 <> Apa kedai yang dipanggil di Southfield? || Northland Center <> Pada tahun apakah bangunan pencakar langit Hudson? || 1986 <> Apa syarikat membeli Pusat Northland pada tahun 2006? || Kedai Pusat Bersekutu <> Apakah Northfield Centre dinamakan semula selepas ia dibeli oleh syarikat lain? || Macy's", {"context": "After World War II Hudson's realized that the limited parking space at its downtown skyscraper would increasingly be a problem for its customers. The solution in 1954 was to open the Northland Center in nearby Southfield, just beyond the city limits. It was the largest suburban shopping center in the world, and quickly became the main shopping destination for northern and western Detroit, and for much of the suburbs. By 1961 the downtown skyscraper accounted for only half of Hudson's sales; it closed in 1986. The Northland Center Hudson's, rebranded Macy's in 2006 following acquisition by Federated Department Stores, was closed along with the remaining stores in the center in March 2015 due to the mall's high storefront vacancy, decaying infrastructure, and financial mismanagement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "1954"}], "question": "In what year did Hudson's address the issue of parking within cities?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Northland Center"}], "question": "What was the store called in Southfield? ", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year did the Hudson's skyscraper close? ", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Federated Department Stores"}], "question": "What company purchased the Northland Center in 2006?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Macy's"}], "question": "What was the Northfield Center renamed after it's purchase by another company?", "id": "57267be6708984140094c79f"}]}], ["Juga, Kendals di Manchester boleh mendakwa menjadi salah satu kedai serbaneka tertua di UK. Bermula sebagai sebuah kedai kecil yang dimiliki oleh S. dan J. Watts pada tahun 1796, ia menjual pelbagai barangan. Kendal Milne dan Faulkner membeli perniagaan itu pada tahun 1835. Memperluas ruang, dan bukannya menggunakannya sebagai gudang tipikal hanya untuk mempamerkan tekstil, ia menjadi bazaar yang luas. Melayani pelanggan kelas atas Manchester selama lebih 200 tahun, ia telah diambil alih oleh House of Fraser dan baru-baru ini dijenamakan semula sebagai House of Fraser Manchester - walaupun kebanyakan orang Mancunian masih merujuknya sebagai Kendal. Papan tanda Kendal Milne masih kekal di pintu utama bangunan seni deco di Deansgate. <> Siapa yang membeli sebuah kedai kecil pada tahun 1835, yang akhirnya akan menjadi Kendals? || Kendal Milne dan Faulkner <> Dimana kedai itu terletak? || Manchester <> Berapa lama kedai beroperasi? || lebih 200 tahun <> Yang akhirnya membeli dan menganggap operasi kedai? || Rumah Fraser", {"context": "Also, Kendals in Manchester can lay claim to being one of the oldest department stores in the UK. Beginning as a small shop owned by S. and J. Watts in 1796, its sold a variety of goods. Kendal Milne and Faulkner purchased the business in 1835. Expanding the space, rather than use it as a typical warehouse simply to showcase textiles, it became a vast bazaar. Serving Manchester's upmarket clientele for over 200 years, it was taken over by House of Fraser and recently rebranded as House of Fraser Manchester \u2013 although most Mancunians still refer to it as Kendals. The Kendal Milne signage still remains over the main entrance to the art deco building in the city's Deansgate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Kendal Milne and Faulkner"}], "question": "Who purchased a small shop in 1835, which would eventually become Kendals?", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Manchester"}], "question": "Where was the store located? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "over 200 years"}], "question": "How long did the store operate for? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "House of Fraser"}], "question": "Who eventually purchased and assumed operation of the store? ", "id": "572679ab5951b619008f73d6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1849, Horne memulakan operasi dan tidak lama lagi menjadi sebuah gedung utama di Pittsburgh. Pada tahun 1879, ia membuka mercu tanda tujuh tingkat yang merupakan pusat membeli-belah pertama di pusat bandaraya. Pada tahun 1972, Barangan Kering Berkaitan telah memperoleh Horne, dan ADG memperluaskan operasi Horne ke beberapa kedai di pusat bandar pinggiran di seluruh kawasan Pittsburgh serta di Erie, Pennsylvania dan Ohio Timur Laut. Pada bulan Disember 1986, Horne dibeli oleh kumpulan pelabur tempatan berikutan pengambilalihan ADG oleh May Department Stores. Menjelang tahun 1994, Kedai Jabatan Bersekutu memperoleh baki sepuluh kedai Horne dan menggabungkan mereka dengan bahagian Lazarus, sepenuhnya menghentikan semua operasi mana-mana kedai di bawah nama Horne. <> Dalam tahun apakah Horne memulakan perniagaan? || 1849 <> Di mana bandar Horne memulakan operasi mereka? || Pittsburgh <> Apa syarikat membeli Horne pada tahun 1972? || Barang-barang Kering yang Berkaitan <> Berapa banyak kedai Horne membeli kedai-kedai Jabatan Bersekutu pada tahun 1994? || sepuluh", {"context": "In 1849, Horne's began operations and soon became a leading Pittsburgh department store. In 1879, it opened a seven-story landmark which was the first department store in the city's downtown. In 1972, Associated Dry Goods acquired Horne's, and ADG expanded operations of Horne's to several stores in suburban malls throughout the Pittsburgh region as well as in Erie, Pennsylvania and Northeast Ohio. In December 1986, Horne's was acquired by a local investor group following ADG's acquisition by May Department Stores. By 1994, Federated Department Stores acquired the remaining ten Horne's stores and merged them with its Lazarus division, completely ceasing all operations of any store under the Horne's name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1849"}], "question": "In what year did Horne began doing business?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Pittsburgh"}], "question": "In what city did Horne begin their operations?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Associated Dry Goods"}], "question": "What company purchased Horne's in 1972?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many Horne's stores did Federated Department Stores buy in 1994?", "id": "57267df65951b619008f7496"}]}], ["Kedai rantaian rantaian berkembang pesat selepas tahun 1920, dan menyediakan persaingan untuk pusat membeli-belah mewah di pusat bandar, serta gedung-gedung serbaneka tempatan di bandar-bandar kecil. JC Penney mempunyai empat kedai pada tahun 1908, 312 pada tahun 1920, dan 1452 pada tahun 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, sebuah gedung pesanan raksasa, membuka lapan kedai runcit pertamanya pada tahun 1925, dan mengendalikan 338 pada tahun 1930, dan pada tahun 595 pada tahun 1940. Rantaian itu mencapai penonton kelas menengah, yang lebih berminat dalam nilai berbanding dengan fesyen kelas atas. Sears adalah perintis dalam mewujudkan kedai-kedai serbaneka yang memenuhi keperluan lelaki dan wanita, terutamanya dengan barisan perkakasan dan bahan binaan. Ia menonjolkan fesyen terbaru yang memihak kepada kepraktisan dan ketahanan, dan membolehkan para pelanggan memilih barangan tanpa bantuan seorang kerani. Kedai-kedainya berorientasikan kepada pemandu - diasingkan dari daerah perniagaan sedia ada di tengah-tengah kawasan kediaman yang diduduki oleh penonton sasaran mereka; mempunyai tempat letak kereta yang luas, percuma, di luar jalan; dan menyampaikan identiti korporat yang jelas. Pada tahun 1930-an, syarikat itu direka sepenuhnya berhawa dingin, kedai-kedai \"tanpa jendela\" yang susun aturnya didorong sepenuhnya oleh kebimbangan merchandising. <> Berapa kedai adalah J. C. Penny yang beroperasi pada tahun 1930? || 1452 <> Apakah demografi yang paling banyak menyimpan tumpuan? || penonton kelas menengah <> Kedai apakah yang merupakan salah satu yang pertama menawarkan pilihan membeli-belah untuk kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita pada masa yang sama? || Sears <> Berapa banyak kedai Sears beroperasi pada tahun 1940? || 595", {"context": "Chain department stores grew rapidly after 1920, and provided competition for the downtown upscale department stores, as well as local department stores in small cities. J. C. Penney had four stores in 1908, 312 in 1920, and 1452 in 1930. Sears, Roebuck & Company, a giant mail-order house, opened its first eight retail stores in 1925, and operated 338 by 1930, and 595 by 1940. The chains reached a middle-class audience, that was more interested in value than in upscale fashions. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, especially with lines of hardware and building materials. It deemphasized the latest fashions in favor of practicality and durability, and allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. Its stores were oriented to motorists \u2013 set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, \"windowless\" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "1452"}], "question": "How many stores was J. C. Penny operating in 1930?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "middle-class audience"}], "question": "What demographic were most stores focusing on?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Sears"}], "question": "What store was one of the first to offer shopping choices for both men and women at the same time?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "595"}], "question": "How many stores was Sears operating in 1940?", "id": "57267b57708984140094c796"}]}], ["John Lewis Newcastle (dahulunya Bainbridge) di Newcastle upon Tyne, adalah gedung paling lama di dunia. Ia masih diketahui oleh ramai pelanggannya sebagai Bainbridge, walaupun namanya berubah menjadi 'John Lewis'. Institusi Newcastle bermula pada tahun 1838 ketika Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, berusia 21 tahun, bergabung dengan William Alder Dunn dan membuka draper dan fesyen di Market Street, Newcastle. Dari segi sejarah peruncitan, salah satu fakta yang paling penting mengenai kedai Newcastle Bainbridge, adalah seawal tahun 1849 penarikan mingguan dicatatkan oleh jabatan, menjadikannya paling awal semua gedung serbaneka. Lejar ini bertahan dan disimpan dalam arkib John Lewis. John Lewis membeli kedai Bainbridge pada tahun 1952. <> Apa nama bekas John Lewis Newcastle? || Bainbridge <> Apakah department store tertua di dunia? || John Lewis Newcastle <> Yang bermitra dengan William Alder Dunn untuk membuka kedai pertama? || Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge <> Apakah lokasi kedai pertama? || Market Street, Newcastle <> Bilakah John Lewis membeli dan mengambil alih kedai Bainbridge? || 1952", {"context": "John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne, is the world's oldest Department Store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop, is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Bainbridge"}], "question": "What is the former name of John Lewis Newcastle? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "John Lewis Newcastle"}], "question": "What is the world's oldest department store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge"}], "question": "Who partnered with William Alder Dunn to open the first store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Market Street, Newcastle"}], "question": "What was the location of the first store? ", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "1952"}], "question": "When did John Lewis purchase and take over the Bainbridge store?", "id": "572678ca5951b619008f73b9"}]}], ["Lima rangkaian yang paling lazim adalah Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store adalah yang terbesar, beroperasi lebih daripada 40 kedai (termasuk kedai, plaza muda, cawangan asing). Hyundai Department Store mempunyai kira-kira 14 kedai (13dept, 1outlet), dan terdapat 10 kedai di Shinsegae. Shinsegae mempunyai 3 kedai outlet dengan Simon. Galleria mempunyai 5, AK mempunyai 5 kedai. Galleriaeast dan barat terkenal dengan barangan mewah. Lima kedai serbaneka ini dikenali sebagai orang sebagai syarikat korporat dalam bidang penyesuaian di Korea Selatan. Dari barangan fesyen untuk peralatan elektrik, orang boleh membeli pelbagai jenis produk. Setiap hujung minggu, orang ramai suka pergi ke kedai-kedai serbaneka ini, kerana lokasinya biasanya mudah dikunjungi. Sehingga tahun 2010, kedai jabatan Shinsegae di Centum City, Busan, adalah gedung gedung terbesar di dunia. <> Apakah rangkaian kedai serbaneka beroperasi di kebanyakan kedai? || Lotte Department Store <> Di manakah \"bidang pengedaran\" yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan? || Korea Selatan <> Kedai apakah kedai terbesar di dunia pada 2010? || Kedai jabatan Shinsegae <> Di mana kedai jabatan terbesar di dunia terletak? || Centum City, Busan", {"context": "The five most prevalent chains are Lotte, Hyundai, Shinsegae, Galleria, AK plaza. Lotte Department Store is the largest, operating more than 40 stores (include outlet, young plaza, foreign branches). Hyundai Department Store has about 14 stores (13dept, 1outlet), and there are 10 stores in Shinsegae. Shinsegae has 3 outlet store with Simon. Galleria has 5, AK has 5 stores. Galleriaeast and west is well known by luxury goods. These five department stores are known to people as representative corporations in the field of distirution in South Korea. From fashion items to electric appliances, people can buy various kinds of products. Every weekend, people are fond of going around these department stores, because their location is usually easy to visit. As of 2010 the Shinsegae department store in Centum City, Busan, is the largest department store in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Lotte Department Store"}], "question": "What department store chain operates the most stores? ", "id": "57267762708984140094c71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "South Korea"}], "question": "Where is the \"field of distribution\" most often associated with?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "Shinsegae department store"}], "question": "What store was the largest department store in the world in 2010?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "Centum City, Busan"}], "question": "Where is the largest department store in the world located?", "id": "57267762708984140094c71e"}]}]], [["Pelanggaran merek dagang berlaku apabila satu pihak menggunakan tanda dagangan yang serupa atau mengelirukan sama dengan tanda dagangan yang dimiliki oleh pihak lain, berkaitan dengan produk atau perkhidmatan yang sama atau mirip dengan produk atau perkhidmatan pihak lain. Di banyak negara, tanda dagangan menerima perlindungan tanpa pendaftaran, tetapi mendaftarkan tanda dagangan memberikan kelebihan undang-undang untuk penguatkuasaan. Pelanggaran boleh ditangani oleh litigasi sivil dan, dalam beberapa bidang kuasa, di bawah undang-undang jenayah. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila seseorang menggunakan tanda dagangan yang serupa atau mengelirukan mirip dengan tanda dagangan yang dimiliki oleh orang lain? || Pelanggaran cap dagangan <> Apa yang mendaftar untuk memberikan cap dagangan? || kelebihan undang-undang untuk penguatkuasaan <> Di mana tanda dagangan dilindungi tanpa pendaftaran? || Di banyak negara <> Bagaimana pelanggaran tanda dagangan yang ditangani dalam kebanyakan bidang kuasa? || litigasi sivil <> Bagaimana pelanggaran cap dagang ditangani dalam beberapa bidang kuasa? || undang-undang Jenayah", {"context": "Trademark infringement occurs when one party uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party, in relation to products or services which are identical or similar to the products or services of the other party. In many countries, a trademark receives protection without registration, but registering a trademark provides legal advantages for enforcement. Infringement can be addressed by civil litigation and, in several jurisdictions, under criminal law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Trademark infringement"}], "question": "What occurs when someone uses a trademark that is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by someone else?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "legal advantages for enforcement"}], "question": "What does registering a trademark provide?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "In many countries"}], "question": "Where is a trademark protected without registration?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "civil litigation"}], "question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in most jurisdictions?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "criminal law"}], "question": "How is trademark infringement addressed in a few jurisdictions?", "id": "572652f7f1498d1400e8dc10"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2013, Pejabat Paten & Tanda Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan nilai harta intelek kepada ekonomi A.S. melebihi US $ 5 trilion dan mewujudkan pekerjaan untuk anggaran 18 juta orang Amerika. Nilai harta intelek dianggap sama tinggi di negara maju lain, seperti di Kesatuan Eropah. Di UK, IP telah menjadi kelas aset yang diiktiraf untuk digunakan dalam pendanaan yang dipimpin oleh pencen dan lain-lain jenis kewangan perniagaan. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2013, Pejabat Harta Intelek UK menyatakan: \"Terdapat berjuta-juta aset perniagaan tidak ketara yang nilai sama ada tidak dimanfaatkan sama sekali, atau hanya dimanfaatkan secara tidak sengaja\". <> Berapa nilai harta intelektual kepada ekonomi A.S. pada tahun 2013? || Lebih daripada AS $ 5 trilion <> Berapa ramai rakyat Amerika yang membuat harta intelek mencipta pekerjaan pada tahun 2013? || 18 juta <> Di manakah IP menjadi kelas aset yang diiktiraf? || UK <> Berapa banyak aset tidak ketara tidak dimanfaatkan di UK? || berjuta-juta", {"context": "In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: \"There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "more than US$5 trillion"}], "question": "How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "18 million"}], "question": "How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "the UK"}], "question": "Where has IP become a recognised asset class?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "millions"}], "question": "How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?", "id": "572651155951b619008f6fba"}]}], ["Paten adalah bentuk hak yang diberikan oleh kerajaan kepada pencipta, memberi hak kepada pemiliknya untuk mengecualikan orang lain daripada membuat, menggunakan, menjual, menawarkan untuk menjual, dan mengimport ciptaan untuk tempoh masa yang terbatas, sebagai pertukaran kepada orang awam pendedahan ciptaan. Ciptaan adalah penyelesaian kepada masalah teknologi tertentu, yang mungkin merupakan suatu produk atau suatu proses dan secara amnya harus memenuhi tiga keperluan utama: ia harus menjadi baru, tidak jelas dan perlu ada keberlanjutan industri. 17 <> Siapa memberikan paten? || kerajaan <> Siapa paten yang diberikan? || seorang pencipta <> Berapa banyak keperluan yang diperlukan untuk memenuhi paten? || tiga <> Satu ciptaan adalah satu penyelesaian kepada jenis masalah apa? || teknologi <> Apakah paten yang ditawarkan sebagai pertukaran? || pendedahan awam terhadap rekacipta itu", {"context": "A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the government"}], "question": "Who grants a patent?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "an inventor"}], "question": "Who is a patent granted to?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "technological"}], "question": "An invention is a solution to what type of problem?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "public disclosure of the invention"}], "question": "What is a patent offered in exchange for?", "id": "57264ffb708984140094c213"}]}], ["Asal-usul konsep ini berpotensi dikesan semula. Undang-undang Yahudi termasuk beberapa pertimbangan yang kesannya serupa dengan undang-undang harta intelek moden, walaupun tanggapan kreasi intelektual sebagai harta sepertinya tidak wujud - terutamanya prinsip Hasagat Ge'vul (pencerobohan tidak adil) digunakan untuk membenarkan jangka masa terhad penerbit (tetapi tidak penulis) hak cipta pada abad ke-16. Pada 500 BCE, kerajaan negeri Sybaris dari Yunani menawarkan paten setahun \"kepada semua orang yang patut menemui apa-apa penghalusan baru dalam kemewahan\". <> Undang-undang Yahudi termasuk prinsip yang digunakan untuk membenarkan hak cipta? || Hasagat Ge'vul (pencerobohan yang tidak adil) <> Bilakah undang-undang Yahudi mengiktiraf hak cipta? || pada abad ke-16 <> Berapa lamakah paten yang sah di Sybaris? || satu tahun <> Bilakah Sybaris menawarkan paten? || 500 BCE", {"context": "The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist \u2013 notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent \"to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment)"}], "question": "Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "in the 16th century"}], "question": "When did Jewish law recognize copyright?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "one year"}], "question": "How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "500 BCE"}], "question": "When did Sybaris offer patents?", "id": "57264f85f1498d1400e8dbc4"}]}], ["Setaraf Jerman digunakan dengan penubuhan Konfederasi Jerman Utara yang perlembagaannya memberikan kuasa perundangan ke atas perlindungan harta intelek (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) kepada konfederasi. Apabila sekretariat pentadbiran yang ditubuhkan oleh Konvensyen Paris (1883) dan Konvensyen Berne (1886) digabungkan pada tahun 1893, mereka terletak di Berne, dan juga mengguna pakai istilah harta intelektual dalam gelaran gabungan mereka, United International Bureaux untuk Perlindungan Intelektual Harta. <> Perlembagaan mana yang memberikan kuasa perundangan untuk melindungi harta intelektual? || Konfederasi Jerman Utara <> Kapan Konvensyen Paris? || 1883 <> Bilakah Konvensyen Berne? || 1886 <> Bilakah gabungan sekretariat pentadbiran Paris dan Berne? || 1893 <> Apa nama yang digunakan oleh sekretariat yang digabungkan? || United International Bureau untuk Perlindungan Harta Intelek", {"context": "The German equivalent was used with the founding of the North German Confederation whose constitution granted legislative power over the protection of intellectual property (Schutz des geistigen Eigentums) to the confederation. When the administrative secretariats established by the Paris Convention (1883) and the Berne Convention (1886) merged in 1893, they located in Berne, and also adopted the term intellectual property in their new combined title, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the North German Confederation"}], "question": "Which constitution gave legislative power to protect intellectual property?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "1883"}], "question": "When was the Paris Convention?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "1886"}], "question": "When was the Berne Convention?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "1893"}], "question": "When did the Paris and Berne administrative secretariats merge?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property"}], "question": "What name did the merged secretariats adopt?", "id": "57264dedf1498d1400e8db90"}]}], ["Pelanggaran paten biasanya disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penjualan ciptaan yang dipatenkan tanpa izin dari pemegang paten. Skop ciptaan yang dipatenkan atau tahap perlindungan ditakrifkan dalam tuntutan paten yang diberikan. Terdapat pelabuhan yang selamat di banyak bidang kuasa untuk menggunakan ciptaan yang dipatenkan untuk penyelidikan. Pelabuhan yang selamat ini tidak wujud di Amerika Syarikat melainkan penyelidikan dilakukan untuk tujuan murni falsafah, atau untuk mengumpulkan data untuk menyediakan suatu permohonan untuk kelulusan pengawalseliaan suatu ubat. Secara umumnya, kes pelanggaran paten ditangani di bawah undang-undang sivil (mis., Di Amerika Syarikat) tetapi beberapa bidang kuasa menggabungkan pelanggaran undang-undang jenayah juga (contohnya, Argentina, China, Perancis, Jepun, Rusia, Korea Selatan). <> Apakah yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penjualan ciptaan yang dipaten tanpa kebenaran? || Pelanggaran paten <> Di manakah pelabuhan yang selamat menggunakan ciptaan paten untuk penyelidikan secara amnya tidak wujud? || di AS <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di AS? || sivil <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di China? || jenayah <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang menangani kes pelanggaran hak paten di Rusia? || jenayah", {"context": "Patent infringement typically is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission from the patent holder. The scope of the patented invention or the extent of protection is defined in the claims of the granted patent. There is safe harbor in many jurisdictions to use a patented invention for research. This safe harbor does not exist in the US unless the research is done for purely philosophical purposes, or in order to gather data in order to prepare an application for regulatory approval of a drug. In general, patent infringement cases are handled under civil law (e.g., in the United States) but several jurisdictions incorporate infringement in criminal law also (for example, Argentina, China, France, Japan, Russia, South Korea).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Patent infringement"}], "question": "What is caused by using or selling a patented invention without permission?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "in the US"}], "question": "Where does the safe harbor to use a patented invention for research generally not exist?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "civil"}], "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in the US?", "id": "57265190708984140094c22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "criminal"}], "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in China?", "id": "57265190708984140094c230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "criminal"}], "question": "What type of law handles patent infringement cases in Russia?", "id": "57265190708984140094c231"}]}], ["Istilah ini boleh dijumpai digunakan dalam keputusan Massachusetts Circuit Court pada tahun 1845 dalam kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown., di mana Hakim Charles L. Woodbury menulis bahawa \"hanya dengan cara ini kita dapat melindungi harta intelektual, tenaga kerja fikiran, produksi dan kepentingan adalah seperti seorang lelaki sendiri ... sebagai gandum yang ditanamnya, atau kawanan-kawanan yang dikandungnya. \" Kenyataan bahawa \"penemuan adalah ... harta benda\" kembali semula sebelum ini. Seksyen 1 undang-undang Perancis pada 1791 menyatakan, \"Semua penemuan baru adalah harta pengarang, untuk memastikan pencipta harta benda dan kesenangan sementara penemuannya, maka akan diserahkan kepadanya paten selama lima, sepuluh atau lima belas tahun. \" Di Eropah, penulis Perancis A. Nion menyebutkan kecerdasan intelijen dalam karya-karyanya yang disiarkan oleh artis, artis dan penyiar, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1846. <> Bilakah kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown memerintah? || Oktober 1845 <> Mahkamah mana yang memutuskan pada kes paten Davoll et al. v. Brown? || Massachusetts Circuit Court <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa \"hanya dengan cara ini kita boleh melindungi harta intelektual\"? || Keadilan Charles L. Woodbury <> Tahun apa konsep \"penemuan adalah harta\" muncul dalam undang-undang Perancis? || 1791 <> Bilakah penulis Perancis A. Nion menyebutkan harta intelektual? || 1846", {"context": "The term can be found used in an October 1845 Massachusetts Circuit Court ruling in the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown., in which Justice Charles L. Woodbury wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property, the labors of the mind, productions and interests are as much a man's own...as the wheat he cultivates, or the flocks he rears.\" The statement that \"discoveries are...property\" goes back earlier. Section 1 of the French law of 1791 stated, \"All new discoveries are the property of the author; to assure the inventor the property and temporary enjoyment of his discovery, there shall be delivered to him a patent for five, ten or fifteen years.\" In Europe, French author A. Nion mentioned propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intellectuelle in his Droits civils des auteurs, artistes et inventeurs, published in 1846.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "October 1845"}], "question": "When was the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown ruled on?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Massachusetts Circuit Court"}], "question": "Which court ruled on the patent case Davoll et al. v. Brown?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Justice Charles L. Woodbury"}], "question": "Who wrote that \"only in this way can we protect intellectual property\"?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "1791"}], "question": "What year did the \"discoveries are property\" concept appear in French law?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "1846"}], "question": "When did French author A. Nion mention intellectual property?", "id": "57264ed5dd62a815002e8126"}]}], ["Pelanggaran hak cipta mereproduksi, mengedar, memaparkan atau melaksanakan kerja, atau membuat karya terbitan, tanpa izin dari pemegang hak cipta, yang biasanya merupakan penerbit atau perniagaan lain yang mewakili atau ditugaskan oleh pencipta kerja. Ia sering dipanggil \"cetak rompak\". Walaupun hak cipta dicipta misalnya kerja tetap, umumnya pemegang hak cipta hanya boleh mendapatkan ganti rugi wang jika pemilik mencatat hak cipta. [Rujukan?] Penguatkuasaan hak cipta biasanya merupakan tanggungjawab pemegang hak cipta. Perjanjian perdagangan ACTA, yang ditandatangani pada Mei 2011 oleh Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Switzerland, dan EU, dan yang tidak berlaku, mengharuskan pihaknya menambah hukuman jenayah, termasuk penangkapan dan denda, untuk pelanggaran hak cipta dan merek dagang, dan mewajibkan pihak-pihak kepada polis aktif untuk pelanggaran. Terdapat batasan dan pengecualian kepada hak cipta, yang membenarkan penggunaan karya berhak cipta terhad, yang bukan merupakan pelanggaran. Contoh-contoh doktrin seperti itu adalah penggunaan adil dan doktrin yang adil. <> Bilakah perjanjian perdagangan ACTA ditandatangani? || Mei 2011 <> Negara mana yang menandatangani ACTA? || Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, Switzerland, dan EU <> Doktrin mana yang membolehkan penggunaan terhad karya berhak cipta? || penggunaan adil dan berurusan adil <> Apakah istilah umum untuk pelanggaran hak cipta? || cetak rompak", {"context": "Copyright infringement is reproducing, distributing, displaying or performing a work, or to make derivative works, without permission from the copyright holder, which is typically a publisher or other business representing or assigned by the work's creator. It is often called \"piracy\". While copyright is created the instance a work is fixed, generally the copyright holder can only get money damages if the owner registers the copyright.[citation needed] Enforcement of copyright is generally the responsibility of the copyright holder. The ACTA trade agreement, signed in May 2011 by the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU, and which has not entered into force, requires that its parties add criminal penalties, including incarceration and fines, for copyright and trademark infringement, and obligated the parties to active police for infringement. There are limitations and exceptions to copyright, allowing limited use of copyrighted works, which does not constitute infringement. Examples of such doctrines are the fair use and fair dealing doctrine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "May 2011"}], "question": "When was the ACTA trade agreement signed?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "United States, Japan, Switzerland, and the EU"}], "question": "Which countries signed ACTA?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "fair use and fair dealing"}], "question": "Which doctrines allow limited use of copyrighted works?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "piracy"}], "question": "What is the common term for copyright infringement?", "id": "5726520d708984140094c244"}]}], ["Penyelewengan rahsia perdagangan berbeza daripada pelanggaran undang-undang harta intelek lain, oleh kerana definisi rahsia perdagangan rahsia, sementara hak paten dan hak cipta dan cap dagang berdaftar tersedia untuk umum. Di Amerika Syarikat, rahsia perdagangan dilindungi di bawah undang-undang negara, dan negara-negara telah hampir mengguna pakai Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Seragam. Amerika Syarikat juga mempunyai undang-undang persekutuan dalam bentuk Akta Ketegangan Ekonomi 1996 (18 A.S.C \u00a7\u00a7 1831-1839), yang membuat pencurian atau penyalahgunaan rahasia perdagangan suatu jenayah persekutuan. Undang-undang ini mengandungi dua ketentuan yang menjejaskan dua jenis kegiatan. Yang pertama, 18 A.S.C. \u00a7 1831 (a), menjejaskan kecurian rahsia perdagangan untuk memberi manfaat kepada kuasa asing. Kedua, 18 A.S.C. \u00a7 1832, menjejaskan kecurian mereka untuk tujuan komersil atau ekonomi. (Penalti berkanun adalah berbeza bagi kedua-dua kesalahan.) Dalam bidang kuasa Commonwealth common jurisdiksi, kerahsiaan dan rahsia perdagangan dianggap sebagai hak yang adil dan adil hak harta tetapi penalti untuk pencurian adalah sama seperti Amerika Syarikat. [Rujukan?] <> Jenis harta intelektual apa yang rahsia? || rahsia perdagangan <> Undang-undang apa yang kebanyakan negara-negara AS menggunakan untuk melindungi rahsia perdagangan? || Akta Rahsia Perdagangan Seragam <> Apakah undang-undang persekutuan AS melindungi rahsia perdagangan? || Undang-undang Ketegangan Ekonomi <> Commonwealth common law menganggap rahsia perdagangan sebagai jenis apa yang benar? || undang yang saksama <> Amerika Syarikat menganggap rahsia perdagangan sebagai jenis apa yang betul? || hak harta", {"context": "Trade secret misappropriation is different from violations of other intellectual property laws, since by definition trade secrets are secret, while patents and registered copyrights and trademarks are publicly available. In the United States, trade secrets are protected under state law, and states have nearly universally adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act. The United States also has federal law in the form of the Economic Espionage Act of 1996 (18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1831\u20131839), which makes the theft or misappropriation of a trade secret a federal crime. This law contains two provisions criminalizing two sorts of activity. The first, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1831(a), criminalizes the theft of trade secrets to benefit foreign powers. The second, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1832, criminalizes their theft for commercial or economic purposes. (The statutory penalties are different for the two offenses.) In Commonwealth common law jurisdictions, confidentiality and trade secrets are regarded as an equitable right rather than a property right but penalties for theft are roughly the same as the United States.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "trade secrets"}], "question": "Which type of intellectual property is secret?", "id": "57265386708984140094c27f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Uniform Trade Secrets Act"}], "question": "What law do most US states use to protect trade secrets?", "id": "57265386708984140094c280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Economic Espionage Act"}], "question": "What US federal law protects trade secrets?", "id": "57265386708984140094c281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 969, "text": "an equitable right"}], "question": "Commonwealth common law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "id": "57265386708984140094c282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "a property right"}], "question": "US law regards trade secrets as what kind of right?", "id": "57265386708984140094c283"}]}], ["Objektif menyatakan kebanyakan undang-undang harta intelek (dengan pengecualian cap dagang) adalah untuk \"Mempromosikan kemajuan.\" Dengan bertukar hak eksklusif terhad untuk pendedahan ciptaan dan karya kreatif, masyarakat dan pemilik hak paten / hak cipta saling manfaat, dan insentif dicipta untuk pencipta dan penulis untuk mencipta dan mendedahkan kerja mereka. Beberapa pengulas telah menyatakan bahawa objektif pembuat undang-undang harta intelek dan mereka yang menyokong pelaksanaannya nampaknya \"perlindungan mutlak\". \"Sekiranya sesetengah harta intelek adalah wajar kerana ia menggalakkan inovasi, mereka menjadi lebih baik. Pemikirannya adalah bahawa pencipta tidak akan mempunyai insentif yang mencukupi untuk mencipta melainkan mereka berhak secara sah untuk menangkap nilai sosial penuh dari ciptaan mereka\". Perlindungan mutlak atau pandangan penuh ini melayan harta intelek sebagai satu lagi jenis \"harta\" sebenar, biasanya mengamalkan undang-undang dan retoriknya. Perkembangan baru-baru ini dalam undang-undang harta intelek, seperti Invents America Act, menekan harmonisasi antarabangsa. Baru-baru ini terdapat banyak perdebatan tentang keinginan menggunakan hak harta intelektual untuk melindungi warisan budaya, termasuk yang tidak ketara, serta risiko risiko komodifikasi yang diperoleh dari kemungkinan ini. Isu ini masih terbuka dalam biasiswa undang-undang. <> Apakah objektif undang-undang harta intelek yang dinyatakan? || Menggalakkan kemajuan. <> Apakah paten membuat insentif untuk pencipta? || mencipta dan mendedahkan kerja mereka <> Paparan mana yang merawat harta intelek sebagai satu lagi jenis harta \"nyata\"? || perlindungan mutlak atau nilai penuh <> Undang-undang baru-baru ini yang menekankan keharmonian antarabangsa? || Amerika Invents Act", {"context": "The stated objective of most intellectual property law (with the exception of trademarks) is to \"Promote progress.\" By exchanging limited exclusive rights for disclosure of inventions and creative works, society and the patentee/copyright owner mutually benefit, and an incentive is created for inventors and authors to create and disclose their work. Some commentators have noted that the objective of intellectual property legislators and those who support its implementation appears to be \"absolute protection\". \"If some intellectual property is desirable because it encourages innovation, they reason, more is better. The thinking is that creators will not have sufficient incentive to invent unless they are legally entitled to capture the full social value of their inventions\". This absolute protection or full value view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property, typically adopting its law and rhetoric. Other recent developments in intellectual property law, such as the America Invents Act, stress international harmonization. Recently there has also been much debate over the desirability of using intellectual property rights to protect cultural heritage, including intangible ones, as well as over risks of commodification derived from this possibility. The issue still remains open in legal scholarship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Promote progress."}], "question": "What is the stated objective of most intellectual property law?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "create and disclose their work"}], "question": "What do patents create an incentive for inventors to do?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "absolute protection or full value"}], "question": "Which view treats intellectual property as another type of \"real\" property?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "America Invents Act"}], "question": "Which recent law stresses international harmonization?", "id": "5726508f5951b619008f6fb2"}]}], ["Satu lagi batasan undang-undang Harta Intelek semasa A.S. adalah tumpuannya kepada kerja individu dan bersama; Oleh itu, perlindungan hak cipta hanya boleh diperolehi dalam karya 'asal' pengarang. Takrif ini tidak termasuk apa-apa karya yang merupakan hasil kreativiti masyarakat, contohnya lagu-lagu dan cerita-cerita asli Amerika; undang-undang semasa tidak mengiktiraf keunikan budaya \"harta\" asli dan sifatnya yang sentiasa berubah. Hanya meminta budaya asli untuk 'menulis' artefak budaya mereka pada medium ketara mengabaikan keterlibatan mereka yang diperlukan dan menguatkan kecenderungan Barat bentuk bertulis sebagai lebih berwibawa. <> Apakah jenis kreativiti yang dikecualikan daripada definisi IP AS? || kreativiti komuniti <> Apa yang tidak undang-undang IP Amerika semasa mengiktiraf keunikan? || \"harta\" budaya asli <> Memerlukan rekod bertulis menguatkuasakan jenis kecenderungan? || Barat <> Bias Barat ialah bentuk apa yang lebih berwibawa? || bertulis", {"context": "Another limitation of current U.S. Intellectual Property legislation is its focus on individual and joint works; thus, copyright protection can only be obtained in 'original' works of authorship. This definition excludes any works that are the result of community creativity, for example Native American songs and stories; current legislation does not recognize the uniqueness of indigenous cultural \"property\" and its ever-changing nature. Simply asking native cultures to 'write down' their cultural artifacts on tangible mediums ignores their necessary orality and enforces a Western bias of the written form as more authoritative.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "community creativity"}], "question": "What type of creativity is excluded from the US definition of IP?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "indigenous cultural \"property\""}], "question": "What doesn't current US IP law recognize the uniqueness of?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Western"}], "question": "Requiring written records enforces what kind of bias?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "written"}], "question": "The Western bias is that what form is more authoritative?", "id": "57265877dd62a815002e8245"}]}], ["Beberapa pengkritik harta intelek, seperti pergerakan kebudayaan yang bebas, menunjuk pada monopoli intelektual sebagai membahayakan kesihatan (dalam hal paten farmaseutikal), mencegah kemajuan, dan memberi manfaat kepada kepentingan pekat untuk menjejaskan massa, dan berhujah bahawa orang awam kepentingan disalahgunakan oleh monopoli yang sentiasa luas dalam bentuk pelanjutan hak cipta, paten perisian, dan paten kaedah perniagaan. Baru-baru ini saintis dan jurutera menyatakan keprihatinan bahawa bungkus paten merosakkan pembangunan teknologi walaupun dalam bidang berteknologi tinggi seperti nanoteknologi. <> Apa yang boleh dicederakan oleh paten farmaseutikal? || kesihatan <> manfaat IP tertumpu kepada kepentingan yang menjejaskannya? || rakyat jelata <> Kepentingan siapa yang dirugikan dengan memperluas IP? || orang awam <> Perkembangan nanoteknologi sedang dilemahkan oleh jenis IP apa? || paten <> Apakah jenis monopoli yang dibuat oleh IP? || intelektual", {"context": "Some critics of intellectual property, such as those in the free culture movement, point at intellectual monopolies as harming health (in the case of pharmaceutical patents), preventing progress, and benefiting concentrated interests to the detriment of the masses, and argue that the public interest is harmed by ever-expansive monopolies in the form of copyright extensions, software patents, and business method patents. More recently scientists and engineers are expressing concern that patent thickets are undermining technological development even in high-tech fields like nanotechnology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "health"}], "question": "What can be harmed by pharmaceutical patents?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the masses"}], "question": "IP benefits concentrated interests to whose detriment?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "the public"}], "question": "Whose interests are harmed by expanding IP?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "patent"}], "question": "Developments in nanotechnology are being undermined by what type of IP?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "intellectual"}], "question": "What type of monopolies does IP create?", "id": "572656b65951b619008f700f"}]}], ["Juga berkenaan dengan hak cipta, industri filem Amerika membantu mengubah pembinaan sosial harta intelek melalui organisasi perdagangannya, Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika. Dalam dakwat amicus dalam kes-kes penting, dalam melobi sebelum Kongres, dan dalam pernyataannya kepada orang ramai, MPAA telah menganjurkan perlindungan hak intelektual yang kuat. Dalam merangka persembahannya, persatuan itu mendakwa bahawa orang berhak kepada harta benda yang dihasilkan oleh buruh mereka. Selain itu, kesedaran Kongres terhadap kedudukan Amerika Syarikat sebagai pengeluar filem terbesar di dunia menjadikannya mudah untuk mengembangkan konsepsi harta intelektual. Pembaharuan doktrin ini terus memperkuat industri ini, yang memberi lebih kuasa dan kuasa kepada MPAA. <> Apakah organisasi perdagangan industri filem Amerika? || Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika <> Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika adalah organisasi perdagangan industri? || filem <> Negara mana yang merupakan pengeluar filem terbesar di dunia? || Amerika Syarikat <> MPAA telah menganjurkan perlindungan yang kuat terhadap jenis hak apa? || harta intelektual", {"context": "Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Motion Picture Association of America"}], "question": "What is the American film industry's trade organization?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f702f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "film"}], "question": "The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Which country is the world's largest producer of films?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "intellectual-property"}], "question": "The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?", "id": "572658f75951b619008f7032"}]}], ["Profesor Law, penulis dan aktivis politik Lawrence Lessig, bersama-sama dengan banyak copyleft dan aktivis perisian percuma, telah mengkritik analogi tersirat dengan harta fizikal (seperti tanah atau kereta). Mereka berpendapat bahawa analogi itu gagal kerana harta fizikalnya secara amnya menonjol manakala karya intelektual adalah tidak khairat (iaitu, jika seseorang membuat salinan karya, keseronokan salinan itu tidak menghalang kesenangan asal). Hujah-hujah lain di sepanjang baris ini mendakwa bahawa tidak seperti keadaan dengan harta yang nyata, tidak ada kekurangan semulajadi dari suatu idea atau maklumat tertentu: apabila ia wujud sama sekali, ia boleh digunakan semula dan diduplikasi selama-lamanya tanpa menggunakan semula sedemikian mengurangkan asal. Stephan Kinsella telah membantah harta intelektual dengan alasan bahawa perkataan \"harta benda\" menyiratkan kekurangan, yang mungkin tidak terpakai kepada idea. <> Siapa yang seorang penyokong copyleft? || Lawrence Lessig <> Siapa yang telah membantah idea IP kerana \"harta\" membayangkan kekurangan? || Stephan Kinsella <> Tidak mempunyai kekurangan semulajadi menjadikan IP berbeza dari jenis harta benda apa? || ketara <> Berapakah IP dapat diduplikasi tanpa mengurangi asal? || selama-lamanya", {"context": "Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word \"property\" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Lawrence Lessig"}], "question": "Who is one advocate of copyleft?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "Stephan Kinsella"}], "question": "Who has objected to the idea of IP because \"property\" implies scarcity?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "tangible"}], "question": "Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "indefinitely"}], "question": "How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?", "id": "57265630708984140094c2d4"}]}], ["Pengasas Yayasan Perisian Bebas Richard Stallman berhujah bahawa, walaupun istilah harta intelektual digunakan secara meluas, ia harus ditolak sama sekali, kerana ia \"mengganggu secara sistematik dan membingungkan isu-isu ini, dan kegunaannya dan dipromosikan oleh mereka yang mendapat kekeliruan ini\" . Dia mendakwa bahawa istilah \"beroperasi sebagai penangkapan-semua untuk mengumpulkan bersama undang-undang yang berlainan [yang] berasal secara berasingan, berkembang dengan berbeza, meliputi aktiviti yang berlainan, mempunyai peraturan yang berbeza, dan menimbulkan isu-isu dasar awam yang berbeza\" dan ia menciptakan \"bias\" membingungkan monopoli ini dengan pemilikan benda fizikal yang terhad, menyamakan mereka dengan \"hak harta\". Penyokong Stallman merujuk kepada hak cipta, paten dan tanda niaga dalam bentuk tunggal dan memberi amaran terhadap undang-undang yang berbeza-beza yang menggangu menjadi istilah kolektif. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Yayasan Perisian Bebas? || Richard Stallman <> Siapa kata istilah 'harta intelektual' harus ditolak sama sekali? || Richard Stallman <> Siapa kata istilah 'harta intelektual' \"beroperasi sebagai penangkap\"? || Richard Stallman <> Bagaimana penyokong Stallman merujuk kepada hak cipta, paten, dan tanda niaga? || dalam bentuk tunggal", {"context": "Free Software Foundation founder Richard Stallman argues that, although the term intellectual property is in wide use, it should be rejected altogether, because it \"systematically distorts and confuses these issues, and its use was and is promoted by those who gain from this confusion\". He claims that the term \"operates as a catch-all to lump together disparate laws [which] originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues\" and that it creates a \"bias\" by confusing these monopolies with ownership of limited physical things, likening them to \"property rights\". Stallman advocates referring to copyrights, patents and trademarks in the singular and warns against abstracting disparate laws into a collective term.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman"}], "question": "Who founded the Free Software Foundation?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman"}], "question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' should be rejected altogether?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Richard Stallman"}], "question": "Who said the term 'intellectual property' \"operates as a catch-all\"?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "in the singular"}], "question": "How does Stallman advocate referring to copyrights, patents, and trademarks?", "id": "572654c2708984140094c2b2"}]}], ["Selanjutnya, masalah etika yang dibangkitkan oleh hak IP adalah yang paling penting apabila barangan berharga secara sosial seperti ubat menyelamatkan nyawa diberikan perlindungan IP. Walaupun penggunaan hak IP boleh membenarkan syarikat mengecaj lebih tinggi daripada kos pengeluaran yang kecil untuk mendapatkan kembali kos penyelidikan dan pembangunan, harga boleh dikecualikan daripada sesiapa sahaja yang tidak mampu membayar kos produk, dalam hal ini ubat penjimatan nyawa. Oleh itu, rejim yang didorong oleh IPR adalah bukan rejim yang konduktif terhadap pelaburan R & D produk yang berharga secara sosial kepada penduduk miskin yang berpengaruh. \": 1108-9 <> Untuk jenis barangan apakah masalah etika IP yang paling penting? || sosial yang berharga <> Apa contoh barang berharga secara sosial? || ubat-ubatan yang menyelamatkan nyawa <> Berapa kos IP yang membolehkan syarikat mengenakan bayaran yang lebih tinggi daripada? || kos pengeluaran kecil <> Siapa mungkin harga yang lebih tinggi tidak termasuk dari pasaran? || sesiapa yang tidak mampu membayar kos produk", {"context": "Further along these lines, The ethical problems brought up by IP rights are most pertinent when it is socially valuable goods like life-saving medicines are given IP protection. While the application of IP rights can allow companies to charge higher than the marginal cost of production in order to recoup the costs of research and development, the price may exclude from the market anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product, in this case a life-saving drug. \"An IPR driven regime is therefore not a regime that is conductive to the investment of R&D of products that are socially valuable to predominately poor populations\".:1108\u20139", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "socially valuable"}], "question": "For what type of goods are IP's ethical problems most pertinent?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8228"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "life-saving medicines"}], "question": "What is an example of socially valuable goods?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e8229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "the marginal cost of production"}], "question": "What cost does IP rights allow companies to charge higher than?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "anyone who cannot afford the cost of the product"}], "question": "Who might a higher price exclude from the market?", "id": "572657b6dd62a815002e822b"}]}], ["Kritikan istilah istilah intelektual berkisar dari membincangkan kesunyian dan kelebihan abstrak untuk mengarahkan perbalahan kepada kesahihan semantik menggunakan perkataan seperti harta dan hak dalam fesyen yang bertentangan dengan amalan dan undang-undang. Ramai pengkritik berpendapat bahawa istilah ini khusus memberi agenda doktrin pihak-pihak menentang pembaharuan demi kepentingan umum atau menyalahgunakan undang-undang yang berkaitan; dan tidak melampaui perbincangan cerdas tentang aspek hak cipta, paten, tanda dagangan, dan sebagainya yang tidak berkaitan. <> Istilah mana yang dikritik sebagai samar-samar? || harta intelektual <> Apa istilah 'harta intelektual' tidak membenarkan perbincangan cerdas? || ciri-ciri hak cipta, paten, tanda niaga dan lain-lain yang tidak berkaitan dan sebagainya. <> Pengkritik mengkritik jenis kesahihan istilah 'harta intelektual'? || semantik <> Istilah mana yang dikritik kerana mempunyai jangkaan abstrak? || harta intelek", {"context": "Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "intellectual property"}], "question": "Which term is criticized as vague?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc."}], "question": "What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "semantic"}], "question": "Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "intellectual property"}], "question": "Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?", "id": "57265427f1498d1400e8dc23"}]}], ["Atas anggapan bahawa hak harta intelek adalah hak sebenar Stallman berhujah bahawa tuntutan ini tidak mengikut niat sejarah di belakang undang-undang ini, yang dalam hal hak cipta berkhidmat sebagai sistem penapisan, dan kemudiannya, satu model pengawalseliaan untuk akhbar percetakan yang mungkin telah menguntungkan penulis secara kebetulan, tetapi tidak pernah mengganggu kebebasan rata-rata pembaca. Masih merujuk kepada hak cipta, dia menyebut kesusasteraan undang-undang seperti Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat dan undang-undang kes untuk menunjukkan bahawa ia dimaksudkan untuk menjadi pilihan dan percubaan tawar-menawar yang sementara hak harta perdagangan dan percakapan bebas untuk awam, bukan swasta, mendapat manfaat dalam bentuk peningkatan artistik dan pengetahuan. Beliau menyebut bahawa \"jika hak cipta adalah hak semulajadi, tidak ada alasan yang dapat mengesahkan hak ini selepas tempoh tertentu\". <> Stallman menganggap jenis IP yang sejarah berfungsi sebagai sistem penapisan? || Hakcipta <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman sebagai hak cipta sebagai model kawal selia? || akhbar percetakan <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman untuk menjadi pilihan dan eksperimen? || hak cipta <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh Stallman hak cipta untuk sementara waktu untuk mendapat faedah awam? || hak harta dan ucapan bebas <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa \"jika hak cipta adalah hak semulajadi, tidak boleh membenarkan hak mengakhiri hak ini selepas tempoh tertentu\"? || Stallman", {"context": "On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incidentally, but never interfered with the freedom of average readers. Still referring to copyright, he cites legal literature such as the United States Constitution and case law to demonstrate that it is meant to be an optional and experimental bargain that temporarily trades property rights and free speech for public, not private, benefit in the form of increased artistic production and knowledge. He mentions that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "copyright"}], "question": "Stallman thinks what type of IP historically served as a censorship system?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the printing press"}], "question": "What does Stallman think copyright served as a regulatory model for?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "copyright"}], "question": "What does Stallman think was meant to be optional and experimental?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "property rights and free speech"}], "question": "What does Stallman think copyright was supposed to trade temporarily for public benefit?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Stallman"}], "question": "Who pointed out that \"if copyright were a natural right nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time\"?", "id": "5726559af1498d1400e8dc52"}]}], ["Pertubuhan Harta Intelek Dunia (WIPO) mengakui bahawa konflik mungkin wujud antara penghormatan dan pelaksanaan sistem harta intelek semasa dan hak asasi manusia yang lain. Pada tahun 2001, Jawatankuasa Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan PBB mengeluarkan dokumen yang dikenali sebagai \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\" yang berpendapat bahawa harta intelek cenderung ditadbir oleh matlamat ekonomi apabila ia dilihat sebagai produk sosial; untuk berkhidmat kepada kesejahteraan manusia, sistem harta intelek mesti menghormati dan mematuhi undang-undang hak asasi manusia. Menurut Jawatankuasa, apabila sistem gagal berbuat demikian mereka berisiko melanggar hak asasi manusia terhadap makanan dan kesihatan, dan penyertaan budaya dan faedah saintifik. Pada tahun 2004, Perhimpunan Agung WIPO mengadopsi Deklarasi Geneva mengenai Masa Depan Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia yang menyatakan bahawa WIPO harus \"lebih fokus pada keperluan negara-negara sedang membangun, dan melihat IP sebagai salah satu daripada banyak alat untuk pembangunan-bukan sebagai berakhir dengan sendirinya \". <> Siapa yang mengakui bahawa konflik mungkin wujud antara IP dan hak asasi manusia yang lain? || Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia <> Bilakah dokumen yang dipanggil \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\" dikeluarkan? || 2001 <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan dokumen yang dipanggil \"Hak asasi manusia dan harta intelektual\"? || Jawatankuasa PBB mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya <> Siapa kata kegagalan IP boleh melanggar hak asasi manusia terhadap makanan dan kesihatan? || Jawatankuasa PBB mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Budaya <> Bilakah WIPO mengadaptasi 'Deklarasi Geneva mengenai Masa Depan Organisasi Harta Intelek Dunia'? || 2004", {"context": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization which argues that WIPO should \"focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development\u2014not as an end in itself\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "World Intellectual Property Organization"}], "question": "Who recognizes that conflicts may exist between IP and other human rights?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When was a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" issued?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"}], "question": "Who issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\"?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"}], "question": "Who said IP failures may infringe on human rights to food and health?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did the WIPO adopt 'The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization'?", "id": "57265737708984140094c2fb"}]}], ["Pertumbuhan Internet, dan khususnya enjin pencarian seperti Kazaa dan Gnutella, telah mewakili cabaran untuk dasar hak cipta. Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika, khususnya, telah berada di barisan depan perjuangan menentang pelanggaran hak cipta, yang disebut industri \"cetak rompak\". Industri ini mempunyai kemenangan terhadap beberapa perkhidmatan, termasuk kes yang sangat dipublikasikan terhadap syarikat perkongsian fail Napster, dan beberapa orang telah didakwa kerana berkongsi fail yang melanggar hak cipta. Umur elektronik telah menyaksikan peningkatan dalam percubaan menggunakan alat pengurusan hak digital berasaskan perisian untuk menyekat penyalinan dan penggunaan karya berasaskan digital. Undang-undang seperti Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital telah digubal, yang menggunakan undang-undang jenayah untuk mengelakkan sebarang pemantauan perisian yang digunakan untuk menguatkuasakan sistem pengurusan hak digital. Ketentuan yang bersamaan, untuk mencegah pencabutan perlindungan hak cipta telah ada di EU untuk beberapa waktu, dan diperluas, misalnya, Pasal 6 dan 7 Arahan Hak Cipta. Contoh lain adalah Perkara 7 Arahan Perisian 1991 (91/250 / EEC), dan Arahan Akses Bersyarat pada tahun 1998 (98/84 / EEC). Ini boleh menghalang penggunaan undang-undang, yang mempengaruhi kerja domain awam, batasan dan pengecualian kepada hak cipta, atau penggunaan yang dibenarkan oleh pemegang hak cipta. Sesetengah lesen copyleft, seperti GNU GPL 3, direka untuk menentangnya. Undang-undang boleh membenarkan pemintasan di bawah keadaan tertentu seperti apabila perlu untuk mencapai keselarasan dengan program pemintas, atau untuk sebab-sebab kebolehcapaian; Walau bagaimanapun, pengedaran alat atau arahan pengintipan mungkin menyalahi undang-undang. <> Apa industri perekraman memanggil pembajakan? || Pelanggaran hak cipta <> Apa jenis syarikat Napster? || perkongsian fail <> Apa undang-undang menguatkuasakan sistem pengurusan hak digital? || Akta Hak Cipta Millennium Digital <> Artikel manakah alamat arahan Hak Cipta EU yang menghalang perlindungan hak cipta? || Perkara 6 dan 7 <> Bilakah Arahan Akses Bersyarat yang diluluskan di EU? || 1998", {"context": "The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls \"piracy\". The industry has had victories against some services, including a highly publicized case against the file-sharing company Napster, and some people have been prosecuted for sharing files in violation of copyright. The electronic age has seen an increase in the attempt to use software-based digital rights management tools to restrict the copying and use of digitally based works. Laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act have been enacted, that use criminal law to prevent any circumvention of software used to enforce digital rights management systems. Equivalent provisions, to prevent circumvention of copyright protection have existed in EU for some time, and are being expanded in, for example, Article 6 and 7 the Copyright Directive. Other examples are Article 7 of the Software Directive of 1991 (91/250/EEC), and the Conditional Access Directive of 1998 (98/84/EEC). This can hinder legal uses, affecting public domain works, limitations and exceptions to copyright, or uses allowed by the copyright holder. Some copyleft licenses, like GNU GPL 3, are designed to counter that. Laws may permit circumvention under specific conditions like when it is necessary to achieve interoperability with the circumventor's program, or for accessibility reasons; however, distribution of circumvention tools or instructions may be illegal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "copyright infringement"}], "question": "What does the recording industry call piracy?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "file-sharing"}], "question": "What type of company was Napster?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "Digital Millennium Copyright Act"}], "question": "What law enforces digital rights management systems?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1027, "text": "Article 6 and 7"}], "question": "Which articles of the EU Copyright Directive address circumvention of copyright protection?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e8269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1185, "text": "1998"}], "question": "When was the Conditional Access Directive passed in the EU?", "id": "57265974dd62a815002e826a"}]}], ["Dalam konteks cap dagang, pengembangan ini telah dipacu oleh usaha antarabangsa untuk menyelaraskan definisi \"cap dagang\", seperti yang dicontohkan oleh Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Haku Intelektual yang disahkan pada tahun 1994, yang merumuskan peraturan untuk hak-hak IP yang telah ditangani oleh undang-undang biasa, atau tidak sama sekali, di negara anggota. Menurut TRIPs, apa-apa tanda yang \"mampu membezakan\" produk atau perkhidmatan satu perniagaan dari produk atau perkhidmatan perniagaan lain mampu membentuk tanda niaga. <> Bilakah Perjanjian mengenai Aspek Hak Berkaitan Harta Intelek yang disahkan? || 1994 <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang dikendalikan hak IP sebelum 1994 dalam penandatangan TRIP? || undang-undang umum <> Jenis IP apa perjanjian TRIP menyelaraskan definisi? || tanda dagangan <> Apakah tanda apa yang mampu membezakan satu produk perniagaan dari perniagaan lain? || satu tanda dagangan", {"context": "In the context of trademarks, this expansion has been driven by international efforts to harmonise the definition of \"trademark\", as exemplified by the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified in 1994, which formalized regulations for IP rights that had been handled by common law, or not at all, in member states. Pursuant to TRIPs, any sign which is \"capable of distinguishing\" the products or services of one business from the products or services of another business is capable of constituting a trademark.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ratified?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "common law"}], "question": "What type of law handled IP rights before 1994 in TRIP signatories?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "trademark"}], "question": "What type of IP did the TRIP agreement harmonize the definition of?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "a trademark"}], "question": "What is any sign which is capable of distinguishing one business's product from another business's?", "id": "57265a52708984140094c368"}]}]], [["Penduduk Amerika ini menubuhkan pijakan tetap di kawasan itu dan mengabaikan pegawai Sepanyol. Para peneroka British yang juga terus membenci pemerintahan Sepanyol, menyebabkan pemberontakan pada tahun 1810 dan penubuhan sembilan puluh hari dari apa yang dipanggil Bebas dan Bebas Republik Florida Barat pada 23 September. Selepas mesyuarat bermula pada bulan Jun, pemberontak mengalahkan pasukan garisan Sepanyol di Baton Rouge (sekarang di Louisiana), dan membentangkan bendera republik baru: satu bintang putih di lapangan biru. Bendera ini kemudiannya dikenali sebagai \"Bonnie Blue Flag\". <> Apa yang menyebabkan pemberontakan pada 1810 || Peraturan Sepanyol <> Apa pemberontakan yang membawa kepada || yang dipanggil Bebas dan Bebas Republik Florida Barat pada 23 September <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai Bonnie Blue Flag || satu bintang putih di lapangan biru <> Apa yang ditumbangkan pemberontak semasa pemberontakan || Garnison Sepanyol di Baton Rouge", {"context": "These American settlers established a permanent foothold in the area and ignored Spanish officials. The British settlers who had remained also resented Spanish rule, leading to a rebellion in 1810 and the establishment for ninety days of the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23. After meetings beginning in June, rebels overcame the Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge (now in Louisiana), and unfurled the flag of the new republic: a single white star on a blue field. This flag would later become known as the \"Bonnie Blue Flag\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Spanish rule"}], "question": "What led to the rebellion in 1810 ", "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the so-called Free and Independent Republic of West Florida on September 23"}], "question": "What did the rebellion lead to ", "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "a single white star on a blue field"}], "question": "What is known as the Bonnie Blue Flag", "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Spanish garrison at Baton Rouge"}], "question": "What did the rebels overthrow during the rebellion", "id": "57265d58f1498d1400e8dd4b"}]}], ["Orang Amerika keturunan Inggeris dan Amerika keturunan Scots-Irish mula bergerak ke utara Florida dari hutan belukar Georgia dan South Carolina. Walaupun secara teknikal tidak dibenarkan oleh pihak berkuasa Sepanyol, orang Sepanyol tidak pernah dapat secara berkesan mengepung kawasan sempadan dan peneroka dari Amerika Syarikat akan terus berpindah ke Florida tanpa diperiksa. Pendatang-pendatang ini, bercampur dengan pendatang British yang sudah ada yang tinggal di Florida sejak zaman British, akan menjadi pendahulu penduduk yang dikenali sebagai Florida Crackers. <> Di mana asal Inggeris dan Scotch Irish pindah ke Florida dari || Keturunan Inggeris dan orang Amerika keturunan Scots-Irish mula berpindah ke utara Florida dari hutan belukar Georgia dan South Carolina <> Penduduk Backwoods Florida Utara dikenali sebagai || Florida Crackers <> Adakah orang Sepanyol mampu polis menyerang kawasan pemukiman | | Bahasa Sepanyol tidak pernah dapat secara berkesan mengawal kawasan sempadan dan peneroka padang pasir", {"context": "Americans of English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina. Though technically not allowed by the Spanish authorities, the Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers from the United States would continue to migrate into Florida unchecked. These migrants, mixing with the already present British settlers who had remained in Florida since the British period, would be the progenitors of the population known as Florida Crackers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "English descent and Americans of Scots-Irish descent began moving into northern Florida from the backwoods of Georgia and South Carolina"}], "question": "Where did English and Scotch Irish descent move to Florida from ", "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Florida Crackers"}], "question": "Backwoods settlers of Northern Florida are known as ", "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Spanish were never able to effectively police the border region and the backwoods settlers"}], "question": "Were the Spanish able to police the backwoods settlements ", "id": "57265bdaf1498d1400e8dd1e"}]}], ["Florida telah menjadi beban kepada Sepanyol, yang tidak mampu menghantar peneroka atau garnisun. Oleh itu, Madrid memutuskan untuk menyerahkan wilayah itu ke Amerika Syarikat melalui Perjanjian Adams-Onis, yang berlaku pada tahun 1821. Presiden James Monroe telah diberi kuasa pada 3 Mac 1821 untuk mengambil alih Florida Timur dan Florida Barat untuk Amerika Syarikat dan menyediakan tadbir urus awal. Andrew Jackson berkhidmat sebagai gabenor tentera wilayah yang baru diperoleh, tetapi hanya untuk tempoh yang singkat. Pada 30 Mac, 1822, Amerika Syarikat menggabungkan Florida Timur dan sebahagian Florida Barat ke Wilayah Florida. <> Mengapa Madrid menyerahkan wilayah tersebut ke AS || Florida telah menjadi beban kepada Sepanyol, yang tidak mampu menghantar peneroka atau garrison <> Apa nama perjanjian yang menyerahkan florida ke AS || Perjanjian Adams-Onis, yang berkuat kuasa pada 1821 <> Yang mana presiden telah diberi kawalan Florida || James Monroe telah diberi kuasa pada 3 Mac 1821 untuk menguasai Florida Timur dan Florida Barat untuk Amerika Syarikat dan menyediakan pentadbiran awal <> Bilakah Florida dan West Merge || Pada 30 Mac, 1822, Amerika Syarikat menggabungkan Florida Timur dan sebahagian Florida Barat ke Wilayah Florida", {"context": "Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons. Madrid therefore decided to cede the territory to the United States through the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, which took effect in 1821. President James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance. Andrew Jackson served as military governor of the newly acquired territory, but only for a brief period. On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons"}], "question": "Why did Madrid cede the territory to the US ", "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Adams-On\u00eds Treaty, which took effect in 1821"}], "question": "What was the name of the treaty which ceded florida to the US ", "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "James Monroe was authorized on March 3, 1821 to take possession of East Florida and West Florida for the United States and provide for initial governance"}], "question": "Which president was given control of Florida ", "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "On March 30, 1822, the United States merged East Florida and part of West Florida into the Florida Territory"}], "question": "When did East and West Florida Merge ", "id": "57265ef4708984140094c3e6"}]}], ["Semenanjung antara Teluk Mexico, Lautan Atlantik, dan Selat Florida, ia mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di Amerika Syarikat bersebelahan, kira-kira 1,350 batu (2,170 km), dan merupakan satu-satunya negeri yang bersempadan dengan kedua-dua Teluk Mexico dan Lautan Atlantik. Kebanyakan negeri berada di atau berhampiran paras laut dan dicirikan oleh tanah sedimen. Iklim berbeza dari subtropika di utara ke tropika di selatan. Buaya Amerika, buaya Amerika, panther Florida, dan manatee boleh didapati di Taman Negara Everglades. <> Apa yang Pantai terpanjang terpanjang di AS || ia mempunyai garis pantai terpanjang di Amerika Syarikat bersebelahan, kira-kira 1,350 batu <> Tahap apa yang kebanyakan tanah di florida || Kebanyakan negeri berada di atau berhampiran paras laut <> Apakah iklim florida || Iklim berbeza dari subtropika di utara ke tropika di selatan <> Beberapa haiwan dan reptilia yang berasal dari Florida || Buaya Amerika, buaya Amerika, panther Florida, dan manatee <> Nama Taman Negara di Florida || Taman Negara Everglades", {"context": "A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles"}], "question": "What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US ", "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Much of the state is at or near sea level"}], "question": "What level is most of the land in florida ", "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south"}], "question": "What is the florida climate ", "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee"}], "question": "Some animals and reptiles native to Florida ", "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Everglades National Park"}], "question": "Name a National Park in Florida ", "id": "572655255951b619008f6fe9"}]}], ["Seminole Indians yang berpusat di Florida Timur mula menyerang penempatan Georgia, dan menawarkan haven untuk budak pelarian. Tentera Amerika Syarikat mengetuai serangan yang semakin kerap ke wilayah Sepanyol, termasuk kempen 1817-1818 terhadap kaum India Seminole oleh Andrew Jackson yang dikenali sebagai Perang Semenle Pertama. Amerika Syarikat kini berkesan mengawal Florida Timur. Kawalan diperlukan oleh Setiausaha Negara John Quincy Adams kerana Florida telah menjadi \"terbuka kepada penghunian setiap musuh, bertamadun atau ganas, Amerika Syarikat, dan tidak berkhidmat sebagai tujuan duniawi selain sebagai jawatan kegusaran kepada mereka. \". <> Di manakah serbuan Seminole India || Seminole Indians yang berpusat di Florida Timur mula menyerang penempatan-penempatan di Georgia <> Siapa yang India menawarkan syurga kepada || budak pelarian <> Apa Incursion pertama yang diketuai oleh Jackson yang dikenali sekarang || Perang Seminole Pertama <> Kenapa presiden Amerika Syarikat mengatakan Pembunuhan Florida adalah mustahak || orida telah menjadi \"terbengkalai terbuka kepada penghunian setiap musuh, bertamadun atau ganas", {"context": "Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements, and offering havens for runaway slaves. The United States Army led increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish territory, including the 1817\u20131818 campaign against the Seminole Indians by Andrew Jackson that became known as the First Seminole War. The United States now effectively controlled East Florida. Control was necessary according to Secretary of State John Quincy Adams because Florida had become \"a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them.\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Seminole Indians based in East Florida began raiding Georgia settlements"}], "question": "Where did Seminole Indians raid ", "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "runaway slaves"}], "question": "Who did the Indians offer haven to", "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "First Seminole War"}], "question": "What is the first Incursion led by Jackson known as now ", "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "orida had become \"a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage"}], "question": "Why did the US president say the Incursion of Florida was neccessary", "id": "57265e2b5951b619008f70b6"}]}], ["\"Pada Mei 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto menyusuri pantai Florida, mencari sebuah pelabuhan yang mendalam ke darat. Dia menyifatkan melihat dinding tebal hutan mangrove merah merebak batu selepas batu, ada yang mencapai setinggi 70 kaki (21 m), dengan berkait rapat dan menaikkan akar yang membuat pendaratan sukar. Tidak lama lagi, 'banyak perokok' muncul 'di sepanjang pantai', yang melonjak ke langit, apabila Nenek moyang asli Seminole melihat pendatang baru dan menyebarkan penggera dengan kebakaran isyarat \". Orang Sepanyol memperkenalkan agama Kristian, lembu, kuda, kambing biri-biri, bahasa Sepanyol, dan banyak lagi ke Florida. [Kutipan penuh diperlukan] Kedua penempatan Sepanyol dan Perancis di Florida, dengan pelbagai kejayaan. Pada tahun 1559, Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano menubuhkan sebuah jajahan di Pensacola pada masa kini, salah satu penempatan Eropah pertama di benua Amerika Syarikat, tetapi ia ditinggalkan oleh 1561. <> Apa konkistador mendarat di Florida pada 1539 || Hernando de Soto <> Siapa yang menubuhkan penempatan awal di Florida || Kedua-dua penempatan Sepanyol dan Perancis <> yang menubuhkan 1 dari penempatan pertama kami di Florida || Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano <> Orang-orang yang ditemui oleh peneroka awal Florida || Nenek moyang kaum Seminole <> Apa yang dilakukan peneroka Sepanyol ke Florida || Kristian, lembu, kuda, domba, bahasa Sepanyol, dan banyak lagi", {"context": "\"By May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a thick wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet (21 m), with intertwined and elevated roots making landing difficult. Very soon, 'many smokes' appeared 'along the whole coast', billowing against the sky, when the Native ancestors of the Seminole spotted the newcomers and spread the alarm by signal fires\". The Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida.[full citation needed] Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success. In 1559, Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano established a colony at present-day Pensacola, one of the first European settlements in the continental United States, but it was abandoned by 1561.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Hernando de Soto"}], "question": "What conquistador landed in Florida in 1539 ", "id": "5726566d708984140094c2d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Both the Spanish and French established settlements"}], "question": "Who established early settlements in Florida ", "id": "5726566d708984140094c2da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano"}], "question": "Who established 1 of the first Us settlements in Florida ", "id": "5726566d708984140094c2db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Native ancestors of the Seminole"}], "question": "What people were discovered by early settlers of Florida ", "id": "5726566d708984140094c2dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more"}], "question": "What did Spanish settlers introduce to Florida ", "id": "5726566d708984140094c2dd"}]}], ["Pada 1763, Sepanyol mendagangkan Florida ke Kerajaan Great Britain untuk mengawal Havana, Cuba, yang telah ditawan oleh British semasa Perang Tujuh Tahun. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada pengembangan besar wilayah British berikutan kemenangan negara dalam Perang Tujuh Tahun. Hampir keseluruhan penduduk Sepanyol meninggalkan, mengambil sebahagian besar penduduk pribumi yang tinggal ke Cuba. British tidak lama lagi membina Jalan Raja menghubungkan St. Augustine ke Georgia. Jalan melintasi Sungai St. Johns di titik yang sempit, yang Seminole menamakan Wacca Pilatka dan British bernama \"Cow Ford\", kedua-dua nama kononnya mencerminkan fakta bahawa lembu dibawa ke seberang sungai di sana. <> Apa yang dilakukan perdagangan Sepanyol Florida untuk || Pada 1763, Sepanyol mendagangkan Florida ke Kerajaan Great Britain untuk mengawal Havana, Cuba <> Siapa yang mengambil Sepanyol dari Florida ke Cuba || Hampir keseluruhan populasi Sepanyol meninggalkan, mengambil sebahagian besar penduduk pribumi yang tinggal ke Cuba <> Jalan apa yang dilakukan British? || Jalan Raja yang menghubungkan St. Augustine ke Georgia <> Sungai apa yang menyeberang jalan raja | | Sungai St. Johns", {"context": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named \"Cow Ford\", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba"}], "question": "What did Spain trade Florida for", "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba"}], "question": "Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba ", "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia"}], "question": "What road did the British construct ", "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "the St. Johns River"}], "question": "What river does the Kings road cross ", "id": "57265854f1498d1400e8dca7"}]}], ["British membahagikan Florida ke dua koloni British East Florida dan British West Florida. Kerajaan British memberi geran tanah kepada pegawai dan tentera yang berperang dalam Perang Perancis dan India untuk menggalakkan penyelesaian. Untuk mendorong peneroka untuk berpindah ke dua laporan koloni baru mengenai kekayaan alam Florida diterbitkan di England. Sejumlah besar kolonis British yang \"bertenaga dan berprestasi baik\" berpindah ke Florida, kebanyakannya berasal dari South Carolina, Georgia dan England walaupun terdapat juga kumpulan peneroka yang datang dari koloni Bermuda. Ini akan menjadi penduduk berbahasa Inggeris yang pertama tetap dalam apa yang sekarang adalah Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County dan Nassau County. British membina jalan awam yang baik dan memperkenalkan penanaman tebu, indigo dan buah-buahan serta eksport kayu. <> Apa nama 2 jajahan British di Florida || British East Florida dan British West Florida <> Siapa yang diberikan geran tanah Florida || pegawai dan tentera yang telah berperang dalam Perang Perancis dan India untuk menggalakkan penyelesaian <> Di mana banyak penjajah British datang ke florida dari || berasal dari South Carolina, Georgia dan England walaupun terdapat juga sekumpulan peneroka yang datang dari jajahan Bermuda <> Koloni Tetap pertama di Florida Kini dikenali sebagai || apa yang kini Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County dan Nassau County <> Apa yang ditanam oleh Kolonat || penanaman tebu, indigo dan buah-buahan serta eksport kayu", {"context": "The British divided Florida into the two colonies of British East Florida and British West Florida. The British government gave land grants to officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement. In order to induce settlers to move to the two new colonies reports of the natural wealth of Florida were published in England. A large number of British colonists who were \"energetic and of good character\" moved to Florida, mostly coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda. This would be the first permanent English-speaking population in what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County. The British built good public roads and introduced the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "British East Florida and British West Florida"}], "question": "What were the names of the 2 British colony's in Florida ", "id": "572659745951b619008f7047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "officers and soldiers who had fought in the French and Indian War in order to encourage settlement"}], "question": "Who was given Florida land grants ", "id": "572659745951b619008f7048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "coming from South Carolina, Georgia and England though there was also a group of settlers who came from the colony of Bermuda"}], "question": "Where did a large number of British Colonist come to florida from ", "id": "572659745951b619008f7049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "what is now Duval County, Baker County, St. Johns County and Nassau County"}], "question": "The first Permanent Colony in Florida is Now known as ", "id": "572659745951b619008f704a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "the cultivation of sugar cane, indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber"}], "question": "What did the Colonist cultivate ", "id": "572659745951b619008f704b"}]}], ["Florida i / fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259 / (Bahasa Sepanyol untuk \"tanah bunga\") adalah sebuah negeri yang terletak di rantau tenggara Amerika Syarikat. Negara ini bersempadan dengan barat oleh Teluk Mexico, di sebelah utara oleh Alabama dan Georgia, di timur oleh Lautan Atlantik, dan di selatan oleh Selat Florida dan negara berdaulat Cuba. Florida adalah 22 yang paling luas, yang paling ramai orang ke-3, dan yang paling padat penduduk ke-8 di Amerika Syarikat. Jacksonville adalah bandar yang paling ramai penduduk di Florida, dan bandar terbesar di kawasan yang bersempadan dengan Amerika Syarikat. Kawasan metropolitan Miami adalah kawasan metropolitan kelapan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Tallahassee adalah ibu negara. <> Apa Florida berdiri untuk | | Florida i / fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259 / (Bahasa Sepanyol untuk \"tanah bunga\") <> Apa negeri-negeri bersempadan Florida || ke barat oleh Teluk Mexico, di sebelah utara oleh Alabama dan Georgia, di sebelah timur oleh Lautan Atlantik, dan di selatan oleh Selat Florida <> Apa itu ibu kota Florida || Tallahassee adalah ibu negara <> Di mana Florida berada di kedudukan penduduk AS || yang paling ramai orang ke-3 <> Apa bandar yang paling ramai di Florida || Jacksonville adalah bandar terpadat di Florida", {"context": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\") is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida and the sovereign state of Cuba. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the United States. Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States. The Miami metropolitan area is the eighth-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Tallahassee is the state capital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Florida i/\u02c8fl\u0252r\u026ad\u0259/ (Spanish for \"flowery land\")"}], "question": "What does Florida stand for ", "id": "572653d0708984140094c289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south by the Straits of Florida"}], "question": "What states border Florida ", "id": "572653d0708984140094c28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Tallahassee is the state capital"}], "question": "What is the state capital of Florida ", "id": "572653d0708984140094c28b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "the 3rd most populous"}], "question": "Where does Florida rank in US population ", "id": "572653d0708984140094c28c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida"}], "question": "What city has the most people in Florida ", "id": "572653d0708984140094c28d"}]}], ["Akibat inisiatif-inisiatif ini, timur laut Florida berkembang dengan ekonomi dengan cara yang tidak pernah dilakukan di bawah pemerintahan Sepanyol. Selain itu, gabenor British diarahkan untuk memanggil perhimpunan agung secepat mungkin untuk membuat undang-undang untuk Floridas dan pada masa yang sama mereka, dengan nasihat majlis, untuk menubuhkan mahkamah. Ini akan menjadi pengenalan pertama kebanyakan sistem undang-undang yang berasal dari Inggeris yang Florida masih mempunyai hari ini termasuk perbicaraan oleh juri, habeas corpus dan kerajaan berasaskan daerah. Baik Florida Timur mahupun West Florida akan menghantar mana-mana wakil ke Philadelphia untuk merangka Deklarasi Kemerdekaan. Florida akan kekal sebagai kubu kuat Loyalist untuk tempoh Revolusi Amerika. <> Sistem undang-undang apa yang diperkenalkan oleh British di Florida || Gabenor British diarahkan untuk memanggil perhimpunan umum <> Adakah Florida menghantar Wakil ke Philadelphia untuk Deklarasi Kemerdekaan || Baik Florida Timur mahupun West Florida akan menghantar sebarang wakil ke Philadelphia untuk merangka Deklarasi Kemerdekaan <> Siapa yang telah bersama Florida semasa revolusi || Florida akan kekal sebagai kubu kuat Loyalist untuk tempoh Revolusi Amerika. <> Apa sistem undang-undang yang masih digunakan oleh florida || Sistem undang-undang yang berasal dari bahasa Inggeris yang Florida masih mempunyai hari ini termasuk perbicaraan oleh juri, habeas corpus dan kerajaan berasaskan daerah", {"context": "As a result of these initiatives northeastern Florida prospered economically in a way it never did under Spanish rule. Furthermore, the British governors were directed to call general assemblies as soon as possible in order to make laws for the Floridas and in the meantime they were, with the advice of councils, to establish courts. This would be the first introduction of much of the English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government. Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence. Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "British governors were directed to call general assemblies"}], "question": "What legal system was introduced by the British in Florida ", "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Neither East Florida nor West Florida would send any representatives to Philadelphia to draft the Declaration of Independence"}], "question": "Did Florida send Representatives to Philadelphia for the Declaration of Independence ", "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Florida would remain a Loyalist stronghold for the duration of the American Revolution."}], "question": "Who did Florida side with during the revolution", "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "English-derived legal system which Florida still has today including trial by jury, habeas corpus and county-based government"}], "question": "What legal system is still used by florida ", "id": "57265ad5dd62a815002e8285"}]}], ["Nama samaran Florida ialah \"Negeri Sunshine\", tetapi cuaca yang teruk adalah kejadian biasa di negeri ini. Florida Tengah dikenali sebagai ibu kota Amerika Syarikat, kerana ia mengalami serangan kilat daripada tempat lain di negara ini. Florida mempunyai salah satu tahap pemendakan purata tertinggi di mana-mana negeri, sebahagian besarnya kerana ribut petir petang sering berlaku di kebanyakan negeri dari akhir musim bunga sehingga musim gugur awal. Sebelah timur negara itu termasuk Orlando dan Jacksonville menerima antara 2,400 dan 2,800 jam cahaya matahari setiap tahun. Selebihnya negeri, termasuk Miami, menerima antara 2,800 dan 3,200 jam setiap tahun. <> Apa nama panggilan Florida || Sunshine State <> Apa yang Florida tengah dikenali sebagai | | modal kilat di Amerika Syarikat <> Jam matahari tahunan di florida || 2,400 dan 2,800 jam cahaya matahari setiap tahun. Selebihnya negeri, termasuk Miami, menerima antara 2,800 dan 3,200 jam setiap tahun", {"context": "Florida's nickname is the \"Sunshine State\", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Sunshine State"}], "question": "What is Florida's nickname ", "id": "5726612f708984140094c41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "lightning capital of the United States"}], "question": "What is central Florida known as ", "id": "5726612f708984140094c41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually"}], "question": "Hours of annual sunshine in florida ", "id": "5726612f708984140094c41d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, 6.9% daripada penduduk (1,269,765) menganggap diri mereka sebagai keturunan Amerika (tanpa mengira kaum atau etnik). Kebanyakannya adalah keturunan Inggeris atau Scotch-Irish; Walau bagaimanapun, keluarga mereka telah tinggal di negeri ini sekian lama, bahawa mereka memilih untuk mengenal pasti sebagai keturunan \"Amerika\" atau tidak tahu keturunan mereka. Pada 1980 banci Amerika Syarikat kumpulan keturunan terbesar yang dilaporkan di Florida adalah bahasa Inggeris dengan 2,232,514 orang Floridians yang mendakwa mereka berasal dari bahasa Inggeris atau kebanyakannya keturunan Inggeris Amerika. Sebahagian daripada keturunan mereka kembali kepada tiga belas koloni asli. <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk menganggap diri mereka Amerika || 6.9% daripada penduduk (1,269,765) menganggap diri mereka sebagai keturunan Amerika sahaja <> Pada tahun 1980 banci kumpulan keturunan terbesar di Florida adalah || kumpulan keturunan terbesar yang dilaporkan di Florida adalah bahasa Inggeris dengan 2,232,514 orang Floridians yang mendakwa bahawa mereka berasal dari bahasa Inggeris atau kebanyakannya keturunan Inggeris Amerika <> Seberapa jauh kembali melakukan beberapa Ancestry go || kembali ke koloni tiga belas asal.", {"context": "In 2010, 6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity). Many of these were of English or Scotch-Irish descent; however, their families have lived in the state for so long, that they choose to identify as having \"American\" ancestry or do not know their ancestry. In the 1980 United States census the largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry. Some of their ancestry went back to the original thirteen colonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "6.9% of the population (1,269,765) considered themselves to be of only American ancestry"}], "question": "What percentage of the population considers themselves American ", "id": "57266a715951b619008f720d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "largest ancestry group reported in Florida was English with 2,232,514 Floridians claiming that they were of English or mostly English American ancestry"}], "question": "In the 1980 census the largest ancestry group in Florida was ", "id": "57266a715951b619008f720e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "back to the original thirteen colonies."}], "question": "How far back did some of the Ancestry go ", "id": "57266a715951b619008f720f"}]}], ["Florida adalah antara tiga negeri yang mempunyai undang-undang pelanggaran hakikat yang paling berat. Florida memerlukan penjenayah untuk menyelesaikan hukuman, pembebasan dan / atau percubaan, dan kemudian tujuh tahun kemudian, untuk memohon secara individu untuk pemulihan hak mengundi. Seperti dalam aspek lain sistem keadilan jenayah, undang-undang ini mempunyai kesan yang tidak seimbang untuk minoriti. Akibatnya, menurut Brent Staples, berdasarkan data dari Projek Penghukuman, kesan undang-undang Florida adalah seperti yang pada 2014 \"[m] bijih daripada satu sepuluh Floridians - dan hampir satu daripada empat orang Floridian Afrika-Amerika - ditutup daripada pemilihan kerana sabitan felony. \" <> Seberapa teruk undang-undang Florida disenfranchisement || Florida adalah antara tiga negeri yang mempunyai undang-undang pelanggaran hakikat yang paling berat. <> Apa yang diperlukan undang-undang untuk penjenayah || penjenayah telah menyelesaikan hukuman, parol dan / atau percubaan, dan kemudian tujuh tahun kemudian, untuk memohon secara individu untuk pemulihan hak mengundi <> Siapa yang undang-undang ini paling berkesan || undang-undang ini mempunyai kesan tidak seimbang untuk minoriti <> Bagaimana ia mempengaruhi pilihan raya || satu daripada sepuluh orang Floridian - dan hampir satu dalam empat orang Floridian Afrika-Amerika - ditutup daripada pemilihan kerana sabitan kejahatan", {"context": "Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws. Florida requires felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges. As in other aspects of the criminal justice system, this law has disproportionate effects for minorities. As a result, according to Brent Staples, based on data from The Sentencing Project, the effect of Florida's law is such that in 2014 \"[m]ore than one in ten Floridians \u2013 and nearly one in four African-American Floridians \u2013 are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Florida is among the three states with the most severe felony disenfranchisement laws."}], "question": "How severe are Florida disenfranchisement laws ", "id": "5726691add62a815002e8404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "felons to have completed sentencing, parole and/or probation, and then seven years later, to apply individually for restoration of voting privileges"}], "question": "What doe s the law require for criminals ", "id": "5726691add62a815002e8405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "this law has disproportionate effects for minorities"}], "question": "Who does this law effect most ", "id": "5726691add62a815002e8406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "one in ten Floridians \u2013 and nearly one in four African-American Floridians \u2013 are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions"}], "question": "How does it effect elections ", "id": "5726691add62a815002e8407"}]}], ["Sistem gua bawah air, sinkhole dan mata air yang diperluaskan dapat dilihat di seluruh negeri dan membekalkan kebanyakan air yang digunakan oleh penduduk. Batu kapur diikat dengan tanah berpasir yang didepositkan sebagai pantai kuno selama berjuta-juta tahun ketika paras laut global naik dan turun. Semasa tempoh glasier terakhir, paras laut yang rendah dan iklim kering mendedahkan semen yang lebih luas, sebahagian besarnya savana. Everglades, sungai yang sangat luas dan perlahan mengalir di hujung selatan Semenanjung. Kerosakan tuntutan kerosakan pada hartanah di negara ini melebihi $ 2 bilion dari tahun 2006 hingga 2010. <> Apa yang terdapat di Florida || Sistem lanjutan gua-gua bawah air, sinkhole dan mata air <> Apa tempoh glasier terakhir menyediakan || paras laut yang rendah dan iklim kering mendedahkan Semenanjung lebih luas, sebahagian besarnya savana. <> Apa yang Everglades || sungai yang sangat luas dan perlahan mengalir di hujung selatan semenanjung <> Berapa banyak kerosakan lubang tenggelam yang Florida menderita baru-baru ini || Kerosakan tuntutan kerosakan pada hartanah di negeri ini melebihi $ 2 bilion dari 2006 hingga 2010", {"context": "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs"}], "question": "What is found in Florida ", "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna."}], "question": "What did the last glacial period provide ", "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula"}], "question": "What are the Everglades ", "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010"}], "question": "How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently ", "id": "5726629ddd62a815002e835d"}]}], ["Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan penduduk Florida adalah 20,271,272 pada 1 Julai 2015, peningkatan 7.82% sejak Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010. Penduduk Florida dalam banci 2010 ialah 18.801.310. Florida adalah negara yang paling cepat ketujuh berkembang di A.S. dalam tempoh 12 bulan yang berakhir pada 1 Julai 2012. Pada tahun 2010, pusat penduduk Florida terletak di antara Fort Meade dan Frostproof. Pusat populasi telah bergerak kurang dari 5 km (8 km) ke timur dan kira-kira 1 km (1.6 km) ke utara antara tahun 1980 dan 2010 dan telah berlokasi di Polk County sejak banci tahun 1960. Penduduk melebihi 19.7 juta menjelang bulan Disember 2014, melampaui populasi negara New York untuk kali pertama. <> Apakah populasi Florida || Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan bahawa populasi Florida adalah 20,271,272 pada 1 Julai 2015 <> Dimana peringkat florida dalam pertumbuhan penduduk || Florida adalah negeri yang paling cepat ketujuh. <> Apa yang menjadi pusat populasi Florida || Polk County sejak banci tahun 1960 <> Apa negeri Florida telah lulus dalam populasi baru-baru ini || melepasi populasi negara New York", {"context": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015, a 7.82% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population of Florida in the 2010 census was 18,801,310. Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 12-month period ending July 1, 2012. In 2010, the center of population of Florida was located between Fort Meade and Frostproof. The center of population has moved less than 5 miles (8 km) to the east and approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) to the north between 1980 and 2010 and has been located in Polk County since the 1960 census. The population exceeded 19.7 million by December 2014, surpassing the population of the state of New York for the first time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Florida was 20,271,272 on July 1, 2015"}], "question": "What is the population of Florida ", "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Florida was the seventh fastest-growing state"}], "question": "Where did florida rank in population growth ", "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Polk County since the 1960 census"}], "question": "What is the center of the Florida population", "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "surpassing the population of the state of New York"}], "question": "What state did Florida pass in population recently ", "id": "572664c9f1498d1400e8de21"}]}], ["Badai mengancam setiap tahun semasa musim badai 1 Jun hingga 30 November, terutamanya dari bulan Ogos hingga Oktober. Florida adalah negeri paling rawan taufan, dengan air subtropika atau tropika di pantai yang panjang. Daripada kategori 4 atau ribut yang lebih tinggi yang menyerang Amerika Syarikat, 83% telah memukul Florida atau Texas. Dari 1851 hingga 2006, Florida telah dilanda 114 taufan, 37 daripadanya kategori utama 3 dan ke atas. Ia adalah jarang berlaku untuk musim badai untuk lulus tanpa apa-apa kesan di negeri ini dengan sekurang-kurangnya ribut tropika. [Rujukan?] Apa yang mengancam setiap tahun ke Florida || Badai menimbulkan ancaman teruk <> Sebanyak peratus badai kategori 4 melanda Florida || kategori 4 atau ribut yang lebih tinggi yang menyerang Amerika Syarikat, 83% telah memukul Florida atau Texas <> Berapa banyak ribut melanda Florida dari 1851 hingga 2006 || Florida melanda 114 orang", {"context": "Hurricanes pose a severe threat each year during the June 1 to November 30 hurricane season, particularly from August to October. Florida is the most hurricane-prone state, with subtropical or tropical water on a lengthy coastline. Of the category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas. From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major\u2014category 3 and above. It is rare for a hurricane season to pass without any impact in the state by at least a tropical storm.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hurricanes pose a severe threat"}], "question": "What posses a threat each year to Florida ", "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "category 4 or higher storms that have struck the United States, 83% have either hit Florida or Texas"}], "question": "What percentage of category 4 storms hit Florida ", "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Florida was struck by 114"}], "question": "How many storms hit Florida from 1851 to 2006 ", "id": "572661d4dd62a815002e8336"}]}], ["Menjelang awal 1800an, penyingkiran India adalah isu penting di seluruh kawasan A.S. tenggara dan juga di Florida. Pada tahun 1830, Kongres A.S. meluluskan Akta Penghapusan India dan apabila penyelesaian meningkat, tekanan meningkat kepada kerajaan Amerika Syarikat untuk menghapuskan kaum India dari Florida. Seminoles melepaskan orang kulit hitam yang dikenali sebagai Seminol Hitam, dan pertembungan antara kulit putih dan India berkembang dengan kemasukan peneroka baru. Pada tahun 1832, Perjanjian Pendayatan Payne berjanji untuk Seminoles di barat Sungai Mississippi jika mereka bersetuju untuk meninggalkan Florida. Banyak Seminole yang ditinggalkan pada masa ini. <> Apa masalah pada awal tahun 1800 || Penyingkiran India adalah isu penting <> Apa yang berlaku pada kongres pada tahun 1830 || Pada tahun 1830, Kongres A.S. meluluskan Akta Penghapusan India <> Siapa yang membuat pelabuhan Seminoles || hitam pelarian, dikenali sebagai Seminoles Hitam <> Apa nama perjanjian 1832 || Perjanjian Payne's Landing <> What did Paynes Landing promiss || Seminoles terletak di barat Sungai Mississippi jika mereka bersetuju untuk meninggalkan Florida. Banyak Seminole yang ditinggalkan pada masa ini.", {"context": "By the early 1800s, Indian removal was a significant issue throughout the southeastern U.S. and also in Florida. In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and as settlement increased, pressure grew on the United States government to remove the Indians from Florida. Seminoles harbored runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles, and clashes between whites and Indians grew with the influx of new settlers. In 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing promised to the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Indian removal was a significant issue"}], "question": "What was an issue in the early 1800's ", "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "In 1830, the U.S. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act"}], "question": "What did congress pass in 1830 ", "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "runaway blacks, known as the Black Seminoles"}], "question": "Who did Seminoles harbor ", "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Treaty of Payne's Landing"}], "question": "What was the name of the treaty of 1832", "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "the Seminoles lands west of the Mississippi River if they agreed to leave Florida. Many Seminole left at this time."}], "question": "What did Paynes Landing promiss", "id": "57265fb55951b619008f70f3"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, keturunan keturunan keturunan Hispanik atau Latin menyumbang 22.5% (4,223,806) penduduk Florida. Daripada 22.5%, kumpulan terbesar adalah 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuba, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rico, 3.3% (629,718) Mexico, dan 1.6% (300,414) orang Colombia. Penduduk Hispanik Florida termasuk komuniti besar orang Cuba di Miami dan Tampa, Puerto Ricans di Orlando dan Tampa, dan pekerja asing Mexico / Tengah Amerika. Masyarakat Hispanik terus berkembang lebih mewah dan mudah alih. Sehingga 2011, 57.0% kanak-kanak Florida di bawah umur 1 dimiliki oleh kumpulan minoriti. Florida mempunyai populasi Hispanik yang besar dan pelbagai, dengan Kuba dan Puerto Ricans menjadi kumpulan terbesar di negeri ini. Hampir 80% orang Cuba yang tinggal di Florida, terutama Florida Selatan di mana terdapat masyarakat Cuba yang lama dan mewah. Florida mempunyai penduduk Puerto Rico yang kedua terbesar selepas New York, serta yang paling pesat berkembang di negara ini. Puerto Ricans lebih meluas di seluruh negeri, walaupun kepekatan yang paling berat berada di kawasan Orlando Florida Tengah. <> Berapa peratus penduduk Florida pada tahun 2010 adalah Hispanik || Kesusasteraan keturunan Hispanik atau Bahasa Latin menyumbang 22.5% (4,223,806) penduduk Florida <> Asal Apa yang menjadikan kebanyakan Hispanik di Florida || Daripada 22.5%, kumpulan terbesar adalah 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuba <> Berapa peratus penduduk Amerika Cuba tinggal di Florida || Hampir 80% rakyat Cuba yang tinggal di Florida, terutama Florida Selatan <> Apa peratusan Puerto Ricans di Florida || penduduk Puerto Rico kedua terbesar selepas New York, serta yang paling pesat berkembang di negara ini", {"context": "As of 2010, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population. Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban, 4.5% (847,550) Puerto Rican, 3.3% (629,718) Mexican, and 1.6% (300,414) Colombian. Florida's Hispanic population includes large communities of Cuban Americans in Miami and Tampa, Puerto Ricans in Orlando and Tampa, and Mexican/Central American migrant workers. The Hispanic community continues to grow more affluent and mobile. As of 2011, 57.0% of Florida's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups. Florida has a large and diverse Hispanic population, with Cubans and Puerto Ricans being the largest groups in the state. Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida where there is a long-standing and affluent Cuban community. Florida has the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation. Puerto Ricans are more widespread throughout the state, though the heaviest concentrations are in the Orlando area of Central Florida.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Hispanic or Latino ancestry ancestry accounted for 22.5% (4,223,806) of Florida's population"}], "question": "What percentage of the Florida population in 2010 was Hispanic ", "id": "57266c865951b619008f7251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Out of the 22.5%, the largest groups were 6.5% (1,213,438) Cuban"}], "question": "What Origin makes up most of the Hispanics in Florida ", "id": "57266c865951b619008f7252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "Nearly 80% of Cuban Americans live in Florida, especially South Florida"}], "question": "What percentage of Cuban Americans live in Florida ", "id": "57266c865951b619008f7253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "the second largest Puerto Rican population after New York, as well as the fastest-growing in the nation"}], "question": "What is percentage of Puerto Ricans in Florida ", "id": "57266c865951b619008f7254"}]}], ["Iklim Florida agak marah oleh fakta bahawa tidak ada bahagian dari negara ini jauh dari lautan. Utara Tasik Okeechobee, iklim lazimnya adalah subtropik lembap (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), manakala kawasan selatan tasik (termasuk Florida Keys) mempunyai iklim tropika yang benar (K\u00f6ppen: Aw). Purata suhu tinggi pada akhir bulan Julai adalah terutamanya di Fahrenheit 90s (32-34 \u00b0 C). Purata suhu rendah untuk pertengahan hingga pertengahan Januari berkisar dari 40-an Fahrenheit (4-7 \u00b0 C) di utara Florida hingga ke atas 60 \u00b0 F (16 \u00b0 C) dari Miami di selatan. Dengan purata suhu harian 70.7 \u00b0 F (21.5 \u00b0 C), ia adalah keadaan terpanas di negara ini. <> Apa yang mengganggu iklim Florida || agaknya oleh fakta bahawa tidak ada bahagian negara yang jauh dari lautan <> Apa yang membahagikan Florida dua iklim || Lake Okeechobee <> Apakah suhu purata Florida pada akhir bulan Julai || Purata suhu tinggi pada akhir bulan Julai adalah terutamanya pada suhu 90 \u00b0 <> Rendah di purata Florida || pertengahan Januari berkisar dari 40-an Fahrenheit (4-7 \u00b0 C) di utara Florida hingga ke atas 60 \u00b0 F (16 \u00b0 C) dari Miami di selatan <> Purata suhu harian di Miami || Dengan purata suhu harian 70.7 \u00b0 F (21.5 \u00b0 C), ia adalah keadaan terpanas di negara ini", {"context": "The climate of Florida is tempered somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean. North of Lake Okeechobee, the prevalent climate is humid subtropical (K\u00f6ppen: Cfa), while areas south of the lake (including the Florida Keys) have a true tropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Aw). Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s Fahrenheit (32\u201334 \u00b0C). Mean low temperatures for early to mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137 \u00b0C) in northern Florida to above 60 \u00b0F (16 \u00b0C) from Miami on southward. With an average daily temperature of 70.7 \u00b0F (21.5 \u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "somewhat by the fact that no part of the state is distant from the ocean"}], "question": "What tempers the Florida Climate ", "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Lake Okeechobee"}], "question": "What divides Florida two climates ", "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Mean high temperatures for late July are primarily in the low 90s"}], "question": "What are Florida's Mean temperatures in  late July ", "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "mid January range from the low 40s Fahrenheit (4\u20137 \u00b0C) in northern Florida to above 60 \u00b0F (16 \u00b0C) from Miami on southward"}], "question": "Low temperatures in Florida average ", "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "With an average daily temperature of 70.7 \u00b0F (21.5 \u00b0C), it is the warmest state in the country"}], "question": "The average daily temperature in Miami", "id": "572660a4f1498d1400e8ddba"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, orang-orang keturunan Eropah (bukan bukan putih) menyumbang 57.9% penduduk Florida. Daripada 57.9%, kumpulan terbesar ialah 12.0% Bahasa Jerman (2,212,391), 10.7% Bahasa Ireland (1,979,058), 8.8% Bahasa Inggeris (1,629,832), 6.6% Bahasa Itali (1,215,242), 2.8% Bahasa Poland (511,229) 504,641). Putih Amerika dari semua latar belakang Eropah hadir di semua kawasan di negeri ini. Pada tahun 1970, putih bukan-Hispanik hampir 80% penduduk Florida. Mereka yang berasal dari bahasa Inggeris dan Ireland hadir dalam jumlah besar di semua kawasan bandar / pinggir bandar di seluruh negeri. Sesetengah Floridian putih asli, terutama mereka yang telah turun dari keluarga Florida lama, boleh merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai \"keropok Florida\"; yang lain melihat istilah itu sebagai penghinaan. Seperti orang kulit putih di kebanyakan negara Selatan yang lain, mereka turun terutamanya dari peneroka Inggeris dan Scots-Irish, serta beberapa peneroka Amerika Syarikat yang lain. <> Pada tahun 2010 apakah peratusan Florida adalah putih / bukan Hispanik || orang-orang dari (bukan putih putih) keturunan Eropah menyumbang 57.9% penduduk Florida <> Berapa peratus daripada florida adalah putih Bukan Hispanik pada tahun 1970 || Pada tahun 1970, putih bukan Hispanik hampir 80% penduduk Florida <> Apa yang banyak keluarga floridian jangka panjang putih mengenal pasti dengan || keluarga Florida yang lama, boleh merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai \"Florida crackers <> Penduduk Florida yang paling putih turun dari || terutamanya dari peneroka Bahasa Inggeris dan Scotland-Irlandia, serta beberapa peneroka Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population. Out of the 57.9%, the largest groups were 12.0% German (2,212,391), 10.7% Irish (1,979,058), 8.8% English (1,629,832), 6.6% Italian (1,215,242), 2.8% Polish (511,229), and 2.7% French (504,641). White Americans of all European backgrounds are present in all areas of the state. In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population. Those of English and Irish ancestry are present in large numbers in all the urban/suburban areas across the state. Some native white Floridians, especially those who have descended from long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as \"Florida crackers\"; others see the term as a derogatory one. Like whites in most of the other Southern states, they descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 57.9% of Florida's population"}], "question": "As of 2010 what percentage of Florida was white / non Hispanic ", "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e844e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "In 1970, non-Hispanic whites were nearly 80% of Florida's population"}], "question": "What percentage of florida was white Non Hispanic in 1970 ", "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e844f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "long-time Florida families, may refer to themselves as \"Florida crackers"}], "question": "What do many white long term floridian families identify with ", "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e8450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers, as well as some other British American settlers"}], "question": "Most  white  Florida Immigrants descend from ", "id": "57266b61dd62a815002e8451"}]}], ["Kawasan koridor I-4 yang berkembang pesat, yang mengalir melalui Florida Tengah dan menghubungkan bandar-bandar Daytona Beach, Orlando, dan Tampa / St. Petersburg, telah memecahbelahkan pengundi Republikan dan Demokrat yang cukup. Kawasan ini sering dilihat sebagai titik penggabungan bahagian utara negeri yang konservatif dan bahagian utara liberal, menjadikannya kawasan swing terbesar di negeri ini. Sejak akhir abad ke-20, keputusan mengundi di kawasan ini, yang mengandungi 40% pengundi Florida, sering menentukan siapa yang akan memenangi negeri Florida dalam pilihan raya presiden. <> Apa yang membentuk politik dari kawasan florida yang paling pesat berkembang || Daytona Beach, Orlando, dan Tampa / St. Petersburg, telah memecahbelahkan pemilih Parti Republik dan Demokratik <> Kawasan itu dilihat sebagai politik apa pun || Kawasan ini sering dilihat sebagai titik penggabungan bahagian utara negeri yang konservatif dan bahagian utara liberal <> Undian di kawasan ini sejak akhir abad ke-20 memutuskan apa || keputusan pengundian di kawasan ini, yang mengandungi 40% pengundi Florida, sering menentukan siapa yang akan memenangi negeri Florida dalam pilihan raya presiden", {"context": "The fast-growing I-4 corridor area, which runs through Central Florida and connects the cities of Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters. The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion, making it the biggest swing area in the state. Since the late 20th century, the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Daytona Beach, Orlando, and Tampa/St. Petersburg, has had a fairly even breakdown of Republican and Democratic voters"}], "question": "What is the make up politically of florida's fastest growing area ", "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e8538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "The area is often seen as a merging point of the conservative northern portion of the state and the liberal southern portion"}], "question": "The area is viewed as what politically", "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e8539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "the voting results in this area, containing 40% of Florida voters, has often determined who will win the state of Florida in presidential elections"}], "question": "The vote in this area since the late 20th century decides what ", "id": "572672ecdd62a815002e853a"}]}], ["Reaksi selepas Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010 memberi dua lagi kerusi di Dewan Rakyat. Pengubahsuaian badan perundangan, yang diumumkan pada tahun 2012, dengan cepat dicabar di mahkamah, dengan alasan bahawa ia telah memberi manfaat secara adil kepada kepentingan Republikan. Pada tahun 2015, Mahkamah Agung Florida memutuskan rayuan bahawa daerah kongres harus direkodkan semula kerana pelanggaran perundangan mengenai Perubahan Daerah Adil kepada perlembagaan negara yang diluluskan pada tahun 2010; ia menerima peta baru pada awal Disember 2015. <> Apa yang telah dilantik semula untuk florida || Reaksi selepas Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010 memberikan dua lagi kerusi di Dewan Rakyat <> Apa yang dicabar pada tahun 2012 || Pengubahsuaian badan perundangan, yang diumumkan pada tahun 2012, dengan cepat dicabar di mahkamah, atas alasan bahawa ia telah memberi manfaat secara adil kepada kepentingan Republikan <> Bagaimana keputusan Mahkamah Agung Florida mengenai cabaran || Mahkamah Agung Florida memutuskan dengan rayuan bahawa daerah kongres harus direkodkan semula kerana pelanggaran undang-undang terhadap Perubahan Daerah Adil <> Apa yang berlaku untuk peta kongres Florida pada tahun 2015 || ia menerima peta baru pada awal Disember 2015.", {"context": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives. The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests. In 2015, the Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments to the state constitution passed in 2010; it accepted a new map in early December 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Reapportionment following the 2010 United States Census gave the state two more seats in the House of Representatives"}], "question": "What has reappointment done to florida ", "id": "5726738e5951b619008f72ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "The legislature's redistricting, announced in 2012, was quickly challenged in court, on the grounds that it had unfairly benefited Republican interests"}], "question": "What was challenged in 2012 ", "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Florida Supreme Court ruled on appeal that the congressional districts had to be redrawn because of the legislature's violation of the Fair District Amendments"}], "question": "How did the Florida supreme court rule on the challenge ", "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "it accepted a new map in early December 2015."}], "question": "What hapend to the Florida congressional map in 2015 ", "id": "5726738e5951b619008f7302"}]}], ["Produk Domestik Kasar (KDNK) Florida pada tahun 2010 adalah $ 748 bilion. KDNKnya adalah ekonomi keempat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Pada tahun 2010, ia menjadi pengeksport barangan perdagangan keempat terbesar. Penyumbang utama kepada output kasar negeri pada 2007 ialah perkhidmatan am, perkhidmatan kewangan, perdagangan, pengangkutan dan kemudahan awam, pembuatan dan pembinaan masing-masing. Pada 2010-11, bajet negeri ialah $ 70.5 bilion, yang telah mencecah $ 73.8 bilion pada 2006-07. Ketua Majalah Eksekutif Florida adalah \"Negeri Terbaik untuk Perniagaan\" ketiga pada tahun 2011. <> Apa itu GDP Florida pada tahun 2010 || Keluaran Dalam Negeri Kasar (KDNK) Florida pada tahun 2010 adalah $ 748 bilion <> Di mana kedudukan Florida PDB || KDNK adalah ekonomi keempat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat <> Apa beberapa penyumbang utama menyatakan output || adalah perkhidmatan umum, perkhidmatan kewangan, perdagangan, pengangkutan dan utiliti awam, pembuatan dan pembinaan masing-masing <> Apa yang dinamakan Florida pada 2011 || Ketua Majalah Eksekutif Florida adalah \"Negeri Terbaik untuk Perniagaan\" ketiga pada tahun 2011", {"context": "The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion. Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States. In 2010, it became the fourth largest exporter of trade goods. The major contributors to the state's gross output in 2007 were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively. In 2010\u201311, the state budget was $70.5 billion, having reached a high of $73.8 billion in 2006\u201307. Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third \"Best State for Business\" in 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Florida in 2010 was $748 billion"}], "question": "What was Florida's GDP in 2010", "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Its GDP is the fourth largest economy in the United States"}], "question": "Where does Florida's GDP rank ", "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "were general services, financial services, trade, transportation and public utilities, manufacturing and construction respectively"}], "question": "What are some major contributors to states output ", "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Chief Executive Magazine name Florida the third \"Best State for Business\" in 2011"}], "question": "What was Florida named in 2011", "id": "57267746f1498d1400e8e09d"}]}], ["Mahkamah memerintah pada tahun 2014, selepas kesaksian yang panjang, sekurang-kurangnya dua daerah perlu direkodkan semula kerana pengambilan gerrymandering. Selepas ini rayuan, pada Julai 2015, Mahkamah Agung Florida memutuskan bahawa penggubal undang-undang telah mengikuti proses haram dan tidak berperlembagaan yang terlalu dipengaruhi oleh koperasi parti, dan memutuskan bahawa sekurang-kurangnya lapan daerah perlu direkodkan semula. Pada 2 Disember 2015, majoriti 5-2 Mahkamah menerima peta baru daerah kongres, beberapa di antaranya telah ditarik oleh pencabar. Keputusan mereka mengesahkan peta yang sebelum ini diluluskan oleh Hakim Leon County, Terry Lewis, yang telah mengawasi perbicaraan asal. Ia terutamanya membuat perubahan di Florida Selatan. Terdapat kemungkinan terdapat cabaran tambahan untuk peta dan daerah. <> Mengapa kedua-dua daerah perlu direkod semula pada 2014 || bahawa sekurang-kurangnya dua daerah perlu direkodkan semula kerana pemalsuan <> Berapa banyak yang diperintah diganti semula pada 2015 || penggubal undang-undang telah mengikuti proses haram dan tidak berperlembagaan yang terlalu dipengaruhi oleh koperasi parti, dan memutuskan bahawa sekurang-kurangnya lapan daerah perlu direkodkan semula <> Apakah undi pengadilan di peta kongres baru pada 2015 || majoriti 5-2 Mahkamah menerima peta baru daerah kongres <> Adakah terdapat lagi perubahan yang datang ke peta || Terdapat kemungkinan terdapat cabaran tambahan untuk peta dan daerah.", {"context": "The court ruled in 2014, after lengthy testimony, that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering. After this was appealed, in July 2015 the Florida Supreme Court ruled that lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn. On December 2, 2015, a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts, some of which was drawn by challengers. Their ruling affirmed the map previously approved by Leon County Judge Terry Lewis, who had overseen the original trial. It particularly makes changes in South Florida. There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "that at least two districts had to be redrawn because of gerrymandering"}], "question": "Why did the 2 districts have to be redrawn in 2014 ", "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "lawmakers had followed an illegal and unconstitutional process overly influenced by party operatives, and ruled that at least eight districts had to be redrawn"}], "question": "How many were ruled to be redrawn in 2015 ", "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "a 5-2 majority of the Court accepted a new map of congressional districts"}], "question": "What was the court vote on the new congressional map in 2015", "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e08a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "There are likely to be additional challenges to the map and districts."}], "question": "Are there any more changes coming to the map ", "id": "5726769ff1498d1400e8e08b"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1952 hingga 1964, kebanyakan pengundi berdaftar Demokrat, tetapi negara itu mengundi calon presiden pada setiap pilihan raya kecuali pada tahun 1964. Pada tahun berikutnya, Kongres meluluskan dan Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson menandatangani Akta Hak Vokasional 1965, menyediakan pengawasan amalan negeri dan penguatkuasaan hak mengundi perlembagaan untuk warga Amerika Afrika dan minoriti lain untuk menghalang diskriminasi dan penyalahgunaan yang telah dikecualikan kebanyakannya selama beberapa dekad dari proses politik. <> Demografi pemilih florida pada tahun 1950-an || 1952 hingga 1964, kebanyakan pengundi telah didaftarkan Demokrat, tetapi kerajaan mengundi calon presiden dalam setiap pilihan raya kecuali untuk tahun 1964 <> apakah tindakan hak mengundi menyediakan || Akta Hak Undian 1965, yang menyediakan untuk mengawasi amalan negeri dan penguatkuasaan hak mengundi perlembagaan bagi orang-orang Afrika Afrika dan minoriti lain <> presiden apa yang menandatangani akta hak mengundi || Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson menandatangani Akta Hak Voting 1965", {"context": "From 1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964. The following year, Congress passed and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in order to prevent the discrimination and disenfranchisement that had excluded most of them for decades from the political process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "1952 to 1964, most voters were registered Democrats, but the state voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election except for 1964"}], "question": "Voter demographics of florida in the 1950's ", "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Voting Rights Act of 1965, providing for oversight of state practices and enforcement of constitutional voting rights for African Americans and other minorities"}], "question": "what did the voting rights act provide for ", "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965"}], "question": "what president signed the voting right act ", "id": "57266e2c708984140094c5c1"}]}], ["Dalam pilihan raya 2000 yang dipertandingkan, kerajaan memainkan peranan penting. Daripada lebih daripada 5.8 juta undi untuk kedua-dua pesaing utama Bush dan Al Gore, kira-kira 500 undi memisahkan kedua calon untuk undian pemilihan Florida semua yang menentukan bahawa kemenangan pemilihan Bush. Undang-undang diskriminasi felon Florida lebih teruk daripada negara-negara Eropah atau negara-negara Amerika yang lain. Kajian 2002 dalam Kajian Sosiologi Amerika membuat kesimpulan bahawa \"jika 827,000 penjahat yang disenfranchised negeri telah mengundi pada kadar yang sama seperti Floridians yang lain, calon Demokrat Al Gore akan memenangi Florida-dan presiden-oleh lebih daripada 80,000 undi.\" <> Apa yang berlaku dalam pilihan raya 2000 || Daripada lebih daripada 5.8 juta undi untuk kedua-dua pesaing utama Bush dan Al Gore, kira-kira 500 undi memisahkan dua calon <> Seberapa teruk undang-undang Disenfranchisement Florida || Undang-undang yang melanggar undang-undang Florida adalah lebih teruk daripada kebanyakan negara-negara Eropah atau negara-negara Amerika yang lain <> Apa maksudnya dalam pilihan raya 2000 || Sekiranya 827,000 penjahat yang disenfranchised negeri telah mengundi pada kadar yang sama seperti Floridians lain, calon Demokrat Al Gore akan memenangi Florida", {"context": "In the closely contested 2000 election, the state played a pivotal role. Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates for the all-decisive Florida electoral votes that landed Bush the election win. Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states. A 2002 study in the American Sociological Review concluded that \"if the state\u2019s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida\u2014and the presidency\u2014by more than 80,000 votes.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Out of more than 5.8 million votes for the two main contenders Bush and Al Gore, around 500 votes separated the two candidates"}], "question": "What hapend in the 2000 election ", "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Florida's felony disenfranchisement law is more severe than most European nations or other American states"}], "question": "How severe is Florida's Disenfranchisement law ", "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "if the state\u2019s 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians, Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida"}], "question": "What did this mean in the 2000 election ", "id": "572674b8f1498d1400e8e036"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1998, pengundi Demokratik menguasai kawasan negeri ini dengan peratusan minoriti kaum minoriti dan pemula putih yang ditransplantasikan dari timur laut Amerika Syarikat, yang dikenali sebagai \"snowbirds\". Florida Selatan dan kawasan metropolitan Miami dikuasai oleh kaum minoriti kaum dan kaum liberal putih. Oleh kerana itu, kawasan ini secara konsisten mengundi sebagai salah satu kawasan paling demokratik negara. Kawasan Daytona Beach adalah serupa dengan demografi dan bandar Orlando mempunyai penduduk Hispanik yang besar, yang sering menyukai Demokrat. Republikan, kebanyakannya terdiri daripada konservatif putih, telah menguasai sebahagian besar seluruh Florida, terutamanya di kawasan yang lebih pedalaman dan pinggir bandar. Ini adalah ciri asas pemilihnya di sepanjang Deep South. <> Apa yang dilakukan pengundi demokrat pada 1998 || Pada tahun 1998, pengundi Demokratik menguasai kawasan negeri dengan peratusan minoriti minoriti dan pelombong putih yang dipindahkan <> Apa jenis burung salju || liberal putih dari timur laut Amerika Syarikat, yang dikenal secara colloquially sebagai \"snowbirds <> Parti mana yang menguasai Florida Selatan dan Miami || minoriti kaum dan kaum liberal putih. Oleh sebab itu, kawasan itu secara konsisten mengundi sebagai salah satu kawasan paling demokratik < > mana pihak yang menguasai sebahagian besar seluruh florida | Republik, yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada konservatif putih, telah menguasai seluruh sebahagian besar daripada Florida", {"context": "In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as \"snowbirds\". South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area are dominated by both racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state. The Daytona Beach area is similar demographically and the city of Orlando has a large Hispanic population, which has often favored Democrats. Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida, particularly in the more rural and suburban areas. This is characteristic of its voter base throughout the Deep South.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1998, Democratic voters dominated areas of the state with a high percentage of racial minorities and transplanted white liberals"}], "question": "What did democrat voters do in 1998 ", "id": "572671dd708984140094c64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "white liberals from the northeastern United States, known colloquially as \"snowbirds"}], "question": "What are snowbirds ", "id": "572671dd708984140094c64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "racial minorities and white liberals. Because of this, the area has consistently voted as one of the most Democratic areas of the state"}], "question": "What party dominates South Florida and Miami ", "id": "572671dd708984140094c64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Republicans, made up mostly of white conservatives, have dominated throughout much of the rest of Florida"}], "question": "which party dominates most of the rest of florida ", "id": "572671dd708984140094c650"}]}], ["Era pasca-Rekonstruksi pertama Republik yang dipilih ke Kongres dari Florida adalah William C. Cramer pada tahun 1954 dari Pinellas County di Pantai Teluk, di mana perubahan demografi sedang berlangsung. Dalam tempoh ini, orang-orang Afrika Afrika masih lagi diskriminasi oleh perlembagaan negara dan amalan diskriminasi; pada abad ke-19 mereka telah membentuk kebanyakan Parti Republikan. Cramer membina Parti Republikan yang berlainan di Florida, menarik konservatif dan transplantasi putih dari negeri utara dan barat laut. Pada tahun 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr dipilih sebagai Gabenor Republikan selepas Penyusunan Semula pertama, dalam pilihan raya yang kecewa. Pada tahun 1968 Edward J. Gurney, juga konservatif putih, telah dipilih sebagai Senator AS Republikan selepas penstrukturan semula negeri itu. Pada tahun 1970 Demokrat mengambil gubernur dan kerusi Senat AS terbuka, dan mengekalkan dominasi selama bertahun-tahun. <> Republik republik pasca-rekonstruksi pertama yang dipilih untuk florida || William C. Cramer pada tahun 1954 dari Pinellas County <> Apa itu Cramer dikreditkan untuk || Cramer membina Parti Republikan yang berlainan di Florida, menarik konservatif dan transplantasi putih tempatan dari negeri utara dan barat laut <> Siapa yang Claude R Kirk || 966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr terpilih sebagai gabenor Republikan selepas Penyusunan Semula pertama, dalam pilihan raya yang mengejutkan <> Siapakah Edward j Gurney || 968 Edward J. Gurney, juga konservatif putih, terpilih sebagai Senator Amerika Syarikat selepas penstrukturan semula pertama negeri itu. Apa yang dilakukan oleh parti Demokrat pada tahun 1970 || 1970 Demokrat mengambil gubernur dan kerusi Senat AS terbuka, dan mengekalkan dominasi selama bertahun-tahun", {"context": "The first post-Reconstruction era Republican elected to Congress from Florida was William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County on the Gulf Coast, where demographic changes were underway. In this period, African Americans were still disenfranchised by the state's constitution and discriminatory practices; in the 19th century they had made up most of the Republican Party. Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states. In 1966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election. In 1968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator. In 1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "William C. Cramer in 1954 from Pinellas County"}], "question": "The first post- reconstruction era republican elected to florida ", "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Cramer built a different Republican Party in Florida, attracting local white conservatives and transplants from northern and midwestern states"}], "question": "What is Cramer credited for ", "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "966 Claude R. Kirk, Jr. was elected as the first post-Reconstruction Republican governor, in an upset election"}], "question": "Who was Claude R Kirk ", "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "968 Edward J. Gurney, also a white conservative, was elected as the state's first post-reconstruction Republican US Senator"}], "question": "Who was Edward j Gurney ", "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "1970 Democrats took the governorship and the open US Senate seat, and maintained dominance for years"}], "question": "What did the Democrat party do in the 1970", "id": "572670f2f1498d1400e8dfb8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, orang-orang keturunan Afrika menyumbang 16.0% penduduk Florida, termasuk Afrika Amerika. Daripada 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) adalah India Barat atau Afro-Caribbean Amerika. Pada awal 1900-an, orang kulit hitam terdiri hampir separuh daripada penduduk negeri ini. Sebagai tindak balas kepada pemisahan, pengisytiharan francais dan kemurungan pertanian, ramai orang Afrika Amerika berpindah dari Florida ke bandar-bandar utara di Great Migration, dalam gelombang dari tahun 1910 hingga 1940, dan sekali lagi bermula pada tahun 1940-an kemudian. Mereka berpindah pekerjaan, pendidikan yang lebih baik untuk anak-anak mereka dan peluang untuk mengundi dan mengambil bahagian dalam masyarakat. Menjelang tahun 1960, perkadaran orang Afrika Afrika di negeri ini telah menurun kepada 18%. Sebilangan besar putih utara dipindahkan ke negeri ini. [Rujukan?] Hari ini, kepekatan besar penduduk hitam boleh didapati di utara dan tengah Florida. Selain daripada kulit hitam yang berasal dari budak Afrika yang dibawa ke selatan AS, terdapat juga sejumlah besar kulit putih India Barat, Afrika baru, dan asal-usul imigran Afro-Latino, terutama di daerah Miami / South Florida. Pada tahun 2010, Florida mempunyai peratusan tertinggi India Barat di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 2.0% (378,926) daripada keturunan Haiti, dan 1.3% (236,950) Jamaica. Semua negara Caribbean yang lain (bukan Hispanik) berada di bawah 0.1% penduduk Florida. <> Berapa peratus daripada Florida adalah amerika Afrika pada tahun 2010 || Pada tahun 2010, kaum keturunan Afrika menyumbang 16.0% penduduk Florida <> berapa peratus daripada florida adalah hitam pada awal 1900-an || Pada awal tahun 1900-an, orang kulit hitam terdiri hampir separuh daripada penduduk negeri <> Apa yang banyak bermigrasi hitam dari florida || tindak balas terhadap pemisahan, kekurangan franchisement dan kemurungan pertanian, ramai rakyat Afrika Afrika yang bermigrasi dari Florida ke bandar-bandar utara <> Dimana penduduk Afrika di florida mempunyai akar leluhur || Hamba Afrika dibawa ke selatan AS, terdapat juga sejumlah besar orang kulit hitam India Barat, Afrika baru-baru ini, dan asal-usul imigran Afro-Latino", {"context": "As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 16.0%, 4.0% (741,879) were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American. During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population. In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s. They moved for jobs, better education for their children and the chance to vote and participate in society. By 1960 the proportion of African Americans in the state had declined to 18%. Conversely large numbers of northern whites moved to the state.[citation needed] Today, large concentrations of black residents can be found in northern and central Florida. Aside from blacks descended from African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins, especially in the Miami/South Florida area. In 2010, Florida had the highest percentage of West Indians in the United States, with 2.0% (378,926) from Haitian ancestry, and 1.3% (236,950) Jamaican. All other (non-Hispanic) Caribbean nations were well below 0.1% of Florida residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 16.0% of Florida's population"}], "question": "What percentage of Florida was African american in 2010 ", "id": "57266d8af1498d1400e8df70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "During the early 1900s, black people made up nearly half of the state's population"}], "question": "what percentage of florida was black in the early 1900's ", "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities"}], "question": "What did many black migrate from florida ", "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "African slaves brought to the US south, there are also large numbers of blacks of West Indian, recent African, and Afro-Latino immigrant origins"}], "question": "Where does the African population in florida have ancestry roots ", "id": "57266d8bf1498d1400e8df73"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1930-an hingga sebahagian besar tahun 1960-an, Florida pada dasarnya adalah satu-satu negara yang dikuasai oleh konservatif putih Partai Demokrat, yang bersama-sama dengan Demokrat lain di Selatan Solid, menjalankan kawalan yang besar di Kongres. Mereka memperoleh wang persekutuan dari program kebangsaan; seperti negeri-negeri selatan yang lain, penduduk Florida telah menerima lebih banyak wang persekutuan berbanding membayar cukai: negara itu adalah penerima manfaat bersih. Sejak tahun 1970-an, majoriti pengundi putih konservatif di negeri ini sebahagian besarnya berpindah dari Demokrat ke Parti Republikan. Ia terus menyokong calon presiden Republik melalui abad ke-20, kecuali pada tahun 1976 dan 1996, ketika calon Demokrat berasal dari Selatan. Mereka mempunyai \"kemewahan mengundi untuk calon presiden yang berjanji untuk memotong cukai dan menghentikan pengembangan kerajaan sambil mengetahui bahawa delegasi kongres mereka akan terus melindungi perbelanjaan persekutuan.\" <> Pihak mana yang menguasai politik florida dari 1930 hingga 1960 || 1930-an hingga sebahagian besar tahun 1960-an, Florida pada asasnya adalah satu-satu pihak yang dikuasai oleh konservatif putih Demokrat <> Adakah Florida mendapat manfaat dari cukai || Penduduk Florida telah menerima lebih banyak wang persekutuan daripada yang mereka bayar dalam cukai: negara adalah benefisiari bersih <> Apa parti parti politik menguasai Florida sekarang || Sejak tahun 1970-an, majoriti putih konservatif pengundi di negeri ini sebahagian besarnya beralih dari Demokrat kepada Parti Republik <> Bagaimana pemilihan Florida dalam pemilihan presiden || terus menyokong calon presiden Republik melalui abad ke-20, kecuali pada tahun 1976 dan 1996, ketika penama Demokrat berasal dari Selatan <> Apa calon-calon ini yang Florida menyokong ikrar || kemewahan mengundi calon presiden yang berjanji untuk memotong cukai dan menghentikan pengembangan kerajaan", {"context": "From the 1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats, who together with other Democrats of the Solid South, exercised considerable control in Congress. They gained federal money from national programs; like other southern states, Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary. Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party. It has continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South. They have had \"the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government while knowing that their congressional delegations will continue to protect federal spending.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1930s through much of the 1960s, Florida was essentially a one-party state dominated by white conservative Democrats"}], "question": "What party dominated florida politics from 1930 to 1960 ", "id": "57266f755951b619008f7293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Florida residents have received more federal monies than they pay in taxes: the state is a net beneficiary"}], "question": "Does Florida benefit from taxes", "id": "57266f755951b619008f7294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Since the 1970s, the conservative white majority of voters in the state has largely shifted from the Democratic to the Republican Party"}], "question": "What party political party dominates Florida now ", "id": "57266f755951b619008f7295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "continued to support Republican presidential candidates through the 20th century, except in 1976 and 1996, when the Democratic nominee was from the South"}], "question": "How does Florida vote in presidential elections ", "id": "57266f755951b619008f7296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "the luxury of voting for presidential candidates who pledge to cut taxes and halt the expansion of government"}], "question": "What do these candidates that Florida supports pledge  ", "id": "57266f755951b619008f7297"}]}], ["NASCAR (beribu pejabat di Daytona Beach) memulakan ketiga-tiga siri perlumbaan kereta utama di Florida di Daytona International Speedway pada bulan Februari, yang menampilkan Daytona 500, dan menamatkan ketiga Siri pada November di Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona juga mempunyai hujung perlumbaan Coke Zero 400 NASCAR pada Hari Kemerdekaan pada bulan Julai. 24 Jam Daytona adalah salah satu perlumbaan auto yang paling berprestij di dunia. Grand Prix St Petersburg dan Grand Prix of Miami turut mengadakan perlumbaan IndyCar. <> Apa yang beribu pejabat di Daytona || NASCAR (beribu pejabat di Daytona Beach) memulakan ketiga-tiga siri perlumbaan utama di Florida di Daytona International Speedway pada bulan Februari <> Nama bangsa lain di florida || Daytona juga mempunyai hujung perlumbaan Coke Zero 400 NASCAR pada Hari Kemerdekaan pada bulan Julai <> Apa 24 jam Daytona || The 24 Hours Daytona adalah salah satu perlumbaan kereta yang paling berprestij di dunia <> Apa ciri St Pete untuk perlumbaan || Grand Prix of St. Petersburg", {"context": "NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February, featuring the Daytona 500, and ends all three Series in November at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July. The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races. The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Grand Prix of Miami have held IndyCar races as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "NASCAR (headquartered in Daytona Beach) begins all three of its major auto racing series in Florida at Daytona International Speedway in February"}], "question": "What is headquartered in Daytona ", "id": "572685f55951b619008f757d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Daytona also has the Coke Zero 400 NASCAR race weekend around Independence Day in July"}], "question": "Name another race in florida ", "id": "572685f55951b619008f757e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "The 24 Hours of Daytona is one of the world's most prestigious endurance auto races"}], "question": "What is the 24 hours of Daytona ", "id": "572685f55951b619008f757f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "The Grand Prix of St. Petersburg"}], "question": "What does St Pete feature for a race ", "id": "572685f55951b619008f7580"}]}], ["Pada akhir suku tahun ketiga pada tahun 2008, Florida mempunyai kadar kenaikkan gadai janji tertinggi di negara ini, dengan 7.8% daripada gadai janji bermasalah sekurang-kurangnya 60 hari. Senarai pasar perumahan negara tahun 2009 yang sukar dilanda kemalangan hartanah termasuk nombor yang tidak seimbang di Florida. Ledakan bangunan awal abad ke-21 meninggalkan Florida dengan 300,000 rumah kosong pada tahun 2009, menurut angka negeri. Pada tahun 2009, Biro Banci AS menganggarkan bahawa Floridians menghabiskan purata 49.1% daripada pendapatan peribadi pada kos yang berkaitan dengan perumahan, yang ketiga tertinggi di negara ini. <> Apakah kadar kenaikkan gadai janji pada tahun 2008 || Florida mempunyai kadar kenaikkan gadai janji tertinggi di negara ini, dengan 7.8% gadai janji berulang kali sekurang-kurangnya 60 hari <> Berapa banyak rumah kosong di Florida pada tahun 2009 || 300,000 rumah kosong pada tahun 2009 <> Sebanyak peratus pendapatan peribadi dibelanjakan untuk Perumahan di florida || Floridians membelanjakan purata 49.1% pendapatan peribadi untuk kos berkaitan perumahan <> Di mana perbelanjaan perumahan kedudukan secara nasional || peratusan tertinggi ketiga di negara ini", {"context": "At the end of the third quarter in 2008, Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days. A 2009 list of national housing markets that were hard hit in the real estate crash included a disproportionate number in Florida. The early 21st-century building boom left Florida with 300,000 vacant homes in 2009, according to state figures. In 2009, the US Census Bureau estimated that Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs, the third highest percentage in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Florida had the highest mortgage delinquency rate in the country, with 7.8% of mortgages delinquent at least 60 days"}], "question": "What was the mortgage delinquency rate in 2008 ", "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8606"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "300,000 vacant homes in 2009"}], "question": "How many vacant homes in Florida in 2009 ", "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8607"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Floridians spent an average 49.1% of personal income on housing-related costs"}], "question": "What percentage of  personal income was spent of Housing in florida  ", "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "the third highest percentage in the country"}], "question": "Where did housing spending ranking nationally ", "id": "572677e5dd62a815002e8609"}]}], ["Selepas peristiwa DAS di Hurricane Andrew pada tahun 1992, negeri Florida mula melabur dalam pembangunan ekonomi melalui Pejabat Perdagangan, Pelancongan, dan Pembangunan Ekonomi. Gabenor Jeb Bush menyedari bahawa peristiwa aliran sungai seperti Andrew memberi kesan negatif kepada industri pelancongan utama Florida. Pejabat ini diarahkan untuk menyasarkan Perubatan / Bio-Sains antara lain. Tiga tahun kemudian, Institut Penyelidikan Scripps (TSRI) mengumumkan telah memilih Florida untuk perkembangan terbaru. Pada tahun 2003, TSRI mengumumkan rancangan untuk menubuhkan pusat sains utama di Palm Beach, kemudahan 364,000 kaki persegi (33,800 m2) pada 100 hektar (40 ha), yang TSRI merancang untuk menduduki pada tahun 2006. <> Apa yang menyebabkan Taufan Andrew menyebabkan Florida do || negeri Florida mula melabur dalam pembangunan ekonomi melalui Office of Trade <> Apa yang Govenor Bush Menyadari || bahawa peristiwa aliran sungai seperti Andrew memberi kesan negatif terhadap industri pelancongan tulang belakang Florida yang sangat teruk <> Industri apa yang disasarkan || Perubatan / Bio-Sains <> Siapa yang memilih memperluaskan perbadanan mereka di Florida || Institut Penyelidikan Scripps (TSRI) mengumumkan telah memilih Florida untuk perkembangan terbaru", {"context": "After the watershed events of Hurricane Andrew in 1992, the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade, Tourism, and Economic Development. Governor Jeb Bush realized that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely. The office was directed to target Medical/Bio-Sciences among others. Three years later, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion. In 2003, TSRI announced plans to establish a major science center in Palm Beach, a 364,000 square feet (33,800 m2) facility on 100 acres (40 ha), which TSRI planned to occupy in 2006.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the state of Florida began investing in economic development through the Office of Trade"}], "question": "What did Hurricane Andrew cause Florida to do ", "id": "572683435951b619008f751d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "that watershed events such as Andrew negatively impacted Florida's backbone industry of tourism severely"}], "question": "What did Govenor Bush Realize", "id": "572683435951b619008f751e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Medical/Bio-Sciences"}], "question": "What industry was targeted ", "id": "572683435951b619008f751f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) announced it had chosen Florida for its newest expansion"}], "question": "Who chose to expand their corporation in Florida ", "id": "572683435951b619008f7520"}]}], ["Sesetengah bahagian negara mempunyai ciri-ciri gaya seni bina termasuk kebangkitan Sepanyol, Florida vernakular, dan Gaya Kebangkitan Mediterranean. Ia mempunyai koleksi terbesar Art Deco dan bangunan Metropolitan Moderne di Amerika Syarikat dan seluruh dunia, yang kebanyakannya terletak di kawasan metropolitan Miami, terutama Daerah Art Deco Miami Beach, dibina sebagai bandar menjadi destinasi peranginan. Reka bentuk seni bina yang unik yang hanya terdapat di Florida adalah pasca Perang Dunia II Miami Modern, yang dapat dilihat di kawasan seperti Daerah Bersejarah MiMo Miami. <> Apa gaya arkitek di Florida || gaya seni bina termasuk kebangkitan Sepanyol, vernakular Florida, dan Gaya Kebangkitan Mediterania <> Ketika kawasan art deco Miami boom || Daerah Art Deco Miami Beach, dibina sebagai bandar menjadi destinasi peranginan <> Apa Florida mempunyai koleksi terbesar || koleksi terbesar Art Deco dan bangunan Moderne Moderne di kedua-dua Amerika Syarikat dan seluruh dunia, yang kebanyakannya terletak di Miami <> Apa lagi Seni Bina Unik yang bermula di Miami selepas perang dunia 2 || Miami Modern, yang boleh dilihat di kawasan seperti Daerah Bersejarah MiMo Miami.", {"context": "Some sections of the state feature architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style. It has the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami metropolitan area, especially Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination. A unique architectural design found only in Florida is the post-World War II Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "architectural styles including Spanish revival, Florida vernacular, and Mediterranean Revival Style"}], "question": "What architectural styles are in Florida ", "id": "572684325951b619008f7537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Miami Beach's Art Deco District, constructed as the city was becoming a resort destination"}], "question": "When did the art deco area of Miami boom ", "id": "572684325951b619008f7539"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "the largest collection of Art Deco and Streamline Moderne buildings in both the United States and the entire world, most of which are located in the Miami"}], "question": "What does Florida have the largest collection of ", "id": "572684325951b619008f7538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Miami Modern, which can be seen in areas such as Miami's MiMo Historic District."}], "question": "What other Unique Architecture started in Miami after world war 2 ", "id": "572684325951b619008f753a"}]}], ["Florida dihidangkan oleh Amtrak, yang beroperasi dengan pelbagai laluan di seluruh, menghubungkan bandar terbesar di negeri ini ke titik utara di Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Stesen kereta api Amtrak yang paling sibuk di Florida pada tahun 2011 ialah: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Stesen Tampa Union (140,785), Miami (94,556), dan Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, di Greater Orlando, adalah terminal selatan Kereta Api yang berasal dari Lorton, Virginia, selatan Washington, DC. Sehingga tahun 2005, Orlando juga merupakan terminal timur Sunset Limited, yang mengembara di selatan Amerika Syarikat melalui New Orleans, Houston, dan San Antonio ke terminal barat Los Angeles. Florida dihidangkan oleh dua kereta Amtrak tambahan (Silver Star dan Meteor Perak), yang beroperasi di antara New York City dan Miami. Stesen Sentral Miami, transit pesat bandar, kereta api komuter, kereta api antar bandar, dan bas bas, sedang dalam pembinaan. <> Jalur kereta api apa yang menghubungkan florida ke Utara || Amtrak, yang menjalankan pelbagai laluan di seluruh, menghubungkan bandar-bandar terbesar di negeri ini ke titik utara di Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada <> Di manakah kereta Auto berasal || Kereta Api Awam, yang berasal dari Lorton, Virginia, selatan Washington, D.C <> Siapa perkhidmatan terhad matahari terbenam || Sunset Limited, yang mengembara ke selatan Amerika Syarikat melalui New Orleans, Houston, dan San Antonio ke terminal barat Los Angeles <> Dua lagi kereta api ramtrak yang berkhidmat di Florida || Amtrak melatih (Silver Star dan Meteor Perak), yang beroperasi di antara New York City dan Miami", {"context": "Florida is served by Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada. The busiest Amtrak train stations in Florida in 2011 were: Sanford (259,944), Orlando (179,142), Tampa Union Station (140,785), Miami (94,556), and Jacksonville (74,733). Sanford, in Greater Orlando, is the southern terminus of the Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C.. Until 2005, Orlando was also the eastern terminus of the Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles. Florida is served by two additional Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami. Miami Central Station, the city's rapid transit, commuter rail, intercity rail, and bus hub, is under construction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Amtrak, operating numerous lines throughout, connecting the state's largest cities to points north in the United States and Canada"}], "question": "What train line connects florida to the North ", "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Auto Train, which originates at Lorton, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C"}], "question": "Where does the Auto train originate ", "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Sunset Limited, which travels across the southern United States via New Orleans, Houston, and San Antonio to its western terminus of Los Angeles"}], "question": "Who does sunset limited service ", "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "Amtrak trains (the Silver Star and the Silver Meteor), which operate between New York City and Miami"}], "question": "Two othe ramtrak trains that serve Florida ", "id": "5726853ddd62a815002e8813"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1972, Queen memasuki perbincangan dengan Trident Studios selepas dilihat di De La Lane Studios oleh John Anthony dan selepas perbincangan ditawarkan perjanjian pengurusan oleh Norman Sheffield di bawah Neptune Productions, anak syarikat Trident untuk menguruskan band tersebut dan membolehkan mereka menggunakan kemudahan itu di Trident untuk merekodkan bahan baru sementara mencari pengurusan label rekod untuk menandatangani Ratu. Ini sesuai dengan kedua-dua belah pihak pada masa Trident berkembang menjadi pengurusan dan Ratu di bawah perjanjian itu dapat memanfaatkan kemudahan rakaman berteknologi tinggi yang dikongsi oleh band pada masa seperti Beatles dan Elton John untuk menghasilkan bahan baru. Walau bagaimanapun, Trident mendapati sukar untuk mencari label untuk sebuah band yang mengandungi nama dengan konotasi sedemikian pada awal 1970-an. <> Siapa yang menawarkan perjanjian pengurusan Queen pada tahun 1972? || Norman Sheffield <> Penyanyi mana yang menggunakan studio Trident sebagai tambahan kepada Ratu dan The Beatles? || Elton John <> Apa nama anak syarikat Trident? || Neptunus Productions <> Di manakah Ratu melihat sebelum memasuki perbincangan dengan Trident? || De La Lane Studios <> Pada tahun apa adakah Queen memasuki perbincangan dengan studio Trident? || 1972", {"context": "In 1972, Queen entered discussions with Trident Studios after being spotted at De La Lane Studios by John Anthony and after discussions were offered a management deal by Norman Sheffield under Neptune Productions, a subsidiary of Trident to manage the band and enable them to use the facilities at Trident to record new material whilst the management search for a record label to sign Queen. This suited both parties at the time as Trident were expanding into management and Queen under the deal were able to make use of the hi-tech recording facilities shared by bands at the time such as the Beatles and Elton John to produce new material. However, Trident found it difficult to find a label for a band bearing a name with such connotation during the early 1970s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Norman Sheffield"}], "question": "Who offered Queen a management deal in 1972?", "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "Which singer used Trident studios in addition to Queen and the Beatles?", "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Neptune Productions"}], "question": "What was the name of Trident's subsidiary?", "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "De La Lane Studios"}], "question": "Where was Queen spotted before entering discussions with Trident?", "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year did Queen enter discussions with Trident studios?", "id": "57265e2ff1498d1400e8dd6e"}]}], ["Setelah menghadiri kolej seni, Mercury juga merancang logo Queen, yang dipanggil permaisuri Queen, sejurus sebelum melepaskan album pertama band. Logo itu menggabungkan tanda-tanda zodiak keempat-empat ahli: dua singa untuk Leo (Deacon dan Taylor), ketam untuk Cancer (Mei), dan dua peri untuk Virgo (Mercury). Singa memeluk huruf Q bergaya, kepiting terletak di atas surat dengan nyala api naik di atasnya, dan peri masing-masing berlindung di bawah singa. Terdapat juga mahkota di dalam Q dan logo keseluruhannya dibayangi oleh phoenix yang sangat besar. Seluruh simbolnya mempunyai persamaan lulus dengan mantap diraja United Kingdom, terutama dengan penyokong singa. Logo asal, seperti yang terdapat pada bahagian belakang penutup album pertama, adalah lukisan garis mudah tetapi versi warna yang lebih rumit digunakan pada lengan kemudian. <> Siapa yang merancang logo Queen? || Mercury <> Apakah tanda zodiak Freddie Mercury? || Virgo <> Tanda zodiak mana yang dilakukan Deacon dan Taylor? || Leo <> Apakah tanda zodiak Brian May? || Kanser <> Logo Ratu awal menyerupai lapisan tangan negara mana? || United Kingdom", {"context": "Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queen's logo, called the Queen crest, shortly before the release of the band's first album. The logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members: two lions for Leo (Deacon and Taylor), a crab for Cancer (May), and two fairies for Virgo (Mercury). The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, and the fairies are each sheltering below a lion. There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a passing resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom, particularly with the lion supporters. The original logo, as found on the reverse-side of the first album cover, was a simple line drawing but more intricate colour versions were used on later sleeves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "Who designed Queen's logo?", "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Virgo"}], "question": "What was Freddie Mercury's zodiac sign?", "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Leo"}], "question": "Which zodiac sign did Deacon and Taylor share?", "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Cancer"}], "question": "What was Brian May's zodiac sign?", "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "The early Queen logo resembled the coat of arms of what country?", "id": "57265bcbdd62a815002e8298"}]}], ["Ketika menghadiri Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell berteman dengan Farrokh Bulsara, seorang pelajar yang menganggap nama Inggeris Freddie. Bulsara merasakan bahawa dia dan band itu mempunyai rasa yang sama dan tidak lama lagi menjadi penggemar Smile. Pada penghujung 1970, selepas Staffell pergi menyertai kumpulan Humpy Bong, ahli Smile yang tersisa, digalakkan oleh Bulsara, mengubah nama mereka menjadi \"Ratu\" dan terus bekerja bersama. Apabila ditanya mengenai nama itu, Bulsara menjelaskan, \"Saya fikir nama Queen itu hanya nama, tetapi ia sangat jelas jelas, dan kedengarannya indah, nama yang kuat, sangat universal dan dengan serta-merta. dan terbuka kepada pelbagai tafsiran. Saya pasti mengetahui konotasi gay, tetapi itu hanya satu aspek. \" <> Tim Staffell meninggalkan Smile band dalam tahun berapa? || 1970 <> Band apa yang dilakukan oleh Tim Staffell selepas meninggalkan Smile? || Humpy Bong <> Apa nama kolej Tim Staffell menghadiri ketika dia bertemu dengan Farrokh Bulsara? || Ealing Art College <> Dalam apa tahun Smile menukar nama mereka kepada Ratu? || 1970 <> Apakah nama pertama bahasa Inggeris Farrokh Bulsara diadopsi? || Freddie", {"context": "While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, a fellow student who had assumed the English name of Freddie. Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In late 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the remaining Smile members, encouraged by Bulsara, changed their name to \"Queen\" and continued working together. When asked about the name, Bulsara explained, \"I thought up the name Queen. It's just a name, but it's very regal obviously, and it sounds splendid. It's a strong name, very universal and immediate. It had a lot of visual potential and was open to all sorts of interpretations. I was certainly aware of gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1970"}], "question": "Tim Staffell left the band Smile in what year?", "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Humpy Bong"}], "question": "What band did Tim Staffell join after leaving Smile?", "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Ealing Art College"}], "question": "What was the name of the college Tim Staffell attended when he met Farrokh Bulsara?", "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "1970"}], "question": "In what year did Smile change their name to Queen?", "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Freddie"}], "question": "What was the English first name Farrokh Bulsara adopted?", "id": "5726563add62a815002e81e6"}]}], ["\"Queen Killer\" dari Sheer Heart Attack mencapai angka dua pada carta British, dan menjadi hit Amerika pertama mereka, mencecah nombor 12 di Billboard Hot 100. Ia menggabungkan kem, vaudeville, dan dewan muzik British dengan kebajikan gitar May. Satu lagi single album, \"Now I Here Here\", komposisi rock keras yang lebih tradisional, adalah sebelas hit di Britain, manakala rocker \"Stone Cold Crazy\" yang berkelajuan tinggi yang menampilkan riff uptempo May adalah pendahulunya untuk mempercepatkan logam. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, album itu telah mendapat penghargaan daripada penerbitan muzik: Pada tahun 2006, Classic Rock menduduki tempat nombor 28 dalam \"The 100 Greatest British Albums Album Ever\", dan pada tahun 2007, Mojo menduduki tempat No.88 dalam \"The 100 Records That Changed dunia\". Ia juga merupakan yang kedua daripada tiga album Queen yang mempunyai ciri dalam buku 1001 Album Anda Harus Dengarkan Sebelum Anda Die. <> Lagu mana yang pernah dilanda Amerika Syarikat pertama Ratu? || Queen Killer <> Queen's song Sekarang saya berada di sini apa nombor di carta British? || sebelas <> Apa lagu Queen yang dikenali sebagai lagu logam laju awal? || Stone Cold Crazy <> Apa gaya muzik yang ditemui bersama dengan kem dan vaudeville pada lagu Queen Killer? || Dewan Muzik Inggeris <> Killer Queen mencapai nombor apa di Billboard Hot 100? || 12", {"context": "The single \"Killer Queen\" from Sheer Heart Attack reached number two on the British charts, and became their first US hit, reaching number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. It combines camp, vaudeville, and British music hall with May's guitar virtuosity. The album's second single, \"Now I'm Here\", a more traditional hard rock composition, was a number eleven hit in Britain, while the high speed rocker \"Stone Cold Crazy\" featuring May's uptempo riffs is a precursor to speed metal. In recent years, the album has received acclaim from music publications: In 2006, Classic Rock ranked it number 28 in \"The 100 Greatest British Rock Albums Ever\", and in 2007, Mojo ranked it No.88 in \"The 100 Records That Changed the World\". It is also the second of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Killer Queen"}], "question": "Which song was Queen's first US hit?", "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "Queen's song Now I'm Here reached what number on the British charts?", "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Stone Cold Crazy"}], "question": "What Queen song is known as an early speed metal song?", "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "British music hall"}], "question": "What music style was found along with camp and vaudeville on the song Killer Queen?", "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "12"}], "question": "Killer Queen reached what number on the Billboard Hot 100?", "id": "57267ca5708984140094c7bb"}]}], ["Band ini mempunyai beberapa pemain bass sepanjang tempoh ini yang tidak sesuai dengan kimia band. Tidak sampai Februari 1971 mereka menetap di John Deacon dan mula berlatih untuk album pertama mereka. Mereka mencatatkan empat lagu mereka sendiri, \"Liar\", \"Keep Yourself Alive\", \"The Night Comes Down\" dan \"Jesus\", untuk pita demo; tiada syarikat rekod yang berminat. Ia juga sekitar masa ini Freddie menukar nama keluarganya menjadi \"Mercury\", yang diilhamkan oleh \"Mother Mercury\", lagu apa yang telah mereka lakukan kepada saya dalam lagu \"My Fairy King\". Pada 2 Julai 1971, Queen memainkan pertunjukan pertamanya dalam rangkaian klasik Mercury, May, Taylor dan Deacon di kolej Surrey di luar London. <> John Deacon memainkan instrumen apa? || bass <> Dalam tahun apakah John Deacon menyertai Ratu? || 1971 <> Apakah Freddie dari Queen menukar nama terakhirnya? || Mercury <> Apa lagu yang mengilhami Freddie dari nama keluarga Queen? || My Fairy King <> Pada tarikh apakah Queen memainkan pertunjukan pertama mereka? || 2 Julai 1971", {"context": "The band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the band's chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and began to rehearse for their first album. They recorded four of their own songs, \"Liar\", \"Keep Yourself Alive\", \"The Night Comes Down\" and \"Jesus\", for a demo tape; no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to \"Mercury\", inspired by the line \"Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me\" in the song \"My Fairy King\". On 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "bass"}], "question": "John Deacon played what instrument?", "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1971"}], "question": "In what year did John Deacon join Queen?", "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "What did Freddie from Queen change his last name to?", "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "My Fairy King"}], "question": "What song inspired Freddie from Queen's surname?", "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "2 July 1971"}], "question": "On what date did Queen play their first show?", "id": "572657e8f1498d1400e8dc94"}]}], ["Selepas pendirian enam jam di Teater Uris New York pada Mei 1974, Brian May runtuh dan didiagnosis menderita hepatitis. Semasa memulihkan semula, Mei pada awalnya tidak hadir apabila band itu mula bekerja pada album ketiga mereka, tetapi dia kembali di pertengahan proses rakaman. Dikeluarkan pada tahun 1974, Sheer Heart Attack mencapai nombor dua di United Kingdom, dijual dengan baik di seluruh Eropah, dan pergi emas di Amerika Syarikat. Ia memberikan pengalaman sebenar pertama mereka kepada kejayaan antarabangsa, dan merupakan kejutan di kedua-dua belah Atlantik. Album ini bereksperimen dengan pelbagai genre muzik, termasuk dewan muzik Inggeris, logam berat, balada, ragtime, dan Caribbean. Pada ketika ini, Queen mula beralih dari kecenderungan progresif dua siaran pertama mereka ke dalam gaya yang lebih mesra radio dan berorientasikan lagu. Sheer Heart Attack memperkenalkan corak bunyi dan melodi baru yang akan disempurnakan pada album mereka yang seterusnya, A Night at the Opera. <> Apa yang telah didiagnosis oleh Brian May selepas runtuh pada tahun 1974? || hepatitis <> Apakah nama album ketiga Queen itu? || Sheer Heart Attack <> Apa album Queen yang dibebaskan selepas Sheer Heart Attack? || A Night at the Opera <> Queen's Sheer Heart Attack mencapai angka apa di carta United Kingdom? || dua <> Apa nama tempat di mana Brian May runtuh? || Teater Uris New York", {"context": "After the band's six-night stand at New York's Uris Theatre in May 1974, Brian May collapsed and was diagnosed as having hepatitis. While recuperating, May was initially absent when the band started work on their third album, but he returned midway through the recording process. Released in 1974, Sheer Heart Attack reached number two in the United Kingdom, sold well throughout Europe, and went gold in the United States. It gave the band their first real experience of international success, and was a hit on both sides of the Atlantic. The album experimented with a variety of musical genres, including British music hall, heavy metal, ballads, ragtime, and Caribbean. At this point, Queen started to move away from the progressive tendencies of their first two releases into a more radio-friendly, song-orientated style. Sheer Heart Attack introduced new sound and melody patterns that would be refined on their next album, A Night at the Opera.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "hepatitis"}], "question": "What was Brian May diagnosed with after collapsing in 1974?", "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Sheer Heart Attack"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's third album?", "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 929, "text": "A Night at the Opera"}], "question": "What Queen album was released after Sheer Heart Attack?", "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "two"}], "question": "Queen's Sheer Heart Attack reached what number on the United Kingdom charts?", "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e8679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "New York's Uris Theatre"}], "question": "What was the name of the venue where Brian May collapsed?", "id": "57267a69dd62a815002e867a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1975, band itu pergi untuk lawatan dunia dengan setiap ahli dalam pakaian yang dibuat oleh Zandra Rhodes dan disertai dengan lampu dan kesan. Mereka melawat Amerika Syarikat sebagai pemain utama, dan bermain di Kanada untuk kali pertama. Pada bulan September, selepas perpisahan dengan Trident, kumpulan itu merundingkan diri mereka daripada kontrak Trident Studios mereka dan mencari pengurusan baru. Salah satu pilihan yang mereka anggap merupakan tawaran dari pengurus Led Zeppelin, Peter Grant. Grant mahu mereka menandatangani dengan syarikat pengeluaran Led Zeppelin sendiri, Swan Song Records. Band ini mendapati kontrak itu tidak boleh diterima dan sebaliknya dihubungi pengurus Elton John, John Reid, yang menerima jawatan itu. <> Siapa yang membuat kostum untuk lawatan Queen 1975? || Zandra Rhodes <> Apa negara yang pernah dimainkan oleh Ratu untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 1975? || Kanada <> Queen telah berpecah pahit dengan apa syarikat pengurusan pada tahun 1975? || Trident Studios <> Apa pengurus Led Zeppelin cuba menandatangani Ratu? || Peter Grant <> Siapa yang Queen akhirnya menandatangani kontrak selepas menolak kontrak rekod Song Swan? || John Reid", {"context": "In 1975, the band left for a world tour with each member in Zandra Rhodes-created costumes and accompanied with banks of lights and effects. They toured the US as headliners, and played in Canada for the first time. In September, after an acromonious split with Trident, the band negotiated themselves out of their Trident Studios contract and searched for new management. One of the options they considered was an offer from Led Zeppelin's manager, Peter Grant. Grant wanted them to sign with Led Zeppelin's own production company, Swan Song Records. The band found the contract unacceptable and instead contacted Elton John's manager, John Reid, who accepted the position.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Zandra Rhodes"}], "question": "Who created the costumes for Queen's 1975 tour?", "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "What country did Queen play in for the first time in 1975?", "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Trident Studios"}], "question": "Queen had a bitter split with what management company in 1975?", "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Peter Grant"}], "question": "What manager of Led Zeppelin tried to sign Queen?", "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "John Reid"}], "question": "Whom did Queen eventually sign with after rejecting the Swan Song records contract?", "id": "5726801fdd62a815002e875e"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 1973, Queen akhirnya di bawah perjanjian Trident / EMI mengeluarkan album debut eponim mereka, satu usaha yang dipengaruhi oleh logam berat dan rock progresif pada hari itu. Album itu diterima dengan baik oleh pengkritik; Gordon Fletcher Rolling Stone berkata \"album debut mereka hebat\", dan Daily Herald Chicago menyebutnya sebagai \"debut di atas purata\". Ia menarik sedikit perhatian arus perdana, dan single \"Keep Yourself Alive\", komposisi Brian May, dijual dengan buruk. Secara retrospektif, \"Keep Yourself Alive\" dipetik sebagai kemuncak album, dan pada tahun 2008 Rolling Stone menduduki tangga ke-31 dalam \"100 Gitar Terbesar Sepanjang Masa\", menggambarkannya sebagai \"satu-satunya riff album keseluruhan yang penuh dengan satu lagu \". Album ini disahkan emas di UK dan Amerika Syarikat. <> Dalam tahun berapa lagu pertama Queen dibebaskan? || 1973 <> Apa nama album pertama Queen? || Ratu <> Apakah single utama dari album pertama Queen? || Jauhkan Diri Anda Hidup <> Yang lagu Queen mana kedudukan sebagai lagu gitar terbesar ke-31 dalam artikel Rolling Stone 1998? || Jauhkan Diri Anda Hidup <> Pengkritik mana yang debut hebat Queen? || Gordon Fletcher", {"context": "In July 1973, Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album, an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day. The album was received well by critics; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said \"their debut album is superb\", and Chicago's Daily Herald called it an \"above average debut\". It drew little mainstream attention, and the lead single \"Keep Yourself Alive\", a Brian May composition, sold poorly. Retrospectively, \"Keep Yourself Alive\" is cited as the highlight of the album, and in 2008 Rolling Stone ranked it 31st in the \"100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time\", describing it as \"an entire album's worth of riffs crammed into a single song\". The album was certified gold in the UK and the US.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1973"}], "question": "In what year was Queen's first album released?", "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Queen"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's first album?", "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Keep Yourself Alive"}], "question": "What was the lead single from Queen's first album?", "id": "5726764b708984140094c6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Keep Yourself Alive"}], "question": "Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?", "id": "5726764b708984140094c6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Gordon Fletcher"}], "question": "Which critic called Queen's debut superb?", "id": "5726764b708984140094c6f1"}]}], ["LP kedua kumpulan, Queen II, dibebaskan pada tahun 1974, dan menampilkan imej ikon rock band Mick Rock pada penutup. Imej ini akan digunakan sebagai asas untuk pengeluaran video muzik \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" 1975. Album itu mencapai angka lima pada carta album British dan menjadi album Queen pertama untuk carta di UK. Pemimpin Freddie Mercury yang bertajuk \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" menduduki tempat ke-10 di UK, memberikan band hit pertama mereka. Album ini adalah bukti nyata yang pertama kepada bunyi berlapis khas band ini, dan mempunyai petikan-petikan instrumental yang panjang yang kompleks, lirik bertemakan fantasi, dan kehebatan muzik. Selain daripada lagu tunggalnya, album itu turut menyertakan lagu \"The March of the Black Queen\", epik enam minit yang tidak mempunyai paduan suara. The Daily Vault menerangkan nombor sebagai \"menacing\". Reaksi kritikal bercampur; Winnipeg Free Press, sambil memuji album debut band itu, menggambarkan Queen II sebagai \"monstrosity yang terlalu banyak dihasilkan\". Allmusic telah menyifatkan album itu sebagai kegemaran di kalangan peminat tegar band, dan ia adalah yang pertama daripada tiga album Queen yang mempunyai ciri dalam buku 1001 Album Anda Harus Dengarkan Sebelum Anda Die. <> Apakah nama LP kedua Ratu? || Queen II <> Apa tahun kedua album Queen dikeluarkan? || 1974 <> Siapa yang merancang penutup album kedua Queen? || Mick Rock <> Siapa yang menulis lagu Seven Seas of Rhye? || Freddie Mercury <> Berapa lama lagu March of the Black Queen? || enam minit", {"context": "The group's second LP, Queen II, was released in 1974, and features rock photographer Mick Rock's iconic image of the band on the cover. This image would be used as the basis for the 1975 \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video production. The album reached number five on the British album chart and became the first Queen album to chart in the UK. The Freddie Mercury-written lead single \"Seven Seas of Rhye\" reached number ten in the UK, giving the band their first hit. The album is the first real testament to the band's distinctive layered sound, and features long complex instrumental passages, fantasy-themed lyrics, and musical virtuosity. Aside from its only single, the album also included the song \"The March of the Black Queen\", a six-minute epic which lacks a chorus. The Daily Vault described the number as \"menacing\". Critical reaction was mixed; the Winnipeg Free Press, while praising the band's debut album, described Queen II as a \"over-produced monstrosity\". Allmusic has described the album as a favourite among the band's hardcore fans, and it is the first of three Queen albums to feature in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Queen II"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's second LP?", "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "1974"}], "question": "What year was Queen's second album released?", "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Mick Rock"}], "question": "Who designed the cover of Queen's second album?", "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Freddie Mercury"}], "question": "Who wrote the song Seven Seas of Rhye?", "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "six-minute"}], "question": "How long is the song The March of the Black Queen?", "id": "572677eef1498d1400e8e0ba"}]}], ["Sebelum membentuk Ratu, Brian May dan Roger Taylor telah bermain bersama dalam sebuah band bernama Smile. Freddie Mercury (kemudian dikenali dengan nama kelahirannya Farrokh \"Freddie\" Bulsara) adalah penggemar Smile dan menggalakkan mereka untuk bereksperimen dengan teknik yang lebih rumit dan rakaman. Mercury menyertai kumpulan itu pada tahun 1970, mencadangkan \"Queen\" sebagai nama band baru, dan mengadopsi nama panggungnya yang biasa. John Deacon telah direkrut sebelum merekodkan album debut eponim mereka pada tahun 1973. Ratu mula-mula muncul di UK dengan album kedua mereka, Queen II, pada tahun 1974, tetapi ia adalah pembebasan Sheer Heart Attack pada tahun itu dan A Night di Opera di 1975 yang membawa mereka kejayaan antarabangsa. Ia memaparkan \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", yang kekal di nombor satu di UK selama sembilan minggu dan mempopularkan video muzik. Album 1977 mereka, News of the World, mengandungi \"We Will Rock You\" dan \"We Are the Champions\", yang telah menjadi lagu di acara sukan. Pada awal 1980-an, Queen adalah salah satu band rock stadium terbesar di dunia. Prestasi mereka pada Live Aid tahun 1985 adalah di antara yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah rock oleh pelbagai penerbitan muzik, dengan pencapaian industri 2005 ranking itu yang terbaik. Pada tahun 1991, Mercury meninggal dunia akibat bronkopneumonia, komplikasi AIDS, dan Deacon bersara pada tahun 1997. Sejak itu, May dan Taylor kadang-kadang tampil bersama, termasuk Paul Rodgers (2004-09) dan Adam Lambert (sejak tahun 2011). Pada November 2014, Queen mengeluarkan album baru, Queen Forever, yang menampilkan vokal dari Mercury lewat. <> Apakah nama band Brian May dan Roger Taylor sebelum Ratu? || Senyum <> Apakah nama panggung yang diadopsi oleh Farrokh Bulsara? || Freddie Mercury <> Apakah nama Queen album yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 2014? || Queen Forever <> Apa nama album Queen 1977? || Berita Dunia <> Pada tahun apakah Freddie Mercury mati? || 1991", {"context": "Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh \"Freddie\" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested \"Queen\" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004\u201309) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Smile"}], "question": "What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?", "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Freddie Mercury"}], "question": "What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?", "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1462, "text": "Queen Forever"}], "question": "What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?", "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "News of the World"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?", "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1185, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year did Freddie Mercury die?", "id": "57265492f1498d1400e8dc36"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, band ini mengeluarkan Jazz, yang mencapai nombor dua di UK dan nombor enam di Billboard 200 di Amerika Syarikat. Album itu termasuk single hit \"Girls Bottom Bottom\" dan \"Race Bicycle\" pada rekod berganda. Queen menyewa Stadium Wimbledon untuk satu hari untuk menembak video itu, dengan 65 model wanita telanjang yang diupah untuk menaiki perlumbaan basikal bogel. Ulasan album dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini telah lebih baik. Satu lagi lagu penting dari Jazz, \"Do not Stop Me Now\", memberikan satu lagi contoh harmoni suara vokal band. <> Dalam tahun apakah Queen melepaskan album Jazz? || 1978 <> Berapakah bilangan Jazz Queen di carta UK? || dua <> bilangan apa yang dicapai Jazz Queen di Billboard 200? || enam <> Apa dua gelaran singgah dari album Jazz Queen? || \"Gadis Bawah Bawah\" dan \"Baju Basikal\" <> Queen menyewa tempat untuk video muzik pada tahun 1978? || Stadium Wimbledon", {"context": "In 1978, the band released Jazz, which reached number two in the UK and number six on the Billboard 200 in the US. The album included the hit singles \"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\" on a double-sided record. Queen rented Wimbledon Stadium for a day to shoot the video, with 65 naked female models hired to stage a nude bicycle race. Reviews of the album in recent years have been more favourable. Another notable track from Jazz, \"Don't Stop Me Now\", provides another example of the band's exuberant vocal harmonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In what year did Queen release the album Jazz?", "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "two"}], "question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on UK charts?", "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "six"}], "question": "What number did Queen's Jazz reach on the Billboard 200?", "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "\"Fat Bottomed Girls\" and \"Bicycle Race\""}], "question": "What were the two hit singles off of Queen's album Jazz?", "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Wimbledon Stadium"}], "question": "Queen rented what venue for a music video in 1978?", "id": "57268d1d5951b619008f7667"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, Ratu melawat Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada, dan menghabiskan banyak lawatan 1979 di Eropah dan Jepun. Mereka melancarkan album live pertama mereka, Live Killers, pada tahun 1979; ia pergi platinum dua kali di Amerika Syarikat. Queen juga mengeluarkan single \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" yang sangat berjaya, sebuah lagu terinspirasi rockabilly yang dilakukan dalam gaya Elvis Presley. Lagu itu menjadikan 10 teratas di banyak negara, mendahului Carta ARIA Australia selama tujuh minggu berturut-turut, dan merupakan nombor pertama single band di Amerika Syarikat di mana ia mengungguli Billboard Hot 100 selama empat minggu. Setelah menulis lagu pada gitar dan memainkan irama pada rekod, Mercury memainkan gitar irama sambil menayangkan lagu secara langsung, yang merupakan kali pertama dia pernah bermain gitar secara konsert. Pada bulan Disember 1979, Queen memainkan malam pembukaan di Konsert untuk Rakyat Kampuchea di London, setelah menerima permintaan oleh penganjur acara itu, Paul McCartney. <> Siapa yang menganjurkan Konsert untuk Rakyat Kampuchea? || Paul McCartney <> Dalam tahun apakah Queen Killer Live dibebaskan? || 1979 <> Berapa kali platinum melakukan Killer Live Queen di AS? || dua kali <> Ratu Crazy Little Thing Called Love adalah seorang ode penyanyi mana? || Elvis Presley <> Pada tahun apakah Ratu memainkan Konsert untuk Rakyat Kampuchea? || 1979", {"context": "In 1978, Queen toured the US and Canada, and spent much of 1979 touring in Europe and Japan. They released their first live album, Live Killers, in 1979; it went platinum twice in the US. Queen also released the very successful single \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\", a rockabilly inspired song done in the style of Elvis Presley. The song made the top 10 in many countries, topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven consecutive weeks, and was the band's first number one single in the United States where it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks. Having written the song on guitar and played rhythm on the record, Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live, which was the first time he ever played guitar in concert. In December 1979, Queen played the opening night at the Concert for the People of Kampuchea in London, having accepted a request by the event's organiser Paul McCartney.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "Paul McCartney"}], "question": "Who organized the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?", "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year was Queen's Live Killers released?", "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times platinum did Queen's Live Killers go in the US?", "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Elvis Presley"}], "question": "Queen's Crazy Little Thing Called Love was an ode to which singer?", "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e8979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "1979"}], "question": "In what year did Queen play the Concert for the People of Kampuchea?", "id": "57268eb1dd62a815002e897a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1982, band ini mengeluarkan album Hot Space, yang berlepas dari bunyi beruniform tujuh puluhan, kali ini menjadi campuran rock, pop rock, dance, funk, dan R & B. Kebanyakan album itu dirakam di Munich semasa tempoh paling bergelora dalam sejarah kumpulan itu, dan Taylor dan May mengeluh bunyi baru, dengan kedua-duanya sangat kritikal terhadap pengaruh pengurus peribadi Mercury Paul Prenter mengenai penyanyi itu. Mei juga mencemaskan Prenter, yang merupakan pengurus Mercury dari awal 1980-an hingga 1984, kerana menyangkal kepentingan stesen radio, seperti rangkaian AS, dan hubungan penting mereka antara artis dan masyarakat, dan untuk menafikan mereka akses kepada Mercury. Band ini berhenti melawat Amerika Utara selepas Tour Space Hot mereka, kerana kejayaan mereka telah berkurang, walaupun mereka akan tampil di televisyen Amerika untuk satu-satunya masa dalam perdana musim kelapan Sabtu Malam Live. Queen meninggalkan Elektra Records, label mereka di Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Jepun, Australia, dan New Zealand, dan menandatangani EMI / Capitol Records. <> Apa album yang dilancarkan Queen pada tahun 1982? || Hot Space <> Di manakah Ratu mencatatkan album 1982 mereka? || Munich <> Apa nama pengurus peribadi Freddie Mercury? || Paul Prenter <> Queen meninggalkan apa label sebelum mendaftar dengan EMI? || Rekod Elektra <> Di mana musim Sabtu Malam Live dilakukan oleh Queen? || musim kelapan", {"context": "In 1982, the band released the album Hot Space, a departure from their trademark seventies sound, this time being a mixture of rock, pop rock, dance, funk, and R&B. Most of the album was recorded in Munich during the most turbulent period in the band's history, and Taylor and May lamented the new sound, with both being very critical of the influence Mercury's personal manager Paul Prenter had on the singer. May was also scathing of Prenter, who was Mercury's manager from the early 1980s to 1984, for being dismissive of the importance of radio stations, such as the US networks, and their vital connection between the artist and the community, and for denying them access to Mercury. The band stopped touring North America after their Hot Space Tour, as their success there had waned, although they would perform on American television for the only time during the eighth season premiere of Saturday Night Live. Queen left Elektra Records, their label in the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, and signed onto EMI/Capitol Records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Hot Space"}], "question": "What album did Queen release in 1982? ", "id": "5726959d708984140094caeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Munich"}], "question": "Where did Queen record their 1982 album? ", "id": "5726959d708984140094caec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Paul Prenter"}], "question": "What was the name of Freddie Mercury's personal manager?", "id": "5726959d708984140094caed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "Elektra Records"}], "question": "Queen left what label before signing with EMI?", "id": "5726959d708984140094caee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "the eighth season"}], "question": "On which season of Saturday Night Live did Queen perform?", "id": "5726959d708984140094caef"}]}], ["The album studio keenam band News of the World dikeluarkan pada tahun 1977, yang telah empat kali platinum di Amerika Syarikat, dan dua kali di UK. Album ini mengandungi banyak lagu-lagu yang disesuaikan untuk persembahan secara langsung, termasuk dua lagu lagu rock yang paling dikenali, \"We Will Rock You\" dan ballad rock \"We Are the Champions\", yang kedua-duanya menjadi anthem sukan antarabangsa yang kekal, dan yang kedua nombor empat di AS. Permaisuri memulakan Berita Jelajah Dunia pada Oktober 1977, dan Robert Hilburn dari Los Angeles Times menyeru lawatan konsert ini \"pertunjukan yang paling hebat dipamerkan dan dibarisi dengan halus\". <> Album keenam Queen telah dikeluarkan dalam tahun berapa? || 1977 <> Berapa kali platinum melakukan Berita Ratu Dunia? || empat <> Berita Ratu Dunia yang mengandungi dua lagu rock? || \"We Will Rock You\" dan balada rock \"We Are the Champions\" <> Ratu News of the World Tour berlangsung di tahun apa? || 1977", {"context": "The band's sixth studio album News of the World was released in 1977, which has gone four times platinum in the United States, and twice in the UK. The album contained many songs tailor-made for live performance, including two of rock's most recognisable anthems, \"We Will Rock You\" and the rock ballad \"We Are the Champions\", both of which became enduring international sports anthems, and the latter reached number four in the US. Queen commenced the News of the World Tour in October 1977, and Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times called this concert tour the band's \"most spectacularly staged and finely honed show\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1977"}], "question": "Queen's sixth album was released in what year?", "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many times platinum did Queen's News of the World go?", "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "\"We Will Rock You\" and the rock ballad \"We Are the Champions\""}], "question": "Queen's News of the World contained which two rock anthems?", "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e368"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "1977"}], "question": "Queen's News of the World Tour took place in what year?", "id": "57268c15f1498d1400e8e369"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1976, Queen memainkan salah satu pertunjukan mereka yang paling terkenal, konsert percuma di Hyde Park, London. Satu konsert yang dianjurkan oleh usahawan Richard Branson, ia menetapkan rekod kehadiran dengan 150,000 orang mengesahkan penonton. Pada 1 Disember 1976, Ratu adalah tetamu yang ditujukan pada program awal malam ini di London, tetapi mereka keluar pada minit terakhir, yang menyaksikan penggantian mereka lewat pada pameran itu, EMI melabelkan Sex Pistols, memberikan wawancara seminal mereka. Semasa A Day di Tour Races pada tahun 1977, Queen mempamerkan pameran yang dijual di Madison Square Garden, New York, pada bulan Februari, dan Earls Court, London, pada bulan Jun. <> Di mana Ratu menjadi tuan rumah konsert percuma pada tahun 1976? || Hyde Park, London <> Siapa yang menganjurkan konsert percuma oleh Queen pada tahun 1976? || Richard Branson <> Berapa ramai orang yang membantu Queen menetapkan rekod kehadiran 1976? || 150,000 <> Tempat mana AS yang Queen menjual pada tahun 1977? || Madison Square Garden <> Tempat British yang mana Queen menjual pada tahun 1977? || Earls Court", {"context": "During 1976, Queen played one of their most famous gigs, a free concert in Hyde Park, London. A concert organised by the entrepreneur Richard Branson, it set an attendance record with 150,000 people confirmed in the audience. On 1 December 1976, Queen were the intended guests on London's early evening Today programme, but they pulled out at the last-minute, which saw their late replacement on the show, EMI labelmate the Sex Pistols, give their seminal interview. During the A Day at the Races Tour in 1977, Queen performed sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden, New York, in February, and Earls Court, London, in June.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Hyde Park, London"}], "question": "Where did Queen host a free concert in 1976? ", "id": "572689e65951b619008f7635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Richard Branson"}], "question": "Who organized a free concert by Queen in 1976?", "id": "572689e65951b619008f7636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "How many people helped Queen set a 1976 attendance record?", "id": "572689e65951b619008f7637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Madison Square Garden"}], "question": "Which US venue did Queen sell out in 1977? ", "id": "572689e65951b619008f7638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Earls Court"}], "question": "Which British venue did Queen sell out in 1977?", "id": "572689e65951b619008f7639"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1976, Queen kembali ke studio rakaman A Day di Races, yang sering dianggap sebagai album sekuel A Night di Opera. Ia sekali lagi meminjam nama filem Marx Brothers, dan penutupnya sama dengan A Night di Opera, variasi di Queen Crest yang sama. Yang paling dikenali oleh Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, menjemput Ratu untuk melawatnya di rumahnya di Los Angeles pada Mac 1977; di sana band itu mengucapkan terima kasih kepada beliau secara peribadi, dan melakukan \"39\" cappella. Secara Muzikal, A Day at the Races oleh kedua-dua peminat dan kritikan 'standard usaha yang kuat, mencapai nombor satu di UK dan Jepun, dan nombor lima di Amerika Syarikat. Lagu utama dalam album itu ialah \"Somebody to Love\", sebuah lagu yang diilhami oleh Injil di mana Mercury, May, dan Taylor mengamati suara mereka untuk mencipta paduan suara 100 suara. Lagu itu pergi ke nombor dua di UK, dan nombor tiga belas di Amerika Syarikat. Album itu turut menampilkan salah satu lagu terbitan band, \"Tie Your Mother Down\", yang menjadi pokok pertunjukan langsung mereka. <> Apa album Queen dikeluarkan pada tahun 1976? || A Day at the Races <> Apa kejayaan besar dari album Queen 1976? || Seseorang yang Mencintai <> Yang lagu Queen Riang adalah kegemaran di persembahan langsung? || Tali Ibu Anda <> Yang komedi yang menjemput Ratu untuk melawatnya pada tahun 1977? || Groucho Marx <> Yang ahli Ratu berlapis suara mereka pada Seseorang untuk Cinta? || Mercury, Mei, dan Taylor", {"context": "By 1976, Queen were back in the studio recording A Day at the Races, which is often regarded as a sequel album to A Night at the Opera. It again borrowed the name of a Marx Brothers movie, and its cover was similar to that of A Night at the Opera, a variation on the same Queen Crest. The most recognisable of the Marx Brothers, Groucho Marx, invited Queen to visit him in his Los Angeles home in March 1977; there the band thanked him in person, and performed \"'39\" a cappella. Musically, A Day at the Races was by both fans' and critics' standards a strong effort, reaching number one in the UK and Japan, and number five in the US. The major hit on the album was \"Somebody to Love\", a gospel-inspired song in which Mercury, May, and Taylor multi-tracked their voices to create a 100-voice gospel choir. The song went to number two in the UK, and number thirteen in the US. The album also featured one of the band's heaviest songs, May's \"Tie Your Mother Down\", which became a staple of their live shows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "A Day at the Races"}], "question": "What Queen album was released in 1976?", "id": "57268918708984140094c931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Somebody to Love"}], "question": "What was the major hit from Queen's 1976 album?", "id": "57268918708984140094c932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "Tie Your Mother Down"}], "question": "Which heavy Queen song is a favorite at live shows?", "id": "57268918708984140094c933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Groucho Marx"}], "question": "Which comedian invited Queen to visit him in 1977? ", "id": "57268918708984140094c934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "Mercury, May, and Taylor"}], "question": "Which Queen members layered their voices on Somebody to Love?", "id": "57268918708984140094c935"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1981, Queen mengembara ke Amerika Selatan sebagai sebahagian daripada The Game Tour, dan menjadi band rock utama pertama yang bermain di stadium Amerika Latin. Tur termasuk lima pertunjukan di Argentina, salah satu daripadanya menarik penonton konsert tunggal terbesar dalam sejarah Argentina dengan penonton sebanyak 300,000 di Buenos Aires dan dua konsert di Stadium Morumbi di S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, di mana mereka bermain untuk penonton lebih daripada 131,000 orang pada malam pertama (kemudian penonton berbayar terbesar untuk satu band di mana sahaja di dunia) dan lebih daripada 120,000 orang pada malam berikutnya. Pada bulan Oktober tahun yang sama, Ratu mempersembahkan lebih daripada 150,000 peminat pada 9 Oktober di Monterrey (Estadio Universitario) dan 17 dan 18 di Puebla (Estadio Zaragoza), Mexico. Pada 24 dan 25 November, Queen bermain dua malam di Forum Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. Salah satu persembahan Mercury yang paling penting dalam trek akhir The Game, \"Save Me\", berlaku di Montreal, dan konsert itu dirakamkan dalam album live, Queen Rock Montreal. <> Band apa band pertama yang bermain di stadium Amerika Latin? || Queen <> The Game Tour dari band Queen termasuk berapa banyak pertunjukan di Argentina? || lima <> Seberapa besar penonton rekod Queen di Argentina? || 300,000 <> Apa trek terakhir di Queen's The Game? || Simpan Me <> Apa yang telah terjual tempat bermain Queen di Kanada? || Forum Montreal", {"context": "In February 1981, Queen travelled to South America as part of The Game Tour, and became the first major rock band to play in Latin American stadiums. The tour included five shows in Argentina, one of which drew the largest single concert crowd in Argentine history with an audience of 300,000 in Buenos Aires and two concerts at the Morumbi Stadium in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, where they played to an audience of more than 131,000 people in the first night (then the largest paying audience for a single band anywhere in the world) and more than 120,000 people the following night. In October of the same year, Queen performed for more than 150,000 fans on 9 October at Monterrey (Estadio Universitario) and 17 and 18 at Puebla (Estadio Zaragoza), Mexico. On 24 and 25 November, Queen played two sell out nights at the Montreal Forum, Quebec, Canada. One of Mercury's most notable performances of The Game's final track, \"Save Me\", took place in Montreal, and the concert is recorded in the live album, Queen Rock Montreal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Queen"}], "question": "What band was the first major band to play in Latin American stadiums?", "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "five"}], "question": "The Game Tour of the band Queen included how many shows in Argentina?", "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "300,000"}], "question": "How large was Queen's record audience in Argentina?", "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "Save Me"}], "question": "What was the final track on Queen's The Game?", "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "Montreal Forum"}], "question": "What sold out venue did Queen play in Canada?", "id": "57269470dd62a815002e8a38"}]}], ["Ratu memulakan kerjaya tahun 1980-an dengan The Game. Ia menampilkan single \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" dan \"Another One Bites the Dust\", keduanya mencapai nombor satu di Amerika Syarikat. Selepas menghadiri konsert Queen di Los Angeles, Michael Jackson mencadangkan ke belakang pentas Merkuri bahawa \"Satu lagi Menggigit Debu\" dibebaskan sebagai satu, dan pada bulan Oktober 1980 ia menghabiskan masa tiga minggu di nombor satu. Album itu mengungguli Billboard 200 selama lima minggu, dan menjual lebih dari empat juta kopi di Amerika Syarikat. Ia juga merupakan penampilan pertama penerbit dalam album Queen. Sejak itu, album mereka menampilkan \"Tidak Sintesis!\" nota lengan. Nota itu dianggap secara meluas untuk mencerminkan pendirian anti-sintetik, pro- \"keras\" oleh band, tetapi kemudiannya diturunkan oleh produser Roy Thomas Baker sebagai percubaan untuk menjelaskan bahawa solos berlapis-lapis album itu dibuat dengan gitar, bukan synths, sebagai rekod eksekutif syarikat terus menganggap pada masa itu. Pada bulan September 1980, Queen memperlihatkan tiga acara yang dijual di Madison Square Garden. Pada tahun 1980, Queen juga mengeluarkan soundtrack yang mereka rakamkan untuk Flash Gordon. Pada Anugerah Muzik Amerika 1981 pada bulan Januari, \"One Another Bites the Dust\" memenangi anugerah untuk Pop / Rock Single Kegemaran, dan Queen dicalonkan untuk Band Pop / Rock Kegemaran, Duo, atau Kumpulan. <> Ratu melakukan beberapa rancangan untuk dijual di tempat AS? || Madison Square Garden <> Queen mencatatkan soundtrack kepada apa yang menunjukkan? || Flash Gordon <> Apa lagu Queen memenangi anugerah untuk single terbaik Pop / Rock? || Satu Lagi Menggigit Debu <> Yang artis muzik yang mencadangkan Ratu melepaskan Satu lagi Menggigit Debu sebagai satu? || Michael Jackson <> Album Queen mana yang bermula pada tahun 1980-an? || Permainan", {"context": "Queen began their 1980s career with The Game. It featured the singles \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" and \"Another One Bites the Dust\", both of which reached number one in the US. After attending a Queen concert in Los Angeles, Michael Jackson suggested to Mercury backstage that \"Another One Bites the Dust\" be released as a single, and in October 1980 it spent three weeks at number one. The album topped the Billboard 200 for five weeks, and sold over four million copies in the US. It was also the first appearance of a synthesiser on a Queen album. Heretofore, their albums featured a distinctive \"No Synthesisers!\" sleeve note. The note is widely assumed to reflect an anti-synth, pro-\"hard\"-rock stance by the band, but was later revealed by producer Roy Thomas Baker to be an attempt to clarify that those albums' multi-layered solos were created with guitars, not synths, as record company executives kept assuming at the time. In September 1980, Queen performed three sold-out shows at Madison Square Garden. In 1980, Queen also released the soundtrack they had recorded for Flash Gordon. At the 1981 American Music Awards in January, \"Another One Bites the Dust\" won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Single, and Queen were nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Band, Duo, or Group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 997, "text": "Madison Square Garden"}], "question": "Queen performed several sold out shows at what US venue?", "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1086, "text": "Flash Gordon"}], "question": "Queen recorded the soundtrack to what show?", "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "Another One Bites the Dust"}], "question": "What Queen song won the award for best Pop/Rock single?", "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Which musical artist suggested Queen release Another One Bites the Dust as a single?", "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "The Game"}], "question": "Which Queen album kicked off the 1980s?", "id": "57269042dd62a815002e89cc"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1975, Queen mencatatkan dan mengeluarkan A Night di Opera, mengambil namanya dari filem Marx Brothers yang popular. Pada masa itu, ia adalah album paling mahal yang pernah dihasilkan. Seperti pendahulunya, album ini mempunyai gaya muzik yang pelbagai dan percubaan dengan bunyi stereo. Dalam \"Lagu Nabi\", epik lapan minit, bahagian tengah adalah kanun, dengan frasa mudah berlapis untuk mewujudkan suara penuh suara. The Mercury yang menulis balada, \"Love of My Life\", menampilkan harmoni suara harpa dan overdubbed. Album ini sangat berjaya di Britain, dan berlipat ganda platinum di Amerika Syarikat. Orang awam Britain mengundi album terhebat ke-13 sepanjang masa dalam polling Channel 4 2004. Ia juga menduduki tempat teratas dalam pemilihan antarabangsa; dalam penggubalan Guinness di seluruh dunia, ia telah mengundi ke-19 sepanjang masa, sementara tinjauan pendapat ABC menyaksikan orang awam Australia mengundi ke-28 terbesar sepanjang masa. Malam di Opera sering muncul dalam senarai \"album paling hebat\" yang mencerminkan pendapat pengkritik. Di antara pencapaian lain, ia menduduki tempat ke-16 dalam \"The 50 Best British Albums Ever\" pada tahun 2004, dan nombor 11 dalam \"The 100 Greatest Albums of All Rolling Stone\" yang dimainkan dalam edisi Mexico mereka pada tahun 2004. Ia juga diletakkan di No. 230 di majalah Rolling Stone \"The 500 Album Terbesar Sepanjang Masa\" pada tahun 2003. Malam di Opera adalah album Queen ketiga dan terakhir yang akan dipaparkan di dalam buku 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. <> Album Queen mana yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1975? || A Night at the Opera <> Queen's 1975 album mengambil nama itu dari filem yang mana komedi bertindak? || Marx Brothers <> Berapa lama lagu Ratu Nabi? || lapan minit <> Mana watak Ratu yang menampilkan kecapi harpa dan overdubbed? || Cinta hati saya", {"context": "In late 1975, Queen recorded and released A Night at the Opera, taking its name from the popular Marx Brothers movie. At the time, it was the most expensive album ever produced. Like its predecessor, the album features diverse musical styles and experimentation with stereo sound. In \"The Prophet's Song\", an eight-minute epic, the middle section is a canon, with simple phrases layered to create a full-choral sound. The Mercury penned ballad, \"Love of My Life\", featured a harp and overdubbed vocal harmonies. The album was very successful in Britain, and went triple platinum in the United States. The British public voted it the 13th greatest album of all time in a 2004 Channel 4 poll. It has also ranked highly in international polls; in a worldwide Guinness poll, it was voted the 19th greatest of all time, while an ABC poll saw the Australian public vote it the 28th greatest of all time. A Night at the Opera has frequently appeared in \"greatest albums\" lists reflecting the opinions of critics. Among other accolades, it was ranked number 16 in Q Magazine's \"The 50 Best British Albums Ever\" in 2004, and number 11 in Rolling Stone's \"The 100 Greatest Albums of All Time\" as featured in their Mexican edition in 2004. It was also placed at No. 230 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2003. A Night at the Opera is the third and final Queen album to be featured in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "A Night at the Opera"}], "question": "Which Queen album was released in 1975?", "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Marx Brothers"}], "question": "Queen's 1975 album took it's name from a movie from which comedy act?", "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "eight-minute"}], "question": "How long was Queen's The Prophet's Song?", "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Love of My Life"}], "question": "Which Queen ballad featured a harp and overdubbed harmonies?", "id": "57268127f1498d1400e8e207"}]}], ["Album itu juga memaparkan lagu \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", yang merupakan nombor satu di UK selama sembilan minggu. Rakan dan penasihat dekat Mercury, DJ Capital Capital DJ Kenny Everett, memainkan peranan penting dalam memberikan pendedahan tunggal. Ia adalah single ketiga terlaris sepanjang zaman di UK, dilangkau hanya oleh Band Aid yang \"Adakah Mereka Tahu Itu Krismas?\" dan Elton John \"Lilin dalam Angin 1997\", dan merupakan satu-satunya komersial yang paling laris di UK. Ia juga mencecah angka sembilan di Amerika Syarikat (pelepasan semula 1992 mencapai nombor dua di Billboard Hot 100 selama lima minggu). Ia adalah satu-satunya yang pernah menjual satu juta salinan pada dua kesempatan berasingan, dan menjadi nombor satu Krismas dua kali di UK, satu-satunya yang pernah berbuat demikian. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" telah diundi beberapa kali lagu paling hebat sepanjang masa. Band ini memutuskan untuk membuat video untuk membantu dengan Trilion tunggal dan upah, anak syarikat bekas syarikat pengurusan Trident Studios, menggunakan teknologi baru untuk membuat video; hasilnya dianggap sebagai video muzik \"benar\" pertama yang pernah dihasilkan, dan mempopulerkan media. Lagu pertama album \"Death on Two Legs\" dikatakan ditulis oleh Mercury mengenai Norman Sheffield dan bekas pengurusan di Trident yang membantu membuat video begitu popular. Walaupun band-band lain, termasuk Beatles, telah membuat filem promosi pendek atau video lagu-lagu sebelum ini, secara amnya, mereka secara khusus dibuat untuk ditayangkan pada rancangan televisyen tertentu. Mengenai kesan \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", Rolling Stone menyatakan: \"Pengaruhnya tidak dapat dilebih-lebihkan, secara praktikal mencipta video muzik tujuh tahun sebelum MTV pergi ke udara.\" Single kedua dari album, \"You're My Best Friend\", lagu kedua yang dikarang oleh John Deacon, dan single pertamanya, memuncak pada angka enam belas di Amerika Syarikat dan menjadi hit Sepuluh di seluruh dunia. A Night band di Opera Tour bermula pada bulan November 1975, dan meliputi Eropah, Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, dan Australia. <> Lagu Queen mana yang nombor satu di carta UK selama sembilan minggu? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Apakah ketiga jualan terbaik sepanjang masa di UK? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Apa single Queen menjual satu juta salinan pada dua kesempatan berasingan? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Dalam tahun apakah Queen A Night di Tour Opera bermula? || 1975 <> Lawatan Queen 1975 termasuk Eropah dan ketiga negara? || Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, dan Australia", {"context": "The album also featured the hit single \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", which was number one in the UK for nine weeks. Mercury's close friend and advisor, Capital London radio DJ Kenny Everett, played a pivotal role in giving the single exposure. It is the third-best-selling single of all time in the UK, surpassed only by Band Aid's \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" and Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", and is the best-selling commercial single in the UK. It also reached number nine in the United States (a 1992 re-release reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks). It is the only single ever to sell a million copies on two separate occasions, and became the Christmas number one twice in the UK, the only single ever to do so. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time. The band decided to make a video to help go with the single and hired Trilion, a subsidiary of the former management company Trident Studios, using new technology to create the video; the result is generally considered to have been the first \"true\" music video ever produced, and popularised the medium. The album's first track \"Death on Two Legs\" is said to be written by Mercury about Norman Sheffield and the former management at Trident who helped make the video so popular. Although other bands, including the Beatles, had made short promotional films or videos of songs prior to this, generally, those were specifically made to be aired on specific television shows. On the impact of \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", Rolling Stone states: \"Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air.\" The second single from the album, \"You're My Best Friend\", the second song composed by John Deacon, and his first single, peaked at number sixteen in the United States and went on to become a worldwide Top Ten hit. The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?", "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?", "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e295"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?", "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1943, "text": "1975"}], "question": "In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?", "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1973, "text": "United States, Japan, and Australia"}], "question": "Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?", "id": "572685c3f1498d1400e8e298"}]}], ["Semasa ditemuramah untuk majalah Mojo, band ini berkata penglihatan paling luar biasa di Live Aid adalah untuk melihat penonton bertepuk tangan dengan \"Radio Ga Ga\". Brian May menyatakan: \"Saya tidak pernah melihat apa-apa seperti itu dalam hidup saya dan ia tidak dikira sama ada Kami memahami peminat kami dan bermain untuk mereka tetapi itu adalah salah satu kemalangan yang pelik kerana video (muzik). berfikir 'oh great, mereka telah mengambilnya' dan kemudian saya fikir 'ini bukan penonton Ratu'. Ini adalah khalayak umum yang telah membeli tiket sebelum mereka tahu kami ada tagihan. Bagaimana mereka tahu? Tidak ada yang memberitahu mereka untuk melakukannya. \" <> Penonton di Live Aid bertepuk tangan ke apa yang Song Queen? || Radio Ga Ga <> Majalah mana yang ditemuramah Brian May mengenai Bantuan Langsung? || Brian May <> Apa medium yang membantu peminat Ratu membiasakan lagu mereka sebelum Live Aid? || (video muzik", {"context": "When interviewed for Mojo magazine the band said the most amazing sight at Live Aid was to see the audience clapping to \"Radio Ga Ga\". Brian May stated: \"I'd never seen anything like that in my life and it wasn't calculated either. We understood our audience and played to them but that was one of those weird accidents because of the (music) video. I remember thinking 'oh great, they've picked it up' and then I thought 'this is not a Queen audience'. This is a general audience who've bought tickets before they even knew we were on the bill. And they all did it. How did they know? Nobody told them to do it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Radio Ga Ga"}], "question": "The audience at Live Aid clapped to what Queen Song?", "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Brian May"}], "question": "Which magazine interviewed Brian May about Live Aid?", "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "(music) video"}], "question": "What medium helped Queen fans get used to their songs before Live Aid?", "id": "5726a882f1498d1400e8e664"}]}], ["Band ini, yang kini telah direvitalisasi oleh respon kepada Live Aid - yang \"ditembak di tangan\" Roger Taylor memanggilnya, - dan kenaikan dalam jualan rekod, berakhir pada 1985 dengan melepaskan \"One Vision\" tunggal, yang ketiga kali selepas \"Stone Cold Crazy\" dan \"Under Pressure (dengan David Bowie)\" bahawa kesemua empat band menerima kredit menulis untuk satu lagu. Juga, satu set kotak terhad edisi yang mengandungi semua album Queen hingga kini telah dikeluarkan di bawah tajuk The Complete Works. Pakej ini merangkumi bahan yang belum dirilis sebelumnya, terutamanya Queen single bukan album Krismas 1984, berjudul \"Terima Tuhan Ia Krismas\". <> Apa tahun yang dikeluarkan oleh Queen's One Vision? || 1985 <> Berapa ramai ahli kumpulan menulis Satu Visi Ratu? || empat <> Apakah pertengahan tahun 1980-an ditetapkan oleh Queen boxed set? || Kerja Lengkap <> Apakah lagu Queen Christmas 1984 yang dipanggil? || Terima kasih Tuhan Itu Krismas", {"context": "The band, now revitalised by the response to Live Aid \u2013 a \"shot in the arm\" Roger Taylor called it, \u2014 and the ensuing increase in record sales, ended 1985 by releasing the single \"One Vision\", which was the third time after \"Stone Cold Crazy\" and \"Under Pressure (with David Bowie)\" that all four bandmembers received a writing credit for the one song. Also, a limited-edition boxed set containing all Queen albums to date was released under the title of The Complete Works. The package included previously unreleased material, most notably Queen's non-album single of Christmas 1984, titled \"Thank God It's Christmas\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1985"}], "question": "What year was Queen's One Vision released?", "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many band members wrote Queen's One Vision?", "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "The Complete Works"}], "question": "What was the mid 1980s Queen boxed set called?", "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Thank God It's Christmas"}], "question": "What was Queen's 1984 Christmas song called?", "id": "5726ab3af1498d1400e8e69d"}]}], ["Di Live Aid, yang diadakan di Wembley pada 13 Julai 1985, di hadapan penonton TV terbesar sebanyak 1.9 bilion, Queen melakukan beberapa hits terbesar mereka, di mana penonton stadium yang terjual sebanyak 72,000 orang bertepuk tangan, menyanyi, dan bergoyang bersamaan. Penganjur pameran, Bob Geldof dan Midge Ure, pemuzik lain seperti Elton John, Cliff Richard dan Dave Grohl, dan wartawan muzik menulis untuk BBC, CNN, Rolling Stone, MTV, The Telegraph antara lain, menyatakan bahawa Ratu mencuri persembahan. Satu tinjauan industri pada tahun 2005 menduduki kedudukan prestasi batu terbesar sepanjang masa. Nota Mercury yang kuat dan berterusan semasa bahagian cappella dikenali sebagai \"The Note Heard Round the World\". <> Apa tarikh adalah Live Aid? || 13 Julai 1985 <> Di mana bantuan Live diadakan? || Wembley <> Seberapa besar penonton TV Live Aid? || 1.9 bilion <> Berapa lama penonton stadium Live Aid? || 72,000 <> Siapa yang menganjurkan Bantuan Langsung? || Bob Geldof dan Midge Ure", {"context": "At Live Aid, held at Wembley on 13 July 1985, in front of the biggest-ever TV audience of 1.9 billion, Queen performed some of their greatest hits, during which the sold-out stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison. The show's organisers, Bob Geldof and Midge Ure, other musicians such as Elton John, Cliff Richard and Dave Grohl, and music journalists writing for the BBC, CNN, Rolling Stone, MTV, The Telegraph among others, stated that Queen stole the show. An industry poll in 2005 ranked it the greatest rock performance of all time. Mercury's powerful, sustained note during the a cappella section came to be known as \"The Note Heard Round the World\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "13 July 1985"}], "question": "What date was Live Aid?", "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Wembley"}], "question": "Where was Live Aid held?", "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1.9 billion"}], "question": "How big was Live Aid's TV audience?", "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "72,000"}], "question": "How long was Live Aid's stadium audience?", "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Bob Geldof and Midge Ure"}], "question": "Who organized Live Aid?", "id": "5726a3bf5951b619008f78a7"}]}], ["Tahun itu, Ratu memulakan Jelajah Kerja, lawatan pertama yang memaparkan pemain keyboard Spike Edney sebagai pemuzik langsung. Tur ini menampilkan sembilan tarikh terjual pada bulan Oktober di Bophuthatswana, Afrika Selatan, di arena di Sun City. Apabila kembali ke England, mereka menjadi subjek kemarahan, setelah bermain di Afrika Selatan semasa ketinggian apartheid dan melanggar usaha penjualan di seluruh dunia dan boikot budaya PBB. Band ini bertindak balas kepada pengkritik dengan menyatakan bahawa mereka bermain muzik untuk peminat di Afrika Selatan, dan mereka juga menegaskan bahawa konsert itu dimainkan sebelum penonton bersepadu. Queen menyumbang ke sekolah untuk orang pekak dan buta sebagai isyarat dermawan tetapi didenda oleh Kesatuan Pemuzik British dan ditempatkan pada artis-artis yang disenarai hitam oleh PBB. <> Yang lawatan Queen mana yang pertama mempamerkan Spike Edney? || Spike Edney <> Queen Spike Edney memainkan instrumen apa? || keyboardist <> Siapa yang didenda Queen kerana menderma ke sekolah untuk orang pekak dan buta? || British Musicians 'Union <> Di mana Ratu bermain semasa ketinggian Apartheid? || Afrika Selatan", {"context": "That year, Queen began The Works Tour, the first tour to feature keyboardist Spike Edney as an extra live musician. The tour featured nine sold-out dates in October in Bophuthatswana, South Africa, at the arena in Sun City. Upon returning to England, they were the subject of outrage, having played in South Africa during the height of apartheid and in violation of worldwide divestment efforts and a United Nations cultural boycott. The band responded to the critics by stating that they were playing music for fans in South Africa, and they also stressed that the concerts were played before integrated audiences. Queen donated to a school for the deaf and blind as a philanthropic gesture but were fined by the British Musicians' Union and placed on the United Nations' blacklisted artists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Spike Edney"}], "question": "Which Queen tour was the first to feature Spike Edney?", "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e554"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "keyboardist"}], "question": "Queen's Spike Edney plays what instrument?", "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e555"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "British Musicians' Union"}], "question": "Who fined Queen for donating to a school for the deaf and blind?", "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "South Africa"}], "question": "Where did Queen play during the height of Apartheid?", "id": "5726a117f1498d1400e8e557"}]}], ["Populariti Queen dirangsang di Amerika Utara apabila \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" dipaparkan di dalam filem komedi 1992 Wayne's World. Penyertaannya membantu lagu mencapai nombor dua di Billboard Hot 100 selama lima minggu pada tahun 1992 (ia kekal di Hot 100 selama lebih dari 40 minggu), dan memenangi band Anugerah MTV pada 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. Album kompilasi Classic Queen juga mencapai nombor empat di Billboard 200, dan disahkan tiga kali platinum di Amerika Syarikat. Rakaman Dunia Wayne digunakan untuk membuat video muzik baru untuk \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", yang mana kumpulan dan pengurusannya gembira. <> Filem mana yang memaparkan Rhapsody Ratu Bohemia? || Wayne's World <> Tahun berapa Ratu mendapat dorongan dalam jualan Amerika Utara kerana dipaparkan dalam filem? || 1992 <> Dalam tahun apakah Queen memenangi anugerah MTV? || 1992 <> Berapa tinggi carta album Queen Classic di Billboard 200? || empat <> Berapa kali platinum melakukan Classic Queen pergi di AS? || tiga kali", {"context": "Queen's popularity was stimulated in North America when \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was featured in the 1992 comedy film Wayne's World. Its inclusion helped the song reach number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks in 1992 (it remained in the Hot 100 for over 40 weeks), and won the band an MTV Award at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards. The compilation album Classic Queen also reached number four on the Billboard 200, and is certified three times platinum in the US. Wayne's World footage was used to make a new music video for \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", with which the band and management were delighted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Wayne's World"}], "question": "Which movie featured Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?", "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1992"}], "question": "What year did Queen get a boost in North American sales due to being featured in a movie?", "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year did Queen win an MTV award?", "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "four"}], "question": "How high did the album Classic Queen chart on the Billboard 200?", "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "three times"}], "question": "How many times platinum did Classic Queen go in the US?", "id": "5726b6f0708984140094ceb9"}]}], ["Selepas bekerja pada pelbagai projek solo pada tahun 1988 (termasuk kerjasama Mercury dengan Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona), band ini mengeluarkan The Miracle pada tahun 1989. Album itu meneruskan arah A Kind of Magic, dengan menggunakan bunyi pop-rock bercampur dengan beberapa nombor berat . Ia memancarkan rekod Eropah \"I Want It All\", \"Breakthru\", \"The Invisible Man\", \"Scandal\", dan \"The Miracle\". The Miracle juga memulakan perubahan arah falsafah lagu lagu Queen. Sejak awal band, hampir semua lagu telah ditulis dan dikreditkan kepada seorang ahli tunggal, dengan ahli-ahli lain menambah sedikit. Dengan The Miracle, penulisan lagu band ini menjadi lebih kolaboratif, dan mereka berikrar untuk mengkredit produk akhir hanya kepada Queen sebagai satu kumpulan. <> Siapa yang Freddie Mercury bekerjasama pada tahun 1988? || Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona <> Bilakah Queen melepaskan The Miracle? || 1989 <> Album Queen mana yang mempunyai kredit menulis lebih banyak? || Keajaiban", {"context": "After working on various solo projects during 1988 (including Mercury's collaboration with Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona), the band released The Miracle in 1989. The album continued the direction of A Kind of Magic, using a pop-rock sound mixed with a few heavy numbers. It spawned the European hits \"I Want It All\", \"Breakthru\", \"The Invisible Man\", \"Scandal\", and \"The Miracle\". The Miracle also began a change in direction of Queen's songwriting philosophy. Since the band's beginning, nearly all songs had been written by and credited to a single member, with other members adding minimally. With The Miracle, the band's songwriting became more collaborative, and they vowed to credit the final product only to Queen as a group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Barcelona"}], "question": "Who did Freddie Mercury collaborate with in 1988?", "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did Queen release The Miracle?", "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e737"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "The Miracle"}], "question": "Which Queen album had more shared writing credits?", "id": "5726af65f1498d1400e8e738"}]}], ["Innuendo dibebaskan pada awal tahun 1991 dengan nombor eponymous nombor 1 UK dan single charting lain termasuk, \"The Show Must Go On\". Merkuri semakin sakit dan hampir tidak dapat berjalan ketika band itu mencatat \"The Show Must Go On\" pada tahun 1990. Oleh kerana itu, May mempunyai kebimbangan mengenai apakah dia secara fizikal mampu menyanyi. Mengingati prestasi Mercury yang berjaya menyatakan: \"dia masuk dan membunuhnya, benar-benar menghidu vokal itu\". Selebihnya band itu bersedia untuk merakam apabila Mercury merasakan dapat masuk ke studio, selama satu atau dua jam pada satu masa. Boleh dikatakan mengenai Mercury: \"Dia hanya terus berkata. 'Tuliskan lebih banyak lagi. Tulis barangan saya. Saya mahu hanya menyanyi dan melakukannya dan apabila saya pergi, anda boleh menyelesaikannya. \"Dia tidak mempunyai ketakutan, benar-benar.\" Penyusunan hits terbesar kedua band itu, Greatest Hits II, diikuti pada Oktober 1991, yang merupakan kelapan terbaik - jualan album sepanjang masa di UK dan telah menjual 16 juta kopi di seluruh dunia. <> Apa salah satu daripada Queen Innuendo yang dicatatkan di UK? || The Show Must Go On <> Apa nama kompilasi hits terbesar kedua Queen? || Greatest Hits II <> Album Queen mana album terlaris kelapan di UK sepanjang masa? || The Greatest Hits II <> Ahli band yang mana Queen sangat sakit pada tahun 1991? || Mercury <> Queen's Greatest Hits II telah menjual berapa banyak salinan di seluruh dunia? || 16 juta", {"context": "Innuendo was released in early 1991 with an eponymous number 1 UK hit and other charting singles including, \"The Show Must Go On\". Mercury was increasingly ill and could barely walk when the band recorded \"The Show Must Go On\" in 1990. Because of this, May had concerns about whether he was physically capable of singing it. Recalling Mercury's successful performance May states; \"he went in and killed it, completely lacerated that vocal\". The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come in to the studio, for an hour or two at a time. May says of Mercury: \u201cHe just kept saying. 'Write me more. Write me stuff. I want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off.\u2019 He had no fear, really.\u201d The band's second greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits II, followed in October 1991, which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "The Show Must Go On"}], "question": "What was one single from Queen's Innuendo that charted in the UK?", "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Greatest Hits II"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's second greatest hits compilation?", "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Greatest Hits II"}], "question": "Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time?", "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991?", "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "16 million"}], "question": "Queen's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide?", "id": "5726b43c708984140094ce59"}]}], ["Pada musim panas tahun 1986, Queen mengadakan lawatan terakhir mereka dengan Freddie Mercury. Pelancongan yang dijual untuk menyokong A Kind of Magic, sekali lagi mereka mengupah Spike Edney, yang mengarahkannya menjadi ahli kelima tidak rasmi. Kemuncaknya Magic Tour adalah di Stadium Wembley di London dan menghasilkan album double live, Queen at Wembley, dikeluarkan pada CD dan sebagai konsert DVD secara langsung, yang telah lima kali platinum di Amerika Syarikat dan empat kali platinum di UK. Queen tidak dapat menempah Wembley untuk malam ketiga, tetapi mereka bermain di Knebworth Park. Pertunjukan itu dijual dalam masa dua jam dan lebih daripada 120,000 peminat membungkus taman itu untuk apa yang dilakukan oleh pertunjukan langsung Ratu dengan Mercury. Ratu memulakan lawatan di Stadium R\u00e5sunda di Stockholm, Sweden, dan semasa lawatan, band ini mengadakan konsert di Slane Castle, Ireland, di hadapan penonton 95,000, yang memecahkan rekod kehadiran tempat. Band ini juga bermain di sebalik Tirai Besi ketika mereka tampil ke 80.000 orang di N\u00e9pstadion di Budapest, di mana salah satu konsert rock terbesar yang pernah diadakan di Eropah Timur. Lebih daripada satu juta orang melihat Ratu dalam pelancongan-400,000 di United Kingdom sahaja, satu rekod pada masa itu. <> Lawatan terakhir Queen dengan Freddie Mercury adalah tahun berapa? || 1986 <> Apa nama lawatan terakhir Queen dengan Freddie Mercury? || Jenis Magic <> Berapa banyak peminat melihat Ratu di taman Knebworth? || 120,000 <> Berapa ramai peminat melihat Ratu di Nepstadion di Budapest? || 80,000 <> Berapa ramai peminat melihat Queen di istana Slane? || 95,000", {"context": "In summer of 1986, Queen went on their final tour with Freddie Mercury. A sold-out tour in support of A Kind of Magic, once again they hired Spike Edney, leading to him being dubbed the unofficial fifth member. The Magic Tour's highlight was at Wembley Stadium in London and resulted in the live double album, Queen at Wembley, released on CD and as a live concert DVD, which has gone five times platinum in the US and four times platinum in the UK. Queen could not book Wembley for a third night, but they did play at Knebworth Park. The show sold out within two hours and over 120,000 fans packed the park for what was Queen's final live performance with Mercury. Queen began the tour at the R\u00e5sunda Stadium in Stockholm, Sweden, and during the tour the band performed a concert at Slane Castle, Ireland, in front of an audience of 95,000, which broke the venue's attendance record. The band also played behind the Iron Curtain when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 at the N\u00e9pstadion in Budapest, in what was one of the biggest rock concerts ever held in Eastern Europe. More than one million people saw Queen on the tour\u2014400,000 in the United Kingdom alone, a record at the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1986"}], "question": "Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury was in what year?", "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "A Kind of Magic"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen's final tour with Freddie Mercury?", "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many fans saw Queen in Knebworth park?", "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "80,000"}], "question": "How many fans saw Queen at the Nepstadion in Budapest?", "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "95,000"}], "question": "How many fans saw Queen at Slane castle?", "id": "5726ad72708984140094cda5"}]}], ["Selepas peminat melihat penampilan Mercury semakin sedih pada tahun 1988, khabar angin mula menyebarkan bahawa Merkuri mengalami AIDS. Mercury tegas menafikannya, mendesak dia hanya \"letih\" dan terlalu sibuk untuk menyediakan temuduga. Band ini memutuskan untuk terus membuat album, bermula dengan The Miracle pada tahun 1989 dan meneruskan dengan Innuendo pada tahun 1991. Walaupun kesihatannya semakin merosot, penyanyi utama terus menyumbang. Untuk dua album terakhir yang dibuat semasa Mercury masih hidup, band ini mengiktiraf semua lagu kepada Ratu, bukannya ahli kumpulan tertentu, membebaskan mereka dari konflik dalaman dan perbezaan. Pada tahun 1990, Queen menamatkan kontrak mereka dengan Capitol dan menandatangani dengan Disney's Hollywood Records, yang sejak itu kekal sebagai pemilik katalog muzik kumpulan di Amerika Syarikat dan Kanada. Pada tahun yang sama, Mercury membuat penampilan terakhirnya ketika dia menyertai rehat Queen untuk mengumpul Anugerah Brit untuk Sumbangan Cemerlang kepada Muzik British. <> Bilakah Ratu menamatkan kontrak mereka dengan Capitol? || 1990 <> Selepas meninggalkan Capitol, siapa yang menandatangani Ratu? || Rekod Hollywood Disney <> Berapa tahun penampilan umum Freddie Mercury dengan Queen? || 1990 <> Album Queen mana yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1991? || Innuendo", {"context": "After fans noticed Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance in 1988, rumours began to spread that Mercury was suffering from AIDS. Mercury flatly denied this, insisting he was merely \"exhausted\" and too busy to provide interviews. The band decided to continue making albums, starting with The Miracle in 1989 and continuing with Innuendo in 1991. Despite his deteriorating health, the lead singer continued to contribute. For the last two albums made while Mercury was still alive, the band credited all songs to Queen, rather than specific members of the group, freeing them of internal conflict and differences. In 1990, Queen ended their contract with Capitol and signed with Disney's Hollywood Records, which has since remained the group's music catalogue owner in the United States and Canada. That same year, Mercury made his final public appearance when he joined the rest of Queen to collect the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When did Queen end their contract with Capitol?", "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Disney's Hollywood Records"}], "question": "After leaving Capitol, who did Queen sign with?", "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "1990"}], "question": "What year was Freddie Mercury's final public appearance with Queen?", "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Innuendo"}], "question": "Which Queen album was released in 1991?", "id": "5726b11bf1498d1400e8e79d"}]}], ["Pada 23 November 1991, dalam kenyataan yang dibuat di atas kematiannya, Mercury mengesahkan bahawa dia mempunyai AIDS. Dalam tempoh 24 jam dari kenyataan itu, dia meninggal akibat radang paru-paru bronkus, yang dibawa sebagai komplikasi AIDS. Perkhidmatan pengebumiannya pada 27 November di Kensal Green, London Barat adalah swasta, dan diadakan sesuai dengan kepercayaan agama Zoroastrian keluarganya. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" dilancarkan semula sebagai satu-satunya selepas kematian Mercury, dengan \"Ini Hari-hari Kehidupan Kita\" sebagai double A-side. Video muzik untuk \"Ini Adalah Hari-hari Kehidupan Kita\" mengandungi adegan terakhir Mercury di hadapan kamera. Single ini menjadi nombor satu di UK, yang tinggal di sana selama lima minggu - satu-satunya rakaman untuk mendahului carta Krismas dua kali dan satu-satunya menjadi nombor satu dalam empat tahun yang berbeza (1975, 1976, 1991, dan 1992). Hasil awal dari satu - sekitar \u00a3 1,000,000 - disumbangkan kepada Terrence Higgins Trust. <> Bilakah pengakuan kematian Freddie Mercury dibuat? || 23 November 1991 <> Apa penyakit yang didedahkan oleh Freddie Mercury yang dia ada? || AIDS <> Apakah kematian Freddie Mercury? || pneumonia bronkial, yang dibawa sebagai komplikasi AIDS <> Di mana pemakaman Freddie Mercury diadakan? || Kensal Green, London Barat <> Video muzik mana yang mengandungi rakaman terakhir Freddie Mercury? || Ini adalah Hari-hari Kehidupan Kita", {"context": "On 23 November 1991, in a prepared statement made on his deathbed, Mercury confirmed that he had AIDS. Within 24 hours of the statement, he died of bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS. His funeral service on 27 November in Kensal Green, West London was private, and held in accordance with the Zoroastrian religious faith of his family. \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was re-released as a single shortly after Mercury's death, with \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" as the double A-side. The music video for \"These Are the Days of Our Lives\" contains Mercury's final scenes in front of the camera. The single went to number one in the UK, remaining there for five weeks \u2013 the only recording to top the Christmas chart twice and the only one to be number one in four different years (1975, 1976, 1991, and 1992). Initial proceeds from the single \u2013 approximately \u00a31,000,000 \u2013 were donated to the Terrence Higgins Trust.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "23 November 1991"}], "question": "When was Freddie Mercury's deathbed confession made?", "id": "5726b593708984140094ce8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "AIDS"}], "question": "What disease did Freddie Mercury disclose he had?", "id": "5726b593708984140094ce90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "bronchial pneumonia, which was brought on as a complication of AIDS"}], "question": "What did Freddie Mercury die of?", "id": "5726b593708984140094ce91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Kensal Green, West London"}], "question": "Where was Freddie Mercury's funeral service held?", "id": "5726b593708984140094ce92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "These Are the Days of Our Lives"}], "question": "Which music video contains the last footage of Freddie Mercury?", "id": "5726b593708984140094ce93"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1997, Queen kembali ke studio untuk merakam \"No-One tetapi You (Only the Good Die Young)\", lagu yang didedikasikan untuk Mercury dan semua yang mati terlalu lama. Ia dikeluarkan sebagai trek bonus pada album kompilasi Queen Rocks pada tahun itu. Pada bulan Januari 1997, Queen melakukan \"The Show Must Go On\" hidup bersama Elton John dan Ballet B\u00e9jart di Paris pada malam Mercury diingati, dan ia menandakan penampilan terakhir dan penampilan umum John Deacon, yang memilih untuk bersara. Konsert Paris adalah kali kedua Queen telah bermain secara langsung sejak kematian Mercury, mendorong Elton John menggesa mereka untuk melakukan lagi. <> Dalam tahun apakah Queen melepaskan No-One tetapi Anda || 1997 <> Siapa Yang Tidak Ada Tetapi Anda berdedikasi? || Mercury <> Komposisi mana yang dilancarkan Queen pada tahun 1997? || Queen Rocks <> Siapa yang tampil secara langsung dengan Ratu di The Show Must Go On pada tahun 1997? || Elton John dan Ballet B\u00e9jart <> Yang mana ahli Queen yang bersara pada tahun 1997? || John Deacon", {"context": "In 1997, Queen returned to the studio to record \"No-One but You (Only the Good Die Young)\", a song dedicated to Mercury and all those that die too soon. It was released as a bonus track on the Queen Rocks compilation album later that year. In January 1997, Queen performed \"The Show Must Go On\" live with Elton John and the B\u00e9jart Ballet in Paris on a night Mercury was remembered, and it marked the last performance and public appearance of John Deacon, who chose to retire. The Paris concert was only the second time Queen had played live since Mercury's death, prompting Elton John to urge them to perform again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1997"}], "question": "In what year did Queen release No-One but You", "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "Who was No-One but You dedicated to?", "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Queen Rocks"}], "question": "Which compilation did Queen release in 1997?", "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Elton John and the B\u00e9jart Ballet"}], "question": "Who performed live with Queen on The Show Must Go On in 1997?", "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "John Deacon"}], "question": "Which Queen member retired in 1997?", "id": "5726bdbd5951b619008f7cbf"}]}], ["Antara tahun 2005 dan 2006, Queen + Paul Rodgers memulakan lawatan dunia, yang kali pertama Ratu melawat sejak lawatan terakhir mereka dengan Freddie Mercury pada tahun 1986. Drummer band Roger Taylor mengulas; \"Kami tidak pernah fikir kami akan melawat lagi, Paul [Rodgers] secara kebetulan datang dan kami seolah-olah mempunyai kimia. Paul adalah penyanyi yang hebat, dia tidak cuba menjadi Freddie.\" Yang pertama adalah di Eropah, yang kedua di Jepun, dan yang ketiga di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2006. Ratu menerima VH1 Rock Honors yang pertama di Mandalay Bay Events Center di Las Vegas, Nevada, pada 25 Mei 2006. The Foo Fighters memberi penghormatan kepada band dalam melakukan \"Tie Your Mother Down\" untuk membuka upacara sebelum bergabung di panggung oleh May, Taylor, dan Paul Rodgers, yang memainkan pemilihan hits Queen. <> Antara tahun berapa Ratu dan Paul Rodgers mula-mula memulakan lawatan dunia? || Antara tahun 2005 dan 2006 <> Di mana lawatan pertama pertengahan tahun 2000 Queen dengan Paul Rodgers? || Eropah <> Apakah nama drummer Queen itu? || Roger Taylor <> Di manakah Ratu menerima VH1 Rock Honors yang pertama? || Mandalay Bay Events Center di Las Vegas", {"context": "Between 2005 and 2006, Queen + Paul Rodgers embarked on a world tour, which was the first time Queen toured since their last tour with Freddie Mercury in 1986. The band's drummer Roger Taylor commented; \"We never thought we would tour again, Paul [Rodgers] came along by chance and we seemed to have a chemistry. Paul is just such a great singer. He's not trying to be Freddie.\" The first leg was in Europe, the second in Japan, and the third in the US in 2006. Queen received the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, on 25 May 2006. The Foo Fighters paid homage to the band in performing \"Tie Your Mother Down\" to open the ceremony before being joined on stage by May, Taylor, and Paul Rodgers, who played a selection of Queen hits.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between 2005 and 2006"}], "question": "Between what years did Queen and Paul Rodgers first embark on a world tour?", "id": "5726c910708984140094d15d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Where was the first leg of Queen's mid 2000s tour with Paul Rodgers?", "id": "5726c910708984140094d15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Roger Taylor"}], "question": "What is the name of Queen's drummer?", "id": "5726c910708984140094d15f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas"}], "question": "Where did Queen receive the inaugural VH1 Rock Honors?", "id": "5726c910708984140094d160"}]}], ["Pada akhir tahun 2004, May dan Taylor mengumumkan bahawa mereka akan menyatukan semula dan kembali melawat pada tahun 2005 dengan Paul Rodgers (pengasas dan bekas penyanyi utama Free and Bad Company). Laman web Brian May juga menyatakan bahawa Rodgers akan \"dipaparkan dengan\" Ratu sebagai \"Ratu + Paul Rodgers\", tidak menggantikan Merkurius. John Deacon yang bersara tidak akan mengambil bahagian. Pada bulan November 2004, Ratu merupakan salah satu daripada perdana muktamad ke Hall of Fame Music UK, dan majlis anugerah itu adalah acara pertama di mana Rodgers menyertai May dan Taylor sebagai vokalis. <> Paul Rodgers menyertai Ratu dalam tahun berapa? || 2005 <> Paul Rodgers pernah menjadi penyanyi utama apa dua band? || Syarikat Bebas dan Bad <> Yang mana ahli penganjur yang bersara tidak menyertai reuni? || John Deacon <> Pada tahun berapa adalah Ratu yang dilantik di Hall of Fame UK? || 2004", {"context": "At the end of 2004, May and Taylor announced that they would reunite and return to touring in 2005 with Paul Rodgers (founder and former lead singer of Free and Bad Company). Brian May's website also stated that Rodgers would be \"featured with\" Queen as \"Queen + Paul Rodgers\", not replacing Mercury. The retired John Deacon would not be participating. In November 2004, Queen were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame, and the award ceremony was the first event at which Rodgers joined May and Taylor as vocalist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "2005"}], "question": "Paul Rodgers joined Queen in what year?", "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Free and Bad Company"}], "question": "Paul Rodgers used to be the lead singer of what two bands?", "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "John Deacon"}], "question": "Which retired Queen member did not join the reunion?", "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year was Queen inducted in the UK Hall of Fame?", "id": "5726c667f1498d1400e8eaf3"}]}], ["Pada 20 April 1992, Konsert Freddie Mercury Tribute telah diadakan di Stadium Wembley London kepada orang ramai yang berjumlah 72,000 orang. Pelakon, termasuk Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N 'Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, dan Metallica melakukan pelbagai lagu Queen bersama-sama dengan tiga anggota Ratu yang tersisa (dan Spike Edney.) konsert disenaraikan dalam Buku Rekod Guinness sebagai \"Konsert manfaat bintang rock terbesar\", kerana ia telah disiarkan ke lebih 1.2 bilion penonton di seluruh dunia, dan menaikkan lebih daripada \u00a3 20,000,000 untuk badan amal AIDS. <> Bilakah konsert Freddie Mercury Tribute diadakan? || 20 April 1992 <> Di mana Konsert Freddie Mercury Tribute diadakan? || Stadium Wembley London <> Berapa ramai yang menghadiri Konsert Tribute Mercury Mercury? || 72,000 <> Band yang manakah dia konsert manfaat terbesar dalam sejarah? || Queen <> Berapa ramai penonton yang menarik konsert manfaat bintang rock terbesar? || 1.2 bilion penonton di seluruh dunia", {"context": "On 20 April 1992, The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert was held at London's Wembley Stadium to a 72,000-strong crowd. Performers, including Def Leppard, Robert Plant, Guns N' Roses, Elton John, David Bowie, George Michael, Annie Lennox, Seal, Extreme, and Metallica performed various Queen songs along with the three remaining Queen members (and Spike Edney.) The concert is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as \"The largest rock star benefit concert\", as it was televised to over 1.2 billion viewers worldwide, and raised over \u00a320,000,000 for AIDS charities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "20 April 1992"}], "question": "When was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?", "id": "5726b810708984140094cef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "London's Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Where was the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert held?", "id": "5726b810708984140094cef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "72,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert?", "id": "5726b810708984140094cef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Queen"}], "question": "Which band was he largest benefit concert in history about?", "id": "5726b810708984140094cefa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "1.2 billion viewers worldwide"}], "question": "How many viewers did the largest rock star benefit concert attract?", "id": "5726b810708984140094cefb"}]}], ["Pada 30 Oktober 2009, Mei menulis surat fanclub di laman webnya yang menyatakan bahawa Ratu tidak mempunyai niat untuk menjelajah pada tahun 2010 tetapi terdapat kemungkinan prestasi. Dia dipetik sebagai berkata, \"Perdebatan terbesar, bagaimanapun, adalah tentang ketika kita akan bermain bersama sebagai Ratu. Pada masa ini, walaupun banyak khabar angin yang ada di sana, kami tidak mempunyai rancangan untuk melawat pada tahun 2010. Walau bagaimanapun, berita gembira adalah bahawa Roger dan saya mempunyai persefahaman bersama yang lebih dekat pada zaman ini-secara persendirian dan profesional ... dan semua idea dipertimbangkan dengan teliti. Muzik tidak pernah jauh dari kita Seperti yang saya tulis, ada yang penting Prestasi yang ditawarkan di Amerika Syarikat, dan tetap akan diputuskan sama ada kita akan menghadapi cabaran ini. Setiap hari, pintu kelihatan terbuka, dan setiap hari, kita berinteraksi, mungkin lebih daripada sebelumnya, dengan dunia di luar Ia adalah masa peralihan yang menarik dalam muzik Rock dan dalam 'The Business'. Memang baik pulsa masih berdegup \". Pada 15 November 2009, May dan Taylor melakukan \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" secara langsung di rancangan TV British The X Factor bersama para finalis. <> Ahli mana Ratu menulis surat kepada peminat pada tahun 2009 mengenai lawatan untuk tahun 2010? || Mei <> Apa tarikh May dan Taylor of Queen melakukan Bohemian Rhapsody pada X-Factor? || 15 November 2009 <> Pada tahun 2009, apakah nama pertama bekas ahli Ratu, Brian May memberitahu peminat dia mempunyai pemahaman yang lebih baik? || Roger <> Negara manakah yang membuat tawaran kepada Queen untuk satu prestasi pada tahun 2010? || USA", {"context": "On 30 October 2009, May wrote a fanclub letter on his website stating that Queen had no intentions to tour in 2010 but that there was a possibility of a performance. He was quoted as saying, \"The greatest debate, though, is always about when we will next play together as Queen. At the moment, in spite of the many rumours that are out there, we do not have plans to tour in 2010. The good news, though, is that Roger and I have a much closer mutual understanding these days\u2014privately and professionally ... and all ideas are carefully considered. Music is never far away from us. As I write, there is an important one-off performance on offer, in the USA, and it remains to be decided whether we will take up this particular challenge. Every day, doors seem to open, and every day, we interact, perhaps more than ever before, with the world outside. It is a time of exciting transition in Rock music and in 'The Business'. It's good that the pulse still beats\". On 15 November 2009, May and Taylor performed \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" live on the British TV show The X Factor alongside the finalists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "May"}], "question": "Which member of Queen wrote a letter to fans in 2009 regarding touring for 2010?", "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "15 November 2009"}], "question": "What date did May and Taylor of Queen perform Bohemian Rhapsody on X-Factor?", "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Roger"}], "question": "In 2009, what was the first name of the former Queen member Brian May told fans he had a better understanding with?", "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "USA"}], "question": "Which country had made an offer to Queen for a one off performance in 2010?", "id": "5726ccbedd62a815002e909d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1999, album Greatest Hits III telah dikeluarkan. Antara ciri ini, antara lain, \"Queen + Wyclef Jean\" pada versi rap \"Satu Lagi Menggigit Debu\". Versi live \"Somebody to Love\" oleh George Michael dan versi live \"The Show Must Go On\" dengan Elton John juga dipaparkan dalam album. Pada masa ini, jumlah jualan rekod Queen yang besar menjadikan mereka artis jualan terbaik kedua di UK sepanjang masa, di belakang Beatles. Pada tahun 2002, Queen telah dianugerahi bintang 2,207 di Hollywood Walk of Fame, yang terletak di 6358 Hollywood Blvd. Pada 29 November 2003, May dan Taylor tampil di Concert 46664 yang dianjurkan oleh Nelson Mandela di Stadium Green Point, Cape Town, untuk meningkatkan kesedaran mengenai penyebaran HIV / AIDS di Afrika Selatan. May dan Taylor meluangkan masa di rumah Mandela, membincangkan bagaimana masalah Afrika mungkin didekati, dan dua tahun kemudian band itu dijadikan duta untuk 46664 penyebabnya. <> Tahun apa lagu album ketiga terbesar Ratu dibebaskan? || 1999 <> Siapa yang membuat versi rap Satu lagi gigitan Debu? || Wyclef Jean <> Versi Hidup Seseorang untuk Cinta memaparkan artis apa? || George Michael <> Seniman mana yang disiarkan pada versi langsung Queen Show The Must Go On? || Elton John <> Pada tahun 2003 Ratu mempersembahkan apa yang dihoskan oleh Nelson Mandela? || Konsert 46664", {"context": "In 1999, a Greatest Hits III album was released. This featured, among others, \"Queen + Wyclef Jean\" on a rap version of \"Another One Bites the Dust\". A live version of \"Somebody to Love\" by George Michael and a live version of \"The Show Must Go On\" with Elton John were also featured in the album. By this point, Queen's vast amount of record sales made them the second best selling artist in the UK of all time, behind the Beatles. In 2002, Queen were awarded the 2,207th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located at 6358 Hollywood Blvd. On 29 November 2003, May and Taylor performed at the 46664 Concert hosted by Nelson Mandela at Green Point Stadium, Cape Town, to raise awareness of the spread of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. May and Taylor spent time at Mandela's home, discussing how Africa's problems might be approached, and two years later the band was made ambassadors for the 46664 cause.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year was Queen's third greatest hits album released?", "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Wyclef Jean"}], "question": "Who performed a rap version of Another One Bites The Dust?", "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "George Michael"}], "question": "Alive version of Somebody to Love featured what artist?", "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Elton John"}], "question": "Which artist guested on a live version of Queen's The Show Must Go On?", "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "the 46664 Concert"}], "question": "In 2003 Queen performed for what Nelson Mandela hosted benefit?", "id": "5726c4905951b619008f7d9f"}]}], ["Pada 20 Mei 2009, May dan Taylor mempersembahkan \"We Are the Champions\" hidup pada musim pertandingan American Idol dengan pemenang Kris Allen dan runner-up Adam Lambert menyediakan duet vokal. Pada pertengahan 2009, selepas perpecahan Queen + Paul Rodgers, laman web Ratu dalam talian mengumumkan kompilasi hits terhebat yang baru bernama Absolute Greatest. Album ini dikeluarkan pada 16 November dan memuncak pada nombor 3 dalam Carta UK rasmi. Album ini mengandungi 20 hits terbesar Ratu yang merangkumi seluruh kerjaya mereka dan dibebaskan dalam empat format berbeza: cakera tunggal, cakera berganda (dengan ulasan), cakera berganda dengan buku ciri, dan rekod vinil. Sebelum pembebasannya, pertandingan telah dijalankan oleh Ratu dalam talian untuk meneka senarai lagu sebagai promosi untuk album tersebut. <> Pada 20 Mei 2009 yang dilakukan oleh anggota Ratu Kami adalah Juara American Idol? || May dan Taylor <> Apakah nama Raksasa terkumpul Queen yang dibebaskan selepas perpecahan dari Paul Rodgers? || Mutlak Terbesar <> Yang mana dua peserta idola Amerika melakukan duet dengan Queen on American Idol? || pemenang Kris Allen dan runner-up Adam Lambert <> Hari apa pada tahun 2009 adalah Terbesar Ratu Terbesar? || 16 November", {"context": "On 20 May 2009, May and Taylor performed \"We Are the Champions\" live on the season finale of American Idol with winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert providing a vocal duet. In mid-2009, after the split of Queen + Paul Rodgers, the Queen online website announced a new greatest hits compilation named Absolute Greatest. The album was released on 16 November and peaked at number 3 in the official UK Chart. The album contains 20 of Queen's biggest hits spanning their entire career and was released in four different formats: single disc, double disc (with commentary), double disc with feature book, and a vinyl record. Prior to its release, a competition was run by Queen online to guess the track listing as a promotion for the album.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "May and Taylor"}], "question": "On 20 May 2009 which Queen members performed We are the Champions on American Idol?", "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Absolute Greatest"}], "question": "What was the name of the Greatest Hits compilation Queen released after the split from Paul Rodgers?", "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "winner Kris Allen and runner-up Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Which two American idol contestants performed a duet with Queen on American Idol?", "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "16 November"}], "question": "What day in 2009 was Queen's Absolute Greatest released?", "id": "5726cb6e708984140094d186"}]}], ["Brian May dan Roger Taylor bersama-sama di beberapa majlis anugerah dan konsert amal, berkongsi vokal dengan penyanyi pelbagai tetamu. Pada masa ini, mereka dibebankan sebagai Queen + diikuti oleh nama penyanyi tamu. Pada tahun 1998, kedua-duanya muncul di konsert manfaat Luciano Pavarotti dengan May melakukan \"Terlalu Banyak Cinta Akan Membunuh Anda\" dengan Pavarotti, kemudian bermain \"Radio Ga Ga\", \"We Will Rock You\", dan \"Kami Adakah Juara\" dengan Zucchero. Mereka sekali lagi menghadiri dan tampil di konsert manfaat Pavarotti di Modena, Itali pada bulan Mei 2003. Beberapa penyanyi tetamu mencatatkan versi baru lagu Queen di bawah nama Queen +, seperti Robbie Williams yang menyediakan vokal untuk \"We Are the Champions\" untuk soundtrack A Knight's Tale (2001). <> Yang mana dua orang anggota Ratu berkumpul di beberapa konsert amal? || Brian May dan Roger Taylor <> Siapa yang tampil dengan Brian May pada tahun 1998 di konsert manfaat? || Pavarotti <> Dimana Ratu bermain di 2003 dengan penyanyi opera yang terkenal? || Modena, Itali <> Artis mana yang memberi vokal untuk lagu Queen yang terdapat di soundtrack untuk Kisah Seorang Ksatria? || Robbie Williams", {"context": "Brian May and Roger Taylor performed together at several award ceremonies and charity concerts, sharing vocals with various guest singers. During this time, they were billed as Queen + followed by the guest singer's name. In 1998, the duo appeared at Luciano Pavarotti's benefit concert with May performing \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\" with Pavarotti, later playing \"Radio Ga Ga\", \"We Will Rock You\", and \"We Are the Champions\" with Zucchero. They again attended and performed at Pavarotti's benefit concert in Modena, Italy in May 2003. Several of the guest singers recorded new versions of Queen's hits under the Queen + name, such as Robbie Williams providing vocals for \"We Are the Champions\" for the soundtrack of A Knight's Tale (2001).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Brian May and Roger Taylor"}], "question": "Which two members of Queen performed together at several charity concerts?", "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Pavarotti"}], "question": "Who performed with Brian May in 1998 at a benefit concert?", "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Modena, Italy"}], "question": "Where did Queen play in 2003 with a famous opera singer?", "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Robbie Williams"}], "question": "Which artist provided vocals for the Queen song found on the soundtrack to A Knight's Tale?", "id": "5726c029f1498d1400e8ea35"}]}], ["Album terakhir Queen yang memaparkan Mercury, berjudul Made in Heaven, akhirnya dibebaskan pada tahun 1995, empat tahun selepas kematiannya. Menampilkan trek seperti \"Terlalu Banyak Cinta Akan Membunuh Anda\" dan \"Syurga untuk Semua Orang\", ia dibina dari rakaman terakhir Mercury pada tahun 1991, bahan yang tersisa dari album studio mereka yang sebelumnya dan bahan semula kerja dari May, Taylor, dan solo Mercury album. Album ini juga menampilkan lagu \"Mother Love\", rakaman vokal terakhir Mercury yang dibuat sebelum kematiannya, yang mana ia selesai menggunakan mesin drum, di mana Mei, Taylor dan Deacon kemudian menambah trek instrumental. Setelah melengkapkan ayat terakhir, Mercury telah memberitahu band \"dia tidak merasa hebat\" dan menyatakan, \"Saya akan menyelesaikannya apabila saya kembali, kali seterusnya\"; Walau bagaimanapun, dia tidak pernah membuatnya kembali ke studio, jadi Mei kemudian merekodkan ayat terakhir lagu itu. Kedua-dua peringkat rakaman, sebelum dan selepas kematian Merkuri, telah selesai di studio band di Montreux, Switzerland. Album itu mencapai No 1 di carta UK sejurus selepas pembebasannya, dan telah menjual 20 juta kopi di seluruh dunia. Pada 25 November 1996, sebuah patung Mercury telah diumumkan di Montreux yang menghadap ke Tasik Geneva, hampir lima tahun hingga hari sejak kematiannya. <> Apakah album akhir Queen yang memaparkan vokal Mercury yang disusun dari rakaman terdahulu yang dipanggil? || Dibuat di Syurga <> Berapa banyak salinan di seluruh dunia yang telah dijual di album Queen 1995? || 20 juta <> Pada tahun apakah patung yang didedikasikan untuk Freddie Mercury yang dilancarkan di Montreux? || 1996 <> Di mana studio Queen terletak di Switzerland? || Montreux", {"context": "Queen's last album featuring Mercury, titled Made in Heaven, was finally released in 1995, four years after his death. Featuring tracks such as \"Too Much Love Will Kill You\" and \"Heaven for Everyone\", it was constructed from Mercury's final recordings in 1991, material left over from their previous studio albums and re-worked material from May, Taylor, and Mercury's solo albums. The album also featured the song \"Mother Love\", the last vocal recording Mercury made prior to his death, which he completed using a drum machine, over which May, Taylor and Deacon later added the instrumental track. After completing the penultimate verse, Mercury had told the band he \"wasn't feeling that great\" and stated, \"I will finish it when I come back, next time\"; however, he never made it back into the studio, so May later recorded the final verse of the song. Both stages of recording, before and after Mercury's death, were completed at the band's studio in Montreux, Switzerland. The album reached No. 1 on the UK charts immediately following its release, and has sold 20 million copies worldwide. On 25 November 1996, a statue of Mercury was unveiled in Montreux overlooking Lake Geneva, almost five years to the day since his death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Made in Heaven"}], "question": "What was Queen's final album featuring Mercury vocals compiled from earlier recordings called?", "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1066, "text": "20 million"}], "question": "How many copies worldwide has Queen's 1995 album sold?", "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1110, "text": "1996"}], "question": "In what year was a statue dedicated to Freddie Mercury unveiled in Montreux?", "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "Montreux"}], "question": "Where was Queen's studio located in Switzerland?", "id": "5726bb11708984140094cf7e"}]}], ["Pada 15 Ogos 2006, Brian May mengesahkan melalui laman web dan kelab peminatnya bahawa Queen + Paul Rodgers akan mula menghasilkan album studio pertama mereka bermula pada bulan Oktober, untuk dirakamkan di \"lokasi rahsia\". Permaisuri + Paul Rodgers tampil di Pesta Ulang Tahun Nelson Mandela ke-90 yang diadakan di Hyde Park, London pada 27 Jun 2008, untuk memperingati ulang tahun ke-99 Mandela, dan sekali lagi menggalakkan kesedaran mengenai pandemik HIV / AIDS. Album Queen + Paul Rodgers yang pertama, berjudul The Cosmos Rocks, telah dikeluarkan di Eropah pada 12 September 2008 dan di Amerika Syarikat pada 28 Oktober 2008. Berikutan pelepasan album, band ini sekali lagi mengadakan lawatan ke Eropah melalui pembukaan Kharkiv's Freedom Square di hadapan 350,000 peminat Ukraine. Konsert Kharkiv kemudian dikeluarkan pada DVD. Tur ini kemudiannya berpindah ke Rusia, dan band itu melakukan dua acara yang dijual di Moscow Arena. Setelah melengkapkan leg pertama lawatan Eropah yang luas, yang menyaksikan kumpulan itu memainkan 15 tarikh terjual habis di sembilan negara, lawatan UK yang dijual dalam masa 90 minit akan dijual dan termasuk tiga tarikh London, yang pertama di mana adalah The O2 pada 13 Oktober. Lawatan terakhir berlangsung di Amerika Selatan, dan termasuk konser yang dijual di Estadio Jos\u00e9 Amalfitani, Buenos Aires. <> Band yang mana yang dilakukan pada hari jadi 90 Nelson Mandela? || Queen + Paul Rodgers <> Bilakah Queen + Paul Rodgers melepaskan album debut mereka? || 2008 <> Apakah nama album debut Queen + Paul Rodgers? || The Cosmos Rocks <> Berapa ramai orang di konsert Queen + Paul Rodgers pada tahun 2008 di Kharkiv? || 350,000 <> Pada tahun 2008 apakah penyakit yang dilakukan oleh Queen melaksanakan konsert manfaat? || HIV / AIDS", {"context": "On 15 August 2006, Brian May confirmed through his website and fan club that Queen + Paul Rodgers would begin producing their first studio album beginning in October, to be recorded at a \"secret location\". Queen + Paul Rodgers performed at the Nelson Mandela 90th Birthday Tribute held in Hyde Park, London on 27 June 2008, to commemorate Mandela's ninetieth birthday, and again promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The first Queen + Paul Rodgers album, titled The Cosmos Rocks, was released in Europe on 12 September 2008 and in the United States on 28 October 2008. Following the release of the album, the band again went on a tour through Europe, opening on Kharkiv's Freedom Square in front of 350,000 Ukrainian fans. The Kharkiv concert was later released on DVD. The tour then moved to Russia, and the band performed two sold-out shows at the Moscow Arena. Having completed the first leg of its extensive European tour, which saw the band play 15 sold-out dates across nine countries, the UK leg of the tour sold out within 90 minutes of going on sale and included three London dates, the first of which was The O2 on 13 October. The last leg of the tour took place in South America, and included a sold-out concert at the Estadio Jos\u00e9 Amalfitani, Buenos Aires.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Queen + Paul Rodgers"}], "question": "Which band performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday?", "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did Queen + Paul Rodgers release their debut album?", "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "The Cosmos Rocks"}], "question": "What was the name of Queen + Paul Rodgers debut album?", "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "350,000"}], "question": "How many people were at the Queen + Paul Rodgers concert in 2008 in Kharkiv?", "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "HIV/AIDS"}], "question": "In 2008 what disease did Queen perform benefit concerts for?", "id": "5726ca635951b619008f7e35"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, Ratu \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" telah dipilih sebagai \"lagu kegemaran UK sepanjang masa\" dalam tinjauan yang dilakukan oleh Rekod Dunia Rekod Singa Dunia Guinness. Pada tahun 2004, lagu itu telah dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame Grammy. Ramai ulama menganggap muzik \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" memecah-belahkan video muzik, dan mengecilkannya dengan mempopulerkan media. Ahli sejarah Rock Paul Fowles menyatakan lagu itu \"dikreditkan secara meluas sebagai lagu hit global pertama yang mana video yang disertakan menjadi pusat strategi pemasaran\". Ia telah dipuji sebagai melancarkan umur MTV. Dikenang untuk rock stadium mereka, pada tahun 2005 tinjauan industri menduduki peringkat prestasi Queen di Live Aid pada tahun 1985 sebagai aksi langsung terbaik dalam sejarah. Pada tahun 2007, mereka juga mengundi kumpulan British terbesar dalam sejarah oleh pendengar BBC Radio 2. <> Lagu apa yang dipilih sebagai lagu kegemaran UK sepanjang zaman pada tahun 2002? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Apa lagu Queen yang diarahkan ke Dewan Kemasyhuran Grammy pada tahun 2004? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Video Queen mana yang dikreditkan dengan melancarkan umur video MTV? || Bohemian Rhapsody <> Satu tinjauan pendapat 2005 menyatakan bahawa prestasi band di Live Aid adalah yang terbaik? || Ratu", {"context": "In 2002, Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was voted \"the UK's favourite hit of all time\" in a poll conducted by the Guinness World Records British Hit Singles Book. In 2004 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. Many scholars consider the \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" music video ground-breaking, and credit it with popularising the medium. Rock historian Paul Fowles states the song is \"widely credited as the first global hit single for which an accompanying video was central to the marketing strategy\". It has been hailed as launching the MTV age. Acclaimed for their stadium rock, in 2005 an industry poll ranked Queen's performance at Live Aid in 1985 as the best live act in history. In 2007, they were also voted the greatest British band in history by BBC Radio 2 listeners.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "What song was voted the UK's favorite hit of all time in 2002?", "id": "5726d732708984140094d307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "What Queen song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2004?", "id": "5726d732708984140094d308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Bohemian Rhapsody"}], "question": "Which Queen video was credited with launching the MTV video age?", "id": "5726d732708984140094d309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Queen"}], "question": "A 2005 poll stated that which band's performance at Live Aid was the best ever?", "id": "5726d732708984140094d30a"}]}], ["Queen meraih pengaruh artistik dari aksi rock British pada tahun 1960-an dan awal 1970-an, seperti Beatles, Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, Siapa, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis dan Yes, dalam Selain gitaris Amerika Jimi Hendrix, dengan Mercury juga diilhami oleh penyanyi Injil Aretha Franklin. Boleh merujuk kepada The Beatles sebagai \"bible kami dengan cara mereka menggunakan studio dan mereka melukis gambar dan penggunaan nada harmonis yang indah ini.\" Pada permulaannya pada awal 1970-an, muzik Queen telah dicirikan sebagai \"Led Zeppelin bertemu Ya\" kerana gabungan \"ekstrem gitar akustik / elektrik dan epik lagu multi-bahagian terinspirasi fantasi\". <> Yang gitaris mana yang diilhamkan oleh Ratu? || Jimi Hendrix <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh penyanyi Injil Freddie Mercury sebagai inspirasi? || Aretha Franklin <> Ratu Queen telah digambarkan sebagai campuran Led Zeppelin dan apa band lain? || Ya <> Kewarganegaraan apakah kumpulan rock yang mempengaruhi Ratu? || British <> Band apa yang dinamakan selepas kenderaan terapung mempengaruhi Ratu? || Led Zeppelin", {"context": "Queen drew artistic influence from British rock acts of the 1960s and early 1970s, such as the Beatles, the Kinks, Cream, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, the Who, Black Sabbath, Slade, Deep Purple, David Bowie, Genesis and Yes, in addition to American guitarist Jimi Hendrix, with Mercury also inspired by the gospel singer Aretha Franklin. May referred to the Beatles as being \"our bible in the way they used the studio and they painted pictures and this wonderful instinctive use of harmonies.\" At their outset in the early 1970s, Queen's music has been characterised as \"Led Zeppelin meets Yes\" due to its combination of \"acoustic/electric guitar extremes and fantasy-inspired multi-part song epics\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Jimi Hendrix"}], "question": "Which guitarist inspired Queen?", "id": "5726d28b708984140094d267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Aretha Franklin"}], "question": "What gospel singer did Freddie Mercury cite as an inspiration?", "id": "5726d28b708984140094d268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Yes"}], "question": "Queen's sound has been described as a mix of Led Zeppelin and what other band?", "id": "5726d28b708984140094d269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "British"}], "question": "What nationality were the rock groups that influenced Queen?", "id": "5726d28b708984140094d26a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Led Zeppelin"}], "question": "What band named after a floating vehicle influenced Queen?", "id": "5726d28b708984140094d26b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1963, remaja Brian May dan bapanya membuat rekaan gitarnya Red Special, yang sengaja direka untuk maklum balas. Percubaan Sonic digambarkan dengan banyak lagu-lagu Queen. Ciri khas muzik Queen adalah harmoni suara yang biasanya terdiri daripada suara May, Mercury, dan Taylor yang paling banyak didengar di album studio A Night di Opera dan A Day di Races. Beberapa kerja asas untuk pembangunan bunyi ini boleh dikaitkan dengan bekas pengeluarnya, Roy Thomas Baker, dan juruteranya, Mike Stone. Selain keharmonian suara, Ratu juga terkenal dengan suara pelbagai suara untuk meniru bunyi paduan suara besar melalui overdub. Sebagai contoh, menurut Brian May, terdapat lebih daripada 180 saluran suara dalam \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Struktur vokal band telah dibandingkan dengan Boys Beach, tetapi Mei menyatakan bahawa mereka tidak \"banyak pengaruh\". <> Apakah nama gitar tanda tangan Brian May? || Red Special <> Tahun apa gitar tanda tangan Brian May dibuat? || 1963 <> Pengeluar mana yang mempengaruhi bunyi umpan berat Queen? || Roy Thomas Baker <> Apa jurutera yang membantu dengan suapan berat suara Queen? || Mike Stone <> Berapa banyak saluran suara dalam Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody? || lebih 180 tahun", {"context": "In 1963, the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special, which was purposely designed to feedback. Sonic experimentation figured heavily in Queen's songs. A distinctive characteristic of Queen's music are the vocal harmonies which are usually composed of the voices of May, Mercury, and Taylor best heard on the studio albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races. Some of the ground work for the development of this sound can be attributed to their former producer Roy Thomas Baker, and their engineer Mike Stone. Besides vocal harmonies, Queen were also known for multi-tracking voices to imitate the sound of a large choir through overdubs. For instance, according to Brian May, there are over 180 vocal overdubs in \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". The band's vocal structures have been compared with the Beach Boys, but May stated they were not \"much of an influence\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Red Special"}], "question": "What was the name of Brian May's signature guitar?", "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What year was Brian May's signature guitar made?", "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Roy Thomas Baker"}], "question": "Which producer influenced Queen's feedback heavy sound?", "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Mike Stone"}], "question": "What engineer helped with Queen's feedback heavy sound?", "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "over 180"}], "question": "How many vocal overdubs are in Queen's Bohemian Rhapsody?", "id": "5726d45d708984140094d2a5"}]}], ["Ratu telah diiktiraf sebagai telah membuat sumbangan penting kepada genre seperti batu keras, dan logam berat, antara lain. Oleh itu, band ini telah dinobatkan sebagai pengaruh oleh banyak pemuzik lain. Selain itu, seperti muzik mereka, band dan artis yang mendakwa dipengaruhi oleh Ratu dan telah menyatakan kekaguman untuk mereka adalah pelbagai, yang meliputi generasi, negara, dan genre yang berbeza, termasuk logam berat: Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Dream Theater , Trivium, Megadeth, Anthrax, Slipknot dan Rage Against the Machine; Batu keras: Guns N 'Roses, Def Leppard, Van Halen, M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Steve Vai, Cult, Darkness, Preachers Street Manic, Kid Rockand Foo Fighters; rock alternative: Nirvana, Radiohead, Trent Reznor, Muse, Franz Ferdinand, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Ketagihan Jane, Faith No More, Melvins, Flaming Bibs, Yeah Yeah Yeahs dan The Smashing Pumpkins; pop rock: Meat Loaf, The Killers, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! Di Disco; dan pop: Michael Jackson, George Michael, Robbie Williams, Adele, Lady Gaga dan Katy Perry. <> Yang mana Raja Pop dipengaruhi oleh Ratu? || Michael Jackson <> Beberapa kumpulan dari mana jenis logam dipengaruhi oleh Ratu? || logam berat <> Kumpulan ini dinamakan sempena haiwan terinspirasi oleh Ratu? || Def Leppard <> Kumpulan ini dengan bunga dalam nama mereka dipengaruhi oleh Ratu? || Guns N 'Roses", {"context": "Queen have been recognised as having made significant contributions to such genres as hard rock, and heavy metal, among others. Hence, the band have been cited as an influence by many other musicians. Moreover, like their music, the bands and artists that have claimed to be influenced by Queen and have expressed admiration for them are diverse, spanning different generations, countries, and genres, including heavy metal: Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Metallica, Dream Theater, Trivium, Megadeth, Anthrax, Slipknot and Rage Against the Machine; hard rock: Guns N' Roses, Def Leppard, Van Halen, M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, Steve Vai, the Cult, the Darkness, Manic Street Preachers, Kid Rockand Foo Fighters; alternative rock: Nirvana, Radiohead, Trent Reznor, Muse, Franz Ferdinand, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Melvins, the Flaming Lips, Yeah Yeah Yeahs and The Smashing Pumpkins; pop rock: Meat Loaf, The Killers, My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy and Panic! At the Disco; and pop: Michael Jackson, George Michael, Robbie Williams, Adele, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "Michael Jackson"}], "question": "Which King of Pop was influenced by Queen?", "id": "5726d611708984140094d2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "heavy metal"}], "question": "Several groups from which type of metal were influenced by Queen?", "id": "5726d611708984140094d2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Def Leppard"}], "question": "This band named after an animal was inspired by Queen?", "id": "5726d611708984140094d2df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Guns N' Roses"}], "question": "This band with a flower in their name was influenced by Queen?", "id": "5726d611708984140094d2e0"}]}], ["Band ini telah mengeluarkan sejumlah lapan belas nombor satu album, lapan belas nombor satu perseorangan, dan sepuluh nombor satu DVD di seluruh dunia, menjadikannya salah satu artis muzik terlaris di dunia. Queen telah menjual lebih daripada 150 juta rekod, dengan beberapa anggaran lebih daripada 300 juta rekod di seluruh dunia, termasuk 34.5 juta album di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2004. Dilampirkan ke Rock and Roll Hall of Fame pada tahun 2001, band ini adalah satu-satunya kumpulan di mana setiap ahli telah menyusun lebih daripada satu carta tunggal tunggal, dan keempat-empat ahli telah dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame Songwriters pada tahun 2003. Pada tahun 2009, \"We Will Rock You\" dan \"We Are the Champions\" telah diangkut ke Dewan Grammy Kemasyhuran, dan yang terakhir telah dipilih sebagai lagu kegemaran dunia dalam pungutan muzik global. <> Berapa banyak nombor satu perseorangan yang dikeluarkan oleh Queen? || lapan belas <> Berapa banyak nombor satu DVD yang telah dirilis Queen? || sepuluh <> Berapa banyak album yang telah Queen dijual di seluruh dunia? || lebih 150 juta <> Bilakah Ratu dirasuk ke Hall of Fame? || 2001 <> Berapa banyak nombor satu album yang telah dirilis oleh Queen? || lapan belas tahun", {"context": "The band have released a total of eighteen number one albums, eighteen number one singles, and ten number one DVDs worldwide, making them one of the world's best-selling music artists. Queen have sold over 150 million records, with some estimates in excess of 300 million records worldwide, including 34.5 million albums in the US as of 2004. Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, the band is the only group in which every member has composed more than one chart-topping single, and all four members were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2009, \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\" were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, and the latter was voted the world's favourite song in a global music poll.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many number one singles did Queen release?", "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many number one DVD's has Queen released?", "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "over 150 million"}], "question": "How many albums has Queen sold worldwide?", "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When was Queen inducted into the Hall of Fame?", "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many number one albums has Queen released?", "id": "5726d8c15951b619008f7fc9"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2011, vokalis Jane Addiction, Perry Farrell menyatakan bahawa Queen sedang mengejar bekas bassis bekas dan kini Chris Chaney untuk menyertai kumpulan itu. Farrell menyatakan: \"Saya perlu menjaga Chris jauh dari Ratu, yang mahu dia dan mereka tidak akan mendapatkannya melainkan jika kita tidak melakukan apa-apa, maka mereka boleh memilikinya.\" Pada bulan yang sama, Paul Rodgers menyatakan dia boleh melawat dengan Ratu lagi dalam masa terdekat. Pada Anugerah Penyiaran Muzik, Incorporated (BMI) 2011 yang diadakan di London pada 4 Oktober, Queen menerima Anugerah Ikon BMI sebagai pengiktirafan untuk kejayaan mereka di Amerika Syarikat. Pada Anugerah Muzik MTV Eropah 2011 pada 6 November, Queen menerima Anugerah Ikon Global, yang Katy Perry dikemukakan kepada Brian May. Ratu menutup majlis anugerah, dengan Adam Lambert pada vokal, melakukan \"The Show Must Go On\", \"We Will Rock You\" dan \"We Are the Champions\". Kerjasama itu mendapat sambutan positif daripada para peminat dan pengkritik, yang menghasilkan spekulasi mengenai projek masa depan bersama. <> Artis mana yang menyampaikan Anugerah Ikon Global kepada Ratu pada tahun 2011? || Katy Perry <> Artis mana yang dilakukan dengan Ratu pada Anugerah Muzik MTV Europe 2011? || Adam Lambert <> Di manakah anugerah BMI yang diadakan pada tahun 2011? || London <> Band apa yang bimbang Queen akan mencuri bassis persembahan langsung mereka? || Ketagihan Jane", {"context": "In May 2011, Jane's Addiction vocalist Perry Farrell noted that Queen are currently scouting their once former and current live bassist Chris Chaney to join the band. Farrell stated: \"I have to keep Chris away from Queen, who want him and they're not gonna get him unless we're not doing anything. Then they can have him.\" In the same month, Paul Rodgers stated he may tour with Queen again in the near future. At the 2011 Broadcast Music, Incorporated (BMI) Awards held in London on 4 October, Queen received the BMI Icon Award in recognition for their airplay success in the US. At the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards on 6 November, Queen received the Global Icon Award, which Katy Perry presented to Brian May. Queen closed the awards ceremony, with Adam Lambert on vocals, performing \"The Show Must Go On\", \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\". The collaboration garnered a positive response from both fans and critics, resulting in speculation about future projects together.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Katy Perry"}], "question": "Which artist presented the Global Icon Award to Queen in 2011?", "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Adam Lambert"}], "question": "Which artist performed with Queen at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards?", "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where were the BMI awards held in 2011?", "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Jane's Addiction"}], "question": "What band was worried Queen would steal their live performance bassist?", "id": "5726ce80708984140094d1ec"}]}], ["Ratu menubuhkan muzik yang menarik inspirasi dari pelbagai genre muzik, sering dengan sikap lidah-pipi. Genre yang telah dikaitkan dengannya termasuklah rock progresif, batu simfoni, batu seni, glam batu, batu keras, logam berat, rock pop, dan rock psychedelic. Ratu juga menulis lagu-lagu yang diilhamkan oleh pelbagai gaya muzik yang biasanya tidak dikaitkan dengan kumpulan rock, seperti opera, dewan muzik, muzik rakyat, injil, ragtime, dan tarian / disko. Beberapa lagu Queen telah ditulis dengan penyertaan penonton dalam fikiran, seperti \"We Will Rock You\" dan \"We Are the Champions\". Begitu juga, \"Radio Ga Ga\" menjadi kegemaran hidup kerana ia akan mempunyai \"orang ramai bertepuk tangan seperti mereka di perhimpunan Nuremberg\". <> Yang mana lagu Queen yang terinspirasi penonton bertepuk tangan? || Radio Ga Ga <> Yang mana dua lagu Ratu ditulis dengan penyertaan khalayak? || \"Kami Akan Rock You\" dan \"Kami Adakah Juara\" <> Apakah jenis logam yang telah dikaitkan dengan Ratu? || logam berat <> Apa gaya 70-an muzik pop yang dikaitkan dengan Queen? || tarian / disko", {"context": "Queen composed music that drew inspiration from many different genres of music, often with a tongue-in-cheek attitude. The genres they have been associated with include progressive rock, symphonic rock, art rock, glam rock, hard rock, heavy metal, pop rock, and psychedelic rock. Queen also wrote songs that were inspired by diverse musical styles which are not typically associated with rock groups, such as opera, music hall, folk music, gospel, ragtime, and dance/disco. Several Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind, such as \"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\". Similarly, \"Radio Ga Ga\" became a live favourite because it would have \"crowds clapping like they were at a Nuremberg rally\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Radio Ga Ga"}], "question": "Which Queen song inspired audience clapping?", "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "\"We Will Rock You\" and \"We Are the Champions\""}], "question": "Which two Queen songs were written with audience participation in mind?", "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "heavy metal"}], "question": "What kind of metal has Queen been associated with?", "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "dance/disco"}], "question": "What 70s style of pop music was Queen associated with?", "id": "5726d368dd62a815002e9185"}]}], ["Pada 7 Mei 2010, May dan Taylor mengumumkan bahawa mereka telah meninggalkan label rekod mereka, EMI, selepas hampir 40 tahun. Pada 20 Ogos 2010, pengurus Queen Jim Beach mengeluarkan Surat Berita yang menyatakan bahawa kumpulan itu telah menandatangani kontrak baru dengan Universal Music. Semasa wawancara untuk Hardtalk di BBC pada 22 September, Mei mengesahkan bahawa perjanjian baru band itu adalah dengan Island Records, anak syarikat Universal Music Group. Untuk pertama kalinya sejak akhir 1980-an, katalog Queen akan mempunyai pengedar yang sama di seluruh dunia, sebagai label Amerika Utara-label Hollywood yang saat ini diagihkan oleh Universal (untuk satu masa pada akhir 1980-an, Queen adalah pada Capitol Records milik EMI di Amerika Syarikat). <> Apakah label rekod apakah May dan Taylor meninggalkan pada tahun 2010? || EMI <> Apakah label yang dimahukan oleh Queen pada bulan Ogos 2010? || Muzik Universal <> Program apa yang ditemuramah Ratu pada 22 September 2010? || Hardtalk <> Pulau rekod adalah anak syarikat kumpulan apa? || Universal Music Group", {"context": "On 7 May 2010, May and Taylor announced that they were quitting their record label, EMI, after almost 40 years. On 20 August 2010, Queen's manager Jim Beach put out a Newsletter stating that the band had signed a new contract with Universal Music. During an interview for Hardtalk on the BBC on 22 September, May confirmed that the band's new deal was with Island Records, a subsidiary of Universal Music Group. For the first time since the late 1980s, Queen's catalogue will have the same distributor worldwide, as their current North American label\u2014Hollywood Records\u2014is currently distributed by Universal (for a time in the late 1980s, Queen was on EMI-owned Capitol Records in the US).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "EMI"}], "question": "What record label did May and Taylor leave in 2010?", "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8eba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Universal Music"}], "question": "What label did Queen join in August 2010?", "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8eba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Hardtalk"}], "question": "What program interviewed Queen on 22 September 2010?", "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8ebaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Universal Music Group"}], "question": "Island records is a subsidiary of what group?", "id": "5726cda4f1498d1400e8ebab"}]}], ["Pada 20 September 2013, Queen + Adam Lambert tampil di Festival Muzik iHeartRadio di MGM Grand Hotel & Casino di Las Vegas. Pada 6 Mac 2014, band ini mengumumkan pada Good Morning America bahawa Queen + Adam Lambert akan melawat Amerika Utara pada musim panas 2014. Band ini juga akan melawat Australia dan New Zealand pada bulan Ogos / September 2014. Dalam temu bual dengan Rolling Stone, May dan Taylor mengatakan bahawa walaupun lawatan dengan Lambert adalah perkara yang terhad, mereka terbuka kepadanya menjadi ahli rasmi, dan memotong bahan baru dengannya. <> Bilakah Queen + Adam Lambert tampil di Festival Muzik iHeartRadio? || 20 September 2013 <> Di mana Festival Muzik iHeartRadio diadakan pada tahun 2013? || MGM Grand Hotel & Casino di Las Vegas <> Pada apa rancangan yang Queen mengumumkan mereka akan melawat dengan Adam Lambert? || Good Morning America <> Bilakah lawatan Queen pertama dengan Adam Lambert dijadualkan? || Musim panas 2014 <> Siapa ahli Ratu mengatakan bahawa mereka terbuka untuk membuat ahli tetap kumpulan pada 2014? || Lambert", {"context": "On 20 September 2013, Queen + Adam Lambert performed at the iHeartRadio Music Festival at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. On 6 March 2014, the band announced on Good Morning America that Queen + Adam Lambert will tour North America in Summer 2014. The band will also tour Australia and New Zealand in August/September 2014. In an interview with Rolling Stone, May and Taylor said that although the tour with Lambert is a limited thing, they are open to him becoming an official member, and cutting new material with him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "20 September 2013"}], "question": "When did Queen + Adam Lambert perform at the iHeartRadio Music Festival?", "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9120"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "MGM Grand Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas"}], "question": "Where was the iHeartRadio Music Festival held in 2013?", "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Good Morning America"}], "question": "On what show did Queen announce they would be touring with Adam Lambert?", "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Summer 2014"}], "question": "When was the first Queen tour with Adam Lambert scheduled?", "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Lambert"}], "question": "Who did Queen members say they were open to making a regular member of the band in 2014?", "id": "5726d0f1dd62a815002e9124"}]}], ["Pada 25 dan 26 April, May dan Taylor muncul di siri kesebelas American Idol di Nokia Theatre, Los Angeles, mengadakan medley Queen dengan enam finalis pada pertunjukan pertama, dan hari berikutnya melakukan \"Somebody to Love\" dengan Band 'Queen Extravaganza'. Permaisuri dijadualkan untuk mengetuai Sonisphere di Knebworth pada 7 Julai 2012 dengan Adam Lambert sebelum festival itu dibatalkan. Konsert akhir Queen dengan Freddie Mercury berada di Knebworth pada tahun 1986. Brian May berkomentar, \"Ini satu cabaran yang baik untuk kami, dan saya yakin Adam akan bertemu dengan persetujuan Freddie.\" Ratu menyatakan kekecewaan pada pembatalan itu dan mengeluarkan kenyataan yang bermaksud mereka mencari tempat lain. Ia kemudian diumumkan bahawa Queen + Adam Lambert akan memainkan dua pertunjukan di Hammersmith Apollo, London pada 11 dan 12 Julai 2012. Kedua-dua pertunjukan dijual dalam masa 24 jam dari tiket yang akan dijual terbuka. Tarikh London yang ketiga dijadualkan pada 14 Julai. Pada 30 Jun, Queen + Lambert ditayangkan di Kiev, Ukraine pada konsert bersama Elton John untuk Elena Pinchuk ANTIAIDS Foundation. Queen juga tampil dengan Lambert pada 3 Julai 2012 di Stadium Olimpik Moscow, dan pada 7 Julai 2012 di Stadium Perbandaran di Wroclaw, Poland. <> Yang mana ahli Ratu muncul di American Idol pada akhir tahun 2000an? || May dan Taylor <> Di mana konsert terakhir Queen dengan Freddie Mercury diadakan pada tahun 1986? || Knebworth <> Queen dan Adam Lambert memainkan dua pertunjukan di mana pada bulan Julai 2012? || Hammersmith Apollo, London <> Elena Pinchuk mempunyai jenis asas apa? || ANTIAIDS Foundation <> Di manakah Queen tampil dengan Adam Lambert pada 3 Julai 2012? || Stadium Olimpik Moscow", {"context": "On 25 and 26 April, May and Taylor appeared on the eleventh series of American Idol at the Nokia Theatre, Los Angeles, performing a Queen medley with the six finalists on the first show, and the following day performed \"Somebody to Love\" with the 'Queen Extravaganza' band. Queen were scheduled to headline Sonisphere at Knebworth on 7 July 2012 with Adam Lambert before the festival was cancelled. Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury was in Knebworth in 1986. Brian May commented, \"It's a worthy challenge for us, and I'm sure Adam would meet with Freddie's approval.\" Queen expressed disappointment at the cancellation and released a statement to the effect that they were looking to find another venue. It was later announced that Queen + Adam Lambert would play two shows at the Hammersmith Apollo, London on 11 and 12 July 2012. Both shows sold out within 24 hours of tickets going on open sale. A third London date was scheduled for 14 July. On 30 June, Queen + Lambert performed in Kiev, Ukraine at a joint concert with Elton John for the Elena Pinchuk ANTIAIDS Foundation. Queen also performed with Lambert on 3 July 2012 at Moscow's Olympic Stadium, and on 7 July 2012 at the Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw, Poland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "May and Taylor"}], "question": "Which Queen members were appearing on American Idol in the late 2000s?", "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Knebworth"}], "question": "Where was Queen's final concert with Freddie Mercury held in 1986?", "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "Hammersmith Apollo, London"}], "question": "Queen and Adam Lambert played two shows where in July 2012?", "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "ANTIAIDS Foundation"}], "question": "Elena Pinchuk has what kind of a foundation?", "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1140, "text": "Moscow's Olympic Stadium"}], "question": "Where did Queen perform with Adam Lambert on 3 July 2012?", "id": "5726cff25951b619008f7eb1"}]}], ["Beberapa filem telah memaparkan lagu mereka yang dilakukan oleh artis lain. Satu versi \"Somebody to Love\" oleh Anne Hathaway adalah dalam filem 2004 Ella Enchanted. Pada tahun 2006, Brittany Murphy juga merakamkan sampul lagu yang sama untuk filem Happy Feet tahun 2006. Pada tahun 2001, versi \"The Show Must Go On\" telah dilakukan oleh Jim Broadbent dan Nicole Kidman dalam filem musikal Moulin Rouge !. Filem 2001 A Knight's Tale mempunyai versi \"We Are the Champions\" yang dilakukan oleh Robbie Williams dan Queen; filem itu juga mempunyai \"We Will Rock You\" yang dimainkan oleh penonton zaman pertengahan. <> ho menyanyikan versi Queen's Som Love to Love pada Ella Enchanted tahun 2004? || Anne Hathaway <> Pelakon manakah yang merekodkan lagu Queen untuk Happy Feet 2006? || Brittany Murphy <> Filem mana yang memaparkan sampul Queen's Show Must Go On? || Moulin Rouge! <> Filem manakah yang mempunyai Robbie Williams yang memakai sampul Queen We Are the Champions? || Kisah Knight", {"context": "Several films have featured their songs performed by other artists. A version of \"Somebody to Love\" by Anne Hathaway was in the 2004 film Ella Enchanted. In 2006, Brittany Murphy also recorded a cover of the same song for the 2006 film Happy Feet. In 2001, a version of \"The Show Must Go On\" was performed by Jim Broadbent and Nicole Kidman in the film musical Moulin Rouge!. The 2001 film A Knight's Tale has a version of \"We Are the Champions\" performed by Robbie Williams and Queen; the film also features \"We Will Rock You\" played by the medieval audience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Anne Hathaway"}], "question": "ho sang a version of Queen's Somebody to Love in 2004's Ella Enchanted?", "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Brittany Murphy"}], "question": "Which actress recorded a Queen song for 2006's Happy Feet?", "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Moulin Rouge!"}], "question": "Which movie featured a cover of Queen's The Show Must Go On?", "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "A Knight's Tale"}], "question": "Which film had Robbie Williams performing a cover of Queen's We Are the Champions?", "id": "5726e122f1498d1400e8ee81"}]}], ["Pada musim gugur tahun 2009, Glee menampilkan persembahan choir sekolah tinggi fiksyen \"Somebody to Love\" sebagai prestasi kedua mereka dalam episod \"The Rhodes Not Taken\". Persembahan itu disertakan pada CD soundtrack Volume 1 pertunjukan. Pada bulan Jun 2010, paduan suara itu dilakukan \"Satu lagi Menggigit Debu\" dalam episod \"Funk\". Episod minggu berikutnya, \"Journey to Regionals\", memaparkan paduan suara rombongan yang melakukan \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" secara keseluruhannya. Lagu itu dipaparkan pada EP episod. Pada bulan Mei 2012, paduan suara itu dilakukan \"We Are the Champions\" dalam episod \"Nationals\", dan ciri-ciri lagu dalam Album Graduation. <> Lagu Queen mana yang dipaparkan pada musim gugur tahun 2009 di Glee || Seseorang yang Mengasihi <> Apa lagu Queen yang menyaksikan persembahan koir Glee pada bulan Jun 2010? || Satu lagi Menggigit Debu <> Apa lagu Queen yang dilakukan pada episod Mei 2012 Glee? || Kami Adakah Juara <> Apa lagu Queen yang dipaparkan di Album Graduation Glee? || Kita adalah juara", {"context": "In the autumn of 2009, Glee featured the fictional high school's show choir singing \"Somebody to Love\" as their second act performance in the episode \"The Rhodes Not Taken\". The performance was included on the show's Volume 1 soundtrack CD. In June 2010, the choir performed \"Another One Bites the Dust\" in the episode \"Funk\". The following week's episode, \"Journey to Regionals\", features a rival choir performing \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in its entirety. The song was featured on the episode's EP. In May 2012, the choir performed \"We Are the Champions\" in the episode \"Nationals\", and the song features in The Graduation Album.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Somebody to Love"}], "question": "Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee", "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Another One Bites the Dust"}], "question": "What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?", "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "We Are the Champions"}], "question": "What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee?", "id": "5726e479708984140094d4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "We Are the Champions"}], "question": "What Queen song is featured on Glee's The Graduation Album?", "id": "5726e479708984140094d4fa"}]}], ["Queen telah dipaparkan beberapa kali dalam francais Guitar Hero: penutup \"Killer Queen\" dalam Guitar Hero yang asal, \"We Are the Champions\", \"Girls Bottom Fat\", dan Paul Rodgers kolaborasi \"C-lebrity\" dalam lagu trek untuk Guitar Hero World Tour, \"Under Pressure\" dengan David Bowie dalam Guitar Hero 5, \"I Want It All\" dalam Guitar Hero: Van Halen, \"Stone Cold Crazy\" dalam Guitar Hero: Metallica, dan \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in Hero Gitar: Warriors of Rock. Pada 13 Oktober 2009, Brian May mendedahkan terdapat \"ceramah\" yang berlaku \"di belakang tabir\" mengenai permainan Queen Rock Band yang berdedikasi. <> Permainan video muzik mana yang menampilkan banyak lagu Queen? || Hero Gitar <> Siapa yang bekerjasama dengan Freddie Mercury pada lagu Under Pressure? || David Bowie <> Yang mana ahli Queen membincangkan kemungkinan permainan video Queen Rock Band? || Brian May <> Apa band Heavy Metal mempunyai permainan video di mana Queen dipaparkan? || Metallica", {"context": "Queen have been featured multiple times in the Guitar Hero franchise: a cover of \"Killer Queen\" in the original Guitar Hero, \"We Are The Champions\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", and the Paul Rodgers collaboration \"C-lebrity\" in a track pack for Guitar Hero World Tour, \"Under Pressure\" with David Bowie in Guitar Hero 5, \"I Want It All\" in Guitar Hero: Van Halen, \"Stone Cold Crazy\" in Guitar Hero: Metallica, and \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock. On 13 October 2009, Brian May revealed there was \"talk\" going on \"behind the scenes\" about a dedicated Queen Rock Band game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Guitar Hero"}], "question": "Which music video game featured a plethora of Queen songs?", "id": "5726ded9708984140094d429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "David Bowie"}], "question": "Who collaborated with Freddie Mercury on the song Under Pressure?", "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Brian May"}], "question": "Which member of Queen discussed a possible Queen Rock Band video game?", "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Metallica"}], "question": "What Heavy Metal band had a video game in which Queen was featured?", "id": "5726ded9708984140094d42c"}]}], ["Pada 11 April 2006, Brian May dan Roger Taylor muncul di pertunjukan nyanyian American American television show. Setiap peserta perlu menyanyikan lagu Queen pada minggu itu. Lagu-lagu yang muncul di acara tersebut termasuk \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Girls Under the Fat\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", dan \"Innuendo\". Brian May kemudian mengkritik persembahan untuk menyunting adegan tertentu, salah satunya membuat masa kumpulan dengan peserta Ace Young kelihatan negatif, walaupun ia sebaliknya. Taylor dan May sekali lagi muncul di final musim 8 musim Amerika Idol pada Mei 2009, yang menampilkan \"We Are the Champions\" dengan finalis Adam Lambert dan Kris Allen. Pada 15 November 2009, Brian May dan Roger Taylor muncul di pertunjukan nyanyian pertandingan televisyen X Factor di UK. <> Pada tarikh apa pada tahun 2006 apakah May dan Taylor of Queen muncul di American Idol? || 11 April <> Apa bulan dan tahun adalah musim terakhir American Idol? || Mei 2009 <> Siapa yang 8 musim finalis pada American Idol? || Adam Lambert dan Kris Allen <> Pada tarikh apakah Queen dan May muncul di Queen X? || 15 November 2009", {"context": "On 11 April 2006, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the American singing contest television show American Idol. Each contestant was required to sing a Queen song during that week of the competition. Songs which appeared on the show included \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", \"Fat Bottomed Girls\", \"The Show Must Go On\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", and \"Innuendo\". Brian May later criticised the show for editing specific scenes, one of which made the group's time with contestant Ace Young look negative, despite it being the opposite. Taylor and May again appeared on the American Idol season 8 finale in May 2009, performing \"We Are the Champions\" with finalists Adam Lambert and Kris Allen. On 15 November 2009, Brian May and Roger Taylor appeared on the singing contest television show X Factor in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "11 April"}], "question": "On what date in 2006 did May and Taylor of Queen appear on American Idol?", "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "May 2009"}], "question": "What month and year was the season  finale of American Idol?", "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "Adam Lambert and Kris Allen"}], "question": "Who were the season 8 finalists on American Idol?", "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "15 November 2009"}], "question": "On what date did Queen's May and Taylor appear on UK X-factor?", "id": "5726e259dd62a815002e93d9"}]}], ["Pengeluaran London asal dijadualkan ditutup pada hari Sabtu, 7 Oktober 2006, di Teater Dominion, tetapi disebabkan permintaan awam, pertunjukan berlari hingga Mei 2014. Kami Will Rock You telah menjadi muzik larian yang paling lama yang pernah berlari di London utama ini teater, memotong pemegang rekod sebelumnya, muzik Grease. Brian May menyatakan pada tahun 2008 bahawa mereka sedang mempertimbangkan menulis sekuel muzik. Musical tersebut melawat sekitar UK pada tahun 2009, bermain di Teater Manchester Palace, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, dan Edinburgh Playhouse. <> Bilakah pengeluaran Queen of London dijadualkan berakhir pada tahun 2006? || Sabtu, 7 Oktober <> Di mana pengeluaran Ratu 2006 London diadakan? || Teater Dominion <> Bilakah pengeluaran Queen's 2006 London sebenarnya berakhir? || Mei 2014 <> Apa rancangan larian yang paling lama di Teater Dominion? || Kami Akan Rock You <> Apa rancangan terpanjang kedua di Teater Dominion? || Minyak", {"context": "The original London production was scheduled to close on Saturday, 7 October 2006, at the Dominion Theatre, but due to public demand, the show ran until May 2014. We Will Rock You has become the longest running musical ever to run at this prime London theatre, overtaking the previous record holder, the Grease musical. Brian May stated in 2008 that they were considering writing a sequel to the musical. The musical toured around the UK in 2009, playing at Manchester Palace Theatre, Sunderland Empire, Birmingham Hippodrome, Bristol Hippodrome, and Edinburgh Playhouse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Saturday, 7 October"}], "question": "When was Queen's London production scheduled to end in 2006?", "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Dominion Theatre"}], "question": "Where was Queen's 2006 London production held?", "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "May 2014"}], "question": "When did Queen's 2006 London production actually end?", "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "We Will Rock You"}], "question": "What is the longest running show at the Dominion Theatre?", "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Grease"}], "question": "What is the second longest show at the Dominion Theatre?", "id": "5726db6af1498d1400e8ed78"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 2010, Brian May mengumumkan dalam wawancara BBC bahawa Sacha Baron Cohen adalah untuk memainkan Mercury dalam filem dengan nama yang sama. Masa mengulas dengan kelulusan keupayaan menyanyi dan persamaan visual kepada Mercury. Walau bagaimanapun, pada bulan Julai 2013, Baron Cohen jatuh dari peranan kerana \"perbezaan kreatif\" antara beliau dan anggota band yang masih hidup. Pada bulan Disember 2013, ia diumumkan bahawa Ben Whishaw, yang paling terkenal kerana bermain Q dalam filem James Bond Skyfall, telah dipilih untuk menggantikan Cohen dalam peranan Mercury. Gambar gerakan itu ditulis oleh Peter Morgan, yang telah dicalonkan untuk Oscar untuk rancangannya The Queen and Frost / Nixon. Filem ini, yang dihasilkan bersama oleh TriBeCa Productions Robert De Niro, akan memberi tumpuan kepada tahun-tahun pembentukan Queen dan tempoh yang membawa kepada prestasi yang diraikan pada konsert 1985 Live Aid. <> Siapakah yang pada mulanya dipilih untuk memainkan Freddie Mercury dalam filem yang memakai namanya? || Sacha Baron Cohen <> Siapa pengganti bermain Freddie Mercury dalam filem dengan nama yang sama? || Ben Whishaw <> Siapa yang menulis filem Freddie Mercury? || Peter Morgan <> Pelakon mana yang menghasilkan filem Freddie Mercury? || Robert De Niro <> Pada tahun apakah Ratu melakukan Live Aid? || 1985", {"context": "In September 2010, Brian May announced in a BBC interview that Sacha Baron Cohen was to play Mercury in a film of the same name. Time commented with approval on his singing ability and visual similarity to Mercury. However, in July 2013, Baron Cohen dropped out of the role due to \"creative differences\" between him and the surviving band members. In December 2013, it was announced that Ben Whishaw, best known for playing Q in the James Bond film Skyfall, had been chosen to replace Cohen in the role of Mercury. The motion picture is being written by Peter Morgan, who had been nominated for Oscars for his screenplays The Queen and Frost/Nixon. The film, which is being co-produced by Robert De Niro's TriBeCa Productions, will focus on Queen's formative years and the period leading up to the celebrated performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Sacha Baron Cohen"}], "question": "Who was originally chosen to play Freddie Mercury in the movie bearing his name?", "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Ben Whishaw"}], "question": "Who was the replacement to play Freddie Mercury in the film of the same name?", "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Peter Morgan"}], "question": "Who is writing the Freddie Mercury film?", "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "Robert De Niro"}], "question": "Which actor is producing the Freddie Mercury film?", "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "1985"}], "question": "In what year did Queen perform at Live Aid?", "id": "5726e5f3708984140094d529"}]}], ["Queen menyumbang muzik secara langsung kepada filem-filem Flash Gordon (1980), dengan \"Flash\" sebagai lagu tema, dan Highlander (filem 1986 asli), dengan \"A Kind of Magic\", \"One Year of Love\" Live Forever \",\" Hammer to Fall \", dan tema\" Princes of the Universe \", yang juga digunakan sebagai tema siri Highlander TV (1992-1998). Di Amerika Syarikat, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" dilancarkan semula sebagai single pada tahun 1992 selepas muncul dalam filem komedi Wayne's World. Single kemudian mencapai nombor dua di Billboard Hot 100 (dengan \"The Show Must Go On\" sebagai trek pertama pada single) dan membantu menghidupkan semula populariti band di Amerika Utara. <> Di mana filem 1980 mengandungi sumbangan lagu dari Ratu? || Flash Gordon <> Filem 1986 mana yang mengandungi lagu tema Queen? || Highlander <> Dalam tahun apakah Bohemian Rhapsody dibebaskan semula di AS? || 1992 <> Seberapa tinggi carta 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody? || dua", {"context": "Queen contributed music directly to the films Flash Gordon (1980), with \"Flash\" as the theme song, and Highlander (the original 1986 film), with \"A Kind of Magic\", \"One Year of Love\", \"Who Wants to Live Forever\", \"Hammer to Fall\", and the theme \"Princes of the Universe\", which was also used as the theme of the Highlander TV series (1992\u20131998). In the United States, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" was re-released as a single in 1992 after appearing in the comedy film Wayne's World. The single subsequently reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (with \"The Show Must Go On\" as the first track on the single) and helped rekindle the band's popularity in North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Flash Gordon"}], "question": "Which 1980 movie contained song contributions from Queen?", "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Highlander"}], "question": "Which 1986 movie contained a Queen theme song?", "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "1992"}], "question": "In what year was Bohemian Rhapsody re-released in the US?", "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "two"}], "question": "How high did the 1992 Bohemian Rhapsody chart?", "id": "5726dff0dd62a815002e938d"}]}], ["Ratu adalah salah satu band yang paling terkenal, menurut Nick Weymouth, yang menguruskan laman web rasmi band itu. Satu tinjauan tahun 2001 mendapati kewujudan 12,225 tapak web yang didedikasikan untuk kegebuan Queen, jumlah tertinggi bagi mana-mana band. Rekaman Bootleg telah menyumbang kepada populariti band di negara-negara tertentu di mana muzik Barat ditapis, seperti Iran. Dalam satu projek yang dipanggil Ratu: The Bootlegs Top 100, banyak daripada ini telah disediakan secara rasmi untuk memuat turun untuk bayaran nominal dari laman web Queen, dengan keuntungan yang akan ke Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone menduduki tempat Queen di nombor 52 dalam senarai \"100 Artis Terbesar Sepanjang Masa\", sambil menduduki Mercury penyanyi ke-18 terbesar, dan Mei gitaris terbesar kedua puluh enam. Ratu dinamakan ke-13 pada senarai artis 100 Hard Rock VH1, dan pada tahun 2010 menduduki tempat ke-17 pada senarai 100 Seniman Terbesar VH1. Pada tahun 2012, pembaca Gigwise menamakan Queen sebagai band terbaik dalam 60 tahun yang lalu. <> Berapa banyak tapak raksasa Permaisuri ditemui pada tahun 2001? || 12,225 <> Di manakah kedudukan Queen di Rolling Stone 100 Artis Terbesar di All Time pada tahun 2001? || nombor 52 <> Pada tahun 2010 VH1 menduduki Ratu berapa bilangan artis Artis Terbesar mereka? || 17th <> Negara apakah laman web yang popular untuk kokain Ratu kerana ia dilarang? || Iran", {"context": "Queen are one of the most bootlegged bands ever, according to Nick Weymouth, who manages the band's official website. A 2001 survey discovered the existence of 12,225 websites dedicated to Queen bootlegs, the highest number for any band. Bootleg recordings have contributed to the band's popularity in certain countries where Western music is censored, such as Iran. In a project called Queen: The Top 100 Bootlegs, many of these have been made officially available to download for a nominal fee from Queen's website, with profits going to the Mercury Phoenix Trust. Rolling Stone ranked Queen at number 52 on its list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\", while ranking Mercury the 18th greatest singer, and May the twenty-sixth greatest guitarist. Queen were named 13th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list, and in 2010 were ranked 17th on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list. In 2012, Gigwise readers named Queen the best band of past 60 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "12,225"}], "question": "How many Queen bootleg sites were discovered in 2001?", "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "number 52"}], "question": "Where did Queen rank on Rolling Stone's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time in 2001?", "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In 2010 VH1 ranked Queen at what number on their Greatest Artist of All Time List?", "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Iran"}], "question": "What country is a popular site for Queen bootlegs because it is outlawed?", "id": "5726da40f1498d1400e8ed33"}]}], ["Di bawah pengawasan May dan Taylor, banyak projek pemulihan telah dilakukan yang melibatkan katalog audio dan video Queen yang panjang. Rilis DVD konsert Wembley 1986 mereka (bertajuk Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 konsert Milton Keynes (Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl), dan dua Video Video Terbesar (Volum 1 dan 2, merangkumi tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an) telah melihat muzik band berubah menjadi 5.1 dan bunyi surround DTS. Setakat ini, hanya dua daripada album band, A Night di Opera dan The Game, telah digabungkan sepenuhnya ke dalam rangkaian pelbagai resolusi tinggi di DVD-Audio. Malam di Opera dilancarkan semula dengan beberapa campuran 5.1 yang telah disemak semula dan video yang disertakan pada tahun 2005 untuk ulang tahun ke-30 peluncuran asal album (CD + DVD-Video set). Pada 2007, edisi Blu-ray edisi Queen sebelum ini yang dikeluarkan, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, dikeluarkan, menandakan projek pertama mereka dalam 1080p HD. <> Queen's Live di Wembley Stadium DVD merangkumi tahun apa? || 1986 <> Queen on Fire termasuk konsert 1982 ini? || Milton Keynes <> Ketika Ratu A Night di Opera dikeluarkan semula? || 2005 <> Bilakah Queen Bluray pertama dibebaskan? || 2007 <> Ahli band mana yang terlibat dalam pemulihan projek-projek sebelum Ratu? || Mei dan Taylor", {"context": "Under the supervision of May and Taylor, numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen's lengthy audio and video catalogue. DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert (titled Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 Milton Keynes concert (Queen on Fire \u2013 Live at the Bowl), and two Greatest Video Hits (Volumes 1 and 2, spanning the 1970s and 1980s) have seen the band's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound. So far, only two of the band's albums, A Night at the Opera and The Game, have been fully remixed into high-resolution multichannel surround on DVD-Audio. A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album's original release (CD+DVD-Video set). In 2007, a Blu-ray edition of Queen's previously released concerts, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, was released, marking their first project in 1080p HD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "1986"}], "question": "Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?", "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Milton Keynes"}], "question": "Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?", "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?", "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was the first Queen Bluray released?", "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "May and Taylor"}], "question": "Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?", "id": "5726dd46f1498d1400e8edd2"}]}]], [["Penatua yang berkuasa biasanya orang awam (dan perempuan dalam beberapa denominasi) yang dipilih oleh jemaat dan ditahbiskan untuk berkhidmat dengan para penatua yang mengajar, dengan tanggungjawab untuk memelihara dan memimpin jemaat. Seringkali, terutamanya dalam jemaat yang lebih besar, para penatua mewakilkan praktikal bangunan, kewangan, dan kuliah sementara kepada orang yang memerlukan dalam sidang jemaah ke kumpulan pegawai yang berbeda (kadang-kadang dipanggil diakon, yang ditahbiskan dalam beberapa denominasi). Kumpulan ini mungkin dikenali sebagai \"Dewan Deacon\", \"Lembaga Deacon\" \"Diaconate\", atau \"Mahkamah Deakons\". Ini kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai \"presbyter\" kepada jemaat penuh. <> Siapa yang memilih orang tua yang berkuasa? || jemaat <> Dalam jemaat yang sangat besar, apa yang ditugaskan para penatua? || praktikal bangunan, kewangan, dan kuliah sementara <> Ada sekumpulan pegawai di jemaat, nama-nama lain yang mereka kenal? || diakon", {"context": "Ruling elders are usually laymen (and laywomen in some denominations) who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the teaching elders, assuming responsibility for nurture and leadership of the congregation. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry to the needy in the congregation to a distinct group of officers (sometimes called deacons, which are ordained in some denominations). This group may variously be known as a \"Deacon Board\", \"Board of Deacons\" \"Diaconate\", or \"Deacons' Court\". These are sometimes known as \"presbyters\" to the full congregation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the congregation"}], "question": "Who elects the ruling elders?", "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "practicalities of buildings, finance, and temporal ministry"}], "question": "In very large congregations, what do the elders delegate?", "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "deacons"}], "question": "There's a group of officers in the congregation, what other names are they also known by?", "id": "57266327f1498d1400e8dde6"}]}], ["Presbyterianisme adalah sejarah tradisi pengakuan. Ini mempunyai dua implikasi. Yang jelas adalah bahawa gereja-gereja yang mengaku percaya iman mereka dalam bentuk \"pengakuan iman,\" yang mempunyai tahap status yang berwibawa. Walau bagaimanapun, ini adalah berdasarkan titik yang lebih halus: Di dalam gereja-gereja yang mengaku, teologi bukan semata-mata perkara individu. Walaupun individu digalakkan memahami Kitab Suci, dan mungkin mencabar pemahaman institusi semasa, teologi dijalankan oleh masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Ia adalah pemahaman masyarakat tentang teologi yang dinyatakan dalam pengakuan. <> Presbyterianisme berdasarkan jenis tradisi ini, apa itu? || tradisi pengakuan <> gereja-gereja Confessional menyatakan bentuk pengakuan ini, apa yang dinamakannya? || pengakuan iman <> Apa yang bukan satu-satunya perkara secara individu dalam gereja pengakuan? || teologi <> Bagaimana teologi dijalankan di gereja pengakuan? || oleh komuniti secara keseluruhan", {"context": "Presbyterianism is historically a confessional tradition. This has two implications. The obvious one is that confessional churches express their faith in the form of \"confessions of faith,\" which have some level of authoritative status. However this is based on a more subtle point: In confessional churches, theology is not solely an individual matter. While individuals are encouraged to understand Scripture, and may challenge the current institutional understanding, theology is carried out by the community as a whole. It is this community understanding of theology that is expressed in confessions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "confessional tradition"}], "question": "Presbyterianism is based on this type of tradition, what is it?", "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "confessions of faith"}], "question": "Confessional churches express this form of confession, what is it named?", "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What is not a sole matter individually in a confessional church?", "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "by the community as a whole"}], "question": "How is theology carried out in a confessional church?", "id": "5726684cdd62a815002e83f9"}]}], ["Presbyterians sangat penting dalam pendidikan dan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat. Kajian berterusan kitab suci, tulisan-tulisan teologi, dan pemahaman dan penafsiran doktrin gereja diartikan dalam beberapa pernyataan iman dan katekisme yang secara formal diadopsi oleh berbagai cabang gereja, yang sering disebut sebagai \"taraf bawahan\". Secara amnya dianggap bahawa titik pembelajaran sedemikian adalah untuk membolehkan seseorang untuk mengamalkan iman seseorang; sesetengah Presbyterian secara amnya memperlihatkan iman mereka dalam tindakan serta kata-kata, dengan kemurahan hati, perhotelan, serta mengisytiharkan Injil Kristus. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Presbyterian? || pendidikan dan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat <> Apa kajian mereka terdiri daripada? || kitab suci, tulisan teologi, dan pemahaman dan pentafsiran doktrin gereja <> Bagaimana presbyterian mempamerkan iman mereka? || dengan kemurahan hati, perhotelan, serta mengisytiharkan Injil Kristus.", {"context": "Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning. Continuous study of the scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine are embodied in several statements of faith and catechisms formally adopted by various branches of the church, often referred to as \"subordinate standards\". It is generally considered that the point of such learning is to enable one to put one's faith into practice; some Presbyterians generally exhibit their faith in action as well as words, by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "education and lifelong learning"}], "question": "What do Presbyterians put importance into?", "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "scriptures, theological writings, and understanding and interpretation of church doctrine"}], "question": "What do their studies consist of?", "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "by generosity, hospitality, as well as proclaiming the gospel of Christ."}], "question": "How do Presbyterians exhibit their faith?", "id": "57265eaf708984140094c3cf"}]}], ["Kerajaan presbyterian adalah oleh majlis-majlis (dikenali sebagai mahkamah). Penatua yang mengajar dan berkuasa ditahbiskan dan berkumpul di dewan paling rendah yang dikenali sebagai sesi atau konsistori yang bertanggungjawab untuk disiplin, memupuk, dan misi jemaah tempatan. Mengajar para penatua (pastor) mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk mengajar, menyembah, dan melaksanakan sakramen. Pastor dipanggil oleh jemaah individu. Sidang jemaah mengeluarkan panggilan untuk perkhidmatan pastor, tetapi panggilan ini mesti disahkan oleh presbyter setempat. <> Apakah kerajaan Presbyterian dikenali sebagai? || majlis-majlis (dikenali sebagai mahkamah) orang-orang tua <> Apakah tanggungjawab para pastor yang lebih tua? || mengajar, menyembah, dan melaksanakan sakramen <> Apabila jemaah mengeluarkan panggilan untuk pelayanan oleh pastor, yang harus mengesahkannya? || presbyter tempatan", {"context": "Presbyterian government is by councils (known as courts) of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, and mission of the local congregation. Teaching elders (pastors) have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations. A congregation issues a call for the pastor's service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "councils (known as courts) of elders"}], "question": "What is the Presbyterian government known as?", "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e830e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "teaching, worship, and performing sacraments"}], "question": "What are the responsibilities of the elder pastors?", "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e830f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "local presbytery"}], "question": "When the congregation issues a call for service by a pastor, who has to ratify it?", "id": "5726608fdd62a815002e8310"}]}], ["Presbyterians membezakan diri mereka dari denominasi lain oleh doktrin, organisasi institusi (atau \"perintah gereja\") dan ibadah; sering menggunakan \"Buku Pesanan\" untuk mengawal amalan biasa dan perintah. Asal-usul gereja Presbyterian berada dalam Calvinisme. Banyak cabang Presbyterianisme adalah sisa-sisa percikan sebelumnya dari kumpulan yang lebih besar. Sebahagian daripada perpecahan itu adalah disebabkan oleh kontroversi doktrin, sementara ada yang disebabkan oleh perselisihan mengenai tahap yang ditugaskan kepada pejabat gereja harus dikehendaki menyetujui Pengakuan Iman Westminster, yang secara historis berfungsi sebagai dokumen pengakuan penting - kedua hanya kepada Alkitab, namun mengarahkan kekhasan dalam penyeragaman dan terjemahan Alkitab - di gereja-gereja Presbyterian. <> Istilah apa yang dihuraikan kaedah yang digunakan untuk mengawal amalan biasa dan atau perintah? || Book of Order <> Dokumen mana yang merupakan dokumen pengakuan penting yang kedua hanya untuk Alkitab? || Westminster Confession of Faith <> Apa nama lain digunakan ketika merujuk kepada asal usul Gereja Presbyterian? || Calvinisme", {"context": "Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization (or \"church order\") and worship; often using a \"Book of Order\" to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism. Many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Some of the splits have been due to doctrinal controversy, while some have been caused by disagreement concerning the degree to which those ordained to church office should be required to agree with the Westminster Confession of Faith, which historically serves as an important confessional document \u2013 second only to the Bible, yet directing particularities in the standardization and translation of the Bible \u2013 in Presbyterian churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Book of Order"}], "question": "What term described the method used to regulate common practice and or order?", "id": "57265bb95951b619008f707f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}], "question": "Which document is an important confessional document second only to the Bible?", "id": "57265bb95951b619008f7080"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Calvinism"}], "question": "What other name is used when referring to the origins of the Presbyterian Church?", "id": "57265bb95951b619008f7081"}]}], ["Sesetengah tradisi Presbyterian hanya menggunakan Westminster Confession of Faith sebagai piawai doktrin yang mengajar para penatua untuk melanggan, berbeza dengan katekismus yang lebih besar dan lebih pendek, yang diluluskan untuk kegunaan dalam pengajaran. Banyak denominasi Presbyterian, terutamanya di Amerika Utara, telah mengadopsi semua Piawai Westminster sebagai piawai doktrin mereka yang bertentangan dengan Alkitab. Dokumen-dokumen ini adalah Calvinistik dalam orientasi doktrin mereka. Gereja Presbyterian di Kanada mengekalkan Westminster Confession of Faith dalam bentuk asalnya, sementara mengakui tempoh sejarah di mana ia ditulis harus dipahami apabila dibaca. <> Apakah tradisi yang dilakukan oleh beberapa gereja Presbyterian hanya sebagai standard doktrin mereka? || Westminster Confession of Faith <> Banyak jemaat Presbyterian di Amerika telah mengadopsi doktrin ini sebagai standard mereka, apa itu? || Standard Westminster <> Gereja Presbyterian di Kanada telah mengekalkan Doktrin dalam bentuk aslinya? || Westminster Confession of Faith", {"context": "Some Presbyterian traditions adopt only the Westminster Confession of Faith as the doctrinal standard to which teaching elders are required to subscribe, in contrast to the Larger and Shorter catechisms, which are approved for use in instruction. Many Presbyterian denominations, especially in North America, have adopted all of the Westminster Standards as their standard of doctrine which is subordinate to the Bible. These documents are Calvinistic in their doctrinal orientation. The Presbyterian Church in Canada retains the Westminster Confession of Faith in its original form, while admitting the historical period in which it was written should be understood when it is read.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}], "question": "What traditions do some Presbyterian churches only adopt as their doctrinal standard?", "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Westminster Standards"}], "question": "Many Presbyterian churches in America have adopted this doctrine as their standard, what is it?", "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Westminster Confession of Faith"}], "question": "The Presbyterian church in Canada has retains which Doctrine in its original form?", "id": "572669bc5951b619008f71ed"}]}], ["Sejarah Presbyterian adalah sebahagian daripada sejarah Kekristianan, tetapi permulaan Presbyterianisme sebagai pergerakan yang berbeza berlaku semasa Reformasi Protestan abad ke-16. Sebagai Gereja Katolik yang menentang pembaharu, beberapa gerakan teologi yang berbeza dipisahkan dari Gereja dan menimbulkan pelbagai denominasi. Presbyterianisme terutamanya dipengaruhi oleh ahli teologi Perancis John Calvin, yang dikreditkan dengan perkembangan teologi Reformed, dan karya John Knox, seorang Scotsman yang belajar dengan Calvin di Geneva, Switzerland dan mengajarnya kembali ke Scotland. Gereja Presbyterian menyusuri nenek moyangnya terutamanya ke England dan Scotland. Pada bulan Ogos 1560, Parlimen Scotland mengguna pakai Pengakuan Skotlandia sebagai kepercayaan Kerajaan Scotland. Pada Disember 1560, Buku Pertama Tatatertib diterbitkan, menggariskan isu doktrin penting tetapi juga menubuhkan peraturan untuk kerajaan gereja, termasuk penciptaan sepuluh kabupaten gerejawi dengan penguasa yang dilantik yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai presbyter. <> Apa agama lain mempunyai sejarah sebagai sebahagian daripada Presbyterian? || Kristian <> Manakah frenchman yang sangat mempengaruhi Presbyterianism? || John Calvin <> Pada tahun apakah parlimen Scotland mengamalkan Pengakuan Skotlandia? || 1560 <> Buku mana yang disebut-sebut untuk menubuhkan peraturan untuk gereja dan kerajaan? || Buku Disiplin Pertama", {"context": "Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?", "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dcca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "John Calvin"}], "question": "Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?", "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "1560"}], "question": "In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?", "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 809, "text": "First Book of Discipline"}], "question": "Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?", "id": "57265956f1498d1400e8dccd"}]}], ["Di atas sesi terdapat presbyter, yang mempunyai tanggungjawab kawasan. Ini terdiri daripada penatua penatua dan penatua yang berkuasa dari masing-masing jemaat konstituen. Presbyter menghantar wakil ke perhimpunan serantau atau kebangsaan yang lebih luas, yang umumnya dikenali sebagai Perhimpunan Agung, walaupun terdapat tahap pertengahan dari suatu sinode kadang-kadang wujud. Skema sidang jemaah / presbiter / synod / jeneral ini berdasarkan pada struktur sejarah jemaat Presbyterian yang lebih besar, seperti Gereja Scotland atau Gereja Presbyterian (U.S.A.); sesetengah mayat, seperti Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika dan Gereja Presbyterian di Ireland, melangkau salah satu langkah antara jemaah dan Perhimpunan Agung, dan biasanya langkah yang dilangkau adalah Synod. Jemaat Scotland kini telah menghapuskan Synod. [Rujukan?] <> Kumpulan mana dari jemaat Presbyterian dalam pangkat adalah di atas sesi? || presbyter <> Apa tanggungjawab begitu Presbyterian? || tanggungjawab kawasan <> Apakah bidang tanggungjawab yang dibentuk? || mengajar para penatua dan penatua yang berkuasa <> Di gereja Presbyterian Amerika dan Ireland, langkah mana yang umumnya dilangkau? || Synod <> Langkah mana yang telah dimansuhkan baru-baru ini oleh Scotland? || Synod", {"context": "Above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations. The presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. This congregation / presbytery / synod / general assembly schema is based on the historical structure of the larger Presbyterian churches, such as the Church of Scotland or the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.); some bodies, such as the Presbyterian Church in America and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, skip one of the steps between congregation and General Assembly, and usually the step skipped is the Synod. The Church of Scotland has now abolished the Synod.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "presbyteries"}], "question": "Which group from the Presbyterian church in rank is above sessions?", "id": "572664a15951b619008f716b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "area responsibilities"}], "question": "What responsibilities so Presbyterians have?", "id": "572664a15951b619008f716c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "teaching elders and ruling elders"}], "question": "What are the area of responsibilities made up of?", "id": "572664a15951b619008f716d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "Synod"}], "question": "In the American and Ireland Presbyterian church, which step is generally skipped?", "id": "572664a15951b619008f716e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "Synod"}], "question": "Which step was recently abolished by Scotland?", "id": "572664a15951b619008f716f"}]}], ["Akar Presbyterianism terletak di Reformasi Eropah abad ke-16; contoh Geneva John Calvin yang sangat berpengaruh. Kebanyakan gereja Reformasi yang mengesan sejarah mereka kembali ke Scotland adalah sama ada presbyterian atau jemaat dalam kerajaan. Pada abad kedua puluh, beberapa Presbyterian memainkan peranan penting dalam pergerakan ekumenikal, termasuk Majlis Gereja-Gereja Dunia. Banyak denominasi Presbyterian telah menemui cara-cara bekerjasama dengan denominasi Reformasi lain dan orang-orang Kristian dari tradisi lain, terutama di Komuni Dunia Gereja Reformasi. Beberapa gereja Presbyterian telah memasuki kesatuan dengan gereja-gereja lain, seperti Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, dan Methodists. Presbyterian di Amerika Syarikat datang sebahagian besarnya daripada komuniti pendatang Scotch-Ireland, dan juga dari komuniti New England Yankee yang pada asalnya adalah Kongregasi tetapi berubah kerana \"Rancangan Kesatuan 1801\" yang dipersetujui untuk kawasan-kawasan perbatasan. <> Di mana kebanyakan gereja presbyterian mengesan kembali sejarah mereka? || Scotland <> Bilakah pembaharuan semasa akar Presbyterianisme berlaku? || Abad ke-16 <> Kumpulan mana yang menyatukan persatuan gereja Presbyterian? || Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, dan Methodists", {"context": "The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the European Reformation of the 16th century; the example of John Calvin's Geneva being particularly influential. Most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, including the World Council of Churches. Many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists. Presbyterians in the United States came largely from Scotch-Irish immigrants communities, and also from New England Yankee communities that had originally been Congregational but changed because of an agreed-upon \"Plan of Union of 1801\" for frontier areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Where do most presbyterian churches trace their history back to?", "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When did the reformation during the roots of Presbyterianism take place?", "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, and Methodists"}], "question": "Which group did Presbyterian churches union with?", "id": "57265787dd62a815002e8224"}]}], ["Presbyterianisme adalah sebahagian daripada tradisi Reformed dalam Protestantisme yang mengesan asal-usulnya kepada Kepulauan British. Gereja-gereja Presbyterian memperoleh nama mereka dari bentuk kerajaan gereja presbyterian, yang dikuasai oleh majlis perwakilan para penatua. Banyak gereja Reformed dianjurkan dengan cara ini, tetapi perkataan \"Presbyterian,\" apabila dimodalkan, sering digunakan secara unik kepada gereja-gereja yang mengesan akarnya ke gereja-gereja Scotland dan Inggeris yang melahirkan nama dan kumpulan politik Inggeris yang dibentuk semasa Perang Saudara Inggeris . Teologi presbyterian biasanya menekankan kedaulatan Tuhan, kuasa Kitab Suci, dan perlunya anugerah melalui iman kepada Kristus. Pemerintahan gereja Presbyterian dipastikan di Scotland oleh Akta Kesatuan pada tahun 1707 yang mencipta kerajaan Great Britain. Sebenarnya, kebanyakan Presbyterians yang terdapat di England dapat mengesan sambungan Scotland, dan nama-nama Presbyterian juga dibawa ke Amerika Utara kebanyakannya oleh pendatang Scotland dan Scots-Ireland. Denominasi Presbyterian di Scotland memegang kepada teologi John Calvin dan penggantinya yang terdekat, walaupun terdapat pelbagai pandangan teologi dalam Presbyterianisme kontemporari. Jemaat-jemaat setempat gereja-gereja yang menggunakan peraturan presbyterian ditadbir oleh sesi yang terdiri daripada wakil jemaat (penatua); pendekatan konsili yang terdapat di peringkat lain membuat keputusan (presbyter, synod dan pemasangan umum). <> Di manakah anda dapat mengesan semula asal usul Presbyterianisme? || Kepulauan British <> Apa gereja Presbyterian biasanya menekankan? || kedaulatan Tuhan <> Tindakan mana yang menciptakan Kerajaan Great Britain? || Great Britain", {"context": "Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the presbyterian form of church government, which is governed by representative assemblies of elders. Many Reformed churches are organized this way, but the word \"Presbyterian,\" when capitalized, is often applied uniquely to the churches that trace their roots to the Scottish and English churches that bore that name and English political groups that formed during the English Civil War. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, and the necessity of grace through faith in Christ. Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. Local congregations of churches which use presbyterian polity are governed by sessions made up of representatives of the congregation (elders); a conciliar approach which is found at other levels of decision-making (presbytery, synod and general assembly).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "British Isles"}], "question": "Where can you trace back the origins of Presbyterianism back to?", "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "sovereignty of God"}], "question": "What does the Presbyterian church typically emphasize?", "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Great Britain"}], "question": "Which act created the kingdom of Great Britain?", "id": "572655b6f1498d1400e8dc5a"}]}], ["Di antara pergerakan gereja paleo-ortodoks dan muncul di gereja-gereja Protestan dan evangelikal, di mana beberapa orang Presbyterian terlibat, para pendeta bergerak dari gaun tradisional Geneva hitam ke pakaian seperti alb dan chasuble, tetapi juga jubah dan surfer (biasanya penuh panjang Lama gaya bahasa Inggeris Lama yang menyerupai alfabet Celtic, jubah liturgi ungirdled dari Ritus Gallican lama), yang sebahagiannya, khususnya yang mengenal pasti dengan Pergerakan Pembaharuan Liturgi, terus menjadi lebih kuno dan mewakili masa lalu yang lebih ekumenikal. <> Antara gereja-gereja Protestan dan Evangelikal yang muncul yang mana pendeta pergi? || gaun Geneva hitam <> A Cassock dan Surplice biasanya terdiri daripada? || penuh panjang Lama gaya bahasa inggeris <> Pergerakan mana yang mewakili masa lalu ekumenikal? || Pergerakan Pembaharuan Liturgikal", {"context": "Among the paleo-orthodox and emerging church movements in Protestant and evangelical churches, in which some Presbyterians are involved, clergy are moving away from the traditional black Geneva gown to such vestments as the alb and chasuble, but also cassock and surplice (typically a full length Old English style surplice which resembles the Celtic alb, an ungirdled liturgical tunic of the old Gallican Rite), which some, particularly those identifying with the Liturgical Renewal Movement, hold to be more ancient and representative of a more ecumenical past.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "black Geneva gown"}], "question": "Among the emerging Protestant and Evangelical churches what are clergy moving away from?", "id": "5726728f708984140094c667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "full length Old English style surplice"}], "question": "A Cassock and Surplice typically consisted of?", "id": "5726728f708984140094c668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Liturgical Renewal Movement"}], "question": "Which movement was representative of the ecumenical past?", "id": "5726728f708984140094c669"}]}], ["Denominasi Presbyterian yang mengesan warisan mereka kepada Kepulauan British biasanya menganjurkan perkhidmatan gereja mereka yang diilhami oleh prinsip-prinsip dalam Direktori Penyembahan Umum, yang dibangunkan oleh Sidang Westminster pada tahun 1640-an. Direktori ini mendokumenkan amalan ibadat dan teologi ibadat yang diterima pakai dan dibangunkan pada abad yang lalu oleh Puritans dari British, yang pada awalnya dipandu oleh John Calvin dan John Knox. Ia telah digubal undang-undang oleh Parlimen Scotland, dan menjadi salah satu dokumen asas bagi perundangan gereja Presbyterian di tempat lain. <> Denominasi Presbyterian dari Kepulauan British diilhamkan oleh prinsip-prinsip ini dalam dokumen apa? || Direktori Penyembahan Awam <> Bilakah Direktori Penyembahan Awam telah dibangunkan? || 1640s <> Kerajaan mana yang menggubal ajaran ajaran Pengajaran Umum ke dalam undang-undang? || Parlimen Scotland", {"context": "Presbyterian denominations that trace their heritage to the British Isles usually organise their church services inspired by the principles in the Directory of Public Worship, developed by the Westminster Assembly in the 1640s. This directory documented Reformed worship practices and theology adopted and developed over the preceding century by British Puritans, initially guided by John Calvin and John Knox. It was enacted as law by the Scottish Parliament, and became one of the foundational documents of Presbyterian church legislation elsewhere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Directory of Public Worship"}], "question": "The Presbyterian denominations from the British Isles were inspired by these principles in what document?", "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8df9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "1640s"}], "question": "When was the Directory of Public Worship developed?", "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8df9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Scottish Parliament"}], "question": "Which government enacted the Directory of Public Worship teachings into law?", "id": "57266f6bf1498d1400e8dfa0"}]}], ["Presbyterians awal berhati-hati untuk membezakan antara \"gereja,\" yang merujuk ahli-ahli, dan \"rumah pertemuan,\" yang merupakan bangunan di mana jemaat bertemu. Sehingga akhir abad ke-19, sangat sedikit Presbyterians yang pernah merujuk bangunan mereka sebagai \"gereja-gereja.\" Presbyterian percaya bahawa rumah pertemuan (sekarang dipanggil gereja) adalah bangunan untuk menyokong penyembahan Tuhan. Hiasan dalam sesetengah keadaan adalah sukar untuk tidak mengurangkan penyembahan. Rumah pertemuan Presbyterian awal sangat jelas. Tiada kaca berwarna, tiada perabot rumit, dan tiada imej yang dapat ditemui di rumah mesyuarat. Mimbar itu, sering dibangkitkan supaya hanya boleh diakses oleh tangga, adalah pusat bangunan. <> Presbyterians terpaksa dibezakan antara \"Gereja\" dan \"Rumah Pertemuan\" Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"Gereja\"? || ahli-ahli <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan \"Rumah Pertemuan\"? || bangunan <> Apa gereja dipanggil sebelum abad ke-19? || rumah pertemuan <> Gereja-gereja awal sangat jelas, apa yang tidak ada di dalam gereja? || Tiada kaca berwarna, tiada perabot rumit, dan tiada imej", {"context": "Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the \"church,\" which referred the members, and the \"meeting house,\" which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as \"churches.\" Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the members"}], "question": "Presbyterians had to distinguished between \"Church\" and \"Meeting house\" What was \"Church\" referring too?", "id": "572674badd62a815002e858e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "building"}], "question": "What did \"Meeting house\" refer to?", "id": "572674badd62a815002e858f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "meeting house"}], "question": "What were churches called before the 19th century?", "id": "572674badd62a815002e8590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images"}], "question": "Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?", "id": "572674badd62a815002e8591"}]}], ["Pengakuan Westminster adalah \"Standard subordinat utama Gereja Gereja\" tetapi \"dengan mengambil kira kebebasan pendapat dalam mata yang tidak masuk ke dalam substansi Iman\" (V). Perumusan ini mewakili bertahun-tahun perjuangan sejauh mana pengakuan itu mencerminkan Firman Tuhan dan perjuangan hati nurani orang-orang yang percaya bahawa ia tidak sepenuhnya melakukannya (misalnya William Robertson Smith). Beberapa Gereja Presbyterian, seperti Gereja Bebas Scotland, tidak mempunyai \"klausa hati\" sedemikian. <> Kepada gereja Scotland, apakah doktrin sub standard? || Pengakuan Westminster <> Siapa yang tidak percaya sepenuhnya perjuangan hati nurani? || William Robertson Smith <> Gereja Bebas di Scotland mempunyai sesuatu di tempat yang hanya beberapa gereja telah dilaksanakan, apa yang dipanggilnya? || klausa hati nurani", {"context": "The Westminster Confession is \"The principal subordinate standard of the Church of Scotland\" but \"with due regard to liberty of opinion in points which do not enter into the substance of the Faith\" (V). This formulation represents many years of struggle over the extent to which the confession reflects the Word of God and the struggle of conscience of those who came to believe it did not fully do so (e.g. William Robertson Smith). Some Presbyterian Churches, such as the Free Church of Scotland, have no such \"conscience clause\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Westminster Confession"}], "question": "To the church of Scotland, what is the sub standard doctrine?", "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "William Robertson Smith"}], "question": "Who was one person who did not fully believe the struggle of conscience?", "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "conscience clause"}], "question": "The Free Church in Scotland  has something in place that only a few churches have implemented, what is it called?", "id": "57266bc7f1498d1400e8df3e"}]}], ["Gereja Presbyterian (U.S.A.) telah menerima Buku Pengakuan, yang mencerminkan kemasukan pengakuan Reformasi yang lain sebagai tambahan kepada Standard Westminster. Dokumen-dokumen lain termasuk pernyataan akidah kuno (Creed Nicene, The Creed of the Apostles), pengakuan Reformed abad ke-16 (Confession of Scots, Catechism Heidelberg, Pengakuan Helvetik Kedua), dan dokumen abad ke-20 (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession 1967 dan Penyataan Iman Ringkas). <> Buku manakah yang digunakan oleh gereja Presbyterian Amerika? || Buku Pengakuan <> Kitab Pengakuan mencerminkan kemasukan pengakuan yang lain, apa yang dipanggilnya? || Westminster Standards <> Kenyataan yang manakah dokumen-dokumen lain termasuk dari Standard Westminster? || The Creed Nicene, The Creed of the Apostles 'Creation <> Saya tahun apakah dokumentasi The Theological Declaration of Barmen dibuat? || 1967", {"context": "The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has adopted the Book of Confessions, which reflects the inclusion of other Reformed confessions in addition to the Westminster Standards. These other documents include ancient creedal statements (the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed), 16th-century Reformed confessions (the Scots Confession, the Heidelberg Catechism, the Second Helvetic Confession), and 20th century documents (The Theological Declaration of Barmen, Confession of 1967 and A Brief Statement of Faith).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Book of Confessions"}], "question": "Which book has the Presbyterian church of America adopted?", "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f7259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Westminster Standards"}], "question": "The Book of Confessions reflects the inclusion of another confession, what is it called?", "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the Nicene Creed, the Apostles' Creed"}], "question": "Which statements did these other documents include from the Westminster Standards?", "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "1967"}], "question": "I what year was the The Theological Declaration of Barmen document created?", "id": "57266d3b5951b619008f725c"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, dengan Revolusi Glorious 1688, Gereja Scotland akhirnya diakui sebagai sebuah institusi Presbyterian oleh raja kerana sokongan Presbyterian Scotland untuk revolusi yang disebutkan di atas dan Akta Kesatuan 1707 antara Scotland dan England menjamin bentuk kerajaan kerajaan Scotland . Walau bagaimanapun, undang-undang oleh parlimen United Kingdom membenarkan perlindungan dibawa kepada perpecahan di Gereja. Pada tahun 1733, sekumpulan menteri menjauhkan diri dari Gereja Scotland untuk membentuk Persatuan Persatuan, satu lagi kumpulan yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1761 untuk membentuk Gereja Relief dan Gangguan 1843 yang membawa kepada pembentukan Gereja Bebas Scotland. Perpecahan lebih lanjut berlaku, terutamanya mengenai isu-isu teologi, tetapi kebanyakan Presbyterian di Scotland disatukan semula oleh 1929 kesatuan Gereja Scotland dan United Free Church of Scotland. <> Pada tahun apakah Gereja Scotland diiktiraf sebagai institusi Presbyterian oleh moncarh? || 1688 <> Kumpulan mana yang dibentuk ketika kementerian dibebaskan dari The Church of Scotland pada tahun 1733? || Presbyterian Bersekutu <> Tahun berapa yang paling Presbyterians di Scotland bersatu semula? || 1929 <> Dua kumpulan mana yang terlibat dalam penyatuan semula gereja Presbyterian Scotland? || Gereja Scotland dan Gereja Bebas United Scotland", {"context": "However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1688"}], "question": "In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?", "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e13e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Associate Presbytery"}], "question": "Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?", "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "1929"}], "question": "What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?", "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland"}], "question": "Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?", "id": "57267b2ef1498d1400e8e141"}]}], ["John Knox (1505-1572), seorang Scot yang menghabiskan masa belajar di bawah Calvin di Geneva, kembali ke Scotland dan mendesak negaranya untuk mereformasi Gereja sejajar dengan doktrin Calvinist. Selepas tempoh konvulsi agama dan konflik politik yang memuncak dalam kemenangan untuk parti Protestan di Pengepungan Leith, kuasa Gereja Roma dihapuskan memihak kepada Reformasi oleh undang-undang Parlimen Reformasi Scotland pada tahun 1560. Gereja akhirnya dianjurkan oleh Andrew Melville di sepanjang garis Presbyterian untuk menjadi jemaat kebangsaan Scotland. Raja James VI dan saya menggerakkan Gereja Scotland ke arah sebuah bentuk pemerintahan kerajaan, dan pada tahun 1637, pengganti James, Charles I dan William Laud, Uskup Agung Canterbury, cuba memaksa Gereja Scotland menggunakan Buku Doa Bersama . Apa yang menyebabkan adalah pemberontakan bersenjata, dengan banyak orang Skotlandia yang menandatangani Liga dan Perjanjian Sukarelawan. Kovenan-kovenan itu akan berfungsi sebagai pemerintah Scotland selama hampir satu dekad, dan juga akan mengirim sokongan ketenteraan kepada Parlemen semasa Perang Saudara Inggeris. Berikutan pemulihan monarki pada tahun 1660, Charles II, walaupun sokongan awal yang dia terima daripada Kovenan, telah mengembalikan semula bentuk kerajaan kerajaan di gereja. <> Tahun apa John Knox telah berlalu? || 1572 <> Apa yang dilakukan John Knox ketika dia kembali ke Scotland selepas belajar di bawah Calvin? || untuk memperbaharui Gereja selaras dengan doktrin Calvinist <> Gereja gereja Scotland telah dianjurkan oleh orang ini, apa namanya? || Andrew Melville <> Pada tahun apakah Kerajaan gereja kembali? || 1660", {"context": "John Knox (1505\u20131572), a Scot who had spent time studying under Calvin in Geneva, returned to Scotland and urged his countrymen to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines. After a period of religious convulsion and political conflict culminating in a victory for the Protestant party at the Siege of Leith the authority of the Church of Rome was abolished in favour of Reformation by the legislation of the Scottish Reformation Parliament in 1560. The Church was eventually organised by Andrew Melville along Presbyterian lines to become the national Church of Scotland. King James VI and I moved the Church of Scotland towards an episcopal form of government, and in 1637, James' successor, Charles I and William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to force the Church of Scotland to use the Book of Common Prayer. What resulted was an armed insurrection, with many Scots signing the Solemn League and Covenant. The Covenanters would serve as the government of Scotland for nearly a decade, and would also send military support to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, Charles II, despite the initial support that he received from the Covenanters, reinstated an episcopal form of government on the church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "1572"}], "question": "What year did John Knox past away?", "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "to reform the Church in line with Calvinist doctrines"}], "question": "What did John Knox do when he returned to Scotland after studying under Calvin?", "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Andrew Melville"}], "question": "The church of Scotland was organized by this person, whats his name?", "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1149, "text": "1660"}], "question": "In what year was the Government of church reinstated? ", "id": "57267878dd62a815002e862f"}]}], ["Sejak beberapa abad kemudian, ramai gereja Presbyterian mengubahsuai resep ini dengan memperkenalkan hymnody, iringan instrumental, dan pakaian seragam ke dalam ibadat. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada satu gaya penyembahan tetap \"Presbyterian\". Walaupun terdapat perkhidmatan yang ditetapkan untuk \"Hari Tuhan\", seseorang dapat mencari khidmat untuk menjadi evangelikal dan bahkan kebangkitan dalam nada (terutama dalam beberapa denominasi konservatif), atau liturgi yang kuat, menghampiri amalan Lutheranisme atau Anglicanisme (terutama di mana tradisi Skotlandia adalah dihormati), [klarifikasi diperlukan] atau separa formal, yang membolehkan keseimbangan pujian, khotbah, dan penyertaan jemaah (disukai oleh kebanyakan Presbyterian Amerika). Kebanyakan gereja Presbyterian mengikuti tahun liturgi tradisional dan memerhati cuti tradisional, musim suci seperti Advent, Krismas, Ash Rabu, Minggu Suci, Paskah, Pentakosta, dan sebagainya. Mereka juga menggunakan warna liturgi bermusim yang sesuai, dan sebagainya. Ramai, menggabungkan doa-doa dan tanggapan liturgi kuno ke dalam perkhidmatan perhubungan dan mengikuti lectionary harian, bermusim, dan festival. Walau bagaimanapun, Presbyterian lain, seperti Presbyterian Reformasi, akan mengamalkan mazmur eksklusif cappella, serta menghindari perayaan hari-hari suci. <> Apakah banyak gereja Presbyterian memperkenalkan akibat daripada mengubahsuai preskripsi? || hymnody, accompaniment instrumental, dan pakaian seragam <> Apa yang disukai oleh kebanyakan gereja Presbyterian Amerika yang merupakan perkhidmatan separa rasmi untuk \"Hari Tuhan\"? || pujian, khotbah, dan penyertaan kongregasi <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang Presbyterian yang telah mereformasi? || maaf eksklusif cappella", {"context": "Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed \"Presbyterian\" worship style. Although there are set services for the \"Lord's Day\", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments"}], "question": "What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? ", "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "hymns, preaching, and congregational participation"}], "question": "What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the \"lords Day\"?", "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1198, "text": "cappella exclusive psalmody"}], "question": "What do reformed Presbyterians practice?", "id": "572670e8dd62a815002e84f6"}]}], ["Di England, Presbyterianisme ditubuhkan secara rahsia pada tahun 1592. Thomas Cartwright dianggap sebagai Presbyterian pertama di England. Ceramah kontroversial Cartwright di Cambridge University mengutuk hierarki episkopal Gereja Elizabeth menyebabkan kekurangannya oleh jawatannya oleh Uskup Agung John Whitgift dan emigrasinya di luar negara. Antara 1645 dan 1648, satu siri peraturan Parlimen Lama menubuhkan Presbyterianism sebagai penubuhan Gereja England. Kerajaan Presbyterian ditubuhkan di London dan Lancashire dan di beberapa tempat lain di England, walaupun permusuhan presbyterian terhadap pelaksanaan Charles I dan penubuhan Commonwealth of England bermakna Parlimen tidak pernah menguatkuasakan sistem Presbyterian di England. Pembentukan semula monarki pada 1660 membawa kembalinya kerajaan gereja Episcopal di England (dan di Scotland untuk masa yang singkat); tetapi gereja Presbyterian di England terus dalam Ketidakpatuhan, di luar gereja yang ditubuhkan. Pada 1719 perpecahan besar, kontroversi Dewan Salter telah berlaku; dengan majoriti berpihak dengan pandangan nontrinitarian. Thomas Bradbury menerbitkan beberapa khutbah mengenai kontroversi, dan pada tahun 1719, \"Jawapan yang diberikan kepada ahli-ahli yang menentang kepercayaan mereka tentang Trinitas Kekal.\" Menjelang abad ke-18 banyak jemaat Presbyterian Inggeris telah menjadi Unitarian dalam doktrin. <> Pada tahun apakah gereja Presbyterianisme yang dibentuk di England? || 1592 <> Siapa presbiterian pertama yang diketahui di England? || Thomas Cartwright <> Antara tahun-tahun apakah peraturan yang dibuat oleh Presbyterianism sebagai pengawasan Gereja England? || 1645 dan 1648 <> Pada tahun apakah kontroversi Hall Salter, berlaku yang akan membawa kepada perpecahan? || 1719 <> Bilakah keputusan dalam jemaat Presbyterian Inggeris menjadi Umnitarian dalam doktrin? || abad ke 18", {"context": "In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and his emigration abroad. Between 1645 and 1648, a series of ordinances of the Long Parliament established Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England. Presbyterian government was established in London and Lancashire and in a few other places in England, although Presbyterian hostility to the execution of Charles I and the establishment of the republican Commonwealth of England meant that Parliament never enforced the Presbyterian system in England. The re-establishment of the monarchy in 1660 brought the return of Episcopal church government in England (and in Scotland for a short time); but the Presbyterian church in England continued in Non-Conformity, outside of the established church. In 1719 a major split, the Salter's Hall controversy, occurred; with the majority siding with nontrinitarian views. Thomas Bradbury published several sermons bearing on the controversy, and in 1719, \"An answer to the reproaches cast on the dissenting ministers who subscribed their belief of the Eternal Trinity.\". By the 18th century many English Presbyterian congregations had become Unitarian in doctrine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "1592"}], "question": "In what year was the Presbyterianism church formed in England?", "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Thomas Cartwright"}], "question": "Who was the first known Presbyterian in England?", "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "1645 and 1648"}], "question": "Between what years were the ordinances enacted Presbyterianism as the polity of the Church of England?", "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "1719"}], "question": "In what year did Salter's Hall controversy, occur that would lead to a split?", "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1350, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When did the result in English Presbyterian congregations becomingUnitarian in doctrine?", "id": "57267d4ef1498d1400e8e17a"}]}], ["Biasanya gereja Presbyterian tidak akan mempunyai patung-patung orang suci, mahupun mezbah hiasan yang lebih tipikal dari sebuah gereja Katolik Rom. Sebaliknya, seseorang akan mendapati \"meja persekutuan,\" biasanya pada tahap yang sama dengan jemaah. Mungkin terdapat rel di antara meja perjumpaan dan \"Chancel\" di belakangnya, yang mungkin mengandungi jadual jenis mezbah yang lebih hiasan, loteng paduan suara, atau gerai paduan suara, kawasan lectern dan pendeta. Mezbah ini dipanggil meja persekutuan dan kawasan mezbah dipanggil Chancel oleh Presbyterians. Di dalam Presbyterian (Reformed Church) mungkin ada salib mezbah, sama ada di meja persekutuan atau di meja di chancel. Dengan menggunakan \"kosong\" salib, atau salib kebangkitan, Presbyterians menekankan kebangkitan dan bahawa Kristus tidak terus mati, tetapi mati sekali dan hidup selama-lamanya. Beberapa bangunan gereja Presbyterian sering dihiasi dengan salib yang mempunyai bulatan di sekitar pusat, atau salib Celtic. Ini bukan sahaja menekankan kebangkitan, tetapi juga mengakui aspek sejarah Presbyterianism. Fon pembaptisan akan terletak sama ada di pintu masuk atau berhampiran kawasan chancel. Senibina Presbyterian secara umumnya menjadikan penggunaan simbolisme yang ketara. Anda juga boleh mencari tingkap kaca berwarna hiasan dan hiasan yang menggambarkan pemandangan dari kitab. Beberapa jemaat Presbyterian juga akan mempunyai patung-patung Kristus atau Graven yang indah dari Perjumpaan Terakhir yang terletak di belakang Chancel. Katedral St. Giles (Church of Scotland-The Church of the Presbyterians) mempunyai Crucifix di sebelah salah satu daripada Pulpits yang digantung bersama. Imej Kristus adalah lebih banyak imej yang kurang jelas dan reka bentuk yang lebih moden. <> Apa gereja-gereja Presbyterian ada di dalamnya? || meja persekutuan <> Apa perubahan yang dipanggil di gereja Presbyterian? || jadual perjumpaan <> Apakah kawasan yang diubah seperti di gereja Presbyterian? || Chancel <> Apa salib dihiasi dipanggil di gereja Presbyterian? || Salib Celtic <> Apakah salib Celtic mewakili? || kebangkitan", {"context": "Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a \"communion table,\" usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the \"Chancel\" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the \"empty\" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "communion table"}], "question": "What did Presbyterian churches have in them?", "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "communion table"}], "question": "What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?", "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Chancel"}], "question": "What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?", "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 919, "text": "Celtic cross"}], "question": "What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?", "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "the resurrection"}], "question": "What did the Celtic Cross represent?", "id": "5726760c5951b619008f7349"}]}], ["Di Kanada, denominasi Presbyterian terbesar - dan sememangnya denominasi Protestan terbesar - ialah Gereja Presbyterian di Kanada, dibentuk pada tahun 1875 dengan penggabungan empat kumpulan serantau. Pada tahun 1925, United Church of Canada dibentuk oleh majoriti Presbyterian yang bergabung dengan Gereja Methodist, Kanada, dan Kesatuan Kongregasi Kanada. Sekumpulan minoriti presbyterian Kanada, terutamanya di selatan Ontario tetapi juga di seluruh negara, menarik balik, dan menyusun semula diri mereka sebagai badan Presbyterian yang tidak konsisten. Mereka menggunakan semula nama asalnya pada tahun 1939. <> Apa denominasi gereja Presbyterian terbesar di Kanada? || Gereja Presbyterian di Kanada <> Pada tahun apakah dibentuk Gereja United Kanada? || 1925 <> Bilakah wujudnya Gereja Presbyterian di Kanada? || 1875", {"context": "In Canada, the largest Presbyterian denomination \u2013 and indeed the largest Protestant denomination \u2013 was the Presbyterian Church in Canada, formed in 1875 with the merger of four regional groups. In 1925, the United Church of Canada was formed by the majority of Presbyterians combining with the Methodist Church, Canada, and the Congregational Union of Canada. A sizable minority of Canadian Presbyterians, primarily in southern Ontario but also throughout the entire nation, withdrew, and reconstituted themselves as a non-concurring continuing Presbyterian body. They regained use of the original name in 1939.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Presbyterian Church in Canada"}], "question": "What is the largest Presbyterian church denomination in Canada?", "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "1925"}], "question": "In what year was the United Church of Canada formed?", "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1875"}], "question": "When was the Presbyterian Church in Canada formed?", "id": "5726888bf1498d1400e8e311"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1800-an, mubaligh Presbyterian menubuhkan kehadiran di kawasan utara New Mexico sekarang. Ini memberikan alternatif kepada Katolik, yang dibawa ke kawasan oleh Conquistadors Sepanyol dan tetap tidak berubah. Kawasan itu mengalami pembaharuan \"mini\", di mana banyak orang yang telah bertobat dibuat kepada Presbyterianisme, yang menyebabkan penganiayaan. Dalam beberapa kes, orang-orang yang bertobat meninggalkan bandar-bandar dan desa-desa untuk menubuhkan kampung-kampung mereka sendiri. Ketibaan Amerika Syarikat ke kawasan itu mendorong gereja Katolik untuk memodenkan dan membuat usaha memenangi orang yang kembali, yang kebanyakannya kembali. Walau bagaimanapun, masih ada gereja presbyterian dan gereja Presbyterian di kawasan itu. <> Sekitar ketika mubaligh Presbyterian tiba di New Mexico? || 1800s <> Gereja Presbyterian yang ditubuhkan di New Mexico menyediakan alternatif kepada agama mana? || Katolik <> yang membawa Katolik ke New Mexico? || Conquistadors Sepanyol", {"context": "In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a \"mini\" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1800s"}], "question": "Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?", "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Catholicism"}], "question": "The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?", "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Spanish Conquistadors"}], "question": "Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?", "id": "57268793dd62a815002e884e"}]}], ["Gereja Presbyterian terbesar adalah Gereja Presbyterian Nasional di Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico), yang mempunyai sekitar 2,500,000 ahli dan bersekutu dan 3000 jemaat, tetapi terdapat denominasi kecil lain seperti Gereja Presbyterian Reformed Associate di Mexico yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1875 oleh Gereja Reformasi Bersekutu di Amerika Utara. Gereja Presbyterian Bebas dan Gereja Reformasi Presbyterian di Mexico, Gereja Konservatif Nasional Presbyterian di Mexico adalah gereja-gereja yang ada dalam tradisi Reformasi. <> Apakah nama gereja Presbyterian terbesar di Mexico? || Gereja Presbyterian Nasional di Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico) <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Gereja Presbyterian Nasional di Mexico? || 2,500,000 <> Bilakah Gereja Presbyterian Reformed Associated di Mexico dibentuk? || 1875", {"context": "The biggest Presbyterian church is the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico), which has around 2,500,000 members and associates and 3000 congregations, but there are other small denominations like the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico which was founded in 1875 by the Associate Reformed Church in North America. The Independent Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Reformed Church in Mexico, the National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico are existing churches in the Reformed tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "National Presbyterian Church in Mexico (Iglesia Nacional Presbiteriana de M\u00e9xico)"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Mexico?", "id": "572689745951b619008f762f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "2,500,000"}], "question": "How many members are in the National Presbyterian Church in Mexico?", "id": "572689745951b619008f7630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1875"}], "question": "When was the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church in Mexico formed?", "id": "572689745951b619008f7631"}]}], ["Beberapa jemaat Presbyterian baru diasaskan oleh pendatang Scotland ke England pada abad ke-19 dan kemudian. Berikutan 'Gangguan' pada tahun 1843 banyak yang dikaitkan dengan Gereja Scotland akhirnya menyertai apa yang menjadi Gereja Presbyterian England pada tahun 1876. Ada, iaitu Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) dan Swallow Street (London), tidak menyertai denominasi bahasa Inggeris, sebab itu ada jemaat Gereja Scotland di England seperti di Mahkamah Mahkota, dan St Columba, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) di London. Terdapat juga jemaah di tengah-tengah daerah kewangan London yang dipanggil Gereja Presbyterian London City yang juga bergabung dengan Gereja Bebas Scotland. <> Bilakah gereja Presbyterian yang paling awal yang diasaskan oleh Scotland di England? || Abad ke-19 <> Pada tahun apakah pergerakan Presbyterian di England dirujuk sebagai \"Gangguan\"? || 1843", {"context": "A number of new Presbyterian Churches were founded by Scottish immigrants to England in the 19th century and later. Following the 'Disruption' in 1843 many of those linked to the Church of Scotland eventually joined what became the Presbyterian Church of England in 1876. Some, that is Crown Court (Covent Garden, London), St Andrew's (Stepney, London) and Swallow Street (London), did not join the English denomination, which is why there are Church of Scotland congregations in England such as those at Crown Court, and St Columba's, Pont Street (Knightsbridge) in London. There is also a congregation in the heart of London's financial district called London City Presbyterian Church that is also affiliated with Free Church of Scotland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When was the earliest Presbyterian churches founded by Scotland in England?", "id": "57267f185951b619008f74af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "1843"}], "question": "In what year during the Presbyterian movement in England was referred to as the \"Disruption\"?", "id": "57267f185951b619008f74b0"}]}], ["Presbyterianisme pertama kali tiba secara rasmi di Colonial America pada tahun 1703 dengan penubuhan Presbyter pertama di Philadelphia. Pada masa ini, presbyter akan disertai oleh dua orang lagi untuk membentuk sebuah synod (1717) dan akhirnya akan berkembang menjadi Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1789. Nama negara Presbyterian yang terbesar, Gereja Presbyterian (USA) - PC ( Amerika Syarikat) - boleh mengesan warisan mereka kembali ke PCUSA yang asli, seperti yang boleh dilakukan Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika (PCA), Gereja Presbyterian Ortodoks (OPC), Gereja Presbyterian Alkitab (BPC), Gereja Presbiterian Cumberland (CPC), Cumberland Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika Gereja Presbyterian Evangelical (EPC) dan Perintah Penginjil Kovenan Presbyterian (ECO). <> Bilakah Presbyterianisme tiba di Amerika? || 1703 <> Di mana bandar telah ditubuhkan oleh Presbyter pertama? || Philadelphia <> Pada tahun berapa gereja-gereja asal berubah menjadi Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika Syarikat? || 1789 <> Apakah nama denominasi terbesar Gereja Presbyterian di Amerika? || Gereja Presbyterian (U.S.A.)", {"context": "Presbyterianism first officially arrived in Colonial America in 1703 with the establishment of the first Presbytery in Philadelphia. In time, the presbytery would be joined by two more to form a synod (1717) and would eventually evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1789. The nation's largest Presbyterian denomination, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) \u2013 PC (USA) \u2013 can trace their heritage back to the original PCUSA, as can the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC), the Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC), the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America the Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) and the Evangelical Covenant Order of Presbyterians (ECO).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "1703"}], "question": "When did Presbyterianism arrive in America?", "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "In what city was the first Presbytery formed?", "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "1789"}], "question": "In what year would the original churches evolve into the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America?", "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of the Presbyterian Church in America?", "id": "572684a7dd62a815002e87f7"}]}], ["Presbyterianisme adalah denominasi Protestan terbesar di Ireland Utara dan yang kedua terbesar di pulau Ireland (selepas Gereja Anglikan Ireland), [rujukan?] Dan dibawa oleh peneroka perladangan Scotland ke Ulster yang sangat digalakkan untuk berhijrah oleh James VI dari Scotland, kemudian James I dari England. Dianggarkan 100,000 orang Presbyterian Scotland berpindah ke daerah utara Ireland antara 1607 dan Battle of the Boyne pada tahun 1690. [Presbytery of Ulster] dibentuk pada tahun 1642 secara berasingan daripada Gereja Anglikan yang ditubuhkan. Presbyterian, bersama dengan Katolik Roman di Ulster dan seluruh Ireland, menderita di bawah Undang-Undang Peneksaan yang mendiskriminasi sehingga dibatalkan pada awal abad ke-19. Presbyterianisme diwakili di Ireland oleh Gereja Presbyterian di Ireland, Gereja Presbyterian Percuma dari Ulster, Gereja Presbyterian Ireland yang tidak melanggan, Gereja Presbyterian Reformasi Ireland dan Gereja Presbyterian Evangelis. <> Apakah denominasi Protestan terbesar di Ireland Utara? || Presbyterianism <> Apa denominasi terbesar di seluruh Pulau Ireland? || Gereja Anglikan di Ireland <> Berapa banyak Scottie Presbyterians berpindah ke daerah utara di Ireland? || 100,000 <> Bilakah dia Presbytery of Ulster terbentuk? || 1642", {"context": "Presbyterianism is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland and the second largest on the island of Ireland (after the Anglican Church of Ireland),[citation needed] and was brought by Scottish plantation settlers to Ulster who had been strongly encouraged to emigrate by James VI of Scotland, later James I of England. An estimated 100,000 Scottish Presbyterians moved to the northern counties of Ireland between 1607 and the Battle of the Boyne in 1690.[citation needed] The Presbytery of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Presbyterianism"}], "question": "What is the largest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland?", "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Anglican Church of Ireland"}], "question": "What is the largest denomination of the entire Ireland Island?", "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many Scottie Presbyterians moved to the northern counties in Ireland?", "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "1642"}], "question": "When was he Presbytery of Ulster formed?", "id": "572682b0f1498d1400e8e231"}]}], ["Badan-badan Presbyterian lain di Amerika Syarikat termasuklah Gereja Presbiterian Presbyterian Amerika Utara (RPCNA), Gereja Presbyterian Reformed Associate (ARP), Gereja Presbyterian Reformed di Amerika Syarikat (RPCUS), Majelis Umum Presbyterian Gereja Reformed, Presbyterian Reformed Gereja - Presidensi Hanover, Gereja Presbyterian Perjanjian, Gereja Presbyterian Reformed, Gereja Presbyterian Westminster di Amerika Syarikat, Gereja Amerika Presbyterian Amerika, dan Gereja Presbyterian Percuma Amerika Utara. <> Apakah nama tiga yang pertama disenaraikan oleh Presbyterian Church di Amerika Syarikat? || Gereja Presbyterian Amerika Utara (RPCNA), Gereja Presbyterian Reformed Associate (ARP), Gereja Presbiterian Reformasi di Amerika Syarikat (RPCUS) <> Apakah nama Gereja Presbyterian Asia di Amerika Syarikat? || Gereja Amerika Amerika Presbyterian <> Apakah nama penuh gereja Presbyterian Amerika di bawah singkatan ini (ARP)? || Gereja Reformed Presbyterian Bersekutu", {"context": "Other Presbyterian bodies in the United States include the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS), the Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly, the Reformed Presbyterian Church \u2013 Hanover Presbytery, the Covenant Presbyterian Church, the Presbyterian Reformed Church, the Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States, the Korean American Presbyterian Church, and the Free Presbyterian Church of North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA), the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP), the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS)"}], "question": "What is the name of the first three listed reformed Presbyterian Church's in the United States?", "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Korean American Presbyterian Church"}], "question": "What is the name of the Asian Presbyterian Church in the United States?", "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church"}], "question": "What is the full name of this American Presbyterian church under this abbreviation (ARP)?", "id": "57268696f1498d1400e8e2be"}]}], ["Gereja-gereja Presbyterian Afrika sering menggabungkan kementerian diakalan, termasuk perkhidmatan sosial, bantuan kecemasan, dan operasi hospital misi. Sebilangan perkongsian wujud antara presbyter di Afrika dan PC (Amerika Syarikat), termasuk hubungan spesifik dengan Lesotho, Malawi, Afrika Selatan, Ghana dan Zambia. Misalnya, Lackawanna Presbytery, yang terletak di Northeastern Pennsylvania, mempunyai perkongsian dengan presbiter di Ghana. Juga Gereja Presbyterian Southminster, yang terletak berhampiran Pittsburgh, mempunyai perkongsian dengan gereja-gereja di Malawi dan Kenya. Gereja Presbyterian Nigeria, Afrika barat juga sihat dan kuat di kebanyakan negara bahagian selatan negara ini, kepadatan yang kuat di negara-negara tenggara negara ini. Bermula dari negeri Cross River, negeri-negeri pesisir yang berdekatan, negeri Sungai, Lagos menyatakan kepada Ebonyi dan Abia States. Ekspedisi misionaris Mary Slessor dan Hope Waddel dan kelompok mereka pada pertengahan abad ke-18 di daerah pantai di sepuluh jajahan Inggris ini telah membawa awal dan berkembangnya gereja ini di daerah-daerah ini. <> Perkhidmatan mana yang paling ditawarkan kepada gereja Presbyterian Afrika? || perkhidmatan sosial, bantuan kecemasan, dan operasi hospital misi <> Gereja Presbyterian Southminster di Pittsburg mempunyai perkongsian dengan gereja di mana dua negara? || Malawi dan Kenya <> Yang mana dua mubaligh membantu membawa gereja-gereja Presbyterian di negara-negara timur selatan? || Mary Slessor dan Hope Waddel", {"context": "African Presbyterian churches often incorporate diaconal ministries, including social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals. A number of partnerships exist between presbyteries in Africa and the PC(USA), including specific connections with Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Ghana and Zambia. For example, the Lackawanna Presbytery, located in Northeastern Pennsylvania, has a partnership with a presbytery in Ghana. Also the Southminster Presbyterian Church, located near Pittsburgh, has partnerships with churches in Malawi and Kenya. The Presbyterian Church of Nigeria, western Africa is also healthy and strong in mostly the southern states of this nation, strong density in the south-eastern states of this country. Beginning from Cross River state, the nearby coastal states, Rivers state, Lagos state to Ebonyi and Abia States. The missionary expedition of Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel and their group in the mid 18th century in this coastal regions of the ten British colony has brought about the beginning and the flourishing of this church in these areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "social services, emergency relief, and the operation of mission hospitals"}], "question": "Which  services to most African Presbyterian churches offer?", "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Malawi and Kenya"}], "question": "The Southminster Presbyterian Church in Pittsburg has partnerships with churches in which two countries?", "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Mary Slessor and Hope Waddel"}], "question": "Which two missionaries help bring Presbyterian churches in the south eastern states?", "id": "5726923fdd62a815002e89e6"}]}], ["Di Brazil, Gereja Presbyterian Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) berjumlah kira-kira 1,011,300 ahli; gereja-gereja Presbyterian lain (Bebas, Bersatu, Konservatif, Dirombak, dll.) di negara ini mempunyai sekitar 350,000 ahli. Gereja Presbyterian yang Diperbaharui di Brazil dipengaruhi oleh pergerakan karismatik dan mempunyai kira-kira 131000 ahli pada tahun 2011. Konservatif Presbyterian Church diasaskan pada tahun 1940 dan mempunyai lapan presbyter. Gereja Fundamentalist Presbyterian di Brazil dipengaruhi oleh Karl McIntosh dan gereja Presbyterian Bible Amerika Syarikat dan mempunyai sekitar 1800 ahli. Gereja Presbyterian Bebas di Brasil ditubuhkan pada tahun 1903 oleh pastor Pereira, mempunyai 500 jemaah dan 75000 ahli. Gereja United Presbyterian di Brazil mempunyai sekitar 4000 ahli. Terdapat juga gereja Presbyterian etnik Korea di negara ini. Gereja Reformasi Evangelikal di Brazil mempunyai asal Belanda. Gereja-gereja Reformasi di Brazil baru-baru ini diasaskan oleh Gereja-gereja Reformasi Kanada dengan Gereja Reformasi di Belanda (dibebaskan). <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Gereja Presbyterian Brazil? || 1,011,300 <> Sehingga tahun 2011, berapa ahli yang ada di Gereja Presbyterian yang Diperbaharui di Brazil? || 131000 <> Bilakah wujud Konservatif Presbyterian Church? || 1940 <> Apa nama gereja Presbyterian di Brazil dengan asal-usul Belanda? || Gereja Reformasi Evangelikal di Brazil", {"context": "In Brazil, the Presbyterian Church of Brazil (Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil) totals approximately 1,011,300 members; other Presbyterian churches (Independents, United, Conservatives, Renovated, etc.) in this nation have around 350,000 members. The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil was influenced by the charismatic movement and has about 131\u202f000 members as of 2011. The Conservative Presbyterian Church was founded in 1940 and has eight presbyteries. The Fundamentalist Presbyterian church in Brazil was influenced by Karl McIntosh and the Bible Presbyterian church USA and has around 1\u202f800 members. The Independent Presbyterian Church in Brasil was founded in 1903 by pastor Pereira, has 500 congregations and 75\u202f000 members. The United Presbyterian Church in Brazil has around 4\u202f000 members. There are also ethnic Korean Presbyterian churches in the country. The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil has Dutch origin. The Reformed Churches in Brazil were recently founded by the Canadian Reformed Churches with the Reformed Church in the Netherlands (liberated).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "1,011,300"}], "question": "How many members are in the Presbyterian Church of Brazil?", "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "131\u202f000"}], "question": "As of 2011, how many members were in The Renewed Presbyterian Church in Brazil?", "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "1940"}], "question": "When was Conservative Presbyterian Church formed?", "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 867, "text": "The Evangelical Reformed Church in Brazil"}], "question": "What is the name of the Presbyterian church in Brazil with Dutch origins?", "id": "57268a7e708984140094c96e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1972, Gereja Presbyterian England (PCofE) bersatu dengan Jemaat Kongregasi di England dan Wales untuk membentuk United Reformed Church (URC). Di antara jemaah yang dibawa oleh PCofE ke URC ialah Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) dan John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (kini sebahagian dari Stepney Meeting House URC) - ini adalah antara satu-satunya yang selamat pada hari ini oleh Presbyterian Bahasa Inggeris gereja-gereja abad ke-17. URC juga mempunyai kehadiran di Scotland, kebanyakannya bekas jemaat Congregationalist. Dua bekas jemaat Presbyterian, St Columba, Cambridge (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1879), dan St Columba, Oxford (yang diasaskan sebagai pendeta oleh PCofE dan Gereja Scotland pada tahun 1908 dan sebagai jemaah PCofE pada tahun 1929), terus sebagai jemaah URC dan klinik universiti Gereja Scotland. <> Pada tahun berapakah Gereja England dan Jemaat Kongregasi di England dan Waled bersatu? || 1972 <> Apakah dua jemaat bekas Presbyterian di England? || St Columba, Cambridge (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1879), dan St Columba, Oxford <> Apa nama kumpulan yang dicipta ketika GerejaPresbyterian England (PCofE) bersatu dengan Gereja Kongregasi di England dan Wales bersatu? || United Reformed Church", {"context": "In 1972, the Presbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales to form the United Reformed Church (URC). Among the congregations the PCofE brought to the URC were Tunley (Lancashire), Aston Tirrold (Oxfordshire) and John Knox Presbyterian Church, Stepney, London (now part of Stepney Meeting House URC) \u2013 these are among the sole survivors today of the English Presbyterian churches of the 17th century. The URC also has a presence in Scotland, mostly of former Congregationalist Churches. Two former Presbyterian congregations, St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford (founded as a chaplaincy by the PCofE and the Church of Scotland in 1908 and as a congregation of the PCofE in 1929), continue as congregations of the URC and university chaplaincies of the Church of Scotland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year did the Church of England and the Congregational Church in England  and Waled unite?", "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "St Columba's, Cambridge (founded in 1879), and St Columba's, Oxford"}], "question": "What are the two former Presbyterian congregations in England?", "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "United Reformed Church"}], "question": "What was the name of the group that was created whenPresbyterian Church of England (PCofE) united with the Congregational Church in England and Wales were united?", "id": "5726813e5951b619008f7505"}]}], ["Denominasi Presbyterian Korea aktif dalam penginjilan dan banyak mubalighnya dihantar ke luar negara, yang merupakan pengirim mubaligh kedua terbesar di dunia selepas Amerika Syarikat. GSM, badan mubaligh \"Hapdong\" Perhimpunan Agung Gereja Presbyterian Korea, adalah organisasi mubaligh Presbyterian terbesar di Korea. Di samping itu terdapat banyak Presbyterian Korea-Amerika di Amerika Syarikat, sama ada dengan laman gereja mereka sendiri atau berkongsi ruang di gereja-gereja yang sudah ada seperti halnya di Australia, New Zealand dan bahkan negara-negara Islam seperti Arab Saudi dengan imigrasi Korea. <> Para mubaligh Presbyterian Korea yang dikirimkan ke laut adalah yang kedua dalam bilangan yang hanya di negara lain? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah nama organisasi mubaligh Presbyterian terbesar di Korea? || Perhimpunan Agung Gereja-gereja Presbiterian Korea <> Negara muslim mana Korea mempunyai gereja Presbyterian? || Arab Saudi", {"context": "Korean Presbyterian denominations are active in evangelism and many of its missionaries are being sent overseas, being the second biggest missionary sender in the world after the United States. GSM, the missionary body of the \"Hapdong\" General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea, is the single largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea. In addition there are many Korean-American Presbyterians in the United States, either with their own church sites or sharing space in pre-existing churches as is the case in Australia, New Zealand and even Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia with Korean immigration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Korean Presbyterian missionaries being sent over seas are second in numbers to only which other country?", "id": "572696d45951b619008f7765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "General Assembly of Presbyterian Churches of Korea"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian missionary organization in Korea?", "id": "572696d45951b619008f7766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Saudi Arabia"}], "question": "Which muslim country does Korea have a Presbyterian church in?", "id": "572696d45951b619008f7767"}]}], ["Gereja Presbyterian Reformasi di Malawi mempunyai 150 jemaah dan 17000-20000 ahli. Ia adalah misi gereja Presbyterian Scotland di Scotland. Gereja Reformed yang Dipulihkan berfungsi dengan RPCM. Gereja Presbyterian Evangelis di Malawi adalah gereja kecil yang ada. Sebahagian daripada Gereja Presbyterian di Malawi dan Zambia dikenali sebagai CCAP, Gereja Afrika Tengah-Presbiterian. Selalunya gereja ada satu jemaat utama dan beberapa Rumah Doa berkembang. pendidikan, kementerian kesihatan serta penyembahan dan pembangunan rohani adalah penting. <> Gereja Presbyterian Reformasi di Malawi mempunyai pelbagai ahli antara jumlahnya? || 17000-20000 ahli <> Gereja mana yang bersekutu dengan Gereja Presbyterian Evangelical di Malawi? || Gereja Afrika Tengah-Presbiterian <> Gereja Afrika Tengah-Presbiterian sering menawarkan perkhidmatan apa? || pendidikan, kementerian kesihatan serta ibadah", {"context": "The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17\u202f000\u201320\u202f000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian. Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of Prayer Houses develop. education, health ministries as well as worship and spiritual development are important.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "17\u202f000\u201320\u202f000 members"}], "question": "The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?", "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian"}], "question": "Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?", "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "education, health ministries as well as worship"}], "question": "The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?", "id": "57269458dd62a815002e8a30"}]}], ["Di negeri Mizoram yang kebanyakannya Kristian India, denominasi Presbyterian adalah denominasi terbesar; ia dibawa ke rantau ini dengan para mubaligh dari Wales pada tahun 1894. Sebelum Mizoram, orang-orang Presbyterian Welsh (misionaris) mula bergerak ke utara-timur India melalui Bukit Khasi (yang kini terletak di dalam negeri Meghalaya di India) dan menubuhkan Presbyterian gereja di seluruh Bukit Khasi dari tahun 1840-an dan seterusnya. Oleh itu terdapat kehadiran Presbyterians yang kuat di Shillong (ibu kota Meghalaya sekarang) dan kawasan yang bersebelahan dengannya. Para mubaligh Welsh membina gereja pertamanya di Sohra (alias Cherrapunji) pada tahun 1846. Presbyterians mengambil bahagian dalam penggabungan yang mengakibatkan Gereja India Utara dan Gereja India Selatan. Sohra <> Tahun berapa adalah denominasi Presbiterian terbesar yang dibawa ke Mizoram? || 1894 <> Sebelum Mizoram, apakah nama kumpulan mubaligh yang menjelajah ke India timur? || Welsh Presbyterians <> Di manakah Welsh Presbyterians membina gereja pertama di sana? || Sohra", {"context": "In the mainly Christian Indian state of Mizoram, the Presbyterian denomination is the largest denomination; it was brought to the region with missionaries from Wales in 1894. Prior to Mizoram, the Welsh Presbyterians (missionaries) started venturing into the north-east of India through the Khasi Hills (presently located within the state of Meghalaya in India) and established Presbyterian churches all over the Khasi Hills from the 1840s onwards. Hence there is a strong presence of Presbyterians in Shillong (the present capital of Meghalaya) and the areas adjoining it. The Welsh missionaries built their first church in Sohra (aka Cherrapunji) in 1846. Presbyterians participated in the mergers that resulted in the Church of North India and the Church of South India.Sohra", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "1894"}], "question": "What year was the largest Presbyterian denomination brought to Mizoram?", "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Welsh Presbyterians"}], "question": "Before Mizoram, what was the name of the group of  missionaries that  ventured into east india?", "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Sohra"}], "question": "Where did the Welsh Presbyterians build there first church?", "id": "57269957f1498d1400e8e4b2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1977, dua pertiga dari Gereja Presbyterian Australia, bersama dengan kebanyakan Kesatuan Kongregasi Australia dan semua Gereja Methodist Australasia, digabungkan menjadi Gereja Uniting di Australia. Yang ketiga yang tidak bersatu mempunyai pelbagai sebab untuk bertindak demikian, seringnya lampiran budaya tetapi sering dilihat pandangan teologi atau sosial yang konservatif. Kebenaran untuk pentahbisan wanita yang diberikan pada tahun 1974 telah dibatalkan pada tahun 1991 tanpa menjejaskan dua atau tiga menteri wanita yang ada. Persetujuan para penatua perempuan yang diberikan pada tahun 1960-an telah dibatalkan di semua negeri kecuali New South Wales, yang mempunyai keanggotaan terbesar. Teologi gereja kini umumnya konservatif dan Reformasi. Sejumlah denominasi Presbyterian kecil telah timbul sejak tahun 1950-an melalui penghijrahan atau perpecahan. <> Dalam tahun berapakah Gereja Presbyterian Australia, Kesatuan Kongregasi Australia, dan semua Gereja Methodist Australasia bergabung? || 1977 <> Pada tahun apakah pentadbiran kementerian wanita telah diselamatkan? || 1991 <> Persetujuan para penatua perempuan yang diberikan pada tahun 1960 telah dibatalkan di semua negeri Australia kecuali satu, yang mana keadaannya tidak? || New South Wales", {"context": "In 1977, two thirds of the Presbyterian Church of Australia, along with most of the Congregational Union of Australia and all the Methodist Church of Australasia, combined to form the Uniting Church in Australia. The third who did not unite had various reasons for so acting, often cultural attachment but often conservative theological or social views. The permission for the ordination of women given in 1974 was rescinded in 1991 without affecting the two or three existing woman ministers. The approval of women elders given in the 1960s has been rescinded in all states except New South Wales, which has the largest membership. The theology of the church is now generally conservative and Reformed. A number of small Presbyterian denominations have arisen since the 1950s through migration or schism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In what year did the Presbyterian Church of Australia , the Congregational Union of Australia , and all the Methodist Church of Australasia merge?", "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year was ordination of woman ministries recsinded?", "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "New South Wales"}], "question": "The approval of women elders which was given in 1960 has been rescinded in all of the Australian states except one, which state did not?", "id": "57269b73708984140094cb7f"}]}], ["Di Australia, Presbyterianisme adalah penamaan Kristian keempat terbesar, dengan hampir 600,000 orang Australia mendakwa sebagai Presbyterian dalam Banci Komanwel 2006. Gereja-gereja Presbyterian diasaskan di setiap tanah jajahan, beberapa dengan pautan ke Gereja Scotland dan lain-lain ke Gereja Bebas. Terdapat juga jemaah yang berasal dari United Presbyterian Church of Scotland serta sejumlah yang diasaskan oleh John Dunmore Lang. Kebanyakan badan-badan ini bergabung antara 1859 dan 1870, dan pada 1901 membentuk kesatuan federal dipanggil Gereja Presbyterian Australia tetapi mempertahankan majlis-majlis negara mereka. Gereja Presbyterian di Australia Timur mewakili tradisi Gereja Bebas Scotland, dan jemaat di Victoria dari Gereja Presbyterian Reformasi, yang berasal dari Ireland, adalah denominasi yang ada yang berasal dari zaman penjajah. <> Berapa ramai anggota yang membentuk gereja Presbyterian di Australia? || 600,000 <> Gereja mana yang mengikuti tradisi Scotland Presbyterians? || Gereja Presbyterian di Australia Timur <> Kebanyakan gereja-gereja di Australia bergabung pada tahun-tahun mana? || 1859 dan 1870, dan pada tahun 1901", {"context": "In Australia, Presbyterianism is the fourth largest denomination of Christianity, with nearly 600,000 Australians claiming to be Presbyterian in the 2006 Commonwealth Census. Presbyterian churches were founded in each colony, some with links to the Church of Scotland and others to the Free Church. There were also congregations originating from United Presbyterian Church of Scotland as well as a number founded by John Dunmore Lang. Most of these bodies merged between 1859 and 1870, and in 1901 formed a federal union called the Presbyterian Church of Australia but retaining their state assemblies. The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia representing the Free Church of Scotland tradition, and congregations in Victoria of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, originally from Ireland, are the other existing denominations dating from colonial times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "600,000"}], "question": "How many members make up the Presbyterian church in Australia?", "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia"}], "question": "Which Australian church follows the traditions of Scotland Presbyterians?", "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "1859 and 1870, and in 1901"}], "question": "Most of the churches in Australia merged in which years?", "id": "57269a3bdd62a815002e8ad2"}]}], ["Gereja Presbyterian di Vanuatu adalah denominasi terbesar di negara ini, dengan kira-kira satu pertiga daripada penduduk anggota Vanuatu di gereja. PCV dibawa ke Vanuatu oleh para mubaligh dari Scotland. PCV (Gereja Presbyterian Vanuatu) diketuai oleh moderator dengan pejabat di Port Vila. PCV sangat kuat di wilayah Tafea, Shefa, dan Malampa. Provinsi Sanma adalah terutama Presbyterian dengan minoritas Roman Katolik yang kuat di daerah Francophone di provinsi itu. Terdapat beberapa orang Presbyterian, tetapi tidak ada gereja Presbyterian yang dianjurkan di Penama dan Torba, yang kedua-duanya secara tradisinya Anglikan. Vanuatu adalah satu-satunya negara di Pasifik Selatan dengan warisan dan keanggotaan Presbyteria yang signifikan. PCV adalah ahli pendiri Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC). PCV menjalankan banyak sekolah rendah dan sekolah menengah Onesua. Gereja itu kuat di kampung-kampung luar bandar. <> Apakah nama denominasi terbesar gereja Presbyterian di Vanuatu? || Gereja Presbyterian di Vanuatu <> Dari negara manakah Gereja Presbyterian Vanuatu berasal? || Scotland <> Apa gereja denominasi terbesar di Vanuatu? || Gereja Presbyterian di Vanuatu <> Misionaris dari negara mana yang memulakan Gereja Presbyterian di Vanuatu? || Scotland <> Yang dua bandar mempunyai penduduk Presbyterian, tetapi tiada gereja? || Penama dan Torba", {"context": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu is the largest denomination in the country, with approximately one-third of the population of Vanuatu members of the church. The PCV was taken to Vanuatu by missionaries from Scotland. The PCV (Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu) is headed by a moderator with offices in Port Vila. The PCV is particularly strong in the provinces of Tafea, Shefa, and Malampa. The Province of Sanma is mainly Presbyterian with a strong Roman Catholic minority in the Francophone areas of the province. There are some Presbyterian people, but no organised Presbyterian churches in Penama and Torba, both of which are traditionally Anglican. Vanuatu is the only country in the South Pacific with a significant Presbyterian heritage and membership. The PCV is a founding member of the Vanuatu Christian Council (VCC). The PCV runs many primary schools and Onesua secondary school. The church is strong in the rural villages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest denomination of Presbyterian church in Vanuatu?", "id": "57269bf2708984140094cb9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "From which country did the Presbyterian Church of Vanuatu originate from?", "id": "57269bf2708984140094cb9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu"}], "question": "What is the largest denomination church in Vanuatu?", "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Missionaries from which country started The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu?", "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Penama and Torba"}], "question": "Which two towns have Presbyterian people, but no churches?", "id": "57269d2bf1498d1400e8e4f4"}]}], ["Gereja Presbyterian di Taiwan (PCT) adalah setinggan Protestan terbesar di Taiwan, dengan kira-kira 238,372 ahli pada tahun 2009 (termasuk majoriti penduduk asli pulau itu). Mubaligh presbyterian Inggeris James Laidlaw Maxwell menubuhkan gereja Presbyterian pertama di Tainan pada tahun 1865. Rakannya, George Leslie Mackay, dari Misi Presbyterian Kanada, aktif di Danshui dan utara Taiwan dari 1872 hingga 1901; beliau mendirikan universiti dan hospital pertama di pulau itu, dan mencipta skrip bertulis untuk Taiwan Minnan. Misi Bahasa Inggeris dan Kanada bergabung bersama sebagai PCT pada tahun 1912. Salah satu daripada beberapa gereja yang dibenarkan beroperasi di Taiwan melalui era pemerintahan Jepun (1895-1945), PCT mengalami pertumbuhan pesat dalam era undang-undang tentera Guomindang yang diberlakukan ( 1949-1987), sebahagiannya disebabkan sokongannya terhadap demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, dan kemerdekaan Taiwan. Bekas presiden ROC Lee Teng-hui (di pejabat 1988-2000) adalah seorang Presbyterian. <> Apakah nama gereja Presbyterian terbesar di Taiwan? || Gereja Presbyterian <> Berapa banyak ahli yang membentuk denominasi Gereja Presbyterian? || 238,372 <> Siapa orang pertama yang membawa Presbyterianisme ke Taiwan? || James Laidlaw Maxwell <> Dalam era apakah gereja Presbyterian di Taiwan mengalami pertumbuhan besar dalam anggota? || era Guomindang", {"context": "The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT) is by far the largest Protestant denomination in Taiwan, with some 238,372 members as of 2009 (including a majority of the island's aborigines). English Presbyterian missionary James Laidlaw Maxwell established the first Presbyterian church in Tainan in 1865. His colleague George Leslie Mackay, of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission, was active in Danshui and north Taiwan from 1872 to 1901; he founded the island's first university and hospital, and created a written script for Taiwanese Minnan. The English and Canadian missions joined together as the PCT in 1912. One of the few churches permitted to operate in Taiwan through the era of Japanese rule (1895\u20131945), the PCT experienced rapid growth during the era of Guomindang-imposed martial law (1949\u20131987), in part due to its support for democracy, human rights, and Taiwan independence. Former ROC president Lee Teng-hui (in office 1988\u20132000) is a Presbyterian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Presbyterian Church"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest Presbyterian church in Taiwan?", "id": "572697f0708984140094cb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "238,372"}], "question": "How many members make up The Presbyterian Church denomination?", "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "James Laidlaw Maxwell"}], "question": "Who was the first person to bring Presbyterianism into Taiwan?", "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "era of Guomindang"}], "question": "In what era did The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan experience a large growth in members?", "id": "572697f0708984140094cb3c"}]}], ["Kebanyakan denominasi Presbyterian Korea berkongsi nama yang sama di Korea, \ub300\ud55c \uc608\uc218\uad50 \uc7a5\ub85c\ud68c (secara literal bermaksud Gereja Presbyterian Korea atau PCK), mengesan akarnya ke Perhimpunan Presbiteria Bersatu sebelum sejarah panjang perselisihan dan perpecahan. Perpecahan Presbyterian bermula dengan kontroversi berkaitan dengan ibadat suci Jepun yang dikuatkuasakan semasa zaman penjajahan Jepun dan penubuhan bahagian kecil (Koryu-pa, \uace0\ub824 \ud30c, kemudian Gereja Kosini Presbyterian di Korea, Koshin \uace0\uc2e0) pada tahun 1952. Dan Pada tahun 1953 perpecahan kedua berlaku apabila orientasi teologi dari Chosun Seminary (kemudian Hanshin University) yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1947 tidak dapat diterima di PCK dan satu lagi kumpulan kecil (Gereja Presbyterian di Republik Korea, Kijang, \uae30\uc7a5) telah dipisahkan. Perpecahan utama yang terakhir berkaitan dengan isu sama ada PCK harus menyertai WCC. Kontroversi membahagikan PCK kepada dua denominasi, Gereja Presbyterian Korea (Tonghap, \ud1b5\ud569) dan Perhimpunan Agung Gereja Presbyterian di Korea (Hapdong, \ud569\ub3d9) pada tahun 1959. Semua seminar utama yang dikaitkan dengan setiap tuntutan warisan denominasi dari Pyung Yang Theological Seminari, oleh itu, bukan sahaja Presbyterian University dan Theological Seminary dan Chongsin University yang berkaitan dengan PCK tetapi juga Hanshin University of PROK semua merayakan kelas ke-100 pada tahun 2007, 100 tahun dari graduan pertama Pyung Yang Theological Seminary. <> Kebanyakan gereja-gereja di Korea membawa nama yang sama, apa itu? || Gereja Presbyterian Korea <> Tahun apakah berlaku perpecahan kedua? || 1953 <> Apa sebab utama perpecahan terkini? || sama ada PCK harus menyertai WCC <> Tahun berapa adalah Seminar Chosun diasaskan? || 1947 <> Pada tahun apakah gereja Korea merayakan kelas ke-100? || 2007", {"context": "Most of the Korean Presbyterian denominations share the same name in Korean, \ub300\ud55c\uc608\uc218\uad50\uc7a5\ub85c\ud68c (literally means the Presbyterian Church of Korea or PCK), tracing its roots to the United Presbyterian Assembly before its long history of disputes and schisms. The Presbyterian schism began with the controversy in relation to the Japanese shrine worship enforced during the Japanese colonial period and the establishment of a minor division (Koryu-pa, \uace0\ub824\ud30c, later The Koshin Presbyterian Church in Korea, Koshin \uace0\uc2e0) in 1952. And in 1953 the second schism happened when the theological orientation of the Chosun Seminary (later Hanshin University) founded in 1947 could not be tolerated in the PCK and another minor group (The Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea, Kijang, \uae30\uc7a5) was separated. The last major schism had to do with the issue of whether the PCK should join the WCC. The controversy divided the PCK into two denominations, The Presbyterian Church of Korea (Tonghap, \ud1b5\ud569) and The General Assembly of Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong, \ud569\ub3d9) in 1959. All major seminaries associated with each denomination claim heritage from the Pyung Yang Theological Seminary, therefore, not only Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary and Chongsin University which are related to PCK but also Hanshin University of PROK all celebrated the 100th class in 2007, 100 years from the first graduates of Pyung Yang Theological Seminary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Presbyterian Church of Korea"}], "question": "Most of the churches in Korea carry the same name, what is it?", "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "1953"}], "question": "What year did the second schism take place?", "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "whether the PCK should join the WCC"}], "question": "What was the main reason for the latest schism?", "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "1947"}], "question": "What year was the Chosun Seminary founded?", "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1356, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did the Korean church celebrate the 100th class?", "id": "572695c9f1498d1400e8e47e"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1930 Thuringia adalah salah satu negeri bebas di mana Nazi memperoleh kuasa politik yang sebenar. Wilhelm Frick telah dilantik Menteri Dalam Negeri untuk negara Thuringia selepas Parti Nazi memenangi enam perwakilan untuk Diet Thuringia. Di dalam jawatan ini, dia dipecat dari pasukan polis Thuringia sesiapa sahaja yang disyaki sebagai republikan dan menggantikannya dengan orang-orang yang berpihak kepada Parti Nazi. Beliau juga memastikan bahawa apabila kedudukan penting muncul dalam Thuringia, dia menggunakan kuasa untuk memastikan bahawa Nazi diberikan jawatan itu. <> Bilakah nazis mendapat kuasa di Thuringia? || 1930 <> Siapa Menteri Dalam Negeri untuk Thuringia pada tahun 1930? || Wilhelm Frick <> Berapa banyak perwakilan yang menang parti nazi pada tahun 1930? || enam perwakilan <> Siapa yang Frick mengeluarkan dari pasukan polis? || siapa yang dia disyaki sebagai republikan <> Siapa yang Frick menggantikan polis republikan dengan? || lelaki yang berpihak kepada Parti Nazi", {"context": "In 1930 Thuringia was one of the free states where the Nazis gained real political power. Wilhelm Frick was appointed Minister of the Interior for the state of Thuringia after the Nazi Party won six delegates to the Thuringia Diet. In this position he removed from the Thuringia police force anyone he suspected of being a republican and replaced them with men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party. He also ensured that whenever an important position came up within Thuringia, he used his power to ensure that a Nazi was given that post.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1930"}], "question": "When did nazis gain power in Thuringia?", "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Wilhelm Frick"}], "question": "Who was the minister of the Interior for Thuringia in 1930?", "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "six delegates"}], "question": "How many delegates did the nazi party win in 1930?", "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "anyone he suspected of being a republican"}], "question": "Who did Frick remove from the police force?", "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "men who were favourable towards the Nazi Party"}], "question": "Who did Frick replace republican police with?", "id": "57265e04dd62a815002e82e0"}]}], ["Thuringia pada umumnya menerima Reformasi Protestan, dan Katolik Roma ditindas seawal 1520 [rujukan?]; para imam yang tetap setia padanya dihalau dan gereja-gereja dan biara-biara banyak musnah, terutama semasa Perang Petani Jerman 1525. Di M\u00fchlhausen dan di tempat lain, para Anabaptis mendapati ramai penganut. Thomas M\u00fcntzer, pemimpin beberapa kumpulan yang tidak aman dalam mazhab ini, aktif di bandar ini. Di dalam sempadan Thuringia moden, kepercayaan Katolik Roma hanya tersisa di daerah Eichsfeld, yang diperintah oleh Uskup Agung Mainz, dan sedikit di Erfurt dan sekitarnya. <> Bilakah Katolik Roma ditindas? || seawal tahun 1520 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada para imam Katolik Roma yang setia? || telah dihalau <> Bilakah kebanyakan gereja dan biara dibinasakan? || semasa Perang Petani Jerman 1525 <> Siapa Thomas Muntzer? || seorang pemimpin beberapa kumpulan yang tidak aman <> Daerah mana yang mana agama Katolik bertahan hidup? || daerah Eichsfeld", {"context": "Thuringia generally accepted the Protestant Reformation, and Roman Catholicism was suppressed as early as 1520[citation needed]; priests who remained loyal to it were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the German Peasants' War of 1525. In M\u00fchlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas M\u00fcntzer, a leader of some non-peaceful groups of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of modern Thuringia the Roman Catholic faith only survived in the Eichsfeld district, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in Erfurt and its immediate vicinity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "as early as 1520"}], "question": "When did Roman Catholicism become suppressed?", "id": "57265c815951b619008f7097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "were driven away"}], "question": "What happened to loyal Roman Catholicism priests?", "id": "57265c815951b619008f7098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "during the German Peasants' War of 1525"}], "question": "When were most churches and monasteries destroyed?", "id": "57265c815951b619008f7099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "a leader of some non-peaceful groups"}], "question": "Who was Thomas Muntzer?", "id": "57265c815951b619008f709a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "the Eichsfeld district"}], "question": "Which Thuringian district did the Roman Catholic faith survive in?", "id": "57265c815951b619008f709b"}]}], ["Nama Thuringia atau Th\u00fcringen berasal dari suku Jerman Thuringii, yang muncul semasa Tempoh Migrasi. Asal mereka tidak diketahui sepenuhnya. Teori lama mendakwa bahawa mereka adalah pengganti Hermunduri, namun penyelidikan kemudian menolak idea itu. Ahli sejarah lain berhujah bahawa orang Thuringia adalah sekutu kepada Hun, datang ke Eropah tengah bersama mereka, dan hidup sebelum ini dalam apa yang Galicia hari ini. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus pertama kali menyebut Thuringii sekitar 400; sepanjang tempoh itu, Thuringii terkenal dengan kuda mereka yang sangat baik. <> Di manakah nama Thuringia berasal? || Suku Jerman Thuringii <> Bilakah Thuringii muncul? || Tempoh Migrasi <> Siapakah sekutu teori Thuringians? || Bangsa <> Ketika itu disebut thuringii pertama kali? || sekitar 400", {"context": "The name Thuringia or Th\u00fcringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, who emerged during the Migration Period. Their origin is not completely known. An older theory claimed that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, and lived before in what is Galicia today. Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400; during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the Germanic tribe Thuringii"}], "question": "Where does the name Thuringia come from?", "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the Migration Period"}], "question": "When did Thuringii emerge?", "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "the Huns"}], "question": "Who are the theoretical allies of the Thuringians?", "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "around 400"}], "question": "When were the thuringii first mentioned?", "id": "5726599df1498d1400e8dcdd"}]}], ["Beberapa penyerahan semula negeri-negeri Thuringia berlaku semasa Mediatisasi Jerman dari tahun 1795 hingga 1814, dan wilayah itu dimasukkan dalam Konflik Napoleon di Rhine yang dianjurkan pada 1806. Kongres Vienna 1815 mengesahkan perubahan ini dan dimasukkannya negara-negara Thuringian dalam Konfederasi Jerman ; Kerajaan Prusia juga memperoleh beberapa wilayah Thuringia dan mentadbirkannya di dalam Wilayah Sachsen. The duchies Thuringian yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Empayar Jerman pada tahun 1871 semasa penyatuan Prusia yang dipimpin oleh Jerman adalah Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt dan dua pimpinan Reuss Elder Line dan Reuss Younger Line. Pada tahun 1920, selepas Perang Dunia I, negeri-negeri kecil ini bergabung menjadi satu negara, yang dipanggil Thuringia; hanya Saxe-Coburg mengundi untuk bergabung dengan Bavaria. Weimar menjadi ibu kota Th\u00fcringen baru. Kotak senjata negara baru ini lebih mudah daripada sebelumnya. <> Bilakah Mediatisation Jerman? || 1795 hingga 1814 <> Bilakah perubahan peralihan itu disahkan? || Kongres Vienna 1815 <> Kerajaan mana yang memperoleh beberapa wilayah Thuringia? || Kerajaan Prusia <> Yang mengetuai penyatuan Jerman pada tahun 1871? || Prusia yang diketuai <> Kota manakah yang menjadi ibu kota Thuringia selepas Perang Dunia ke 1? || Weimar", {"context": "Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, and the territory was included within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806. The 1815 Congress of Vienna confirmed these changes and the Thuringian states' inclusion in the German Confederation; the Kingdom of Prussia also acquired some Thuringian territory and administered it within the Province of Saxony. The Thuringian duchies which became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. In 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia. The coat of arms of this new state was simpler than they had been previously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1795 to 1814"}], "question": "When was the German Mediatisation?", "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "The 1815 Congress of Vienna"}], "question": "When were the mediatisation changes confirmed?", "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the Kingdom of Prussia"}], "question": "Which kingdom acquired some Thuringian territory?", "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Prussian-led"}], "question": "Who led the unification of Germany in 1871?", "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "Weimar"}], "question": "Which city became the capital of Thuringia after World War 1? ", "id": "57265d84dd62a815002e82cc"}]}], ["Sungai yang paling penting di Thuringia ialah Saale (anak sungai Elbe) dengan anak-anak sungainya Unstrut, Ilm dan Wei\u00dfe Elster, mengalir sebahagian besar Thuringia dan Werra (kepala air Weser), menyalirkan barat daya dan barat Tanah. Selain itu, beberapa bahagian kecil di sempadan selatan dikalir oleh anak sungai Utama (anak sungai Rhine). Tidak ada tasik semula jadi yang besar di Thuringia, tetapi ia mempunyai beberapa empangan terbesar di Jerman termasuk Empangan Bleiloch dan Empangan Hohenwarte di Sungai Saale sama seperti Empangan Leibis-Lichte dan Stesen Penyimpanan Pompa Goldisthal di Highland. Thuringia adalah satu-satunya negeri Jerman tanpa sambungan ke laluan air yang dilayari. <> Sungai mana di Thuringia yang paling penting? || Saale <> Adakah terdapat tasik yang besar di Thuringia? || Tiada tasik semula jadi yang besar di Thuringia <> Apakah beberapa empangan besar yang terletak di Thuringia? || Empangan Bleiloch dan Empangan Hohenwarte <> Yang anak sungai mana terletak di sempadan selatan? || Utama (anak sungai Rhine)", {"context": "The most important river in Thuringia is the Saale (a tributary of the Elbe) with its tributaries Unstrut, Ilm and Wei\u00dfe Elster, draining the most parts of Thuringia and the Werra (the headwater of the Weser), draining the south-west and west of the Land. Furthermore, some small parts on the southern border are drained by tributaries of the Main (a tributary of the Rhine). There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia, but it does have some of Germany's biggest dams including the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam at Saale river same as the Leibis-Lichte Dam and the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station within the Highland. Thuringia is Germany's only state without connection to navigable waterways.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "the Saale"}], "question": "Which river in Thuringia is the most important?", "id": "57266017708984140094c401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "There are no large natural lakes in Thuringia"}], "question": "Are there any large lakes in Thuringia?", "id": "57266017708984140094c402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "the Bleiloch Dam and the Hohenwarte Dam"}], "question": "What are some of the large dams located in Thuringia?", "id": "57266017708984140094c403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the Main (a tributary of the Rhine)"}], "question": "Which tributary is located on the southern border? ", "id": "57266017708984140094c404"}]}], ["Thuringia menjadi tanah di 1130 AD. Selepas kepupusan garis Ludowingian yang berturut-turut dan landgraves pada 1247 dan Perang Thuringian Succession (1247-1264), separuh barat menjadi bebas di bawah nama \"Hesse\", tidak pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada Thuringia lagi. Sebahagian besar Thuringia yang tersisa berada di bawah pemerintahan dinasti Wettin dari Margraviate Meissen yang berdekatan, nukleus Electorate yang kemudian dan Kerajaan Saxony. Dengan pembahagian rumah Wettin pada tahun 1485, Thuringia pergi ke cawangan kanan keluarga Ernestine, yang kemudiannya membahagikan kawasan itu kepada beberapa negeri yang lebih kecil, menurut tradisi Saxon membagi warisan di kalangan pewaris laki-laki. Ini adalah \"Saxon duchies\", yang terdiri daripada antara negara-negara Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, dan Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia menjadi konsep geografi sahaja. <> Bilakah Thuringia menjadi tanah? || pada tahun 1130 AD <> Tahun-tahun mana Perang Suara Thuringian Berjuang? || 1247-1264 <> Bilakah separuh barat negara itu menjadi Hesse? || 1247 <> Di manakah Wettin dinasti? || Margraviate Meissen <> Siapa yang Saxon Duchies terdiri daripada? || negeri Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, dan Saxe-Gotha", {"context": "Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts and landgraves in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247\u20131264), the western half became independent under the name of \"Hesse\", never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, the nucleus of the later Electorate and Kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the \"Saxon duchies\", consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "in 1130 AD"}], "question": "When did Thuringia become a landgraviate? ", "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "1247\u20131264"}], "question": "Which years were the War of the Thuringian Succession fought?", "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1247"}], "question": "When did the western half of the state become Hesse?", "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Margraviate of Meissen"}], "question": "Where was the Wettin dynasty from?", "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha"}], "question": "Who did the Saxon Duchies consist of?", "id": "57265b4bf1498d1400e8dd10"}]}], ["Oleh sebab penyelesaian intensif berabad-abad, sebahagian besar kawasan itu dibentuk oleh pengaruh manusia. Tumbuhan semula jadi asli Thuringia adalah hutan dengan bekti sebagai spesies utama, seperti yang masih terdapat di pergunungan Hainich hari ini. Di dataran tinggi, campuran bic dan spruce akan menjadi semula jadi. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar dataran telah dibersihkan dan digunakan dalam penggunaan pertanian yang intensif manakala sebahagian besar hutan ditanam dengan rempah dan pain. Sejak tahun 1990, hutan Thuringia telah diuruskan bertujuan untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan yang lebih semula jadi dan sukar yang lebih berdaya tahan terhadap perubahan iklim serta penyakit dan kutu. Sebagai perbandingan dengan hutan, pertanian masih agak konvensional dan dikuasai oleh struktur besar dan monokultur. Masalah di sini disebabkan terutamanya oleh tempoh kering yang semakin lama pada musim panas. <> Mengapa landskap Thurnigia dibentuk oleh pengaruh manusia? || Disebabkan banyak abad penyelesaian intensif <> Jenis sifat apa yang biasa di dataran tinggi Thuringia? || campuran beech dan spruce <> Apakah tumbuhan semulajadi asal Thuringia? || hutan dengan bic sebagai spesies utama <> Di manakah kebanyakan masalah landskap berasal? || semakin lama tempoh kering pada musim panas <> Apa yang telah menjadi tujuan untuk hutan Thuringian sejak tahun 1990? || tumbuhan yang lebih semula jadi dan sukar", {"context": "Due to many centuries of intensive settlement, most of the area is shaped by human influence. The original natural vegetation of Thuringia is forest with beech as its predominant species, as can still be found in the Hainich mountains today. In the uplands, a mixture of beech and spruce would be natural. However, most of the plains have been cleared and are in intensive agricultural use while most of the forests are planted with spruce and pine. Since 1990, Thuringia's forests have been managed aiming for a more natural and tough vegetation more resilient to climate change as well as diseases and vermin. In comparison to the forest, agriculture is still quite conventional and dominated by large structures and monocultures. Problems here are caused especially by increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Due to many centuries of intensive settlement"}], "question": "Why is Thurnigia's landscape shaped by human influence?", "id": "57266200708984140094c44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "a mixture of beech and spruce"}], "question": "What type of nature is common in the highlands of Thuringia? ", "id": "57266200708984140094c44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "forest with beech as its predominant species"}], "question": "What is the original natural vegetation of Thuringia?", "id": "57266200708984140094c44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "increasingly prolonged dry periods during the summer months"}], "question": "Where do most landscape problems come from?", "id": "57266200708984140094c44f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "more natural and tough vegetation"}], "question": "What has been the aim for the Thuringian forests since 1990?", "id": "57266200708984140094c44e"}]}], ["The Thuringian Realm wujud sehingga 531 dan kemudian, Landgraviate Thuringia adalah negara terbesar di rantau ini, bertahan antara 1131 dan 1247. Kemudian tidak ada negara bernama Thuringia, namun istilah yang lazim menggambarkan rantau ini antara gunung Harz di utara, Sungai Wei\u00dfe Elster di timur, Hutan Franconian di selatan dan sungai Werra di barat. Selepas Perjanjian Leipzig, Thuringia mempunyai dinasti sendiri lagi, Ernestine Wettins. Tanah mereka yang pelbagai membentuk Negeri Percuma Thuringia, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1920, bersama-sama dengan beberapa pemerintahan kecil yang lain. Wilayah Prusia di sekitar Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen dan Nordhausen menyertai Thuringia pada tahun 1945. <> Berapa lamakah zaman Thuringia wujud? || sehingga 531 dan seterusnya <> Negara manakah yang terbesar di rantau ini? || Landgraviate of Thuringia <> Di mana terletak Th\u00fcringen? || rantau ini antara pergunungan Harz di utara, Sungai Wei\u00dfe Elster di timur, Hutan Franconian di selatan dan sungai Werra di barat. <> Dinasti mana yang terbentuk selepas Perjanjian Leipzig? || Ernestine Wettins <> Wilayah mana Prusia yang menyertai Thuringia pada tahun 1945? || Wilayah Prusia di sekitar Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen dan Nordhausen", {"context": "The Thuringian Realm existed until 531 and later, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, persisting between 1131 and 1247. Afterwards there was no state named Thuringia, nevertheless the term commonly described the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west. After the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, together with some other small principalities. The Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "until 531 and later"}], "question": "How long did the Thuringian realm exist?", "id": "57265a725951b619008f7061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the Landgraviate of Thuringia"}], "question": "Which state was the largest in the region?", "id": "57265a725951b619008f7062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the region between the Harz mountains in the north, the Wei\u00dfe Elster river in the east, the Franconian Forest in the south and the Werra river in the west."}], "question": "Where is Thuringia located?", "id": "57265a725951b619008f7063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "the Ernestine Wettins"}], "question": "Which dynasty formed after the Treaty of Leipzig? ", "id": "57265a725951b619008f7064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Prussian territories around Erfurt, M\u00fchlhausen and Nordhausen"}], "question": "Which Prussian territories joined Thuringia in 1945?", "id": "57265a725951b619008f7065"}]}], ["Sejak Reformasi Protestan, denominasi Kristian yang paling menonjol di Thuringia adalah Lutheranisme. Semasa tempoh GDR, keanggotaan gereja tidak digalakkan dan terus menyusut sejak penyatuan semula pada tahun 1990. Hari ini lebih daripada dua pertiga penduduk tidak beragama. Gereja Protestan Evangelikal di Jerman mempunyai bilangan ahli terbesar di negeri ini, yang dipegang oleh 24.0% penduduk pada tahun 2009. Ahli-ahli Gereja Katolik membentuk 7.8% daripada penduduk, manakala 68.2% daripada orang Thuringia adalah bukan agama atau mematuhi agama lain. Kepekatan Protestan tertinggi adalah di desa-desa kecil di selatan dan barat di Thuringia, sedangkan bandar-bandar yang lebih besar bahkan lebih tidak beragama (sehingga 88% di Gera). Kawasan Katolik adalah Eichsfeld di barat laut dan sebahagian dari Pegunungan Rh\u00f6n sekitar Geisa di barat daya. Keanggotaan gereja Protestan semakin mengecil, sedangkan Gereja Katolik agak stabil kerana migrasi Katolik dari Poland, Eropah Selatan dan Jerman Barat. Agama lain tidak memainkan peranan penting di Thuringia. Terdapat hanya beberapa ribu umat Islam (sebahagian besar pendatang) dan kira-kira 750 orang Yahudi (kebanyakannya pendatang dari Rusia) yang tinggal di Thuringia. Selain itu, terdapat beberapa komuniti Ortodoks dari pendatang Eropah Timur dan beberapa gereja Protestan tradisional tradisional di Thuringia tanpa sebarang pengaruh masyarakat. <> Apakah denominasi Kristian yang paling biasa di Thuringia? || Lutheranism <> Berapa banyak penduduk Thuringia yang tidak beragama? || Hari ini lebih daripada dua pertiga penduduk <> Gereja manakah di negara ini mempunyai jumlah ahli terbesar? || Gereja Protestan Evangelikal di Jerman <> Berapa banyak penduduk Thuringia yang Katolik? || 7.8% daripada penduduk <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi tinggal di Thuringia? || 750 orang Yahudi", {"context": "Since the Protestant Reformation, the most prominent Christian denomination in Thuringia has been Lutheranism. During the GDR period, church membership was discouraged and has continued shrinking since the reunification in 1990. Today over two thirds of the population is non-religious. The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany has had the largest number of members in the state, adhered to by 24.0% of the population in 2009. Members of the Catholic Church formed 7.8% of the population, while 68.2% of Thuringians were non-religious or adhere to other faiths. The highest Protestant concentrations are in the small villages of southern and western Thuringia, whereas the bigger cities are even more non-religious (up to 88% in Gera). Catholic regions are the Eichsfeld in the northwest and parts of the Rh\u00f6n Mountains around Geisa in the southwest. Protestant church membership is shrinking rapidly, whereas the Catholic Church is somewhat more stable because of Catholic migration from Poland, Southern Europe and West Germany. Other religions play no significant role in Thuringia. There are only a few thousand Muslims (largely migrants) and about 750 Jews (mostly migrants from Russia) living in Thuringia. Furthermore, there are some Orthodox communities of Eastern European migrants and some traditional Protestant Free churches in Thuringia without any societal influence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Lutheranism"}], "question": "What is the most common Christian denomination in Thuringia? ", "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Today over two thirds of the population"}], "question": "How much of the Thuringia population is non-religious?", "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "The Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany"}], "question": "Which church in the state has the largest amount of members?", "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "7.8% of the population"}], "question": "How much of the Thuringia population are Catholic?", "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1157, "text": "750 Jews"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Thuringia?", "id": "57265912dd62a815002e8256"}]}], ["Landskap Thuringia agak pelbagai. Jauh utara diduduki oleh gunung-gunung Harz, diikuti oleh Goldene Aue, sebuah dataran banjir yang subur di sekitar Nordhausen dengan Helme sebagai sungai yang paling penting. Utara-barat termasuk Eichsfeld, kawasan berbukit dan kadang-kadang berhutan, di mana sungai Leine berpunca. Bahagian tengah dan utara Thuringia ditakrifkan oleh Lembangan Thuringian yang luas 3000 km\u00b2, kawasan yang sangat subur dan rata di sekitar sungai Unstrut dan sepenuhnya dikelilingi oleh rantai bukit berikut (mengikut arah jam dari barat laut): D\u00fcn, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffh\u00e4user, Hohe Schrecke, Schm\u00fccke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Hutan Thuringian, H\u00f6rselberge dan Hainich. Dalam Basin rantaian bukit kecil Fahner H\u00f6he dan Heilinger H\u00f6hen. Selatan dari Lembangan Thuringian adalah kawasan gunung terbesar di Tanah, ditandakan oleh Hutan Thuringian di barat laut, Dataran Tinggi Thuringian di tengah dan Hutan Franconian di selatan-timur. Kebanyakan julat ini adalah hutan dan Gro\u00dfer Beerberg (983 m) adalah gunung tertinggi di Thuringia. Di barat daya, Hutan diikuti oleh lembah sungai Werra, membahagikannya dari Pegunungan Rh\u00f6n di barat dan dataran Grabfeld di selatan. Timur Thuringia, yang biasanya digambarkan sebagai kawasan timur lembah Saale dan Loquitz, ditandakan dengan lanskap berbukit, meningkat perlahan-lahan dari utara ke selatan ke arah pegunungan. Saale di barat dan Wei\u00dfe Elster di timur adalah dua sungai besar yang berlari dari selatan ke utara dan membentuk lembah yang padat di kawasan ini. Di antara mereka terletak Holzland yang rata dan berhutan di utara, Orlasenke yang datar dan subur di tengah dan Vogtland, yang berbukit tetapi di kebanyakan kawasan tidak berhutan di selatan. Wilayah jauh timur (timur Wei\u00dfe Elster) ialah Osterland atau Altenburger Land di sepanjang sungai Plei\u00dfe, kawasan pertanian yang rata, subur dan padat. <> Di mana gunung Harz terletak? || Jauh utara <> Apakah landskap Eichsfeld? || berbukit dan kadang-kadang hutan <> Apa gunung tertinggi di Thuringia? || Gro\u00dfer Beerberg <> Di mana Orlasenke terletak? || di tengah <Berapa banyak sungai besar mengalir melalui Thuringia? || The Saale di barat dan Wei\u00dfe Elster di timur", {"context": "The landscapes of Thuringia are quite diverse. The far north is occupied by the Harz mountains, followed by the Goldene Aue, a fertile floodplain around Nordhausen with the Helme as most important river. The north-west includes the Eichsfeld, a hilly and sometimes forested region, where the Leine river emanates. The central and northern part of Thuringia is defined by the 3000 km\u00b2 wide Thuringian Basin, a very fertile and flat area around the Unstrut river and completely surrounded by the following hill chains (clockwise from the north-west): D\u00fcn, Hainleite, Windleite, Kyffh\u00e4user, Hohe Schrecke, Schm\u00fccke, Finne, Ettersberg, Steigerwald, Thuringian Forest, H\u00f6rselberge and Hainich. Within the Basin the smaller hill chains Fahner H\u00f6he and Heilinger H\u00f6hen. South of the Thuringian Basin is the Land's largest mountain range, marked by the Thuringian Forest in the north-west, the Thuringian Highland in the middle and the Franconian Forest in the south-east. Most of this range is forested and the Gro\u00dfer Beerberg (983 m) is Thuringia's highest mountain. To the south-west, the Forest is followed up by Werra river valley, dividing it from the Rh\u00f6n Mountains in the west and the Grabfeld plain in the south. Eastern Thuringia, commonly described as the area east of Saale and Loquitz valley, is marked by a hilly landscape, rising slowly from the flat north to the mountainous south. The Saale in the west and the Wei\u00dfe Elster in the east are the two big rivers running from south to north and forming densely settled valleys in this area. Between them lies the flat and forested Holzland in the north, the flat and fertile Orlasenke in the middle and the Vogtland, a hilly but in most parts non-forested region in the south. The far eastern region (east of Wei\u00dfe Elster) is the Osterland or Altenburger Land along Plei\u00dfe river, a flat, fertile and densely settled agricultural area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "The far north"}], "question": "Where are the Harz mountains located?", "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "hilly and sometimes forested"}], "question": "What is the landscape of Eichsfeld? ", "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1004, "text": "Gro\u00dfer Beerberg"}], "question": "What is Thuringia's highest mountain?", "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1640, "text": "in the middle"}], "question": "Where is Orlasenke located?", "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1390, "text": "The Saale in the west and the Wei\u00dfe Elster in the east"}], "question": "How many big rivers flow through Thuringia? ", "id": "57265eeaf1498d1400e8dd78"}]}], ["KDNK Thuringia berada di bawah purata negara, sejajar dengan bekas Tanah Jerman Timur yang lain. Sehingga tahun 2004, Thuringia adalah salah satu kawasan paling lemah dalam Kesatuan Eropah. Penyertaan beberapa negara baru, krisis di Eropah selatan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berterusan di Jerman sejak tahun 2005 telah membawa KDNK Thuringian dekat dengan purata EU sejak itu. Subsidi ekonomi yang tinggi yang diberikan oleh kerajaan persekutuan dan EU selepas 1990 dikurangkan secara beransur-ansur dan akan berakhir sekitar 2020. <> Di mana KDNK Thuringia? || di bawah purata kebangsaan <> Berapa lama Thuringia merupakan salah satu kawasan paling lemah di EU? || Sehingga 2004 <> Apa yang telah membantu meningkatkan Thuringia? || Kesertaan beberapa negara baru, krisis di selatan Eropah dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mampan <> Bilakah kerajaan akan menunaikan subsidi kepada Thuringia? || sekitar 2020", {"context": "The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "below the national average"}], "question": "Where is the GDP of Thuringia?", "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Until 2004"}], "question": "For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?", "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth"}], "question": "What has helped to improve Thuringia? ", "id": "57267adb5951b619008f7409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "around 2020"}], "question": "When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?", "id": "57267adb5951b619008f740a"}]}], ["Daripada kira-kira 850 majlis perbandaran Thuringia, 126 dikategorikan sebagai bandar (dalam daerah) atau bandar (membentuk daerah bandar mereka sendiri). Kebanyakan bandar-bandar kecil dengan populasi kurang daripada 10,000; hanya sepuluh terbesar yang mempunyai populasi lebih daripada 30,000. Pekan-pekan pertama muncul pada abad ke-12, sedangkan yang terbaru menerima status bandar hanya pada abad ke-20. Hari ini, semua perbandaran di dalam daerah adalah sama dalam undang-undang, sama ada bandar atau kampung. Kota-bandar bebas (iaitu daerah bandar) mempunyai kuasa yang lebih besar (sama dengan mana-mana daerah) daripada bandar-bandar dalam daerah. <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran di Thuringia? || 850 <> Berapa banyak bandar di Thuringia dikelaskan sebagai bandar? || 126 <> Berapa banyak bandar mempunyai populasi lebih daripada 30,000? || sepuluh <> Apa yang terbaru bandar ditubuhkan di Thuringia? || abad ke-20 <> Wilayah mana di Thuringia mempunyai kuasa politik yang paling? || Kota-bandar bebas (iaitu daerah bandar) mempunyai kuasa yang lebih besar (sama dengan mana-mana daerah) daripada bandar-bandar dalam daerah.", {"context": "Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "850"}], "question": "How many municipalities are in Thuringia? ", "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "126"}], "question": "How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?", "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?", "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "the 20th century"}], "question": "What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?", "id": "57267187dd62a815002e850f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district."}], "question": "Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?", "id": "57267187dd62a815002e8510"}]}], ["Penduduk Thuringia mempunyai jurang nisbah seks yang signifikan, yang disebabkan oleh penghijrahan wanita muda, terutama di kawasan pedalaman. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat 115 hingga 120 orang setiap 100 wanita dalam kumpulan usia 25-40 (\"pengasas keluarga\") yang mempunyai akibat negatif untuk nisbah kelahiran. Tambahan pula, penduduk semakin tua dan lebih tua dengan beberapa majlis perbandaran luar bandar yang merekodkan lebih daripada 30% daripada 65-an (pesara). Ini adalah masalah untuk pasaran buruh serantau, kerana terdapat dua kali lebih banyak orang meninggalkan memasuki pasaran pekerjaan setiap tahun. <> Apakah jurang nisbah seks di Thuringia? || 115 hingga 120 orang setiap 100 wanita <Apa yang menyebabkan jurang nisbah jantina luas di Thuringia? || penghijrahan wanita muda <> Berapa ramai rakyat Thuringia berusia di atas 65 tahun? || lebih daripada 30% <> Apakah masalah yang dihadapi pasaran kerja di Thuringia? || terdapat dua kali lebih banyak orang meninggalkan memasuki pasaran pekerjaan setiap tahun.", {"context": "The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25\u201340 age group (\"family founders\") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "115 to 120 men per 100 women"}], "question": "What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?", "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "emigration of young women"}], "question": "What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?", "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "more than 30%"}], "question": "How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?", "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually."}], "question": "What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?", "id": "57266600f1498d1400e8de59"}]}], ["Kerosakan alam sekitar di Thuringia telah dikurangkan ke tahap yang besar selepas tahun 1990. Keadaan hutan, sungai dan udara diperbaiki dengan memodenkan kilang-kilang, rumah-rumah (penurunan pemanasan arang batu) dan kereta-kereta, dan kawasan-kawasan yang tercemar seperti bekas-bekas permukaan Uranium bekas di sekitar Ronneburg telah dipulihkan. Masalah alam sekitar hari ini adalah penyebaran sungai Werra, disebabkan oleh pelepasan tambang garam K + S di sekitar Unterbreizbach dan overfertilisation dalam pertanian, merosakkan tanah dan sungai kecil. <> Sejak bila-bila masa kerosakan alam sekitar di Thuringia telah berkurangan? || 1990 <> Apa satu perkara yang membantu memperbaiki keadaan hutan, sungai dan udara? || memodenkan kilang-kilang <> Apa yang telah dilakukan terhadap bekas lombong bekas Uranium di sekitar Ronneburg? || Lombong permukaan uranium di sekitar Ronneburg telah dipulihkan <> Apa masalah alam sekitar yang besar hari ini? || penyebaran sungai Werra <> Apa yang menyebabkan penyebaran sungai Werra? || pelepasan tambang garam K + S di sekitar Unterbreizbach", {"context": "Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "1990"}], "question": "Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?", "id": "5726638e708984140094c48f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "modernizing factories"}], "question": "What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?", "id": "5726638e708984140094c490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated"}], "question": "What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?", "id": "5726638e708984140094c491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the salination of the Werra river"}], "question": "What are today's big environmental problems?", "id": "5726638e708984140094c492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach"}], "question": "What is causing the salination of the Werra river?", "id": "5726638e708984140094c493"}]}], ["Migrasi memainkan peranan penting di Thuringia. Penghijrahan dalaman menunjukkan kecenderungan yang kuat dari kawasan luar bandar ke bandar-bandar besar. Dari 2008 hingga 2012, terdapat penghijrahan bersih dari Thuringia ke Erfurt dari +6,700 orang (33 per 1000 penduduk), +1,800 ke Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 ke Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 untuk Eisenach ( 33 per 1000) dan +1,300 ke Weimar (21 per 1000). Antara Thuringia dan negara-negara Jerman lainnya, keseimbangan negatif: Pada tahun 2012, Thuringia kehilangan 6,500 orang ke negara-negara persekutuan lain, yang paling banyak di Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse dan Berlin. Hanya dengan keseimbangan Saxony-Anhalt dan Brandenburg adalah positif. Penghijrahan antarabangsa sangat berfluktuasi. Pada tahun 2009, baki itu adalah +700, pada tahun 2010 +1,800, pada tahun 2011 +2,700 dan pada 2012 +4,800. Negara-negara yang paling penting dari asal-usul pendatang Thuringia dari tahun 2008 hingga 2012 adalah Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) dan Serbia / Montenegro / Kosovo (+1,000) (-2,800) dan Austria (-900). <> Berapa ramai orang yang berhijrah ke Thuringia antara 2008 dan 2012? || +6,700 orang <> Berapa ramai pendatang pergi ke Eisenach? || +1,400 <> Adakah penghijrahan ke Thuringia stabil atau turun naik? || Penghijrahan antarabangsa sangat berfluktuasi", {"context": "Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (\u22122,800) and Austria (\u2212900).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "+6,700 persons"}], "question": "How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?", "id": "572670625951b619008f72b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "+1,400"}], "question": "How many migrants went to Eisenach? ", "id": "572670625951b619008f72b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "The international migration is fluctuating heavily"}], "question": "Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? ", "id": "572670625951b619008f72b3"}]}], ["Pertanian dan perhutanan semakin menurun sejak beberapa dekad. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka lebih penting daripada di kawasan-kawasan lain di Jerman, terutamanya di kawasan luar bandar. 54% wilayah Thuringia adalah dalam penggunaan pertanian. Cekungan subur seperti Lembangan Thuringian yang besar atau Goldene Aue yang lebih kecil, Orlasenke dan Osterland adalah penggunaan intensif untuk bijirin, sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan dan tanaman tenaga yang semakin meningkat. Produk penting ialah epal, stroberi, ceri dan plum dalam sektor buah, kubis, kentang, kembang kol, tomato (ditanam di rumah hijau), bawang, timun dan asparagus dalam sektor sayuran, serta jagung, rapeseed, gandum, barli dan gula bit dalam sektor tanaman. <> Apa yang lebih penting untuk Thuringia daripada kebanyakan kawasan di Jerman? || Pertanian dan perhutanan <> Berapa banyak kawasan Thuringia dalam penggunaan pertanian? || 54% <> Apakah kawasan subur terbesar di Thuringia? || Lembangan Thuringian yang besar <> Di manakah mereka menanam tomato di Thuringia? || rumah hijau <> Kawasan mana yang paling bernilai pertanian? || kawasan luar bandar", {"context": "Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Agriculture and forestry"}], "question": "What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?", "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "54%"}], "question": "How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?", "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the large Thuringian Basin"}], "question": "What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?", "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "greenhouses"}], "question": "Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?", "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "rural regions"}], "question": "Which regions value agriculture most?", "id": "5726762af1498d1400e8e06e"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, Thuringia terletak di sempadan antara wilayah Jermanik dan Slavik, ditandakan dengan sungai Saale. Pergerakan Ostsiedlung membawa kepada asimilasi orang Slavic antara abad ke-11 dan abad ke-13 di bawah pemerintahan Jerman. Pertumbuhan penduduk meningkat pada abad ke-18 dan bertahan hingga Perang Dunia I, sebelum ia melambat dalam abad ke-20 dan berubah menjadi penurunan sejak tahun 1990. Sejak permulaan Urbanisasi sekitar 1840, bandar-bandar di Thuringia mempunyai respon yang lebih tinggi. Kadar penurunan yang lebih kecil daripada kawasan luar bandar (banyak kampung kehilangan separuh daripada penduduknya sejak 1950, sedangkan bandar-bandar terbesar (Erfurt dan Jena) terus berkembang). <> Di mana Thuringia di Zaman Pertengahan? || sempadan antara wilayah Jermanik dan Slavik <> Apakah hasil daripada gerakan Ostsiedlung? || asimilasi orang Slavic antara abad ke-11 dan abad ke-13 di bawah pemerintahan Jerman <> Bilakah pertumbuhan penduduk di puncak Thuringia? || Perang Dunia I <> Pada tahun berapa banyak bandar di Thuringia kehilangan separuh daripada populasi mereka? || 1950", {"context": "During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the border between Germanic and Slavic territories"}], "question": "Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?", "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule"}], "question": "What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?", "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "When did population growth in Thuringia peak?", "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?", "id": "5726642fdd62a815002e837f"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2013, terdapat 41,000 bukan Jerman oleh kewarganegaraan yang tinggal di Thuringia (1.9% daripada populasi - di antara bahagian terkecil mana-mana negeri di Jerman). Walau bagaimanapun, jumlah itu naik dari 33,000 pada bulan Julai 2011, iaitu peningkatan sebanyak 24% dalam masa dua tahun sahaja. Sekitar 4% penduduk adalah pendatang (termasuk orang yang sudah menerima kewarganegaraan Jerman). Kumpulan terbesar orang asing oleh kewarganegaraan adalah (sehingga 2012): Rusia (3,100), Poland (3,000), Vietnam (2,800), Turki (2,100) dan Ukraine (2,000). Jumlah orang asing bervariasi di antara rantau: pekan-pekan kolej Erfurt, Jena, Weimar dan Ilmenau mempunyai kadar tertinggi, sementara hampir tidak ada pendatang yang tinggal di majlis-majlis kecil yang paling luar bandar. <> Berapa ramai orang bukan Jerman tinggal di Thuringia pada tahun 2013? || 41,000 <> Apakah kenaikan populasi bukan Jerman antara tahun 2011 dan 2013? || 24% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Thuringian adalah pendatang? || 4% <> Apa kumpulan orang asing yang terbesar? || Rusia <> Bandar manakah yang mempunyai penduduk imigran tertinggi? || Erfurt, Jena, Weimar dan Ilmenau", {"context": "In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population \u2212 among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "41,000"}], "question": "How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?", "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "24%"}], "question": "What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?", "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "4%"}], "question": "How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?", "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Russians"}], "question": "What is the largest group of foreigners?", "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau"}], "question": "Which towns have the highest immigrant population?", "id": "572664f8f1498d1400e8de2a"}]}], ["Perlombongan adalah penting di Thuringia sejak Abad Pertengahan, terutamanya di bandar-bandar perlombongan Hutan Thuringian seperti Schmalkalden, Suhl dan Ilmenau. Berikutan revolusi perindustrian, lombong besi, tembaga dan perak lama merosot kerana persaingan dari logam yang diimport terlalu kuat. Sebaliknya, akhir abad ke-19 membawa jenis lombong baru ke Thuringia: perlombongan permukaan lignit di sekitar Meuselwitz berhampiran Altenburg di timur Tanah bermula pada tahun 1870an, dan dua daerah perlombongan potash ditubuhkan sekitar tahun 1900. Ini adalah S\u00fcdharzrevier di utara negeri ini, antara Bischofferode di barat dan Ro\u00dfleben di timur dengan Sondershausen di pusatnya, dan Werrarevier di sempadan Hessian sekitar Vacha dan Bad Salzungen di barat. Bersama-sama, mereka menyumbang sebahagian besar daripada pengeluaran potash dunia pada pertengahan abad ke-20. Selepas penyatuan, S\u00fcdharzrevier ditinggalkan, sedangkan K + S mengambil alih lombong di Werrarevier. Antara tahun 1950 dan 1990, perlombongan uranium juga penting untuk menampung keperluan Soviet Union untuk logam ini. Pusat ini adalah Ronneburg dekat Gera di timur Thuringia dan syarikat operasi Wismut berada di bawah kawalan Soviet langsung. <> Bandar mana di Thuringia dikenali sebagai bandar perlombongan? || Schmalkalden, Suhl dan Ilmenau Mengapa tumbuhan besi, tembaga dan perak gagal? || kerana persaingan daripada logam yang diimport terlalu kuat <> Apa salah satu daripada dua daerah perlombongan yang ditubuhkan sekitar tahun 1900? || S\u00fcdharzrevier <> Apa yang dilakukan penambang Thuringian untuk membantu Kesatuan Soviet? || Perlombongan uranium juga penting untuk menampung keperluan Soviet Union untuk logam ini <> Bilakah penutup S\u00fcdharzrevier? || Selepas penyatuan semula", {"context": "Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the S\u00fcdharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Ro\u00dfleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the S\u00fcdharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau"}], "question": "Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?", "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "because the competition from imported metal was too strong"}], "question": "Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?", "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "the S\u00fcdharzrevier"}], "question": "What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?", "id": "57267a295951b619008f73ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1030, "text": "uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal"}], "question": "What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?", "id": "57267a295951b619008f73f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "After the reunification"}], "question": "When did the S\u00fcdharzrevier close?", "id": "57267a295951b619008f73f1"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan wilayah Jerman tengah dan selatan yang lain, Thuringia mempunyai sektor perindustrian yang signifikan menjangkaui industri perindustrian abad ke-19. Peralihan ekonomi selepas penyatuan semula Jerman pada tahun 1990 membawa kepada penutupan kilang-kilang dan syarikat-syarikat berskala besar, meninggalkan kecil dan sederhana untuk menguasai sektor perkilangan. Pusat perindustrian yang terkenal ialah Jena (pusat dunia untuk instrumen optikal dengan syarikat-syarikat seperti Carl Zeiss, Schott dan Jenoptik) dan Eisenach, di mana BMW memulakan pengeluaran kereta pada tahun 1920-an dan sebuah kilang Opel berasaskan hari ini. Cawangan industri yang paling penting hari ini adalah kejuruteraan dan kerja logam, pengeluaran kenderaan dan industri makanan. Terutamanya bandar-bandar kecil dan pertengahan di Th\u00fcringen tengah dan barat daya (contohnya Arnstadt, Schmalkalden dan Ohrdruf) sangat industri, sementara terdapat lebih sedikit syarikat perindustrian di bahagian utara dan timur Tanah. Industri tradisional seperti pengeluaran kaca, porselin dan mainan runtuh semasa krisis ekonomi antara tahun 1930 dan 1990. <> Seberapa jauh kembali sektor perindustrian Thuringia? || perindustrian abad pertengahan ke-19 <> Apa hasil peralihan ekonomi selepas penyatuan semula Jerman pada tahun 1990? || penutupan kilang dan syarikat berskala besar yang paling besar <> Di mana di Thuringia terdapat lebih sedikit syarikat industri? || bahagian utara dan timur Tanah. <> Bilakah industri tradisional seperti kaca dan mainan runtuh? || antara 1930 dan 1990 <> Di mana di Thuringia BMW mula ia bermula pada tahun 1920-an? || Eisenach", {"context": "Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the mid-19th-century industrialisation"}], "question": "How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?", "id": "57267810dd62a815002e8618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "the closure of most large-scale factories and companies"}], "question": "What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?", "id": "57267810dd62a815002e8619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "the northern and eastern parts of the Land."}], "question": "Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?", "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1057, "text": "between 1930 and 1990"}], "question": "When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?", "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Eisenach"}], "question": "Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?", "id": "57267810dd62a815002e861a"}]}], ["Politeknik Thuringia berpusat di Erfurt (4,500 pelajar), Jena (5,000 pelajar), Nordhausen (2,500 pelajar) dan Schmalkalden (3,000 pelajar). Di samping itu, terdapat sebuah kolej khidmat awam di Gotha dengan 500 pelajar, Kolej Muzik \"Franz Liszt\" di Weimar (800 pelajar) serta dua kolej swasta, Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule di Erfurt (500 pelajar) Kolej SRH untuk mata pelajaran kejururawatan dan bersekutu (SRH Fachhochschule f\u00fcr Gesundheit Gera) di Gera (500 orang pelajar). Akhirnya, terdapat kolej bagi mereka yang belajar untuk kelayakan teknikal semasa bekerja di bidang yang berkaitan (Berufsakademie) di Eisenach (600 pelajar) dan Gera (700 pelajar). <> Di mana kolej khidmat awam di Thuringia? || Gotha <> Berapa ramai pelajar menghadiri kolej muzik di Thuringia? || 800 <> Berapa banyak sekolah menawarkan politeknik? || Erfurt (4,500 pelajar), Jena (5,000 pelajar), Nordhausen (2,500 pelajar) dan Schmalkalden", {"context": "The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music \"Franz Liszt\" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule f\u00fcr Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Gotha"}], "question": "Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?", "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "800"}], "question": "How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?", "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden"}], "question": "How many schools offer polytechnics?", "id": "57268f21dd62a815002e899c"}]}], ["Pusat penyelidikan utama Thuringia ialah Jena, diikuti oleh Ilmenau. Kedua-dua memberi tumpuan kepada teknologi, khususnya sains hayat dan optik di Jena dan teknologi maklumat di Ilmenau. Erfurt adalah pusat penyelidikan hortikultura Jerman, manakala Weimar dan Gotha dengan pelbagai arkib dan perpustakaan mereka adalah pusat penyelidikan bersejarah dan budaya. Kebanyakan penyelidikan di Thuringia dibiayai oleh penyelidikan asas kerana kekurangan syarikat besar dapat melaburkan sejumlah besar dalam penyelidikan terpakai, dengan pengecualian yang ketara dari sektor optik di Jena. <> Apakah tumpuan pusat penyelidikan Thuringia, Jena? || Sains hayat dan optik <> Universiti mana yang dikenali dengan aspek sejarah dan budaya mereka? || Weimar and Gotha <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan penyelidikan di Thuringia dibiayai? || dibiayai secara terbuka <> Apa salah satu syarikat yang dapat memperoleh pelaburan dari syarikat besar? || sektor optik di Jena.", {"context": "Thuringia's leading research centre is Jena, followed by Ilmenau. Both focus on technology, in particular life sciences and optics at Jena and information technology at Ilmenau. Erfurt is a centre of Germany's horticultural research, whereas Weimar and Gotha with their various archives and libraries are centres of historic and cultural research. Most of the research in Thuringia is publicly funded basic research due to the lack of large companies able to invest significant amounts in applied research, with the notable exception of the optics sector at Jena.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "life sciences and optics"}], "question": "What is the focus of Thuringia's research center, Jena?", "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Weimar and Gotha"}], "question": "Which universities are known for their historic and cultural aspects?", "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "publicly funded"}], "question": "How is most research in Thuringia funded?", "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "the optics sector at Jena."}], "question": "  What is one company that is able to get investments from large companies?", "id": "5726926edd62a815002e89f7"}]}], ["Bekalan tenaga tradisional Thuringia adalah lignite, dilombong di kawasan yang bersempadan dengan Leipzig. Sejak tahun 2000, pentingnya pembakaran lignit yang tidak mesra alam telah menurunkan tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui, yang mencecah 40% (pada tahun 2013), dan pembakaran gas yang lebih bersih, sering dilakukan sebagai Kogenerasi di stesen janakuasa perbandaran. Bentuk-bentuk tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui adalah tenaga Angin dan Biomass, diikuti oleh Tenaga Suria dan Hidroelektrik. Selain itu, Thuringia menganjurkan dua stesen penyimpanan yang dipam: stesen Simpanan Goldisthal Pumped dan Empangan Hohenwarte. <> Apakah bekalan tenaga tradisional Thuringia? || lignite <> Di mana Thuringia mendapat lignit itu? || dilombong di rantau Leipzig yang bersebelahan <> Bagaimana kebanyakan penggunaan gas bersih Thuringia dijalankan? || dijalankan sebagai Kogenerasi di stesen kuasa perbandaran <> Apa sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui yang paling penting di Thuringia? || Kuasa angin dan Biomassa <> Apakah bendungan Hohenwarte? || storan storan besar dipam", {"context": "The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "lignite"}], "question": "What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?", "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "mined in the bordering Leipzig region"}], "question": "Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?", "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations"}], "question": "How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?", "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Wind power and Biomass"}], "question": "What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?", "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "big pumped storage stations"}], "question": "What is Hohenwarte Dam?", "id": "57268bbfdd62a815002e88fc"}]}], ["Sistem pendidikan tinggi Jerman terdiri daripada dua bentuk institusi akademik: universiti dan politeknik (Fachhochschule). Universiti Jena adalah yang terbesar di kalangan empat universiti Thuringia dan menawarkan hampir setiap disiplin. Ia ditubuhkan pada 1558, dan hari ini mempunyai 21,000 pelajar. Yang kedua terbesar ialah Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau dengan 7,000 pelajar, yang diasaskan pada tahun 1894, yang menawarkan banyak teknik teknikal seperti kejuruteraan dan matematik. Universiti Erfurt, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1392, mempunyai 5,000 pelajar hari ini dan penekanan pada kemanusiaan dan latihan guru. The Bauhaus University Weimar dengan 4,000 pelajar adalah universiti terkecil di Thuringia, yang mengkhususkan diri dalam subjek kreatif seperti seni bina dan seni. Ia ditubuhkan pada tahun 1860 dan menjadi terkenal sebagai sekolah seni terkemuka di Jerman semasa tempoh antara perang, Bauhaus. <> Apa sekolah terbesar di Thuringia? || The University of Jena <> Berapa banyak universiti di Thuringia? || empat <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang menghadiri Universiti Erfurt? || 5,000 <> Apakah sekolah seni terkemuka Jerman di Thuringia? || The Bauhaus University Weimar <> Ketika The Bauhaus University Weimar diasaskan? || 1860", {"context": "The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "The University of Jena"}], "question": "What is the biggest school in Thuringia?", "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many universities are there in Thuringia?", "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "5,000"}], "question": "How many students attend The University of Erfurt?", "id": "57268eb85951b619008f7689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "The Bauhaus University Weimar"}], "question": "What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?", "id": "57268eb85951b619008f768a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "1860"}], "question": "When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?", "id": "57268eb85951b619008f768b"}]}], ["Penjagaan kesihatan di Thuringia sedang menjalani proses penumpuan. Banyak hospital yang lebih kecil di bandar-bandar luar bandar ditutup, sementara yang lebih besar di pusat-pusat seperti Jena dan Erfurt diperbesar. Secara keseluruhannya, terdapat lebihan penawaran katil hospital, yang disebabkan oleh proses rasionalisasi dalam sistem penjagaan kesihatan Jerman, sehingga banyak hospital yang lebih kecil menghasilkan kerugian. Di sisi lain, terdapat kekurangan doktor keluarga, terutama di kawasan luar bandar dengan peningkatan keperluan peruntukan kesihatan kerana terlalu banyak. <> Hospital mana yang sedang berkembang? || yang lebih besar di pusat seperti Jena dan Erfurt <> Mengapa terlalu banyak katil hospital? || proses rasionalisasi dalam sistem penjagaan kesihatan Jerman <> Di manakah yang paling sukar untuk mencari doktor keluarga? || kawasan luar bandar dengan peningkatan keperluan penjagaan kesihatan kerana terlalu banyak.", {"context": "Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt"}], "question": "Which hospitals are being expanded?", "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "rationalisation processes in the German health care system"}], "question": "Why are there too many hospital beds?", "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing."}], "question": "Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?", "id": "57268d09f1498d1400e8e384"}]}], ["Pendidikan awal tahun adalah sangat biasa di Thuringia. Sejak tahun 1950-an, hampir semua kanak-kanak telah menggunakan perkhidmatan ini, sedangkan pendidikan awal tahun kurang maju di Jerman barat. Penciptanya, Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel tinggal di Thuringia dan mendirikan Tadika pertama di dunia di sana pada abad ke-19. Sekolah rendah Thuringian mengambil masa empat tahun dan kebanyakan sekolah rendah adalah sekolah sepanjang hari yang menawarkan aktiviti ekstrakurikuler pilihan pada waktu petang. Pada usia sepuluh tahun, murid dipisahkan mengikut kebolehan dan meneruskan ke Gimnasium atau Regelschule. Bekasnya mengarah ke peperiksaan Abitur selepas lapan tahun lagi dan bersedia untuk pendidikan tinggi, manakala yang terakhir mempunyai tumpuan lebih vokasional dan selesai dengan peperiksaan selepas lima atau enam tahun, setanding dengan Hauptschule dan Realschule yang ditemui di tempat lain di Jerman. <> Berapa lama sekolah rendah di Thuringia? || empat tahun <> Berapa lama anak-anak Thuringian menggunakan sistem pendidikan semasa? || Sejak tahun 1950-an <> Bilakah anak-anak lulus dari sekolah rendah di Thuringia? || Pada usia sepuluh <> Siapa yang mencipta pendidikan awal di Thuringia? || Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel <> Berapa tahun sekolah menuntut pelajar selepas sekolah rendah? || lapan tahun", {"context": "Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "four years"}], "question": "How long is Thuringian primary school?", "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Since the 1950s"}], "question": "For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?", "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "At the age of ten"}], "question": "When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?", "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f766f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Friedrich Fr\u00f6bel"}], "question": "Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? ", "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f7670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "eight years"}], "question": "How many years of school do students attend after primary?", "id": "57268e1d5951b619008f7671"}]}], ["Kadar pengangguran mencapai kemuncaknya sebanyak 20% pada tahun 2005. Sejak itu, ia telah menurun kepada 7% pada tahun 2013, yang hanya sedikit melebihi purata negara. Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh satu kemunculan pekerjaan baru dan satu lagi dengan penurunan yang ketara dalam populasi umur bekerja, yang disebabkan oleh emigrasi dan kadar kelahiran yang rendah selama beberapa dekad. Upah di Thuringia adalah rendah berbanding Tanah yang kaya bersempadan seperti Hesse dan Bavaria. Oleh itu, ramai orang Thuringian bekerja di Tanah Jerman lain dan juga di Austria dan Switzerland sebagai penumpang mingguan. Walau bagaimanapun, peralihan demografi di Thuringia membawa kepada kekurangan pekerja dalam sesetengah sektor. Imigresen luar ke Thuringia telah digalakkan oleh kerajaan sejak tahun 2010 untuk mengatasi masalah ini. <> Bilakah kadar pengangguran Thuringia puncak? || 20% pada tahun 2005 <> Apakah keadaan semasa pengangguran di Thuringia? || ia telah menurun kepada 7% <> Bagaimana gaji di Thuringia berbanding dengan jiran mereka? || Upah di Thuringia adalah rendah berbanding Tanah yang kaya bersempadan seperti Hesse dan Bavaria. <> Apa yang ramai pekerja Thuringian lakukan untuk mendapatkan upah yang lebih baik? || bekerja di Tanah Jerman lain dan juga di Austria dan Switzerland sebagai penumpang mingguan <> Apa yang menyebabkan kurangnya pekerja di beberapa sektor? || peralihan demografik", {"context": "The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "20% in 2005"}], "question": "When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?", "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "it has decreased to 7%"}], "question": "What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? ", "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria."}], "question": "How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?", "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters"}], "question": "What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?", "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "demographic transition"}], "question": "What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?", "id": "57267c1cf1498d1400e8e15c"}]}], ["Kereta api pertama di Thuringia telah dibina pada tahun 1840-an dan rangkaian garisan utama selesai sekitar 1880. Menjelang tahun 1920, banyak cabang cawangan telah dibina, menjadikan Thuringia sebagai salah satu rangkaian kereta api terpadat di dunia sebelum Perang Dunia II dengan kira-kira 2,500 km trek. Antara tahun 1950 dan 2000 kebanyakan cabang cawangan telah ditinggalkan, mengurangkan rangkaian Thuringia pada separuh berbanding tahun 1940. Sebaliknya, sebahagian besar garisan utama telah diperbaharui selepas tahun 1990, mengakibatkan kelajuan perjalanan yang lebih baik. Laluan kereta api yang paling penting pada masa ini ialah Kereta Api Thuringian, menghubungkan Halle dan Leipzig melalui Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha dan Eisenach dengan Frankfurt dan Kassel dan Kereta Api Saal dari Halle / Leipzig melalui Jena dan Saalfeld ke Nuremberg. Yang pertama mempunyai perkhidmatan ICE / IC setiap jam dari Dresden ke Frankfurt sementara yang terakhir dihidangkan setiap jam oleh kereta ICE dari Berlin ke Munich. Pada tahun 2017, garisan berkelajuan tinggi yang baru akan dibuka, mengalihkan perkhidmatan jarak jauh dari garis abad pertengahan abad ke-19. Kedua-dua laluan ICE akan menggunakan keretapi berkelajuan tinggi Erfurt-Leipzig / Halle, dan laluan Berlin-Munich akan diteruskan melalui keretapi berkelajuan tinggi Nuremberg-Erfurt. Hanya segmen barat Erfurt dari laluan Frankfurt-Dresden akan terus digunakan oleh kereta api ICE selepas tahun 2017, dengan peningkatan laju talian 200 km / j (saat ini 160 km / j). Stesen pusat Erfurt, yang telah dibina sepenuhnya untuk tujuan ini pada tahun 2000-an (dekad), akan menjadi sambungan baru antara kedua-dua garis ICE. Barisan kereta api serantau yang paling penting di Thuringia adalah kereta api Neudietendorf-Ritschenhausen dari Erfurt ke W\u00fcrzburg dan Meiningen, kereta api Weimar-Gera dari Erfurt ke Chemnitz, keretapi Sangerhausen-Erfurt dari Erfurt ke Magdeburg, kereta api Gotha-Leinefelde dari Erfurt ke G\u00f6ttingen , kereta api Halle-Kassel dari Halle melalui Nordhausen ke Kassel dan kereta api Leipzig-Hof dari Leipzig melalui Altenburg ke Zwickau dan Hof. Kebanyakan talian serantau dan tempatan mempunyai perkhidmatan setiap jam, tetapi sesetengahnya hanya berjalan setiap jam yang lain. <> Bilakah kereta api pertama Thuringia dibina? || 1840s <> Bilakah kebanyakan cawangan keretapi ditinggalkan? || Antara tahun 1950 dan 2000 <> Bilakah tren kereta api baru yang baru dibuka? || Pada tahun 2017, garisan berkelajuan tinggi baru akan dibuka,", {"context": "The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt\u2013Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg\u2013Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf\u2013Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to W\u00fcrzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar\u2013Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen\u2013Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha\u2013Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to G\u00f6ttingen, the Halle\u2013Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig\u2013Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the 1840s"}], "question": "When was Thuringia's first railway built?", "id": "5726927a708984140094ca87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Between 1950 and 2000"}], "question": "When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? ", "id": "5726927a708984140094ca88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,"}], "question": "When will the new high speed train be open? ", "id": "5726927a708984140094ca89"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1930-an, dua lebuhraya pertama dibina merentasi Tanah, lebuh raya A4 sebagai sambungan timur-barat penting di Jerman tengah dan hubungan utama antara Berlin dan Jerman barat daya, dan lebuh raya A9 sebagai laluan utara-selatan utama di Jerman timur, menghubungkan Berlin dengan Munich. A4 berjalan dari Frankfurt di Hesse melalui Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena dan Gera ke Dresden di Saxony, menghubungkan bandar-bandar paling penting di Thuringia. Di simpang Hermsdorf ia bersambung dengan A9. Kedua-dua lebuh raya itu dilebar dari empat hingga enam lorong (tiga setiap jalan) selepas tahun 1990, termasuk beberapa laluan semula di kawasan Eisenach dan Jena. Selain itu, tiga lebuh raya baru dibina pada tahun 1990-an dan 2000-an. A71 melintasi Tanah di arah barat daya-timur laut, menghubungkan W\u00fcrzburg di Bavaria melalui Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt dan S\u00f6mmerda dengan Sangerhausen dan Halle di Saxony-Anhalt. Persimpangan Hutan Thuringian oleh A71 adalah salah satu segmen lebuh raya paling mahal di Jerman dengan pelbagai terowong (termasuk terowong jalan terpanjang di Jerman, Terowong Rennsteig) dan jambatan besar. A73 bermula di A71 di selatan Erfurt di Suhl dan berjalan ke selatan menuju Nuremberg di Bavaria. A38 adalah satu lagi sambungan timur laut di utara Thuringia yang berlari dari G\u00f6ttingen di Lower Saxony melalui Heiligenstadt dan Nordhausen ke Leipzig di Saxony. Selain itu, terdapat rangkaian lebuh raya persekutuan yang melengkapkan rangkaian lebuh raya. Menaik taraf lebuh raya persekutuan diprioritaskan dalam program jalan raya persekutuan 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Projek yang dijangkakan termasuk peningkatan B247 dari Gotha ke Leinefelde untuk meningkatkan sambungan M\u00fchlhausen ke rangkaian jalan nasional, B19 dari Eisenach ke Meiningen untuk meningkatkan akses kepada Bad Salzungen dan Schmalkalden, dan B88 dan B281 untuk mengukuhkan kawasan Saalfeld / Rudolstadt. <> Bilakah jalan raya pertama dibina di Thuringia? || Semasa 1930-an <> Bilakah kedua-dua lebuh raya ini berkembang? || Kedua-dua lebuh raya itu dilebar dari empat hingga enam lorong (tiga setiap jalan) selepas 1990 <> Bilakah tiga jalan tambahan dibina? || sepanjang tahun 1990-an dan 2000-an <> Lebuhraya yang paling mahal di Thuringia? || Persimpangan Hutan Thuringian oleh A71 <> Apakah keutamaan utama program jalan raya persekutuan 2015? || Menaik taraf lebuh raya persekutuan", {"context": "During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting W\u00fcrzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and S\u00f6mmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from G\u00f6ttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve M\u00fchlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During the 1930s"}], "question": "When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?", "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990"}], "question": "When were the two motorways expanded?", "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "during the 1990s and 2000s"}], "question": "When were three additional roads built?", "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71"}], "question": "Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?", "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1482, "text": "The upgrading of federal highways"}], "question": "  What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?", "id": "57267ed25951b619008f74a9"}]}]], [["Pandangan alternatif yang ditawarkan oleh Richard Dawkins adalah predasi sebagai satu bentuk persaingan: gen pemangsa dan mangsa adalah bersaing untuk tubuh (atau 'mesin bertahan hidup') dari organisme mangsa. Ini difahami dengan lebih baik dalam konteks gen yang berpusat pada evolusi. Satu lagi cara di mana pemusnahan dan persaingan disambungkan adalah di seluruh pemusnahan intraguild. Pemangsa intraguild adalah orang-orang yang membunuh dan memakan pemangsa lain spesies yang berbeza pada tahap trofi yang sama, dan dengan itu pesaing yang berpotensi. <> Intraguild spesies pengguna spesies lain dalam? || tahap trofi yang sama <> Siapa yang mencadangkan konsep \"mesin bertahan hidup?\" || Richard Dawkins <> Argumen \"mesin survival\" mencadangkan bahawa apa yang kedua-dua spesies bersaing untuk gen yang sama? || kedua-dua pemangsa dan mangsa <> spesies Intraguild boleh cuba memakan satu sama lain kerana mereka? || pesaing yang berpotensi <> Siapa yang menggambarkan predasi dengan menerangkan gen yang bersaing dalam pemangsa? || Richard Dawkins <> Kepada bahagian manakah mangsa Richard Dawkins merujuk sebagai \"mesin bertahan hidup\"? || badan <> Apakah pemangsa intraguild? || yang membunuh dan memakan pemangsa lain spesies yang berbeza pada tahap trofi yang sama <> Versi teori evolusi yang mana yang paling mudah digunakan apabila menerangkan predasi sebagai persaingan? || pandangan berpusat gen <<> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk menafikan pemangsa yang memakan persaingan mereka sendiri? || Intraguild", {"context": "An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "the same trophic level"}], "question": "Intraguild species consumer other species within?", "id": "572671485951b619008f72bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Richard Dawkins"}], "question": "Who proposes the concept of the \"survival machine?\"", "id": "572671485951b619008f72c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "both the predator and prey"}], "question": "The argument of the \"survival machines\" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?", "id": "572671485951b619008f72c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "potential competitors"}], "question": "Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?", "id": "572671485951b619008f72c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Richard Dawkins"}], "question": "Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?", "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the body"}], "question": "To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the \"survival machine\"?", "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level"}], "question": "What are intraguild predators?", "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "gene centered view"}], "question": "Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?", "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Intraguild"}], "question": "What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?", "id": "5726d9a0f1498d1400e8ed23"}]}], ["Banyak organisma (di mana manusia adalah contoh utama) makan dari pelbagai peringkat rantaian makanan dan, dengan demikian, menjadikan klasifikasi ini bermasalah. Karnivor boleh makan pengguna kedua dan tertiari, dan mangsanya mungkin sukar diklasifikasikan untuk alasan yang sama. Organisma yang menunjukkan karnivor dan tumbuhan herba dikenali sebagai omnivora. Malah herbivora seperti panda gergasi boleh menambah makanan mereka dengan daging. Mengamuk bangkai bangkai menyediakan sebahagian besar daripada pemakanan beberapa pemangsa yang paling menakutkan. Tumbuhan karnivor akan sangat sukar untuk dimuatkan dalam klasifikasi ini, menghasilkan makanan sendiri tetapi juga mencerna apa-apa yang boleh mereka perangkap. Organisma yang memakan detritivora atau parasit juga sukar untuk dikelaskan oleh skim tersebut. <> Haiwan mati yang mati disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab semula jadi atau kecederaan yang bukan maut dipanggil? || bangkai <> Mengapa spesies boleh menjadi sukar untuk dikelaskan kerana mereka? || makan dari pelbagai peringkat rantaian makanan <> Apakah tumbuhan yang memakan spesies hidup dan menggunakan cahaya matahari untuk tenaga yang dipanggil? || Tanaman karnivor <> Apakah organisme yang dipanggil menunjukkan karnivor dan tumbuhan? || omnivores <> Apa yang boleh membuat klasifikasi pemangsa bermasalah apabila menggunakan piramid makanan? || Banyak organisma (di mana manusia adalah contoh utama) makan dari pelbagai peringkat rantaian makanan <> Kenapa tumbuhan karnivora sukar untuk mengklasifikasikan ke dalam piramid makanan? || menghasilkan makanan mereka sendiri tetapi juga mencerna apa-apa yang mereka boleh perangkap <> Adakah mudah atau sukar untuk mengklasifikasikan organisasi yang makan parasit dalam piramid makanan? || sukar", {"context": "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "carrion"}], "question": "Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?", "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "eat from multiple levels of the food chain"}], "question": "Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?", "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Carnivorous plants"}], "question": "What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? ", "id": "57266ea5dd62a815002e849c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "omnivores"}], "question": "What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?", "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e91fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain"}], "question": "What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?", "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e91ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap"}], "question": "Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?", "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e9200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "difficult"}], "question": "Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?", "id": "5726d6dedd62a815002e9201"}]}], ["Organisme ragut juga boleh membunuh spesies mangsa mereka, tetapi ini jarang berlaku. Walaupun sesetengah herbivora seperti zooplankton hidup di fitoplankton unisel dan oleh itu, oleh sifat individu organisma, membunuh mangsa mereka, ramai yang hanya memakan sebahagian kecil tumbuhan. Haiwan ternakan ragut boleh menarik beberapa rumput di akarnya, tetapi kebanyakannya hanya direbus, membolehkan tumbuhan itu tumbuh semula sekali lagi. Kelp kerap digerakkan di hutan kelapa subtidal, tetapi regrows di pangkal bilah secara berterusan untuk menampung tekanan melayari. Haiwan juga boleh 'grazed' apabila; tanah nyamuk wanita di tuan rumah secara ringkas untuk mendapatkan protein yang mencukupi untuk perkembangan anak mereka. Starfish mungkin grazed pada, yang mampu menanam semula senjata yang hilang. <> Haiwan yang memakan sebahagian mangsa mereka dianggap sebagai | | Organisme merumput <> Prey yang boleh tumbuh semula daun atau lengan telah belajar untuk menangani apa? || melayari tekanan <> Beri contoh pemangsa yang mengkhususkan diri dalam memakan spesies autotrof | | zooplankton <> Berikan contoh haiwan yang menyuap haiwan lain untuk pengeluaran semula? || nyamuk <> Apakah organisme yang melanda haiwan lain? || nyamuk betina <> Apakah organisme yang dapat mengurangkan kehilangan tangan? || Starfish <> Adakah organisme rumput sering membunuh mangsa mereka? || jarang <> Bagaimana rumput dan kelp berurusan dengan menjadi grazed atas? || regrows di pangkalan", {"context": "Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Grazing organisms"}], "question": "Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be", "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "browsing pressure"}], "question": "Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?", "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "zooplankton"}], "question": "Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species", "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "mosquitos"}], "question": "Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? ", "id": "572661dedd62a815002e833c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "female mosquitos"}], "question": "What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?", "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Starfish"}], "question": "What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?", "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "seldom"}], "question": "Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?", "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "regrows at the base"}], "question": "How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?", "id": "5726cbe05951b619008f7e60"}]}], ["Antara pemangsa terdapat tahap pengkhususan besar. Ramai pemangsa pakar dalam memburu hanya satu spesies mangsanya. Orang lain lebih oportunistik dan akan membunuh dan makan hampir apa saja (contohnya: manusia, macan tutul, anjing dan buaya). Pakar biasanya sangat sesuai untuk menangkap mangsa pilihan mereka. Mangsa pada gilirannya, seringkali sama-sama sesuai untuk melepaskan pemangsa itu. Ini dipanggil perlumbaan senjata evolusi dan cenderung mengekalkan populasi kedua-dua spesies dalam keseimbangan. Sesetengah pemangsa pakar dalam kelas tertentu mangsa, bukan sekadar spesies tunggal. Sesetengah akan bertukar kepada mangsa lain (dengan tahap kejayaan yang berbeza-beza) apabila sasaran pilihan sangat jarang berlaku, dan mereka juga boleh menggunakan pemijahan atau diet herbivora jika mungkin. <> Spesies yang tidak dianggap khusus dipanggil apa? || oportunistik <> Predator dan interaksi mangsa yang melibatkan pengkhususan menghasilkan imbangan yang dipanggil? || keseimbangan <> Apabila spesis spesies khusus untuk mencari makanan dan makan makanan lain, ia seperti kerana sumber utama makanannya? || kekurangan <> Apakah predator dan mangsa pemangsa yang khusus bergantung kepada mendapatkan bahagian atas? || evolusi <> Apakah beberapa pemangsa yang akan membunuh dan makan hampir apa-apa? || manusia, macan tutul, anjing dan buaya <> Apa istilah digunakan untuk pemangsa dan mangsa yang sesuai untuk memburu dan menghindari antara satu sama lain? || bangsa lengan evolusi <> Apa tujuan perlumbaan senjata evolusi? || menyimpan populasi kedua-dua spesies dalam keseimbangan <> Jika makanan pemulung menjadi langka, mereka boleh beralih kepada jenis diet apa? || herbivora", {"context": "Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "opportunistic"}], "question": "Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? ", "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "equilibrium"}], "question": "Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?", "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "scarce"}], "question": "When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?", "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "evolution"}], "question": "What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? ", "id": "57266ac25951b619008f7216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "humans, leopards, dogs and alligators"}], "question": "What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?", "id": "5726d364708984140094d27b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "evolutionary arms race"}], "question": "What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?", "id": "5726d364708984140094d27c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "keep the populations of both species in equilibrium"}], "question": "What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?", "id": "5726d364708984140094d27d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "herbivorous"}], "question": "If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?", "id": "5726d364708984140094d27e"}]}], ["Klasifikasi pemangsa sejauh mana mereka makan dan berinteraksi dengan mangsa mereka adalah satu cara ahli ekologi mungkin ingin mengkategorikan jenis pemangsa yang berlainan. Daripada memberi tumpuan kepada apa yang mereka makan, sistem ini mengklasifikasikan pemangsa dengan cara yang mereka makan, dan sifat umum interaksi antara pemangsa dan spesies mangsa. Dua faktor yang dipertimbangkan di sini: Seberapa dekat pemangsa dan mangsa adalah (dalam dua kes terakhir istilah mangsa digantikan dengan tuan rumah) dan sama ada mangsa mangsa secara langsung dibunuh oleh pemangsa yang dipertimbangkan, dengan pemangsaan dan parasitoidisme yang benar yang melibatkan kematian. <> Berapa banyak sifat synergetik yang ada di dalam mekanisme predator-mangsa? || Dua faktor <> Jarak dan akhir kehidupan dipanggil? || predasi sebenar <> Jika mangsa tidak dibunuh, interaksi pemangsa mangsa-mangsa dipanggil? || parasitoidism <> Daripada apa yang dimakan pemangsa, bagaimana lagi yang boleh diklasifikasikan? || cara di mana mereka makan <> Kematian tertentu terlibat dengan pemangsaan sebenar dan apa klasifikasi lain? || parasitoidisme <> Kajian di mana ahli ekologi memeriksa cara pemangsa berinteraksi dengan mangsa mereka dipanggil apa? || predasi", {"context": "Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Two factors"}], "question": "How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? ", "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "true predation"}], "question": "Proximity and the ending of life is called? ", "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "parasitoidism"}], "question": "If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? ", "id": "57265dd0708984140094c3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "the way in which they eat"}], "question": "Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?", "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "parasitoidism"}], "question": "Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?", "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "predation"}], "question": "The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?", "id": "5726c0da5951b619008f7d39"}]}], ["Parasitoids adalah organisma yang hidup di dalam atau di tuan rumah mereka dan memberi makan secara langsung ke atasnya, akhirnya menyebabkan kematiannya. Mereka sama seperti parasit dalam hubungan simbiotik dekat dengan tuan rumah atau tuan rumah mereka. Seperti dua klasifikasi sebelumnya, pemangsa parasitoid tidak membunuh tuan rumah mereka dengan serta-merta. Bagaimanapun, tidak seperti parasit, mereka sangat mirip dengan pemangsa sebenar kerana nasib mangsa mereka tidak dapat dielakkan. Contoh terkenal parasitoid adalah ichneumon beps, serangga yang hidup bersendirian sebagai orang dewasa, kemudian meletakkan telur atau spesies lain seperti ulat. Serangganya (e) memberi makan kepada tuan rumah yang semakin meningkat menyebabkan ia sedikit bahaya pada mulanya, tetapi tidak lama kemudian memakan organ-organ dalaman sehingga akhirnya memusnahkan sistem saraf yang mengakibatkan kematian mangsa. Pada peringkat ini, isp muda (s) telah dibangunkan secukupnya untuk bergerak ke peringkat seterusnya dalam kitaran hayat mereka. Walaupun terhad terutamanya kepada perintah serangga Hymenoptera, Diptera dan Coleoptera parasitoid membentuk sebanyak 10% daripada semua spesies serangga. <> Spesies ini bergantung kepada spesies lain untuk memberikan tuan rumah reproduktif untuk anak mereka. || ichneumon wasps <> Adalah dipercayai bahawa parasitoid menyumbang kepada berapa peratus jumlah populasi serangga? || 10% <> Semasa interaksi parasitoid-host apa yang akan berlaku kepada tuan rumah? || kematian <> Apakah istilah yang diberikan kepada organisma hidup dan memberi makan kepada tuan rumah? || Parasitoids <> Berapa banyak organisma dalam spesies serangga adalah parasitoid Diptera atau Cleoptera? || 10% <> Jenis tawon manakah contoh parasitoid yang terkenal? || ichneumon <> Bagaimana larva parasitoid membunuh mangsa mereka? || memakan organ-organ dalaman sehingga akhirnya memusnahkan sistem saraf", {"context": "Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "ichneumon wasps"}], "question": "This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.", "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "10%"}], "question": "It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? ", "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "death"}], "question": "During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?", "id": "572668ae5951b619008f71df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Parasitoids"}], "question": "What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?", "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "10%"}], "question": "How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?", "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "ichneumon"}], "question": "Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?", "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system"}], "question": "How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?", "id": "5726d1e1dd62a815002e914d"}]}], ["Parasit kadang-kadang boleh menjadi sukar untuk membezakan dari grazers. Tingkah laku makan mereka sama dalam banyak cara, namun mereka terkenal dengan persatuan rapat mereka dengan spesies tuan rumah mereka. Walaupun spesies ragut seperti gajah boleh mengembara banyak kilometer dalam satu hari, merumput di banyak tumbuhan dalam prosesnya, parasit membentuk persatuan yang sangat dekat dengan tuan rumah mereka, biasanya hanya mempunyai satu atau paling sedikit dalam hidup mereka. Susunan hidup yang dekat ini mungkin digambarkan oleh istilah simbiosis, \"hidup bersama\", tetapi tidak seperti persaudaraan persatuan dengan ketara mengurangkan kecergasan tuan rumah. Organisma parasit berkisar dari mistletoe makroskopik, tumbuhan parasit, kepada parasit dalaman mikroskopik seperti kolera. Sesetengah spesies mempunyai persatuan yang lebih longgar dengan tuan rumah mereka. Lepidoptera (rama-rama dan rama-rama) larva boleh memberi parasit pada hanya satu tumbuhan, atau mereka mungkin merumput di beberapa tumbuhan yang berdekatan. Oleh itu, adalah wajar untuk merawat sistem klasifikasi ini sebagai kontinum bukannya empat bentuk terpencil. <> Spesies yang bergantung pada sedikit atau mangsa tunggal dipanggil? || Parasit <> Predator dan hubungan mangsa yang meningkatkan kecergasan untuk kedua-dua spesies diklasifikasikan sebagai hubungan jenis ini. || Mutualisme <> Berikan contoh haiwan yang akan bergerak beberapa batu dalam satu hari. || gajah <> Apa tanaman yang dikaitkan dengan ciuman semasa cuti juga parasit? || mistletoe <> Bagaimanakah parasit yang dihubungkan dengan kaum grazers? || persatuan rapat dengan spesies tuan rumah mereka <> Berapa banyak tuan rumah yang mempunyai parasit biasanya? || satu atau paling sedikit dalam seumur hidup mereka <> Bagaimana klasifikasi parasit dapat dilihat daripada empat bentuk terpencil? || a continuum <> Apa arti istilah simbiosis? || hidup bersama", {"context": "Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, \"living together\", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Parasites"}], "question": "Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?", "id": "572665eddd62a815002e8398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "mutualism"}], "question": "Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.", "id": "572665eddd62a815002e8399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "elephant"}], "question": "Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.", "id": "572665eddd62a815002e839a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "mistletoe"}], "question": "What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? ", "id": "572665eddd62a815002e839b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "close association with their host species"}], "question": "How are parasites distiguished from grazers?", "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "one or at most a few in their lifetime"}], "question": "How many hosts do parasites typically have?", "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "a continuum"}], "question": "How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?", "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "living together"}], "question": "What does the term symbiosis mean?", "id": "5726cf01708984140094d1fc"}]}], ["Pemangsa sering menjadi mangsa organisma lain, dan juga mangsa sering menjadi pemangsa. Walaupun jay biru menyerang serangga, mereka mungkin menjadi mangsa kucing dan ular, dan ular boleh menjadi mangsa burung elang. Salah satu cara mengklasifikasikan pemangsa adalah dengan tahap trofi. Organisma yang memakan autotrop, pengeluar piramid tropika, dikenali sebagai herbivora atau pengguna utama; mereka yang memakan heterotrof seperti haiwan dikenali sebagai pengguna sekunder. Pengguna sekunder adalah sejenis karnivor, tetapi ada juga para pengguna tertua yang memakan karnivora ini, pengguna kuartir yang memakannya, dan sebagainya. Kerana hanya sebahagian kecil daripada tenaga diteruskan ke peringkat seterusnya, hierarki predasi ini mesti berakhir di suatu tempat, dan jarang sekali menjadi lebih tinggi daripada lima atau enam peringkat, dan mungkin hanya setinggi tiga tahap trofi (contohnya singa yang preys apabila herbivora besar seperti wildebeest, yang pada gilirannya makan rumput). Pemangsa di bahagian atas mana-mana rantaian makanan (iaitu, yang dimakan oleh organisma tidak) dipanggil pemangsa puncak; contohnya orca, ikan paus sperma, anaconda, naga komodo, harimau, singa, jerung harimau, buaya Nil, dan kebanyakan helang dan burung hantu-dan bahkan manusia yang luar biasa dan beruang grizzly. Pemangsa apeks dalam satu persekitaran mungkin tidak mengekalkan kedudukan ini sebagai pemangsa teratas jika diperkenalkan kepada habitat lain, seperti seekor anjing di kalangan buaya, seekor sampah di hadapan burung hantu bertanduk besar kebal terhadap semburan skunk, atau penyu mengetuk di antara jagung; spesies pemangsa yang diperkenalkan ke kawasan di mana ia tidak menghadapi pemangsa, seperti kucing domestik atau anjing di sesetengah persekitaran, boleh menjadi pemangsa puncak secara lalai. <> Apakah strata pemangsa mangsa pemangsa dipanggil? || tahap trofi <> Apakah pemangsa teratas dalam persekitaran yang dipanggil? || Pemangsa puncak <> Apabila pemangsa puncak baru bergerak ke kawasan ini perubahan ini. || piramid trophik <> Apa yang membatasi saiz piramid trophik? || tenaga <> Organisme mana yang dikenali sebagai pengguna utama? || Organisma yang memakan autotrophs <> Apa yang membuat organisma sebagai pengguna sekunder? || makan pada heterotrophs <> Apakah organisma di bahagian atas rantaian makanan yang dipanggil? || pemangsa puncak <> Berapa banyak tahap piramid pemangsa atau heirarki biasanya memanjat? || lima atau enam tahap <> Dalam kedudukan piramid apakah organisma yang tidak dimakan oleh mana-mana pemangsa lain? || bahagian atas", {"context": "Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls\u2014and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "trophic level"}], "question": "What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?", "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1628, "text": "apex predator"}], "question": "What is the top predator in an environment called? ", "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "trophic pyramid"}], "question": "When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. ", "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "energy"}], "question": "What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? ", "id": "57266c0d5951b619008f7244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Organisms that feed on autotrophs"}], "question": "Which organisms are known as primary consumers?", "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "feed on heterotrophs"}], "question": "What makes an organism a secondary consumer?", "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1030, "text": "apex predator"}], "question": "What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?", "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "five or six levels"}], "question": "How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?", "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "the top"}], "question": "In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?", "id": "5726d5b1dd62a815002e91c2"}]}], ["Dalam ekosistem, predasi adalah interaksi biologi di mana pemangsa (organisme yang memburu) memakan mangsa (organisma yang diserang). Pemangsa boleh atau tidak boleh membunuh mangsa sebelum memberi makan kepada mereka, tetapi tindakan pemusnahan sering mengakibatkan kematian mangsa dan penyerapan tisu mangsa melalui penggunaan. Oleh itu, predasi sering, walaupun tidak selalu, karnivori. Kategori penggunaan lain adalah herbivori (makan bahagian tumbuhan), fungivory (makan bahagian kulat), dan detritivory (penggunaan bahan organik mati (detritus). Semua kategori penggunaan ini berada di bawah rubrik sistem sumber pengguna. Selalunya sukar untuk memisahkan pelbagai jenis tingkah laku makan. Sebagai contoh, sesetengah spesies parasit memakan organisme tuan rumah dan kemudian meletakkan telurnya di atasnya untuk anak-anak mereka untuk memakannya semasa ia terus hidup atau pada mayatnya yang merosakkan selepas ia mati. Ciri utama predasi bagaimanapun adalah kesan langsung pemangsa terhadap populasi mangsa. Sebaliknya, detritivores hanya memakan bahan organik mati yang timbul akibat pembusukan orang mati dan tidak memberi impak langsung kepada organisma \"penderma\". <> Apa yang mesti dilakukan oleh sesebuah spesies untuk dikelaskan sebagai pemangsa? || kesan langsung kepada penduduk mangsa <> Bagaimana anda menerangkan pemangsa yang terutamanya memakan tumbuhan? || herbivori <> Pemangsa mesti melakukan apa yang menjadi mangsa selepas dibunuh? || penyerapan tisu mangsa melalui penggunaan <> Satu spesies yang menggunakan badan tuan rumah untuk bertahan dan menghasilkan semula diklasifikasikan sebagai apa? || spesies parasit <> Bagaimana anda akan menerangkan diet spesies yang memakan bahan organik yang paling mati? || detritivory <> Apa makan herbivor? || tumbuhan <> Adakah detritivores mempunyai kesan langsung kepada organisma \"penderma\"? || no <> Apakah istilah diberikan kepada organisma yang sedang diburu? || mangsa <> Istilah apa yang diberikan kepada interaksi biologi di mana pemangsa memakan mangsa? || predasi <> Apakah ciri utama predasi? || kesan langsung pemangsa terhadap penduduk mangsa <> Apa yang dimakan oleh detritivora? || bahan organik mati <> Apakah ciri utama predasi? || kesan langsung pemangsa terhadap populasi mangsa", {"context": "In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the \"donor\" organism(s).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1007, "text": "direct impact on the prey population"}], "question": "What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?", "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e8278"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "herbivory"}], "question": "How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?", "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e8279"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption"}], "question": "A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? ", "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "parasitic species"}], "question": "A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?", "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "detritivory"}], "question": "How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? ", "id": "57265a7cdd62a815002e827c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "plants"}], "question": "What does an herbivore eat?", "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1162, "text": "no"}], "question": "Do detritivores have a direct impact on \"donor\" organisms?", "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "prey"}], "question": "What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?", "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "predation"}], "question": "What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?", "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 992, "text": "the predator's direct impact on the prey population"}], "question": "What is the key characteristic of predation?", "id": "5726aeecdd62a815002e8ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1088, "text": "dead organic material"}], "question": "What do detritivores eat?", "id": "5726bd4cdd62a815002e8ee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "predator's direct impact on the prey population"}], "question": "What is the key characteristic of predation?", "id": "5726bd4cdd62a815002e8ee4"}]}], ["Pemangsa yang benar biasanya boleh dikenali sebagai orang yang membunuh dan memakan benda hidup yang lain. Sedangkan jenis pemangsa yang lain merosakkan mangsa mereka dalam bentuk tertentu, bentuk ini membunuh mereka. Pemangsa boleh memburu secara aktif untuk mangsa dalam pemusnahan pura, atau duduk dan menunggu mangsa untuk mendekati jarak yang mencolok, seperti dalam serangan pemangsa. Sesetengah pemangsa membunuh mangsa besar dan memecahkan atau mengunyahnya sebelum memakannya, seperti jaguar atau manusia; orang lain boleh memakan mangsa mangsa (biasanya lebih kecil), sama seperti ikan lumba-lumba bottlenose yang menelan ikan, atau ular, itik atau bangau menelan katak. Sesetengah haiwan yang membunuh mangsa besar dan kecil untuk saiz mereka (kucing dan anjing domestik adalah contoh utama) boleh melakukan sama ada bergantung kepada keadaan; sama ada akan memakan serangga yang besar tetapi merosakkan arnab. Sesetengah pemusnahan memerlukan racun yang menewaskan makhluk mangsa sebelum pemangsa memakan mangsa oleh pembunuhan, yang mana obor obor, atau melumpuhkannya, ditemui dalam perilaku shell kerucut. Dalam sesetengah kes, racun, seperti dalam rattlesnakes dan beberapa labah-labah, menyumbang kepada pencernaan item mangsa sebelum pemangsa mula makan. Dalam kes lain, organisme mangsa boleh mati di dalam mulut atau sistem pencernaan pemangsa. Paus Baleen, misalnya, makan berjuta-juta plankton mikroskopik sekaligus, mangsa mangsa dipecah dengan baik selepas memasuki ikan paus. Pemangsa benih dan pemusnahan telur adalah bentuk pemangsa yang benar, kerana biji dan telur mewakili potensi organisma. Pemangsa klasifikasi ini tidak perlu makan mangsa sepenuhnya. Sebagai contoh, beberapa pemangsa tidak boleh mencerna tulang, sementara yang lain boleh. Sesetengah boleh makan hanya sebahagian daripada organisma, seperti ragut (lihat di bawah), tetapi masih secara konsisten menyebabkan kematiannya langsung. <> Apakah haiwan yang dimakan mangsa? || besar dan kecil <> Nama seorang contoh pemangsa yang menggunakan pencernaan untuk membunuh dan mendapatkan nutrien dari mangsa itu. || Paus Baleen <> Untuk dikelaskan sebagai pemangsa, apakah tindakan yang perlu dilakukan? || merosakkan mangsanya dalam beberapa cara <> Keperluan apa yang harus dipenuhi pemangsa yang benar? || membunuh dan makan benda lain <> Apa yang berbeza tentang pemangsa yang benar? || Sedangkan jenis pemangsa yang lain merosakkan mangsa mereka dalam bentuk tertentu, bentuk ini membunuh mereka <> Semua jenis pemangsa melakukan apa? || membahayakan mangsa mereka dalam beberapa cara <> Bagaimana cara memburu predator? || duduk dan tunggu mangsa untuk mendekati jarak yang mencolok <> Apa yang digunakan oleh ubur-ubun kotak untuk memburu doa mereka? || racun", {"context": "A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "large and small prey"}], "question": "What do household animals prey upon? ", "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1231, "text": "Baleen whales"}], "question": "Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.", "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "harm their prey in some way"}], "question": "To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?", "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "kills and eats another living thing"}], "question": "What requirement must a true predator fulfill?", "id": "57265fdcf1498d1400e8dd9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them"}], "question": "What is different about a true predator?", "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e903e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "harm their prey in some way"}], "question": "All types of predators do what?", "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e903f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance"}], "question": "How do ambush predators hunt?", "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e9040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "venom"}], "question": "What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?", "id": "5726c98cdd62a815002e9041"}]}], ["Satu penyesuaian yang membantu pemangsa dan mangsa untuk mengelakkan pengesanan adalah penyamaran, bentuk crypsis di mana spesies mempunyai rupa yang membantu mereka menggabungkan ke latar belakang. Penyamaran terdiri daripada bukan sahaja warna tetapi juga bentuk dan corak. Latar belakang yang dapat dilihat oleh organisma adalah persekitarannya (misalnya, mantis berdoa ke kanan yang menyerupai daun mati) atau organisme lain (contohnya, jalur zebra 'bersatu dengan satu sama lain dalam kawanan, menjadikannya sukar untuk singa tumpu pada sasaran tunggal). Penyamaran yang lebih meyakinkan adalah, kemungkinan besar organisma akan kelihatan tidak kelihatan. <> Penyesuaian mana yang membantu kedua-dua pemangsa dan mangsa? || penyamaran <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk penyesuaian yang membolehkan spesies bergabung di latar belakang? || Camouflage <> Camoflauge terdiri daripada apa lagi, sebagai tambahan kepada warna? || bentuk dan corak <> Ogranisms menggunakan camoflauge untuk menggabungkan dengan habitat mereka dan apa lagi? || organisma lain", {"context": "One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "camouflage"}], "question": "Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?", "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "camouflage"}], "question": "What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?", "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "shape and pattern"}], "question": "Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?", "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "other organisms"}], "question": "Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?", "id": "5726dfde5951b619008f80f0"}]}], ["Haiwan ramal sering menggunakan kaedah biasa untuk menyerang mangsa untuk menimbulkan atau mengancam kecederaan yang teruk kepada pemangsa mereka sendiri. Belut elektrik menggunakan arus elektrik yang sama untuk membunuh mangsa dan mempertahankan diri terhadap haiwan (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, singa gunung, tikus gergasi, manusia, anjing, dan kucing) yang lazimnya memakan ikan serupa dengan belut elektrik saiz; belut elektrik itu tetap menjadi pemangsa apeks dalam persekitaran kaya pemangsa. Seorang pemangsa yang cukup kecil untuk menjadi mangsa bagi orang lain, kucing domestik menggunakan gigi dan cakarnya sebagai senjata terhadap haiwan yang mungkin membingungkan kucing dengan mangsa lebih mudah. Ramai haiwan mangsa yang tidak berpura-pura, seperti zebra, boleh memberikan tendangan kuat yang boleh maim atau membunuh, sementara yang lain bertanggungjawab dengan gading atau tanduk. <> Apakah beberapa pemangsa belut elektrik? || (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, singa gunung, otters gergasi, manusia, anjing, dan kucing <> Apa pertahanan yang zebra mempunyai terhadap pemangsa? || tendangan kuat yang dapat maim atau membunuh < terhadap pemangsa? || gigi yang menggerunkan dan kuku <> Belut elektrik menggunakan kejutan elektrik untuk pertahanan dan apa tujuan lain? || untuk membunuh mangsa", {"context": "Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "(anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats"}], "question": "What are some predators of the electric eel?", "id": "5726e64b708984140094d535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "strong kick that can maim or kill"}], "question": "What defense does a zebra have against predators?", "id": "5726e64b708984140094d536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "formidable teeth and claws"}], "question": "What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?", "id": "5726e64b708984140094d537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "to kill prey"}], "question": "The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?", "id": "5726e64b708984140094d538"}]}], ["Walaupun hasil pemusnahan berjaya dalam mendapatkan tenaga, memburu selalu melibatkan kos bertenaga juga. Apabila kelaparan tidak menjadi isu, pada umumnya, kebanyakan pemangsa tidak akan berusaha untuk menyerang mangsa kerana kos melebihi manfaatnya. Sebagai contoh, ikan pemangsa yang besar seperti hiu yang diberi makan di akuarium biasanya akan mengabaikan ikan yang lebih kecil yang berenang di sekitarnya (sementara ikan mangsa mengambil kesempatan daripada fakta bahawa pemangsa apeks nampaknya tidak berminat). Pembunuhan lebihan mewakili sisihan dari jenis tingkah laku ini. Rawatan penggunaan dari segi analisis kos-manfaat dikenali sebagai teori pemilihan yang optimum, dan telah agak berjaya dalam kajian tingkah laku haiwan. Secara amnya, kos dan faedah dipertimbangkan dalam keuntungan tenaga per unit masa, walaupun faktor lain juga penting, seperti nutrien penting yang tidak mempunyai nilai kalori tetapi perlu untuk hidup dan kesihatan. <> Apa yang menjadikan predasi berjaya? || keuntungan tenaga <> Merawat perburuan sebagai senario kos-manfaat dirujuk kepada apa? || teori pemilihan yang optimum <> Dalam teori pemilihan yang optimum, bagaimanakah kos dan faedah diukur? || keuntungan tenaga per unit masa", {"context": "While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "gain of energy"}], "question": "What makes predation successful?", "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "optimal foraging theory"}], "question": "Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?", "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "energy gain per unit time"}], "question": "In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?", "id": "5726e1ae708984140094d49d"}]}], ["Memabukkan boleh menjadi aktiviti interspesies: adalah perkara biasa bagi burung untuk bertindak balas terhadap panggilan seronok dari spesies yang berbeza. Ramai burung akan muncul di hadapan orang ramai dan menonton dan memanggil, tetapi tidak mengambil bahagian. Ia juga harus diperhatikan bahawa sesetengah spesies boleh berada di kedua-dua hujung serangan penyerang. Crows kerap dilukis oleh burung-burung burung yang lebih kecil kerana mereka memakan telur dan muda dari sarang burung ini, tetapi burung gagak yang sama akan bekerjasama dengan burung yang lebih kecil untuk mengusir elang atau pemangsa mamalia yang lebih besar. Sekali-sekala, burung akan membunuh haiwan yang tidak menimbulkan ancaman. <> Adalah satu spesies yang sentiasa menjadi antagonis dalam serangan penyerang, atau boleh memainkan peranan di kedua-dua belah pihak? || spesies boleh berada di kedua-dua hujung serangan pukulan <> Burung manakah yang menjadi contoh pemangsa dan pertahanan dalam serangan membunuh? || Crows <> Akankah burung seringkali membunuh haiwan yang tidak menimbulkan ancaman? || Sekali-sekala <> Crows akan bekerjasama dengan burung kecil untuk mengusir pemangsa apa? || helang atau pemangsa mamalia yang lebih besar", {"context": "Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack"}], "question": "Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?", "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Crows"}], "question": "Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?", "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "On occasion"}], "question": "Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?", "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "hawks or larger mammalian predators"}], "question": "Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?", "id": "5726e794f1498d1400e8ef77"}]}], ["Mimicry adalah fenomena yang berkaitan di mana organisma mempunyai rupa yang serupa dengan spesies lain. Salah satu contohnya ialah terbang drone, yang kelihatan seperti lebah, tetapi tidak sama sekali tidak berbahaya kerana ia tidak dapat menyengat sama sekali. Satu lagi contoh mimicry batesian adalah rama-rama Io, (Automeris io), yang mempunyai tanda pada sayapnya yang menyerupai mata burung hantu. Apabila pemangsa serangga mengganggu rama-rama, ia mendedahkan sayap belakangnya, sementara mengejutkan pemangsa dan memberi masa untuk melarikan diri. Pemangsa juga boleh menggunakan mimicry untuk memancing mangsa mereka. Peremajaan genus Photuris, contohnya, menyalin isyarat cahaya spesies lain, dengan itu menarik kelip-kelip lelaki, yang kemudian ditangkap dan dimakan (lihat mimicry agresif). <> Apakah fenomena di mana organisma kelihatan seperti spesies lain yang dipanggil? || Mimicry <> Organisme mana yang kelihatan seperti lebah tetapi tidak dapat menyengat? || terbang terbang <> Rumpai yang mempunyai tanda yang menyerupai mata burung hantu adalah contoh fenomena apa? || Mimicry <> Apakah cara bertahan yang meniru boleh digunakan? || mengejutkan pemangsa dan memberi masa untuk melarikan diri <> Bagaimana pemangsa menggunakan meniru? || untuk memikat mangsa mereka", {"context": "Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mimicry"}], "question": "What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?", "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "drone fly"}], "question": "Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?", "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mimicry"}], "question": "A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?", "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "startling the predator and giving it time to escape"}], "question": "What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?", "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8126"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "to lure their prey"}], "question": "How can predators use mimicry?", "id": "5726e0c55951b619008f8127"}]}], ["Prediksi sosial menawarkan kemungkinan pemangsa untuk membunuh makhluk yang lebih besar daripada yang ahli spesies dapat mengatasi secara tunggal. Singa, hyena, serigala, pedang, anjing liar Afrika, dan piranha boleh membunuh herbivora besar bahawa haiwan tunggal dari spesies yang sama biasanya tidak menghantar. Prediksi sosial membolehkan sesetengah haiwan menganjurkan pemburuan makhluk yang mudah melarikan diri dari pemangsa tunggal; Oleh itu, cimpanzi boleh menjadi mangsa monyet colobus, dan halangan Harris boleh memusnahkan semua kemungkinan melarikan diri untuk arnab ditakdirkan. Pengkhususan peranan melampau terbukti dalam beberapa memburu yang memerlukan kerjasama antara pemangsa spesies yang sangat berbeza: manusia dengan bantuan burung hantu atau anjing, atau memancing dengan cormorants. Prediksi sosial selalunya sangat rumit, dan bukan semua makhluk sosial (contohnya, kucing domestik) melaksanakannya. Walaupun tanpa kecerdasan kompleks tetapi naluri sahaja, sesetengah spesies semut boleh memusnahkan makhluk yang lebih besar. <> Apa gaya memburu yang membolehkan cimpanzi memakan mangsa monyet colobus? || Prediksi sosial <> Apakah contoh penyertaan bersama antara pemangsa spesies yang berbeza? || manusia dengan bantuan burung hantu atau anjing, atau memancing dengan cormorants <> Apakah spesies yang tidak melakukan predasi sosial? || kucing domestik) <> Apakah beberapa spesies yang menggunakan predator sosial untuk menjadi mangsa kepada haiwan yang jauh lebih besar daripada mereka sendiri? || Singa, hyena, serigala, pedang, anjing liar Afrika, dan piranha", {"context": "Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Social predation"}], "question": "What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?", "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants"}], "question": "What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?", "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8172"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "domestic cats)"}], "question": "What is a species that does not perform social predation?", "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas"}], "question": "What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?", "id": "5726e3165951b619008f8174"}]}], ["Ia telah diperhatikan bahawa haiwan pemangsa yang baik dalam keadaan tawanan (contohnya hewan peliharaan atau haiwan ladang) biasanya akan membezakan antara binatang-binatang mangsa putative yang biasa bersama-sama penduduk di kawasan manusia yang sama dari liar di luar kawasan tersebut. Interaksi ini boleh terdiri daripada hidup bersama secara aman untuk menutup persahabatan; Motivasi untuk mengabaikan naluri pemangsa mungkin disebabkan oleh kelebihan bersama atau ketakutan terhadap penolakan dari tuan-tuan manusia yang telah membuat jelas bahawa merosakkan penduduk bersama tidak akan diterima. Sebagai contoh, tikus haiwan peliharaan dan tikus haiwan boleh hidup bersama di kediaman manusia yang sama tanpa insiden sebagai sahabat. Kucing haiwan kesayangan dan anjing peliharaan di bawah tunjuk ajar manusia sering bergantung kepada satu sama lain untuk kehangatan, persahabatan, dan juga perlindungan, terutamanya di kawasan luar bandar. <> Haiwan yang diberi makan dengan baik di penangkaran boleh menjadi kawan dengan haiwan mangsa akibat motivasi apa? || Keuntungan bersama atau ketakutan untuk membalas dendam dari tuan manusia <> Mengapa kucing dan anjing berpotensi menjadi sahabat dalam penawanan? || kehangatan, persahabatan, dan juga perlindungan <> Haiwan tawanan boleh membezakan bersama penduduk dari kumpulan lain? || yang liar di luar kawasan itu", {"context": "It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters"}], "question": "Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?", "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "warmth, companionship, and even protection"}], "question": "Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?", "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "wild ones outside the area"}], "question": "Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?", "id": "5726e5995951b619008f81bb"}]}], ["Pemangsa boleh meningkatkan biodiversiti masyarakat dengan mencegah spesies tunggal menjadi dominan. Pemangsa sedemikian dikenali sebagai spesies asas dan mungkin mempunyai pengaruh yang mendalam terhadap keseimbangan organisma dalam ekosistem tertentu. Pengenalan atau penghapusan pemangsa ini, atau perubahan ketumpatan penduduknya, boleh memberi kesan yang meluas ke atas keseimbangan banyak populasi lain dalam ekosistem. Sebagai contoh, grazers dari padang rumput boleh menghalang spesies dominan tunggal daripada mengambil alih. <> Apakah tajuk predator yang mengekalkan keseimbangan dengan ekosistem? || spesis keystone <> Apakah daya penggerak untuk mengekalkan keseimbangan dalam ekosistem? || biodiversiti <> Apabila spesies batu kunci hilang spesies lain mungkin menjadi? || dominan <> Apa yang meningkat dengan mengekalkan spesies tunggal daripada menjadi dominan dalam ekosistem? || biodiversiti komuniti <> Pemangsa yang menghalang orang lain menjadi dominan dipanggil apa? || spesis keystone <> Apa perubahan kepada predator keystone yang serius boleh menjejaskan keseimbangan ekosistem? || Pengenalan atau penghapusan pemangsa ini, atau perubahan ketumpatan penduduknya", {"context": "Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "keystone species"}], "question": "What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?", "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "biodiversity"}], "question": "What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?", "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "dominant"}], "question": "When a keystone species is lost another species might become?", "id": "57267d25708984140094c7d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "biodiversity of communities"}], "question": "What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?", "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "keystone species"}], "question": "Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?", "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density"}], "question": "What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?", "id": "5726dc09708984140094d3d7"}]}], ["Tindakan pemancaran boleh dibahagikan kepada empat peringkat: Pengesanan mangsa, serangan, tangkapan dan akhirnya penggunaan. Hubungan antara pemangsa dan mangsa adalah salah satu yang biasanya memberi manfaat kepada pemangsa, dan memudaratkan spesies mangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, kadang-kadang, pemusnahan mempunyai manfaat tidak langsung kepada spesies mangsa, walaupun individu yang memakan diri tidak mendapat manfaat. Ini bermakna, pada setiap peringkat yang berkenaan, spesies predator dan mangsa adalah dalam perlumbaan senjata evolusi untuk memaksimumkan kebolehan masing-masing untuk mendapatkan makanan atau mengelakkan dimakan. Interaksi ini telah menghasilkan pelbagai penyesuaian dalam kedua-dua kumpulan. <> Paling banyak terdapat berapa banyak langkah interaksi pemangsa mangsa? || maksimum empat peringkat <> Apakah langkah pertama interaksi mangsa pemangsa? || Pengesanan mangsanya <> Bagaimana mangsanya meningkatkan kebolehan evolusi mereka melalui interaksi pemangsa mangsa? || pelbagai penyesuaian <> Siapa yang tidak mendapat manfaat daripada interaksi pemangsa-mangsa? || individu-individu yang memakan <<Berapa banyak peringkat boleh predasi dibahagikan kepada? || maksimum empat peringkat <> Apakah empat tahap pemangsaan? || Pengesanan mangsa, serangan, tangkapan dan akhirnya penggunaan <> Masalah dilema apa yang menyebabkan banyak adaptasi pemangsa? || mendapatkan makanan atau elakkan dimakan <> Dalam empat tahap pemangsa, di mana peringkat penggunaan? || akhir", {"context": "The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "maximum of four stages"}], "question": "At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? ", "id": "572682cd708984140094c881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Detection of prey"}], "question": "What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?", "id": "572682cd708984140094c882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "array of adaptations"}], "question": "How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? ", "id": "572682cd708984140094c883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "the individuals preyed upon"}], "question": "Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? ", "id": "572682cd708984140094c884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "maximum of four stages"}], "question": "How many stages can predation be divided into?", "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption"}], "question": "What are the four stages of predation?", "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "obtain food or avoid being eaten"}], "question": "What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?", "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "final"}], "question": "In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?", "id": "5726de8ff1498d1400e8ee11"}]}], ["Penghapusan serigala dari Taman Negara Yellowstone mempunyai kesan yang mendalam terhadap piramid tropika. Tanpa pemusnahan, herbivora mula berkeliaran banyak spesies semak berkayu, yang mempengaruhi populasi tumbuhan kawasan. Di samping itu, serigala sering memelihara haiwan dari meragut di kawasan riparian, yang dilindungi beavers daripada sumber makanan mereka diceroboh. Penghapusan serigala mempunyai kesan langsung kepada populasi memerang, kerana habitat mereka menjadi wilayah untuk meragut. Selain itu, predasi menyimpan ciri-ciri hidrologi seperti anak sungai dan sungai dalam urutan kerja biasa. Peningkatan pelayaran pada willows dan conifers di sepanjang Blacktail Creek disebabkan kekurangan predasi yang disebabkan insisi saluran kerana mereka membantu memperlahankan air dan memegang tanah di tempat. <> Apa sumber makanan haiwan yang sangat terjejas dengan kehilangan serigala di Taman Negara Yellowstone? || penggerek <> Impak ekologi yang lebih luas boleh berlaku apabila pemangsa puncak dikeluarkan, dalam hal Yellowstone, ini termasuk pengubahan kepada? || ciri hidrologi <> Tanah longgar daripada kekurangan pokok di sepanjang katil sungai menyebabkan? || pemotongan saluran <> Penyingkiran apa haiwan dari Yellowstonw National Park terjejas populasi pemangsa? || serigala <> Bagaimana penyingkiran serigala dari Yellowstone menjejaskan habitat pemangsa? || habitat menjadi wilayah untuk ragut. <> Mengapa populasi tumbuhan terpengaruh selepas serigala dihapuskan dari Yellowstone? || Tanpa pemusnahan, herbivor mula berkeliaran banyak spesies melayari berkayu <> Bagaimana serigala di Yellowstone membantu memerang makan dengan baik? || serigala sering memelihara haiwan dari meragut di daerah riparian, yang dilindungi beavers daripada sumber makanan mereka diceroboh", {"context": "The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "beavers"}], "question": "What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?", "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e879e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "hydrological features"}], "question": "Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?", "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e879f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "channel incision"}], "question": "Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?", "id": "572681e4dd62a815002e87a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "wolves"}], "question": "The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?", "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d40f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "habitat became territory for grazing."}], "question": "How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?", "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species"}], "question": "Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?", "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon"}], "question": "How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?", "id": "5726dd8e708984140094d412"}]}], ["Adalah jelas bahawa pemangsa cenderung menurunkan kelangsungan hidup dan fekunditi mangsa mereka, tetapi pada tahap organisasi yang lebih tinggi, populasi pemangsa dan spesies mangsa juga berinteraksi. Adalah jelas bahawa pemangsa bergantung kepada mangsa untuk bertahan hidup, dan ini ditunjukkan dalam populasi pemangsa yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan populasi mangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak begitu jelas bahawa pemangsa menjejaskan populasi mangsa. Memanfaatkan organisma mangsa mungkin hanya memberi ruang untuk yang lain jika populasi mangsa mendekati kapasiti bawaannya. <> Apa predator yang bergantung kepada untuk hidup? || mangsa <> Prey yang dimakan hanya digantikan oleh anohter apabila penduduk dekat dengan apa? || kapasiti membawa <> Pemangsa merendahkan aspek-aspek mangsa mereka? || survival dan fecundity", {"context": "It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "prey"}], "question": "What do predators depend on for survival?", "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "carrying capacity"}], "question": "Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?", "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "survival and fecundity"}], "question": "Predators lower what aspects of their prey?", "id": "5726ee155951b619008f82af"}]}], ["Pemangsa boleh digunakan dalam usaha pemuliharaan untuk mengawal spesies yang diperkenalkan. Walaupun matlamat dalam situasi ini adalah untuk menghilangkan spesies yang diperkenalkan sepenuhnya, mengekalkan kelimpahannya adalah satu-satunya kemungkinan. Pemangsa dari rentang semula jadi mungkin diperkenalkan untuk mengawal populasi, walaupun dalam beberapa kes ini kesannya sedikit, dan mungkin menyebabkan masalah yang tidak dapat dielakkan. Selain penggunaannya dalam biologi pemuliharaan, pemangsa juga penting untuk mengawal perosak dalam pertanian. Pemangsa semulajadi adalah cara yang mesra alam dan mampan untuk mengurangkan kerosakan pada tanaman, dan merupakan salah satu alternatif kepada penggunaan agen kimia seperti racun perosak. <> Bagaimana pemangsa semulajadi boleh memanfaatkan tanaman? || mengurangkan kerosakan kepada tanaman, dan merupakan satu alternatif kepada penggunaan agen kimia seperti racun perosak <> Bagaimana pemangsa bermanfaat untuk pertanian? || mengawal perosak <> Jika menghilangkan spesies yang diperkenalkan sepenuhnya tidak mungkin, apakah hasil terbaik yang akan datang? || mengekalkan kelimpahannya <> Pemangsa digunakan dalam pemuliharaan untuk mengurangkan jenis spesies dari alam sekitar? || memperkenalkan spesies", {"context": "Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides"}], "question": "How can natural predators benefit crops?", "id": "5726f545708984140094d6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "controlling pests"}], "question": "How are predators beneficial to agriculture?", "id": "5726f545708984140094d6fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "keeping its abundance down"}], "question": "If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?", "id": "5726f545708984140094d6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "introduced species"}], "question": "Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?", "id": "5726f545708984140094d700"}]}], ["Mempunyai saiz populasi yang kecil adalah ciri yang hampir wujud secara universal terhadap pemangsa puncak, manusia dan anjing setakat ini pengecualian paling jelas. Nombor rendah tidak akan menjadi masalah bagi pemangsa apex jika terdapat banyak mangsa dan tiada persaingan atau pertindihan khusus, senario yang jarang, jika pernah, ditemui di alam liar. Prinsip pengecualian persaingan menyatakan bahawa jika dua spesies ekologi yang bertindih bertindih, terdapat kemungkinan persaingan yang sangat tinggi kerana kedua-dua spesies ini berada dalam persaingan langsung untuk sumber yang sama. Faktor ini semata-mata boleh membawa kepada pemusnahan satu atau kedua-dua spesis, tetapi dikompaun oleh faktor tambah mangsa yang berlimpah. <> Apakah dua pemangsa apex tidak mempunyai saiz populasi yang kecil? || manusia dan anjing <> Adakah pemangsa apeks umumnya mempunyai populasi yang besar atau kecil? || kecil <> Prinsip yang menyatakan bahawa jika dua jenis spesies ekologi / bertindih, kedua-dua spesis mungkin bersaing dengan satu sama lain? || prinsip pengecualian yang kompetitif <> Apakah faktor lain yang berkaitan dengan prinsip pengecualian yang kompetitif? || banyaknya mangsa", {"context": "Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "humans and dogs"}], "question": "What two apex predators do not have a small population size?", "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "small"}], "question": "Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?", "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "competitive exclusion principle"}], "question": "Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?", "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8325"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "prey abundance"}], "question": "What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?", "id": "5726f28b5951b619008f8326"}]}], ["Aposematisme, di mana organisma berwarna terang sebagai amaran kepada pemangsa, adalah antitesis penyamaran. Sesetengah organisma menimbulkan ancaman kepada pemangsa mereka-contohnya mereka mungkin beracun, atau dapat membahayakan mereka secara fizikal. Pewarna aposematik melibatkan warna dan corak yang terang, mudah dikenali dan unik. Sebagai contoh, pewarna cerah dalam rama-rama Checkerspot Variable membawa kepada percubaan menurunkan predator oleh pemangsa burung. Apabila dicederakan (contohnya, tersengat) oleh mangsa mereka, penampilan dalam organisma sedemikian akan diingati sebagai sesuatu yang perlu dielakkan. Walaupun organisma mangsa tertentu mungkin dibunuh, faedah pewarna spesies mangsa secara keseluruhan. <> Apakah istilah saintifik digunakan untuk menggambarkan organisma yang berwarna terang sebagai amaran kepada pemangsa? || Aposematisme <> Adakah aposematisme hanya memberi manfaat kepada organisme secara langsung, atau keseluruhan populasi keseluruhannya? || spesies secara keseluruhan <> Bagaimana aposematisme membantu populasi spesies? || Apabila dirugikan (misalnya, tersengat) oleh mangsa mereka, penampilan dalam organisma sedemikian akan diingati sebagai sesuatu yang harus dielakkan <> Apakah ciri visual yang menjadi ciri aposematisme? || warna terang dan mudah dikenali dan unik", {"context": "Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators\u2014for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Aposematism"}], "question": "What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?", "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "species as a whole"}], "question": "Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?", "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid"}], "question": "How does aposematism help a species population?", "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns"}], "question": "What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?", "id": "5726e8eb708984140094d58c"}]}], ["Manusia yang telanjang hanya berada pada kedudukan yang tidak menentu kepada pemangsa apex yang lain seperti di dalam kelajuan, ketumpatan tulang, berat badan, dan kekuatan fizikal. Manusia juga kurang senjata seperti cakar. Tanpa senjata, masyarakat, atau kepandaian, manusia yang tunggal dapat dikalahkan dengan mudah oleh binatang pemangsa yang sesuai, seperti anjing liar, kucing besar dan beruang (lihat Pemakan Manusia). Walau bagaimanapun, manusia tidak makhluk bersendirian; mereka adalah haiwan sosial dengan tingkah laku sosial yang sangat maju. Manusia awal, seperti Homo erectus, telah menggunakan alat dan senjata batu selama lebih sejuta tahun. Manusia moden secara anatom telah menjadi pemangsa apeks sejak pertama kali berkembang, dan banyak spesies megafauna karnivora secara aktif mengelak berinteraksi dengan manusia; pesaing alam sekitar utama untuk manusia adalah manusia lain. Satu subspesies megafauna karnivora yang sering berinteraksi dengan manusia dalam peranan pemangsa adalah anjing domestik, tetapi biasanya sebagai pasangan dalam predasi terutama jika mereka memburu bersama. Kanibalisme telah berlaku di pelbagai tempat, di kalangan pelbagai budaya, dan atas pelbagai sebab. Sekurang-kurangnya beberapa orang, seperti pesta Donner, dikatakan telah terpaksa berputus asa. <> Apakah kelemahan fizikal manusia terhadap pemangsa puncak lain? || kelajuan, ketumpatan tulang, berat badan, dan kekuatan fizikal <> Berapa lama manusia menggunakan alat dan senjata batu? || lebih dari satu juta tahun <> Apa pesaing utama manusia? || manusia lain <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kanibalisme? || Parti Donner <> Dengan spesies mana yang memburu manusia dalam perkongsian? || anjing domestik", {"context": "A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength"}], "question": "What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?", "id": "5726efce708984140094d677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "well over a million years"}], "question": "For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?", "id": "5726efce708984140094d678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "other humans"}], "question": "What are humans' primary competitors?", "id": "5726efce708984140094d679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1130, "text": "the Donner party"}], "question": "What is one known istance of cannibalism?", "id": "5726efce708984140094d67a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "domestic dog"}], "question": "With what species do humans hunt in partnership?", "id": "5726efce708984140094d67b"}]}], ["Kesan pemangsa pada spesies mangsa memang sukar dilihat dalam jangka pendek. Walau bagaimanapun, jika diperhatikan dalam tempoh yang lebih lama, didapati bahawa populasi pemangsa akan naik dan turun dengan penduduk mangsa dalam kitaran yang sama dengan kitaran boom dan bust ekonomi. Sekiranya pemangsa memburu makhluknya, populasi mangsa akan lebih rendah kepada bilangan yang terlalu jarang bagi pemangsa untuk mencari. Ini akan menyebabkan penduduk pemangsa meresap, mengurangkan tekanan ramalan pada populasi mangsa. Penurunan pemangsa akan membolehkan sebilangan kecil mangsa untuk perlahan-lahan meningkatkan populasi mereka ke suatu tempat di sekitar kelimpahan mereka yang terdahulu, yang akan membolehkan populasi pemangsa meningkat sebagai tindak balas kepada ketersediaan sumber yang lebih besar. Sekiranya pemangsa memburu spesies mangsa ke nombor yang terlalu rendah untuk mengekalkan populasi dalam jangka pendek, mereka boleh menyebabkan bukan sahaja kepupusan atau pemusnahan mangsa tetapi juga kepupusan spesies mereka sendiri, satu fenomena yang dikenali sebagai coextinction. Ini adalah risiko yang dijangkiti penyeliaan hidupan liar apabila memperkenalkan pemangsa mangsa yang belum berkesudahan dengan pemangsa yang sama atau serupa. Kemungkinan ini bergantung pada seberapa baik dan seberapa cepat spesies mangsa dapat beradaptasi dengan predator yang diperkenalkan. Salah satu cara yang boleh dielakkan ialah jika pemangsa menemui spesies mangsa alternatif atau jika spesies mangsa alternatif diperkenalkan (sesuatu yang ahli ekologi dan ahli alam sekitar cuba mengelakkan bila mungkin). Spesies pemangsa alternatif akan membantu mengangkat beberapa tekanan predasi dari spesies mangsa awal, yang memberi penduduk peluang untuk pulih, namun ia tidak menjamin spesies mangsa awal dapat pulih sebagai populasi mangsa awal mungkin diburu ke bawah nombor lestari atau menyelesaikan penghapusan. <> Apabila pemangsa memburu terlalu banyak mangsanya, menyebabkan kedua-dua populasi menjadi berleluasa, fenomena itu dipanggil apa? || coextinction <> Adakah kesan pemangsa pada mangsa paling mudah untuk dilihat dalam jangka pendek atau jangka panjang? || tempoh masa yang lebih lama <> Kebangkitan dan kejatuhan pemangsa dan populasi mangsa adalah serupa dengan apa, dalam ekonomi Amerika Syarikat? || boom dan pusingan ekonomi", {"context": "A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1017, "text": "coextinction"}], "question": "When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?", "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "longer period of time"}], "question": "Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?", "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "boom and bust cycle of economics"}], "question": "The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?", "id": "5726f429dd62a815002e9624"}]}]], [["Martin Goodman mengasaskan syarikat yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Marvel Comics di bawah nama Penerbitan Timely pada tahun 1939. Martin Goodman, penerbit majalah bubur yang telah dimulakan dengan pulpa Barat pada tahun 1933, berkembang menjadi muncul-dan ketika itu sudah menjadi medium yang sangat popular buku komik. Melancarkan barisan barunya dari pejabat syarikatnya yang sedia ada di 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, secara rasmi memegang tajuk editor, pengurus editor, dan pengurus perniagaan, dengan Abraham Goodman secara rasmi disenaraikan sebagai penerbit. <> Siapa asalnya mengasaskan Komik Marvel? || Martin Goodman <> Apakah nama asal Marvel Comics? || Penerbitan yang tepat pada masanya <> Bilakah Marvel diasaskan? || 1939 <> Di bandar apa yang Marvel berdasarkan apabila ia diasaskan? || New York City <> Apakah gelaran rasmi Abraham Goodman ketika Marvel diasaskan? || penerbit", {"context": "Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging\u2014and by then already highly popular\u2014new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Martin Goodman"}], "question": "Who originally founded Marvel Comics?", "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Timely Publications"}], "question": "What was the original name of Marvel Comics?", "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When was Marvel founded?", "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?", "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "publisher"}], "question": "What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?", "id": "57266134dd62a815002e8324"}]}], ["Lee dan artis bebas dan pemuzik bersama Jack Kirby, Fantastic Four, berasal dari budaya Perang Dingin yang memimpin pencipta mereka untuk mengkaji semula konvensi superhero zaman dahulu untuk lebih mencerminkan semangat psikologi zaman mereka. Melarikan diri dari tropika buku-buku komik seperti identiti rahsia dan bahkan pakaian pada mulanya, mempunyai raksasa sebagai salah satu pahlawan, dan mempunyai watak-wataknya yang menentang dan mengadu dalam apa yang kemudiannya dipanggil \"wira-wira dalam dunia nyata\", siri ini mewakili perubahan yang terbukti berjaya. <> Siapa yang menyertai Stan Lee dalam mencipta Four Fantastic? || Jack Kirby <> Apa era bersejarah yang pernah dilakukan Four Fantastic pada mulanya? || Perang Dingin <> Unsur superhero tradisional yang pernah dilakukan oleh Fantastic Four pada mulanya? || pakaian #> Tiada Empat Cemerlang mempunyai elemen tersembunyi yang begitu biasa dengan wira-wira yang lain? || identiti rahsia <> Penekanan pada tetapan relatable dan motivasi watak dalam komik tahun 1960-an Marvel dipanggil apa? || \"wira-wira di dunia nyata\"", {"context": "Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a \"superheroes in the real world\" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Jack Kirby"}], "question": "Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?", "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Cold War"}], "question": "What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?", "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "costumes"}], "question": "What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?", "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "secret identities"}], "question": "None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?", "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "\"superheroes in the real world\""}], "question": "The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?", "id": "57267749dd62a815002e85ec"}]}], ["Semua unsur-unsur ini menyentuh rentak dengan pembaca yang lebih tua, seperti orang dewasa yang berumur di kolej, dan mereka berjaya memperolehi dengan cara yang tidak pernah dilihat sebelumnya. Pada tahun 1965, Spider-Man dan Hulk kedua-duanya dipaparkan dalam senarai 28 majalah wartawan kolej Esquire, bersama-sama John F. Kennedy dan Bob Dylan. Pada tahun 2009 penulis Geoff Boucher mencerminkan bahawa, \"Superman dan DC Comics segera kelihatan seperti Pat Boone lama yang membosankan, Marvel merasakan seperti The Beatles dan Invasion British. Ia adalah karya seni Kirby dengan ketegangan dan psychedelia yang menjadikannya sempurna untuk zaman-atau itu Lee bravado dan melodrama, yang entah bagaimana tidak selamat dan brash pada masa yang sama? \" <> Majalah apa yang menampilkan dua Karakter Marvel dalam ciri pahlawan kampus kolej? || Esquire <> Apa dua watak Marvel yang sebahagian daripada bahagian wira kampus? || Spider-Man dan Hulk <> Penerbit mana yang paling saingan Marvel? || DC Comics <> Penulis Geoff Boucher berbanding DC ke apa yang membosankan tahun 1960an? || Pat Boone <> Apa dua orang kehidupan sebenar juga merupakan sebahagian daripada ciri majalah bersama watak-watak Marvel fiksyen? || John F. Kennedy dan Bob Dylan", {"context": "All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, \"Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times\u2014or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Esquire"}], "question": "What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?", "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8652"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Spider-Man and the Hulk"}], "question": "What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?", "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8653"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "DC Comics"}], "question": "Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?", "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Pat Boone"}], "question": "Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?", "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan"}], "question": "What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?", "id": "57267957dd62a815002e8656"}]}], ["Selain Spider-Man dan Fantastic Four, Marvel mula menerbitkan tajuk superhero yang memaparkan wira dan antiheroes seperti Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, X-Men, Daredevil, Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange , Kapten Marvel dan Silver Surfer, dan antagonis yang tidak dapat dilupakan seperti Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, Green Goblin, dan Doctor Octopus, semua yang ada dalam realiti bersama dikenali sebagai Marvel Universe, dengan lokasi yang mencerminkan bandar-bandar nyata seperti New York, Los Angeles dan Chicago. <> Apakah bandar-bandar AS sebenar mempunyai kesamaan fiksyen di lingkungan komik Marvel? || New York, Los Angeles dan Chicago <> Apa pahlawan Marvel berkaitan dengan serangga kecil? || Ant-Man <> Milieu yang dikongsi oleh semua pahlawan Marvel dan penjahat dikenali sebagai? || The Marvel Universe <> Yang mana dua tajuk buku komik adalah prekursor untuk peluasan tetapan keseluruhan ini? || Spider-Man dan Four Fantastic", {"context": "In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "New York, Los Angeles and Chicago"}], "question": "What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?", "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Ant-Man"}], "question": "What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?", "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "the Marvel Universe"}], "question": "The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?", "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four"}], "question": "Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?", "id": "57267ab2dd62a815002e868d"}]}], ["Strategi perniagaan Goodman melibatkan pelbagai majalah dan buku komiknya yang diterbitkan oleh beberapa syarikat yang beroperasi dari pejabat yang sama dan dengan kakitangan yang sama. Salah satu syarikat shell di mana Komik Timely yang diterbitkan dinamakan Marvel Comics oleh sekurang-kurangnya Marvel Mystery Comics # 55 (Mei 1944). Selain itu, beberapa komik, seperti All Surprise Comics # 12 (Winter 1946-47), dilabelkan sebagai \"A Marvel Magazine\" bertahun-tahun sebelum Goodman secara formal mengadaptasikan nama itu pada tahun 1961. <> Marvel Comics adalah sebahagian daripada banyak entiti mempunyai apa hubungan dengan tepat pada masanya? || syarikat shell <> Apabila semua entiti komik Goodman secara rasmi diletakkan di bawah moniker Marvel Comics? || 1961 <> Dengan apa nama lain adalah beberapa buku komik yang berkaitan dengan Marvel yang diterbitkan? || \"Majalah Majalah\" <> Di bawah apa yang dikendalikan adalah komik fiksyen detektif Marvel yang diterbitkan? || Komik Misteri Marvel", {"context": "Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946\u201347), were labeled \"A Marvel Magazine\" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "shell companies"}], "question": "Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?", "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e843e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "1961"}], "question": "When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?", "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e843f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "\"A Marvel Magazine\""}], "question": "By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?", "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e8440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Marvel Mystery Comics"}], "question": "Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?", "id": "57266b06dd62a815002e8441"}]}], ["Penerbitan pertama, Marvel Comics # 1 (penutup bertarikh Okt. 1939), termasuk penampilan pertama superhero android superhero Torch Manusia Carl Burgos, dan penampilan pertama anti-wira Bill Everett Sub-Mariner, antara ciri-ciri lain. Isu ini berjaya, dengan itu dan percetakan kedua pada bulan berikutnya menjual, digabungkan, hampir 900,000 salinan. Walaupun kandungannya berasal dari pembungkus luar, Funnies, Inc., pada masa yang tepat mempunyai kakitangannya sendiri pada tahun berikutnya. Editor pertama yang pertama, artis penulis, Joe Simon, bekerjasama dengan artis dan industri baru muncul Jack Kirby untuk mencipta salah satu pahlawan super bertemakan patriotik pertama, Captain America, di Captain America Comics # 1 (Mac 1941). Ia juga membuktikan, dengan jualan hampir satu juta. Goodman membentuk Comics, Inc., yang bermula dengan komik yang ditutup pada April 1941 atau Spring 1941. <> Apa tarikh tutup pada Komik Marvel # 1? || Oct. 1939 <> Siapa editor pertama sepenuh masa Marvel / Timely? || Joe Simon <> Selain Simon, yang pernah mencipta Kapten Amerika? || Jack Kirby <> Apakah nama watak yang dicipta oleh Carl Burgos? || Obor Manusia <> Dalam isu apa yang Namor, Sub-Mariner diperkenalkan? || Komik Marvel # 1", {"context": "Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Oct. 1939"}], "question": "What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?", "id": "572663b25951b619008f713d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Joe Simon"}], "question": "Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?", "id": "572663b25951b619008f713e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Jack Kirby"}], "question": "Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?", "id": "572663b25951b619008f713f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "the Human Torch"}], "question": "What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?", "id": "572663b25951b619008f7140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Marvel Comics #1"}], "question": "In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?", "id": "572663b25951b619008f7141"}]}], ["Marvel mengira watak-wataknya seperti wira-wira yang terkenal seperti Spider-Man, Iron Man, Kapten Amerika, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, pasukan seperti Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, Fantastic Four, Inhumans dan X-Men, dan antagonis seperti Doom Doktor, Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Dokter Octopus, Thanos, Magneto dan Loki. Kebanyakan watak-watak fiksyen Marvel beroperasi dalam satu kenyataan yang dikenali sebagai Marvel Universe, dengan lokasi yang mencerminkan bandar-bandar nyata. Watak-watak seperti Spider-Man, Fantastic Four, Avengers, Daredevil dan Doctor Strange berpangkalan di New York City, manakala X-Men mempunyai sejarah yang berpangkalan di Salem Center, New York dan cerita-cerita Hulk sering telah ditetapkan di Amerika Barat daya. <> Kapten Amerika, Thor dan Ultron semua menghuni lingkungan fiksyen? || Marvel Universe <> Peletakan fiksyen dalam tetapan ini dimodelkan apa? || bandar nyata-nyata <> Bandar fiksyen Spiderman adalah berdasarkan lokasi sebenar Amerika? || New York <> Apa cerita watak Marvel yang ditetapkan di kawasan yang menyerupai Barat Daya Amerika? || Hulk <> Yang mana dua kumpulan crumefighters Marvel didasarkan pada versi fiksyen New York City? || The Four Fantastic, the Avengers", {"context": "Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Marvel Universe"}], "question": "Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?", "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "real-life cities"}], "question": "Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?", "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "New York"}], "question": "Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?", "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "Hulk"}], "question": "What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?", "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "the Fantastic Four, the Avengers"}], "question": "Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?", "id": "57265f07dd62a815002e82f4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1961, editor-penulis Stan Lee merevolusikan komik superhero dengan memperkenalkan wira-wira yang direka untuk merayu kepada lebih ramai pembaca semua umur daripada khalayak kanak-kanak yang kebanyakannya kanak-kanak. Pasukan superhero pertama Marvel yang moden, bintang-bintang titel The Fantastic Four # 1 (Nov. 1961), memecah konvensyen dengan arketipe buku komik lain pada masa itu dengan menyerang, memegang dendam baik dalam dan kecil, dan menghalang nama tidak dikenali atau identiti rahsia yang memihak kepada status selebriti. Selepas itu, komik Marvel membangun reputasi untuk memberi tumpuan kepada isu-isu pencirian dan dewasa kepada tahap yang lebih tinggi daripada kebanyakan komik superhero sebelum mereka, kualiti yang generasi baru pembaca yang lebih tua dihargai. Ini digunakan untuk tajuk The Amazing Spider-Man khususnya, yang ternyata buku Marvel yang paling berjaya. Wira muda yang menderita keraguan diri dan masalah biasa seperti mana-mana remaja lain, sesuatu pembaca dapat mengenal pasti. <> Pasukan pertama pasukan pahlawan Marvel diketahui oleh apa nama aliteratif? || The Four Fantastic <> Apa tarikh isu apabila pasukan superhero ini memulakan kerjaya? || Nov. 1961 <> Apa eksekutif Marvel membantu mengubah fokus cerita dan watak Marvel? || Stan Lee <> Dalam Marvel Universe, orang awam dirawat memberi sambutan terhadap Four Fantastic? || status selebriti <> Apakah komik terlaris Marvel? || The Amazing Spider-Man", {"context": "In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "The Fantastic Four"}], "question": "Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?", "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Nov. 1961"}], "question": "What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?", "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Stan Lee"}], "question": "What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?", "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "celebrity status"}], "question": "In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?", "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e052"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "The Amazing Spider-Man"}], "question": "What is Marvel's best-selling comic?", "id": "57267521f1498d1400e8e051"}]}], ["Walaupun tiada watak lain yang tepat pada masanya akan mencapai kejayaan \"tiga besar\" ini, beberapa pahlawan yang terkenal - kebanyakannya terus muncul dalam penampilan dan pemotretan zaman moden - termasuk Whizzer, Miss America, Destroyer, Visi asal, dan malaikat. Di waktu yang tepat juga menerbitkan salah satu ciri kartunis Basil Wolverton yang paling terkenal, \"Powerhouse Pepper\", serta komik lucu haiwan-haiwan yang memaparkan watak-watak popular seperti Super Rabbit dan kedua Ziggy Pig dan Silly Seal. <> Apa humorist kartun yang membuat beberapa cerita profil tinggi untuk Marvel pada tahun-tahun awal? || Basil Wolverton <> Apa nama ciri lucu yang ditulis oleh Wolverton? || \"Powerhouse Pepper\" <> Apa dua watak bertema kanak-kanak yang dipaparkan dalam isu-isu awal Marvel? || Ziggy Babi dan Seal Silly <> Apakah watak Marvel awal mungkin telah dibayangkan sebagai titik balik wanita kepada Kapten Amerika? || Miss America <> Para wira Marvel yang paling popular pada awalnya secara kolektif dan dikenali sebagai apa? || \"tiga besar\"", {"context": "While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these \"big three\", some notable heroes\u2014many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks\u2014include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, \"Powerhouse Pepper\", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Basil Wolverton"}], "question": "What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?", "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "\"Powerhouse Pepper\""}], "question": "What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?", "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal"}], "question": "What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?", "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Miss America"}], "question": "What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?", "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "\"big three\""}], "question": "The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?", "id": "572668b2f1498d1400e8dec6"}]}], ["Atlas, bukannya berinovasi, mengambil laluan terbukti mengikuti trend popular di televisyen dan filem-Barat dan drama perang yang berlaku untuk masa, monster filem memandu dalam masa yang lain-dan juga buku-buku komik lain, terutamanya garis seram EC. Atlas juga menerbitkan pelbagai jenis gelaran humor kanak-kanak dan remaja, termasuk Homer Happy Ghost (Dan la Casper Ghost Friendly) dan Homer Hooper (\u00e0 la Archie Andrews) Dan DeCarlo. Atlas tidak berjaya cuba memulihkan wira-wira dari akhir 1953 hingga pertengahan 1954, dengan Obor Manusia (seni oleh Syd Shores dan Dick Ayers, pelbagai), Sub-Mariner (yang ditarik dan kebanyakan cerita yang ditulis oleh Bill Everett), dan Captain America (penulis Stan Lee, artis John Romita Sr.). Atlas tidak mencapai sebarang pelarian dan, menurut Stan Lee, Atlas terselamat terutamanya kerana ia menghasilkan kerja dengan cepat, murah, dan berkualiti tinggi. <> Yang mana penulis dan artis berada di belakang Sub-Mariner? || Bill Everett <> Apa cabang utama Marvel dengan Barat, cerita perang, dan komik rakasa dipanggil? || Atlas <> Apakah komik yang menyeramkan tetapi lucu Dan DeCarlo yang ditujukan kepada anak-anak yang dipanggil? || Homer the Happy Ghost <> DeCarlo juga mengetepikan peminat superstar remaja mana? || Archie Andrews <> Apakah nama watak utama DeCarlo dalam siri remaja lucunya? || Homer Hooper", {"context": "Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies\u2014Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time\u2014and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (\u00e0 la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (\u00e0 la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "Bill Everett"}], "question": "Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?", "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Atlas"}], "question": "What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?", "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Homer the Happy Ghost"}], "question": "What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?", "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Archie Andrews"}], "question": "DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?", "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Homer Hooper"}], "question": "What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?", "id": "57267044dd62a815002e84d6"}]}], ["Pada akhir 1994, Marvel memperoleh pengedar buku komik Heroes World Distribution untuk digunakan sebagai pengedar eksklusifnya sendiri. Oleh kerana penerbit-penerbit utama lain di industri membuat tawaran pengedaran eksklusif dengan syarikat lain, kesan riak mengakibatkan survival hanya satu pengedar utama lain di Amerika Utara, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc. Pada awal tahun 1997, ketika usaha Marvel's Heroes World gagal, Diamond juga satu perjanjian eksklusif dengan Marvel-memberikan syarikat seksyen sendiri komik katalog Pratinjau. <> Saluran apa yang Marvel membeli untuk mengagihkan sendiri komiknya sendiri pada tahun 1990-an? || Pengedaran Dunia Heroes <> Bilakah Marvel membeli rangkaian pengedaran ini? || 1994 <> Tawaran eksklusif untuk mengedarkan komik pada tahun 1990an meninggalkan syarikat ini sebagai satu-satunya yang tidak berkaitan. || Diamond Comic Distributors Inc <> Berapa tahun pengedar Diamond Comic Distributor dengan Marvel? || 1997 <> Kegagalan apa inisiatif perniagaan profil tinggi menyebabkan Marvel mendekati Diamond? || Marvel's Heroes World", {"context": "In late 1994, Marvel acquired the comic book distributor Heroes World Distribution to use as its own exclusive distributor. As the industry's other major publishers made exclusive distribution deals with other companies, the ripple effect resulted in the survival of only one other major distributor in North America, Diamond Comic Distributors Inc. In early 1997, when Marvel's Heroes World endeavor failed, Diamond also forged an exclusive deal with Marvel\u2014giving the company its own section of its comics catalog Previews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Heroes World Distribution"}], "question": "What channel did Marvel buy to self-distribute its own comics in the 1990s?", "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did Marvel purchase this distribution network?", "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Diamond Comic Distributors Inc"}], "question": "Exclusive deals for distributing comics during the 1990s left this company as the only unaffiliated one.", "id": "57268c14708984140094c9a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "1997"}], "question": "What year did Diamond Comic Distributors team up with Marvel?", "id": "57268c14708984140094c9aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Marvel's Heroes World"}], "question": "The failure of what high profile business initiative caused Marvel to approach Diamond?", "id": "57268c14708984140094c9ab"}]}], ["Dengan milenium baru, Marvel Comics muncul dari muflis dan sekali lagi mula mempelbagaikan penawarannya. Pada tahun 2001, Marvel menarik diri daripada Komik Kod Komik dan menubuhkan Sistem Penilaian Marvel sendiri untuk komik. Tajuk pertama dari era ini untuk tidak mempunyai kod itu ialah X-Force # 119 (Oktober 2001). Marvel juga mencipta cetakan baru, seperti MAX (garisan eksplisit) dan Marvel Adventures (dibangunkan untuk khalayak kanak-kanak). Di samping itu, syarikat itu mencipta jejak universiti alternatif, Ultimate Marvel, yang membenarkan syarikat itu menamatkan semula tajuk utamanya dengan menyemak dan mengemas kini watak-wataknya untuk memperkenalkan kepada generasi baru. <> Apakah keadaan perniagaan Marvel pada tahun 2000? || muflis <> Bilakah Marvel menarik diri dari Pihak Berkuasa Kod Komik? || 2001 <> Apakah sistem standard dalaman yang dilakukan Marvel menggantikan Kod Komik dengan? || Sistem Penilaian Marvel <> Apakah buku pertama diterbitkan di bawah sistem penilaian baru ini? || X-Force # 119 <> Apakah nama jejak komik bertema dewasa untuk Marvel dengan kandungan yang lebih jelas? || MAX", {"context": "With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "bankruptcy"}], "question": "What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?", "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?", "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e36f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Marvel Rating System"}], "question": "What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?", "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "X-Force #119"}], "question": "What was the first book published under this new ratings system?", "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "MAX"}], "question": "What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?", "id": "57268cd2f1498d1400e8e372"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1968, ketika menjual 50 juta buku komik setahun, pengasas syarikat Goodman merevisi susunan pengedaran yang tersendiri dengan Berita Bebas yang telah dia capai pada tahun-tahun Atlas, yang membolehkannya melepaskan banyak tajuk seperti permintaan yang diperlukan. Pada tahun itu, beliau menjual Marvel Comics dan perniagaan penerbitannya yang lain kepada Perfect Film dan Chemical Corporation, yang terus menggabungkannya sebagai anak syarikat Majalah Pengurusan Syarikat, dengan Goodman kekal sebagai penerbit. Pada tahun 1969, Goodman akhirnya mengakhiri perjanjian pengedarannya dengan Bebas dengan menandatangani dengan Syarikat Sirkulasi Curtis. <> Berapa banyak komik Marvel menjual pada tahun 1968? || 50 juta <> Apa syarikat mengedarkan tajuk Marvel pada ketika itu? || Berita Bebas <Kepada siapa yang Marvel dijual pada tahun 1968? || Filem Perfect dan Perbadanan Kimia <> Apa afiliasi milik syarikat ini yang Marvel beroperasi? || Syarikat Pengurusan Majalah <> Apa pengedar mengambil alih tajuk Marvel pada tahun 1969? || Syarikat Sirkulasi Curtis", {"context": "In 1968, while selling 50 million comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted. Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company, with Goodman remaining as publisher. In 1969, Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "50 million"}], "question": "How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?", "id": "57267d455951b619008f7479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Independent News"}], "question": "What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?", "id": "57267d455951b619008f747a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation"}], "question": "To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?", "id": "57267d455951b619008f747b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Magazine Management Company"}], "question": "What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?", "id": "57267d455951b619008f747c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Curtis Circulation Company"}], "question": "What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?", "id": "57267d455951b619008f747d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1971, Jabatan Kesihatan, Pendidikan, dan Kebajikan Amerika Syarikat mendekati ketua editor Marvel Comics, Stan Lee untuk membuat cerita komik tentang penyalahgunaan dadah. Lee bersetuju dan menulis kisah Spider-Man tiga bahagian yang menggambarkan penggunaan dadah sebagai berbahaya dan unglamor. Walau bagaimanapun, lembaga pengawasan diri industri, Komik Kod Komik, enggan meluluskan cerita itu kerana kehadiran narkotik, yang menyangkut konteks kisah tidak relevan. Lee, dengan persetujuan Goodman, menerbitkan kisah tanpa mengira The Amazing Spider-Man # 96-98 (Mei-Julai 1971), tanpa meterai Kod Komik. Pasaran bereaksi dengan baik kepada alur cerita, dan CCA kemudiannya merevisi Kod pada tahun yang sama. <> Agensi kerajaan mana yang meminta Marvel untuk membuat satu siri cerita untuk mempublikasikan suatu isu? || Jabatan Kesihatan, Pendidikan, dan Kebajikan Amerika Syarikat <> Masalah apa yang Marvel diminta untuk menangani agensi ini? || penyalahgunaan dadah <> Apakah siri buku komik yang mempunyai cerita yang berkaitan dengan isu ini muncul? || Spider-Man <> Apakah penapisan industri dan organisasi standard cuba menghalang penerbitan siri ini? || Komik Code Authority <> Apakah isu isu siri tiga episod mengenai isu kesihatan awam ini? || Mei-Julai 1971", {"context": "In 1971, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare approached Marvel Comics editor-in-chief Stan Lee to do a comic book story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part Spider-Man story portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. However, the industry's self-censorship board, the Comics Code Authority, refused to approve the story because of the presence of narcotics, deeming the context of the story irrelevant. Lee, with Goodman's approval, published the story regardless in The Amazing Spider-Man #96\u201398 (May\u2013July 1971), without the Comics Code seal. The market reacted well to the storyline, and the CCA subsequently revised the Code the same year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare"}], "question": "What government agency asked Marvel to do a series of stories to publicize an issue?", "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "drug abuse"}], "question": "What issue was Marvel asked to tackle for this agency?", "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Spider-Man"}], "question": "What comic book series did stories related to this issue appear in?", "id": "57267ecb708984140094c7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Comics Code Authority"}], "question": "What industry censorship and standards organization tried to block publication of this series?", "id": "57267ecb708984140094c800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "May\u2013July 1971"}], "question": "What were the issue dates of the three-episode series on this public health issue?", "id": "57267ecb708984140094c801"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1996, Marvel mempunyai beberapa gelaran yang berpartisipasi dalam \"Heroes Reborn\", sebuah crossover yang membolehkan Marvel melancarkan beberapa watak utama seperti Avengers dan Fantastic Four, dan menyumberkannya ke studio dua bekas artis Marvel Turner Komik Imej, Jim Lee dan Rob Liefeld. Gelaran yang dilancarkan semula, yang menyaksikan watak-watak yang diangkut ke alam semesta selari dengan sejarah yang berbeza dari Marvel Universe, adalah satu kejayaan yang mantap di tengah-tengah industri yang sedang berjuang, tetapi Marvel menghentikan percubaan selepas satu tahun berjalan dan mengembalikan watak-watak itu kepada Marvel Universe sesuai. Pada tahun 1998, syarikat itu melancarkan jejak Marvel Knights, yang berlaku dalam kesinambungan Marvel; yang diketuai oleh ketua pengarang Joe Quesada, memaparkan cerita-cerita yang sukar dan menarik yang mempamerkan watak seperti Inhumans, Black Panther dan Daredevil. <> Studio apa yang membantu untuk melancarkan semula dan merombak pasukan mengagumi klasik The Fantastic Four and the Avengers? || Komik Imej <> Apakah dua orang veteran Marvel mengasaskan Imej? || Jim Lee dan Rob Liefeld <> Bagaimana penataan untuk versi Imlek Marvel berbeza daripada komik rasmi? || sebuah alam semesta yang selari dengan sejarah yang berbeza dari arus perdana <> Berapa lama imej yang dijalankan oleh watak-watak Marvel yang terakhir? || satu tahun berjalan <> Apa tiga gelaran adalah sebahagian daripada komik-komik Kengerian Marvel yang lebih gelap, merata? || The Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil", {"context": "In 1996, Marvel had some of its titles participate in \"Heroes Reborn\", a crossover that allowed Marvel to relaunch some of its flagship characters such as the Avengers and the Fantastic Four, and outsource them to the studios of two of the former Marvel artists turned Image Comics founders, Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld. The relaunched titles, which saw the characters transported to a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream Marvel Universe, were a solid success amidst a generally struggling industry, but Marvel discontinued the experiment after a one-year run and returned the characters to the Marvel Universe proper. In 1998, the company launched the imprint Marvel Knights, taking place within Marvel continuity; helmed by soon-to-become editor-in-chief Joe Quesada, it featured tough, gritty stories showcasing such characters as the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "Image Comics"}], "question": "What studio helped to relaunch and revamp classic marvel teams The Fantastic Four and the Avengers?", "id": "57268a73708984140094c961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Jim Lee and Rob Liefeld"}], "question": "What two Marvel veterans founded Image?", "id": "57268a73708984140094c962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "a parallel universe with a history distinct from the mainstream"}], "question": "How was the setting for the Image versions of Marvel characters different from the official comics?", "id": "57268a73708984140094c963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "a one-year run"}], "question": "How long did the Image run of Marvel characters last?", "id": "57268a73708984140094c964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "the Inhumans, Black Panther and Daredevil"}], "question": "What three titles were part of the darker, grimmer Marvel Knights comics?", "id": "57268a73708984140094c965"}]}], ["Marvel mengadakan konvensyen buku komiknya sendiri, Marvelcon '75, pada musim bunga 1975, dan menjanjikan Marvelcon '76. Pada acara 1975, Stan Lee menggunakan perbincangan panel Fantastic Four untuk mengumumkan bahawa Jack Kirby, artis pencipta bersama kebanyakan watak-watak Marvel, kembali ke Marvel selepas meninggalkan pada tahun 1970 untuk bekerja untuk DC Comics. Pada bulan Oktober 1976, Marvel, yang telah mencatatkan semula cetakan semula di negara-negara yang berbeza, termasuk UK, mencipta superhero khusus untuk pasaran British. Kapten Britain memulakan kerjaya eksklusif di UK, dan kemudian muncul dalam komik Amerika. <> Apakah konvensyen buku komik yang dianjurkan oleh Marvel itu dipanggil? || Marvelcon <> Apa kembali artis ke Marvel diumumkan pada acara ini? || Jack Kirby <> Apa watak Marvel dibuat khusus untuk merayu kepada pasaran UK? || Kapten Britain <> Kapan konvensyen komik tajaan Marvel yang pertama? || musim bunga 1975 <> Bilakah superhero bertemakan Inggeris pertama kali muncul? || Oktober 1976", {"context": "Marvel held its own comic book convention, Marvelcon '75, in spring 1975, and promised a Marvelcon '76. At the 1975 event, Stan Lee used a Fantastic Four panel discussion to announce that Jack Kirby, the artist co-creator of most of Marvel's signature characters, was returning to Marvel after having left in 1970 to work for rival DC Comics. In October 1976, Marvel, which already licensed reprints in different countries, including the UK, created a superhero specifically for the British market. Captain Britain debuted exclusively in the UK, and later appeared in American comics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Marvelcon"}], "question": "What was Marvel's self-hosted comic book convention called?", "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Jack Kirby"}], "question": "What artist's return to Marvel was announced at this event?", "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Captain Britain"}], "question": "What Marvel character was specifically created to appeal to the UK market?", "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "spring 1975"}], "question": "When was the first Marvel-sponsored comics convention?", "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "October 1976"}], "question": "When did Marvel's British-themed superhero first appear?", "id": "572684dd708984140094c8b9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, Jim Shooter menjadi ketua editor Marvel. Walaupun keperibadian kontroversial, Shooter telah mengubati banyak masalah prosedur di Marvel, termasuk tarikh akhir yang terlewat. Sepanjang tempoh sembilan tahun Shooter sebagai ketua editor, Chris Claremont dan John Byrne di Run of the Uncanny X-Men dan Frank Miller di Daredevil menjadi kejayaan kritikal dan komersil. Penembak membawa Marvel ke dalam pasaran langsung yang pesat berkembang, penjanaan royalti penciptaan, bermula dengan jejak Komik Epik untuk bahan milik pencipta pada tahun 1982; memperkenalkan arka cerita crossover seluruh syarikat dengan Peraduan Juara dan Peperangan Rahsia; dan pada tahun 1986 melancarkan garis Universe Baru yang tidak berjaya untuk memperingati ulang tahun ke-25 komik Marvel Comics. Star Komik, garis berorientasikan kanak-kanak yang berbeza dari tajuk Marvel biasa, telah berjaya sebentar pada tempoh ini. <> Siapa yang mengambil alih sebagai ketua Marvel pada tahun 1978? || Jim Shooter <> Apa contoh amalan buruk yang dihapuskan di bawah rejim Shooter di Marvel? || Berulang-ulang terlepas tarikh akhir <> Apa artis dan penulis terkenal yang dibuat membawa Daredevil ke barisan hadapan pada tahun 1980-an? || Frank Miller <> Apa pasukan artis dan penulis membantu mempopularkan garis komik Uncanny X-Men dalam tahun 1980-an? || Chris Claremont dan John Byrne <> Rahsia Perang adalah contoh awal komik cerita komik Marvel? || kisah cerita crossover", {"context": "In 1978, Jim Shooter became Marvel's editor-in-chief. Although a controversial personality, Shooter cured many of the procedural ills at Marvel, including repeatedly missed deadlines. During Shooter's nine-year tenure as editor-in-chief, Chris Claremont and John Byrne's run on the Uncanny X-Men and Frank Miller's run on Daredevil became critical and commercial successes. Shooter brought Marvel into the rapidly evolving direct market, institutionalized creator royalties, starting with the Epic Comics imprint for creator-owned material in 1982; introduced company-wide crossover story arcs with Contest of Champions and Secret Wars; and in 1986 launched the ultimately unsuccessful New Universe line to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marvel Comics imprint. Star Comics, a children-oriented line differing from the regular Marvel titles, was briefly successful during this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Jim Shooter"}], "question": "Who took over as head of Marvel in 1978?", "id": "572687385951b619008f75d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "repeatedly missed deadlines"}], "question": "What is an example of a bad practice eliminated under Shooter's regime at Marvel?", "id": "572687385951b619008f75d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Frank Miller"}], "question": "What noted artist and writer made brought Daredevil to the forefront during the 1980s?", "id": "572687385951b619008f75d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Chris Claremont and John Byrne"}], "question": "What team of artist and writer helped popularize the Uncanny X-Men line of comics in the 1980s?", "id": "572687385951b619008f75d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "crossover story arcs"}], "question": "Secret Wars was an early example of what Marvel comics story trope?", "id": "572687385951b619008f75d7"}]}], ["Marvel memperoleh banyak wang dan pengiktirafan semasa ledakan buku komik pada awal 1990-an, melancarkan komik komik 2099 yang berjaya di masa depan (Spider-Man 2099, dan lain-lain) dan kreatif yang berani walaupun jejak super Razorline yang tidak berjaya secara komersil komik yang dicipta oleh ahli novel dan pembikin filem Clive Barker. Pada tahun 1990, Marvel mula menjual Kad Marvel Universe dengan pembuat kad dagangan SkyBox International. Ini adalah kad dagangan yang boleh ditagihkan yang menampilkan watak-watak dan peristiwa-peristiwa Marvel Universe. 1990-an menyaksikan kebanjiran penutupan varian, penutupan tambahan, isu baju renang, dan liputan seluruh syarikat yang menjejaskan kesinambungan keseluruhan Marvel Universe fiksyen <> Apa komik tahun 1990-an menampilkan cerita-cerita futuristik, sci-fi? || 2099 baris <> Apakah nama garis komik khusus yang dicipta oleh Clive Barker untuk Marvel? || Razorline <> Dalam tahun apakah Marvel memperkenalkan kad dagangan berdasarkan aksara mereka? || 1990 <> Apa syarikat kad perdagangan Marvel yang bekerjasama untuk melesenkan kad dagangan ini? || SkyBox International <> Apa yang dipengaruhi oleh peningkatan penggunaan di Marvel cerita crossover antara watak komik? || kesinambungan keseluruhan Marvel Universe fiksyen", {"context": "Marvel earned a great deal of money and recognition during the comic book boom of the early 1990s, launching the successful 2099 line of comics set in the future (Spider-Man 2099, etc.) and the creatively daring though commercially unsuccessful Razorline imprint of superhero comics created by novelist and filmmaker Clive Barker. In 1990, Marvel began selling Marvel Universe Cards with trading card maker SkyBox International. These were collectible trading cards that featured the characters and events of the Marvel Universe. The 1990s saw the rise of variant covers, cover enhancements, swimsuit issues, and company-wide crossovers that affected the overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "2099 line"}], "question": "What 1990s comic line featured futuristic, sci-fi stories?", "id": "5726888e708984140094c921"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Razorline"}], "question": "What was the name of the specialty comics line created by Clive Barker for Marvel?", "id": "5726888e708984140094c922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "1990"}], "question": "In what year did Marvel introduce trading cards based on their characters?", "id": "5726888e708984140094c923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "SkyBox International"}], "question": "What trading card company did Marvel team up with to license these trading cards?", "id": "5726888e708984140094c924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "overall continuity of the fictional Marvel Universe"}], "question": "What was affected by the increasing use at Marvel of crossover stories between comic characters?", "id": "5726888e708984140094c925"}]}], ["Goodman, kini terputus dari Marvel, menubuhkan sebuah syarikat baru bernama Seaboard Periodicals pada tahun 1974, menghidupkan semula nama Atlas lama Marvel untuk barisan Atlas Comics yang baru, tetapi ini berlangsung hanya setahun setengah. Pada pertengahan 1970-an penurunan rangkaian pengedaran kedai serbaneka menjejaskan Marvel. Puncak kultus seperti Howard the Duck menjadi korban kepada masalah pengedaran, dengan beberapa tajuk yang melaporkan jualan rendah apabila sebenarnya kedai buku komik khusus menjualnya semula pada masa yang akan datang. [Rujukan?] Tetapi menjelang akhir dekade, kekayaan Marvel sedang menghidupkan semula, berkat kebangkitan pengedaran pasaran langsung melalui kedai-kedai komik-khusus yang sama dan bukannya gerai berita. <> Apa usaha baru yang dilakukan oleh pengasas Marvel selepas meninggalkan syarikat itu pada tahun 1970-an? || Seaboard Periodicals <> Apa bekas jejak Marvel yang cuba dilakukan oleh Goodman untuk menghidupkan semula? || Atlas Comics <> Apa kedai runcit yang baru muncul pada akhir tahun 1970-an untuk menyaingi gerai berita untuk jualan komik? || kedai buku komik <> Berapa lama kebangkitan semula Atlas Comics dalam tahun 1970? || satu setengah tahun <> Semasa era apakah pengedaran kiosk terawal untuk Marvel? || pertengahan 1970-an", {"context": "Goodman, now disconnected from Marvel, set up a new company called Seaboard Periodicals in 1974, reviving Marvel's old Atlas name for a new Atlas Comics line, but this lasted only a year and a half. In the mid-1970s a decline of the newsstand distribution network affected Marvel. Cult hits such as Howard the Duck fell victim to the distribution problems, with some titles reporting low sales when in fact the first specialty comic book stores resold them at a later date.[citation needed] But by the end of the decade, Marvel's fortunes were reviving, thanks to the rise of direct market distribution\u2014selling through those same comics-specialty stores instead of newsstands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Seaboard Periodicals"}], "question": "What new venture did Marvel's founder begin after leaving the company in the 1970s?", "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e21e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Atlas Comics"}], "question": "What former Marvel title imprint did Goodman attempt to revive?", "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "comic book stores"}], "question": "What new retail outlet came on board at the end of the 1970s to rival newsstands for comic sales?", "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "a year and a half"}], "question": "How long was the 1970s revival of Atlas Comics in business?", "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the mid-1970s"}], "question": "During what era did newsstand distribution begin to tail off markedly for Marvel?", "id": "5726826af1498d1400e8e222"}]}], ["Satu siri editor-in-chief baru mengawasi syarikat itu dalam masa yang lebih perlahan untuk industri. Sekali lagi, Marvel cuba mempelbagaikan, dan dengan mengemaskini Kod Komik mencapai kejayaan yang sederhana dan kuat dengan tajuk bertemakan seram (Makam Dracula), seni mempertahankan diri, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), pedang dan (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) dan fiksyen sains (2001: A Space Odyssey, \"Killraven\" dalam Adventures Amazing, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, menjalankan siri Star Wars). Beberapa di antaranya telah diterbitkan dalam majalah hitam putih yang lebih besar, di bawah jejak Curtis Magazinesnya. Marvel dapat memanfaatkan komik superhero yang berjaya dalam dekad yang lalu dengan memperoleh pengedar gerai berita baru dan mengembangkan lagi komiknya. Marvel menarik di hadapan DC Comics saingan pada tahun 1972, ketika harga dan format comic newsstand standard berada dalam fluks. Goodman menaikkan harga dan saiz Marvel's November 1971 komik bertarikh tutup dari 15 sen untuk 36 muka surat keseluruhan kepada 25 sen untuk 52 muka surat. DC mengikutinya, namun Marvel pada bulan berikutnya menurunkan komiknya kepada 20 sen untuk 36 muka surat, menawarkan produk harga murah dengan diskaun pengedar yang lebih tinggi. <> Keadaan apa yang membolehkan Marvel untuk berkembang menjadi lebih banyak cerita genre bertema dewasa? || pengemaskinian Kod Komik <> Apakah dua wira komik Marvel dalam fantasi, pedang dan tetapan sihir? || Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja <> Watak-watak air yang mempunyai siri buku komik sendiri? || Howard the Duck <> Dalam tahun apakah jualan Marvel telah menyusul saingan DC? || 1972 <> Bagaimana beberapa tajuk genre Marvel diterbitkan pada tahun 1970-an? || Majalah hitam dan putih format yang lebih besar, di bawah jejak Curtis Majalahnya", {"context": "A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, \"Killraven\" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the updating of the Comics Code"}], "question": "What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?", "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja"}], "question": "What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?", "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Howard the Duck"}], "question": "What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?", "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "1972"}], "question": "In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?", "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint"}], "question": "How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?", "id": "572680e4dd62a815002e8784"}]}], ["Pada April 2013, Marvel dan komponen konglomerat Disney yang lain mula mengumumkan projek bersama. Dengan ABC, novel Sekali Sejagat yang diumumkan untuk diterbitkan pada bulan September. Dengan Disney, Marvel mengumumkan pada bulan Oktober 2013 bahawa pada bulan Januari 2014, ia akan melepaskan gelaran pertamanya di bawah jejak \"Disney Kingdoms\" bersama mereka, \"Pencari Aneh\", miniseries lima isu. Pada 3 Januari 2014, anak syarikat Disney, Lucasfilm Limited, LLC mengumumkan bahawa sehingga 2015, komik Star Wars akan sekali lagi diterbitkan oleh Marvel. <> Apakah rangkaian TV berkongsi ibu bapa dengan Marvel? || ABC <> Apa rangkaian di rangkaian ini diberikan novel grafis Marvel? || Sekali Lagi <> Apakah komik komik Marvel dan Disney dipanggil? || \"Disney Kingdoms\" <> Apakah tajuk pertama yang diterbitkan dalam komik bersama itu? || \"Pencari Aneh\" <> Apa filem franchise sci-fi kembali ke Marvel pada tahun 2015? || Star Wars", {"context": "In April 2013, Marvel and other Disney conglomerate components began announcing joint projects. With ABC, a Once Upon a Time graphic novel was announced for publication in September. With Disney, Marvel announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first title under their joint \"Disney Kingdoms\" imprint \"Seekers of the Weird\", a five-issue miniseries. On January 3, 2014, fellow Disney subsidiary Lucasfilm Limited, LLC announced that as of 2015, Star Wars comics would once again be published by Marvel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "ABC"}], "question": "What TV network shares a parent with Marvel?", "id": "57269102708984140094ca4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Once Upon a Time"}], "question": "What series on this network was given a Marvel graphic novel?", "id": "57269102708984140094ca50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "\"Disney Kingdoms\""}], "question": "What is the Marvel and Disney line of comics called?", "id": "57269102708984140094ca51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "\"Seekers of the Weird\""}], "question": "What was the first title published in that joint line of comics?", "id": "57269102708984140094ca52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Star Wars"}], "question": "What movie sci-fi franchise returned to Marvel in 2015?", "id": "57269102708984140094ca53"}]}], ["Pada 31 Ogos 2009, Syarikat Walt Disney mengumumkan perjanjian untuk membeli syarikat induk Marvel Comics, Marvel Entertainment, dengan harga $ 4 bilion atau $ 4.2 bilion, dengan para pemegang saham Marvel menerima $ 30 dan 0.745 saham Disney untuk setiap bahagian Marvel yang mereka miliki. Sehingga tahun 2008, Marvel dan pesaing utama DC Comics yang lama berkongsi lebih daripada 80% pasaran komik-buku Amerika. Sehingga September 2010, Marvel menukar syarikat pengedaran kedai buku dari Pengedar Buku Berlian ke Hachette Distribution Services. <> Apa syarikat hiburan yang dibeli Marvel pada penghujung tahun 2000an? || Walt Disney Company <> Bilakah penjualan Marvel ke konglomerat hiburan ini diumumkan? || 31 Ogos 2009 <> Apakah harga jualan Marvel? || $ 4 bilion atau $ 4.2 bilion <> Apa bahagian pasaran pembaca yang dinikmati oleh komik Marvel dan DC? || 80% <> Pada tahun 2010, Marvel bertukar kepada apa yang menjadi pengedar untuk penjualan buku komik di toko buku? || Perkhidmatan Pengedaran Hachette", {"context": "On August 31, 2009, The Walt Disney Company announced a deal to acquire Marvel Comics' parent corporation, Marvel Entertainment, for $4 billion or $4.2 billion, with Marvel shareholders to receive $30 and 0.745 Disney shares for each share of Marvel they own. As of 2008, Marvel and its major, longtime competitor DC Comics shared over 80% of the American comic-book market. As of September 2010, Marvel switched its bookstores distribution company from Diamond Book Distributors to Hachette Distribution Services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "The Walt Disney Company"}], "question": "What entertainment company purchased Marvel at the end of the 2000s?", "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 31, 2009"}], "question": "When was the sale of Marvel to this entertainment conglomerate announced?", "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "$4 billion or $4.2 billion"}], "question": "What was the sale price of Marvel?", "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What is the readership market share enjoyed by Marvel and DC comics?", "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Hachette Distribution Services"}], "question": "In 2010, Marvel switched to what distributor for bookstore comic book sales?", "id": "57268d7ef1498d1400e8e396"}]}], ["Marvel meletupkan jejak Marvel Adventures pada bulan Mac 2012, dan menggantikan mereka dengan dua gelaran yang disambungkan ke blok TV Marvel Universe. Juga pada bulan Mac, Marvel mengumumkan inisiatif Marvel ReEvolution yang termasuk Komik Infinite, barisan komik digital, Marvel AR, perisian aplikasi yang menyediakan pengalaman realiti tambahan kepada pembaca dan Marvel NOW !, Pelancaran semula sebahagian besar gelaran utama syarikat dengan pasukan kreatif yang berbeza. MEREKA SEKARANG! juga menyaksikan kemunculan tajuk perdana baru termasuk Uncanny Avengers dan All-New X-Men. <> Bilakah garis Petualangan Marvel berhenti penerbitan? || Mac 2012 <> Komik Infinite berkaitan dengan apa platform media komik? || komik digital <> Apa dua judul baru di bawah Marvel SEKARANG! garis komik? || Uncanny Avengers dan All-New X-Men <> Marvel NOW !, Comics Infinite, dan Marvel AR berada di bawah payung apa usaha usaha rumah? || Marvel ReEvolution <> Apa yang AR dalam Marvel AR berdiri? || realiti bertambah", {"context": "Marvel discontinued its Marvel Adventures imprint in March 2012, and replaced them with a line of two titles connected to the Marvel Universe TV block. Also in March, Marvel announced its Marvel ReEvolution initiative that included Infinite Comics, a line of digital comics, Marvel AR, an application software that provides an augmented reality experience to readers and Marvel NOW!, a relaunch of most of the company's major titles with different creative teams. Marvel NOW! also saw the debut of new flagship titles including Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "March 2012"}], "question": "When did the Marvel Adventures line cease publishing?", "id": "57268f57708984140094ca2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "digital comics"}], "question": "Infinite Comics is related to what comics media platform?", "id": "57268f57708984140094ca30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Uncanny Avengers and All-New X-Men"}], "question": "What are two new titles under the Marvel NOW! line of comics?", "id": "57268f57708984140094ca31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Marvel ReEvolution"}], "question": "Marvel NOW!, Infinite Comics, and Marvel AR are under the umbrella of what in house business endeavor?", "id": "57268f57708984140094ca32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "augmented reality"}], "question": "What does the AR in Marvel AR stand for?", "id": "57268f57708984140094ca33"}]}], ["Marvel pertama berlesen dua novel prosa ke Bantam Books, yang mencetak The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker oleh Otto Binder (1967) dan Captain America: The Great Gold Steal oleh Ted White (1968). Pelbagai penerbit mengambil lesen dari tahun 1978 hingga 2002. Juga, dengan pelbagai filem berlesen yang dibebaskan pada tahun 1997, pelbagai penerbit mengeluarkan novelisasi filem. Pada tahun 2003, selepas penerbitan novel dewasa muda prosa Mary Jane, yang dibintangi oleh Mary Jane Watson dari mythos Spider-Man, Marvel mengumumkan pembentukan penerbitan Marvel Press. Walau bagaimanapun, Marvel kembali ke pelesenan dengan Buku Pocket dari tahun 2005 hingga 2008. Dengan beberapa buku yang dikeluarkan di bawah jejak itu, Marvel dan Kumpulan Buku Disney melancarkan Marvel Press pada tahun 2011 dengan baris Buku Buku Asal Marvel. <> Apa penerbit Marvel yang pertama melancarkan aksara untuk novelisasi? || Buku Bantam <> Apakah novel pertama diterbitkan di bawah perjanjian ini? || The Avengers Battle the Wrecker Earth oleh Otto Binder <> Apa nama penerbit buku Marvel yang berpendidikan singkat sepanjang tahun 2000? || Marvel Press <> Pada tahun 2005, Marvel telah menurunkan hak penerbitannya sendiri untuk novelisasi dan bukan bermitra dengan penerbit apa? || Buku Pocket <> Marvel Press dilancarkan semula pada tahun berapa? || 2011", {"context": "Marvel first licensed two prose novels to Bantam Books, who printed The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder (1967) and Captain America: The Great Gold Steal by Ted White (1968). Various publishers took up the licenses from 1978 to 2002. Also, with the various licensed films being released beginning in 1997, various publishers put out movie novelizations. In 2003, following publication of the prose young adult novel Mary Jane, starring Mary Jane Watson from the Spider-Man mythos, Marvel announced the formation of the publishing imprint Marvel Press. However, Marvel moved back to licensing with Pocket Books from 2005 to 2008. With few books issued under the imprint, Marvel and Disney Books Group relaunched Marvel Press in 2011 with the Marvel Origin Storybooks line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Bantam Books"}], "question": "What publisher did Marvel first license its characters to for novelization?", "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "The Avengers Battle the Earth Wrecker by Otto Binder"}], "question": "What was the first novel published under this deal?", "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Marvel Press"}], "question": "What was the name of the short-lived Marvel novelization book publisher during the 2000s?", "id": "5726927e708984140094ca8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Pocket Books"}], "question": "In 2005, Marvel dropped it's own publishing rights for novelization and instead partnered with what publisher?", "id": "5726927e708984140094ca90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "2011"}], "question": "Marvel Press was relaunched in what year?", "id": "5726927e708984140094ca91"}]}], ["Rancangan Walt Disney Parks and Resorts merancang mewujudkan tarikan Marvel yang asli di taman tema mereka, dengan Hong Kong Disneyland menjadi taman tema Disney pertama yang menampilkan tarikan Marvel. Kerana perjanjian pelesenan dengan Universal Studios, ditandatangani sebelum membeli Disney dari Marvel, Walt Disney World dan Tokyo Disney dihalang daripada mempunyai watak Marvel di taman mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, ini hanya termasuk aksara Universal yang sedang digunakan, watak-watak lain dalam \"keluarga\" mereka (X-Men, Avengers, Four Fantastic, dll), dan penjahat yang dikaitkan dengan watak-watak tersebut. Klausa ini telah membolehkan Walt Disney World bertemu dan menyeru, barangan, tarikan dan banyak lagi dengan watak-watak Marvel lain yang tidak dikaitkan dengan watak-watak di Pulau Adventures, seperti Star-Lord dan Gamora dari Guardians of the Galaxy serta Baymax dan Hiro dari Big Hero 6. <> Apa tema taman Disney akan menjadi yang pertama menonjolkan tarikan khusus Marvel? || Hong Kong Disneyland <> Oleh kerana kontrak terdahulu, apakah dua taman Disney yang dihalang daripada memaparkan watak-watak Marvel? || Walt Disney World dan Tokyo Disney <> Kontrak dengan studio non-Disney mana yang menghalang sesetengah taman menggunakan aksara Marvel? || Universal Studios <> Apa filem Marvel yang menampilkan Star-Lord dan Gamora? || Penjaga Galaxy <> Filem apa yang mempunyai watak-watak Baymax dan Hiro? || Big Hero 6", {"context": "Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their \"families\" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Hong Kong Disneyland"}], "question": "What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?", "id": "5726943c708984140094cac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney"}], "question": "Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?", "id": "5726943c708984140094cac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Universal Studios"}], "question": "The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?", "id": "5726943c708984140094cac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Guardians of the Galaxy"}], "question": "What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?", "id": "5726943c708984140094cac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "Big Hero 6"}], "question": "What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?", "id": "5726943c708984140094cac7"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1578, Elizabeth I memberikan paten kepada Humphrey Gilbert untuk penemuan dan penerokaan di luar negara. Pada tahun itu, Gilbert berlayar ke Hindia Barat dengan tujuan untuk melibatkan diri dalam pembajakan dan mendirikan tanah jajahan di Amerika Utara, tetapi ekspedisi itu digugurkan sebelum ia melintasi Atlantik. Pada tahun 1583, dia memulakan percubaan kedua, pada kesempatan ini ke pulau Newfoundland yang pelabuhannya secara rasmi dituntut untuk England, walaupun tiada peneroka ditinggalkan. Gilbert tidak bertahan perjalanan pulang ke England, dan digantikan oleh saudara tirinya, Walter Raleigh, yang telah diberikan paten sendiri oleh Elizabeth pada tahun 1584. Kemudian pada tahun itu, Raleigh mengasaskan koloni Roanoke di pantai masa kini North Carolina, tetapi kekurangan bekalan menyebabkan koloni gagal. <> Bilakah Humphrey Gilbert mula berlayar ke Hindia Barat? || 1578 <> Bilakah percubaan kedua Humphrey Gilbert untuk berlayar? || 1583 <> Apa tujuan kedua Humphrey Gilbert? || Newfoundland <> Siapa adik lelaki Humphrey Gilbert? || Walter Raleigh <> Apa yang ditemui koloni Walter Raleigh? || Roanoke", {"context": "In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1578"}], "question": "When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?", "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e8368"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "1583"}], "question": "When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?", "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e8369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?", "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Walter Raleigh"}], "question": "Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?", "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Roanoke"}], "question": "What colony did Walter Raleigh found?", "id": "572663c1dd62a815002e836c"}]}], ["Asas-asas empayar British telah dibentangkan ketika England dan Scotland adalah kerajaan yang terpisah. Pada 1496 Raja Henry VII dari England, berikutan kejayaan Sepanyol dan Portugal dalam penerokaan di luar negara, menugaskan John Cabot untuk mengetuai pelayaran untuk menemui laluan ke Asia melalui Atlantik Utara. Cabot belayar pada tahun 1497, lima tahun selepas penemuan Eropah di Amerika, dan walaupun ia berhasil membuat daratan di pantai Newfoundland (dengan keliru mempercayai, seperti Christopher Columbus, bahawa dia telah sampai di Asia), tidak ada cubaan untuk mencari koloni. Cabot membawa pelayaran lain ke Amerika pada tahun berikutnya tetapi tidak ada lagi yang mendengar tentang kapal-kapalnya. <> Bilakah pelayaran John Cabot ditugaskan? || 1496 <> Siapa yang mengarahkan pelayaran John Cabot? || Raja Henry VII dari England <> Di manakah Cabot cuba mencari laluan melalui Atlantik Utara? || Asia <> Di manakah Cabot membuat daratan? || Newfoundland <> Yang peneroka yang membuat Cabot membuat kesilapan yang serupa? || Christopher Columbus", {"context": "The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia), there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "1496"}], "question": "When was John Cabot's voyage commissioned?", "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "King Henry VII of England"}], "question": "Who commissioned John Cabot's voyage?", "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Asia"}], "question": "Where was Cabot trying to find a route to via the North Atlantic?", "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Newfoundland"}], "question": "Where did Cabot make landfall?", "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Christopher Columbus"}], "question": "Which explorer did Cabot make a mistake similar to?", "id": "5726627bf1498d1400e8ddd4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1603, James VI, Raja Scots, naik (sebagai James I) ke takhta Inggeris dan pada tahun 1604 merundingkan Perjanjian di London, mengakhiri permusuhan dengan Sepanyol. Sekarang dengan damai dengan pesaing utamanya, perhatian Inggeris beralih dari mempraktikkan infrastruktur penjajahan negara-negara lain kepada usaha mewujudkan koloni di luar negeri sendiri. Empayar Britania mula terbentuk pada awal abad ke-17, dengan penempatan bahasa Inggeris Amerika Utara dan pulau-pulau kecil di Caribbean, dan penubuhan syarikat-syarikat swasta, terutama sekali Syarikat India Timur India, untuk mengurus koloni dan perdagangan luar negeri. Tempoh ini, sehinggalah kehilangan Tiga belas Koloni selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika menjelang akhir abad ke-18, kemudiannya dirujuk oleh beberapa ahli sejarah sebagai \"Empayar British Pertama\". <> Apakah nama / tajuk James saya sebelum mengambil takhta Inggeris? || James VI, Raja Skotlandia <> Bilakah James I merundingkan Perjanjian London? || 1604 <> Negara manakah yang England berunding dengan Perjanjian London? || Sepanyol <> Dalam abad berapa syarikat Inggeris East India? || 17 <> Apa tempoh yang berakhir pada penghujung abad ke-18? || \"Empayar British Pertama\"", {"context": "In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the \"First British Empire\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "James VI, King of Scots"}], "question": "What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?", "id": "572664515951b619008f7161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1604"}], "question": "When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?", "id": "572664515951b619008f7162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?", "id": "572664515951b619008f7163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "17th"}], "question": "In what century did the English East India Company form?", "id": "572664515951b619008f7164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "the \"First British Empire\""}], "question": "What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?", "id": "572664515951b619008f7165"}]}], ["Caribbean pada mulanya menyediakan koloni England yang paling penting dan menguntungkan, tetapi tidak sebelum beberapa cubaan penjajahan gagal. Percubaan untuk menubuhkan tanah jajahan di Guiana pada tahun 1604 hanya berlangsung selama dua tahun, dan gagal dalam tujuan utamanya untuk mencari deposit emas. Jajahan di St Lucia (1605) dan Grenada (1609) juga dilipat dengan cepat, tetapi penempatan telah berjaya ditubuhkan di St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) dan Nevis (1628). Tanah jajahan tidak lama lagi mengamalkan sistem ladang gula yang berjaya digunakan oleh orang Portugis di Brazil, yang bergantung kepada buruh hamba, dan-pada kapal pertama Belanda, untuk menjual hamba dan membeli gula itu. Untuk memastikan keuntungan yang semakin sihat dalam perdagangan ini kekal di tangan Inggeris, Parlimen menetapkan pada tahun 1651 bahawa hanya kapal Inggeris yang mampu melancarkan perdagangan mereka di tanah jajahan Inggeris. Ini membawa kepada permusuhan dengan Wilayah Belanda-satu siri Anglo-Belanda Wars-yang akhirnya akan mengukuhkan kedudukan England di Amerika dengan perbelanjaan Belanda. Pada tahun 1655, England menggabungkan pulau Jamaica dari Sepanyol, dan pada 1666 berjaya menjajah Bahama. <> Kapan pertama England menubuhkan tanah jajahan di Guiana? || 1604 <> Kapan pertama England menubuhkan tanah jajahan di St. Lucia? || 1605 <> Bilakah England memenangi pulau Jamaica dari Sepanyol? || 1655 <> Bilakah Inggeris menjajah Bahama? || 1666 <> Apakah matlamat koloni England di Guiana? || untuk mencari deposit emas", {"context": "The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies, but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded, but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) and Nevis (1628). The colonies soon adopted the system of sugar plantations successfully used by the Portuguese in Brazil, which depended on slave labour, and\u2014at first\u2014Dutch ships, to sell the slaves and buy the sugar. To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of this trade remained in English hands, Parliament decreed in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces\u2014a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars\u2014which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1604"}], "question": "When did England first establish a colony in Guiana?", "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "1605"}], "question": "When did England first establish a colony in St. Lucia?", "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1018, "text": "1655"}], "question": "When did England annex the island of Jamaica from the Spanish?", "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1087, "text": "1666"}], "question": "When did England colonize the Bahamas?", "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "to find gold deposits"}], "question": "What was the goal of England's colony in Guiana?", "id": "57266715dd62a815002e83c2"}]}], ["Semasa Zaman Penemuan pada abad ke-15 dan ke-16, Portugal dan Sepanyol mempelopori penerokaan Eropah di dunia, dan dalam prosesnya menubuhkan empayar luar negeri yang besar. Cengkeram kekayaan besar yang dihasilkan oleh kerajaan ini, Inggris, Perancis, dan Belanda mulai menubuhkan koloni dan jaringan perdagangan mereka sendiri di Amerika dan Asia. Satu siri peperangan di abad ke-17 dan ke-18 dengan Belanda dan Perancis meninggalkan England (dan kemudian, selepas kesatuan antara England dan Scotland pada tahun 1707, Great Britain) kuasa penjajah yang dominan di Amerika Utara dan India. <> Di mana berabad-abad adalah Age of Discovery? || Abad ke-15 dan ke-16 <> Negara mana yang mempelopori penerokaan Eropah di dunia? || Portugal dan Sepanyol <> Kapan England menjadi Great Britain? || 1707 <> Negara mana yang mula menjajah kerana mereka iri terhadap empayar Portugal dan Sepanyol? || England, Perancis, dan Belanda <> Negara mana yang digabungkan dengan England untuk membentuk Great Britain? || Scotland", {"context": "During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England, France, and the Netherlands began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the Americas and Asia. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England (and then, following union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain) the dominant colonial power in North America and India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "15th and 16th centuries"}], "question": "In which centuries was the Age of Discovery?", "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Portugal and Spain"}], "question": "Which countries pioneered European exploration of the globe?", "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "1707"}], "question": "When did England become Great Britain?", "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "England, France, and the Netherlands"}], "question": "Which countries began colonizing because they envied the empires of Portugal and Spain?", "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Scotland"}], "question": "Which country combined with England to form Great Britain?", "id": "57265fb5dd62a815002e82fe"}]}], ["Empayar British terdiri daripada dominasi, koloni, protektorat, mandat dan wilayah lain yang diperintah atau ditadbir oleh United Kingdom. Ia berasal dari harta benda dan jawatan perdagangan luar negeri yang ditubuhkan oleh England antara abad ke-16 dan awal abad ke-18. Pada ketinggiannya, ia adalah kekaisaran terbesar dalam sejarah dan, selama lebih dari satu abad, merupakan kuasa global yang paling utama. Menjelang tahun 1922 Empayar Britania memegang lebih kurang 458 juta orang, seperlima penduduk dunia pada masa itu, dan meliputi lebih daripada 13,000,000 meter persegi (33,670,000 km2), hampir satu perempat daripada jumlah keseluruhan tanah Bumi. Akibatnya, warisan politik, undang-undang, bahasa dan kebudayaannya tersebar luas. Pada puncak kuasanya, frasa \"kekaisaran di mana matahari tidak pernah ditetapkan\" sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan Empayar Britania, kerana luasnya di seluruh dunia bermaksud bahawa matahari selalu bersinar di sekurang-kurangnya salah satu wilayahnya. <> United Kingdom memerintah kerajaan apa? || British <> Empayar mana yang paling besar dalam sejarah, pada ketinggiannya? || British <> Bilakah 458 juta orang hidup di Kerajaan British? || 1922 <> Berapa banyak penduduk dunia yang memerintah Kerajaan British pada tahun 1922? || seperlima <> Berapa batu persegi persegi memerintah Empayar Britania pada tahun 1922? || 13,000,000", {"context": "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-fifth of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13,000,000 sq mi (33,670,000 km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "British"}], "question": "The United Kingdom ruled what empire?", "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "British"}], "question": "Which empire was the largest in history, at its height?", "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When did 458 million people live in the British Empire?", "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "one-fifth"}], "question": "How much of the world's population did the British Empire rule in 1922?", "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "13,000,000"}], "question": "How many square miles did the British Empire rule in 1922?", "id": "57265f11f1498d1400e8dd82"}]}], ["Tiada percubaan untuk menubuhkan jajahan Inggeris di benua Amerika dibuat sehingga ke dalam pemerintahan Queen Elizabeth I, pada dekad terakhir abad ke-16. Sementara itu, Reformasi Protestan telah menjadikan Sepanyol dan Katolik Sepanyol menjadi musuh yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Pada tahun 1562, Mahkota Inggeris telah menggalakkan penyokong-penyokong John Hawkins dan Francis Drake untuk terlibat dalam serangan menyerang hamba terhadap kapal-kapal Sepanyol dan Portugis di luar pantai Afrika Barat dengan tujuan untuk memecah masuk ke dalam sistem perdagangan Atlantik. Upaya ini ditolak dan kemudiannya, ketika Anglo-Spanish Wars semakin intensif, Elizabeth I memberinya berkah untuk melakukan serbuan lebih lanjut terhadap pelabuhan Sepanyol di Amerika dan perkapalan yang kembali ke Atlantik, penuh dengan harta karun dari Dunia Baru. Pada masa yang sama, penulis yang berpengaruh seperti Richard Hakluyt dan John Dee (yang pertama kali menggunakan istilah \"Empayar Britania\") mula menekan pembentukan empayar England sendiri. Pada masa ini, Sepanyol telah menjadi kuasa dominan di Amerika dan menjelajah lautan Pasifik, Portugal telah menubuhkan jawatan perdagangan dan kubu dari pantai Afrika dan Brazil ke China, dan Perancis telah mula menetap di kawasan Saint Lawrence River, kemudian untuk menjadi New France. <> Apa yang menjadikan England dan Katolik Sepanyol menjadi musuh yang tidak dapat dipisahkan? || Reformasi Protestan <> Bilakah John Hawkins dan Francis Drake menyerang kapal budak Sepanyol dan Portugis? || 1562 <> Di mana John Hawkins dan Francis Drake menyerang kapal budak Sepanyol dan Portugis? || di luar pantai Afrika Barat <> Siapakah yang memberkati mereka untuk melakukan serbuan lebih lanjut mengenai pelabuhan Sepanyol? || Elizabeth I <> Penulis mana yang pertama menggunakan istilah \"Empayar Britania\"? || John Dee", {"context": "No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime the Protestant Reformation had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies . In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic trade system. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the Anglo-Spanish Wars intensified, Elizabeth I gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic, laden with treasure from the New World. At the same time, influential writers such as Richard Hakluyt and John Dee (who was the first to use the term \"British Empire\") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of Africa and Brazil to China, and France had begun to settle the Saint Lawrence River area, later to become New France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "the Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "What had turned England and Catholic Spain into implacable enemies?", "id": "57266351708984140094c47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "1562"}], "question": "When did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?", "id": "57266351708984140094c47e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "off the coast of West Africa"}], "question": "Where did John Hawkins and Francis Drake attack Spanish and Portuguese slave ships?", "id": "57266351708984140094c47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Elizabeth I"}], "question": "Who gave their blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports?", "id": "57266351708984140094c480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "John Dee"}], "question": "Which author was the first to use the term \"British Empire\"?", "id": "57266351708984140094c481"}]}], ["Menjelang permulaan abad ke-20, Jerman dan Amerika Syarikat mencabar ekonomi Britain. Ketegangan tentera dan ekonomi berikutnya antara Britain dan Jerman adalah punca utama Perang Dunia Pertama, di mana Britain sangat bergantung kepada empayarnya. Konflik itu menimbulkan ketegangan yang besar terhadap sumber ketenteraan, kewangan dan tenaga manusia di Britain. Walaupun Empayar Britania mencapai tahap wilayah terbesarnya selepas Perang Dunia I, Britain tidak lagi menjadi kuasa perindustrian atau ketenteraan yang terkenal di dunia. Dalam Perang Dunia Kedua, jajahan Britain di Asia Tenggara telah diduduki oleh Imperial Japan. Walaupun kemenangan akhir Britain dan sekutunya, kerosakan terhadap prestij British membantu mempercepat kemerosotan empayar. India, milik Britain yang paling berharga dan ramai, mencapai kemerdekaan sebagai sebahagian daripada pergerakan dekolonisasi yang lebih besar di mana Britain memberikan kemerdekaan kepada kebanyakan wilayah Empayar. Pemindahan Hong Kong ke China pada tahun 1997 menandakan banyaknya penghujung Empayar Britania. Empat belas wilayah luar negeri kekal di bawah kedaulatan British. Selepas kemerdekaan, banyak bekas jajahan British menyertai Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa, persatuan bebas dari negara-negara merdeka. United Kingdom kini menjadi salah satu daripada 16 negara Persemakmuran, sebuah kumpulan yang dikenali secara tidak formal sebagai negara-negara Komanwel, yang berkongsi satu raja-Ratu Elizabeth II. <> Negara-negara mana yang mencabar kehebatan ekonomi Britain pada permulaan abad ke-20? || Jerman dan Amerika Syarikat <> Negara manakah yang paling berharga dan penduduk Britain? || India <> Bilakah Britain memindahkan Hong Kong ke China? || wilayah di luar negara kekal di bawah kedaulatan Britain <> Berapa banyak wilayah di luar negara masih berada di bawah kedaulatan British? || Empat belas <> Siapakah raja Komanwel? || Ratu Elizabeth II", {"context": "By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States challenged Britain's economic lead. Subsequent military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily upon its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on the military, financial and manpower resources of Britain. Although the British Empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after World War I, Britain was no longer the world's pre-eminent industrial or military power. In the Second World War, Britain's colonies in South-East Asia were occupied by Imperial Japan. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. India, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved independence as part of a larger decolonisation movement in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the Empire. The transfer of Hong Kong to China in 1997 marked for many the end of the British Empire. Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share one monarch\u2014Queen Elizabeth II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Germany and the United States"}], "question": "Which countries challenged Britain's economic lead by the start of the 20th century?", "id": "57266208708984140094c455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "India"}], "question": "Which country was Britain's most valuable and populous possession?", "id": "57266208708984140094c456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "overseas territories remain under British sovereignty"}], "question": "When did Britain transfer Hong Kong to China?", "id": "57266208708984140094c457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1051, "text": "Fourteen"}], "question": "How many overseas territories remain under British sovereignty?", "id": "57266208708984140094c458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1379, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Who is the Commonwealth's monarch?", "id": "57266208708984140094c459"}]}], ["Penyelesaian tetap pertama di Amerika di Amerika diasaskan pada tahun 1607 di Jamestown, yang dipimpin oleh Kapten John Smith dan dikelola oleh Syarikat Virginia. Bermuda telah diselesaikan dan dituntut oleh England akibat kapal karam 1609 di mana perdana Syarikat Virginia, dan pada tahun 1615 diserahkan kepada Somers Isles Company yang baru ditubuhkan. Piagam Syarikat Virginia telah dibatalkan pada tahun 1624 dan kawalan terus Virginia telah diasumsikan oleh mahkota, dengan itu mendirikan Colony of Virginia. Syarikat London dan Bristol telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1610 dengan tujuan mewujudkan penempatan tetap di Newfoundland, tetapi sebahagian besarnya tidak berjaya. Pada tahun 1620, Plymouth diasaskan sebagai tempat tinggal bagi pemisah agama puritan, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Jemaah Haji. Melarikan diri dari penganiayaan keagamaan akan menjadi motif bagi banyak penjajah Inggeris yang akan menghadapi pelayaran trans-Atlantik yang sukar: Maryland diasaskan sebagai tempat tinggal bagi Katolik Roma (1634), Rhode Island (1636) sebagai toleran koloni terhadap semua agama dan Connecticut (1639) untuk Congregationalists. Provinsi Carolina didirikan pada 1663. Dengan penyerahan Kubu Amsterdam pada tahun 1664, England menguasai tanah jajahan Belanda New Netherland, menamakan semula New York. Ini telah dirasmikan dalam rundingan berikutan Perang Anglo-Belanda Kedua, sebagai pertukaran untuk Suriname. Pada tahun 1681, koloni Pennsylvania diasaskan oleh William Penn. Tanah jajahan Amerika kurang berjaya dari segi ekonomi di Caribbean, tetapi mempunyai kawasan pertanian yang baik dan menarik lebih banyak pendatang bahasa Inggeris yang lebih memilih iklim sederhana mereka. <> Bilakah penempatan tetap pertama di Amerika di Amerika ditubuhkan? || 1607 <> Di manakah penyelesaian kekal pertama di Amerika di Amerika? || Jamestown <> Yang mengetuai penempatan tetap pertama di Amerika di Amerika? || Kapten John Smith <> Bilakah syarikat Somer Isles mengambil alih menguruskan Bermuda? || 1615 <> Apa yang England menamakan New Netherland? || New York", {"context": "England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck there of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. The London and Bristol Company was created in 1610 with the aim of creating a permanent settlement on Newfoundland, but was largely unsuccessful. In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Fleeing from religious persecution would become the motive of many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous trans-Atlantic voyage: Maryland was founded as a haven for Roman Catholics (1634), Rhode Island (1636) as a colony tolerant of all religions and Connecticut (1639) for Congregationalists. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. This was formalised in negotiations following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, in exchange for Suriname. In 1681, the colony of Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "1607"}], "question": "When was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas founded?", "id": "57266787708984140094c4ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Jamestown"}], "question": "Where was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?", "id": "57266787708984140094c4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Captain John Smith"}], "question": "Who led England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?", "id": "57266787708984140094c4ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "1615"}], "question": "When did the Somer Isles Company take over managing Bermuda?", "id": "57266787708984140094c4f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1207, "text": "New York"}], "question": "What did England rename New Netherland to?", "id": "57266787708984140094c4f1"}]}], ["Kemerdekaan Tiga belas Koloni di Amerika Utara pada tahun 1783 selepas Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika menyebabkan Britain kehilangan beberapa koloni tertua dan paling ramai penduduknya. Perhatian British tidak lama lagi berpaling ke arah Asia, Afrika, dan Pasifik. Selepas kekalahan Perancis dalam Perang Revolusi dan Napoleon (1792-1815), Britain muncul sebagai kuasa angkatan laut dan kekaisaran utama abad ke-19 (dengan bandar London yang terbesar di dunia dari tahun 1830). Tidak dapat ditandingi di laut, dominasi British kemudiannya digambarkan sebagai Pax Britannica (\"Peace of Britain\"), suatu tempoh keamanan yang relatif di Eropah dan dunia (1815-1914) di mana Empayar Britania menjadi hegemon global dan mengadopsi peranan polis global . Pada awal abad ke-19, Revolusi Perindustrian mula mengubah Britain; pada masa Pameran Besar pada tahun 1851 negara itu digambarkan sebagai \"bengkel dunia\". Empayar Britania berkembang dengan merangkumi India, sebahagian besar Afrika dan banyak wilayah lain di seluruh dunia. Di samping kawalan rasmi yang dilakukan ke atas tanah jajahannya sendiri, dominasi British terhadap perdagangan dunia bermakna ia menguasai ekonomi banyak rantau, seperti Asia dan Amerika Latin. Di dalam negeri, sikap politik menyukai dasar perdagangan bebas dan laissez-faire dan peluasan francais mengundi secara beransur-ansur. Pada abad ini, penduduk meningkat pada kadar yang dramatik, disertai oleh urbanisasi yang pesat, yang menyebabkan tekanan sosial dan ekonomi yang signifikan. Untuk mencari pasaran baru dan sumber bahan mentah, Parti Konservatif di bawah Disraeli melancarkan tempoh pengembangan imperialis di Mesir, Afrika Selatan, dan di tempat lain. Kanada, Australia, dan New Zealand menjadi dominasi sendiri. <> Bilakah Tiga Belas Koloni menjadi bebas dari Britain? || 1783 <> Perang yang mana menyebabkan Britain kehilangan beberapa koloni tertua dan paling ramai penduduknya? || Perang Amerika Kemerdekaan <> Di mana peperangan Perancis kalah? || Perang Revolusi dan Napoleon <> Apa maksud Pax Britannica? || Keamanan Britania <> Bilakah Britain menamakan \"bengkel dunia\"? || 1851", {"context": "The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792\u20131815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica (\"British Peace\"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815\u20131914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the \"workshop of the world\". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1783"}], "question": "When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?", "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "American War of Independence"}], "question": "Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?", "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "In which wars was France defeated?", "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "British Peace"}], "question": "What did Pax Britannica mean?", "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "1851"}], "question": "When was Britain called the \"workshop of the world\"?", "id": "5726604ddd62a815002e8308"}]}], ["Perjuangan British dan Perancis di India menjadi satu teater Perang Dunia Tujuh Tahun (1756-1763) yang melibatkan Perancis, Britain dan negara-negara Eropah yang lain. Penandatanganan Perjanjian Paris (1763) mempunyai akibat penting untuk masa depan Empayar Britania. Di Amerika Utara, masa depan Perancis sebagai kuasa penjajah diakhiri secara berkesan dengan pengakuan tuntutan British terhadap Tanah Rupert, dan penyebaran New France ke Britain (meninggalkan penduduk berbahasa Perancis yang besar di bawah kawalan British) dan Louisiana ke Sepanyol. Sepanyol menyerahkan Florida ke Britain. Seiring dengan kemenangannya ke atas Perancis di India, Perang Tujuh Tahun menyebabkan Britain sebagai kuasa maritim paling kuat di dunia. <> Bilakah Perang Tujuh Tahun? || 1756-1763 <> Bilakah Perjanjian Paris? || 1763 <> Negara manakah yang memperoleh New France dari Perancis? || Britain <> Negara manakah yang memperoleh Louisiana dari Perancis? || Sepanyol <> Negara mana yang membeli Florida dari Sepanyol? || Britain", {"context": "The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global Seven Years' War (1756\u20131763) involving France, Britain and the other major European powers. The signing of the Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful maritime power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "1756\u20131763"}], "question": "When was the Seven Years' War?", "id": "57266bc1708984140094c571"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "1763"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Paris?", "id": "57266bc1708984140094c572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Which country acquired New France from France?", "id": "57266bc1708984140094c573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country acquired Louisiana from France?", "id": "57266bc1708984140094c574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Which country acquired Florida from Spain?", "id": "57266bc1708984140094c575"}]}], ["Pada Perjanjian yang berakhir dengan Utrecht, Philip melepaskan haknya dan keturunannya untuk takhta Perancis dan Sepanyol kehilangan empayarnya di Eropah. Empayar British adalah wilayah yang diperbesar: dari Perancis, Britain memperoleh Newfoundland dan Acadia, dan dari Sepanyol, Gibraltar dan Minorca. Gibraltar menjadi pangkalan tentera laut kritikal dan membenarkan Britain mengawal masuk dan masuk Atlantik ke Mediterranean. Sepanyol juga menyerahkan hak kepada asiento yang menguntungkan (kebenaran untuk menjual hamba di Amerika Syarikat) ke Britain. <> Raja Philip melepaskan haknya untuk takhta selepas perjanjian apa? || Perjanjian Utrecht <> Negara manakah Britain memperoleh Newfoundland dan Acadia dari? || Perancis <> Negara manakah Britain memperoleh Gibraltar dan Minorca dari? || Sepanyol <> Tanah kuku mana yang membolehkan Britain mengawal masuk dan masuk Atlantik ke Mediterranean? || kebenaran untuk menjual hamba di Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah istilah Sepanyol untuk kebenaran menjual budak di Amerika Syarikat? || asiento", {"context": "At the concluding Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendants' right to the French throne and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained Newfoundland and Acadia, and from Spain, Gibraltar and Minorca. Gibraltar became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean. Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell slaves in Spanish America) to Britain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Treaty of Utrecht"}], "question": "King Philip renounced his right to the throne after what treaty?", "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which country did Britain acquire Newfoundland and Acadia from?", "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country did Britain acquire Gibraltar and Minorca from?", "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "permission to sell slaves in Spanish America"}], "question": "Which colony allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the Mediterranean?", "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "asiento"}], "question": "What was the Spanish term for permission to sell slaves in Spanish America?", "id": "57266a9bf1498d1400e8df18"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1695, Parlimen Scotland memberikan piagam kepada Syarikat Scotland, yang menubuhkan penempatan pada tahun 1698 di bahagian barat Panama. Dikurung oleh kolonis Sepanyol jiran New Granada, dan ditindas oleh malaria, koloni itu ditinggalkan dua tahun kemudian. Skim Darien adalah bencana kewangan untuk Scotland-satu perempat daripada ibu kota Scotland hilang dalam perusahaan itu-dan mengakhiri harapan Scotland untuk menubuhkan kerajaan luar negeri sendiri. Episod itu juga mempunyai akibat politik yang besar, memujuk kerajaan kedua-dua England dan Scotland merit kesatuan negara, bukan sekadar mahkota. Ini berlaku pada tahun 1707 dengan Perjanjian Kesatuan, membina Kerajaan Great Britain. <> Bilakah Syarikat Scotland diberikan piagam? || 1695 <> Bilakah Panama dijajah oleh Scotland? || 1698 <> Berapa lama koloni Panama Scotland bertahan? || dua tahun <> Berapa banyak modal Scotland hilang dalam percubaan koloni Panama? || satu perempat <> Bilakah Perjanjian Kesatuan? || 1707", {"context": "In 1695, the Scottish Parliament granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the isthmus of Panama. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland\u2014a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise\u2014and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns. This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union, establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1695"}], "question": "When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter?", "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1698"}], "question": "When was Panama colonized by Scotland?", "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "two years"}], "question": "How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?", "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8deba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "a quarter"}], "question": "How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?", "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8debb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "1707"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Union?", "id": "572668aef1498d1400e8debc"}]}], ["Peristiwa-peristiwa di Amerika mempengaruhi dasar British di Kanada, di mana antara 40,000 dan 100,000 Loyalists yang dikalahkan telah berpindah dari Amerika selepas kemerdekaan. The 14,000 Loyalists yang pergi ke lembah sungai Saint John dan Saint Croix, kemudian sebahagian dari Nova Scotia, merasa terlalu jauh dari kerajaan wilayah di Halifax, sehingga London memisahkan New Brunswick sebagai koloni terpisah pada tahun 1784. Akta Perlembagaan 1791 mewujudkan wilayah Upper Canada (terutamanya bahasa Inggeris) dan Lower Canada (terutamanya bahasa Perancis) untuk meredakan ketegangan antara komuniti Perancis dan British, dan melaksanakan sistem kerajaan yang serupa dengan yang digunakan di Britain, dengan niat untuk menegaskan kuasa empayar dan tidak membenarkan semacam kawalan popular kerajaan yang dilihat telah membawa kepada Revolusi Amerika. <> Berapa ramai pengikut setia Inggeris berpindah dari AS ke Kanada? || antara 40,000 dan 100,000 <> New Brunswick dipecah dari mana wilayah itu? || Nova Scotia <> Yang bertindak mewujudkan wilayah Upper Canada? || Akta Perlembagaan 1791 <> Bahasa apa yang kebanyakan bahasa Upper Canada bercakap? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Bahasa apa yang kebanyakan berbahasa Lower Canada bercakap? || Perancis", {"context": "Events in America influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated Loyalists had migrated from America following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the Saint John and Saint Croix river valleys, then part of Nova Scotia, felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off New Brunswick as a separate colony in 1784. The Constitutional Act of 1791 created the provinces of Upper Canada (mainly English-speaking) and Lower Canada (mainly French-speaking) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "between 40,000 and 100,000"}], "question": "How many British loyalists moved from the US to Canada?", "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Nova Scotia"}], "question": "New Brunswick was split off from which province?", "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "The Constitutional Act of 1791"}], "question": "Which act created the Upper Canada provinces?", "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language did most of Upper Canada speak?", "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language did most of Lower Canada speak?", "id": "57266df7708984140094c5a5"}]}], ["Perdamaian antara England dan Belanda pada tahun 1688 bermaksud bahawa kedua-dua negara memasuki Perang Sembilan Tahun sebagai sekutu, tetapi konflik yang dilakukan di Eropah dan luar negeri antara Perancis, Sepanyol dan persekutuan Anglo-Belanda-meninggalkan bahasa Inggeris kekuatan penjajah yang lebih kuat daripada Belanda, yang terpaksa menumpukan sebahagian besar belanjawan tentera mereka ke atas perang darat yang mahal di Eropah. Abad ke-18 menyaksikan England (selepas 1707, Britain) bangkit untuk menjadi kuasa kolonial dominan di dunia, dan Perancis menjadi pesaing utamanya di pentas kekaisaran. <> Negara mana yang menjadi saingan utama Britain pada abad ke-18? || Perancis <> Bilakah England dan Belanda membuat perdamaian? || 1688 <> Di mana peperangan adalah sekutu England dan Belanda? || Perang Sembilan Tahun <> Di abad mana apakah Britain menjadi kuasa kolonial dominan di dunia? || 18th", {"context": "Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict\u2014waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance\u2014left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. The 18th century saw England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which country became Britain's main rival in the 18th century?", "id": "57266a2e708984140094c545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1688"}], "question": "When did England and the Netherlands make peace?", "id": "57266a2e708984140094c546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Nine Years' War"}], "question": "In which war were England and the Netherlands allies?", "id": "57266a2e708984140094c547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "18th"}], "question": "In which century did Britain become the world's dominant colonial power?", "id": "57266a2e708984140094c548"}]}], ["Kehilangan sebahagian besar Amerika Syarikat, pada masa yang dimilikinya di luar negeri Britain, dilihat oleh beberapa ahli sejarah sebagai peristiwa yang menentukan peralihan di antara empayar \"pertama\" dan \"kedua\", di mana Britain mengalihkan perhatiannya dari Amerika ke Asia, Pasifik dan kemudian Afrika. Kekayaan Bangsa Bangsa Adam Smith, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1776, berpendapat bahawa tanah jajahan berlebihan, dan perdagangan bebas harus menggantikan dasar-dasar mercantilist lama yang mencirikan tempoh pengembangan penjajahan pertama, sejak perlindungan Spanyol dan Portugal. Pertumbuhan perdagangan antara Amerika Syarikat dan Britain yang baru merdeka selepas 1783 seolah-olah mengesahkan pandangan Smith bahawa kawalan politik tidak diperlukan untuk kejayaan ekonomi. <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Adam Smith pada tahun 1776? || Kekayaan Bangsa <> Pertumbuhan perdagangan antara AS dan Inggris setelah 1783 sepertinya mengesahkan pandangannya? || Smith <> Pada zaman 'Empayar' Empayar British, Britain menumpukan kembali bidangnya? || Asia, Pasifik dan kemudian Afrika <> Apa yang pernah menjadi milik Britain di luar negara yang paling ramai penduduknya? || British America <> Yang berhujah bahawa tanah jajahan berlebihan? || Adam Smith", {"context": "The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the \"first\" and \"second\" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that free trade should replace the old mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Wealth of Nations"}], "question": "What book by Adam Smith was published in 1776?", "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f7269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Smith"}], "question": "The growth of trade between the US and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm whose views?", "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Asia, the Pacific and later Africa"}], "question": "In the 'second' British Empire period, Britain refocused on which areas?", "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "British America"}], "question": "What had been Britain's most populous overseas possession?", "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Adam Smith"}], "question": "Who argued that colonies were redundant?", "id": "57266d6c5951b619008f726d"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1760-an dan awal 1770-an, hubungan antara Tiga Belas Colonies dan Britain menjadi semakin tegang, terutamanya kerana kebencian usaha Parlimen British untuk mentadbir dan membiayai penjajah Amerika tanpa persetujuan mereka. Ini diringkaskan pada masa itu dengan slogan \"Tiada cukai tanpa perwakilan\", yang dianggap melanggar hak orang Inggeris yang dijamin. Revolusi Amerika bermula dengan penolakan kuasa Parlimen dan bergerak ke arah kerajaan sendiri. Sebagai tindak balas Britain menghantar tentera untuk mengembalikan peraturan langsung, yang membawa kepada wabak perang pada tahun 1775. Pada tahun berikutnya, pada tahun 1776, Amerika Syarikat mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan. Kemasukan Perancis ke perang pada tahun 1778 menandakan keseimbangan ketenteraan dalam usaha Amerika dan selepas kekalahan di Yorktown pada tahun 1781, Britain mula berunding dengan istilah damai. Kemerdekaan Amerika diakui di Peace of Paris pada tahun 1783. Hubungan British yang mana kawasannya menjadi tegang pada 1760-1770an? || Tiga Belas Colonies <> Apakah slogan anti-cukai kolonis Amerika? || \"Tiada cukai tanpa perwakilan\" <> Bilakah AS mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || 1776 <> Bilakah Perancis memasuki perang Revolusi Amerika? || 1778 <> Bilakah Britain mengenali kemerdekaan Amerika? || 1783", {"context": "During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the slogan \"No taxation without representation\", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. The American Revolution began with rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the United States declared independence. The entry of France to the war in 1778 tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at Yorktown in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the Peace of Paris in 1783.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the Thirteen Colonies"}], "question": "British relations with which area became strained in the 1760s-1770s?", "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "\"No taxation without representation\""}], "question": "What was the American colonists' anti-tax slogan?", "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "1776"}], "question": "When did the US declare independence?", "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "1778"}], "question": "When did France enter the American Revolution war?", "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e8469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "1783"}], "question": "When did Britain recognize American independence?", "id": "57266c3edd62a815002e846a"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-16, England dan Belanda mula mencabar monopoli perdagangan Portugal dengan Asia, membentuk syarikat saham swasta untuk membiayai pelayaran-Inggeris, kemudian British, India Timur India dan Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda, yang disewa pada tahun 1600 dan 1602. Matlamat utama syarikat-syarikat ini adalah untuk memasuki perdagangan rempah yang lumayan, satu usaha yang difokuskan terutamanya kepada dua wilayah; kepulauan Hindia Timur, dan hab penting dalam rangkaian perdagangan, India. Di sana, mereka bersaing untuk ketuanan perdagangan dengan Portugal dan satu sama lain. Walaupun England akhirnya mengalahkan Belanda sebagai kuasa kolonial, dalam jangka pendek sistem kewangan Belanda yang lebih maju dan tiga Anglo-Belanda Wars abad ke-17 meninggalkannya dengan kedudukan yang lebih kuat di Asia. Permusuhan terhenti selepas Revolusi Agung 1688 apabila Belanda William Orange menaiki takhta Inggeris, membawa keamanan antara Belanda dan Inggeris. Kesepakatan antara kedua negara itu meninggalkan perdagangan rempah-rempah kepulauan Hindia Timur ke Belanda dan industri tekstil India ke England, tetapi tekstil tidak lama lagi mengatasi rempah-rempah dari segi keuntungan, dan pada tahun 1720, dari segi penjualan, syarikat British telah mengatasi Belanda. <> Bilakah syarikat British East India menyewa? || 1600 <> Bilakah syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda menyewa? || 1602 <> Bilakah Syarikat India Timur India mengatasi Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda dalam jualan? || 1720 <> Berapa banyak Anglo-Belanda Wars ada di abad ke-17? || tiga <> Syarikat Belanda Timur India menumpukan pada perdagangan di mana industri? || rempah ratus", {"context": "At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages\u2014the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative spice trade, an effort focused mainly on two regions; the East Indies archipelago, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England ultimately eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the Dutch William of Orange ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the Netherlands and England. A deal between the two nations left the spice trade of the East Indies archipelago to the Netherlands and the textiles industry of India to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability, and by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1600"}], "question": "When was the British East India Company chartered?", "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1602"}], "question": "When was the Dutch East India Company chartered?", "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1197, "text": "1720"}], "question": "When had the British East India Company overtaken the Dutch East India Company in sales?", "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Anglo-Dutch Wars were there in the 17th century?", "id": "57266960dd62a815002e840f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1020, "text": "spice"}], "question": "The Dutch East India Company focused on trade in which industry?", "id": "57266960dd62a815002e8410"}]}], ["Semasa dekad pertengahan abad ke-18, terdapat beberapa konflik konflik tentera di benua India, Perang Carnatic, sebagai Syarikat India Timur India (Syarikat) dan rakan sejawatannya dari Perancis, Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales, berjuang bersama-sama dengan tempatan penguasa untuk mengisi vakum yang telah ditinggalkan oleh kemerosotan Empayar Mughal. Pertempuran Plassey pada tahun 1757, di mana British, yang diketuai oleh Robert Clive, mengalahkan Nawab dari Bengal dan sekutunya Perancis, meninggalkan Syarikat menguasai Bengal dan sebagai kuasa ketenteraan dan politik utama di India. Perancis ditinggalkan kawalan ke atas kawasannya tetapi dengan sekatan ketenteraan dan kewajipan untuk menyokong negara-negara klien British, menamatkan harapan Perancis mengawal India. Pada dekad-dekad berikut, Syarikat secara beransur-ansur meningkatkan saiz wilayah di bawah kawalannya, sama ada berkuasa secara langsung atau melalui raja-raja tempatan di bawah ancaman kekerasan dari Tentera India India, sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada sepi India. <> Apakah setara dengan Bahasa Inggeris East India Company? || Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales <> Kapan Pertempuran Plassey? || 1757 <> Siapa yang mengetuai British dalam Pertempuran Plassey? || Robert Clive <> Dimana Perang Karnatik? || Tentera India British <> Apakah Tentera India British yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada? || Sepoys India", {"context": "During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, the Carnatic Wars, as the English East India Company (the Company) and its French counterpart, the Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, in which the British, led by Robert Clive, defeated the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies, left the Company in control of Bengal and as the major military and political power in India. France was left control of its enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the British Indian Army, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian sepoys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Compagnie fran\u00e7aise des Indes orientales"}], "question": "What was the French equivalent of the English East India Company?", "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1757"}], "question": "When was the Battle of Plassey?", "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Robert Clive"}], "question": "Who led the British in the Battle of Plassey?", "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "British Indian Army"}], "question": "Where were the Carnatic Wars?", "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "Indian sepoys"}], "question": "What was the British Indian Army mostly composed of?", "id": "57266b6c5951b619008f721f"}]}], ["Dua tahun kemudian, Royal African Company telah dirasmikan, menerima dari Raja Charles sebagai monopoli perdagangan untuk membekalkan hamba ke koloni British di Caribbean. Sejak awal, perbudakan menjadi asas Kerajaan British di Hindia Barat. Sehingga penghapusan perdagangan hamba pada tahun 1807, Britain bertanggungjawab mengangkut 3.5 juta hamba Afrika ke Amerika, satu pertiga daripada semua budak yang diangkut merentasi Atlantik. Untuk memudahkan perdagangan ini, kubu-kubu dibina di pantai Afrika Barat, seperti Pulau James, Accra dan Pulau Bunce. Di British Caribbean, peratusan penduduk keturunan Afrika meningkat daripada 25 peratus pada tahun 1650 kepada sekitar 80 peratus pada tahun 1780, dan di 13 jajahan dari 10 peratus hingga 40 peratus dalam tempoh yang sama (majoriti di koloni selatan). Bagi peniaga-peniaga hamba, perdagangan itu sangat menguntungkan, dan menjadi tulang belakang ekonomi utama bagi bandar-bandar British Barat seperti Bristol dan Liverpool, yang membentuk sudut ketiga perdagangan yang disebut segitiga dengan Afrika dan Amerika. Bagi keadaan yang dibawa, kasar dan tidak bersih pada kapal pengemudi dan diet miskin bermakna kadar kematian purata semasa Laluan Tengah adalah satu daripada tujuh. <> Syarikat manakah yang memonopoli perdagangan untuk membekalkan hamba ke koloni British di Caribbean? || Royal African Company <> Bilakah perdagangan hamba Inggeris dimansuhkan? || 1807 <> Berapa ramai budak Afrika yang mengangkut Britain ke Amerika? || 3.5 juta <> Perdagangan hamba triangular adalah antara Afrika, Amerika, dan bandar-bandar di mana Inggeris? || Bristol dan Liverpool <> Apakah kadar kematian semasa Laluan Tengah? || satu dalam tujuh", {"context": "Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. From the outset, slavery was the basis of the British Empire in the West Indies. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, Britain was responsible for the transportation of 3.5 million African slaves to the Americas, a third of all slaves transported across the Atlantic. To facilitate this trade, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as James Island, Accra and Bunce Island. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 percent in 1650 to around 80 percent in 1780, and in the 13 Colonies from 10 percent to 40 percent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). For the slave traders, the trade was extremely profitable, and became a major economic mainstay for such western British cities as Bristol and Liverpool, which formed the third corner of the so-called triangular trade with Africa and the Americas. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average mortality rate during the Middle Passage was one in seven.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Royal African Company"}], "question": "Which company had monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean?", "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "1807"}], "question": "When was the British slave trade abolished?", "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "How many African slaves did Britain transport to the Americas?", "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "Bristol and Liverpool"}], "question": "The triangular slave trade was between Africa, the Americas, and which British cities?", "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1230, "text": "one in seven"}], "question": "What was the death rate during the Middle Passage?", "id": "5726682ff1498d1400e8de9e"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-19, Britain dan Empayar Rusia bersatu untuk mengisi kekosongan kuasa yang telah ditinggalkan oleh Empayar Uthmaniah yang merosot, dinasti Qajar dan Dinasti Qing. Persaingan di Eurasia ini dikenali sebagai \"Great Game\". Setakat yang Britain bimbang, kekalahan yang ditimbulkan oleh Rusia di Persia dan Turki menunjukkan cita-cita dan kehebatan imperialnya dan menimbulkan ketakutan di Britain mengenai pencerobohan tanah besar di India. Pada tahun 1839, Britain berpindah sebelum ini dengan menyerang Afghanistan, tetapi Perang Anglo-Afghan Pertama adalah bencana bagi Britain. <> Britain bersaing dengan negara mana yang memenuhi kekosongan kuasa Asia pada abad ke-19? || Rusia <> Bilakah Britain pertama menyerang Afghanistan? || 1839 <> Apa persaingan British-Rusia dipanggil? || \"Permainan Hebat\" <> Britain takut Rusia akan menyerang negara / wilayah apa? || India <> kemenangan Rusia terhadap negara mana yang meningkatkan ketakutan British? || Persia dan Turki", {"context": "During the 19th century, Britain and the Russian Empire vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining Ottoman Empire, Qajar dynasty and Qing Dynasty. This rivalry in Eurasia came to be known as the \"Great Game\". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on Persia and Turkey demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading Afghanistan, but the First Anglo-Afghan War was a disaster for Britain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "Britain competed with which country to fill the Asian power vacuum in the 19th century?", "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "1839"}], "question": "When did Britain first invade Afghanistan?", "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "the \"Great Game\""}], "question": "What was the British-Russian rivalry called?", "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "India"}], "question": "Britain feared Russia would invade what country/territory?", "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Persia and Turkey"}], "question": "Russian victories against which countries increased British fears?", "id": "5726776df1498d1400e8e0a6"}]}], ["Apabila Rusia menyerang Balkan Turki pada 1853, ketakutan penguasaan Rusia di Mediterranean dan Timur Tengah memimpin Britain dan Perancis untuk menyerang Semenanjung Crimean untuk memusnahkan keupayaan tentera laut Russia. Perang Crimean yang akan datang (1854-56), yang melibatkan teknik-teknik baru peperangan moden, dan merupakan satu-satunya peperangan dunia yang berjuang antara Britain dan kuasa empayar yang lain semasa Pax Britannica, adalah kekalahan besar bagi Rusia. Keadaan masih tidak dapat diselesaikan di Asia Tengah selama dua dekad lagi, dengan penggabungan Britain Baluchistan pada tahun 1876 dan penggabungan Rusia Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, dan Turkmenistan. Untuk sementara waktu, perang lain tidak dapat dielakkan, tetapi kedua-dua negara mencapai persetujuan mengenai pengaruh masing-masing di rantau ini pada tahun 1878 dan pada semua perkara yang cemerlang pada tahun 1907 dengan penandatanganan Entente Anglo-Rusia. Kemusnahan Tentera Laut Rusia oleh orang Jepun di Pertempuran Port Arthur semasa Perang Russo-Jepun pada tahun 1904-05 juga membatasi ancaman kepada British. <> Bilakah Rusia menyerang Balkan Turki? || 1853 <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1854-1856? || Perang Crimean <> Siapa yang kehilangan Perang Crimean? || Rusia <> Bilakah Britain mengambil alih Baluchistan? || 1876 <> Negara mana yang mengambil alih Kazakhstan? || Rusia", {"context": "When Russia invaded the Turkish Balkans in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and Middle East led Britain and France to invade the Crimean Peninsula to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing Crimean War (1854\u201356), which involved new techniques of modern warfare, and was the only global war fought between Britain and another imperial power during the Pax Britannica, was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing Baluchistan in 1876 and Russia annexing Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. The destruction of the Russian Navy by the Japanese at the Battle of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904\u201305 also limited its threat to the British.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1853"}], "question": "When did Russia invade the Turkish Balkans?", "id": "57267801dd62a815002e860e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Crimean War"}], "question": "What was took place in 1854-1856?", "id": "57267801dd62a815002e860f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who lost the Crimean War?", "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "1876"}], "question": "When did Britain take over Baluchistan?", "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Which country took over Kazakhstan?", "id": "57267801dd62a815002e8612"}]}], ["Dari pangkalannya di India, Syarikat juga telah terlibat dalam perdagangan eksport candu yang semakin menguntungkan ke China sejak 1730-an. Perdagangan ini, yang menyalahi undang-undang kerana ia telah diharamkan oleh dinasti Qing pada 1729, membantu membalikkan ketidakseimbangan perdagangan yang disebabkan oleh import teh China, yang menyaksikan aliran keluar perak dari Britain ke China. Pada tahun 1839, perampasan oleh pihak berkuasa China di Kanton 20,000 dada candu mengetuai Britain untuk menyerang China dalam Perang Opium Pertama, dan mengakibatkan rampasan oleh Britain dari Pulau Hong Kong, pada masa itu penempatan kecil. <> Apakah perdagangan haram adalah Syarikat India Timur India yang terlibat? || opium <> Berapa banyak peti candu yang disita China pada tahun 1839? || 20,000 <> Perang Opium Pertama membawa kepada Britain merampas pulau apa? || Hong Kong <> Yang dinasti mana yang mengharamkan perdagangan candu? || Qing <> Bilakah Cina melarang perdagangan candu? || 1729", {"context": "From its base in India, the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at Canton of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the First Opium War, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of Hong Kong Island, at that time a minor settlement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "opium"}], "question": "What illegal trade was the British East India Company involved in?", "id": "572676425951b619008f7359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "20,000"}], "question": "How many chests of opium did China confiscate in 1839?", "id": "572676425951b619008f735a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "The First Opium War led to Britain seizing what island?", "id": "572676425951b619008f735b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Qing"}], "question": "Which dynasty outlawed opium trade?", "id": "572676425951b619008f735c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "1729"}], "question": "When did China outlaw opium trade?", "id": "572676425951b619008f735d"}]}], ["Dengan sokongan dari perisytiharan perisytiharan British, Parlimen menggubal Akta Perdagangan Hamba pada tahun 1807, yang menghapuskan perdagangan hamba di empayar. Pada tahun 1808, Sierra Leone telah ditetapkan sebagai koloni British rasmi untuk hamba yang dibebaskan. Akta Penghapusan Perbudakan yang diluluskan pada tahun 1833 telah menghancurkan perhambaan di Empayar Britania pada 1 Ogos 1834 (dengan pengecualian St Helena, Ceylon dan wilayah yang ditadbirkan oleh Syarikat India Timur, walaupun pengecualian ini kemudiannya dimansuhkan). Di bawah Akta ini, hamba-hamba telah diberikan pembebasan sepenuhnya selepas tempoh \"4\" untuk \"perantisan\". <> Bilakah Akta Perdagangan Hamba digubal? || 1807 Apa yang menghapuskan perdagangan hamba Inggeris? || Akta Perdagangan Hamba <> Koloni manakah koloni British rasmi untuk budak yang dibebaskan? || Sierra Leone <> Apa perbudakan di seluruh Empayar Britania? || Akta Penghapusan Perbudakan <> Berapa lamakah 'perantis' yang dilakukan hamba perlu sebelum dibebaskan sepenuhnya? || 4 hingga 6 tahun", {"context": "With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of \"apprenticeship\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1807"}], "question": "When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?", "id": "572675045951b619008f7321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Slave Trade Act"}], "question": "What abolished the British slave trade?", "id": "572675045951b619008f7322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Sierra Leone"}], "question": "Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?", "id": "572675045951b619008f7323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "The Slavery Abolition Act"}], "question": "What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?", "id": "572675045951b619008f7324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "4 to 6 years"}], "question": "How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?", "id": "572675045951b619008f7325"}]}], ["Semasa pelayarannya, Cook juga melawat New Zealand, yang pertama ditemui oleh penjelajah Belanda Abel Tasman pada tahun 1642, dan mendakwa pulau-pulau Utara dan Selatan untuk mahkota British pada 1769 dan 1770 masing-masing. Pada mulanya, interaksi antara populasi M\u0101ori asli dan Eropah adalah terhad kepada perdagangan barangan. Penempatan Eropa meningkat melalui dekade awal abad ke-19, dengan banyak stesen perdagangan yang ditubuhkan, terutama di Utara. Pada tahun 1839, Syarikat New Zealand mengumumkan rancangan untuk membeli tanah besar dan menubuhkan koloni di New Zealand. Pada 6 Februari 1840, Kapten William Hobson dan sekitar 40 ketua Maori menandatangani Perjanjian Waitangi. Perjanjian ini dianggap oleh banyak orang untuk menjadi dokumen pengasas di New Zealand, tetapi interpretasi berbeza dari versi Maori dan bahasa Inggeris bermakna bahawa ia terus menjadi sumber pertikaian. <> Bilakah New Zealand ditemui oleh Belanda? || 1642 <> Siapa yang menemui New Zealand untuk Belanda? || Abel Tasman <> Bilakah Cook melawat New Zealand dan menuntut Pulau Utara? || 1769 <> Apakah penduduk asli New Zealand dipanggil? || M\u0101ori <> Siapa yang menandatangani perjanjian dengan Maori? || Kapten William Hobson", {"context": "During his voyage, Cook also visited New Zealand, first discovered by Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642, and claimed the North and South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous M\u0101ori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with numerous trading stations established, especially in the North. In 1839, the New Zealand Company announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. This treaty is considered by many to be New Zealand's founding document, but differing interpretations of the Maori and English versions of the text have meant that it continues to be a source of dispute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "1642"}], "question": "When was New Zealand discovered by the Dutch?", "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Abel Tasman"}], "question": "Who discovered New Zealand for the Dutch?", "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "1769"}], "question": "When did Cook visit New Zealand and claim the North Island?", "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "M\u0101ori"}], "question": "What is New Zealand's native population called?", "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Captain William Hobson"}], "question": "Who signed a treaty with the Maori?", "id": "57266fd6708984140094c5fb"}]}], ["Antara tahun 1815 dan 1914, tempoh yang disebut \"abad kekaisaran\" oleh sesetengah ahli sejarah, sekitar 10,000,000 mil persegi (26,000,000 km2) wilayah dan kira-kira 400 juta orang telah ditambah ke Empayar British. Kemenangan Napoleon meninggalkan Britain tanpa sebarang saingan antarabangsa yang serius, selain Rusia di Asia tengah. Tanpa dipertikaikan di laut, Britain mengamalkan peranan anggota polis global, keadaan yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Pax Britannica, dan dasar luar \"pengasingan yang indah\". Di samping kawalan rasmi yang dilakukan ke atas jajahannya sendiri, kedudukan dominan Britain dalam perdagangan dunia bermakna ia menguasai ekonomi banyak negara, seperti China, Argentina dan Siam, yang telah dicirikan oleh beberapa ahli sejarah sebagai \"Impian Impian\". <> Berapa banyak batu persegi wilayah ditambah ke Empayar British antara 1815 dan 1914? || 10,000,000 <> Berapa banyak orang yang telah ditambah ke Empayar British antara 1815 dan 1914? || 400 juta <> Siapa saingan berat terakhir Britain selepas Napoleon? || Rusia <> Berapa tempoh Britain bertindak sebagai polis dunia dipanggil? || Kedudukan dominan Britain dalam perdagangan dunia <> Kedudukan dominan Britain dalam perdagangan dunia ke atas ekonomi beberapa negara telah dipanggil apa? || Empayar tidak rasmi", {"context": "Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's \"imperial century\" by some historians, around 10,000,000 square miles (26,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of \"splendid isolation\". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been characterised by some historians as \"Informal Empire\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "10,000,000"}], "question": "How many square miles of territory were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?", "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "400 million"}], "question": "How many people were added to the British Empire between 1815 and 1914?", "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who was Britain's last serious rival after Napoleon?", "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Britain's dominant position in world trade"}], "question": "What was the period of Britain acting as the world's police called?", "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "Informal Empire"}], "question": "Britain's dominant position in world trade over some countries' economies has been called what?", "id": "572675a3dd62a815002e85b6"}]}], ["Semasa akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19, British Crown mula memainkan peranan yang semakin besar dalam urusan Syarikat. Satu siri Akta Parlimen telah diluluskan, termasuk Akta Pengawalseliaan 1773, Akta Pitt India 1784 dan Akta Piagam Tahun 1813 yang mengawal hal ehwal Syarikat dan menubuhkan kedaulatan Mahkota atas wilayah yang diperolehnya. Akhirnya Syarikat akhirnya diangsahkan oleh Pemberontakan India, konflik yang bermula dengan pemberontakan sepoys, tentera India di bawah pegawai dan disiplin British. Pemberontakan itu mengambil masa enam bulan untuk menindas, dengan kehilangan nyawa yang berat di kedua belah pihak. Pada tahun berikutnya, kerajaan British membubarkan Syarikat dan menganggap kawalan langsung ke atas India melalui Kerajaan India Akta 1858, menubuhkan British Raj, di mana seorang gabenor jeneral yang ditadbir India dan Queen Victoria dinobatkan sebagai Maharani India. India menjadi milik kerajaan yang paling berharga, \"Jewel in the Crown\", dan merupakan sumber kekuatan Britain yang paling penting. <> Bilakah Britain meluluskan Akta Pengawalaturan? || 1773 <> Bilakah Britain meluluskan Akta India Pitt? || 1784 <> Bilakah Britain meluluskan Akta Piagam? || 1813 <> Syarikat British East India dibubarkan oleh mana bertindak? || Kerajaan India Akta <> Siapa yang dinobatkan sebagai Maharani India? || Queen Victoria", {"context": "During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the Company and assumed direct control over India through the Government of India Act 1858, establishing the British Raj, where an appointed governor-general administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the Empress of India. India became the empire's most valuable possession, \"the Jewel in the Crown\", and was the most important source of Britain's strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "1773"}], "question": "When did Britain pass the Regulating Act?", "id": "572676c05951b619008f736b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "1784"}], "question": "When did Britain pass Pitt's India Act?", "id": "572676c05951b619008f736c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "1813"}], "question": "When did Britain pass the Charter Act?", "id": "572676c05951b619008f736d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Government of India Act"}], "question": "The British East India Company was dissolved by which act?", "id": "572676c05951b619008f736e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "Queen Victoria"}], "question": "Who was crowned the Empress of India?", "id": "572676c05951b619008f736f"}]}], ["Oleh itu, Peperangan Napoleon di mana Britain melabur sejumlah besar modal dan sumber untuk menang. Pelabuhan Perancis diblokir oleh Royal Navy, yang memenangi kemenangan penting terhadap armada Franco-Sepanyol di Trafalgar pada tahun 1805. Tanah jajahan di luar negeri diserang dan diduduki, termasuk Belanda, yang dilampirkan oleh Napoleon pada tahun 1810. Perancis akhirnya kalah oleh gabungan tentera Eropah pada tahun 1815. Britain kembali menjadi penerima perjanjian perdamaian: Perancis menyerahkan Kepulauan Ionia, Malta (yang telah menduduki masing-masing 1797 dan 1798), Mauritius, St Lucia, dan Tobago; Sepanyol menyerahkan Trinidad; Belanda Guyana, dan Cape Colony. Britain kembali ke Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana Perancis, dan R\u00e9union ke Perancis, dan Jawa dan Suriname ke Belanda, sambil mendapat kawalan ke Ceylon (1795-1815). <> Tentera Laut Diraja British menghalang pelabuhan mana? || Perancis <> Di mana British Royal Navy mengalahkan Perancis dan Sepanyol pada 1805? || Trafalgar <> Bilakah koloni Belanda yang dilampirkan oleh Napoleon? || 1810 <> Bilakah Napoleon akhirnya kalah? || 1815 <> Perjanjian perdamaian Napoleon telah diberikan oleh Ceylon ke negara mana? || Britain", {"context": "The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the Ionian Islands, Malta (which it had occupied in 1797 and 1798 respectively), Mauritius, St Lucia, and Tobago; Spain ceded Trinidad; the Netherlands Guyana, and the Cape Colony. Britain returned Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, and R\u00e9union to France, and Java and Suriname to the Netherlands, while gaining control of Ceylon (1795\u20131815).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "French"}], "question": "The British Royal Navy blockaded which ports?", "id": "57267445708984140094c6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Trafalgar"}], "question": "Where did the British Royal Navy defeat the French and Spanish in 1805?", "id": "57267445708984140094c6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "1810"}], "question": "When were the Netherlands' colonies annexed by Napoleon?", "id": "57267445708984140094c6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "1815"}], "question": "When was Napoleon finally defeated?", "id": "57267445708984140094c6b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "The Napoleonic peace treaty had Ceylon given to which country?", "id": "57267445708984140094c6b1"}]}], ["Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda telah mengasaskan Cape Colony di ujung selatan Afrika pada tahun 1652 sebagai stesyen jalan untuk kapal-kapalnya yang pergi ke dan dari koloni-koloni di Hindia Timur. Britain secara rasmi memperoleh tanah jajahan itu, dan penduduk Afrikaner yang besar (atau Boer) pada tahun 1806, setelah mendudukinya pada 1795 untuk mengelakkannya jatuh ke tangan Perancis, menyusul pencerobohan Belanda oleh Perancis. Imigresen Inggeris mula bangkit selepas tahun 1820, dan menolak beribu-ribu Boers, marah kepada pemerintahan British, ke utara untuk menemui republik mereka sendiri yang kebanyakannya hidup bebas, semasa Trek Besar pada akhir 1830-an dan awal 1840-an. Dalam proses Voortrekkers berkali-kali bertarung dengan British, yang mempunyai agenda mereka sendiri mengenai perkembangan kolonial di Afrika Selatan dan dengan beberapa negara Afrika, termasuk negara-negara Sotho dan Zulu. Akhirnya Boers menubuhkan dua republik yang mempunyai jangka hayat yang lebih panjang: Republik Afrika Selatan atau Republik Transvaal (1852-77; 1881-1902) dan Negeri Percuma Orange (1854-1902). Pada tahun 1902 Britain menduduki kedua-dua republik itu, menyimpulkan perjanjian dengan dua Boer Republics selepas Perang Boer Kedua (1899-1902). <> Bilakah hujung selatan Afrika dijajah? || 1652 <> Yang entiti mengasaskan Cape Colony? || The Dutch East India Company <> Bilakah Britain secara rasmi memperoleh Cape Colony? || 1806 <> Apa orang-orang Afrika bergerak ke utara untuk melarikan diri pemerintahan British? || Boers <> Bilakah Perang Boer Kedua berakhir? || 1902", {"context": "The Dutch East India Company had founded the Cape Colony on the southern tip of Africa in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the East Indies. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large Afrikaner (or Boer) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands, following the invasion of the Netherlands by France. British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own\u2014mostly short-lived\u2014independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the Voortrekkers clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and with several African polities, including those of the Sotho and the Zulu nations. Eventually the Boers established two republics which had a longer lifespan: the South African Republic or Transvaal Republic (1852\u201377; 1881\u20131902) and the Orange Free State (1854\u20131902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two Boer Republics following the Second Boer War (1899\u20131902).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1652"}], "question": "When was the southern tip of Africa colonized?", "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Dutch East India Company"}], "question": "Which entity founded the Cape Colony?", "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "1806"}], "question": "When did Britain formally acquire the Cape Colony?", "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Boers"}], "question": "What African people moved northwards to escape British rule?", "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "1902"}], "question": "When did the Second Boer War end?", "id": "57267897dd62a815002e8638"}]}], ["Sejak 1718, pengangkutan ke jajahan Amerika telah dikenakan penalti bagi pelbagai kesalahan jenayah di Britain, dengan kira-kira seribu tahanan yang diangkut setiap tahun melintasi Atlantik. Dipaksa mencari lokasi alternatif selepas kehilangan 13 Jajahan pada tahun 1783, kerajaan British beralih ke tanah Australia yang baru ditemui. Pantai barat Australia telah ditemui untuk orang Eropah oleh penjelajah Belanda Willem Jansz pada tahun 1606 dan kemudiannya dinamakan New Holland oleh Syarikat Hindia Belanda Belanda, tetapi tidak ada usaha untuk menjajahnya. Pada tahun 1770 James Cook menemui pantai timur Australia semasa pelayaran saintifik ke Lautan Pasifik Selatan, mendakwa benua itu untuk Britain, dan menamakannya New South Wales. Pada tahun 1778, Joseph Banks, pakar botani Cook, telah mengemukakan bukti kepada kerajaan tentang kesesuaian Botany Bay untuk penubuhan penyelesaian hukuman, dan pada tahun 1787 penghantaran pertama belayar berlayar, tiba pada 1788. Britain terus mengangkut banduan ke New South Wales sehingga tahun 1840. Tanah jajahan Australia menjadi pengeksport yang menguntungkan bulu dan emas, terutamanya kerana emas bergegas di koloni Victoria, menjadikan ibu kota Melbourne sebagai bandar terkaya di dunia dan bandar terbesar selepas London di Kerajaan British . <> Berapa ramai banduan setahun telah menghantar Britain ke koloni Amerika? || seribu <> Di manakah Britain bertukar untuk menghantar tahanan mereka selepas kehilangan koloni Amerika? || Australia <> Yang menemui Australia pada tahun 1606? || Willem Jansz <> Apakah Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda pada mulanya menamakan Australia? || New Holland <> Bilakah penghantaran pertama banduan British meninggalkan Australia? || 1787", {"context": "Since 1718, transportation to the American colonies had been a penalty for various criminal offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year across the Atlantic. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the 13 Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to the newly discovered lands of Australia. The western coast of Australia had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch explorer Willem Jansz in 1606 and was later named New Holland by the Dutch East India Company, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific Ocean, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it New South Wales. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of gold rushes in the colony of Victoria, making its capital Melbourne the richest city in the world and the largest city after London in the British Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "one thousand"}], "question": "How many convicts per year had Britain been sending to the American colonies?", "id": "57266e705951b619008f7281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Where did Britain switch to sending their convicts after the loss of the American colonies?", "id": "57266e705951b619008f7282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Willem Jansz"}], "question": "Who discovered Australia in 1606?", "id": "57266e705951b619008f7283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "New Holland"}], "question": "What had the Dutch East India Company initially named Australia?", "id": "57266e705951b619008f7284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "1787"}], "question": "When did the first shipment of British convicts leave for Australia?", "id": "57266e705951b619008f7285"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ke-20, ketakutan telah mula berkembang di Britain bahawa ia tidak lagi dapat mempertahankan metropole dan keseluruhan kerajaan sementara pada masa yang sama mengekalkan dasar \"pengasingan yang indah\". Jerman semakin meningkat sebagai kuasa ketenteraan dan perindustrian dan kini dilihat sebagai lawan yang paling mungkin dalam sebarang perang pada masa akan datang. Menyedari bahawa ia telah diabaikan di Pasifik dan terancam di rumah oleh Tentera Laut Imperial Jerman, Britain membentuk satu perikatan dengan Jepun pada tahun 1902 dan dengan musuh lamanya Perancis dan Rusia pada tahun 1904 dan 1907, masing-masing. <> Negara manakah yang sepertinya ancaman Britain paling mungkin pada awal abad ke-20? || Jerman <> Negara manakah yang bersekutu dengan Britain pada tahun 1902? || Jepun <> Negara manakah yang bersekutu dengan Britain pada tahun 1904? || Perancis <> Negara manakah yang bersekutu dengan Britain pada tahun 1907? || Rusia", {"context": "By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the metropole and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of \"splendid isolation\". Germany was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the Imperial German Navy, Britain formed an alliance with Japan in 1902 and with its old enemies France and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Which country seemed like Britain's most likely threat in the early 20th century?", "id": "57267c87708984140094c7af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1902?", "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1904?", "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Which country did Britain ally with in 1907?", "id": "57267c87708984140094c7b2"}]}], ["Di bawah terma perjanjian Perjanjian Versailles yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1919, kerajaan mencapai tahap yang paling besar dengan penambahan 1,800,000 batu persegi (4,700,000 km2) dan 13 juta mata pelajaran baru. Tanah jajahan Jerman dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah telah diedarkan kepada kuasa Sekutu sebagai mandat Liga Bangsa. Britain menguasai Palestin, Transjordan, Iraq, bahagian Cameroon dan Togo, dan Tanganyika. Dominion sendiri juga memperoleh mandat mereka sendiri: Kesatuan Afrika Selatan mendapat Afrika Selatan-Barat (Namibia moden), Australia memperoleh Jerman New Guinea, dan New Zealand Samoa Barat. Nauru telah menjadi mandat gabungan Britain dan dua Dominasi Pasifik. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Versailles ditandatangani? || 1919 <> Berapa batu persegi persegi Perjanjian Treaty Versailles menambah Empayar British? || 1,800,000 <> Negara-negara jajahan mana yang diberikan kepada kuasa Sekutu pada tahun 1919? || Jerman dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Apa negara moden hari ini adalah Afrika Selatan-Barat? || Namibia <> Berapa ramai orang yang membuat Perjanjian Versailles menambah Empayar British? || 13 juta", {"context": "Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "1919"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?", "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "1,800,000"}], "question": "How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?", "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Germany and the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?", "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Namibia"}], "question": "What modern-day country is South-West Africa?", "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "13 million"}], "question": "How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?", "id": "57267f35f1498d1400e8e1c4"}]}], ["Kegiatan Perancis, Belgia dan Portugis di rantau Congo Sungai yang lebih rendah merongrong serangan tropis Afrika yang teratur, Konferensi Berlin 1884-85 diadakan untuk mengatur persaingan antara kekuatan Eropa dalam apa yang disebut \"Scramble for Africa\" dengan mendefinisikan \" pekerjaan yang berkesan \"sebagai kriteria pengiktirafan antarabangsa terhadap tuntutan wilayah. Perebutan terus ke tahun 1890-an, dan menyebabkan Britain menimbang semula keputusannya pada 1885 untuk menarik diri dari Sudan. Angkatan bersama pasukan British dan Mesir mengalahkan Tentera Mahdis pada tahun 1896, dan menafikan percubaan percubaan Perancis di Fashoda pada tahun 1898. Sudan secara nominalnya membuat sebuah Kondominium Anglo-Mesir, tetapi sebuah koloni British dalam kenyataannya. <> Di manakah Perancis cuba menyerang pada tahun 1898? || Fashoda <> Pasukan tentera Britain dan Mesir tewas bersama? || Mahdist <> Bilakah Britain menarik diri dari Sudan? || 1885 <> Apakah tempoh empayar Eropah bersaing untuk mengawal Afrika dipanggil? || \"Perebutan untuk Afrika\" <> Di mana persidangan diadakan pada tahun 1884 untuk mengawal selia persaingan Eropah untuk Afrika? || Berlin", {"context": "With French, Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa, the Berlin Conference of 1884\u201385 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the \"Scramble for Africa\" by defining \"effective occupation\" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896, and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, but a British colony in reality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Fashoda"}], "question": "Where did France try to invade in 1898?", "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Mahdist"}], "question": "What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?", "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "1885"}], "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?", "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "the \"Scramble for Africa\""}], "question": "What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?", "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e12f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Berlin"}], "question": "Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?", "id": "57267a9ff1498d1400e8e130"}]}], ["Perintah dunia yang berubah-ubah yang dibawa oleh perang, khususnya pertumbuhan Amerika Syarikat dan Jepun sebagai kuasa tentera laut, dan kebangkitan pergerakan kemerdekaan di India dan Ireland, menyebabkan penilaian semula utama dasar imperial British. Dipaksa memilih antara penyelarasan dengan Amerika Syarikat atau Jepun, Britain memilih untuk tidak memperbaharui perikatannya di Jepun dan sebaliknya menandatangani Treaty Naval Washington 1922, di mana Britain menerima pariti angkatan laut dengan Amerika Syarikat. Keputusan ini menjadi sumber banyak perdebatan di Britain pada tahun 1930-an ketika pemerintah-militer yang berkuasa di Jepang dan Jerman membantu sebagian oleh Kemelesetan Besar, kerana dikhawatirkan bahwa kerajaan tidak dapat bertahan dari serangan serentak oleh kedua negara. Walaupun isu keamanan kerajaan menjadi perhatian serius di Britain, pada masa yang sama kerajaan sangat penting untuk ekonomi British. <> Bilakah Britain menandatangani Perjanjian Tentera Laut Washington? || 1922 <> Kemelesetan Besar membantu kerajaan-kerajaan negara mana yang menjadi lebih ketenteraan? || Jepun dan Jerman <> Ketika Britain terpaksa memilih antara persekutuan Jepun atau AS, yang mana ia memilih? || Amerika Syarikat <> imperialisme British sedang dipertimbangkan semula dengan pergerakan kemerdekaan wilayah mana? || India dan Ireland", {"context": "The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Japan and Germany helped in part by the Great Depression, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. Although the issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, at the same time the empire was vital to the British economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When did Britain sign the Washington Naval Treaty?", "id": "57268034708984140094c819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Japan and Germany"}], "question": "The Great Depression helped which countries' governments become more militaristic?", "id": "57268034708984140094c81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "United States"}], "question": "When Britain had to choose between its Japanese alliance or the US, which did it choose?", "id": "57268034708984140094c81b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "India and Ireland"}], "question": "British imperialism was being reconsidered in light of which territories' independence movements?", "id": "57268034708984140094c81c"}]}], ["Ketakutan Britain terhadap peperangan dengan Jerman telah direalisasikan pada tahun 1914 dengan pecahnya Perang Dunia Pertama. Britain dengan cepat menyerang dan menduduki kebanyakan koloni di luar negara Jerman di Afrika. Di Pasifik, Australia dan New Zealand masing-masing menduduki Jerman New Guinea dan Samoa. Rancangan untuk pembahagian selepas perang Empayar Uthmaniyyah, yang telah menyertai peperangan di pihak Jerman, diam-diam disediakan oleh Britain dan Perancis di bawah Perjanjian 1916 Sykes-Picot. Perjanjian ini tidak dibahagikan kepada Sharif of Mecca, yang British telah menggalakkan untuk melancarkan pemberontakan Arab terhadap penguasa Uthmaniyyah mereka, memberi gambaran bahawa Britain menyokong penciptaan negara Arab yang bebas. <> Kapan Perang Dunia Pertama bermula? || 1914 <> Ketika WW1 bermula, Britain mengambil kesempatan untuk mengambil alih kebanyakan koloni negara mana? || Jerman <> yang mengambil alih Jerman Baru Guinea? || Australia <> yang mengambil alih Samoa? || Perjanjian Sykes-Picot <> Perjanjian Sykes-Picot ditandatangani pada tahun berapa? || 1916", {"context": "Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied German New Guinea and Samoa respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement. This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did the First World War begin?", "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "When WW1 began, Britain took the opportunity to take over most of which country's colonies?", "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Who took over German New Guinea?", "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement"}], "question": "Who took over Samoa?", "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "1916"}], "question": "The Sykes\u2013Picot Agreement was signed in what year?", "id": "57267d8ff1498d1400e8e18e"}]}], ["Pengisytiharan perang British terhadap Jerman dan sekutu-sekutunya juga memberi komitmen kepada koloni-koloni dan Dominion, yang memberikan sokongan ketenteraan, kewangan dan material yang tidak ternilai. Lebih 2.5 juta lelaki berkhidmat di tentera Dominion, serta beribu-ribu sukarelawan dari koloni Mahkota. Sumbangan tentera Australia dan New Zealand semasa Kempen Gallipoli 1915 terhadap Empayar Uthmaniyyah mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap kesedaran negara di rumah, dan menandakan satu aliran air dalam peralihan Australia dan New Zealand dari koloni ke negara-negara dalam hak mereka sendiri. Negara-negara terus memperingati peristiwa ini pada Hari Anzac. Orang Kanada melihat Pertempuran Vimy Ridge dalam cahaya yang sama. Sumbangan penting Dominion untuk usaha perang diiktiraf pada tahun 1917 oleh Perdana Menteri Britain, David Lloyd George ketika menjemput setiap Perdana Menteri Perdana Menteri untuk menyertai Kabinet Perang Imperial untuk menyelaraskan dasar imperial. <> Bilakah Kempen Gallipoli? || 1915 <> Yang Perdana Menteri Inggeris mengiktiraf sumbangan Dominion pada tahun 1917? || David Lloyd George <> Kempen Gallipoli berjuang melawan negara mana? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Kabinet Perang Imperial dicipta oleh Perdana Menteri Inggeris? || Kempen Gallipoli <> Berapa ramai orang di tentera Dominion? || Lebih 2.5 juta", {"context": "The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies also committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home, and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. Canadians viewed the Battle of Vimy Ridge in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the war effort was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an Imperial War Cabinet to co-ordinate imperial policy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "1915"}], "question": "When was the Gallipoli Campaign?", "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "David Lloyd George"}], "question": "Which British Prime Minister recognized the Dominions' contributions in 1917?", "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "The Gallipoli Campaign fought against which country?", "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8726"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Gallipoli Campaign"}], "question": "The Imperial War Cabinet was created by which British Prime Minister?", "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Over 2.5 million"}], "question": "How many people were in the Dominions' armies?", "id": "57267ea9dd62a815002e8722"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1919, kekecewaan yang disebabkan oleh penangguhan peraturan rumah Ireland menyebabkan anggota Sinn F\u00e9in, sebuah parti pro-kemerdekaan yang memenangi majoriti kerusi Ireland di Westminster pada pilihan raya umum 1918 British, untuk menubuhkan perhimpunan Ireland di Dublin, di kemerdekaan Ireland diisytiharkan. Tentera Republik Ireland serentak memulakan perang gerila melawan pentadbiran British. Perang Anglo-Irlandia berakhir pada tahun 1921 dengan kebuntuan dan menandatangani Perjanjian Anglo-Ireland, mewujudkan Negara Bebas Ireland, sebuah Dominion dalam Empayar Britania, dengan kemerdekaan internal yang efektif tetapi masih secara perlembagaan dikaitkan dengan Mahkota British. Ireland Utara, yang terdiri daripada enam daripada 32 daerah Ireland yang telah ditubuhkan sebagai rantau yang diturunkan di bawah Akta Kerajaan Ireland 1920, dengan segera melaksanakan pilihannya di bawah perjanjian untuk mengekalkan statusnya yang ada di dalam United Kingdom. <> Bilakah Ireland menubuhkan perhimpunan mereka sendiri? || 1919 <> Apa parti politik menubuhkan perhimpunan Ireland? || Sinn F\u00e9in <> Kapan Perang Anglo-Ireland berakhir? || 1921 <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani selepas Perang Anglo-Ireland? || Perjanjian Anglo-Ireland <> Berapa banyak daerah Ireland di Ireland Utara? || enam", {"context": "In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to Irish home rule led members of Sinn F\u00e9in, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats at Westminster in the 1918 British general election, to establish an Irish assembly in Dublin, at which Irish independence was declared. The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, creating the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. Northern Ireland, consisting of six of the 32 Irish counties which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1919"}], "question": "When did Ireland establish their own assembly?", "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Sinn F\u00e9in"}], "question": "What political party established Ireland's assembly?", "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "1921"}], "question": "When did the Anglo-Irish War end?", "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Anglo-Irish Treaty"}], "question": "What treaty was signed after the Anglo-Irish War?", "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many counties of Ireland are in Northern Ireland?", "id": "572680c4f1498d1400e8e1f4"}]}], ["Dasawarsa abad ke-19 yang lalu menyaksikan kempen politik bersepadu untuk peraturan rumah Ireland. Ireland telah bersatu dengan Britain ke United Kingdom Great Britain dan Ireland dengan Akta Kesatuan 1800 selepas pemberontakan Ireland 1798, dan telah mengalami kebuluran yang teruk antara 1845 dan 1852. Peraturan rumah disokong oleh Perdana Menteri Britain, William Gladstone, yang berharap bahawa Ireland mungkin mengikuti jejak Kanada sebagai Dominion di dalam empayar, tetapi undang-undang Rumah 1886nya dikalahkan di Parlimen. Walaupun rang undang-undang itu, jika diluluskan, akan memberikan Ireland kurang otonomi di UK daripada wilayah Kanada yang berada dalam persekutuan mereka sendiri, banyak Ahli Parlimen yang ketakutan bahawa Ireland yang sebahagian besarnya bebas mungkin menimbulkan ancaman keselamatan ke Great Britain atau menandakan permulaan percubaan- upah kerajaan. Bil Rumah Peraturan kedua juga dikalahkan kerana alasan yang sama. Rang undang-undang ketiga diluluskan oleh Parlimen pada tahun 1914, tetapi tidak dilaksanakan kerana pecahnya Perang Dunia Pertama yang membawa kepada Rising Easter 1916. <> Yang mana Perdana Menteri Britain pertama menyokong pemerintahan Ireland? || William Gladstone <> Undang-undang Rumah Rumah yang pertama akan memberikan Ireland kurang kendali daripada apa wilayah lain? || Kanada <> Bilakah Easter Rising? || 1916 <> Bilakah undang-undang Peraturan Rumah telah diluluskan? || 1914 <> Undang-undang Peraturan Rumah yang diluluskan tidak dilaksanakan kerana perang mana? || Perang Dunia Pertama", {"context": "The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted political campaigns for Irish home rule. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Act of Union 1800 after the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and had suffered a severe famine between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British Prime minister, William Gladstone, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 Home Rule bill was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire. A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. A third bill was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the First World War leading to the 1916 Easter Rising.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "William Gladstone"}], "question": "Which British Prime Minister first supported home rule of Ireland?", "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "The first Home Rule bill would have given Ireland less self-control than what other territory?", "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "1916"}], "question": "When was the Easter Rising?", "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When was a Home Rule bill passed?", "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 976, "text": "the First World War"}], "question": "The passed Home Rule Bill wasn't implemented because of which war?", "id": "57267c12dd62a815002e86c6"}]}], ["Jalan menuju kemerdekaan bagi koloni putih Kerajaan British bermula dengan Laporan Durham 1839, yang mencadangkan penyatuan dan pemerintahan sendiri untuk Kanada Atas dan Bawah, sebagai penyelesaian kepada pergolakan politik di sana. Ini bermula dengan berlalu Akta Kesatuan pada tahun 1840, yang mencipta Wilayah Kanada. Kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab pertama kali diberikan kepada Nova Scotia pada tahun 1848, dan tidak lama kemudian diperluas ke koloni-koloni Amerika Utara di Amerika Utara. Dengan peralihan Akta British North America, 1867 oleh Parlimen British, Upper dan Lower Canada, New Brunswick dan Nova Scotia dibentuk ke dalam Dominion of Canada, suatu persekutuan yang menikmati pemerintahan sendiri dengan pengecualian hubungan antarabangsa. Australia dan New Zealand mencapai tahap pemerintahan sendiri yang sama selepas tahun 1900, dengan jajahan-jajahan Australia yang bersatu pada tahun 1901. Istilah \"status penguasaan\" secara rasmi diperkenalkan pada Konvensyen Kolonial pada tahun 1907. <> Bilakah dicadangkan untuk menyatukan Kanada Atas dan Bawah ? || 1839 <> Akta Kesatuan Kesatuan Kanada memasuki wilayah dengan nama apa? || Province of Canada <> Bilakah Akta British Amerika Utara diluluskan? || 1867 <> Bilakah Australia mencapai kerajaan sendiri? || selepas 1900 <> Bilakah New Zealand mencapai kerajaan sendiri? || selepas tahun 1900", {"context": "The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839 Durham Report, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest there. This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into the Dominion of Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. The term \"dominion status\" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1839"}], "question": "When was it proposed to unify Upper and Lower Canada?", "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Province of Canada"}], "question": "The Act of Union unified Canada into a territory by what name?", "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "1867"}], "question": "When was the British North America Act passed?", "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "after 1900"}], "question": "When did Australia achieve self-government?", "id": "57267b4add62a815002e869f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "after 1900"}], "question": "When did New Zealand achieve self-government?", "id": "57267b4add62a815002e86a0"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1869 Terusan Suez dibuka di bawah Napoleon III, menghubungkan Mediterranean dengan Lautan Hindi. Pada mulanya Canal ditentang oleh British; tetapi apabila dibuka, nilai strategiknya diiktiraf dengan cepat dan menjadi \"urat jugular Empayar\". Pada tahun 1875, kerajaan Konservatif Benjamin Disraeli membeli pegangan 44 peratus pegangan Isma'il Pasha di Terusan Suez Mesir berhutang \u00a3 4 juta (\u00a3 340 juta pada tahun 2013). Walaupun ini tidak memberi kawalan langsung ke saluran air strategik, ia memberikan leverage Britain. Kawalan kewangan Anglo-Perancis bersama Mesir berakhir dengan penjajahan British pada tahun 1882. Perancis masih menjadi pemegang saham majoriti dan cuba melemahkan kedudukan British, tetapi kompromi dicapai dengan Konvensyen Konstantinopel 1888, yang menjadikan Kanal secara rasmi bersifat netral. <> Bilakah Terusan Suez dibuka? || 1869 <> Samudera mana yang mengalir di Terusan Suez ke Mediterranean? || Lautan Hindi <> Yang mana pemimpin Perancis memerintah apabila Terusan Suez dibuka? || Napoleon III <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan oleh Britain untuk membeli bahagian Mesir dari Terusan Suez? || \u00a3 4 juta <> Terusan Suez menjadi wilayah netral dengan perjanjian apa? || Konvensyen Konstantinopel", {"context": "In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the \"jugular vein of the Empire\". In 1875, the Conservative government of Benjamin Disraeli bought the indebted Egyptian ruler Isma'il Pasha's 44 percent shareholding in the Suez Canal for \u00a34 million (\u00a3340 million in 2013). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1869"}], "question": "When did the Suez Canal open?", "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Indian Ocean"}], "question": "Which ocean did the Suez Canal connect the Mediterranean to?", "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Napoleon III"}], "question": "Which French leader ruled when the Suez Canal opened?", "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "\u00a34 million"}], "question": "How much did Britain spend to buy Egypt's share of the Suez Canal?", "id": "57267973dd62a815002e865f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "Convention of Constantinople"}], "question": "The Suez Canal became neutral territory by what treaty?", "id": "57267973dd62a815002e8660"}]}], ["Mandat British Palestin, di mana majoriti Arab tinggal bersama dengan minoriti Yahudi, mempersembahkan British dengan masalah serupa dengan India. Masalahnya adalah rumit oleh banyak pelarian Yahudi yang ingin masuk ke Palestina berikutan Holocaust, sedangkan orang Arab menentang penciptaan negara Yahudi. Frustrasi oleh masalah yang tidak dapat dikurangkan, serangan oleh organisasi-organisasi paramiliter Yahudi dan peningkatan kos mengekalkan kehadiran ketenteraannya, Britain mengumumkan pada tahun 1947 bahawa ia akan menarik diri pada tahun 1948 dan meninggalkan perkara itu kepada Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu untuk menyelesaikannya. Perhimpunan Agung PBB kemudiannya memilih untuk membahagikan Palestin ke negara Yahudi dan Arab. <> Apa perlumbaan adalah majoriti di Palestin pada tahun 1940-an? || Arab <> Bilakah Britain mengumumkan rancangan untuk menarik diri dari Palestin? || 1947 <> Yang entiti memutuskan untuk memecah Palestin ke negara-negara Yahudi dan Arab? || Perhimpunan Agung PBB <> Di mana banyak pelarian Yahudi ingin bergerak kerana Holocaust? || Palestin", {"context": "The British Mandate of Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The UN General Assembly subsequently voted for a plan to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Arab"}], "question": "What race was the majority in Palestine in the 1940s?", "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "1947"}], "question": "When did Britain announce plans to withdraw from Palestine?", "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "The UN General Assembly"}], "question": "Which entity decided to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states?", "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Palestine"}], "question": "Where did many Jewish refugees want to move because of the Holocaust?", "id": "57268a62dd62a815002e88b9"}]}], ["Perjuangan yang sama bermula di India ketika Akta Kerajaan India 1919 gagal memenuhi permintaan untuk kemerdekaan. Kebimbangan terhadap komunis dan plot asing berikutan Konspirasi Ghadar memastikan bahawa ketetapan perang masa telah diperbaharui oleh Akta Rowlatt. Ini membawa kepada ketegangan, terutamanya di rantau Punjab, di mana langkah penindasan memuncak dalam Pembunuhan Amritsar. Di Britain pendapat umum dibahagikan kepada moraliti peristiwa itu, antara mereka yang melihatnya sebagai menyelamatkan India dari anarki, dan mereka yang melihatnya dengan penolakan. Pergerakan Bukan Kerjasama yang seterusnya dipinggirkan pada bulan Mac 1922 berikutan insiden Chauri Chaura, dan ketidakpuasan terus meremehkan selama 25 tahun akan datang. <> Bilakah Akta Kerajaan India diluluskan? || 1919 <> Apakah peristiwa yang menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai plot komunis di India? || Konspirasi Ghadar <> Di kawasan apakah Pembunuhan Amritsar? || Punjab <> Kejadian Chauri Chaura membawa kepada pergerakan apa yang berlaku? || Bukan Kerjasama", {"context": "A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "1919"}], "question": "When was the Government of India Act passed?", "id": "572684975951b619008f7549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the Ghadar Conspiracy"}], "question": "What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?", "id": "572684975951b619008f754a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Punjab"}], "question": "In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?", "id": "572684975951b619008f754b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Non-Co-Operation"}], "question": "The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?", "id": "572684975951b619008f754c"}]}], ["Berikutan kekalahan Jepun pada Perang Dunia Kedua, pergerakan perlawanan anti-Jepun di Tanah Melayu bertukar perhatian kepada British, yang telah berpindah untuk merebut semula tanah jajahan dengan cepat, menilai ia sebagai sumber getah dan timah. Hakikat bahawa gerila terutama komunis Malaya-Cina bermaksud bahawa percubaan British untuk membatalkan pemberontakan itu disokong oleh majoriti Melayu Muslim, pada pemahaman bahawa apabila pemberontakan telah dibatalkan, kemerdekaan akan diberikan. Darurat Malaya, seperti yang dipanggil, dimulakan pada tahun 1948 dan berlangsung hingga tahun 1960, tetapi pada tahun 1957, Britain merasa cukup yakin untuk memberikan kemerdekaan kepada Persekutuan Tanah Melayu dalam Komanwel. Pada tahun 1963, 11 negara persekutuan bersama-sama dengan Singapura, Sarawak dan Borneo Utara bergabung untuk membentuk Malaysia, tetapi pada tahun 1965, majoriti penduduk China diusir dari kesatuan berikut ketegangan antara penduduk Melayu dan Cina. Brunei, yang telah menjadi pelindung Britain sejak 1888, enggan menyertai kesatuan dan mengekalkan statusnya sehingga kemerdekaan pada tahun 1984. <> Bilakah Darurat Malaya bermula? || 1948 <> Bilakah Britain memberikan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu kemerdekaannya? || 1957 <> Bilakah Singapura meninggalkan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu? || 1965 <> Apa perlumbaan adalah majoriti penduduk Singapura? || Bahasa Cina <> Bilakah Brunei merdeka? || 1984", {"context": "Following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, anti-Japanese resistance movements in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan-Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The Malayan Emergency, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the Federation of Malaya within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo joined to form Malaysia, but in 1965 Chinese-majority Singapore was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations. Brunei, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union and maintained its status until independence in 1984.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When did the Malayan Emergency begin?", "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When did Britain give the Federation of Malaya its independence?", "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "1965"}], "question": "When did Singapore leave the Federation of Malaya?", "id": "57268ad3708984140094c97f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "What race was the majority of Singapore's population?", "id": "57268ad3708984140094c980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When did Brunei get its independence?", "id": "57268ad3708984140094c981"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1951, Parti Konservatif kembali berkuasa di Britain, di bawah pimpinan Winston Churchill. Churchill dan Konservatif percaya kedudukan Britain sebagai kuasa dunia bergantung pada kewujudan empayar yang berterusan, dengan pangkalan di Terusan Suez membolehkan Britain mengekalkan kedudukannya yang unggul di Timur Tengah walaupun kehilangan India. Walau bagaimanapun, Churchill tidak boleh mengabaikan kerajaan revolusioner baru Mesir Gamal Abdul Nasser yang telah mengambil alih kuasa pada tahun 1952, dan pada tahun berikutnya telah dipersetujui bahawa tentera British akan menarik diri dari zon Terusan Suez dan Sudan akan diberikan penentuan sendiri pada tahun 1955, dengan kemerdekaan untuk diikuti. Sudan diberikan kemerdekaan pada 1 Januari 1956. <> Apa kuasa parti yang mendapat semula di Britain pada tahun 1951? || Parti Konservatif <> Parti mana yang Winston Churchill? || Parti Konservatif <> Yang memerintah Mesir pada tahun 1952? || Gamal Abdul Nasser <> Bilakah Sudan menerima kemerdekaan? || 1 Januari 1956 <> Britain mahu mengekalkan kawalan Terusan Suez untuk membantu kepentingannya di rantau apa? || Timur Tengah", {"context": "In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Conservative Party"}], "question": "What party regained power in Britain in 1951?", "id": "57268be7708984140094c99d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Conservative Party"}], "question": "Which party was Winston Churchill in?", "id": "57268be7708984140094c99e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Gamal Abdul Nasser"}], "question": "Who ruled Egypt in 1952?", "id": "57268be7708984140094c99f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "1 January 1956"}], "question": "When did Sudan receive independence?", "id": "57268be7708984140094c9a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Middle East"}], "question": "Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?", "id": "57268be7708984140094c9a1"}]}], ["Pada Disember 1941, Jepun melancarkan serangan pantas British Malaya, pangkalan tentera laut Amerika Syarikat di Pearl Harbor, dan Hong Kong. Reaksi Churchill terhadap kemasukan Amerika Syarikat ke dalam peperangan adalah bahawa Britain kini mendapat jaminan kemenangan dan masa depan empayar selamat, tetapi cara pasukan British dikalahkan dengan cepat di Timur Jauh yang tidak dirugikan oleh kedudukan dan prestij Britain sebagai kuasa imperialis. Yang paling merosakkan adalah kejatuhan Singapura, yang sebelum ini dianggap sebagai kubu yang tidak dapat dikalahkan dan bersamaan dengan Gibraltar. Kesimpulan bahwa Inggris tidak dapat mempertahankan seluruh empayarnya mendorong Australia dan New Zealand, yang sekarang terancam oleh pasukan Jepang, menjadi ikatan yang lebih erat dengan Amerika Serikat. Ini mengakibatkan pakatan ANZUS 1951 antara Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat. <> Negara mana yang menyerang British Malaya pada tahun 1941? || Jepun <> Negara mana yang menyerang Hong Kong pada tahun 1941? || Jepun <> Bilakah terbentuknya Perjanjian ANZUS? || 1951 <> Negara mana yang berada dalam Perjanjian ANZUS? || Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat <> Wilayah mana yang telah dibandingkan dengan Gibraltar? || Singapura", {"context": "In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Churchill's reaction to the entry of the United States into the war was that Britain was now assured of victory and the future of the empire was safe, but the manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power. Most damaging of all was the fall of Singapore, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States. This resulted in the 1951 ANZUS Pact between Australia, New Zealand and the United States of America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which country attacked British Malaya in 1941?", "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which country attacked Hong Kong in 1941?", "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "1951"}], "question": "When was the ANZUS Pact formed?", "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 828, "text": "Australia, New Zealand and the United States"}], "question": "Which countries were in the ANZUS Pact?", "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e2ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Singapore"}], "question": "Which territory had been compared to Gibraltar?", "id": "57268864f1498d1400e8e300"}]}], ["Selepas penjajahan Jerman di Perancis pada tahun 1940, Britain dan empayar berdiri sendiri menentang Jerman, sehingga kemasukan Kesatuan Soviet ke perang pada tahun 1941. Perdana Menteri Britain Winston Churchill berjaya melobi Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt untuk bantuan ketenteraan dari Amerika Syarikat , tetapi Roosevelt belum bersedia untuk meminta Kongres untuk membuat negara itu berperang. Pada bulan Ogos 1941, Churchill dan Roosevelt bertemu dan menandatangani Piagam Atlantik, yang merangkumi kenyataan bahawa \"hak semua orang untuk memilih bentuk kerajaan di mana mereka hidup\" patut dihormati. Kata-kata ini tidak jelas sama ada ia merujuk kepada negara-negara Eropah yang diserang oleh Jerman, atau orang-orang yang dijajah oleh negara-negara Eropah, dan kemudian akan diterjemahkan secara berbeza oleh gerakan-gerakan British, Amerika, dan nasionalis. <> Bilakah Perancis diduduki oleh Jerman? || 1940 <> Bilakah Piagam Atlantik ditandatangani? || Ogos 1941 <> Yang mana Perdana Menteri Inggeris menandatangani Piagam Atlantik? || Churchill <> Yang Presiden AS menandatangani Piagam Atlantik? || Roosevelt <> Negara mana yang pertama memasuki Perang Dunia 2 selepas kekalahan Perancis? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "After the German occupation of France in 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the entry of the Soviet Union to the war in 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill successfully lobbied President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military aid from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask Congress to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the Atlantic Charter, which included the statement that \"the rights of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they live\" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1940"}], "question": "When was France occupied by Germany?", "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "August 1941"}], "question": "When was the Atlantic Charter signed?", "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Churchill"}], "question": "Which British Prime Minister signed the Atlantic Charter?", "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Roosevelt"}], "question": "Which US President signed the Atlantic Charter?", "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which country first entered World War 2 after France's defeat?", "id": "57268766dd62a815002e8846"}]}], ["Keupayaan Dominion untuk menetapkan dasar asing mereka sendiri, bebas daripada Britain, diiktiraf pada Persidangan Imperial 1923. Permintaan British untuk bantuan ketenteraan dari Dominions pada pecahnya Krisis Chanak tahun sebelumnya telah ditolak oleh Kanada dan Afrika Selatan, dan Kanada enggan terikat oleh Perjanjian 1923 Lausanne. Selepas tekanan dari Ireland dan Afrika Selatan, Persidangan Imperial 1926 mengeluarkan Deklarasi Balfour, mengisytiharkan Dominion menjadi \"Komuniti autonomi dalam Empayar British, bersamaan dengan status, sama sekali tidak bawakan satu sama lain\" dalam \"Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu British\" . Perisytiharan ini diberikan bahan undang-undang di bawah Statuta Westminster 1931. Parlimen Kanada, Australia, New Zealand, Kesatuan Afrika Selatan, Negara Bebas Ireland dan Newfoundland kini bebas daripada kawalan perundangan British, mereka boleh membatalkan undang-undang British dan Britain tidak dapat lagi meluluskan undang-undang untuk mereka tanpa persetujuan mereka. Newfoundland kembali ke status kolonial pada tahun 1933, mengalami kesulitan kewangan semasa Kemelesetan Besar. Ireland jauh lebih jauh dari Britain dengan pengenalan perlembagaan baru pada 1937, menjadikannya republik dalam semua tetapi nama. <> Bilakah hak Dominion menentukan dasar asing mereka yang diiktiraf? || 1923 <> Perjanjian mana yang dilarang oleh Kanada? || Perjanjian Lausanne <> Bilakah Deklarasi Balfour dikeluarkan? || 1926 <> Bilakah status Dominion sebagai komuniti autonomi yang sama dengan kuasa undang-undang? || 1931 <> Bilakah Ireland mengeluarkan satu perlembagaan baru? || 1937", {"context": "The ability of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. After pressure from Ireland and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration, declaring the Dominions to be \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another\" within a \"British Commonwealth of Nations\". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. Ireland distanced itself further from Britain with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1923"}], "question": "When was the right of Dominions to determine their own foreign policy recognized?", "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Treaty of Lausanne"}], "question": "Which treaty did Canada ignore?", "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "1926"}], "question": "When was the Balfour Declaration issued?", "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When was the status of Dominions as equal autonomous communities given legal force?", "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1216, "text": "1937"}], "question": "When did Ireland issue a new constitution?", "id": "5726865bf1498d1400e8e2b6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1922, Mesir, yang telah diisytiharkan sebagai protektorat British pada pecahnya Perang Dunia Pertama, telah diberikan kemerdekaan rasmi, walaupun ia terus menjadi negara klien British sehingga 1954. Tentara British tetap ditempatkan di Mesir sehingga penandatanganan Anglo - Perjanjian Mesir pada tahun 1936, di mana ia telah dipersetujui bahawa tentera akan mundur tetapi terus menduduki dan mempertahankan zon Terusan Suez. Sebagai balasan, Mesir dibantu menyertai Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. Iraq, mandat British sejak tahun 1920, juga mendapat keahlian Liga dengan haknya sendiri setelah mencapai kemerdekaan dari Britain pada tahun 1932. Di Palestin, Britain telah dibentangkan dengan masalah pengantaraan antara masyarakat Arab dan Yahudi. Deklarasi Balfour 1917, yang telah dimasukkan ke dalam terma mandat, menyatakan bahawa rumah kebangsaan untuk orang Yahudi akan ditubuhkan di Palestin, dan imigresen Yahudi dibenarkan sehingga had yang ditentukan oleh kuasa mandatori. Ini membawa kepada peningkatan konflik dengan penduduk Arab, yang secara terang-terangan memberontak pada tahun 1936. Ketika ancaman peperangan dengan Jerman meningkat pada tahun 1930-an, Britain menilai sokongan penduduk Arab di Timur Tengah sebagai lebih penting daripada penubuhan tanah air Yahudi , dan berpindah ke pendirian pro-Arab, membatasi imigresen Yahudi dan seterusnya mencetuskan pemberontakan Yahudi. <> Bilakah Mesir mendapat semula kemerdekaan rasmi dari Britain? || 1922 <> Bilakah Mesir berhenti menjadi negara klien British? || 1954 <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1936? || Perjanjian Anglo-Mesir <> Bilakah Iraq mendapat kemerdekaan dari Britain? || 1932 <> Britain menjadi lebih pro-Arab pada tahun 1930-an dengan mengorbankan kaum mana? || Yahudi", {"context": "In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British protectorate at the outbreak of the First World War, was granted formal independence, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted to join the League of Nations. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arab and Jewish communities. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of the Arab population in the Middle East as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a Jewish insurgency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When did Egypt regain formal independence from Britain?", "id": "572685395951b619008f7561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "1954"}], "question": "When did Egypt stop being a British client state?", "id": "572685395951b619008f7562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Anglo-Egyptian Treaty"}], "question": "What treaty was signed in 1936?", "id": "572685395951b619008f7563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "1932"}], "question": "When did Iraq gain independence from Britain?", "id": "572685395951b619008f7564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1353, "text": "Jewish"}], "question": "Britain became more pro-Arab in the 1930s at the expense of which race?", "id": "572685395951b619008f7565"}]}], ["Walaupun Britain dan empayar muncul menang dari Perang Dunia Kedua, kesan konflik itu sangat mendalam, baik di dalam dan di luar negara. Kebanyakan Eropah, sebuah benua yang telah menguasai dunia selama beberapa abad, telah runtuh, dan menjadi tuan rumah kepada tentera Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet, yang kini memegang imbangan kuasa global. Britain dibiarkan secara kebankrapan, dengan insolvensi hanya dicopot pada tahun 1946 selepas rundingan pinjaman US $ 4.33 bilion (US $ 56 bilion pada tahun 2012) dari Amerika Syarikat, ansuran terakhir yang dibayar pada tahun 2006. Pada masa yang sama, anti - Pergerakan kolonial semakin meningkat di koloni-koloni negara-negara Eropah. Keadaan ini semakin rumit oleh peningkatan persaingan Perang Dingin Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet. Pada prinsipnya, kedua-dua negara menentang penjajahan Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun dalam praktiknya, anti-komunisme Amerika mengatasi anti-imperialisme, dan oleh itu Amerika Syarikat menyokong kewujudan Empayar Britania untuk mengekalkan perkembangan Komunis secara cekap. \"Angin perubahan\" akhirnya bermaksud bahawa zaman Empayar Britania dianggarkan, dan pada keseluruhannya, Britain mengamalkan dasar penundaan damai dari jajahannya sekali stabil, kerajaan bukan komunis telah tersedia untuk memindahkan kuasa kepada. Ini berbeza dengan kuasa-kuasa Eropah lain seperti Perancis dan Portugal, yang melancarkan peperangan yang mahal dan akhirnya gagal untuk mengekalkan empayar mereka. Antara 1945 dan 1965, bilangan orang di bawah pemerintahan British di luar Inggeris sendiri jatuh dari 700 juta hingga lima juta, tiga juta daripadanya berada di Hong Kong. <> Berapa banyak wang pinjaman AS ke Britain selepas WW2? || $ AS 4.33 bilion <> Bilakah Britain selesai membayar balik pinjaman AS? || 2006 <> Bilakah AS membuat pinjaman besar ke Britain? || 1946 <> Walaupun Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet kedua-dua menentang penjajahan, apa yang lebih ketakutan AS? || komunisme <> Berapa ramai orang di luar UK berada di bawah pemerintahan British pada tahun 1945? || 700 juta", {"context": "Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, who now held the balance of global power. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan (US$56 billion in 2012) from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, however, American anti-communism prevailed over anti-imperialism, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. The \"wind of change\" ultimately meant that the British Empire's days were numbered, and on the whole, Britain adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies once stable, non-Communist governments were available to transfer power to. This was in contrast to other European powers such as France and Portugal, which waged costly and ultimately unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to five million, three million of whom were in Hong Kong.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "$US 4.33 billion"}], "question": "How much money did the US loan to Britain after WW2?", "id": "572688f65951b619008f7611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When did Britain finish paying back the US loan?", "id": "572688f65951b619008f7612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1946"}], "question": "When did the US make a large loan to Britain?", "id": "572688f65951b619008f7613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "communism"}], "question": "Though the US and the Soviet Union were both against colonialism, what was the US more afraid of?", "id": "572688f65951b619008f7614"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1549, "text": "700 million"}], "question": "How many people outside the UK were under British rule in 1945?", "id": "572688f65951b619008f7615"}]}], ["Kerajaan pro-dekolonisasi, yang dipilih pada pilihan raya umum 1945 dan diketuai oleh Clement Attlee, bergerak dengan cepat untuk menangani isu yang paling mendesak yang dihadapi kekaisaran: kemerdekaan India. Dua parti politik utama India - Kongres Kebangsaan India dan Liga Muslim - telah berkempen untuk kemerdekaan selama beberapa dekad, tetapi tidak bersetuju tentang bagaimana ia perlu dilaksanakan. Kongres memihak kepada negara India yang bersatu sekular, sedangkan Liga, yang takut dominasi oleh majoriti Hindu, menginginkan sebuah negara Islam yang berasingan untuk wilayah majoriti Muslim. Meningkatnya kerusuhan awam dan pemberontakan Tentera Laut Diraja India pada tahun 1946 menyebabkan Attlee menjanjikan kemerdekaan tidak lewat tahun 1948. Apabila keadaan mendesak dan risiko perang saudara menjadi jelas, Viceroy yang baru dilantik, Lord Mountbatten, tergesa-gesa membawa tarikh ke 15 Ogos 1947. Sempadan yang ditarik oleh British untuk memisahkan India secara luas ke kawasan Hindu dan Islam menyebabkan puluhan juta sebagai minoriti di negara India dan Pakistan yang baru merdeka. Berjuta-juta umat Islam kemudiannya menyeberang dari India ke Pakistan dan Hindu sebaliknya, dan keganasan di antara kedua-dua komuniti tersebut beratus-ratus ribu nyawa. Burma, yang telah ditadbir sebagai sebahagian daripada British Raj, dan Sri Lanka memperoleh kemerdekaannya pada tahun berikutnya pada tahun 1948. India, Pakistan dan Sri Lanka menjadi anggota Komanwel, sedangkan Burma memilih untuk tidak bergabung. <> Siapa yang mengetuai kerajaan British yang dipilih pada tahun 1945? || Clement Attlee <> Apa dua parti politik terbesar India pada tahun 1940-an? || Kongres Kebangsaan India dan Liga Muslim <> Apakah agama majoriti India pada tahun 1940-an? || Hindu <> Apabila India dipecah menjadi kawasan Hindu dan Islam, negara apakah yang menjadi kawasan Islam? || Pakistan <> Bilakah Burma mendapat kemerdekaannya? || 1948", {"context": "The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: that of Indian independence. India's two major political parties\u2014the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League\u2014had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate Islamic state for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing civil unrest and the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. Millions of Muslims subsequently crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of the British Raj, and Sri Lanka gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Clement Attlee"}], "question": "Who led the British government elected in 1945?", "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League"}], "question": "What were India's two largest political parties in the 1940s?", "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Hindu"}], "question": "What was India's majority religion in the 1940s?", "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "Pakistan"}], "question": "When India was split into Hindu and Muslim areas, what country did the Muslim area become?", "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1347, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When did Burma get its independence?", "id": "572689dbdd62a815002e889e"}]}], ["Kebanyakan bekas tanah jajahan dan protektorat Inggeris adalah antara 53 negara anggota Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa, sebuah persatuan bukan politik dan persatuan sukarela yang terdiri daripada penduduk sekitar 2.2 bilion orang. Enam belas Persemakmuran Komanwel secara sukarela terus berkongsi raja British, Ratu Elizabeth II, sebagai ketua negara mereka. Enam belas negara adalah entiti undang-undang yang berbeza dan sama - United Kingdom, Australia, Kanada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Antigua dan Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts dan Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent dan Grenadines, Kepulauan Solomon dan Tuvalu. <> Berapa banyak negara Komanwel ada di sana? || 53 <> Apakah populasi Komanwel itu? || 2.2 bilion <> Berapa banyak negara Komanwel masih menganggap Ratu British sebagai ketua negara mereka? || Enam Belas <> Siapa Queen British? || Elizabeth II", {"context": "Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 53 member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a non-political, voluntary association of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. Sixteen Commonwealth realms voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, as their head of state. These sixteen nations are distinct and equal legal entities \u2013 the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "53"}], "question": "How many Commonwealth nations are there?", "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e436"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "2.2 billion"}], "question": "What is the population of the Commonwealth?", "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e437"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Sixteen"}], "question": "How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?", "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Who is the British Queen?", "id": "572692f4f1498d1400e8e439"}]}], ["Baki tanah jajahan Britain di Afrika, kecuali untuk Rhodesia Selatan yang mentadbir sendiri, semuanya diberikan kemerdekaan menjelang tahun 1968. Pengunduran British dari bahagian selatan dan timur Afrika bukan proses damai. Kemerdekaan Kenya didahului oleh pemberontakan Mau Mau lapan tahun. Di Rhodesia, 1965 Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Unilateral oleh minoriti putih mengakibatkan perang saudara yang berlangsung sehingga Perjanjian Rumah Lancaster 1979, yang menetapkan syarat untuk kemerdekaan yang diiktiraf pada tahun 1980, sebagai negara baru Zimbabwe. <> Apakah koloni British terakhir yang tinggal di Afrika? || Rhodesia Selatan <> Bilakah jajahan British kedua yang terakhir di Afrika memberikan kemerdekaan? || 1968 <> Bilakah Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Unilateral Rhodesia? || 1965 <> Apa negara baru yang diiktiraf oleh Perjanjian Rumah Lancaster? || Mau Mau Kebangkitan <> Di mana Upah Mau Mau? || Kenya", {"context": "Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. Kenyan independence was preceded by the eight-year Mau Mau Uprising. In Rhodesia, the 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence by the white minority resulted in a civil war that lasted until the Lancaster House Agreement of 1979, which set the terms for recognised independence in 1980, as the new nation of Zimbabwe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Southern Rhodesia"}], "question": "What was the last British colony remaining in Africa?", "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When was the second-to-last British colony in Africa granted independence?", "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "1965"}], "question": "When was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence of Rhodesia?", "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Mau Mau Uprising"}], "question": "What new country did the Lancaster House Agreement recognize?", "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e8989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Kenyan"}], "question": "Where was the Mau Mau Uprising?", "id": "57268ecbdd62a815002e898a"}]}], ["Krisis Suez secara terbuka mendedahkan batasan Britain kepada dunia dan mengesahkan penurunan Britain di pentas dunia, menunjukkan bahawa selepas itu ia tidak lagi boleh bertindak tanpa sekurang-kurangnya persetujuan, jika tidak sokongan penuh, Amerika Syarikat. Peristiwa-peristiwa di Suez mencederakan kebanggaan negara British, yang mengetuai satu Ahli Parlimen untuk menggambarkannya sebagai \"Waterloo Britain\" dan yang lain mencadangkan bahawa negara itu telah menjadi \"satelit Amerika\". Margaret Thatcher kemudian menggambarkan mindset yang dia percaya telah menimpa penubuhan politik British sebagai \"Suez syndrome\", dari mana Britain tidak pulih sehingga berjaya menawan semula Kepulauan Falkland dari Argentina pada tahun 1982. <> Di mana 'Britain Waterloo' berlaku? || Suez <> Siapa yang merujuk kepada 'Suez Syndrome'? || Margaret Thatcher <> Bilakah Britain mengambil semula Kepulauan Falkland? || 1982 <> Dari mana Britain merampas semula Kepulauan Falkland? || Argentina <> Seorang menteri British berfikir negara mana yang menjadi 'satelit Amerika'? || Britain", {"context": "The Suez Crisis very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez wounded British national pride, leading one MP to describe it as \"Britain's Waterloo\" and another to suggest that the country had become an \"American satellite\". Margaret Thatcher later described the mindset she believed had befallen the British political establishment as \"Suez syndrome\", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the Falkland Islands from Argentina in 1982.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Suez"}], "question": "Where did 'Britain's Waterloo' occur?", "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Margaret Thatcher"}], "question": "Who referred to 'Suez Syndrome'?", "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?", "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Argentina"}], "question": "From whom did Britain retake the Falkland Islands?", "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "A British minister thought which country was becoming an 'American satellite'?", "id": "57268dd3708984140094c9ef"}]}], ["Batasan-batasan politik yang diambil oleh British tidak selalu mencerminkan etnik atau agama yang homogen, yang menyumbang kepada konflik di kawasan yang sebelumnya dijajah. Empayar British juga bertanggungjawab untuk penghijrahan besar rakyat. Berjuta-juta meninggalkan Kepulauan British, dengan populasi peneroka Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Australia dan New Zealand yang datang terutamanya dari Britain dan Ireland. Ketegangan kekal di antara penduduk pendatang putih negara-negara ini dan minoriti pribumi mereka, dan antara minoriti peneroka putih dan majoriti penduduk asli di Afrika Selatan dan Zimbabwe. Peneroka di Ireland dari Great Britain telah meninggalkan tanda mereka dalam bentuk komunis nasionalis dan komunis serantau di Ireland Utara. Berjuta-juta orang berpindah ke dan dari jajahan British, dengan banyak orang India yang berhijrah ke bahagian lain di empayar, seperti Malaysia dan Fiji, dan orang Cina ke Malaysia, Singapura dan Caribbean. Demografi Britain sendiri telah berubah selepas Perang Dunia Kedua kerana imigresen ke Britain dari bekas tanah jajahannya. <> Di mana negara-negara Kepulauan British menyediakan sebahagian besar peneroka pendiri? || Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Australia dan New Zealand <> Di mana ramai orang India berpindah ke? || Malaysia dan Fiji <> Ramai orang di mana etnik berpindah ke Malaysia, Singapura dan Caribbean? || Cina <> Bilakah ramai warganegara bekas jajahan mula masuk ke Britain? || selepas Perang Dunia Kedua", {"context": "Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand"}], "question": "In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?", "id": "572693935951b619008f7727"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "Malaysia and Fiji"}], "question": "Where did many Indians move to?", "id": "572693935951b619008f7728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "Chinese"}], "question": "Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?", "id": "572693935951b619008f7729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "after the Second World War"}], "question": "When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?", "id": "572693935951b619008f772a"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 1956, Nasser menyealisasikan Kanal Suez secara unilateral. Sambutan Anthony Eden, yang telah menggantikan Churchill sebagai Perdana Menteri, bercanggah dengan Perancis untuk membuat insiden serangan Israel ke Mesir yang akan memberi alasan Britain dan Perancis untuk campur tangan secara ketenteraan dan merebut kanal tersebut. Eden mengecam Presiden AS Dwight D. Eisenhower, dengan kekurangan konsultasi, dan Eisenhower enggan menyokong serangan itu. Satu lagi kebimbangan Eisenhower adalah kemungkinan perang yang lebih luas dengan Kesatuan Soviet selepas ia mengancam untuk campur tangan di pihak Mesir. Eisenhower menggunakan leverage kewangan dengan mengancam untuk menjual rizab Amerika Syarikat pound British dan dengan itu menimbulkan keruntuhan mata wang British. Walaupun daya pencerobohan itu berjaya dengan ketenteraan dalam objektifnya, campur tangan PBB dan tekanan AS memaksa Britain memaksa penarikan pasukannya yang memalukan, dan Eden meletak jawatan. <> Bilakah Terusan Suez diwarisi? || Julai 1956 <> Siapa yang menjadi Perdana Menteri Britain selepas Winston Churchill? || Anthony Eden <> Negara manakah yang Eden berkomplot untuk menyebabkan serangan ke Mesir? || Perancis <> Siapa yang memutuskan untuk menjual rizab AS pound British untuk menyebabkan paun runtuh? || Eisenhower <> Negara mana yang telah disakinkan Britain untuk menyerang Mesir? || Israel", {"context": "In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of Anthony Eden, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on Egypt that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the Soviet Union after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1956"}], "question": "When was the Suez Canal nationalized?", "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Anthony Eden"}], "question": "Who became British Prime Minister after Winston Churchill?", "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which country did Eden conspire with to cause an attack on Egypt?", "id": "57268d53708984140094c9d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Eisenhower"}], "question": "Who decided to sell US reserves of the British pound to cause the pound to collapse?", "id": "57268d53708984140094c9da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Israeli"}], "question": "What country did Britain convince to attack Egypt?", "id": "57268d53708984140094c9db"}]}], ["Kebanyakan wilayah Caribbean di UK mencapai kemerdekaan selepas berlepas pada tahun 1961 dan 1962 dari Jamaica dan Trinidad dari Persekutuan Hindia Barat, yang ditubuhkan pada 1958 dalam usaha untuk menyatukan koloni British di bawah satu kerajaan, tetapi yang runtuh berikutan kehilangan dua ahli terbesar. Barbados mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1966 dan selebihnya kepulauan timur Caribbean pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, tetapi Anguilla dan Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos memilih untuk kembali ke pemerintahan British setelah mereka telah memulakan jalan menuju kemerdekaan. Kepulauan British Virgin, Kepulauan Cayman dan Montserrat memilih untuk mengekalkan hubungan dengan Britain, sementara Guyana mencapai kemerdekaan pada 1966. Tanah jajahan terakhir di tanah besar Amerika di Honduras, British menjadi koloni sendiri pada tahun 1964 dan dinamakan semula Belize pada tahun 1973, mencapai kemerdekaan penuh pada tahun 1981. Pertikaian dengan Guatemala atas tuntutan ke Belize dibiarkan tidak dapat diselesaikan. <> Wilayah mana Inggeris yang menerima kemerdekaan pada tahun 1961? || Jamaica <> Wilayah mana Inggeris yang menerima kemerdekaan pada tahun 1962? || Trinidad <> Bilakah Barbados mendapat kemerdekaan? || 1966 <> Pulau mana yang memutuskan untuk kembali ke pemerintahan British setelah menerima kemerdekaan? || Anguilla dan Turks and Caicos <> Apakah koloni tanah besar Amerika yang terakhir di Britain? || British Honduras", {"context": "Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the West Indies Federation, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands in the 1970s and 1980s, but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands and Montserrat opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, British Honduras, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed Belize in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Jamaica"}], "question": "Which British territory received independence in 1961?", "id": "57268f475951b619008f7691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Trinidad"}], "question": "Which British territory received independence in 1962?", "id": "57268f475951b619008f7692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When did Barbados get independence?", "id": "57268f475951b619008f7693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos"}], "question": "Which islands decided to return to British rule after receiving independence?", "id": "57268f475951b619008f7694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "British Honduras"}], "question": "What was Britain's last American mainland colony?", "id": "57268f475951b619008f7695"}]}], ["Walaupun Krisis Suez menyebabkan kuasa Inggeris di Timur Tengah melemahkan, ia tidak runtuh. Britain sekali lagi mengerahkan pasukan bersenjata ke rantau ini, campur tangan di Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) dan Kuwait (1961), walaupun pada kesempatan ini dengan kelulusan Amerika, sebagai dasar luar negeri Perdana Menteri Harold Macmillan baru tetap tegas Amerika Syarikat. Britain mengekalkan kehadiran ketenteraan di Timur Tengah selama satu dekad lagi. Pada bulan Januari 1968, beberapa minggu selepas penurunan nilai pound, Perdana Menteri Harold Wilson dan Setiausaha Pertahanannya Denis Healey mengumumkan bahawa tentera British akan ditarik balik dari pangkalan tentera utama Timur Suez, yang termasuk orang-orang di Timur Tengah, dan terutama dari Malaysia dan Singapura. British berundur dari Aden pada tahun 1967, Bahrain pada tahun 1971, dan Maldives pada tahun 1976. <> Bilakah Britain menarik diri dari Aden? || 1967 <> Bilakah Britain menarik diri dari Bahrain? || 1971 <> Bilakah Britain menarik diri dari Maladewa? || 1976 <> Siapa Setiausaha Pertahanan Harold Wilson? || Denis Healey <> Di mana serangan tentera Britain pada tahun 1961? || Kuwait", {"context": "While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in Oman (1957), Jordan (1958) and Kuwait (1961), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister Harold Macmillan's foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Britain maintained a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. In January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore. The British withdrew from Aden in 1967, Bahrain in 1971, and Maldives in 1976.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "1967"}], "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Aden?", "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When did Britain withdraw from Bahrain?", "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When did Britain withdraw from the Maldives?", "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Denis Healey"}], "question": "Who was Harold Wilson's Defense Secretary?", "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e8969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Kuwait"}], "question": "Where did Britain's army attack in 1961?", "id": "57268e54dd62a815002e896a"}]}], ["Britain mengekalkan kedaulatan ke atas 14 wilayah di luar Kepulauan British, yang dinamakan semula sebagai Wilayah Luar Negeri British pada tahun 2002. Ada yang tidak berpenghuni kecuali kakitangan tempur atau saintifik sementara; selebihnya adalah diri sendiri untuk pelbagai peringkat dan bergantung kepada UK untuk hubungan luar dan pertahanan. Kerajaan British telah menyatakan kesediaannya untuk membantu mana-mana Wilayah Luar Negara yang ingin meneruskan kemerdekaan, di mana itu adalah pilihan. Kedaulatan British beberapa wilayah di luar negeri dipertikaikan oleh jiran geografi mereka: Gibraltar dituntut oleh Sepanyol, Kepulauan Falkland dan Georgia Selatan dan Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan dituntut oleh Argentina, dan Wilayah Lautan Hindi British dituntut oleh Mauritius dan Seychelles. Wilayah Antartika Britain tertakluk kepada tuntutan bertindih oleh Argentina dan Chile, sementara banyak negara tidak mengiktiraf sebarang tuntutan wilayah di Antartika. <> Berapa banyak wilayah di seberang laut yang masih ada di Britain? || 14 <> Bilakah Britain memutuskan untuk memanggil wilayahnya di British Overseas Territories? || 2002 <> Negara mana yang mana selain British mendakwa Gibraltar? || Sepanyol <> Negara mana selain Britain mendakwa Kepulauan Falkland? || Argentina <> Negara mana selain Britain mendakwa Kepulauan Sandwich Selatan? || Argentina", {"context": "Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many overseas territories does Britain still have?", "id": "57269254708984140094ca7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did Britain decide to call its territories the British Overseas Territories?", "id": "57269254708984140094ca7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country besides Britain claims Gibraltar?", "id": "57269254708984140094ca7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "Argentina"}], "question": "Which country besides Britain claims the Falkland Islands?", "id": "57269254708984140094ca80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "Argentina"}], "question": "Which country besides Britain claims the South Sandwich Islands?", "id": "57269254708984140094ca81"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 1982, Perdana Menteri Margaret Thatcher mengembara ke Beijing untuk berunding dengan kerajaan China pada masa depan wilayah Hong Kong yang utama dan paling ramai penduduk di masa depan. Di bawah syarat perjanjian 1842 Nanking, Pulau Hong Kong sendiri telah diserahkan kepada Britain untuk selama-lamanya, tetapi majoriti koloni itu ditubuhkan oleh Wilayah Baru, yang telah diperolehi di bawah pajakan 99 tahun pada tahun 1898, kerana untuk tamat pada tahun 1997. Thatcher, melihat persamaan dengan Kepulauan Falkland, pada mulanya ingin memegang Hong Kong dan mencadangkan pentadbiran British dengan kedaulatan China, walaupun ini ditolak oleh China. Kesepakatan dicapai pada tahun 1984-di bawah syarat Deklarasi Bersama Sino-British, Hong Kong akan menjadi wilayah pentadbiran khas Republik Rakyat China, mengekalkan cara hidupnya sekurang-kurangnya 50 tahun. Upacara penyerahan pada tahun 1997 ditandai untuk banyak orang, termasuk Charles, Pangeran Wales, yang hadir, \"akhir Kerajaan\". <> Siapa Perdana Menteri Britain pada tahun 1982? || Margaret Thatcher <> Perjanjian mana yang telah diberikan Hong Kong ke Britain? || Perjanjian Nanking <> Bilakah Britain menyerahkan Hong Kong ke China? || 1997 <> Bilakah Deklarasi Bersama Sino-British? || 1984 <> Wilayah mana yang dilakukan oleh Margaret Thatcher berbanding Hong Kong? || Kepulauan Falkland", {"context": "In September 1982, Prime minister Margaret Thatcher travelled to Beijing to negotiate with the Chinese government on the future of Britain's last major and most populous overseas territory, Hong Kong. Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, Hong Kong Island itself had been ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984\u2014under the terms of the Sino-British Joint Declaration, Hong Kong would become a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, maintaining its way of life for at least 50 years. The handover ceremony in 1997 marked for many, including Charles, Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, \"the end of Empire\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Margaret Thatcher"}], "question": "Who was the British Prime Minister in 1982?", "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Treaty of Nanking"}], "question": "Which treaty had given Hong Kong to Britain?", "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Britain hand over Hong Kong to China?", "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "1984"}], "question": "When was the Sino-British Joint Declaration?", "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Falkland Islands"}], "question": "Which territory did Margaret Thatcher compare Hong Kong to?", "id": "57269184f1498d1400e8e40a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980, Rhodesia, koloni Afrika lepas Britain, menjadi negara merdeka Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides mencapai kemerdekaan (sebagai Vanuatu) pada tahun 1980, dengan Belize yang mengikutinya pada tahun 1981. Penggalakan Akta Kewarganegaraan British 1981, yang mengklasifikasikan koloni-koloni Mahkota yang lain sebagai \"Wilayah Terjadilah British\" (dinamakan semula sebagai Wilayah Luar Negeri British pada tahun 2002) , selain daripada penyebaran pulau-pulau dan pos-pos penghujung dekolonisasi yang telah dimulakan selepas Perang Dunia Kedua sebahagian besarnya selesai. Pada tahun 1982, keputusan Britain untuk mempertahankan wilayah-wilayah yang tinggal di luar negara telah diuji apabila Argentina menyerang Kepulauan Falkland, bertindak atas tuntutan lama yang bertarikh kembali kepada Empayar Sepanyol. Sambutan tentera Britain yang berjaya untuk merebut semula pulau-pulau semasa Perang Falklands yang berlaku dilihat oleh ramai telah menyumbang untuk membalikkan trend menurun dalam status Britain sebagai kuasa dunia. Pada tahun yang sama, kerajaan Kanada memutuskan hubungan undang-undang terakhirnya dengan Britain dengan menegakkan perlembagaan Kanada dari Britain. Akta Kanada 1982 yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen Britain mengakhiri keperluan penglibatan British dalam perubahan kepada perlembagaan Kanada. Begitu juga, Akta Perlembagaan 1986 mengubah perlembagaan New Zealand untuk memutuskan hubungan perlembagaannya dengan Britain, dan Akta Australia 1986 memotong hubungan perlembagaan antara Britain dan negara-negara Australia. Pada tahun 1984, Brunei, bekas perlindungan negara yang terakhir di Asia, memperoleh kemerdekaannya. <> Bilakah Kanada diberi kawalan sepenuhnya terhadap perlembagaannya? || 1982 <> Bilakah Rhodesia menjadi Zimbabwe? || 1980 <> Apa baki wilayah British yang dipanggil pada tahun 1981? || British Dependent Territories <> Apa yang baki wilayah British dipanggil pada tahun 2002? || British Overseas Territories <> Kemenangan perang tahun 1980-an membantu Britain kelihatan seperti kuasa dunia lagi? || Perang Falklands", {"context": "In 1980, Rhodesia, Britain's last African colony, became the independent nation of Zimbabwe. The New Hebrides achieved independence (as Vanuatu) in 1980, with Belize following suit in 1981. The passage of the British Nationality Act 1981, which reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as \"British Dependent Territories\" (renamed British Overseas Territories in 2002) meant that, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the Spanish Empire. Britain's ultimately successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War was viewed by many to have contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. The same year, the Canadian government severed its last legal link with Britain by patriating the Canadian constitution from Britain. The 1982 Canada Act passed by the British parliament ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the Constitution Act 1986 reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain, and the Australia Act 1986 severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states. In 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, gained its independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When was Canada given full control of its constitution?", "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When did Rhodesia become Zimbabwe?", "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "British Dependent Territories"}], "question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 1981?", "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "British Overseas Territories"}], "question": "What were the remaining British territories called in 2002?", "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Falklands War"}], "question": "Which 1980s war victory helped Britain seem more like a world power again?", "id": "57269008dd62a815002e89b8"}]}]], [["Pakar Perubatan Valerius Cordus (1515-1544) telah mencipta Sejarah herba botanikal dan herba penting Plantarum herba pada tahun 1544 dan farmakope penting yang berkekalan, Dispensatorium pada tahun 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516-1565) dan ahli herbal John Gerard (1545-1611 ) menerbitkan herba yang meliputi penggunaan ubat tumbuhan. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605) dianggap sebagai bapa sejarah semula jadi, yang termasuk kajian tumbuhan. Pada tahun 1665, menggunakan mikroskop awal, Polymath Robert Hooke menemui sel-sel, istilah yang diciptanya, dalam gabus, dan kemudiannya dalam tisu tumbuhan hidup. <> Siapa yang menulis Historia Plantarum pada tahun 1544? || Pakar Perubatan Valerius Cordus <> Apakah pakar herba yang menulis tentang tumbuhan perubatan pada abad ke-16? || John Gerard <> Siapa yang dianggap bapa sejarah semula jadi? || Ulisse Aldrovandi <> Siapa yang membentuk sel istilah? || Robert Hooke <> Dalam tumbuhan apa yang pertama ditemui oleh mikroskop? || gabus", {"context": "Physician Valerius Cordus (1515\u20131544) authored a botanically and pharmacologically important herbal Historia Plantarum in 1544 and a pharmacopoeia of lasting importance, the Dispensatorium in 1546. Naturalist Conrad von Gesner (1516\u20131565) and herbalist John Gerard (1545\u2013c. 1611) published herbals covering the medicinal uses of plants. Naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522\u20131605) was considered the father of natural history, which included the study of plants. In 1665, using an early microscope, Polymath Robert Hooke discovered cells, a term he coined, in cork, and a short time later in living plant tissue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Physician Valerius Cordus"}], "question": "Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?", "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "John Gerard"}], "question": "What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?", "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Ulisse Aldrovandi"}], "question": "Who is considered the father of natural history?", "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Robert Hooke"}], "question": "Who coined the term cells?", "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "cork"}], "question": "In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?", "id": "57267c29708984140094c7a9"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan abad ke-16, \"taman botani\" diasaskan di beberapa universiti Itali - taman botani Padua pada 1545 biasanya dianggap sebagai yang pertama yang masih berada di lokasi asalnya. Kebun-kebun ini meneruskan nilai praktikal dari \"taman fizikal\" terdahulu, yang sering dikaitkan dengan biara, di mana tumbuhan ditanam untuk kegunaan perubatan. Mereka menyokong pertumbuhan botani sebagai subjek akademik. Kuliah diberikan mengenai tumbuh-tumbuhan yang ditanam di taman dan penggunaan perubatan mereka ditunjukkan. Kebun botani datang kemudian ke Eropah utara; yang pertama di England adalah University of Oxford Botanic Garden pada tahun 1621. Sepanjang tempoh ini, botani tetap bawahan kuat untuk ubat. <> Apa kebun botani pertama di universiti Itali? || Padua <> Di mana taman Padua? || tempat asalnya <> Mengapa monasteri mempunyai taman? || untuk kegunaan perubatan <> Apakah ilmu sains botani dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada? || perubatan <> Di manakah taman botani Eropah yang pertama di sebuah universiti? || Universiti Oxford", {"context": "In the mid-16th century, \"botanical gardens\" were founded in a number of Italian universities \u2013 the Padua botanical garden in 1545 is usually considered to be the first which is still in its original location. These gardens continued the practical value of earlier \"physic gardens\", often associated with monasteries, in which plants were cultivated for medical use. They supported the growth of botany as an academic subject. Lectures were given about the plants grown in the gardens and their medical uses demonstrated. Botanical gardens came much later to northern Europe; the first in England was the University of Oxford Botanic Garden in 1621. Throughout this period, botany remained firmly subordinate to medicine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Padua"}], "question": "What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?", "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "its original location"}], "question": "Where is the Padua garden?", "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "for medical use"}], "question": "Why did monasteries have gardens?", "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "medicine"}], "question": "What science was botany considered to be a part of?", "id": "5726682add62a815002e83ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "University of Oxford"}], "question": "Where was the first European botany garden at a university?", "id": "5726682add62a815002e83f0"}]}], ["Botani, juga dikenali sebagai sains tumbuhan (s) atau biologi tumbuhan, adalah sains kehidupan tumbuhan dan cabang biologi. Ahli sains botani atau tumbuhan adalah seorang saintis yang pakar dalam bidang ini. Istilah \"botani\" berasal dari perkataan Yunani kuno \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 (botan\u0113) yang bermaksud \"padang rumput\", \"rumput\", atau \"makanan\"; \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 pada gilirannya berasal dari \u03b2\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (boskein), \"untuk memberi makan\" atau \"untuk merumput\". Secara tradisinya, botani juga termasuk kajian kulat dan alga oleh ahli miologi dan ahli fikologi masing-masing, dengan kajian ketiga-tiga kumpulan organisma yang tinggal dalam bidang kepentingan Kongres Botani Antarabangsa. Pada masa kini, ahli botani mengkaji kira-kira 400,000 spesies organisma hidup yang mana kira-kira 260,000 spesies tumbuhan vaskular dan kira-kira 248,000 tumbuhan berbunga. <> Apakah botani? || sains tumbuhan <> Apa maksud perkataan botany? || \"untuk memberi makan\" atau \"untuk merawat\" <> Apakah ahli sains tumbuhan dipanggil? || Seorang ahli botani <> Adakah botani hanya menanam tumbuhan? || termasuk kajian kulat dan alga", {"context": "Botany, also called plant science(s) or plant biology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term \"botany\" comes from the Ancient Greek word \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 (botan\u0113) meaning \"pasture\", \"grass\", or \"fodder\"; \u03b2\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7 is in turn derived from \u03b2\u03cc\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (boskein), \"to feed\" or \"to graze\". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of living organisms of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000 are flowering plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "science of plant life"}], "question": "What is botany?", "id": "572661d4708984140094c433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "\"to feed\" or \"to graze\""}], "question": "What does the word botany mean?", "id": "572661d4708984140094c434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "A botanist"}], "question": "What is  a plant scientist called?", "id": "572661d4708984140094c435"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "included the study of fungi and algae"}], "question": "Does botany only study plants?", "id": "572661d4708984140094c436"}]}], ["Satu lagi karya dari Yunani Kuno yang memberi impak awal kepada botani ialah De Materia Medica, ensiklopedia lima jilid mengenai ubat herba yang ditulis pada pertengahan abad pertama oleh pakar perubatan Yunani dan farmakologi Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica dibaca secara meluas selama lebih daripada 1,500 tahun. Sumbangan penting dari dunia Islam zaman pertengahan termasuklah Pertanian Nabatean Ibn Wahshiyya, Buku Tumbuhan Ab\u016b Ansan D\u012bnawar\u012b (828-896), dan Klasifikasi Tanah Ibn Bassal. Pada awal abad ke-13, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, dan Ibn al-Baitar (ms 1248) menulis tentang botani secara sistematik dan saintifik. <> Apakah nama karya Yunani purba yang memberi kesan kepada botani? || De Materia Medica <> Apakah De Materia Medica ditulis tentang? || ubat herba <> Apa profesi lelaki yang menulis De Materia Medica? || doktor dan ahli farmakologi <> Selain daripada orang-orang Yunani, apakah kebudayaan lain yang menyumbang kepada kajian botani? || Dunia Islam abad pertengahan <> Berapa lamakah buku De Materia Medica? || lima jilid", {"context": "Another work from Ancient Greece that made an early impact on botany is De Materia Medica, a five-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine written in the middle of the first century by Greek physician and pharmacologist Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica was widely read for more than 1,500 years. Important contributions from the medieval Muslim world include Ibn Wahshiyya's Nabatean Agriculture, Ab\u016b \u1e24an\u012bfa D\u012bnawar\u012b's (828\u2013896) the Book of Plants, and Ibn Bassal's The Classification of Soils. In the early 13th century, Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, and Ibn al-Baitar (d. 1248) wrote on botany in a systematic and scientific manner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "De Materia Medica"}], "question": "What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?", "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "herbal medicine"}], "question": "What was the De Materia Medica written about?", "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "physician and pharmacologist"}], "question": "What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?", "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "medieval Muslim world"}], "question": "Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?", "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "five-volume"}], "question": "How long a book is the De Materia Medica?", "id": "57266767f1498d1400e8de80"}]}], ["Botani berasal dari zaman prasejarah sebagai herba dengan usaha manusia awal untuk mengenal pasti - dan kemudian menanam - tumbuhan yang boleh dimakan, perubatan dan beracun, menjadikannya salah satu cawangan tertua sains. Taman fizikal zaman pertengahan, sering dilampirkan ke biara, mengandungi tumbuhan kepentingan perubatan. Mereka adalah pelopor kebun botani pertama yang melekat pada universiti, yang diasaskan dari tahun 1540an dan seterusnya. Salah satu yang paling awal ialah taman botani Padua. Kebun-kebun ini memudahkan kajian akademik tumbuhan. Usaha untuk katalog dan menggambarkan koleksi mereka adalah permulaan taksonomi tanaman, dan diterajui pada 1753 kepada sistem binomial Carl Linnaeus yang masih digunakan hingga ke hari ini. <> Apa sains membawa kepada botani? || herba <> Apakah jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan yang ditanam oleh biara? || tumbuhan penting perubatan <> Bilakah universiti mula tumbuh taman? || 1540s dan seterusnya <> Mengapa universiti mempunyai taman-taman ini? || memudahkan kajian akademik tanaman <> Mengapa tumbuhan taksonomi berkembang? || untuk katalog dan menerangkan koleksi mereka", {"context": "Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify \u2013 and later cultivate \u2013 edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "herbalism"}], "question": "What science led to botany?", "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "plants of medical importance"}], "question": "What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?", "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "1540s onwards"}], "question": "When did universities start growing gardens?", "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "facilitated the academic study of plants"}], "question": "Why did universities have these gardens?", "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "to catalogue and describe their collections"}], "question": "Why was plant taxonomy developed?", "id": "572663f3dd62a815002e8376"}]}], ["Disiplin ekologi tumbuhan dipelopori pada abad ke-19 oleh ahli botani seperti Pemanasan Eugenius, yang menghasilkan hipotesis bahawa tumbuhan membentuk masyarakat, dan mentornya dan pengganti Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r yang sistemnya menggambarkan bentuk kehidupan tumbuhan masih digunakan hari ini. Konsep bahawa komposisi masyarakat tumbuhan seperti hutan luas yang luas berubah oleh proses penggantian ekologi telah dibangunkan oleh Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley dan Frederic Clements. Clements dikreditkan dengan idea tumbuhan klimaks sebagai tumbuh-tumbuhan yang paling kompleks yang dapat menyokong alam sekitar dan Tansley memperkenalkan konsep ekosistem kepada biologi. Membina kerja awal Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887-1943) menghasilkan akaun biogeografi, pusat asal, dan sejarah evolusi tumbuhan ekonomi. <> Apa Pemanasan percaya bahawa tumbuhan boleh dilakukan? || membentuk komuniti <> Apakah istilah untuk kehidupan tumbuhan yang paling kompleks dalam persekitaran tertentu? || tumbuhan klimaks <> Siapa yang menciptakan konsep ekosistem? || Arthur Tansley <> Siapa kerja awalnya yang dilakukan oleh Nicholas Vavilov? || Alphonse de Candolle <> Apa sejarah yang ditulis oleh Vavilov? || sejarah tumbuhan ekonomi", {"context": "The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunki\u00e6r whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887\u20131943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "form communities"}], "question": "What did Warming believe that plants can do?", "id": "57268a5d708984140094c957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "climax vegetation"}], "question": "What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?", "id": "57268a5d708984140094c958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Arthur Tansley"}], "question": "Who created the concept of ecosystems?", "id": "57268a5d708984140094c959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "Alphonse de Candolle"}], "question": "Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?", "id": "57268a5d708984140094c95a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "history of economic plants"}], "question": "What history did Vavilov write about?", "id": "57268a5d708984140094c95b"}]}], ["Botani sangat dirangsang oleh penampilan buku teks \"moden\" yang pertama, Matthias Schleiden Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, diterbitkan dalam Bahasa Inggeris pada tahun 1849 sebagai Prinsip Botani Saintifik. Schleiden adalah mikroskopis dan anatomi tumbuhan awal yang mengasaskan teori sel dengan Theodor Schwann dan Rudolf Virchow dan merupakan yang pertama untuk memahami pentingnya nukleus sel yang telah digambarkan oleh Robert Brown pada tahun 1831. Pada tahun 1855, Adolf Fick merumuskan undang-undang Fick yang membolehkan pengiraan kadar penyebaran molekul dalam sistem biologi. <> Apa buku teks moden pertama? || Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik <> Apa profesi Schleiden? || mikroskopis <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh undang-undang Fick? || pengiraan kadar penyebaran molekul <> Teori apa yang Schleiden bersama? || teori sel", {"context": "Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first \"modern\" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Grundz\u00fcge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik"}], "question": "What was the first modern text book?", "id": "5726881e708984140094c909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "microscopist"}], "question": "What was Schleiden's profession?", "id": "5726881e708984140094c90a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion"}], "question": "What do Fick's laws do?", "id": "5726881e708984140094c90c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "cell theory"}], "question": "What theory did Schleiden co-found?", "id": "5726881e708984140094c90b"}]}], ["Meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang anatomi tumbuhan, morfologi dan kitaran hayat menyebabkan kesedaran bahawa terdapat lebih banyak pertalian semula jadi antara tumbuhan daripada sistem seks buatan Linnaeus yang telah ditunjukkan. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), dan Candolle (1819) semua mencadangkan pelbagai klasifikasi sistem semulajadi alternatif yang menggabungkan tumbuhan menggunakan pelbagai watak-watak yang dikongsi dan banyak diikuti. Sistem Candollean mencerminkan idea-idea perkembangan kerumitan morfologi dan klasifikasi kemudiannya oleh Bentham dan Hooker, yang berpengaruh hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, dipengaruhi oleh pendekatan Candolle. Penerbitan Darwin mengenai Spesies Asal pada tahun 1859 dan konsepnya tentang keturunan biasa memerlukan pengubahsuaian kepada sistem Candollean untuk menggambarkan hubungan evolusi yang berbeza daripada kesamaan morfologi semata-mata. <> Apa yang menyebabkan saintis percaya bahawa tumbuh-tumbuhan perlu dikelaskan mengikut sesuatu yang lain daripada sistem seksual? || Meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang anatomi tumbuhan <> Dalam tahun apa ke Candolle memperkenalkan sistem Candollean? || 1819 <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Candolle berdasarkan sistem klasifikasinya? || kerumitan morfologi <> Apakah Darwin memperkenalkan sistem pengelasan yang berubah? || konsep keturunan yang sama", {"context": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy, morphology and life cycles led to the realisation that there were more natural affinities between plants than the artificial sexual system of Linnaeus had indicated. Adanson (1763), de Jussieu (1789), and Candolle (1819) all proposed various alternative natural systems of classification that grouped plants using a wider range of shared characters and were widely followed. The Candollean system reflected his ideas of the progression of morphological complexity and the later classification by Bentham and Hooker, which was influential until the mid-19th century, was influenced by Candolle's approach. Darwin's publication of the Origin of Species in 1859 and his concept of common descent required modifications to the Candollean system to reflect evolutionary relationships as distinct from mere morphological similarity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy"}], "question": "What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?", "id": "57267f20708984140094c807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "1819"}], "question": "In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?", "id": "57267f20708984140094c808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "morphological complexity"}], "question": "On what did Candolle base his classification system?", "id": "57267f20708984140094c809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "concept of common descent"}], "question": "What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?", "id": "57267f20708984140094c80a"}]}], ["Botani moden adalah subjek multidisiplin yang luas dengan input dari kebanyakan bidang sains dan teknologi yang lain. Topik penyelidikan termasuk kajian struktur tumbuhan, pertumbuhan dan pembezaan, pembiakan, biokimia dan metabolisme utama, produk kimia, pembangunan, penyakit, hubungan evolusi, sistematik dan taksonomi tumbuhan. Tema dominan dalam sains tumbuhan abad ke-21 adalah genetik molekul dan epigenetik, yang merupakan mekanisme dan kawalan ekspresi gen semasa pembezaan sel-sel tumbuhan dan tisu. Penyelidikan botani mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi dalam menyediakan makanan ruji, bahan seperti kayu, minyak, getah, serat dan ubat, dalam hortikultur moden, pertanian dan perhutanan, penyebaran tanaman, pembiakan dan pengubahsuaian genetik, dalam sintesis bahan kimia dan bahan mentah untuk pembinaan dan pengeluaran tenaga, pengurusan alam sekitar, dan penyelenggaraan biodiversiti. <> Apakah tema utama botani sekarang ini? || genetik molekul dan epigenetik <> Bagaimana botani boleh digunakan untuk memerangi kelaparan dunia? || menyediakan makanan ruji <> Bagaimana botani boleh digunakan untuk industri pembinaan? || sintesis bahan kimia dan bahan mentah <> Adakah botani sains sempit? || subjek yang luas, pelbagai disiplin", {"context": "Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "molecular genetics and epigenetics"}], "question": "What is are the main themes of present-day botany?", "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "providing staple foods"}], "question": "How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?", "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "synthesis of chemicals and raw materials"}], "question": "How can botany be applied to the construction industry?", "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "a broad, multidisciplinary subject"}], "question": "Is botany a narrow science?", "id": "572665e6f1498d1400e8de51"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-18, sistem pengenalan tumbuhan telah dibangunkan setanding dengan kekotoran dikotom, di mana tumbuhan yang tidak dikenal pasti dimasukkan ke dalam kumpulan taksonomi (contohnya keluarga, genus dan spesies) dengan membuat beberapa pilihan antara pasangan aksara. Pilihan dan urutan watak-watak mungkin buatan dalam kunci yang direka semata-mata untuk pengenalpastian (kunci diagnostik) atau lebih rapat berkaitan dengan urutan semulajadi atau phyletik taksa dalam kunci sinoptik. Menjelang abad ke-18, tumbuh-tumbuhan baru untuk belajar telah tiba di Eropah dalam peningkatan jumlah dari negara-negara yang baru ditemui dan koloni Eropah di seluruh dunia. Pada 1753 Carl von Linn\u00e9 (Carl Linnaeus) menerbitkan spesiesnya Plantarum, klasifikasi hierarki spesies tumbuhan yang kekal sebagai titik rujukan untuk tatanan botani moden. Ini menubuhkan skim penamaan binomial atau dua bahagian standard yang mana nama pertama mewakili genus dan yang kedua mengenal pasti spesies dalam genus. Untuk tujuan mengenal pasti, Linnaeus's Systema Sexuale mengelaskan tumbuhan kepada 24 kumpulan mengikut bilangan organ seksual lelaki mereka. Kelompok ke-24, Cryptogamia, termasuk semua tumbuhan dengan bahagian reproduktif tersembunyi, lumut, hati, paku, alga dan kulat. <> Apakah maksud kekotoran dikotom? || pilihan antara pasangan <> Apakah istilah untuk kunci yang digunakan untuk pengenalpastian? || kunci diagnostik <> Kenapa tumbuhan baru tiba di Eropah pada abad ke-18? || negara yang baru ditemui <> Buku apa yang masih digunakan untuk tatanama? || Spesies Plantarum <> Bagaimana tumbuhan dikelaskan? || bilangan organ seksual lelaki mereka", {"context": "During the 18th century, systems of plant identification were developed comparable to dichotomous keys, where unidentified plants are placed into taxonomic groups (e.g. family, genus and species) by making a series of choices between pairs of characters. The choice and sequence of the characters may be artificial in keys designed purely for identification (diagnostic keys) or more closely related to the natural or phyletic order of the taxa in synoptic keys. By the 18th century, new plants for study were arriving in Europe in increasing numbers from newly discovered countries and the European colonies worldwide. In 1753 Carl von Linn\u00e9 (Carl Linnaeus) published his Species Plantarum, a hierarchical classification of plant species that remains the reference point for modern botanical nomenclature. This established a standardised binomial or two-part naming scheme where the first name represented the genus and the second identified the species within the genus. For the purposes of identification, Linnaeus's Systema Sexuale classified plants into 24 groups according to the number of their male sexual organs. The 24th group, Cryptogamia, included all plants with concealed reproductive parts, mosses, liverworts, ferns, algae and fungi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "choices between pairs"}], "question": "What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?", "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e8718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "diagnostic keys"}], "question": "What is the term for keys used for identification?", "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e8719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "newly discovered countries"}], "question": "Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?", "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Species Plantarum"}], "question": "What book is still used for nomenclature?", "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1086, "text": "number of their male sexual organs"}], "question": "How are the plants classified?", "id": "57267dfbdd62a815002e871c"}]}], ["Paleobotanis mengkaji tanaman kuno dalam rekod fosil untuk memberikan maklumat tentang sejarah tumbuhan evolusi. Cyanobacteria, organisme fotosintesis yang melepaskan oksigen pertama di Bumi, diyakini telah menimbulkan nenek moyang tumbuhan dengan memasuki hubungan endosymbiotik dengan eukaryote awal, akhirnya menjadi kloroplas dalam sel tumbuhan. Tumbuhan fotosintetik yang baru (bersama dengan saudara algal mereka) mempercepat kenaikan oksigen atmosfera yang dimulakan oleh cyanobacteria, mengubah bebas oksigen kuno, mengurangkan, atmosfer kepada satu di mana oksigen bebas telah melimpah selama lebih daripada 2 bilion tahun. <> Apakah kajian tumbuhan purba dan fosil? || Paleobotanis <> Apakah organisme yang dikreditkan dengan memulakan suasana kaya oksigen di Bumi? || cyanobacteria <> Apa yang boleh dipelajari para saintis dari rekod fosil? || sejarah evolusi tumbuhan <> Apakah organisme pertama menghasilkan oksigen melalui fotosintesis? || Cyanobacteria", {"context": "Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paleobotanists"}], "question": "What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?", "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "cyanobacteria"}], "question": "What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?", "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "evolutionary history of plants"}], "question": "What can scientists learn from the fossil record?", "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Cyanobacteria"}], "question": "What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?", "id": "5726b3d5708984140094ce46"}]}], ["Morfologi moden mengiktiraf kontinum antara kategori morfologi utama akar, batang (caulome), daun (phyllome) dan trichome. Tambahan pula, ia menekankan dinamik struktural. Sistematik moden bertujuan untuk mencerminkan dan menemui hubungan filogenetik antara tumbuhan. Phylogenetics Molecular moden sebahagian besarnya mengabaikan watak-watak morfologi, bergantung pada urutan DNA sebagai data. Analisis molekul urutan DNA dari kebanyakan keluarga tumbuhan berbunga membolehkan Angiosperm Phylogeny Group menerbitkan pada tahun 1998 sebagai filogeni tumbuhan berbunga, menjawab banyak soalan tentang hubungan antara keluarga dan spesis angiosperma. Kemungkinan teori kaedah praktikal untuk mengenal pasti spesies tumbuhan dan jenis komersial oleh barcoding DNA adalah subjek penyelidikan aktif semasa. <> Apakah jenis hubungan yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sistematik? || phylogenetic <> Apa yang digunakan oleh filoginetik untuk menentukan kategori tumbuhan? || Susunan DNA <> Apakah kumpulan Angiosperm Phylogeny menggunakan menentukan filogeni tumbuhan berbunga? || Analisis molekul DNA <> Morfologi moden mengiktiraf dinamik struktur dari apa? || kategori morfologi utama", {"context": "Modern morphology recognizes a continuum between the major morphological categories of root, stem (caulome), leaf (phyllome) and trichome. Furthermore, it emphasizes structural dynamics. Modern systematics aims to reflect and discover phylogenetic relationships between plants. Modern Molecular phylogenetics largely ignores morphological characters, relying on DNA sequences as data. Molecular analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants enabled the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group to publish in 1998 a phylogeny of flowering plants, answering many of the questions about relationships among angiosperm families and species. The theoretical possibility of a practical method for identification of plant species and commercial varieties by DNA barcoding is the subject of active current research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "phylogenetic"}], "question": "What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?", "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "DNA sequences"}], "question": "What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?", "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Molecular analysis of DNA"}], "question": "What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?", "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the major morphological categories"}], "question": "Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?", "id": "5726af935951b619008f7a66"}]}], ["Tumbuhan dan pelbagai kumpulan lain eukaryotes fotosintetik yang secara kolektif dikenali sebagai \"alga\" mempunyai organel unik yang dikenali sebagai kloroplas. Chloroplasts dianggap berasal dari cyanobacteria yang membentuk hubungan endosymbiotik dengan tumbuhan purba dan nenek moyang. Chloroplasts dan cyanobacteria mengandungi chlorophyll pigment biru-hijau a. Chlorophyll a (dan juga klorofil sepupu tumbuhan dan alga yang spesifik alga hijau) [a] menyerap cahaya dalam spektrum biru-ungu dan oren / merah spektrum sambil mencerminkan dan menghantar cahaya hijau yang kita lihat sebagai warna ciri organisma ini. Tenaga dalam cahaya merah dan biru yang menyerap pigmen ini digunakan oleh kloroplas untuk membuat senyawa karbon yang kaya dengan tenaga daripada karbon dioksida dan air oleh fotosintesis oksigen, suatu proses yang menjana oksigen molekul (O2) sebagai produk sampingan. <> apa bahagian alga yang unik kepada mereka? || kloroplas <> Daripada tumbuhan penghasil oksigen purba yang terkandung dalam kloroplas? || cyanobacteria <> Apa warna klorofil? || biru-hijau <> Apa organel yang unik untuk alga? || kloroplas <> Dari apa sumber purba yang terkandung dalam kloroplas? || cyanobacteria <> Apakah warna tumbuhan dengan klorofil kelihatan? || hijau", {"context": "Plants and various other groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes collectively known as \"algae\" have unique organelles known as chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are thought to be descended from cyanobacteria that formed endosymbiotic relationships with ancient plant and algal ancestors. Chloroplasts and cyanobacteria contain the blue-green pigment chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a (as well as its plant and green algal-specific cousin chlorophyll b)[a] absorbs light in the blue-violet and orange/red parts of the spectrum while reflecting and transmitting the green light that we see as the characteristic colour of these organisms. The energy in the red and blue light that these pigments absorb is used by chloroplasts to make energy-rich carbon compounds from carbon dioxide and water by oxygenic photosynthesis, a process that generates molecular oxygen (O2) as a by-product.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "chloroplasts"}], "question": "what parts of algae are unique to them?", "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "cyanobacteria"}], "question": "From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?", "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "blue-green"}], "question": "What color is chlorophyll?", "id": "5726bb53f1498d1400e8e93e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "chloroplasts"}], "question": "What organelles are unique to algae?", "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "cyanobacteria"}], "question": "From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?", "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?", "id": "5726bc5af1498d1400e8e983"}]}], ["Takrif tegas \"tumbuhan\" hanya termasuk \"tumbuhan tanah\" atau embriofi, termasuk tumbuhan benih (gymnosperms, termasuk pokok-pokok pinus, dan tumbuhan berbunga) dan cryptogams yang memikat bebas termasuk paku, kelab, hati, Embryophytes adalah eukaryotes multisel yang berasal dari nenek moyang yang mendapat tenaga dari cahaya matahari oleh fotosintesis. Mereka mempunyai kitaran hidup dengan fasa haploid dan fasa diploid. Fase haploid seksual embriofi, yang dikenali sebagai gametofit, memelihara sporophyte embrio yang berkembang di dalam tisunya sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada kehidupannya, walaupun dalam tumbuhan benih, di mana gametofit itu sendiri dipelihara oleh sporofit induknya. Kumpulan organisma lain yang sebelum ini dikaji oleh ahli botani termasuk bakteria (kini dikaji dalam bakteria), kulat (mycology) - termasuk kulat membentuk lichen (lichenology), alga bukan klorofit (fikologi), dan virus (virologi). Walau bagaimanapun, perhatian masih diberikan kepada kumpulan-kumpulan ini oleh ahli botani, dan kulat (termasuk lichen) dan protokol fotosintesis biasanya diliputi dalam kursus pengenalan botani. <> Apakah nama saintifik untuk tumbuhan benih? || gimnosperms <> Apakah kajian alga yang dipanggil? || phycology <> Apa dua fasa dimasukkan dalam kitaran hidup embriofit? || haploid dan diploid", {"context": "The strictest definition of \"plant\" includes only the \"land plants\" or embryophytes, which include seed plants (gymnosperms, including the pines, and flowering plants) and the free-sporing cryptogams including ferns, clubmosses, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Embryophytes are multicellular eukaryotes descended from an ancestor that obtained its energy from sunlight by photosynthesis. They have life cycles with alternating haploid and diploid phases. The sexual haploid phase of embryophytes, known as the gametophyte, nurtures the developing diploid embryo sporophyte within its tissues for at least part of its life, even in the seed plants, where the gametophyte itself is nurtured by its parent sporophyte. Other groups of organisms that were previously studied by botanists include bacteria (now studied in bacteriology), fungi (mycology) \u2013 including lichen-forming fungi (lichenology), non-chlorophyte algae (phycology), and viruses (virology). However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi (including lichens) and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "gymnosperms"}], "question": "What is the scientific name for seed plants?", "id": "5726b283708984140094ce21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "phycology"}], "question": "What is the study of algae called?", "id": "5726b283708984140094ce22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "haploid and diploid"}], "question": "What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?", "id": "5726b283708984140094ce23"}]}], ["Perkembangan abad ke-20 dalam biokimia tumbuhan telah didorong oleh teknik-teknik moden analisis kimia organik, seperti spektroskopi, kromatografi dan elektroforesis. Dengan peningkatan biologi molekul berkaitan biologi skala, genomik, proteomik dan metabolomik, hubungan antara genom tumbuhan dan kebanyakan aspek biokimia, fisiologi, morfologi dan tingkah laku tumbuhan boleh tertakluk kepada analisa eksperimen terperinci. Konsep yang asalnya dinyatakan oleh Gottlieb Haberlandt pada tahun 1902 bahawa semua sel tumbuhan adalah totipotent dan boleh ditanam secara in vitro akhirnya membolehkan penggunaan kejuruteraan genetik secara percubaan untuk mengetuk gen atau gen yang bertanggungjawab untuk sifat tertentu, atau untuk menambah gen seperti GFP yang laporkan apabila gen minat dinyatakan. Teknologi ini membolehkan penggunaan bioteknologi tumbuhan atau kultur sel tumbuhan yang ditanam di bioreactors untuk mensintesis racun perosak, antibiotik atau farmaseutikal lain, serta aplikasi praktikal tanaman diubahsuai secara genetik yang direka untuk ciri-ciri seperti hasil yang lebih baik. <> Apa yang membolehkan para saintis mengkaji lebih baik tanaman sekarang? || teknik moden analisis kimia organik <> Apa yang membuka pintu untuk menanam kejuruteraan genetik? || semua sel tumbuhan adalah totipotent <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan idea bahawa sel-sel boleh ditanam secara in vitro? || Gottlieb Haberlandt", {"context": "20th century developments in plant biochemistry have been driven by modern techniques of organic chemical analysis, such as spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis. With the rise of the related molecular-scale biological approaches of molecular biology, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics, the relationship between the plant genome and most aspects of the biochemistry, physiology, morphology and behaviour of plants can be subjected to detailed experimental analysis. The concept originally stated by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902 that all plant cells are totipotent and can be grown in vitro ultimately enabled the use of genetic engineering experimentally to knock out a gene or genes responsible for a specific trait, or to add genes such as GFP that report when a gene of interest is being expressed. These technologies enable the biotechnological use of whole plants or plant cell cultures grown in bioreactors to synthesise pesticides, antibiotics or other pharmaceuticals, as well as the practical application of genetically modified crops designed for traits such as improved yield.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "modern techniques of organic chemical analysis"}], "question": "What enables scientists to better study plants now?", "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "all plant cells are totipotent"}], "question": "What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?", "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Gottlieb Haberlandt"}], "question": "Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?", "id": "5726ad27f1498d1400e8e6e0"}]}], ["Kajian tumbuhan adalah penting kerana mereka menyokong hampir semua kehidupan haiwan di Bumi dengan menghasilkan sebahagian besar oksigen dan makanan yang menyediakan manusia dan organisme lain dengan respirasi aerobik dengan tenaga kimia yang mereka perlukan untuk wujud. Tumbuhan, alga dan cyanobakteria adalah kumpulan utama organisma yang menjalankan fotosintesis, suatu proses yang menggunakan tenaga cahaya matahari untuk menukar air dan karbon dioksida menjadi gula yang boleh digunakan sebagai sumber tenaga kimia dan molekul organik yang digunakan dalam komponen struktur sel. Sebagai hasil sampingan fotosintesis, tumbuhan melepaskan oksigen ke atmosfera, gas yang diperlukan oleh hampir semua makhluk hidup untuk menjalankan pernafasan sel. Di samping itu, mereka berpengaruh dalam kitaran karbon dan air global dan akar tumbuhan mengikat dan menstabilkan tanah, menghalang hakisan tanah. Tumbuhan amat penting untuk masa depan masyarakat manusia kerana mereka menyediakan makanan, oksigen, ubat-ubatan, dan produk untuk manusia, serta mewujudkan dan memelihara tanah. <> Mengapa tumbuhan penting untuk kehidupan manusia? || oksigen dan makanan <> Apakah proses yang mengubah sinar matahari menjadi tenaga? || fotosintesis <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membina semula sel? || molekul organik <> Unsur penting apakah hasil sampingan fotosintesis? || oksigen <> Apa yang menghalang akar tumbuhan? || hakisan tanah", {"context": "The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "oxygen and food"}], "question": "Why are plants important to human life?", "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?", "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "organic molecules"}], "question": "What is used to rebuild cells?", "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "oxygen"}], "question": "What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?", "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "soil erosion"}], "question": "What do plant roots prevent?", "id": "5726b0e15951b619008f7aa9"}]}], ["Energi cahaya yang ditangkap oleh klorofil pada mulanya adalah dalam bentuk elektron (dan kemudian kecerunan proton) yang digunakan untuk membuat molekul ATP dan NADPH yang sementara menyimpan dan mengangkut tenaga. Tenaga mereka digunakan dalam reaksi bebas cahaya kitaran Calvin oleh enzim rubisco untuk menghasilkan molekul gula 3-fosfat glikeraldehyde (G3P) 3-karbon. Glyceraldehyde 3-fosfat adalah produk pertama dari fotosintesis dan bahan mentah dari mana glukosa dan hampir semua molekul organik asal biologi disintesis. Sesetengah glukosa ditukar kepada kanji yang disimpan dalam kloroplas. Pati adalah kedai tenaga khas kebanyakan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan alga tanah, sementara inulin, polimer fruktosa digunakan untuk tujuan yang sama dalam keluarga bunga matahari Asteraceae. Sesetengah glukosa ditukar kepada sukrosa (gula jadual biasa) untuk dieksport ke seluruh loji. <> Apakah fungsi ATP dan molekul NADPH? || menyimpan dan mengangkut tenaga <> Bilakah bentuk mentah glukosa terbentuk? || produk pertama fotosintesis <> Apa yang disimpan dalam kloroplas? || kanji <> Apa yang digunakan bukan glukosa dalam bunga matahari? || fruktosa <> Mengapa gula jadual dihasilkan? || untuk eksport ke seluruh loji", {"context": "The light energy captured by chlorophyll a is initially in the form of electrons (and later a proton gradient) that's used to make molecules of ATP and NADPH which temporarily store and transport energy. Their energy is used in the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle by the enzyme rubisco to produce molecules of the 3-carbon sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is the first product of photosynthesis and the raw material from which glucose and almost all other organic molecules of biological origin are synthesized. Some of the glucose is converted to starch which is stored in the chloroplast. Starch is the characteristic energy store of most land plants and algae, while inulin, a polymer of fructose is used for the same purpose in the sunflower family Asteraceae. Some of the glucose is converted to sucrose (common table sugar) for export to the rest of the plant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "store and transport energy"}], "question": "What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?", "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "first product of photosynthesis"}], "question": "When is the raw form of glucose formed?", "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "starch"}], "question": "What is stored in the chloroplast?", "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "fructose"}], "question": "What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?", "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "for export to the rest of the plant"}], "question": "Why is table sugar produced?", "id": "5726be0b5951b619008f7cd3"}]}], ["Khususnya sejak pertengahan tahun 1960-an terdapat kemajuan dalam memahami fizik proses fisiologi tumbuhan seperti transpirasi (pengangkutan air dalam tisu tumbuhan), pergantungan suhu kadar penyejatan air dari permukaan daun dan penyebaran molekul air wap dan karbon dioksida melalui aperture stomatal. Perkembangan ini, ditambah dengan kaedah baru untuk mengukur saiz aperture stomatal, dan kadar fotosintesis telah membolehkan keterangan yang tepat tentang kadar pertukaran gas antara tumbuhan dan atmosfera. Inovasi dalam analisis statistik oleh Ronald Fisher, Frank Yates dan lain-lain di Stesen Eksperimen Rothamsted memudahkan reka bentuk percubaan rasional dan analisis data dalam penyelidikan botani. Penemuan dan pengenalpastian hormon tumbuhan auxin oleh Kenneth V. Thimann pada tahun 1948 membolehkan peraturan pertumbuhan tumbuhan oleh bahan kimia yang digunakan secara luaran. Frederick Campion Steward mempelopori teknik-teknik micropropagation dan budaya tisu tumbuhan yang dikawal oleh hormon tumbuhan. Auxin sintetik asid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic atau 2,4-D adalah salah satu racun sintetik komersial pertama. <> Apakah transpirasi? || pengangkutan air dalam tisu tumbuhan <> Apa yang mempengaruhi penyejatan air pada daun? || suhu <> Apa yang mempengaruhi kadar gas yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan? || kadar fotosintesis <> Apa yang membolehkan pengawalan pertumbuhan tumbuhan? || hormon tumbuhan auxin <> Apa yang boleh auxin hormon tumbuhan juga digunakan sebagai? || herbisida", {"context": "Particularly since the mid-1960s there have been advances in understanding of the physics of plant physiological processes such as transpiration (the transport of water within plant tissues), the temperature dependence of rates of water evaporation from the leaf surface and the molecular diffusion of water vapour and carbon dioxide through stomatal apertures. These developments, coupled with new methods for measuring the size of stomatal apertures, and the rate of photosynthesis have enabled precise description of the rates of gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Innovations in statistical analysis by Ronald Fisher, Frank Yates and others at Rothamsted Experimental Station facilitated rational experimental design and data analysis in botanical research. The discovery and identification of the auxin plant hormones by Kenneth V. Thimann in 1948 enabled regulation of plant growth by externally applied chemicals. Frederick Campion Steward pioneered techniques of micropropagation and plant tissue culture controlled by plant hormones. The synthetic auxin 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or 2,4-D was one of the first commercial synthetic herbicides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the transport of water within plant tissues"}], "question": "What is transpiration?", "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "temperature"}], "question": "What influences water evaporation on leaves?", "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "rate of photosynthesis"}], "question": "What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?", "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "auxin plant hormones"}], "question": "What enables the regulation of plant growth?", "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1158, "text": "herbicides"}], "question": "What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?", "id": "57268b85f1498d1400e8e354"}]}], ["Hampir semua makanan ruji datang sama ada secara langsung dari pengeluaran primer oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan, atau secara tidak langsung dari haiwan yang memakannya. Tumbuh-tumbuhan dan organisme fotosintesis lain berada di dasar kebanyakan rantaian makanan kerana mereka menggunakan tenaga dari matahari dan nutrien dari tanah dan atmosfera, mengubahnya menjadi bentuk yang dapat digunakan oleh binatang. Inilah ahli ekologi yang memanggil tahap trophik pertama. Bentuk utama makanan ruji utama seperti jagung, beras, gandum dan rumput bijirin lainnya, denyutan, pisang dan pisang, serta rami dan kapas yang ditanam untuk serat mereka, merupakan hasil pemilihan prasejarah lebih dari ribuan tahun dari kalangan tumbuhan nenek moyang liar dengan ciri-ciri yang paling wajar. Ahli botani mengkaji bagaimana tumbuh-tumbuhan menghasilkan makanan dan cara meningkatkan hasil, contohnya melalui pembiakan tumbuhan, menjadikan pekerjaan mereka penting bagi kemampuan manusia untuk memberi makan kepada dunia dan menyediakan jaminan makanan untuk generasi masa depan. Ahli botani juga mempelajari rumpai, yang merupakan masalah besar dalam pertanian, dan biologi dan kawalan patogen tumbuhan dalam pertanian dan ekosistem semulajadi. Ethnobotany adalah kajian tentang hubungan antara tumbuhan dan manusia. Apabila digunakan untuk penyiasatan etnobotani hubungan tumbuhan-manusia sejarah boleh dirujuk sebagai archaeobotany atau palaeoethnobotany. <> Mengapa rantaian makanan bermula dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan? || tenaga dari matahari dan nutrien dari tanah <> Apa yang dikatakan ahli ekologi permulaan rantaian makanan? || tahap trophik pertama <> Bagaimanakah hasil tumbuhan makanan dapat ditingkatkan? || pembiakan tumbuhan <> Mengapa ahli botani belajar rumpai? || masalah dalam pertanian", {"context": "Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first trophic level. The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant\u2013people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil"}], "question": "Why do food chains start with plants?", "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "first trophic level"}], "question": "What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?", "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "plant breeding"}], "question": "How can the yield of food plants be increased?", "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 991, "text": "problem in agriculture"}], "question": "Why would botanists study weeds?", "id": "5726b9d1f1498d1400e8e8ff"}]}], ["Tumbuhan mensintesiskan beberapa polimer unik seperti molekul polisakarida selulosa, pektin dan xyloglucan dari mana dinding sel tumbuhan tanah dibina. Tumbuhan tanah vaskular menjadikan lignin, polimer yang digunakan untuk menguatkan dinding sel sekunder tracheid dan vesel xylem untuk mengelakkannya daripada runtuh apabila tumbuhan menghisap air melalui mereka di bawah tekanan air. Lignin juga digunakan dalam jenis sel lain seperti serat sclerenchyma yang memberikan sokongan struktur untuk tumbuhan dan merupakan penyusun utama kayu. Sporopollenin adalah polimer tahan kimia yang terdapat di dinding sel luar spora dan debunga tumbuhan tanah yang bertanggungjawab untuk survival spora tumbuhan tanah awal dan debunga tumbuhan benih dalam rekod fosil. Ia secara meluas dianggap sebagai penanda untuk permulaan evolusi tumbuhan tanah semasa tempoh Ordovician. Kepekatan karbon dioksida di atmosfera hari ini jauh lebih rendah daripada ketika tanaman muncul di tanah semasa zaman Ordovician dan Silurian. Banyak monocots seperti jagung dan nanas dan beberapa dicot seperti Asteraceae telah sejak laluan yang berevolusi secara beransur-ansur seperti metabolisme asid Crassulacean dan laluan penetapan karbon C4 untuk fotosintesis yang mengelakkan kerugian akibat fotorespirasi dalam laluan penalaan karbon C3 yang lebih biasa. Strategi biokimia ini unik untuk tumbuhan tanah. <> Apa polimer yang digunakan untuk menguatkan dinding sel? || lignin <> Apa yang melemahkan dinding sel? || tekanan air <> Apakah gas dalam kepekatan yang lebih rendah sekarang kerana tumbuhan? || karbon dioksida <> Polimer apa yang terdapat dalam spora dan debunga? || Sporopollenin <> Apa polimer adalah sebahagian besar daripada kayu? || Lignin", {"context": "Plants synthesize a number of unique polymers like the polysaccharide molecules cellulose, pectin and xyloglucan from which the land plant cell wall is constructed. Vascular land plants make lignin, a polymer used to strengthen the secondary cell walls of xylem tracheids and vessels to keep them from collapsing when a plant sucks water through them under water stress. Lignin is also used in other cell types like sclerenchyma fibers that provide structural support for a plant and is a major constituent of wood. Sporopollenin is a chemically resistant polymer found in the outer cell walls of spores and pollen of land plants responsible for the survival of early land plant spores and the pollen of seed plants in the fossil record. It is widely regarded as a marker for the start of land plant evolution during the Ordovician period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. Many monocots like maize and the pineapple and some dicots like the Asteraceae have since independently evolved pathways like Crassulacean acid metabolism and the C4 carbon fixation pathway for photosynthesis which avoid the losses resulting from photorespiration in the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway. These biochemical strategies are unique to land plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "lignin"}], "question": "What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?", "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "water stress"}], "question": "What weakens cell walls?", "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "carbon dioxide"}], "question": "What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?", "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Sporopollenin"}], "question": "What polymer is found in spores and pollen?", "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Lignin"}], "question": "What polymer is a major part of wood?", "id": "5726bf865951b619008f7d13"}]}], ["Warisan dalam tumbuhan mengikuti prinsip-prinsip asas genetik yang sama seperti dalam organisma multiselular lain. Gregor Mendel menemui undang-undang warisan genetik dengan mengkaji ciri-ciri warisan seperti bentuk di Pisum sativum (kacang). Apa yang dipelajari oleh Mendel daripada mempelajari tumbuhan telah memberi faedah jauh di luar botani. Begitu juga, \"melompat gen\" ditemui oleh Barbara McClintock semasa dia belajar jagung. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa perbezaan genetik yang berbeza antara tumbuhan dan organisma lain. <> Adakah warisan bekerja dengan berbeza di dalam tumbuhan? || prinsip asas genetik yang sama <> Tanaman apa yang digunakan oleh Mendel untuk menunjukkan warisan? || Pisum sativum (kacang) <> Apakah tumbuhan lain yang digunakan dalam penemuan gen yang berbeza? || jagung <> Adakah tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan secara genetik sama? || perbezaan genetik yang tersendiri", {"context": "Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms. Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, \"jumping genes\" were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "same fundamental principles of genetics"}], "question": "Does inheritance work differently in plants?", "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Pisum sativum (peas)"}], "question": "What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?", "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "maize"}], "question": "What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?", "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "distinctive genetic differences"}], "question": "Are plants and animals genetically the same?", "id": "57274968dd62a815002e9a8b"}]}], ["Sebilangan besar pengetahuan baru mengenai fungsi tumbuhan berasal dari kajian genetik molekul tumbuhan model seperti Thres cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, spesies weedy dalam keluarga mustard (Brassicaceae). Maklumat genom atau keturunan yang terkandung dalam gen spesies ini dikodkan oleh kira-kira 135 juta pasang pasangan DNA, membentuk salah satu genom terkecil di kalangan tumbuhan berbunga. Arabidopsis adalah tumbuhan pertama yang dijangkiti genomnya, pada tahun 2000. Susunan beberapa genom yang agak kecil, beras (Oryza sativa) dan Brachypodium distachyon, telah menjadikan mereka spesies model penting untuk memahami genetik, biologi selular dan molekul bijirin , rumput dan monocots umumnya. <> Apakah tumbuhan pertama mempunyai jujukan genom? || Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana <> Dalam tahun apakah genom ini telah disusun? || 2000 <> Mengapa tumbuhan ini dipilih untuk penjujukan? || salah satu daripada genom terkecil <> Mengapa penjujukan dilakukan pada tumbuh-tumbuhan? || memahami genetik <> Apa hasil daripada urutan pasangan DNA? || pengetahuan baru mengenai fungsi tumbuhan", {"context": "A considerable amount of new knowledge about plant function comes from studies of the molecular genetics of model plants such as the Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana, a weedy species in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). The genome or hereditary information contained in the genes of this species is encoded by about 135 million base pairs of DNA, forming one of the smallest genomes among flowering plants. Arabidopsis was the first plant to have its genome sequenced, in 2000. The sequencing of some other relatively small genomes, of rice (Oryza sativa) and Brachypodium distachyon, has made them important model species for understanding the genetics, cellular and molecular biology of cereals, grasses and monocots generally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana"}], "question": "What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?", "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year was this genome sequenced?", "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "one of the smallest genomes"}], "question": "Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?", "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "understanding the genetics"}], "question": "Why is sequencing done on plants?", "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "new knowledge about plant function"}], "question": "What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?", "id": "57274eb3f1498d1400e8f60e"}]}], ["Tidak seperti haiwan yang lebih tinggi, di mana parthenogenesis jarang berlaku, pembiakan aseksual mungkin berlaku di tumbuh-tumbuhan oleh beberapa mekanisme yang berbeza. Pembentukan ubi batang dalam kentang adalah satu contoh. Terutama di habitat arktik atau alpine, di mana peluang untuk persenyawaan bunga oleh haiwan adalah jarang, tumbuhan atau mentol, mungkin berkembang bukannya bunga, menggantikan pembiakan seksual dengan pembiakan aseksual dan menimbulkan populasi klonal secara genetik identik dengan ibu bapa. Ini adalah salah satu daripada beberapa jenis apomixis yang berlaku di dalam tumbuhan. Apomixis juga boleh berlaku dalam benih, menghasilkan benih yang mengandungi embrio secara genetik identik dengan induknya. <> Mengapa tanaman tumbuh mentol? || peluang untuk persenyawaan bunga oleh haiwan jarang berlaku <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan apabila persekitaran membuat persenyawaan terutamanya sukar? || menggantikan pembiakan seksual dengan pembiakan aseksual <> Seberapa berbeza anak-anak yang dihasilkan oleh ibu bapa aseksual? || genetik identik dengan ibu bapa <> Apakah istilah untuk klon aseksual? || Apomixis <> Adakah apomixis hanya berlaku pada ibu bapa? || juga boleh berlaku dalam benih", {"context": "Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, may develop instead of flowers, replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction and giving rise to clonal populations genetically identical to the parent. This is one of several types of apomixis that occur in plants. Apomixis can also happen in a seed, producing a seed that contains an embryo genetically identical to the parent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare"}], "question": "Why do plants develop bulbs?", "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction"}], "question": "What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?", "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "genetically identical to the parent"}], "question": "How different are the children produced by asexual parents?", "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Apomixis"}], "question": "What is the term for asexual cloning?", "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "can also happen in a seed"}], "question": "Does apomixis only occur in the parent?", "id": "57274c04708984140094dbd7"}]}], ["Ekologi tumbuhan adalah sains hubungan fungsional antara tumbuhan dan habitat mereka-persekitaran di mana mereka menyelesaikan kitaran hidup mereka. Ahli ekologi tumbuhan mengkaji komposisi floras tempatan dan serantau, keanekaragaman biodiversiti mereka, kepelbagaian genetik dan kecergasan, penyesuaian tumbuhan kepada persekitaran mereka, dan interaksi mereka yang kompetitif atau mutualistik dengan spesies lain. Matlamat ekologi tumbuhan adalah untuk memahami sebab-sebab pola pengedaran, produktiviti, kesan alam sekitar, evolusi, dan tindak balas terhadap perubahan alam sekitar. <> Apakah habitat tumbuhan? || persekitaran di mana mereka menyelesaikan kehidupan mereka <> Apakah matlamat ekologi tumbuhan? || untuk memahami <> Apakah kajian tumbuhan dan alam sekitar di mana mereka tinggal? || Ekologi tumbuhan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh tumbuhan di persekitarannya? || interaksi dengan spesies lain", {"context": "Plant ecology is the science of the functional relationships between plants and their habitats\u2014the environments where they complete their life cycles. Plant ecologists study the composition of local and regional floras, their biodiversity, genetic diversity and fitness, the adaptation of plants to their environment, and their competitive or mutualistic interactions with other species. The goals of plant ecology are to understand the causes of their distribution patterns, productivity, environmental impact, evolution, and responses to environmental change.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "environments where they complete their life"}], "question": "What are plant habitats?", "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e9018"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "to understand"}], "question": "What is the goal of plant ecology?", "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e9019"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Plant ecology"}], "question": "What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?", "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e901a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "interactions with other species"}], "question": "What do plants do in their environment?", "id": "5726c8bcdd62a815002e901b"}]}], ["Gula, kanji, kapas, linen, rami, beberapa jenis tali, kayu dan papan zarah, papirus dan kertas, minyak sayuran, lilin, dan getah asli merupakan contoh bahan penting komersial yang diperbuat daripada tisu tumbuhan atau produk sekunder mereka. Arang, bentuk karbon yang tulen yang dibuat oleh pirolisis kayu, mempunyai sejarah yang panjang sebagai bahan api peleburan logam, sebagai bahan penapis dan penyerap dan sebagai bahan seniman dan merupakan salah satu daripada tiga ramuan serbuk mesiu. Selulosa, polimer organik yang paling banyak di dunia, boleh diubah menjadi tenaga, bahan api, bahan dan bahan kimia. Produk yang dibuat dari selulosa termasuk rayon dan selofan, tampalan kertas dinding, biobutanol dan kapas gun. Tebu, rapeseed dan soya adalah sejenis tumbuhan dengan kandungan gula atau minyak yang sangat mudah ditapis yang digunakan sebagai sumber biofuel, alternatif penting untuk bahan bakar fosil, seperti biodiesel. <> Bagaimana arang dibuat? || pirolisis kayu <> Selain api, apa lagi yang digunakan arang? || salah satu daripada tiga ramuan serbuk mesiu <> Minyak tumbuhan digunakan untuk jenis bahan bakar apa? || biodiesel <> Rayon berasal dari apa produk tumbuhan? || selulosa", {"context": "Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton. Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "pyrolysis of wood"}], "question": "How is charcoal made?", "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "one of the three ingredients of gunpowder"}], "question": "Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?", "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "biodiesel"}], "question": "Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?", "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eaea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "cellulose"}], "question": "Rayon comes from what plant product?", "id": "5726c632f1498d1400e8eaeb"}]}], ["Batas spesies tumbuhan mungkin lebih lemah daripada pada haiwan, dan hybrid spesies silang sering mungkin. Contoh biasa adalah peppermint, Mentha \u00d7 piperita, hibrida steril antara Mentha aquatica dan spearmint, Mentha spicata. Pelbagai jenis gandum yang ditanam adalah hasil daripada pelbagai salib antara dan antara spesies antara spesies liar dan kacukan mereka. Angiosperma dengan bunga monoecious sering mempunyai mekanisme ketidakserasian diri yang beroperasi di antara debunga dan stigma supaya debunga itu sama sekali tidak mencapai stigma atau gagal menanam dan menghasilkan gamet lelaki. Ini adalah salah satu daripada beberapa kaedah yang digunakan oleh tumbuhan untuk mempromosikan outcrossing. Di banyak tumbuhan tanah gamet lelaki dan wanita dihasilkan oleh individu yang berasingan. Spesies ini dikatakan sukar ditemui apabila merujuk kepada sporofit tumbuhan vaskular dan dioicous apabila merujuk kepada gametophytes bryophyte. <> Adakah tumbuhan mampu mengawan seluruh spesies? || hibrida sering mungkin <> Apakah bijirin biasa adalah hasil tanaman hibrida liar? || gandum <> Bagaimana sesetengah tumbuhan mengelakkan penyebaran silang? || debunga sama ada gagal mencapai stigma <> Adakah semua tumbuhan mempunyai bahagian lelaki dan perempuan? || individu yang berasingan", {"context": "Species boundaries in plants may be weaker than in animals, and cross species hybrids are often possible. A familiar example is peppermint, Mentha \u00d7 piperita, a sterile hybrid between Mentha aquatica and spearmint, Mentha spicata. The many cultivated varieties of wheat are the result of multiple inter- and intra-specific crosses between wild species and their hybrids. Angiosperms with monoecious flowers often have self-incompatibility mechanisms that operate between the pollen and stigma so that the pollen either fails to reach the stigma or fails to germinate and produce male gametes. This is one of several methods used by plants to promote outcrossing. In many land plants the male and female gametes are produced by separate individuals. These species are said to be dioecious when referring to vascular plant sporophytes and dioicous when referring to bryophyte gametophytes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "hybrids are often possible"}], "question": "Are plants able to mate across species?", "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "wheat"}], "question": "What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?", "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "pollen either fails to reach the stigma"}], "question": "How do some plants avoid cross pollination?", "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "separate individuals"}], "question": "Do all plants have male and female parts?", "id": "57274ab8f1498d1400e8f5c5"}]}], ["Tanaman bergantung kepada faktor edaphic (tanah) dan iklim tertentu dalam persekitarannya tetapi boleh mengubahsuai faktor-faktor ini juga. Sebagai contoh, mereka boleh mengubah albedo alam sekitar mereka, meningkatkan pemintasan larian, menstabilkan tanah mineral dan mengembangkan kandungan organik mereka, dan menjejaskan suhu tempatan. Tumbuhan bersaing dengan organisma lain dalam ekosistem mereka untuk sumber. Mereka berinteraksi dengan jiran mereka di pelbagai skala ruang dalam kumpulan, populasi dan komuniti yang secara kolektif membentuk tumbuhan. Kawasan dengan jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dominan serta faktor abiotik dan biotik yang sama, iklim, dan geografi membentuk biomes seperti tundra atau hutan hujan tropika. <> Pada apa tumbuhan bergantung kepada persekitaran mereka? || edaphic (tanah) dan faktor iklim <> Bagaimana tumbuhan berinteraksi dengan spesies lain dalam persekitarannya? || untuk sumber <> Apakah koleksi tumbuhan dalam persekitaran dipanggil? || tumbuhan <> Apakah kumpulan tumbuhan yang serupa? || biomes", {"context": "Plants depend on certain edaphic (soil) and climatic factors in their environment but can modify these factors too. For example, they can change their environment's albedo, increase runoff interception, stabilize mineral soils and develop their organic content, and affect local temperature. Plants compete with other organisms in their ecosystem for resources. They interact with their neighbours at a variety of spatial scales in groups, populations and communities that collectively constitute vegetation. Regions with characteristic vegetation types and dominant plants as well as similar abiotic and biotic factors, climate, and geography make up biomes like tundra or tropical rainforest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "edaphic (soil) and climatic factors"}], "question": "On what do plants depend in their environment?", "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "for resources"}], "question": "How do plants interact with other species in their environment?", "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "vegetation"}], "question": "What is the collection of plants in the environment called?", "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "biomes"}], "question": "What are groupings of similar plants?", "id": "5726c9c0f1498d1400e8eb3b"}]}], ["Tanggapan tumbuhan kepada iklim dan perubahan alam sekitar lain boleh memaklumkan pemahaman kami tentang bagaimana perubahan ini mempengaruhi fungsi dan produktiviti ekosistem. Sebagai contoh, fenologi tumbuhan boleh menjadi proksi berguna untuk suhu dalam klimatologi sejarah, dan kesan biologi perubahan iklim dan pemanasan global. Palynology, analisis deposit serbuk fosil dalam sedimen dari ribuan atau berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu membolehkan pembinaan semula iklim masa lalu. Anggaran kepekatan CO2 atmosfera sejak Palaeozoic diperolehi daripada kepadatan stomatal dan bentuk daun dan saiz tumbuhan daratan purba. Penurunan ozon dapat mendedahkan tumbuhan ke tahap radiasi ultraviolet-B (UV-B) yang lebih tinggi, menyebabkan kadar pertumbuhan yang lebih rendah. Selain itu, maklumat daripada kajian ekologi komuniti, sistematik tumbuhan, dan taksonomi adalah penting untuk memahami perubahan tumbuh-tumbuhan, pemusnahan habitat dan kepupusan spesies. <> Bagaimana perubahan sejarah dalam alam sekitar dapat dikesan? || fenologi tumbuhan <> Bagaimana perubahan iklim ditentukan dari tanah? || deposit serbuk fosil dalam sedimen <> Apakah gas atmosfera boleh ditentukan dari saiz dan bentuk daun fosil? || CO2 <> Apa yang menyebabkan pertumbuhan tumbuhan yang lebih rendah? || Penurunan ozon <> Apakah pengurangan ozon? || tahap radiasi ultraviolet yang lebih tinggi-B", {"context": "Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynology, the analysis of fossil pollen deposits in sediments from thousands or millions of years ago allows the reconstruction of past climates. Estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentrations since the Palaeozoic have been obtained from stomatal densities and the leaf shapes and sizes of ancient land plants. Ozone depletion can expose plants to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B (UV-B), resulting in lower growth rates. Moreover, information from studies of community ecology, plant systematics, and taxonomy is essential to understanding vegetation change, habitat destruction and species extinction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "plant phenology"}], "question": "How can historical changes in the environment be detected?", "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "fossil pollen deposits in sediments"}], "question": "How can climate changes be determined from soil?", "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "CO2"}], "question": "What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?", "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Ozone depletion"}], "question": "What causes lower growth in plants?", "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B"}], "question": "What does ozone depletion allow?", "id": "5726ccf9f1498d1400e8eb98"}]}], ["Kebanyakan organisme yang dihasilkan secara seksual diploid, dengan kromosom berpasangan, tetapi penggandaan jumlah kromosom mereka mungkin berlaku akibat kesilapan dalam sitokinesis. Ini boleh berlaku pada awal perkembangan untuk menghasilkan organisme autopolyploid atau sebahagiannya autopolyploid, atau semasa proses pembezaan selular normal untuk menghasilkan beberapa jenis sel yang polyploid (endopolyploidy), atau semasa pembentukan gamet. Tanaman allopolyploid mungkin disebabkan oleh kejadian hibridisasi antara dua spesies yang berlainan. Kedua-dua tumbuhan autopoliploid dan allopolyploid sering boleh membiak secara semula jadi, tetapi mungkin tidak mampu menyeberang dengan jayanya dengan populasi induk kerana terdapat tidak sepadan dengan nombor kromosom. Tumbuh-tumbuhan yang reproductively terpencil dari spesies induk tetapi hidup dalam kawasan geografi yang sama, mungkin cukup berjaya untuk membentuk spesies baru. Sesetengah polyploid tumbuhan yang tidak steril masih boleh membiak secara vegetatif atau oleh apomixis benih, membentuk populasi klonal individu yang sama. Gandum Durum adalah allopolyploid tetraploid subur, sementara gandum roti adalah heksaploid subur. Pisang komersil adalah contoh hibrid triploid steril tanpa biji. Dandelion biasa adalah triploid yang menghasilkan benih yang berdaya maju dengan benih apomictic. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan pasangan kromosom menggandakan? || kesilapan dalam cytokinesis <> Adakah tumbuh-tumbuhan yang dihasilkan oleh kesilapan ini, dapat menghasilkan semula? || sering membiak secara normal <> Boleh tumbuhan ini menyebarkan baka dengan penduduk induk tanaman? || tidak dapat menyebarkan baka secara berjaya <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tumbuhan baru ini jika mereka dapat menghasilkan semula? || membentuk spesies baru <> Apakah contoh kuning tanaman tumbuhan steril tanpa benih? || pisang komersial", {"context": "Most sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, with paired chromosomes, but doubling of their chromosome number may occur due to errors in cytokinesis. This can occur early in development to produce an autopolyploid or partly autopolyploid organism, or during normal processes of cellular differentiation to produce some cell types that are polyploid (endopolyploidy), or during gamete formation. An allopolyploid plant may result from a hybridisation event between two different species. Both autopolyploid and allopolyploid plants can often reproduce normally, but may be unable to cross-breed successfully with the parent population because there is a mismatch in chromosome numbers. These plants that are reproductively isolated from the parent species but live within the same geographical area, may be sufficiently successful to form a new species. Some otherwise sterile plant polyploids can still reproduce vegetatively or by seed apomixis, forming clonal populations of identical individuals. Durum wheat is a fertile tetraploid allopolyploid, while bread wheat is a fertile hexaploid. The commercial banana is an example of a sterile, seedless triploid hybrid. Common dandelion is a triploid that produces viable seeds by apomictic seed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "errors in cytokinesis"}], "question": "What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?", "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "often reproduce normally"}], "question": "Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?", "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "unable to cross-breed successfully"}], "question": "Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?", "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "form a new species"}], "question": "What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?", "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1101, "text": "commercial banana"}], "question": "What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?", "id": "57274d2bdd62a815002e9abc"}]}], ["Phytochemistry adalah cawangan biokimia tumbuhan yang terutama berkaitan dengan bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan semasa metabolisme sekunder. Antara sebatian ini adalah toksin seperti konvensional alkaloid dari hemlock. Lain-lain, seperti minyak pati minyak pudina dan minyak lemon berguna untuk aroma mereka, sebagai perasa dan rempah-rempah (contohnya, capsaicin), dan dalam perubatan sebagai farmaseutikal seperti dalam candu dari popi candu. Banyak ubat-ubatan dan rekreasi seperti tetrahydrocannabinol (bahan aktif dalam ganja), kafein, morfin dan nikotin datang terus dari tumbuhan. Lain-lain adalah derivatif mudah produk asli botani. Sebagai contoh, aspirin pembunuh rasa sakit adalah aseton asetil asid salisilat, yang asalnya diasingkan dari kulit pohon willow, dan pelbagai jenis ubat penahan sakit seperti heroin diperolehi oleh pengubahsuaian kimia morfin yang diperolehi dari popi candu. Perangsang popular berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan, seperti kafein dari kopi, teh dan coklat, dan nikotin dari tembakau. Kebanyakan minuman beralkohol berasal daripada penapaian produk tumbuhan kaya karbohidrat seperti barli (bir), beras (sake) dan anggur (wain). <> Apakah kajian bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan? || Phytochemistry <> Hemlock adalah jenis kimia yang dihasilkan dari tumbuhan? || toksin <> Di manakah ubat-ubatan dan ubat-ubatan rekreasi berasal? || dari tumbuhan <> Di manakah aspirin berasal dari? || kulit buah willow <> Di mana asal morfin? || poppy opium", {"context": "Phytochemistry is a branch of plant biochemistry primarily concerned with the chemical substances produced by plants during secondary metabolism. Some of these compounds are toxins such as the alkaloid coniine from hemlock. Others, such as the essential oils peppermint oil and lemon oil are useful for their aroma, as flavourings and spices (e.g., capsaicin), and in medicine as pharmaceuticals as in opium from opium poppies. Many medicinal and recreational drugs, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (active ingredient in cannabis), caffeine, morphine and nicotine come directly from plants. Others are simple derivatives of botanical natural products. For example, the pain killer aspirin is the acetyl ester of salicylic acid, originally isolated from the bark of willow trees, and a wide range of opiate painkillers like heroin are obtained by chemical modification of morphine obtained from the opium poppy. Popular stimulants come from plants, such as caffeine from coffee, tea and chocolate, and nicotine from tobacco. Most alcoholic beverages come from fermentation of carbohydrate-rich plant products such as barley (beer), rice (sake) and grapes (wine).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Phytochemistry"}], "question": "What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?", "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eaba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "toxins"}], "question": "Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?", "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "from plants"}], "question": "Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?", "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "bark of willow trees"}], "question": "Where did aspirin originally come from?", "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "the opium poppy"}], "question": "Where does morphine come from?", "id": "5726c55ef1498d1400e8eabe"}]}], ["Alga adalah kumpulan polyphyletic dan diletakkan di pelbagai bahagian, yang lebih berkaitan dengan tumbuhan daripada yang lain. Terdapat banyak perbezaan antara mereka dalam ciri-ciri seperti komposisi dinding sel, biokimia, pigmentasi, struktur kloroplas dan rizab nutrien. Bahagian alga Charophyta, adik kepada bahagian alga hijau Chlorophyta, dianggap mengandung nenek moyang tumbuhan sejati. Charophyceae kelas Charophyceae dan tanah sub-kerajaan Embryophyta bersama-sama membentuk kumpulan monophyletik atau Streptophytina clade. <> Adakah semua alga berbeza dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan tanah? || beberapa yang lebih rapat <> Apa alga adalah nenek moyang tumbuhan sejati? || Charophyta <> Adakah semua spesies alga serupa? || banyak perbezaan <> Kepada apa spesies alga ialah Charophyta? || Chlorophyta", {"context": "The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "some more closely related"}], "question": "Are all algae different from land plants?", "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Charophyta"}], "question": "What algae is the ancestor of true plants?", "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "many differences"}], "question": "Are all species of algae similar?", "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Chlorophyta"}], "question": "To what species of algae is Charophyta related?", "id": "57276430dd62a815002e9c09"}]}], ["Agrobacterium tumefaciens, bakteria rhizosphere tanah, boleh melekatkan pada sel tumbuhan dan menjangkiti mereka dengan plasmid tius-induksi oleh pemindahan gen mendatar, menyebabkan jangkitan kalus yang disebut penyakit hempedu mahkota. Schell dan Van Montagu (1977) menegaskan bahawa plasmid Ti boleh menjadi vektor semulajadi untuk memperkenalkan gen Nif yang bertanggungjawab untuk penentuan nitrogen dalam nodul akar kekacang dan spesis tumbuhan lain. Hari ini, pengubahsuaian genetik Ti plasmid adalah salah satu teknik utama untuk pengenalan transgen ke tumbuhan dan penciptaan tanaman diubahsuai secara genetik. <> Bagaimana bakteria di dalam tanah mempengaruhi tumbuhan? || boleh dilampirkan ke sel tumbuhan <> Bagaimana saintis boleh menggunakan bakteria dalam kajian tumbuhan? || memperkenalkan gen Nif <> Bagaimana gen dipindahkan ke kilang oleh saintis? || dalam nodules akar <> Apakah jenis pengenalan dan pemindahan seperti ini digunakan? || penciptaan tanaman diubahsuai secara genetik <> Siapa yang membangunkan prosedur yang digunakan dalam pemindahan ini? || Schell dan Van Montagu", {"context": "Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil rhizosphere bacterium, can attach to plant cells and infect them with a callus-inducing Ti plasmid by horizontal gene transfer, causing a callus infection called crown gall disease. Schell and Van Montagu (1977) hypothesised that the Ti plasmid could be a natural vector for introducing the Nif gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of legumes and other plant species. Today, genetic modification of the Ti plasmid is one of the main techniques for introduction of transgenes to plants and the creation of genetically modified crops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "can attach to plant cells"}], "question": "How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?", "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "introducing the Nif gene"}], "question": "How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?", "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "in the root nodules"}], "question": "How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?", "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "creation of genetically modified crops"}], "question": "What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?", "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Schell and Van Montagu"}], "question": "Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?", "id": "5727507f5951b619008f8829"}]}], ["Tidak seperti haiwan, banyak sel tumbuhan, terutamanya orang-orang parenchyma, tidak membezakan secara membezakan, yang kekal sama dengan kemampuan untuk menimbulkan tumbuhan individu baru. Pengecualian termasuk sel-sel yang sangat berharga, sclerenchyma dan xylem yang mati pada waktu matang, dan tiub tabung ayunan yang kekurangan nukleus. Walaupun tumbuhan menggunakan banyak mekanisme epigenetik yang sama seperti haiwan, seperti pengubahsuaian kromatin, hipotesis alternatif adalah bahawa tumbuhan menetapkan corak ekspresi gen mereka menggunakan maklumat kedudukan dari alam sekitar dan sel-sel sekitarnya untuk menentukan nasib perkembangan mereka. <> Adakah pembahagian sel berakhir di tumbuh-tumbuhan? || baki totipotent <> Apa yang berlaku apabila tumbuhan kekal totipotent? || keupayaan untuk menimbulkan tumbuhan individu baru <> Mengapa tiub selongsong phloem berhenti membentuk? || kekurangan nuklei <> Mengapa tumbuhan dapat berhenti dan mula membahagikan sel? || maklumat dari alam sekitar <> Adakah sel-sel yang berleluasa dapat terus membahagikan? || mati pada waktu matang", {"context": "Unlike animals, many plant cells, particularly those of the parenchyma, do not terminally differentiate, remaining totipotent with the ability to give rise to a new individual plant. Exceptions include highly lignified cells, the sclerenchyma and xylem which are dead at maturity, and the phloem sieve tubes which lack nuclei. While plants use many of the same epigenetic mechanisms as animals, such as chromatin remodeling, an alternative hypothesis is that plants set their gene expression patterns using positional information from the environment and surrounding cells to determine their developmental fate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "remaining totipotent"}], "question": "Does cell division end in plants?", "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "ability to give rise to a new individual plant"}], "question": "What happens when a plant remains totipotent?", "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "lack nuclei"}], "question": "Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?", "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "information from the environment"}], "question": "Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?", "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "dead at maturity"}], "question": "Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?", "id": "5727636af1498d1400e8f744"}]}], ["Perubahan epigenetik dalam biologi eukariotik berfungsi untuk mengawal selia proses pembezaan selular. Semasa morfogenesis, sel stem totipotent menjadi pelbagai sel sel pluripotent embrio, yang seterusnya menjadi sel yang berbeza. Sel telur tunggal yang disenyawakan, zygote, menimbulkan banyak jenis sel tumbuhan yang berbeza termasuk parenchyma, unsur-unsur vesel xylem, tiub selongsong phloem, sel penjaga epidermis, dan sebagainya kerana ia terus membahagikan. Proses ini berpunca daripada pengaktifan epigenetik beberapa gen dan perencatan orang lain. <> Proses apa yang menyebabkan perubahan dalam sel tumbuhan? || Perubahan epigenetik <> Apakah sel tumbuhan asal? || zygote <> Bagaimana sel-sel yang berbeza terbentuk? || terus membahagikan <> Bagaimana ia ditentukan, yang sel akan dibentuk? || pengaktifan beberapa gen dan perencatan orang lain", {"context": "Epigenetic changes in eukaryotic biology serve to regulate the process of cellular differentiation. During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various pluripotent cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. A single fertilized egg cell, the zygote, gives rise to the many different plant cell types including parenchyma, xylem vessel elements, phloem sieve tubes, guard cells of the epidermis, etc. as it continues to divide. The process results from the epigenetic activation of some genes and inhibition of others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Epigenetic changes"}], "question": "What process causes changes in plant cells?", "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "the zygote"}], "question": "What is the original cell of the plant?", "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "continues to divide"}], "question": "How are the different cells formed?", "id": "5727626b708984140094dcc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "activation of some genes and inhibition of others"}], "question": "How is it determined, which cells will be formed?", "id": "5727626b708984140094dcca"}]}], ["Hipotesis pertumbuhan tumbuhan dan pembangunan diselaraskan oleh hormon tumbuhan atau pengawal selia pertumbuhan tumbuhan mula muncul pada akhir abad ke-19. Darwin bereksperimen dengan pergerakan tumbuhan dan akar tanaman ke arah cahaya dan graviti, dan membuat kesimpulan \"Tidaklah terlalu berlebihan untuk mengatakan bahawa ujung radikal itu berfungsi seperti otak salah satu daripada haiwan yang lebih rendah .. mengarahkan beberapa pergerakan\" . Pada masa yang sama, peranan auxin (dari Yunani auxein, berkembang) dalam mengawal pertumbuhan tumbuhan mula-mula digariskan oleh saintis Belanda Frits Went. Auxin yang pertama dikenali, asid indole-3-asetik (IAA), yang menggalakkan pertumbuhan sel, hanya terpencil dari tumbuh-tumbuhan sekitar 50 tahun kemudian. Kompaun ini mengantara respon tropik terhadap pucuk dan akar ke arah cahaya dan graviti. Penemuan pada tahun 1939 bahawa kalus tumbuhan dapat dikekalkan dalam budaya yang mengandungi IAA, diikuti dengan pemerhatian pada tahun 1947 yang dapat diinduksi untuk membentuk akar dan tunas dengan mengawal konsentrasi hormon pertumbuhan merupakan langkah utama dalam pengembangan bioteknologi tanaman dan pengubahsuaian genetik . <> Kapan teori hormon tumbuhan diperkenalkan? || akhir abad ke-19 <> Apa yang Darwin membandingkan bahagian radikal tumbuhan? || otak salah satu hewan yang lebih rendah <> Mengapa Darwin merasa tumbuhan mempunyai sesuatu yang sebanding dengan otak? || pergerakan pucuk tumbuhan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh auksin? || menggalakkan pertumbuhan sel <> Apa yang boleh menanam kalus dibujuk? || bentuk akar dan pucuk", {"context": "The hypothesis that plant growth and development is coordinated by plant hormones or plant growth regulators first emerged in the late 19th century. Darwin experimented on the movements of plant shoots and roots towards light and gravity, and concluded \"It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle . . acts like the brain of one of the lower animals . . directing the several movements\". About the same time, the role of auxins (from the Greek auxein, to grow) in control of plant growth was first outlined by the Dutch scientist Frits Went. The first known auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes cell growth, was only isolated from plants about 50 years later. This compound mediates the tropic responses of shoots and roots towards light and gravity. The finding in 1939 that plant callus could be maintained in culture containing IAA, followed by the observation in 1947 that it could be induced to form roots and shoots by controlling the concentration of growth hormones were key steps in the development of plant biotechnology and genetic modification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "When was the theory of plant hormones introduced?", "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9ee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "the brain of one of the lower animals"}], "question": "To what did Darwin compare the top of the plant radical?", "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9ee9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "movements of plant shoots"}], "question": "Why did Darwin feel plants had something comparable to a brain?", "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "promotes cell growth"}], "question": "What do auxins do?", "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 933, "text": "form roots and shoots"}], "question": "What can plant callus be coaxed into doing?", "id": "57278133dd62a815002e9eec"}]}], ["Tumbuhan model seperti Arabidopsis thaliana digunakan untuk mengkaji biologi molekul sel tumbuhan dan kloroplas. Sebaik-baiknya, organisma-organisma ini mempunyai genom kecil yang diketahui atau sepenuhnya dijujukan, kedudukan kecil dan masa penjanaan pendek. Jagung telah digunakan untuk mengkaji mekanisme fotosintesis dan pemanasan gelas gula dalam tumbuhan C4. Alga hijau tunggal sel Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, walaupun tidak embriofit itu sendiri, mengandungi kloroplas yang berpigmen hijau yang berkaitan dengan tanaman tanah, menjadikannya berguna untuk belajar. Merah alga merah Cyanidioschyzon juga digunakan untuk mengkaji beberapa fungsi kloroplas asas. Bayam, kacang, kacang soya dan lumut Patologi Fizcomitrella biasanya digunakan untuk mengkaji biologi sel tumbuhan. <> Kenapa tumbuhan dipilih untuk kajian sel-selnya? || genom kecil <> mekanisme apa yang boleh dikaji melalui penjujukan kromosom? || fotosintesis <> Apakah tumbuhan biasa yang digunakan untuk mengkaji pengeluaran gula? || Jagung <> Apakah tumbuhan yang mudah digunakan untuk mengkaji sel tumbuhan? || alga merah", {"context": "Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants. The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions. Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "small genomes"}], "question": "Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?", "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?", "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Corn"}], "question": "What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?", "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "red alga"}], "question": "What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?", "id": "57274fb5dd62a815002e9ad6"}]}], ["Epigenetics ialah kajian tentang perubahan gen dalam mitosis dan / atau meiotikal dalam fungsi gen yang tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh perubahan dalam urutan DNA yang mendasar tetapi menyebabkan gen organisme bertindak (atau \"menyatakan diri\") secara berbeza. Satu contoh perubahan epigenetik ialah menandakan gen dengan metilasi DNA yang menentukan sama ada ia akan dinyatakan atau tidak. Ekspresi gen juga boleh dikawal oleh protein penindas yang melekat pada daerah penyenyap DNA dan menghalang wilayah kod DNA daripada diungkapkan. Tanda-tanda epigenetik boleh ditambah atau dikeluarkan dari DNA semasa peringkat pembangunan tanaman, dan bertanggungjawab, misalnya, untuk perbezaan antara anthers, kelopak dan daun biasa, walaupun mereka semua mempunyai kod genetik yang mendasari yang sama. Perubahan epigenetik mungkin bersifat sementara atau mungkin kekal melalui bahagian sel berturut-turut untuk selebihnya sel hidup. Sesetengah perubahan epigenetik telah ditunjukkan sebagai ternakan, sementara yang lain ditetapkan semula dalam sel-sel kuman. <> Apa kajian epigenetik? || perubahan dalam fungsi gen <> Bagaimana perubahan DNA mempengaruhi tumbuhan? || menyatakan diri mereka \") secara berlainan <> Apabila DNA mempunyai penanda yang berbeza, bagaimana ia dibentangkan di dalam tumbuhan? || mencegah wilayah kod DNA <> Apa akibat perubahan penanda DNA dalam spesies tumbuhan? Adakah perubahan kemudian dibentangkan, kekal? || mungkin sementara", {"context": "Epigenetics is the study of mitotically and/or meiotically heritable changes in gene function that cannot be explained by changes in the underlying DNA sequence but cause the organism's genes to behave (or \"express themselves\") differently. One example of epigenetic change is the marking of the genes by DNA methylation which determines whether they will be expressed or not. Gene expression can also be controlled by repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA and prevent that region of the DNA code from being expressed. Epigenetic marks may be added or removed from the DNA during programmed stages of development of the plant, and are responsible, for example, for the differences between anthers, petals and normal leaves, despite the fact that they all have the same underlying genetic code. Epigenetic changes may be temporary or may remain through successive cell divisions for the remainder of the cell's life. Some epigenetic changes have been shown to be heritable, while others are reset in the germ cells.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "changes in gene function"}], "question": "What does epigenetics study?", "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "express themselves\") differently"}], "question": "How do DNA changes affect plants?", "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "prevent that region of the DNA code"}], "question": "When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?", "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "differences"}], "question": "What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?", "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "may be temporary"}], "question": "Are the changes then presented, permanent?", "id": "5727521edd62a815002e9b08"}]}], ["Molekul digerakkan dalam tumbuhan dengan proses pengangkutan yang beroperasi di pelbagai skala ruang. Pengangkutan subelektronik ion, elektron dan molekul seperti air dan enzim berlaku di seluruh membran sel. Mineral dan air diangkut dari akar ke bahagian lain tumbuhan dalam aliran transpirasi. Penyebaran, osmosis, dan pengangkutan dan aliran massa yang aktif adalah semua cara yang berbeza pengangkutan dapat terjadi. Contoh elemen yang perlu ditanam tanaman adalah nitrogen, fosforus, kalium, kalsium, magnesium, dan belerang. Dalam tumbuhan vaskular, unsur-unsur ini diekstrak dari tanah sebagai ion larut oleh akar dan diangkut ke seluruh kilang di xylem. Kebanyakan unsur-unsur yang diperlukan untuk pemakanan tumbuhan berasal dari pecahan kimia galian tanah. Sucrose yang dihasilkan oleh fotosintesis diangkut dari daun ke bahagian lain tumbuhan di dalam phloem dan hormon tumbuhan yang diangkut oleh pelbagai proses. <> Bagaimana air diangkut ke dalam tumbuhan? || dari akar <> DI dalam bentuk apakah mineral diperolehi oleh akar? || sebagai ion larut <> Dari mana tumbuhan mendapat mineral yang diperlukan? || pecahan kimia tanah <> Di manakah sukrosa yang dihasilkan dalam tumbuhan? || daun <> Bagaimana hormon bergerak di sekitar tumbuhan? || oleh pelbagai proses", {"context": "Molecules are moved within plants by transport processes that operate at a variety of spatial scales. Subcellular transport of ions, electrons and molecules such as water and enzymes occurs across cell membranes. Minerals and water are transported from roots to other parts of the plant in the transpiration stream. Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and mass flow are all different ways transport can occur. Examples of elements that plants need to transport are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur. In vascular plants, these elements are extracted from the soil as soluble ions by the roots and transported throughout the plant in the xylem. Most of the elements required for plant nutrition come from the chemical breakdown of soil minerals. Sucrose produced by photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to other parts of the plant in the phloem and plant hormones are transported by a variety of processes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "from roots"}], "question": "How is water transported into plants?", "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "as soluble ions"}], "question": "IN what form are mineral acquired by the roots?", "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "chemical breakdown of soil"}], "question": "From where does the plant get the required minerals?", "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "the leaves"}], "question": "Where is sucrose produced in a plant?", "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "by a variety of processes"}], "question": "How are hormones moved around a plant?", "id": "57277ff7f1498d1400e8fa06"}]}], ["Fisiologi tumbuhan merangkumi semua aktiviti kimia dan fizikal dalaman tumbuhan yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan. Bahan kimia yang diperoleh dari udara, tanah dan air membentuk asas semua metabolisme tumbuhan. Tenaga cahaya matahari, yang ditangkap oleh fotosintesis oksigen dan dilepaskan oleh pernafasan selular, adalah asas hampir semua hayat. Photoautotrophs, termasuk semua tumbuhan hijau, alga dan cyanobacteria mengumpul tenaga secara langsung dari cahaya matahari oleh fotosintesis. Heterotrof termasuk semua haiwan, semua kulat, semua tumbuhan parasit yang sepenuhnya, dan bakteria bukan fotosintetik mengambil molekul organik yang dihasilkan oleh photoautotrophs dan mengawalnya atau menggunakannya dalam pembinaan sel dan tisu. Respirasi adalah pengoksidaan sebatian karbon dengan memecahkannya ke dalam struktur yang lebih mudah untuk melepaskan tenaga yang mereka mengandung, pada dasarnya adalah bertentangan dengan fotosintesis. <> Apa gunanya untuk proses dalaman? || Bahan kimia yang diperoleh dari udara, tanah dan air <> Di manakah tumbuhan mendapatkan tenaga mereka? || cahaya matahari <> Bagaimana haiwan menggunakan tumbuhan? || dalam pembinaan sel-sel dan tisu <> Adakah pernafasan pada haiwan yang sama dengan fotosintesis dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan? || bertentangan dengan fotosintesis <> Apakah asas fisiologi tumbuhan? || aktiviti kimia dan fizikal dalaman", {"context": "Plant physiology encompasses all the internal chemical and physical activities of plants associated with life. Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water form the basis of all plant metabolism. The energy of sunlight, captured by oxygenic photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration, is the basis of almost all life. Photoautotrophs, including all green plants, algae and cyanobacteria gather energy directly from sunlight by photosynthesis. Heterotrophs including all animals, all fungi, all completely parasitic plants, and non-photosynthetic bacteria take in organic molecules produced by photoautotrophs and respire them or use them in the construction of cells and tissues. Respiration is the oxidation of carbon compounds by breaking them down into simpler structures to release the energy they contain, essentially the opposite of photosynthesis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water"}], "question": "What does the plant use for internal processes?", "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "sunlight"}], "question": "Where do plants get their energy?", "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f779"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "in the construction of cells and tissues"}], "question": "How do animals use plants?", "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "opposite of photosynthesis"}], "question": "Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?", "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "internal chemical and physical activities"}], "question": "What is the basis of plant physiology?", "id": "572766fdf1498d1400e8f77c"}]}], ["Tumbuhan tanah nonvascular adalah embriofit yang kekurangan tisu vaskular xylem dan phloem. Mereka termasuk lumut, liverworts dan hornworts. Tumbuhan vaskular pteridofitik dengan xylem dan phloem yang benar yang dihasilkan semula oleh spora yang bercambah menjadi gametophytes hidup bebas yang berkembang semasa tempoh Silurian dan dipelbagaikan menjadi beberapa garis keturunan semasa akhir Silurian dan awal Devonian. Wakil-wakil dari lycopoda telah bertahan hingga ke hari ini. Pada akhir tempoh Devon, beberapa kumpulan, termasuk lycopods, sphenophylls dan progymnosperms, telah secara bebas berkembang \"megaspory\" - spora mereka adalah dua saiz yang berbeza, megaspores yang lebih besar dan mikrospora yang lebih kecil. Gametophytes yang dikurangkan mereka berkembang dari megaspores yang disimpan dalam organ penghasil spora (megasporangia) sporofit, suatu keadaan yang dikenali sebagai endospory. Benih terdiri daripada megasporangium endosporik yang dikelilingi oleh satu atau dua lapisan sheathing (integuments). Sporophyte muda berkembang di dalam benih, yang pada percambahan berpecah untuk melepaskannya. Tanaman benih yang paling awal diketahui dari peringkat Devonian Famennian terkini. Berikutan evolusi tabiat benih, tumbuh-tumbuhan benih mempelbagaikan, menimbulkan beberapa kumpulan sekarang yang sudah pupus, termasuk pakis benih, serta gymnosperms moden dan angiosperms. Gimnosperms menghasilkan \"biji telanjang\" tidak disertakan sepenuhnya dalam ovari; Wakil moden termasuk conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, dan Gnetales. Angiosperms menghasilkan benih yang tertutup dalam struktur seperti carpel atau ovari. Penyelidikan yang berterusan mengenai filoginetik tumbuhan hidup tumbuhan menunjukkan bahawa angiosperma adalah saudara kakak untuk gymnosperms. <> Apa yang membuat lombong berlainan daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan tanah lain? || kekurangan tisu vaskular <> Apa yang melindungi tanaman muda dalam benih? || satu atau dua lapisan pelapis <> Bagaimana tumbuhan melepaskan benih? || berpecah untuk melepaskannya <> Apakah istilah untuk tumbuhan yang benihnya tidak mempunyai ovari pelindung? || Gimnosperms <> Apa acara yang membawa kepada kepelbagaian tumbuhan benih? || evolusi kebiasaan benih", {"context": "Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved \"megaspory\" \u2013 their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce \"naked seeds\" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "lack the vascular tissues"}], "question": "What makes mosses different from other land plants?", "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "one or two sheathing layers"}], "question": "What protects the young plant in the seed?", "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "splits to release it"}], "question": "How does the plant escape the seed?", "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1300, "text": "Gymnosperms"}], "question": "What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?", "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1126, "text": "evolution of the seed habit"}], "question": "What event led to the diversification of seed plants?", "id": "572765c7dd62a815002e9c24"}]}], ["Tubuh tumbuhan vaskular termasuk clubmosses, pakis dan tumbuhan benih (gimnosperms dan angiosperms) umumnya mempunyai subsistem udara dan bawah tanah. Pucuk terdiri daripada batang yang mengandungi daun fotosintesis hijau dan struktur pembiakan. Akar vaskularis bawah tanah menanggung rambut akar pada petua mereka dan umumnya kekurangan klorofil. Tumbuhan bukan vaskular, liverworts, hornworts dan lumut tidak menghasilkan akar vaskular menembusi tanah dan sebahagian besar tumbuhan mengambil bahagian dalam fotosintesis. Generasi sporofit bukan nonphotosynthetic dalam liverworts tetapi mungkin dapat menyumbang sebahagian daripada keperluan tenaganya oleh fotosintesis dalam lumut dan tanduk. <> Apa yang membentuk badan tumbuhan vaskular? || batang yang mengandungi daun fotosintesis hijau <> Adakah akar mengandungi klorofil? || umumnya kekurangan klorofil <> Apa yang membuat tumbuhan bukan vaskular? || tidak menghasilkan akar vaskular menembusi <> Berapakah tumbuhan bukan vaskular terlibat dalam fotosintesis? || kebanyakan tumbuhan <> Bagaimana sporofit dihasilkan dalam hati? || nonphotosynthetic", {"context": "The bodies of vascular plants including clubmosses, ferns and seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) generally have aerial and subterranean subsystems. The shoots consist of stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves and reproductive structures. The underground vascularised roots bear root hairs at their tips and generally lack chlorophyll. Non-vascular plants, the liverworts, hornworts and mosses do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots and most of the plant participates in photosynthesis. The sporophyte generation is nonphotosynthetic in liverworts but may be able to contribute part of its energy needs by photosynthesis in mosses and hornworts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "stems bearing green photosynthesising leaves"}], "question": "What makes up the bodies of vascular plants?", "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "generally lack chlorophyll"}], "question": "Do roots contain chlorophyll?", "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "do not produce ground-penetrating vascular roots"}], "question": "What makes a plant non-vascular?", "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "most of the plant"}], "question": "How much of a non-vascular plant is involved in photosynthesis?", "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "nonphotosynthetic"}], "question": "How are sporophytes generated in liverworts?", "id": "5727873bf1498d1400e8faf6"}]}], ["Hubungan evolusi dan keturunan sekumpulan organisma dinamakan phylogenyanya. Kajian Phylogenetic cuba menemui filogeni. Pendekatan asas adalah menggunakan persamaan berdasarkan warisan bersama untuk menentukan hubungan. Sebagai contoh, spesies Pereskia adalah pokok atau semak dengan daun yang terkenal. Mereka tidak jelas menyerupai kaktus tanpa daun tipikal seperti Echinocactus. Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua Pereskia dan Echinocactus mempunyai duri yang dihasilkan daripada areoles (struktur pad seperti yang sangat khusus) yang menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua genera itu memang berkaitan. <> Apakah filogeni kumpulan mewakili? || hubungan dan keturunan <> Bagaimana hubungan di dalam kumpulan ditentukan? || warisan yang dikongsi <> Apa yang akan menjadi petunjuk warisan bersama dalam dua kaktus? || duri yang dihasilkan dari isol <> Apa yang ada? || struktur seperti pad", {"context": "The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "relationships and heredity"}], "question": "What does the phylogeny of a group represent?", "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "shared inheritance"}], "question": "How are the relationships within the group determined?", "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "spines produced from areoles"}], "question": "What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?", "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "pad-like structures"}], "question": "What are areoles?", "id": "57278e565951b619008f8d76"}]}], ["Kingdom Plantae tergolong dalam Eukarya Domain dan dipecah rekursif sehingga setiap spesies diklasifikasikan secara berasingan. Pesanannya ialah: Kerajaan; Phylum (atau Bahagian); Kelas; Perintah; Keluarga; Genus (genera plural); Spesies. Nama saintifik tumbuhan mewakili genusnya dan spesiesnya dalam genus, menghasilkan satu nama di seluruh dunia bagi setiap organisma. Sebagai contoh, lily harimau adalah Lilium columbianum. Lilium adalah genus, dan columbianum epithet spesifik. Gabungan ini adalah nama spesies. Apabila menulis nama saintifik organisma, adalah wajar untuk memanfaatkan huruf pertama dalam genus dan meletakkan semua epithet tertentu dalam huruf kecil. Di samping itu, keseluruhan istilah biasanya dicerminkan (atau bergaris bawah apabila pengecaman tidak tersedia). <> Apakah kumpulan utama tumbuhan tahu? || Kerajaan <> Apakah kumpulan yang paling sempit tumbuhan? || Spesies <> Adakah negara-negara yang berbeza merujuk kepada tumbuhan dengan nama yang berlainan? || nama di seluruh dunia <> Apa bahagian nama itu sentiasa dipermodalkan? || genus <> Bagaimana keseluruhan nama itu biasanya dibentangkan dalam teks saintifik? || dicacatkan", {"context": "Kingdom Plantae belongs to Domain Eukarya and is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Kingdom; Phylum (or Division); Class; Order; Family; Genus (plural genera); Species. The scientific name of a plant represents its genus and its species within the genus, resulting in a single world-wide name for each organism. For example, the tiger lily is Lilium columbianum. Lilium is the genus, and columbianum the specific epithet. The combination is the name of the species. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalise the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term is ordinarily italicised (or underlined when italics are not available).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Kingdom"}], "question": "What is the main grouping of a plant know as?", "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Species"}], "question": "What is the most narrow grouping of a plant?", "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "single world-wide name"}], "question": "Do different countries refer to plants by different names?", "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "the genus"}], "question": "What part of the name is always capitalized?", "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "italicised"}], "question": "How is the entire name usually presented in scientific texts?", "id": "57278a735951b619008f8cd5"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1990-an dan seterusnya, pendekatan utama untuk membina filogenetik untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan hidup adalah filogenetik molekul, yang menggunakan watak molekul, terutamanya urutan DNA, dan bukannya watak-watak morfologi seperti kehadiran atau ketiadaan duri dan lubang. Perbezaannya adalah bahawa kod genetik itu sendiri digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan evolusi, bukannya digunakan secara tidak langsung melalui watak-watak yang ia raih. Clive Stace menggambarkan ini sebagai \"akses langsung kepada asas genetik evolusi.\" Sebagai contoh mudah, sebelum menggunakan bukti genetik, kulat dianggap sama ada untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan atau lebih dekat dengan tumbuhan daripada haiwan. Bukti genetik mencadangkan bahawa hubungan evolusi sejati organisma multisel adalah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam kladogram di bawah ini - kulat lebih dekat dengan haiwan daripada tumbuhan. <> Apa yang digunakan sekarang untuk tumbuhan kumpulan? || Urutan DNA <> Apa yang digunakan sebelum ini untuk menanam tumbuhan? || aksara morfologi <> Bagaimana pengelompokan DNA unggul? || kod genetik sendiri digunakan <> Adakah kulat lebih seperti tumbuhan atau haiwan? || berkaitan erat dengan haiwan <> Bilakah urutan DNA yang pertama digunakan untuk pengelompokan tumbuhan? || 1990-an", {"context": "From the 1990s onwards, the predominant approach to constructing phylogenies for living plants has been molecular phylogenetics, which uses molecular characters, particularly DNA sequences, rather than morphological characters like the presence or absence of spines and areoles. The difference is that the genetic code itself is used to decide evolutionary relationships, instead of being used indirectly via the characters it gives rise to. Clive Stace describes this as having \"direct access to the genetic basis of evolution.\" As a simple example, prior to the use of genetic evidence, fungi were thought either to be plants or to be more closely related to plants than animals. Genetic evidence suggests that the true evolutionary relationship of multicelled organisms is as shown in the cladogram below \u2013 fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "DNA sequences"}], "question": "What is used now to group plants?", "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "morphological characters"}], "question": "What was previously used to group plants?", "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "genetic code itself is used"}], "question": "How is DNA grouping superior?", "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "closely related to animals"}], "question": "Are fungi more like plants or animals?", "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When was DNA sequencing first used for grouping plants?", "id": "57278fe5dd62a815002ea07e"}]}], ["Anatomi tumbuhan adalah kajian tentang struktur sel tumbuhan dan tisu, sedangkan morfologi tumbuhan adalah kajian bentuk luaran mereka. Semua tumbuhan adalah eukaryotes multiselular, DNA mereka yang disimpan dalam nukleus. Ciri-ciri ciri sel tumbuhan yang membezakannya dari haiwan dan kulat termasuk dinding sel primer yang terdiri daripada selulosa polisakarida, hemiselulosa dan pektin, vakuola yang lebih besar daripada sel haiwan dan kehadiran plastids dengan fungsi fotosintesis dan biosintetik yang unik seperti kloroplas. Plastid lain mengandungi produk simpanan seperti kanji (amyloplast) atau lipid (elaioplas). Uniknya, sel-sel streptophyte dan urutan algal hijau Trentepohliales membahagikan dengan pembinaan phragmoplast sebagai templat untuk membina plat sel terlambat di bahagian sel. <> Apakah kajian di dalam tumbuhan? || Anatomi tumbuhan <> Apakah kajian luar tanaman? || tumbuhan morfologi <> Bagaimana tumbuhan berbeza daripada haiwan? || dinding sel utama terdiri daripada selulosa polisakarida <> Di manakah tumbuhan menyimpan DNA mereka? || dalam nuclei <> Adakah vakuola sel tumbuhan lebih besar atau lebih kecil daripada sel haiwan? || lebih besar", {"context": "Plant anatomy is the study of the structure of plant cells and tissues, whereas plant morphology is the study of their external form. All plants are multicellular eukaryotes, their DNA stored in nuclei. The characteristic features of plant cells that distinguish them from those of animals and fungi include a primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin,  larger vacuoles than in animal cells and the presence of plastids with unique photosynthetic and biosynthetic functions as in the chloroplasts. Other plastids contain storage products such as starch (amyloplasts) or lipids (elaioplasts). Uniquely, streptophyte cells and those of the green algal order Trentepohliales divide by construction of a phragmoplast as a template for building a cell plate late in cell division.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Plant anatomy"}], "question": "What is the study of the inside of plants?", "id": "57278345708984140094dfad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "plant morphology"}], "question": "What is the study of the outside of plants?", "id": "57278345708984140094dfae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "primary cell wall composed of the polysaccharides cellulose"}], "question": "How are plants different from animals?", "id": "57278345708984140094dfaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "in nuclei"}], "question": "Where do plants store their DNA?", "id": "57278345708984140094dfb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "larger"}], "question": "Are the vacuoles of plant cells larger or smaller than animal cells?", "id": "57278345708984140094dfb1"}]}], ["Sistem akar dan sistem penangkapan saling bergantung - sistem akar biasanya bukanphotosintetik bergantung pada sistem penangkapan makanan, dan sistem penangkapan fotosintesis biasanya bergantung pada air dan mineral dari sistem akar. Sel-sel dalam setiap sistem mampu mewujudkan sel-sel yang lain dan menimbulkan pucuk atau akar yang menghasilkan cita-cita. Stolon dan ubi adalah contoh tunas yang boleh tumbuh akar. Akar yang merebak berhampiran dengan permukaan, seperti rumpun, boleh menghasilkan pucuk dan akhirnya tumbuh-tumbuhan baru. Sekiranya salah satu sistem hilang, yang lain mungkin sering menyusun semulanya. Malah ia adalah mungkin untuk menanam tumbuhan keseluruhan dari satu daun, seperti yang berlaku dengan Saintpaulia, atau bahkan sel tunggal - yang boleh dedifferentiate menjadi kalus (jisim sel yang tidak khusus) yang boleh tumbuh menjadi tanaman baru. Dalam tumbuhan vaskular, xylem dan phloem adalah tisu konduktif yang mengangkut sumber antara pucuk dan akar. Akar sering disesuaikan untuk menyimpan makanan seperti gula atau kanji, seperti bit gula dan wortel. <> Adakah akar dan pucuk memerlukan antara satu sama lain? || saling bergantung <> Apakah akar yang diperoleh daripada pucuk? || Makanan <> Apakah akar yang digunakan dalam bit dan wortel? || untuk menyimpan makanan <> Apa yang berlaku jika tumbuhan kehilangan akar atau pucuknya? || sering boleh regrow it <> Apa pucuk mendapatkan dari akar? || air dan mineral", {"context": "The root system and the shoot system are interdependent \u2013 the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell \u2013 which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "interdependent"}], "question": "Do the roots and shoots need each other?", "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "food"}], "question": "What do the roots get from the shoots?", "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 969, "text": "to store food"}], "question": "What are roots used for in beets and carrots?", "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "can often regrow it"}], "question": "What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?", "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "water and minerals"}], "question": "What do the shoots get from the roots?", "id": "5727881cdd62a815002e9fa2"}]}], ["Batang terutamanya memberi sokongan kepada daun dan struktur pembiakan, tetapi boleh menyimpan air dalam tumbuhan berair seperti kakti, makanan seperti ubi kentang, atau menghasilkan semula vegetatif seperti dalam stolon tumbuhan strawberi atau dalam proses lapisan. Daun mengumpul cahaya matahari dan menjalankan fotosintesis. Daun yang besar, rata, fleksibel, dipanggil daun dedaunan. Gimnosperma, seperti conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, dan gnetophytes adalah tumbuhan yang menghasilkan benih dengan benih terbuka. Angiosperms adalah tumbuhan menghasilkan benih yang menghasilkan bunga dan mempunyai benih tertutup. Tumbuhan kayu, seperti azalea dan oak, mengalami fasa pertumbuhan sekunder yang menghasilkan dua jenis tisu tambahan: kayu (xylem sekunder) dan kulit (phloem sekunder dan gabus). Semua gimnosperma dan banyak angiosperma adalah tumbuhan berkayu. Sesetengah tumbuhan menghasilkan semula secara seksual, beberapa asexually, dan beberapa melalui kedua-dua cara. <> Apakah batang yang digunakan untuk kaktus? || Simpan air <> Untuk apa yang digunakan daun? || kumpulkan cahaya matahari <> Apa angiosperms? || tumbuhan yang menghasilkan bunga dan mempunyai biji tertutup <> Apakah jenis tumbuhan yang gimnasium? || tumbuhan berkayu <> Apa jenis daun yang besar dan rata? || daun dedaunan", {"context": "Stems mainly provide support to the leaves and reproductive structures, but can store water in succulent plants such as cacti, food as in potato tubers, or reproduce vegetatively as in the stolons of strawberry plants or in the process of layering. Leaves gather sunlight and carry out photosynthesis. Large, flat, flexible, green leaves are called foliage leaves. Gymnosperms, such as conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes are seed-producing plants with open seeds. Angiosperms are seed-producing plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds. Woody plants, such as azaleas and oaks, undergo a secondary growth phase resulting in two additional types of tissues: wood (secondary xylem) and bark (secondary phloem and cork). All gymnosperms and many angiosperms are woody plants. Some plants reproduce sexually, some asexually, and some via both means.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "store water"}], "question": "What are the stems used for in cacti?", "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "gather sunlight"}], "question": "For what are leaves used?", "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "plants that produce flowers and have enclosed seeds"}], "question": "What are angiosperms?", "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "woody plants"}], "question": "What kind of plants are gymnosperms?", "id": "572788e25951b619008f8cae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "foliage leaves"}], "question": "What kind of leaves are large and flat?", "id": "572788e25951b619008f8caf"}]}], ["Menilai perhubungan berdasarkan watak-watak yang dikongsi memerlukan penjagaan, kerana tumbuhan mungkin menyerupai satu sama lain melalui evolusi yang konvergen di mana watak-watak telah timbul secara bebas. Sesetengah euphorbias mempunyai berdaun, badan bulat yang disesuaikan dengan pemuliharaan air yang serupa dengan kaktus globular, tetapi watak-watak seperti struktur bunga mereka jelaskan bahawa kedua-dua kumpulan tidak berkait rapat. Kaedah kladistik mengambil pendekatan sistematik terhadap watak-watak, membezakan antara mereka yang tidak mempunyai maklumat tentang sejarah evolusi bersama - seperti yang berkembang secara berasingan dalam kumpulan yang berlainan (homoplasies) atau yang tersisa daripada nenek moyang (plesiomorf) - dan watak yang berasal, yang telah diturunkan dari inovasi dalam nenek moyang bersama (apomorphies). Hanya watak-watak yang berasal, seperti pilar-pilar cacti yang menghasilkan tulang belakang, memberikan keterangan untuk keturunan dari nenek moyang yang sama. Hasil analisis kladistik dinyatakan sebagai cladograms: rajah seperti pohon yang menunjukkan corak cawangan evolusi dan keturunan. <> Kenapa dua tumbuhan mungkin sama tetapi tidak sebenarnya dalam kumpulan yang sama? || evolusi konvergen <> Bagaimana dua tumbuhan yang berbeza dapat memperoleh sifat yang sama? || timbul secara bersendirian <> Ciri-ciri apa menunjukkan keturunan yang dikongsi? || watak-watak yang diperoleh <> Bagaimana nenek moyang biasa diwakili untuk keluarga tumbuhan? || gambar rajah seperti pokok", {"context": "Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history \u2013 such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) \u2013 and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "convergent evolution"}], "question": "Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?", "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "arisen independently"}], "question": "How can two different plants acquire the same traits?", "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "derived characters"}], "question": "What traits show a shared ancestry?", "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea05a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "tree-like diagrams"}], "question": "How are common ancestries represented for plant families?", "id": "57278f1edd62a815002ea05b"}]}], ["Cytokinins adalah kelas hormon tumbuhan yang dinamakan untuk mengawal pembahagian sel atau sitokinesis. Cytokinin zeatin semulajadi ditemui dalam jagung, Zea mays, dan merupakan turunan dari adenin purine. Zeatin dihasilkan dalam akar dan diangkut ke pucuk di xilem di mana ia menggalakkan pembahagian sel, perkembangan tunas, dan penghijauan kloroplas. The gibberelins, seperti asam Gibberelic diterpenes disintesis daripada CoA asetil melalui jalur mevalonate. Mereka terlibat dalam promosi percambahan dan pemusnahan dorman dalam biji, dalam peraturan ketinggian tumbuhan dengan mengawal pemanjangan batang dan kawalan berbunga. Asid abscisic (ABA) berlaku di semua tumbuh-tumbuhan tanah kecuali liverworts, dan disintesis dari karotenoid dalam kloroplas dan plastid lain. Ia menghalang pembahagian sel, menggalakkan pematangan benih, dan dorman, dan menggalakkan penutupan stomatal. Ia dinamakan begitu kerana ia pada asalnya dianggap mengawal abscission. Etilena adalah hormon gas yang dihasilkan dalam semua tisu tumbuhan yang lebih tinggi daripada methionine. Ia kini dikenali sebagai hormon yang merangsang atau mengawal pematangan buah dan abscission, dan ia, atau ethephon pengawal sintetik pertumbuhan yang cepat dimetabolisme untuk menghasilkan etilena, digunakan pada skala industri untuk mempromosikan pematangan kapas, nanas dan tanaman klimatik lain . <> Apakah sitokinin yang bertanggungjawab untuk tumbuhan? || kawalan divisi sel <> Di manakah sitokinin dihasilkan? || dalam akar <> Bagaimana perkembangan kembangan ditentukan? || cytokinesis <> Bagaimana ketinggian tumbuhan ditentukan? || gibberelins <> Apa asid melambatkan atau menghentikan pembahagian sel? || Abscisic", {"context": "Cytokinins are a class of plant hormones named for their control of cell division or cytokinesis. The natural cytokinin zeatin was discovered in corn, Zea mays, and is a derivative of the purine adenine. Zeatin is produced in roots and transported to shoots in the xylem where it promotes cell division, bud development, and the greening of chloroplasts. The gibberelins, such as Gibberelic acid are diterpenes synthesised from acetyl CoA via the mevalonate pathway. They are involved in the promotion of germination and dormancy-breaking in seeds, in regulation of plant height by controlling stem elongation and the control of flowering. Abscisic acid (ABA) occurs in all land plants except liverworts, and is synthesised from carotenoids in the chloroplasts and other plastids. It inhibits cell division, promotes seed maturation, and dormancy, and promotes stomatal closure. It was so named because it was originally thought to control abscission. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that is produced in all higher plant tissues from methionine. It is now known to be the hormone that stimulates or regulates fruit ripening and abscission, and it, or the synthetic growth regulator ethephon which is rapidly metabolised to produce ethylene, are used on industrial scale to promote ripening of cotton, pineapples and other climacteric crops.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "control of cell division"}], "question": "What are cytokinins responsible for in plants?", "id": "572782435951b619008f8b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "in roots"}], "question": "Where are cytokinins produced?", "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "cytokinesis"}], "question": "How is bud development determined?", "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "gibberelins"}], "question": "How is the height of a plant determined?", "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Abscisic"}], "question": "What acid slows or stops cell division?", "id": "572782435951b619008f8b9d"}]}], ["Botani sistematik adalah sebahagian daripada biologi sistematik, yang berkaitan dengan julat dan kepelbagaian organisma dan hubungan mereka, khususnya seperti yang ditentukan oleh sejarah evolusi mereka. Ia melibatkan, atau berkaitan dengan, klasifikasi biologi, taksonomi saintifik dan filogenetik. Klasifikasi biologi adalah kaedah yang mana organisma kumpulan botani menjadi kategori seperti genera atau spesies. Klasifikasi biologi adalah satu bentuk taksonomi saintifik. Taksonomi moden diasaskan dalam karya Carl Linnaeus, yang mengelompokkan spesies mengikut ciri-ciri fizikal yang dikongsi. Pengumpulan ini telah disemak semula untuk menyelaraskan lebih baik dengan prinsip Darwinian kumpulan keturunan yang sama - organisma pengelompokan oleh keturunan daripada ciri-ciri cetek. Walaupun para saintis tidak selalu bersetuju tentang cara mengklasifikasikan organisma, filoginetik molekul, yang menggunakan urutan DNA sebagai data, telah mendorong beberapa revisi baru-baru ini di sepanjang garis evolusi dan kemungkinan akan terus melakukannya. Sistem klasifikasi dominan dipanggil taksonomi Linnaean. Ia termasuk pangkat dan tatanama binomial. Nomenklatur organisma botani dikodifikasikan dalam Kod Tatanama Antarabangsa untuk alga, kulat dan tumbuhan (ICN) dan ditadbir oleh Kongres Botani Antarabangsa. <> Bagaimana organisme kumpulan Linnaeus? || ciri fizikal berkongsi <> Bagaimana Darwin mengubah kumpulan yang dipelopori oleh Linnaeus? || oleh keturunan bukannya ciri-ciri dangkal <> Bagaimana kumpulan ditentukan pada masa ini? || Jujukan DNA <> Siapa yang mengekalkan satu standard pengelompokan untuk tujuan penamaan? || Kongres Botani Antarabangsa.", {"context": "Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent \u2013 grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "shared physical characteristics"}], "question": "How did Linnaeus group organisms?", "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics"}], "question": "How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?", "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "DNA sequences"}], "question": "How are grouping determined currently?", "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1249, "text": "International Botanical Congress."}], "question": "Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?", "id": "572789b15951b619008f8cc2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1998 Kumpulan Angiosperm Phylogeny menerbitkan sebuah filogeni untuk tumbuhan berbunga berdasarkan analisis urutan DNA dari kebanyakan keluarga tumbuhan berbunga. Sebagai hasil daripada kerja ini, banyak persoalan, seperti mana keluarga mewakili cabang-cabang angiosperma terawal, kini telah dijawab. Menyiasat bagaimana spesies tumbuhan berkaitan dengan satu sama lain membolehkan ahli botani memahami dengan lebih baik proses evolusi tumbuhan. Walaupun kajian terhadap tumbuhan model dan peningkatan penggunaan bukti DNA, terdapat perbincangan dan perbincangan yang berterusan di kalangan ahli taksonomi mengenai cara terbaik untuk mengklasifikasikan tumbuhan kepada pelbagai taksonomi. Perkembangan teknologi seperti komputer dan mikroskop elektron telah banyak meningkatkan tahap maklumat yang dikaji dan mempercepatkan data yang dapat dianalisis. <> Apakah kumpulan tumbuhan pertama berdasarkan penjujukan DNA? || tumbuhan berbunga <> Apa yang boleh dipelajari daripada penjujukan DNA tumbuhan? || evolusi dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan <> Bagaimana teknologi meningkatkan kajian botani? || sangat meningkatkan tahap terperinci <> Apa yang telah diketahui para saintis mengenai angiosperma dari penjujukan DNA? || yang mana keluarga mewakili cawangan terawal", {"context": "In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny for flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, many questions, such as which families represent the earliest branches of angiosperms, have now been answered. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants. Despite the study of model plants and increasing use of DNA evidence, there is ongoing work and discussion among taxonomists about how best to classify plants into various taxa. Technological developments such as computers and electron microscopes have greatly increased the level of detail studied and speed at which data can be analysed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "flowering plants"}], "question": "What was the first plant grouping based on DNA sequencing?", "id": "572790badd62a815002ea096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "evolution in plants"}], "question": "What can be learned from DNA sequencing of plants?", "id": "572790badd62a815002ea097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "greatly increased the level of detail"}], "question": "How has technology improved the study of botany?", "id": "572790badd62a815002ea098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "which families represent the earliest branches"}], "question": "What have scientists learned about angiosperms from DNA sequencing?", "id": "572790badd62a815002ea099"}]}]], [["Setelah disahkan pada tahun 1966, dia mengadopsi Veronica sebagai nama pengesahan. Dia dibesarkan di pinggir bandar Detroit Pontiac dan Perbandaran Avon (sekarang Rochester Hills). Bulan sebelum ibunya meninggal akibat kanser payudara, Madonna melihat perubahan dalam tingkah laku dan keperibadiannya, walaupun dia tidak memahami sebabnya. Ibunya kehilangan harapan untuk menjelaskan keadaan perubatannya, dan sering kali menangis apabila Madonna mempersoalkannya mengenainya. Madonna kemudiannya mengakui bahawa dia tidak memahami konsep ibunya yang mati. <> Mana nama Madonna diadopsi sebagai nama pengesahannya? || Veronica <> Penyakit yang manakah ibunya meninggal dunia? || kanser payudara <> Di manakah Madonna dibesarkan? || Detroit pinggir bandar Pontiac dan Perbandaran Avon <> Apakah reaksi ibu Madonna terhadap soalannya mengenai penyakitnya? || menangis", {"context": "Upon being confirmed in 1966, she adopted Veronica as a confirmation name. She was raised in the Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township (now Rochester Hills). Months before her mother died of breast cancer, Madonna noticed changes in her behavior and personality, although she did not understand the reason. Her mother was at a loss to explain her medical condition, and often began to cry when Madonna questioned her about it. Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Veronica"}], "question": "Which name did Madonna adopted as her confirmation name?", "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "breast cancer"}], "question": "Which disease did her mother passed away from?", "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Detroit suburbs of Pontiac and Avon Township"}], "question": "Where was Madonna raised?", "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "cry"}], "question": "What was Madonna's mother's reaction to her questioning about her illness?", "id": "5726677f5951b619008f71c4"}]}], ["Madonna dilahirkan oleh ibu bapa Katolik Silvio Anthony \"Tony\" Ciccone (1931) dan Madonna Louise Fortin (1933 - 1 Disember 1963) di Bay City, Michigan, pada 16 Ogos 1958. Orang tua ayahnya adalah pendatang dari Pacentro , Itali, sementara ibunya adalah keturunan Perancis-Kanada. Tony bekerja sebagai pereka jurutera untuk Chrysler dan General Motors. Sejak Madonna mempunyai nama yang sama dengan ibunya, ahli keluarganya memanggilnya \"Little Nonni\". Beliau mempunyai dua orang saudara lelaki, Anthony (lahir 1956) dan Martin (lahir 1957), dan tiga adik beradik, Paula (lahir 1959), Christopher (lahir 1960), dan Melanie (lahir 1962). <> Madonna dilahirkan di mana agama? || Katolik <> Di manakah datuk nenek Madonna berasal? || Pacentro, Itali <> Ibu Madonna berasal dari mana keturunan? || Perancis-Kanada <> Apa pekerjaan Tony? || pereka jurutera <> Apakah nama samaran Madonna ketika dia masih muda? || Little Nonni", {"context": "Madonna was born to Catholic parents Silvio Anthony \"Tony\" Ciccone (b. 1931) and Madonna Louise Fortin (c. 1933 \u2013 December 1, 1963) in Bay City, Michigan, on August 16, 1958. Her father's parents were immigrants from Pacentro, Italy, while her mother was of French-Canadian ancestry. Tony worked as an engineer designer for Chrysler and General Motors. Since Madonna had the same name as her mother, family members called her \"Little Nonni\". She has two elder brothers, Anthony (born 1956) and Martin (born 1957), and three younger siblings, Paula (born 1959), Christopher (born 1960), and Melanie (born 1962).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "Madonna was born to which religion?", "id": "572666af708984140094c4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Pacentro, Italy"}], "question": "Where were Madonna's paternal grandparents come from?", "id": "572666af708984140094c4d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "French-Canadian"}], "question": "Madonna's mother was from which ancestry?", "id": "572666af708984140094c4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "engineer designer"}], "question": "What was Tony's occupation?", "id": "572666af708984140094c4d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Little Nonni"}], "question": "What was Madonna's nickname when she was younger?", "id": "572666af708984140094c4d9"}]}], ["Populariti Madonna semakin dipertingkatkan oleh peranan filemnya, termasuk Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), dan Evita (1996); yang kedua mendapat Anugerah Golden Globe untuk Pelakon Terbaik. Walau bagaimanapun, sebahagian besar filem-filemnya yang lain telah ditimbulkan oleh pengkritik. Usaha lain termasuk reka bentuk fesyen, menulis buku kanak-kanak, dan pembuatan filem. Dia telah diiktiraf sebagai ahli perniagaan, terutamanya selepas dia menubuhkan syarikat hiburan Maverick (termasuk label Maverick Records). Pada tahun 2007, beliau menandatangani perjanjian bernilai AS $ 120 juta 360 yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dengan Live Nation. <> Nama peranan filem yang dimainkan oleh Madonna. || Desperately Seeking Susan <> Filem mana yang diperoleh Madonna Anugerah Golden Globe? || Evita <> Nama salah satu usaha perniagaan Madonna yang lain? || Reka bentuk fesyen <> Apa nama syarikat hiburan yang diasaskan oleh Madonna? || Maverick <> Tahun mana Madonna menandatangani perjanjian $ 120 juta dengan Live Nation? || 2007", {"context": "Madonna's popularity was further enhanced by her film roles, including Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Dick Tracy (1990), and Evita (1996); the latter earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. However, most of her other films have been panned by critics. Her other ventures include fashion design, writing children's books, and filmmaking. She has been acclaimed as a businesswoman, particularly after she founded entertainment company Maverick (including the label Maverick Records). In 2007 she signed an unprecedented US $120 million 360 deal with Live Nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Desperately Seeking Susan"}], "question": "Name a film role that Madonna acted in.", "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Evita"}], "question": "Which movie earned Madonna a Golden Globe Award?", "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "fashion design"}], "question": "Name one of Madonna's other business ventures?", "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Maverick"}], "question": "What is the name of the entertainment company that Madonna founded?", "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "2007"}], "question": "Which year did Madonna sign a $120 million deal with Live Nation?", "id": "572664b2dd62a815002e8388"}]}], ["Dilahirkan di Bay City, Michigan, Madonna berpindah ke New York City pada tahun 1977 untuk meneruskan kerjaya dalam tarian moden. Selepas tampil di kumpulan muzik Breakfast Club dan Emmy, dia menandatangani Sire Records (label tambahan Warner Bros. Records) pada tahun 1982 dan melancarkan album debut bertajuk dirinya pada tahun berikutnya. Beliau mengikutinya dengan beberapa album komersil dan kritikal yang berjaya, termasuk pemenang Anugerah Grammy Ray of Light (1998) dan Confessions on a Floor Dance (2005). Sepanjang kariernya, Madonna telah menulis dan menghasilkan lagu-lagunya yang banyak, dengan ramai di antara mereka mencapai nombor satu pada carta rekod, termasuk \"Seperti seorang Virgin\", \"Ke Groove\", \"Papa Do Not Preach\", \"Seperti Doa \",\" Vogue \",\" Frozen \",\" Music \",\" Hung Up \", dan\" 4 Minutes \". <> Dimana Madonna dilahirkan? || Bay City, Michigan <> Di manakah tahun Madonna berpindah ke New York City? || 1977 <> Rekod manakah label Madonna yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1982? || Sire Records <> Apakah nama album yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1983? || Madonna <> Nama Madonna's Grammy award album pada tahun 1998? || Ray of Light", {"context": "Born in Bay City, Michigan, Madonna moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance. After performing in the music groups Breakfast Club and Emmy, she signed with Sire Records (an auxiliary label of Warner Bros. Records) in 1982 and released her self-titled debut album the following year. She followed it with a series of commercially and critcally successful albums, including the Grammy Award winners Ray of Light (1998) and Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). Throughout her career, Madonna has written and produced most of her songs, with many of them reaching number one on the record charts, including \"Like a Virgin\", \"Into the Groove\", \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"Like a Prayer\", \"Vogue\", \"Frozen\", \"Music\", \"Hung Up\", and \"4 Minutes\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Bay City, Michigan"}], "question": "Where was Madonna born?", "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8ddda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1977"}], "question": "In which year did Madonna move to New York City?", "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Sire Records"}], "question": "Which record label did Madonna sign with in 1982?", "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "What was the name of the album she released in 1983?", "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8dddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Ray of Light"}], "question": "Name Madonna's Grammy award album in 1998?", "id": "57266312f1498d1400e8ddde"}]}], ["Madonna Louise Ciccone (/ t\u0283\u026ako\u028ani /; Bahasa Itali: [t\u0283ikko\u02d0ne] lahir 16 Ogos 1958) adalah penyanyi, penulis lagu, aktris, dan ahli perniagaan di Amerika. Beliau mencapai populariti dengan mendorong sempadan kandungan lirikal dalam muzik popular dan imejan mainstream dalam video muziknya, yang menjadi perlawanan pada MTV. Madonna dikenali kerana mencipta semula muzik dan imejnya, dan untuk mengekalkan autonominya dalam industri rakaman. Pengkritik muzik telah mengiktiraf hasil muziknya, yang menghasilkan beberapa kontroversi. Selalunya dirujuk sebagai \"Ratu Pop\", dia sering dianggap sebagai pengaruh oleh artis lain. <> Apakah nama sebenar Madonna? || Madonna Louise Ciccone <> Kapan Madonna dilahirkan? || 16 Ogos 1958 <> Mana nama lain yang Madonna selalu disebut sebagai? || Queen of Pop <> Madonna menjadi perlawanan di mana saluran TV? || MTV <> Siapa yang dikenali kerana mengekalkan autonomi dan mencipta semula imejnya dalam industri muzik? || Madonna", {"context": "Madonna Louise Ciccone (/t\u0283\u026a\u02c8ko\u028ani/; Italian: [t\u0283ik\u02c8ko\u02d0ne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the \"Queen of Pop\", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna Louise Ciccone"}], "question": "What is Madonna's real name?", "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "August 16, 1958"}], "question": "When was Madonna born?", "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Queen of Pop"}], "question": "Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?", "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?", "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?", "id": "572661f6f1498d1400e8ddc4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1978, dia keluar dari kolej dan berpindah ke New York City. Dia mempunyai sedikit wang dan bekerja sebagai pelayan di Dunkin 'Donuts dan dengan tarian tarian moden, mengambil kelas di Teater Tarian Alvin Ailey Amerika dan akhirnya tampil dengan Teater Tari Pear Lang. Madonna berkata dia berpindah ke New York, \"Ia adalah kali pertama saya pernah naik kapal terbang, kali pertama saya mendapat taksi teksi, saya datang ke sini dengan $ 35 di dalam saku saya. 'd pernah dilakukan. \" Dia mula berfungsi sebagai penari sandiwara untuk artis-artis lain yang ditubuhkan. Madonna mendakwa bahawa semasa lewat malam dia kembali dari latihan, apabila sepasang lelaki memegangnya di knifepoint dan memaksa dia untuk melakukan fellatio. Madonna kemudian mengulas bahawa \"episod adalah rasa kelemahan saya, ia menunjukkan kepada saya bahawa saya masih tidak dapat menyelamatkan diri walaupun semua acara gadis yang kuat. Saya tidak boleh melupakannya.\" <> Bilakah Madonna keluar dari kolej? || 1978 <> Restoran mana yang Madonna bekerja di New York City? || Dunkin 'Donuts <> Di manakah Madonna mengambil kelas tarian di New York City? || Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre <> Berapa banyak yang Madonna ada ketika dia pertama kali pergi ke NYC? || $ 35 <> Apa yang dia juga bekerja untuk artis-artis lain yang ditubuhkan? || penari sandaran", {"context": "In 1978, she dropped out of college and relocated to New York City. She had little money and worked as a waitress at Dunkin' Donuts and with modern dance troupes, taking classes at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and eventually performing with Pear Lang Dance Theater. Madonna said of her move to New York, \"It was the first time I'd ever taken a plane, the first time I'd ever gotten a taxi cab. I came here with $35 in my pocket. It was the bravest thing I'd ever done.\" She started to work as a backup dancer for other established artists. Madonna claimed that during a late night she was returning from a rehearsal, when a pair of men held her at knifepoint and forced her to perform fellatio. Madonna later commented that \"the episode was a taste of my weakness, it showed me that I still could not save myself in spite of all the strong-girl show. I could never forget it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did Madonna drop out of college?", "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Dunkin' Donuts"}], "question": "Which restaurant did Madonna work in New York City?", "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater"}], "question": "Where did Madonna take dance classes at in New York City?", "id": "57266b1f708984140094c54f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "$35"}], "question": "How much did Madonna have when she first went to NYC?", "id": "57266b1f708984140094c550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "backup dancer"}], "question": "What did she also work as for other established artists?", "id": "57266b1f708984140094c551"}]}], ["Semasa berkhidmat sebagai penyanyi dan penari sandaran untuk artis disko Perancis, Patrick Hernandez dalam lawatan dunia pada tahun 1979, Madonna menjadi romantik terlibat dengan pemuzik Dan Gilroy. Bersama-sama, mereka membentuk band rock pertama, Breakfast Club, yang Madonna bernyanyi dan bermain drum dan gitar. Pada tahun 1980 atau 1981 dia meninggalkan Club Breakfast dan, dengan bekas teman lelakinya, Stephen Bray sebagai pemain drum, membentuk band Emmy. Mereka mula menulis lagu bersama, dan Madonna kemudian memutuskan untuk memasarkan dirinya sebagai perbuatan solo. Muzik mereka memikat DJ dan pengeluar rekod Mark Kamins yang mengatur pertemuan antara pengasas Madonna dan Sire Records Seymour Stein. <> Tahun manakah lawatan dunia Patrick Hernandez yang diadakan? || 1979 <> Siapa Madonna mula melihat ketika dia bekerja sebagai penyanyi / penari semasa lawatan Patrick Hernandez? || Dan Gilroy <> Apakah nama band yang Madonna dan Dan Gilroy dimulakan? || Breakfast Club <> Bilakah Madonna meninggalkan Kelab Sarapan pagi? || 1980 atau 1981 <> Selepas meninggalkan Kelab Sarapan pagi, yang dia buat dengan Emmy band? || Stephen Bray", {"context": "While performing as a backup singer and dancer for the French disco artist Patrick Hernandez on his 1979 world tour, Madonna became romantically involved with musician Dan Gilroy. Together, they formed her first rock band, the Breakfast Club, for which Madonna sang and played drums and guitar. In 1980 or 1981 she left Breakfast Club and, with her former boyfriend Stephen Bray as drummer, formed the band Emmy. The two began writing songs together, and Madonna later decided to market herself as a solo act. Their music impressed DJ and record producer Mark Kamins who arranged a meeting between Madonna and Sire Records founder Seymour Stein.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "1979"}], "question": "Which year was Patrick Hernandez's world tour held?", "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Dan Gilroy"}], "question": "Who did Madonna started seeing when she worked as a back up singer/dancer during Patrick Hernandez's tour?", "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Breakfast Club"}], "question": "What was the name of the band which Madonna and Dan Gilroy started?", "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "1980 or 1981"}], "question": "When did Madonna leave the Breakfast Club?", "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Stephen Bray"}], "question": "After leaving the Breakfast Club, who did she formed the band Emmy with?", "id": "57266c4add62a815002e8474"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1966, Tony telah berkahwin dengan rumah tangga keluarga Joan Gustafson; mereka mempunyai dua orang anak, Jennifer (lahir 1967) dan Mario (lahir 1968). Pada ketika ini, Madonna mula membenci dia selama beberapa dekad, dan mengembangkan sikap memberontak. Dia menghadiri Sekolah Elementary St. Frederick dan St Andrew, dan Sekolah Menengah Barat. Madonna terkenal dengan rata-rata titik gred tinggi, dan mendapat perhatian untuk kelakuannya yang tidak konvensional. Dia akan melakukan keretapi dan handstands di lorong-lorong antara kelas, menjejakkan kaki dari lutut monyet semasa rehat, dan menarik skirtnya semasa kelas-semua supaya lelaki dapat melihat seluar dalamnya. <> Pada 1966, yang Tony menikah? || Joan Gustafson <> Nama seorang anak dari kesatuan Tony dan Joan? || Mario <> Kapan melahirkan Mario? || 1968 <> Apa nama sekolah menengah yang dihadiri Madonna? || West Middle School <> Madonna mencapai nama untuk dirinya sendiri di sekolah dengan tingkah laku yang tidak biasa dan juga apa sebab lain? || purata titik gred tinggi", {"context": "In 1966, Tony married the family's housekeeper Joan Gustafson; they had two children, Jennifer (born 1967) and Mario (born 1968). At this point, Madonna started to resent him for decades, and developed a rebellious attitude. She attended St. Frederick's and St. Andrew's Catholic Elementary Schools, and West Middle School. Madonna was known for her high grade point average, and achieved notoriety for her unconventional behavior. She would perform cartwheels and handstands in the hallways between classes, dangle by her knees from the monkey bars during recess, and pull up her skirt during class\u2014all so that the boys could see her underwear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Joan Gustafson"}], "question": "In 1966, who did Tony married?", "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Mario"}], "question": "Name one child from the union of Tony and Joan?", "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When was Mario born?", "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "West Middle School"}], "question": "What is the name of the middle school that Madonna attended?", "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "high grade point average"}], "question": "Madonna achieved a name for herself in school by her unusual behavior and also for what other reason?", "id": "57266a39dd62a815002e842e"}]}], ["Madonna berpaling kepada nenek ayahnya untuk bersedih hati. Saudara-saudara Ciccone membenci pembantu rumah dan sentiasa memberontak terhadap sesiapa yang dibawa masuk ke rumah mereka dengan kononnya untuk mengambil tempat ibu tercinta mereka. Madonna kemudian memberitahu Vanity Fair bahawa dia melihat dirinya di masa mudanya sebagai seorang gadis yang kesepian yang sedang mencari sesuatu, saya tidak memberontak dengan cara tertentu, saya peduli untuk menjadi baik pada sesuatu, saya tidak mencukur ketiak saya dan saya tidak memakai make up seperti kanak-kanak biasa tetapi saya belajar dan mendapat gred yang baik .... Saya mahu menjadi seseorang. \" Tergesa-gesa bahawa ayahnya Tony boleh diambil dari dia juga, Madonna sering tidak dapat tidur kecuali dia dekat dengannya. <> Siapa yang Madonna beralih untuk keselesaan semasa penyakit ibunya? || nenek paternal <> Bagaimana saudara-saudara Ciccone bertindak terhadap sesiapa yang dibawa ke rumah mereka untuk menggantikan ibu tercinta mereka? || memberontak <> Siapa yang memberitahu Madonna dalam wawancara bahawa sebagai seorang gadis muda, dia kesepian dan selalu mencari sesuatu? || Vanity Fair <> Takut bahawa Tony akan diambil dari dia, apa yang dia lakukan? || tidak dapat tidur kecuali dia berhampiran dengannya", {"context": "Madonna turned to her paternal grandmother for solace. The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother. Madonna later told Vanity Fair that she saw herself in her youth as a \"lonely girl who was searching for something. I wasn't rebellious in a certain way. I cared about being good at something. I didn't shave my underarms and I didn't wear make-up like normal girls do. But I studied and I got good grades.... I wanted to be somebody.\" Terrified that her father Tony could be taken from her as well, Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "paternal grandmother"}], "question": "Who did Madonna turn to for comfort during her mother's illness?", "id": "572668e2708984140094c517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "rebelled"}], "question": "How did the Ciccone siblings behaved towards anyone brought to their home to replace their beloved mother?", "id": "572668e2708984140094c518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Vanity Fair"}], "question": "Who did Madonna tell in an interview that as a young girl, she was lonely and always searching for something?", "id": "572668e2708984140094c519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "unable to sleep unless she was near him"}], "question": "Afraid that Tony would be taken from her, what does she do?", "id": "572668e2708984140094c51a"}]}], ["Setelah menjual lebih dari 300 juta rekod di seluruh dunia, Madonna diiktiraf sebagai artis rakaman wanita terlaris sepanjang zaman oleh Guinness World Records. Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika (RIAA) menyenaraikannya sebagai artis rock wanita terlaris abad ke-20 dan artis wanita terlaris kedua di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 64.5 juta album bersertifikat. Menurut Billboard, Madonna adalah artis pelukis solo paling tinggi sepanjang masa, yang memperoleh $ 1.31 bilion dari konsertnya sejak tahun 1990. Dia menduduki tempat ke dua, di belakang hanya The Beatles, di Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Artists Top, menjadikannya artis solo paling berjaya dalam sejarah carta perseorangan Amerika. Madonna menjadi salah satu daripada lima anggota pengasas Hall of Fame Muzik UK dan telah diangkat ke Hall of Fame Rock dan Roll pada tahun pertama kelayakannya. <> Berapa banyak rekod yang dilakukan Madonna menjual di seluruh dunia? || Lebih daripada 300 juta <> Madonna dikenali sebagai artis muzik wanita paling laris dengan siapa? || Guinness World Records <> Berapa banyak album bersertifikat yang dimiliki oleh Madonna? || 64,5 juta <> Sejak tahun 1990, berapa banyak Madonna membuat konsernya? || $ 1.31 bilion <> Siapa yang salah seorang ahli pendiri Hall of Fame Music UK? || Madonna", {"context": "Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "more than 300 million"}], "question": "How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?", "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e838e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Guinness World Records"}], "question": "Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?", "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e838f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "64.5 million"}], "question": "How many certified albums does Madonna have?", "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "$1.31 billion"}], "question": "Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?", "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?", "id": "572665b6dd62a815002e8392"}]}], ["Madonna berpindah dengan teman lelaki John \"Jellybean\" Benitez, meminta bantuannya untuk menyelesaikan pengeluaran album. Benitez remake kebanyakan trek dan menghasilkan \"Holiday\", yang merupakan single ketiga dan hit globalnya yang pertama. Bunyi keseluruhan Madonna tidak disengaja dan dalam bentuk disko sintetik yang bersemangat, menggunakan beberapa teknologi baru pada masa itu, seperti mesin drum Linn, bass Moog dan synthesizer OB-X. Album ini dikeluarkan pada bulan Julai 1983 dan memuncak pada angka lapan pada Billboard 200 enam bulan kemudian, pada tahun 1984. Ia menghasilkan dua lagi single hit, \"Borderline\" dan \"Lucky Star\". <> Siapa teman lelaki yang Madonna berpindah? || John \"Jellybean\" Benitez <> Siapa yang remake kebanyakan lagu Madonna? || Benitez <> Lagu mana yang pertama dilanda dunia Madonna? || Percutian <> Kapan album Madonna dibebaskan? || Julai 1983 <> Jumlah manakah album Madonna memuncak di Billboard 800 enam bulan kemudian? || lapan", {"context": "Madonna moved in with boyfriend John \"Jellybean\" Benitez, asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced \"Holiday\", which was her third single and her first global hit. The overall sound of Madonna was dissonant and in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, using some of the new technology of the time, like the Linn drum machine, Moog bass and the OB-X synthesizer. The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later, in 1984. It yielded two more hit singles, \"Borderline\" and \"Lucky Star\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "John \"Jellybean\" Benitez"}], "question": "Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?", "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Benitez"}], "question": "Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?", "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Holiday"}], "question": "Which song was Madonna's first global hit?", "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "July 1983"}], "question": "When was Madonna's album released?", "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "eight"}], "question": "Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?", "id": "57266e1e708984140094c5b9"}]}], ["Madonna memasuki filem mainstream pada bulan Februari 1985, bermula dengan penampilan ringkas sebagai penyanyi kelab dalam Vision Quest, sebuah filem drama romantis. Soundtracknya mengandungi dua perseorangan baru, nombor satu persatu A.S., \"Crazy for You\" dan \"Gambler\". Dia juga muncul dalam komedi Desperately Seeking Susan pada Mac 1985, sebuah filem yang memperkenalkan lagu \"Into the Groove\", nombor satu pertamanya di United Kingdom. Walaupun Madonna bukan pelakon utama untuk filem itu, profilnya adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga filem itu secara meluas dipertimbangkan (dan dipasarkan) sebagai kenderaan Madonna. Pengkritik filem New York Times Vincent Canby menamakannya salah satu daripada sepuluh filem terbaik pada tahun 1985. <> Bilakah Madonna memasuki filem mainstream? || Februari 1985 <> Apa nama filem drama romantis yang Madonna membintangi? || Visi Quest <> Bilakah Madonna muncul dalam komedi Desperately Mencari Susan? || Mac 1985 <> Apa nama dua perseorangan baru Madonna? || \"Crazy for You\" dan \"Gambler\" <> Apa lagu yang dilakukan oleh komedi itu dengan menggalakkan Susan menggesa? || \"Ke Groove\"", {"context": "Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, \"Crazy for You\" and \"Gambler\". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song \"Into the Groove\", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. Although Madonna was not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became considered (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "February 1985"}], "question": "When did Madonna enter mainstream films?", "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Vision Quest"}], "question": "What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?", "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "March 1985"}], "question": "When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?", "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "\"Crazy for You\" and \"Gambler\""}], "question": "What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?", "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "\"Into the Groove\""}], "question": "What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?", "id": "5726a792dd62a815002e8c1e"}]}], ["Selepas Madonna menandatangani perjanjian perseorangan dengan Sire, single debutnya, \"Everybody\", dikeluarkan pada bulan Oktober 1982, dan yang kedua, \"Burning Up\", pada bulan Mac 1983. Keduanya menjadi kelab besar di Amerika Syarikat, mencapai angka tiga pada Carta Lagu Tarian Panas Dance yang disusun oleh majalah Billboard. Selepas kejayaan ini, dia mula mengembangkan album debutnya, Madonna, yang pada dasarnya dihasilkan oleh Reggie Lucas dari Warner Bros. Walau bagaimanapun, dia tidak puas dengan trek yang lengkap dan tidak setuju dengan teknik pengeluaran Lucas, jadi memutuskan untuk mendapatkan bantuan tambahan. <> Apakah debut tunggal Madonna dipanggil? || Semua orang <> Kapan \"Semua orang\" dibebaskan? || Oktober 1982 <> Apa nama panggilan kedua? || Burning Up <> Siapa yang membuat album pertama Madonna? || Reggie Lucas dari Warner Bros <> Perseorangan tarian Madonna mencapai nombor di dalam \"Lagu Kelab Dance Hot\" oleh Majalah Billboard? || tiga", {"context": "After Madonna signed a singles deal with Sire, her debut single, \"Everybody\", was released in October 1982, and the second, \"Burning Up\", in March 1983. Both became big club hits in the United States, reaching number three on Hot Dance Club Songs chart compiled by Billboard magazine. After this success, she started developing her debut album, Madonna, which was primarily produced by Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros. However, she was not happy with the completed tracks and disagreed with Lucas' production techniques, so decided to seek additional help.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Everybody"}], "question": "What was Madonna's debut single called?", "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "October 1982"}], "question": "When was \"Everybody\" released?", "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Burning Up"}], "question": "What was the name of the second single called?", "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Reggie Lucas of Warner Bros"}], "question": "Who produced Madonna's debut album?", "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "three"}], "question": "Madonna's dance singles reached which number in the \"Hot Dance Club Songs\" by the Billboard Magazine?", "id": "57266d3cf1498d1400e8df60"}]}], ["Koleksi Immaculate, album kompilasi pertama yang dimainkan oleh Madonna, dikeluarkan pada November 1990. Ia merangkumi dua lagu baru, \"Justify My Love\" dan \"Rescue Me\". Album ini diperakui berlian oleh RIAA dan dijual lebih dari 30 juta kopi di seluruh dunia, menjadi album kompilasi terlaris oleh artis solo dalam sejarah. \"Justify My Love\" mencapai nombor satu di A.S. dan sepuluh di seluruh dunia. Video muziknya menampilkan adegan sadomasochisme, perhambaan, ciuman seks yang sama, dan bogel ringkas. Video itu dianggap terlalu seksual untuk MTV dan dilarang daripada rangkaian. Madonna bertindak balas terhadap larangan itu: \"Kenapa orang sanggup pergi dan menonton filem tentang seseorang yang ditiup ke bit tanpa alasan sama sekali, dan tiada siapa yang mahu melihat dua gadis berciuman dan dua lelaki menggeliat?\" <> Apakah album kompilasi Madonna dipanggil? || The Immaculate Collection <> Berapa banyak album yang dijual di seluruh dunia? || lebih 30 juta salinan <> Apakah salah satu tajuk lagu-lagu yang dikeluarkan dalam Koleksi Immaculate? || Justify My Love <> Mengapa MTV mengharamkan video untuk mewajarkan Cinta Saya? || terlalu jelas secara seksual <> Justify My Love mencapai nombor di carta AS? || nombor satu", {"context": "The Immaculate Collection, Madonna's first greatest-hits compilation album, was released in November 1990. It included two new songs, \"Justify My Love\" and \"Rescue Me\". The album was certified diamond by RIAA and sold over 30 million copies worldwide, becoming the best-selling compilation album by a solo artist in history. \"Justify My Love\" reached number one in the U.S. and top ten worldwide. Its music video featured scenes of sadomasochism, bondage, same-sex kissing, and brief nudity. The video was deemed too sexually explicit for MTV and was banned from the network. Madonna responded to the banning: \"Why is it that people are willing to go and watch a movie about someone getting blown to bits for no reason at all, and nobody wants to see two girls kissing and two men snuggling?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Immaculate Collection"}], "question": "What is Madonna's compilation album called?", "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "over 30 million copies"}], "question": "How many albums did it sell worldwide?", "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Justify My Love"}], "question": "What is one of the title of the songs that was released in the Immaculate Collection?", "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "too sexually explicit"}], "question": "Why did MTV ban the video for Justify My Love?", "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "number one"}], "question": "Justify My Love reached which number in the US charts?", "id": "5726ae265951b619008f7a23"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1986, Madonna mengeluarkan album studio ketiga, True Blue, yang diilhami dan ditujukan kepada Sean Penn. Majalah Rolling Stone umumnya terkesan dengan usaha itu, menulis bahawa album \"bunyi [s] seolah-olah ia berasal dari hati\". Ia menghasilkan tiga perseorangan yang menjadikannya nombor satu di Billboard Hot 100: \"Live to Tell\", \"Papa Do Not Preach\" dan \"Open Your Heart\", dan dua lagi single lima besar: \"True Blue\" dan \"La Isla Bonita\". Album itu mendahului carta di lebih dari 28 buah negara di seluruh dunia, pencapaian yang tidak pernah berlaku pada masa itu, dan menjadi album studio terlaris kerjayanya hingga kini dengan jualan 25 juta. Pada tahun yang sama, Madonna membintangi filem kritikan Shanghai Surprise, yang mana dia dianugerahi Anugerah Golden Raspberry untuk \"pelakon terburuk\". Dia membuat debut teaternya dalam pengeluaran David Rabe's Goose dan Tom-Tom; filem itu dan memainkan kedua-dua Penn bersama-sama. Tahun depan, Madonna ditonjolkan dalam filem Who's That Girl. Dia menyumbangkan empat lagu ke soundtracknya, termasuk lagu tajuk dan \"Menyebabkan Kekecohan\". <> Bilakah album ketiga Madonna dibebaskan? || Jun 1986 <> Siapa album Blue True yang dibaktikan? || Sean Penn <> Album Madonna mendahului di banyak negara di seluruh dunia? || 28 negara <> Apa penghargaan yang diterima Madonna untuk peranannya dalam filem Shanghai Surprise? || Golden Raspberry Award <> Nama soundtrack dalam filem Who's That Girl? || Menyebabkan Kerumitan", {"context": "In June 1986, Madonna released her third studio album, True Blue, which was inspired by and dedicated to Sean Penn. Rolling Stone magazine was generally impressed with the effort, writing that the album \"sound[s] as if it comes from the heart\". It resulted in three singles making it to number-one on the Billboard Hot 100: \"Live to Tell\", \"Papa Don't Preach\" and \"Open Your Heart\", and two more top-five singles: \"True Blue\" and \"La Isla Bonita\". The album topped the charts in over 28 countries worldwide, an unprecedented achievement at the time, and became her best-selling studio album of her career to this date with sales of 25 million. In the same year, Madonna starred in the critically panned film Shanghai Surprise, for which she was awarded the Golden Raspberry Award for \"worst actress\". She made her theatrical debut in a production of David Rabe's Goose and Tom-Tom; the film and play both co-starred Penn. The next year, Madonna was featured in the film Who's That Girl. She contributed four songs to its soundtrack, including the title track and \"Causing a Commotion\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1986"}], "question": "When was Madonna's third album released?", "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Sean Penn"}], "question": "Who was the album True Blue dedicated to?", "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "28 countries"}], "question": "Madonna's album topped in how many countries chart worldwide?", "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 757, "text": "Golden Raspberry Award"}], "question": "What award did Madonna receive for her role in the film Shanghai Surprise?", "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "Causing a Commotion"}], "question": "Name a soundtrack in the film Who's That Girl?", "id": "5726a9e9708984140094cd45"}]}], ["Bermula pada bulan April 1985, Madonna memulakan konsert pertamanya di Amerika Utara, The Virgin Tour, dengan Beastie Boys sebagai tindakan pembukaannya. Dia berkembang dari bermain CBGB dan Mudd Club untuk bermain arena sukan yang besar. Pada masa itu dia melepaskan dua lagi singel hit dari album, \"Angel\" dan \"Dress You Up\". Pada bulan Julai, majalah Penthouse dan Playboy menerbitkan beberapa foto bogel Madonna, yang diambil di New York pada tahun 1978. Dia telah menayangkan gambar itu kerana dia memerlukan wang pada masa itu, dan dibayar sedikit sebanyak $ 25 satu sesi. Penerbitan gambar itu menyebabkan kegemparan media, tetapi Madonna kekal \"tidak mementingkan diri dan menentang\". Gambar-gambar tersebut akhirnya dijual sehingga $ 100,000. Dia merujuk kepada acara-acara ini di konsert kebajikan Live Aid di 1985, dengan mengatakan bahawa dia tidak akan mengambil jaketnya kerana \"[media] mungkin menentang saya sepuluh tahun dari sekarang.\" <> Kembara pertama konsert Madonna di Amerika Utara? || Bermula pada bulan April 1985 <> Siapa tindakan pembukaan untuk konsert The Virgin The Madonna? || Beastie Boys <> Kapan Madonna mempunyai gambar bogel yang diambilnya di New York? || 1978 <> Berapa banyak gambar bogel Madonna yang akhirnya dijual? || sehingga $ 100,000 <> Bilakah konsert Amal Hidup Bantuan diadakan? || 1985", {"context": "Beginning in April 1985, Madonna embarked on her first concert tour in North America, The Virgin Tour, with the Beastie Boys as her opening act. She progressed from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing large sporting arenas. At that time she released two more hit singles from the album, \"Angel\" and \"Dress You Up\". In July, Penthouse and Playboy magazines published a number of nude photos of Madonna, taken in New York in 1978. She had posed for the photographs as she needed money at the time, and was paid as little as $25 a session. The publication of the photos caused a media uproar, but Madonna remained \"unapologetic and defiant\". The photographs were ultimately sold for up to $100,000. She referred to these events at the 1985 outdoor Live Aid charity concert, saying that she would not take her jacket off because \"[the media] might hold it against me ten years from now.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Beginning in April 1985"}], "question": "When was Madonna's first concert tour in North America?", "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Beastie Boys"}], "question": "Who were the opening act for Madonna's concert The Virgin tour?", "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "1978"}], "question": "When did Madonna have nude photos taken of her in New York?", "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "up to $100,000"}], "question": "How much was Madonna's nude photos were finally sold for?", "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When was the Live Aid Charity Concert held?", "id": "5726a8eef1498d1400e8e66c"}]}], ["Madonna membintangi Mahoney Breathless dalam filem Dick Tracy (1990), dengan Warren Beatty memainkan peranan tajuk. Persembahannya membawa kepada pencalonan Anugerah Saturnus untuk Pelakon Terbaik. Untuk menemani filem itu, dia mengeluarkan album lagu, Saya Breathless, yang termasuk lagu-lagu yang diilhamkan oleh persembahan filem 1930-an. Ia juga menampilkan nombor satu Amerika yang melanda \"Vogue\" dan \"Sooner or Later\", yang memperoleh penulis lagu Stephen Sondheim sebagai Anugerah Akademi untuk Lagu Original Best pada tahun 1991. Semasa merakam filem itu, Madonna memulakan hubungan dengan Beatty, yang dibubarkan oleh akhir tahun 1990. Pada April 1990, Madonna memulakan Jelajah Dunia Ambilan Blondinya, yang diadakan sehingga Ogos. Rolling Stone memanggilnya sebagai \"extravaganza provokatif secara seksual\", dan mengumumkannya sebagai \"lawatan terbaik pada tahun 1990\". Pelancongan itu menghasilkan tindak balas negatif yang kuat dari kumpulan agama untuk persembahannya \"Like a Virgin\", di mana dua penari lelaki membelai tubuhnya sebelum dia mensubrisinya melancap. Sebagai tindak balas, Madonna berkata, \"Pelancongan itu tidak menyakitkan sesiapa pun, ia adalah untuk fikiran terbuka dan menjadikan mereka melihat seksualiti dengan cara yang berbeza, mereka sendiri dan orang lain\". Pelepasan Laserdisc itu memenangi Madonna sebuah Grammy Award pada tahun 1992 untuk Video Music Formulir Terbaik. <> Dalam filem Dick Tracy, yang Madonna membintangi? || Peranan Mahoney yang tidak bernafas <> Peranan Madonna dalam Dick Tracy membawa kepada pencalonan anugerah? || Anugerah Saturnus <> Siapa yang mendapat Anugerah Akademi untuk lagu \"Vogue\" dan \"Sooner or Later?\" || Stephen Sondheim <> Bilakah hubungan Madonna dan Beatty berakhir? || akhir tahun 1990 <> Siapa yang Madonna mempunyai hubungan dengan sambil menembak filem? || Beatty", {"context": "Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in the film Dick Tracy (1990), with Warren Beatty playing the title role. Her performance led to a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress. To accompany the film, she released the soundtrack album, I'm Breathless, which included songs inspired by the film's 1930s setting. It also featured the US number-one hit \"Vogue\" and \"Sooner or Later\", which earned songwriter Stephen Sondheim an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1991. While shooting the film, Madonna began a relationship with Beatty, which dissolved by the end of 1990. In April 1990, Madonna began her Blond Ambition World Tour, which was held until August. Rolling Stone called it an \"elaborately choreographed, sexually provocative extravaganza\" and proclaimed it \"the best tour of 1990\". The tour generated strong negative reaction from religious groups for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\", during which two male dancers caressed her body before she simulated masturbation. In response, Madonna said, \"The tour in no way hurts anybody's sentiments. It's for open minds and gets them to see sexuality in a different way. Their own and others\". The Laserdisc release of the tour won Madonna a Grammy Award in 1992 for Best Long Form Music Video.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Breathless Mahoney"}], "question": "In the film Dick Tracy, who did Madonna starred as?", "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Saturn Award"}], "question": "Madonna's role in Dick Tracy led to which award nomination?", "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Stephen Sondheim"}], "question": "Who earned an Academy Award for the song \"Vogue\" and \"Sooner or Later?\" ", "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "end of 1990"}], "question": "When did Madonna and Beatty's relationship end?", "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Beatty"}], "question": "Who did Madonna have a relationship with while shooting the film?", "id": "5726ad3c5951b619008f79de"}]}], ["Pandangan Madonna dan gaya berpakaian, persembahannya, dan video muziknya mempengaruhi gadis dan wanita muda. Gayanya menjadi salah satu trend fesyen wanita pada tahun 1980-an. Dicipta oleh stylist dan pereka perhiasan Maripol, rupa terdiri daripada topeng renda, skirt lebih celana capri, stoking langgai, perhiasan yang mengandungi salib, gelang, dan rambut yang terputus. Madonna mencapai pengiktirafan global selepas melepaskan album studio keduanya, Like a Virgin, pada bulan November 1984. Ia mendahului carta di beberapa negara dan menjadi album nombor satu pertamanya di Billboard 200. Lagu tajuk, \"Like a Virgin\" mendahului carta Billboard Hot 100 selama enam minggu berturut-turut. Ia menarik perhatian organisasi yang mengadu bahawa lagu dan video yang menyertainya telah mempromosikan hubungan seks sebelum berumah tangga dan menjejaskan nilai keluarga, dan moralis berusaha untuk menghalang lagu dan video. <> Siapa yang kelihatan dan gaya pengaruh berpakaian Madonna? || gadis dan wanita muda <> Kapan gaya Madonna menjadi trend fesyen? || 1980-an <> Siapa pereka stylist dan perhiasan yang membuat rupa Madonna? || Maripol <> Bilakah Madonna mencapai pengiktirafan global? || November 1984 <> Berapa lamakah \"Like a Virgin\" tinggal di Billboard 100? || enam minggu berturut-turut", {"context": "Madonna's look and style of dressing, her performances, and her music videos influenced young girls and women. Her style became one of the female fashion trends of the 1980s. Created by stylist and jewelry designer Maripol, the look consisted of lace tops, skirts over capri pants, fishnet stockings, jewelry bearing the crucifix, bracelets, and bleached hair. Madonna achieved global recognition after the release of her second studio album, Like a Virgin, in November 1984. It topped the charts in several countries and became her first number one album on the Billboard 200. The title track, \"Like a Virgin\", topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six consecutive weeks. It attracted the attention of organizations who complained that the song and its accompanying video promoted premarital sex and undermined family values, and moralists sought to have the song and video banned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "young girls and women"}], "question": "Who did Madonna's look and style of dressing influence?", "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When did Madonna's style become a fashion trend?", "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Maripol"}], "question": "Who is the stylist and jewellery designer that created Madonna's look?", "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "November 1984"}], "question": "When did Madonna achieve global recognition?", "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "six consecutive weeks"}], "question": "How long did \"Like a Virgin\" stayed on the Billboard 100?", "id": "57269c15dd62a815002e8b0c"}]}], ["Madonna dikritik kerana persembahannya \"Like a Virgin\" pada tahun 1984 pertama MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). Dia muncul di atas pentas di atas kek perkahwinan gergasi, mengenakan gaun pengantin dan sarung tangan putih. Pencapaian itu dicatatkan oleh MTV sebagai momen ikonik dalam sejarah VMA. Pada tahun-tahun kemudian, Madonna berkomentar bahawa dia terkejut dengan persembahan itu. Pukul seterusnya adalah \"Material Girl\" yang dipromosikan oleh videonya, sebuah mimicry daripada prestasi Marilyn Monroe lagu \"Diamonds Are a Best Friend Girl\" dari filem lelaki Gentlemen Prefer Blondes pada tahun 1953. Semasa membuat penggambaran video ini, Madonna mula bertarikh pelakon Sean Penn. Mereka berkahwin pada hari lahirnya pada tahun 1985. Seperti seorang Virgin telah diperakui berlian oleh Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika dan menjual lebih daripada 25 juta kopi di seluruh dunia. Pada bulan Februari 1984, menurut pengarah filem Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna mengikuti audisi di Royale Theatre di Broadway untuk peranan tarian dalam versi filemnya A Chorus Line menggunakan nama kelahirannya Ciccone, tetapi dia menolaknya. <> Madonna dikritik kerana prestasinya lagu di VMA? || \"Seperti seorang Perawan\" <> Apa yang Madonna memakai semasa persembahan \"Like A Virgin\" di VMA? || sebuah gaun pengantin <> Video beliau \"Bahan Girl\" adalah tiruan yang lagu penyanyi itu, \"Berlian adalah teman terbaik gadis?\" || Marilyn Monroe <> Bilakah Madonna berkahwin dengan Sean Penn? || pada hari lahirnya pada tahun 1985 <> Bilakah Madonna mengikuti audisi untuk peranan tarian dalam rancangan \"A Chorus Line?\" || Februari 1984", {"context": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of \"Like a Virgin\" at the first 1984 MTV Video Music Awards (VMA). She appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake, wearing a wedding dress and white gloves. The performance is noted by MTV as an iconic moment in VMA history. In later years, Madonna commented that she was terrified of the performance. The next hit was \"Material Girl\" promoted by her video, a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. While filming this video, Madonna started dating actor Sean Penn. They married on her birthday in 1985. Like a Virgin was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America and sold more than 25 million copies worldwide. In February 1984, according to the film director Sir Richard Attenborough, Madonna auditioned at the Royale Theatre on Broadway for a dance role in his movie version of A Chorus Line using her birth-name of Ciccone, but he rejected her.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "\"Like a Virgin\""}], "question": "Madonna was criticized for her performance of which song in the VMA?", "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "a wedding dress"}], "question": "What was Madonna wearing during the performance of \"Like A Virgin\" at the VMA?", "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Marilyn Monroe"}], "question": "Her video of \"Material Girl\" was an imitation of which singer's song, \"Diamonds are a girl's best friend?\"", "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "on her birthday in 1985"}], "question": "When did Madonna married Sean Penn?", "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "February 1984"}], "question": "When did Madonna audition for a dance role in the show \"A Chorus Line?\" ", "id": "57269d8ff1498d1400e8e4fc"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1989, Madonna menandatangani perjanjian pengesahan dengan pengeluar minuman ringan, Pepsi. Dalam salah satu iklan Pepsi, dia memulakan lagunya \"Like a prayer\". Video muzik yang sepadan menampilkan banyak simbol Katolik seperti stigma dan pembakaran salib, dan mimpi bercinta kepada seorang kudus, yang mengetuai Vatikan untuk mengutuk video tersebut. Kumpulan agama cuba mengharamkan produk Pepsi komersial dan boikot. Pepsi membatalkan komersil dan membatalkan kontrak penajaannya. Lagu itu dimasukkan ke dalam album studio keempat Madonna, Seperti Doa, yang ditulis bersama dan dihasilkan oleh Patrick Leonard dan Stephen Bray. Madonna menerima maklum balas positif untuk album itu, dengan Rolling Stone menulis bahawa ia \"hampir dengan seni sebagai muzik pop mendapat\". Seperti Doa yang memuncak pada nombor satu di Billboard 200 dan dijual 15 juta salinan di seluruh dunia, dengan 4 juta salinan dijual di A.S. sahaja. Enam perseorangan dilepaskan dari album, termasuk \"Seperti Doa\", yang mencapai nombor satu, dan \"Express Yourself\" dan \"Cherish\", kedua-duanya memuncak pada nombor dua. Menjelang akhir 1980-an, Madonna dinamakan sebagai \"Artis Dekad\" oleh majalah MTV, Billboard dan Musician. <> Bilakah Madonna menandatangani perjanjian sokongan dengan Pepsi? || Januari 1989 <> Dengan video baru Madonna, Seperti Doa, penghujatan yang digambarkan dalam video menyebabkan apa akibatnya? || membatalkan kontrak penajaannya <> Siapa yang menulis dan mencipta lagu itu, Seperti A Doa? || Patrick Leonard dan Stephen Bray. <> Berapa banyak salinan yang dibuat Seperti Suatu Doa yang dijual di seluruh dunia? || 15 juta salinan <> Bilakah Madonna bernama \"Artis Dekad\" oleh MTV, Billboard dan Musician Magazine? || akhir 1980-an", {"context": "In January 1989, Madonna signed an endorsement deal with soft-drink manufacturer, Pepsi. In one of her Pepsi commercials, she debuted her song \"Like a Prayer\". The corresponding music video featured many Catholic symbols such as stigmata and cross burning, and a dream of making love to a saint, leading the Vatican to condemn the video. Religious groups sought to ban the commercial and boycott Pepsi products. Pepsi revoked the commercial and canceled her sponsorship contract. The song was included on Madonna's fourth studio album, Like a Prayer, which was co-written and co-produced by Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray. Madonna received positive feedback for the album, with Rolling Stone writing that it was \"as close to art as pop music gets\". Like a Prayer peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and sold 15 million copies worldwide, with 4 million copies sold in the U.S. alone. Six singles were released from the album, including \"Like a Prayer\", which reached number one, and \"Express Yourself\" and \"Cherish\", both peaking at number two. By the end of the 1980s, Madonna was named as the \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician magazine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 1989"}], "question": "When did Madonna sign an endorsement deal with Pepsi?", "id": "5726abddf1498d1400e8e6c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "canceled her sponsorship contract"}], "question": "With Madonna's new video, Like A Prayer, the blasphemy that she portrayed in the video led to what consequences?", "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray."}], "question": "Who co-written and co-produced the song, Like A Prayer?", "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "15 million copies"}], "question": "How many copies did Like A Prayer sell worldwide?", "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "end of the 1980s"}], "question": "When was Madonna named \"Artist of the Decade\" by MTV, Billboard and Musician Magazine?", "id": "5726abdef1498d1400e8e6c4"}]}], ["Album itu mendapat pujian kritikal. Ray of Light dihormati dengan empat Anugerah Grammy. Pada tahun 2003, Slant Magazine memanggilnya sebagai \"salah satu karya pop yang hebat dalam '90s\" dan Rolling Stone menyenaraikannya di antara \"The 500 Album Terbesar Sepanjang Masa\". Secara komersil, album itu memuncak di nombor satu di banyak negara dan menjual lebih daripada 16 juta kopi di seluruh dunia. Single pertama album, \"Frozen\", menjadi single pertama Madonna untuk debut di nombor satu di UK, manakala di A.S. ia menjadi nomor enam keenamnya, menetapkan rekod lain untuk Madonna sebagai artis dengan jumlah paling banyak dua hits. Single kedua, \"Ray of Light\", memulakan debutnya di nombor lima di Billboard Hot 100. <> Berapa banyak penghargaan Emmy yang dimenangi oleh Ray of Light? || empat <> Siapa yang menyenaraikan Ray of Light sebagai \"The 500 Album Terbesar Sepanjang Masa?\" || Rolling Stone <> Berapa banyak album yang dijual Ray of Light di seluruh dunia? || 16 juta salinan <> Yang tunggal di dalam album menjadikannya nombor satu di UK? || Frozen <> Debut tunggal Ray of Light di mana jumlah Billboard Hot 100? || lima", {"context": "The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it \"one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s\" and Rolling Stone listed it among \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, \"Frozen\", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, \"Ray of Light\", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?", "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "Who listed Ray of Light as \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?\"", "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "16 million copies"}], "question": "How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?", "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Frozen"}], "question": "Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?", "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "five"}], "question": "The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?", "id": "5726d4445951b619008f7f4f"}]}], ["Edisi Guinness Book of World Records 1998 menyatakan: \"Tiada artis wanita telah menjual lebih banyak rekod daripada Madonna di seluruh dunia\". Pada tahun 1999 Madonna menandatangani untuk memainkan seorang guru biola dalam filem Music of the Heart tetapi meninggalkan projek itu, memetik \"perbezaan kreatif\" dengan pengarah Wes Craven. Dia mencatatkan satu \"Orang Cantik Cantik\" untuk filem Austin Powers pada tahun 1999: The Spy Who Shagged Me. Ia mencapai nombor 19 di Hot 100 semata-mata di radio airplay. Madonna memenangi Anugerah Grammy untuk \"Lagu Terbaik Ditulis untuk Gambar Gerakan, Televisyen atau Media Visual Lain\". <> Edisi Buku Rekod Dunia Guinness menyatakan bahawa tiada artis perempuan menjual lebih banyak rekod daripada Madonna? || 1998 <> Projek filem mana yang Madonna meninggalkan kerana perbezaan dengan pengarah? || Muzik Jantung <> Siapa Pengarah Muzik Jantung? || Wes Craven <> Filem mana yang dilakukan oleh Madonna untuk mencatat Stranger Cantik tunggal? || Stranger Cantik <> Anugerah mana yang Madonna menang untuk single \"Cantik Orang Cantik?\" || Anugerah Grammy", {"context": "The 1998 edition of Guinness Book of World Records stated: \"No female artist has sold more records than Madonna around the world\". In 1999 Madonna signed to play a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart but left the project, citing \"creative differences\" with director Wes Craven. She recorded the single \"Beautiful Stranger\" for the 1999 film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me. It reached number 19 on the Hot 100 solely on radio airplay. Madonna won a Grammy Award for \"Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1998"}], "question": "Which edition of the Guinness Book of World Record states that no female artist sold more records than Madonna?", "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Music of the Heart"}], "question": "Which film project did Madonna leave because of differences with the director?", "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Wes Craven"}], "question": "Who was the director of Music of the Heart?", "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Beautiful Stranger"}], "question": "Which film did Madonna record the single Beautiful Stranger for?", "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Grammy Award"}], "question": "Which award did Madonna win for the single \"Beautiful Stranger?\"", "id": "5726d525708984140094d2b9"}]}], ["Dia bertemu dengan pengarah Guy Ritchie, yang akan menjadi suaminya yang kedua, pada bulan November 1998 dan melahirkan anak mereka Rocco John Ritchie pada 11 Ogos 2000 di Los Angeles. Rocco dan Madonna mengalami komplikasi sejak lahir kerana mengalami praevia plasenta. Dia dibaptis di Katedral Dornoch di Dornoch, Scotland, pada 21 Disember 2000. Madonna menikahi Ritchie pada hari berikutnya di Kastil Skibo yang berdekatan. Pelancaran konsertnya yang kelima, berjudul Drowned World Tour, bermula pada bulan Jun 2001. Lawatan itu melawat bandar-bandar di A.S. dan Eropah dan merupakan konsert tur paling tinggi sepanjang tahun oleh seorang artis solo, menghasilkan $ 75 juta daripada 47 acara yang dijual. Dia juga mengeluarkan koleksi hit paling besar kedua, bertajuk GHV2, bertepatan dengan pelepasan video di rumah. GHV2 memulakan debutnya di nombor tujuh di Billboard 200. <> Siapa suami kedua Madonna? || Guy Ritchie <> Bilakah Madonna berkahwin dengan Guy Ritchie? || 21 Disember 2000. <> Bilakah Rocco John Ritchie dilahirkan? || 11 Ogos 2000 <> Apa jenis komplikasi kelahiran yang Madonna menderita ketika dilahirkan? || plasenta praevia <> Bilakah permulaan Madonna's World Drowned Tour? || Jun 2001", {"context": "She met director Guy Ritchie, who would become her second husband, in November 1998 and gave birth to their son Rocco John Ritchie on August 11, 2000 in Los Angeles. Rocco and Madonna suffered complications from the birth due to her experiencing placenta praevia. He was christened at Dornoch Cathedral in Dornoch, Scotland, on December 21, 2000. Madonna married Ritchie the following day at nearby Skibo Castle. Her fifth concert tour, titled Drowned World Tour, started in June 2001. The tour visited cities in the U.S. and Europe and was the highest-grossing concert tour of the year by a solo artist, earning $75 million from 47 sold-out shows. She also released her second greatest-hits collection, titled GHV2, to coincide with the home video release of the tour. GHV2 debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Guy Ritchie"}], "question": "Who is Madonna's second husband?", "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "December 21, 2000."}], "question": "When did Madonna marry Guy Ritchie?", "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "August 11, 2000"}], "question": "When was Rocco John Ritchie born?", "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d2ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "placenta praevia"}], "question": "What type of birth complications did Madonna suffer at birth?", "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "June 2001"}], "question": "When did Madonna's Drowned World Tour start?", "id": "5726d6ef708984140094d301"}]}], ["Pada bulan September 1993, Madonna memulakan The Girlie Show World Tour, di mana dia berpakaian sebagai dominat cambuk yang dikelilingi oleh penari tanpa alas. Di Puerto Rico dia menggosok bendera pulau di antara kaki di atas panggung, menyebabkan kemarahan di kalangan penonton. Pada bulan Mac 1994, dia muncul sebagai tetamu pada Show Late dengan David Letterman, menggunakan pelacuran yang memerlukan penapisan di televisyen, dan menyerahkan Letterman sepasang seluar dalamnya dan meminta dia menciumnya. Siaran filem, album dan buku seksnya yang eksplisit, dan penampilan yang agresif di Letterman semuanya membuat pengkritik bertanya kepada Madonna sebagai penentang seksual. Pengkritik dan peminat bertindak balas negatif, yang berkomentar bahawa \"dia sudah terlalu jauh\" dan bahawa kerjayanya sudah berakhir. <> Ketika itu The Girlie Show World Tour? || September 1993 <> Apa Madonna berpakaian untuk lawatan itu? || dominatrix cracking <> Di mana negara itu Madonna menggosok bendera negara di antara pahanya yang marah orang ramai? || Puerto Rico <> Apa yang Madonna berikan kepada Letterman untuk mencium dalam pertunjukan lewat malam yang mencetuskan keributan? || sepasang seluar dalamnya <> Apa yang dikatakan pengkritik Madonna selepas menunjukkan Letterman? || seorang penentang seksual", {"context": "In September 1993, Madonna embarked on The Girlie Show World Tour, in which she dressed as a whip-cracking dominatrix surrounded by topless dancers. In Puerto Rico she rubbed the island's flag between her legs on stage, resulting in outrage among the audience. In March 1994, she appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman, using profanity that required censorship on television, and handing Letterman a pair of her panties and asking him to smell it. The releases of her sexually explicit films, albums and book, and the aggressive appearance on Letterman all made critics question Madonna as a sexual renegade. Critics and fans reacted negatively, who commented that \"she had gone too far\" and that her career was over.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "September 1993"}], "question": "When was The Girlie Show World Tour?", "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "whip-cracking dominatrix"}], "question": "What was Madonna dressed in for the tour?", "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Puerto Rico"}], "question": "In which country did Madonna rubbed the country's flag between her thighs that anger the public?", "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "a pair of her panties"}], "question": "What did Madonna give to Letterman to smell in his late night show that created an uproar?", "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "a sexual renegade"}], "question": "What did the critics call Madonna after the Letterman show?", "id": "5726cf30f1498d1400e8ebe6"}]}], ["Album studio ketujuh Madonna, Ray of Light, (1998) mencerminkan perubahan dalam imejnya. Beliau berkolaborasi dengan produser electronica William Orbit dan ingin mencipta bunyi yang dapat menggabungkan muzik tarian dengan rock pop dan British. Pengkritik muzik Amerika, Ann Powers, menjelaskan apa yang dicari oleh Madonna dengan Orbit \"adalah sejenis kegembiraan yang dia mahukan untuk rekod ini, Techno dan rave yang berlaku pada tahun 90-an dan mempunyai banyak bentuk yang berbeza. barang-barang seperti Aphex Twin, ada parti seperti Fatboy Slim, itu bukan apa yang Madonna inginkan untuk ini, dia mahukan sesuatu yang lebih seperti penyanyi-pencipta lagu, dan William Orbit memberikannya dengan itu. \" <> Apakah nama album ketujuh Madonna itu? || Ray of Light <> Tahun apakah \"Ray of Light\" dilepaskan? || 1998 <> Pengeluar elektronika mana yang Madonna bekerjasama dengan Ray of Light? || William Orbit <> Jenis muzik mana yang popular pada tahun 90-an? || Techno dan rave", {"context": "Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light, (1998) reflected a change in her image. She collaborated with electronica producer William Orbit and wanted to create a sound that could blend dance music with pop and British rock. American music critic Ann Powers explained that what Madonna searched for with Orbit \"was a kind of a lushness that she wanted for this record. Techno and rave was happening in the 90's and had a lot of different forms. There was very experimental, more hard stuff like Aphex Twin. There was party stuff like Fatboy Slim. That's not what Madonna wanted for this. She wanted something more like a singer-songwriter, really. And William Orbit provided her with that.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Ray of Light"}], "question": "What is the name of Madonna's seventh album?", "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year was \"Ray of Light\" released?", "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "William Orbit"}], "question": "Which electronica producer did Madonna team up with for Ray of Light?", "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Techno and rave"}], "question": "Which type of music was popular during the 90s?", "id": "5726d340dd62a815002e9177"}]}], ["Biografi J. Randy Taraborrelli menggambarkan balada beliau \"Saya Akan Ingat\" (1994) sebagai percubaan untuk menenangkan imej provokatifnya. Lagu itu direkodkan untuk filem Alek Keshishian With Honors. Dia menampakkan diri dengan Letterman di pameran anugerah dan muncul di The Tonight Show dengan Jay Leno setelah menyedari bahawa dia perlu menukar arah muziknya untuk mengekalkan popularitasnya. Dengan album studio keenamnya, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna menggunakan imej yang lebih lembut untuk cuba meningkatkan persepsi masyarakat. Album debutnya di tangga ketiga di Billboard 200 dan menghasilkan empat perseorangan, termasuk \"Secret\" dan \"Take a Bow\", yang mendahului Hot 100 selama tujuh minggu, masa terpanjang mana-mana single Madonna. Pada masa yang sama, dia menjadi romantis dengan pelatih kecergasan Carlos Leon. Sesuatu untuk Ingat, kumpulan ballad, dikeluarkan pada bulan November 1995. Album ini menampilkan tiga lagu baru: \"You'll See\", \"One More Chance\", dan satu cover dari \"I Want You\" oleh Marvin Gaye. <> Yang penulis biografi menggambarkan lagunya \"Saya akan Ingat\" ketika cuba membersihkan imej Madonna? || J. Randy Taraborrelli <> Lagu \"Saya Akan Ingat\" dirakamkan untuk filem mana? || Dengan Kepujian <> Apa nama album keenam Madonna? || Cerita Waktu Tidur <> Satu \"Take A Bow\" tunggal di Hot 100 untuk berapa minggu? || tujuh minggu <> Siapa pelatih kecergasan yang Madonna terlibat? || Carlos Leon", {"context": "Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli described her ballad \"I'll Remember\" (1994) as an attempt to tone down her provocative image. The song was recorded for Alek Keshishian's film With Honors. She made a subdued appearance with Letterman at an awards show and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno after realizing that she needed to change her musical direction in order to sustain her popularity. With her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories (1994), Madonna employed a softer image to try to improve the public perception. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 and produced four singles, including \"Secret\" and \"Take a Bow\", the latter topping the Hot 100 for seven weeks, the longest period of any Madonna single. At the same time, she became romantically involved with fitness trainer Carlos Leon. Something to Remember, a collection of ballads, was released in November 1995. The album featured three new songs: \"You'll See\", \"One More Chance\", and a cover of Marvin Gaye's \"I Want You\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "J. Randy Taraborrelli"}], "question": "Which biographer described her song \"I'll Remember\" as trying to clean up Madonna's image?", "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "With Honors"}], "question": "The song \"I'll Remember\" was recorded for which film?", "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Bedtime Stories"}], "question": "What was Madonna's sixth album named?", "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "seven weeks"}], "question": "The single \"Take A Bow\" was at the Hot 100 for how many weeks?", "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e9119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "Carlos Leon"}], "question": "Who was the fitness trainer that Madonna was involved with?", "id": "5726d075dd62a815002e911a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, Madonna membintangi filem The Next Best Thing, dan menyumbangkan dua lagu untuk soundtrack filem itu; \"Time Stood Still\" dan satu cover lagu 1971 Don McLean \"American Pie\". Dia melancarkan album studio kelapannya, Muzik, pada bulan September 2000. Ia menampilkan unsur-unsur dari era Ray of Light yang diilhami oleh elektronika, dan seperti pendahulunya, menerima pujian daripada pengkritik. Berkolaborasi dengan produser Perancis Mirwais Ahmadza\u00ef, Madonna berkomentar: \"Saya suka bekerja dengan pelangi yang tidak diketahui siapa-siapa-siapa yang mempunyai bakat mentah dan yang membuat muzik tidak seperti orang lain di luar sana. Muzik adalah masa depan suara.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine dari AllMusic merasakan bahawa \"Muzik bertiup dengan tergesa-gesa kaleidoskopik warna, teknik, gaya dan bahan. Ia mempunyai banyak kedalaman dan lapisan yang mudah difahami dan bersungguh-sungguh sebagai Ray of Light.\" Album itu mengambil kedudukan nombor satu di lebih daripada 20 negara di seluruh dunia dan menjual empat juta salinan dalam sepuluh hari pertama. Di A.S., Muzik memulakan kerjaya di bahagian atas, dan menjadi album nombor satu pertamanya dalam sebelas tahun sejak Seperti Doa. Ia menghasilkan tiga perseorangan: nombor 100 Hot one \"Music\", \"Do not Tell Me\", dan \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\". Video muzik \"Apa Yang Terasa Seperti Seorang Gadis\" menggambarkan Madonna melakukan perbuatan kejahatan dan vandalisme, dan diharamkan oleh MTV dan VH1. <> Apakah filem yang dibintangkan oleh Madonna pada tahun 2000? || The Next Thing <> Apa nama soundtrack filem itu dipanggil? || Masa Tetap Masih <> Apakah album kelapan Madonna dipanggil? || Muzik <> Bilakah \"Muzik\" dibebaskan? || September 2000 <> Berapa banyak album yang dijual \"Muzik\" dalam 10 hari pertama? || empat juta", {"context": "In 2000, Madonna starred in the film The Next Best Thing, and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack; \"Time Stood Still\" and a cover of Don McLean's 1971 song \"American Pie\". She released her eighth studio album, Music, in September 2000. It featured elements from the electronica-inspired Ray of Light era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadza\u00ef, Madonna commented: \"I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about\u2014the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. Music is the future of sound.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that \"Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest as Ray of Light.\" The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days. In the U.S., Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since Like a Prayer. It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number one \"Music\", \"Don't Tell Me\", and \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\". The music video of \"What It Feels Like for a Girl\" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "The Next Best Thing"}], "question": "What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?", "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Time Stood Still"}], "question": "What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?", "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Music"}], "question": "What was Madonna's eighth album called?", "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "September 2000"}], "question": "When was \"Music\" released?", "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "four million"}], "question": "How many albums did \"Music\" sell in the first 10 days?", "id": "5726d5f8dd62a815002e91cc"}]}], ["Dalam Evita (1996), Madonna memainkan peranan utama Eva Per\u00f3n. Untuk masa yang lama, Madonna telah berkeinginan untuk bermain Per\u00f3n dan menulis kepada pengarah Alan Parker untuk menjelaskan mengapa dia akan menjadi sempurna untuk bahagian itu. Beliau berkata kemudian, \"Ini adalah peranan saya dilahirkan untuk bermain, saya meletakkan segalanya daripada saya kerana ini lebih daripada peranan dalam filem. Ia sangat menggembirakan dan menakutkan pada masa yang sama ..... Dan saya Saya bangga dengan Evita daripada apa yang telah saya lakukan. \" Selepas mendapat peranan, dia mendapat latihan vokal dan belajar tentang sejarah Argentina dan Per\u00f3n. Semasa menembak, dia menjadi sakit beberapa kali kerana usaha emosi yang sengit diperlukan. Bagaimanapun, ketika dia memberitahu Oprah, dia juga hamil semasa penggambaran filem itu: \"Saya tersentak selepas setiap mengambil saya terpaksa berbaring di sofa setiap sepuluh minit supaya saya dapat pulih dari mantra pusing, saya bimbang saya menggigil bayi sekitar terlalu banyak dan yang akan mencederakannya dalam beberapa cara. \" Madonna menulis dalam buku hariannya pada masa itu: \"Ironinya, perasaan lemah dan kelemahan ini membantu saya dalam filem. Saya pasti Evita merasakan cara ini setiap hari dalam hidupnya apabila dia mendapati dia sakit.\" <> Dalam filem Evita, siapa yang bermain Madonna? || Eva Per\u00f3n <> Yang pengarah Madonna menulis untuk mengatakan bahawa dia sempurna untuk bahagian Eva Peron? || Alan Parker <> Bilakah Madonna hamil? || Semasa menembak <> Selepas mendapat peranan Evita, apakah latihan yang dilakukan oleh Madonna? || latihan vokal", {"context": "In Evita (1996), Madonna played the title role of Eva Per\u00f3n. For a long time, Madonna had desired to play Per\u00f3n and wrote to director Alan Parker to explain why she would be perfect for the part. She said later, \"This is the role I was born to play. I put everything of me into this because it was much more than a role in a movie. It was exhilarating and intimidating at the same time..... And I am prouder of Evita than anything else I have done.\" After securing the role, she had vocal training and learned about the history of Argentina and Per\u00f3n. During shooting she became ill several times due to the intense emotional effort required. However, as she told Oprah, she was also pregnant during the filming: \"I was winded after every take. I had to lie on the couch every ten minutes so I could recover from dizzy spells, I was worried that I was shaking the baby around too much and that would injure it in some way.\" Madonna wrote in her personal diary at the time: \"Ironically, this feeling of vulnerability and weakness is helping me in the movie. I'm sure Evita felt this way every day of her life once she discovered she was ill.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Eva Per\u00f3n"}], "question": "In the film Evita, who did Madonna play?", "id": "5726d16c708984140094d225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Alan Parker"}], "question": "Which director did Madonna write to saying that she was perfect for the part of Eva Peron?", "id": "5726d16c708984140094d226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "During shooting"}], "question": "When was Madonna pregnant?", "id": "5726d16c708984140094d227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "vocal training"}], "question": "After securing the role of Evita, what kind of training did Madonna have?", "id": "5726d16c708984140094d228"}]}], ["Selepas pembebasannya, Evita mendapat penghargaan kritikal. Zach Conner dari majalah Time mengomentari, \"Ia adalah satu kelegaan untuk mengatakan bahawa Evita agak sihat, baik dilakonkan dengan baik dan visualisasikan.\" Madonna sekali lagi mengelirukan harapan kami. Dia bermain Evita dengan keletihan yang pedih dan mempunyai lebih daripada sekadar sedikit kualiti bintang Cinta atau membenci Madonna-Eva, dia adalah magnet untuk semua mata. \" Madonna memenangi Anugerah Golden Globe untuk Pelakon Terbaik dalam Motion Picture Musical or Comedy untuk peranannya. Dia mengeluarkan tiga perseorangan dari album soundtrack Evita, termasuk \"You Must Love Me\" (yang memenangi Anugerah Akademi untuk Lagu Original Best pada tahun 1997) dan \"Do not Cry for Me Argentina\". Madonna kemudiannya dibawakan Anugerah Pencapaian Artis oleh Tony Bennett di Anugerah Muzik Billboard 1996. Pada 14 Oktober 1996, Madonna melahirkan Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, anak perempuannya dengan Leon. Biografi Mary Cross menulis bahawa walaupun Madonna sering sakit semasa penggambaran dan bimbang bahawa kehamilannya akan membahayakan filem itu, dia mencapai beberapa matlamat peribadi penting: \"Sekarang berusia 38 tahun, Madonna telah akhirnya berjaya dalam skrin dan mencapai impiannya untuk mempunyai kanak-kanak, kedua-duanya pada tahun yang sama. Dia telah mencapai satu lagi titik dalam kerjayanya, mencipta semula dirinya dan imejnya dengan orang ramai. \" Hubungannya dengan Carlos Leon berakhir pada Mei 1997; dia mengisytiharkan bahawa mereka \"lebih baik sebagai sahabat terbaik.\" Selepas kelahiran Lourdes, Madonna terlibat dalam mistikisme Timur dan Kabbalah. Dia diperkenalkan kepada mistisisme Yahudi oleh pelakon Sandra Bernhard pada tahun 1997. <> Siapa dari majalah Times memberikan kritikan yang sangat baik dalam filem Evita? || Zach Conner <> Anugerah apa yang Madonna menang untuk filem Evita? || Anugerah Golden Globe <> Bilakah anak perempuan Madonna dilahirkan? || 14 Oktober 1996 <> Apa nama anak Madonna? || Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon <> Bilakah hubungan Madonna dengan Carlos Leon berakhir? || Mei 1997", {"context": "After its release, Evita garnered critical appreciation. Zach Conner from Time magazine commented, \"It's a relief to say that Evita is pretty damn fine, well cast and handsomely visualized. Madonna once again confounds our expectations. She plays Evita with a poignant weariness and has more than just a bit of star quality. Love or hate Madonna-Eva, she is a magnet for all eyes.\" Madonna won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for the role. She released three singles from the Evita soundtrack album, including \"You Must Love Me\" (which won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1997) and \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\". Madonna was later presented with the Artist Achievement Award by Tony Bennett at the 1996 Billboard Music Awards. On October 14, 1996, Madonna gave birth to Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon, her daughter with Leon. Biographer Mary Cross writes that although Madonna was often ill during the filming and worried that her pregnancy would harm the film, she reached some important personal goals: \"Now 38 years old, Madonna had at last triumphed on screen and achieved her dream of having a child, both in the same year. She had reached another turning point in her career, reinventing herself and her image with the public.\" Her relationship with Carlos Leon ended in May 1997; she declared that they were \"better off as best friends.\" After Lourdes' birth, Madonna became involved in Eastern mysticism and Kabbalah. She was introduced to Jewish mysticism by actress Sandra Bernhard in 1997.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Zach Conner"}], "question": "Who from Times magazine gave an excellent critique of the film Evita?", "id": "5726d261708984140094d25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Golden Globe Award"}], "question": "What award did Madonna win for the film Evita?", "id": "5726d261708984140094d25e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "October 14, 1996"}], "question": "When was Madonna's daughter born?", "id": "5726d261708984140094d25f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Lourdes Maria Ciccone Leon"}], "question": "What is the name of Madonna's daughter?", "id": "5726d261708984140094d260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1325, "text": "May 1997"}], "question": "When did Madonna's relationship with Carlos Leon ended?", "id": "5726d261708984140094d261"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1992, Madonna mempunyai peranan dalam A League of Own mereka sebagai Mae Mordabito, pemain besbol pada pasukan wanita semua. Dia merakamkan lagu tema filem, \"Ini Digunakan untuk Menjadi Taman Bermain Saya\", yang menjadi hit 100 nombor satu. Pada tahun yang sama, beliau mengasaskan syarikat hiburannya sendiri, Maverick, yang terdiri daripada syarikat rekod (Maverick Records), sebuah syarikat pengeluaran filem (Maverick Films), dan penerbitan muzik yang berkaitan, penyiaran televisyen, penerbitan buku dan bahagian dagangan. Perjanjian itu merupakan usahasama dengan Time Warner dan membayar Madonna sebanyak $ 60 juta. Ia memberikan royalti 20% dari prosiding muzik, salah satu daripada kadar tertinggi dalam industri, sama dengan masa royalti Michael Jackson yang ditubuhkan tahun lalu dengan Sony. Pembebasan pertama dari usaha itu adalah buku Madonna, berjudul Seks. Ia terdiri daripada imej-imej provokatif seksual dan eksplisit, yang difoto oleh Steven Meisel. Buku itu menerima tindak balas negatif yang kuat dari media dan orang awam, tetapi menjual 1.5 juta salinan pada $ 50 setiap satu dalam masa beberapa hari. Pada masa yang sama, dia melancarkan album studio kelimanya, Erotica, yang debutnya di tangga kedua di Billboard 200. Lagu tajuknya memuncak pada nombor tiga di Billboard Hot 100. Erotica juga menghasilkan lima perseorangan: \"Deeper and Deeper\", \"Bad Girl \",\" Demam \",\" Hujan \"dan\" Bayi Bye Bye \". Madonna mempunyai imej provokatif yang dipaparkan dalam sensasi erotik, Body of Evidence, sebuah filem yang mengandungi adegan sadomasochisme dan perhambaan. Ia tidak diterima oleh pengkritik. Dia juga membintangi filem Dangerous Game, yang dikeluarkan secara langsung ke video di Amerika Utara. The New York Times menggambarkan filem itu sebagai \"marah dan menyakitkan, dan rasa sakit itu terasa nyata.\" <> Siapa yang Madonna bermain dalam peranan A League of Their Own? || Mae Mordabito <> Apa lagu tema filem? || Ini Digunakan untuk Menjadi Taman Permainan Saya <> Bilakah Madonna membuka syarikat hiburannya sendiri, Maverick? || 1992 <> Berapa banyak royalti yang dibayar kepada Madonna untuk prosiding muzik? || 20% <> Apa nama penyinaran erotik yang menunjukkan adegan sadomasisme dan perhambaan? || Badan Keterangan", {"context": "In 1992, Madonna had a role in A League of Their Own as Mae Mordabito, a baseball player on an all-women's team. She recorded the film's theme song, \"This Used to Be My Playground\", which became a Hot 100 number one hit. The same year, she founded her own entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony. The first release from the venture was Madonna's book, titled Sex. It consisted of sexually provocative and explicit images, photographed by Steven Meisel. The book received strong negative reaction from the media and the general public, but sold 1.5 million copies at $50 each in a matter of days. At the same time she released her fifth studio album, Erotica, which debuted at number two on the Billboard 200. Its title track peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. Erotica also produced five singles: \"Deeper and Deeper\", \"Bad Girl\", \"Fever\", \"Rain\" and \"Bye Bye Baby\". Madonna had provocative imagery featured in the erotic thriller, Body of Evidence, a film which contained scenes of sadomasochism and bondage. It was poorly received by critics. She also starred in the film Dangerous Game, which was released straight to video in North America. The New York Times described the film as \"angry and painful, and the pain feels real.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Mae Mordabito"}], "question": "Who did Madonna play in the role A League Of Their Own?", "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "This Used to Be My Playground"}], "question": "What is the film's theme song?", "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When did Madonna open her own entertainment company, Maverick?", "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "20%"}], "question": "How much was the royalties paid to Madonna for the music proceedings?", "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1418, "text": "Body of Evidence"}], "question": "What was the name of the erotic thriller that shows scenes of sadomasochism and bondage?", "id": "5726af855951b619008f7a5d"}]}], ["Madonna melancarkan album studio kesebelasnya, Hard Candy, pada bulan April 2008. Mengandungi R & B dan pengaruh pop bandar, lagu-lagu di Hard Candy adalah sifat autobiografi dan melihat Madonna bekerjasama dengan Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams dan Nate \"Danja\" Hills. Album itu debut di nombor satu dalam tiga puluh tujuh negara dan di Billboard 200. Don Shewey dari Rolling Stone memujinya sebagai \"rasa yang mengesankan lawatannya yang akan datang.\" Ia menerima tinjauan positif secara umumnya di seluruh dunia walaupun beberapa pengkritik menganggapnya sebagai \"percubaan untuk memanfaatkan pasaran bandar\". <> Apa nama album kesebelas Madonna? || Candy keras <> Bilakah Hard Candy dikeluarkan? || April 2008 <> Hard Candy memulakan debutnya di nombor satu dalam berapa banyak negara? || Tiga puluh tujuh <> Madonna bekerja dengan Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams dan Nate Hills untuk album mana? || Gula-gula keras", {"context": "Madonna released her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, in April 2008. Containing R&B and urban pop influences, the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate \"Danja\" Hills. The album debuted at number one in thirty seven countries and on the Billboard 200. Don Shewey from Rolling Stone complimented it as an \"impressive taste of her upcoming tour.\" It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as \"an attempt to harness the urban market\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Hard Candy"}], "question": "What was the name of Madonna's eleventh album?", "id": "5726e512708984140094d513"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "April 2008"}], "question": "When was Hard Candy released?", "id": "5726e512708984140094d514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "thirty seven"}], "question": "Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?", "id": "5726e512708984140094d515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Hard Candy"}], "question": "Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?", "id": "5726e512708984140094d516"}]}], ["Madonna memulakan Tour Confessions pada bulan Mei 2006, yang mempunyai penonton global sebanyak 1.2 juta dan menyumbang lebih daripada $ 193.7 juta, menjadi tur paling tinggi untuk tarikh artis wanita itu. Madonna menggunakan simbol agama, seperti salib dan Mahkota Duri, dalam persembahan \"Live to Tell\". Ia menyebabkan Gereja Ortodoks Rusia dan Persekutuan Komuniti Yahudi Russia mendesak semua anggotanya memboikot konsertnya. Pada masa yang sama, Persekutuan Antarabangsa Industri Phonographic (IFPI) secara rasmi mengumumkan bahawa Madonna telah menjual lebih 200 juta salinan untuk albumnya sahaja di seluruh dunia. <> Bilakah lawatan Pengakuan bermula? || Mei 2006 <> Berapa banyakkah Tour Confessions yang dibuat? || lebih daripada $ 193.7 juta <> Mengapa Gereja Ortodoks Rusia dan Persekutuan Komuniti Yahudi Rusia meminta anggota memboikot konsert itu? || digunakan simbol agama <> Ia telah disahkan oleh IFPI bahawa Madonna secara rasmi menjual berapa album di seluruh dunia? || lebih 200 juta", {"context": "Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist. Madonna used religious symbols, such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of \"Live to Tell\". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert. At the same time, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "May 2006"}], "question": "When did the Confessions Tour start?", "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "over $193.7 million"}], "question": "How much did the Confessions Tour make?", "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "used religious symbols"}], "question": "Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?", "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "over 200 million"}], "question": "It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?", "id": "5726e19ddd62a815002e93b9"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan tahun 2004 Madonna memulakan Jelajah Dunia Re-Invention di A.S., Canada, dan Eropah. Ia menjadi tur paling tinggi tahun 2004, yang menghasilkan sekitar $ 120 juta dan menjadi subjek dokumentarinya Saya Akan Beritahu Anda Rahsia. Pada bulan November 2004, dia telah dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame Music UK sebagai salah satu daripada lima orang pengasasnya, bersama The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, dan U2. Pada bulan Januari 2005, Madonna menyiarkan versi cover lagu John Lennon \"Imagine\" pada Bantuan Tsunami. Dia juga tampil di konsert manfaat Live 8 di London pada bulan Julai 2005. <> Bilakah re-Invention World Tour akan bermula? || pertengahan 2004 <> Banyak yang dilakukan oleh tur? || sekitar $ 120 juta <> Apa itu dokumentari Madonna? || Saya Akan Beritahu Anda Rahsia <> Bilakah Madonna masuk ke Hall of Fame UK? || November 2004 <> Bilakah Madonna tampil di konsert manfaat Live 8 di UK? || Julai 2005.", {"context": "In mid-2004 Madonna embarked on the Re-Invention World Tour in the U.S., Canada, and Europe. It became the highest-grossing tour of 2004, earning around $120 million and became the subject of her documentary I'm Going to Tell You a Secret. In November 2004, she was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame as one of its five founding members, along with The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, and U2. In January 2005, Madonna performed a cover version of the John Lennon song \"Imagine\" at Tsunami Aid. She also performed at the Live 8 benefit concert in London in July 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-2004"}], "question": "When was the Re-Invention World Tour kick off?", "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "around $120 million"}], "question": "HOw much did the tour earn?", "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "I'm Going to Tell You a Secret"}], "question": "What was Madonna's documentary called?", "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "November 2004"}], "question": "When was Madonna inducted into the UK Hall of Fame?", "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "July 2005."}], "question": "When did Madonna perform at the Live 8 benefit concert in the UK?", "id": "5726dfaedd62a815002e9384"}]}], ["Semasa lawatan Madonna menyertai inisiatif Raising Malawi dengan sebahagiannya membiayai rumah anak yatim di dalam dan perjalanan ke negara itu. Di sana, dia memutuskan untuk mengadopsi seorang budak lelaki bernama David Banda pada bulan Oktober 2006. Pengangkatan itu menimbulkan tindak balas awam yang kuat, kerana undang-undang Malawian memerlukan ibu bapa untuk tinggal di Malawi selama satu tahun sebelum mengadopsi, yang Madonna tidak lakukan. Dia mengalamatkannya pada The Oprah Winfrey Show, dengan mengatakan bahawa tidak ada undang-undang penggunaan tertulis di Malawi yang diadopsi oleh negara asing. Dia menyifatkan bagaimana Banda telah menderita radang paru-paru selepas menunaikan malaria dan tuberkulosis apabila dia mula-mula bertemu dengannya. Bapa biologi Banda, Yohane, mengulas, \"Aktivis hak asasi yang disebut ini mengganggu saya setiap hari, mengancam saya bahawa saya tidak mengetahui apa yang saya lakukan ..... Mereka mahu saya menyokong kes mahkamah mereka, satu perkara Saya tidak boleh buat kerana saya tahu apa yang saya bersetuju dengan Madonna dan suaminya. \" Pengangkatan itu telah dimuktamadkan pada Mei 2008. <> Apakah amal yang Madonna terlibat ketika di Malawi? || Meningkatkan inisiatif Malawi <> Bilakah Madonna mengadopsi David Banda? || Oktober 2006 <> Apa yang Banda menderita ketika Madonna bertemu dengannya? || pneumonia <> Apakah nama bapa biologi Banda? || Yohane <> Kapan penerimaan diterima? || Mei 2008", {"context": "While on tour Madonna participated in the Raising Malawi initiative by partially funding an orphanage in and traveling to that country. While there, she decided to adopt a boy named David Banda in October 2006. The adoption raised strong public reaction, because Malawian law requires would-be parents to reside in Malawi for one year before adopting, which Madonna did not do. She addressed this on The Oprah Winfrey Show, saying that there were no written adoption laws in Malawi that regulated foreign adoption. She described how Banda had been suffering from pneumonia after surviving malaria and tuberculosis when she first met him. Banda's biological father, Yohane, commented, \"These so-called human rights activists are harassing me every day, threatening me that I am not aware of what I am doing..... They want me to support their court case, a thing I cannot do for I know what I agreed with Madonna and her husband.\" The adoption was finalized in May 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Raising Malawi initiative"}], "question": "What was the charity that Madonna was involved in when in Malawi?", "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "October 2006"}], "question": "When did Madonna adopt David Banda?", "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "pneumonia"}], "question": "What was Banda suffering from when Madonna first met him?", "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Yohane"}], "question": "What was the name of Banda's biological father?", "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "May 2008"}], "question": "When was the adoption finalized?", "id": "5726e267dd62a815002e93e2"}]}], ["Tahun depan Madonna dan Maverick menggugat Warner Music Group dan bekas syarikat induknya Time Warner, mendakwa bahawa salah urus sumber dan pembukuan miskin telah menanggung jutaan syarikat itu. Sebagai balasan, Warner memfailkan kaunter yang mendakwa bahawa Maverick telah kehilangan puluhan juta dolar dengan sendirinya. Pertikaian itu diselesaikan ketika saham Maverick, yang dimiliki oleh Madonna dan Ronnie Dashev, dibeli oleh Warner. Madonna dan syarikat Dashev menjadi anak syarikat Warner Music milik penuh, tetapi Madonna masih menandatangani kontrak dengan Warner di bawah kontrak rakaman yang berasingan. <> Madonna dan Maverick menggugat syarikat mana untuk pembukuan miskin dan salah pengurusan sumber? || Warner Music Group <> Warner memfailkan satu countersuit yang menyatakan bahawa kehilangan 10 juta dolar sendiri? || Maverick <> Warner menyelesaikan pertikaian dengan membeli sahamnya? || Madonna dan Ronnie Dashev <> Maverick menjadi anak syarikat milik penuh syarikat mana? || Warner Music", {"context": "The next year Madonna and Maverick sued Warner Music Group and its former parent company Time Warner, claiming that mismanagement of resources and poor bookkeeping had cost the company millions of dollars. In return, Warner filed a countersuit alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. The dispute was resolved when the Maverick shares, owned by Madonna and Ronnie Dashev, were purchased by Warner. Madonna and Dashev's company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Warner Music, but Madonna was still signed to Warner under a separate recording contract.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Warner Music Group"}], "question": "Madonna and Maverick sued which company for poor bookkeeping and mismanagement of resources?", "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Maverick"}], "question": "Warner filed a countersuit stating that who lost 10 of millions of dollars on its own?", "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Madonna and Ronnie Dashev"}], "question": "Warner resolved the dispute by buying whose shares?", "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Warner Music"}], "question": "Maverick became a wholly owned  subsidiary of which company?", "id": "5726dd5f5951b619008f8074"}]}], ["Madonna membintangi filem Swept Away, yang diarahkan oleh Ritchie. Dirilis secara langsung di UK, filem ini merupakan kegagalan komersial dan kritikal. Pada bulan Mei 2002 dia muncul di London di West End bermain Up For Grabs di The Wyndhams Theatre (ditaksir sebagai 'Madonna Ritchie'), kepada tinjauan buruk secara universal dan digambarkan sebagai \"kekecewaan terbesar pada malam itu\" oleh seorang. Pada bulan Oktober, dia melancarkan \"Die Another Day\", lagu judul filem James Bond Die Another Day, di mana dia mempunyai peranan cameo, yang digambarkan oleh pengulas filem The Guardian sebagai \"kayu yang luar biasa\". Lagu ini mencapai angka lapan pada Billboard Hot 100 dan dicalonkan untuk kedua-dua Anugerah Golden Globe untuk Lagu Asli Terbaik dan Golden Raspberry untuk Lagu Terburuk. <> Filem mana yang Madonna membintangi yang diarahkan oleh Ritchie? || Terluka Away <> Bilakah Madonna muncul dalam bermain Up For Grabs di Teater Wyndhams? || Mei 2002 <> Apakah lagu tajuk Madonna untuk filem James Bond? || Die Another Day <> Die Another Day mencapai nombor di Billboards Hot 100? || lapan", {"context": "Madonna starred in the film Swept Away, directed by Ritchie. Released direct-to-video in the UK, the film was a commercial and critical failure. In May 2002 she appeared in London in the West End play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre (billed as 'Madonna Ritchie'), to universally bad reviews and was described as \"the evening's biggest disappointment\" by one. That October, she released \"Die Another Day\", the title song of the James Bond film Die Another Day, in which she had a cameo role, described by The Guardian film reviewer as \"incredibly wooden\". The song reached number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry for Worst Song.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Swept Away"}], "question": "Which film did Madonna starred in that was directed by Ritchie?", "id": "5726da03708984140094d389"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "May 2002"}], "question": "When did Madonna appear in the play Up For Grabs at the Wyndhams Theatre?", "id": "5726da03708984140094d38a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Die Another Day"}], "question": "What was Madonna's title song for the James Bond movie?", "id": "5726da03708984140094d38b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "eight"}], "question": "Die Another Day reached which number in the Billboards Hot 100?", "id": "5726da03708984140094d38c"}]}], ["Madonna mengeluarkan lagu \"Hey You\" untuk konsert Live Earth. Lagu ini tersedia sebagai muat turun percuma semasa minggu pertama pembebasannya. Dia juga melakukannya di konsert London Live Earth. Madonna mengumumkan pemergiannya dari Warner Bros. Records, dan baru $ 120 juta, kesepakatan sepuluh tahun 360 dengan Live Nation. Dia menghasilkan dan menulis Saya Am Because We Are, dokumentari mengenai masalah yang dihadapi oleh Malawians. Dokumentari itu diarahkan oleh Nathan Rissman, yang bekerja sebagai tukang kebun Madonna. Dia juga mengarahkan filem pertama Filth dan Kebijaksanaannya. Plot filem itu merentasi tiga rakan dan aspirasi mereka. The Times berkata dia telah \"berbuat begitu bangga\" manakala The Daily Telegraph menggambarkan filem itu sebagai \"bukan usaha pertama yang tidak menjanjikan [tetapi] Madonna akan berbuat baik untuk bertugas pada pekerjaannya.\" Pada bulan Disember 2007, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame mengumumkan Madonna sebagai salah satu daripada lima inductees tahun 2008. Pada majlis induksi pada 10 Mac 2008, Madonna tidak menyanyi tetapi meminta rakan-rakan Hall of Fame inductees dan orang asli Michigan The Stooges untuk melaksanakan lagu-lagunya \"Burning Up\" dan \"Ray of Light\". Beliau mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Christopher Flynn, guru tariannya sejak 35 tahun yang lalu, kerana galakannya untuk mengikuti impiannya. <> Lagu apa Madonna melepaskan untuk konsert Live Earth? || Hei You <> Madonna mempunyai 10 tahun baru, $ 120 juta rekod perjanjian dengan perusahaan mana? || Live Nation <> Apakah dokumentari Madonna menghasilkan dan menulis mengenai Malawis? || Saya Am Karena Kita <> Apakah nama filem pertama Madonna diarahkan? || Filth and Wisdom <> Siapa yang salah satu daripada lima inductees Rock and Roll Hall of Fame? || Madonna", {"context": "Madonna released the song \"Hey You\" for the Live Earth series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the London Live Earth concert. Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation. She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener. She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had \"done herself proud\" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as \"not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job.\" In December 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008. At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008, Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs \"Burning Up\" and \"Ray of Light\". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Hey You"}], "question": "What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts?", "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Live Nation"}], "question": "Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?", "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "I Am Because We Are"}], "question": "What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?", "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Filth and Wisdom"}], "question": "What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?", "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?", "id": "5726e38cf1498d1400e8eee6"}]}], ["Album studio kesepuluhnya, Confessions on a Floor Dance, dikeluarkan pada bulan November 2005. Muzik albumnya berstruktur seperti set kelab yang disusun oleh DJ. Ia diiktiraf oleh pengkritik, dengan Keith Caulfield dari Billboard mengulas bahawa album itu adalah \"selamat datang kembali untuk membentuk Ratu Pop.\" Album itu memenangi Anugerah Grammy untuk Album Elektronik / Tarian Terbaik. Pengakuan di Tingkat Tari dan single utamanya, \"Hung Up\", mencapai nombor satu dalam 40 dan 41 negara masing-masing, memperoleh tempat di Guinness World Records. Lagu itu mengandungi sampel \"Gimme Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" ABBA, hanya kali kedua ABBA telah membenarkan kerja mereka digunakan. Penulis lagu ABBA, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus berkata, \"Ia adalah lagu pop-padu 100 peratus yang hebat.\" \"Sorry\", single kedua, menjadi nombor satu ke-12 di UK. <> Apa nama album kesepuluh Madonna? || Pengakuan di Lantai Tarian <> Kapan Pengakuan di Lantai Tarian dikeluarkan? || November 2005 <> Anugerah mana yang menang album? || Anugerah Grammy <> Kumpulan pop yang membolehkan Madonna menyanyi sampul lagu Gimme mereka! Gimme! Gimme! || ABBA <> Apakah nama tunggal yang nombor satu nombor dua belas Madonna di UK? || Maaf", {"context": "Her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in November 2005. Musically the album was structured like a club set composed by a DJ. It was acclaimed by critics, with Keith Caulfield from Billboard commenting that the album was a \"welcome return to form for the Queen of Pop.\" The album won a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album. Confessions on a Dance Floor and its lead single, \"Hung Up\", went on to reach number one in 40 and 41 countries respectively, earning a place in Guinness World Records. The song contained a sample of ABBA's \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\", only the second time that ABBA has allowed their work to be used. ABBA songwriter Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus remarked \"It is a wonderful track\u2014100 per cent solid pop music.\" \"Sorry\", the second single, became Madonna's twelfth number-one single in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Confessions on a Dance Floor"}], "question": "What was the name of Madonna's tenth studio album?", "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f8119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "November 2005"}], "question": "When was Confessions on a Dance Floor released?", "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Grammy Award"}], "question": "Which award the the album win?", "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "ABBA"}], "question": "Which pop group allowed Madonna to sing a cover of their song Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!", "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "Sorry"}], "question": "What was the name of the single that was Madonna's twelfth number one hit in the UK?", "id": "5726e0bc5951b619008f811d"}]}], ["Madonna memberikan satu lagi persembahan provokatif pada tahun itu pada Anugerah Muzik Video MTV 2003, sambil menyanyikan \"Hollywood\" dengan Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, dan Missy Elliott. Madonna mencetuskan kontroversi kerana mencium Spears dan Aguilera secara positif semasa persembahan. Pada bulan Oktober 2003, Madonna memberi vokal tetamu pada single \"Me Against the Music\". Ia diikuti dengan pembebasan Remixed & Revisited. EP mengandungi versi lagu remix dari American Life dan termasuk \"Your Honesty\", lagu yang belum dirilis dari sesi rakaman Cerita Waktu Tidur. Madonna juga menandatangani kontrak dengan Callaway Arts & Entertainment untuk menjadi penulis buku lima kanak-kanak. Buku pertama yang bertajuk The English Roses, diterbitkan pada bulan September 2003. Cerita itu adalah kira-kira empat pelajar sekolah Inggeris dan iri hati dan cemburu masing-masing. Kate Kellway dari The Guardian berkomentar, \"[Madonna] adalah seorang pelakon yang bermain di apa yang dia tidak pernah boleh-seorang JK Rowling, bahasa Inggeris yang meningkat.\" Buku itu memulakan kerjaya di bahagian atas senarai Penjual Terbaik New York Times dan menjadi buku gambar kanak-kanak terlaris sepanjang zaman. <> Siapa yang Madonna mencium pada MTV Video Music Awards? || Spears dan Aguilera <> Kapan Madonna bekerjasama sebagai vokalis untuk Spears tunggal? || Oktober 2003 <> Madonna menandatangani kontrak dengan Callaway Arts and Entertainment untuk menjadi penulis jenis buku apa? || buku kanak-kanak <> Apakah tajuk buku pertama Madonna ditulis? || The English Roses, <> Kapan The English Roses diterbitkan? || September 2003", {"context": "Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, while singing \"Hollywood\" with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott. Madonna sparked controversy for kissing Spears and Aguilera suggestively during the performance. In October 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single \"Me Against the Music\". It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included \"Your Honesty\", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions. Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, titled The English Roses, was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other. Kate Kellway from The Guardian commented, \"[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be\u2014a JK Rowling, an English rose.\" The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Spears and Aguilera"}], "question": "Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?", "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "October 2003"}], "question": "When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?", "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "children's books"}], "question": "Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?", "id": "5726dc455951b619008f803f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "The English Roses,"}], "question": "What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?", "id": "5726dc455951b619008f8040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "September 2003"}], "question": "When was the The English Roses published?", "id": "5726dc455951b619008f8041"}]}], ["Mengikuti Die Another Day, Madonna bekerjasama dengan jurugambar fesyen Steven Klein pada tahun 2003 untuk pameran pameran bernama X-STaTIC Pro = CeSS. Ia termasuk fotografi dari pemotretan foto di majalah W, dan tujuh segmen video. Pemasangannya berjalan dari bulan Mac hingga Mei di New York Deitch Projects gallery. Ia mengembara dunia dalam bentuk yang diedit. Pada tahun yang sama, Madonna mengeluarkan album studio kesembilannya, American Life, yang berdasarkan pemerhatiannya terhadap masyarakat Amerika; ia menerima ulasan bercampur. Beliau mengulas, \"[Kehidupan Amerika] seperti perjalanan ke lorong ingatan, melihat kembali segala yang telah saya lakukan dan segala perkara yang pernah saya minati dan segala perkara yang penting bagi saya.\" Larry Flick dari The Advocate merasakan bahawa \"American Life adalah album yang paling pintar dan liriknya yang paling canggih\" ketika mengutuknya sebagai \"usaha yang malas, setengah-setengah untuk berbunyi dan menganggapnya serius.\" Lagu tajuk memuncak pada nombor 37 di Hot 100. Video muzik asalnya dibatalkan kerana Madonna berpendapat bahawa video itu, yang menampilkan keganasan dan imej perang, akan dianggap tidak patriotik sejak Amerika kemudian berperang dengan Iraq. Dengan empat juta eksemplar yang dijual di seluruh dunia, American Life adalah album terlaris kerjaya beliau pada ketika itu. <> Apa nama pameran pameran yang Madonna bekerjasama dengan jurugambar fesyen Chris Klein dipanggil? || X-STaTIC Pro = CeSS <> Apakah album kesembilan Madonna dipanggil? || American Life <> Kapan American Life dibebaskan? || 2003 <> American Life mencapai nombor di Hot 100? || 37 <> Berapa banyak salinan album yang dijual di seluruh dunia? || empat juta", {"context": "Following Die Another Day, Madonna collaborated with fashion photographer Steven Klein in 2003 for an exhibition installation named X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS. It included photography from a photo shoot in W magazine, and seven video segments. The installation ran from March to May in New York's Deitch Projects gallery. It traveled the world in an edited form. The same year, Madonna released her ninth studio album, American Life, which was based on her observations of American society; it received mixed reviews. She commented, \"[American Life] was like a trip down memory lane, looking back at everything I've accomplished and all the things I once valued and all the things that were important to me.\" Larry Flick from The Advocate felt that \"American Life is an album that is among her most adventurous and lyrically intelligent\" while condemning it as \"a lazy, half-arsed effort to sound and take her seriously.\" The title song peaked at number 37 on the Hot 100. Its original music video was canceled as Madonna thought that the video, featuring violence and war imagery, would be deemed unpatriotic since America was then at war with Iraq. With four million copies sold worldwide, American Life was the lowest-selling album of her career at that point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "X-STaTIC Pro=CeSS"}], "question": "What is the name of the exhibition installation that Madonna teamed up with fashion photographer Chris Klein called?", "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "American Life"}], "question": "What was Madonna's ninth album called?", "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When was American Life released?", "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 945, "text": "37"}], "question": "American Life reached which number at the Hot 100?", "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "four million"}], "question": "How many copies did the album sell worldwide?", "id": "5726db2ef1498d1400e8ed64"}]}], ["Menjelang 2013, organisasi Madonna Meningkatkan Malawi membina sepuluh sekolah untuk mendidik 4,000 kanak-kanak di Malawi dengan nilai $ 400,000. Apabila Madonna melawat sekolah-sekolah pada bulan April 2013, Presiden Malawi Joyce Banda mengkritik bintang dan amalnya, menuduh dia membesar-besarkan sumbangan amalnya. Madonna membalas dengan melepaskan kenyataan yang mengatakan dia sedih bahawa Banda telah memilih untuk bertindak negatif mengenai usaha beliau. \"Saya tidak berminat untuk ditipu oleh tuduhan yang tidak masuk akal,\" katanya. Kemudian, ia telah mengesahkan bahawa Banda tidak meluluskan kenyataan yang dikeluarkan oleh pasukan akhbarnya dan \"berputar dengan kemarahan\" atas campuran. <> Menjelang 2013, berapa yang dilakukan Madonna Meningkatkan pertubuhan Malawi? || sepuluh sekolah <> Bilakah Madonna melawat sekolah Malawi? || April 2013 <> Siapa yang mengkritik usaha amal Madonna, menyatakan bahawa dia membesar-besarkan sumbangannya? || Presiden Malawi Joyce Banda", {"context": "By 2013, Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built ten schools to educate 4,000 children in Malawi at a value of $400,000. When Madonna visited the schools in April 2013, President of Malawi Joyce Banda expressed criticism of the star and her charity, accusing her of exaggerating her charity's contribution. Madonna responded by releasing a statement saying she was saddened that Banda had chosen to act negatively about her endeavors. \"I have no intention of being distracted by these ridiculous allegations,\" she added. Later, it was confirmed that Banda had not approved the statement released written by her press team and was \"incandescent with anger\" over the mix-up.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "ten schools"}], "question": "By 2013, how many did Madonna's Raising Malawi organization built?", "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e9578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "April 2013"}], "question": "When did Madonna visit Malawi's school?", "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e9579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "President of Malawi Joyce Banda"}], "question": "Who criticized Madonna's charity efforts, stating that she exaggerated her contributions?", "id": "5726edb4dd62a815002e957a"}]}], ["Lawatan MDNA, yang mempromosikan album ini, bermula pada bulan Mei 2012 di Tel Aviv, Israel. Tur ini telah menerima sambutan kritikal yang positif, tetapi mencetuskan subjek kontroversi seperti keganasan, senjata api, hak asasi manusia, kebogelan dan politik. Tindakan undang-undang yang diancam terhadap Madonna juga telah terlibat dalam lawatan itu. Ia adalah kejayaan box office dengan jumlah kasar sebanyak $ 305.2 juta dari 88 pameran yang dijual, dan menjadi tur tertinggi sepanjang tahun 2012 dan kesepuluh tertinggi sepanjang perjalanan. Pada Anugerah Muzik Billboard 2013, Madonna memenangi tiga piala untuk Artis Top Touring, Artis Tari Top dan Album Tarian Atas. Madonna dinobatkan sebagai selebriti terkenal tahun ini oleh Forbes, memperoleh kira-kira $ 125 juta, kerana kejayaan lawatan itu. <> Di manakah permulaan MDNA Tour? || Tel Aviv, Israel <> Bilakah lawatan MDNA bermula? || Mei 2012 <> Berapa banyak Tour yang dipenuhi? || $ 305.2 juta <> Berapa banyak rancangan telah dijual? || 88 <> Siapa yang bernama Madonna sebagai selebriti yang paling berpengalaman tahun ini? || Forbes", {"context": "The MDNA Tour, which further promoted the album, began in May 2012 in Tel Aviv, Israel. The tour has received positive critical reception, but featured controversial subjects such as violence, firearms, human rights, nudity and politics. Lawsuits threatened against Madonna have also been engaged from the tour. It was a box office success with a gross of $305.2 million from 88 sold-out shows, and became the highest-grossing tour of 2012 and the tenth highest-grossing tour of all time. At the 2013 Billboard Music Awards, Madonna won three trophies for Top Touring Artist, Top Dance Artist and Top Dance Album. Madonna was named the top-earning celebrity of the year by Forbes, earning an estimated $125 million, due to the success of the tour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Tel Aviv, Israel"}], "question": "Where did the MDNA Tour start?", "id": "5726ec22708984140094d621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "May 2012"}], "question": "When did MDNA Tour begin?", "id": "5726ec22708984140094d622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "$305.2 million"}], "question": "How much did the Tour grossed?", "id": "5726ec22708984140094d623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "88"}], "question": "How many shows were sold out?", "id": "5726ec22708984140094d624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "Who named Madonna as the top-earning celebrity of the year?", "id": "5726ec22708984140094d625"}]}], ["Bekerja dengan jurugambar Steven Klein, Madonna menyelesaikan filem selama 17 minit yang dipanggil secretprojectrevolution. Syarikat BitTorrent dipilih oleh Madonna untuk membebaskan filem itu sebagai sebahagian daripada berkas Madonna. Ia dibebaskan pada 24 September 2013, dan terdiri daripada filem 17 minit, yang masih ada, wawancara Wakil, dan mesej dari Madonna. Dengan filem itu, beliau melancarkan inisiatif Art for Freedom, yang membantu mempromosikan \"seni dan ucapan bebas sebagai cara untuk menangani penganiayaan dan ketidakadilan di seluruh dunia\". Laman web untuk projek ini mempunyai lebih daripada 3,000 penghujahan berkaitan seni sejak penubuhannya, dengan Madonna secara teratur memantau dan mendapatkan bantuan artis lain seperti David Blaine dan Katy Perry sebagai kurator tamu. <> Apa nama filem 17 minit dipanggil? || secretprojectrevolution <> Syarikat mana yang dipilih untuk melepaskan filem itu? || Syarikat BitTorrent <> Bilakah proksi rahsia dikeluarkan? || 24 September 2013 <> Apa inisiatif yang Madonna dilancarkan dengan filemnya? || Art for Freedom <> Berapa banyak penyerahan apakah inisiatif itu? || lebih 3,000", {"context": "Working with photographer Steven Klein, Madonna completed a 17-minute film called secretprojectrevolution. The BitTorrent company was selected by Madonna to release the film as part of a Madonna bundle. It was released on September 24, 2013, and consisted of the 17-minute film, its stills, a Vice interview, and a message from Madonna. With the film she launched the Art for Freedom initiative, which helped to promote \"art and free speech as a means to address persecution and injustice across the globe\". The website for the project has had over 3,000 art related submissions since its inception, with Madonna regularly monitoring and enlisting the help of other artists like David Blaine and Katy Perry as guest curators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "secretprojectrevolution"}], "question": "What was the name of the 17 minute film called?", "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "The BitTorrent company"}], "question": "Which company was selected to release the film?", "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "September 24, 2013"}], "question": "When was secretprojectrevolution released?", "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Art for Freedom"}], "question": "What initiative did Madonna launched with her film?", "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "over 3,000"}], "question": "How many submissions does the initiative have?", "id": "5726ee825951b619008f82b7"}]}], ["Madonna tampil di Hope for Haiti Now: A Benefit Global untuk konsert Gempa Global pada Januari 2010. Pada bulan April, dia melancarkan album live ketiga, Sticky & Sweet Tour. Ia adalah pembebasan pertamanya di bawah Live Nation, tetapi diedarkan oleh Warner Bros. Madonna yang diberikan pameran TV Amerika. Glee hak-haknya untuk keseluruhan katalog muziknya, dan pengeluar merancang satu episod yang menampilkan lagu-lagu Madonna secara eksklusif. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, sebuah EP yang mengandungi lapan versi cover lagu Madonna yang dipaparkan dalam episod itu, dibebaskan kemudian dan debutnya di nombor satu di Billboard 200. <> Bilakah Madonna tampil di Hope for Haiti Now? || Januari 2010 <> Apa album yang dikeluarkan oleh Madonna pada bulan April 2010? || Sticky & Sweet Tour <> Madonna yang diberikan TV menunjukkan hak untuk keseluruhan katalog muziknya? || Glee <> Apakah nama episod Glee yang menampilkan lagu-lagu Madonna? || Glee: Muzik, Kuasa Madonna", {"context": "Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010. In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros. Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode, was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "January 2010"}], "question": "When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now?", "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Sticky & Sweet Tour"}], "question": "What album did Madonna released in April 2010?", "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Glee"}], "question": "Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?", "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna"}], "question": "What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?", "id": "5726e9c3dd62a815002e94f1"}]}], ["Madonna mengeluarkan garisan pakaian Bahan Girl, yang dia direkabentuk dengan anak perempuannya, Lourdes. Barisan pakaian terinspirasi tahun 1980-an, yang dipinjam dari gaya gadis punk Madonna ketika dia bangkit menjadi terkenal pada tahun 1980-an, dilepaskan di bawah label Macy. Madonna juga membuka beberapa pusat kecergasan di seluruh dunia yang bernama Hard Candy Fitness. Pada November 2011, Madonna dan Icon Icon mengumumkan pembebasan jenama fesyen kedua yang dipanggil Kebenaran atau Dare oleh Madonna untuk memasukkan kasut, pakaian bawah dan aksesori. Dia juga mengarahkan filem ciri kedua, W.E., biografi mengenai hubungan antara Raja Edward VIII dan Wallis Simpson; ia ditulis bersama Alek Keshishian. Respons yang kritikal dan komersil terhadap filem itu adalah negatif. Madonna menyumbangkan ballad \"Masterpiece\" untuk soundtrack filem, yang memenangi Anugerah Golden Globe untuk Lagu Original Best. <> Apakah nama garisan pakaian Madonna dikeluarkan dengan anak perempuannya? || Bahan Girl <> Bahan pakaian gadis Girl dilepaskan di bawah jenama mana? || Macy's <> Apakah nama gim gimnasium Madonna yang dibuka? || Hard Candy Fitness <> Bilakah Madonna mengeluarkan garisan kedua? || November 2011 <> Apakah nama filem kedua yang diarahkan Madonna? || W.E.", {"context": "Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad \"Masterpiece\" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Material Girl"}], "question": "What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?", "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Macy's"}], "question": "Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?", "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Hard Candy Fitness"}], "question": "What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?", "id": "5726ea905951b619008f8259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "November 2011"}], "question": "When did Madonna released her second clothing line?", "id": "5726ea905951b619008f825a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "W.E."}], "question": "What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?", "id": "5726ea905951b619008f825b"}]}], ["Kontroversi meletus ketika Madonna memutuskan untuk mengadopsi dari Malawi lagi. Chifundo \"Mercy\" James akhirnya diterima pakai pada bulan Jun 2009. Madonna telah mengenali Mercy sejak dia pergi mengadopsi David. Nenek Mercy pada mulanya memprotes pengangkatan itu, tetapi kemudian memberi, berkata \"Pada mulanya saya tidak mahu dia pergi tetapi sebagai keluarga kita perlu duduk dan mencapai persetujuan dan kami bersetuju bahawa Mercy harus pergi. Mercy diterima pakai dan saya tidak akan bertahan lagi. Saya masih suka Mercy. Dia adalah yang paling sayang saya. \" Bapa Mercy masih tegas mengatakan bahawa dia tidak dapat menyokong pengangkatan itu sejak dia masih hidup. <> Bilakah Mercy diadopsi? || Jun 2009 <> Madonna yang dikenali Mercy sejak akan mengamalkan mana anak di Malawi? || Daud <> Yang pada mulanya memprotes penggunaannya? || Nenek Mercy <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa Mercy harus diterima pakai? || Orang-orang <> yang menyatakan bahawa dia tidak dapat menyokong adopsi sejak dia masih hidup ?? || Bapa Mercy", {"context": "Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo \"Mercy\" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying \"At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest.\" Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When was Mercy adopted?", "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f8229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "David"}], "question": "Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?", "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Mercy's grandmother"}], "question": "Who initially protested the adoption?", "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "The men"}], "question": "Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?", "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Mercy's father"}], "question": "Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??", "id": "5726e8ed5951b619008f822d"}]}], ["Pada 2012, Madonna tampil di pameran Super Bowl XLVI, yang disaksikan oleh Cirque Du Soleil dan Jamie King serta menampilkan tetamu khas LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. dan Cee Lo Green. Ia menjadi pameran kali terakhir yang paling ditonton oleh Super Bowl dalam sejarah dengan 114 juta penonton, lebih tinggi daripada permainan itu sendiri. Ia juga mendedahkan bahawa penyanyi tersebut telah menandatangani perjanjian tiga album dengan Interscope Records, yang akan bertindak sebagai pengedar dengan perkongsian dengan tawaran 360 nya dengan Live Nation. Album studio kedua, MDNA, dikeluarkan pada bulan Mac 2012 dan menyaksikan kerjasama dengan pelbagai pengeluar, terutamanya dengan William Orbit dan Martin Solveig. Album ini diterima dengan baik oleh pengkritik muzik, dengan Priya Elan dari NME menyebutnya sebagai \"rompakan yang sangat menyenangkan\", memetik \"psikotik, hal-hal yang menanggung jiwa\" sebagai \"beberapa perkara paling mendalam yang pernah dilakukannya.\" MDNA memulakan debutnya di nombor satu di Billboard 200 dan banyak negara lain di seluruh dunia. Madonna melepasi rekod Elvis Presley untuk album paling ramai oleh artis solo di UK. Pemimpin tunggal \"Give Me All Your Luvin '\", yang memaparkan vokal tamu dari Minaj dan M.I.A., menjadi rekod Madonna yang memanjangkan ke-38 sepuluh ke atas Billboard Hot 100. <> Tahun mana Madonna tampil di Super Bowl? || 2012 <> Berapa banyak penonton yang membuat persembahan separuh masa menarik? || 114 juta penonton <> Madonna menandatangani tiga perjanjian album dengan syarikat rekod mana? || Rekod Interscope <> Apakah nama album kedua belas Madonna itu? || MDNA <> Bilakah MDNA dibebaskan? || Mac 2012", {"context": "In 2012, Madonna performed at Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, visualized by Cirque Du Soleil and Jamie King and featured special guests LMFAO, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A. and Cee Lo Green. It became the then most-watched Super Bowl halftime show in history with 114 million viewers, higher than the game itself. It was also revealed that the singer had signed a three-album deal with Interscope Records, who would act as the distributor in partnership with her 360 deal with Live Nation. Her twelfth studio album, MDNA, was released in March 2012 and saw collaboration with various producers, most notably with William Orbit again and Martin Solveig. The album was well received by music critics, with Priya Elan from NME calling it \"a ridiculously enjoyable romp\", citing its \"psychotic, soul-bearing stuff\" as \"some of the most visceral stuff she's ever done.\" MDNA debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and many other countries worldwide. Madonna surpassed Elvis Presley's record for the most number-one album by a solo artist in the UK. The lead single \"Give Me All Your Luvin'\", featuring guest vocals from Minaj and M.I.A., became Madonna's record-extending 38th top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2012"}], "question": "Which year did Madonna performed at the Super Bowl?", "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "114 million viewers"}], "question": "How many viewers did the half-time show attract?", "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Interscope Records"}], "question": "Madonna signed a three album deal with which record company?", "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "MDNA"}], "question": "What was the name of Madonna's twelfth album?", "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "March 2012"}], "question": "When was MDNA released?", "id": "5726eb73708984140094d5f7"}]}], ["Dari awal tahun 2014, Madonna mula membuat banyak penampilan media. Dia muncul pada Anugerah Grammy Tahunan ke-56 pada bulan Januari 2014, yang menampilkan \"Open Your Heart\" bersama pelukis Macklemore & Ryan Lewis dan penyanyi Mary Lambert, yang menyanyikan \"Same Love\" tunggal mereka, dengan 33 pasangan di atas pentas yang dirasmikan oleh Queen Latifah. Hari kemudian, dia menyertai penyanyi Miley Cyrus pada MTV Unplugged istimewa, menyanyi lagu \"Do not Tell Me\" dan single \"We Can not Stop\" (2013). Beliau juga memperluaskan usaha perniagaannya dan pada Februari 2014, penyanyi MDNA Skin, rangkaian produk penjagaan kulit, di Tokyo, Jepun. Setelah melawat kampung halamannya di Detroit pada Mei 2014, Madonna memutuskan untuk menyumbang dana kepada tiga organisasi di bandar itu, untuk membantu menghapuskan kemiskinan dari sana. Penyanyi itu mengeluarkan satu kenyataan yang mengatakan bahawa dia diilhamkan oleh kerja mereka, sambil menambah bahawa \"jelas kepada saya bahawa saya terpaksa terlibat dan menjadi sebahagian daripada penyelesaian untuk membantu Detroit pulih\". <> Apa majlis anugerah yang dilakukan oleh Madonna? || Anugerah Grammy Tahunan ke-56 <> Lagu apa yang Madonna bernyanyi di upacara itu? || Buka Hati Anda <> Penyanyi mana yang dia sertai di MTV Unplugged untuk menyanyi? || Miley Cyrus <> Bilakah Madonna mempamerkan garis MDNA Penjagaan Kulit? || Februari 2014 <> Kota mana yang Madonna menyumbang dana untuk membantu kemiskinan? || Detroit", {"context": "From the beginning of 2014, Madonna began to make multiple media appearances. She appeared at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards in January 2014, performing \"Open Your Heart\" alongside rappers Macklemore & Ryan Lewis and singer Mary Lambert, who sang their single \"Same Love\", as 33 couples were wed onstage, officiated by Queen Latifah. Days later, she joined singer Miley Cyrus on her MTV Unplugged special, singing a mash-up of \"Don't Tell Me\" and Cyrus' single \"We Can't Stop\" (2013). She also extended her business ventures and in February 2014 the singer premiered MDNA Skin, a range of skin care products, in Tokyo, Japan. After visiting her hometown of Detroit during May 2014, Madonna decided to contribute funds to three of the city's organizations, to help eliminate poverty from there. The singer released a statement saying that she was inspired by their work, adding that \"it was obvious to me that I had to get involved and be part of the solution to help Detroit recover\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "56th Annual Grammy Awards"}], "question": "What award ceremony did Madonna appeared in?", "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Open Your Heart"}], "question": "What song did Madonna sing at the ceremony?", "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Miley Cyrus"}], "question": "Which singer did she join on MTV Unplugged to sing?", "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "February 2014"}], "question": "When did Madonna premiered her MDNA skincare line?", "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "Which city did Madonna contribute funds to help poverty?", "id": "5726ef98dd62a815002e95b6"}]}], ["\"4 Minutes\" dibebaskan sebagai single lead album dan memuncak di nombor tiga di Billboard Hot 100. Ia adalah Madonna yang ke-37 sepuluh hit pada carta-ia menolak Madonna melewati Elvis Presley sebagai artis dengan paling top-10 hits . Di UK dia mengekalkan rekodnya untuk perseorangan nombor satu untuk artis wanita; \"4 Minit\" menjadi ketiga belas beliau. Pada Anugerah Cakera Emas 23 Jepun, Madonna menerima trofi Artis kelima dari Persatuan Industri Rakaman Jepun, yang paling banyak untuk mana-mana artis. Untuk mempromosikan lagi album itu, Madonna memulakan Pelancaran Sticky & Sweet; usaha utama pertamanya dengan Live Nation. Dengan kasar sebanyak $ 280 juta, ia menjadi tur paling tinggi oleh seorang artis solo, melepasi rekod terdahulu Madonna dengan Tour Confessions; ia kemudiannya diatasi oleh Roger Waters 'The Wall Live. Ia diperluaskan ke tahun berikutnya, menambah tarikh Eropah yang baru, dan selepas itu berakhir, jumlah keseluruhan adalah $ 408 juta. <> Yang mana tunggal yang dikeluarkan sebagai single lead album? || 4 Minit <> Madonna melampaui seniman mana yang paling top-ten hits? || Elvis Presley <> 4 minit menjadi Madonna yang nombor satu tunggal di UK? || ketiga belas <> Apa nama pelancongan pertama dengan Live Nation? || Sticky & Sweet Tour <> Berapa banyakkah Stick dan Sweet Tour kotor? || $ 280 juta,", {"context": "\"4 Minutes\" was released as the album's lead single and peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Madonna's 37th top-ten hit on the chart\u2014it pushed Madonna past Elvis Presley as the artist with the most top-ten hits. In the UK she retained her record for the most number-one singles for a female artist; \"4 Minutes\" becoming her thirteenth. At the 23rd Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna received her fifth Artist of the Year trophy from Recording Industry Association of Japan, the most for any artist. To further promote the album, Madonna embarked on the Sticky & Sweet Tour; her first major venture with Live Nation. With a gross of $280 million, it became the highest-grossing tour by a solo artist then, surpassing the previous record Madonna set with the Confessions Tour; it was later surpassed by Roger Waters' The Wall Live. It was extended to the next year, adding new European dates, and after it ended, the total gross was $408 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "4 Minutes"}], "question": "Which single was released as the album's lead single?", "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Elvis Presley"}], "question": "Madonna surpassed which artist with the most top-ten hits?", "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "thirteenth"}], "question": "4 minutes became Madonna's which number one single in the UK?", "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "Sticky & Sweet Tour"}], "question": "What is the name of the first tour with Live Nation?", "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "$280 million,"}], "question": "How much did Stick and Sweet Tour grossed?", "id": "5726e664dd62a815002e945e"}]}], ["Hidup dengan Sister Madonna saya, sebuah buku oleh adik Madonna, Christopher, memulakan debutnya di nombor dua dalam senarai bestseller The New York Times. Buku itu menyebabkan beberapa pergelangan antara Madonna dan abangnya, kerana penerbitan yang tidak diminta. Masalah juga timbul antara Madonna dan Ritchie, dengan media melaporkan bahawa mereka berada di ambang perpisahan. Akhirnya, Madonna mengajukan perceraian dari Ritchie, mengutip perbezaan yang tidak dapat disimpulkan, yang dimuktamadkan pada bulan Disember 2008. Dia memutuskan untuk mengadopsi dari Malawi. Mahkamah Tinggi negara pada mulanya meluluskan penggunaan Chifundo \"Mercy\" James; bagaimanapun, permohonan ditolak kerana Madonna bukan pemastautin negara. Madonna merayu, dan pada 12 Jun 2009, Mahkamah Agung Malawi memberikan Madonna hak untuk mengadopsi Mercy James. Dia juga melancarkan Sambutan, album terhebat ketiga terbesar dan final dengan Warner. Ia mengandungi lagu-lagu baru \"Perayaan\" dan \"Revolver\" bersama dengan 34 hits merangkumi kariernya. Perayaan tiba di nombor satu di UK, mengikatnya dengan Elvis Presley sebagai aksi solo dengan album paling ramai dalam sejarah carta British. Dia muncul di Anugerah Muzik Video MTV 2009 pada 13 September 2009, untuk memberi penghormatan kepada bintang pop mati Michael Jackson. <> Apakah judul buku oleh saudara Madonna? || Hidup dengan Sister Madonna <> Buku ini memulakan debutnya di nombor dua di mana senarai penjual terbaik? || The New York Times <> Bilakah perceraian dimuktamadkan antara Madonna dan Ritchie? || Disember 2008 <> Bilakah Mahkamah Tinggi Malawi memberikan hak untuk Madonna mengamalkan anaknya yang kedua? || 12 Jun 2009 <> Bilakah Madonna muncul di MTV untuk penghormatan kepada Michael Jackson? || 13 September 2009", {"context": "Life with My Sister Madonna, a book by Madonna's brother Christopher, debuted at number two on The New York Times bestseller list. The book caused some friction between Madonna and her brother, because of the unsolicited publication. Problems also arose between Madonna and Ritchie, with the media reporting that they were on the verge of separation. Ultimately, Madonna filed for divorce from Ritchie, citing irreconcilable differences, which was finalized in December 2008. She decided to adopt from Malawi. The country's High Court initially approved the adoption of Chifundo \"Mercy\" James; however, the application was rejected because Madonna was not a resident of the country. Madonna appealed, and on June 12, 2009, the Supreme Court of Malawi granted Madonna the right to adopt Mercy James. She also released Celebration, her third greatest-hits album and final release with Warner. It contained the new songs \"Celebration\" and \"Revolver\" along with 34 hits spanning her career. Celebration reached number one in the UK, tying her with Elvis Presley as the solo act with most number one albums in the British chart history. She appeared at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13, 2009, to speak in tribute to deceased pop star Michael Jackson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Life with My Sister Madonna"}], "question": "What is the title of the book by Madonna's brother?", "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "The New York Times"}], "question": "The book debuted at number two on which best seller's list?", "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "December 2008"}], "question": "When was the divorce finalized between Madonna and Ritchie?", "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f8209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "June 12, 2009"}], "question": "When did the High Court of Malawi gave the right for Madonna to adopt her second son?", "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f820a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1183, "text": "September 13, 2009"}], "question": "When did Madonna appear in MTV for the tribute to Michael Jackson?", "id": "5726e7d55951b619008f820b"}]}], ["Memiliki pelbagai vokal mezzo-soprano, Madonna sentiasa sedar tentang suaranya, terutamanya berbanding dengan idola vokalnya seperti Ella Fitzgerald, Prince, dan Chaka Khan. Mark Bego, pengarang Madonna: Ambition Blonde, memanggilnya \"vokalis yang sempurna untuk lagu-lagu yang lebih ringan daripada udara\", walaupun tidak menjadi \"bakat kelas berat.\" Menurut pengkritik MSNBC, Tony Sclafani, \"Vokal Madonna adalah kunci kepada akar rocknya. Para vokalis pop biasanya menyanyikan lagu\" lurus, \"tetapi Madonna menggunakan subteks, ironi, agresi dan segala macam idiosyncrasies dalam cara John Lennon dan Bob Dylan . \" Madonna menggunakan timbre vokal yang terang dan girlish dalam album awalnya yang menjadi lulus dalam karya-karya yang kemudiannya. Perubahan itu adalah sengaja kerana dia sentiasa diingatkan bagaimana pengkritik pernah melabelnya sebagai \"Minnie Mouse on helium\". Semasa penggambaran Evita, Madonna terpaksa mengambil pelajaran vokal, yang semakin meningkat lagi. Daripada pengalaman ini, dia berkomentar, \"Saya belajar dengan jurulatih vokal untuk Evita dan saya menyedari ada sepotong suara saya yang saya tidak gunakan. Sebelum ini, saya hanya percaya saya mempunyai rangkaian yang sangat terhad dan akan membuat yang paling banyak daripada itu. \" <> Madonna mempunyai pelbagai vokal? || mezzo-soprano <> Apa judul buku Madonna? || Cita-cita Blonde <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa suara Madonna adalah kunci kepada akar-akarnya? || Tony Sclafani <> Bilakah Madonna mengambil pelajaran suara? || penggambaran Evita", {"context": "Possessing a mezzo-soprano vocal range, Madonna has always been self-conscious about her voice, especially in comparison to her vocal idols such as Ella Fitzgerald, Prince, and Chaka Khan. Mark Bego, author of Madonna: Blonde Ambition, called her \"the perfect vocalist for lighter-than-air songs\", despite not being a \"heavyweight talent.\" According to MSNBC critic Tony Sclafani, \"Madonna's vocals are the key to her rock roots. Pop vocalists usually sing songs \"straight,\" but Madonna employs subtext, irony, aggression and all sorts of vocal idiosyncrasies in the ways John Lennon and Bob Dylan did.\" Madonna used a bright, girlish vocal timbre in her early albums which became pass\u00e9 in her later works. The change was deliberate since she was constantly reminded of how the critics had once labelled her as \"Minnie Mouse on helium\". During the filming of Evita, Madonna had to take vocal lessons, which increased her range further. Of this experience she commented, \"I studied with a vocal coach for Evita and I realized there was a whole piece of my voice I wasn't using. Before, I just believed I had a really limited range and was going to make the most of it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "mezzo-soprano"}], "question": "Madonna has which vocal range?", "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e9628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Blonde Ambition"}], "question": "What was the title of Madonna's Book?", "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e9629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Tony Sclafani"}], "question": "Who stated that Madonna's voice are key to her rock roots?", "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e962a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 848, "text": "filming of Evita"}], "question": "When did Madonna take voice lessons?", "id": "5726f4c9dd62a815002e962b"}]}], ["Pernyataan artistiknya yang matang dapat dilihat dalam True Blue (1986) dan Seperti Doa (1989). Di True Blue, dia menggabungkan muzik klasik untuk melibatkan penonton yang lebih tua yang telah ragu-ragu terhadap muziknya. Seperti Doa memperkenalkan lagu direkodkan secara langsung dan menggabungkan genre muzik yang berbeza, termasuk tarian, funk, R & B dan muzik injil. Fleksibiliti beliau lebih lanjut ditunjukkan pada Saya Breathless, yang sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada 1940-an Broadway showtune-flavored jazz, ayunan dan jalur band besar. Madonna terus menyusun balada dan lagu tarian uptempo untuk Erotica (1992) dan Kisah Tidur (1994). Kedua-dua album itu menjelajah elemen swing jack baru, dengan Jim Farber dari Entertainment Weekly dengan mengatakan bahawa \"dia sebenarnya boleh dilihat sebagai ibu sayap ayunan baru.\" Dia cuba kekal kontemporari dengan memasukkan sampel, gelung drum dan hip hop ke dalam muziknya. Dengan Ray of Light, Madonna membawa muzik elektronik dari status bawah tanahnya menjadi populariti besar dalam arus muzik arus perdana. <> 2 album yang mana menunjukkan pernyataan artistik Madonna? || True Blue (1986) dan Seperti Doa (1989) <> True Blue mempunyai apa jenis muzik yang Diperbadankan di dalamnya? || klasik <> Yang 2 album menjelajah New Lack Swing? || Erotica (1992) dan Bedtime Stories (1994) <> Madonna membawa jenis muzik yang menjadi arus perdana dengan Ray of Light? || muzik elektronik", {"context": "Her mature artistic statement was visible in True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989). In True Blue, she incorporated classical music in order to engage an older audience who had been skeptical of her music. Like a Prayer introduced live recorded songs and incorporated different genres of music, including dance, funk, R&B and gospel music. Her versatility was further shown on I'm Breathless, which consists predominantly of the 1940s Broadway showtune-flavoured jazz, swing and big band tracks. Madonna continued to compose ballads and uptempo dance songs for Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994). Both albums explored element of new jack swing, with Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly saying that \"she could actually be viewed as new jack swing's godmother.\" She tried to remain contemporary by incorporating samples, drum loops and hip hop into her music. With Ray of Light, Madonna brought electronic music from its underground status into massive popularity in mainstream music scene.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "True Blue (1986) and Like a Prayer (1989)"}], "question": "Which 2 album show Madonna's artistic statement?", "id": "5726f3825951b619008f833f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "classical"}], "question": "True Blue has what type of music Incorporated in it?", "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "Erotica (1992) and Bedtime Stories (1994)"}], "question": "Which 2 albums explored the New Lack Swing?", "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "electronic music"}], "question": "Madonna brought which type of music to mainstream with Ray of Light?", "id": "5726f3825951b619008f8342"}]}], ["Muzik Madonna telah menjadi subjek analisis dan pengawasan yang banyak. Robert M. Grant, pengarang Analisis Strategi Kontemporari (2005), menyatakan bahawa apa yang telah membawa kejayaan Madonna adalah \"tentu tidak bakat semulajadi yang luar biasa. Sebagai seorang vokalis, pemuzik, penari, penulis lagu atau aktris, bakat Madonna kelihatan sederhana. Dia menegaskan kejayaan Madonna adalah bergantung pada bakat orang lain, dan hubungan peribadinya telah menjadi tonggak kepada banyak perubahan dalam jangka panjang kerjayanya. Pendekatan Madonna adalah jauh dari kebijaksanaan industri muzik \"Cari rumus yang memenangi dan berpegang padanya.\" Kerjaya muziknya telah menjadi percubaan yang berterusan dengan idea-idea muzik baru dan imej-imej baru dan usaha berterusan untuk ketinggian baru dan terkenal. Grant menyimpulkan bahawa \"setelah menubuhkan dirinya sebagai ratu muzik popular, Madonna tidak berhenti di sana, tetapi terus mencipta semula.\" Ahli muzik muzik Susan McClary menulis bahawa \"seni Madonna sendiri berulang kali mendekunkan pengertian tradisional subjek bersatu dengan sempadan ego yang terbatas. Potongan-potongannya meneroka berbagai cara untuk membentuk identiti yang menolak kestabilan, yang tetap cair, yang menolak definisi.\" <> Siapa muzik yang menjadi topik pengawasan? || Madonna <> Siapa pengarang Analisis Strategik Kontemporari? || Robert M. Grant <> Siapa yang telah menubuhkan dirinya sebagai Ratu Muzik Popular? || Madonna", {"context": "Madonna's music has been the subject of much analysis and scrutiny. Robert M. Grant, author of Contemporary Strategy Analysis (2005), commented that what has brought Madonna success is \"certainly not outstanding natural talent. As a vocalist, musician, dancer, songwriter, or actress, Madonna's talents seem modest.\" He asserts Madonna's success is in relying on the talents of others, and that her personal relationships have served as cornerstones to the numerous reinventions in the longevity of her career. Madonna's approach was far from the music industry wisdom of \"Find a winning formula and stick to it.\" Her musical career has been a continuous experimentation with new musical ideas and new images and a constant quest for new heights of fame and acclaim. Grant concluded that \"having established herself as the queen of popular music, Madonna did not stop there, but continued re-inventing.\" Musicologist Susan McClary wrote that \"Madonna's art itself repeatedly deconstructs the traditional notion of the unified subject with finite ego boundaries. Her pieces explore various ways of constituting identities that refuse stability, that remain fluid, that resist definition.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna's"}], "question": "Whose music had been the subject of a lot of scrutiny?", "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Robert M. Grant"}], "question": "Who is the author of Contemporary Strategic Analysis?", "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who has established herself as a Queen of Popular Music?", "id": "5726f140f1498d1400e8f09c"}]}], ["Sebelum muncul sebagai bintang pop, Madonna telah menghabiskan masa awalnya dalam muzik rock bersama kumpulannya, Breakfast Club and Emmy. Semasa tampil dengan Emmy, Madonna mencatatkan kira-kira 12-14 lagu yang menyerupai punk rock pada tempoh itu. Akal rock awalnya juga boleh didapati di album demo Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine menyatakan bahawa dengan album debut bertajuk dirinya sendiri, Madonna memulakan kerjayanya sebagai diva disko, dalam era yang tidak mempunyai dewa seperti itu untuk dibicarakan. Pada permulaan tahun 80-an, disko adalah anathema kepada pop arus perdana, dan menurut Erlewine, Madonna mempunyai peranan besar dalam mempopulerkan muzik tarian sebagai muzik arus perdana. Lagu-lagu album ini mendedahkan beberapa trend utama yang terus menerangkan kejayaannya, termasuk idiom berasaskan tarian yang kuat, cangkul menarik, susunan yang sangat digilap dan gaya vokal Madonna sendiri. Album keduanya, Like a Virgin (1984), meramalkan beberapa trend dalam karya beliau yang kemudian. Ia mengandungi rujukan kepada karya-karya klasik (pizzicato line synthesizer yang membuka \"Angel\"); reaksi negatif berpotensi dari kumpulan sosial (\"Dress You Up\" disenaraihitamkan oleh Pusat Sumber Muzik Ibu Bapa); dan gaya retro (\"Shoo-Bee-Doo\", penghormatan Madonna kepada Motown). <> Genre mana yang Madonna bermula? || muzik rock <> Ketika melakukan dengan Emmy, berapa lagu yang dihasilkan oleh Madonna? || 12-14 <> Siapa yang mempopulerkan muzik tarian sebagai muzik arus perdana? || Madonna <> Apakah album kedua Madonna? || Seperti dara", {"context": "Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens \"Angel\"); potential negative reaction from social groups (\"Dress You Up\" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles (\"Shoo-Bee-Doo\", Madonna's homage to Motown).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "rock music"}], "question": "Which genre did Madonna started out in?", "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "12-14"}], "question": "When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?", "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?", "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "Like a Virgin"}], "question": "What is Madonna's second album?", "id": "5726f2c6dd62a815002e95f9"}]}], ["Menurut Taraborrelli, masa misteri Madonna adalah masa kematian tragis dan misteri ibu tercintanya. Psikiatri Keith Ablow mencadangkan kematian ibunya akan memberi impak yang tidak terukur kepada Madonna muda pada masa keperibadiannya masih terbentuk. Menurut Ablow, anak yang lebih muda adalah pada masa kehilangan yang serius, pengaruh yang lebih mendalam dan semakin lama kesannya. Dia menyimpulkan bahawa \"sesetengah orang tidak pernah mendamaikan diri mereka dengan kerugian sedemikian pada usia muda, Madonna tidak berbeza daripada mereka.\" Sebaliknya, pengarang Lucy O'Brien merasakan kesan rogol yang dia alami sebenarnya, faktor pemotivasi di belakang segala yang telah dilakukan Madonna, lebih penting sekalipun kematian ibunya: \"Tidak begitu kesedihan atas kematian ibunya yang mendorongnya, sebagai rasa pengabaian yang menyebabkan dia tidak dilindungi. Dia menghadapi senario yang paling buruk, menjadi mangsa keganasan lelaki, dan selepas itu mengubah keupayaannya dalam kerja, membalikkan persamaan pada setiap kesempatan. \" <> Mengikut yang masa misterius Madonna dengan kematian ibunya? || Taraborrelli, <> Psikiatri mana yang mengatakan bahawa apabila ibu bapa mati ketika anak kecil, ia meninggalkan kesan yang berkekalan? || Keith Ablow <> Siapa percaya bahawa rogol Madonna yang berpengalaman adalah daya penggerak dalam hidup? || Lucy O'Brien", {"context": "According to Taraborrelli, the defining moment of Madonna's childhood was the tragic and untimely death of her beloved mother. Psychiatrist Keith Ablow suggests her mother's death would have had an immeasurable impact on the young Madonna at a time when her personality was still forming. According to Ablow, the younger a child is at the time of a serious loss, the more profound the influence and the longer lasting the impact. He concludes that \"some people never reconcile themselves to such a loss at an early age, Madonna is not different than them.\" Conversely, author Lucy O'Brien feels the impact of the rape she suffered is, in fact, the motivating factor behind everything Madonna has done, more important even than the death of her mother: \"It's not so much grief at her mother's death that drives her, as the sense of abandonment that left her unprotected. She encountered her own worst possible scenario, becoming a victim of male violence, and thereafter turned that full-tilt into her work, reversing the equation at every opportunity.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Taraborrelli,"}], "question": "According to who was the defining moment of Madonna's childhood with her mother's death?", "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Keith Ablow"}], "question": "Which psychiatrist said that when a parent dies when the child is young, it leaves a lasting impact?", "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Lucy O'Brien"}], "question": "Who believes that the rape Madonna experienced is the driving force in life?", "id": "5726f61ef1498d1400e8f10c"}]}], ["Madonna bereksperimen dengan lebih ramai rakyat dan muzik akustik dalam Muzik (2000) dan American Life (2003). Perubahan telah dicatatkan dalam kandungan lagu-lagu dalam Muzik, dengan kebanyakan mereka menjadi lagu cinta yang mudah, tetapi dengan nada penderitaan yang mendasari. Menurut majalah Q, American Life dicirikan oleh \"irama tekno berdebar, garis keyboard cecair, korus akustik dan rap Madonna yang aneh.\" Lagu \"lagu-lagu rock konvensional\" album itu telah dimuatkan dengan lirik dramatik mengenai patriotisme dan komposisi, termasuk kemunculan koir injil dalam lagu \"Tiada Gagal\". Madonna kembali ke lagu tarian tulen dengan Confessions di Lantai Tarian, mengetengahkan rentak kelab dan muzik retro dengan lirik tentang metafora paradoks dan merujuk kepada karya-karya terdahulu. Madonna berpindah ke arah bandar dengan Hard Candy (2008), mencampurkan muzik R & B dan hip hop dengan lagu-lagu tarian. MDNA (2012) sebahagian besarnya menumpukan pada muzik tarian elektronik, yang telah dipeluknya sejak Ray of Light. <> Jenis muzik apa yang Madonna bereksperimen dengan dalam Muzik? || rakyat dan akustik <> Kebanyakan lagu-lagu dalam Muzik adalah jenis lagu apa? || lagu cinta yang mudah, <> Apa jenis lagu dalam Pengakuan lantai Tari? || lagu-lagu tarian <> Apa jenis lagu yang mempunyai Hard Candy? || arah bandar <> MDNA memberi tumpuan kepada jenis muzik? || muzik tarian elektronik", {"context": "Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music (2000) and American Life (2003). A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. According to Q magazine, American Life was characterized by \"a thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, an acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap.\" The \"conventional rock songs\" of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song \"Nothing Fails\". Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor, infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works. Madonna moved to urban direction with Hard Candy (2008), mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. MDNA (2012) largely focused in electronic dance music, which she has embraced since Ray of Light.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "folk and acoustic"}], "question": "What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?", "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "simple love songs,"}], "question": "Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?", "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "dance songs"}], "question": "What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?", "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "urban direction"}], "question": "What type of songs does Hard Candy have?", "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "electronic dance music"}], "question": "MDNA focuses on which type of music?", "id": "5726f43ff1498d1400e8f0d4"}]}], ["Selain menyanyi Madonna mempunyai keupayaan untuk bermain beberapa alat muzik. Dia belajar memainkan gendang dan gitar dari teman lelakinya Dan Gilroy pada akhir 1970-an sebelum menyertai barisan Club Breakfast sebagai pemain drum. Ini membantunya untuk membentuk band Emmy, di mana dia tampil sebagai gitaris dan vokalis utama. Madonna kemudiannya memainkan gitar di rakaman demonya. Mengenai nota pelopor Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray menulis: \"Saya selalu fikir dia melepasi kerjaya yang cemerlang sebagai gitaris irama.\" Selepas penemuan karirnya, Madonna memberi tumpuan terutamanya dalam nyanyian tetapi juga dikreditkan untuk bermain cowbell pada Madonna (1983) dan synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). Pada tahun 1999, Madonna telah belajar selama tiga bulan untuk memainkan biola untuk peranan sebagai guru biola dalam filem Music of the Heart, sebelum akhirnya meninggalkan projek itu. Selepas dua dekad, Madonna memutuskan untuk tampil dengan gitar sekali lagi semasa mempromosikan Muzik (2000). Beliau mengambil pelajaran lanjut daripada pemain gitar Monte Pittman untuk meningkatkan kemahiran gitarnya. Sejak itu Madonna telah memainkan gitar pada setiap lawatan, serta album studionya. Pada 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, dia menerima pencalonan untuk Les Paul Horizon Award, yang menghormati gitaris yang paling menjanjikan dan akan datang. <> Alat mana yang boleh dimainkan oleh Madonna? || gendang dan gitar <> Siapa yang mengajar Madonna bagaimana bermain gendang dan gitar? || Dan Gilroy <> Apa instrumen Madonna bermain di rakaman demo beliau? || gitar <> Berapa lama Madonna menghabiskan belajar bermain biola? || tiga bulan <> Siapa gitaris yang Madonna belajar untuk memperbaiki kemahirannya? || Monte Pittman", {"context": "Besides singing Madonna has the ability to play several musical instruments. She learned to play drum and guitar from her then-boyfriend Dan Gilroy in the late 1970s before joining the Breakfast Club line-up as the drummer. This helped her to form the band Emmy, where she performed as the guitarist and lead vocalist. Madonna later played guitar on her demo recordings. On the liner notes of Pre-Madonna, Stephen Bray wrote: \"I've always thought she passed up a brilliant career as a rhythm guitarist.\" After her career breakthrough, Madonna focused mainly in singing but was also credited for playing cowbell on Madonna (1983) and synthesizer on Like a Prayer (1989). In 1999, Madonna had studied for three months to play the violin for the role as a violin teacher in the film Music of the Heart, before eventually leaving the project. After two decades, Madonna decided to perform with guitar again during the promotion of Music (2000). She took further lessons from guitarist Monte Pittman to improve her guitar skill. Since then Madonna has played guitar on every tour, as well as her studio albums. At the 2002 Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards, she received nomination for Les Paul Horizon Award, which honors the most promising up-and-coming guitarist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "drum and guitar"}], "question": "Which instruments can Madonna play?", "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f100"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Dan Gilroy"}], "question": "Who taught Madonna how to play the drum and guitar?", "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f101"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "guitar"}], "question": "What instrument does Madonna play on her demo recordings?", "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f102"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "three months"}], "question": "How long did Madonna spent learning to play the violin?", "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "Monte Pittman"}], "question": "Who was the guitarist that Madonna learnt from to improve on her skills?", "id": "5726f573f1498d1400e8f104"}]}], ["Madonna juga mula bekerja di album studio ke-13, dengan kolaborator termasuk Avicii, Diplo dan Natalia Kills. Pada bulan Disember 2014, tiga belas demo yang dirakam untuk album itu bocor ke Internet. Dia memaparkan sebagai respons bahawa separuh trek tidak akan digunakan pada pembebasan terakhir, sementara separuh lagi telah \"berubah dan berkembang\". Album yang bertajuk Rebel Heart, dikeluarkan pada 10 Mac 2015. Mulai September 2015, dia memulakan Jelajah Jantung Rebel untuk mempromosikan album itu; lawatan itu berakhir pada Mac 2016 dan mengembara ke seluruh Amerika Utara, Eropah dan Asia dan menjadi lawatan pertama penyanyi ke Australia dalam 23 tahun, di mana dia juga mengadakan pertunjukan satu untuk peminatnya. Ia mencatatkan sejumlah $ 169.8 juta daripada 82 pertunjukan, dengan lebih daripada 1.045 juta jualan tiket. Semasa lawatan Madonna menjadi terlibat dalam pertempuran perundangan dengan Ritchie, atas penjagaan anaknya Rocco. Pertikaian itu bermula ketika Rocco memutuskan untuk terus tinggal di England dengan Ritchie ketika Tour Rebel Heart telah berkunjung ke sana, sementara Madonna ingin dia kembali bersama dengannya. Perbicaraan mahkamah berlaku di New York dan London, dan selepas beberapa pertimbangan, Madonna memutuskan untuk menarik balik permohonannya untuk penjagaan, dan merayu untuk perbincangan bersama antara dirinya dan Ritchie tentang Rocco. <> Bilakah demo album Madonna bocor dalam talian? || Disember 2014 <> Apakah album ketiga belas Madonna dipanggil? || Rebel Jantung <> Bilakah Rebel Heart dibebaskan? || Mac 10, 2015 <> Bilakah Madonna memulakan Jelajah Jantung Rebel? || September 2015 <> Berapa banyak Tour Rebel Jantung yang dipenuhi? || $ 169.8 juta", {"context": "Madonna also began work on her thirteenth studio album, with collaborators including Avicii, Diplo and Natalia Kills. In December 2014, thirteen demos recorded for the album leaked onto the Internet. She posted in response that half of the tracks would not be used on the final release, while the other half had \"changed and evolved\". The album, titled Rebel Heart, was released on March 10, 2015. From September 2015, she embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album; the tour ended in March 2016 and traveled throughout North America, Europe and Asia and was the singer's first visit to Australia in 23 years, where she also performed a one-off show for her fans. It grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows, with over 1.045 million ticket sales. While on tour Madonna became embroiled in a legal battle with Ritchie, over the custody of her son Rocco. The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living at England with Ritchie when the Rebel Heart Tour had visited there, while Madonna wanted him to return with her. Court hearings took place in both New York and London, and after multiple deliberations, Madonna decided to withdraw her application for custody, and appealed for a mutual discussion between herself and Ritchie about Rocco.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "December 2014"}], "question": "When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?", "id": "5726f074708984140094d68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "Rebel Heart"}], "question": "What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?", "id": "5726f074708984140094d68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "March 10, 2015"}], "question": "When was Rebel Heart released?", "id": "5726f074708984140094d68d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "September 2015"}], "question": "When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?", "id": "5726f074708984140094d68e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "$169.8 million"}], "question": "How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?", "id": "5726f074708984140094d68f"}]}], ["Apabila mereka semakin tua Madonna dan adik-beradiknya akan merasa sedih kerana ingatan yang jelas tentang ibunya mula hanyut jauh dari mereka. Mereka akan mengkaji gambar dia dan berfikir bahawa dia menyerupai penyair Anne Sexton dan pelakon Hollywood. Ini kemudian akan meningkatkan minat Madonna dalam puisi, dengan Sylvia Plath menjadi kegemarannya. Kemudian, Madonna berkomentar: \"Kami semua cedera dalam satu cara atau yang lain oleh [kematiannya], dan kemudian kita menghabiskan sepanjang hidup kita bertindak balas kepadanya atau berurusan dengannya atau cuba berubah menjadi sesuatu yang lain. Kesedihan kehilangan saya Ibu meninggalkan saya dengan semacam kesunyian dan kerinduan yang luar biasa untuk sesuatu Jika saya tidak mempunyai kekosongan itu, saya tidak akan begitu didorong. Kematiannya banyak berlaku dengan saya berkata-selepas saya mendapat lebih dari saya sakit hati-saya akan menjadi sangat kuat jika saya tidak boleh mempunyai ibu saya, saya akan menjaga diri saya. \" Taraborrelli merasakan bahawa pada waktunya, tidak syak lagi kerana kemusnahan yang dirasakannya, Madonna tidak akan lagi membiarkan dirinya, atau anak perempuannya, berasa seperti ditinggalkan seperti yang dirasakannya ketika ibunya meninggal dunia. \"Kematiannya telah mengajar [Madonna] satu pelajaran yang berharga, bahawa dia harus tetap kuat untuk dirinya sendiri kerana, dia takut kelemahan-terutama dia sendiri-dan ingin menjadi ratu istana sendiri.\" <> Siapa yang merasakan kesedihan yang mendalam ketika kematian ibu mereka memudar? || Madonna dan adik-beradiknya <> Siapa ibu Madonna menyerupai? || penyair Anne Sexton <> Siapa penyair kegemaran Madonna? || Sylvia Plath <> Siapa yang merasakan kematian ibunya adalah penggerak di sebalik kejayaannya? || Madonna", {"context": "As they grew older Madonna and her sisters would feel deep sadness as the vivid memory of their mother began drifting farther from them. They would study pictures of her and come to think that she resembled poet Anne Sexton and Hollywood actresses. This would later raise Madonna's interest in poetry, with Sylvia Plath being her favourite. Later, Madonna commented: \"We were all wounded in one way or another by [her death], and then we spent the rest of our lives reacting to it or dealing with it or trying to turn into something else. The anguish of losing my mom left me with a certain kind of loneliness and an incredible longing for something. If I hadn't had that emptiness, I wouldn't have been so driven. Her death had a lot to do with me saying\u2014after I got over my heartache\u2014I'm going to be really strong if I can't have my mother. I'm going to take care of myself.\" Taraborrelli felt that in time, no doubt because of the devastation she felt, Madonna would never again allow herself, or even her daughter, to feel as abandoned as she had felt when her mother died. \"Her death had taught [Madonna] a valuable lesson, that she would have to remain strong for herself because, she feared weakness\u2014particularly her own\u2014and wanted to be the queen of her own castle.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Madonna and her sisters"}], "question": "Who felt deep sadness as the death of their mother fades away?", "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "poet Anne Sexton"}], "question": "Who does Madonna's mum resemble?", "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Sylvia Plath"}], "question": "Who is Madonna's favorite poet?", "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who felt that her mother death was the driving force behind her success?", "id": "5726f6ce708984140094d72c"}]}], ["Sepanjang kariernya, Madonna telah terlibat dalam menulis dan menghasilkan sebahagian besar muziknya sendiri. Kemampuan menulis lagu awal Madonna telah dibangunkan pada masa itu bersama Kelab Sarapan pagi pada tahun 1979. Menurut penulis Carol Gnojewski, percubaan pertama dalam penulisan lagu dianggap sebagai wahyu penting, seperti yang dikatakan Madonna: \"Saya tidak tahu di mana [lagu-lagu ] adalah seperti sihir, saya menulis satu lagu setiap hari, saya berkata, 'Wah, saya sepatutnya melakukan ini.' \" Mark Kamins, pengeluar pertamanya, percaya bahawa Madonna adalah \"seorang ahli muzik dan penyanyi lirik yang sangat kurang bernasib baik.\" Rolling Stone telah menamakannya sebagai \"penulis lagu teladan dengan hadiah untuk cangkuk dan lirik yang tidak dapat dilupakan.\" Menurut Freya Jarman-Ivens, bakat Madonna untuk mengembangkan cangkuk \"luar biasa\" untuk lagu-lagunya membolehkan lirik untuk menarik perhatian penonton, walaupun tanpa pengaruh musik. Sebagai contoh, Jarman-Ivens mengutip \"Single In Groove\" yang berjudul 1985 \"Live fantasy anda di sini dengan saya, biarkan muzik membebaskan anda, Sentuh badan saya, dan bergerak dalam masa, lombong saya. \" Penulisan lagu Madonna selalunya autobiografi selama bertahun-tahun, menangani pelbagai tema dari cinta dan perhubungan dengan penghormatan diri dan pemberdayaan wanita. Lagu-lagu beliau juga bercakap tentang masalah pantang dan tidak konvensional dalam tempoh mereka, seperti seksualiti dan AIDS pada Erotica (1992). Banyak liriknya mengandungi innuendos dan double entender, yang membawa kepada pelbagai tafsiran di kalangan pengkritik dan ulama muzik. Madonna telah dicalonkan kerana dimasukkan ke dalam Hall of Fame Hall of Fame dua kali, untuk upacara 2014 dan 2016. Rolling Stone menyenaraikan Madonna di nombor 56 pada \"100 Songwriters Greatest of All Time\". <> Siapa yang menulis dan mencipta kebanyakan muziknya sendiri? || Madonna <> Siapa pengeluar pertama Madonna? || Mark Kamins <> Siapa muzik yang bercakap tentang tabu dan subjek yang tidak konvensional? || Madonna's <> Madonna telah dicalonkan untuk dua tahun yang dilantik ke Hall of Fame Songwriter? || 2014 dan 2016 <> Majalah mana yang menyatakan bahawa Madonna adalah penulis lagu terbaik sepanjang masa? || Batu yang berguling", {"context": "Throughout her career Madonna has been involved in writing and producing most of her own music. Madonna's early songwriting skill was developed during her time with the Breakfast Club in 1979. According to author Carol Gnojewski, her first attempts at songwriting are perceived as an important self-revelation, as Madonna said: \"I don't know where [the songs] came from. It was like magic. I'd write a song every day. I said 'Wow, I was meant to do this'.\" Mark Kamins, her first producer, believed that Madonna is \"a much underrated musician and lyricist.\" Rolling Stone has named her \"an exemplary songwriter with a gift for hooks and indelible lyrics.\" According to Freya Jarman-Ivens, Madonna's talent for developing \"incredible\" hooks for her songs allows the lyrics to capture the attention of the audience, even without the influence of the music. As an example, Jarman-Ivens cites the 1985 single \"Into the Groove\" and its line \"Live out your fantasy here with me, just let the music set you free; Touch my body, and move in time, now I know you're mine.\" Madonna's songwriting are often autobiographical over the years, dealing with various themes from love and relationships to self-respect and female empowerment. Her songs also speak about taboo and unconventional issues of their period, such as sexuality and AIDS on Erotica (1992). Many of her lyrics contain innuendos and double entendre, which lead to multiple interpretations among music critics and scholars. Madonna has been nominated for being inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame twice, for 2014 and 2016 ceremony. Rolling Stone listed Madonna at number 56 on the \"100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who writes and creates most of her own music?", "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Mark Kamins"}], "question": "Who was Madonna's first producer?", "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "Madonna's"}], "question": "Whose music speak about taboo and unconventional subjects?", "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1569, "text": "2014 and 2016"}], "question": "Madonna was nominated to be inducted twice which year to the Songwriter Hall of Fame?", "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1593, "text": "Rolling Stone"}], "question": "Which magazine stated that Madonna was the greatest songwriter of all time?", "id": "5726f21ddd62a815002e95f0"}]}], ["Video muzik awal Madonna mencerminkan gaya jalan campuran Amerika dan Hispanik yang digabungkan dengan glamor yang riang. Dia mampu memancarkan akal fesyen bandar raya New York ke penonton Amerika. Imejan dan pemerbadanan budaya Hispanik dan simbolisme Katolik diteruskan dengan video muzik dari era Blue True. Pengarang Douglas Kellner berkata, \"gaya multikultural seperti itu\" dan pergerakannya yang melampau secara budaya berubah menjadi gerakan yang sangat berjaya yang menggembirakannya kepada penonton remaja yang besar dan bervariasi. \" Paparan bahasa Madonna dalam video menjadi trend fesyen pada masa itu, dalam bentuk boleros dan skirt berlapis, aksesori dengan manik rosario dan salib seperti dalam video \"La Isla Bonita\". <> Apa pengaruh video muzik Madonna yang mencerminkan? || Gaya jalan bercampur Amerika dan Hispanik <> Dia menghantar gaya avant garde beliau kepada penonton mana? || Penonton Amerika <> Yang mana rupa Madonna menjadi trend fesyen? || Bahasa Sepanyol melihat <> Apa jenis pakaian Sepanyol yang dipakai untuk video La Ista Bonita? || boleros dan skirt berlapis", {"context": "Madonna's initial music videos reflected her American and Hispanic mixed street style combined with a flamboyant glamor. She was able to transmit her avant-garde downtown New York fashion sense to the American audience. The imagery and incorporation of Hispanic culture and Catholic symbolism continued with the music videos from the True Blue era. Author Douglas Kellner noted, \"such 'multiculturalism' and her culturally transgressive moves turned out to be highly successful moves that endeared her to large and varied youth audiences.\" Madonna's Spanish look in the videos became the fashion trend of that time, in the form of boleros and layered skirts, accessorizing with rosary beads and a crucifix as in the video of \"La Isla Bonita\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "American and Hispanic mixed street style"}], "question": "What influence did Madonna music video reflects?", "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "American audience"}], "question": "She transmit her avant garde style to which audience?", "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "Spanish look"}], "question": "Which look of Madonna became a fashion trend?", "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "boleros and layered skirts"}], "question": "What type of Spanish clothings were worn for the video La Ista Bonita?", "id": "5726fb6f708984140094d79c"}]}], ["Pengaruh juga datang kepadanya dari dunia seni, terutama melalui karya artis Mexico Frida Kahlo. Video muzik lagu \"Bedtime Story\" menampilkan imej yang diilhamkan oleh lukisan Kahlo dan Remedios Varo. Madonna juga merupakan pengumpul lukisan Art Deco Tamara de Lempicka dan telah memasukkan mereka dalam video muzik dan lawatannya. Video beliau untuk \"Hollywood\" (2003) adalah penghormatan kepada karya fotografer Guy Bourdin; Anak lelaki Bourdin kemudiannya memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang untuk kegunaan tanpa izin bapanya. Seniman pop Andy Warhol menggunakan imej-imej sadomasochistik dalam filem bawah tanahnya ditunjukkan dalam video muzik untuk \"Erotica\" dan \"Deeper and Deeper\". <> Kepunyaan siapa pengaruh Madonna? || Frida Kahlo <> Seni video mana yang diketengahkan dari Kahlo dan Remedios Varo? || Kisah Tidur <> Madonna mengumpul lukisannya? || Tamara de Lempicka <> Video dia Hollywood adalah penghormatan kepada jurugambar? || Guy Bourdin", {"context": "Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song \"Bedtime Story\" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours. Her video for \"Hollywood\" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work. Pop artist Andy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for \"Erotica\" and \"Deeper and Deeper\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Frida Kahlo"}], "question": "Whose art influence Madonna?", "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Bedtime Story"}], "question": "Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?", "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Tamara de Lempicka"}], "question": "Madonna collects whose painting?", "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Guy Bourdin"}], "question": "Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?", "id": "5726f9a1708984140094d76a"}]}], ["Madonna didedikasikan untuk Kabbalah, dan pada tahun 2004 dia menerima nama Esther yang dalam bahasa Parsi bermaksud \"bintang\". Beliau telah mendermakan berjuta-juta dolar ke sekolah-sekolah New York dan London yang mengajar perkara itu. Dia menghadapi pembangkang dari rabbis yang merasakan penggunaan Madonna terhadap Kabbalah adalah penghinaan dan kes dilettantisme selebriti. Madonna mempertahankan pelajarannya, berkata: \"Ia akan menjadi kurang kontroversi jika saya menyertai Parti Nazi\", dan penglibatannya dengan Kabbalah adalah \"tidak menyakitkan sesiapa\". Pengaruh Kabbalah kemudiannya diperhatikan dalam muzik Madonna, terutama album seperti Ray of Light and Music. Semasa Tur Dunia Re-Invention, pada satu ketika dalam pameran itu, Madonna dan penarinya memakai T-shirt yang membaca \"Kabbalists Do It Better\". Album MDNA 2012 beliau juga telah menarik banyak pengaruh dari pendidikan Katoliknya, dan sejak tahun 2011 beliau telah menghadiri mesyuarat dan perkhidmatan di pusat Opus Dei, sebuah institusi Katolik yang menggalakkan kerohanian melalui kehidupan setiap hari. <> Agama mana yang dimaksudkan oleh Madonna? || Kabbalah <Tahun manakah dia menggunakan nama Esther? || 2004 <> Pengaruh Kabbalah dilihat di mana album? || Ray of Light <> Di manakah Madonna menghadiri perkhidmatan Katolik pada tahun 2011? || Pusat Opus Dei", {"context": "Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah, and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means \"star\". She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject. She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism. Madonna defended her studies, saying: \"It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party\", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is \"not hurting anybody\". The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music. During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore T-shirts that read \"Kabbalists Do It Better\". Her 2012 MDNA album has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Kabbalah"}], "question": "Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?", "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "2004"}], "question": "Which year did she adopt the name Esther?", "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Ray of Light"}], "question": "The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?", "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "Opus Dei center"}], "question": "Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?", "id": "5726fa3b5951b619008f83f2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1985, Madonna berkomentar bahawa lagu pertama yang pernah membuat kesan kuat kepadanya ialah \"Boots ini dibuat untuk Walkin '\" oleh Nancy Sinatra; dia berkata ia menyimpulkan \"sikap tangkap\" sendiri. Sebagai seorang wanita muda, dia cuba memperluas cita rasa dalam kesusasteraan, seni, dan muzik, dan pada masa ini menjadi tertarik dengan muzik klasik. Dia menyatakan bahawa gaya kegemarannya adalah baroque, dan menyukai Mozart dan Chopin kerana dia suka \"kualiti feminin\" mereka. Pengaruh utama Madonna termasuk Karen Carpenter, The Supremes dan Led Zeppelin, serta penari Martha Graham dan Rudolf Nureyev. Dia juga membesar mendengar David Bowie, yang menunjukkan persembahan rock pertama yang pernah dia hadiri. <> Lagu mana yang membuat kesan kuat pada Madonna? || Boots ini Dibuat untuk Walkin <> Siapa yang menyanyikan lagu ini dibuat untuk berjalan? || Nancy Sinatra; <> Yang gaya kegemarannya adalah baroque? || Madonna <> Siapa yang membesar mendengar David Bowie? || Madonna <> Nama salah satu pengaruh besar Madonna? || Karen Carpenter", {"context": "In 1985, Madonna commented that the first song to ever make a strong impression on her was \"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'\" by Nancy Sinatra; she said it summed up her own \"take-charge attitude\". As a young woman, she attempted to broaden her taste in literature, art, and music, and during this time became interested in classical music. She noted that her favorite style was baroque, and loved Mozart and Chopin because she liked their \"feminine quality\". Madonna's major influences include Karen Carpenter, The Supremes and Led Zeppelin, as well as dancers Martha Graham and Rudolf Nureyev. She also grew up listening to David Bowie, whose show was the first rock concert she ever attended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "These Boots Are Made for Walkin"}], "question": "Which song made a strong impression on Madonna?", "id": "5726f76f708984140094d73f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Nancy Sinatra;"}], "question": "Who sang the song these boots are made for walking?", "id": "5726f76f708984140094d740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Whose favorite style is baroque?", "id": "5726f76f708984140094d741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who grew up listening to David Bowie?", "id": "5726f76f708984140094d742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Karen Carpenter"}], "question": "Name one of Madonna's major influence?", "id": "5726f76f708984140094d743"}]}], ["Latar belakang Itali-Katolik Madonna dan hubungannya dengan ibu bapanya tercermin dalam album Seperti Doa. Ia adalah evocation kesan terhadap agama dalam kerjayanya. Video beliau untuk lagu tajuk mengandungi simbolisme Katolik, seperti stigma. Semasa The Virgin Tour, dia memakai rosari dan berdoa dengannya dalam video muzik untuk \"La Isla Bonita\". Video \"Buka Jantung Anda\" melihat bosnya memarahi dia dalam bahasa Itali. Mengenai Who's That Girl World Tour, dia mendedikasikan lagu \"Papa Do Not Preach\" kepada Paus John Paul II. <> Apakah latar belakang agama Madonna? || Itali-Katolik <> Seperti Doa mencerminkan hubungan Madonna dengan siapa? || ibu bapanya <> Di mana video Madonna memakai rosario? || La Isla Bonita \"<> Di mana video itu menunjukkan Madonna dimarahi oleh bosnya di Itali? || Buka Hati <> Dia berdedikasi Papa Jangan Bercerai kepada siapa? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II.", {"context": "Madonna's Italian-Catholic background and her relationship with her parents are reflected in the album Like a Prayer. It was an evocation of the impact religion had on her career. Her video for the title track contains Catholic symbolism, such as the stigmata. During The Virgin Tour, she wore a rosary and prayed with it in the music video for \"La Isla Bonita\". The \"Open Your Heart\" video sees her boss scolding her in the Italian language. On the Who's That Girl World Tour, she dedicated the song \"Papa Don't Preach\" to Pope John Paul II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Italian-Catholic"}], "question": "What is Madonna's religious background?", "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "her parents"}], "question": "Like a Prayer reflects Madonna's relationship with who?", "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "La Isla Bonita\""}], "question": "In which video did Madonna wear a rosary?", "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "Open Your Heart"}], "question": "In which video does it show Madonna being scolded by her boss in Italian?", "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Pope John Paul II."}], "question": "She dedicated Papa Don't Preach to whom?", "id": "5726f818f1498d1400e8f156"}]}], ["Kemunculan Madonna berlaku semasa kedatangan MTV; Chris Nelson dari The New York Times bercakap tentang artis-artis pop seperti Madonna berkata, \"MTV, dengan video eksklusif liputan yang eksklusif, memancarkan era di mana peminat muzik purata mungkin menghabiskan berjam-jam setiap hari, setiap hari, menonton penyanyi hanya mulut kata-kata. \" Hubungan simbiotik antara video muzik dan penyegerakan bibir menyebabkan keinginan untuk tontonan dan imejan video muzik dipindahkan ke persembahan pentas live. Beliau menambah, \"Seniman seperti Madonna dan Janet Jackson menetapkan piawaian baru untuk persembahan, dengan konsert yang termasuk bukan hanya pakaian yang rumit dan perfoteknik yang tepat pada masanya tetapi juga tarian yang berprestij. Kesan ini datang dengan mengorbankan nyanyian secara langsung.\" Thor Christensen dari The Morning News News mengulas bahawa sementara Madonna memperoleh reputasi untuk lip-syncing semasa Jelajah Dunia Ambition Blond 1990, dia kemudiannya menyusun semula persembahannya dengan \"tetap [paling] masih semasa bahagian nyanyian yang paling sukar dan [daun] rutin menari ke rombongan sandarannya ... [r] lebih baik daripada mencuba dan menari ribut pada masa yang sama. \" <> Siapa yang mempunyai piawaian baru? || Madonna dan Janet Jackson <> Siapa yang mendapat reputasi lip synching dalam Tour Ambition Blond? || Madonna <> Apa yang berlaku sebagai perbuatan nyanyian hidup? || tarian yang sangat menari", {"context": "Madonna's emergence occurred during the advent of MTV; Chris Nelson from The New York Times spoke of pop artists like Madonna saying, \"MTV, with its almost exclusively lip-synched videos, ushered in an era in which average music fans might happily spend hours a day, every day, watching singers just mouth the words.\" The symbiotic relationship between the music video and lip-syncing led to a desire for the spectacle and imagery of the music video to be transferred to live stage shows. He added, \"Artists like Madonna and Janet Jackson set new standards for showmanship, with concerts that included not only elaborate costumes and precision-timed pyrotechnics but also highly athletic dancing. These effects came at the expense of live singing.\" Thor Christensen of The Dallas Morning News commented that while Madonna earned a reputation for lip-syncing during her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour, she has subsequently reorganized her performances by \"stay[ing] mostly still during her toughest singing parts and [leaves] the dance routines to her backup troupe ... [r]ather than try to croon and dance up a storm at the same time.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Madonna and Janet Jackson"}], "question": "Who had new standards of showmanship?", "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who earned a reputation of lip synching in the Blond Ambition Tour?", "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "highly athletic dancing"}], "question": "What came as an expense of live singing?", "id": "5726fc78f1498d1400e8f1be"}]}], ["Akademi menyatakan bahawa dengan videonya, Madonna secara mendalam membalikkan peranan biasa lelaki sebagai seks yang dominan. Simbolisme dan imejan ini mungkin adalah yang paling lazim dalam video muzik untuk \"Seperti Doa\". Video itu termasuk adegan paduan gereja gereja Afrika-Amerika, Madonna tertarik kepada patung seorang kudus hitam, dan menyanyi di hadapan salib pembakaran. Campurannya yang suci dan yang tidak senonoh mengganggu Vatikan dan mengakibatkan pengeluaran komersial Pepsi. Pada tahun 2003, MTV menamakannya \"The Music Video Star Ever\" dan berkata \"Inovasi, kreativiti dan sumbangan Madonna dalam bentuk seni video muzik adalah apa yang memenanginya.\" <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Madonna telah membalikkan peranan jantina? || Akademik <> Di mana video itu yang paling jelas? || \"Seperti Doa <> Siapa yang bernama Madonna bintang Video Muzik Terbesar yang pernah? || MTV <> Kapan Madonna dianugerahi penghargaan? |||", {"context": "Academics noted that with her videos, Madonna was subtly reversing the usual role of male as the dominant sex. This symbolism and imagery was probably the most prevalent in the music video for \"Like a Prayer\". The video included scenes of an African-American church choir, Madonna being attracted to a statue of a black saint, and singing in front of burning crosses. This mix of the sacred and the profane upset the Vatican and resulted in the Pepsi commercial withdrawal. In 2003, MTV named her \"The Greatest Music Video Star Ever\" and said that \"Madonna's innovation, creativity and contribution to the music video art form is what won her the award.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Academics"}], "question": "Who noted that Madonna was reversing the gender role?", "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "\"Like a Prayer"}], "question": "In which video was it the most obvious?", "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "Who named Madonna the Greatest Music Video star ever?", "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When was Madonna awarded the accolade?", "id": "5726fbec708984140094d7ae"}]}], ["Dalam biografi Madonna Companion, Allen Metz dan Carol Benson menyatakan bahawa lebih daripada artis pop baru, Madonna telah menggunakan MTV dan video muzik untuk menubuhkan popularitinya dan meningkatkan kerja rakamannya. Menurut mereka, banyak lagunya mempunyai citra video muzik dalam konteks yang kuat, sambil merujuk kepada muzik. Pengkritik budaya Mark C. Taylor dalam bukunya Nots (1993) merasakan bahwa seni postmodern bentuk kecemerlangan adalah video dan \"ratu video\" yang memerintah adalah Madonna. Beliau seterusnya menegaskan bahawa \"penciptaan MTV yang paling luar biasa ialah Madonna. Jawapan kepada video Madonna yang sangat provokatif telah diramal bercanggah.\" Media dan reaksi orang ramai terhadap lagu-lagu yang paling dibincangkan seperti \"Papa Do Not Preach\", \"Like a prayer\", atau \"Justify My Love\" terpaksa dilakukan dengan video muzik yang dihasilkan untuk mempromosikan lagu-lagu dan kesannya, sebaliknya daripada lagu itu sendiri. Morton merasakan bahawa \"secara artis, penulisan lagu Madonna sering dibayangi oleh video pop yang menarik.\" <> Siapa Madonna Companion Biographers? || Allen Metz dan Carol Benson <> Madonna menggunakan syarikat TV untuk membantu kerjayanya? || MTV <> Penciptaan yang paling luar biasa dalam MTV adalah siapa? || Madonna", {"context": "In The Madonna Companion biographers Allen Metz and Carol Benson noted that more than any other recent pop artist, Madonna had used MTV and music videos to establish her popularity and enhance her recorded work. According to them, many of her songs have the imagery of the music video in strong context, while referring to the music. Cultural critic Mark C. Taylor in his book Nots (1993) felt that the postmodern art form par excellence is video and the reigning \"queen of video\" is Madonna. He further asserted that \"the most remarkable creation of MTV is Madonna. The responses to Madonna's excessively provocative videos have been predictably contradictory.\" The media and public reaction towards her most-discussed songs such as \"Papa Don't Preach\", \"Like a Prayer\", or \"Justify My Love\" had to do with the music videos created to promote the songs and their impact, rather than the songs themselves. Morton felt that \"artistically, Madonna's songwriting is often overshadowed by her striking pop videos.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Allen Metz and Carol Benson"}], "question": "Who are the Madonna Companion Biographers?", "id": "5726fad05951b619008f8409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "MTV"}], "question": "Madonna used which TV company to help with her career?", "id": "5726fad05951b619008f840a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "The most remarkable creation in MTV is whom?", "id": "5726fad05951b619008f840b"}]}], ["Untuk membolehkan pergerakan yang lebih besar ketika menari dan menyanyi, Madonna adalah salah satu pemula paling awal mikrofon set kepala frekuensi radio handsfree, dengan alat dengar yang dipasang di telinga atau di atas kepala, dan kapsul mikrofon pada lengan boom yang dilanjutkan ke mulut. Kerana penggunaannya yang menonjol, reka bentuk mikrofon telah dikenali sebagai \"Madonna mic\". Metz menyatakan bahawa Madonna mewakili paradoks kerana dia sering dilihat sebagai hidup sepanjang hidupnya sebagai persembahan. Walaupun persembahan skrin besarnya disiarkan, persembahan secara langsungnya adalah kejayaan kritikal. Madonna adalah artis pertama yang mengadakan konsertnya sebagai reenactment video muziknya. Pengarang Elin Diamond menjelaskan bahawa secara bergantian, hakikat bahawa imej dari video Madonna dapat dicipta semula dalam suasana hidup yang meningkatkan realisme video asal. Oleh itu, persembahan secara langsungnya telah menjadi cara yang mana perwakilan berinteraksi semula jadi. Taraborrelli berkata bahawa merangkumi sistem multimedia, teknologi terkini dan bunyi, konsert Madonna dan persembahan secara langsung dianggap sebagai \"pameran mewah, pameran seni berjalan.\" <> Apa yang Madonna gunakan dalam konsertnya? || mikrofon set kepala frekuensi radio bebas tangan <> Apakah mikrofon dicipta sebagai? || \"Madonna mic\" <> Siapa yang pertama kali mempunyai reenactment video muziknya dalam konsert? || Madonna <> Konsert siapa rancangan hidup mewah? || Madonna", {"context": "To allow for greater movement while dancing and singing, Madonna was one of the earliest adopters of hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones, with the headset fastened over the ears or the top of the head, and the microphone capsule on a boom arm that extended to the mouth. Because of her prominent usage, the microphone design came to be known as the \"Madonna mic\". Metz noted that Madonna represents a paradox as she is often perceived as living her whole life as a performance. While her big-screen performances are panned, her live performances are critical successes. Madonna was the first artist to have her concert tours as reenactment of her music videos. Author Elin Diamond explained that reciprocally, the fact that images from Madonna's videos can be recreated in a live setting enhances the realism of the original videos. Thus her live performances have become the means by which mediatized representations are naturalized. Taraborrelli said that encompassing multimedia, latest technology and sound systems, Madonna's concerts and live performances are deemed as \"extravagant show piece, a walking art show.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "hands-free radio-frequency headset microphones"}], "question": "What did Madonna use in her concerts?", "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "\"Madonna mic\""}], "question": "What was the microphone coined as?", "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is first to have reenactment of her music videos in concerts?", "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "Madonna's"}], "question": "Whose concerts are extravagant live shows?", "id": "5726fd08f1498d1400e8f1cf"}]}], ["Semasa masa kecilnya, Madonna diilhamkan oleh pelakon, kemudian berkata, \"Saya suka Carole Lombard dan Judy Holliday dan Marilyn Monroe. Mereka semua sangat lucu ... dan saya melihat diri saya di dalamnya ... keabadian saya, pengetahuan saya dan saya tidak bersalah . \" Video muzik \"Material Girl\" beliau mencipta semula lagu Monroe dalam lagu \"Diamonds Is a Friend Best Friend\", dari filem Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). Dia mengkaji komedi boling tahun 1930-an, terutamanya orang Lombard, sebagai persediaan untuk filem Who's That Girl. Video untuk \"Express Yourself\" (1989) diilhamkan oleh Metropolis (1927) filem diam Fritz Lang. Video untuk \"Vogue\" mencipta semula gaya gambar glamor Hollywood, khususnya oleh Horst P. Horst, dan meniru panji-panji Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, dan Rita Hayworth, manakala liriknya merujuk kepada banyak bintang yang telah terinspirasi dia, termasuk Bette Davis, yang digambarkan oleh Madonna sebagai idola. Walau bagaimanapun, kerjaya filem Madonna sebahagian besarnya diterima negatif oleh komuniti pengkritik filem. Stephanie Zacharek, pengkritik majalah Time, menyatakan bahawa, \"[Madonna] kelihatan seperti kayu dan tidak semulajadi sebagai seorang pelakon, dan ia sukar untuk ditonton, kerana dia jelas mencuba bajingannya.\" Menurut ahli biografi Andrew Morton, \"Madonna meletakkan wajah yang berani terhadap kritikan itu, tetapi secara peribadi dia sangat cedera.\" Selepas bom box office Swept Away (2002), Madonna bersumpah bahawa dia tidak akan lagi bertindak dalam sebuah filem, berharap repertoarnya sebagai pelakon buruk tidak akan dibincangkan lagi. <> Namakan seorang pelakon yang diilhamkan oleh Madonna? || Marilyn Monroe <> Madonna's Material Girl dicipta semula rupanya? || Monroe's <> Video Express Yourself diilhamkan oleh filem senyap itu? || Metropolis <> Siapa menyatakan bahawa Madonna adalah pelakon yang tidak baik untuk ditonton? || Stephanie Zacharek <> Yang mana satu filem Madonna adalah bom kotak pejabat? || Dihanyutkan", {"context": "During her childhood, Madonna was inspired by actors, later saying, \"I loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all incredibly funny ... and I saw myself in them ... my girlishness, my knowingness and my innocence.\" Her \"Material Girl\" music video recreated Monroe's look in the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\", from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953). She studied the screwball comedies of the 1930s, particularly those of Lombard, in preparation for the film Who's That Girl. The video for \"Express Yourself\" (1989) was inspired by Fritz Lang's silent film Metropolis (1927). The video for \"Vogue\" recreated the style of Hollywood glamour photographs, in particular those by Horst P. Horst, and imitated the poses of Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard, and Rita Hayworth, while the lyrics referred to many of the stars who had inspired her, including Bette Davis, described by Madonna as an idol. However, Madonna's film career has been largely received negatively by the film critic community. Stephanie Zacharek, critic for Time magazine, stated that, \"[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest.\" According to biographer Andrew Morton, \"Madonna puts a brave face on the criticism, but privately she is deeply hurt.\" After the box office bomb Swept Away (2002), Madonna vowed that she would never again act in a film, hoping her repertoire as a bad actress would never be discussed again.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Marilyn Monroe"}], "question": "Name one actor that Madonna was inspired by?", "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Monroe's"}], "question": "Madonna's Material Girl recreated whose look?", "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Metropolis"}], "question": "The video Express Yourself was inspired by which silent film?", "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1038, "text": "Stephanie Zacharek"}], "question": "Who stated that Madonna was a bad actress to watch?", "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1365, "text": "Swept Away"}], "question": "Which one of Madonna's movie is a box office bomb?", "id": "5726f906f1498d1400e8f178"}]}], ["Madonna memegang rekod untuk nombor yang paling banyak di semua carta Billboard gabungan, termasuk dua belas nombor satu lagu di Billboard Hot 100 dan lapan nombor satu album di Billboard 200. Dengan 45 lagu yang mendahului carta Lagu Kelab Dance Dance, Madonna menjadi artis dengan lagu paling banyak dalam carta Billboard yang aktif, menjangkau George Strait dengan 44 nombor satu lagu di carta Lagu Hot Country. Dia juga menjaringkan 38 perseorangan terbaik di Hot 100, lebih daripada artis lain dalam sejarah. Pada tahun 2008, majalah Billboard mendudukinya di tangga kedua, di belakang The Beatles, di Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Artists Top, menjadikannya artis solo paling berjaya dalam sejarah carta perseorangan Amerika. <> Siapa yang memegang rekod untuk jumlah paling banyak 1 hits? || Madonna <> Berapa banyak lagu yang dimainkan oleh Madonna di Carta Lagu Kelab Dance Hot? || 45 <> Siapa yang mempunyai lagu paling banyak dalam carta BiIlboard yang aktif? || Madonna <> Berapa banyak 10 perseorangan di Hot 100 yang Madonna? || 38 <> Siapa artis solo paling berjaya dalam sejarah carta perseorangan Amerika? || Madonna", {"context": "Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?", "id": "572701af5951b619008f847d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "45"}], "question": "How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?", "id": "572701af5951b619008f847e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?", "id": "572701af5951b619008f847f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "38"}], "question": "How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?", "id": "572701af5951b619008f8480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?", "id": "572701af5951b619008f8481"}]}], ["Madonna telah menjual lebih daripada 300 juta rekod di seluruh dunia. Rekod Guinness World mengiktirafnya sebagai artis rakaman wanita paling laris dan perbuatan laris keempat sepanjang masa, di belakang The Beatles, Elvis Presley, dan Michael Jackson. Menurut Persatuan Industri Rakaman Amerika (RIAA), dia adalah artis rock wanita terlaris abad ke-20 dan artis album terlaris kedua di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 64.5 juta album bersertifikat. Madonna adalah artis paling bersertifikat sepanjang masa di United Kingdom, dengan 45 anugerah dari Industri Phonographic Britain (BPI) pada April 2013. Billboard bernama Madonna sebagai artis wanita pelawat terbaik sepanjang masa. Dia juga artis pelukis solo paling tinggi, dengan lebih daripada $ 1.31 bilion konsert kasar, bermula dari Tour Dunia Ambition Blond; dia pertama kali melintasi satu bilion kasar dengan The MDNA Tour. Secara keseluruhannya, Madonna berada di tangga ketiga dengan senarai Billboard Boxscore yang terulung sepanjang masa, dengan hanya The Rolling Stones ($ 1.84 bilion) dan U2 ($ 1.67 bilion) di hadapannya. Madonna telah dianugerahkan dengan Anugerah Muzik Video MTV 20-yang paling banyak untuk mana-mana artis termasuk pencapaian Video Vanguard pada tahun 1986. <> Madonna menjual berapa album di seluruh dunia? || 300 juta rekod <> Siapa artis artis wanita terlaris di abad ke-20? || Madonna <> Siapa yang bernama Madonna sebagai artis wanita terbaik di sepanjang masa? || Billboard <> Berapa banyak yang dilakukan Madonna dalam semua konsertnya? || $ 1.31 bilion <> Berapa banyak penghargaan muzik video MTV yang dimiliki oleh Madonna? || 20", {"context": "Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards\u2014the most for any artist\u2014including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "300 million records"}], "question": "Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?", "id": "572700addd62a815002e9760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?", "id": "572700addd62a815002e9761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "Billboard"}], "question": "Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?", "id": "572700addd62a815002e9762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "$1.31 billion"}], "question": "How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?", "id": "572700addd62a815002e9763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?", "id": "572700addd62a815002e9764"}]}], ["Menurut Tony Sclafani dari MSNBC, \"Perlu diingat bahawa sebelum Madonna, kebanyakan bintang mega-bintang adalah lelaki rocker; selepas itu, hampir semua akan menjadi penyanyi wanita ... Ketika The Beatles memukul Amerika, mereka mengubah paradigma pelaku dari solo Bertindak dengan band. Madonna mengubahnya dengan penekanan pada wanita. \" Howard Kramer, pengarah kuratorial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame dan Muzium, menegaskan bahawa \"Madonna dan kerjaya yang diukir untuk dirinya sendiri mungkin menjadi hampir setiap penyanyi pop perempuan lain untuk mengikuti ... Dia pastinya menaikkan taraf kesemua mereka ... Dia mendefinisikan semula apa parameter untuk penghibur wanita. \" Menurut Fouz-Hern\u00e1ndez, penyanyi wanita berikutnya seperti Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Kylie Minogue, Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, dan Pink adalah seperti \"anak perempuannya dalam erti kata langsung bahawa mereka membesar mendengar dan mengagumi Madonna, dan memutuskan mereka mahu menjadi seperti dia. \" Majalah Time menyertakannya dalam senarai \"25 Wanita Yang Paling Berkuasa Abad Ke Hadapan\", di mana dia menjadi salah satu daripada dua penyanyi yang akan disertakan, bersama Aretha Franklin. Dia juga mendahului senarai \"100 Wanita Terbesar dalam Muzik\" dan \"50 Wanita Terbesar dalam Era Video\". <> Siapa yang menukar dinamik penyanyi kembali kepada kebanyakan wanita? || Madonna <> Siapa pengarah kurator Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum? || Howard Kramer <> Banyak artis pop moden yang membesar mendengar siapa? || Madonna, <> Siapa termasuk Madonna sebagai wanita paling berkuasa di abad ini? || Majalah Masa <> Siapa wanita lain yang memperoleh gelaran itu? || Aretha Franklin", {"context": "According to Tony Sclafani from MSNBC, \"It's worth noting that before Madonna, most music mega-stars were guy rockers; after her, almost all would be female singers ... When The Beatles hit America, they changed the paradigm of performer from solo act to band. Madonna changed it back\u2014with an emphasis on the female.\" Howard Kramer, curatorial director of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, asserted that \"Madonna and the career she carved out for herself made possible virtually every other female pop singer to follow ... She certainly raised the standards of all of them ... She redefined what the parameters were for female performers.\" According to Fouz-Hern\u00e1ndez, subsequent female singers such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Kylie Minogue, the Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, and Pink were like her \"daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her.\" Time magazine included her in the list of the \"25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century\", where she became one of only two singers to be included, alongside Aretha Franklin. She also topped VH1's lists of \"100 Greatest Women in Music\" and \"50 Greatest Women of the Video Era\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who changed the dynamics of the singers back to mostly female?", "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Howard Kramer"}], "question": "Who is the director of the curator of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum?", "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "Madonna,"}], "question": "A lot of modern pop artist grew up listening to whom?", "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "Time magazine"}], "question": "Who included Madonna as the most powerful woman of the century?", "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1125, "text": "Aretha Franklin"}], "question": "Who is the other woman who earned the title?", "id": "5726fe765951b619008f843f"}]}], ["Madonna telah mendapat penghormatan sebagai model peranan bagi wanita perniagaan dalam industrinya, \"mencapai jenis kawalan kewangan yang telah lama diperjuangkan oleh wanita dalam industri\", dan menjana lebih dari $ 1.2 bilion dalam jualan dalam dekad pertama kerjayanya. Profesor Colin Barrow dari Sekolah Pengurusan Cranfield menerangkan Madonna sebagai \"ahli perniagaan yang paling pintar di Amerika ... yang telah berpindah ke bahagian atas industrinya dan tinggal di sana dengan sentiasa mencipta semula dirinya.\" Akademik Sekolah Perniagaan London memanggilnya \"usahawan dinamik\" yang bernilai menyalin; mereka mengenal pasti visi kejayaannya, pemahamannya tentang industri muzik, keupayaannya untuk mengenali had prestasinya sendiri (dan dengan itu membawa bantuan), kesediaannya bekerja keras dan keupayaannya untuk menyesuaikan diri sebagai kunci kejayaan komersilnya. Morton menulis bahawa \"Madonna adalah oportunis, manipulatif, dan kejam-seseorang yang tidak akan berhenti sehingga dia mendapat apa yang dia inginkan-dan itulah sesuatu yang dapat anda dapatkan dengan mengorbankan mungkin kehilangan orang-orang dekat anda. Hazel Blackmore dan Rafael Fern\u00e1ndez de Castro dalam buku \u00bfQu\u00e9 es Amerika Syarikat? dari Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, berkata: \"Madonna sudah pasti wanita paling penting dalam sejarah muzik popular dan seorang ahli perniagaan yang hebat dalam dirinya, mencipta fesyen, memecah tabu dan mencetuskan kontroversi.\" <> Siapa wanita model perniagaan peribahasa? || Madonna <> Madonna menjana berapa banyak jualan dalam 10 tahun pertama kerjayanya? || $ 1.2 bilion di <> Siapa yang memanggil Madonna seorang usahawan dinamik? || Akademik Sekolah Perniagaan London <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa Madonna adalah oportunistik, manipulatif dan kejam? || Morton", {"context": "Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, \"achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry\", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as \"America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself.\" London Business School academics called her a \"dynamic entrepreneur\" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that \"Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless\u2014somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants\u2014and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her.\" Hazel Blackmore and Rafael Fern\u00e1ndez de Castro in the book \u00bfQu\u00e9 es Estados Unidos? from the Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, noted: \"Madonna has been undoubtedly the most important woman in the history of popular music and a great businesswoman in herself; creating fashion, breaking taboos and provoking controversies.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is an acclaim role model business woman?", "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "$1.2 billion in"}], "question": "Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?", "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "London Business School academics"}], "question": "Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?", "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f8459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "Morton"}], "question": "Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?", "id": "5726ffd85951b619008f845a"}]}], ["Penggunaan imej seks Madonna telah memberi manfaat kepada kerjaya dan pemangkin wacana umum tentang seksualiti dan feminisme. Sebagai dokumen Roger Chapman dalam Perang Kebudayaan: Ensiklopedia Masalah, Pandangan, dan Suara, Volume 1 (2010), dia telah sering dikutuk dari organisasi keagamaan, konservatif sosial dan kumpulan pengawas orang tua untuk menggunakan imej, lisan dan lirik seksualnya, simbolisme agama, dan sebaliknya tingkah laku \"tidak sopan\" dalam persembahan hidupnya. The Times menulis bahawa dia telah \"memulakan revolusi di kalangan wanita dalam muzik ... Sikap dan pendapatnya mengenai seks, bogel, gaya dan seksualiti memaksa orang ramai untuk duduk dan mengambil perhatian.\" Profesor John Fiske menyatakan bahawa pemahaman yang diberikan oleh Madonna adalah berkaitan dengan kesenangan untuk mengendalikan beberapa makna diri, seksualiti, dan hubungan sosial seseorang. Dalam Menjalankan Gender dalam Media, Seni dan Budaya (2009), penulis menyatakan bahawa Madonna, sebagai selebriti wanita, pelukis, dan ikon pop, mampu menimbulkan pantulan dan perdebatan feminis. Menurut feminis lesbian, Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna mewakili pendudukan wanita mengenai apa yang dikatakan oleh Monique Wittig sebagai kategori seks, yang berkuasa, dan nampaknya mengagumkan prestasi corv\u00e9e seksual yang diberikan kepada wanita. Professor Sut Jhally telah merujuk kepada Madonna sebagai \"ikon feminis hampir sakral.\" <> Madonna menggunakan apa yang bermanfaat untuk kerjayanya? || imej seksual <> Siapa yang memulakan revolusi dalam muzik dengan wanita? || Madonna <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa Madonna adalah ikon feminis yang hampir ketakutan? || Professor Sut Jhally <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai feminis semasa dia? || Madonna", {"context": "Madonna's use of sexual imagery has benefited her career and catalyzed public discourse on sexuality and feminism. As Roger Chapman documents in Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices, Volume 1 (2010), she has drawn frequent condemnation from religious organizations, social conservatives and parental watchdog groups for her use of explicit, sexual imagery and lyrics, religious symbolism, and otherwise \"irreverent\" behavior in her live performances. The Times wrote that she had \"started a revolution amongst women in music ... Her attitudes and opinions on sex, nudity, style and sexuality forced the public to sit up and take notice.\" Professor John Fiske noted that the sense of empowerment that Madonna offers is inextricably connected with the pleasure of exerting some control over the meanings of self, of sexuality, and of one's social relations. In Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), the authors noted that Madonna, as a female celebrity, performer, and pop icon, is able to unsettle standing feminist reflections and debates. According to lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys, Madonna represents woman's occupancy of what Monique Wittig calls the category of sex, as powerful, and appears to gleefully embrace the performance of the sexual corv\u00e9e allotted to women. Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as \"an almost sacred feminist icon.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "sexual imagery"}], "question": "Madonna used what to benefit her career?", "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1123, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who started a revolution in music with women?", "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1312, "text": "Professor Sut Jhally"}], "question": "Who wrote that Madonna is an almost scared feminist icon?", "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1123, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is regarded as a feminist during her time?", "id": "5726ff29f1498d1400e8f1fd"}]}], ["Pelbagai wartawan muzik, ahli teori kritis, dan penulis telah menganggap Madonna artis rakaman wanita yang paling berpengaruh sepanjang zaman. Pengarang Carol Clerk menulis bahawa \"semasa kariernya, Madonna telah melampaui istilah 'pop bintang' untuk menjadi ikon budaya global.\" Rolling Stone of Spain menulis bahawa \"Dia menjadi Master of Pop pertama dalam sejarah, bertahun-tahun sebelum Internet digunakan secara besar-besaran. Madonna berada di mana-mana, di saluran televisyen muzik yang maha besar, 'formula radio', majalah dan bahkan di kedai buku. pop dialektik, tidak pernah dilihat sejak zaman pemerintahan The Beatles, yang membolehkannya terus kecenderungan dan komersil. \" Laura Barcella dalam bukunya Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) menulis bahawa \"benar-benar, Madonna menukar segala landskap muzik, yang '80s melihat du jour, dan paling ketara, apa bintang pop wanita mainstream boleh ( dan tidak boleh) katakan, lakukan, atau dilakukan di mata awam. \" William Langley dari The Daily Telegraph merasakan bahawa \"Madonna telah mengubah sejarah sosial dunia, telah melakukan lebih banyak perkara sebagai orang yang lebih berbeza daripada orang lain yang mungkin.\" Alan McGee dari The Guardian merasakan bahawa Madonna adalah seni pasca-moden, seperti yang kita tidak akan dapat melihat lagi. Beliau seterusnya menegaskan bahawa Madonna dan Michael Jackson mencipta istilah Queen dan King of Pop. <> Siapa artis rakaman paling berpengaruh sepanjang zaman? || Madonna <> Siapa yang menulis buku itu, Madonna dan Me? || Laura Barcella <> Siapa kata bahawa Madonna mengubah sejarah sosial dunia? || William Langley dari The Daily Telegraph <> Siapa kata Madonna seperti seni post-moderm? || Alan McGee dari The Guardian", {"context": "Various music journalists, critical theorists, and authors have deemed Madonna the most influential female recording artist of all time. Author Carol Clerk wrote that \"during her career, Madonna has transcended the term 'pop star' to become a global cultural icon.\" Rolling Stone of Spain wrote that \"She became the first viral Master of Pop in history, years before the Internet was massively used. Madonna was everywhere; in the almighty music television channels, 'radio formulas', magazine covers and even in bookshops. A pop dialectic, never seen since The Beatles's reign, which allowed her to keep on the edge of tendency and commerciality.\" Laura Barcella in her book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) wrote that \"really, Madonna changed everything the musical landscape, the '80s look du jour, and most significantly, what a mainstream female pop star could (and couldn't) say, do, or accomplish in the public eye.\" William Langley from The Daily Telegraph felt that \"Madonna has changed the world's social history, has done more things as more different people than anyone else is ever likely to.\" Alan McGee from The Guardian felt that Madonna is a post-modern art, the likes of which we will never see again. He further asserted that Madonna and Michael Jackson invented the terms Queen and King of Pop.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Madonna"}], "question": "Who is the most influential recording artist of all time?", "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Laura Barcella"}], "question": "Who wrote the book, Madonna and Me?", "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 948, "text": "William Langley from The Daily Telegraph"}], "question": "Who said that Madonna changed the world social history?", "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1131, "text": "Alan McGee from The Guardian"}], "question": "Who said that Madonna is like post-moderm art?", "id": "5726fda6dd62a815002e971d"}]}]], [["Walaupun terdapat bukti penempatan Brythonic yang bertaburan di kawasan tersebut, penempatan pertama yang pertama diasaskan oleh orang Rom selepas pencerobohan 43 AD. Ini berlangsung hanya sehingga sekitar 61, apabila suku Iceni yang diketuai oleh Ratu Boudica menyerbu, membakarnya ke tanah. Londinium yang seterusnya, terancang dan terinspirasi, telah menjadi makmur, dan ia menggantikan Colchester sebagai ibu kota wilayah Rom Britannia pada tahun 100. Pada ketinggiannya pada abad ke-2, Roman London mempunyai penduduk sekitar 60,000. <> Siapakah pemimpin suku Iceni? || Queen Boudica <> Apakah penduduk Romawi London pada abad ke-2? || sekitar 60,000 <> Orang-orang Rom menyerang apa yang sekarang London dan menubuhkan penempatan pertama yang pertama dalam tahun berapa? || 43 AD <> Apakah modal Britannia sebelum Londinium? || Colchester <> Siapa yang menyerang dan memusnahkan penempatan pertama pertama Rom London di 61 AD? || suku Iceni", {"context": "Although there is evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans after the invasion of 43 AD. This lasted only until around 61, when the Iceni tribe led by Queen Boudica stormed it, burning it to the ground. The next, heavily planned, incarnation of Londinium prospered, and it superseded Colchester as the capital of the Roman province of Britannia in 100. At its height in the 2nd century, Roman London had a population of around 60,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Queen Boudica"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Iceni tribe?", "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "around 60,000"}], "question": "What was Roman London's population in the 2nd century?", "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "43 AD"}], "question": "The Romans invaded what is now London and established its first major settlement in what year?", "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Colchester"}], "question": "What was the capital of Britannia before Londinium?", "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "the Iceni tribe"}], "question": "Who invaded and destroyed the first major settlement of Roman London in 61 AD?", "id": "5727cf404b864d1900163da4"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ke-11, London berada di luar perbandingan bandar terbesar di England. Westminster Abbey, yang dibina semula dalam gaya Romanesque oleh King Edward the Confessor, merupakan salah satu gereja paling besar di Eropah. Winchester sebelum ini menjadi ibukota Anglo-Saxon England, tetapi sejak saat ini, London menjadi forum utama bagi peniaga asing dan pangkalan untuk pertahanan dalam masa perang. Dalam pandangan Frank Stenton: \"Ia mempunyai sumber, dan ia berkembang pesat maruah dan kesedaran diri politik sesuai dengan modal negara.\" <> Siapa yang membina semula Westminster Abbey? || King Edward the Confessor <> Dengan abad mana telah London mula menjadi ibu kota yang terkenal? || abad ke-11 <> Apa gaya seni bina Westminster Abbey dibina semula? || Romanesque <> Ahli sejarah apa yang dipetik sebagai mengatakan bahawa London mempunyai semua ciri yang diperlukan untuk menjadi ibu kota utama? || Frank Stenton <Sebelum abad ke-11, apakah ibu negara Anglo-Saxon England? || Winchester", {"context": "By the 11th century, London was beyond all comparison the largest town in England. Westminster Abbey, rebuilt in the Romanesque style by King Edward the Confessor, was one of the grandest churches in Europe. Winchester had previously been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time on, London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war. In the view of Frank Stenton: \"It had the resources, and it was rapidly developing the dignity and the political self-consciousness appropriate to a national capital.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "King Edward the Confessor"}], "question": "Who rebuilt Westminster Abbey?", "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the 11th century"}], "question": "By which century had London started becoming a prominent capital city?", "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Romanesque"}], "question": "What architectural style was Westminster Abbey rebuilt in?", "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Frank Stenton"}], "question": "What historian was quoted as saying that London had all the necessary characteristics to be a major capital city?", "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Winchester"}], "question": "Prior to the 11th century, what was Anglo-Saxon England's capital?", "id": "5727e856ff5b5019007d981e"}]}], ["Dua penemuan baru-baru ini menunjukkan penempatan awal yang mungkin berhampiran Thames di kawasan London. Pada tahun 1999, jenazah Jambatan Zaman Gangsa ditemui di utara jambatan Vauxhall. Jambatan ini menyeberangi Thames, atau pergi ke sebuah pulau yang hilang sekarang di sungai. Dendrologi bertarikh timbalannya hingga 1500 SM. Pada tahun 2010, asas struktur kayu yang besar, bertarikh 4500 SM, ditemui di tepi pantai Thames, selatan Jambatan Vauxhall. Fungsi struktur mesolitik tidak diketahui. Kedua-dua struktur itu adalah di Bank Selatan, di titik lintasan semulajadi di mana Sungai Effra mengalir ke Sungai Thames. <> Apakah sungai yang mengalir ke Sungai Thames? || Sungai Effra <> Sisa jambatan kuno yang terdapat di tepi Sungai Thames telah bertarikh kembali kepada tempoh arkeologi apa? || Zaman Gangsa <> Sisa-sisa jenis struktur dari tempoh mesolitik yang terdapat di tepi sungai Thames? || tidak diketahui <> Sebanyak runtuhan struktur purba telah ditemui berhampiran Sungai Thames dalam sejarah baru-baru ini? || Dua <> Sisa-sisa struktur purba yang tidak diketahui yang terdapat di tepi pantai Sungai Thames bertarikh kembali kira-kira tahun berapa? || 4500 SM", {"context": "Two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area. In 1999, the remains of a Bronze Age bridge were found on the foreshore north of Vauxhall Bridge. This bridge either crossed the Thames, or went to a now lost island in the river. Dendrology dated the timbers to 1500 BC. In 2010 the foundations of a large timber structure, dated to 4500 BC, were found on the Thames foreshore, south of Vauxhall Bridge. The function of the mesolithic structure is not known. Both structures are on South Bank, at a natural crossing point where the River Effra flows into the River Thames.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "the River Effra"}], "question": "What river flows into the River Thames?", "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d969e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Bronze Age"}], "question": "The remains of an ancient bridge found on the shore of the River Thames was dated back to what archaeological period?", "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d969f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "not known"}], "question": "The remains of what type of structure from the mesolithic period was found on the River Thames's foreshore?", "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many ancient structures' ruins have been found near the River Thames in recent history?", "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "4500 BC"}], "question": "The remains of an unknown ancient structure found on the River Thames foreshore dated back to approximately what year?", "id": "5727cc862ca10214002d96a2"}]}], ["Dengan kejatuhan pemerintahan Rom pada awal abad ke-5, London tidak menjadi modal dan kota berdinding Londinium telah ditinggalkan secara berkesan, walaupun tamadun Rom terus di kawasan St Martin-in-the-Fields hingga sekitar 450. Dari sekitar 500 , sebuah penempatan Anglo-Saxon yang dikenali sebagai Lundenwic berkembang di kawasan yang sama, sedikit di sebelah barat kota Roman lama. Menjelang kira-kira 680, ia telah pulih semula menjadi cukup menjadi pelabuhan utama, walaupun terdapat sedikit bukti besarnya pengeluaran barangan. Dari tahun 820-an bandar ini merosot kerana pencerobohan Viking yang berulang. Terdapat tiga serangan Viking yang dicatatkan di London; dua daripadanya berjaya dalam 851 dan 886 AD, walaupun mereka kalah dalam serangan 994 M. <> Kawasan apa yang terus wujud selepas Londinium ditinggalkan berikutan berakhirnya peraturan Rom? || St Martin-in-the-Fields <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap penurunan penyelesaian Anglo-Saxon Lundenwic? || mengulangi pencerobohan Viking <> Berapa banyak serangan yang diketahui di London yang dilakukan oleh Viking? || tiga <> Pada akhir abad ke-7, apakah fungsi utama Lundenwic? || sebuah pelabuhan utama <Dari tiga serangan Viking yang dicatatkan di London, berapa yang berjaya? || dua", {"context": "With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "St Martin-in-the-Fields"}], "question": "What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?", "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "repeated Viking invasions"}], "question": "What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?", "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?", "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "a major port"}], "question": "By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?", "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "two"}], "question": "Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?", "id": "5727dbb33acd2414000dee33"}]}], ["The Vikings menubuhkan Danelaw di sebahagian besar bahagian timur dan utara England dengan sempadannya secara kasar merentang dari London ke Chester. Ia adalah kawasan kawalan politik dan geografi yang dikenakan oleh serangan Viking yang secara rasmi dipersetujui oleh panglima perang Denmark, Guthrum dan raja barat-Saxon, Alfred the Great pada 886 AD. The Chrono Anglo-Saxon mencatatkan bahawa London \"diperkuat\" oleh Alfred the Great pada tahun 886. Kajian arkeologi menunjukkan bahawa ini melibatkan peninggalan Lundenwic dan kebangkitan kehidupan dan perdagangan di dalam dinding Rom lama. London kemudian berkembang dengan perlahan sehingga kira-kira 950, selepas aktiviti meningkat secara dramatik. <> Menurut kronik Anglo-Saxon, yang menetap semula London pada 886 AD? || Alfred the Great <> Danelaw, yang ditubuhkan oleh Vikings, meliputi apa kawasan geografi? || London ke Chester <> Apakah nama tuan perang Denmark yang memainkan peranan penting dalam menubuhkan Danelaw? || Guthrum <> Berikutan serangan Viking, ketika London mulai tumbuh dan berkembang dengan ketara? || kira-kira 950 <> Apa itu Danelaw? || kawalan politik dan geografi yang dikenakan oleh serangan Viking", {"context": "The Vikings established Danelaw over much of the eastern and northern part of England with its boundary roughly stretching from London to Chester. It was an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions which was formally agreed to by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and west-Saxon king, Alfred the Great in 886 AD. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recorded that London was \"refounded\" by Alfred the Great in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until about 950, after which activity increased dramatically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Alfred the Great"}], "question": "According to the Anglo-Saxon chronicle, who reestablished London in 886 AD?", "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "London to Chester"}], "question": "Danelaw, established by the Vikings, covered what  geographical area?", "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Guthrum"}], "question": "What was the name of the Danish warlord who played a major role in establishing Danelaw?", "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "about 950"}], "question": "Following the Viking invasion, when did London begin to significantly grow and expand?", "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions"}], "question": "What was Danelaw?", "id": "5727ddfc3acd2414000dee7d"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1898, ia diterima secara umum bahawa nama itu berasal dari Celtic dan bermaksud tempat kepunyaan seorang lelaki bernama * Londinos; penjelasan ini telah ditolak. Richard Coates mengemukakan penjelasan pada tahun 1998 bahawa ia berasal dari pra-Celtic Lama Eropah * (p) lowonida, yang bermaksud 'sungai terlalu luas untuk melangkah', dan mencadangkan bahawa ini adalah nama yang diberikan kepada bahagian Sungai Thames yang mengalir melalui London; Dari sini, penyelesaian itu mendapat nama Celtic namanya, * Lowonidonjon; ini memerlukan sedikit pindaan yang serius. Kesukaran utama terletak pada mendamaikan bentuk Latin Londinium dengan Welsh Llundain moden, yang harus menuntut satu bentuk (h) l\u014dndinion (yang bertentangan dengan * lond\u012bnion), dari sebelumnya * loundiniom. Kemungkinan tidak dapat dikesampingkan bahawa nama Wales dipinjam kembali dari bahasa Inggeris pada suatu masa akan datang, dan oleh itu tidak boleh digunakan sebagai asas untuk membina semula nama asalnya. <> Awal kata sepakat bahawa nama London berasal dari bahasa apa? || Celtic <> Apa arti dari asal-usul asal lama sebelum pra-Celtic di London? || 'sungai yang terlalu luas untuk fasal <> Apa bentuk Welsh moden o perkataan London? || Llundain <> Siapa yang datang dengan penjelasan asal-usul nama London yang bertentangan dengan andaian sebelumnya || Richard Coates <> Pada tahun apakah Richard Coates menawarkan penjelasan yang berbeza tentang asal-usul nama London? || 1998", {"context": "From 1898, it was commonly accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos; this explanation has since been rejected. Richard Coates put forward an explanation in 1998 that it is derived from the pre-Celtic Old European *(p)lowonida, meaning 'river too wide to ford', and suggested that this was a name given to the part of the River Thames which flows through London; from this, the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon; this requires quite a serious amendment however. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *(h)l\u014dndinion (as opposed to *lond\u012bnion), from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Celtic"}], "question": "Early consensus was that London's name originated in what language?", "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "'river too wide to ford"}], "question": "What is the meaning of the later-believed pre-Celtic Old European origin of London's name?", "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Llundain"}], "question": "What is the modern Welsh form o the word London?", "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Richard Coates"}], "question": "Who came up with an explanation of the origins of London's name that contradicted earlier assumptions", "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1998"}], "question": "In what year did Richard Coates offer a differing explanation as to the origins of London's name?", "id": "5727c4f12ca10214002d95e0"}]}], ["London mengandungi empat Tapak Warisan Dunia: Menara London; Kew Gardens; laman web ini terdiri daripada Istana Westminster, Westminster Abbey, dan Gereja St Margaret; dan penyelesaian bersejarah Greenwich (di mana Observatorium Diraja, Greenwich menandai Perdana Meridian, 0 \u00b0 longitud, dan GMT). Mercu tanda terkenal yang lain termasuk Buckingham Palace, London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, Katedral St Paul, Jambatan Menara, Trafalgar Square dan The Shard. London adalah rumah kepada banyak muzium, galeri, perpustakaan, acara sukan dan institusi kebudayaan lain, termasuk Muzium British, Galeri Nasional, Tate Modern, Perpustakaan British dan 40 teater West End. Underground London adalah rangkaian keretapi bawah tanah tertua di dunia. <> Apa itu Tapak Warisan Dunia di London? || Westminster Abbey <> Dimana Muzium British terletak? || London <> Adakah terdapat jambatan yang terletak di London? || Jambatan Menara <> Apakah nama salah satu perpustakaan yang terletak di London? || Perpustakaan British <> Apakah nama kereta api bawah tanah tertua di dunia? || London Underground <> Berapa banyak teater yang ada di West End London? || 40 <> Dimana menandakan Masa Min. Greenwich? || Balai Cerap Diraja, Greenwich <> Istana yang terkenal terletak di London? || Istana Buckingham <> Apakah nama keretapi bawah tanah tertua di dunia? || London Underground <> Berapa banyak Tapak Warisan Dunia boleh didapati di London? || empat", {"context": "London contains four World Heritage Sites: the Tower of London; Kew Gardens; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey, and St Margaret's Church; and the historic settlement of Greenwich (in which the Royal Observatory, Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian, 0\u00b0 longitude, and GMT). Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. London is home to numerous museums, galleries, libraries, sporting events and other cultural institutions, including the British Museum, National Gallery, Tate Modern, British Library and 40 West End theatres. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Westminster Abbey"}], "question": "What is one of London's World Heritage Sites?", "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where is the British Museum located?", "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Tower Bridge"}], "question": "Are there any bridges located in London?", "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "British Library"}], "question": "What is the name of one of the libraries located in London?", "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "The London Underground"}], "question": "What is the name of the oldest underground railway in the world?", "id": "57266952f1498d1400e8ded8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many theaters does London's West End have?", "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "the Royal Observatory, Greenwich"}], "question": "Where does Greenwich Mean Time marked?", "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Buckingham Palace"}], "question": "What famous palace is located in London?", "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "The London Underground"}], "question": "What is the name of the world's oldest underground railway?", "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many World Heritage Sites can be found in London?", "id": "5727c1c43acd2414000debd3"}]}], ["London mempunyai pelbagai orang dan budaya, dan lebih daripada 300 bahasa digunakan dalam Greater London. Pejabat Perangkaan Nasional menganggarkan penduduk pertengahan 2014 menjadi 8,538,689, yang terbesar mana-mana perbandaran di Kesatuan Eropah, dan menyumbang 12.5 peratus penduduk UK. Kawasan bandar London adalah yang paling ramai penduduk kedua di EU, selepas Paris, dengan 9,787,426 penduduk mengikut banci 2011. Kawasan metropolitan di bandar ini adalah salah satu yang paling ramai penduduk di Eropah dengan 13,879,757 penduduk, [note 4] manakala Pihak Berkuasa Greater London menyatakan penduduk wilayah bandar (yang meliputi sebahagian besar dari tenggara) sebanyak 22.7 juta. London adalah bandar paling padat di dunia dari sekitar 1831 hingga 1925. <> Berapa banyak bahasa yang berlainan diucapkan di London? || 300 <> Apakah penduduk di London pada tahun 2014? || 8,538,689 <> Di manakah kedudukan kawasan bandar London dari segi populasi di dalam EU? || kedua paling <> Berapa ramai orang di kawasan Metropolitan London? || 13,879,757 <> Berapa tahun London dianggap bandar paling ramai di dunia? || 1831 hingga 1925 <> Dari banci 2011, London adalah penduduk kedua di EU ke bandar mana? || Paris <> Selama mana London mempunyai populasi terbesar di dunia, bandar bijak? || sekitar 1831 hingga 1925 <> Berapa banyak bahasa yang digunakan di kawasan Greater London? || lebih daripada 300 <> Pada pertengahan 2014, penduduk London membentuk peratusan keseluruhan penduduk United Kingdom? || 12.5 <> Apakah populasi metropolitan London? || 13,879,757", {"context": "London has a diverse range of peoples and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken within Greater London. The Office for National Statistics estimated its mid-2014 population to be 8,538,689, the largest of any municipality in the European Union, and accounting for 12.5 percent of the UK population. London's urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. The city's metropolitan area is one of the most populous in Europe with 13,879,757 inhabitants,[note 4] while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region (covering a large part of the south east) as 22.7 million. London was the world's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many different languages are spoken in London?", "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "8,538,689"}], "question": "What was the population in London in 2014?", "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "second most"}], "question": "Where does London's urban area rank in terms of population within the EU?", "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "13,879,757"}], "question": "How many people are in London's Metropolitan area?", "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "1831 to 1925"}], "question": "What years was London considered the world's most populous city?", "id": "57266847f1498d1400e8dea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "From the 2011 census, London is second in population in the EU to which city?", "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "around 1831 to 1925"}], "question": "During what time did London have the world's largest population, city-wise?", "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "more than 300"}], "question": "Approximately how many languages are spoken in the Greater London area?", "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "12.5"}], "question": "As of mid-2014, London's population forms what percentage of the entire United Kingdom population?", "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "13,879,757"}], "question": "What is the population of metropolitan London?", "id": "5727baf12ca10214002d94ee"}]}], ["London adalah bandar global yang terkemuka, dengan kekuatan dalam bidang seni, perdagangan, pendidikan, hiburan, fesyen, kewangan, penjagaan kesihatan, media, perkhidmatan profesional, penyelidikan dan pembangunan, pelancongan, dan pengangkutan yang menyumbang kepada kemasyhurannya. Ia adalah salah satu daripada pusat kewangan terkemuka di dunia dan mempunyai KDNK kawasan kelima atau keenam terbesar di dunia bergantung kepada pengukuran. [Note 3] London adalah modal budaya dunia. Ia adalah bandar paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia seperti yang diukur oleh kedatangan antarabangsa dan mempunyai sistem lapangan terbang bandar terbesar di dunia yang diukur oleh trafik penumpang. London adalah salah satu destinasi pelaburan terkemuka di dunia, menganjurkan lebih banyak peruncit antarabangsa dan individu yang bernilai tinggi daripada mana-mana bandar lain. 43 universiti di London membentuk kepekatan institusi pengajian tinggi terbesar di Eropah, dan laporan 2014 meletakkannya di ranking universiti dunia. Menurut laporan London juga menduduki peringkat pertama di dunia dalam perisian, pembangunan multimedia dan reka bentuk, dan kedudukan pertama dalam kesediaan teknologi. Pada tahun 2012, London menjadi bandar pertama yang menganjurkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas yang moden sebanyak tiga kali. <> Di mana kedudukan London di dunia dari segi KDNK Metropolitan? || kelima atau keenam <> Berdasarkan ketibaan antarabangsa, di mana kedudukan London dari segi bandar-bandar yang paling banyak dilawati? || paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia <> Berapa banyak universiti yang terletak di London? || 43 <> Di mana kedudukan London di peringkat universiti dunia? || pertama <> Berapa kali London menganjurkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas? || tiga kali <> Di mana kedudukan London dari segi kawasan metropolitan KDNK? || kelima atau keenam terbesar <> Berapa kali London menganjurkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas? || tiga <> Apa ukuran menunjuk London sebagai bandar yang paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia? || ketibaan antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak universiti yang dibanggakan oleh London? || 43 <> Bilakah London paling baru menganjurkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas? || 2012", {"context": "London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism, and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is one of the world's leading financial centres and has the fifth-or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world depending on measurement.[note 3] London is a world cultural capital. It is the world's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic. London is one of the world's leading investment destinations, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe, and a 2014 report placed it first in the world university rankings. According to the report London also ranks first in the world in software, multimedia development and design, and shares first position in technology readiness. In 2012, London became the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "fifth-or sixth-largest"}], "question": "Where does London rank in the world in terms of Metropolitan GDP?", "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "world's most-visited"}], "question": "Based on international arrivals, where does London rank in terms of most-visited cities?", "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "43"}], "question": "How many universities are located in London?", "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "first"}], "question": "Where does London rank in the world's university rankings?", "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "three times"}], "question": "How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympics?", "id": "57266689f1498d1400e8de6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "fifth-or sixth-largest"}], "question": "Where does London rank in terms of metropolitan area GDP?", "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times has London hosted the Summer Olympic Games?", "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "international arrivals"}], "question": "What measurement designates London as the world's most visited city?", "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "43"}], "question": "How many universities does London boast?", "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1072, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When did London most recently host the Summer Olympics?", "id": "5727b7aa4b864d1900163b42"}]}], ["London i / l\u028cnd\u0259n / adalah ibu negara dan bandar yang paling ramai penduduk di England dan United Kingdom. Berdiri di Sungai Thames di bahagian selatan pulau di Great Britain, London telah menjadi penyelesaian utama selama dua millennia. Ia diasaskan oleh orang Rom, yang menamakannya Londinium. Inti kuno London, Kota London, sebahagian besarnya mengekalkan sempadan zaman pertengahan 1.12 kilometer persegi (2.9 km2) dan pada tahun 2011 mempunyai populasi penduduk 7,375, menjadikannya bandar terkecil di England. Sejak sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-19, istilah London juga merujuk kepada metropolis yang dibangunkan di sekitar teras ini. Sebahagian besar konurbasi ini membentuk Greater London, [rantau 1] sebuah rantau di England yang dikuasai oleh Walikota London dan Perhimpunan London. [Note 2] Konurbasi juga meliputi dua daerah Inggeris: distrik kecil Kota London dan daerah Greater London. Yang terakhir ini merupakan sebahagian besar London, walaupun secara sejarah ia dipisahkan antara Middlesex (sebuah daerah sekarang yang dihapuskan), Essex, Surrey, Kent dan Hertfordshire. <> Apa bandar ibu negara England? || London <> Yang mengasaskan kota London? || Roma <> Pada tahun 2011, apakah populasi London? || 7,375 <> Apa bahagian di London yang merupakan sebahagian besar dari bandar? || daerah Greater London <> Ketika diasaskan oleh orang Rom, apakah nama mereka yang diberikan kota London? || Londinium <> Sehingga tahun 2011 apakah populasi teras London? || 7,375 <> Pada apa sungai London terletak? || River Thames <> Apakah nama asal London, seperti yang diasaskan oleh orang Rom? || Londinium <> Badan apa yang mentadbir Greater London? || Datuk Bandar London dan Perhimpunan London <> Apakah kawasan perkadaran teras Kota London? || 1.12 kilometer persegi (2.9 km2)", {"context": "London i/\u02c8l\u028cnd\u0259n/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south eastern part of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2) medieval boundaries and in 2011 had a resident population of 7,375, making it the smallest city in England. Since at least the 19th century, the term London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms Greater London,[note 1] a region of England governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[note 2] The conurbation also covers two English counties: the small district of the City of London and the county of Greater London. The latter constitutes the vast majority of London, though historically it was split between Middlesex (a now abolished county), Essex, Surrey, Kent and Hertfordshire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "London"}], "question": "What city is the capital of England?", "id": "5726651c5951b619008f717f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the Romans"}], "question": "Who founded the city of London?", "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "7,375"}], "question": "As of 2011, what was the population of London?", "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "county of Greater London"}], "question": "What part of London constitutes the bulk of the city?", "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Londinium"}], "question": "When founded by the Romans, what was the name they gave the city of London?", "id": "5726651c5951b619008f7183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "7,375"}], "question": "As of 2011 what was the population of the core of London?", "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d947e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "River Thames"}], "question": "On what river is London situated?", "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d947f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Londinium"}], "question": "What was London's original name, as founded by the Romans?", "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "the Mayor of London and the London Assembly"}], "question": "What bodies govern Greater London?", "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "1.12-square-mile (2.9 km2)"}], "question": "What is the approximate area of the core of the City of London?", "id": "5727b5302ca10214002d9482"}]}], ["Terutama bermula pada pertengahan 1960-an, London menjadi pusat budaya belia di seluruh dunia, yang ditunjukkan oleh subkultur Swinging London yang dikaitkan dengan King's Road, Chelsea dan Carnaby Street. Peranan trendsetter telah dihidupkan kembali semasa era punk. Pada tahun 1965, sempadan politik London diperkembangkan untuk mengambil kira pertumbuhan kawasan bandar dan sebuah Majlis Greater London yang baru telah diwujudkan. Semasa Masalah di Ireland Utara, London tertakluk kepada serangan pengeboman oleh IRA Sementara. Ketidaksamaan kaum ditonjolkan oleh rusuhan Brixton pada tahun 1981. <> Apa sebab utama rusuhan Brixton pada tahun 1981? || Ketidaksamaan kaum <> Pada tahun apakah majlis Greater London dibentuk? || 1965 <> Pada masa apakah London merupakan simbol trend trend dan pemuda? || pertengahan 1960-an <> Semasa \"The Troubles\", yang melancarkan serangan melalui pengeboman di London? || IRA Sementara <> Mengapa Majlis Greater London ditubuhkan? || pertumbuhan kawasan bandar", {"context": "Primarily starting in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for the worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London subculture associated with the King's Road, Chelsea and Carnaby Street. The role of trendsetter was revived during the punk era. In 1965 London's political boundaries were expanded to take into account the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created. During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was subjected to bombing attacks by the Provisional IRA. Racial inequality was highlighted by the 1981 Brixton riot.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Racial inequality"}], "question": "What was the root cause of the Brixton riot in 1981?", "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year was the Greater London Council formed?", "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the mid-1960s"}], "question": "In what period was London a symbol of trend-setting and youth?", "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "the Provisional IRA"}], "question": "During \"The Troubles\", who waged assaults via bombings on London?", "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "the growth of the urban area"}], "question": "Why was the Greater London Council established?", "id": "572802612ca10214002d9b5e"}]}], ["Penduduk Greater London menurun secara mendadak dalam dekad selepas Perang Dunia Kedua, dari puncak yang dianggarkan sebanyak 8.6 juta pada tahun 1939 kepada sekitar 6.8 juta pada tahun 1980-an. Pelabuhan utama untuk London bergerak ke hilir ke Felixstowe dan Tilbury, dengan kawasan London Docklands menjadi tumpuan untuk penjanaan semula, termasuk pembangunan Canary Wharf. Ini ditanggung oleh peranan yang semakin meningkat di London sebagai pusat kewangan antarabangsa utama pada tahun 1980-an. The Thames Barrier telah diselesaikan pada tahun 1980-an untuk melindungi London daripada lonjakan pasang surut dari Laut Utara. <> Apakah anggaran penduduk London pada tahun 1980-an? || kira-kira 6.8 juta <> Apa acara mendahului penurunan yang ketara dalam penduduk purata di London? || Perang Dunia Kedua <> Pelabuhan-pelabuhan utama untuk London telah dipindahkan ke mana? || Felixstowe dan Tilbury <> Bilakah pembinaan di Thames Barrier selesai? || 1980-an <> Apakah fungsi utama Thames Barrier? || untuk melindungi London daripada lonjakan pasang surut dari Laut Utara", {"context": "Greater London's population declined steadily in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s. The principal ports for London moved downstream to Felixstowe and Tilbury, with the London Docklands area becoming a focus for regeneration, including the Canary Wharf development. This was borne out of London's ever-increasing role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The Thames Barrier was completed in the 1980s to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "around 6.8 million"}], "question": "What was London's estimated population in the 1980s?", "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the Second World War"}], "question": "What event preceded a substantial decrease in the average population in London? ", "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Felixstowe and Tilbury"}], "question": "The main ports for London were relocated to where?", "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "the 1980s"}], "question": "When was construction on the Thames Barrier completed?", "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "to protect London against tidal surges from the North Sea"}], "question": "What was the primary function of the Thames Barrier?", "id": "572804ec3acd2414000df267"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1762, George III memperoleh Buckingham House dan dibesarkan dalam 75 tahun akan datang. Semasa kurun ke-18, London terperanjat oleh jenayah, dan Bow Street Runners telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1750 sebagai pasukan polis profesional. Secara keseluruhan, lebih daripada 200 kesalahan boleh dihukum oleh kematian, termasuk kecurian kecil. Kebanyakan kanak-kanak yang dilahirkan di bandar ini meninggal dunia sebelum mencapai hari jadi ketiga mereka. Kedai kopi menjadi tempat yang popular untuk membahaskan idea-idea, dengan peningkatan literasi dan perkembangan akhbar percetakan yang membuat berita banyak tersedia; dan Fleet Street menjadi pusat akhbar Inggeris. <> Apakah kediaman kerajaan Raja George II bermula pada tahun 1762? || Buckingham House <> Apakah nama pasukan polis yang ditubuhkan di London pada tahun 1750? || Pemimpin Bow Street <> Rata-rata, bilakah anak yang lahir di Kota London mati? || sebelum menjangkau ulang tahun ketiga mereka <> Berapa banyak jenayah di London abad ke-18 boleh mengakibatkan hukuman mati? || lebih daripada 200 <> Apakah hub London akhbar Inggeris? || Fleet Street", {"context": "In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Buckingham House"}], "question": "What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?", "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the Bow Street Runners"}], "question": "What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?", "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "before reaching their third birthday"}], "question": "On average, when did children born in the City of London die? ", "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "more than 200"}], "question": "How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?", "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Fleet Street"}], "question": "What was the London hub of the British press?", "id": "5727fdd3ff5b5019007d9a62"}]}], ["London adalah bandar terbesar di dunia dari tahun 1831 hingga 1925. Keadaan London yang penuh sesak menyebabkan berlakunya wabak kolera, menuntut 14,000 nyawa pada tahun 1848, dan 6,000 pada tahun 1866. Peningkatan kesesakan lalu lintas menyebabkan penciptaan rangkaian kereta api bandar pertama di dunia. Lembaga Kerja Raya Metropolitan mengawasi pengembangan infrastruktur di ibukota dan beberapa daerah sekitarnya; ia telah dimansuhkan pada tahun 1889 apabila Majlis County London dibentuk daripada kawasan-kawasan di sekitar daerah sekitar ibu kota. London dibom oleh orang-orang Jerman semasa Perang Dunia Pertama manakala semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, Blitz dan pengeboman lain oleh Luftwaffe Jerman, membunuh lebih daripada 30,000 orang London dan memusnahkan kawasan perumahan dan bangunan lain di seluruh bandar. Sejurus selepas perang, Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1948 diadakan di Stadium Wembley yang asal, ketika London nyaris tidak pulih dari perang. <> Apakah punca utama wabak kolera pada abad ke-19 London? || Kondisi yang penuh sesak di London <> Siapa yang mengebom London di kedua-dua Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II? || Jerman <> Bilakah London menjadi tuan rumah Olimpik Musim Panas yang pertama? || 1948 <> Berapa ramai orang mati akibat kolera di London pada tahun 1848? || 14,000 <> Di mana Olimpik Musim Panas 1948 di London berlaku? || Stadium Wembley yang asal", {"context": "London was the world's largest city from about 1831 to 1925. London's overcrowded conditions led to cholera epidemics, claiming 14,000 lives in 1848, and 6,000 in 1866. Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world's first local urban rail network. The Metropolitan Board of Works oversaw infrastructure expansion in the capital and some of the surrounding counties; it was abolished in 1889 when the London County Council was created out of those areas of the counties surrounding the capital. London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War while during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe, killed over 30,000 Londoners and destroyed large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city. Immediately after the war, the 1948 Summer Olympics were held at the original Wembley Stadium, at a time when London had barely recovered from the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "London's overcrowded conditions"}], "question": "What was the primary cause of the cholera outbreak in 19th century London?", "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "the Germans"}], "question": "Who bombed London in both World War I and World War II?", "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "1948"}], "question": "When did London host its first Summer Olympics?", "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "14,000"}], "question": "How many people died of cholera in London in 1848?", "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "the original Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Where did the 1948 Summer Olympics in London take place?", "id": "57280018ff5b5019007d9a9a"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Saudara Inggeris majoriti penduduk London menyokong sebab Parlimen. Selepas kemajuan awal oleh Royalis pada tahun 1642 yang memuncak dalam pertempuran Brentford dan Turnham Green, London dikelilingi oleh dinding perimeter pertahanan yang dikenali sebagai Talian Komunikasi. Barisan ini dibina oleh sehingga 20,000 orang, dan telah selesai di bawah dua bulan. Pengukuhan gagal satu-satunya ujian ketika Tentera Model Baru memasuki London pada tahun 1647, dan mereka disamakan oleh Parlimen pada tahun yang sama. <> Apakah dinding pertahanan yang mengelilingi London pada tahun 1642? || Lines of Communication <> Berapa lamakah diperlukan untuk membina Jalur Komunikasi? || di bawah dua bulan <> Siapakah dinding Lines Komunikasi gagal untuk menghindar dari masuk ke London? || Tentera Model Baru <> Berapa banyak pekerja yang diperlukan untuk membina Jalur Komunikasi? || 20,000", {"context": "During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "the Lines of Communication"}], "question": "What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?", "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "under two months"}], "question": "How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?", "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "the New Model Army"}], "question": "Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?", "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "20,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?", "id": "5727fb052ca10214002d9a9f"}]}], ["Majlis Greater London telah dimansuhkan pada tahun 1986, yang meninggalkan London sebagai satu-satunya metropolis besar di dunia tanpa pentadbiran pusat. Pada tahun 2000, kerajaan di seluruh London telah dipulihkan, dengan penciptaan Pihak Berkuasa Greater London. Untuk meraikan permulaan abad ke-21, Millennium Dome, London Eye dan Millennium Bridge telah dibina. Pada 6 Julai 2005 London telah dianugerahkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 2012, menjadikan London bandar pertama untuk memasuki Sukan Olimpik tiga kali. Pada bulan Januari 2015, penduduk Greater London dianggarkan 8.63 juta, tahap tertinggi sejak 1939. <> Apakah Kubah Millennium, London Eye, dan Millennium Bridge dicipta untuk menghormati? || permulaan abad ke-21 <> Apakah entiti kerajaan dihapuskan pada tahun 1986? || London Greater London <> London dihormati dengan apa pada bulan Julai, 2005? || dianugerahi Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 2012 <> Apa yang menggantikan Majlis Greater London yang telah dimansuhkan pada tahun 2000? || Greater London Authority <> Penduduk Greater London pada Januari 2015 adalah yang paling besar sejak tahun berapa? || 1939", {"context": "The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, which left London as the only large metropolis in the world without a central administration. In 2000, London-wide government was restored, with the creation of the Greater London Authority. To celebrate the start of the 21st century, the Millennium Dome, London Eye and Millennium Bridge were constructed. On 6 July 2005 London was awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics, making London the first city to stage the Olympic Games three times. In January 2015, Greater London's population was estimated to be 8.63 million, the highest level since 1939.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the start of the 21st century"}], "question": "What were the Millennium Dome, the London Eye, and the Millennium Bridge created to honor?", "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Greater London Council"}], "question": "What government entity was abolished in 1986?", "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "awarded the 2012 Summer Olympics"}], "question": "London was honored with what in July, 2005?", "id": "572806e03acd2414000df28f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "the Greater London Authority"}], "question": "What replaced the long-abolished Greater London Council in 2000?", "id": "572806e03acd2414000df290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "1939"}], "question": "The population of Greater London in January 2015 was its greatest since what year?", "id": "572806e03acd2414000df291"}]}], ["Berikutan kemenangannya dalam Pertempuran Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, dinobatkan sebagai Raja England di Westminster Abbey yang baru selesai pada Hari Krismas 1066. William membina Menara London, yang pertama dari banyak istana Norman di England untuk dibina semula di batu, di sudut tenggara kota, untuk menakut-nakuti penduduk asli. Pada tahun 1097, William II memulakan pembinaan Westminster Hall, dekat dengan biara nama yang sama. Dewan itu menjadi asas Istana Westminster yang baru. <> Di kawasan apa London dibina di Menara London? || Sudut tenggara <> Istana Westminster berasal dari bangunan apa? || Westminster Hall <> Pada hari apakah Duke William II of Normandy menjadi Raja England? || Hari Krismas 1066 <> Siapa yang membina Dewan Westminster? || William II <> Dalam pertempuran yang terkenal apakah Duke William II of Normandy melihat kemenangan? || Pertempuran Hastings", {"context": "Following his victory in the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned King of England in the newly finished Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. William constructed the Tower of London, the first of the many Norman castles in England to be rebuilt in stone, in the southeastern corner of the city, to intimidate the native inhabitants. In 1097, William II began the building of Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. The hall became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "southeastern corner"}], "question": "In what area of London was the Tower of London built?", "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Westminster Hall"}], "question": "The Palace of Westminster originated from what building?", "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Christmas Day 1066"}], "question": "On what day did Duke William II of Normandy become King of England?", "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "William II"}], "question": "Who built Westminster Hall?", "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "the Battle of Hastings"}], "question": "In which famous battle did Duke William II of Normandy see victory?", "id": "5727eb304b864d190016401e"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-12, institusi-institusi kerajaan pusat, yang sebelum ini mengiringi mahkamah Inggeris diraja ketika ia bergerak di seluruh negara, berkembang dalam ukuran dan kecanggihan dan semakin diperbaiki di satu tempat. Dalam kebanyakan kes ini adalah Westminster, walaupun perbendaharaan diraja, telah dipindahkan dari Winchester, datang untuk berehat di Menara. Walaupun City of Westminster berkembang menjadi modal sebenar dalam istilah kerajaan, jirannya yang tersendiri, City of London, kekal sebagai bandar terbesar dan pusat komersil utama di England, dan ia berkembang di bawah pentadbiran uniknya, Perbadanan London. Pada 1100, penduduknya adalah sekitar 18,000; menjelang 1300 ia telah berkembang kepada hampir 100,000. <> Apakah pentadbiran yang memerintah City of London dipanggil? || Perbadanan London <> Pada abad ke-12, di manakah pelbagai badan kerajaan Inggeris berpusat di sebahagian besar? || Westminster <> Di manakah perbendaharaan kerajaan ditempatkan? || Menara <> Sebelum berada di pusat, bagaimanakah kerajaan Inggeris menangani dari segi lokasi? || disertai mahkamah Inggeris diraja kerana ia bergerak ke seluruh negara", {"context": "During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower. While the City of Westminster developed into a true capital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England's largest city and principal commercial centre, and it flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London. In 1100, its population was around 18,000; by 1300 it had grown to nearly 100,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "the Corporation of London"}], "question": "What was the administration which governed the City of London called?", "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Westminster"}], "question": "In the 12th century, where were the various bodies of English government centrally located for the most part?", "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "the Tower"}], "question": "Where was the royal treasury housed?", "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country"}], "question": "Before being centrally located, how was the English government handled in terms of location?", "id": "5727ee24ff5b5019007d98c9"}]}], ["Pentadbiran London dibentuk oleh dua tier-tiang luas, strategik dan peringkat tempatan. Pentadbiran seluruh bandar diselaraskan oleh Greater London Authority (GLA), sementara pentadbiran tempatan dijalankan oleh 33 pihak berkuasa yang lebih kecil. GLA terdiri daripada dua komponen yang dipilih; Datuk Bandar London, yang mempunyai kuasa eksekutif, dan Perhimpunan London, yang meneliti keputusan para walikota dan dapat menerima atau menolak cadangan anggaran walikota setiap tahun. Ibu pejabat GLA ialah Dewan Bandaraya, Southwark; Datuk Bandar adalah Boris Johnson. Strategi perancangan undang-undang Datuk Bandar diterbitkan sebagai Rancangan London, yang baru-baru ini disemak semula pada tahun 2011. Pihak berkuasa tempatan adalah konsesi 32 bandaraya London dan City of London Corporation. Mereka bertanggungjawab untuk kebanyakan perkhidmatan tempatan, seperti perancangan tempatan, sekolah, perkhidmatan sosial, jalan tempatan dan pengumpulan sampah. Fungsi tertentu, seperti pengurusan sisa, disediakan melalui perkiraan bersama. Pada tahun 2009-2010 perbelanjaan hasil gabungan oleh majlis London dan GLA berjumlah lebih kurang \u00a3 22 bilion (\u00a3 14.7 bilion untuk wilayah kecil dan \u00a3 7.4 bilion untuk GLA). <> Pentadbiran kerajaan London terdiri daripada berapa peringkat? || dua <> Apa entiti kerajaan mengawasi peringkat pentadbiran di seluruh London? || Pihak Berkuasa Greater London (GLA) <> Siapa yang sekarang menjadi Walikota London? || Boris Johnson <> Berapa banyak boroughs London terdiri daripada? || 32 <> Apa kumpulan pegawai yang dipilih menyediakan cek dan baki di pihak berkuasa eksekutif Datuk Bandar? || Perhimpunan London", {"context": "The administration of London is formed of two tiers\u2014a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009\u20132010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over \u00a322 billion (\u00a314.7 billion for the boroughs and \u00a37.4 billion for the GLA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "two"}], "question": "London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?", "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "the Greater London Authority (GLA)"}], "question": "What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?", "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Boris Johnson"}], "question": "Who is the current Mayor of London?", "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "32"}], "question": "How many boroughs does London consist of?", "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "the London Assembly"}], "question": "What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?", "id": "572809233acd2414000df2e7"}]}], ["Semasa tempoh Tudor Reformasi menghasilkan peralihan beransur-ansur kepada Protestantisme, sebahagian besar dari London yang lewat dari gereja ke pemilikan swasta. Lalu lintas dalam kain wol dibuang undyed dan dilepaskan dari London ke pantai terdekat dari Negara-negara Rendah, di mana ia dianggap sangat diperlukan. Tetapi tentakel dalam industri maritim Inggeris tidak diperluaskan di luar lautan barat laut Eropah. Laluan komersial ke Itali dan Laut Mediterranean biasanya terletak melalui Antwerp dan di atas Alps; mana-mana kapal yang melalui Selat Gibraltar ke atau dari England mungkin Itali atau Ragusan. Selepas pembukaan semula Belanda ke penghantaran Inggeris pada bulan Januari 1565, terdapat satu aktiviti komersial yang kuat. Bursa Diraja ditubuhkan. Mercantilisme berkembang, dan syarikat perdagangan monopoli seperti Syarikat India Timur ditubuhkan, dengan perdagangan berkembang ke Dunia Baru. London menjadi pelabuhan Laut Utara utama, dengan pendatang yang tiba dari England dan luar negara. Penduduknya meningkat dari kira-kira 50,000 pada tahun 1530 kepada kira-kira 225,000 pada tahun 1605. <> Pada zaman apakah Reformasi Protestan terjadi? || tempoh Tudor <> Apa acara yang sangat meningkatkan penghantaran dan perdagangan Bahasa Inggeris? || pembukaan semula Belanda ke penghantaran bahasa Inggeris <> Apa fenomena yang dilakukan Reformasi? || peralihan beransur-ansur ke Protestan <> Biasanya apa kewarganegaraan kapal yang pergi ke dan dari England melalui Lurus Gibraltar? || Itali atau Ragusan <> Bilakah England sekali lagi dapat menghantar kapal ke Belanda? || Januari 1565", {"context": "During the Tudor period the Reformation produced a gradual shift to Protestantism, much of London passing from church to private ownership. The traffic in woollen cloths shipped undyed and undressed from London to the nearby shores of the Low Countries, where it was considered indispensable. But the tentacles of English maritime enterprise hardly extended beyond the seas of north-west Europe. The commercial route to Italy and the Mediterranean Sea normally lay through Antwerp and over the Alps; any ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar to or from England were likely to be Italian or Ragusan. Upon the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping in January 1565, there ensued a strong outburst of commercial activity. The Royal Exchange was founded. Mercantilism grew, and monopoly trading companies such as the East India Company were established, with trade expanding to the New World. London became the principal North Sea port, with migrants arriving from England and abroad. The population rose from an estimated 50,000 in 1530 to about 225,000 in 1605.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the Tudor period"}], "question": "In what era did the Protestant Reformation occur?", "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "the re-opening of the Netherlands to English shipping"}], "question": "What event greatly boosted English shipping and commerce?", "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "a gradual shift to Protestantism"}], "question": "What phenomenon did the Reformation bring about?", "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df03f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Italian or Ragusan"}], "question": "Typically what were the nationalities of ships that traveled to and from England via the Straight of Gibraltar?", "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "January 1565"}], "question": "When was England again able to ship to the Netherlands?", "id": "5727f0a93acd2414000df041"}]}], ["Monumen di City of London menyediakan pemandangan kawasan sekitarnya sambil memperingati Great Fire of London, yang berasal berdekatan. Marmar Arch dan Wellington Arch, di hujung utara dan selatan Park Lane masing-masing, mempunyai sambungan diraja, seperti Albert Memorial dan Royal Albert Hall di Kensington. Lajur Nelson adalah monumen yang diiktiraf secara nasional di Trafalgar Square, salah satu pusat tumpuan utama London. Bangunan-bangunan yang lebih tua terutamanya bata yang dibina, kebanyakannya bata saham London kuning atau pelbagai jingga-merah hangat, sering dihiasi dengan ukiran dan gypsum plaster putih. <> Di mana di London adalah Albert Memorial dan Royal Albert Hall yang terletak? || di Kensington <> Tugu apa yang terkenal terletak di Trafalgar Square? || Lajur Nelson <> Monumen, yang terletak di Kota London, didirikan untuk memperingati acara apa? || The Great Fire of London <> Apakah jenis batu bata yang paling umum digunakan untuk membina bangunan lama di London? || kuning bata saham London atau pelbagai warna merah jingga yang hangat <> Di mana Marble Arch dan Wellington Arch terletak? || di hujung utara dan selatan Park Lane", {"context": "The Monument in the City of London provides views of the surrounding area while commemorating the Great Fire of London, which originated nearby. Marble Arch and Wellington Arch, at the north and south ends of Park Lane respectively, have royal connections, as do the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall in Kensington. Nelson's Column is a nationally recognised monument in Trafalgar Square, one of the focal points of central London. Older buildings are mainly brick built, most commonly the yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety, often decorated with carvings and white plaster mouldings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "in Kensington"}], "question": "Where in London are the Albert Memorial and Royal Albert Hall located?", "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Nelson's Column"}], "question": "What famous monument is located in Trafalgar Square?", "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the Great Fire of London"}], "question": "The Monument, located in the City of London, was erected to commemorate what event?", "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "yellow London stock brick or a warm orange-red variety"}], "question": "What was the most common type of brick used to construct London's older buildings?", "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "at the north and south ends of Park Lane"}], "question": "Where are Marble Arch and Wellington Arch located?", "id": "572825c6ff5b5019007d9e04"}]}], ["Bangunan London terlalu pelbagai untuk dicirikan oleh gaya seni bina tertentu, sebahagiannya kerana usia mereka yang berbeza-beza. Banyak rumah besar dan bangunan awam, seperti Galeri Nasional, dibina dari batu Portland. Sesetengah kawasan bandar, terutamanya yang terletak di bahagian barat pusat, dicirikan oleh stuko putih atau bangunan bercat putih. Beberapa struktur di pusat London sebelum tarikh Kebakaran Besar 1666, ini adalah beberapa jejak Rom yang tetap, Menara London dan beberapa mangsa yang tersebar di Tudor. Sebagai tambahan, contohnya, tempoh Tudor Hampton Court Palace, Istana Tudor tertua yang tertua di England, yang dibina oleh Kardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515. <> Apakah istana tertua England dari zaman Tudor? || Hampton Court Palace <> Apa bahan yang dibuat oleh Galeri Nasional London? || Batu Portland <> Bilakah Kebakaran Besar London berlaku? || 1666 <> Kawasan barat bandar London dicirikan oleh jenis bangunan apa? || stucco putih atau putih <> Apa, sebahagiannya, adalah sebab kekurangan gaya seni bina yang khas di London di kalangan bangunannya? || usia yang berbeza-beza", {"context": "London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the City. Further out is, for example, the Tudor period Hampton Court Palace, England's oldest surviving Tudor palace, built by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey c.1515.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Hampton Court Palace"}], "question": "What is England's oldest standing palace from the Tudor period?", "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Portland stone"}], "question": "Of what material is London's National Gallery made?", "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "1666"}], "question": "When did the Great Fire of London occur?", "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "white stucco or whitewashed"}], "question": "The area west of London's city is characterized by what type of building?", "id": "572823dc4b864d1900164559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "their varying ages"}], "question": "What, in part, is the reason for London's lack of a singularly characteristic architectural style among its buildings?", "id": "572823dc4b864d190016455a"}]}], ["Kepolisan di Greater London, kecuali City of London, disediakan oleh Layanan Polis Metropolitan, diawasi oleh Walikota melalui Kantor Walikota untuk Polusi dan Kejahatan (MOPAC). City of London mempunyai pasukan polis sendiri - Polis Kota London. Polis Pengangkutan British bertanggungjawab untuk perkhidmatan polis di National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway dan Tramlink services. Pasukan polis keempat di London, Kementerian Pertahanan Polis, tidak secara umumnya terlibat dengan mengawasi orang awam. <> Yang pasukan polis di London tidak biasanya terlibat dalam aktiviti polis dengan orang awam? || Kementerian Pertahanan Polis <> Kawasan London yang meliputi Perlindungan Polis Metropolitan? || Greater London, kecuali City of London <> Agensi apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengawasi perkhidmatan kereta api di London? || Polis Pengangkutan British <> Jabatan apa yang menjalankan Perkhidmatan Polis Metropolitan? || Pejabat Datuk Bandar untuk Policing dan Jenayah (MOPAC). <> Apakah nama pasukan polis City of London? || Polis Bandar London", {"context": "Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force \u2013 the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "the Ministry of Defence Police"}], "question": "Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?", "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Greater London, with the exception of the City of London"}], "question": "What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?", "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "The British Transport Police"}], "question": "What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?", "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC)."}], "question": "What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?", "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "the City of London Police"}], "question": "What is the name of the City of London's police force?", "id": "572812723acd2414000df3c9"}]}], ["Di dalam London, kedua-dua City of London dan City of Westminster mempunyai status bandar dan kedua-dua City of London dan baki Greater London adalah daerah-daerah untuk tujuan lieutenancies. Kawasan Greater London telah menggabungkan kawasan yang pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada daerah bersejarah Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex dan Hertfordshire. Status London sebagai ibu kota England, dan kemudiannya United Kingdom, tidak pernah diberikan atau disahkan secara rasmi oleh undang-undang atau dalam bentuk tertulis. [Nota 6] <> Apakah gelaran berkenaan London tidak pernah dibuat secara rasmi atau undang-undang? || Status London sebagai ibukota England <> Kawasan di Greater London mempunyai status bandar? || City of London dan City of Westminster <> Sebab mengapa City of London dan Greater London dianggap sebagai daerah? || untuk tujuan lieutenancies", {"context": "Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially\u2014by statute or in written form.[note 6]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "London's status as the capital of England"}], "question": "What title regarding London has never been made official in law or by decree?", "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the City of London and the City of Westminster"}], "question": "What areas within Greater London have city status?", "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "for the purposes of lieutenancies"}], "question": "For what reason are the City of London and Greater London considered to be counties?", "id": "57281c262ca10214002d9e06"}]}], ["Perkembangan luar bandar kini dicegah oleh Metropolitan Green Belt, walaupun kawasan binaan melangkaui sempadan di tempat-tempat, sehingga Kawasan London Greater Urban Definition yang terpisah. Di luar ini adalah tali pinggang komuter London yang luas. Greater London dipecah untuk beberapa tujuan ke Inner London dan Outer London. Bandar ini dipecah oleh Sungai Thames ke Utara dan Selatan, dengan kawasan pusat London yang tidak formal di pedalamannya. Koordinat pusat nominal London, yang secara tradisinya dianggap sebagai Eleanor Cross asal di Charing Cross berhampiran persimpangan Trafalgar Square dan Whitehall, adalah kira-kira 51 \u00b0 30'26 \"N 00 \u00b0 07'39\" W / 51.50722 \u00b0 N 0.12750 \u00b0 W / 51.50722; -0.12750. <> Apa dasar berkanun meminimumkan perkembangan luar bandar London? || Metropolitan Green Belt <> Greater London dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan borough? || Inner London dan Luar London <> Di manakah pusat London dikatakan terletak? || Eleanor Cross di Charing Cross berhampiran persimpangan Trafalgar Square dan Whitehall <> Di manakah arahan River Thames membahagikan City of London? || Utara dan Selatan <> Kawasan metropolitan apa yang terletak di luar Belt Green Metropolitan? || Tali pinggang komuter London", {"context": "Outward urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt, although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resulting in a separately defined Greater London Urban Area. Beyond this is the vast London commuter belt. Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London. The city is split by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area in its interior. The coordinates of the nominal centre of London, traditionally considered to be the original Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall, are approximately 51\u00b030\u203226\u2033N 00\u00b007\u203239\u2033W\ufeff / \ufeff51.50722\u00b0N 0.12750\u00b0W\ufeff / 51.50722; -0.12750.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Metropolitan Green Belt"}], "question": "What statutory policy minimizes outward expansion of urban London?", "id": "572817584b864d1900164462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Inner London and Outer London"}], "question": "Greater London is divided into what two groups of boroughs?", "id": "572817584b864d1900164463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Eleanor Cross at Charing Cross near the junction of Trafalgar Square and Whitehall"}], "question": "Where is the centre of London said to be located?", "id": "572817584b864d1900164464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "North and South"}], "question": "In which directions does the River Thames divide the City of London?", "id": "572817584b864d1900164465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "London commuter belt"}], "question": "What metropolitan area lies beyond the Metropolitan Green Belt?", "id": "572817584b864d1900164466"}]}], ["London adalah kerusi Kerajaan United Kingdom. Banyak jabatan kerajaan didasarkan dekat dengan Istana Westminster, terutama di sepanjang Whitehall, termasuk kediaman Perdana Menteri di 10 Downing Street. Parlimen Britain sering dirujuk sebagai \"Ibu Parlimen\" (walaupun sobriquet ini mula-mula digunakan di England sendiri oleh John Bright) kerana ia merupakan model bagi kebanyakan sistem parlimen yang lain. Terdapat 73 Anggota Parlimen (Ahli Parlimen) dari London, yang bersesuaian dengan kawasan parlimen tempatan di Parlimen negara. Sehingga Mei 2015, 45 adalah dari Parti Buruh, 27 adalah Konservatif, dan satu adalah Demokrat Liberal. <> Apakah Perdana Menteri kediaman rasmi UK itu? || 10 Downing Street <> Yang pertama menggelar Parlimen British iaitu \"Ibu Parlimen?\" || John Bright <> Berapa ramai Ahli Parlimen dari London? || 73 <> Sehingga Mei 2015, mana parti yang memegang majoriti kerusi di Parlimen? || Parti Buruh <> Sehingga Mei 2015, berapa ramai Demokrat Liberal duduk di Parlimen? || satu", {"context": "London is the seat of the Government of the United Kingdom. Many government departments are based close to the Palace of Westminster, particularly along Whitehall, including the Prime Minister's residence at 10 Downing Street. The British Parliament is often referred to as the \"Mother of Parliaments\" (although this sobriquet was first applied to England itself by John Bright) because it has been the model for most other parliamentary systems. There are 73 Members of Parliament (MPs) from London, who correspond to local parliamentary constituencies in the national Parliament. As of May 2015, 45 are from the Labour Party, 27 are Conservatives, and one is a Liberal Democrat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "10 Downing Street"}], "question": "What is the Prime Minister of the UK's official residence?", "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "John Bright"}], "question": "Who first dubbed the British Parliament the \"Mother of Parliaments?\"", "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "73"}], "question": "How many Members of Parliament are from London?", "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "the Labour Party"}], "question": "As of May 2015, which party holds the majority of seats in Parliament?", "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "one"}], "question": "As of May 2015, how many Liberal Democrats sit in Parliament?", "id": "57280f04ff5b5019007d9c0c"}]}], ["Musim panas pada umumnya panas dan kadang-kadang panas. Purata purata London di London ialah 24 \u00b0 C (75.2 \u00b0 F). Rata-rata London akan melihat 31 hari melebihi 25 \u00b0 C (77.0 \u00b0 F) setiap tahun, dan 4.2 hari melebihi 30.0 \u00b0 C (86.0 \u00b0 F) setiap tahun. Semasa gelombang panas Eropah 2003 terdapat 14 hari berturut-turut di atas 30 \u00b0 C (86.0 \u00b0 F) dan 2 hari berturut-turut di mana suhu mencapai 38 \u00b0 C (100.4 \u00b0 F), menyebabkan beratus-ratus kematian yang berkaitan dengan haba. Musim sejuk pada umumnya sejuk dan lembap dengan variasi suhu sedikit. Salji berlaku dari semasa ke semasa, dan boleh menyebabkan gangguan perjalanan apabila ini berlaku. Musim bunga dan musim gugur adalah musim bercampur dan boleh menyenangkan. Sebagai sebuah bandar besar, London mempunyai kesan pulau panas yang besar, menjadikan pusat London pada masa-masa 5 \u00b0 C (9 \u00b0 F) lebih hangat daripada pinggiran bandar dan pinggir bandar. Kesan ini dapat dilihat di bawah apabila membandingkan London Heathrow, 15 kilometer barat London, dengan Pusat Cuaca London, di pusat bandar. <> Seberapa jauh dari pusat London ialah London Heathrow Airport? || 25 kilometer barat <> Apakah suhu purata London pada bulan Julai? || 24 \u00b0 C (75.2 \u00b0 F) <> Apakah fenomena yang menyebabkan pusat London menjadi lebih panas daripada pinggirannya? || kesan haba pulau bandar <> Kira-kira berapa hari dalam tahun tertentu London akan mengalami suhu melebihi 25 darjah Celcius (atau 77 darjah Farenheit? || 31 <> Apa peristiwa cuaca yang kadang-kadang menyebabkan masalah bagi pemandu di London?", {"context": "Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 \u00b0C (75.2 \u00b0F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 \u00b0C (77.0 \u00b0F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 \u00b0C (86.0 \u00b0F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 \u00b0C (9 \u00b0F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "15 miles west"}], "question": "How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?", "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "24 \u00b0C (75.2 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "What is London's average high temperature in July?", "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "urban heat island effect"}], "question": "What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?", "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "31"}], "question": "Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?", "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Snowfall"}], "question": "What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?", "id": "572821522ca10214002d9e90"}]}], ["Di kawasan padat, kebanyakan tumpuan adalah melalui bangunan sederhana dan tinggi. Bangunan pencakar langit di London seperti 30 St Mary Ax, Menara 42, Menara Broadgate dan One Canada Square kebanyakannya terletak di dua daerah kewangan, City of London dan Canary Wharf. Pembangunan bertingkat tinggi dibataskan di tapak-tapak tertentu jika ia menghalang pandangan yang dilindungi dari St Paul's Cathedral dan bangunan bersejarah lain. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat sejumlah bangunan pencakar langit yang sangat tinggi di tengah London (lihat bangunan tinggi di London), termasuk 95 tingkat Shard London Bridge, bangunan tertinggi di Kesatuan Eropah. <> Apakah daerah kewangan London dikenali sebagai? || Kota London dan Canary Wharf <> Bangunan tinggi boleh dibatasi untuk menghalang halangan apa pandangannya? || Katedral St Paul dan bangunan-bangunan bersejarah lain <> Apa bangunan tertinggi di Kesatuan Eropah? || Shard London Bridge <> Berapakah tingginya jambatan Shard London? || 95-tingkat <> Kebanyakan pencakar langit di London terletak di mana? || di kedua-dua daerah kewangan", {"context": "In the dense areas, most of the concentration is via medium- and high-rise buildings. London's skyscrapers such as 30 St Mary Axe, Tower 42, the Broadgate Tower and One Canada Square are mostly in the two financial districts, the City of London and Canary Wharf. High-rise development is restricted at certain sites if it would obstruct protected views of St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings. Nevertheless, there are a number of very tall skyscrapers in central London (see Tall buildings in London), including the 95-storey Shard London Bridge, the tallest building in the European Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the City of London and Canary Wharf"}], "question": "What are the financial districts of London known as?", "id": "572827514b864d19001645e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "St Paul's Cathedral and other historic buildings"}], "question": "High-rise buildings may be restricted to prevent obstruction of what views?", "id": "572827514b864d19001645e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Shard London Bridge"}], "question": "What is the European Union's tallest building?", "id": "572827514b864d19001645e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "95-storey"}], "question": "How high does the Shard London Bridge rise?", "id": "572827514b864d19001645e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "in the two financial districts"}], "question": "Most of London's skyscrapers are located where?", "id": "572827514b864d19001645e4"}]}], ["Greater London merangkumi kawasan seluas 1,583 kilometer persegi (611 mil persegi), sebuah kawasan yang mempunyai penduduk 7,172,036 pada tahun 2001 dan kepadatan penduduk 4.542 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi (11,760 / sq mi). Kawasan lanjutan yang dikenali sebagai Wilayah Metropolitan London atau London Metropolitan Agglomeration, terdiri daripada keluasan 8,382 kilometer persegi (3,236 meter persegi) mempunyai penduduk 13,709,000 dan kepadatan penduduk 1,510 penduduk per kilometer persegi (3,900 / sq mi). Modern London terletak di Thames, ciri geografi utamanya, sungai yang dilayari yang melintasi bandar dari selatan-barat ke timur. Lembah Thames adalah dataran banjir yang dikelilingi oleh bukit-bukit yang perlahan-lahan seperti Parlimen Hill, Addington Hills, dan Bukit Primrose. The Thames pernah menjadi sungai yang lebih luas dan lebih cetek dengan tanah rawa yang luas; pada masa pasang surut, pantainya mencapai lima kali ganda lebarnya sekarang. <> Pada masa lalu, berapa jauh lebih luas adalah Sungai Thames daripada hari ini? || lima kali <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk Greater London pada tahun 2001? || 4,542 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi (11,760 / sq mi) <> Di manakah arah River Thames berjalan melalui City of London? || selatan-barat di timur <> Apakah populasi Kawasan Metropolitan London? || 13,709,000 <> Apa gunanya geografi utama di London? || Thames", {"context": "Greater London encompasses a total area of 1,583 square kilometres (611 sq mi), an area which had a population of 7,172,036 in 2001 and a population density of 4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi). The extended area known as the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a total area of 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) has a population of 13,709,000 and a population density of 1,510 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi). Modern London stands on the Thames, its primary geographical feature, a navigable river which crosses the city from the south-west to the east. The Thames Valley is a floodplain surrounded by gently rolling hills including Parliament Hill, Addington Hills, and Primrose Hill. The Thames was once a much broader, shallower river with extensive marshlands; at high tide, its shores reached five times their present width.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "five times"}], "question": "In the past, how much wider was the River Thames than it is today?", "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "4,542 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,760/sq mi)"}], "question": "What was the population density of Greater London in 2001?", "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "the south-west to the east"}], "question": "In which direction does the River Thames run through the City of London?", "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "13,709,000"}], "question": "What is the population of the London Metropolitan Region?", "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "the Thames"}], "question": "What is the main geographical landmark in London?", "id": "57281e912ca10214002d9e3c"}]}], ["Briged Bomba London adalah perkhidmatan kebakaran dan penyelamatan untuk Greater London. Ia dijalankan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Perancangan Kebakaran dan Kecemasan London dan merupakan perkhidmatan api ketiga terbesar di dunia. Perkhidmatan ambulans Perkhidmatan Kesihatan Nasional disediakan oleh Perkhidmatan Ambulans London (LAS) NHS Trust, perkhidmatan ambulans kecemasan yang paling bebas di dunia. Amal London Ambulance Air beroperasi bersempena dengan LAS di mana diperlukan. Suruhanjaya Kebawah Duli Yang Terisol dan Suruhanjaya Sekuriti Kebangsaan Diraja beroperasi di Sungai Thames, yang berada di bawah bidang kuasa Pelabuhan London Authority dari Teddington Lock ke laut. <> Kawasan kawasan Sungai Thames yang mana perlindungan Wilayah Pelabuhan London? || Teddington Lock to the sea <> Agensi apa yang menyediakan perkhidmatan pemadam kebakaran dan penyelamatan di London? || Brigade Bomba London <> Siapa yang mengawasi dan menguruskan Brigade Bomba London? || Pihak Berkuasa Perancangan Kebakaran dan Kecemasan London <> Perkhidmatan ambulan yang terbesar di dunia \"dikenali sebagai percuma\" di dunia yang dikenali sebagai apa? || Perkhidmatan Ambulans London (LAS) NHS Trust <> Agensi apa yang beroperasi bersempena dengan LAS seperti yang diperlukan? || Amal London Ambulance Air", {"context": "The London Fire Brigade is the statutory fire and rescue service for Greater London. It is run by the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority and is the third largest fire service in the world. National Health Service ambulance services are provided by the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust, the largest free-at-the-point-of-use emergency ambulance service in the world. The London Air Ambulance charity operates in conjunction with the LAS where required. Her Majesty's Coastguard and the Royal National Lifeboat Institution operate on the River Thames, which is under the jurisdiction of the Port of London Authority from Teddington Lock to the sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Teddington Lock to the sea"}], "question": "What area of the River Thames does the Port of London Authority's jurisdiction cover?", "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The London Fire Brigade"}], "question": "What agency provides fire fighting and rescue service in London?", "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority"}], "question": "Who oversees and manages the London Fire Brigade?", "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "the London Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust"}], "question": "The world's largest \"free-at-the-point-of-use\" ambulance service is known as what?", "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "The London Air Ambulance charity"}], "question": "What agency operates in conjunction with the LAS as needed?", "id": "57280c3f3acd2414000df313"}]}], ["Rantau ini meliputi kawasan seluas 1,579 kilometer persegi (610 meter persegi). Ketumpukan penduduk adalah 5,177 penduduk setiap kilometer persegi (13,410 / persegi mi), lebih daripada sepuluh kali dari mana-mana wilayah British yang lain. Dari segi populasi, London adalah bandar ke-19 terbesar dan rantau metropolitan ke-18 terbesar di dunia. Sehingga 2014 [kemas kini], London mempunyai bilangan terbesar jutawan (British Pound Sterling) di dunia, dengan 72 yang tinggal di bandar. Kedudukan London sebagai salah satu bandar paling mahal di dunia, bersama Tokyo dan Moscow. <> Dengan mana dua bandar lain di London bernama salah satu yang paling mahal di dunia? || Tokyo dan Moscow <> Di manakah kedudukan London dari segi bandar-bandar terbesar di dunia? || 19 <> Berapa banyak bilionair memanggil rumah London? || 72", {"context": "The region covers an area of 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi). The population density is 5,177 inhabitants per square kilometre (13,410/sq mi), more than ten times that of any other British region. In terms of population, London is the 19th largest city and the 18th largest metropolitan region in the world. As of 2014[update], London has the largest number of billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the world, with 72 residing in the city. London ranks as one of the most expensive cities in the world, alongside Tokyo and Moscow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Tokyo and Moscow"}], "question": "With which two other cities is London named one of the most expensive in the world?", "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da06e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "19th"}], "question": "Where does London rank in terms of the world's largest cities?", "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da06f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "72"}], "question": "About how many billionaires call London home?", "id": "572832cb2ca10214002da070"}]}], ["Di seluruh London, kanak-kanak Hitam dan Asia mengatasi kanak-kanak White Britain dengan kira-kira enam hingga empat di sekolah negeri. Keseluruhannya pada bancian 2011, penduduk di London berjumlah 1,624,768 berumur 0 hingga 15, 46.4 peratus adalah White, 19.8 peratus adalah Asia, 19 peratus adalah Hitam, 10.8 peratus adalah Campuran dan 4 peratus mewakili kumpulan etnik lain. Pada bulan Januari 2005, satu kaji selidik kepelbagaian etnik dan agama London mendakwa terdapat lebih 300 bahasa yang dituturkan di London dan lebih daripada 50 komuniti bukan asli dengan penduduk lebih daripada 10,000. Angka-angka dari Pejabat Perangkaan Negara menunjukkan bahawa, pada tahun 2010 [kemas kini], populasi kelahiran luar negeri London adalah 2,650,000 (33 peratus), naik daripada 1,630,000 pada tahun 1997. <> Apakah nisbah anak-anak sekolah hitam dan Asia kepada anak sekolah putih? || kira-kira enam hingga empat <> Berapa anggaran penduduk kanak-kanak London berusia 0 hingga 15 tahun pada masa banci 2011? || 1,624,768 <> Banci 2011 di London mendapati berapa peratus kanak-kanak menjadi putih? || 46.4 <> Satu tinjauan tahun 2005 menunjukkan bahawa berapa banyak komuniti yang terdiri daripada orang bukan asli yang wujud di London? || lebih daripada 50 <> Menurut banci London 2011, berapa peratus kanak-kanak itu hitam? || 19 peratus", {"context": "Across London, Black and Asian children outnumber White British children by about six to four in state schools. Altogether at the 2011 census, of London's 1,624,768 population aged 0 to 15, 46.4 per cent were White, 19.8 per cent were Asian, 19 per cent were Black, 10.8 per cent were Mixed and 4 per cent represented another ethnic group. In January 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken in London and more than 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000. Figures from the Office for National Statistics show that, in 2010[update], London's foreign-born population was 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up from 1,630,000 in 1997.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "about six to four"}], "question": "What is the ratio of black and Asian schoolchildren to white schoolchildren?", "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "1,624,768"}], "question": "What was the approximate population of London children aged 0 to 15 years at the time of the 2011 census?", "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "46.4"}], "question": "The 2011 census in London found what percentage of children to be white?", "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "more than 50"}], "question": "A 2005 survey indicated that how many communities comprised of non-indigenous people existed in London?", "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "19 per cent"}], "question": "According to the 2011 London census, what percentage of children were black?", "id": "572834d3ff5b5019007d9f14"}]}], ["London juga menjadi rumah kepada masyarakat Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, dan Yahudi yang besar. Masjid-masjid yang terkenal termasuk Masjid East London di Tower Hamlets, Masjid Pusat London di pinggir Taman Regent dan Baitul Futuh Masjid Komuniti Islam Ahmadiyah. Berikutan ledakan minyak, semakin banyak umat Islam yang kaya dan Islam Timur Tengah mendasarkan diri mereka di sekitar Mayfair dan Knightsbridge di London Barat. Terdapat komuniti Islam yang besar di benteng-benteng timur Tower Hamlets dan Newham. Masyarakat Hindu yang besar berada di utara-barat borough Harrow dan Brent, yang kedua adalah rumah bagi kuil Hindu terbesar di Eropa, Neasden Temple. London juga merupakan rumah kepada 42 kuil Hindu. Terdapat komuniti Sikh di London Timur dan Barat, terutamanya di Southall, rumah kepada salah satu populasi Sikh terbesar dan kuil Sikh terbesar di luar India. <> Apakah nama kuil Hindu terbesar di Eropah? || Kuil Neasden <> Di mana penduduk Sikh London terletak terutamanya? || Southall <> Di mana terdapat Masjid East London? || Tower Hamlets <> Yang borough di sebelah timur menjadi tuan rumah penduduk Islam yang besar? || Tower Hamlets and Newham <> Berapa ramai candi Hindu yang ada di London? || 42", {"context": "London is also home to sizeable Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, and Jewish communities. Notable mosques include the East London Mosque in Tower Hamlets, London Central Mosque on the edge of Regent's Park and the Baitul Futuh Mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Following the oil boom, increasing numbers of wealthy Hindus and Middle-Eastern Muslims have based themselves around Mayfair and Knightsbridge in West London. There are large Muslim communities in the eastern boroughs of Tower Hamlets and Newham. Large Hindu communities are in the north-western boroughs of Harrow and Brent, the latter of which is home to Europe's largest Hindu temple, Neasden Temple. London is also home to 42 Hindu temples. There are Sikh communities in East and West London, particularly in Southall, home to one of the largest Sikh populations and the largest Sikh temple outside India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Neasden Temple"}], "question": "What is the name of the largest Hindu temple in Europe?", "id": "572838884b864d1900164788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "Southall"}], "question": "Where is London's Sikh population primarily located?", "id": "572838884b864d1900164789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Tower Hamlets"}], "question": "Where is the East London Mosque located?", "id": "572838884b864d190016478a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Tower Hamlets and Newham"}], "question": "Which eastern boroughs host large Muslim populations?", "id": "572838884b864d190016478b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "42"}], "question": "How many Hindu temples exist in London?", "id": "572838884b864d190016478c"}]}], ["Banci 2011 menunjukkan bahawa 36.7 peratus penduduk Greater London dilahirkan di luar UK. Jadual ke kanan menunjukkan 30 negara yang paling biasa kelahiran penduduk London pada tahun 2011, tarikh Banci UK yang terakhir diterbitkan. Sebahagian daripada penduduk kelahiran Jerman mungkin menjadi warganegara British yang dilahirkan kepada ibu bapa yang berkhidmat di Angkatan Bersenjata Inggeris di Jerman. Anggaran yang dikeluarkan oleh Pejabat Statistik Nasional menunjukkan bahawa lima kumpulan kelahiran asing terbesar yang tinggal di London dalam tempoh Julai 2009 hingga Jun 2010 adalah mereka yang lahir di India, Poland, Republik Ireland, Bangladesh dan Nigeria. <> Berapakah peratusan penduduk Greater London dikatakan berasal dari luar negeri menurut banci 2011? || 36.7 peratus <> Agensi apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk menyusun data penduduk London? || Pejabat Perangkaan Kebangsaan <> Bilakah banci UK paling terkini diterbitkan? || 2011", {"context": "The 2011 census showed that 36.7 per cent of Greater London's population were born outside the UK. The table to the right shows the 30 most common countries of birth of London residents in 2011, the date of the last published UK Census. A portion of the German-born population are likely to be British nationals born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. Estimates produced by the Office for National Statistics indicate that the five largest foreign-born groups living in London in the period July 2009 to June 2010 were those born in India, Poland, the Republic of Ireland, Bangladesh and Nigeria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "36.7 per cent"}], "question": "What percentage of the Greater London population was said to be foreign-born according to the 2011 census?", "id": "572836863acd2414000df717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "the Office for National Statistics"}], "question": "What agency is responsible for compiling London's population data?", "id": "572836863acd2414000df718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When was the most recent UK census published?", "id": "572836863acd2414000df719"}]}], ["Majoriti Yahudi Inggeris tinggal di London, dengan komuniti Yahudi yang besar di Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon dan Edgware di London Utara. Sinagog Bevis Marks di City of London bersekutu dengan komuniti Yahudi Sephardic bersejarah London. Ia adalah satu-satunya rumah ibadat di Eropah yang telah mengadakan perkhidmatan tetap secara berterusan selama lebih dari 300 tahun. Stanmore dan Canons Park Synagogue mempunyai keanggotaan terbesar dalam mana-mana sinagoge Ortodoks tunggal di seluruh Eropah, memindahkan synagogue Ilford (juga di London) pada tahun 1998. Komuniti menubuhkan Forum Yahudi London pada tahun 2006 sebagai tindak balas kepada kepentingan yang semakin meningkat London Kerajaan. <> Sinagog Yahudi mana yang mempunyai keanggotaan terbesar di Eropah? || Stanmore dan Canons Park Synagogue <> Masyarakat Yahudi Sephardic di London bersekutu dengan mana Sinagog? || Bevis Marks Synagogue <> Berapa lamakah Baguis Marks Synagogue di London telah menjalankan perkhidmatan keagamaan secara berterusan? || lebih 300 tahun <> London Stanmore dan Canons Park Synagogue lulus Ilford Synagogue London dari segi keanggotaan pada tahun berapa? || 1998 <> Bilakah Forum Yahudi London ditubuhkan? || 2006", {"context": "The majority of British Jews live in London, with significant Jewish communities in Stamford Hill, Stanmore, Golders Green, Finchley, Hampstead, Hendon and Edgware in North London. Bevis Marks Synagogue in the City of London is affiliated to London's historic Sephardic Jewish community. It is the only synagogue in Europe which has held regular services continuously for over 300 years. Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue has the largest membership of any single Orthodox synagogue in the whole of Europe, overtaking Ilford synagogue (also in London) in 1998. The community set up the London Jewish Forum in 2006 in response to the growing significance of devolved London Government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue"}], "question": "Which Jewish synagogue boasts the largest membership in Europe?", "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Bevis Marks Synagogue"}], "question": "The Sephardic Jewish community in London is affiliated with which Synagogue?", "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "over 300 years"}], "question": "For how long has the Bevis Marks Synagogue in London been conducting religious services continuously? ", "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "1998"}], "question": "London's Stanmore and Canons Park Synagogue passed London's Ilford Synagogue in terms of membership in what year?", "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was the London Jewish Forum established?", "id": "57283b4c3acd2414000df76d"}]}], ["Kumpulan rusa merah dan rusa juga berkeliaran dengan bebas di Richmond dan Bushy Park. Pemusnahan berlaku pada setiap bulan November dan Februari untuk memastikan angka dapat dikekalkan. Hutan Epping juga dikenali sebagai rusa yang sering dilihat di lembu di utara Hutan. Populasi rusa yang melanistik, rusa hitam juga dikekalkan di Sanctuary Rusa berhampiran Theydon Bois. Rusa Muntjac, yang melarikan diri dari taman rusa pada awal abad kedua puluh, juga terdapat di hutan. Walaupun warga London terbiasa dengan hidupan liar seperti burung dan rubah yang berkongsi bandar, baru-baru ini rusa bandar telah mula menjadi ciri biasa, dan kawanan rusa dan rusa ekor putih datang ke kawasan kediaman pada waktu malam untuk memanfaatkan ruang hijau London . <> Apa jenis rusa yang langka dilindungi di Sanctuary Rusa di Theydon Bois? || melanistik, rusa hitam <> Bilakah culls untuk memastikan kelangsungan penduduk rusa London berlaku? || setiap November dan Februari <> Mengapa rusa rusa mula memasuki kawasan kediaman di London? || untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada ruang hijau London <> Bushy Park di Richmond adalah rumah kepada apa yang ada pada haiwan? || rusa merah dan rusa", {"context": "Herds of red and fallow deer also roam freely within much of Richmond and Bushy Park. A cull takes place each November and February to ensure numbers can be sustained. Epping Forest is also known for its fallow deer, which can frequently be seen in herds to the north of the Forest. A rare population of melanistic, black fallow deer is also maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near Theydon Bois. Muntjac deer, which escaped from deer parks at the turn of the twentieth century, are also found in the forest. While Londoners are accustomed to wildlife such as birds and foxes sharing the city, more recently urban deer have started becoming a regular feature, and whole herds of fallow and white-tailed deer come into residential areas at night to take advantage of the London's green spaces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "melanistic, black fallow deer"}], "question": "What rare breed of deer is protected at the Deer Sanctuary at Theydon Bois?", "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "each November and February"}], "question": "When do culls to ensure sustainability of London's deer population occur?", "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "to take advantage of the London's green spaces"}], "question": "Why are herds of deer starting to enter residential areas in London?", "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da00a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "red and fallow deer"}], "question": "Bushy Park in Richmond is home to what herds of animals?", "id": "57282eb92ca10214002da00b"}]}], ["Mamalia lain yang terdapat di Greater London adalah landak, tikus, tikus, arnab, cakar, vulkan, dan tupai. Di kawasan hutan di luar London, seperti Epping Forest, pelbagai jenis mamalia didapati termasuk kelinci, badger, medan, bank dan air rongga, tetikus kayu, tetikus bergerigi kuning, tahi lalat, cengkerang, dan weasel, sebagai tambahan kepada rubah, tupai dan landak. Seorang pemetik mati telah ditemui di Lebuhraya, Wapping, kira-kira satu batu dari Jambatan Menara, yang menunjukkan bahawa mereka telah mula bergerak selepas tidak hadir seratus tahun dari bandar. Sepuluh kelapan belas spesies kelawar dari England telah direkodkan di Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius dan pipistrell biasa, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton, coklat Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's. <> Hutan Epping adalah rumah bagi berapa spesies kelawar? || Sepuluh haiwan apa yang ditemui mati di Lebuhraya Wapping, berhampiran Jambatan Menara? || otter <> Tampaknya bahawa otters mungkin kembali ke bandar London selepas berapa lama ketiadaan? || seratus tahun <> Berapa banyak spesies kelawar yang ada di England? || lapan belas tahun", {"context": "Other mammals found in Greater London are hedgehogs, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, and squirrels, In wilder areas of Outer London, such as Epping Forest, a wide variety of mammals are found including hare, badger, field, bank and water vole, wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, mole, shrew, and weasel, in addition to fox, squirrel and hedgehog. A dead otter was found at The Highway, in Wapping, about a mile from the Tower Bridge, which would suggest that they have begun to move back after being absent a hundred years from the city. Ten of England's eighteen species of bats have been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius and common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's and leisler's.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Ten"}], "question": "Epping Forest is home for how many species of bats?", "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "otter"}], "question": "What animal was found dead at the Highway in Wapping, near the Tower Bridge?", "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "a hundred years"}], "question": "It appears that otters may be returning to the city of London after how long an absence?", "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many species of bats exist in England?", "id": "57282cb83acd2414000df64a"}]}], ["Persatuan Sejarah Alam London mencadangkan bahawa London adalah \"salah satu Bandar Terkaya Hijau Dunia\" dengan lebih daripada 40 peratus ruang hijau atau air terbuka. Mereka menunjukkan bahawa 2000 spesies tumbuhan berbunga telah ditemui tumbuh di sana dan bahawa Thames tidal menyokong 120 spesies ikan. Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa lebih daripada 60 spesies sarang burung di pusat London dan ahli-ahli mereka telah mencatatkan 47 spesies rama-rama, 1173 rama-rama dan lebih daripada 270 jenis labah-labah di sekitar London. Kawasan tanah lembap London menyokong populasi penting penduduk banyak burung air. London mempunyai 38 Tapak Kepentingan Saintifik Khas (SSSIs), dua Rizab Alam Semulajadi Negara dan 76 Rizab Alam Semulajadi. <> Berapa banyak spesies tumbuhan yang diketahui tumbuh di London? || 2000 <> Berapa rizab alam semula jadi wujud di kawasan London? || dua <> Ruang hijau dan air terbuka terdiri daripada apa peratus London? || lebih daripada 40 peratus <> Berapa banyak spesies ikan hidup di Sungai Thames? || 120 <> Persatuan Sejarah Alam London telah mendokumenkan berapa spesies rama-rama? || 47", {"context": "The London Natural History Society suggest that London is \"one of the World's Greenest Cities\" with more than 40 percent green space or open water. They indicate that 2000 species of flowering plant have been found growing there and that the tidal Thames supports 120 species of fish. They also state that over 60 species of bird nest in central London and that their members have recorded 47 species of butterfly, 1173 moths and more than 270 kinds of spider around London. London's wetland areas support nationally important populations of many water birds. London has 38 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), two National Nature Reserves and 76 Local Nature Reserves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "2000"}], "question": "How many different species of plant life are known to grow in London?", "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many National Nature Reserves exist in the London area?", "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "more than 40 percent"}], "question": "Green space and open water comprises what percent of London?", "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "120"}], "question": "How many species of fish live in the River Thames?", "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "47"}], "question": "The London Natural History Society has document how many species of butterfly?", "id": "5728294a2ca10214002d9f9c"}]}], ["Banci 2011 mencatatkan bahawa 2,998,264 orang atau 36.7% penduduk London adalah kelahiran asing menjadikan bandar London itu sebagai penduduk pendatang kedua terbesar, di sebalik New York City, dari segi jumlah mutlak. Jadual ke kanan menunjukkan negara-negara yang paling biasa kelahiran penduduk London. Perhatikan bahawa sesetengah penduduk kelahiran Jerman, pada kedudukan ke-18, adalah warganegara Inggeris dari lahir kepada ibu bapa yang berkhidmat di Angkatan Bersenjata Inggeris di Jerman. Dengan peningkatan perindustrian, penduduk London berkembang dengan pesat sepanjang abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, dan untuk sementara waktu pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, bandar terpadat di dunia. Penduduknya memuncak pada 8.615.245 pada tahun 1939 tepat sebelum pecahnya Perang Dunia Kedua, tetapi telah menurun ke 7,192,091 pada Banci 2001. Walau bagaimanapun, jumlah penduduk kemudian meningkat hanya lebih satu juta antara Banci-banci 2001 dan 2011, untuk mencapai 8,173,941 dalam penghitungan kedua. <> London adalah yang kedua hanya untuk bandar raya dari segi penduduk asingnya? || New York City <> Berapa peratus penduduk London dilahirkan? || 36.7% <> Banyak London yang dilahirkan oleh warganegara British disebabkan oleh apa? || ibu bapa berkhidmat di Angkatan Tentera British di Jerman <> Bilakah London melihat bilangan penduduk tertinggi? || 1939 sebelum pecahnya Perang Dunia Kedua <> Apakah anggaran penduduk London pada masa banci 2011? || 8,173,941", {"context": "The 2011 census recorded that 2,998,264 people or 36.7% of London's population are foreign-born making London the city with the second largest immigrant population, behind New York City, in terms of absolute numbers. The table to the right shows the most common countries of birth of London residents. Note that some of the German-born population, in 18th position, are British citizens from birth born to parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany. With increasing industrialisation, London's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and it was for some time in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the most populous city in the world. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War, but had declined to 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. However, the population then grew by just over a million between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, to reach 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "London is second only to what city in terms of its foreign population?", "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "36.7%"}], "question": "What percentage of London residents are foreign-born?", "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "parents serving in the British Armed Forces in Germany"}], "question": "Many German-born Londoners were British citizens by birth due to what?", "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "1939 immediately before the outbreak of the Second World War"}], "question": "When did London see its highest population numbers?", "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "8,173,941"}], "question": "What was London's estimated population at the time of the 2011 census?", "id": "572830ac3acd2414000df6ab"}]}], ["Antara penghuni London yang lain adalah 10,000 rubah, sehingga kini terdapat 16 rubah untuk setiap kilometer persegi (2.6 kilometer persegi) di London. Rubah-rubah bandar ini kelihatan lebih berani daripada sepupu negara mereka, berkongsi perkerapan dengan pejalan kaki dan menaikkan anak-anak di halaman belakang rakyat. Serigala juga menyelinap ke Rumah Parlimen, di mana seorang ditemui sedang tidur di kabinet pemfailan. Satu lagi memecah masuk ke Istana Buckingham, dilaporkan membunuh sebahagian daripada flamingo merah jambu merah Ratu Elizabeth II. Walau bagaimanapun, secara amnya, rubah dan rakyat bandar nampak seiring. Satu tinjauan pada tahun 2001 oleh Persatuan Mamalia yang berpangkalan di London mendapati bahawa 80 peratus daripada 3,779 responden yang menawarkan diri untuk menyimpan buku harian lawatan mamalia taman menyukai mereka. Sampel ini tidak boleh diambil untuk mewakili London secara keseluruhan. <> Jenis binatang apa yang dimiliki oleh Ratu Elizabeth II dibunuh oleh musang menyerang di atas istana Buckingham Palace? || flamingos merah jambu <> Apa haiwan yang dilihat tidur di Bangunan Parlimen London? || fox <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk rubah London? || 16 rubah untuk setiap kilometer persegi (2.6 kilometer persegi) <> Pada tahun 2001, apakah organisasi yang menjalankan kaji selidik penduduk tentang populasi rubah London? || Persatuan Mamalia yang berpusat di London <> Berapa banyak bilangan rubah tinggal di Kota London? || 10,000", {"context": "Among other inhabitants of London are 10,000 foxes, so that there are now 16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres) of London. These urban foxes are noticeably bolder than their country cousins, sharing the pavement with pedestrians and raising cubs in people's backyards. Foxes have even sneaked into the Houses of Parliament, where one was found asleep on a filing cabinet. Another broke into the grounds of Buckingham Palace, reportedly killing some of Queen Elizabeth II's prized pink flamingos. Generally, however, foxes and city folk appear to get along. A survey in 2001 by the London-based Mammal Society found that 80 percent of 3,779 respondents who volunteered to keep a diary of garden mammal visits liked having them around. This sample cannot be taken to represent Londoners as a whole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "pink flamingos"}], "question": "What type of animal belonging to Queen Elizabeth II was killed by an intruding fox on the Buckingham Palace grounds?", "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "fox"}], "question": "What animal was seen sleeping in London's Parliament Building?", "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "16 foxes for every square mile (2.6 square kilometres)"}], "question": "What is London's fox population density?", "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "the London-based Mammal Society"}], "question": "In 2001, what organization conducted a survey of residents regarding London's fox population?", "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many foxes live in the City of London?", "id": "57282b75ff5b5019007d9e6a"}]}], ["Lapangan Terbang Stansted, timur tengah London di Essex, adalah hab UK tempatan dan Lapangan Terbang Luton di utara London di Bedfordshire, kebanyakannya untuk penerbangan jarak jauh murah. Lapangan Terbang London City, lapangan terbang terkecil dan paling tengah, di Newham, East London, memberi tumpuan kepada pelancong perniagaan, dengan campuran perkhidmatan penuh penerbangan berjadual pendek dan lalu lintas jet perniagaan yang banyak. Lapangan Terbang London Southend, timur London di Essex, adalah lapangan terbang serantau yang lebih kecil yang kebanyakannya digunakan untuk penerbangan jarak pendek murah. <> Apa lapangan terbang terkecil di kawasan London? || Lapangan Terbang London City <> Pelanggan Lapangan Terbang London City terdiri daripada apa? || pelancong perniagaan <> Yang mana hab lapangan terbang UK tempatan terletak di Essex? || Lapangan Terbang Stansted <> London Southend Airport di Essex menawarkan terutamanya jenis perkhidmatan? || penerbangan jarak pendek murah <> Di mana terdapat Lapangan Terbang London City? || Newham, East London", {"context": "Stansted Airport, north east of London in Essex, is a local UK hub and Luton Airport to the north of London in Bedfordshire, caters mostly for cheap short-haul flights. London City Airport, the smallest and most central airport, in Newham, East London, is focused on business travellers, with a mixture of full service short-haul scheduled flights and considerable business jet traffic. London Southend Airport, east of London in Essex, is a smaller, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "London City Airport"}], "question": "What is the smallest airport in the London area?", "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "business travellers"}], "question": "London City Airport's clients are comprised chiefly of what?", "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Stansted Airport"}], "question": "Which local UK airport hub is located in Essex?", "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "cheap short-haul flights"}], "question": "London Southend Airport in Essex offers primarily what type of service?", "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Newham, East London"}], "question": "Where is London City Airport located?", "id": "57287d434b864d1900164a36"}]}], ["London adalah hab pengangkutan utama antarabangsa dengan ruang udara bandar tersibuk di dunia. Lapan lapangan terbang menggunakan perkataan London dalam nama mereka, tetapi kebanyakan lalu lintas melewati enam dari mereka. Lapangan Terbang London Heathrow, di Hillingdon, London Barat, adalah lapangan terbang paling sibuk di dunia untuk trafik antarabangsa, dan merupakan hab utama syarikat penerbangan bendera negara, British Airways. Pada bulan Mac 2008 terminal kelima telah dibuka. Terdapat rancangan untuk landasan ketiga dan terminal keenam; Walau bagaimanapun, ini telah dibatalkan oleh Kerajaan Gabungan pada 12 Mei 2010. <> Berapa banyak lapangan terbang yang bergabung dengan London dan memasukkan perkataan London dalam nama mereka? || Lapan <> Sebilangan besar trafik udara menggunakan berapa banyak lapangan terbang di dalam dan sekitar London? || enam <> Dari segi perjalanan antarabangsa, lapangan terbang mana yang paling sibuk di dunia? || London Heathrow <> Terminal kelima telah dibuka pada tahun 2008 untuk syarikat penerbangan UK mana? || British Airways <> Pada bulan Mei 2010, yang membatalkan rancangan British Airways untuk menambah terminal keenam dan landasan lain? || Kerajaan Gabungan", {"context": "London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. London Heathrow Airport, in Hillingdon, West London, is the busiest airport in the world for international traffic, and is the major hub of the nation's flag carrier, British Airways. In March 2008 its fifth terminal was opened. There were plans for a third runway and a sixth terminal; however, these were cancelled by the Coalition Government on 12 May 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Eight"}], "question": "How many airports are affiliated with London and incorporate the word London in their names?", "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "six"}], "question": "The majority of air traffic utilizes how many of the airports in and around London?", "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "London Heathrow"}], "question": "In terms of international travel, which airport is the world's busiest?", "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "British Airways"}], "question": "A fifth terminal was opened in 2008 for which UK airline?", "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "the Coalition Government"}], "question": "In May 2010, who scrapped British Airways's plans to add a sixth terminal and another runway?", "id": "57287a762ca10214002da3b8"}]}], ["Rangkaian bas London adalah salah satu yang terbesar di dunia, yang menjalankan 24 jam sehari, dengan kira-kira 8,500 bas, lebih 700 laluan bas dan sekitar 19,500 perhentian bas. Pada tahun 2013, rangkaian itu mempunyai lebih daripada 2 bilion perjalanan komuter setiap tahun, lebih daripada Bawah Tanah. Sekitar \u00a3 850 juta diambil dalam hasil setiap tahun. London mempunyai rangkaian diakses kerusi roda terbesar di dunia dan, dari suku ke-3 tahun 2007, menjadi lebih mudah untuk penumpang pendengaran dan cacat penglihatan apabila pengumuman audio-visual diperkenalkan. Bas merah dua tingkat yang tersendiri adalah tanda dagangan London yang diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa bersama dengan teksi hitam dan tiub. <> Berapa banyak hasil dijana setiap tahun oleh perkhidmatan bas awam London? || \u00a3 850 juta <> Berapa banyak bas yang beroperasi di rangkaian bas awam London? || lebih daripada 700 <> Ciri apa yang ditambah pada tahun 2007 memudahkan perjalanan bas oleh penumpang London dengan gangguan pendengaran dan penglihatan? || pengumuman audio-visual <> Apakah penampilan yang berbeza mengenalpasti banyak bas sebagai mercu tanda untuk London? || merah double-decker <> Biasanya, apakah warna teksi teksi London? || hitam", {"context": "London's bus network is one of the largest in the world, running 24 hours a day, with about 8,500 buses, more than 700 bus routes and around 19,500 bus stops. In 2013, the network had more than 2 billion commuter trips per annum, more than the Underground. Around \u00a3850 million is taken in revenue each year. London has the largest wheelchair accessible network in the world and, from the 3rd quarter of 2007, became more accessible to hearing and visually impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements were introduced. The distinctive red double-decker buses are an internationally recognised trademark of London transport along with black cabs and the Tube.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "\u00a3850 million"}], "question": "How much revenue is generated yearly by London's public bus service?", "id": "572888132ca10214002da448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "more than 700"}], "question": "How many buses does the London public bus network operate?", "id": "572888132ca10214002da449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "audio-visual announcements"}], "question": "What feature added in 2007 facilitated bus travel by London' passengers with hearing and vision impairments?", "id": "572888132ca10214002da44a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "red double-decker"}], "question": "What distinct appearance identifies many buses as a landmark for London?", "id": "572888132ca10214002da44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "black"}], "question": "Typically, what color are London taxi cabs?", "id": "572888132ca10214002da44c"}]}], ["Bersama dengan perkhidmatan profesional, syarikat media tertumpu di London dan industri pengedaran media adalah sektor kedua paling kompetitif di London. BBC adalah majikan yang penting, sementara penyiar lain juga mempunyai ibu pejabat di sekitar City. Banyak akhbar nasional disunting di London. London adalah pusat runcit utama dan pada 2010 mempunyai jualan runcit bukan makanan yang paling tinggi di mana-mana bandar di dunia, dengan jumlah perbelanjaan sekitar \u00a3 64.2 bilion. Pelabuhan London adalah yang kedua terbesar di United Kingdom, mengendalikan 45 juta tan kargo setiap tahun. <> Apa pelabuhan kedua terbesar di UK? || Pelabuhan London <> Berapa banyak yang dibelanjakan untuk jualan runcit bukan makanan di London pada tahun 2010? || \u00a3 64.2 bilion <> Berapakah jumlah kargo yang dikendalikan oleh Pelabuhan London setiap tahun? || 45 juta tan <> Apa industri paling kompetitif kedua di London? || pengedaran media <> Apa syarikat adalah pemain utama dalam industri pengedaran media London? || BBC", {"context": "Along with professional services, media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector. The BBC is a significant employer, while other broadcasters also have headquarters around the City. Many national newspapers are edited in London. London is a major retail centre and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around \u00a364.2 billion. The Port of London is the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45 million tonnes of cargo each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "The Port of London"}], "question": "What is the second largest port in the UK?", "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "\u00a364.2 billion"}], "question": "Approximately how much was spent on non-food retail sales in London in 2010?", "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da049"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "45 million tonnes"}], "question": "How much cargo does the Port of London handle annually?", "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "media distribution"}], "question": "What is London's second most competitive industry?", "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "The BBC"}], "question": "What corporation is the major player in London's media distribution industry?", "id": "572843d4ff5b5019007da04c"}]}], ["Beberapa perkhidmatan keretapi antarabangsa ke Continental Europe telah dikendalikan pada abad ke-20 sebagai kereta api bot, seperti Admiraal de Ruijter ke Amsterdam dan Night Ferry ke Paris dan Brussels. Pembukaan Terowong Saluran pada tahun 1994 menghubungkan London terus ke rangkaian kereta api kontinental, yang membolehkan perkhidmatan Eurostar dimulakan. Sejak tahun 2007, kereta api berkelajuan tinggi menghubungkan St. Pancras International dengan Lille, Paris, Brussels dan destinasi pelancongan Eropah menerusi pautan kereta api Berkelajuan Tinggi 1 dan Terowong Saluran. Kereta api domestik berkelajuan tinggi pertama bermula pada bulan Jun 2009 menghubungkan Kent ke London. Terdapat rancangan untuk garis laju kedua yang menghubungkan London ke Midlands, North West England, dan Yorkshire. <> Pada abad ke-20 Night Ferry adalah kereta api bot yang menyediakan sambungan antara London dan kota-kota mana? || Paris dan Brussels <> London bersambung terus ke benua Eropah melalui perkhidmatan kereta api apa? || Eurostar <> Dalam tahun apakah Tunnel Channel dibuka? || 1994 <> St. Pancras International dikaitkan dengan Paris dan destinasi pelancongan Eropah yang popular dengan kaedah pengangkutan apa? || kereta api berkelajuan tinggi <> Bilakah perkhidmatan kereta api berkelajuan tinggi tempatan yang menghubungkan London dan Kent bermula? || Jun 2009", {"context": "Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel. The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London. There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Paris and Brussels"}], "question": "In the 20th century the Night Ferry was a boat train that provided connections between London and which cities?", "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Eurostar"}], "question": "London is directly connected to continental Europe through what rail service?", "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "1994"}], "question": "In what year did the Channel Tunnel open?", "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "high-speed trains"}], "question": "St. Pancras International is linked to Paris and other popular European tourist destinations via what method of transportation?", "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When did local high speed rail service that linked London and Kent begin?", "id": "572884edff5b5019007da2a4"}]}], ["Pengangkutan adalah salah satu daripada empat bidang dasar utama yang ditadbirkan oleh Datuk Bandar London, namun kawalan kewangan Datuk Bandar tidak meluas ke rangkaian rel jarak jauh yang memasuki London. Pada tahun 2007, beliau mengambil tanggungjawab untuk beberapa saluran tempatan, yang kini membentuk rangkaian London Overground, menambah tanggungjawab sedia ada untuk London Underground, trem dan bas. Rangkaian pengangkutan awam ditadbir oleh Transport for London (TfL) dan merupakan salah satu yang paling luas di dunia. <> Yang dipilih pegawai bertanggungjawab secara kewangan untuk pengangkutan awam di London, kecuali untuk kereta api jarak jauh? || Datuk Bandar London <> pengangkutan awam London diawasi oleh agensi mana? || Pengangkutan untuk London (TfL) <> Bersama dengan London Underground, bas dan trans, apa bentuk pengangkutan kereta api awam yang telah ditambah pada 2007 kepada tanggungjawab Mayor? || rangkaian London Overground", {"context": "Transport is one of the four main areas of policy administered by the Mayor of London, however the mayor's financial control does not extend to the longer distance rail network that enters London. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, which now form the London Overground network, adding to the existing responsibility for the London Underground, trams and buses. The public transport network is administered by Transport for London (TfL) and is one of the most extensive in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "the Mayor of London"}], "question": "Which elected official is financially responsible for public transportation in London, except for long-distance railways?", "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Transport for London (TfL)"}], "question": "London's public transportation is overseen by which agency?", "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "the London Overground network"}], "question": "Along with the London Underground, buses and trans, what form of public rail transport was added in 2007 to the Mayor's responsibilities?", "id": "5728782d3acd2414000dfa31"}]}], ["London adalah salah satu destinasi pelancongan terkemuka di dunia dan pada tahun 2015 disenaraikan sebagai bandar paling banyak dikunjungi di dunia dengan lebih daripada 65 juta kunjungan. Ia juga merupakan bandar teratas di dunia oleh pelawat merentas sempadan, yang dianggarkan sebanyak AS $ 20.23 bilion pada tahun 2015 Pelancongan merupakan salah satu industri utama di London, yang mempekerjakan setara dengan 350,000 pekerja sepenuh masa pada tahun 2003, dan bandar itu menyumbang 54% daripada semua perbelanjaan pelawat masuk di UK. Setahun 2016 London dinilai sebagai destinasi destinasi di peringkat atas dunia oleh pengguna TripAdvisor. <> Menurut data tahun 2015, berapa bilangan pengunjung yang diberikan London sebagai ranking pertama yang melawat kota di dunia? || 65 juta <> Berapa banyak dolar AS yang dianggarkan telah dibelanjakan di London oleh pelawat dari negara lain? || $ 20.23 bilion <> Sehingga tahun 2003, kira-kira berapa ramai pekerja sepenuh masa yang bekerja dalam industri pelancongan? || 350,000 <> Kegiatan pengguna laman web perjalanan dan pelancongan yang mana telah menunjukkan bahawa London adalah destinasi perjalanan nombor satu? || TripAdvisor <> Berapakah peratusan wang pelawat dianggarkan dibelanjakan di London? || 54%", {"context": "London is one of the leading tourist destinations in the world and in 2015 was ranked as the most visited city in the world with over 65 million visits. It is also the top city in the world by visitor cross-border spending, estimated at US$20.23 billion in 2015 Tourism is one of London's prime industries, employing the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in 2003, and the city accounts for 54% of all inbound visitor spend in UK. As of 2016 London is rated as the world top ranked city destination by TripAdvisor users.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "65 million"}], "question": "According to 2015 data, how many how many visitors gave London its ranking as the number one visited city in the world?", "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "$20.23 billion"}], "question": "How many US dollars are estimated to have been spent in London by visitors from other countries?", "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "350,000"}], "question": "As of 2003, roughly how many full time workers were employed in the tourism industry?", "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "TripAdvisor"}], "question": "Which travel and tourism website's user activity has indicated that London is the number one travel destination?", "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da23f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "54%"}], "question": "What percentage of visitor money is estimated to be spent in London?", "id": "572873c3ff5b5019007da240"}]}], ["Terdapat 366 stesen kereta api di Zon Travelcard London di rangkaian kereta api pinggir bandar yang luas di atas tanah. London Selatan, khususnya, mempunyai konsentrasi tinggi keretapi kerana ia mempunyai lebih sedikit garis bawah Bawah Tanah. Kebanyakan laluan kereta api berhenti di sekitar pusat London, beroperasi di lapan belas stesen terminal, dengan pengecualian tren Thameslink yang menghubungkan Bedford di utara dan Brighton di selatan melalui lapangan terbang Luton dan Gatwick. London mempunyai stesen tersibuk Britain dengan jumlah penumpang - Waterloo, dengan lebih 184 juta orang menggunakan kompleks stesen pertukaran (yang merangkumi stesen Waterloo East) setiap tahun. Clapham Junction adalah stesen tersibuk di Eropah dengan bilangan kereta yang berlalu. <> Apakah stesen keretapi paling sibuk di Eropah dari segi aktiviti kereta api? || Clapham Junction <> Berapa banyak stesen kereta api yang digunakan oleh rangkaian kereta api London? || 366 <> Mengapa London Selatan mempunyai bilangan kereta api yang tinggi? || ia mempunyai lebih sedikit garisan bawah tanah. <> Apakah stesen keretapi yang paling sibuk di Britain dari segi penumpang? || Waterloo <> Berapa banyak pelancong yang melalui stesen Waterloo setiap tahun? || lebih 184 juta", {"context": "There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports. London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers \u2013 Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year. Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Clapham Junction"}], "question": "What is Europe's busiest rail station in terms of train activity?", "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "366"}], "question": "How many railway stations are utilized by London's railway network?", "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "it has fewer Underground lines."}], "question": "Why does South London have such a high number of railways?", "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Waterloo"}], "question": "What is Britain's busiest railway station in terms of passengers?", "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "over 184 million"}], "question": "How many travelers pass through Waterloo station yearly?", "id": "57287f88ff5b5019007da27e"}]}], ["Industri terbesar di London adalah kewangan, dan eksport kewangannya menjadikannya penyumbang besar kepada imbangan pembayaran UK. Sekitar 325,000 orang telah bekerja di perkhidmatan kewangan di London sehingga pertengahan tahun 2007. London mempunyai lebih daripada 480 bank luar negara, lebih daripada mana-mana bandar lain di dunia. Lebih 85 peratus (3.2 juta) penduduk yang bekerja di London lebih besar bekerja dalam industri perkhidmatan. Kerana peranan globalnya yang menonjol, ekonomi London telah terjejas oleh krisis kewangan akhir tahun 2000-an. Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang tahun 2010, City telah pulih; meletakkan kuasa pengawalseliaan baru, meneruskan untuk mendapatkan semula tanah yang hilang dan mendirikan semula dominasi ekonomi London. City of London adalah rumah kepada Bank of England, Bursa Saham London, dan pasaran insurans Lloyd's of London. <> Apakah nama pasar insurans terkenal di dunia yang berpusat di London? || Lloyd's of London <> Apa industri terbesar di London? || kewangan <> Apakah bank pusat UK dikenali sebagai? || Bank of England <sebelum sebelum pertengahan 2007, kira-kira berapa orang di London mempunyai pekerjaan di sektor kewangan? || 325,000 <> Berapa banyak bank London beroperasi di luar negara? || 480", {"context": "London's largest industry is finance, and its financial exports make it a large contributor to the UK's balance of payments. Around 325,000 people were employed in financial services in London until mid-2007. London has over 480 overseas banks, more than any other city in the world. Over 85 percent (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the services industries. Because of its prominent global role, London's economy had been affected by the Late-2000s financial crisis. However, by 2010 the City has recovered; put in place new regulatory powers, proceeded to regain lost ground and re-established London's economic dominance. The City of London is home to the Bank of England, London Stock Exchange, and Lloyd's of London insurance market.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Lloyd's of London"}], "question": "What is the name of the world-famous insurance market based in London?", "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "finance"}], "question": "What is the largest industry in London?", "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "the Bank of England"}], "question": "What is the UK's central bank known as?", "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "325,000"}], "question": "Prior to mid-2007, approximately how many people in London had jobs in the financial sector?", "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "480"}], "question": "How many banks does London operate overseas?", "id": "572841f8ff5b5019007da022"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak aksen yang secara tradisinya dianggap sebagai aksen London. Paling terkenal aksen London yang lama telah memperoleh label Cockney, yang kedengaran di London sendiri, dan merentasi wilayah England Tenggara yang lebih luas secara umum. Loghat 'Londoner' abad ke-21 berbeza-beza; apa yang menjadi lebih dan lebih biasa di kalangan 30-an bagaimanapun adalah beberapa gabungan Cockney dengan pelbagai aksen 'etnik', khususnya Caribbean, yang membentuk aksen berlabel Multicultural London English (MLE). Loghat yang lain didengar dan diucapkan adalah RP (menerima sebutan) dalam pelbagai bentuk, yang sering dapat didengar di media dan banyak profesi tradisional lain dan seterusnya, walaupun aksen ini tidak terbatas pada London dan South East England, dan juga dapat didengar selektif di seluruh UK di kalangan kumpulan sosial tertentu. <> Apa aksen London terkenal yang dikenali? || Cockney <> Aksen London semakin popular di kalangan orang muda memusnahkan Cockney dengan apa? || 'aksen' etnik <> Apa gaya aksen di London yang biasa digunakan oleh media dan profesional lain? || RP (Terima Sebutan) <> Di luar London, di mana aksen Cockney biasanya didengar? || kawasan Tenggara Tenggara England", {"context": "There are many accents that are traditionally thought of as London accents. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally. The accent of a 21st-century 'Londoner' varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of 'ethnic' accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE). The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Cockney"}], "question": "What is the best-known London accent known as?", "id": "572840674b864d1900164800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "'ethnic' accents"}], "question": "An increasingly popular London accent among younger people fuses Cockney with what?", "id": "572840674b864d1900164801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "RP (Received Pronunciation)"}], "question": "What style of accent in London is commonly used by media and other professionals?", "id": "572840674b864d1900164802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the wider South East England region"}], "question": "Outside of London, where is the Cockney accent typically heard?", "id": "572840674b864d1900164803"}]}], ["Majoriti sekolah rendah dan menengah dan kolej pendidikan lanjut di London dikawal oleh bandar-bandar di London atau dibiayai oleh kerajaan; contoh utama termasuk Kolej Islington dan City, Ealing, Hammersmith dan West London College, Kolej Formula Leyton Sixth, Kolej Tower Hamlets dan Bethnal Green Academy. Terdapat juga beberapa sekolah swasta dan kolej di London, beberapa yang lama dan terkenal, seperti Sekolah Bandar London, Harrow, Sekolah St Paul, Sekolah Lelaki Aske's Boys 'Haberdashers, Sekolah Kolej Universiti, Sekolah John Lyon, Highgate School dan Westminster School. <> Siapa di luar negara sistem sekolah rendah dan menengah di London? || London borough <> Apa sekolah swasta lelaki saham di London berkongsi namanya dengan katedral yang terkenal? || Sekolah St Paul,", {"context": "The majority of primary and secondary schools and further-education colleges in London are controlled by the London boroughs or otherwise state-funded; leading examples include City and Islington College, Ealing, Hammersmith and West London College, Leyton Sixth Form College, Tower Hamlets College and Bethnal Green Academy. There are also a number of private schools and colleges in London, some old and famous, such as City of London School, Harrow, St Paul's School, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, University College School, The John Lyon School, Highgate School and Westminster School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "the London boroughs"}], "question": "Who overseas the public primary and secondary school systems in London?", "id": "5728bfe9ff5b5019007da5f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "St Paul's School,"}], "question": "What private boys' school shares in London shares its name with a famous cathedral?", "id": "5728bfe9ff5b5019007da5f1"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa sekolah perniagaan di London, termasuk Sekolah Perniagaan dan Kewangan London, Sekolah Perniagaan Cass (sebahagian daripada City University London), Sekolah Perniagaan Antarabangsa Hult, ESCP Europe, Sekolah Perniagaan Eropah London, Imperial College Business School dan London Sekolah Perniagaan. London juga merupakan rumah kepada banyak institusi pendidikan seni pakar, termasuk Akademi Seni Rupa dan Rekod Langsung, Sekolah Pusat Balet, LAMDA, Kolej Seni Kontemporari London (LCCA), Sekolah Seni Kontemporari London, Pusat Kebangsaan Seni Circus, RADA, Rambert Sekolah Balet dan Tarian Kontemporari, Royal College of Art, Royal College of Music dan Trinity Laban. <> City University London berkaitan dengan apa yang sekolah perniagaan khusus? || Sekolah Perniagaan Cass <> The Royal College of Art dan Royal College of Music adalah contoh jenis sekolah apa? || institusi pendidikan seni pakar", {"context": "There are a number of business schools in London, including the London School of Business and Finance, Cass Business School (part of City University London), Hult International Business School, ESCP Europe, European Business School London, Imperial College Business School and the London Business School. London is also home to many specialist arts education institutions, including the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, Central School of Ballet, LAMDA, London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA), London Contemporary Dance School, National Centre for Circus Arts, RADA, Rambert School of Ballet and Contemporary Dance, the Royal College of Art, the Royal College of Music and Trinity Laban.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Cass Business School"}], "question": "City University London is related to what specialized business school?", "id": "5728be124b864d1900164d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "specialist arts education institutions"}], "question": "The Royal College of Art and the Royal College of Music are examples of what type of schools?", "id": "5728be124b864d1900164d31"}]}], ["London adalah rumah kepada lima buah sekolah perubatan utama - Barts dan Sekolah Perubatan dan Pergigian London (sebahagian daripada Queen Mary), Sekolah Perubatan King's College London (sekolah perubatan terbesar di Eropah), Sekolah Perubatan Imperial College, Sekolah Perubatan UCL dan St George's, University of London - dan mempunyai sebilangan besar hospital pengajian gabungan. Ia juga merupakan pusat utama penyelidikan bioperubatan, dan tiga daripada lima pusat sains kesihatan sains di UK berpusat di bandar - Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners dan UCL Partners (pusat terbesar di Eropah). <> Berapa banyak sekolah perubatan utama yang dibanggakan oleh London? || lima <> Apa sekolah perubatan terbesar di Eropah? || King's College London School of Medicine <> Barts dan London School of Dentistry jika sebahagiannya universiti di University of London Network? || Queen Mary <> Berapa banyak daripada lima pusat sains akademik kesihatan Inggeris terletak di London? || tiga <> UCL Partners adalah jenis kemudahan terbesar di Eropah? || pusat sains kesihatan akademik", {"context": "London is home to five major medical schools \u2013 Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry (part of Queen Mary), King's College London School of Medicine (the largest medical school in Europe), Imperial College School of Medicine, UCL Medical School and St George's, University of London \u2013 and has a large number of affiliated teaching hospitals. It is also a major centre for biomedical research, and three of the UK's five academic health science centres are based in the city \u2013 Imperial College Healthcare, King's Health Partners and UCL Partners (the largest such centre in Europe).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many major medical schools does London boast?", "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "King's College London School of Medicine"}], "question": "What is the largest school of medicine in Europe?", "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Queen Mary"}], "question": "Barts and the London School of Dentistry if part of which university in the University of London Network?", "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many of the United Kingdom's five health academic science centers are located in London?", "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "academic health science centres"}], "question": "UCL Partners is the largest type of what facility in Europe?", "id": "5728bca93acd2414000dfd73"}]}], ["Beberapa universiti di London berada di luar sistem Universiti London, termasuk Universiti Brunel, City University London, Imperial College London, Universiti Kingston, Universiti Metropolitan London, Universiti Middlesex, Universiti East London, Universiti West London dan Universiti Westminster, (dengan lebih daripada 34,000 pelajar, universiti kesatuan terbesar di London), Universiti London South Bank, Universiti Middlesex, Universiti Seni London (universiti terbesar seni, reka bentuk, fesyen, komunikasi dan seni persembahan di Eropah), Universiti Timur London, Universiti West London dan Universiti Westminster. Di samping itu terdapat tiga universiti antarabangsa di London - Universiti Regent London, Richmond, The American International University di London dan Schiller International University. <> Apakah populasi pelajar Universiti Westminster? || 34,000 <> Berapa banyak universiti antarabangsa beroperasi di London? || tiga <> Di mana pinggir bandar adalah American International University di London yang terletak? || Richmond <> Apakah universiti terbesar di Eropah untuk bidang komunikasi dan persembahan? || Universiti Seni London", {"context": "A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London \u2013 Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "34,000"}], "question": "What is the student population of University of Westminster?", "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many international universities operate in London?", "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "Richmond"}], "question": "In what suburb is the American International University in London located?", "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "University of the Arts London"}], "question": "What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?", "id": "57289db33acd2414000dfb6e"}]}], ["London adalah pusat pengajaran dan penyelidikan pengajian tinggi global dan 43 universitinya membentuk kepekatan tertinggi lembaga pendidikan tinggi di Eropah. Menurut Kedudukan Universiti QS World 2015/16, London mempunyai tumpuan terbesar universiti kelas atas di dunia dan populasi pelajar antarabangsa sekitar 110,000 yang juga lebih daripada mana-mana bandar lain di dunia. Laporan PricewaterhouseCoopers 2014 menyebut London sebagai modal pendidikan tinggi global Apa rangkaian perkhidmatan profesional yang dinamakan London ibukota pendidikan tinggi dunia? || PricewaterhouseCoopers <> London mempunyai kepekatan tertinggi institusi pendidikan tinggi di Eropah dengan berapa banyak universiti? || 43 <> Berapakah bilangan pelajar antarabangsa yang belajar di London? || 110,000", {"context": "London is a major global centre of higher education teaching and research and its 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe. According to the QS World University Rankings 2015/16, London has the greatest concentration of top class universities in the world and the international student population around 110,000 which is also more than any other city in the world. A 2014 PricewaterhouseCoopers report termed London as the global capital of higher education", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "PricewaterhouseCoopers"}], "question": "What professional services network named London the world's capital of higher education?", "id": "572891f84b864d1900164a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "43"}], "question": "London has the highest concentration of higher education institutions in Europe with how many universities?", "id": "572891f84b864d1900164a9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "110,000"}], "question": "What is the approximate number of international students studying in London?", "id": "572891f84b864d1900164aa0"}]}], ["Dengan 120,000 pelajar di London, universiti persekutuan London adalah universiti pengajaran hubungan terbesar di UK. Ia termasuk empat universiti pelbagai fakulti besar - King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway dan UCL - dan beberapa institusi yang lebih kecil dan lebih khusus termasuk Birkbeck, Institut Seni Courtauld, Ahli Goldsmiths, Sekolah Muzik Guildhall dan Drama, Institut Pendidikan, London Business School, London School of Economics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Royal Academy of Music, Pusat Ucapan dan Drama Pusat, Royal Veterinary College dan School of Oriental and African Studies. Ahli-ahli University of London mempunyai prosedur kemasukan mereka sendiri, dan beberapa anugerah mereka sendiri. <> Sekolah apa yang terdapat dalam University of London akan pelajar yang mahukan ijazah dalam perubatan veterinar mungkin hadir? || Kolej Veterinar Diraja <> Apa universiti utama terdiri daripada empat universiti pelbagai fakulti dan beberapa sekolah khusus sekolah? || University of London <> Dari mana sekolah di London akan seorang pelajar menerima MBA? || London Business School <> Apakah purata populasi pelajar di University of London? || 120,000", {"context": "With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities \u2013 King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL \u2013 and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "the Royal Veterinary College"}], "question": "What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?", "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da31e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "University of London"}], "question": "What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools? ", "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da31f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "the London Business School"}], "question": "From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?", "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "What is the average student population at the University of London?", "id": "57289825ff5b5019007da321"}]}], ["Walaupun majoriti perjalanan yang melibatkan London pusat dibuat oleh pengangkutan awam, perjalanan kereta biasa di pinggir bandar. Jalan lingkaran dalaman (di sekitar pusat bandar), jalan lingkaran Utara dan Selatan (di pinggir bandar), dan lebuh raya orbital luar (M25, di luar kawasan terbina) mengelilingi bandar dan bersilang dengan banyak sibuk laluan jejarian-tetapi sangat sedikit lebuhraya menembusi ke dalam London. Rancangan untuk rangkaian lebuhraya menyeluruh di seluruh bandar (Rancangan Ringways) telah disediakan pada tahun 1960-an tetapi kebanyakannya dibatalkan pada awal 1970-an. M25 adalah lebuh raya jalan raya paling lama di dunia pada jarak 121.5 mi (195.5 km). A1 dan M1 menghubungkan London ke Leeds, dan Newcastle dan Edinburgh. <> Jenis jalan apa yang diiktiraf secara meluas di tengah-tengah London? || Jalan cincin dalam <> Apa yang gagal merancang untuk memasang rangkaian utama jalan raya di Kota London akhirnya dibatalkan pada tahun 1970-an? || Rancangan Ringways <> London disambungkan ke Leeds, Newcastle, dan Edinburgh melalui jalan raya apa? || A1 dan M1 <> Berapa lamakah lebuhraya M25? || 121.5 mi (195.5 km) <> Pengangkutan kereta digunakan terutamanya di kawasan London? || pinggir bandar", {"context": "Although the majority of journeys involving central London are made by public transport, car travel is common in the suburbs. The inner ring road (around the city centre), the North and South Circular roads (in the suburbs), and the outer orbital motorway (the M25, outside the built-up area) encircle the city and are intersected by a number of busy radial routes\u2014but very few motorways penetrate into inner London. A plan for a comprehensive network of motorways throughout the city (the Ringways Plan) was prepared in the 1960s but was mostly cancelled in the early 1970s. The M25 is the longest ring-road motorway in the world at 121.5 mi (195.5 km) long. The A1 and M1 connect London to Leeds, and Newcastle and Edinburgh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "The inner ring road"}], "question": "What type of roadway is widely recognizable in the center of London?", "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "the Ringways Plan"}], "question": "What failed plan to install a major network of roadways within the City of London were eventually scrapped in the 1970s?", "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "The A1 and M1"}], "question": "London is connected to Leeds, Newcastle, and Edinburgh through what motorways?", "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "121.5 mi (195.5 km)"}], "question": "How long is the M25 motorway?", "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "the suburbs"}], "question": "Automobile transportation is primarily used in what areas of London?", "id": "57288d0aff5b5019007da2cc"}]}], ["Kereta kabel pertama dan satu-satunya London yang dikenali sebagai Emirates Air Line, dibuka pada Jun 2012. Menyeberangi Sungai Thames, menghubungkan Semenanjung Greenwich dan Royal Docks di timur bandar, kereta kabel itu digabungkan dengan sistem tiket Oyster Card London, walaupun tambang khas dikenakan. Menjual \u00a3 60 juta untuk membina, ia membawa lebih dari 3,500 penumpang setiap hari, walaupun ini jauh lebih rendah daripada kapasitinya. Sama seperti Skim sewa motosikal Santander, kereta kabel ditaja dalam perjanjian selama 10 tahun oleh Emirates Airlines. <> Apakah operasi basikal untuk sewa London? || Santander Cycles <> Bilakah kereta kabel tunggal yang beroperasi di London memulakan perkhidmatan? || Jun 2012 <> Siapa penaja semasa operasi kereta kabel London? || syarikat penerbangan Emirates <> Apakah anggaran kos untuk membina Emirates Cable Car Cable? || \u00a3 60 <> Kira-kira berapa ramai penumpang perjalanan setiap hari di kereta kabel London? || 3,500", {"context": "London's first and only cable car, known as the Emirates Air Line, opened in June 2012. Crossing the River Thames, linking Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks in the east of the city, the cable car is integrated with London's Oyster Card ticketing system, although special fares are charged. Costing \u00a360 million to build, it carries over 3,500 passengers every day, although this is very much lower than its capacity. Similar to the Santander Cycles bike hire scheme, the cable car is sponsored in a 10-year deal by the airline Emirates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Santander Cycles"}], "question": "What is the name of London' bike-for-hire operation?", "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "June 2012"}], "question": "When did the single cable car operating in London begin service?", "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "the airline Emirates"}], "question": "Who is the current sponsor of London's cable car operation?", "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "\u00a360"}], "question": "What was the approximate cost to build the Emirates Airline Cable Car?", "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "3,500"}], "question": "Roughly how many passengers travel daily on London's cable car?", "id": "57288a124b864d1900164a86"}]}], ["Sejumlah institusi pendidikan terkemuka di dunia berpusat di London. Dalam Peringkat Universiti Dunia 2014/15, Imperial College London menduduki tempat ke-2 di dunia (bersama dengan Universiti Cambridge), University College London (UCL) menduduki tempat ke-5, dan King's College London (KCL) menduduki tempat ke-16. London School of Economics telah digambarkan sebagai institusi sains sosial terkemuka di dunia untuk pengajaran dan penyelidikan. Sekolah Perniagaan London dianggap sebagai salah satu sekolah perniagaan terkemuka di dunia dan pada tahun 2015 program MBAnya menempati peringkat kedua terbaik di dunia oleh Financial Times. <> Dari segi pengajaran dan penyelidikan, apakah yang paling utama di dunia sains sosial? || London School of Economics <> Di mana University College London, atau UCL, kedudukan di antara kolej dan universiti terbaik di dunia? || 5th <> The Financial Times menilai program MBA sekolah yang ke-2 terbaik di dunia pada tahun 2015? || Sekolah Perniagaan London <> Apa sekolah di London berkongsi pangkat terbaik ke-2 di dunia dengan University of Cambridge yang terkenal di Peringkat Dunia 2014-2015? || Imperial College London", {"context": "A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "London School of Economics"}], "question": "In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?", "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "5th"}], "question": "Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?", "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "The London Business School"}], "question": "The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?", "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Imperial College London"}], "question": "What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?", "id": "572894ce3acd2414000dfb48"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2003, caj kesesakan diperkenalkan untuk mengurangkan jumlah trafik di pusat bandar. Dengan beberapa pengecualian, pemandu diperlukan untuk membayar \u00a3 10 sehari untuk memandu dalam zon tertentu yang merangkumi sebahagian besar pusat London. Pemandu yang merupakan penduduk zon yang ditetapkan boleh membeli pas musim yang sangat berkurangan. Kerajaan London pada mulanya menjangkakan Zon Congestion Charge untuk meningkatkan tempoh puncak harian pengguna Bawah Tanah dan bas oleh 20,000 orang, mengurangkan trafik jalan raya sebanyak 10 hingga 15 peratus, meningkatkan kelajuan trafik sebanyak 10 hingga 15 peratus, dan mengurangkan giliran sebanyak 20 hingga 30 peratus . Sepanjang beberapa tahun, jumlah purata kereta yang memasuki pusat London pada hari kerja telah dikurangkan daripada 195,000 hingga 125,000 kereta - pengurangan 35 peratus kenderaan yang didorong setiap hari. <> Apakah kos harian bagi kebanyakan pemandu untuk mengendalikan kereta mereka dalam zon tertentu di pusat London? || \u00a3 10 <> Bilakah caj kesesakan harian di London dilaksanakan? || Pada tahun 2003 <> Dengan apa peratusan apakah caj kesesakan mengurangkan jumlah kereta yang mengembara ke pusat London? || 35 peratus <> Pemandu yang tinggal di zon tertentu mengurangkan kos caj kesesakan mereka dengan cara apa? || pas musim <> Perkhidmatan apa yang dijangkakan akan bertambah besar akibat zon caj kesesakan? || Bawah tanah dan bas", {"context": "In 2003, a congestion charge was introduced to reduce traffic volumes in the city centre. With a few exceptions, motorists are required to pay \u00a310 per day to drive within a defined zone encompassing much of central London. Motorists who are residents of the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced season pass. London government initially expected the Congestion Charge Zone to increase daily peak period Underground and bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic by 10 to 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 to 15 per cent, and reduce queues by 20 to 30 per cent. Over the course of several years, the average number of cars entering the centre of London on a weekday was reduced from 195,000 to 125,000 cars \u2013 a 35-per-cent reduction of vehicles driven per day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "\u00a310"}], "question": "What is the daily cost for most drivers to operate their cars within a given zone in the center of London?", "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2003"}], "question": "When was the daily congestion charge in London implemented?", "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "35-per-cent"}], "question": "By what percentage did the congestion charge decrease the amount of cars traveling through the center of London?", "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "season pass"}], "question": "Drivers who live in a given zone reduce the cost of their congestion charge by means of what?", "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Underground and bus"}], "question": "What services were anticipated to be greatly increased as a result of the congestion charge zone?", "id": "57288fa83acd2414000dfb19"}]}], ["London telah menjadi persediaan untuk banyak karya kesusasteraan. Pusat-pusat kesusasteraan London secara tradisional telah berbukit Hampstead dan (sejak awal abad ke-20) Bloomsbury. Penulis yang rapat dengan bandaraya itu adalah diari Samuel Pepys, yang terkenal dengan laporan saksi mata beliau terhadap Kebakaran Besar, Charles Dickens, yang mewakili London penyapu jalanan dan pemetik jalan yang berkarat, bersalji dan kotor, telah menjadi pengaruh besar pada visi rakyat awal Victoria London, dan Virginia Woolf, dianggap sebagai salah satu tokoh kesusasteraan modernis utama abad ke-20. <> Siapa yang menyaksikan tangan pertama dan menulis mengenai Kebakaran Besar 1666? || Samuel Pepys <> Daerah apa yang telah menjadi hab sejarah London? || Hampstead <> Pusat abad ke-20 yang lebih baru untuk set kesusasteraan London terletak di mana? || Bloomsbury <> Novel penulis mana yang melukis potret rahasia Victoria London? || Charles Dickens <> Apa penulis wanita adalah salah satu fikiran sastera terkemuka abad ke-20? || Virginia Woolf", {"context": "London has been the setting for many works of literature. The literary centres of London have traditionally been hilly Hampstead and (since the early 20th century) Bloomsbury. Writers closely associated with the city are the diarist Samuel Pepys, noted for his eyewitness account of the Great Fire, Charles Dickens, whose representation of a foggy, snowy, grimy London of street sweepers and pickpockets has been a major influence on people's vision of early Victorian London, and Virginia Woolf, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Samuel Pepys"}], "question": "Who witnessed first-hand and wrote about the Great Fire of 1666?", "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Hampstead"}], "question": "What area has historically been the literary hub of London?", "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da67f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Bloomsbury"}], "question": "A more current, 20th century center for London's literary set is located where?", "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Charles Dickens"}], "question": "Which author's novels painted a dismal portrait of Victorian London?", "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Virginia Woolf"}], "question": "What female writer is one of the leading literary minds of the 20th century?", "id": "5728c6dbff5b5019007da682"}]}], ["Terdapat pelbagai acara tahunan, bermula dengan Parade Hari Tahun Baru yang agak baru, paparan bunga api di London Eye, pesta jalanan kedua terbesar di dunia, Carnival Notting Hill diadakan pada akhir bulan Ogos Holiday Bank setiap tahun. Perarakan tradisional termasuk Show Lord Mayor's November, sebuah acara berabad-abad yang meraikan pelantikan tahunan seorang Lord Mayor City of London dengan perarakan di sepanjang jalan-jalan di Bandaraya, dan Perjumpaan Warna June, seorang kontes tentera formal yang dilakukan oleh rejimen daripada Komanwel dan tentera British untuk meraikan Ulang Tahun Ratu. <> Tunjuk Tuhan Mayor berlaku setiap tahun dalam bulan apa? || November <> Apakah perarakan Tuhan Mayor Tunjuk memperingati dan meraikan? || pelantikan tahunan seorang Lord Mayor baru <> Siapa yang berpartisipasi dalam pertandingan tentera dalam acara Trooping the Color setiap bulan Jun? || rejim Komanwel dan tentera British <> Bunga api dibebaskan pada Malam Tahun Baru dari apa yang mercu tanda London kontemporari? || Mata London <> Setiap Jun, Trooping of the Color meraikan acara apa? || Ulang Tahun Ratu", {"context": "There is a variety of annual events, beginning with the relatively new New Year's Day Parade, fireworks display at the London Eye, the world's second largest street party, the Notting Hill Carnival is held during the late August Bank Holiday each year. Traditional parades include November's Lord Mayor's Show, a centuries-old event celebrating the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor of the City of London with a procession along the streets of the City, and June's Trooping the Colour, a formal military pageant performed by regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies to celebrate the Queen's Official Birthday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "November"}], "question": "The Lord Mayor's Show occurs annually in what month?", "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "the annual appointment of a new Lord Mayor"}], "question": "What does the Lord Mayor's Show parade commemorate and celebrate?", "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "regiments of the Commonwealth and British armies"}], "question": "Who participates in the military pageantry in the Trooping the Colour event every June?", "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "the London Eye"}], "question": "Fireworks are discharged on New Year's Eve from what contemporary London landmark?", "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "the Queen's Official Birthday"}], "question": "Every June, the Trooping of the Colour celebrates what event?", "id": "5728c5532ca10214002da766"}]}], ["London adalah rumah kepada banyak muzium, galeri, dan institusi lain, yang kebanyakannya bebas daripada caj kemasukan dan tarikan pelancong utama serta memainkan peranan penyelidikan. Yang pertama ditubuhkan ialah Muzium British di Bloomsbury, pada tahun 1753. Pada asalnya mengandungi barang antik, spesimen sejarah semula jadi dan perpustakaan nasional, muzium kini mempunyai 7 juta artifak dari seluruh dunia. Pada tahun 1824 Galeri Nasional ditubuhkan untuk menempatkan lukisan kebangsaan British lukisan Barat; ini kini menduduki kedudukan yang menonjol di Trafalgar Square. <> Bilakah Muzium British di Bloomsbury diasaskan? || 1753 <> Muzium muzium London mana yang terkenal di Trafalgar Square? || Galeri Nasional <> Berapa banyak artifak dari seluruh dunia yang dimainkan oleh Muzium British? || 7 juta <> Selain menjadi destinasi pelancongan yang popular, muzium London memainkan peranan penting dalam aktiviti apa? || penyelidikan <> Galeri Nasional ditubuhkan pada tahun 1824 untuk menampung dan mempamerkan barang-barang apa? || koleksi kebangsaan British lukisan Barat", {"context": "London is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The first of these to be established was the British Museum in Bloomsbury, in 1753. Originally containing antiquities, natural history specimens and the national library, the museum now has 7 million artefacts from around the globe. In 1824 the National Gallery was founded to house the British national collection of Western paintings; this now occupies a prominent position in Trafalgar Square.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "1753"}], "question": "When was the British Museum in Bloomsbury founded?", "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "the National Gallery"}], "question": "Which London museum is prominently located in Trafalgar Square?", "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "7 million"}], "question": "How many artifacts from all over the world does the British Museum have on display?", "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "research"}], "question": "Besides being popular tourist destinations, London's museums play a vital role in what activity?", "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "the British national collection of Western paintings"}], "question": "The National Gallery was established in 1824 to accommodate and display what items?", "id": "5728ccb74b864d1900164e58"}]}], ["Upper Islington yang panjangnya 1.6 km (1.6 km), yang melambung ke arah utara dari Angel, mempunyai lebih banyak bar dan restoran daripada jalan lain di United Kingdom. Kawasan membeli-belah paling sibuk di Eropah ialah Oxford Street, jalan membeli-belah yang panjangnya 1.6 kilometer, menjadikannya jalan membeli-belah terpanjang di United Kingdom. Oxford Street adalah rumah kepada sejumlah besar peruncit dan kedai serbaneka, termasuk kedai utama Selfridges yang terkenal di dunia. Knightsbridge, rumah kepada gedung membeli-belah Harrods yang terkenal, terletak di barat daya. <> Jalan apa di Islington menawarkan lebih banyak bar dan restoran daripada jalan lain di Britain? || Upper Street <> Jalan lama untuk belanja, perumahan banyak kedai dan gedung, di United Kingdom? || Oxford Street <> Berapa lamakah Upper Street Islington? || 1 batu (1.6 km) <> Apa yang terkenal dengan gedung membeli-belah mewah terletak di Oxford Street? || Selfridges flagship store <> Kedai jabatan mewah yang terkenal di dunia terletak di daerah Knightsbridge? || Harrods", {"context": "Islington's 1 mile (1.6 km) long Upper Street, extending northwards from Angel, has more bars and restaurants than any other street in the United Kingdom. Europe's busiest shopping area is Oxford Street, a shopping street nearly 1 mile (1.6 km) long, making it the longest shopping street in the United Kingdom. Oxford Street is home to vast numbers of retailers and department stores, including the world-famous Selfridges flagship store. Knightsbridge, home to the equally renowned Harrods department store, lies to the south-west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Upper Street"}], "question": "What street in Islington boasts more bars and restaurants than any other street in Britain?", "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Oxford Street"}], "question": "What is the longest street for shopping,, housing many shops and department stores, in the United Kingdom?", "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1 mile (1.6 km)"}], "question": "How long is Islington's Upper Street? ", "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Selfridges flagship store"}], "question": "What famous high-end department store is located on Oxford Street?", "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Harrods"}], "question": "Which world-renowned luxury department store is located in the borough of Knightsbridge?", "id": "5728c387ff5b5019007da634"}]}], ["Para jemaah haji di Canterbury Tales akhir abad ke-14 Geoffrey Chaucer berangkat ke Canterbury dari London - khususnya, dari penginapan Tabard, Southwark. William Shakespeare menghabiskan sebahagian besar hidupnya dan bekerja di London; Ben Jonson kontemporari juga didasarkan di sana, dan beberapa karya beliau-terutamanya mainan The Alchemist-telah ditetapkan di bandar. Jurnal Tahun Bencana (1722) oleh Daniel Defoe adalah fiktifisasi peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku pada tahun 1665. Kemudian penggambaran penting London dari abad ke-19 dan awal ke-20 adalah novel-novel Dickens, dan cerita-cerita Sherlock Holmes Arthur Conan Doyle. Penulis moden yang dipengaruhi oleh bandar termasuk Peter Ackroyd, pengarang \"biografi\" London, dan Iain Sinclair, yang menulis dalam genre psychogeography. <> Apa yang ditulis oleh penulis drama Elizabeth Elizabeth yang banyak menghabiskan hidupnya di London? || William Shakespeare <> Apa yang kontemporari dari Williams Shakespeare menulis permainan yang berjudul The Alchemist? || Ben Jonson <> Apa pengarang Robinson Crusoe juga menulis sebuah akaun fiksyen mengenai Wabah Besar 1665? || Daniel Defoe <> Orang-orang di Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer memulakan ibadat mereka dari apa yang ditubuhkan oleh London? || The Tabard inn <> Arthur Conan Doyle menghidupkan apa detektif terkenal dalam satu siri novel? || Sherlock Holmes", {"context": "The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London \u2013 specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work\u2014most notably his play The Alchemist\u2014was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a \"biography\" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "William Shakespeare"}], "question": "What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?", "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Ben Jonson"}], "question": "What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?", "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Daniel Defoe"}], "question": "What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?", "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the Tabard inn"}], "question": "The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?", "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Sherlock Holmes"}], "question": "Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?", "id": "5728c8e3ff5b5019007da6a4"}]}], ["London adalah salah satu ibu kota muzik klasik dan popular di dunia dan merupakan rumah kepada syarikat muzik utama, seperti EMI dan Warner Music Group serta band, pemuzik dan profesional industri yang banyak. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada banyak orkestra dan dewan konsert, seperti Pusat Seni Barbican (pangkalan utama London Symphony Orchestra dan London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) dan Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). Dua rumah opera utama di London ialah Royal Opera House dan London Coliseum. Organ paip UK terbesar berada di Royal Albert Hall. Instrumen penting lain adalah di katedral dan gereja-gereja utama. Beberapa konservatori berada di dalam bandar: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music dan Drama dan Trinity Laban. <> Alat muzik apa yang terletak di Royal Albert Hall? || Organ paip UK terbesar <> EMI yang berpusat di London adalah sebuah syarikat yang memberi tumpuan kepada industri apa? || muzik <> Di mana kemudahan itu adalah London Symphony Orchestra? || Pusat Seni Barbican <> Apakah nama-nama dua rumah opera utama di London? || Royal Opera House dan London Coliseum <> Royal Academy of Music dan Royal College of Music adalah contoh dari apa? || konservatoires", {"context": "London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and is home to major music corporations, such as EMI and Warner Music Group as well as countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), Cadogan Hall (Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall (The Proms). London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum. The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals and major churches. Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "The UK's largest pipe organ"}], "question": "What musical instrument is situated at Royal Albert Hall?", "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "music"}], "question": "London-based EMI is a corporation focused on what industry?", "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "the Barbican Arts Centre"}], "question": "In which facility is the London Symphony Orchestra based?", "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum"}], "question": "What are the names of London's two primary opera houses?", "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "conservatoires"}], "question": "Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Music are examples of what?", "id": "5728d0262ca10214002da88a"}]}], ["London mempunyai banyak tempat untuk konsert rock dan pop, termasuk arena tersibuk dunia di arena o2 dan arena besar lain seperti Earls Court, Arena Wembley, serta banyak tempat bersaiz sederhana, seperti Akademi Brixton, Hammersmith Apollo dan Shepherd's Bush Empire. Beberapa festival muzik, termasuk Festival Tanpa Wayar, South West Four, Lovebox, dan Summer Summer Britain di Hyde Park semuanya diadakan di London. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Hard Rock Cafe pertama dan asli dan Abbey Road Studios di mana The Beatles merekodkan banyak hits mereka. Pada tahun 1960-an, 1970-an dan 1980-an, pemuzik dan kumpulan seperti Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Ratu, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Kucing Stevens, Polis, Penyembuhan, Kegilaan, Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart dan Sade, menghasilkan suara mereka dari jalan-jalan dan irama bergetar melalui London. <> Apa rangkaian restoran bertema muzik yang membuka pembukaan pertamanya di London? || Hard Rock Cafe <> Di mana studio rakaman membuat Beatles melakukan banyak rakaman mereka? || Abbey Road Studios <> Apa yang sebahagiannya mengilhami bunyi banyak band rock dan penyanyi rock di era 60an, 70an, dan 80an? || jalan-jalan dan irama bergetar melalui London. <> Apakah tempat konsert London berkongsi nama pertamanya dengan stadium bola sepak yang terkenal? || Wembley Arena <> Terletak di London, apakah arena konsert paling sibuk di dunia? || arena o2", {"context": "London has numerous venues for rock and pop concerts, including the world's busiest arena the o2 arena and other large arenas such as Earls Court, Wembley Arena, as well as many mid-sized venues, such as Brixton Academy, the Hammersmith Apollo and the Shepherd's Bush Empire. Several music festivals, including the Wireless Festival, South West Four, Lovebox, and Hyde Park's British Summer Time are all held in London. The city is home to the first and original Hard Rock Cafe and the Abbey Road Studios where The Beatles recorded many of their hits. In the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, musicians and groups like Elton John, Pink Floyd, David Bowie, Queen, The Kinks, The Rolling Stones, The Who, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, The Small Faces, Iron Maiden, Fleetwood Mac, Elvis Costello, Cat Stevens, The Police, The Cure, Madness, The Jam, Dusty Springfield, Phil Collins, Rod Stewart and Sade, derived their sound from the streets and rhythms vibrating through London.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Hard Rock Cafe"}], "question": "What famous chain of music-themed restaurants opened its first establishment in London?", "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Abbey Road Studios"}], "question": "In which recording studio did the Beatles do much of their recording? ", "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164ed9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 915, "text": "the streets and rhythms vibrating through London."}], "question": "What in part inspired the sounds of many British rock bands and singers in the 60s, 70s, and 80s?", "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Wembley Arena"}], "question": "What London concert venue shares its first name with a famous football stadium?", "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the o2 arena"}], "question": "Located in London, what is the busiest concert arena in the world?", "id": "5728d2774b864d1900164edc"}]}], ["Pada separuh akhir abad ke-19, kawasan Kensington Selatan dibangunkan sebagai \"Albertopolis\", suku budaya dan saintifik. Tiga muzium utama terdapat di sana: Muzium Victoria dan Albert (untuk seni yang digunakan), Muzium Sejarah Alam dan Muzium Sains. Galeri Potret Nasional ditubuhkan pada tahun 1856 untuk menggambarkan gambaran dari sejarah Inggeris; kepelbagaiannya kini terdiri daripada koleksi potret yang paling luas di dunia. Galeri seni British adalah di Tate Britain, yang pada awalnya ditubuhkan sebagai pelengkap Galeri Nasional pada tahun 1897. Galeri Tate, seperti yang dahulu dikenali, juga menjadi pusat seni moden; pada tahun 2000 koleksi ini berpindah ke Tate Modern, sebuah galeri baru yang ditempatkan di bekas Stesen Kuasa Bankside. <> Apakah Galeri Potret Negara yang dikenali untuk perumahan? || penggambaran angka dari sejarah British <> London Tate Britain dan galeri Tate Modern dahulu adalah satu entiti yang dikenali sebagai apa? || Galeri Tate <> Apakah hab budaya dan sains yang dinamakan sempena nama suami Ratu Victoria? || Albertopolis <> Apa muzium London dinamakan untuk Queen of England yang bersejarah dan suaminya Putera? || Muzium Victoria dan Albert (untuk seni yang digunakan) <> Apakah tujuan asal pembinaan Tate Gallery? || sebagai lampiran Galeri Nasional", {"context": "In the latter half of the 19th century the locale of South Kensington was developed as \"Albertopolis\", a cultural and scientific quarter. Three major national museums are there: the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts), the Natural History Museum and the Science Museum. The National Portrait Gallery was founded in 1856 to house depictions of figures from British history; its holdings now comprise the world's most extensive collection of portraits. The national gallery of British art is at Tate Britain, originally established as an annexe of the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it was formerly known, also became a major centre for modern art; in 2000 this collection moved to Tate Modern, a new gallery housed in the former Bankside Power Station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "depictions of figures from British history"}], "question": "What is the National Portrait Gallery known for housing?", "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "The Tate Gallery"}], "question": "London's Tate Britain and Tate Modern galleries were formerly one entity known as what?", "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Albertopolis"}], "question": "What cultural and scientific hub was named in honor of Queen Victoria's husband?", "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the Victoria and Albert Museum (for the applied arts)"}], "question": "What London museum was named for an historic Queen of England and her Prince husband?", "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "as an annexe of the National Gallery"}], "question": "What was the original purpose for the construction of the Tate Gallery?", "id": "5728ceb32ca10214002da85a"}]}], ["London memainkan peranan penting dalam industri perfileman, dan mempunyai studio utama di Ealing dan kesan khas dan komuniti pasca pengeluaran yang berpusat di Soho. Filem Judul Kerja mempunyai ibu pejabat di London. London telah menjadi penentu untuk filem termasuk Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966) The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Cinta Sebenarnya (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) dan The King's Speech (2010). Pelakon terkenal dan pembuat filem dari London termasuk; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley dan Daniel Day-Lewis. Pada tahun 2008 [update], Anugerah Filem Akademi British telah berlaku di Royal Opera House. London adalah pusat utama untuk pengeluaran televisyen, dengan studio termasuk Pusat Televisyen BBC, The Fountain Studios dan The London Studios. Banyak program televisyen telah ditetapkan di London, termasuk opera sabun televisyen popular EastEnders, yang disiarkan oleh BBC sejak tahun 1985. <> Apa syarikat pengeluaran filem utama memanggil rumah London? || Filem Judul Kerja <> Dalam apa teater adalah anugerah filem Akademi British yang dibentangkan? || Royal Opera House <> Apa opera sabun yang popular telah BBC yang disiarkan sejak tahun 1985? || EastEnders <> Apa filem filem senyap yang membuat filem seperti The Little Tramp berasal dari London? || Charlie Chaplin <> Pada tahun berapa adalah panggung muzik My Fair Lady, yang dibentangkan pada abad ke-abad London, dibuat menjadi sebuah filem besar? || 1964", {"context": "London has played a significant role in the film industry, and has major studios at Ealing and a special effects and post-production community centred in Soho. Working Title Films has its headquarters in London. London has been the setting for films including Oliver Twist (1948), Scrooge (1951), Peter Pan (1953), The 101 Dalmatians (1961), My Fair Lady (1964), Mary Poppins (1964), Blowup (1966), The Long Good Friday (1980), Notting Hill (1999), Love Actually (2003), V For Vendetta (2005), Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber Of Fleet Street (2008) and The King's Speech (2010). Notable actors and filmmakers from London include; Charlie Chaplin, Alfred Hitchcock, Michael Caine, Helen Mirren, Gary Oldman, Christopher Nolan, Jude Law, Tom Hardy, Keira Knightley and Daniel Day-Lewis. As of 2008[update], the British Academy Film Awards have taken place at the Royal Opera House. London is a major centre for television production, with studios including BBC Television Centre, The Fountain Studios and The London Studios. Many television programmes have been set in London, including the popular television soap opera EastEnders, broadcast by the BBC since 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Working Title Films"}], "question": "What major film production company calls London home?", "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "the Royal Opera House"}], "question": "In what theater are the British Academy film awards presented?", "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1118, "text": "EastEnders"}], "question": "What popular soap opera has the BBC televised since 1985?", "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "Charlie Chaplin"}], "question": "What silent movie film star who made movies such as The Little Tramp hailed from London?", "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "1964"}], "question": "In what year was the stage musical My Fair Lady, set in turn-of-the-century London, made into a major motion picture?", "id": "5728cafa2ca10214002da7fc"}]}], ["Di dalam City of Westminster di London, daerah hiburan West End mempunyai fokusnya di sekitar Leicester Square, di mana London dan perdana filem dunia diadakan, dan Piccadilly Circus, dengan iklan elektronik gergasinya. Daerah teater London di sini, seperti banyak pawagam, bar, kelab dan restoran, termasuk daerah Chinatown di bandar (di Soho), dan hanya ke timur adalah Covent Garden, sebuah kedai khusus perumahan kawasan. Bandar ini adalah rumah Andrew Lloyd Webber, yang musikalnya telah menguasai teater West End sejak akhir abad ke-20. Royal Ballet United Kingdom, Ballet Kebangsaan Inggeris, Opera Diraja dan Opera Nasional Inggeris berpusat di London dan tampil di Royal Opera House, London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre dan Royal Albert Hall serta melawat negara ini. <> Apakah pusat hiburan London dikenali sebagai? || West End <> Apakah ciri-ciri terkenal Picadilly Circus? || iklan elektronik gergasi <> Daerah Chinatown London terletak di kawasan apa? || Soho <> Di mana West End London terletak secara geografi? || Kota Westminster <> Apa komposer yang produktif dan pengeluar muzikal telah menjadi kekuatan utama di daerah teater West End? || Andrew Lloyd Webber", {"context": "Within the City of Westminster in London the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district (in Soho), and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The city is the home of Andrew Lloyd Webber, whose musicals have dominated the West End theatre since the late 20th century. The United Kingdom's Royal Ballet, English National Ballet, Royal Opera and English National Opera are based in London and perform at the Royal Opera House, the London Coliseum, Sadler's Wells Theatre and the Royal Albert Hall as well as touring the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the West End"}], "question": "What is the entertainment center of London known as?", "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "giant electronic advertisements"}], "question": "What is a prominent feature of Picadilly Circus?", "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Soho"}], "question": "London's Chinatown district is located in what area?", "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "the City of Westminster"}], "question": "Where is London's West End located geographically?", "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Andrew Lloyd Webber"}], "question": "What prolific composer and producer of musicals has been a major force in the West End theater district?", "id": "5728c13f2ca10214002da714"}]}], ["Pasukan kesatuan ragbi Aviva Premiership berpangkalan di London, (London Irish, Saracens, dan Harlequins), walaupun kini hanya Harlequins dan Saracens yang bermain di rumah mereka di Greater London. London Scotland dan London Welsh bermain di kelab Championship RFU dan kelab-kelab ragbi lain di bandar termasuk Richmond F.C, Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. dan Blackheath F.C .. Stadium Twickenham di barat daya London adalah stadium kesatuan ragbi kebangsaan, dan mempunyai kapasiti 82,000 sekarang bahawa pendirian selatan baru telah selesai. <> Apakah nama stadium kesatuan ragbi negara yang terletak di London Barat Daya? || Stadium Twickenham <> Apakah kapasiti tempat penonton semasa di Stadium Twickenham? || 82,000 Daripada tiga pasukan kesatuan ragbi Aviva Premiership di London, yang mana sebenarnya bermain di Greater London Area? || Harlequins and Saracens <> Di mana pasukan ragbi London Scotland dan London Welch memainkan permainan rumah mereka? || di kelab Championship RFU", {"context": "Three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams are based in London, (London Irish, Saracens, and Harlequins), although currently only Harlequins and Saracens play their home games within Greater London. London Scottish and London Welsh play in the RFU Championship club and other rugby union clubs in the city include Richmond F.C., Rosslyn Park F.C., Westcombe Park R.F.C. and Blackheath F.C.. Twickenham Stadium in south-west London is the national rugby union stadium, and has a capacity of 82,000 now that the new south stand has been completed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Twickenham Stadium"}], "question": "What is the name of the national rugby union stadium located in South-West London?", "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "82,000"}], "question": "What is the current spectator seating capacity of Twickenham Stadium?", "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Harlequins and Saracens"}], "question": "Of the three Aviva Premiership rugby union teams in London, which ones actually play in the Greater London Area?", "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "in the RFU Championship club"}], "question": "Where do the London Scottish and London Welch rugby teams play their home games?", "id": "5728de47ff5b5019007da88d"}]}], ["Sukan yang paling popular di London adalah bola sepak dan ia mempunyai empat belas kelab bola sepak Liga, termasuk lima di Liga Perdana: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, dan West Ham United. Antara pasukan profesional yang berpangkalan di London termasuk Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall dan Charlton Athletic. Pada bulan Mei 2012, Chelsea menjadi kelab pertama London untuk memenangi Liga Juara-Juara UEFA. Selain daripada Arsenal, Chelsea dan Tottenham, tiada satu pun daripada kelab London lain yang pernah memenangi gelaran liga nasional. <> Apa olahraga atlet yang paling popular di London? || bola sepak <> Berapa banyak kelab bola sepak di Liga Perdana yang berpusat di London? || lima <> Bilakah Chelsea Football Club memenangi gelaran Liga Juara-Juara? || Mei 2012 <> Berapa banyak kelab bola sepak profesional memanggil London rumah mereka? || Empat belas <> Selain Arsenal, Chelsea, dan kelab-kelab bola sepak Tottenham, berapa kelab bola sepak di London yang memenangi titie liga nasional? || tiada", {"context": "London's most popular sport is football and it has fourteen League football clubs, including five in the Premier League: Arsenal, Chelsea, Crystal Palace, Tottenham Hotspur, and West Ham United. Among other professional teams based in London include Fulham, Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Charlton Athletic. In May 2012, Chelsea became the first London club to win the UEFA Champions League. Aside from Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham, none of the other London clubs have ever won the national league title.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "football"}], "question": "What is London's most popular athletic sport?", "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many of the football clubs in the Premier League are based in London?", "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "May 2012"}], "question": "When did the Chelsea Football Club win the UEFA Champions League title?", "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "How many professional football clubs call London their home?", "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "none"}], "question": "Besides the Arsenal, Chelsea, and Tottenham football clubs, how many London-based football club have won a national league titie?", "id": "5728dc50ff5b5019007da864"}]}], ["Taman-taman terbesar di kawasan tengah London adalah tiga dari lapan Taman Diraja, iaitu Taman Hyde dan jirannya Kensington Gardens di barat, dan Taman Regent di utara. Hyde Park khususnya popular untuk sukan dan kadang-kadang menjadi tuan rumah konsert terbuka. Regent's Park mengandungi Zoo London, zoo saintifik tertua di dunia, dan berhampiran dengan tarikan pelancong dari Madame Tussauds Lilin Museum. Bukit Primrose di bahagian utara Regent's Park pada jarak 256 kaki (78 m) adalah tempat yang popular untuk melihat langit bandar. <> Berapa banyak taman diraja yang terletak di tengah-tengah London? || tiga <> Di mana taman adalah Zoo London ditempatkan? || Regent's Park <> Apa taman diraja berkongsi sempadan dengan jirannya, taman yang dikenali sebagai Kensington Gardens? || Hyde Park <> Kawasan Regent Park mana yang sangat bagus untuk melihat latar langit London? || Primrose Hill <> Apa destinasi pelancongan popular yang terletak berhampiran Regent's Park? || Muzium Lilin Madame Tussauds", {"context": "The largest parks in the central area of London are three of the eight Royal Parks, namely Hyde Park and its neighbour Kensington Gardens in the west, and Regent's Park to the north. Hyde Park in particular is popular for sports and sometimes hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park contains London Zoo, the world's oldest scientific zoo, and is near the tourist attraction of Madame Tussauds Wax Museum. Primrose Hill in the northern part of Regent's Park at 256 feet (78 m) is a popular spot to view the city skyline.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many royal parks are located in the center of London?", "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Regent's Park"}], "question": "In which park is the London Zoo housed?", "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Hyde Park"}], "question": "What royal park shares a border with its neighbor, the park known as Kensington Gardens?", "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Primrose Hill"}], "question": "What area of Regent's Park is an excellent spot to see the London skyline?", "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Madame Tussauds Wax Museum"}], "question": "What popular tourist destination is located near Regent's Park?", "id": "5728d611ff5b5019007da7d4"}]}], ["London adalah pasaran pejabat paling mahal di dunia untuk tiga tahun yang lalu menurut laporan jurnal harta dunia (2015). Sehingga 2015 [kemas kini] harta kediaman di London bernilai $ 2.2 trilion - nilai yang sama seperti KDNK tahunan Brazil. Bandar ini mempunyai harga hartanah paling tinggi di mana-mana bandar Eropah menurut Pejabat Statistik Nasional dan Pejabat Statistik Eropah. Rata-rata harga per meter persegi di pusat London adalah \u20ac 24,252 (April 2014). Ini lebih tinggi daripada harga hartanah di bandar-bandar ibu kota G8 yang lain; Berlin \u20ac 3,306, Rom \u20ac 6,188 dan Paris \u20ac 11,229. <> Nilai hartanah kediaman London bersamaan dengan KDNK negara? || Brazil <> Apakah harga purata bagi setiap meter persegi di tengah London pada April 2014? || \u20ac 24,252 Laporan Jurnal Harta Dunia menduduki London sebagai pasar pejabat paling mahal di dunia untuk berapa tahun berturut-turut? || tiga <> bandar apakah yang mempunyai harga tertinggi untuk hartanah di Eropah? || London <> Apakah harga hartanah purata bagi setiap meter persegi di Berlin pada April 2014? || \u20ac 3,306", {"context": "London is the world's most expensive office market for the last three years according to world property journal (2015) report. As of 2015[update] the residential property in London is worth $2.2 trillion - same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has the highest property prices of any European city according to the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central London is \u20ac24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin \u20ac3,306, Rome \u20ac6,188 and Paris \u20ac11,229.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "London's residential property value is equivalent to what nation's GDP?", "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "\u20ac24,252"}], "question": "What is the average price of property per square meter in central London as of April 2014?", "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "three"}], "question": "A World Property Journal report has ranked London as the most expensive office market in the world for how many consecutive years?", "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "London"}], "question": "What city has the highest prices for property in Europe?", "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "\u20ac3,306"}], "question": "What is the average property price per square meter in Berlin as of April 2014?", "id": "5728de7fff5b5019007da896"}]}], ["Berjalan adalah aktiviti rekreasi yang popular di London. Kawasan yang menyediakan laluan berjalan termasuklah Wimbledon Common, Hutan Epping, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, lapan Taman Diraja, terusan dan trek keretapi yang tidak digunakan. Akses ke terusan dan sungai telah bertambah baik baru-baru ini, termasuk penciptaan Laluan Thames, kira-kira 28 batu (45 km) di dalam Greater London, dan The Wandle Trail; ini berjalan 12 batu (19 km) melalui London Selatan di sepanjang Sungai Wandle, anak sungai Sungai Thames. Jalan-jalan jarak jauh yang lain, menghubungkan ruang hijau, juga telah dibentuk, termasuk Cincin Modal, Jalan Rantaian Hijau, Laluan Luar Orbital London (\"Gelung\"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, dan Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk . <> Apa sungai yang merupakan anak sungai Sungai Thames? || Sungai Wandle <> Apakah Orbital Orbital Path yang biasa disebut? || \"Gelung\" <> Apa laluan berjalan dicipta sebagai penghormatan kepada seorang anggota Keluarga Diraja yang meninggal dunia? || Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk <> Apa penambahbaikan baru-baru ini telah dapat meningkatkan pengalaman berjalan? || Akses ke terusan dan sungai <> Jalan manakah yang mengikuti laluan badan air yang mana ia dinamakan? || jalan Thames", {"context": "Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path (\"Loop\"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "the River Wandle"}], "question": "What river is a tributary of the River Thames?", "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "\"Loop\""}], "question": "What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?", "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk"}], "question": "What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?", "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Access to canals and rivers"}], "question": "What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?", "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "the Thames Path"}], "question": "Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?", "id": "5728da5d2ca10214002da999"}]}], ["London memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan muzik punk, dengan tokoh-tokoh seperti Sex Pistols, The Clash, dan Vivienne Westwood yang semuanya berpusat di bandar. Artis yang lebih baru muncul dari adegan muzik London termasuk George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie dan Banshees, Bush, Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Ed Sheeran dan One Direction. London juga merupakan pusat untuk muzik bandar. Khususnya, garaj, gendang dan bass UK, dubstep dan kotoran berkembang di bandar dari genre hip hop dan reggae asing, bersama drum dan bass tempatan. Stesen muzik hitam BBC Radio 1Xtra ditubuhkan untuk menyokong kebangkitan muzik bandar yang berkembang di London dan di seluruh UK. <> London merupakan faktor utama dalam kebangkitan genre muzik apa? || punk <> Genres muzik yang mendapat populariti di London dan di tempat lain, seperti dubstep, berdasarkan dan berasal dari apa? || genre asing hip hop dan reggae <> Stesen radio BBC yang mana yang paling fokus pada muzik hitam dan bandar? || BBC Radio 1Xtra <> Apa kumpulan muzik rock yang diketuai oleh Gavin Rossdale bermula di tempat muzik London? || Bush", {"context": "London was instrumental in the development of punk music, with figures such as the Sex Pistols, The Clash, and Vivienne Westwood all based in the city. More recent artists to emerge from the London music scene include George Michael, Kate Bush, Seal, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Bush, the Spice Girls, Jamiroquai, Blur, The Prodigy, Gorillaz, Mumford & Sons, Coldplay, Amy Winehouse, Adele, Ed Sheeran and One Direction. London is also a centre for urban music. In particular the genres UK garage, drum and bass, dubstep and grime evolved in the city from the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae, alongside local drum and bass. Black music station BBC Radio 1Xtra was set up to support the rise of home-grown urban music both in London and in the rest of the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "punk"}], "question": "London was a major factor in the rise of what musical genre?", "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "the foreign genres of hip hop and reggae"}], "question": "Musical genres that gained popularity in London and elsewhere, such as dubstep, were based on and derived from what?", "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "BBC Radio 1Xtra"}], "question": "Which BBC radio station focuses primarily on black and urban music?", "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Bush"}], "question": "What rock music group led by Gavin Rossdale got its start in London's music scene?", "id": "5728d449ff5b5019007da7a3"}]}], ["Dekat dengan Richmond Park adalah Kew Gardens yang mempunyai koleksi tumbuhan hidup terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2003, taman-taman diletakkan di dalam senarai UNESCO Tapak Warisan Dunia. Terdapat juga banyak taman yang ditadbir oleh Majlis Daerah London, termasuk Victoria Park di East End dan Battersea Park di pusat. Beberapa ruang terbuka yang lebih tidak rasmi dan separa semulajadi juga wujud, termasuk Hampstead Heath dari London Utara dan Hutan Epping seluas 320 hektar (790 ekar), yang meliputi 2,476 hektar (6,118.32 ekar) di timur. Kedua-duanya dikawal oleh City of London Corporation. Hampstead Heath menggabungkan Kenwood House, rumah bekas megah dan lokasi popular pada musim panas di mana konsert muzik klasik diadakan oleh tasik, menarik ribuan orang setiap hujung minggu untuk menikmati muzik, pemandangan dan bunga api. Hutan Epping adalah tempat yang popular untuk pelbagai aktiviti luaran, termasuk berbasikal gunung, berjalan kaki, menunggang kuda, golf, pemancing, dan orienteering. <> Apa taman-taman London yang terkenal dinamakan sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia oleh UNESCO pada tahun 2003? || Kew Gardens <> Victoria Park terletak di daerah London? || End East <> Apakah entiti yang menyelia Hampstead Heath dari London Utara dan Hutan Epping? || City of London Corporation <> Apa bekas tuan rumah rumah tuan rumah persembahan muzik tasik-tasik yang pernah musim panas? || Kenwood House <> Orang sering terlibat dalam aktiviti fizikal seperti berjalan kaki, berbasikal, dan golf, di mana hutan? || Hutan Epping", {"context": "Close to Richmond Park is Kew Gardens which has the world's largest collection of living plants. In 2003, the gardens were put on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. There are also numerous parks administered by London's borough Councils, including Victoria Park in the East End and Battersea Park in the centre. Some more informal, semi-natural open spaces also exist, including the 320-hectare (790-acre) Hampstead Heath of North London, and Epping Forest, which covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres) in the east. Both are controlled by the City of London Corporation. Hampstead Heath incorporates Kenwood House, the former stately home and a popular location in the summer months where classical musical concerts are held by the lake, attracting thousands of people every weekend to enjoy the music, scenery and fireworks. Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, including mountain biking, walking, horse riding, golf, angling, and orienteering.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Kew Gardens"}], "question": "What famous London gardens were named as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2003?", "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da93e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the East End"}], "question": "Victoria Park is located in what London district?", "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da93f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "the City of London Corporation"}], "question": "What entity oversees both Hampstead Heath of North London and Epping Forest?", "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "Kenwood House"}], "question": "What former private home hosts lake-side classical music concerts ever summer?", "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Epping Forest"}], "question": "People frequently engage in physical activities such as walking, biking, and golf, in what forest?", "id": "5728d7e22ca10214002da942"}]}]], [["Undang-undang tort merangkumi semua spektrum yang boleh dibayangkan yang mana manusia boleh mengenakan satu sama lain, dan tentu saja, sebahagiannya bertindih dengan kesalahan yang juga boleh dihukum oleh undang-undang jenayah. Walaupun Institut Undang-undang Amerika telah cuba menyeragamkan undang-undang tort melalui pembangunan beberapa versi Penyisihan Torts, banyak negara telah memilih untuk mengadopsi hanya beberapa bahagian Penyataan dan menolak orang lain. Oleh itu, kerana saiz dan kepelbagaiannya yang besar, undang-undang tort amerika tidak boleh diringkaskan dengan mudah. <> Apa undang-undang merangkumi kesalahan yang boleh dikenakan oleh manusia terhadap satu sama lain? || Undang-undang tort <> Mengapa undang-undang tort Amerika tidak mudah diringkaskan? || kerana saiz dan kepelbagaiannya yang besar <> Semasa cuba menyeragamkan undang-undang tort, pelbagai versi undang-undang tort telah berlaku, apa yang ada versi dipanggil? || Penyataan Torts <> Apa yang merangkumi jenayah manusia terhadap manusia? || Undang-undang tort <> Apa undang-undang tort bertindih? || Kesalahan yang boleh dihukum oleh undang-undang jenayah <> Apa yang cuba menyeragamkan sistem undang-undang tort? || Penyataan Torts <> Apa Penyataan Torts tidak berjaya secara keseluruhannya? || banyak negeri telah memilih untuk mengadopsi seksyen tertentu <> Mengapa undang-undang tort sukar untuk menyeragamkan? || saiz dan kepelbagaian yang besar", {"context": "Tort law covers the entire imaginable spectrum of wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other, and of course, partially overlaps with wrongs also punishable by criminal law. Although the American Law Institute has attempted to standardize tort law through the development of several versions of the Restatement of Torts, many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections of the Restatements and to reject others. Thus, because of its immense size and diversity, American tort law cannot be easily summarized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tort law"}], "question": "What law covers wrongs which humans can inflict upon each other?", "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "because of its immense size and diversity"}], "question": "Why can American tort law not be easily summarized?", "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Restatement of Torts"}], "question": "While attempting to standardize tort law, multiple versions of tort law have come about, what are there versions called?", "id": "572673ef5951b619008f7313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tort law"}], "question": "What covers crimes of human against human?", "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "wrongs also punishable by criminal law"}], "question": "What does tort law overlap with?", "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Restatement of Torts"}], "question": "What is attempting to standardize the tort law system?", "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "many states have chosen to adopt only certain sections"}], "question": "What is the Restatement of Torts not successfull as a whole yet?", "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "immense size and diversity"}], "question": "Why is tort law hard to standardize?", "id": "572cbe52750c471900ed4d2a"}]}], ["Sebenarnya undang-undang bahasa Inggeris secara formal \"diterima\" ke Amerika Syarikat dalam beberapa cara. Pertama, semua negeri A.S. kecuali Louisiana telah membuat peraturan \"undang-undang penerimaan\" yang pada umumnya menyatakan bahawa undang-undang umum England (khususnya undang-undang yang dibuat hakim) adalah undang-undang negara setakat yang tidak menjijikkan kepada undang-undang domestik atau keadaan asal. Sesetengah undang-undang penyerahan mengenakan tarikh cutoff tertentu untuk penerimaan, seperti tarikh penubuhan koloni, sementara yang lain sengaja samar-samar. Oleh itu, mahkamah kontemporari A.S. sering memetik kes pra-Revolusi apabila membincangkan evolusi prinsip undang-undang umum yang dibuat hakim kuno ke dalam bentuk modennya, seperti kewajipan penjagaan yang lebih tinggi yang secara tradisinya dikenakan ke atas pembawa umum. <> Patung penerimaan pada umumnya sama dengan undang-undang apa? || undang-undang umum England <> Siapa laman web pra-revolusi kes-kes perbincangan evolusi undang-undang hakim? || gelanggang kontemporari A.S. <> Negara Amerika Syarikat yang mana tidak membuat patung penerimaan? || Louisiana <> Apakah undang-undang penerimaan negara adalah undang-undang negara? || undang-undang umum England <> Apakah satu-satunya negeri yang tidak membuat undang-undang penerimaan? || Louisiana <> Beberapa undang-undang penyerahan mengenakan apa? || tarikh potong tertentu <> Mahkamah moden sering menyebutkan tempoh masa dalam kes sejarah apabila membincangkan perubahan undang-undang? || pra-Revolusi <> Apakah undang-undang penerimaan? || undang-undang umum England (terutamanya undang-undang yang dibuat hakim) adalah undang-undang negara <> Bilakah undang-undang penyerahan invaild? || yang menjijikkan kepada undang-undang tempatan atau syarat asli <> Di manakah sebahagian besar undang-undang permulaan AS berasal? || Undang-undang Inggeris <> Yang mana satu-satunya stste tanpa statut penerimaan? || Louisiana <> Apa jenis kes yang akan dibincangkan oleh peguam kontemporari ketika membicarakan prinsip undang-undang umum yang dibuat hakim? || pra-Revolusi", {"context": "The actual substance of English law was formally \"received\" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted \"reception statutes\" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the common law of England"}], "question": "Reception statues are generally the same as what law?", "id": "57267ac0708984140094c785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "contemporary U.S. courts"}], "question": "Who sites pre-revolution cases when discussion evolution of judge-made law? ", "id": "57267ac0708984140094c786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana"}], "question": "Which US State did not  enact reception statues? ", "id": "57267ac0708984140094c787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "common law of England"}], "question": "What do reception statutes state is the law of the state?", "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana"}], "question": "What is the only state to not enact reception statutes?", "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "a specific cutoff date"}], "question": "Some reception statutes impose what?", "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "pre-Revolution"}], "question": "Modern courts often cite which period in history cases when discussing changes in law?", "id": "5727cc87ff5b5019007d957f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state"}], "question": "What are reception statutes?", "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions"}], "question": "When are reception statutes invaild?", "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "English law"}], "question": "Where did the bulk of the US's starting laws come from?", "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Louisiana"}], "question": "Which is the only stste without reception statutes?", "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "pre-Revolution"}], "question": "What kind of case would a contemporary lawyer discuss when talking about an ancient judge-made common law principle?", "id": "572ca182dfb02c14005c6bc3"}]}], ["Ketara, inovasi yang paling luas dalam undang-undang tort Amerika abad ke-20 adalah peraturan liabiliti yang ketat untuk produk yang cacat, yang berasal dari hukum kehakiman pada undang-undang jaminan. Pada tahun 1963, Roger J. Traynor dari Mahkamah Agung California membuang fiksyen undang-undang berdasarkan jaminan dan mengenakan liabiliti yang ketat untuk produk yang cacat sebagai perkara dasar awam dalam kes mercu tanda Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. Institut Undang-undang Amerika kemudian menggunakan versi yang sedikit berbeza dari peraturan Greenman dalam Seksyen 402A Penyataan (Kedua) Torts, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1964 dan sangat berpengaruh di seluruh Amerika Syarikat. Di luar A.S., peraturan itu telah diterima pakai oleh Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah dalam Arahan Liabiliti Produk pada bulan Julai 1985 oleh Australia pada bulan Julai 1992 dan oleh Jepun pada bulan Jun 1994. <> Peraturan tanggungjawab untuk produk yang cacat berasal dari undang-undang apa? || undang-undang waranti <> Dalam kes apa yang dilakukan mahkamah tertinggi California, membuang jaminan dan tegas mengenakan liabiliti untuk produk yang cacat? || Greenman v. Yuba Power Products <> Apakah undang-undang tort abad ke-20 Amerika yang paling berpengaruh? || peraturan liabiliti yang ketat untuk produk yang rosak <> Tahun apakah kes Greenman v. Yuba Power? || 1963 <> Apakah salah satu perubahan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap hukum tort? || peraturan liabiliti yang ketat untuk produk yang cacat <> Siapa yang berada di barisan hadapan perjuangan untuk menukar undang-undang mengenai produk yang rosak? || Roger J. Traynor <> Bilakah aturan Greenman dalam Seksyen 402A Penyataan Semula (Kedua) Torts diterbitkan? || 1964 <> Apa kes yang penting dalam perjuangan untuk menukar undang-undang jaminan? || Greenman v. Yuba Power Products <> Bilakah Penyataan (Kedua) Torts yang mula digunakan di luar Amerika Syarikat? || 1985", {"context": "Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th-century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products. The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States. Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985 by Australia in July 1992 and by Japan in June 1994.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "law of warranty"}], "question": "The rule of liability for defective products originated from what law?", "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"}], "question": "In what case did the supreme court of California, throw away warranties and strictly impose liability for defective products?", "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "rule of strict liability for defective products"}], "question": "What was most influential American 20th century tort law?", "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What year was the case Greenman v. Yuba Power products?", "id": "572671a8dd62a815002e8519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "rule of strict liability for defective products"}], "question": "What is one of the most influential changes to tort law?", "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Roger J. Traynor"}], "question": "Who was at the forefront of the fight to change the laws on defective products?", "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "1964"}], "question": "When was the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts published?", "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Greenman v. Yuba Power Products"}], "question": "What case was fundamental in the fight to change warranty laws?", "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When was the Restatement (Second) of Torts beginning to be adopted outside of the United States?", "id": "572cbf35dfb02c14005c6c21"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, adalah penting untuk memahami bahawa walaupun terdapat undang-undang penerimaan, banyak undang-undang umum Amerika yang kontemporari telah menyimpang dengan ketara dari undang-undang umum Inggeris. Sebabnya, walaupun mahkamah-mahkamah dari pelbagai negara Komanwel sering dipengaruhi oleh keputusan masing-masing, mahkamah-mahkamah Amerika jarang mengikuti keputusan Pasca Revolusi Komanwel melainkan jika tidak ada keputusan Amerika pada titik, fakta-fakta dan undang-undang yang berkaitan adalah hampir sama, dan penalaran sangat kuat. <> Banyak undang-undang am Amerika yang tersebar dari mana? || Undang-undang umum Inggeris <> Bilakah pengadilan Amerika akan mematuhi peraturan komando pasca-revolusi? || tidak ada keputusan Amerika pada titik <> Mahkamah di negara-negara komuniti sering dipengaruhi oleh apa? || oleh peraturan masing-masing <> Undang-undang umum Amerika yang paling moden datang dari undang-undang macam mana? || Undang-undang umum Inggeris <> Couts dari negara-negara komuniti sering dipengaruhi oleh peraturan siapa? || satu sama lain <> Apa keputusan yang dilakukan oleh mahkamah Amerika jarang mengikuti? || undang-undang Persemakmuran pasca-Revolusi <> Apakah satu sebab pengadilan Amerika boleh mengikuti pasca Komolusi Revolusi Komanwel dalam keadaan apa? || tidak ada keputusan Amerika pada titik <> Seberapa dekat undang-undang Amerika sekarang untuk undang-undang Inggeris? || diverged dengan ketara <> Apa yang berbeza mengenai undang-undang Amerika dan Inggeris? || Mahkamah Amerika jarang mengikuti keputusan Pasca Revolusi Komanwel <> Bilakah undang-undang Amerika lebih cenderung mengikuti undang-undang Inggeris? || tidak ada keputusan Amerika pada titik <> Seberapa dekat isu-isu yang perlu supaya undang-undang Inggeris digunakan? || hampir sama", {"context": "However, it is important to understand that despite the presence of reception statutes, much of contemporary American common law has diverged significantly from English common law. The reason is that although the courts of the various Commonwealth nations are often influenced by each other's rulings, American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings unless there is no American ruling on point, the facts and law at issue are nearly identical, and the reasoning is strongly persuasive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "English common law"}], "question": "A lot of American common law diverged from where?", "id": "57267592708984140094c6cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "there is no American ruling on point"}], "question": "When would American courts follow post-revolution commonwealth rulings?", "id": "57267592708984140094c6d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "by each other's rulings"}], "question": "Courts in commonwealth nations are often influenced by what?", "id": "57267592708984140094c6d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "English common law"}], "question": "Most modern American common law came from what kind of law?", "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "each other's"}], "question": "Couts of commonwealth nations are often influenced by who's rulings?", "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"}], "question": "What rulings do American courts rarely follow?", "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "there is no American ruling on point"}], "question": "What is one reason American courts may follow a post Revolutionary Commonwealth ruling under what circumstances?", "id": "5727d5bd4b864d1900163e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "diverged significantly"}], "question": "How close is current American law to English law?", "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "American courts rarely follow post-Revolution Commonwealth rulings"}], "question": "What differs about American and English law?", "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "no American ruling on point"}], "question": "When would American law be more likely to follow English law?", "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "nearly identical"}], "question": "How close do the issues have to be in order for an English law to be used?", "id": "572ca233dfb02c14005c6bd4"}]}], ["Undang-undang persekutuan berasal dari Perlembagaan, yang memberi Kongres kuasa untuk memberlakukan undang-undang untuk tujuan tertentu seperti mengawal selia perdagangan antara negeri. Kod Amerika Syarikat adalah penyusunan rasmi dan kodifikasi undang-undang persekutuan umum dan kekal. Banyak undang-undang memberikan agensi cawangan eksekutif kuasa untuk membuat peraturan-peraturan, yang diterbitkan dalam Daftar Persekutuan dan dikodifikasikan ke dalam Kod Peraturan Persekutuan. Peraturan umumnya juga membawa kuasa undang-undang di bawah doktrin Chevron. Banyak tindakan undang-undang menghidupkan maksud undang-undang persekutuan atau peraturan, dan tafsiran kehakiman makna tersebut membawa kuasa undang-undang di bawah prinsip decare stroke. <> Apa undang-undang persekutuan berasal? || Perlembagaan <> Apa yang memberikan kuasa Kongres terhad untuk membuat undang-undang? || Perlembagaan <> Apa yang anda panggil kompilasi rasmi dan kodifikasi undang-undang persekutuan? || Kod Amerika Syarikat <> Di mana peraturan diterbitkan? || dalam Senarai Persekutuan <> Di manakah peraturan-peraturan yang dikodkan? || Peraturan Peraturan Persekutuan <> Di manakah undang-undang persekutuan bermula? || Perlembagaan <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa dan hak untuk membuat undang-undang bagi urusan antara negeri? || Kongres <> Apakah kompilasi dan kodifikasi semua undang-undang persekutuan? || Kod Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa yang statut memberikan kuasa untuk membuat peraturan? || agensi cawangan eksekutif <> Di mana peraturan-peraturan dari agensi cawangan eksekutif dijumpai? || Kod Peraturan Persekutuan", {"context": "Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "What does federal law come from?", "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "What gives Congress limited power to enact statutes?", "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "The United States Code"}], "question": "What do you call the official compilation and codification of federal statutes?", "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "in the Federal Register"}], "question": "Where are regulations published?", "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Code of Federal Regulations"}], "question": "Where are regulations codified into?", "id": "5727d894ff5b5019007d96c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "Where does federal law begin?", "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Congress"}], "question": "Who has the power and right to enact statutes for interstate dealings?", "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "The United States Code"}], "question": "What is the compilation and codification of all federal statutes?", "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "executive branch agencies"}], "question": "Who do the statutes give the power of creating regulations?", "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "the Code of Federal Regulations"}], "question": "Where are the regulations from executive branch agencies found?", "id": "572ca4e8dfb02c14005c6bdd"}]}], ["Awalnya, mahkamah-mahkamah Amerika, walaupun selepas Revolusi, sering kali memetik kes-kes bahasa Inggeris kontemporari. Ini kerana keputusan rayuan dari banyak mahkamah Amerika tidak selalu dilaporkan sehingga pertengahan abad ke-19; peguam dan hakim, sebagai makhluk kebiasaan, menggunakan bahan-bahan undang-undang bahasa Inggeris untuk mengisi jurang. Tetapi penerangan kepada keputusan bahasa Inggeris secara beransur-ansur hilang pada abad ke-19 sebagai pengadilan Amerika mengembangkan prinsip mereka sendiri untuk menyelesaikan masalah hukum rakyat Amerika. Bilangan laporan yang disiarkan dalam laporan Amerika melonjak dari lapan belas pada tahun 1810 hingga lebih dari 8,000 pada tahun 1910. Menjelang 1879 salah seorang perwakilan ke konvensyen perlembagaan California telah mengadukan: \"Sekarang, apabila kita menghendaki mereka menyatakan alasan untuk keputusan, kita tidak bermakna mereka akan menulis seratus muka surat yang terperinci. Kami tidak bermaksud bahawa mereka akan menyertakan kes-kes kecil, dan memaksakan semua literasi kehakiman yang baik di negara ini, kerana Tuhan tahu kita sudah mendapat cukup itu. \" <> awal di mahkamah Amerika memetik apa kes? || Bahasa Inggeris kontemporari <> Berapakah abad yang dilakonkan oleh keputusan yang tepat? || Abad ke-19 <> Bilakah pelepasan kepada keputusan bahasa Inggeris secara beransur-ansur hilang? || Abad ke-19 <> Berapa banyak laporan yang diterbitkan mengenai jumlah Amerika wujud pada tahun 1810? || lapan belas <> Berapa banyak laporan yang diterbitkan mengenai jilid Amerika wujud pada tahun 1910? || Lebih 8,000 <> Bilakah orang Amerika benar-benar mula menubuhkan undang-undang mereka sendiri tanpa bahasa Inggeris? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Berapa banyak jumlah laporan Amerika yang diterbitkan yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1810? || lapan belas <> Menjelang tahun 1910, berapa jumlah laporan Amerika yang ada? || 8,000 <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh penggubal undang-undang tentang kenaikan laporan? || Menjelang 1879 salah seorang perwakilan ke konvensyen konstitusional California sudah mengadu <> Apa yang ahli-ahli parlimen mula lemas? || kesusasteraan kehakiman", {"context": "Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: \"Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "contemporary English"}], "question": "early on American courts cited what cases?", "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?", "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9691"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?", "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?", "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "over 8,000"}], "question": "How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?", "id": "5727d6e7ff5b5019007d9694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "mid-19th century"}], "question": "When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?", "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "eighteen"}], "question": "How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?", "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "8,000"}], "question": "By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?", "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining"}], "question": "What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?", "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "judicial literature"}], "question": "What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?", "id": "572ca3ebf182dd1900d7c80c"}]}], ["Undang-undang Amerika Syarikat terdiri daripada banyak peringkat bentuk undang-undang yang tidak terkodifikasi dan tidak terkandung, yang paling penting adalah Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, asas kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat. Perlembagaan menetapkan sempadan undang-undang persekutuan, yang terdiri daripada tindakan Kongres, perjanjian yang disahkan oleh Senat, peraturan-peraturan yang diisytiharkan oleh cawangan eksekutif, dan undang-undang kes yang berasal dari badan kehakiman persekutuan. Kod Amerika Syarikat adalah penyusunan rasmi dan kod undang-undang persekutuan am dan persekutuan tetap. <> Apakah asas kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat? || Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat <> Dalam Negara-negara Bersatu yang menentukan batas-batas undang-undang persekutuan? || Perlembagaan <> Apa yang ditakrifkan sebagai kod rasmi undang-undang berkanun persekutuan? || The United States Code <> Apa yang dikompromi oleh banyak peringkat bentuk undang-undang yang tidak terkodifikasi dan tidak terbaca? || undang-undang Amerika Syarikat <> Perlembagaan menetapkan sempadan untuk undang-undang kes yang berasal dari mana? || kehakiman persekutuan <> Apakah asas kerajaan persekutuan A.S.? || Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang menentukan batas-batas undang-undang persekutuan? || Perlembagaan <> Apa dua bentuk undang-undang yang membentuk undang-undang Amerika Syarikat? || dikodifikasikan dan tidak dikodifikasikan <> Apakah penyusunan eofficial undang-undang undang-undang persekutuan? || Kod Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang berlainan di Amerika Syarikat? || dikodifikasikan dan tidak dikodifikasikan <> Apakah dokumen paling penting di AS, menetapkan batas-batas untuk semua undang-undang lain? || Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat <> Apa cabang cabang yang bertanggungjawab untuk mengikat perjanjian? || Senat <> Dengan cabang kerajaan berkaitan dengan peraturan baru? || cawangan eksekutif <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab adalah undang-undang kes? || badan kehakiman persekutuan", {"context": "The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "United States Constitution"}], "question": "What is the foundation of the United States federal government?", "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "The Constitution"}], "question": "In the Unites States what sets out the boundaries of federal law?", "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "The United States Code"}], "question": "What is defined as the official codification of federal statutory law?", "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "law of the United States"}], "question": "What is compromised of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law?", "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "federal judiciary"}], "question": "The constitution set boundaries for case law that originates from where?", "id": "572665dff1498d1400e8de48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the United States Constitution"}], "question": "What is the foundation of the U.S. federal government?", "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "The Constitution"}], "question": "What sets out the boundries of federal law?", "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "codified and uncodified"}], "question": "What two forms of law make up the laws of the United States?", "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "The United States Code"}], "question": "What is th eofficial compilation of federal statutory law called?", "id": "5726d6d8708984140094d2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "codified and uncodified"}], "question": "What different kinds of law make up the laws of the United States?", "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "the United States Constitution"}], "question": "What is the most important document in the US, setting the boundries for all other laws?", "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Senate"}], "question": "What branch of gevernment is responsible for ratifing treaties?", "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "the executive branch"}], "question": "With branch of government deals with new regulations?", "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "the federal judiciary"}], "question": "Who's responsibility is case law?", "id": "572c94b0f182dd1900d7c7e6"}]}], ["Semasa abad ke-18 dan ke-19, undang-undang persekutuan secara tradisinya memberi tumpuan kepada bidang-bidang di mana terdapat kuasa pemberian kuasa kepada kerajaan persekutuan dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan, seperti tentera, wang, hubungan luar negara (terutamanya perjanjian antarabangsa), tarif, harta intelek (khususnya paten dan hak cipta), dan mel. Sejak permulaan abad ke-20, tafsiran luas Perdagangan dan Perbelanjaan Klausul Perlembagaan telah membolehkan undang-undang persekutuan berkembang ke bidang seperti penerbangan, telekomunikasi, landasan keretapi, farmaseutikal, antitrust, dan tanda niaga. Di sesetengah kawasan, seperti penerbangan dan landasan kereta api, kerajaan persekutuan telah membangunkan satu skim komprehensif yang menghalang hampir semua undang-undang negeri, sementara di lain-lain, seperti undang-undang keluarga, bilangan undang-undang persekutuan yang agak kecil (biasanya meliputi antara negeri dan antarabangsa) berinteraksi dengan undang-undang negeri yang lebih besar. Dalam bidang seperti undang-undang antitrust, cap dagangan, dan undang-undang pekerjaan, ada undang-undang yang kuat di peringkat persekutuan dan negeri yang wujud bersama. Dalam segelintir bidang seperti insurans, Kongres telah membuat undang-undang secara tegas enggan mengawal selia mereka selagi negeri-negeri mempunyai undang-undang yang mengawal selia mereka (lihat, contohnya, Akta McCarran-Ferguson). <> Bidang-bidang Perlembagaan apa yang berkaitan dengan issus seperti penerbangan, kereta api, dan tanda niaga? || Perdagangan dan Perbelanjaan Fasal <> Dalam bidang undang-undang seperti insurans, ada undang-undang yang menolak untuk mengawal selia mereka selagi negara mempunyai undang-undang yang melakukan apa? || mengawal selia mereka <> Jenis harta jenis apa pun cap dagang dan hak cipta? || harta intelektual <> Apa yang mengawal perkara seperti tentera, wang, hubungan luar negeri, dll? || Undang-undang persekutuan <> Apa yang membolehkan undang-undang persekutuan mula berkembang ke kawasan lain seperti avaisi, telekomunikasi, kereta api, dan lain-lain? || Perdagangan dan Perbelanjaan Fasal Perlembagaan <> Bilakah Fasal Perdagangan dan Perbelanjaan Perlembagaan membenarkan kuasa persekutuan untuk berkembang? || permulaan abad ke-20 <> Apa undang-undang yang digubal oleh Kongres menyatakan bahawa ia enggan mengawal selia beberapa industri selagi negeri-negeri mempunyai peraturan yang telah ditetapkan? || Akta McCarran-Ferguson <> Apa yang berlaku apabila kedua-dua kerajaan persekutuan dan negeri mempunyai peraturan yang bertindih? || wujud bersama antara satu sama lain", {"context": "During the 18th and 19th centuries, federal law traditionally focused on areas where there was an express grant of power to the federal government in the federal Constitution, like the military, money, foreign relations (especially international treaties), tariffs, intellectual property (specifically patents and copyrights), and mail. Since the start of the 20th century, broad interpretations of the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution have enabled federal law to expand into areas like aviation, telecommunications, railroads, pharmaceuticals, antitrust, and trademarks. In some areas, like aviation and railroads, the federal government has developed a comprehensive scheme that preempts virtually all state law, while in others, like family law, a relatively small number of federal statutes (generally covering interstate and international situations) interacts with a much larger body of state law. In areas like antitrust, trademark, and employment law, there are powerful laws at both the federal and state levels that coexist with each other. In a handful of areas like insurance, Congress has enacted laws expressly refusing to regulate them as long as the states have laws regulating them (see, e.g., the McCarran-Ferguson Act).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Commerce and Spending Clauses"}], "question": "What areas of the Constitution deal with issuses such as aviation, railroads, and trademarks?", "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1200, "text": "regulating them"}], "question": "In areas of law such as insurance, there are laws refusing to regulate them as long as states have laws doing what?", "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "intellectual property"}], "question": "What type of property are trademarks and copyrights?", "id": "5727e3ec3acd2414000def17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "federal law"}], "question": "What governs things such as military, money, foreign relations, etc.?", "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution"}], "question": "What enabled federal law to begin expanding into other areas such as avaition, telecommunications, railroads, etc.?", "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "start of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did the Commerce and Spending Clauses of the Constitution allow federal power to begin expanding?", "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1232, "text": "McCarran-Ferguson Act"}], "question": "What is a law enacted by Congress that states that it refuses to regulate some industries as long as the states have regulations in place already?", "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "coexist with each other"}], "question": "What happens when both the federal and state governments have regulations that overlap?", "id": "572caad1dfb02c14005c6bf1"}]}], ["Undang-undang dan perjanjian Persekutuan, selagi mereka selaras dengan Perlembagaan, memerintah undang-undang negeri dan wilayah yang bercanggah di 50 negeri A.S. dan di wilayah-wilayah. Walau bagaimanapun, skop persempadanan persekutuan adalah terhad kerana skop kuasa persekutuan tidak universal. Dalam sistem federalisme Amerika yang dual-berdaulat (sebenarnya tripartit kerana kehadiran tempahan India), negara-negara adalah pemerintahan pleno, masing-masing dengan perlembagaan mereka sendiri, sementara pemerintah persekutuan hanya memiliki pihak berkuasa tertinggi yang terbatas yang disebut dalam Perlembagaan. Malah, negara-negara boleh memberi hak rakyat mereka lebih luas daripada Perlembagaan Persekutuan selagi mereka tidak melanggar mana-mana hak perlembagaan persekutuan. Oleh itu, kebanyakan undang-undang Amerika Syarikat (terutamanya \"undang-undang hidup\" sebenar kontrak, tort, harta, jenayah, dan undang-undang keluarga yang dialami oleh majoriti rakyat pada asas harian) terdiri daripada undang-undang negeri, yang boleh dan tidak dilakukan sangat berbeza dari satu negeri ke negara lain. <> Apa yang berlaku sebelum undang-undang negara dan wilayah di 50 negara Amerika Syarikat? || Undang-undang dan perjanjian Persekutuan <> Kerajaan berdaulat hanya memiliki kuasa jika dinyatakan dalam apa? || Perlembagaan <> Negara-negara boleh memberikan hak sempadan warga negara mereka selagi mereka tidak melanggar apa? || undang-undang perlembagaan persekutuan <> Kebanyakan undang-undang U.S., jenis undang-undang yang kita hidup setiap hari, terdiri daripada undang-undang jenis apa? || undang negeri <> Adakah setiap negeri mempunyai undang-undang yang sama? || sangat berbeza dari satu negeri ke negara lain. <> Undang-undang persekutuan mengatasi undang-undang apa? || undang-undang negeri dan wilayah yang bertentangan <> Skop kuasa persekutuan bukanlah apa? || universal <> Sistem apa jenis Federalisme Amerika? || sistem dwi-berdaulat <> Amerika Federalisme juga boleh dianggap tripartit kerana kehadiran apa? || Tempahan India <> Negara boleh memberikan hak mereka lebih luas daripada yang diberikan dalam dokumen apa? || Perlembagaan Persekutuan <> Adakah terdapat apa-apa yang mengecualikan undang-undang negeri? || Undang-undang dan perjanjian Persekutuan <> Berapa banyak negara yang membentuk Amerika Syarikat? || 50 <Bolehkah negara memberi hak kepada warganegara yang tidak didefinisikan oleh perlembagaan? || selagi mereka tidak melanggar mana-mana hak perlembagaan persekutuan <> Apakah hari ke hari, undang-undang operasi dianggap? || \"undang-undang hidup\" <> Apakah undang-undang hidup kebanyakannya terdiri daripada? || undang negeri", {"context": "Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite because of the presence of Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, each with their own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution. Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual \"living law\" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Federal law and treaties"}], "question": "What comes before state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S states?", "id": "57266a17708984140094c531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "Federal sovereign only possess authority if it is stated in what?", "id": "57266a17708984140094c532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "federal constitutional rights"}], "question": "States may grant their citizens border rights as long as they do not infringe on what?", "id": "57266a17708984140094c533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "state law"}], "question": "Most U.S law, the kind of law we live everyday, consists of what kind of law?", "id": "57266a17708984140094c534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 957, "text": "vary greatly from one state to the next."}], "question": "Does every state have the same laws?", "id": "57266a17708984140094c535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "conflicting state and territorial laws"}], "question": "Federal law overrides what laws?", "id": "5726d83d708984140094d331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "universal"}], "question": "The scope of federal power is not what?", "id": "5726d83d708984140094d332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "dual-sovereign system"}], "question": "What type of system is American Federalism?", "id": "5726d83d708984140094d333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Indian reservations"}], "question": "American Federalism can also be considered tripartite because of the presence of what?", "id": "5726d83d708984140094d334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "the federal Constitution"}], "question": "States can grant their people broader rights than those granted in what document?", "id": "5726d83d708984140094d335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Federal law and treaties"}], "question": "Is there anything that trumps state law?", "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many state make up the United States?", "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights"}], "question": "Can states grant rights to citizens that are not defined by the constitution?", "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "\"living law\""}], "question": "What is day-to-day, operational law considered?", "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "state law"}], "question": "What is living law mostly made up of?", "id": "572c9ab3dfb02c14005c6baf"}]}], ["Terutama, undang-undang tidak hilang secara automatik semata-mata kerana ia didapati tidak mengikut perlembagaan; ia mesti dipadamkan oleh statut berikutnya. Kebanyakan undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri kekal di dalam buku selama beberapa dekad selepas mereka diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan. Walau bagaimanapun, di bawah prinsip stare decisis, tiada mahkamah rendah yang munasabah akan menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang tidak berperlembagaan, dan mana-mana mahkamah yang berbuat demikian akan diterbalikkan oleh Mahkamah Agung. Sebaliknya, mana-mana mahkamah yang enggan menguatkuasakan undang-undang perlembagaan (di mana perlembagaan sedemikian telah ditubuhkan secara nyata dalam kes-kes yang terdahulu) akan menghadapi risiko pembalikan oleh Mahkamah Agung. <> Agar patung tidak konstitusional hilang, ia perlu dipadamkan oleh? || undang-undang berikutnya <> Apa yang masih ada pada buku-buku selepas mereka diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan? || undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri <> Prinsip apa yang menyatakan tiada mahkamah rendah akan menguatkuasakan patung tidak konstitusional? || stare decisis <> Siapa yang boleh membalikkan keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi? || Mahkamah Agung <> Apa yang perlu berlaku untuk undang-undang untuk menjadi tidak berperlembagaan? || ia mesti dipadamkan <> Apa yang boleh memadamkan statut dan menjadikannya tidak berperlembagaan? || undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri yang masih ada pada buku-buku untuk berapa lama selepas mereka diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan? || dekad <> Apa keputusan yang menyatakan bahawa tidak ada mahkamah rendah akan menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang tidak berperlembagaan? || prinsip decare stare <> Mana-mana mahkamah yang menguatkuasakan undang-undang tidak berperlembagaan akan dibatalkan oleh pengadilan apa? || Mahkamah Agung <> Jika undang-undang adalah tidak konstitusional, bagaimana ia dikeluarkan? || dihapuskan oleh undang-undang berikutnya <> Apa yang berlaku apabila undang-undang tidak berperlembagaan tetap di buku? || tiada mahkamah rendah yang munasabah akan menguatkuasakan <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika mahkamah rendah cuba menguatkuasakan undang-undang yang tidak berperlembagaan? || dibalikkan oleh Mahkamah Agung <> Apa yang harus terjadi sebelum Mahkamah Agung akan membalikkan keputusan oleh sebuah mahkamah rendah yang menolak untuk menegakkan hukum perlembagaan? || perlembagaan telah nyata ditubuhkan dalam kes-kes sebelumnya <> Apa yang akan berlaku jika mahkamah rendah menolak untuk menegakkan undang-undang perlembagaan? || pembalikan risiko oleh Mahkamah Agung", {"context": "Notably, a statute does not disappear automatically merely because it has been found unconstitutional; it must be deleted by a subsequent statute. Many federal and state statutes have remained on the books for decades after they were ruled to be unconstitutional. However, under the principle of stare decisis, no sensible lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute, and any court that does so will be reversed by the Supreme Court. Conversely, any court that refuses to enforce a constitutional statute (where such constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases) will risk reversal by the Supreme Court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "a subsequent statute"}], "question": "In order for a unconstitutional statue to disappear, it has to be deleted by?  ", "id": "57266cb4708984140094c593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "federal and state statutes"}], "question": "What has remained on the books after they were ruled unconstitutional? ", "id": "57266cb4708984140094c594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "stare decisis"}], "question": "What principle  states no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statue? ", "id": "57266cb4708984140094c595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "the Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who can reverse an unconstitutional court ruling?", "id": "57266cb4708984140094c596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "it must be deleted"}], "question": "What must happen to a statute for it to become unconstitutional?", "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "a subsequent statute"}], "question": "What can delete a statute and make it unconstitutional?", "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "decades"}], "question": "Some federal and state statutes remain on the books for how long after they are ruled unconstitutional?", "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the principle of stare decisis"}], "question": "What decisis states that no lower court will enforce an unconstitutional statute?", "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "the Supreme Court"}], "question": "Any court that enforces an unconstitutional statute will be overturned by what court?", "id": "5727c8644b864d1900163d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "deleted by a subsequent statute"}], "question": "If a statute is unconstitutional, how is it removed?", "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c7fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "no sensible lower court will enforce"}], "question": "What happens when an unconstitutional statute remains on the books?", "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "reversed by the Supreme Court"}], "question": "What would happen if a lower court tried to enforce an unconstitutional statute?", "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "constitutionality has been expressly established in prior cases"}], "question": "What must happen before the Supreme Court will reverse a decision by a lower court refusing to uphold a constitutional law?", "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "risk reversal by the Supreme Court"}], "question": "What would happen if a lower court refused to uphold a constitutional law?", "id": "572c9e01f182dd1900d7c801"}]}], ["Implikasi utama lain dari doktrin Erie adalah bahawa mahkamah persekutuan tidak dapat menentukan kandungan undang-undang negara apabila tidak ada isu persekutuan (dan dengan itu tidak ada isu ketuanan persekutuan) dalam kes. Apabila mendakwa tuntutan di bawah undang-undang negara menurut bidang kuasa kepelbagaian, mahkamah percubaan persekutuan mesti memohon undang-undang berkanun dan memutuskan negeri di mana mereka duduk, seolah-olah mereka adalah mahkamah negeri itu, walaupun mereka percaya bahawa undang-undang negeri yang berkaitan tidak beretika atau hanya dasar awam yang buruk. Dan di bawah Erie, pertimbangan hanya satu arah: mahkamah negeri tidak terikat oleh tafsiran persekutuan undang-undang negara. <> Apakah implikasi utama doktrin Erie? || mahkamah persekutuan tidak boleh menentukan kandungan undang-undang negeri apabila tiada isu persekutuan <> Apakah negeri-negeri tidak terikat? || tafsiran persekutuan undang-undang negeri <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa sikap hormat hanya satu cara sahaja? || Erie doktrin <> Apa artinya apabila Erie menyatakan bahawa sikap hormat hanya satu cara? || mahkamah negeri tidak terikat oleh pentafsiran persekutuan undang-undang negeri", {"context": "The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state, even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy. And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue"}], "question": "What is a major implication of the Erie doctrine?", "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "federal interpretations of state law"}], "question": "What are states not bound by?", "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Erie doctrine"}], "question": "What states that deference is one way only?", "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law"}], "question": "What does it mean when Erie states that deference is one way only?", "id": "572cb71bdfb02c14005c6c0e"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kes litigated di mahkamah negeri dan melibatkan tuntutan dan pertahanan di bawah undang-undang negeri. Dalam laporan 2012, Projek Statistik Mahkamah Pusat Negara mendapati bahawa mahkamah percubaan negeri menerima 103.5 juta kes baru yang difailkan pada tahun 2010, yang terdiri daripada 56.3 juta kes trafik, 20.4 juta kes jenayah, 19.0 juta kes sivil, 5.9 juta domestik kes hubungan, dan 1.9 juta kes juvana. Pada tahun 2010, mahkamah rayuan negeri menerima 272,795 kes baru. Sebagai perbandingan, semua mahkamah daerah persekutuan pada 2010 bersama-sama menerima hanya kira-kira 282,000 kes sivil baru, 77,000 kes jenayah baru, dan 1.5 juta kes muflis, sementara mahkamah rayuan persekutuan menerima 56,000 kes baru. <> Di manakah kes-kes biasanya diperdebatkan? || Mahkamah Negeri <> Apakah jenis kes yang diperdebatkan di mahkamah negeri? || melibatkan tuntutan dan pertahanan di bawah undang-undang negeri <> Berapa banyak kes baru yang difailkan pada tahun 2010? || 103.5 juta <> Apa jenis kes yang diterima oleh mahkamah daerah persekutuan pada tahun 2010? || 282,000 kes sivil baru, 77,000 kes jenayah baru, dan 1.5 juta kes kebangkrutan <> Berapa banyak kes yang diterima di mahkamah rayuan pada tahun 2010? || 272,795", {"context": "Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "state courts"}], "question": "Where are cases usually argued?", "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "involve claims and defenses under state laws"}], "question": "What types of cases are argued in the state courts?", "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "103.5 million"}], "question": "How many new cases were filed in 2010?", "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases"}], "question": "What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?", "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "272,795"}], "question": "How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?", "id": "572cb837750c471900ed4cf5"}]}], ["Persoalan yang sukar adalah sama ada kuasa kehakiman persekutuan meluas untuk merumuskan duluan yang mengikat melalui pematuhan ketat kepada peraturan stare decisis. Di sinilah perbuatan membuat keputusan menjadi suatu bentuk undang-undang yang terhad dalam dirinya sendiri, di mana keputusan mahkamah rayuan akan dengan itu mengikat dirinya dan mahkamah yang lebih rendah dalam kes-kes masa depan (dan dengan itu juga tersirat mengikat semua orang di dalam bidang kuasa mahkamah). Sebelum perubahan besar kepada peraturan mahkamah persekutuan pada tahun 2007, kira-kira seperlima kes rayuan persekutuan telah diterbitkan dan dengan itu menjadi precedent yang mengikat, sementara selebihnya tidak diterbitkan dan terikat hanya pihak-pihak untuk setiap kes. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menentukan sama ada kuasa kehakiman persekutuan memanjang untuk merumuskan duluan yang mengikat? || stare decisis <> Apakah steti decisis? || perbuatan memutuskan suatu kes menjadi suatu bentuk pembentukan undang-undang yang terbatas dalam dirinya sendiri <> Mengapa menatap suatu bentuk hukum yang terbatas? || maka keputusan mahkamah rayuan akan dengan itu mengikat dirinya dan mahkamah yang lebih rendah dalam kes-kes masa depan <> Siapa lagi yang menjejaskan decisis mempengaruhi? || tersirat mengikat semua orang di dalam bidang kuasa mahkamah", {"context": "The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "stare decisis"}], "question": "What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?", "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself"}], "question": "What is stare decisis?", "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases"}], "question": "Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?", "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction"}], "question": "Who else does stare decisis affect?", "id": "572cb101750c471900ed4cd1"}]}], ["Di bawah doktrin Erie Railroad Co v. Tompkins (1938), tidak ada undang-undang persekutuan umum umum. Walaupun mahkamah persekutuan boleh mewujudkan undang-undang persekutuan persekutuan dalam bentuk undang-undang kes, undang-undang sedemikian mesti dihubungkan dengan cara atau cara lain untuk mentafsirkan peruntukan perlembagaan persekutuan, statut, atau peraturan (yang kemudiannya digubal sebagai sebahagian daripada Perlembagaan atau selepas). Mahkamah Persekutuan tidak mempunyai kuasa pleno yang dimiliki oleh mahkamah negeri untuk hanya membuat undang-undang, yang mana yang kedua dapat dilakukan dengan ketiadaan perlembagaan atau undang-undang yang menggantikan undang-undang umum. Hanya dalam beberapa kawasan terhad sempit, seperti undang-undang maritim, Perlembagaan telah secara tegas membenarkan penerusan undang-undang umum Inggeris di peringkat persekutuan (bermaksud bahawa di kawasan tersebut mahkamah persekutuan boleh terus membuat undang-undang sebagaimana yang mereka lihat patut, tertakluk kepada batasan menatap decisis). <> Apa yang menyatakan bahawa tidak ada undang-undang persekutuan umum umum? || doktrin Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins <> Kapan doktrin Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins dilaksanakan? || 1938 <> Kenapa tidak boleh mahkamah persekutuan hanya membuat undang-undang? || kekurangan kuasa pleno yang dimiliki oleh mahkamah negeri <> Bilakah negara-negara dibenarkan menggunakan kuasa pleno? || ketiadaan perlembagaan atau perundangan yang menggantikan undang-undang biasa", {"context": "Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins"}], "question": "What states that there is no general federal common law?", "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1938"}], "question": "When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?", "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "lack the plenary power possessed by state courts"}], "question": "Why can't federal courts just make up law?", "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law"}], "question": "When are states allowed to use plenary power?", "id": "572cb5de750c471900ed4ce3"}]}], ["Kongres sering menggubal undang-undang yang memberikan kuasa penguatkuasaan yang luas kepada agensi-agensi persekutuan. Selalunya, Kongres hanya terlalu lambat untuk membuat peraturan-peraturan terperinci yang menjelaskan bagaimana agensi harus bertindak balas terhadap setiap keadaan yang mungkin, atau Kongres percaya pakar teknikal agensi terbaik untuk menangani situasi fakta tertentu ketika mereka muncul. Oleh itu, agensi persekutuan diberi kuasa untuk mengeluarkan peraturan. Di bawah prinsip penghormatan Chevron, peraturan biasanya membawa kuasa undang-undang selagi mereka berdasarkan tafsiran yang munasabah terhadap undang-undang yang berkaitan. <> Apa yang sering diberikan oleh kongres untuk memberi kuasa kepada agensi persekutuan? || undang-undang <> Agensi Persekutuan diberi kuasa untuk membuat apa awam? || peraturan <> Peraturan biasanya membawa kekuatan apa? || undang-undang <> Regaltions membawa kekuasaan undang-undang apabila berdasarkan tafsiran yang munasabah tentang apa? || undang-undang yang berkaitan <> Kuasa apa yang diberikan kepada agensi persekutuan oleh Kongres? || Kuasa besar yang membuat keputusan <> Mengapa Kongres memberikan kuasa umum kepada agensi persekutuan? || terlalu rapat untuk membuat perundangan terperinci yang menjelaskan bagaimana agensi harus bertindak balas terhadap setiap keadaan yang mungkin <> Apa yang memberikan peraturan yang dikenakan oleh agensi persekutuan hak untuk menguatkuasakan peraturan mereka? || prinsip Chevron <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan Prinsip Chevron? || peraturan biasanya membawa kuasa undang-undang selagi mereka berdasarkan tafsiran yang munasabah terhadap undang-undang yang berkaitan", {"context": "Congress often enacts statutes that grant broad rulemaking authority to federal agencies. Often, Congress is simply too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation, or Congress believes the agency's technical specialists are best equipped to deal with particular fact situations as they arise. Therefore, federal agencies are authorized to promulgate regulations. Under the principle of Chevron deference, regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "statutes"}], "question": "What does congress often grant to give rulemaking authority to federal agencies?", "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "regulations"}], "question": "Federal agencies are authorized to make what public?", "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "law"}], "question": "Regulations normally carry the force of what?", "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "relevant statutes"}], "question": "Regualtions carry force of law when based on reasonable interpretation of what?", "id": "5727e6ab4b864d1900163f93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "broad rulemaking authority"}], "question": "What power is granted to federal agencies by Congress?", "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "too gridlocked to draft detailed statutes that explain how the agency should react to every possible situation"}], "question": "Why does Congress give generalized powers to federal agencies?", "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "the principle of Chevron"}], "question": "What gives regulations imposed by federal agencies the right to enforce their regulations?", "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "regulations normally carry the force of law as long as they are based on a reasonable interpretation of the relevant statutes"}], "question": "What does the Principle of Chevron provide for?", "id": "572cad7e750c471900ed4cc9"}]}], ["Ketika hakim persekutuan Alex Kozinski menegaskan, duluan yang mengikat seperti yang kita ketahui hari ini hanya tidak ada pada saat Perlembagaan dibingkai. Keputusan kehakiman tidak konsisten, tepat, dan setia dilaporkan di kedua sisi Atlantik (pemberita sering menulis atau gagal menerbitkan keputusan yang mereka tidak suka), dan United Kingdom tidak mempunyai hierarki pengadilan yang koheren sebelum akhir abad ke-19. Lebih-lebih lagi, hakim Inggeris pada abad kelapan belas melanggan teori undang-undang semula jadi yang sudah usang, di mana undang-undang dipercayai mempunyai kewujudan bebas dari apa yang dikatakan hakim individu. Hakim menyaksikan diri mereka sebagai mengisytiharkan undang-undang yang secara teori sentiasa wujud, dan bukan sebagai membuat undang-undang. Oleh itu, seorang hakim boleh menolak pendapat hakim yang lain sebagai penyataan undang-undang yang salah, dalam cara para saintis kerap menolak kesimpulan masing-masing sebagai pernyataan undang-undang sains yang salah. <> Siapa yang menyatakan bahawa precedent yang mengikat tidak wujud ketika Perlembagaan ditulis? || hakim persekutuan Alex Kozinski <> Mengapa keputusan tidak dilaporkan atau direkodkan dengan betul? || wartawan sering menulis atau gagal menerbitkan keputusan yang mereka tidak suka <> Apakah teori alam semulajadi yang digunakan para hakim Inggeris pada abad kelapan belas? || undang-undang dipercayai mempunyai kewujudan bebas daripada apa hakim individu yang berkata <> Mengapa satu hakim boleh menolak pendapat hakim yang lain? || melihat diri mereka sebagai hanya mengisytiharkan undang-undang yang secara teori sentiasa wujud, dan bukan sebagai membuat undang-undang <> Mengapa satu hakim menolak pendapat orang lain? || pernyataan undang-undang yang salah", {"context": "As federal judge Alex Kozinski has pointed out, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed. Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century. Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. Judges saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law. Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, in the way that scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "federal judge Alex Kozinski"}], "question": "Who has noted that binding precedent did not exist when the Constitution was written?", "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked"}], "question": "Why were decisions not reported or recoded correctly?", "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said"}], "question": "What are the natural theories of law that that the English judges in the eighteenth century used?", "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, and not as making the law"}], "question": "Why could one judge reject another judges opinion?", "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "incorrect statement of the law"}], "question": "Why would one judge reject another's opinion?", "id": "572cb2d3750c471900ed4cda"}]}], ["Lima puluh negara Amerika adalah kerajaan yang berasingan, dengan perlembagaan negara mereka sendiri, kerajaan negeri, dan mahkamah negara. Semua negeri mempunyai cawangan perundangan yang menguatkuasakan undang-undang negeri, sebuah cawangan eksekutif yang mengisytiharkan peraturan negeri menurut kuasa statutori, dan cawangan kehakiman yang terpakai, menafsirkan, dan kadang-kadang membatalkan undang-undang dan peraturan negeri serta peraturan tempatan. Mereka mengekalkan kuasa pleno untuk membuat undang-undang yang meliputi apa-apa yang tidak didahului oleh Perlembagaan Persekutuan, statut persekutuan, atau perjanjian antarabangsa yang disahkan oleh Senat persekutuan. Biasanya, mahkamah tertinggi negara adalah penafsir terakhir perlembagaan negara dan undang-undang negeri, melainkan tafsirannya sendiri membentangkan isu persekutuan, di mana suatu keputusan boleh dirayu ke Mahkamah Agung A.S. dengan cara petisyen untuk writ certiorari. Undang-undang negeri secara dramatik telah dialihkan sejak abad kemerdekaan, sehingga Amerika Syarikat tidak boleh dianggap sebagai satu sistem perundangan mengenai majoriti jenis undang-undang yang secara tradisinya berada di bawah kawalan negara, tetapi harus dianggap sebagai 50 undang-undang tort yang terpisah, undang-undang keluarga, undang-undang harta, undang-undang kontrak, undang-undang jenayah, dan sebagainya. <> Apakah keadaan masing-masing negeri? || undang-undang negeri, kerajaan negeri, dan mahkamah negeri <> Apakah 50 negeri di Union yang dikenali sebagai? || yang berdaulat berasingan <> Ladang mana yang digunakan, menafsirkan, dan kadang-kadang membatalkan statut dan peraturan negara? || cawangan kehakiman <> Apakah cawangan kerajaan memberaskan undang-undang negara? || cawangan legislatif <> Yang cawangan kerajaan mengisytiharkan peraturan negeri? || cawangan eksekutif", {"context": "The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "state constitutions, state governments, and state courts"}], "question": "What does each state posess?", "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ce8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "separate sovereigns"}], "question": "What are the 50 states in the Union known as?", "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ce9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "judicial branch"}], "question": "Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?", "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "legislative branch"}], "question": "What branch of government enacts state statutes?", "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "executive branch"}], "question": "Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?", "id": "572cb7af750c471900ed4cea"}]}], ["Tidak seperti keadaan dengan negeri-negeri, tidak ada undang-undang penerimaan pleno di peringkat persekutuan yang meneruskan undang-undang umum dan dengan itu memberikan mahkamah persekutuan kuasa untuk merumuskan duluan undang-undang seperti pendahulu bahasa Inggeris mereka. Mahkamah Persekutuan adalah semata-mata makhluk Perlembagaan Persekutuan dan Akta Kehakiman Persekutuan. Walau bagaimanapun, diterima secara universal bahawa Bapa-bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat, dengan meletakkan \"kuasa kehakiman\" ke Mahkamah Agung dan mahkamah persekutuan yang rendah dalam Perkara Tiga Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, dengan itu memberi hak kepada mereka kuasa kehakiman yang tersirat dari undang-undang umum mahkamah untuk merumuskan duluan persuasif; kuasa ini diterima secara meluas, difahami, dan diakui oleh Bapa Pengasas pada masa Perlembagaan telah disahkan. Beberapa cendekiawan undang-undang berpendapat bahawa kuasa kehakiman persekutuan untuk memutuskan \"kes atau kontroversi\" semestinya termasuk kuasa untuk menentukan kesan mendahului kes-kes dan kontroversi. <> Bagaimana agensi-agensi persekutuan berbeza dari bahagian-bahagian balas Bahasa Inggeris mereka? || tidak ada undang-undang penerimaan pleno di peringkat persekutuan yang meneruskan undang-undang umum <> Apa yang dilakukan penerimaan pleno yang hilang? || memberikan mahkamah persekutuan kuasa untuk merumuskan duluan undang-undang <> Di manakah kejatuhan mahkamah persekutuan? || Akta Kehakiman Persekutuan <> Di manakah kuasa kehakiman yang terdapat dalam Perlembagaan asal? || Perkara Tiga <> Apakah Artikel Tiga memberi agensi persekutuan? || kuasa kehakiman mahkamah undang-undang umum yang tersirat untuk merumuskan duluan persuasif", {"context": "Unlike the situation with the states, there is no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law and thereby granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent like their English predecessors. Federal courts are solely creatures of the federal Constitution and the federal Judiciary Acts. However, it is universally accepted that the Founding Fathers of the United States, by vesting \"judicial power\" into the Supreme Court and the inferior federal courts in Article Three of the United States Constitution, thereby vested in them the implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent; this power was widely accepted, understood, and recognized by the Founding Fathers at the time the Constitution was ratified. Several legal scholars have argued that the federal judicial power to decide \"cases or controversies\" necessarily includes the power to decide the precedential effect of those cases and controversies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "no plenary reception statute at the federal level that continued the common law"}], "question": "How did the federal agencies differ from their English counter-parts?", "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "granted federal courts the power to formulate legal precedent"}], "question": "What did the missing plenary reception do?", "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "the federal Judiciary Acts"}], "question": "Where do the federal courts fall?", "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Article Three"}], "question": "Where is judicial power found in the original Constitution?", "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "implied judicial power of common law courts to formulate persuasive precedent"}], "question": "What does Article Three give federal agencies?", "id": "572cb395dfb02c14005c6c05"}]}], ["Selepas Presiden menandatangani undang-undang ke dalam undang-undang (atau Kongres memaklumkannya kepada veto), ia dihantar ke Pejabat Daftar Persekutuan (OFR) Pentadbiran Arkib dan Rekod Negara (NARA) di mana ia diberikan nombor undang-undang, dan disediakan untuk penerbitan sebagai undang-undang slip. Undang-undang awam, tetapi bukan undang-undang persendirian, juga diberikan petisyen undang-undang mengikut undang-undang OFR. Pada akhir setiap sesi Kongres, undang-undang slip dikumpulkan ke dalam jumlah terikat yang dinamakan Statuta Amerika Syarikat pada Besar, dan mereka dikenali sebagai undang-undang sesi. Undang-undang pada masa kini besar adalah susunan kronologi undang-undang dalam perintah yang tepat bahawa mereka telah digubal. <> Siapa yang menandatangani rang undang-undang ke dalam undang-undang? || Presiden <> Di manakah rang undang-undang pergi setelah ditandatangani? || Pejabat Daftar Persekutuan (OFR) Pentadbiran Arkib dan Rekod Negara (NARA) <> Apa undang-undang baru yang diberikan di OFR NARA? || nombor undang-undang <> Selepas diberi nombor undang-undang, undang-undang baru disediakan untuk penerbitan sebagai apa? || undang-undang slip <> Undang-undang jenis apa yang tidak diberikan petikan undang-undang oleh OFR? || Undang-undang persendirian <> Di manakah bil terus apabila Presiden menandatanganinya? || dihantar ke Pejabat Persekutuan Persekutuan (OFR) Pentadbiran Arkib dan Rekod Negara (NARA) <> Apa yang berlaku selepas rang undang-undang dihantar kepada OFR? || Berikan nombor undang-undang <> Selepas bil ditugaskan nombor, siapakah yang siap? || penerbitan sebagai undang-undang slip <> Setelah undang-undang slip dimasukkan ke dalam Statut Amerika Syarikat pada Besar, apa yang mereka dipanggil? || undang-undang sesi <> Apakah Statut Amerika Syarikat pada Besar? || susunan kronologi undang-undang dalam perintah yang tepat bahawa mereka telah digubal", {"context": "After the President signs a bill into law (or Congress enacts it over his veto), it is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) where it is assigned a law number, and prepared for publication as a slip law. Public laws, but not private laws, are also given legal statutory citation by the OFR. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are compiled into bound volumes called the United States Statutes at Large, and they are known as session laws. The Statutes at Large present a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "the President"}], "question": "Who signs a bill into a law?", "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"}], "question": "Where does a bill go after it is signed?", "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "a law number"}], "question": "What is a new law given at the OFR of the NARA?", "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "a slip law"}], "question": "After being given a law number, a new law is prepared for publication as what?", "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "private laws"}], "question": "What kind of laws are not given statutory citation by the OFR?", "id": "5727e53bff5b5019007d97ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "delivered to the Office of the Federal Register (OFR) of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)"}], "question": "Where does a bill go once the President signs it into effect?", "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "assigned a law number"}], "question": "What happens after a bill is delivered to the OFR?", "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "publication as a slip law"}], "question": "After a bill is assigned a number, what is it made ready for?", "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "session laws"}], "question": "Once the slip laws are placed into the United States Statutes at Large, what are they called?", "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "a chronological arrangement of the laws in the exact order that they have been enacted"}], "question": "What is the United States Statutes at Large?", "id": "572cabc8f182dd1900d7c81e"}]}], ["Sebaliknya menurut analisis Kozinski, aturan kontemporer yang mengikat preseden menjadi mungkin di Amerika Syarikat pada abad kesembilan belas hanya selepas penciptaan hierarki pengadilan yang jelas (di bawah Akta Kehakiman), dan permulaan penerbitan verbatim tetap keputusan rayuan AS oleh West Publishing. Peraturan ini secara beransur-ansur dikembangkan, kes demi kes, sebagai lanjutan dasar politik peradilan administrasi kehakiman yang efektif (yaitu, untuk secara efisien menjalankan kuasa kehakiman). Peraturan precedent biasanya dibenarkan hari ini sebagai perkara dasar awam, pertama, sebagai perkara yang adil, dan kedua, kerana dalam ketiadaan undang-undang kes, itu akan menjadi tidak dapat dikerjakan sepenuhnya bagi setiap isu kecil dalam setiap kes undang-undang untuk menjadi diberi taklimat, diperdebatkan, dan diputuskan dari prinsip-prinsip pertama (seperti undang-undang yang relevan, peruntukan perlembagaan, dan dasar awam yang mendasari), yang seterusnya akan mewujudkan ketidakcekapan, ketidakstabilan, dan ketidakpastian yang tidak dapat dijangka, dan dengan itu menjejaskan kedaulatan undang-undang. <> Bilakah duluan mengikat menjadi mungkin di Amerika Syarikat? || abad kesembilan belas <> Apa yang membuat pendahuluan mengikat kemungkinan? || penciptaan hierarki mahkamah yang jelas (di bawah Akta Kehakiman), dan permulaan penerbitan verbatim tetap keputusan rayuan A.S. oleh West Publishing <> Apa yang boleh membatalkan kedaulatan undang-undang? || ketidakcekapan, ketidakstabilan, dan ketidaktentuan yang tidak dapat dipastikan <> Kenapa peraturan duluan dibenarkan? || dalam ketiadaan undang-undang kes, ia akan menjadi tidak dapat dikendalikan sepenuhnya bagi setiap isu kecil dalam setiap kes undang-undang untuk diberi taklimat, berhujah, dan memutuskan <> Bagaimana hirarki mahkamah ditubuhkan? || Akta Kehakiman", {"context": "In turn, according to Kozinski's analysis, the contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing. The rule gradually developed, case-by-case, as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power). The rule of precedent is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, because in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did binding precedent become possible in the United States?", "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing"}], "question": "What made binding precedent a possibility?", "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability"}], "question": "What can invalidate the rule of law?", "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided"}], "question": "Why was the rule of precedent allowed?", "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the Judiciary Acts"}], "question": "How is a court hierarchy established?", "id": "572cb45af182dd1900d7c828"}]}], ["Undang-undang Kontrak merangkumi kewajipan yang ditetapkan oleh persetujuan (nyata atau tersirat) antara pihak swasta. Umumnya, undang-undang kontrak dalam urus niaga yang melibatkan penjualan barangan telah menjadi sangat standard di seluruh negara akibat daripada penggunaan luas Kod Perdagangan Seragam. Walau bagaimanapun, masih terdapat kepelbagaian yang ketara dalam tafsiran lain-lain jenis kontrak, bergantung kepada sejauh mana suatu negara tertentu telah mengkodifikasi undang-undang kontrak atau bahagian yang diterima pakai dari Penyataan Semula (Kedua) Kontrak. <> Apakah undang-undang kontrak? || kewajipan yang ditubuhkan oleh perjanjian (nyata atau tersirat) antara pihak swasta <> Apakah undang-undang kontrak bersyarat? || Kod Perdagangan Seragam <> Apa jenis perjanjian yang melindungi perlindungan kontrak? || nyata atau tersirat", {"context": "Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties"}], "question": "What is contract law?", "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Uniform Commercial Code"}], "question": "What standardized contract law?", "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "express or implied"}], "question": "What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?", "id": "572cbdd6750c471900ed4d22"}]}], ["New York, Illinois, dan California adalah negeri paling penting yang tidak mengadopsi FRCP. Tambahan pula, ketiga-tiga negeri ini terus mengekalkan kebanyakan undang-undang prosedur sivil mereka dalam bentuk statut kod yang digubal oleh badan perundangan negeri, yang bertentangan dengan peraturan mahkamah yang diumumkan oleh mahkamah tertinggi negara, atas alasan bahawa mereka tidak demokratik. Tetapi beberapa bahagian utama undang-undang prosedur sivil mereka telah diubahsuai oleh badan perundangan mereka untuk membawa mereka lebih dekat kepada prosedur awam persekutuan. <> Negara manakah yang tidak mengamalkan FRCP? || New York, Illinois, dan California adalah yang paling penting <> Bagaimana New York, Illinois dan California mengekalkan undang-undang prosedur sivil? || undang-undang yang dikodkan oleh undang-undang negeri <> Apa yang perlu digunakan oleh New York, Illinois dan California daripada undang-undang yang dikodkan? || undang-undang mahkamah yang diisytiharkan oleh mahkamah tertinggi negara", {"context": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant"}], "question": "Which states have not adopted FRCP?", "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "codified statutes enacted by the state legislature"}], "question": "How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?", "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "court rules promulgated by the state supreme court"}], "question": "What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?", "id": "572cbbbb750c471900ed4d08"}]}], ["Sesetengah negeri membezakan antara dua peringkat: felonies dan misdemeanors (jenayah kecil). Secara amnya, kebanyakan hukuman kejahatan menyebabkan hukuman penjara yang panjang serta percubaan berikutnya, denda besar, dan perintah untuk membayar pengembalian secara langsung kepada mangsa; manakala salah laku boleh membawa kepada satu tahun atau kurang dalam penjara dan denda yang besar. Untuk memudahkan pendakwaan terhadap pelanggaran lalu lintas dan jenayah yang agak kecil, sesetengah negeri telah menambah tahap ketiga, pelanggaran. Ini boleh mengakibatkan denda dan kadang-kadang kehilangan lesen pemandu seseorang, tetapi tiada masa penjara. <> Apakah dua jenayah jenayah di sana? || felon dan penyalah gunaan <> Apa salahnya? || jenayah kecil <> Apa yang menyebabkan hukuman penjara yang panjang dan masa percubaan berikutnya, denda besar, dan perintah untuk membayar balik langsung kepada mangsa? || sabitan kejahatan <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku dengan salah laku? || satu tahun atau kurang di penjara dan denda yang besar <> Apakah tingkat kejahatan ketiga yang dipersetujui beberapa negara? || pelanggaran", {"context": "Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "felonies and misdemeanors"}], "question": "What two levels of crime are there?", "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "minor crimes"}], "question": "What is a misdemeanor?", "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "felony convictions"}], "question": "What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?", "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "a year or less in jail and a substantial fine"}], "question": "What usually happens with misdemeanors?", "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "infractions"}], "question": "What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?", "id": "572cbd62750c471900ed4d1a"}]}], ["Undang-undang prosedur sivil mengatur proses dalam semua prosiding kehakiman yang melibatkan tindakan undang-undang antara pihak swasta. Undang-undang biasa yang dipohon undang-undang digantikan oleh kod yang memohon di 24 negeri selepas New York menggubalkan Kod Lapangan pada tahun 1850 dan kod yang memohon pada gilirannya kemudiannya digantikan semula di kebanyakan negeri oleh notis moden yang memohon pada abad ke-20. Bahagian bahasa Inggeris lama di antara undang-undang biasa dan mahkamah ekuiti telah dimansuhkan di mahkamah persekutuan oleh penggunaan Peraturan Persekutuan Tatacara Sivil pada tahun 1938; ia juga telah dimansuhkan secara bebas oleh tindakan perundangan di hampir semua negeri. Mahkamah Chancery Delaware adalah yang paling menonjol dari bilangan mahkamah baki ekuiti yang paling menonjol. <> Apakah semua prosiding kehakiman melibatkan tuntutan undang-undang pihak swasta? || Undang-undang prosedur sivil <> Apa yang berlaku di New York yang menggantikan prosiding undang-undang biasa? || kod mencetuskan <> Apakah kod yang digalakkan akhirnya digantikan oleh? || notifikasi moden merayu <> Bilakah kod yang memohon digantikan oleh notifikasi moden yang memohon? || Abad ke-20 <> Apakah peraturan Federal Prosedur Sivil dimansuhkan? || Bahagian Bahasa Inggeris lama antara undang-undang biasa dan mahkamah ekuiti", {"context": "The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The law of civil procedure"}], "question": "What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?", "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "code pleading"}], "question": "What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?", "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "modern notice pleading"}], "question": "What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?", "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?", "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c831"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "The old English division between common law and equity courts"}], "question": "What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?", "id": "572cbacef182dd1900d7c832"}]}], ["Undang-undang jenayah melibatkan pendakwa oleh keadaan perbuatan yang salah yang dianggap sangat serius sehingga mereka melanggar ketenteraman kedaulatan (dan tidak dapat dihalang atau diselesaikan oleh tuntutan hukum semata-mata). Umumnya, jenayah boleh mengakibatkan pemenjaraan, tetapi torts (lihat di bawah) tidak boleh. Majoriti jenayah yang dilakukan di Amerika Syarikat didakwa dan dihukum di peringkat negeri. Undang-undang jenayah federal memberi tumpuan kepada bidang yang berkaitan dengan kerajaan persekutuan seperti mengelakkan pembayaran cukai pendapatan persekutuan, kecurian mel, atau serangan fizikal kepada pegawai persekutuan, serta jenayah antara negara seperti pengedaran dadah dan penipuan kawat. <> Apakah undang-undang jenayah? || pendakwaan oleh keadaan tindakan yang salah <> Apakah jenis perbuatan salah yang akan dikenakan oleh negara? || perbuatan yang dianggap sangat serius sehingga mereka melanggar perdamaian kedaulatan yang menumpukan kepada perkara-perkara seperti menghindari pembayaran cukai pendapatan persekutuan, pencurian mel, atau serangan fizikal kepada pegawai persekutuan, serta jenayah antara negeri seperti pengedaran dadah dan penipuan wayar? || Undang-undang jenayah federal <> Di mana majoriti jenayah A.S. didakwa? || peringkat negeri <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan penahanan? || jenayah", {"context": "Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "prosecution by the state of wrongful acts"}], "question": "What is criminal law?", "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace"}], "question": "What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?", "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Federal criminal law"}], "question": "Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?", "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "state level"}], "question": "Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?", "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "crimes"}], "question": "What can result in incarceration?", "id": "572cbceadfb02c14005c6c15"}]}], ["Secara amnya, prosedur sivil Amerika mempunyai beberapa ciri penting, termasuk penemuan pra-prasyarat, ketergantungan berat terhadap kesaksian hidup yang diperolehi dari pemendapan atau yang ditimbulkan di hadapan juri, dan amalan \"undang-undang dan gerakan\" yang agresif yang dirancang untuk mengakibatkan pelupusan pretrial (iaitu , ringkasan penghakiman) atau penyelesaian. Mahkamah AS mempelopori konsep aksi kelas opt-out, di mana beban jatuh ke atas ahli kelas untuk memberitahu mahkamah bahawa mereka tidak mahu terikat dengan penghakiman, berbanding dengan tindakan kelas opt-in, di mana ahli kelas mesti menyertai kelas. Satu lagi ciri unik ialah Peraturan Amerika yang dipanggil di mana pihak-pihak umumnya menanggung yuran peguamnya sendiri (bertentangan dengan Peraturan Inggeris \"kalah kalah\"), walaupun ahli perundangan dan mahkamah Amerika telah mengetuk banyak pengecualian. <> Apakah penemuan awal pretrial yang luas? || Prosedur sivil Amerika <> Apakah pemendakan pretrial? || ringkasan penghakiman <> Apakah tindakan kelas opt-out? || beban jatuh ke atas ahli kelas untuk memberitahu mahkamah bahawa mereka tidak mahu terikat oleh penghakiman <> Apakah tindakan kelas opt-in? || ahli kelas mesti menyertai kelas <> Apakah Peraturan Amerika? || pihak-pihak biasanya menanggung yuran peguam mereka sendiri", {"context": "Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial \"law and motion\" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of \"loser pays\"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "American civil procedure"}], "question": "What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?", "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "summary judgment"}], "question": "What is a pretrial deposition?", "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment"}], "question": "What is an opt-out class action?", "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "class members must join into the class"}], "question": "What is an opt-in class action?", "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees"}], "question": "What is the American Rule?", "id": "572cbc43750c471900ed4d10"}]}], ["Undang-undang prosedur jenayah di Amerika Syarikat terdiri daripada tindanan besar undang-undang kes konstitusional persekutuan yang terbabit dengan undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri yang sebenarnya memberikan asas untuk penciptaan dan pengoperasian agensi penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan sistem penjara serta prosiding dalam jenayah percubaan. Oleh kerana ketidakupayaan undang-undang perantaraan di A.S. untuk menggubal undang-undang yang sebenarnya akan memaksa para pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang untuk menghormati hak perlembagaan suspek jenayah dan banduan, badan kehakiman persekutuan secara beransur-ansur mengembangkan peraturan exclusionary sebagai kaedah untuk menguatkuasakan hak tersebut. Sebaliknya, peraturan yang dikecualikan menimbulkan satu keluarga ubat-ubatan yang dibuat hakim untuk penyalahgunaan kuasa penguatkuasaan undang-undang, di mana yang paling terkenal adalah peringatan Miranda. Writ habeas corpus sering digunakan oleh suspek dan banduan untuk mencabar penahanan mereka, manakala Akta Hak Sivil 1871 dan Tindakan Bivens digunakan oleh suspek untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi tort untuk kekejaman polis. <> Apa yang membentuk undang-undang prosedur jenayah? || Undang-undang kes konstitusional persekutuan diselaraskan dengan undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri <> Apa yang diperuntukkan oleh peraturan pengecualian? || ketidakupayaan perundangan di A.S. untuk membuat undang-undang yang sebenarnya akan memaksa pegawai penguatkuasa undang-undang untuk menghormati hak perlembagaan <> Apa yang mungkin digunakan oleh suspek untuk mencabar penahanan mereka? || writ of habeas corpus <> Apa yang perlu seorang pegawai polis membaca kepada seorang suspek atas penangkapan / || Amaran Miranda <> Apa tindakan merangkumi kerosakan tort dari kes-kes kekejaman polis? || Akta Hak Sivil 1871 dan Tindakan Bivens", {"context": "The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes"}], "question": "What makes up the law of criminal procedure?", "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights"}], "question": "What did the exclusionary rule provide for?", "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "writ of habeas corpus"}], "question": "What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?", "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "Miranda warning"}], "question": "What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/", "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4cff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions"}], "question": "What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?", "id": "572cba08750c471900ed4d00"}]}]], [["Keruntuhan pagan diikuti oleh 250 tahun pemecahan politik yang berlangsung dengan baik ke abad ke-16. Seperti orang Burma empat abad lebih awal, para pendatang Shan yang tiba dengan serangan Mongol terus tinggal. Beberapa negeri Shan yang bersaing datang untuk menguasai seluruh barat laut ke arka timur yang mengelilingi lembah Irrawaddy. Lembah ini juga dilanda dengan negara-negara kecil sehingga abad ke-14 ketika dua kuasa besar, Ava Kingdom dan Hanthawaddy Kingdom, muncul. Di barat, Arakan berpecah politik dipengaruhi pengaruh jirannya yang lebih kuat sehingga Kerajaan Mrauk U menyatukan garis pantai Arakan untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 1437. <> Apa nama kerajaan yang menjadi dominan di sepanjang garis pantai Myanmar ? || Kerajaan Mrauk U <> Berapa lamakah masa untuk Myanmar pulih dari runtuhnya kerajaan pertama itu? || 250 tahun <> Adakah penyerbuan Mongol Burma meninggalkan apa-apa tanda yang berkekalan? || Pendatang Shan yang tiba dengan pencerobohan Mongol tinggal di belakang <> Siapa yang terlibat penggabungan negara-negara kecil ke dua puak terbesar Myanmar? || Kerajaan Ava dan Kerajaan Hanthawaddy", {"context": "Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Kingdom of Mrauk U"}], "question": "What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? ", "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "250 years"}], "question": "How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?", "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind"}], "question": "Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?", "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom"}], "question": "Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?", "id": "572693cbdd62a815002e8a0e"}]}], ["Burma terus digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris oleh pemerintah banyak negara, seperti Australia, Kanada dan United Kingdom. Dasar Rasmi Amerika Syarikat mengekalkan Burma sebagai nama negara, walaupun laman web Jabatan Negara menyatakan negara itu sebagai \"Burma (Myanmar)\" dan Barack Obama telah merujuk kepada negara itu oleh kedua-dua nama tersebut. Republik Czech menggunakan rasmi Myanmar, walaupun Kementerian Luar Negeri menyebut kedua Myanmar dan Burma di laman webnya. Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu menggunakan Myanmar, seperti Persatuan Bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara, Rusia, Jerman, China, India, Norway, dan Jepun. <> Dengan nama mana negara yang dipanggil oleh kebanyakan negara berbahasa Inggeris? || Burma terus digunakan dalam Bahasa Inggeris oleh pemerintah banyak negara, seperti Australia, Kanada dan United Kingdom <> Bagaimana Burma dikenal pasti secara rasmi di Amerika Syarikat || Burma (Myanmar) <> Apa negara yang dipanggil dalam sesi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menggunakan Myanmar <> Apakah presiden Amerika Syarikat sekarang memanggil negara ini dalam tetapan rasmi? || Burma (Myanmar) \"dan Barack Obama telah merujuk kepada negara itu oleh kedua-dua nama tersebut", {"context": "Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Official United States policy retains Burma as the country's name, although the State Department's website lists the country as \"Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names. The Czech Republic uses officially Myanmar, although its Ministry of Foreign Affairs mentions both Myanmar and Burma on its website. The United Nations uses Myanmar, as do the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Russia, Germany, China, India, Norway, and Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Burma continues to be used in English by the governments of many countries, such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom"}], "question": "By which name is the country called by most English speaking countries?", "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Burma (Myanmar)"}], "question": "How is Burma officially identified in the United States ", "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "United Nations uses Myanmar"}], "question": "What is the country called in sessions of the United Nations?", "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Burma (Myanmar)\" and Barack Obama has referred to the country by both names"}], "question": "What does the current president of the United States call the country in official settings?", "id": "57268be2dd62a815002e8905"}]}], ["Bukti arkeologi menunjukkan bahawa Homo erectus tinggal di rantau ini yang kini dikenali sebagai Myanmar seawal 400,000 tahun yang lalu. Bukti pertama Homo sapiens bertarikh sekitar 11.000 SM, dalam budaya zaman Zaman yang disebut Anyathian dengan penemuan alat batu di Myanmar tengah. Bukti pembentukan umur neolitik tumbuhan dan haiwan dan penggunaan alat batu yang digilap sejak sekitar 10,000 dan 6.000 SM telah ditemui dalam bentuk lukisan gua berhampiran bandar Taunggyi. <> Spesies hominid yang telah pupus yang hidup sepanjang sebahagian besar zaman geologi Pleistocene dipercayai telah tinggal di Myanmar? || Homo erectus <> Bilakah spesies pupus dipercayai tinggal di Myanmar? || 400,000 tahun yang lalu <> Apa nama tamadun yang dipercayai menjadi salah satu yang tertua. || Anyathian <> Adakah budaya kuno yang lain juga meninggalkan keterangan kewujudan di Myanmar? || pembiakan usia neolitik tumbuhan dan haiwan dan penggunaan alat batu yang digilap sejak sekitar 10,000 hingga 6,000 SM telah ditemui <> Bentuk apakah bukti kebudayaan kuno yang ditemui? || ditemui dalam bentuk lukisan gua", {"context": "Archaeological evidence shows that Homo erectus lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 400,000 years ago. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 11,000 BC, in a Stone Age culture called the Anyathian with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered in the form of cave paintings near the city of Taunggyi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Homo erectus"}], "question": "What extinct species of hominid that lived throughout most of the Pleistocene geological period is believed to have dwelled in Myanmar?", "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "400,000 years ago"}], "question": "When was the extinct species believed to have lived in Myanmar?", "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Anyathian"}], "question": "What is the name of the civilization that is believed to be one of the oldest. ", "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "neolithic age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BC has been discovered"}], "question": "Did any other ancient cultures also leave behind evidence of existence in Myanmar?", "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "discovered in the form of cave paintings"}], "question": "What form was the evidence of ancient cultures discovered in ?", "id": "57268e59708984140094c9f9"}]}], ["Seperti Empayar Pagan, Ava, Hanthawaddy dan negeri-negeri Shan adalah semua pelbagai etnik. Walaupun peperangan, penyegerakan budaya terus diteruskan. Tempoh ini dianggap sebagai zaman kegemilangan untuk budaya Burma. Sastera Burma \"semakin bertambah yakin, popular, dan bergaya\", dan generasi kedua kod undang-undang Burma serta kronik pan-Burma terawal muncul. Raja-raja Hanthawaddy memperkenalkan pembaharuan agama yang kemudiannya merebak ke seluruh negara. Banyak kuil Mrauk U yang indah dibina sepanjang tempoh ini. <> Adakah terdapat lebih daripada satu kelas perkauman di negara-negara di Myanmar yang dianjurkan? || negeri adalah semua politik pelbagai etnik <> Selama usia apa budaya Myanmar berkembang? || Tempoh ini dianggap zaman keemasan <> Yang meningkatkan penyebaran pembaharuan keagamaan di Myanmar? || Hanthawaddy monarchs <> Siapa raja yang mempunyai beberapa yang paling hebat dibina dalam penghormatan mereka di Myanmar || Mrauk U", {"context": "Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, Hanthawaddy and the Shan states were all multi-ethnic polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for Burmese culture. Burmese literature \"grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse\", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest pan-Burma chronicles emerged. Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country. Many splendid temples of Mrauk U were built during this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "states were all multi-ethnic polities"}], "question": "Was there more than one racial class in the organized societies of the states of Myanmar?", "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "This period is considered a golden age"}], "question": "During what age did the culture of Myanmar grow?", "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Hanthawaddy monarchs"}], "question": "Who increased the spread of religious reforms in Myanmar?", "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Mrauk U"}], "question": "Who is the monarch that has some of the most impressive built in their honor in the Myanmar", "id": "572695bc5951b619008f7756"}]}], ["Sekitar abad ke-2 SM negeri-negeri pertama yang terkenal muncul di Myanmar tengah. Negara-negara bandar telah diasaskan sebagai sebahagian daripada penghijrahan ke arah selatan oleh negeri-negeri Pyu yang berbahasa Tibeto-Burman, penduduk paling awal di Myanmar yang rekodnya masih ada, dari Yunnan sekarang ini. Budaya Pyu sangat dipengaruhi oleh perdagangan dengan India, mengimport Buddhisme serta konsep-konsep budaya, seni bina dan politik yang lain yang akan mempunyai pengaruh yang kekal pada budaya Burma kemudian organisasi politik. <> Berapa tempoh adalah negeri-negeri bandar pertama yang ditubuhkan di Myanmar? || Sekitar abad kedua SM <> Dari apa yang orang ada adalah rekod pertama yang diketahui wujud berasal dari? || dari zaman sekarang Yunnan <> Apakah ada tamadun awal yang dipengaruhi oleh satu sama lain dan jika demikian dengan bagaimana ia berlaku? || Budaya Pyu sangat dipengaruhi oleh perdagangan dengan India <> Apa import Myanmar dari negara lain yang telah menjadi kepentingan utama? || Buddhisme serta konsep budaya, seni bina dan politik yang lain", {"context": "Around the second century BC the first-known city-states emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day Yunnan. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around the second century BC"}], "question": "What period was the first known city states established in Myanmar?", "id": "572691ff708984140094ca75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "from present-day Yunnan"}], "question": "From what people have were the first records known to be existent derived from? ", "id": "572691ff708984140094ca76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India"}], "question": "Were any of the early civilizations influenced by each other and if so by what how did it occur?", "id": "572691ff708984140094ca77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts"}], "question": "What Myanmar import from other countries that has been of major importance?", "id": "572691ff708984140094ca78"}]}], ["Myanmar (myan-MAR) / mi\u025bnm\u0251\u02d0r / mee-ahn-MAR, / mi\u025bnm\u0251\u02d0r / mi-ah-mar atau / ma\u026a\u00e6nm\u0251\u02d0r / my-AN-mar (juga dengan tekanan pada suku kata pertama); Burmese sebutan: [mj\u0259m\u00e0] [nb 1] secara rasmi Republik Kesatuan Myanmar dan juga dikenali sebagai Burma, adalah sebuah negara berdaulat di Asia Tenggara yang bersempadan dengan Bangladesh, India, China, Laos dan Thailand. Satu pertiga dari perimeter total Myanmar 1,930 km (1,200 batu) membentuk garis pantai yang tidak terputus di sepanjang Teluk Bengal dan Laut Andaman. Banci 2014 negara mendedahkan penduduk yang jauh lebih rendah daripada yang dijangkakan, dengan 51 juta orang dicatatkan. Myanmar adalah 676,578 kilometer persegi (261,227 meter persegi). Ibukotanya adalah Naypyidaw dan bandar terbesarnya ialah Yangon (Rangoon). <> Berapa banyak sempadan Myanmar yang dikelilingi oleh kawasan pantai? || (1,200 batu) membentuk pantai yang tidak terganggu <> Berapa banyak penduduk di Myanmar? || 51 juta orang mencatat <> Apakah jisim tanah Myanmar? || Myanmar adalah 676,578 kilometer persegi (261,227 meter persegi) saiz <> Adakah ibu negara yang jumlah penduduk terbesar di Myanmar? || bandar terbesar ialah Yangon (Rangoon) <> Apa nama ibukota Myanmar? || ibu kota Naypyidaw", {"context": "Myanmar (myan-MAR i/mi\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0r/ mee-ahn-MAR, /mi\u02c8\u025bnm\u0251\u02d0r/ mee-EN-mar or /ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6nm\u0251\u02d0r/ my-AN-mar (also with the stress on first syllable); Burmese pronunciation: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]),[nb 1] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Myanmar's total perimeter of 1,930 km (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. The country's 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon (Rangoon).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "(1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline"}], "question": "How much a  Myanmar's boundaries are encompassed by beachfront lands?", "id": "5726707e708984140094c60b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "51 million people recorded"}], "question": "How many people dwell in  Myanmar ?", "id": "5726707e708984140094c60c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres (261,227 sq mi) in size"}], "question": "What is the land mass of  Myanmar ?", "id": "5726707e708984140094c60d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "largest city is Yangon (Rangoon)"}], "question": "Is the capital city the holder of the largest amount of the population in  Myanmar ?", "id": "5726707e708984140094c60e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "capital city is Naypyidaw"}], "question": "What is the name of the capital city of Myanmar?", "id": "5726707e708984140094c60f"}]}], ["Zaman Gangsa tiba kira-kira 1500 SM ketika orang-orang di rantau ini mengubah tembaga menjadi gangsa, nasi yang bertambah dan unggas dan babi yang didiami; mereka adalah antara orang pertama di dunia untuk berbuat demikian. Sisa dan artifak manusia dari era ini ditemui di Daerah Monywa di Bahagian Sagaing. Zaman Besi bermula sekitar 500 SM dengan kemunculan penempatan kerja besi di kawasan selatan Mandalay saat ini. Bukti juga menunjukkan kehadiran penanaman padi yang semakin banyak di kampung-kampung besar dan bandar-bandar kecil yang didagangkan dengan persekitaran mereka sejauh China antara 500 SM dan 200 AD. Zaman Besi Budaya Burma juga mempunyai pengaruh dari sumber luar seperti India dan Thailand, seperti yang dilihat dalam amalan pemakaman mereka mengenai pengebumian kanak-kanak. Ini menunjukkan beberapa bentuk komunikasi antara kumpulan-kumpulan di Myanmar dan tempat-tempat lain, mungkin melalui perdagangan. <> Dengan nama apa era di milenium ke-3 sekitar 1500 SM diketahui? || Zaman Gangsa <> Apa peristiwa yang penting untuk pembangunan manusia berlaku semasa Zaman Gangsa? || orang di rantau ini menjadikan tembaga menjadi gangsa, nasi yang bertumbuh <> Apa acara haiwan yang berkembang adalah Myanmar yang juga diiktiraf sebagai yang pertama untuk dicapai? || makhluk unggas dan babi <> Bilakah Zaman Besi bermula? || Zaman Besi bermula sekitar 500 SM <> Kegiatan apa yang menandakan permulaan Zaman Besi? || dengan kemunculan penempatan kerja besi di kawasan selatan Mandalay hari ini", {"context": "The Bronze Age arrived circa 1500 BC when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artifacts from this era were discovered in Monywa District in the Sagaing Division. The Iron Age began around 500 BC with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BC and 200 AD. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as India and Thailand, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Bronze Age"}], "question": "By what name is the era in the 3rd millennium around 1500 BC known?", "id": "572690725951b619008f76b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice"}], "question": "What events of significance to human development occurred during the Bronze Age ?", "id": "572690725951b619008f76ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "domesticating poultry and pigs"}], "question": "What event evolving animals are the Myanmar also accredited with being the first to accomplish?", "id": "572690725951b619008f76bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "The Iron Age began around 500 BC"}], "question": "When did the Age of Iron begin?", "id": "572690725951b619008f76bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day Mandalay"}], "question": "What events punctuate the beginning of the Iron Age?", "id": "572690725951b619008f76bd"}]}], ["Dalam Bahasa Inggeris, negara ini lebih dikenali sebagai \"Burma\" atau \"Myanmar\" i / mj\u0251\u02d0n\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0r /. Kedua-dua nama ini berasal dari nama majoriti kumpulan etnik Burma Bam. Myanmar dianggap sebagai bentuk kesusasteraan nama kumpulan itu, manakala Burma berasal dari \"Bamar\", bentuk rajah nama kumpulan itu. Bergantung pada daftar yang digunakan, sebutannya adalah Bama (disebut: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) atau Myamah (diucapkan: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]). Nama Burma telah digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris sejak abad ke-18. <> Di manakah nama Burma berasal? || nama berasal dari nama majoriti etnik Burma Bamar etnik <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai nama dalam istilah slang untuk rakyat Myanmar? || Burma berasal dari \"Bamar\", bentuk rajah nama kumpulan <> Bagaimana istilah slang bagi rakyat Burma diartikulasikan dengan betul? || Bergantung pada daftar yang digunakan, sebutannya adalah Bama (diucapkan: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) <> Bilakah istilah bagi orang-orang Burma menjadi perkataan tempat umum dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Nama Burma telah digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris sejak abad ke-18.", {"context": "In English, the country is popularly known as either \"Burma\" or \"Myanmar\" i/\u02c8mj\u0251\u02d0n\u02ccm\u0251\u02d0r/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group. Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name. Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0]) or Myamah (pronounced: [mj\u0259m\u00e0]). The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group"}], "question": "Where did the name Burma originate from ?", "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Burma is derived from \"Bamar\", the colloquial form of the group's name"}], "question": "What is the considered to be the name in slang terms for the people of Myanmar?", "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Depending on the register used, the pronunciation would be Bama (pronounced: [b\u0259m\u00e0])"}], "question": "How is the slang term for the people of Burma articulated correctly ?", "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "The name Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century."}], "question": "When did the term for the people of Burma become a common place word in English?", "id": "57268af3dd62a815002e88eb"}]}], ["Tamadun awal di Myanmar termasuk negeri-negeri Pyu yang berbahasa Tibeto-Burman di Upper Burma dan kerajaan-kerajaan Mon di Lower Burma. Pada abad ke-9, orang Bamar memasuki lembah Irrawaddy atas dan, setelah penubuhan Kerajaan Pagan pada tahun 1050-an, bahasa Burma, budaya dan Buddhisme Theravada perlahan-lahan menjadi dominan di negara ini. Kerajaan Pagan jatuh akibat serangan Mongol dan beberapa negara berperang. Pada abad ke-16, disatukan oleh Dinasti Taungoo, negara ini untuk tempoh singkat kerajaan terbesar dalam sejarah Asia Tenggara. Pada awal abad ke-19 Dinasti Konbaung memerintah kawasan yang termasuk Myanmar moden dan juga mengendalikan Manipur dan Assam secara ringkas. British mengalahkan Myanmar selepas tiga Anglo-Burma Perang pada abad ke-19 dan negara itu menjadi jajahan British. Myanmar menjadi sebuah negara merdeka pada tahun 1948, pada mulanya sebagai sebuah negara demokrasi dan kemudian, selepas rampasan kuasa pada tahun 1962, sebuah pemerintahan diktator tentera. <> Apakah nama beberapa budaya awal yang terletak di Myanmar? || Tibet-Burman yang berbahasa Pyu bandar-negeri di Upper Burma dan kerajaan Mon di Lower Burma <> Bilakah agama yang dominan Myanmar menjadi sesuatu di luar arus perdana? || pada tahun 1050-an, bahasa Burma, budaya dan Buddhisme Theravada perlahan-lahan menjadi dominan di negara ini. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kejatuhan kejatuhan kerajaan asal di Myanmar? || Kerajaan Pagan jatuh akibat invasi Mongol dan beberapa negara yang berperang muncul. <> Yang mana pemerintahannya adalah Myanmar ketika ia adalah salah satu kerajaan yang paling besar di Asia Tenggara? || Dinasti Taungoo <> Bilakah Myanmar diperintah oleh Dinasti Taungoo? || Pada abad ke-16", {"context": "Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'\u00e9tat in 1962, a military dictatorship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma"}], "question": "What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?", "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country."}], "question": "When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? ", "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged"}], "question": "What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?", "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Taungoo Dynasty"}], "question": "Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?", "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "In the 16th century"}], "question": "When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?", "id": "572683c7dd62a815002e87e4"}]}], ["Bagi sebahagian besar tahun-tahunnya yang bebas, negara ini telah diketengahkan dalam perselisihan etnik yang merajalela dan kumpulan etnik Burma yang pelbagai telah terlibat dalam salah satu perang saudara yang paling lama di dunia. Pada masa ini, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan beberapa organisasi lain telah melaporkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang konsisten dan sistematik di negara ini. Pada tahun 2011, junta tentera secara rasminya dibubarkan berikutan pemilihan umum 2010, dan kerajaan awam awam telah dipasang. Walaupun bekas pemimpin tentera masih menggunakan kuasa besar di negara ini, Tentera Burma telah mengambil langkah ke arah melepaskan kawalan kerajaan. Ini, bersama dengan pembebasan Aung San Suu Kyi dan tahanan politik, telah meningkatkan rekod hak asasi manusia dan hubungan luar negeri negara, dan telah menyebabkan pelonggaran perdagangan dan sekatan ekonomi lain. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kritikan terhadap rawatan kerajaan terhadap minoriti Rohingya Muslim dan tindak balasnya yang lemah terhadap pertembungan agama. Dalam pilihan raya mercu tanda 2015, parti Aung San Suu Kyi memenangi majoriti di kedua-dua rumah, menamatkan pemerintahan tentera. <> Apa bahagian kerajaan akhirnya dipisahkan daripada penyertaan kerajaan? || junta tentera <> Adakah negara dapat mengatasi masalah kerajaan dengan rejim sebelumnya? || Parti Aung San Suu Kyi memenangi majoriti di kedua-dua rumah, menamatkan pemerintahan tentera. <> Jenis kerajaan apa yang kini ditubuhkan di Myanmar? || sebuah kerajaan awam yang nominal <> Adakah para pemimpin terdahulu mempunyai kekuasaan kepada kerajaan sekarang? || bekas ketua-ketua tentera masih menggunakan kuasa besar di negara ini <> Apa konflik utama yang diketahui oleh Myanmar? || salah satu perang saudara yang paling lama berjalan di dunia.", {"context": "For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "the military junta"}], "question": "What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? ", "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule."}], "question": "Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?", "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "a nominally civilian government"}], "question": "What type of government is now established in Myanmar?", "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country"}], "question": "Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?", "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars."}], "question": "What major conflict is Myanmar known for?", "id": "5726872c5951b619008f75c9"}]}], ["Dengan Burma sibuk dengan ancaman China, Ayutthaya pulih wilayahnya pada tahun 1770, dan kemudian menangkap Lan Na pada tahun 1776. Burma dan Siam pergi berperang sehingga 1855, tetapi semuanya menyebabkan kebuntuan, bertukar Tenasserim (ke Burma) dan Lan Na (kepada Ayutthaya). Berhadapan dengan China yang kuat dan Ayutthaya yang bertenaga di timur, Raja Bodawpaya berpaling ke barat, memperoleh Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) dan Assam (1817). Ia adalah kekaisaran kedua terbesar dalam sejarah Burma tetapi juga satu dengan sempadan yang tidak jelas dengan British India. <> Apakah peristiwa yang dipanggil yang menyebabkan Ayutthaya menuntut kembali wilayah yang hilang? || ancaman Cina <> Pada tahun apakah Ayutthaya menangkap Lan Na? || 1776. <> Apa negara Burma berperang dengan hingga tahun 1855? || Arakan <> yang berjaya akhirnya mengawal wilayah Arakan || Raja Bodawpaya", {"context": "With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the Chinese threat"}], "question": "What was the event called that caused  Ayutthaya  to reclaim lost territories ?", "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "1776."}], "question": "In what year did  Ayutthaya capture Lan Na  ?", "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Arakan"}], "question": "What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?", "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "King Bodawpaya"}], "question": "Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan ", "id": "57269fb6708984140094cc16"}]}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 2007, kenaikan harga diesel dan petrol menyebabkan Revolusi Saffron diketuai oleh para rahib Buddha yang ditangani dengan kasar oleh kerajaan. Kerajaan memecah mereka pada 26 September 2007. Tindakan keras itu keras, dengan laporan pengabaian di Shwedagon Pagoda dan para wiku terbunuh. Terdapat juga khabar angin tidak setuju dalam angkatan bersenjata Burma, tetapi tidak ada yang disahkan. Tindakan keras tentera terhadap penunjuk perasaan tidak bersenjata telah dikutuk secara meluas sebagai sebahagian daripada tindak balas Antarabangsa terhadap Revolusi Saffron dan menyebabkan peningkatan sekatan ekonomi terhadap Kerajaan Burma. <> Apakah punca pemberontakan pada musim panas tahun 2007? || kenaikan harga diesel dan petrol <> Apa nama pemimpin pemberontakan oleh para Buddha Buddha? || Revolusi Saffron <> Adakah pemberontakan itu membawa kepada perubahan ekonomi di Burma? || peningkatan sekatan ekonomi terhadap Kerajaan Burma. <> Bagaimana dunia bertindak balas terhadap tindakan keganasan tentera yang dilaporkan semasa revolusi Burma tahun 2007? || Tindakan keras tentera terhadap penunjuk perasaan tidak bersenjata telah dikutuk secara meluas sebagai sebahagian daripada tindak balas Antarabangsa", {"context": "In August 2007, an increase in the price of diesel and petrol led to Saffron Revolution led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007. The crackdown was harsh, with reports of barricades at the Shwedagon Pagoda and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions to the Saffron Revolution and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "an increase in the price of diesel and petrol"}], "question": "What was the cause of the insurrection in the summer of 2007 ?", "id": "5726de88708984140094d421"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Saffron Revolution"}], "question": "What was the name of the insurgency lead by Buddhist Monks?", "id": "5726de88708984140094d422"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "an increase in economic sanctions against the Burmese Government."}], "question": "Did the insurgency lead to any economic changes in Burma ?", "id": "5726de88708984140094d423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "The military crackdown against unarmed protesters was widely condemned as part of the International reactions"}], "question": "How did the world respond to the reported acts of military violence during the Burmese revolution of 2007?", "id": "5726de88708984140094d424"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2008, Cyclone Nargis telah menyebabkan kerosakan yang meluas dalam delta padat penduduk berpenduduk padat dari Bahagian Irrawaddy. Ia adalah bencana alam yang paling teruk dalam sejarah Burma dengan laporan kira-kira 200,000 orang mati atau hilang, dan kerosakan berjumlah 10 bilion Dolar AS, dan sebanyak 1 juta orang kehilangan tempat tinggal. Pada hari-hari kritikal selepas bencana ini, kerajaan pengasingan Myanmar dituduh menghalang usaha pemulihan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Bantuan kemanusiaan diminta tetapi kebimbangan mengenai ketenteraan asing atau kehadiran perisikan di negara ini menunda kemasukan pesawat tentera Amerika Syarikat yang menyampaikan ubat, makanan, dan bekalan lain. <> Apakah bencana alam menyebabkan kesan buruk ke bahagian Irrawaddy di Burma pada bulan Mei 2008? || Cyclone Nargis <> Apa tanaman utama delta bahagian Irrawaddy di Burma? || nasi <> Berapa banyak orang dilaporkan hilang atau mati kerana bencana alam tahun 2007? || anggaran 200,000 orang mati atau hilang <> Berapa kos kewangan kerosakan bencana alam 2007 di Burma? || 10 bilion Dolar AS <> Adakah kerajaan Myanmar mengalu-alukan usaha bantuan antarabangsa? || Kerajaan pengasingan Myanmar dituduh menghalang usaha pemulihan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu", {"context": "In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis caused extensive damage in the densely populated, rice-farming delta of the Irrawaddy Division. It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, and damage totalled to 10 billion US Dollars, and as many as 1 million left homeless. In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts. Humanitarian aid was requested but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Cyclone Nargis"}], "question": "What natural disaster caused detrimental effects to the Irrawaddy section of Burma in May of 2008 ?  ", "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What is the main crop of the delta of the Irrawaddy section of Burma?", "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "estimated 200,000 people dead or missing"}], "question": "How many people were reported missing or deceased due to the natural disaster of 2007 ?", "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "10 billion US Dollars"}], "question": "How much was the financial cost of the damages of the 2007 natural disaster in Burma ?", "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Myanmar's isolationist government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts"}], "question": "Did the government of Myanmar welcome the international efforts of assistance?", "id": "5726e0d2f1498d1400e8ee70"}]}], ["Penyatuan politik kembali pada pertengahan abad ke-16, disebabkan usaha Taungoo, negara bekas vasal Ava. Raja muda Taungoo, yang bercita-cita tinggi Tabinshwehti mengalahkan Hanthawaddy yang lebih berkuasa di Perang Toungoo-Hanthawaddy (1534-41). Penggantinya Bayinnaung terus menakluk tanah besar Asia Tenggara termasuk negeri Shan, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, Kerajaan Ayutthaya, Lan Xang dan selatan Arakan. Walau bagaimanapun, kerajaan terbesar dalam sejarah Asia Tenggara terbongkar sejurus selepas kematian Bayinnaung pada tahun 1581, sepenuhnya runtuh pada 1599. Ayutthaya merampas Tenasserim dan Lan Na, dan pasukan tentera Portugis menubuhkan kerajaan Portugal di Thanlyin (Syriam). <> Sebelum cuba mendapatkan penyatuan politik, tajuk apa yang Taungoo, terus? || sebuah negara bekas Ava. <> Siapa yang memerintah monarki ketika Taungoo, adalah vassal? || raja Tabinshwehti <> Siapa penguasa kerajaan terbesar di Asia Tenggara? || Bayinnaung <> Pada tahun apakah dinasti Bayinnaung runtuh sepenuhnya? || 1599 <> Adakah mana-mana negara lain yang pernah menubuhkan lubang kaki di Burma? || Pasukan tentera Portugis menubuhkan peraturan Portugis di Thanlyin (Syriam)", {"context": "Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo\u2013Hanthawaddy War (1534\u201341). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "a former vassal state of Ava."}], "question": "Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? ", "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "king Tabinshwehti"}], "question": "Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?", "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Bayinnaung"}], "question": "Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?", "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "1599"}], "question": "In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?", "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)"}], "question": "Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?", "id": "57269ba4708984140094cb8f"}]}], ["Kebencian orang Burma kuat dan dibebaskan dengan rusuhan ganas yang melumpuhkan Yangon (Rangoon) sekalipun sepanjang jalan hingga tahun 1930-an. Sesetengah ketidakpuasan itu disebabkan oleh tidak menghormati budaya dan tradisi Burma seperti keengganan British untuk menghilangkan kasut ketika mereka memasuki pagoda. Para bhikkhu Buddha menjadi pelopor pergerakan kemerdekaan. U Wisara, seorang biarawan aktivis, meninggal dunia di penjara selepas mogok makan 166 hari untuk membantah terhadap peraturan yang melarangnya memakai jubah Buddha sewaktu dipenjarakan. <> mempunyai rakyat Burma yang pernah memperlihatkan sebarang tempahan tentang badan pemerintah yang memerintah? || Kebencian orang Burma kuat dan dibebaskan dengan rusuhan ganas yang melumpuhkan Yangon (Rangoon) sekalipun sepanjang jalan hingga tahun 1930-an. <> Apakah beberapa masalah yang dialami oleh kolonialisme Burma oleh pihak British? || Beberapa ketidakpuasan itu disebabkan oleh tidak menghormati budaya dan tradisi Burma <> Berapa lama U Wisara pada mogoknya dia menolak hidup? || Mogok lapar 166 hari <> Adakah U Wisara mampu bertahan dalam protes? || meninggal dunia di penjara selepas mogok makan 166 hari <> Mengapa U Wisara terlibat dalam pergerakan rintangan seperti keterlaluan? || untuk memprotes terhadap peraturan yang melarangnya memakai jubah Buddha ketika dipenjarakan.", {"context": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s. Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became the vanguards of the independence movement. U Wisara, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Burmese resentment was strong and was vented in violent riots that paralysed Yangon (Rangoon) on occasion all the way until the 1930s."}], "question": "have the Burmese people ever shown any reservations about the ruling government bodies?", "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions"}], "question": "What were some of problems experienced with the colonialism of Burma by the British?", "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "166-day hunger strike"}], "question": "How long was U Wisara on a strike were he refused subsistence ?", "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike"}], "question": "Was U Wisara able to survive  the protest?", "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "to protest against a rule that forbade him from wearing his Buddhist robes while imprisoned."}], "question": "Why was U Wisara involved in a resistance movement of such extremes ?", "id": "5726a242dd62a815002e8b8e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1988, kekacauan tentang salah urus ekonomi dan penindasan politik oleh kerajaan telah membawa kepada demonstrasi pro-demokrasi yang meluas di seluruh negara yang dikenali sebagai Pemberontakan 8888. Pasukan keselamatan membunuh beribu-ribu penunjuk perasaan, dan Ketua Saw Maung mengadakan kudeta dan membentuk Majlis Perundangan dan Pemulihan Perintah Negeri (SLORC). Pada 1989, SLORC mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera selepas protes yang meluas. Kerajaan tentera memuktamadkan rancangan untuk Perhimpunan Rakyat pada 31 Mei 1989. SLORC menukar nama rasmi negara itu dari \"Sosialis Republik Kesatuan Burma\" ke \"Kesatuan Myanmar\" pada tahun 1989. <> Apakah demonstrasi tahun 1988 Burma dipanggil? || 8888 Pemberontakan <> Siapa yang mengetuai rampasan kuasa kerajaan pada tahun 1988? || General Saw Maung <> Mengapa undang-undang marshal diisytiharkan di Burma pada tahun 1989? || mengisytiharkan undang-undang tentera selepas protes yang meluas. <> Apa nama rasmi Burma diubah oleh Majlis Pemulihan Undang-undang dan Perintah Negeri (SLORC) || Kesatuan Myanmar <> Adakah pilihan raya telah diadakan di Burma sejak rampasan kuasa tentera pada tahun 1988? || Kerajaan tentera memuktamadkan rancangan untuk Perhimpunan Rakyat pada 31 Mei 1989", {"context": "In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Uprising. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged a coup d'\u00e9tat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989. SLORC changed the country's official English name from the \"Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma\" to the \"Union of Myanmar\" in 1989.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "8888 Uprising"}], "question": "What are the 1988 demonstrations in Burma called?", "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "General Saw Maung"}], "question": "Who lead the government coup in 1988 ?", "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e623"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "declared martial law after widespread protests."}], "question": "Why was marshal law declared in Burma in 1989?", "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e624"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Union of Myanmar"}], "question": "What was the official name of Burma changed to by the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)", "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989"}], "question": "Have elections been held in Burma since the military coup in 1988 ?", "id": "5726a6b4f1498d1400e8e626"}]}], ["Berikutan Perang Dunia II, Aung San merundingkan Perjanjian Panglong dengan pemimpin etnik yang menjamin kebebasan Myanmar sebagai negara bersatu. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe adalah antara perunding Persidangan Panglong bersejarah yang dirundingkan dengan ketua Bamar Ketua Aung San dan pemimpin etnik lain pada tahun 1947. Pada tahun 1947 , Aung San menjadi Timbalan Pengerusi Majlis Eksekutif Myanmar, sebuah kerajaan peralihan. Tetapi pada bulan Julai 1947, saingan politik membunuh Aung San dan beberapa ahli kabinet. <> Siapa yang merundingkan perjanjian bahawa Burma akan bebas dari peraturan forgien? || Aung San <> Apakah nama perjanjian yang menjamin kebebasan Burma dari pemerintahan asing? || Perjanjian Panglong <> Apa pemimpin hadir semasa rundingan yang dibuat untuk kebebasan rakyat Burma? || Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe Apa posisi Aung San memegang dalam kerajaan Burma? || Timbalan Pengerusi Majlis Eksekutif Myanmar <> Bilakah dan bagaimana Aung San meninggal dunia? || Julai 1947, saingan politik membunuh Aung San", {"context": "Following World War II, Aung San negotiated the Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe were among the negotiators of the historical Panglong Conference negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Aung San"}], "question": "Who negotiated the agreement that Burma would be free from forgien rule ?", "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the Panglong Agreement"}], "question": "What is the name of the agreement that guarantee Burma's freedom from foreign rule ?", "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Aung Zan Wai, Pe Khin, Bo Hmu Aung, Sir Maung Gyi, Dr. Sein Mya Maung, Myoma U Than Kywe"}], "question": "What leaders were present during the negotiations made for freedom of the Burmese people?", "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar"}], "question": "What position did Aung San hold in the Burmese government?", "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San"}], "question": "When did and how did Aung San pass away ?", "id": "5726a579dd62a815002e8bf0"}]}], ["Dinasti itu berkumpul semula dan mengalahkan Portugis pada 1613 dan Siam pada tahun 1614. Ia memulihkan kerajaan yang lebih kecil dan lebih mudah diurus, merangkumi Myanmar, Myanmar, Myanmar, Myanmar, Myanmar, Myanmar dan Myanmar. Raja-raja Toungoo yang telah dipulihkan telah mewujudkan kerangka undang-undang dan politik yang ciri-ciri asasnya dapat diteruskan dengan baik ke abad ke-19. Mahkota sepenuhnya menggantikan ketua kaum keturunan dengan pentadbiran yang dilantik di seluruh lembah Irrawaddy, dan mengurangkan hak keturunan Shan ketua. Perdagangan dan pembaharuan pentadbiran sekular membina ekonomi makmur selama lebih daripada 80 tahun. Dari tahun 1720an, kerajaan telah dikalahkan dengan pengulangan Meithei berulang ke Myanmar Atas dan pemberontakan yang berani di Lan Na. Pada tahun 1740, Mon of Lower Myanmar mengasaskan Kerajaan Hanthawaddy yang Dipulihkan. Pasukan Hanthawaddy memecat Ava pada 1752, mengakhiri Dinasti Toungoo yang berusia 266 tahun. <> Bagaimana orang Portugis dibuang dari Myanmar? || Dinasti itu mengumpulkan semula dan mengalahkan Portugis <> Adakah negara ini mempunyai monarki yang berkekalan? || Raja-raja Toungoo mencipta kerangka undang-undang dan politik yang ciri-ciri asasnya akan terus berjalan ke abad ke-19 <> Adakah ketua-ketua asal mengekalkan kuasa politik? || Mahkota sepenuhnya menggantikan ketua-keturunan keturunan dengan pentadbiran yang dilantik di seluruh lembah Irrawaddy <> Pada tahun berapa adalah salah satu kerajaan Myanmar yang asal dipulihkan? || Pada tahun 1740, Mon of Lower Myanmar mengasaskan Kerajaan Hanthawaddy yang Dipulihkan", {"context": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese"}], "question": "How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?", "id": "57269d47708984140094cbcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century"}], "question": "Did the country have lasting monarchs?", "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley"}], "question": "Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?", "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom"}], "question": "In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?", "id": "57269d47708984140094cbd2"}]}], ["Raja-raja Konbaung diperluaskan pembaharuan pentadbiran Toungoo yang telah dipulihkan, dan mencapai tahap kawalan dalaman dan perkembangan luar jangka yang belum pernah berlaku. Untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah, bahasa dan budaya Burma telah mendominasi seluruh lembah Irrawaddy. Evolusi dan pertumbuhan kesusasteraan dan teater Burma terus berlanjutan, dibantu oleh kadar celik huruf lelaki dewasa yang sangat tinggi untuk era (separuh dari semua lelaki dan 5% perempuan). Walau bagaimanapun, sejauh mana tahap pembaharuan tidak seimbang dan akhirnya terbukti tidak mencukupi untuk memajukan penjajahan British. <> Bahasa mana yang akhirnya berkuasa di lembah Irrawaddy? || Bahasa Burma <> Apakah kadar celik huruf bagi rakyat Burma dalam tempoh pertumbuhan artistik yang besar? || separuh daripada semua lelaki dan 5% perempuan <> Adakah perubahan bergerak bersama pada kadar yang seragam untuk rakyat Burma? || kadar pembaharuan adalah tidak sekata dan akhirnya terbukti tidak mencukupi <> Negara apakah Burma sebagai koloni? || British <> Apakah raja-raja raja Konbaung yang terkenal dalam peraturan mereka? || Raja-raja Konbaung diperluaskan pembaharuan pentadbiran Toungoo yang telah dipulihkan, dan mencapai tahap kawalan dalaman dan perkembangan luar jangka yang belum pernah berlaku", {"context": "Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Burmese language"}], "question": "What language eventually came to power in the Irrawaddy valley ?", "id": "5726a1135951b619008f7839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "half of all males and 5% of females"}], "question": "What was the literacy rate for the Burmese people during the big period of artistic growth?", "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient"}], "question": "Did changes move along at a uniform pace for the Burmese people?", "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "British"}], "question": "What country was Burma a colony of ?", "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms, and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion"}], "question": "What are the kings of the Konbaung monarchy famed for in their rule?", "id": "5726a1135951b619008f783d"}]}], ["Pertempuran utama, Burma telah hancur semasa Perang Dunia II. Menjelang Mac 1942, dalam beberapa bulan selepas mereka memasuki perang, tentera Jepun telah maju di Rangoon dan pentadbiran British telah runtuh. Pentadbiran Eksekutif Burma yang diketuai oleh Ba Maw ditubuhkan oleh orang Jepun pada bulan Ogos 1942. Chindits British Wingate dibentuk menjadi kumpulan penembusan jarak jauh yang terlatih untuk beroperasi jauh di belakang garis Jepun. Unit Amerika yang sama, Merrill's Marauders, mengikuti Chindits ke hutan Burma pada tahun 1943. Bermula pada akhir 1944, tentera bersekutu telah melancarkan satu siri serangan yang menyebabkan berakhirnya pemerintahan Jepun pada bulan Julai 1945. Pertempuran sengit dengan banyak Burma dibuang oleh pertempuran. Keseluruhannya, Jepun kehilangan 150,000 lelaki di Burma. Hanya 1,700 banduan diambil. <> Adakah Burma dipengaruhi oleh peperangan dunia? || Burma telah hancur semasa Perang Dunia II <> Adakah British melindungi Burma sebagai tanah jajahannya semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || pentadbiran British telah runtuh <> Di mana kumpulan dari Burma menjadi kelebihan kepada Sekutu semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || Chindits British dibentuk menjadi kumpulan penembusan jarak jauh yang terlatih untuk beroperasi jauh di belakang garis Jepun. Unit Amerika yang sama, Merrill's Marauders <> Berapa banyak tentera yang hilang oleh orang Jepun di Burma semasa WWII? || Jepun kehilangan kira-kira 150,000 orang di Burma <> Bilakah tamat pemerintahan Jepun berakhir di Burma? || akhir pemerintahan Jepun pada bulan Julai 1945", {"context": "A major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration had collapsed. A Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Wingate's British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma. Only 1,700 prisoners were taken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Burma was devastated during World War II"}], "question": "Was Burma effected by the world wars?", "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "the British administration had collapsed"}], "question": "Did the British protect Burma as its colony during WWII?", "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "British Chindits were formed into long-range penetration groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar American unit, Merrill's Marauders"}], "question": "Where groups from Burma an advantage to the Allies during WWII?", "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma"}], "question": "How many soldiers were lost by the Japanese in Burma during WWII ?", "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "the end of Japanese rule in July 1945"}], "question": "When did the temporary Japanese rule end in Burma?", "id": "5726a3d7f1498d1400e8e5bc"}]}], ["Burma bersempadan dengan barat laut oleh Divisyen Chittagong Bangladesh dan negeri-negeri Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland dan Arunachal Pradesh dari India. Batas utara dan timur lautnya adalah dengan Wilayah Autonomi Tibet dan wilayah Yunnan untuk jumlah sempadan Sino-Burman sebanyak 2,185 km (1,358 mi). Ia dibatasi oleh Laos dan Thailand di tenggara. Burma mempunyai 1,930 km (1,200 mi) garis pantai bersebelahan di sepanjang Teluk Bengal dan Laut Andaman di barat daya dan selatan, yang membentuk satu perempat daripada keseluruhan perimeternya. <> Negara-negara apa yang mengelilingi sempadan yang bertentangan dengan sempadan barat daya Burma? || Burma bersempadan dengan barat laut oleh Bahagian Chittagong Bangladesh dan Mizoram <> Apa laut adalah bahagian penting dalam landskap Burma? || Laut Andaman di barat daya dan selatan, yang membentuk satu perempat daripada keseluruhan perimeternya. <> Berapa batu dari garis pantai yang tidak terganggu yang merangkumi Burma? || 1,200 mi <> Apa nama teluk di sepanjang pantai barat daya Burma? || Bay of Bengal <> Wilayah mana yang terletak di sepanjang sempadan utara Burma dan terkenal dengan kehadiran para bhikkhu? || Wilayah Autonomi Tibet", {"context": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province for a Sino-Burman border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by Laos and Thailand to the southeast. Burma has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Burma is bordered in the northwest by the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh and the Mizoram"}], "question": "What countries surround the border that is opposite the southwest border of Burma?", "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Andaman Sea to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter."}], "question": "What sea is an integral part of the Burma landscape ?", "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "1,200 mi"}], "question": "How many miles of uninterrupted coastline does Burma encompass?", "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Bay of Bengal"}], "question": "What is the name of the bay along the southwest coast of Burma ?", "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "the Tibet Autonomous Region"}], "question": "What region lays along the north border of Burma and is famed for the presence of monks ?", "id": "5726ee69f1498d1400e8f03e"}]}], ["Sejak pilihan raya 2010, kerajaan telah memulakan beberapa pembaharuan untuk mengarahkan negara ke arah demokrasi liberal, ekonomi bercampur, dan perdamaian, walaupun keraguan berterusan mengenai motif-motif yang menyokong pembaharuan sedemikian. Siri pembaharuan termasuk pembebasan pemimpin pro-demokrasi Aung San Suu Kyi dari tahanan rumah, penubuhan Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Kebangsaan, pemberian amnesti umum untuk lebih daripada 200 tahanan politik, undang-undang buruh baru yang membenarkan kesatuan buruh dan serangan , kelonggaran penapisan akhbar, dan peraturan amalan mata wang. <> Di manakah arah kerajaan Burma yang akhirnya cuba pergi? || pembaharuan untuk mengarahkan negara ke arah demokrasi liberal <> Jenis ekonomi apakah yang hendak dicapai oleh Burma? || ekonomi bercampur <> Di mana Aung San Suu Kyi terkurung ketika dipenjarakan di Burma? || tahanan rumah <> Apa yang berlaku kepada tahanan politik yang diadakan di Burma? || pemberian amnesti am untuk lebih daripada 200 tahanan politik <> Adakah kumpulan yang mewakili pekerja dibenarkan untuk menyatakan pendapat mereka dalam protes di Burma? || undang-undang buruh baru yang membenarkan kesatuan pekerja dan serangan", {"context": "Since the 2010 election, the government has embarked on a series of reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy, a mixed economy, and reconciliation, although doubts persist about the motives that underpin such reforms. The series of reforms includes the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the National Human Rights Commission, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "reforms to direct the country towards liberal democracy"}], "question": "In what direction is the government of Burma ultimately attempting to go?", "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "a mixed economy"}], "question": "What type of economy is Burma attempting to reach?", "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "house arrest"}], "question": "Where was  Aung San Suu Kyi confined during his imprisonment in Burma ?", "id": "5726e9475951b619008f823f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners"}], "question": "What happened to the political prisoner being held in Burma ?", "id": "5726e9475951b619008f8240"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "new labour laws that permit labour unions and strikes"}], "question": "Are groups who represent workers allowed to express their opinions in protest in Burma?", "id": "5726e9475951b619008f8241"}]}], ["Kebanyakan negara terletak di antara Tropic of Cancer dan Equator. Ia terletak di rantau Asia Tenggara, dengan kawasan pesisirnya menerima lebih daripada 5,000 mm (196.9 in) hujan setiap tahun. Curah hujan tahunan di rantau delta adalah lebih kurang 2,500 mm (98.4 in), manakala hujan tahunan purata di Zon Kering di Myanmar tengah kurang daripada 1,000 mm (39.4 in). Kawasan utara Myanmar adalah yang paling sejuk, dengan suhu purata 21 \u00b0 C (70 \u00b0 F). Kawasan pantai dan delta mempunyai suhu maksimum purata 32 \u00b0 C (89.6 \u00b0 F). <> Di manakah majoriti negara Burma jatuh di dunia? || Kebanyakan negara terletak di antara Tropic of Cancer dan Khatulistiwa <> Berapa banyak hujan yang diterima di rantau ini di mana Burma terletak? || 5,000 mm (196.9 in) hujan setiap tahun <> Berapa hujan yang dijangkakan di zon yang dianggap kering di Burma? || 1,000 mm (39.4 in <> Apa suhu rata-rata bahagian paling sejuk di Burma dan di mana ia berada? || Kawasan utara Myanmar adalah yang paling sejuk, dengan suhu purata 21 \u00b0 C (70 \u00b0 F) Bagaimana cuaca panas pada ketinggian musim panas di sepanjang kawasan delta dan pesisir Burma? || Kawasan pesisir dan delta mempunyai suhu maksimum purata 32 \u00b0 C (89.6 \u00b0 F).", {"context": "Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator. It lies in the monsoon region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual rainfall in the delta region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the Dry Zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 \u00b0C (89.6 \u00b0F).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Much of the country lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator"}], "question": "Where does the majority of the Burmese country fall on the globe ?", "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually"}], "question": "How much rain is received in the region where Burma is located ?", "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "1,000 mm (39.4 in"}], "question": "What is the expected rainfall in the zone considered to be dry in Burma ?", "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "The Northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 \u00b0C (70 \u00b0F)."}], "question": "What is the average temperature of the coldest  part of Burma and where is it located ?", "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 \u00b0C (89.6 \u00b0F)."}], "question": "How warm does it get at the height of summer along the in the delta and coastal regions of Burma?", "id": "5726f01c5951b619008f82d5"}]}], ["Matlamat referendum perlembagaan Burma pada tahun 2008, yang diadakan pada 10 Mei 2008, adalah penciptaan \"demokrasi berdisiplin\". Sebagai sebahagian daripada proses referendum, nama negara itu telah ditukar daripada \"Kesatuan Myanmar\" kepada \"Republik Kesatuan Myanmar\", dan pilihan raya umum diadakan di bawah perlembagaan baru pada 2010. Akaun pemerhati pemilihan 2010 terangkan peristiwa itu sebagai kebanyakannya damai; Walau bagaimanapun, tuduhan mengenai ketidaktentuan stesen pengundian dinaikkan, dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dan beberapa negara Barat mengutuk pemilihan sebagai penipuan. <> Di mana pemilihan tahun 2010 dijalankan secara adil di Burma? || tuduhan melakukan penyelewengan stesen pengundian dinaikkan <> Adakah keputusan pilihan raya 2010 diterima oleh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dan beberapa negara Barat mengutuk pemilihan sebagai penipuan. <> Apakah nama Burma yang diadakan sebelum 2010? || Kesatuan Myanmar <> Mengapa referendum pada tahun 2008? || penciptaan \"demokrasi berdisiplin\"", {"context": "The goal of the Burmese constitutional referendum of 2008, held on 10 May 2008, is the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\". As part of the referendum process, the name of the country was changed from the \"Union of Myanmar\" to the \"Republic of the Union of Myanmar\", and general elections were held under the new constitution in 2010. Observer accounts of the 2010 election describe the event as mostly peaceful; however, allegations of polling station irregularities were raised, and the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "allegations of polling station irregularities were raised"}], "question": "Where the elections of 2010 conducted fairly in Burma?", "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "the United Nations (UN) and a number of Western countries condemned the elections as fraudulent."}], "question": "Were the results of the 2010 elections accepted by the United Nations?", "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Union of Myanmar"}], "question": "What is the name that Burma held before 2010? ", "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "the creation of a \"discipline-flourishing democracy\""}], "question": "Why was the referendum in 2008 ?", "id": "5726e65f5951b619008f81d6"}]}], ["Pendapat berbeza sama ada peralihan kepada demokrasi liberal sedang dijalankan. Mengikut beberapa laporan, kehadiran ketenteraan diteruskan sebagai label 'demokrasi berdisiplin' mencadangkan. Label ini menegaskan bahawa tentera Burma membenarkan kebebasan sivil tertentu sementara secara tegas melembabkan dirinya ke dalam politik Burma. Pernyataan sedemikian menganggap bahawa pembaharuan hanya berlaku apabila tentera dapat melindungi kepentingannya sendiri melalui peralihan-di sini, \"peralihan\" tidak merujuk kepada peralihan kepada demokrasi liberal, tetapi peralihan kepada peraturan kuasi-tentera. <> Adakah Burma kini sebuah negara demokrasi? || Pendapat berbeza sama ada peralihan kepada demokrasi liberal sedang berjalan <> Adakah tentera masih mempunyai kehadiran kerajaan di Burma? || kehadiran tentera terus <> Apakah jenis kerajaan yang beroperasi di Burma? || 'demokrasi berdisiplin <> Adakah kehadiran ketenteraan mengganggu pengoperasian hari ke hari? || pembaharuan hanya berlaku apabila tentera dapat melindungi kepentingannya sendiri", {"context": "Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway. According to some reports, the military's presence continues as the label 'disciplined democracy' suggests. This label asserts that the Burmese military is allowing certain civil liberties while clandestinely institutionalising itself further into Burmese politics. Such an assertion assumes that reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests through the transition\u2014here, \"transition\" does not refer to a transition to a liberal democracy, but transition to a quasi-military rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Opinions differ whether the transition to liberal democracy is underway"}], "question": "Is Burma now a democratic nation?", "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "the military's presence continues"}], "question": "Does the military still have a government presence in Burma ?", "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "'disciplined democracy"}], "question": "What type of government does Burma operate under ?", "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "reforms only occurred when the military was able to safeguard its own interests"}], "question": "Does the military presence interfere with the day to day running of the government ?", "id": "5726e7a1dd62a815002e9499"}]}], ["Haiwan hutan yang biasa, terutamanya harimau dan harimau, jarang berlaku di Myanmar. Di Myanmar, terdapat badak, kerbau liar, babi hutan, rusa, antelop, dan gajah, yang juga dijinakkan atau diternak di tawanan untuk digunakan sebagai haiwan kerja, terutamanya dalam industri kayu. Mamalia yang lebih kecil juga banyak, mulai dari gibbons dan monyet untuk terbang rubah dan tapirs. Banyak burung yang terkenal dengan lebih dari 800 spesies, termasuk burung kakak tua, peafowl, pheasants, gagak, burung gagak, dan burung puyuh. Antara spesies reptilia terdapat buaya, tokek, kobra, python Burma, dan kura-kura. Beratus-ratus spesies ikan air tawar adalah luas, banyak dan sumber makanan yang sangat penting. Untuk senarai kawasan terlindung, lihat Senarai kawasan dilindungi Myanmar. <> Industri apa yang disokong oleh buruh haiwan di Burma? || industri kayu <> Apakah sumber protein penting dalam diet Burma? || Beratus-ratus spesies ikan air tawar <> Apakah haiwan di mana di Myanmar digunakan untuk kegunaan industri? || gajah, yang juga dijinakkan atau dibiakkan dalam kurungan untuk kegunaan sebagai haiwan kerja <> Apa yang patut diberi perhatian mengenai populasi burung Burma? || Banyaknya burung yang terkenal dengan lebih daripada 800 spesies <> Apakah kucing hutan besar sebahagian daripada populasi haiwan Burma? || Haiwan hutan yang biasa, terutamanya harimau dan harimau, jarang berlaku di Myanmar", {"context": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the lumber industry"}], "question": "What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?", "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Hundreds of species of freshwater fish"}], "question": "What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?", "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals"}], "question": "What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?", "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species"}], "question": "What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?", "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar"}], "question": "Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ? ", "id": "5726f19edd62a815002e95e6"}]}], ["Dalam pilihan raya kecil 1 April 2012, NLD memenangi 43 daripada 45 kerusi yang ada; sebelum ini sebuah pertubuhan haram, NLD tidak pernah memenangi pemilihan Burma sehingga masa ini. Pilihan raya kecil tahun 2012 juga merupakan kali pertama wakil antarabangsa dibenarkan memantau proses pengundian di Myanmar. Berikutan pengumuman mengenai pilihan raya kecil itu, organisasi Freedom House menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai \"laporan penipuan dan gangguan dalam memimpin hingga pilihan raya, termasuk pengusiran 23 Mac lepas oleh Somsri Hananuntasuk, pengarah eksekutif Rangkaian Asia untuk Pilihan Raya Bebas (ANFREL) rangkaian serantau organisasi masyarakat sivil yang mempromosikan pendemokrasian. \" Walau bagaimanapun, ketidakpastian wujud kerana beberapa tahanan politik lain tidak dibebaskan dan pertempuran antara tentera Burma dan kumpulan pemberontak tempatan terus diteruskan. <> Siapa yang menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai penipuan dalam pemilihan yang diadakan dalam pemilihan Burma 2012? || organisasi Freedom House menimbulkan kebimbangan <> Adakah semua tahanan politik mendapat kebebasan kerana pilihan raya di Burma tahun 2012? || beberapa tahanan politik lain tidak dibebaskan <> Siapa yang diusir dari Myanmar sebelum pilihan raya tahun 2012 dan kedudukan apa yang mereka buat? || Somsri Hananuntasuk, pengarah eksekutif Rangkaian Asia untuk Pilihan Raya Bebas (ANFREL) <> Adakah pemantau antarabangsa yang digunakan dalam pemilihan Burma? || Pilihan raya kecil tahun 2012 juga merupakan kali pertama wakil antarabangsa dibenarkan memantau proses pengundian di Myanmar <> Adakah parti politik Aung San Suu Ky memegang sebarang jawatan di kalangan puak berkuasa? || 43 daripada 45 kerusi yang ada", {"context": "In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about \"reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization.\" However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "the Freedom House organisation raised concerns"}], "question": "Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?", "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "some other political prisoners have not been released"}], "question": "Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? ", "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f8281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)"}], "question": "Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?", "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f8280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar"}], "question": "Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?", "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "43 of the 45 available seats"}], "question": "Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?", "id": "5726ecdd5951b619008f827d"}]}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 2012 bilangan konflik yang berterusan di Myanmar termasuk konflik Kachin, antara Tentera Kemerdekaan Pro-Christian Kachin dan kerajaan; perang saudara antara Muslim Rohingya, dan kumpulan kerajaan dan bukan kerajaan di Rakhine State; dan konflik antara kelompok minoriti Shan, Lahu dan Karen, dan kerajaan di bahagian timur negara ini. Di samping itu al-Qaeda memberi isyarat untuk terlibat dalam Myanmar. Dalam sebuah video yang dikeluarkan 3 September 2014 yang terutama ditujukan kepada India, pemimpin kumpulan militan Ayman al-Zawahiri berkata al-Qaeda tidak melupakan umat Islam Myanmar dan kumpulan itu melakukan \"apa yang mereka dapat untuk menyelamatkan kamu\". Sebagai tindak balas, tentera menaikkan tahap kewaspadaannya manakala Persatuan Muslim Burma mengeluarkan satu kenyataan bahawa umat Islam tidak akan bertolak ansur dengan sebarang ancaman kepada tanah air mereka. <> Pada tahun 2012 apakah gangguan dengan kerajaan berjalan lancar? Burma? || bilangan konflik yang berterusan di Myanmar <> Adakah mana-mana kumpulan agama yang terbabit dalam pertikaian? || Tentera Kemerdekaan Kachin Pro-Christian a <> Apakah ada kumpulan pengganas yang terlibat dalam konflik Burma? || al-Qaeda <> Adakah al-Qaeda percaya bahawa umat Islam di Burma berada dalam bahaya? || Ayman al-Zawahiri berkata al-Qaeda tidak melupakan umat Islam Myanmar dan kumpulan itu melakukan \"apa yang mereka dapat untuk menyelamatkan kamu\". <> Adakah orang Islam di Burma memberikan komen yang dibuat oleh al-Qaeda? || Persatuan Muslim Burma mengeluarkan kenyataan bahawa orang Islam tidak akan bertolak ansur dengan sebarang ancaman terhadap tanah air mereka.", {"context": "In October 2012 the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the Kachin conflict, between the Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army and the government; a civil war between the Rohingya Muslims, and the government and non-government groups in Rakhine State; and a conflict between the Shan, Lahu and Karen minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition al-Qaeda signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar. In a video released 3 September 2014 mainly addressed to India, the militant group's leader Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing \"what they can to rescue you\". In response, the military raised its level of alertness while the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the number of ongoing conflicts in Myanmar"}], "question": "In 2012 what was the the disturbance with the government running smoothly ? Burma? ", "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Pro-Christian Kachin Independence Army a"}], "question": "Were any religious groups involved in the scrimmages ? ", "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "al-Qaeda"}], "question": "Were any terrorist groups involved in the Burmese conflicts ? ", "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Ayman al-Zawahiri said al-Qaeda had not forgotten the Muslims of Myanmar and that the group was doing \"what they can to rescue you\"."}], "question": "Does al-Qaeda believe that Muslims in Burma are in danger?", "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eec9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "the Burmese Muslim Association issued a statement saying Muslims would not tolerate any threat to their motherland."}], "question": "Did Muslims in Burma give a repose to statements made by al-Qaeda? ", "id": "5726e331f1498d1400e8eeca"}]}], ["Konflik bersenjata antara pemberontak etnik Cina dan Angkatan Bersenjata Myanmar telah mengakibatkan serangan Kokang pada Februari 2015. Konflik itu telah memaksa 40,000 hingga 50,000 orang awam untuk melarikan diri dari rumah mereka dan mencari perlindungan di sisi sempadan China. Semasa kejadian, kerajaan China dituduh memberikan bantuan ketenteraan kepada pemberontak etnik Cina. Pegawai Burma secara sejarah 'dimanipulasi' dan ditekan oleh kerajaan komunis China sepanjang sejarah moden Burma untuk mewujudkan hubungan rapat dan mengikat dengan China, mewujudkan keadaan satelit China di Asia Tenggara. <> Negara mana yang terlibat dengan Burma pada tahun 2015 || Konflik bersenjata antara pemberontak etnik Cina dan Angkatan Bersenjata Myanmar <> Adakah terdapat sebarang perlindungan yang timbul daripada konflik Burma pada tahun 2015? || Konflik itu telah memaksa 40,000 hingga 50,000 orang awam melarikan diri dari rumah mereka dan mencari tempat perlindungan <> Apakah kerajaan China dituduh semasa serangan Kokang? || China dituduh memberikan bantuan ketenteraan kepada pemberontak etnik Cina. <> Adakah China memberi kesan kepada kerajaan di Burma? || Pegawai Burma secara sejarah 'dimanipulasi' dan ditekan oleh komunis Cina <> Untuk apa faedah China mempunyai kepentingannya dalam kerajaan Burma yang dibawa? || mewujudkan keadaan satelit Cina di Asia Tenggara", {"context": "Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces have resulted in the Kokang offensive in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border. During the incident the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels. Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese government throughout Burmese modern history to create closer and binding ties with China, creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Armed conflict between ethnic Chinese rebels and the Myanmar Armed Forces"}], "question": "What country was Burma involved with in 2015", "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter"}], "question": "Were there any refuges that resulted from the Burmese conflict in 2015?", "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Chinese rebels."}], "question": "What was the government of China accused of during the Kokang offensive ?", "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Burmese officials have been historically 'manipulated' and pressured by the communist Chinese"}], "question": "Is China an affect on the government in Burma ?", "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "creating a Chinese satellite state in Southeast Asia"}], "question": "To what benefit of China has its interest in the Burmese government brought about ?", "id": "5726e54d5951b619008f81b3"}]}], ["Kesan pembaharuan pasca pemilihan telah diperhatikan di banyak tempat, termasuk kelulusan ASEAN mengenai tawaran Myanmar untuk kedudukan kerusi ASEAN pada tahun 2014; lawatan oleh Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat, Hillary Clinton pada bulan Disember 2011 untuk menggalakkan kemajuan selanjutnya - ia adalah lawatan pertama oleh Setiausaha Negara dalam lebih daripada lima puluh tahun (Clinton bertemu dengan presiden Burma dan bekas komandan tentera Thein Sein, sebagai dan juga pemimpin pembangkang Aung San Suu Kyi); dan penyertaan parti Liga Kebangsaan untuk Demokrasi (NLD) Aung San Suu Kyi dalam pilihan raya kecil 2012, yang dimudahkan oleh pemansuhan undang-undang yang pernah menghalang NLD. Sehingga Julai 2013, kira-kira 100 tahanan politik masih dipenjarakan, manakala konflik antara Tentera Birma dan kumpulan pemberontak tempatan terus berlaku. <> Adakah perubahan dalam undang-undang Burma telah memberi manfaat kepada negara dalam pandangan antarabangsa? || kelulusan tawaran Myanmar untuk kedudukan kerusi ASEAN pada tahun 2014; lawatan oleh Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat Hillary Clinton <> Siapa Setiausaha Negara Amerika Syarikat yang melawat Myanmar pada tahun 2014? || Setiausaha Negara Hillary Clinton <> Berapa lama selang antara kunjungan pegawai-pegawai negara Amerika Syarikat? || lebih daripada lima puluh tahun <> Apa parti politik yang dimiliki oleh Aung San Suu Kyi? || Parti Kebangsaan untuk Parti Demokrasi (NLD)", {"context": "The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress\u2014it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"}], "question": "Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? ", "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Secretary of State Hillary Clinton"}], "question": "Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?", "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "more than fifty years"}], "question": "How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?", "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "National League for Democracy (NLD) party"}], "question": "What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?", "id": "5726eac7708984140094d5de"}]}], ["Myanmar telah menerima bantuan ketenteraan yang banyak dari China pada masa lalu Myanmar telah menjadi ahli ASEAN sejak tahun 1997. Walaupun ia berpeluang memegang kerusi ASEAN dan menganjurkan Sidang Kemuncak ASEAN pada tahun 2006, ia mempengerusikan forum itu dan menganjurkan sidang kemuncak itu pada tahun 2014 Pada November 2008, keadaan politik Myanmar dengan negara-negara jiran Bangladesh menjadi tegang ketika mereka mula mencari gas asli di blok Teluk Bayal yang dipertikaikan. Kontroversi yang mengelilingi penduduk Rohingya juga menjadi isu antara Bangladesh dan Myanmar. <> Negara apa yang telah menyediakan Myanmar dengan bantuan tentera yang paling? || Myanmar telah menerima bantuan ketenteraan yang banyak dari China <> Berapa lama Burma telah mengambil bahagian dalam kumpulan ASEAN? || Myanmar telah menjadi ahli ASEAN sejak tahun 1997 <> Tahun apakah Myanmar menjadi tuan rumah bagi persidangan ASEAN? || menjadi tuan rumah sidang kemuncak pada 2014 <> Apa peristiwa yang menyebabkan ketegangan antara Burma dan Bangladesh pada tahun 2008? || gas asli di blok Bay of Bengal yang dipertikaikan", {"context": "Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the ASEAN Summit in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014. In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal. Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China"}], "question": "What country has provided Burma with the most military aid ?", "id": "5726fb60708984140094d791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997"}], "question": "How long has Burma participated in the group ASEAN ?", "id": "5726fb60708984140094d792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "hosted the summit in 2014"}], "question": "What year was Myanmar the host for the ASEAN conference?", "id": "5726fb60708984140094d793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal"}], "question": "What event caused tension between Burma and Bangladesh in 2008 ?", "id": "5726fb60708984140094d794"}]}], ["Sehingga 2005, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu secara tahunan menggunapakai resolusi terperinci mengenai keadaan di Myanmar dengan konsensus. Tetapi pada tahun 2006 satu Perhimpunan Agung Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah mengundi menerusi satu resolusi yang sangat menuntut kerajaan Myanmar untuk menamatkan pelanggaran sistematik hak asasi manusia. Pada bulan Januari 2007, Rusia dan China membatalkan resolusi draf sebelum Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu menyeru kerajaan Myanmar untuk menghormati hak asasi manusia dan memulakan peralihan demokrasi. Afrika Selatan juga mengundi menentang resolusi itu. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Amerika untuk merujuk kepada Burma setiap tahun sehingga 2005? || Sehingga 2005, Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu secara tahunan menggunapakai resolusi terperinci mengenai keadaan di Myanmar dengan konsensus. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam sidang umum Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu pada tahun 2006? || mengundi melalui resolusi yang menuntut kerajaan Myanmar untuk menamatkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia secara sistematik. <> Apa yang dilakukan China dan Rusia pada tahun 2008? || veto draf resolusi sebelum Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menyeru kerajaan Myanmar <> Apa negara-negara lain tidak setuju dengan keputusan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu mengenai Burma? || Afrika Selatan", {"context": "Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Until 2005, the United Nations General Assembly annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus."}], "question": "What did the United adopt in reference to Burma annually until 2005 ?", "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights."}], "question": "What occurred in the United Nations general convening in 2006 ?", "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "vetoed a draft resolution before the United Nations Security Council calling on the government of Myanmar"}], "question": "What did China and Russia both do in 2008 ?", "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "South Africa"}], "question": "What other countries were in disagreement with the United Nations decision on Burma ?", "id": "5726fde1708984140094d7de"}]}], ["Sanksi yang dikenakan oleh Amerika Syarikat dan negara-negara Eropah terhadap bekas tentera kerajaan, ditambah pula dengan boikot dan tekanan langsung lain ke atas perbadanan oleh penyokong pergerakan demokrasi, telah menghasilkan penarikan dari negara kebanyakan syarikat AS dan Eropah. Pada 13 April 2012 Perdana Menteri Britain, David Cameron menyeru sekatan ekonomi ke atas Myanmar untuk digantung selepas parti pro-demokrasi mendapat 43 kerusi daripada kemungkinan 45 pada pilihan raya kecil 2012 dengan pemimpin parti, Aung San Suu Kyi menjadi ahli parlimen Burma. <> Bagaimana perniagaan antarabangsa tidak digalakkan beroperasi di Burma? || Sanksi yang dikenakan oleh Amerika Syarikat dan negara-negara Eropah terhadap bekas tentera kerajaan, ditambah pula dengan boikot <> Apa hasil syarikat-syarikat antarabangsa yang cuba menjalankan perniagaan di Burma? || penarikan balik dari negara kebanyakan AS dan banyak syarikat Eropah <> Siapa yang meminta sekatan di Burma untuk diberikan penangguhan? || Perdana Menteri Britain David Cameron <> Apakah Aung San Suu Kyi menjadi sebahagian daripada Burma? || parlimen Burma", {"context": "Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies. On 13 April 2012 British Prime Minister David Cameron called for the economic sanctions on Myanmar to be suspended in the wake of the pro-democracy party gaining 43 seats out of a possible 45 in the 2012 by-elections with the party leader, Aung San Suu Kyi becoming a member of the Burmese parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts"}], "question": "How are international businesses discouraged from operating in Burma?", "id": "5726f64b708984140094d721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "the withdrawal from the country of most US and many European companies"}], "question": "What was the result for internationals companies attempting to conduct business in Burma ? ", "id": "5726f64b708984140094d722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "British Prime Minister David Cameron"}], "question": "Who called for the sanctions in Burma to be given reprieve ?", "id": "5726f64b708984140094d723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "the Burmese parliament"}], "question": "What did Aung San Suu Kyi become a part of in Burma ?", "id": "5726f64b708984140094d724"}]}], ["Walaupun pengasingan Barat, syarikat-syarikat Asia pada umumnya masih bersedia untuk terus melabur di negara ini dan memulakan pelaburan baru, terutamanya dalam pengekstrakan sumber semula jadi. Negara ini mempunyai hubungan rapat dengan jiran India dan China dengan beberapa syarikat India dan Cina yang beroperasi di negara ini. Di bawah dasar pandangan India India, bidang kerjasama antara India dan Myanmar termasuk penginderaan jarak jauh, penerokaan minyak dan gas, teknologi maklumat, kuasa hidro dan pembinaan pelabuhan dan bangunan. <> Bagaimana negara-negara Asia merasakan sikap Eropah terhadap Burma? || Syarikat-syarikat Asia pada umumnya masih bersedia untuk terus melabur di negara ini dan memulakan pelaburan baru <> Apa perniagaan yang popular untuk negara-negara Asia di Burma? || pengekstrakan sumber semula jadi. <> Apa dua negara yang mempunyai hubungan Superior dengan Burma? || India dan China <> Apa manfaat kedua-dua negara yang terlibat dalam dasar India Lihat Timur? || bidang kerjasama antara India dan Myanmar termasuk penginderaan jarak jauh, penerokaan minyak dan gas, teknologi maklumat, kuasa hidro dan pembinaan", {"context": "Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Under India's Look East policy, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction of ports and buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments"}], "question": "How do Asian countries feel about the European attitude towards Burma ?", "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "natural resource extraction."}], "question": "What is a popular business for international Asian countries in Burma ?", "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "India and China"}], "question": "What two countries does Burma have Superior relationships with ?", "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include remote sensing, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydro power and construction"}], "question": "What is the benefit to the two countries involved in the  India Look East policy ?", "id": "5726f798f1498d1400e8f143"}]}], ["Angkatan bersenjata Myanmar dikenali sebagai Tatmadaw, yang jumlahnya 488,000. Tatmadaw terdiri daripada Tentera Darat, Tentera Laut, dan Tentera Udara. Negara itu menduduki tempat ke-12 di dunia kerana bilangan pasukan aktif dalam perkhidmatan. Tentera sangat berpengaruh di Myanmar, dengan semua jawatan kabinet dan jabatan tertinggi yang biasanya dipegang oleh pegawai tentera. Angka rasmi untuk perbelanjaan ketenteraan tidak tersedia. Anggaran berbeza secara meluas kerana kadar pertukaran yang tidak menentu, tetapi perbelanjaan tentera Myanmar adalah tinggi. Myanmar mengimport kebanyakan senjata dari Rusia, Ukraine, China dan India. <> Apakah nama tentera di Burma? || Tatmadaw <> Seberapa besar tentera Burma? || nombor 488,000 <> Yang mana cawangan tradisional tentera tidak mempunyai Burma? || Tentera, Tentera Laut, dan Angkatan Udara <> Kedudukan apa yang dilakukan oleh Burma untuk jumlah pasukan yang sedang berkhidmat dalam tugas ketenteraan yang aktif? || Negara itu menduduki tempat ke-12 di dunia kerana bilangan pasukan aktif dalam perkhidmatan. <> Dari manakah Burma menerima sebahagian besar meriam ketenteraannya? || Myanmar mengimport kebanyakan senjata dari Rusia, Ukraine, China dan India.", {"context": "Myanmar's armed forces are known as the Tatmadaw, which numbers 488,000. The Tatmadaw comprises the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service. The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. Official figures for military spending are not available. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high. Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Tatmadaw"}], "question": "What is the name of the military in Burma ?", "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "numbers 488,000"}], "question": "How large is the military of Burma ? ", "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Army, the Navy, and the Air Force"}], "question": "Which traditional branches of the military does Burma have?", "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The country ranked twelfth in the world for its number of active troops in service."}], "question": "What ranking does Burma hold for the number of troops currently serving on active military duty ?", "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India."}], "question": "From where does Burma receive most of its military artillery ?", "id": "5726fc4f708984140094d7c1"}]}], ["Terdapat konsensus bahawa rejim tentera di Myanmar adalah salah satu rejim yang paling menindas dan kesat di dunia. Pada bulan November 2012, Samantha Power, Pembantu Khas Barack Obama kepada Presiden mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia, menulis di blog White House sebelum kunjungan presiden bahawa \"Pelanggaran hak asasi manusia serius di beberapa wilayah terus termasuk wanita dan kanak-kanak.\" Anggota Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan organisasi hak asasi manusia utama antarabangsa telah mengeluarkan laporan berulang dan konsisten mengenai pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang meluas dan sistematik di Myanmar. Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah berulang kali menyerukan kepada Junta Tentera Burma untuk menghormati hak asasi manusia dan pada bulan November 2009 Perhimpunan Agung mengadopsi resolusi \"mengutuk pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan kebebasan fundamental yang sistematis\" dan menyerukan kepada Rejim Tentera Birma \"untuk mengambil langkah segera untuk menamatkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan undang-undang kemanusiaan antarabangsa. \" <> Apa pandangan umum mengenai Burma? || rejim tentera di Myanmar adalah salah satu rejim yang paling menindas dan menyalahkan di dunia <> Siapa Samantha Power? || Pembantu Khas Barack Obama kepada Presiden mengenai Hak Asasi Manusia <> Apakah yang ditulis oleh Cik Powers mengenai Burma? || \"Penyalahgunaan hak asasi manusia serius terhadap penduduk awam di beberapa kawasan terus berlaku, termasuk terhadap wanita dan kanak-kanak", {"context": "There is consensus that the military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In November 2012, Samantha Power, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog in advance of the president's visit that \"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children.\" Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese Military Junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution \"strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms\" and calling on the Burmese Military Regime \"to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "military regime in Myanmar is one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes"}], "question": "What is the general view of Burma ?", "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights"}], "question": "Who is Samantha Power?", "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "\"Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children"}], "question": "What did Ms Powers write concerning Burma ?", "id": "5726fe6cdd62a815002e9724"}]}], ["Pada Mei 2013, Thein Sein menjadi presiden pertama Myanmar untuk melawat Rumah Putih dalam tempoh 47 tahun; pemimpin Burma yang terakhir untuk melawat White House ialah Ne Win pada September 1966. Presiden Barack Obama memuji bekas jeneral untuk reformasi politik dan ekonomi, dan pemberhentian ketegangan antara Myanmar dan Amerika Syarikat. Aktivis politik membantah lawatan itu kerana kebimbangan mengenai pelanggaran hak asasi manusia di Myanmar tetapi Obama memberi jaminan kepada Thein Sein bahawa Myanmar akan menerima sokongan AS. Kedua-dua pemimpin itu membincangkan untuk melepaskan lebih banyak tahanan politik, penginstitusian pembaharuan politik dan peraturan undang-undang, dan menamatkan konflik etnik di Myanmar-kedua-dua kerajaan bersetuju menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan dan pelaburan dua hala pada 21 Mei 2013. <> Siapa perwakilan Burma rasmi pertama melawat rumah putih berikutan pemilihan 2010 di Burma? || Thein Sein menjadi presiden pertama Myanmar untuk melawat White House dalam tempoh 47 tahun <> Bilakah lawatan paling lama dari seorang wakil Burma ke Amerika Syarikat sebelum tahun 2010? || pemimpin Burma yang terakhir untuk melawat White House ialah Ne Win pada September 1966 <> Adakah lawatan dari perwakilan Burma itu dialu-alukan di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2010? || Aktivis politik membantah lawatan itu kerana kebimbangan mengenai penyalahgunaan hak asasi manusia di Myanmar <> Adakah lawatan ke Amerika Syarikat menyebabkan pembebasan tahanan politik di Burma? || pemimpin yang dibincangkan untuk melepaskan lebih banyak tawanan politik <> Apa perjanjian dibuat dalam lawatan ke Amerika Syarikat oleh orang Burma pada abad ke-21? || untuk menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan dan pelaburan dua hala pada 21 Mei 2013.", {"context": "In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years; the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966. President Barack Obama praised the former general for political and economic reforms, and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive US support. The two leaders discussed to release more political prisoners, the institutionalisation of political reform and rule of law, and ending ethnic conflict in Myanmar\u2014the two governments agreed to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the White House in 47 years"}], "question": "Who is the first official Burmese delegate to visit the white house following the 2010 elections in Burma ?", "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the last Burmese leader to visit the White House was Ne Win in September 1966"}], "question": "When was the most prior visit from a Burmese representative to the  United States prior to 2010 ? ", "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Political activists objected to the visit due to concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar"}], "question": "Was the visit from the Burmese delegate welcome in the United States in 2010?", "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "leaders discussed to release more political prisoners"}], "question": "Did the visit to the United States result in the release of political prisoners in Burma ? ", "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "to sign a bilateral trade and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013."}], "question": "What agreements were made in the visit to the United States by the Burmese in the 21 century ?", "id": "5726fa32f1498d1400e8f1aa"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2008, India menggantung bantuan ketenteraan ke Myanmar berhubung isu pelanggaran hak asasi manusia oleh junta pemerintah, walaupun ia telah mengekalkan hubungan perdagangan yang luas, yang memberikan rezim dengan pendapatan yang sangat diperlukan. Cair dalam hubungan bermula pada 28 November 2011, ketika Perdana Menteri Belarus Mikhail Myasnikovich dan istrinya Ludmila tiba di ibukota, Naypyidaw, pada hari yang sama dengan negara itu mendapat kunjungan oleh Menteri Luar Negeri AS, Hillary Rodham Clinton, yang juga bertemu dengan pro - pemimpin pembangkang demokrasi Aung San Suu Kyi. Petunjuk kemajuan hubungan antarabangsa berterusan pada bulan September 2012 apabila Aung San Suu Kyi melawat ke Amerika Syarikat diikuti lawatan Presiden reformis Myanmar ke Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. <> Mengapa India berhenti menyokong tentera di Myanmar pada tahun 2008? || berhubung isu pelanggaran hak asasi manusia oleh junta pemerintah <> Adakah sekatan ketenteraan yang dikenakan oleh India mempengaruhi kerja perniagaan hubungannya di Burma? || ia telah mengekalkan hubungan perdagangan yang luas <> yang membantu meningkatkan hubungan antara India dan Burma? || Perdana Menteri Belarus Mikhail Myasnikovich dan isterinya Ludmila <> Apa bandar di Burma dikunjungi oleh utusan dari India || ibu negara, Naypyidaw", {"context": "In 2008, India suspended military aid to Myanmar over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta, although it has preserved extensive commercial ties, which provide the regime with much-needed revenue. The thaw in relations began on 28 November 2011, when Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila arrived in the capital, Naypyidaw, the same day as the country received a visit by US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, who also met with pro-democracy opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi. International relations progress indicators continued in September 2012 when Aung San Suu Kyi visited to the US followed by Myanmar's reformist president visit to the United Nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "over the issue of human rights abuses by the ruling junta"}], "question": "Why did India stop supporting the military in Myanmar in 2008 ?", "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "it has preserved extensive commercial ties"}], "question": "Did the military sanctions imposed by India affect the business workings of it's relations in Burma ?", "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Belarusian Prime Minister Mikhail Myasnikovich and his wife Ludmila"}], "question": "Who helped to improve the relations between India and Burma?", "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "the capital, Naypyidaw"}], "question": "What city in Burma was visited by the envoy from India ", "id": "5726f8ad5951b619008f83ae"}]}], ["Pilihanraya tahun 2010 mengakibatkan kemenangan bagi Parti Solidariti dan Pembangunan Kesatuan yang disokong tentera. Pelbagai pemerhati asing mempersoalkan kewajaran pemilihan. Satu kritikan terhadap pilihan raya ialah hanya parti politik yang dibenarkan oleh pihak kerajaan yang dibenarkan untuk bertanding di dalamnya dan Liga Kebangsaan untuk Demokrasi yang popular telah diisytiharkan sebagai haram. Bagaimanapun, selepas pilihan raya, kerajaan mengakhiri penahanan rumah pendukung demokrasi dan pemimpin Liga Kebangsaan untuk Demokrasi, Aung San Suu Kyi, dan keupayaannya bergerak bebas di seluruh negara dianggap ujian penting pergerakan tentera ke arah lebih keterbukaan. Selepas pembaharuan yang tidak dijangka pada tahun 2011, pemimpin kanan NLD telah memutuskan untuk mendaftar sebagai parti politik dan calon lapangan dalam pilihan raya kecil akan datang. <> Apakah nama unit pemenang dalam pemilihan 2010 di Burma? || Pilihanraya tahun 2010 mengakibatkan kemenangan bagi Parti Solidariti dan Pembangunan Kesatuan yang disokong tentera <> Adakah pemilihan diadakan secara tidak adil di Burma pada tahun 2010? || Pelbagai pemerhati asing mempersoalkan kewajaran pemilihan. <> Apa pendapat beberapa penasihat asing mengenai pemilihan Burma 2010? || Satu kritikan terhadap pilihan raya ialah hanya parti politik yang dibenarkan oleh pihak kerajaan yang dibenarkan bertanding di dalamnya <> Apakah keputusan rasmi Burma mengenai legitimasi Liga Kebangsaan untuk Demokrasi pada tahun 2010? || Liga Kebangsaan untuk Demokrasi yang popular telah diisytiharkan sebagai haram", {"context": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, Aung San Suu Kyi, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. After unexpected reforms in 2011, NLD senior leaders have decided to register as a political party and to field candidates in future by-elections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The elections of 2010 resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party"}], "question": "What was the name of the winning unit in the 2010 elections in Burma ?", "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections."}], "question": "Were the elections held in an unbiased manner Burma in 2010 ? ", "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "One criticism of the election was that only government sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it"}], "question": "What were some of the opinions foreign advisers stated about the Burma 2010 elections ?", "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f8349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "the popular National League for Democracy was declared illegal"}], "question": "What was the Burmese official decision concerning the legitimacy of National League for Democracy in 2010 ?", "id": "5726f39d5951b619008f834a"}]}], ["Walaupun hubungan luar negara, terutamanya dengan negara-negara Barat, telah tegang, hubungannya telah dicairkan sejak pembaharuan berikutan pemilihan 2010. Selepas bertahun-tahun pengasingan diplomatik dan sekatan ekonomi dan tentera, Amerika Syarikat melonggarkan bantuan asing ke Myanmar pada November 2011 dan mengumumkan semula hubungan diplomatik pada 13 Januari 2012 Kesatuan Eropah telah meletakkan sekatan terhadap Myanmar, termasuk embargo senjata, pemberhentian pilihan perdagangan, dan penggantungan semua bantuan dengan pengecualian bantuan kemanusiaan. <> Bagaimana hubungan antarabangsa berkembang kerana perubahan politik baru-baru ini di Burma? || hubungan telah dicairkan sejak pembaharuan berikutan pemilihan 2010. <> Apakah yang dilakukan oleh Amerika Syarikat sebagai tindak balas terhadap perubahan reformasi pemilihan Burma 2010? || Amerika Syarikat melonggarkan bantuan asing ke Myanmar pada bulan November 2011 dan mengumumkan semula hubungan diplomatik <> Jenis kegiatan apakah yang dilakukan Uni Eropa sebagai tindak balas terhadap reformasi yang dibuat di Burma? || sekatan terhadap Myanmar, termasuk embargo senjata, pemberhentian keutamaan perdagangan, dan penggantungan semua bantuan dengan pengecualian bantuan kemanusiaan. <> Bagaimana Amerika melayan Myanmar sebelum perubahan yang dibuat dalam kerajaan Burma? || tahun pengasingan diplomatik dan sekatan ekonomi dan ketenteraan", {"context": "Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with Western nations, have been strained, relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions, the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The European Union has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "relations have thawed since the reforms following the 2010 elections."}], "question": "How have international relations developed due to the recent political changes in Burma ? ", "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations"}], "question": "What did the United States do in response to the reform changes of the 2010 Burma elections ? ", "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "sanctions on Myanmar, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid."}], "question": "What type of activity has the European Union engaged in in response to the reforms made in Burma ?", "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions"}], "question": "How did the United States treat Myanmar prior to the changes made in Burmese government ? ", "id": "5726f517dd62a815002e963d"}]}], ["Penyebab segera rusuhan itu tidak jelas, dengan banyak pengulas memetik pembunuhan sepuluh orang Muslim Burma oleh etnik Rakhine selepas rogol dan pembunuhan seorang wanita Rakhine sebagai punca utama. Keseluruhan kampung telah \"dibinasakan\". Lebih 300 rumah dan beberapa bangunan awam telah dibakar. Menurut Tun Khin, presiden Pertubuhan Rohingya Burma UK (BROUK), sehingga 28 Jun 2012, 650 Rohingyas telah terbunuh, 1,200 hilang, dan lebih daripada 80,000 telah dipindahkan. Menurut pihak berkuasa Myanmar, kekerasan, antara etnik Rakhine Buddhists dan Muslim Rohingya, menyebabkan 78 orang mati, 87 cedera, dan ribuan rumah dimusnahkan. Ia telah memindahkan lebih daripada 52,000 orang. <> Apa yang dipercayai menjadi salah satu sebab Birma untuk kerusuhan pada tahun 2012? || ramai pengulas mengutuk pembunuhan sepuluh orang Muslim Burma oleh etnik Rakhine <> Berapa banyak yang dipercayai telah dicabut oleh kerusuhan ini? || Ia telah memindahkan lebih daripada 52,000 orang <> Siapa presiden bahagian UK BROUK itu? || Tun Khin <> Berapa ramai orang yang hilang setelah kerusuhan awam Burma 2012? || 1,200 hilang", {"context": "The immediate cause of the riots is unclear, with many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine after the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman as the main cause. Whole villages have been \"decimated\". Over 300 houses and a number of public buildings have been razed. According to Tun Khin, the president of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), as of 28 June 2012, 650 Rohingyas have been killed, 1,200 are missing, and more than 80,000 have been displaced. According to the Myanmar authorities, the violence, between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and thousands of homes destroyed. It displaced more than 52,000 people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "many commentators citing the killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine"}], "question": "What was believed to be one of the Burma reasons for the unrest in 2012 ?", "id": "57288a732ca10214002da452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "It displaced more than 52,000 people"}], "question": "How many are believed to have been uprooted by this unrest ?", "id": "57288a732ca10214002da453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Tun Khin"}], "question": "Who is the president of the BROUK's UK division?", "id": "57288a732ca10214002da454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "1,200 are missing"}], "question": "How many people where missing after the 2012 Burma civil unrest ?", "id": "57288a732ca10214002da455"}]}], ["Pertubuhan hak asasi manusia antarabangsa termasuk Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International dan Persatuan Amerika untuk Kemajuan Sains telah berulang kali mendokumentasikan dan mengutuk pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang meluas di Myanmar. Laporan Freedom in the World 2011 oleh Freedom House mencatat, \"Junta tentera telah ... menindas hampir semua hak dasar dan melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dengan tidak sah.\" Pada bulan Julai 2013, Persatuan Bantuan bagi Banduan Politik menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kira-kira 100 tahanan politik yang diadakan di penjara Burma. <> Apakah nama beberapa organisasi hak asasi manusia yang terlibat dalam hubungan Burma? || Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International dan Persatuan Amerika untuk Kemajuan Sains <> Pada tahun 2011 apakah yang dikatakan kumpulan Freedom House mengenai tentera Burma? || Junta tentera telah ... menindas hampir semua hak dasar; dan melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dengan kekebalan <> Berapa ramai tahanan masih ditahan di Burma atas jenayah politik? || Pada bulan Julai 2013, Persatuan Bantuan untuk Banduan Politik menunjukkan terdapat kira-kira 100 tahanan politik yang diadakan", {"context": "International human rights organisations including Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The Freedom in the World 2011 report by Freedom House notes, \"The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity.\" In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International and the American Association for the Advancement of Science"}], "question": "What are the names of some of the  human right organizations that have been involved in Burmese relations. ", "id": "5726ff49708984140094d801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity"}], "question": "In 2011 what did the group Freedom House say concerning the Burma military?", "id": "5726ff49708984140094d802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "In July 2013, the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held"}], "question": "How many prisoners are still held in Burma on political crimes?", "id": "5726ff49708984140094d803"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007 profesor Jerman, Bassam Tibi mencadangkan bahawa konflik Rohingya mungkin dipandu oleh agenda politik Islam untuk mengenakan undang-undang keagamaan, sementara punca-punca agama juga telah dibangkitkan, seperti kebencian yang berlarutan terhadap keganasan yang berlaku semasa pendudukan Jepun Burma dalam Perang Dunia II-dalam tempoh masa ini, British bersekutu dengan Rohingya dan bertempur melawan kerajaan boneka Burma (kebanyakannya terdiri dari Bamar Jepun) yang membantu membentuk organisasi ketenteraan Tatmadaw yang masih berkuasa pada Mac 2013. < > Apa yang dipercayai sebagai salah satu pendorong agama berpotensi untuk kaku di Burma terhadap kaum tertentu? || mencadangkan bahawa konflik Rohingya boleh didorong oleh agenda politik Islam untuk mengenakan undang-undang agama <> Yang menduduki Burma semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || Jepun <> Sistem pengurusan militer yang wujud di Burma? || The Tatmadaw <> Apa yang mungkin telah menyebabkan perasaan negatif masih lagi berlainan di kalangan kaum-kaum orang Burma? || kekecewaan yang berlarutan terhadap keganasan yang berlaku semasa pendudukan Jepun <> Siapa yang British memilih untuk kembali ke Burma semasa Perang Dunia II? || British bersekutu dengan Rohingya", {"context": "In 2007 the German professor Bassam Tibi suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws, while non-religious causes have also been raised, such as a lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation of Burma in World War II\u2014during this time period the British allied themselves with the Rohingya and fought against the puppet government of Burma (composed mostly of Bamar Japanese) that helped to establish the Tatmadaw military organisation that remains in power as of March 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "suggested that the Rohingya conflict may be driven by an Islamist political agenda to impose religious laws"}], "question": "What is believed to be one of the potential religious instigators for the stiff in Burma against a certain race ?", "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "the Japanese"}], "question": "Who occupied Burma during the Second World War ?", "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "the Tatmadaw"}], "question": "What system of militaristic management exists in Burma?", "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "lingering resentment over the violence that occurred during the Japanese occupation"}], "question": "What may have caused negative feeling to still linger among the different races of the Burmese people ?", "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "British allied themselves with the Rohingya"}], "question": "Who did the British choose to back in Burma during WWII ?", "id": "572883b9ff5b5019007da288"}]}], ["Kerajaan telah mengumpulkan Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia Kebangsaan yang terdiri daripada 15 ahli dari pelbagai latar belakang. Beberapa aktivis di pengasingan, termasuk anggota Thee Lay Thee Anyeint, telah kembali ke Myanmar selepas jemputan Presiden Thein Sein kepada ekspatriat untuk pulang ke rumah untuk bekerja untuk pembangunan negara. Dalam satu ucapan kepada Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu pada 22 September 2011, Menteri Luar Myanmar, Wunna Maung Lwin mengesahkan hasrat kerajaan untuk melepaskan tahanan dalam masa terdekat. <> Apa kerajaan berkumpul? || Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia Kebangsaan <> Sebaik sahaja keputusan itu dibuat untuk membawa bersama kumpulan itu yang mana ia terdiri daripada? || terdiri daripada 15 ahli dari pelbagai latar belakang <> Adakah penyertaan membawa sebarang perubahan di rantau ini? || jemputan kepada ekspatriat untuk pulang ke rumah untuk bekerja untuk pembangunan negara. <> Siapa yang memperluaskan tawaran kepada aktivis? || Presiden Thein Sein <> Siapa yang bertitah kepada Amerika Syarikat mengenai nama Myanmar pada musim gugur 2011? || Menteri Luar Myanmar, Wunna Maung Lwin", {"context": "The government has assembled a National Human Rights Commission that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds. Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development. In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "National Human Rights Commission"}], "question": "What did the government bring together ?", "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "consists of 15 members from various backgrounds"}], "question": "Once the decision was made to bring the group together who was it comprised of ?", "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0146"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development."}], "question": "Has the joining brought about any changes in the region ?", "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "President Thein Sein"}], "question": "Who extended the offer to the activists ?", "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Myanmar's Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin"}], "question": "Who addressed the United nations on Myanmar's behalf in the fall 2011 ?", "id": "5728e4a93acd2414000e0149"}]}], ["Menurut Kumpulan Krisis, sejak Myanmar beralih kepada kerajaan baru pada Ogos 2011, rekod hak asasi manusia di negara ini telah bertambah baik. Sebelum ini memberikan rating terendah 7 kepada Myanmar, laporan Freedom of the World pada tahun 2012 juga mencatat peningkatan, memberikan Myanmar 6 untuk peningkatan kebebasan awam dan hak politik, pembebasan tahanan politik, dan melonggarkan sekatan. Pada tahun 2013, Myanmar bertambah baik sekali lagi, menerima skor lima dalam kebebasan awam dan enam dalam kebebasan politik <> Apakah nama individu yang memberi maklumat yang relevan mengenai peristiwa baru-baru ini di Burma? || Kumpulan Krisis <> Adakah terdapat kemajuan dalam keadaan hak asasi manusia di Myanmar? || rekod hak asasi negara telah meningkat <> Apakah rating semasa untuk Burma daripada laporan Kebebasan dalam Dunia dan apa yang menyebabkan kedudukan semasa? || Myanmar bertambah baik lagi, menerima skor lima dalam kebebasan awam dan enam dalam kebebasan politik <> Apa yang menyebabkan Myanmar mendapat rating 6? || peningkatan dalam kebebasan awam dan hak-hak politik, pembebasan tahanan politik dan melonggarkan sekatan. <> Apa penilaian sebelumnya untuk Burma? || Kedudukan terendah 7", {"context": "According to the Crisis Group, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedoms", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "the Crisis Group"}], "question": "What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?", "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the country's human rights record has been improving"}], "question": "Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?", "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom"}], "question": "What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?", "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e011f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions."}], "question": "What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?", "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e0121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "lowest rating of 7"}], "question": "What was the previous rating for Burma?", "id": "5728e3113acd2414000e0120"}]}], ["Tentera kanak-kanak telah dan terus memainkan peranan penting dalam Tentera Burma serta pergerakan pemberontak Burma. The Independent melaporkan pada bulan Jun 2012 bahawa \"Kanak-kanak dijual sebagai askar ke tentera Burma untuk sekurang-kurangnya $ 40 dan beg beras atau kaleng petrol.\" Wakil Khas PBB Setiausaha Agung untuk Kanak-kanak dan Konflik Bersenjata, Radhika Coomaraswamy, yang meletak jawatan dari jabatannya seminggu kemudian, bertemu dengan wakil-wakil Kerajaan Myanmar pada 5 Julai 2012 dan menyatakan dia berharap penandatanganan tindakan pemerintah pelan akan \"menandakan perubahan.\" Pada bulan September 2012, Angkatan Bersenjata Myanmar mengeluarkan 42 askar kanak-kanak dan Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa bertemu dengan wakil-wakil kerajaan serta Tentera Darat Kemerdekaan Kachin untuk mengamankan pembebasan tentera kanak-kanak. Menurut Samantha Power, delegasi AS membangkitkan isu tentera kanak-kanak dengan kerajaan pada bulan Oktober 2012. Bagaimanapun, dia tidak mengulas mengenai kemajuan kerajaan ke arah pembaharuan di kawasan ini. <> Bagaimana kanak-kanak digunakan dalam konflik di Burma? || Tentera kanak-kanak telah dan terus memainkan peranan penting dalam Tentera Burma serta pergerakan pemberontak Burma. <> Bagaimanakah kanak-kanak diperolehi sebagai pateri di Burma? || Kanak-kanak dijual sebagai askar ke dalam tentera Burma untuk sekurang-kurangnya $ 40 dan beg beras atau tin boleh petrol <> Berapa ramai askar kanak-kanak dibebaskan dari tentera Burma pada tahun 2012? || Angkatan Bersenjata Myanmar mengeluarkan 42 askar kanak-kanak", {"context": "Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements. The Independent reported in June 2012 that \"Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol.\" The UN's Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, who stepped down from her position a week later, met representatives of the Government of Myanmar on 5 July 2012 and stated that she hoped the government's signing of an action plan would \"signal a transformation.\" In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers and the International Labour Organization met with representatives of the government as well as the Kachin Independence Army to secure the release of more child soldiers. According to Samantha Power, a US delegation raised the issue of child soldiers with the government in October 2012. However, she did not comment on the government's progress towards reform in this area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Child soldiers have and continue to play a major part in the Burmese Army as well as Burmese rebel movements."}], "question": "How are children used in the conflicts in Burma?", "id": "5726fff9708984140094d815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol"}], "question": "How are children obtained for use as solders in Burma ? ", "id": "5726fff9708984140094d816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers"}], "question": "How many child solders were released from the Burmese military in 2012 ?", "id": "5726fff9708984140094d817"}]}], ["Sejak peralihan demokrasi bermula pada tahun 2011, terdapat kekerasan berterusan ketika 280 orang telah terbunuh dan 140,000 terpaksa melarikan diri dari rumah mereka di negara Rakhine. Seorang utusan PBB melaporkan pada bulan Mac 2013 bahawa kerusuhan muncul semula antara komuniti Buddha dan Muslim Myanmar, dengan keganasan menyebar ke bandar-bandar yang terletak lebih dekat ke Yangon. Kedai media BBC News memperoleh rakaman video seorang lelaki yang mengalami luka bakar teruk yang tidak mendapat bantuan daripada orang yang lewat atau pegawai polis walaupun dia berbaring di tanah di kawasan awam. Rakaman ini difilmkan oleh anggota pasukan polis Burma di bandar Meiktila dan digunakan sebagai bukti bahawa umat Buddha terus membunuh orang Islam selepas sekatan Kesatuan Eropah ditarik balik pada 23 April 2013. <> Adakah keganasan di Burma menurun selama bertahun-tahun sebagai negara telah cuba membuat langkah demokratik? || Sejak peralihan demokrasi bermula pada tahun 2011, terdapat keganasan yang berterusan apabila 280 orang telah terbunuh dan 140,000 dipaksa melarikan diri. Adakah puak-puak agama yang terpisah di Burma dapat hidup bersama? || Kerusuhan muncul semula antara komuniti Buddha dan Muslim Myanmar, dengan kekerasan <> Apa berita syarikat yang menemui bukti visual tentang penghinaan yang dipamerkan oleh pekerja awam dan orang awam di Burma? || Maklumat media BBC News memperoleh rakaman video seorang lelaki yang mengalami luka bakar yang teruk yang tidak mendapat bantuan daripada orang yang lewat atau pegawai polis yang mencatatkan bukti visual mengenai insiden yang memalukan itu? || rakaman difilemkan oleh anggota polis polis Burma di bandar Meiktila <> Siapakah rakaman video yang digunakan sebagai bukti menentang di Burma? || digunakan sebagai bukti bahawa umat Buddha terus membunuh orang Islam selepas sekatan Kesatuan Eropah ditarik balik pada 23 April 2013.", {"context": "Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon. The BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers even though he was lying on the ground in a public area. The footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila and was used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee"}], "question": "Has the violence in Burma decreased over the years as the country has tried made democratic strides ?", "id": "572886362ca10214002da43e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's Buddhist and Muslim communities, with violence"}], "question": "Are the separate religious factions in Burma able to peacefully coexist ?", "id": "572886362ca10214002da43f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "BBC News media outlet obtained video footage of a man with severe burns who received no assistance from passers-by or police officers"}], "question": "What news company  discovered visual evidence of the disdain exhibited by civil employees and civilians in Burma ?", "id": "572886362ca10214002da440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "footage was filmed by members of the Burmese police force in the town of Meiktila"}], "question": "Who recorded the visual evidence on the disdainful incident?", "id": "572886362ca10214002da441"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "used as evidence that Buddhists continued to kill Muslims after the European Union sanctions were lifted on 23 April 2013."}], "question": "Who was the videotape used as evidence against in Burma ?", "id": "572886362ca10214002da442"}]}], ["Kerajaan telah bertindak balas dengan mengenakan jam malam dan dengan menghantar pasukan di kawasan. Pada 10 Jun 2012, satu keadaan kecemasan telah diisytiharkan di Rakhine, membenarkan tentera untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pentadbiran rantau ini. Tentera dan polis Burma telah dituduh mensasarkan Rohingya Muslim melalui penangkapan besar-besaran dan keganasan sewenang-wenangnya. Beberapa organisasi sami yang memainkan peranan penting dalam perjuangan Myanmar untuk demokrasi telah mengambil langkah-langkah untuk menyekat sebarang bantuan kemanusiaan kepada masyarakat Rohingya. <> Apa yang telah dikecam oleh penguatkuasa tentera dan undang-undang kerana dalam musim panas tahun 2012? || Tentera dan polis Burma telah dituduh mensasarkan Rohingya Muslim melalui penangkapan besar-besaran dan keganasan sewenang-wenang <> Bagaimana organisasi-organisasi kerajaan menyumbang kepada perjuangan di Burma? || organisasi bhikkhu yang memainkan peranan penting dalam perjuangan Myanmar untuk demokrasi telah mengambil langkah-langkah untuk menghalang sebarang bantuan kemanusiaan kepada Rohingya. Apa yang berlaku di Rakhine pada musim panas tahun 2012 yang mempunyai implikasi yang teruk pada menjalankan lokasi? || Pada 10 Jun 2012, satu keadaan kecemasan telah diisytiharkan di Rakhine, membenarkan tentera untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pentadbiran rantau <> Bagaimana kerajaan Burma bertindak balas terhadap kerusuhan pada tahun 2012? || Kerajaan telah bertindak balas dengan mengenakan jam malam dan dengan menghantar pasukan di kawasan", {"context": "The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region. The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence. A number of monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence"}], "question": "What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?", "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya"}], "question": "How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?", "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region"}], "question": "What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?", "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions"}], "question": "How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?", "id": "57288c223acd2414000dfad1"}]}], ["Sekatan ke atas penapisan media telah berkurangan pada Ogos 2012 berikutan demonstrasi oleh beratus-ratus penunjuk perasaan yang memakai baju menuntut kerajaan \"Hentikan Killing the Press.\" Perubahan yang paling ketara telah wujud dalam bentuk yang organisasi media tidak lagi perlu menghantar kandungan mereka ke lembaga penapisan sebelum penerbitan. Bagaimanapun, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh seorang editorial dalam akhbar The Irrawaddy, \"kebebasan\" yang baru ini telah menyebabkan beberapa wartawan Burma melihat hanya undang-undang baru sebagai usaha untuk mewujudkan persekitaran penapisan sendiri sebagai wartawan \"dikehendaki mengikuti 16 garis panduan ke arah melindungi tiga sebab nasional - tidak disintegrasi Kesatuan, tanpa perpecahan perpaduan negara, pengekalan kedaulatan - dan \"etika kewartawanan\" untuk memastikan kisah mereka adalah tepat dan tidak menjejaskan keselamatan negara. \" Pada Julai 2014, lima wartawan dijatuhi hukuman 10 tahun penjara selepas menerbitkan laporan yang mengatakan negara sedang merancang untuk membina sebuah kilang senjata kimia baru. Wartawan menyifatkan penjara sebagai tamparan kepada kebebasan media berita baru-baru yang telah menyusul lima penapisan dan penganiayaan. <> Adakah terdapat sebarang perubahan pada larangan yang ditempatkan di rangkaian komunikasi di Burma? || Sekatan ke atas penapisan media telah berkurangan dengan ketara pada bulan Ogos 2012 <> Jika sekatan komunikasi telah berubah bagaimana begitu? || Perubahan yang paling ketara telah wujud dalam bentuk yang organisasi media tidak lagi perlu menghantar kandungan mereka ke lembaga penapisan sebelum penerbitan. <> Apakah nama akhbar yang dibuang dari Burma? || The Irrawaddy <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh pengulas sebelum menerbitkan atau menyiarkan kandungan? || wartawan \"dikehendaki mengikuti 16 garis panduan untuk melindungi tiga sebab kebangsaan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh para demonstran semasa perhimpunan media? || memakai baju menuntut kerajaan\" Hentikan Killing the Press.", {"context": "Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012 following demonstrations by hundreds of protesters who wore shirts demanding that the government \"Stop Killing the Press.\" The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication. However, as explained by one editorial in the exiled press The Irrawaddy, this new \"freedom\" has caused some Burmese journalists to simply see the new law as an attempt to create an environment of self-censorship as journalists \"are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes \u2014 non-disintegration of the Union, non-disintegration of national solidarity, perpetuation of sovereignty \u2014 and \"journalistic ethics\" to ensure their stories are accurate and do not jeopardise national security.\" In July 2014 five journalists were sentenced to 10 years in jail after publishing a report saying the country was planning to build a new chemical weapons plant. Journalists described the jailings as a blow to the recently-won news media freedoms that had followed five decades of censorship and persecution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Restrictions on media censorship were significantly eased in August 2012"}], "question": "Have there been any changes to restrictions placed on the communications networks in Burma ?", "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "The most significant change has come in the form that media organisations will no longer have to submit their content to a censorship board before publication."}], "question": "If communications restrictions have changed how so?", "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "The Irrawaddy"}], "question": "What is the name of the newspaper that was banished from Burma?", "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "journalists \"are required to follow 16 guidelines towards protecting the three national causes"}], "question": "What is required of commentators before publishing or airing content ?", "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "wore shirts demanding that the government \"Stop Killing the Press."}], "question": "What did demonstrators wear during the media rally?", "id": "57288e8eff5b5019007da2ea"}]}], ["Orang-orang Rohingya secara konsisten menghadapi pelanggaran hak asasi manusia oleh rejim Burma yang enggan mengakui mereka sebagai warganegara Burma (walaupun beberapa di antaranya telah tinggal di Burma selama lebih dari tiga generasi) -the Rohingya telah ditolak kewarganegaraan Burma sejak penubuhan tahun 1982 undang-undang kewarganegaraan. Undang-undang ini mewujudkan tiga kategori kewarganegaraan: kewarganegaraan, kewarganegaraan bersekutu, dan kewarganegaraan semula jadi. Kewarganegaraan diberikan kepada mereka yang berasal dari salah satu bangsa kebangsaan seperti Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, atau Zerbadee. Kewarganegaraan bersekutu diberikan kepada mereka yang tidak dapat membuktikan nenek moyang mereka menetap di Myanmar sebelum tahun 1823, tetapi boleh membuktikan mereka mempunyai satu nenek atau nenek pra-1823, yang merupakan warganegara negara lain, serta orang yang memohon kewarganegaraan pada tahun 1948 dan yang layak kemudiannya oleh undang-undang tersebut. Kewarganegaraan semulajadi hanya diberikan kepada mereka yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu orang tua dengan salah satu jenis kewarganegaraan Birma ini atau dapat memberikan \"bukti konklusif\" yang orang tua mereka masuk dan menetap di Burma sebelum kemerdekaan pada tahun 1948. Rejim Burma telah berusaha untuk mengusir secara paksa Rohingya dan membawa masuk bukan Rohingya untuk menggantikan mereka-polisi ini telah menyebabkan pengusiran kira-kira separuh daripada 800,000 Rohingya dari Burma, sementara orang Rohingya telah digambarkan sebagai \"di antara yang paling tidak dikehendaki dunia\" dan \"salah satu yang paling banyak di dunia dianiaya minoriti. \" Tetapi asal-usul kenyataan minoriti 'yang paling dianiaya' tidak jelas. <> Apa bahagian populasi Burma rutin diskriminasi? || Orang Rohingya <> Bilakah undang-undang kewarganegaraan diletakkan di Burma? || 1982 <> Bagaimana seseorang menjadi warganegara penuh di Burma? || Kewarganegaraan diberikan kepada mereka yang berasal dari salah satu kaum kebangsaan <> Apa kaum yang dipertimbangkan untuk kewarganegaraan penuh di Burma? || Bangsa kebangsaan seperti Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, atau Zerbadee <> Apa yang berlaku jika seseorang tidak dapat membuktikan tuntutan leluhur atas kerakyatan penuh? || Kewarganegaraan bersekutu diberikan kepada mereka yang tidak dapat membuktikan nenek moyang mereka menetap di Myanmar sebelum 1823 <> Bilakah Rohingya kehilangan hak kewarganegaraan di Burma? || Rohingya telah ditolak kewarganegaraan Burma sejak enakmen undang-undang kewarganegaraan 1982 <> Bagaimana keputusan dibuat mengenai siapa yang mendapat hak kewarganegaraan penuh di Burma? || Kewarganegaraan diberikan kepada mereka yang berasal dari salah satu kaum kebangsaan <> Apa kaum dianggap sebagai bangsa kebangsaan di Burma? || bangsa kebangsaan seperti Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, atau Zerbadee. <> Bagaimana boleh membuktikan bangsa mereka di Burma? || membuktikan nenek moyang mereka menetap di Myanmar sebelum 1823 <> Berapa ramai rakyat Rohingya yang mempunyai perubahan baru dalam kewarganegaraan yang menyebabkan menjadi pelarian? || pengusiran kira-kira separuh daripada 800,000 Rohingya dari Burma,", {"context": "The Rohingya people have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)\u2014the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law. The law created three categories of citizenship: citizenship, associate citizenship, and naturalised citizenship. Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee. Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823, but can prove they have one grandparent, or pre-1823 ancestor, who was a citizen of another country, as well as people who applied for citizenship in 1948 and qualified then by those laws. Naturalized citizenship is only given to those who have at least one parent with one of these types of Burmese citizenship or can provide \"conclusive evidence\" that their parents entered and resided in Burma prior to independence in 1948. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them\u2014this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as \"among the world's least wanted\" and \"one of the world's most persecuted minorities.\" But the origin of \u2018most persecuted minority\u2019 statement is unclear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Rohingya people"}], "question": "What section of the Burmese population is routinely discriminated against ?", "id": "572701bd708984140094d85d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "1982"}], "question": "When was the citizenship laws placed into effect in Burma ?", "id": "572701bd708984140094d85e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"}], "question": "How does one become a full citizen in Burma ?", "id": "572701bd708984140094d85f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee"}], "question": "What races are considered for full citizenship in Burma?", "id": "572701bd708984140094d860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Associate citizenship is given to those who cannot prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"}], "question": "What happens if one is not able to prove ancestral claim on full citizenship ?", "id": "572701bd708984140094d861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a 1982 citizenship law"}], "question": "When did the Rohingya lose citizenship rights in Burma?", "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "Citizenship is given to those who belong to one of the national races"}], "question": "How is the decision made on who gets full citizenship rights in Burma?", "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "national races such as Kachin, Kayah (Karenni), Karen, Chin, Burman, Mon, Rakhine, Shan, Kaman, or Zerbadee."}], "question": "What races are considered to be the of the the national races in Burma ? ", "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "prove their ancestors settled in Myanmar before 1823"}], "question": "How can one prove their race in Burma ?", "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1258, "text": "expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma,"}], "question": "How many of the  Rohingya people have new changes in citizenship caused to become refugees ? ", "id": "57287f113acd2414000dfa4b"}]}], ["Produk pertanian utama adalah beras, yang merangkumi kira-kira 60% daripada jumlah keseluruhan tanah negara yang ditanam. Beras menyumbang 97% daripada jumlah pengeluaran bijirin makanan mengikut berat. Melalui kerjasama dengan Institut Penyelidikan Beras Antarabangsa 52 varietas padi moden dikeluarkan di negara ini antara 1966 dan 1997, membantu meningkatkan pengeluaran beras nasional kepada 14 juta tan pada tahun 1987 dan kepada 19 juta tan pada tahun 1996. Menjelang tahun 1988, varieti moden ditanam pada separuh daripada ricelands negara, termasuk 98 peratus daripada kawasan pengairan. Pada tahun 2008 pengeluaran beras dianggarkan 50 juta tan. <> Apa tanaman utama pertanian di Burma? || beras <> Berapa peratus daripada tanah ladang-ladang negara digunakan untuk tanaman pengeluaran pertanian utama di Burma? || 60% <> Kategori apa tanaman utama pertanian di Burma jatuh ke dalam? || pengeluaran bijirin makanan <> Bagaimana pengeluaran dalam kategori diukur? || dengan berat <> Berapa banyak jenis novel tanaman ini telah berkembang Burma pada tahun 1997? || 52 jenis padi moden", {"context": "The major agricultural product is rice, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the International Rice Research Institute 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas. In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What is the major farming production crop in Burma? ", "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What percentage of  the countries's farm-able land is used for the major farming production crop in Burma? ", "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "food grain production"}], "question": "What category does the major farming production crop in Burma fall into ? ", "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "by weight"}], "question": "How is production in the category tallied ?", "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "52 modern rice varieties"}], "question": "How many novel types of this crop did Burma develop as of 1997 ?", "id": "5728ec424b864d19001650a4"}]}], ["Penerbangan boleh didapati dari kebanyakan negara, walaupun penerbangan langsung terhad kepada kebanyakan syarikat penerbangan Thailand dan ASEAN yang lain. Menurut majalah Eleven, \"Pada masa lalu, terdapat hanya 15 syarikat penerbangan antarabangsa dan semakin banyak syarikat penerbangan telah mula melancarkan penerbangan langsung dari Jepun, Qatar, Taiwan, Korea Selatan, Jerman dan Singapura.\" Ekspansi dijangkakan pada bulan September 2013, tetapi sekali lagi adalah terutamanya syarikat penerbangan Thailand dan Asia yang lain mengikut Eleven Media Group's Eleven, \"Nok Air dan Business Airlines yang berpangkalan di Thailand dan Tiger Airline yang berpangkalan di Singapura\". <> Bolehkah seseorang mengembara dengan pesawat dari mana-mana negara di Myanmar? || Penerbangan boleh didapati dari kebanyakan negara <> Adakah terdapat juga cara untuk mengurangkan perjalanan ke Myanmar? || penerbangan terus terhad terutamanya di Thailand dan syarikat penerbangan ASEAN yang lain <> Adakah industri pelancongan dianggap melakukan perubahan untuk melancarkan rancangan untuk Myanmar? || 5 syarikat penerbangan antarabangsa dan peningkatan bilangan syarikat penerbangan telah mula melancarkan penerbangan terus dari Jepun, Qatar, Taiwan, Korea Selatan, Jerman dan Singapura. <> Apa syarikat penerbangan yang melancong ke Myanmar yang kini mempunyai rancangan pembangunan ke arah memperluas? || Nok Air dan Business Airlines yang berpangkalan di Thailand dan Tiger Airline yang berpangkalan di Singapura \".", {"context": "Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines. According to Eleven magazine, \"In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore.\" Expansions were expected in September 2013, but yet again are mainly Thai and other Asian-based airlines according to Eleven Media Group's Eleven, \"Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Flights are available from most countries"}], "question": "Can one travel by plane from any country in Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other ASEAN airlines"}], "question": "Is there anyway to decrease travel time in getting to Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "5 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have began launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."}], "question": "Has the travel industry considered making changes to fight plans for Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Thailand-based Nok Air and Business Airlines and Singapore-based Tiger Airline\"."}], "question": "What airlines travel to Myanmar that currently has development plans towards expanding ? ", "id": "5728f8422ca10214002dab4d"}]}], ["Destinasi pelancongan yang paling popular di Myanmar termasuk bandar-bandar besar seperti Yangon dan Mandalay; laman agama di Mon State, Pindaya, Bago dan Hpa-An; laluan semula jadi di Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin; bandar purba seperti Bagan dan Mrauk-U; serta pantai di Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan negara adalah had-had untuk pelancong, dan interaksi antara warga asing dan rakyat Myanmar, khususnya di wilayah sempadan, tertakluk kepada penelitian polis. Mereka tidak membincangkan politik dengan orang asing, di bawah penalti pemenjaraan dan, pada tahun 2001, Lembaga Penggalakan Pelancongan Myanmar mengeluarkan perintah untuk pegawai-pegawai tempatan untuk melindungi pelancong dan membatasi \"hubungan yang tidak perlu\" antara orang asing dan rakyat biasa Burma. <> Namakan dua kawasan metropolitan yang paling kerap dinikmati oleh pelancong di Myanmar? || Yangon dan Mandalay <> Apakah dua destinasi rohani yang ditawarkan Myanmar? || Mon State, Pindaya, Bago dan Hpa-An <> Adakah Myanmar menawarkan sebarang destinasi yang mungkin baik untuk peminat di luar? || jalan-jalan alam di Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin <> Adakah terdapat apa-apa mata pelajaran yang menarik yang boleh diperhatikan oleh pengunjung Burma? || bandar purba seperti Bagan dan Mrauk-U; serta pantai di Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui. <> Bolehkah pengunjung melakukan perjalanan tanpa batasan melalui negara? || kebanyakan negara adalah luar batas kepada pelancong", {"context": "The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as Yangon and Mandalay; religious sites in Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An; nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin; ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui. Nevertheless, much of the country is off-limits to tourists, and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar, particularly in the border regions, are subject to police scrutiny. They are not to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment and, in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit \"unnecessary contact\" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Yangon and Mandalay"}], "question": "Name two of the metropolitan areas that are enjoyed most frequently by tourist in Myanmar  ?", "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Mon State, Pindaya, Bago and Hpa-An"}], "question": "What are two of the top spiritual destination that Myanmar offers ?", "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "nature trails in Inle Lake, Kengtung, Putao, Pyin Oo Lwin"}], "question": "Does Myanmar offer any destinations  that might be good for outside enthusiasts ?", "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "ancient cities such as Bagan and Mrauk-U; as well as beaches in Nabule, Ngapali, Ngwe-Saung, Mergui."}], "question": "Are there any edifice points of interest that may be of note to visitors of Burma?", "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "much of the country is off-limits to tourists"}], "question": "Can visitors travel unrestricted through the country ?", "id": "5728f0da2ca10214002daaf2"}]}], ["Kerajaan juga telah melonggarkan undang-undang pelaporan, tetapi ini tetap sangat ketat. Pada September 2011, beberapa laman web yang diharamkan, termasuk YouTube, Suara Demokratik Burma dan Voice of America, telah dibatalkan. Laporan 2011 oleh Hauser Centre for Nonprofit Organizations mendapati bahawa, ketika hubungan dengan kerajaan Myanmar dikekang oleh sekatan penderma, organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO) kemanusiaan antarabangsa melihat peluang untuk advokasi yang efektif dengan pegawai kerajaan, terutama di tingkat lokal. Pada masa yang sama, NGO antarabangsa menyedari kebimbangan etika tentang bagaimana untuk bekerja dengan kerajaan tanpa menguatkan atau menggembirakannya. <> Adakah kerajaan Myanmar menjadikan kehidupan lebih mudah bagi penduduknya? || juga telah melapangkan undang-undang pelaporan, tetapi ini tetap sangat ketat. <> Adakah kerajaan membenarkan akses kepada mana-mana saluran media yang dikehendaki untuk penduduk? || beberapa laman web yang diharamkan, termasuk YouTube, Suara Demokratik Burma dan Voice of America, telah dibatalkan. <> Adakah terdapat mana-mana kumpulan yang dapat beroperasi dengan berkesan di Burma? || organisasi bukan kerajaan (NGO) kemanusiaan antarabangsa <> Mengapa kumpulan ragu-ragu untuk bekerjasama dengan pegawai kerajaan? || kesilapan etika bagaimana untuk bekerja dengan kerajaan tanpa menguatkan atau menggembirakannya.", {"context": "The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked. A 2011 report by the Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive."}], "question": "Has the government of Myanmar made life any easier for it's inhabitants ?", "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "several banned websites, including YouTube, Democratic Voice of Burma and Voice of America, were unblocked."}], "question": "Does the government allow access to any desired  media channels for residents ?", "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs)"}], "question": "Are there any groups who are able to effectively operate in Burma ?", "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it."}], "question": "Why are groups hesitant to work with government officials ?", "id": "5728e6092ca10214002daa5d"}]}], ["Banyak syarikat perhiasan AS dan Eropah, termasuk Bulgari, Tiffany, dan Cartier, enggan mengimport batu-batu ini berdasarkan laporan keadaan kerja yang menyedihkan di dalam lombong. Human Rights Watch telah menggalakkan pengharaman sepenuhnya mengenai pembelian permata Burma berdasarkan laporan-laporan ini dan kerana hampir semua keuntungan pergi ke junta pemerintah, kerana majoriti aktiviti perlombongan di negara ini dikendalikan oleh kerajaan. Kerajaan Myanmar mengawal perdagangan permata oleh pemilikan langsung atau usaha sama dengan pemilik lombong swasta. <> Apakah kesukaran dengan mengembangkan perniagaan permata di Burma? || Syarikat-syarikat barang kemas AS dan Eropah, termasuk Bulgari, Tiffany, dan Cartier, enggan mengimport batu-batu ini berdasarkan <> Mengapa Burma mengalami masalah ini dengan industri permata? || laporan keadaan kerja yang menyedihkan di lombong. <> Siapa yang memberi maklumat mengenai industri permata di Burma? || Watch Hak Asasi Manusia <> Apakah kumpulan yang disarankan berdasarkan hasil maklumat? || menggalakkan pengharaman sepenuhnya ke atas pembelian permata Burma berdasarkan <> Siapa yang menerima majoriti faedah kewangan dari perlombongan permata? || junta memerintah", {"context": "Many US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. Human Rights Watch has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "US and European jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany, and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based"}], "question": "What is the difficulty with expanding the gem business in Burma ?", "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines."}], "question": "Why is Burma experiencing this problem with the gems industry  ?", "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Human Rights Watch"}], "question": "Who gave information on the gem industries in Burma ?", "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based"}], "question": "What did the group advised based on the information's results ?", "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da98f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the ruling junta"}], "question": "Who receives the majority of financial benefits from the gem mining ? ", "id": "5728edf0ff5b5019007da990"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, British memusnahkan bangunan kerajaan utama, telaga minyak dan lombong untuk tungsten, timah, plumbum dan perak untuk memelihara mereka dari Jepun. Myanmar dibom secara meluas oleh kedua-dua pihak. Selepas kemerdekaan, negara ini runtuh dengan infrastruktur utamanya yang musnah. Selepas sebuah kerajaan parlimen ditubuhkan pada tahun 1948, Perdana Menteri U Nu memulakan dasar nasionalisasi dan negeri itu diisytiharkan sebagai pemilik semua tanah. Kerajaan juga cuba melaksanakan pelan Lapan Tahun yang kurang dipertimbangkan. Pada tahun 1950-an, eksport beras telah jatuh sebanyak dua pertiga dan eksport mineral sebanyak lebih daripada 96% (berbanding dengan tempoh sebelum Perang Dunia II). Rancangan sebahagiannya dibiayai dengan mencetak wang, yang menyebabkan inflasi. <> Bagaimana perang dunia dua mempengaruhi perniagaan dan ekonomi Burma? || British memusnahkan bangunan kerajaan utama, telaga minyak dan lombong untuk tungsten, timah, plumbum dan perak untuk memelihara mereka dari Jepun. <> Bagaimana kerangka Burma terjejas oleh WWII? || negara ini runtuh dengan infrastruktur utamanya yang musnah. <> Apa yang menyebabkan perubahan seni bina di Myanmar? || dibom secara meluas <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan perubahan yang berlaku di kawasan pedalaman akibat kesan perang? || dibom secara meluas oleh kedua-dua pihak <> Bilakah Myanmar diberikan kedaulatan untuk memerintah negara itu sendiri? || 1948, Perdana Menteri U Nu memulakan dasar kebangsaan dan kerajaan telah diisytiharkan sebagai pemilik semua tanah.", {"context": "During World War II, the British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by both sides. After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land. The government also tried to implement a poorly considered Eight-Year plan. By the 1950s, rice exports had fallen by two thirds and mineral exports by over 96% (as compared to the pre-World War II period). Plans were partly financed by printing money, which led to inflation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "British destroyed the major government buildings, oil wells and mines for tungsten, tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese."}], "question": "How did world war two affect Burmese business and economy ?", "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed."}], "question": "How was the Burma framework affected by WWII ?", "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "bombed extensively"}], "question": "What lead to the architectural changes in Myanmar ?", "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "bombed extensively by both sides"}], "question": "Who was credited with changes that occurred to the interior due to the war's effects ?", "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "1948, Prime Minister U Nu embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all land."}], "question": "When was Myanmar given sovereignty to rule it's own nation ?", "id": "5728eae32ca10214002daa92"}]}], ["Berikutan lawatan pertama Thein Sein ke UK dan pertemuan dengan Perdana Menteri David Cameron, presiden Myanmar mengisytiharkan bahawa semua tahanan politik negaranya akan dikeluarkan menjelang akhir tahun 2013, sebagai tambahan kepada kenyataan sokongan untuk kesejahteraan daripada komuniti Muslim Rohingya. Dalam satu ucapan di Chatham House, beliau mendedahkan bahawa \"Kami [kerajaan Myanmar] mengkaji semua kes, saya menjamin kepada anda bahawa menjelang akhir tahun ini, tidak akan ada tahanan hati nurani di Myanmar.\", Selain menyatakan keinginan untuk mengukuhkan hubungan antara pasukan tentera Britain dan Myanmar. <> Apa rasmi yang pertama melawat tapak Great Britain dari Burma? || Thein Sein <> Siapa pegawai Myanmar yang berjumpa dengannya? || Perdana Menteri David Cameron, <> Apa hasil mesyuarat itu? || Presiden Myanmar mengisytiharkan bahawa semua tahanan politik negaranya akan dibebaskan pada akhir 2013 <> Di manakah pejabat membuat pengumuman hasil mesyuarat? || di Chatham House <> Apa yang ingin dilihat oleh pegawai di antara kedua-dua negara? || hasrat untuk mengukuhkan hubungan antara pasukan tentera Inggeris dan Myanmar", {"context": "Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister David Cameron, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at Chatham House, he revealed that \"We [Myanmar government] are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar.\", in addition to expressing a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Thein Sein"}], "question": "What official was the first to visit the grounds of Great Britain from Burma?", "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Prime Minister David Cameron,"}], "question": "Who did the official from Myanmar meet with ?", "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013"}], "question": "What was the outcome of the meeting ?", "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "at Chatham House"}], "question": "Where did the official make his announcement of the meetings outcome ?", "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "a desire to strengthen links between the UK and Myanmar's military forces"}], "question": "What would the official like to see happen between the two countries ?", "id": "5728e7593acd2414000e019f"}]}], ["Di bawah pentadbiran British, Myanmar adalah negara terkaya kedua di Asia Tenggara. Ia telah menjadi pengeksport beras terbesar di dunia. Myanmar juga mempunyai sumber semulajadi dan buruh. British Burma mula mengeksport minyak mentah pada tahun 1853, menjadikannya salah satu pengeluar petroleum paling awal di dunia. Ia menghasilkan 75% jati dunia dan mempunyai penduduk yang sangat melek huruf. Walau bagaimanapun kekayaan itu, terutamanya tertumpu di tangan orang Eropah. Pada tahun 1930-an, pengeluaran pertanian jatuh secara mendadak kerana harga beras antarabangsa menurun, dan tidak pulih selama beberapa dekad. <> Dari segi kewangan, apabila diperintah oleh bahasa Inggeris, di manakah Burma berdiri? || Di bawah pentadbiran British, Myanmar adalah negara terkaya kedua di Asia Tenggara. <> Apakah eksport terbesar Burma pada masa pemerintahan Inggeris? || beras <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Myanmar yang menjadikannya tahu sebagai salah satu asal dalam usaha pengeluaran kewangan tertentu? || Burma mula mengeksport minyak mentah pada 1853, menjadikannya salah satu pengeluar petroleum paling awal di dunia. <> Apa produk kayu yang dihasilkan terutamanya di Myanmar semasa pemerintahan British? || 75% daripada jati dunia <> Apa kualiti yang ketara menjadikan Burma menonjol dari negara-negara Asia Tenggara yang lain? || penduduk yang sangat melek huruf", {"context": "Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia. It had been the world's largest exporter of rice. Myanmar also had a wealth of natural and labour resources. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world. It produced 75% of the world's teak and had a highly literate population. The wealth was however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined, and did not recover for several decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Under British administration, Myanmar was the second-wealthiest country in South-East Asia."}], "question": "In terms of finance, when being ruled by the English, where did Burma stand ?", "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What was Burma's greatest export during that time of English rule ?", "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165075"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853, making it one of the earliest petroleum producers in the world."}], "question": "What did Myanmar do that made it know to be one of the originals in a particular finance producing endeavor ?", "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165076"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "75% of the world's teak"}], "question": "What wood product was produced primarily in Myanmar during British rule ?", "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "a highly literate population"}], "question": "What notable quality made Burma stand out from other South East Asian countries ?", "id": "5728e91a4b864d1900165078"}]}], ["Cara yang paling biasa bagi pelancong untuk masuk ke negara ini adalah melalui udara. Menurut laman web Lonely Planet, masuk ke Myanmar adalah bermasalah: \"Tidak ada perkhidmatan bas atau kereta api yang menghubungkan Myanmar dengan negara lain, atau anda tidak boleh mengembara dengan kereta atau motosikal melintasi sempadan - anda mesti berjalan di\", dan menyatakan bahawa, \"Ia tidak mungkin bagi orang asing pergi ke / dari Myanmar melalui laut atau sungai. \" Terdapat sebilangan kecil lintasan sempadan yang membolehkan laluan kenderaan persendirian, seperti sempadan antara Ruili (China) hingga Mu-se, sempadan antara Htee Kee (Myanmar) dan Ban Phu Nam Ron (Thailand) (yang paling langsung sempadan antara Dawei dan Kanchanaburi), dan sempadan antara Myawaddy (Myanmar) dan Mae Sot (Thailand). Sekurang-kurangnya satu syarikat pelancongan telah berjaya menjalankan laluan darat komersial melalui sempadan sejak 2013. \"Dari Mae Sai (Thailand), anda boleh menyeberang ke Tachileik, tetapi hanya boleh pergi sejauh Kengtung. Mereka di Thailand pada larian visa boleh menyeberang ke Kawthaung tetapi tidak boleh menceburkan diri lebih jauh ke Myanmar. \" <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan pelawat berpindah ke bandar Myanmar? || dengan udara <> Adakah Myanmar mudah ke negara-negara lain di Asia Tenggara? || Tiada perkhidmatan bas atau kereta api menghubungkan Myanmar dengan negara lain, dan tidak boleh anda bepergian dengan kereta atau motosikal melintasi sempadan - anda mesti berjalan kaki <> Adakah terdapat sebarang destinasi pelancongan pelayaran untuk Myanmar? || Tidak mungkin orang asing pergi ke / dari Myanmar melalui laut atau sungai. <> Berapa lama ada lawatan bas yang disediakan untuk pelancong Myanmar? || salah satu syarikat pelancongan telah berjaya menjalankan laluan darat komersial melalui sempadan sejak 2013. <> Seberapa jauh orang-orang dari Taiwan, tetapi sebenarnya bukan rakyat Taiwan, dibenarkan masuk ke wilayah Myanmar? || Mereka yang berada di Thailand dalam perjalanan visa boleh menyeberang ke Kawthaung tetapi tidak dapat menceburkan diri ke Myanmar", {"context": "The most common way for travellers to enter the country seems to be by air. According to the website Lonely Planet, getting into Myanmar is problematic: \"No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across.\", and states that, \"It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river.\" There are a small number of border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between Ruili (China) to Mu-se, the border between Htee Kee (Myanmar) and Ban Phu Nam Ron (Thailand) (the most direct border between Dawei and Kanchanaburi), and the border between Myawaddy (Myanmar) and Mae Sot (Thailand). At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. \"From Mae Sai (Thailand) you can cross to Tachileik, but can only go as far as Kengtung. Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "by air"}], "question": "How are most visitors ushered into the city of Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border \u2013 you must walk across"}], "question": "Is Myanmar convenient to other countries in South East Asia ? ", "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river."}], "question": "Are there any cruise travel destinations for Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013."}], "question": "How long have bus tours been available to tourist of Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Those in Thailand on a visa run can cross to Kawthaung but cannot venture farther into Myanmar"}], "question": "How far are the people from Taiwan ,but not actually citizens of Taiwan, allowed to venture into the Myanmar territory ?", "id": "5728f2872ca10214002dab0e"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 2014, Myanmar menandatangani perjanjian untuk menubuhkan bursa saham pertamanya. Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co Ltd akan ditubuhkan dengan Myanma Economic Bank berkongsi 51 peratus, Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd Jepun 30,25 persen dan Japan Exchange Group 18,75 persen. Bursa Saham Yangon (YSX) secara rasmi dibuka untuk perniagaan pada hari Jumaat, 25 Mac 2016. Pertama Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) menjadi stok pertama yang akan diniagakan setelah menerima kelulusan untuk harga pembukaan 26,000 kyats ($ 22) . <> Apa yang berlaku pada musim sejuk tahun 2014 yang penting bagi Myanmar? || Disember 2014, Myanmar menandatangani perjanjian untuk menubuhkan bursa pertamanya <> Apa nama perniagaan yang pertama berbunyi loceng untuk bermula pada musim sejuk tahun 2014 di Myanmar? || Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd <> W telah ditetapkan untuk menjadi pemegang saham utama perniagaan yang pertama berbunyi loceng untuk bermula pada musim sejuk tahun 2014 di Myanmar? || Bank Ekonomi Myanma berkongsi 51 peratus <> Adakah negara-negara lain secara aktif mengambil bahagian dalam perniagaan yang pertama berbunyi loceng untuk bermula pada musim sejuk tahun 2014 di Myanmar? || Institut Penyelidikan Daiwa Jepun Ltd 30.25 peratus dan Japan Exchange Group 18.75 peratus. <> Pada hari apakah perniagaan yang pertama berbunyi loceng untuk bermula pada musim sejuk tahun 2014 di Myanmar membuka pintunya kepada pelanggan? || Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) secara rasminya dibuka untuk perniagaan pada hari Jumaat, 25 Mac 2016.", {"context": "In December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange. The Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd will be set up with Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent, Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent. The Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016. First Myanmar Investment Co., Ltd. (FMI) became the first stock to be traded after receiving approval for an opening price of 26,000 kyats ($22).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 2014, Myanmar signed an agreement to set up its first stock exchange"}], "question": "What occurred in the winter of 2014 of significance for Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Yangon Stock Exchange Joint Venture Co. Ltd"}], "question": "What is the name of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Myanma Economic Bank sharing 51 percent"}], "question": "W is set to to be the major stock holder of the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Japan's Daiwa Institute of Research Ltd 30.25 percent and Japan Exchange Group 18.75 percent."}], "question": "Did other countries actively participate in business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar ?", "id": "5728f9a14b864d190016515f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Yangon Stock Exchange (YSX) officially opened for business on Friday, March 25, 2016."}], "question": "What day did the business that first rang a bell to begin in the winter of 2014 in Myanmar open its doors to customers?", "id": "5728f9a14b864d1900165160"}]}], ["Sistem pendidikan Myanmar dikendalikan oleh agensi kerajaan, Kementerian Pendidikan. Sistem pendidikan didasarkan pada sistem United Kingdom kerana hampir satu abad kehadiran British dan Kristian di Myanmar. Hampir semua sekolah dikendalikan oleh kerajaan, tetapi terdapat kenaikan baru-baru ini dalam sekolah bahasa Inggeris yang dibiayai swasta. Pengajian adalah wajib hingga akhir sekolah rendah, kira-kira berumur 9 tahun, manakala umur persekolahan wajib adalah 15 atau 16 di peringkat antarabangsa. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan sistem sekolah di Myanmar? || Kementerian Pelajaran <> Negara apakah Burma untuk kredit untuk sistem akademiknya? || Kerajaan Inggeris <> Mengapa negara ini sangat berpengaruh kepada akademik Burma? || kerana hampir satu abad kehadiran British dan Kristian di Myanmar. <> Adakah terdapat alternatif kepada sistem sekolah awam di Burma? || <> Adakah anak-anak diperlukan untuk pergi ke sekolah atau mereka boleh memilih untuk tinggal di rumah dan bekerja? || Pengajian adalah wajib hingga akhir sekolah rendah", {"context": "The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the Ministry of Education. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been a recent increase in privately funded English language schools. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately about 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Ministry of Education"}], "question": "Who runs the school system in Myanmar ?", "id": "572908166aef0514001549c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "United Kingdom's"}], "question": "What country is Burma to credit for its academic system ?", "id": "572908166aef0514001549c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "due to nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar."}], "question": "Why is this country so influential to the Burma academics ?", "id": "572908166aef0514001549ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "privately funded English language schoo"}], "question": "Are there any alternatives to the public school system in Burma ?", "id": "572908166aef0514001549cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school"}], "question": "Are children required to go to school or can they choose to stay at home and work ?", "id": "572908166aef0514001549cc"}]}], ["Banyak agama yang diamalkan di Myanmar. Bangunan agama dan perintah telah wujud selama bertahun-tahun. Perayaan boleh diadakan secara besar-besaran. Namun, populasi Kristian dan Muslim, menghadapi penganiayaan agama dan sukar, jika tidak mustahil, bagi orang-orang bukan Buddha untuk bergabung dengan tentera atau mendapatkan pekerjaan pemerintah, jalan utama untuk mencapai kejayaan di negara ini. Penganiayaan dan penargetan sedemikian terutamanya terkenal di Myanmar Timur, di mana lebih daripada 3000 kampung telah dimusnahkan sejak sepuluh tahun yang lalu. Lebih 200,000 umat Islam telah melarikan diri ke Bangladesh dalam tempoh 20 tahun yang lalu untuk melarikan diri dari penganiayaan Islamophobic. <> Adakah Burma mempunyai lebih dari satu agama? || Banyak agama yang diamalkan di Myanmar <> Adakah pameran awam dibenarkan untuk perayaan agama di Myanmar? || Perayaan boleh diadakan secara besar-besaran. <> Semua disambut baik untuk mengamalkan iman secara terbuka di Burma || Penduduk Kristian dan Muslim, bagaimanapun, menghadapi penganiayaan agama <> Bolehkah sesiapa di Burma Bergabung dengan pasukan tentera di Burma? || adalah sukar, jika tidak mustahil, bagi orang-orang bukan Buddha untuk menyertai tentera <> Apakah laluan terbaik untuk pencapaian kerjaya di Burma? || menyertai tentera atau mendapatkan pekerjaan kerajaan, laluan utama kepada kejayaan di negara ini.", {"context": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. Festivals can be held on a grand scale. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country. Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in Eastern Myanmar, where over 3000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh over the last 20 years to escape Islamophobic persecution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Many religions are practised in Myanmar"}], "question": "Does Burma have more than one religion ?", "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Festivals can be held on a grand scale."}], "question": "Are public displays allowed for the celebration of religion in Myanmar ?", "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution"}], "question": "Are all welcomed to practice faith openly in Burma ", "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army"}], "question": "Can anyone in Burma Join the military forces in Burma ?", "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country."}], "question": "What are the best routes for career achievement in Burma ?", "id": "5729058baf94a219006a9f6d"}]}], ["Berbagai budaya asli di Myanmar, budaya majoriti terutama Buddha dan Bamar. Budaya Bamar telah dipengaruhi oleh budaya negara jiran. Ini ditunjukkan dalam bahasa, masakan, muzik, tarian dan teaternya. Kesenian, terutamanya kesusasteraan, secara historis telah dipengaruhi oleh bentuk tempatan Buddhisme Theravada. Dianggap sebagai epik nasional Myanmar, Yama Zatdaw, penyesuaian Ramayana India, telah banyak dipengaruhi oleh versi Thai, Mon dan India. Buddhisme diamalkan bersama dengan penyembahan nat, yang melibatkan ritual yang rumit untuk mengabadikan salah satu dari pantheon 37 orang. <> Apakah budaya berleluasa yang disetujui di Burma? || budaya majoriti terutama Buddha dan Bamar. <> Adakah budaya ini berkembang di sana sendiri dari masa ke masa? || Budaya Bamar telah dipengaruhi oleh budaya negara-negara jiran <> Apa jenis pengaruh Theravada Buddhism.have pada Bamar? || Seni, terutamanya kesusasteraan, secara historis telah dipengaruhi oleh bentuk tempatan Buddhisme Theravada <> Apakah hubungan antara serangga yang mengikuti kebaktian berikut dan Buddhisme? || Buddhisme diamalkan bersama dengan penyembahan nat, yang melibatkan ritual yang rumit untuk mengabadikan salah satu dari pantheon 37 orang.", {"context": "A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries. This is manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the Yama Zatdaw, an adaptation of India's Ramayana, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the majority culture is primarily Buddhist and Bamar."}], "question": "What are the pervasive culture that is sanctioned in Burma ?", "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries"}], "question": "Have these cultures developed on there own over time ?", "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism"}], "question": "What type of effect did Theravada Buddhism.have on Bamar?", "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Buddhism is practised along with nat worship, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats."}], "question": "What is the connection between an insect that has devotional following and Buddhism ?", "id": "5729098faf94a219006a9fc0"}]}], ["Mon, yang membentuk 2% penduduk, adalah etnik-linguistik berkaitan dengan Khmer. India di luar negara adalah 2%. Selebihnya ialah Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepal dan etnik minoriti lain. Termasuk dalam kumpulan ini ialah Anglo-Burma. Setelah membentuk komuniti yang besar dan berpengaruh, Anglo-Burma meninggalkan negara ini dalam aliran yang stabil dari 1958 dan seterusnya, terutamanya ke Australia dan Inggeris. Dianggarkan bahawa 52,000 Anglo-Burma kekal di Myanmar. Sehingga tahun 2009 [update], 110,000 pelarian Burma tinggal di kem pelarian di Thailand. <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk di Burma dikaitkan dengan linguis linguistik ke Khmer. || 2% daripada penduduk, adalah etnik-linguistik berkaitan dengan Khmer <> Masyarakat mana yang sebelum ini memegang kuasa yang meyakinkan penduduk Burma? || Anglo-Burmese <> Bilakah penghijrahan massa masyarakat yang sebelum ini memegang kuasa persuasif pada penduduk Burma bermula? || 1958 dan seterusnya <> Di mana majoriti orang ini berakhir selepas Burma? || terutamanya ke Australia dan UK", {"context": "Mon, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer. Overseas Indians are 2%. The remainder are Kachin, Chin, Rohingya, Anglo-Indians, Gurkha, Nepali and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the Anglo-Burmese. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the UK. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009[update], 110,000 Burmese refugees were living in refugee camps in Thailand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the Khmer"}], "question": "What percentage of people in Burma are related by linguistically lines to the Khmer. ", "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Anglo-Burmese"}], "question": "Which community previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population?", "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1958 onwards"}], "question": "When did a mass migration of the community that  previously held a persuasive authority on the Burmese population start?", "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "principally to Australia and the UK"}], "question": "Where did the majority of these people end up after Burma ?", "id": "5728fed41d04691400778f40"}]}], ["Burma, bahasa ibu Bamar dan bahasa rasmi Myanmar, berkaitan dengan bahasa Tibet dan Cina. Ia ditulis dalam skrip yang terdiri daripada surat pekeliling dan separa bulat, yang disesuaikan dari skrip Mon, yang kemudiannya dibangunkan dari skrip India selatan pada abad ke-5. Prasasti paling awal yang diketahui dalam skrip Burma bermula dari abad ke-11. Ia juga digunakan untuk menulis Pali, bahasa suci Buddhisme Theravada, serta beberapa bahasa minoriti etnik, termasuk Shan, beberapa dialek Karen, dan Kayah (Karenni), dengan penambahan aksara khusus dan tanda diaplikasi untuk setiap bahasa. <> Apakah matriarchal brogue Burma yang menjadi bahasa kebangsaan piawai? || Bahasa Burma <> Yang mana dua vernacular memegang hubungan dengan bahasa rasmi? || Bahasa Tibet dan Cina <> Bagaimana bahasa rasmi Burma diiktiraf? || Ia ditulis dalam skrip yang terdiri daripada huruf bulat dan separa bulat <> Pada apakah paparan visual bahasa subset? || skrip Mon, yang pada gilirannya telah dibangunkan dari skrip India selatan pada abad ke-5 <> Dari mana kesan tayangan pertama dalam bahasa visual? || Prasasti paling awal yang diketahui dalam skrip Burma bermula dari abad ke-11.", {"context": "Burmese, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to Tibetan and Chinese language. It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century. The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century. It is also used to write Pali, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and diacritics for each language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Burmese"}], "question": "What is the matriarchal brogue of Burma that became the countries' standard vernacular ?", "id": "572904696aef0514001549ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Tibetan and Chinese language"}], "question": "Which two vernaculars hold relation to the official language?", "id": "572904696aef0514001549ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "It is written in a script consisting of circular and semi-circular letters"}], "question": "How is the recognized official language of Burma displayed ? ", "id": "572904696aef0514001549ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the Mon script, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century"}], "question": "On what is the visual display of the language a subset of  ? ", "id": "572904696aef0514001549af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century."}], "question": "From when are the  first impressions of the visually displayed language ?", "id": "572904696aef0514001549b0"}]}], ["Bamar membentuk kira-kira 68% penduduk. 10% daripada populasi adalah Shan. Kayin membentuk 7% daripada penduduk. Rakyat Rakhine merupakan 4% penduduk. Bentuk luar negeri Cina kira-kira 3% daripada penduduk. Kumpulan etnik minoriti Myanmar lebih suka istilah \"kerakyatan etnik\" atas \"etnik minoriti\" sebagai istilah \"minoriti\" melambangkan rasa tidak selamat mereka dalam menghadapi apa yang sering digambarkan sebagai \"Burmanisasi\" - percambahan dan penguasaan budaya Bamar yang dominan budaya minoriti. <> Apakah peratusan terbesar penduduk Burma itu? || Bamar membentuk anggaran 68% daripada populasi <> Apakah peratusan terkecil penduduk Burma? || Bentuk Cina luar negeri kira-kira 3% daripada populasi <> Apakah istilah istimewa bagi mereka yang berada di Burma yang bukan sebahagian daripada majoriti perkauman? || kebangsaan etnik <> Berapakah peratusan penduduk dari garis keturunan Rakhine? || Rakyat Rakhine merupakan 4% daripada populasi <> Apa istilah Burmanisation membuat orang merasa? || percambahan dan penguasaan budaya Bamar yang dominan terhadap budaya minoriti.", {"context": "The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are Shan. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population. Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term \"ethnic nationality\" over \"ethnic minority\" as the term \"minority\" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as \"Burmanisation\"\u2014the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population"}], "question": "What is the largest percentage of  the Burmese populace ?", "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population"}], "question": "What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?", "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "ethnic nationality"}], "question": "What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?", "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population"}], "question": "What percentage of the population is of the  Rakhine descendant line ?", "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures."}], "question": "What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?", "id": "5728fc61af94a219006a9ed4"}]}], ["Keputusan sementara Banci 2014 Myanmar menunjukkan bahawa jumlah penduduk adalah 51,419,420. Angka ini termasuk kira-kira 1,206,353 orang di bahagian utara negeri Rakhine, Negeri Kachin dan Negeri Kayin yang tidak dikira. Orang-orang yang keluar dari negara pada masa banci tidak termasuk dalam angka-angka ini. Terdapat lebih daripada 600,000 pekerja asing berdaftar dari Myanmar di Thailand, dan berjuta-juta lagi bekerja secara haram. Pekerja asing Burma menyumbang 80% pekerja asing Thailand. Ketumpatan penduduk adalah 76 setiap kilometer persegi (200 / sq mi), antara yang paling rendah di Asia Tenggara. <> Berapa anggaran orang tinggal di Burma secara rasmi? || Keputusan sementara bagi Banci 2014 Myanmar menunjukkan bahawa jumlah penduduk adalah 51,419,420 <> Siapa yang mungkin telah ditinggalkan dari bancian 2014 di Burma? || kira-kira 1,206,353 orang di bahagian utara negeri Rakhine, Negeri Kachin dan Negeri Kayin yang tidak dikira. <> Berapa ramai penduduk di Burma sedang menggunakan visa kerja untuk Thailand? || 600,000 pekerja asing berdaftar dari Myanmar di Thailand <> Berapa ramai rakyat Burma yang diramalkan bekerja di Thailand tanpa kebenaran || berjuta-juta lagi bekerja secara haram <> Berapa peratuskah pekerja emigran di Thailand yang berasal dari Myanmar? || 80% pekerja asing Thailand", {"context": "The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand, and millions more work illegally. Burmese migrant workers account for 80% of Thailand's migrant workers. Population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420"}], "question": "How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?", "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted."}], "question": "Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?", "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand"}], "question": "How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?", "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "millions more work illegally"}], "question": "How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization ", "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "80% of Thailand's migrant workers"}], "question": "What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?", "id": "5728fb4caf94a219006a9ec1"}]}], ["Di sebuah kampung tradisional, biara adalah pusat kehidupan budaya. Para bhikkhu dihormati dan disokong oleh orang awam. Upacara pembaharuan yang dipanggil shinbyu adalah peristiwa penting yang paling penting bagi seorang lelaki, di mana dia memasuki biara untuk masa yang singkat. Semua anak lelaki dalam keluarga Buddha digalakkan menjadi seorang pemula (pemula untuk Buddha) sebelum berumur dua puluh tahun dan menjadi seorang biarawan selepas berumur dua puluh tahun. Gadis-gadis mempunyai upacara menindik telinga (\u1014\u102c\u1038 \u101e) pada masa yang sama. Kebudayaan Burma paling jelas di kampung-kampung di mana festival tempatan diadakan sepanjang tahun, yang paling penting adalah festival pagoda. Banyak kampung mempunyai penjaga nat, dan takhayul dan tabau adalah perkara biasa. <> Secara adat di mana tempat yang dijangkakan dalam kehidupan orang-orang untuk rumah para bhikkhu di Burma? || Di sebuah kampung tradisional, biara adalah pusat kehidupan budaya. <> Kegiatan apa yang sangat relevan untuk lelaki muda yang melibatkan para bhikkhu di Burma? || Upacara novitiasi yang dipanggil shinbyu <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh gadis-gadis di kampung berbanding dengan acara lelaki muda? || Gadis-gadis mempunyai upacara menindik telinga (\u1014\u102c\u1038 \u101e) pada masa yang sama. <> Apakah perayaan terbesar diadakan di acara tempatan di Burma? || yang paling penting ialah perayaan pagoda <> Apa yang ada di banyak kampung yang melindungi mereka pada masa-masa bahaya yang akan berlaku atau yang akan berlaku? || Banyak kampung mempunyai nat penjaga", {"context": "In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu is the most important coming of age events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the pagoda festival. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life."}], "question": "Customarily where is the expected place in the lives of the people for the home of monks in Burma ?", "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "A novitiation ceremony called shinbyu"}], "question": "What event is exceedingly relevant for young males that involves monks in Burma ? ", "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (\u1014\u102c\u1038\u101e) at the same time."}], "question": "What do girls of the village get in comparison the the young male event ?", "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "the most important being the pagoda festival"}], "question": "What is the biggest celebration held in local events in Burma ?", "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Many villages have a guardian nat"}], "question": "What do many villages have that protects them in times of imminent or impending danger ?", "id": "57290af96aef0514001549e6"}]}], ["Myanmar adalah rumah kepada empat keluarga bahasa utama: Sino-Tibet, Tai-Kadai, Austro-Asiatik, dan Indo-Eropah. Bahasa-bahasa Sino-Tibet yang paling banyak dituturkan. Mereka termasuk Burma, Karen, Kachin, Chin, dan Cina (terutamanya Hokkien). Bahasa Tai-Kadai utama ialah Shan. Mon, Palaung, dan Wa adalah bahasa Austroasiatik utama yang dituturkan di Myanmar. Dua bahasa utama Indo-Eropah adalah Pali, bahasa liturgikal Buddhisme Theravada, dan Bahasa Inggeris. Fakta yang kurang diketahui tentang Myanmar ada lebih dari 130 bahasa yang dituturkan oleh orang-orang di Myanmar. Oleh kerana ramai di antara mereka yang diketahui hanya di dalam suku-suku kecil di seluruh negara, mereka mungkin telah hilang (banyak jika tidak semua) selepas beberapa generasi. <> Apakah empat kategori untuk dialek yang paling produktif yang digunakan di Burma? || Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, dan Indo-Eropah. <> Apakah bahasa utama Eropah yang digunakan di Burma? || Pali, bahasa liturgikal Buddhisme Theravada, dan bahasa Inggeris <> Berapa banyak jenis kamus yang anda mungkin perlu untuk merangkumi semua bahasa yang digunakan di Myanmar || terdapat lebih daripada 130 bahasa yang diperkatakan oleh orang-orang di Myanmar <> Adakah bahasa Myanmar digunakan secara meluas oleh negara-negara lain? || ramai daripada mereka yang diketahui hanya dalam suku kecil di seluruh negara <> Apa kata pilihan untuk bahasa Tai-Kadai? || Bahasa Tai-Kadai utama ialah Shan", {"context": "Myanmar is home to four major language families: Sino-Tibetan, Tai\u2013Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European. Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include Burmese, Karen, Kachin, Chin, and Chinese (mainly Hokkien). The primary Tai\u2013Kadai language is Shan. Mon, Palaung, and Wa are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English. Little known fact about Myanmar is there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar. Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country, they may have been lost (many if not all) after a few generations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Sino-Tibetan, Tai\u2013Kadai, Austro-Asiatic, and Indo-European."}], "question": "What are the four categories for the most prolific dialects used in Burma ?", "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Pali, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English"}], "question": "What are the primary languages of Europe that are used in Burma ?", "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "there are more than 130 languages spoken by people in Myanmar"}], "question": "How many different types of dictionaries could you potentially need to cover all the languages spoken in Myanmar ", "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "many of them are known only within small tribes around the country"}], "question": "Are the languages of Myanmar widely used by other nations  ?", "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "The primary Tai\u2013Kadai language is Shan"}], "question": "What is the preferred lingo for the Tai\u2013Kadai language?", "id": "572901ec1d04691400778f59"}]}], ["Menurut Penyelidikan Pew, 7% daripada penduduk mengenal pasti sebagai Kristian; 4% sebagai Muslim; 1% mengikuti kepercayaan animistik tradisional; dan 2% mengikuti agama lain, termasuk Agama Buddha Buddhisme, Hindu, dan agama Asia Timur. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut laporan kebebasan agama antarabangsa Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat 2010, statistik rasmi didakwa memandang rendah populasi bukan Buddha. Para penyelidik bebas meletakkan penduduk Islam pada 6 hingga 10% penduduk [rujukan?]. Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa telah hadir sejak tahun 1914 dan mempunyai kira-kira 80 jemaah di seluruh negara dan sebuah pejabat cawangan di Yangon menerbitkan dalam 16 bahasa. Sebuah komuniti Yahudi yang kecil di Rangoon mempunyai rumah ibadat tetapi tidak ada rabbi pemastautin untuk menjalankan perkhidmatan. <> Sebarang bahagian penduduk tidak mengenal pasti majoriti agama? || 7% daripada populasi mengenal pasti sebagai Kristian; 4% sebagai Muslim; 1% mengikuti kepercayaan animistik tradisional; dan 2% mengikuti agama lain <> Adakah peratusan ini adalah anggaran tepat kumpulan agama yang tidak konvensional? || laporan kebebasan beragama antarabangsa, statistik rasmi didakwa memandang rendah populasi bukan Buddha. <> Berapa banyak kediaman yang didedikasikan untuk penyembahan iman Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa? || 80 jemaah di seluruh negara dan pejabat cawangan di Yangon <> Berapa banyak dialek adalah penerbitan yang diedarkan oleh Saksi Yehuwa? || 16 bahasa <> Masalah apa yang dikemukakan kepada locale Yahudi di Rangoon? || sebuah rumah ibadat tetapi tiada rabbi pemastautin untuk menjalankan perkhidmatan", {"context": "According to Pew Research, 7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including Mahayana Buddhism, Hinduism, and East Asian religions. However, according to a US State Department's 2010 international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population. Independent researchers put the Muslim population at 6 to 10% of the population[citation needed]. Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. A tiny Jewish community in Rangoon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "7% of the population identifies as Christian; 4% as Muslim; 1% follows traditional animistic beliefs; and 2% follow other religions"}], "question": "What part of the populace does not  identify with conformists religious  majority?", "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "international religious freedom report, official statistics are alleged to underestimate the non-Buddhist population."}], "question": "Are these percentages an accurate estimate of nonconformists religious  groups ?", "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon"}], "question": "How many dwelling are dedicated to the worship of the faith Jehovah's Witnesses ?", "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "16 languages"}], "question": "How many dialects are the publications distributed by the Jehovah Witness available in ?", "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "a synagogue but no resident rabbi to conduct services"}], "question": "What problem presented itself to the Jewish locale in Rangoon ?", "id": "5729072e1d04691400778f9b"}]}], ["Mohinga adalah hidangan sarapan tradisional dan hidangan kebangsaan Myanmar. Makanan laut adalah bahan biasa di bandar-bandar pantai seperti Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (dahulunya Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) dan Dawei, manakala daging dan ayam lebih banyak digunakan di bandar-bandar terkandas seperti Mandalay. Ikan air tawar dan udang telah dimasukkan ke dalam masakan di pedalaman sebagai sumber utama protein dan digunakan dalam pelbagai cara, segar, penuh asin atau filleted, asin dan kering, dibuat menjadi pes asin, atau fermentasi masam dan ditekan. <> Apakah hidangan yang dihormati untuk hidangan pagi di Burma? || Mohinga adalah hidangan sarapan tradisional <> Apa yang paling lazat dinikmati di sepanjang pantai Myanmar? || Makanan laut adalah ramuan biasa di bandar-bandar pantai <> Di manakah ayam yang paling dinikmati di Burma? || kota yang terkandas <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai alternatif kepada tauhu untuk bahan berharga yang dipegangnya bagi mereka yang tidak tinggal di dekat air di BUrma? || Ikan air tawar dan udang telah dimasukkan ke dalam masakan tempatan sebagai sumber utama protein <> Apa cara popular ikan digunakan di Burma? || segar, penuh asin atau fillet, masin dan kering, dibuat menjadi pes asin, atau ditapai masam dan ditekan.", {"context": "Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities such as Sittwe, Kyaukpyu, Mawlamyaing (formerly Moulmein), Mergui (Myeik) and Dawei, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Mohinga is the traditional breakfast dish"}], "question": "What is the time-honored dish served for the morning meal in Burma ?", "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities"}], "question": "What is most commonly enjoyed to eat along the coast of Myanmar ?", "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "landlocked cities"}], "question": "Where is the most chicken enjoyed in Burma ?", "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein"}], "question": "What is considered as an alternative to tofu for the valuable ingredient it holds for those not living near water in BUrma?", "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed."}], "question": "What are popular ways that fish are used in Burma ?", "id": "57290d37af94a219006a9fe5"}]}], ["Peraturan penjajah British memperkenalkan elemen budaya Barat ke Burma. Sistem pendidikan Burma dimodelkan selepas United Kingdom. Pengaruh seni bina kolonial paling jelas di bandar-bandar utama seperti Yangon. Banyak etnik minoriti, terutamanya Karen di tenggara dan Kachin dan Chin yang tinggal di utara dan timur laut, mengamalkan kekristianan. Menurut The World Factbook, populasi Burman adalah 68% dan kumpulan etnik adalah 32%. Walau bagaimanapun, pemimpin dan organisasi yang diasingkan mendakwa bahawa populasi etnik adalah 40%, yang secara jelasnya berbeza dengan laporan CIA (laporan AS rasmi). <> Apakah bukti peraturan terdahulu yang terdapat dalam bangunan di Burma? || Pengaruh seni bina kolonial paling jelas di bandar-bandar utama <> Apa bahagian penduduk Burma dianggap bukan sebahagian daripada kumpulan arus perdana? || kumpulan etnik membentuk 32% <> Adakah perbezaan pendapat mengenai nombor untuk populasi itu dianggap bukan sebahagian daripada arus perdana || pemimpin dan organisasi yang diasingkan mendakwa bahawa populasi etnik adalah 40%, yang secara jelasnya berbeza dengan laporan CIA (laporan AS rasmi). <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang melaporkan maklumat mengenai penduduk di Burma? || Buku Fakta Dunia", {"context": "British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Burma. Burma's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity. According to the The World Factbook, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. However, the exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities"}], "question": "What evidence of previous rule is evident in the buildings in Burma ?", "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "ethnic groups constitute 32%"}], "question": "What part of the Burmese population is considered not a part of the mainstream group?", "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "exiled leaders and organisations claims that ethnic population is 40%, which is implicitly contrasted with CIA report (official US report)."}], "question": "Do opinions differ on the numbers for that population is considered not a part of the mainstream", "id": "57290c141d04691400778fc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "The World Factbook"}], "question": "What is the name of the group that reported the information regarding the populace in Burma ?", "id": "57290c141d04691400778fca"}]}], ["Filem pertama Myanmar adalah dokumentari pemakaman Tun Shein - seorang ahli politik terkemuka pada tahun 1910-an, yang berkempen untuk kemerdekaan Burma di London. Filem senyap Burma pertama Myitta Ne Thuya (Cinta dan Liquor) pada tahun 1920 yang membuktikan kejayaan besar, walaupun kualitinya tidak baik kerana kedudukan kamera tetap dan aksesori filem yang tidak mencukupi. Semasa tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an, banyak syarikat filem milik Burma membuat dan menghasilkan beberapa filem. Filem bunyi Burma yang pertama dihasilkan pada tahun 1932 di Bombay, India dengan tajuk Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Wang Tidak Boleh Beli). Selepas Perang Dunia II, pawagam Burma terus mengatasi tema politik. Banyak filem yang dihasilkan pada era Perang Dingin awal mempunyai elemen propaganda yang kuat kepada mereka. <> Apakah pergerakan pertama tentang kehidupan seseorang yang difilemkan di Myanmar? || Filem pertama Myanmar adalah dokumentari pemakaman Tun Shein <> Mengapa filem ini cukup relevan untuk menjadi yang pertama? || Tun Shein - ahli politik terkemuka tahun 1910-an, yang berkempen untuk kemerdekaan Burma di London. <> Sebelum kemunculan gambar bercakap, apakah nama filem pertama di Myanmar dan ketika itu debut? || filem pertama Burma filem senyap Myitta Ne Thuya (Cinta dan Minuman) pada tahun 1920 <> Selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia kedua, apakah tema yang masih popular di kalangan pembuat filem di Burma? || Selepas Perang Dunia II, pawagam Burma terus membahas tema politik <> Di mana mana-mana filem Burma pernah digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk mempengaruhi rakyat? || Banyak filem yang dihasilkan pada era Perang Dingin awal mempunyai elemen propaganda yang kuat kepada mereka.", {"context": "Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein \u2014 a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. The first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920 which proved a major success, despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films. The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay, India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Money Can't Buy It). After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes. Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein"}], "question": "What was the first motion picture about someone's life filmed in Myanmar ?", "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Tun Shein \u2014 a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London."}], "question": "Why was this film relevant enough to be the first ?", "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) in 1920"}], "question": "Before the advent of talking pictures, what was the name of the first movie in Myanmar and when was it 's debut ?", "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes"}], "question": "Following the end of the second World War, what was a still a popular theme among films makers in Burma ?", "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them."}], "question": "Where any of the Burmese films ever used as an instrument to influence the people ?", "id": "57290eaeaf94a219006a9ff9"}]}]], [["Kajian-kajian genetik mengenai Yahudi menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan Yahudi di seluruh dunia menanggung warisan genetik yang berasal dari Timur Tengah, dan mereka mempunyai persamaan yang paling kuat kepada orang-orang Bulan Sabit Fertil. Komposisi genetik kumpulan Yahudi yang berbeza menunjukkan bahawa orang Yahudi berkongsi kolam genetik yang sama sejak 4000 tahun, sebagai penanda asal nenek moyang mereka. Walaupun pemisahan jangka panjang mereka dan di samping asal genetik mereka yang dikongsi, orang Yahudi juga mengekalkan budaya, tradisi, dan bahasa yang sama. <> Kajian genetik menunjukkan bahawa orang Yahudi menanggung kemiripan mereka yang paling kuat kepada orang-orang di mana? || Bulan Sabit Subur <> Berapa jauhnya tarikh genetik bersama bersama kaum Yahudi? || 4,000 tahun <> Kebanyakan Yahudi berkongsi warisan genetik yang berasal dari mana? || Timur Tengah", {"context": "Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Fertile Crescent"}], "question": "Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?", "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "4,000 years"}], "question": "How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?", "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Middle East"}], "question": "Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?", "id": "57268c8fdd62a815002e8942"}]}], ["Menurut laporan yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2014, kira-kira 43% daripada semua Yahudi tinggal di Israel (6.1 juta), dan 40% di Amerika Syarikat (5.7 juta), dengan sebahagian besar sisanya tinggal di Eropah (1.4 juta) dan Kanada (0.4 juta). Nombor ini termasuk semua orang yang mengenali diri sebagai orang Yahudi dalam kajian sosio-demografi atau dikenal pasti oleh responden dalam rumah yang sama. Walau bagaimanapun, populasi Yahudi dunia yang tepat, sukar untuk diukur. Di samping isu-isu dengan metodologi banci, perselisihan antara penyokong faktor pengenalan halakhik, sekular, politik dan nenek moyang yang berkaitan dengan siapa seorang Yahudi boleh menjejaskan angka itu bergantung pada sumbernya. <> Berapa peratus penduduk Yahudi tinggal di Israel? || 43% <> Berapa peratus penduduk Yahudi tinggal di A.S.? || 40% <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi tinggal di Eropah? || 1.4 juta <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi tinggal di Kanada? || 0.4 juta <> Apa salah satu sebab penduduk dunia sukar ditentukan? || isu dengan metodologi banci", {"context": "According to a report published in 2014, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.1 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million). These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of halakhic, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "43%"}], "question": "What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?", "id": "57267331708984140094c689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "40%"}], "question": "What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S.?", "id": "57267331708984140094c68a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "1.4 million"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Europe?", "id": "57267331708984140094c68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "0.4 million"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Canada?", "id": "57267331708984140094c68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "issues with census methodology"}], "question": "What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine?", "id": "57267331708984140094c68d"}]}], ["Walaupun orang Israel dibahagikan kepada Dua Belas Suku, orang Yahudi (yang merupakan salah satu cabang dari orang Israel, yang lain adalah orang Samaria) secara tradisional dikatakan turun sebagian besar dari suku Israel dari Yehuda (dari mana Yahudi mengambil etnik mereka) dan Benjamin, dan sebahagiannya dari suku Lewi, yang bersama-sama membentuk Kerajaan Yehuwa kuno, dan sisa-sisa Kerajaan Israel utara yang berhijrah ke Kerajaan Yehuda dan diasimilasi selepas tahun 720 SM, ketika Kerajaan Israel ditaklukkan oleh Neo- Empayar Assyria. <> Kumpulan apa yang dibahagikan kepada Dua Belas Tribes? || Israel <Saatnya Kerajaan Israel ditaklukkan oleh Empayar Neo-Asyur? || selepas tahun 720 SM <> Dari manakah kaum Yahudi memperoleh etika mereka? || Suku kaum Yehuda", {"context": "Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE, when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Israelites"}], "question": "What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?", "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "after the 720s BCE"}], "question": "When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?", "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Israelite tribes of Judah"}], "question": "From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?", "id": "572679f9dd62a815002e8672"}]}], ["Mengikut naratif Ibrani Ibrani, keturunan Yahudi ditelusuri kembali kepada para bapa leluhur Alkitab seperti Abraham, Ishak dan Yakub, dan orang-orang Kristen Alkitab, Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, dan Rahel, yang tinggal di Kanaan sekitar abad ke-18 SM. Yakub dan keluarganya berhijrah ke Mesir Kuno setelah dijemput untuk tinggal bersama anak lelaki Yakub Yusuf oleh Firaun sendiri. Keturunan bapa-bapa patriarkah kemudian diperbudak sampai ke Exodus yang diketuai oleh Musa, secara tradisinya bertarikh abad ke-13 SM, selepas itu orang-orang Israel menakluki Kanaan. [Rujukan?] Beri nama satu orang yang keturunan Yahudi ditelusuri kembali? || Abraham <> Di mana Jacob dan keluarganya bermigrasi? || Mesir Purba <> Siapa yang mengetuai Exodus? || Musa <> Siapakah anak lelaki Yakub? || Yusuf <> Siapa bapa Yusuf? || Jacob", {"context": "According to the Hebrew Bible narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the Biblical patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and the Biblical matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel, who lived in Canaan around the 18th century BCE. Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Abraham"}], "question": "Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?", "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Ancient Egypt"}], "question": "Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?", "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Moses"}], "question": "Who led the Exodus?", "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Joseph"}], "question": "Who was Jacob's son?", "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Jacob"}], "question": "Who was Joseph's father?", "id": "572675c2708984140094c6d9"}]}], ["Arkeologi moden sebahagian besarnya telah membuang sejarah sejarah Patriarch dan kisah Eksodus, dengan itu ditiru sebagai menjadi naratif mitos nasional yang mengilhami Israel. Orang-orang Israel dan kebudayaan mereka, mengikut akaun arkeologi moden, tidak mengatasi rantau ini dengan kekerasan, tetapi sebaliknya bercabang keluar dari masyarakat dan budaya orang Kanaan melalui perkembangan monolatik yang berbeza - dan kemudian monoteistik - agama yang berpusat pada Yahweh, salah satu Dewa-dewa Kanaan Kuno. Pertumbuhan kepercayaan Yahweh-centric, bersama-sama dengan beberapa amalan kultus, secara beransur-ansur menimbulkan kumpulan etnik Israel yang berbeza, menjadikan mereka terpisah dari orang Kanaan lain. Orang Kanaan sendiri secara arkeologi dibuktikan dalam Zaman Gangsa Tengah, sedangkan bahasa Ibrani adalah ahli terakhir dari bahasa Kanaan. Dalam zaman Zaman Besi saya (1200-1000 SM) budaya Israel adalah sebahagian besarnya dari kaum Kanaan. <> Budaya mana yang sebahagian besarnya adalah orang Kanaan? || Orang Israel <> Apa salah seorang dewa Kanaan Kuno? || Yahweh <> Tempoh masa dari 1200 hingga 1000 SM dikenal sebagai apa? || Zaman Besi", {"context": "Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth narrative. The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic \u2014 and later monotheistic \u2014 religion centered on Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group, setting them apart from other Canaanites. The Canaanites themselves are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age, while the Hebrew language is the last extant member of the Canaanite languages. In the Iron Age I period (1200\u20131000 BCE) Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "Israelite"}], "question": "Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?", "id": "572678f9708984140094c743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Yahweh"}], "question": "What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?", "id": "572678f9708984140094c744"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "Iron Age"}], "question": "The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?", "id": "572678f9708984140094c745"}]}], ["Judaisme berkongsi beberapa ciri-ciri sesebuah negara, etnik, agama, dan budaya, menjadikan definisi siapa seorang Yahudi sedikit berbeza bergantung kepada sama ada pendekatan agama atau kebangsaan untuk identiti digunakan. Secara amnya, dalam penggunaan Yahudi sekular moden termasuk tiga kumpulan: orang yang dilahirkan kepada keluarga Yahudi tanpa mengira sama ada mereka mengikuti agama, mereka yang mempunyai latar belakang atau keturunan nenek moyang Yahudi (kadang kala termasuk mereka yang tidak memiliki keturunan keturunan matrilineal) , dan orang-orang tanpa latar belakang nenek moyang atau keturunan Yahudi yang telah secara rasmi memeluk agama Yahudi dan oleh itu adalah pengikut agama. <> Dalam penggunaan sekular moden Yahudi termasuk berapa banyak kumpulan? || tiga <> Apa yang membuat definisi seorang Yahudi sedikit berbeza? || sama ada pendekatan agama atau nasional terhadap identiti digunakan <> Agama mana yang berkongsi beberapa ciri-ciri suatu bangsa, etnik, agama dan budaya? || Judaisme", {"context": "Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "three"}], "question": "In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?", "id": "572770d6708984140094dda3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "whether a religious or national approach to identity is used"}], "question": "What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? ", "id": "572770d6708984140094dda4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Judaism"}], "question": "Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?", "id": "572770d6708984140094dda5"}]}], ["Setaraf etimologi digunakan dalam bahasa lain, misalnya, \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a yah\u016bd\u012b (sg.), Al-yah\u016bd (pl.), Dan \u0628\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 ban\u016b isr\u0101'\u012bl dalam bahasa Arab, \"Jude\" dalam bahasa Jerman, \"judeu\" dalam bahasa Perancis, \"j\u00f8de\" dalam bahasa Denmark dan bahasa Norway, \"jud\u00edo\" dalam bahasa Sepanyol, \"jood\" dalam bahasa Belanda, dan sebagainya, tetapi terbitan kata \"Ibrani\" juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan seorang Yahudi, misalnya dalam bahasa Itali (Ebreo) , dalam bahasa Parsi (\"Ebri / Ebrani\" (Parsi: \u0639\u0628\u0631\u06cc / \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc)) dan Rusia (Ibrani, Yevrey). Perkataan Jerman \"Jude\" diucapkan [ju\u02d0d\u0259], kata sifat yang sama \"j\u00fcdisch\" [jy\u02d0d\u026a\u0283] (Yahudi) adalah asal kata \"Yiddish\". (Lihat etnik etnik Yahudi untuk gambaran penuh.) <> Apakah asal bahasa Yiddish? || Jude <> Apa kata lain untuk menggambarkan seorang Yahudi? || Ebreo <> Apakah perkataan Rusia digunakan untuk menggambarkan seorang Yahudi? || Ibrani, Yevrey <> Ebreo adalah perkataan bahasa asal dari perkataan apa? || Ibrani", {"context": "The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., \u064a\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0651 yah\u016bd\u012b (sg.), al-yah\u016bd (pl.), and \u0628\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648 \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0644 ban\u016b isr\u0101\u02bc\u012bl in Arabic, \"Jude\" in German, \"judeu\" in Portuguese, \"juif\" in French, \"j\u00f8de\" in Danish and Norwegian, \"jud\u00edo\" in Spanish, \"jood\" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word \"Hebrew\" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian (\"Ebri/Ebrani\" (Persian: \u0639\u0628\u0631\u06cc/\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200e\u200e)) and Russian (\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, Yevrey). The German word \"Jude\" is pronounced [\u02c8ju\u02d0d\u0259], the corresponding adjective \"j\u00fcdisch\" [\u02c8jy\u02d0d\u026a\u0283] (Jewish) is the origin of the word \"Yiddish\". (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Jude"}], "question": "What is the origin of the word Yiddish?", "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e026"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Ebreo"}], "question": "What is another word to describe a Jew?", "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "\u0415\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0439, Yevrey"}], "question": "What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?", "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Hebrew"}], "question": "Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?", "id": "572674a0f1498d1400e8e029"}]}], ["Alkitab Ibrani, tafsiran agama tentang tradisi dan sejarah kebangsaan awal Yahudi, mendirikan agama pertama Abrahamic, yang kini diamalkan oleh 54% dunia. Judaisme membimbing penganutnya dalam kedua-dua amalan dan kepercayaan, dan dipanggil bukan sahaja agama, tetapi juga \"cara hidup\", yang telah membuat perbezaan jelas antara Judaisme, budaya Yahudi, dan identiti Yahudi yang agak sukar. Sepanjang sejarah, zaman dan tempat-tempat yang berbeza dengan dunia Hellenic purba, di Eropah sebelum dan selepas The Age of Enlightenment (lihat Haskalah), di Sepanyol dan Portugal Islam, di Afrika Utara dan Timur Tengah, India, China, atau kontemporari Amerika Syarikat dan Israel, fenomena kebudayaan telah berkembang yang dalam arti tertentu Yahudi tanpa sama sekali secara khusus agama. Beberapa faktor dalam hal ini berasal dari dalam agama Yahudi, yang lain dari interaksi Yahudi atau komuniti tertentu Yahudi dengan persekitaran mereka, yang lain dari dinamika sosial dan budaya masyarakat, yang bertentangan dengan agama itu sendiri. Fenomena ini telah membawa kepada kebudayaan Yahudi yang jauh berbeza dengan komuniti mereka sendiri, masing-masing sebagai orang Yahudi yang sebenarnya. <> Buku apa yang dianggap sebagai tafsiran agama tentang tradisi dan sejarah kebangsaan awal orang Yahudi? || Alkitab Ibrani <> Agama-agama apa yang sekarang diamalkan oleh 54% dari dunia? || Agama Abraham <> Apakah Alkitab Ibrani? || tafsiran agama tentang tradisi dan sejarah negara Yahudi awal", {"context": "The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a \"way of life,\" which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Hebrew Bible"}], "question": "What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?", "id": "57277015708984140094dd8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Abrahamic religions"}], "question": "What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?", "id": "57277015708984140094dd8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews"}], "question": "What is the Hebrew Bible?", "id": "57277015708984140094dd8d"}]}], ["Yahudi berasal sebagai kumpulan kebangsaan dan agama di Timur Tengah semasa milenium kedua SM, di bahagian Levant yang dikenali sebagai Tanah Israel. Stele Merneptah nampaknya mengesahkan kewujudan orang Israel, yang dikaitkan dengan tuhan El, di suatu tempat di Kanaan setakat abad ke-13 BCE. Orang-orang Israel, sebagai hasil dari penduduk Kanaan, menyatukan mereka dengan kemunculan Kerajaan Israel, dan Kerajaan Yehuda. Sesetengah menganggap bahawa orang-orang Israel yang tidak aktif di Kanaan melebar dengan kumpulan nomad masuk yang dikenali sebagai 'Ibrani'. Walaupun beberapa sumber dalam Alkitab menyebutkan tempoh eksil secara terperinci, pengalaman kehidupan diaspora, dari pemerintahan Mesir Kuno ke atas Levant, ke Penangkapan dan Pengasingan Asyur, ke Pengangkatan dan Pengasingan di Babilonia, ke pemerintahan Imperial Seleucid, untuk pendudukan Rom, dan hubungan sejarah antara Israel dan tanah air, menjadi ciri utama sejarah Yahudi, identiti dan ingatan. <> Kumpulan mana yang berasal sebagai kumpulan kebangsaan dan agama di Timur Tengah semasa milenium kedua SM, di bahagian Levant yang dikenali sebagai Tanah Israel? || Yahudi <> yang menyatukan mereka dengan kemunculan Kerajaan Israel, dan kerajaan Yehuda? || Israel <> Apa kumpulan nomad yang masuk dikenali sebagai? || Ibrani <> Bilakah orang Yahudi berasal sebagai kumpulan kebangsaan dan agama di Timur Tengah? || semasa milenium kedua BCE, di bahagian Levant yang dikenali sebagai Tanah Israel <> Apa yang muncul untuk mengesahkan kewujudan orang Israel? || The Stele Merneptah", {"context": "Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and the homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Jews"}], "question": "Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?", "id": "5726723b708984140094c65d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Israelites"}], "question": "Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?", "id": "5726723b708984140094c65e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Hebrews"}], "question": "What were incoming nomadic groups known as?", "id": "5726723b708984140094c65f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel"}], "question": "When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?", "id": "5726723b708984140094c660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "The Merneptah Stele"}], "question": "What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?", "id": "5726723b708984140094c661"}]}], ["Israel menikmati kemerdekaan politik dua kali dalam sejarah kuno, pertama pada masa hakim-hakim Alkitab yang diikuti oleh Monarki Amerika. [Berselisih - membincangkan] Selepas kejatuhan Monarki United tanah itu dibahagikan kepada Israel dan Yehuda. Istilah Yahudi berasal dari \"Judean\" Rom dan menandakan seseorang dari kerajaan Yehuda selatan. Pergeseran etnonym dari \"Israel\" kepada \"Yahudi\" (penduduk Yehuda), walaupun tidak terkandung dalam Taurat, dibuat secara eksplisit dalam Kitab Ester (abad ke-4 SM), sebuah buku di Ketuvim, bahagian ketiga Tanakh Yahudi. Pada tahun 587 SM Nebuchadnezzar II, Raja Empayar Neo-Babilonia, mengepung Yerusalem, menghancurkan Kuil Pertama, dan mengusir penduduk Yehuda yang paling menonjol. Pada tahun 586 SM, Yehuda sendiri tidak lagi menjadi kerajaan merdeka, dan orang-orang Yahudi yang masih tersisa tidak ada kewarganegaraan. Pengasingan di Babel berakhir pada 539 SM ketika Empayar Achaemenid menaklukkan Babel dan Cyrus yang Agung membiarkan orang Yahudi yang diasingkan untuk kembali ke Yehud dan membangun kembali Bait Suci mereka. Kuil Kedua diselesaikan pada 515 SM. Wilayah Yehud adalah sebahagian aman dari Empayar Achaemenid sehingga kejatuhan Empayar di c. 333 SM kepada Alexander the Great. Orang Yahudi juga secara politik bebas semasa dinasti Hasmonean merangkumi 140 hingga 37 BCE dan beberapa darjah di bawah dinasti Herodian dari 37 BCE hingga 6 CE. Sejak pemusnahan Kuil Kedua pada 70 CE, kebanyakan orang Yahudi telah hidup di diaspora. Sebagai minoriti etnik di setiap negara di mana mereka hidup (kecuali Israel), mereka sering mengalami penganiayaan sepanjang sejarah, mengakibatkan populasi yang berfluktuasi baik dalam jumlah dan pengedaran selama berabad-abad. Israel mempunyai kemerdekaan politik dalam sejarah kuno? || dua kali <> Dari manakah istilah Yahudi berasal? || Romawi \"Judean <> Kapan tanah dibahagikan kepada Israel dan Yehuda? || Selepas kejatuhan Monarki Amerika <> Penduduk Yehuda dikenali sebagai apa? || Yahudi <> Bilakah pembuangan Babilon berakhir? || 539 BCE", {"context": "Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed \u2013 discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman \"Judean\" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from \"Israelites\" to \"Jews\" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? ", "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Roman \"Judean"}], "question": "From where did the term Jews originate?", "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "After the fall of the United Monarchy"}], "question": "When was land divided into Israel and Judah?", "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Jews"}], "question": "Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?", "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 884, "text": "539 BCE"}], "question": "When did the Babylonian exile end?", "id": "57268047f1498d1400e8e1e2"}]}], ["Bahasa Ibrani adalah bahasa liturgis Judaisme (disebut sebatan ha-kodesh, \"bahasa kudus\"), bahasa di mana kebanyakan tulisan suci Ibrani (Tanakh) telah disusun, dan ucapan harian orang-orang Yahudi selama berabad-abad. Menjelang abad ke-5 SM, Aramaic, lidah yang berkait rapat, menyertai bahasa Ibrani sebagai bahasa lisan di Yudea. Menjelang abad ke-3 SM, beberapa orang Yahudi diaspora bercakap Yunani. Lain-lain, seperti dalam masyarakat Yahudi Babilonia, berbicara bahasa Ibrani dan Aram, bahasa Talmud Babilonia. Bahasa-bahasa ini juga digunakan oleh orang-orang Yahudi Israel pada masa itu. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah bahasa liturgi Judaisme? || Ibrani <> Apa yang juga disebut lason ha-kodesh, \"lidah suci?\" || Ibrani <> Apakah dua bahasa Talmud Babilon? || Ibrani dan Aram <> Apa yang dipanggil kitab-kitab Ibrani? || Tanakh <> Apakah lidah yang berkait rapat dengan bahasa Ibrani? || Bahasa aram", {"context": "Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed lashon ha-kodesh, \"the holy tongue\"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hebrew"}], "question": "What is the liturgical language of Judaism?", "id": "572778495951b619008f8aad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hebrew"}], "question": "What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, \"the holy tongue?\"", "id": "572778495951b619008f8aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Hebrew and Aramaic"}], "question": "What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?", "id": "572778495951b619008f8ab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Tanakh"}], "question": "What are the Hebrew scriptures called?", "id": "572778495951b619008f8aaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Aramaic"}], "question": "What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?", "id": "572778495951b619008f8ab1"}]}], ["Yahudi Ashkenazi mewakili kebanyakan Yahudi moden, dengan sekurang-kurangnya 70% orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia (dan sehingga 90% sebelum Perang Dunia II dan Holocaust). Sebagai hasil dari emigrasi mereka dari Eropah, Ashkenazim juga mewakili majoriti orang Yahudi di benua Dunia Baru, di negara-negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Argentina, Australia, dan Brazil. Di Perancis, imigresen Yahudi dari Algeria (Sephardim) telah membawa mereka kepada lebih banyak daripada Ashkenazim. Hanya di Israel adalah wakil penduduk Yahudi dari semua kumpulan, periuk peleburan bebas dari setiap bahagian kumpulan dalam populasi Yahudi keseluruhan dunia. <> Apa kumpulan Yahudi mewakili sebahagian besar Yahudi moden? || Yahudi Ashkenazi <> Kumpulan mana yang mewakili sekurang-kurangnya 70% orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia? || Ashkenazi Yahudi <> Mengapa Ashkenazim mewakili majoriti orang Yahudi di benua Dunia Baru? || Sebagai akibat dari pergerakan mereka dari Eropah <> Di negara apakah imigrasi Yahudi dari Algeria (Sephardim) telah menyebabkan mereka lebih banyak daripada Ashkenazim? || Perancis", {"context": "Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews"}], "question": "What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?", "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ashkenazi Jews"}], "question": "Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?", "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "As a result of their emigration from Europe"}], "question": "Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?", "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "France"}], "question": "In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?", "id": "572777c3f1498d1400e8f8f3"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ke-1, Babylonia, yang mana orang Yahudi berhijrah selepas penaklukan Babilon dan selepas pemberontakan Bar Kokhba pada tahun 135 CE, telah menampung populasi yang cepat berkembang kira-kira 1,000,000 Yahudi, yang meningkat kepada kira-kira 2 juta antara tahun-tahun 200 CE - 500 CE, baik oleh pertumbuhan semulajadi dan oleh imigrasi lebih ramai orang Yahudi dari Tanah Israel, menjadikan kira-kira 1/6 populasi Yahudi dunia pada zaman itu. Pada masa-masa penukaran telah menyumbang sebahagian daripada pertumbuhan penduduk Yahudi. Ada yang mendakwa bahawa pada abad ke-1 era Kristian, misalnya, populasi lebih dari dua kali ganda, dari empat hingga 8-10 juta di dalam batas Empayar Rom, sebahagian besarnya akibat gelombang penukaran. <> Di manakah orang Yahudi bermigrasi selepas penaklukan Babilon? || Babylonia <> Antara tahun berapa Yahudi meningkat kepada anggaran 2 juta? || 200 CE - 500 CE <> Namakan satu perkara yang menyumbang pertumbuhan penduduk Yahudi? || penukaran", {"context": "By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE \u2013 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8\u201310 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Babylonia"}], "question": "Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?", "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "200 CE \u2013 500 CE"}], "question": "Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?", "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "conversion"}], "question": "Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?", "id": "572773195951b619008f8a2d"}]}], ["Menurut sejarawan Shaye J. D. Cohen, status keturunan campuran perkawinan ditentukan secara patrilineally dalam Alkitab. Beliau membawa dua penjelasan yang mungkin untuk perubahan dalam masa Mishnaic: pertama, Mishnah mungkin telah menggunakan logik yang sama dengan perkahwinan campuran kerana ia telah digunakan untuk campuran lain (Kil'ayim). Oleh itu, perkahwinan bercampur dilarang seperti kesatuan kuda dan keldai, dan di kedua kesatuan itu anak-anak dihukum secara matrilineal. Kedua, Tannaim mungkin telah dipengaruhi oleh undang-undang Rom, yang menentukan bahawa apabila ibu bapa tidak dapat mengikat perkahwinan yang sah, keturunan akan mengikuti ibu. <> Siapa yang percaya status keturunan perkahwinan campuran ditentukan secara patrilineally dalam Alkitab? || Shaye J. D. Cohen <> Apa yang ditentukan apabila ibu bapa tidak dapat mengikat perkahwinan yang sah, keturunan akan mengikuti ibu? || Undang-undang Rom <> Apakah satu penjelasan untuk perubahan dalam masa Mishnaic? || Mishnah mungkin telah menggunakan logik yang sama untuk perkahwinan campuran kerana ia telah digunakan untuk campuran lain", {"context": "According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Shaye J. D. Cohen"}], "question": "Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?", "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Roman law"}], "question": "What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?", "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures"}], "question": "What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?", "id": "5727728ef1498d1400e8f862"}]}], ["Di dalam populasi Yahudi di dunia terdapat bahagian-bahagian etnik yang berbeza, yang sebahagian besarnya adalah hasil cawangan geografi dari penduduk Israel yang berasal, dan perubahan evolusi yang berikutnya. Pelbagai komuniti Yahudi ditubuhkan oleh peneroka Yahudi di berbagai tempat di sekitar Dunia Lama, selalunya jarak jauh dari satu sama lain, mengakibatkan pengasingan yang berkesan dan sering jangka panjang. Semasa milenium diaspora Yahudi komuniti akan berkembang di bawah pengaruh persekitaran tempatan mereka: politik, kebudayaan, semulajadi, dan penduduk. Hari ini, manifestasi perbezaan ini di kalangan orang Yahudi dapat dilihat dalam ekspresi budaya Yahudi setiap masyarakat, termasuk kepelbagaian bahasa Yahudi, keutamaan kuliner, amalan liturgi, tafsiran agama, serta darjah dan sumber campuran genetik. <> Apa yang menyebabkan pengasingan komuniti Yahudi yang berkesan dan jangka panjang? || Satu kumpulan masyarakat Yahudi ditubuhkan oleh peneroka Yahudi di berbagai tempat di sekitar Dunia Lama, sering di jarak yang jauh antara satu sama lain <> Nama satu cara ekspresi budaya Yahudi berbeza dalam setiap komuniti? || tafsiran agama <> Nama lain cara ekspresi budaya Yahudi berbeza dalam setiap komuniti? || pilihan masakan", {"context": "Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another"}], "question": "What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?", "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "religious interpretations"}], "question": "Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?", "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "culinary preferences"}], "question": "Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?", "id": "572774d8f1498d1400e8f89e"}]}], ["Selama berabad-abad, orang-orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia telah berbicara bahasa-bahasa tempatan atau dominan di kawasan-kawasan yang mereka bermigrasi, sering membentuk bentuk dialectal atau cawangan yang menjadi bahasa bebas. Bahasa Yiddish adalah bahasa Yahudi-Jerman yang dikembangkan oleh Yahudi Ashkenazi yang berhijrah ke Eropah Tengah. Ladino adalah bahasa Jud\u00e6o-Sepanyol yang dibangunkan oleh Yahudi Sephardic yang bermigrasi ke semenanjung Iberia. Disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, termasuk kesan Holocaust terhadap Jewry Eropah, penghijrahan Yahudi dari negara-negara Arab dan Muslim, dan pergerakan meluas dari komuniti Yahudi lain di seluruh dunia, bahasa-bahasa Yahudi kuno dan berbeza dari beberapa komuniti, termasuk Jud\u00e6o-Georgian, Jud\u00e6o -Arabic, Judaeo-Berber, Krymchak, Judaeo-Malayalam dan banyak lagi, telah banyak digunakan. <> Apakah bahasa Judaeo-Jerman yang dibangun oleh Yahudi Ashkenazi yang berhijrah ke Eropah Tengah? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Apa bahasa Judaeo-Sepanyol yang dibangunkan oleh Yahudi Sephardic yang bermigrasi ke semenanjung Iberia? || Ladino <> Namakan satu sebab bahasa-bahasa Yahudi kuno dan tersembunyi sebahagian besarnya tidak digunakan? || Penghijrahan Yahudi dari negara Arab dan Islam", {"context": "For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Jud\u00e6o-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Jud\u00e6o-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Jud\u00e6o-Georgian, Jud\u00e6o-Arabic, Jud\u00e6o-Berber, Krymchak, Jud\u00e6o-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Yiddish"}], "question": "What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?", "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Ladino"}], "question": "What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?", "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries"}], "question": "Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?", "id": "572778e8dd62a815002e9dd6"}]}], ["Takrif sejarah identiti Yahudi secara tradisinya didasarkan pada definisi halakhis keturunan matrilineal, dan penukaran halakhik. Takrif sejarah siapa yang merupakan tarikh Yahudi kembali kepada kodifikasi Oral Torah ke Talmud Babilon, sekitar 200 TM. Tafsiran seksyen Tanakh, seperti Ulangan 7: 1-5, oleh orang bijak Yahudi, digunakan sebagai amaran terhadap perkahwinan antara orang Yahudi dan Kanaan kerana \"[suami bukan Yahudi] akan menyebabkan anak anda berpaling dari Saya dan mereka akan menyembah para dewa (idola) orang lain. \" Imamat 24:10 menyatakan bahawa anak lelaki dalam perkahwinan antara seorang wanita Ibrani dan seorang lelaki Mesir adalah \"masyarakat Israel.\" Ini dilengkapi dengan Ezra 10: 2-3, di mana orang Israel yang kembali dari Babel bersumpah untuk mengetepikan isteri-isteri bangsa mereka dan anak-anak mereka. Sejak pergerakan Haskalah anti keagamaan abad ke-18 dan ke-19, interpretasi halakhik terhadap identiti Yahudi telah dicabar. <> Apakah definisi sejarah mengenai identiti Yahudi berdasarkan? || definisi halakhik keturunan matrilineal, dan penukaran halakhic <> Definisi sejarah tentang siapa seorang Yahudi adalah tarikh kembali ke tahun apa? || 200 CE <> Apa yang digunakan sebagai amaran terhadap perkahwinan antara orang Yahudi dan orang Kanaan? || Orang bijak Yahudi", {"context": "Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1\u20135, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because \"[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others.\" Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is \"of the community of Israel.\" This is complemented by Ezra 10:2\u20133, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions"}], "question": "What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?", "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "200 CE"}], "question": "Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?", "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Jewish sages"}], "question": "What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?", "id": "572771def1498d1400e8f84a"}]}], ["Orang Yahudi sering dikenal pasti sebagai milik salah satu daripada dua kumpulan utama: Ashkenazim dan Sephardim. Ashkenazim, atau \"Germanik\" (Ashkenaz yang bermaksud \"Jerman\" dalam bahasa Ibrani), dinamakan dengan namanya sebagai budaya Yahudi dan asal-usul geografi Yahudi, manakala Sephardim, atau \"Hispanik\" (Sefarad yang bermaksud \"Sepanyol / Hispania\" atau \"Iberia\" , dinamakan dengan nama mereka sebagai asal budaya dan geografi Yahudi Sepanyol / Portugis. Istilah yang lebih umum di Israel untuk kebanyakan orang yang dikenali sebagai Sephardim, adalah Mizrahim (lit. \"Easterners\", Mizrach menjadi \"Timur\" dalam bahasa Ibrani), iaitu merujuk kepada koleksi Yahudi Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara yang pelbagai sering, sebagai satu kumpulan, dirujuk secara kolektif sebagai Sephardim (bersama dengan Sephardim yang sesuai) untuk alasan liturgi, walaupun kumpulan Yahudi Mizrahi dan Yahudi Sephardi betul secara etnik. <> Namakan satu kumpulan utama yang orang Yahudi sering dikenal pasti sebagai kepunyaan. || Ashkenazim <> Namakan satu lagi kumpulan utama yang orang Yahudi sering dikenalpasti sebagai kepunyaan? || Sephardim <> Apa maksud Ashkenaz dalam bahasa Ibrani? || Jerman <> Apakah istilah yang lebih umum di Israel untuk kebanyakan orang yang dikenali sebagai Sephardim? || Mizrahim <> Apakah maksud Mizrach dalam bahasa Ibrani? || Timur", {"context": "Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or \"Germanics\" (Ashkenaz meaning \"Germany\" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or \"Hispanics\" (Sefarad meaning \"Spain/Hispania\" or \"Iberia\" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. \"Easterners\", Mizrach being \"East\" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Ashkenazim"}], "question": "Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.", "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Sephardim"}], "question": "Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?", "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?", "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Mizrahim"}], "question": "What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?", "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "East"}], "question": "What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?", "id": "5727757edd62a815002e9d54"}]}], ["Bahagian di antara semua kumpulan ini adalah anggaran dan sempadan mereka tidak selalu jelas. Sebagai contoh, Mizrahim adalah koleksi heterogen dari masyarakat Yahudi Afrika Utara, Asia Tengah, Kaukasia, dan Timur Tengah yang tidak berkaitan dengan satu sama lain daripada mereka kepada mana-mana kumpulan Yahudi yang disebut tadi. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam penggunaan moden, Mizrahim kadang-kadang disebut sebagai Sephardi kerana gaya liturgi yang serupa, meskipun pembangunan bebas dari Sephardim tepat. Oleh itu, di kalangan Mizrahim terdapat Yahudi Mesir, Yahudi Iraq, Yahudi Lubnan, Yahudi Kurdi, Yahudi Libya, Yahudi Syria, Yahudi Bukharian, Yahudi Gunung, Yahudi Georgia, Yahudi Iran dan lain-lain. Teimanim dari Yaman kadang kala dimasukkan, walaupun gaya liturgi mereka adalah unik dan mereka berbeza berkenaan dengan campuran yang terdapat di antara mereka dengan yang terdapat di Mizrahim. Di samping itu, terdapat perbezaan yang dilakukan antara pendatang Sephardi yang menubuhkan mereka di Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara selepas pengusiran orang Yahudi dari Sepanyol dan Portugal pada tahun 1490-an dan masyarakat Yahudi yang sudah ada di kawasan tersebut. <> Dalam penggunaan moden, kenapa Mizrahim kadangkala disebut Sephardi? || kerana gaya liturgi yang serupa <> Bilakah berlaku pengusiran orang Yahudi dari Sepanyol dan Portugal? || 1490s <> Di manakah Teimanim dari? || Yemen", {"context": "The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "due to similar styles of liturgy"}], "question": "In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?", "id": "5727762a708984140094de47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1060, "text": "the 1490s"}], "question": "When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?", "id": "5727762a708984140094de48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Yemen"}], "question": "Where are the Teimanim from?", "id": "5727762a708984140094de49"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah lain percaya bahawa penukaran semasa zaman Rom adalah terhad dan tidak menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan penduduk Yahudi, disebabkan oleh pelbagai faktor seperti penolakan lelaki terhadap Judaisme di dunia Rom dari pertengahan abad ke-2. Faktor lain yang akan menjadikan penukaran sukar di dunia Rom adalah kehendak halakhik sunat, satu keperluan yang membebaskan agama Kristian dengan cepat. The Fiscus Judaicus, cukai yang dikenakan ke atas orang Yahudi pada tahun 70 CE dan santai untuk mengecualikan orang Kristian pada tahun 96 CE, juga rayuan Yahudi yang terhad. Di samping itu, sejarawan berpendapat bahawa angka yang paling banyak (4 juta) yang telah ditebak untuk menyumbang kepada penduduk Yahudi di Empayar Rom purba adalah satu kesilapan yang telah lama dibuktikan dan dengan itu anggapan bahawa penukaran memberi kesan kepada pertumbuhan penduduk Yahudi di Rom purba skala besar adalah palsu. Angka 8 juta juga ragu kerana ia mungkin merujuk kepada banci jumlah warganegara Rom. <> Apakah cukai yang dikenakan ke atas orang Yahudi pada 70 CE? || The Fiscus Judaicus <> Bilakah Fiscus Judaicus berehat untuk mengecualikan orang Kristian? || 96 CE <> Nama satu sebab sejarawan percaya penukaran semasa zaman Rom adalah bilangan yang terhad dan tidak menyumbang kepada pertumbuhan penduduk Yahudi yang banyak? || menyalahi undang-undang penukaran lelaki kepada Judaisme", {"context": "Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "The Fiscus Judaicus"}], "question": "What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?", "id": "57277434708984140094de01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "96 CE"}], "question": "When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?", "id": "57277434708984140094de02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "illegality of male conversion to Judaism"}], "question": "Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?", "id": "57277434708984140094de03"}]}], ["Kadar perkahwinan antara agama berbeza-beza: Di Amerika Syarikat, ia hanya di bawah 50%, di United Kingdom, sekitar 53%; di Perancis; sekitar 30%, dan di Australia dan Mexico, serendah 10%. Di Amerika Syarikat, hanya kira-kira sepertiga kanak-kanak dari perkahwinan yang bersekutu dengan amalan agama Yahudi. Hasilnya adalah bahawa kebanyakan negara di Diaspora mempunyai populasi Yahudi yang agak stabil atau sedikit merosot ketika orang Yahudi terus mengasimilasikan ke negara-negara di mana mereka hidup. [Rujukan?] Apakah kadar perkahwinan antara agama di Amerika Syarikat? || hanya di bawah 50% <> Apakah kadar perkahwinan antara agama di United Kingdom? || 53% <> Apakah kadar perkahwinan antara agama di Perancis? || 30% <> Apakah kadar perkahwinan antara agama di Mexico? || serendah 10% <> Berapakah kadar perkahwinan antara agama di Australia? || serendah 10%", {"context": "Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50%, in the United Kingdom, around 53%; in France; around 30%, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice. The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "just under 50%"}], "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States?", "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "53%"}], "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom?", "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "30%"}], "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France?", "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "as low as 10%"}], "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico?", "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "as low as 10%"}], "question": "What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?", "id": "57279ff03acd2414000de831"}]}], ["Antara 1948 dan 1958, populasi Yahudi meningkat dari 800,000 hingga dua juta. Pada masa ini, orang Yahudi menyumbang 75.4% daripada populasi Israel, atau 6 juta orang. Tahun-tahun awal Negara Israel ditandai oleh imigrasi massal yang selamat dari orang-orang Holocaust setelah peristiwa Holocaust dan Yahudi melarikan diri dari tanah Arab. Israel juga mempunyai penduduk Yahudi Ethiopia yang banyak, yang kebanyakannya diterbangkan ke Israel pada akhir 1980-an dan awal 1990-an. Antara tahun 1974 dan 1979 hampir 227.258 pendatang tiba di Israel, kira-kira separuh dari Kesatuan Soviet. Tempoh ini juga menyaksikan peningkatan imigresen ke Israel dari Eropah Barat, Amerika Latin, dan Amerika Utara. <> Berapa tahun penduduk Yahudi meningkat dari 800,000 hingga dua juta? || 1948 dan 1958 <> Apakah populasi Israel? || 6 juta <> Antara tahun 1974 dan 1979, berapa banyak pendatang yang tiba di Israel? || 227,258", {"context": "Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4% of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors in the aftermath of the Holocaust and Jews fleeing Arab lands. Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union. This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1948 and 1958"}], "question": "What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million?", "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "6 million"}], "question": "What is the population of Israel?", "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "227,258"}], "question": "Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel?", "id": "57279ce7dd62a815002ea20a"}]}], ["Sejak sekurang-kurangnya zaman orang-orang Yunani Kuno, sebahagian orang Yahudi telah mengasimilasi masyarakat bukan Yahudi yang lebih luas di sekeliling mereka, sama ada dengan pilihan atau kekerasan, berhenti untuk mengamalkan Judaisme dan kehilangan identiti Yahudi mereka. Asimilasi berlaku di semua kawasan, dan sepanjang masa, dengan beberapa masyarakat Yahudi, contohnya Kaifeng Yahudi China, hilang sepenuhnya. Kemunculan Pencerahan Yahudi pada abad ke-18 (lihat Haskalah) dan pembebasan seterusnya populasi Yahudi Eropah dan Amerika pada abad ke-19, mempercepatkan keadaan, menggalakkan orang-orang Yahudi untuk semakin terlibat dan menjadi sebahagian daripada masyarakat sekular. Hasilnya telah menjadi trend asimilasi, ketika orang Yahudi berkahwin dengan pasangan bukan Yahudi dan berhenti berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat Yahudi. <> Bilakah kedatangan Pencerahan Yahudi berlaku? || Abad ke-18 <> Apa hasil daripada Pencerahan Yahudi? || trend yang semakin meningkat Asimilasi <> Nama komuniti Yahudi yang hilang sepenuhnya? || Kaifeng Yahudi dari China", {"context": "Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "18th century"}], "question": "When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?", "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "growing trend of assimilation"}], "question": "What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?", "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Kaifeng Jews of China"}], "question": "Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?", "id": "57279f7c4b864d19001638c2"}]}], ["Komuniti Yahudi terbesar di Eropah Barat, dan komuniti Yahudi ketiga terbesar di dunia, boleh didapati di Perancis, di antara 483,000 dan 500,000 orang Yahudi, yang majoritinya adalah pendatang atau pelarian dari negara Arab Afrika Utara seperti Algeria, Maghribi, dan Tunisia (atau keturunan mereka). United Kingdom mempunyai komuniti Yahudi sebanyak 292,000. Di Eropah Timur, terdapat di mana saja dari 350,000 hingga satu juta Yahudi yang tinggal di bekas Kesatuan Soviet, tetapi angka yang tepat sukar ditubuhkan. Di Jerman, 102,000 orang Yahudi yang berdaftar dengan komuniti Yahudi adalah populasi yang perlahan, walaupun imigresen berpuluh-puluh ribu orang Yahudi dari bekas Kesatuan Soviet sejak kejatuhan Tembok Berlin. Beribu-ribu orang Israel juga tinggal di Jerman, sama ada secara kekal atau sementara, atas alasan ekonomi. <> Di mana komuniti Yahudi terbesar di Eropah Barat? || Perancis <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi tinggal di Perancis? || antara 483,000 dan 500,000 <> Apakah populasi Yahudi di United Kingdom? || 292,000", {"context": "Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?", "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "between 483,000 and 500,000"}], "question": "How many Jews live in France?", "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "292,000"}], "question": "What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?", "id": "57279dc32ca10214002d9226"}]}], ["Kajian-kajian itu juga menunjukkan bahawa Sephardic Bnei Anusim (keturunan \"anusim\" terpaksa berpindah ke Katolik) daripada Iberia (dianggarkan kira-kira 19.8% daripada Iberia moden) dan Ibero-Amerika (dianggarkan sekurang-kurangnya 10% daripada Ibero-Amerika moden) Asal-usul Yahudi Sephardic dalam beberapa abad yang lalu, manakala Bene Israel dan Cochin Yahudi India, Beta Israel dari Ethiopia, dan sebahagian dari penduduk Lemba di Afrika Selatan, walaupun lebih dekat dengan penduduk tempatan di negara asal mereka, juga mempunyai beberapa keturunan Yahudi purba yang lebih jauh. <> Apa itu Sephardic Bnei Anusim? || keturunan \"anusim\" dipaksa menukar agama Katolik <> Siapa keturunan \"anusim\" yang dipaksa menukar agama Katolik? || Sephardic Bnei Anusim <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Iberia adalah Sephardic Bnei Anusim? || 19.8%", {"context": "The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism"}], "question": "What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?", "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Sephardic Bnei Anusim"}], "question": "Who are descendants of the \"anusim\" forced converts to Catholicism?", "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "19.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?", "id": "57279c47dd62a815002ea1fa"}]}], ["Lebih separuh daripada orang Yahudi tinggal di Diaspora (lihat jadual Penduduk). Pada masa ini, komuniti Yahudi terbesar di luar Israel, dan sama ada komuniti Yahudi terbesar atau kedua terbesar di dunia, terletak di Amerika Syarikat, dengan 5.2 juta hingga 6.4 juta Yahudi oleh pelbagai anggaran. Di tempat lain di Amerika, terdapat juga populasi Yahudi besar di Kanada (315,000), Argentina (180,000-300,000), dan Brazil (196,000-600,000), dan populasi yang lebih kecil di Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia dan beberapa negara lain lihat Sejarah Orang Yahudi di Amerika Latin). Demografi tidak bersetuju sama ada Amerika Syarikat mempunyai penduduk Yahudi yang lebih besar daripada Israel, dengan banyak mengekalkan bahawa Israel melampaui Amerika Syarikat dalam populasi Yahudi pada tahun 2000an, sementara yang lain berpendapat bahawa Amerika Syarikat masih mempunyai penduduk Yahudi terbesar di dunia. Pada masa ini, kaji selidik penduduk Yahudi utama negara merancang untuk menentukan sama ada Israel telah mengatasi Amerika Syarikat dalam populasi Yahudi. <> Lebih separuh daripada orang Yahudi tinggal di mana? || Diaspora <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi tinggal di Kanada? || 315,000 <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi tinggal di Argentina? || 180,000-300,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi tinggal di Brazil? || 196,000-600,000", {"context": "More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 5.2 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada (315,000), Argentina (180,000-300,000), and Brazil (196,000-600,000), and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America). Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Diaspora"}], "question": "More than half of the Jews live where?", "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "315,000"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Canada?", "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "180,000-300,000"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Argentina?", "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "196,000-600,000"}], "question": "How many Jews live in Brazil?", "id": "57279d5a3acd2414000de7ec"}]}], ["Kajian DNA autosomal, yang melihat keseluruhan campuran DNA, menjadi semakin penting apabila teknologi berkembang. Mereka menunjukkan bahawa populasi Yahudi cenderung untuk membentuk kumpulan yang berkait rapat dalam komuniti bebas, dengan kebanyakan masyarakat berkongsi keturunan yang ketara. Bagi populasi Yahudi diaspora, komposisi genetik Ashkenazi, Sephardi, dan populasi Yahudi Mizrahi memperlihatkan keturunan yang tinggi dari keturunan Timur Tengah. Menurut Behar, penjelasan paling ketara bagi keturunan Timur Timur yang dikongsi ini adalah bahawa ia \"selaras dengan perumusan sejarah orang-orang Yahudi sebagai turun dari penduduk Ibrani kuno dan Israel dari Levant\" dan \"penyebaran orang-orang Israel purba sepanjang Dunia Lama \". Afrika Utara, Itali dan lain-lain dari asal Iberia menunjukkan frekuensi variasi campuran dengan populasi tuan rumah bukan Yahudi di kalangan ibu-ibu. Dalam kes Ashkenazi dan Yahudi Sephardi (khususnya Yahudi Maghribi), yang berkait rapat, sumber campuran non-Yahudi adalah terutamanya Eropah selatan, manakala Yahudi Mizrahi menunjukkan bukti campuran dengan populasi Timur Tengah dan orang Sub-Sahara yang lain. Behar et al. telah menyatakan hubungan yang sangat dekat dengan Yahudi Ashkenazi dan Itali moden. <> Apa yang melihat campuran DNA keseluruhan? || autosomal DNA <> Apa yang menjadi semakin penting kerana teknologi deveops? || DNA autosomal <> Yahudi Mizrahi menunjukkan bukti campuran dengan siapa? || Penduduk Timur Tengah dan Afrika Sub-Sahara", {"context": "Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is \"consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant\" and \"the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World\". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "autosomal DNA"}], "question": "What looks at the entire DNA mixture?", "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "autosomal DNA"}], "question": "What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?", "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1194, "text": "Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans"}], "question": "Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?", "id": "57279bc4ff5b5019007d90e4"}]}], ["Sebelum tahun 1948, kira-kira 800,000 orang Yahudi hidup di tanah yang kini membentuk dunia Arab (tidak termasuk Israel). Dari jumlah ini, hanya di bawah dua pertiga tinggal di rantau Maghreb yang dikuasai Perancis, 15-20% di Kerajaan Iraq, kira-kira 10% di Kerajaan Mesir dan kira-kira 7% di Kerajaan Yaman. Lebih 200,000 lagi tinggal di Pahlavi Iran dan Republik Turki. Hari ini, kira-kira 26,000 orang Yahudi tinggal di negara Arab dan sekitar 30,000 di Iran dan Turki. Pengeluaran berskala kecil telah dimulai di banyak negara pada dekad awal abad ke-20, walaupun aliyah yang besar hanya berasal dari Yaman dan Syria. Pengeluaran dari negara-negara Arab dan Islam berlaku terutamanya dari tahun 1948. Exodus berskala besar pertama berlaku pada akhir 1940-an dan awal 1950-an, terutamanya di Iraq, Yaman dan Libya, sehingga 90% masyarakat ini meninggalkan dalam beberapa tahun . Kemuncak eksodus dari Mesir berlaku pada tahun 1956. Pengeluaran di negara Maghreb memuncak pada tahun 1960-an. Libanon adalah satu-satunya negara Arab untuk melihat peningkatan sementara penduduknya Yahudi dalam tempoh ini, disebabkan kemasukan pelarian dari negara-negara Arab yang lain, walaupun pada pertengahan 1970-an masyarakat Yahudi Lebanon juga telah berkurangan. Selepas kesan gelombang eksodus dari negara-negara Arab, penghijrahan tambahan orang Yahudi Iran memuncak pada tahun 1980-an ketika sekitar 80% orang Yahudi Iran meninggalkan negara ini. [Rujukan?] Sebelum tahun 1948, berapa orang Yahudi yang tinggal di tanah yang kini membentuk dunia Arab (tidak termasuk Israel)? || 800,000 <> Satu-satunya aliyah yang datang dari mana? || Yemen dan Syria <> Bilakah perkuburan berskala kecil bermula di banyak negara? || dekad awal abad ke-20", {"context": "Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15\u201320% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "800,000"}], "question": "Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?", "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "Yemen and Syria"}], "question": "The only substantial aliyah came from where?", "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "early decades of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?", "id": "57279e7d3acd2414000de802"}]}], ["Kajian DNA Y cenderung menyiratkan sebilangan kecil pengasas dalam populasi lama yang anggotanya berpisah dan mengikuti jalan penghijrahan yang berbeza. Dalam populasi Yahudi yang paling, nenek moyang lelaki ini nampaknya telah terutamanya Timur Tengah. Sebagai contoh, orang-orang Yahudi Ashkenazi berkongsi garis keturunan yang lebih umum dengan kumpulan Yahudi dan Timur Tengah yang lain daripada dengan populasi bukan Yahudi di kawasan di mana orang Yahudi tinggal di Eropah Timur, Jerman dan Lembah Rhine Perancis. Ini konsisten dengan tradisi Yahudi dalam menempatkan kebanyakan asal-usul bapa Yahudi di rantau Timur Tengah. Sebaliknya, garis keturunan penduduk Yahudi, yang dikaji dengan melihat DNA mitokondria, umumnya lebih heterogen. Para ilmuwan seperti Harry Ostrer dan Raphael Falk percaya ini menunjukkan bahawa ramai lelaki Yahudi mendapati rakan-rakan baru dari masyarakat Eropah dan lain-lain di tempat mereka berhijrah di diaspora selepas melarikan diri dari Israel purba. Sebaliknya, Behar telah menemui bukti bahawa kira-kira 40% orang Yahudi Ashkenazi berasal dari hanya empat pengasas wanita, yang berasal dari Timur Tengah. Populasi masyarakat Yahudi Sephardi dan Mizrahi \"tidak menunjukkan bukti untuk kesan pengetengahnya.\" Kajian seterusnya yang dijalankan oleh Feder et al. mengesahkan sebahagian besar daripada asal ibu bukan tempatan di kalangan orang Yahudi Ashkenazi. Mengulas mengenai penemuan mereka yang berkaitan dengan asal-usul Yahudi Ashkenazi, para penulis menyimpulkan \"Jelas sekali, perbezaan antara Yahudi dan bukan Yahudi adalah jauh lebih besar daripada yang diperhatikan di kalangan masyarakat Yahudi. Oleh itu, perbezaan antara komuniti Yahudi dapat diabaikan ketika bukan -Jeli termasuk dalam perbandingan. \" <> Ashkenazi Yahudi berkongsi keturunan keluarga yang lebih umum dengan kumpulan apa? || Kumpulan Yahudi dan Timur Tengah <> tradisi Yahudi menempatkan asal-usul bapa orang Yahudi yang mana di rantau ini? || Timur Tengah <> Yang keturunan biasanya lebih heterogen? || keturunan ibu", {"context": "Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities \"showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect.\" Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude \"Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Jewish and Middle Eastern groups"}], "question": "Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?", "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Middle East"}], "question": "Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?", "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "maternal lineages"}], "question": "Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?", "id": "57279ae43acd2414000de7b7"}]}], ["Walaupun usaha untuk menghidupkan semula bahasa Ibrani sebagai bahasa kebangsaan rakyat Yahudi, pengetahuan tentang bahasa ini tidak lazim dimiliki oleh orang Yahudi di seluruh dunia dan bahasa Inggeris telah muncul sebagai lingua franca dari diaspora Yahudi. Walaupun ramai orang Yahudi pernah mempunyai pengetahuan bahasa Ibrani yang cukup untuk mempelajari kesusasteraan klasik, dan bahasa-bahasa Yahudi seperti Yiddish dan Ladino biasanya digunakan sebagai baru-baru ini sebagai awal abad ke-20, kebanyakan orang Yahudi tidak mempunyai pengetahuan seperti itu hari ini dan bahasa Inggeris telah dan besarnya menggantikan kata-kata orang Yahudi yang paling banyak. Tiga bahasa yang paling biasa diucapkan di kalangan orang Yahudi hari ini ialah bahasa Ibrani, bahasa Inggeris, dan Rusia. Beberapa bahasa Romantik, terutamanya Perancis dan Sepanyol, juga digunakan secara meluas. Bahasa Yiddish telah dituturkan oleh lebih ramai orang Yahudi dalam sejarah daripada bahasa lain, tetapi jauh lebih kurang digunakan hari ini berikutan Holocaust dan penerapan Ibrani Moden oleh pergerakan Zionis dan Negeri Israel. Di beberapa tempat, bahasa ibu masyarakat Yahudi berbeza daripada penduduk umum atau kumpulan dominan. Sebagai contoh, di Quebec, majoriti Ashkenazic telah menggunakan bahasa Inggeris, sementara minoriti Sephardic menggunakan bahasa Perancis sebagai bahasa utama. Begitu juga, orang-orang Afrika Selatan Afrika mengamalkan Bahasa Inggeris daripada Afrikaans. Kerana kedua-dua dasar Czarist dan Soviet, Rusia telah menggantikan bahasa Yiddish sebagai bahasa Yahudi Rusia, tetapi dasar-dasar ini juga mempengaruhi komuniti jiran. Hari ini, bahasa Rusia adalah bahasa pertama bagi banyak komuniti Yahudi di beberapa negara Post-Soviet, seperti Ukraine dan Uzbekistan, serta untuk Yahudi Ashkenazic di Azerbaijan, Georgia, dan Tajikistan. Walaupun komuniti di Afrika Utara hari ini kecil dan semakin berkurangan, orang Yahudi di sana telah beralih dari kumpulan berbilang bahasa kepada bahasa yang monolingual (atau hampir), bercakap Perancis di Algeria, Maghribi, dan kota Tunis, sementara kebanyakan orang Afrika Utara terus menggunakan bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa ibunda mereka. [rujukan?] <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh lebih ramai orang Yahudi dalam sejarah daripada bahasa lain? || Bahasa Yiddish <> Afrika Utara terus menggunakan bahasa apa sebagai bahasa ibunda mereka? || Afrika Utara <> Apa tiga bahasa yang paling biasa diucapkan di kalangan orang Yahudi hari ini? || Ibrani, Inggeris, dan Rusia <> Yahudi Afrika Selatan mengamalkan bahasa mana? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Bahasa manakah yang telah meninggikan kebanyakan bahasa Yahudi? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and Jewish languages like Yiddish and Ladino were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and Russian. Some Romance languages, particularly French and Spanish, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following the Holocaust and the adoption of Modern Hebrew by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in Quebec, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly, South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of Russian Jews, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of Post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine and Uzbekistan, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in Algeria, Morocco, and the city of Tunis, while most North Africans continue to use Arabic as their mother tongue.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Yiddish"}], "question": "What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language?", "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1823, "text": "North Africans"}], "question": "North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue?", "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Hebrew, English, and Russian"}], "question": "What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today?", "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1196, "text": "English"}], "question": "South African Jews adopted which language?", "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "English"}], "question": "Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars?", "id": "572799cb5951b619008f8e5b"}]}], ["Pengecualian yang ketara termasuklah pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yahudi dan penukaran orang-orang Yahudi yang paksa oleh penguasa-penguasa Dinasti Almohad di Al-Andalus pada abad ke-12, serta Persia Islam, dan pengasingan orang Yahudi Maghribi ke tempat berdinding yang dikenali sebagai permulaan mellah dari abad ke-15 dan terutamanya pada awal abad ke-19. Di zaman moden, ia menjadi perkara biasa untuk tema anti-kemanusiaan standard yang akan dikepilkan dengan penerbitan anti-Zionis dan pengumuman pergerakan Islam seperti Hezbollah dan Hamas, dalam pengumuman pelbagai agensi Republik Islam Iran, dan bahkan di akhbar-akhbar dan penerbitan lain dari Turki Refah Partisi. \"<> Apa yang ditempatkan di perbatasan yang dikenal sebagai? || mellahs <> Orang yang dipaksa terkurung dalam mellahs? || Orang Yahudi Maghribi <> Bilakah pengasingan Yahudi Maghribi di mellah bermula? abad", {"context": "Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century, as well as in Islamic Persia, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "mellahs"}], "question": "What were walled quarters known as?", "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Moroccan Jews"}], "question": "Who was forced into confinement in mellahs?", "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "15th century"}], "question": "When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin?", "id": "5727a28cff5b5019007d9172"}]}], ["Terdapat juga trend pergerakan Ortodoks yang mengejar orang Yahudi sekular untuk memberi mereka identiti Yahudi yang lebih kuat sehingga kurang berkemungkinan berkahwin. Hasil daripada usaha-usaha ini dan kumpulan-kumpulan Yahudi yang lain dalam tempoh 25 tahun yang lalu, terdapat trend (dikenali sebagai pergerakan Baal Teshuva) untuk orang Yahudi sekular untuk menjadi pemelihara agama, walaupun implikasi demografi trend tidak diketahui. Di samping itu, terdapat juga kadar penukaran yang semakin meningkat kepada orang Yahudi oleh Pilihan orang-orang yang membuat keputusan untuk menuju ke arah menjadi orang Yahudi. <> Apakah satu kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencegah perkahwinan? || mengejar orang Yahudi sekular untuk memberi mereka identiti Yahudi yang lebih kuat <> Apakah tren bagi orang Yahudi sekular untuk menjadi pemelihara yang lebih religius dikenali? || pergerakan Baal Teshuva <> Siapa yang mengetuai pergerakan yang mengejar orang Yahudi sekular untuk memberi mereka identiti Yahudi yang lebih kuat? || Ortodoks", {"context": "There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal Teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity"}], "question": "What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?", "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the Baal Teshuva movement"}], "question": "What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?", "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Orthodox"}], "question": "Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?", "id": "5727a5602ca10214002d92ba"}]}], ["Di Negara-negara Kepausan, yang wujud sehingga tahun 1870, orang Yahudi dikehendaki hanya tinggal di kawasan-kawasan tertentu yang disebut ghettos. Pada abad ke-19 dan (sebelum akhir Perang Dunia II) abad ke-20, Gereja Katolik Roma berpegang pada perbezaan antara \"antisemitisme yang baik\" dan \"antisemitisme yang buruk\". Jenis \"buruk\" menggalakkan kebencian orang Yahudi kerana keturunan mereka. Ini dianggap tidak Kristian kerana mesej Kristian dimaksudkan untuk semua manusia tanpa mengira etnik; sesiapa sahaja boleh menjadi seorang Kristian. Jenis \"baik\" mengkritik konspirasi Yahudi yang didakwa untuk mengawal akhbar, bank, dan institusi lain, untuk menjaga hanya tentang pengumpulan kekayaan, dan sebagainya. || sehingga tahun 1870 <> Di Negara-negara Kepausan, apakah nama untuk kawasan-kawasan tertentu yang dikehendaki oleh orang-orang Yahudi untuk hidup? || ghettos <> Apa yang mempromosikan kebencian orang Yahudi kerana keturunan mereka? || antisemitisme yang buruk", {"context": "In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between \"good antisemitism\" and \"bad antisemitism\". The \"bad\" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The \"good\" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "until 1870"}], "question": "When did the Papal States exist?", "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "ghettos"}], "question": "In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?", "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de842"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "bad antisemitism"}], "question": "What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?", "id": "5727a0c33acd2414000de843"}]}], ["Islam dan Judaisme mempunyai hubungan yang kompleks. Tradisi Yahudi dan Kristian yang tinggal di tanah Islam, yang dikenali sebagai dhimmis, dibenarkan mengamalkan agama mereka dan mentadbir urusan dalaman mereka, tetapi mereka tertakluk kepada syarat-syarat tertentu. Mereka terpaksa membayar jizya (cukai per kapita yang dikenakan ke atas lelaki bukan Muslim dewasa bebas) ke negara Islam. Dhimmis mempunyai status yang rendah di bawah pemerintahan Islam. Mereka mempunyai beberapa ketidakupayaan sosial dan undang-undang seperti larangan terhadap senjata gagang atau memberi keterangan di mahkamah dalam kes-kes yang melibatkan orang Islam. Kebanyakan kecacatan itu sangat simbolik. Yang dijelaskan oleh Bernard Lewis sebagai \"yang paling menjatuhkan\" ialah keperluan pakaian yang tersendiri, tidak terdapat dalam Quran atau hadith tetapi dicipta pada Baghdad awal abad pertengahan; penguatkuasaannya sangat tidak menentu. Sebaliknya, orang Yahudi jarang dihadapkan pada mati syahid atau buangan, atau memaksa untuk mengubah agama mereka, dan mereka kebanyakannya bebas dalam pilihan kediaman dan profesion mereka. <> Apakah Yahudi dan Kristian yang tinggal di tanah Muslim yang dikenali sebagai? || dhimmis <> Apakah cukai per kapita yang dikenakan pada lelaki bukan Muslim dewasa yang dikenali sebagai? || jizya <> Apakah kecacatan yang dijelaskan oleh Bernard Lewis sebagai \"yang paling menjatuhkan?\" || keperluan pakaian yang tersendiri <> Kumpulan mana yang mempunyai status yang rendah di bawah peraturan Islam? || Dhimmis", {"context": "Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as \"most degrading\" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "dhimmis"}], "question": "What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?", "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "jizya"}], "question": "What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?", "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "requirement of distinctive clothing"}], "question": "What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as \"most degrading?\"", "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Dhimmis"}], "question": "Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?", "id": "5727a1b64b864d19001638ea"}]}], ["Sepanjang sejarah, banyak pemerintah, empayar dan negara telah menindas populasi Yahudi mereka atau cuba menghilangkannya sepenuhnya. Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan adalah dari pengusiran secara genosida; di dalam negara, sering ancaman kaedah ekstrim ini mencukupi untuk membungkam perbezaan pendapat. Sejarah antisemitisme termasuk Perang Salib Pertama yang mengakibatkan pembunuhan orang Yahudi; Inkuisisi Sepanyol (diketuai oleh Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada) dan Inkuisisi Portugis, dengan penganiayaan dan autos-da-f\u00e9 terhadap Yahudi Kristian Baru dan Yahudi Marrano; pembunuhan Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack di Ukraine; Pogrom yang disokong oleh Tsars Rusia; serta pengusiran dari Sepanyol, Portugal, England, Perancis, Jerman, dan negara-negara lain di mana orang Yahudi telah menetap. Menurut kajian tahun 2008 yang diterbitkan dalam American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% daripada populasi Iberia moden mempunyai keturunan Yahudi Sephardic, menunjukkan bahawa jumlah percakapan mungkin jauh lebih tinggi dari yang asalnya dipikirkan. <> Apakah satu kaedah yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan populasi Yahudi sepenuhnya? || pengusiran <> Apa yang mengakibatkan pembunuhan orang Yahudi? || Perang Salib Pertama <> Siapa yang mengetuai Pasitan Sepanyol? || Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada Menurut American Journal of Human Genetics, berapa peratus penduduk Iberia moden mempunyai keturunan Yahudi Sephardic? || 19.8%", {"context": "Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-f\u00e9 against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "expulsion"}], "question": "What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?", "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "First Crusade"}], "question": "What resulted in the massacre of Jews?", "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada"}], "question": "Who led the Spanish Inquisition?", "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "19.8%"}], "question": "According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?", "id": "5727a3644b864d1900163915"}]}], ["Penganiayaan mencapai puncak dalam Penyelesaian Akhir Nazi Jerman, yang membawa kepada Holocaust dan penyembelihan kira-kira 6 juta orang Yahudi. Daripada 15 juta Yahudi di dunia pada tahun 1939, lebih daripada satu pertiga terbunuh dalam Holocaust. Holocaust - penganiayaan sistematik dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang Yahudi Eropah (dan komuniti tertentu orang Yahudi Afrika Utara di Afrika Utara yang dikuasai Eropah) dan kumpulan minoriti Eropah yang lain semasa Perang Dunia II oleh Jerman dan kolaboratornya tetap menjadi hari moden yang paling terkenal penganiayaan terhadap orang Yahudi. Penganiayaan dan genosida telah dicapai secara berperingkat. Perundangan untuk menghapuskan orang-orang Yahudi dari masyarakat sivil telah diberlakukan bertahun-tahun sebelum pecahnya Perang Dunia II. Kem konsentrasi ditubuhkan di mana penghuni digunakan sebagai pekerja buruh sehingga mereka mati keletihan atau penyakit. Di mana Reich Ketiga menakluki wilayah baru di Eropah Timur, unit khusus yang dipanggil Einsatzgruppen membunuh orang Yahudi dan lawan politik dalam penembakan massa. Orang Yahudi dan Roma dikebumikan ke ghetto sebelum diangkut beratus-ratus batu dengan kereta api pengangkutan ke kem pembasmian dimana, jika mereka selamat dari perjalanan, majoriti mereka terbunuh dalam bilik gas. Hampir setiap lengan birokrasi Jerman terlibat dalam logistik pembunuhan beramai-ramai, menjadikan negara ini menjadi apa yang disebut oleh seorang sarjana Holocaust sebagai \"negara pembunuhan.\" <> Berapa banyak orang Yahudi yang disembelih dalam Holocaust itu? || kira-kira 6 juta <> Di seluruh dunia, berapa ramai orang Yahudi yang ada pada tahun 1939? || 15 juta <> Apa penganiayaan sistematik dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai Yahudi Yahudi dan kumpulan minoriti yang lain? || Holocaust <> Pada tahun 1939, apa pecahan orang Yahudi terbunuh dalam The Holocaust? || lebih daripada satu pertiga", {"context": "The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust\u2014the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called \"a genocidal nation.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "approximately 6 million"}], "question": "How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?", "id": "5727a4b74b864d190016392e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "15 million"}], "question": "Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?", "id": "5727a4b74b864d190016392f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "The Holocaust"}], "question": "What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?", "id": "5727a4b74b864d1900163930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "more than a third"}], "question": "In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?", "id": "5727a4b74b864d1900163931"}]}]], [["Di Iran (Persia), sejarah kapas ditemui kembali ke zaman Achaemenid (abad ke-5 SM); Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa sumber mengenai penanaman kapas di Iran pra-Islam. Penanaman kapas adalah biasa di Merv, Ray dan Pars of Iran. Dalam puisi penyair Parsi, terutamanya Shahname Ferdowsi, terdapat rujukan kepada kapas (\"panbe\" dalam bahasa Parsi). Marco Polo (abad ke-13) merujuk kepada produk utama Persia, termasuk kapas. John Chardin, pengembara Perancis pada abad ke-17 yang melawat Safavid Persia, bercakap dengan meluluskan ladang kapas yang luas di Persia. <> Penggunaan kapas di Iran bermula pada tempoh apa? || Masa Achaemenid <> Kapan era Achaemenid? || Abad ke-5 SM <> Dalam apa sumber boleh rujukan kepada kapas ditemui di Iran? || Puisi penyair dari Parsi <> Apa penjelajah abad ke 13 melihat kapas di Persia? || Marco Polo <> Apa orang Perancis pada abad ke-17 mencatatkan penanaman kapas di Persia? || John Chardin", {"context": "In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton (\"panbe\" in Persian). Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Achaemenid era"}], "question": "Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period?", "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "5th century BC"}], "question": "When was the Achaemenid era?", "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Persian poets' poems"}], "question": "In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran?", "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Marco Polo"}], "question": "What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia?", "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "John Chardin"}], "question": "What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia?", "id": "5726785bf1498d1400e8e0d6"}]}], ["Sektor pemprosesan kapas India secara beransur-ansur merosot semasa pengembangan British di India dan penubuhan pemerintahan penjajah pada akhir abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19. Ini sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh dasar perdagangan penjajah agresif British East India Company, yang menjadikan bengkel pemprosesan dan pembuatan bengkel di India tidak kompetitif. Pasaran India semakin dipaksa untuk membekalkan kapas mentah sahaja dan, oleh undang-undang yang dikenakan oleh British, untuk membeli tekstil yang dihasilkan dari Britain. || menurun <> Selama berabad-abad apa peraturan British kesan pengeluaran kapas India? || akhir 18 dan awal 19 <Apa dasar perniagaan British yang merosakkan industri kapas India? || Syarikat British East India <> Apa produk kapas yang mandat undang-undang British bahawa India dibenarkan menjual? || kapas mentah <> Jika bukannya menghasilkan kain, di manakah India terpaksa membeli produk kapas? || Britain", {"context": "India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "declined"}], "question": "How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?", "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "late 18th and early 19th"}], "question": "During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?", "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9971"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "British East India Company"}], "question": "What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?", "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9972"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "raw cotton"}], "question": "What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?", "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?", "id": "572732bbdd62a815002e9974"}]}], ["Serat ini paling sering berputar ke dalam benang atau benang dan digunakan untuk membuat tekstil lembut dan bernafas. Penggunaan katun untuk kain diketahui pada zaman prasejarah; serpihan kain kapas bertarikh dari 5000 SM telah digali di Mexico dan Tamadun Lembah Indus di India Purba (Pakistan moden dan beberapa bahagian India). Walaupun ditanam sejak zaman dahulu, ia adalah penemuan kapas yang menurunkan kos pengeluaran yang menyebabkan penggunaannya yang meluas, dan ia adalah kain serat semulajadi yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pakaian hari ini. <> Apakah kapas yang paling kerap digunakan? || kain <> Kepada apa tarikh telah kapas bertarikh? || 5000 SM <> Di mana di India terdapat kapas yang ditemui dari zaman prasejarah? || Lembah Indus <> Dalam apa negara Amerika Tengah mempunyai penggunaan kapas sejak awal? || Mexico <> Jentera apa yang membawa kepada penggunaan kapas yang mudah dibuat dan meluas? || kapas gin", {"context": "The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "fabric"}], "question": "What is the most frequent use of cotton?", "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "5000 BC"}], "question": "To what date has cotton been dated?", "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Indus Valley"}], "question": "Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?", "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Mexico"}], "question": "In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?", "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "cotton gin"}], "question": "What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?", "id": "572673e2f1498d1400e8e016"}]}], ["Kemunculan Revolusi Perindustrian di Britain memberikan rangsangan besar kepada pembuatan kapas, sebagai tekstil muncul sebagai eksport utama Britain. Pada tahun 1738, Lewis Paul dan John Wyatt, dari Birmingham, England, telah mematenkan mesin pemutar roller, serta sistem flyer-and-bobbin untuk menarik kapas kepada lebih banyak ketebalan menggunakan dua set penggelek yang bergerak pada kelajuan yang berbeza. Kemudian, penciptaan jenny pemintalan James Hargreaves pada tahun 1764, bingkai berputar Richard Arkwright pada tahun 1769 dan keldai Samuel Spinning Samuel Crompton pada tahun 1775 membolehkan spinner Britania menghasilkan benang kapas pada kadar yang lebih tinggi. Dari akhir abad ke-18, bandar Manchester di England memperoleh nama \"Cottonopolis\" kerana kekayaan industri kapas di dalam bandar, dan peranan Manchester sebagai pusat perdagangan kapas global. <> Apa acara yang menghasilkan pengembangan industri kapas British? || Revolusi Perindustrian <> Bilakah mesin berputar baru dipatenkan yang meningkatkan pengeluaran kapas? || 1738 <> Apa peranti yang dibuat oleh James Hargreaves? || spinning jenny <> Apa ciptaan Samuel Crompton pada 1775? || berpusing mule <> Whic British city dijulurkan sebagai \"Cottonopolis\" kerana pengeluaran kapasnya? || Manchester", {"context": "The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname \"Cottonopolis\" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Industrial Revolution"}], "question": "What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?", "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1738"}], "question": "When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?", "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "spinning jenny"}], "question": "What device did James Hargreaves invent?", "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "spinning mule"}], "question": "What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?", "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "Manchester"}], "question": "Whic British city was nicknamed \"Cottonopolis\" because of its cotton production?", "id": "57273abddd62a815002e99d0"}]}], ["Kapasiti pengeluaran di Britain dan Amerika Syarikat telah diperbaiki oleh penemuan kapas cotton oleh American Eli Whitney pada tahun 1793. Sebelum perkembangan kapas, serat kapas terpaksa ditarik dari biji-bijian dengan tangan. Menjelang akhir 1700-an, beberapa mesin ginning mentah telah dibangunkan. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk menghasilkan bale kapas diperlukan lebih daripada 600 jam tenaga manusia, menjadikan pengeluaran secara besar-besaran tidak ekonomikal di Amerika Syarikat, walaupun dengan penggunaan manusia sebagai pekerja buruh. Gin yang dibuat oleh Whitney (reka bentuk Holmes) mengurangkan waktu hingga hanya sedozen atau lebih setiap bale. Walaupun Whitney mengamalkan reka bentuknya sendiri untuk gin kapas, dia menghasilkan reka bentuk terdahulu daripada Henry Odgen Holmes, yang mana Holmes memfailkan paten pada tahun 1796. Meningkatkan teknologi dan meningkatkan kawalan pasaran dunia membenarkan peniaga-peniaga Inggeris mengembangkan rantaian komersil di mana kapas mentah serat adalah (mula-mula) dibeli dari ladang-ladang kolonial, diproses menjadi kain kapas di kilang-kilang Lancashire, dan kemudian dieksport ke kapal-kapal British ke pasar penjajah di Afrika Barat, India, dan China (melalui Shanghai dan Hong Kong). <> Apa hasil penambahbaikan industri kapas di Amerika dan Britain? || cotton gin <> Apakah Amerika mencipta gin cotton? || Eli Whitney <> Sebelum menggunakan kapas kapas, bagaimana kapas dipisahkan? || dengan tangan <> Apa perkembangan perniagaan yang digunakan oleh British untuk menubuhkan pasaran katun global? || rantaian komersil <> Dari apa sumber kapas pertama yang dibeli dan kemudian dijual semula? || pasaran kolonial", {"context": "Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from colonial plantations, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa, India, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "cotton gin"}], "question": "What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?", "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Eli Whitney"}], "question": "What American invented the cotton gin?", "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "by hand"}], "question": "Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?", "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "commercial chain"}], "question": "What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?", "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "colonial markets"}], "question": "From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?", "id": "57273cb5dd62a815002e99ea"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1840-an, India tidak lagi mampu membekalkan sejumlah besar serat kapas yang dibekalkan oleh kilang-kilang British yang berjentera, sementara kapas kiriman yang murah dan murah dari India ke Britain memakan masa yang lama dan mahal. Ini, ditambah pula dengan kemunculan kapas Amerika sebagai jenis unggul (kerana serat lebih kuat, kedua-dua spesies Amerika asli, Gossypium hirsutum dan Gossypium barbadense), menggalakkan peniaga-peniaga Inggeris membeli kapas dari perkebunan di Amerika Syarikat dan perkebunan di Caribbean. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, \"Raja Kapas\" telah menjadi tulang belakang ekonomi Amerika selatan. Di Amerika Syarikat, kapas menanam dan menuai menjadi pendudukan utama budak. <> Apakah perbezaan yang menjadikan kapas Amerika lebih disukai daripada kapas India? || lebih lama lagi, serat kuat <> Pada tahun 1840-an, negara apa yang tidak lagi dapat membekalkan kilang-kilang kapas British secukupnya? || India <> Selain membeli dari ladang Amerika, di mana lagi di hemisfera barat Britain membeli katun? || Caribbean <> Dengan apa kapas telah menjadi terkenal di ekonomi Amerika Selatan? || pertengahan abad ke-19 <> Apa kapas yang disebut pada abad ke-19? || Raja Kapas", {"context": "By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, \"King Cotton\" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "longer, stronger fibers"}], "question": "What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?", "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "India"}], "question": "In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?", "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Caribbean"}], "question": "Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?", "id": "57273ec05951b619008f8749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "mid-19th century"}], "question": "By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?", "id": "57273ec05951b619008f874a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "King Cotton"}], "question": "What was cotton called in the 19th century?", "id": "57273ec05951b619008f874b"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, eksport kapas Amerika merosot disebabkan sekatan Kesatuan di pelabuhan Selatan, dan juga kerana keputusan strategik oleh kerajaan Gabungan untuk memotong eksport, dengan harapan untuk memaksa Britain mengenali Konfederasi atau memasuki perang. Ini mendorong pembeli utama kapas, Britain dan Perancis, untuk menukar kapas Mesir. Peniaga-peniaga British dan Perancis melabur di ladang kapas. Kerajaan Mesir Viceroy Isma'il mengeluarkan pinjaman besar dari bankir Eropah dan bursa saham. Selepas Perang Saudara Amerika berakhir pada 1865, peniaga-peniaga British dan Perancis meninggalkan kapas Mesir dan kembali ke eksport Amerika murah, [menghantar rujukan] menghantar Mesir ke dalam lingkaran defisit yang membawa kepada negara mengisytiharkan muflis pada tahun 1876, sebagai faktor utama di belakang pendudukan Mesir oleh Kerajaan British pada tahun 1882. Apa tindakan Union merosakkan eksport kapas selatan? || Sekatan kesatuan <> Bilakah industri kapas Amerika gagal? || Perang Saudara Amerika <> Kepada apa kapas negara apa yang berlaku oleh pembeli Eropah akibat Perang Saudara Amerika? || Mesir <> Apa ciri kapas Amerika yang menarik pembeli selepas berakhirnya perang saudara? || murah <> Apa yang ditinggalkan oleh kapas Mesir untuk ekonomi Mesir? || muflis", {"context": "During the American Civil War, American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports, and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. This prompted the main purchasers of cotton, Britain and France, to turn to Egyptian cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Union blockade"}], "question": "What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?", "id": "572740875951b619008f8776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "American Civil War"}], "question": "When did the American cotton industry fail?", "id": "572740875951b619008f8775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Egyptian"}], "question": "To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?", "id": "572740875951b619008f8777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "cheap"}], "question": "What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?", "id": "572740875951b619008f8778"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "bankruptcy"}], "question": "What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?", "id": "572740875951b619008f8779"}]}], ["Sepanjang tempoh abad pertengahan, kapas menjadi dikenali sebagai serat yang diimport di Eropah utara, tanpa pengetahuan tentang bagaimana ia diperolehi, selain daripada itu tumbuhan. Kerana Herodotus telah menulis di dalam sejarahnya, Buku III, 106, bahawa di India pohon-pohon tumbuh dalam wul penghasil liar, diasumsikan bahawa tumbuhan adalah pokok, bukan semak. Aspek ini dikekalkan dalam nama kapas dalam beberapa bahasa Jerman, seperti Baumwolle Jerman, yang diterjemahkan sebagai \"bulu pokok\" (Baum bermaksud \"pokok\"; Wolle bermaksud \"bulu\"). Melihat kesamaannya dengan bulu, orang di rantau ini hanya dapat membayangkan bahawa kapas mesti dihasilkan oleh kambing biri-biji tumbuhan. John Mandeville, bertulis pada tahun 1350, menyatakan sebagai fakta keyakinan sekarang yang tidak masuk akal: \"Terdapat tumbuh di sana [India] pokok yang indah yang menanggung anak domba kecil di ujung cawangannya. Cabang-cabang ini sangat lentur sehingga mereka membungkuk untuk membolehkan anak domba untuk memberi makan apabila mereka lapar. \" (Lihat Sayuran Domba Tartary.) Menjelang akhir abad ke-16, kapas ditanam di seluruh kawasan yang lebih panas di Asia dan Amerika. <> Dalam tempoh zaman pertengahan di Eropah seperti apa yang dilihat kapas? || serat yang diimport <> Apa yang ditulis oleh penulis 1350 bahawa kapas dihasilkan oleh kambing yang tumbuh di atas pokok? || John Mandeville <> Apa yang ditulis oleh penulis purba pada zaman dahulu idea bahawa kapas mungkin menjadi pokok? || Herodotus <> Pada akhir abad apa kapas ditanam di Amerika dan Asia? || Abad ke-16 <> Mengapa mudah untuk orang percaya bahawa kapas tumbuh pada kambing yang tumbuh di tumbuh-tumbuhan? || persamaan dengan bulu", {"context": "During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as \"tree wool\" (Baum means \"tree\"; Wolle means \"wool\"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: \"There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie  [sic].\" (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "imported fiber"}], "question": "In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?", "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "John Mandeville"}], "question": "What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?", "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Herodotus"}], "question": "What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?", "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?", "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "similarities to wool"}], "question": "Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?", "id": "57267c9bdd62a815002e86e4"}]}], ["Bukti awal penggunaan kapas di Asia Selatan telah dijumpai di tapak Mehrgarh, Pakistan, di mana benang kapas telah dijumpai di dalam manik tembaga; penemuan ini telah bertarikh kepada Neolitik (antara 6000 dan 5000 BCE). Penanaman kapas di rantau ini bertarikh kepada Tamadun Lembah Indus, yang meliputi sebahagian dari Pakistan timur tengah dan barat laut India antara 3300 dan 1300 BCE Industri kapas Indus telah berkembang dengan pesat dan beberapa kaedah yang digunakan dalam pemintalan kapas dan fabrikasi terus digunakan sehingga perindustrian India. Between 2000 dan 1000 BC kapas menjadi meluas di banyak negara India. Sebagai contoh, ia telah dijumpai di tapak Hallus di Karnataka sejak sekitar 1000 SM. <> Di manakah di Asia Tenggara telah menggunakan kapas awal untuk ditemui? || Mehrgarh, Pakistan <> Untuk apa tempoh kapas telah bertarikh di Pakistan? || Neolithic <> Kapan Tamadun Lembah Indus meliputi bahagian India dan Pakistan? || 3300 dan 1300 BCE <> Sehingga peristiwa apa yang dilakukan oleh kaedah kuno berputar dan fabrikasi kapas yang terakhir? || perindustrian <> Sepanjang masa apa kapas digunakan secara meluas di India? || 2000 dan 1000 SM", {"context": "The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Mehrgarh, Pakistan"}], "question": "Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?", "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Neolithic"}], "question": "To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?", "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "3300 and 1300 BCE"}], "question": "When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?", "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "industrialization"}], "question": "Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?", "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "2000 and 1000 BC"}], "question": "During what time did cotton become widely used in India?", "id": "572676edf1498d1400e8e094"}]}], ["Walaupun diketahui sejak zaman dahulu, tumbuh kembang kapas di Mesir hanya bermula pada tahun 1820an, berikutan seorang Perancis, dengan nama M. Jumel, mengusulkan penguasa kemudian, Mohamed Ali Pasha, bahawa dia dapat memperoleh pendapatan yang besar dengan bertambahnya kapas Maho (Barbadence) kapas, di Lower Egypt, untuk pasaran Perancis. Mohamed Ali Pasha menerima cadangan itu dan memberikan dirinya monopoli terhadap penjualan dan eksport kapas di Mesir; dan kapas yang ditentukan terlebih dahulu harus ditanam dalam pilihan tanaman lain. Pada masa eksport tahunan perang saudara Amerika telah mencapai $ 16 juta (120,000 bales), yang meningkat kepada $ 56 juta pada tahun 1864, terutamanya disebabkan oleh kehilangan bekalan Gabungan di pasaran dunia. Eksport terus berkembang walaupun selepas pengenalan semula kapas Amerika Syarikat, dihasilkan sekarang oleh tenaga kerja yang dibayar, dan eksport Mesir mencapai 1.2 juta bales setahun pada 1903. <> Bilakah kapas mula berkembang secara komersial di Mesir? || 1820-an, <> Apa pengusaha Perancis meyakinkan pemerintah Mesir untuk mengembangkan kapas untuk pasaran Perancis? || M. Jumel <> Siapa penguasa Mesir pada tahun 1820-an? || Mohamed Ali Pasha <> Berapa tinggi pendapatan kapas meningkat pada masa Perang Saudara Amerika? || $ 56 juta <> Berapa balak kapas yang dihasilkan oleh Mesir pada tahun 1903? || 1.2 juta balak setahun", {"context": "Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1820's,"}], "question": "When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?", "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "M. Jumel"}], "question": "What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?", "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Mohamed Ali Pasha"}], "question": "Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?", "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "$56 million"}], "question": "How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?", "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "1.2 million bales a year"}], "question": "How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?", "id": "57267a28f1498d1400e8e108"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kapas di Amerika Syarikat, Eropah dan Australia dituai secara mekanikal, sama ada oleh pemetik kapas, mesin yang menghilangkan kapas dari lubang tanpa merosakkan tanaman kapas, atau dengan penari kapas, yang melepas seluruh lubang keluar dari tumbuhan. Pengayuh kapas digunakan di kawasan di mana ia terlalu berangin untuk menanam jenis pemetik kapas, dan biasanya selepas pemakaian defoliant kimia atau defoliasi semula jadi yang berlaku selepas membekukan. Kapas merupakan tanaman saka di kawasan tropika, dan tanpa defoliasi atau pembekuan, tumbuhan akan terus tumbuh. <> Bagaimana kapas paling dituai? || Secara mekanik <> Apa itu mesin penuaian kapas yang menghilangkan boll dengan merusak tumbuhan? || pemetik kapas <> Mesin apa yang keluar dari seluruh kepala kilang kapas? || penari kapas <> Apa keadaan cuaca mandat penanaman jenis penari telanjang? || berangin <> Apa jenis tanaman kapas? || saka", {"context": "Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "mechanically"}], "question": "How is most cotton harvested?", "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "cotton picker"}], "question": "What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?", "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "cotton stripper"}], "question": "What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?", "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "windy"}], "question": "What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?", "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "perennial"}], "question": "What type of plant is cotton?", "id": "57275893dd62a815002e9b72"}]}], ["Secara sejarah, di Amerika Utara, salah satu daripada perosak yang paling merosakkan ekonomi dalam pengeluaran kapas telah menjadi tulang belakang. Oleh kerana Program Pembasmian Boll Weevil (BWEP) Jabatan Pertanian AS yang sangat berjaya, perosak ini telah dihapuskan daripada kapas di kebanyakan Amerika Syarikat. Program ini, bersama-sama dengan pengenalan kapas Bt kejuruteraan genetik (yang mengandungi gen bakteria yang mengenakan kod untuk protein yang dihasilkan tumbuhan yang beracun kepada beberapa jenis perosak seperti bollworm kapas dan bollworm merah), telah membenarkan pengurangan penggunaan insektisida sintetik. <> Serangga apa yang paling merosakkan dalam kapas yang tumbuh di Amerika Syarikat? || Boll weevil <> Program apa yang telah berjaya menghilangkan bonggol bola di AS? || Program Pembasmian Boll Weevil <> Apakah organisasi yang menghasut Program Pemberantasan Boll Weevil? || Jabatan Pertanian AS <> Apa bentuk kapas mengandungi gen diubah suai secara genetik? || Bt kapas <> Pada apa penggunaan kapas Bt mengurangkan kebergantungan? || racun serangga sintetik.", {"context": "Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "boll weevil"}], "question": "What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?", "id": "572756af708984140094dc67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Boll Weevil Eradication Program"}], "question": "What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?", "id": "572756af708984140094dc68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "US Department of Agriculture"}], "question": "What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?", "id": "572756af708984140094dc69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Bt cotton"}], "question": "What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?", "id": "572756af708984140094dc6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "synthetic insecticides."}], "question": "On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?", "id": "572756af708984140094dc6b"}]}], ["Bermula sebagai program bantuan diri pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an, Program Penyelidikan Kapas dan Promosi (CRPP) dianjurkan oleh pengeluar kapas A.S. sebagai tindak balas terhadap penurunan kapas dalam pangsa pasaran. Pada masa itu, pengeluar mengundi untuk menubuhkan sistem taksiran per-bale untuk membiayai program itu, dengan perlindungan terbina untuk melindungi pelaburan mereka. Dengan perlepasan Akta Penyelidikan Kapas dan Promosi pada tahun 1966, program itu bergabung dan mula melawan pesaing sintetik dan menubuhkan semula pasaran untuk kapas. Hari ini, kejayaan program ini telah menjadikan kapas sebagai serat terlaris di A.S. dan salah satu daripada serat terlaris di dunia. Apa yang mendorong program bantuan yang dihasilkan oleh pengeluar kapas pada tahun 1960-an? || penurunan dalam pasaran <> Apa undang-undang telah diluluskan pada tahun 1966 untuk membantu pengeluar kapas? || Akta Penyelidikan Kapas dan Promosi <> Apa jenis pesaing yang bertindak pada tahun 1966 untuk berperang? || pesaing sintetik <> Di manakah Akta Penyelidikan Kapas dan Promosi menjadikan kapas sebagai serat jualan terbaik? || A.S. <> Apakah pengeluar katin perlu semula selepas pasaran menurun? || pasaran untuk kapas", {"context": "Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "decline in market share"}], "question": "What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?", "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Cotton Research and Promotion Act"}], "question": "What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?", "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "synthetic competitors"}], "question": "What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?", "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?", "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "markets for cotton"}], "question": "What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?", "id": "57275bbb708984140094dc91"}]}], ["Kain organik biasanya difahami sebagai kapas daripada tumbuh-tumbuhan yang tidak diubahsuai secara genetik dan yang diperakui untuk ditanam tanpa menggunakan bahan kimia sintetik pertanian, seperti baja atau racun perosak. Pengeluarannya juga menggalakkan dan meningkatkan biodiversiti dan kitaran biologi. Di Amerika Syarikat, ladang kapas organik diperlukan untuk menguatkuasakan Program Organik Kebangsaan (NOP). Institusi ini menentukan amalan yang dibenarkan untuk kawalan serangga perosak, pertumbuhan, pembajaan, dan pengendalian tanaman organik. Sehingga 2007, 265,517 balak kapas organik dihasilkan di 24 negara, dan pengeluaran di seluruh dunia berkembang pada kadar lebih daripada 50% setahun. <> Apakah tumbuhan organik difahami? || tidak diubahsuai secara genetik <> Tanpa apa yang dimaksudkan dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan organik untuk ditanam? || bahan kimia sintetik <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan bahan kimia sintetik? || baja atau racun perosak <> Apa kumpulan di AS menentukan amalan yang dibenarkan dalam pertanian organik? || Program Organik Kebangsaan <> Berapa banyak kapas organik dihasilkan di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2007? || 265,517 bales", {"context": "Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "not genetically modified"}], "question": "What are organic plants understood to be?", "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "synthetic agricultural chemicals"}], "question": "Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ? ", "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "fertilizers or pesticides"}], "question": "What is meant by synthetic chemicals?", "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "National Organic Program"}], "question": "What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture?", "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "265,517 bales"}], "question": "How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?", "id": "572754b1f1498d1400e8f65a"}]}], ["Kain diubahsuai secara genetik (GM) telah dibangunkan untuk mengurangkan pergantungan berat terhadap racun perosak. Bakterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) secara semulajadi menghasilkan bahan kimia yang berbahaya hanya kepada sebahagian kecil serangga, terutamanya larva rama-rama dan rama-rama, kumbang, dan lalat, dan tidak berbahaya kepada bentuk kehidupan lain. Pengekodan gen untuk toksin Bt telah dimasukkan ke dalam kapas, menyebabkan kapas, dipanggil kapas Bt, untuk menghasilkan insektisida semulajadi ini di dalam tisu. Di banyak kawasan, perosak utama dalam kapas komersial adalah larva lepidopteran, yang dibunuh oleh protein Bt dalam kapas transgenik yang mereka makan. Ini menghilangkan keperluan untuk menggunakan sejumlah besar serangga spektrum luas untuk membunuh perosak lepidopteran (beberapa di antaranya telah membangunkan rintangan pyrethroid). Ini memelihara pemangsa serangga semulajadi di dalam ekologi ladang dan seterusnya menyumbang kepada pengurusan perosak noninsektisida. <> Untuk berhenti bergantung pada apa yang kapas GM berkembang? || racun perosak <> Apa bentuk kapas adalah GM? || Genetik diubah suai <> Apa bakteria digunakan untuk menghasilkan kapas GM? || Bacillus thuringiensis <> Apa teknik pengurusan perosak pertanian yang menggunakan tumbuhan GM tumbuh? || noninsecticide <> Apakah sebahagian daripada kitaran hidup rama-rama mempunyai kesan Bt toxin? || larva", {"context": "Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called Bt cotton, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed pyrethroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "pesticides"}], "question": "To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?", "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9aca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetically modified"}], "question": "What form of cotton is GM?", "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Bacillus thuringiensis"}], "question": "What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?", "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 851, "text": "noninsecticide"}], "question": "What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?", "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9acd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "larvae"}], "question": "What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?", "id": "57274e25dd62a815002e9ace"}]}], ["Kapas kekal sebagai tanaman utama dalam ekonomi Selatan selepas pembebasan dan akhir Perang Saudara pada tahun 1865. Di seluruh Selatan, petani berkembang maju, di mana para petani hitam dan putih tanpa tanah bekerja tanah yang dimiliki oleh orang lain sebagai balasan untuk keuntungan. Sesetengah petani menyewa tanah dan menanggung kos pengeluaran itu sendiri. Sehingga pengilang kapas mekanikal telah dibangunkan, petani kapas memerlukan tenaga kerja tambahan untuk mengangkat kapas. Kain kapas adalah sumber pendapatan untuk keluarga di seluruh Selatan. Sistem sekolah desa dan bandar kecil telah memisahkan percutian supaya kanak-kanak boleh bekerja di padang semasa \"kapas-picking.\" <> Apakah prosedur yang dipanggil yang melibatkan pekerja bekerja untuk bahagian keuntungan? || Susahkah pengilangan kapas memerlukan tenaga buruh yang besar? || tangan pilih <> Selain orang dewasa apa segmen penduduk AS selatan terlibat dalam penuaian kapas? || kanak-kanak <> Apakah fungsi sekolah selatan dicipta untuk kanak-kanak memilih kapas? || percutian berpecah <> Apa bahagian penduduk selatan bekerja sebagai sharecroppers? || tanpa tanah", {"context": "Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical cotton pickers were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during \"cotton-picking.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "sharecropping"}], "question": "What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits? ", "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "hand-pick"}], "question": "What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force?", "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "children"}], "question": "Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton?", "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "split vacations"}], "question": "What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton?", "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "landless"}], "question": "What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers?", "id": "5727428ff1498d1400e8f54a"}]}], ["Era gentian yang dihasilkan bermula dengan perkembangan rayon di Perancis pada tahun 1890-an. Rayon berasal dari selulosa semulajadi dan tidak boleh dianggap sebagai sintetik, tetapi memerlukan pemprosesan yang luas dalam proses pembuatan, dan membawa penggantian lebih murah bahan-bahan yang lebih diperoleh secara semulajadi. Penggantian serat sintetik baru diperkenalkan oleh industri kimia dalam dekad berikut. Asetat dalam bentuk gentian telah dibangunkan pada tahun 1924. Nylon, serat pertama yang disintesis sepenuhnya dari petrokimia, telah diperkenalkan sebagai benang jahit oleh DuPont pada tahun 1936, diikuti oleh akrilik DuPont pada tahun 1944. Beberapa pakaian dibuat dari kain berdasarkan serat-serat ini, seperti pakaian dalam wanita dari nilon, tetapi tidak sampai pengenalan poliester ke pasaran serat pada awal tahun 1950-an bahawa pasaran untuk kapas terancam. Pengambilan pakaian poliester pesat pada tahun 1960-an menyebabkan kesulitan ekonomi dalam ekonomi pengeksport kapas, terutamanya di negara-negara Amerika Tengah, seperti Nicaragua, di mana pengeluaran kapas meningkat sepuluh kali ganda antara 1950 dan 1965 dengan kemunculan racun perosak kimia murah. Pengeluaran kapas pulih pada tahun 1970-an, tetapi jatuh ke tahap pra-1960 pada awal 1990-an. <> Apakah serat yang pertama dihasilkan? || rayon <> Bilakah rayon pertama kali dibuat di Perancis? || 1890s <> Apa jenis industri yang menghasilkan rangkaian serat sintetik yang semakin meningkat? || industri kimia <> Apa syarikat menghasilkan nilon dan akrilik pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an? || DuPont <> Apa yang dihasilkan sepenuhnya daripada petrokimia? || Nilon", {"context": "The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "rayon"}], "question": "What was the first manufactured fiber?", "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "1890s"}], "question": "When was rayon first made in France?", "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "chemicals industry"}], "question": "What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?", "id": "572759cb5951b619008f888f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "DuPont"}], "question": "What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?", "id": "572759cb5951b619008f8891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Nylon"}], "question": "What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?", "id": "572759cb5951b619008f8890"}]}], ["Kawasan kapas GM di India berkembang pesat, meningkat dari 50,000 hektar pada tahun 2002 kepada 10.6 juta hektar pada tahun 2011. Jumlah kawasan kapas di India adalah 12.1 juta hektar pada tahun 2011, jadi kapas GM ditanam di 88% kawasan kapas. Ini menjadikan India negara dengan kapas GM terbesar di dunia. Kajian jangka panjang mengenai kesan ekonomi kapas Bt di India, yang diterbitkan dalam Journal PNAS pada tahun 2012, menunjukkan bahawa kapas Bt telah meningkatkan hasil, keuntungan, dan taraf hidup petani pekebun kecil. Tanaman kapas GM AS adalah 4.0 juta hektar pada 2011 yang merupakan kawasan kedua terbesar di dunia, tanaman kapas GM China adalah ketiga terbesar dengan kawasan seluas 3.9 juta hektar dan Pakistan mempunyai tanaman kapas GM terbesar keempat sebanyak 2.6 juta hektar pada tahun 2011. Pengenalan awal kapas GM terbukti menjadi kejayaan di Australia - hasilnya sama dengan jenis bukan transgenik dan tanaman yang digunakan kurang racun makhluk perosak untuk menghasilkan (pengurangan 85%). Pengenalan selanjutnya dari kapas kedua GM menyebabkan peningkatan pengeluaran GM kapas sehingga 95% tanaman kapas Australia adalah GM pada tahun 2009 menjadikan Australia negara dengan tanaman kapas GM kelima terbesar di dunia. Negara-negara GM kapas lain yang tumbuh pada tahun 2011 adalah Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Afrika Selatan dan Kosta Rika. <> Berapa banyak kawasan ditanam di India dalam kapas GM pada tahun 2011? || 10.6 juta hektar <> Berapakah peratus kapas GM ditanam di India pada tahun 2011? || 88% <> Waht negara mempunyai kapas GM GM di Bumi? || India <> Pada peringkat apakah yang berdiri US cotton GM di dunia? || kedua terbesar <> Sebanyak peratus daripada tanaman kapas Australia adalah GM pada tahun 2009? || 95%", {"context": "GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia \u2013 the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "10.6 million hectares"}], "question": "How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?", "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "88%"}], "question": "What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011?", "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "India"}], "question": "Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth?", "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "second largest"}], "question": "At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?", "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1090, "text": "95%"}], "question": "What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was GM in 2009?", "id": "572751d2dd62a815002e9afe"}]}], ["Tetapi kapas Bt tidak berkesan terhadap banyak perosak kapas, namun, seperti pepijat tumbuhan, bug bau, dan aphids; bergantung pada keadaan yang mungkin masih diperlukan untuk menggunakan racun serangga terhadapnya. Satu kajian 2006 yang dilakukan oleh penyelidik Cornell, Pusat Dasar Pertanian Cina dan Akademi Sains China mengenai pertanian kapas Bt di China mendapati bahawa selepas tujuh tahun, perosak sekunder yang biasanya dikawal oleh racun perosak telah meningkat, yang memerlukan penggunaan racun perosak pada sejenis tahap ke kapas bukan Bt dan menyebabkan keuntungan yang kurang untuk para petani kerana perbelanjaan tambahan biji GM. Walau bagaimanapun, kajian 2009 oleh Akademi Sains China, Universiti Stanford dan Universiti Rutgers menafikan ini. Mereka menyimpulkan bahawa kapas GM mengawal bollworm secara berkesan. Perosak sekunder kebanyakannya miridae (pepijat tumbuhan) yang peningkatannya berkaitan dengan suhu dan hujan tempatan dan hanya terus meningkat di separuh kampung yang dikaji. Selain itu, peningkatan penggunaan racun serangga untuk mengawal serangga sekunder ini jauh lebih kecil daripada pengurangan jumlah penggunaan racun serangga akibat penggunaan kapas Bt. Kajian China 2012 menyimpulkan bahawa kapas Bt membelah penggunaan racun makhluk perosak dan menggandakan tahap burung pisang, lacewings dan labah-labah. Perkhidmatan Antarabangsa bagi Pengambilalihan Aplikasi Agri-Bioteknologi (ISAAA) mengatakan, kapas GM GM di seluruh dunia ditanam di kawasan seluas 25 juta hektar pada tahun 2011. Ini adalah 69% daripada jumlah kawasan di seluruh dunia yang ditanam dalam kapas. <> Dalam tahun apakah kajian penyelidikan mendapati bahawa penggunaan tumbuhan toksin Bt gagal berkesan selepas 7 tahun? || 2006 <> Pada apa kajian tahun 2009 menyimpulkan bahawa peningkatan serangga bergantung? || suhu dan hujan <> Apa yang disarankan kajian 2012 dibahagi dua dengan menggunakan tumbuhan GM? || racun perosak <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh kajian 2012 meningkat dua kali ganda dengan menggunakan kapas GM? || burung pisau, lacewings dan labah-labah <> Berapa banyak tanaman kapas di bumi yang ditanam dalam kapas GM? || 69%", {"context": "But Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, and aphids; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011. This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?", "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "temperature and rainfall"}], "question": "On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?", "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1198, "text": "pesticides"}], "question": "What did a 2012 study suggest  was halved by the use of GM plants?", "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1234, "text": "ladybirds, lacewings and spiders"}], "question": "What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?", "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9ae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1447, "text": "69%"}], "question": "How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?", "id": "5727502cdd62a815002e9aea"}]}], ["Penanaman kapas yang berjaya memerlukan tempoh fros yang panjang, banyak cahaya matahari, dan hujan sederhana, biasanya dari 600 hingga 1,200 mm (24 hingga 47 inci). Tanah biasanya perlu agak berat, walaupun tahap nutrien tidak perlu luar biasa. Secara umumnya, syarat-syarat ini dipenuhi dalam kawasan tropika dan subtropika kering di hemisfera Utara dan Selatan, tetapi sebahagian besar kapas yang ditanam hari ini ditanam di kawasan-kawasan dengan kurang hujan yang memperoleh air dari pengairan. Pengeluaran tanaman untuk tahun tertentu biasanya bermula tidak lama selepas menuai musim luruh yang terdahulu. Kapas secara semula jadi adalah abadi tetapi ditanam sebagai tahunan untuk membantu mengawal perosak. Masa penanaman di musim semi di hemisfera Utara berbeza dari awal bulan Februari hingga awal bulan Jun. Kawasan Amerika Syarikat yang dikenali sebagai South Plains merupakan kawasan yang paling banyak tumbuh kapas di dunia. Walaupun kapas kering (tidak beririgasi) berjaya ditanam di rantau ini, hasil konsisten hanya dihasilkan dengan pergantungan berat pada air pengairan yang diambil dari Aquifer Ogallala. Memandangkan kapas agak garam dan tahan kemarau, ini menjadikannya tanaman yang menarik untuk kawasan-kawasan yang kering dan separa. Oleh kerana sumber air menjadi lebih ketat di seluruh dunia, ekonomi yang bergantung kepadanya menghadapi kesulitan dan konflik, serta potensi masalah alam sekitar. Contohnya, penanaman yang tidak betul dan amalan pengairan telah membawa kepada penolakan di kawasan Uzbekistan, di mana kapas adalah eksport utama. Pada zaman Kesatuan Soviet, Laut Aral ditoreh untuk pengairan pertanian, kebanyakannya kapas, dan sekarang penyebarannya meluas. <> Apakah jumlah hujan yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan kapas? || 600 hingga 1,200 mm <> Dalam apa jenis tanah yang kapas lebih suka tumbuh? || berat <> Mengapa kapas ditanam sebagai tanaman tahunan? || kawalan perosak <> Di mana di AS dianggap tempat terbaik untuk menanam kapas di Bumi? || Plains Selatan <> Apakah jenis toleransi yang membuat kapas menjadi tanaman yang sesuai untuk kawasan separa? || garam dan kemarau", {"context": "Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "600 to 1,200 mm"}], "question": "What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?", "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "heavy"}], "question": "In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?", "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "control pests"}], "question": "Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?", "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "South Plains"}], "question": "Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?", "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1141, "text": "salt and drought"}], "question": "What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?", "id": "5727444df1498d1400e8f578"}]}], ["Licle kapas adalah jenis kapas yang halus dan berputar yang terkenal kerana kuat dan tahan lama. Lisle terdiri daripada dua helai yang masing-masing telah dipintal twist tambahan per inci daripada benang biasa dan digabungkan untuk membuat satu benang tunggal. Benang itu berputar supaya ia padat dan pepejal. Kain ini digunakan terutamanya untuk seluar dalam, stoking, dan sarung tangan. Warna-warna yang digunakan untuk benang ini dicatatkan sebagai lebih cemerlang daripada warna yang digunakan untuk benang lembut. Jenis thread ini mula-mula dibuat di bandar Lisle, Perancis (sekarang Lille), dengan itu namanya. <> Apa jenis kain katun yang halus dan kuat? || Lisle kapas <> Apa itu lisle dianggap sebagai kain? || kuat dan tahan lasak <> Apa tambahan penghasilan benang lisle? || thread tunggal <> Dimana benang lisle yang asalnya dibuat? || Lisle, Perancis <> Bagaimana warna yang dilihat untuk dilayan berbanding dengan benang lembut? || lebih cemerlang", {"context": "Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cotton lisle"}], "question": "What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?", "id": "572763db708984140094dce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "strong and durable"}], "question": "What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?", "id": "572763db708984140094dce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "single thread"}], "question": "What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?", "id": "572763db708984140094dce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Lisle, France"}], "question": "Where was the lisle thread originally made?", "id": "572763db708984140094dce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "more brilliant"}], "question": "How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? ", "id": "572763db708984140094dce7"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada kebimbangan terhadap subsidi, industri kapas di beberapa negara dikritik kerana menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak dan merosakkan kesihatan pekerja dengan terdedah kepada racun perosak yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran. Yayasan Keadilan Alam Sekitar telah berkempen terhadap penggunaan kanak-kanak dan pekerja dewasa yang terpaksa digunakan dalam pengeluaran kapas di Uzbekistan, pengeksport kapas ketiga terbesar di dunia. Keadaan pengeluaran dan perdagangan antarabangsa telah membawa kepada pakaian kapas dan kasut \"perdagangan yang adil\", menyertai pasaran yang berkembang pesat untuk pakaian organik, fesyen yang adil atau \"fesyen etika\". Sistem perdagangan yang adil dimulakan pada tahun 2005 dengan pengeluar dari Cameroon, Mali dan Senegal. <> Apakah jenis buruh yang mempunyai beberapa negara terbakar? || kanak <> Apakah kegunaan yang menyebabkan kerosakan pekerja yang telah dilaporkan beberapa negara? || pendedahan kepada racun perosak <> Negara apakah yang dituduh memaksa kanak-kanak dan pekerja dewasa? || Uzbekistan <> Di mana Uzbekistan pangkat sebagai pengeksport kapas? || ketiga terbesar <> Sistem apa yang dimulakan pada tahun 2005 untuk menangani produk organik dan etika? || perdagangan yang adil", {"context": "In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to \"fair trade\" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or \"ethical fashion\". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "child"}], "question": "What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?", "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "exposure to pesticides"}], "question": "What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? ", "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Uzbekistan"}], "question": "What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?", "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "third largest"}], "question": "Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?", "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "fair trade"}], "question": "What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?", "id": "57276f4cdd62a815002e9cca"}]}], ["Ketika Brazil berperang melawan Amerika Syarikat melalui Mekanisme Penyelesaian Pertikaian WTO terhadap industri kapas yang bersubsidi, sekumpulan empat negara Afrika yang paling maju - Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, dan Mali - juga dikenali sebagai \"Cotton-4\" telah menjadi protagonis utama untuk mengurangkan subsidi kapas AS melalui rundingan. Keempat memperkenalkan \"Inisiatif Sektoral yang Menguntungkan Kapas\", dibentangkan oleh Presiden Burkina Faso Blaise Compaor\u00e9 semasa Jawatankuasa Perundingan Perdagangan pada 10 Jun 2003. <> Apa hujah Brazil terhadap industri kapas AS? || sangat bersubsidi <> Apa negara-negara Afrika Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, dan Mali disebut dalam industri kapas? || Kapas-4 <> Apakah kapas-4 berkaitan dengan subsidi kapas AS? || utama protagonis <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan AS yang akan menggembirakan industri kapas asing mengenai subsidi kapas? || pengurangan <> Organisasi apa yang Brazil cuba guna untuk membendung subsidi kapas AS? || Mekanisme Penyelesaian Pertikaian WTO", {"context": "While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries \u2013 Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali \u2013 also known as \"Cotton-4\" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a \"Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton\", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaor\u00e9 during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "heavily subsidized"}], "question": "What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?", "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Cotton-4"}], "question": "What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?", "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "leading protagonist"}], "question": "What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?", "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "reduction"}], "question": "What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?", "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism"}], "question": "What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?", "id": "57276d73f1498d1400e8f7e4"}]}], ["Biji kapas yang tersisa selepas kapas dilapis digunakan untuk menghasilkan minyak biji kapas, yang, selepas penapisan, boleh dimakan oleh manusia seperti minyak sayuran lain. Makanan cottonseed yang dibiarkan secara amnya diberi makan ternakan ruminans; gosipol yang tinggal dalam makanan itu adalah toksik kepada haiwan monogastrik. Kapal cendawan boleh ditambah kepada rumpai lembu tenusu untuk kasar. Semasa tempoh perhambaan Amerika, kulit akar kapas digunakan dalam ubat-ubatan rakyat sebagai abortifacient, iaitu, untuk menggugurkan keguguran. Gossypol adalah salah satu daripada banyak bahan yang terdapat di semua bahagian tanaman kapas dan ia digambarkan oleh saintis sebagai 'pigmen beracun'. Ia juga kelihatan menghalang perkembangan sperma atau membataskan mobiliti sperma. Juga, ia dianggap mengganggu kitaran haid dengan menghadkan pelepasan hormon tertentu. <> Untuk apa yang digunakan sebagai kapas selepas ia berasingan dari gentian? || minyak cottonseed <> Produk apa yang diproses minyak cottonseed? || minyak sayuran. <> Apakah makanan cottonseed digunakan untuk makanan? || ternak ruminant <> Untuk tujuan apa yang dimaksudkan dengan cottonseed hulls yang digunakan dalam makanan? || roughage <> Sebagaimana yang digambarkan saintis awal gossypol? || pigmen beracun", {"context": "The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "cottonseed oil"}], "question": "For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?", "id": "572760f55951b619008f8907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "vegetable oil."}], "question": "What product is processed cottonseed oil?", "id": "572760f55951b619008f8908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "ruminant livestock"}], "question": "What is cottonseed meal used for feed?", "id": "572760f55951b619008f8909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "roughage"}], "question": "For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?", "id": "572760f55951b619008f890a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "poisonous pigment"}], "question": "As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?", "id": "572760f55951b619008f890b"}]}], ["25,000 penanam kapas di Amerika Syarikat telah mendapat subsidi secara besar-besaran pada kadar $ 2 bilion setahun walaupun China sekarang menyediakan tahap tertinggi kapasiti sokongan kapas. Masa depan subsidi ini tidak menentu dan telah membawa kepada pengembangan broker kapas di Afrika. Dunavant berkembang di Afrika dengan membeli operasi tempatan. Ini hanya boleh dilakukan di bekas jajahan British dan Mozambique; bekas tanah jajahan Perancis terus mengekalkan monopoli ketat, diwarisi dari bekas bekas penjajah mereka, pada pembelian kapas pada harga tetap rendah. <> Berapa banyak penanam kapas bersubsidi di AS? || 25,000 <> Apa kadar subsidi penanam kapas di AS? || $ 2 bilion setahun <> Negara apa yang menyediakan kadar sokongan tertinggi untuk penanam kapas? || China <> Yang bekas tanah jajahan masih mempunyai monopoli ketat pada pembrokeran kapas? || Perancis <> Di manakah di Afrika mungkin untuk membeli pembrokeran dalam kapas? || bekas jajahan British", {"context": "The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "25,000"}], "question": "How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?", "id": "572766bb708984140094dd09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "$2 billion per year"}], "question": "What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?", "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?", "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "French"}], "question": "Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?", "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "former British colonies"}], "question": "Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?", "id": "572766bb708984140094dd0d"}]}], ["Kapas digunakan untuk membuat beberapa produk tekstil. Ini termasuk kain terry untuk tuala mandi dan jubah yang sangat menyerap; denim untuk jins biru; cambric, yang digunakan secara umum dalam pembuatan kemeja kerja biru (dari mana kita mendapatkan istilah \"kolar biru\"); dan corduroy, seersucker, dan twill kapas. Stoking, seluar, dan kebanyakan T-shirt diperbuat daripada kapas. Lembaran katil sering dibuat daripada kapas. Kapas juga digunakan untuk membuat benang yang digunakan dalam mengait dan mengait. Fabrik juga boleh dibuat daripada kapas kitar semula atau pulih yang tidak akan dibuang semasa proses pemintalan, tenunan atau pemotongan. Walaupun banyak fabrik dibuat sepenuhnya dari kapas, beberapa bahan menggabungkan kapas dengan serat lain, termasuk rayon dan serat sintetik seperti poliester. Ia sama ada boleh digunakan dalam kain rajutan atau tenunan, kerana ia boleh dicampur dengan elastin untuk membuat benang pembalut untuk kain rajutan, dan pakaian seperti seluar jeans lengan. <> Untuk apa kapas yang digunakan untuk membuat? || produk tekstil <> Selain serat kapas baru, apa jenis serat boleh digunakan untuk membuat produk kapas? || kapas kitar semula atau pulih <> Dengan apa kapas seringkali dicampur untuk membuat gaya kain baru? || serat sintetik <> Apa jenis fabrik boleh dibuat daripada gentian yang dicampur? || rajutan atau tenunan <> Untuk apa yang boleh digunakan benang kapas? || mengait dan mengait", {"context": "Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "textile products"}], "question": "For what is cotton used to make?", "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "recycled or recovered cotton"}], "question": "Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?", "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "synthetic fibers"}], "question": "With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?", "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "knitted or woven"}], "question": "What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?", "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "crochet and knitting"}], "question": "For what can cotton yarn be used?", "id": "57275f1df1498d1400e8f700"}]}], ["Pelapik kapas halus, serat sutera yang mematuhi benih tanaman kapas setelah ginning. Serat kerinting ini biasanya kurang dari 1/8 inci (3.2 mm). Istilah ini juga boleh digunakan untuk serat staple serat tekstil yang lebih panjang serta serat kabur pendek dari beberapa spesis tinggi. Linters secara tradisinya digunakan dalam pembuatan kertas dan sebagai bahan mentah dalam pembuatan selulosa. Di UK, para pengantin disebut sebagai \"bulu kapas\". Ini juga boleh menjadi produk halus (kapas penyerap dalam penggunaan A.S.) yang mempunyai perubatan, kosmetik dan banyak lagi penggunaan praktikal. Penggunaan pertama menggunakan bulu kapas oleh Sampson Gamgee di Queen's Hospital (kemudian Hospital Besar) di Birmingham, England. <> Apa bahagian kilang kapas digunakan untuk pembuatan kertas? || Pembalut kapas <> Apa yang kelihatan seperti kain kapas? || denda, serat sutera <> Apa yang disebut cotton cotton di UK? || kapas bulu <> Apa bulu kapas yang dipanggil di AS? || kapas penyerap <> Apa individu bulu kapas pertama digunakan secara perubatan? || Sampson Gamgee", {"context": "Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1\u20448 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as \"cotton wool\". This can also be a refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham, England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cotton linters"}], "question": "What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?", "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "fine, silky fibers"}], "question": "What do cotton linters look like?", "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "cotton wool"}], "question": "What are cotton linters called in the UK?", "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "absorbent cotton"}], "question": "What is cotton wool called in the US?", "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Sampson Gamgee"}], "question": "What individual first used cotton wool medically?", "id": "57276249dd62a815002e9be4"}]}], ["Usaha sektor awam berterusan dengan matlamat untuk menghasilkan jujukan genom berkualiti tinggi dan draf dari bacaan yang dihasilkan oleh semua sumber. Usaha sektor awam telah menghasilkan pembacaan BAC, fosmid, dan plasmid serta 454 bacaan. Jenis-jenis bacaan yang kemudian akan menjadi instrumental dalam memasang draf awal genom D. Pada tahun 2010, dua syarikat (Monsanto dan Illumina), menyelesaikan penjujukan Illumina yang mencukupi untuk menampung genom G. G. raimondii kira-kira 50x. Mereka mengumumkan bahawa mereka akan mendermakan bacaan mentah mereka kepada orang ramai. Usaha perhubungan awam memberi mereka pengiktirafan untuk menyusun genom kapas. Sebaik sahaja genom D dipasang dari semua bahan mentah ini, ia pasti akan membantu dalam pemasangan gen gen AD yang ditanam jenis kapas, tetapi banyak kerja keras tetap. <> Apa syarikat menyelesaikan sebahagian besar genom D? || Monsanto dan Illumina <> Bilakah penjujukan genom D. G. raimondii kebanyakannya selesai? || 2010 <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Monsanto dan Illumina bahawa mereka akan lakukan dengan penyelidikan? || menderma <> Apa hasil yang seolah-olah mendermakan penjujukan kapas genetik kepada orang awam? || perhubungan awam <> Apakah tumbuhan adalah matlamat menyusun bentuk kapas liar? || jenis yang ditanam", {"context": "The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Monsanto and Illumina"}], "question": "What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?", "id": "57277399708984140094dde3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?", "id": "57277399708984140094dde4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "donate"}], "question": "What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?", "id": "57277399708984140094dde5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "public relations"}], "question": "What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?", "id": "57277399708984140094dde6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "cultivated varieties"}], "question": "What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?", "id": "57277399708984140094dde7"}]}], ["Pengilang terbesar kapas, pada masa ini (2009), adalah China dan India, dengan pengeluaran tahunan kira-kira 34 juta bales dan 33.4 juta bales, masing-masing; kebanyakan pengeluaran ini digunakan oleh industri tekstil masing-masing. Pengeksport terbesar kapas mentah adalah Amerika Syarikat, dengan jualan $ 4.9 bilion, dan Afrika, dengan jualan $ 2.1 bilion. Jumlah perdagangan antarabangsa dianggarkan $ 12 bilion. Perkongsian perdagangan kapas Afrika telah meningkat dua kali ganda sejak tahun 1980. Kawasan tidak mempunyai industri tekstil domestik yang signifikan, pembuatan tekstil yang berpindah ke negara-negara berkembang di Asia Timur dan Selatan seperti India dan China. Di Afrika, kapas ditanam oleh banyak pemegang kecil. Dunavant Enterprises, yang berpusat di Memphis, Tennessee, adalah broker kapas terkemuka di Afrika, dengan beratus-ratus ejen pembelian. Ia mengendalikan gulung kapas di Uganda, Mozambique, dan Zambia. Di Zambia, ia sering menawarkan pinjaman untuk benih dan perbelanjaan kepada 180,000 petani kecil yang tumbuh kapas untuknya, serta nasihat mengenai kaedah pertanian. Cargill juga membeli kapas di Afrika untuk eksport. <> Pada tahun 2009 apakah pengeluar katun terbesar? || China dan India <> Bagaimana kedudukan AS dan Afrika sebagai pengeksport kapas? || pengeksport terbesar <> Apa perdagangan gabungan gabungan kapas? || $ 12 bilion <> Apa syarikat broker broker utama di Afrika? || Dunavant Enterprises <> Di mana Dunavant Enterprises berdasarkan? || Memphis, Tennessee", {"context": "The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "China and India"}], "question": "In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?", "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "largest exporters"}], "question": "How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?", "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "$12 billion"}], "question": "What is the combined international trade in cotton?", "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Dunavant Enterprises"}], "question": "What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?", "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "Memphis, Tennessee"}], "question": "Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?", "id": "5727654add62a815002e9c12"}]}], ["Usaha penjujukan genom awam terhadap kapas telah dimulakan pada tahun 2007 oleh konsortium penyelidik awam. Mereka bersetuju dengan strategi untuk menyusun genom kapas yang ditanam, tetraploid. \"Tetraploid\" bermakna kapas yang ditanam sebenarnya mempunyai dua genom berasingan dalam nukleusnya, yang disebut sebagai genom A dan D. Konsortium penjujukan pertama bersetuju untuk menyusun relatif D-genom kapas yang ditanam (G. raimondii, spesies kapas Amerika Tengah yang liar) kerana saiznya yang kecil dan bilangan elemen yang berulang. Ia hampir sepertiga jumlah asas kapas tetraploid (AD), dan setiap kromosom hanya ada sekali. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Genom G. gboreum akan dijejak seterusnya. Genomanya kira-kira dua kali ganda saiz G. raimondii. Sebahagian daripada perbezaan saiz antara kedua-dua genom ialah penguatan retrotransposon (GORGE). Sebaik sahaja kedua-dua genom diploid dipasang, penyelidikan dapat memulakan penjujukan genom sebenar varieti kapas yang ditanam. Strategi ini tidak diperlukan; jika seseorang mengikut urutan genom tetraploid tanpa genom diploid model, urutan DNA eukromatik genom AD akan bersama-sama dan elemen-elemen berulang AD genom akan dipasang secara berasingan ke dalam urutan A dan D masing-masing. Maka tidak akan ada cara untuk menguraikan kekacauan urutan AD tanpa membandingkannya dengan rakan-rakan diploid mereka. <> Apakah matlamat penjujukan terakhir bagi urutan kapas diploid pertama? || kain kapas tetraploid <> Apa jenis kapas mempunyai dua genom berasingan dalam nukleusnya? || Tetraploid <> Bilakah sekumpulan penyelidik memutuskan untuk menyusun struktur genomik kapas tetraploid? || 2007 <> Jenis genom apa yang harus dijujukan terlebih dahulu untuk mengelakkan kekeliruan sebelum bentuk tetraploid? || diploid <> Untuk memahami bentuk tetraploid, apa yang harus digunakan sebagai perbandingan dalam penjujukan gen kapas? || rakan kongsi diploid", {"context": "A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. \"Tetraploid\" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "tetraploid cotton"}], "question": "What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?", "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Tetraploid"}], "question": "What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? ", "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?", "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 896, "text": "diploid"}], "question": "What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?", "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1397, "text": "diploid counterparts"}], "question": "In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?", "id": "572771b85951b619008f8a0b"}]}]], [["Terdapat hubungan rapat antara pembelajaran mesin dan pemampatan: sistem yang meramalkan kebarangkalian posterior suatu urutan yang diberikan keseluruhan sejarahnya boleh digunakan untuk pemampatan data optimum (dengan menggunakan pengekodan aritmetik pada pengedaran output) sementara kompresor optimum boleh digunakan untuk ramalan (dengan mencari simbol yang memampatkan yang terbaik, berdasarkan sejarah sebelumnya). Kesetaraan ini telah digunakan sebagai alasan untuk menggunakan pemampatan data sebagai penanda aras untuk \"kecerdasan umum.\" <> Apakah pembelajaran mesin berkait rapat? || mampatan <> Jenis pemampat apa yang boleh digunakan untuk ramalan? || optimum <> Apa yang telah digunakan sebagai penanda aras untuk \"kecerdasan umum\"? || pemampatan data", {"context": "There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for \"general intelligence.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "compression"}], "question": "What is Machine learning closely related to?", "id": "57267c225951b619008f7451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "optimal"}], "question": "What type of compressor can be used for prediction?", "id": "57267c225951b619008f7452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "data compression"}], "question": "What has been used as a benchmark for \"general intelligence\"?", "id": "57267c225951b619008f7453"}]}], ["Algoritma mampatan data yang hilang biasanya mengeksploitasi redundansi statistik untuk mewakili data tanpa kehilangan apa-apa maklumat, supaya proses itu dapat diterbalikkan. Mampatan tanpa kehilangan adalah mungkin kerana kebanyakan data dunia nyata mempamerkan pengurangan statistik. Sebagai contoh, imej mungkin mempunyai warna yang tidak berubah daripada beberapa piksel; bukan pengekodan \"piksel merah, piksel merah, ...\" data mungkin dikodkan sebagai \"279 piksel merah\". Ini adalah contoh asas pengekodan jangka panjang; terdapat banyak skema untuk mengurangkan saiz fail dengan menghapuskan redundansi. <> Apa yang biasanya mengeksploitasi redundansi statistik? || Algoritma mampatan data yang hilang <> Apa yang mewakili redundansi statistik? || Pemampatan tanpa kehilangan <> Apa yang mungkin mempunyai warna yang tidak berubah dalam beberapa piksel? || imej", {"context": "Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding \"red pixel, red pixel, ...\" the data may be encoded as \"279 red pixels\". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossless data compression algorithms"}], "question": "What usually exploits statistical redundancy?", "id": "572678305951b619008f7395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Lossless compression"}], "question": "What represents statistical redundancy?", "id": "572678305951b619008f7396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "an image"}], "question": "What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?", "id": "572678305951b619008f7397"}]}], ["Mampatan data audio, tidak dikelirukan dengan pemampatan pelbagai dinamik, mempunyai potensi untuk mengurangkan lebar jalur penghantaran dan keperluan penyimpanan data audio. Algoritma pemampatan audio dilaksanakan dalam perisian sebagai codec audio. Algoritma mampatan audio yang rugi memberikan pemampatan yang lebih tinggi pada kos kesetiaan dan digunakan dalam banyak aplikasi audio. Algoritma ini hampir semua bergantung pada psychoacoustics untuk menghapuskan bunyi yang kurang dapat didengar atau bermakna, sehingga mengurangkan ruang yang diperlukan untuk menyimpan atau mengirimkannya. <> Apa yang berpotensi untuk mengurangkan jalur lebar penghantaran dan keperluan penyimpanan data audio? || Mampatan data audio <> Apa yang dimasukkan dalam perisian sebagai codec audio? || Algoritma mampatan audio <> Algoritma pemampatan apa yang memberikan mampatan yang lebih tinggi pada kos kesetiaan? || Lossy", {"context": "Audio data compression, not to be confused with dynamic range compression, has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data. Audio compression algorithms are implemented in software as audio codecs. Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity and are used in numerous audio applications. These algorithms almost all rely on psychoacoustics to eliminate less audible or meaningful sounds, thereby reducing the space required to store or transmit them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Audio data compression"}], "question": "What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data?", "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e228"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Audio compression algorithms"}], "question": "What is inserted in software as audio codecs?", "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e229"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Lossy"}], "question": "What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity?", "id": "5726828bf1498d1400e8e22a"}]}], ["Dalam mampatan audio lossy, kaedah psychoacoustics digunakan untuk membuang komponen audio yang tidak dapat didengar (atau kurang terdengar) dari isyarat audio. Mampatan ucapan manusia sering dilakukan dengan teknik yang lebih khusus; pengekodan ucapan, atau pengekodan suara, kadangkala dibezakan sebagai disiplin berasingan daripada pemampatan audio. Standard mampatan audio dan pertuturan yang berbeza disenaraikan di bawah format pengekodan audio. Mampatan suara digunakan dalam telephony internet, misalnya, mampatan audio digunakan untuk merobek CD dan diterjemahkan oleh pemain audio. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk merobek CD? || pemampatan audio <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk membuang komponen audio yang tidak boleh didengar? || psychoacoustics <> Apa mampatan yang biasanya dilakukan dengan teknik yang lebih khusus? || ucapan manusia <> Apa yang digunakan dalam telefoni internet? || Mampatan suara <> Apa yang dikodkan oleh pemain audio? || pemampatan audio", {"context": "In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the audio signal. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression. Different audio and speech compression standards are listed under audio coding formats. Voice compression is used in internet telephony, for example, audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "audio compression"}], "question": "What is used for CD ripping?", "id": "57267b155951b619008f741c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "psychoacoustics"}], "question": "What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals?", "id": "57267b155951b619008f7419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "human speech"}], "question": "What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?", "id": "57267b155951b619008f741a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Voice compression"}], "question": "What is used in internet telephony? ", "id": "57267b155951b619008f741b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "audio compression"}], "question": "What is encoded by audio players?", "id": "57267b155951b619008f741d"}]}], ["Mampatan data yang rugi adalah persoalan pemampatan data lossless. Dalam skim ini, beberapa kehilangan maklumat boleh diterima. Menurun butiran tidak penting dari sumber data dapat menyimpan ruang penyimpanan. Skim mampatan data yang rugi direka oleh penyelidikan mengenai bagaimana orang melihat data yang dipersoalkan. Contohnya, mata manusia lebih sensitif kepada variasi halus dalam pencahayaan daripada variasi warna. Mampatan imej JPEG berfungsi sebahagiannya dengan membulatkan maklumat tidak penting. Terdapat sama perdagangan antara mengekalkan maklumat dan mengurangkan saiz. Sebilangan format mampatan popular mengeksploitasi perbezaan persepsi ini, termasuk yang digunakan dalam fail muzik, imej, dan video. <> Jenis jenis pemampatan data ialah persaingan pemampatan data tarikh hilangnya? || Lossy <> Apa yang boleh menjimatkan ruang simpanan? || Menurun butiran tidak penting dari sumber data <> Apa yang membantu dengan menghapuskan maklumat penting yang tidak penting? || Mampatan imej JPEG", {"context": "Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossy"}], "question": "What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?", "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Dropping nonessential detail from the data source"}], "question": "What can save storage space?", "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "JPEG image compression"}], "question": "What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?", "id": "57267a4e5951b619008f73f9"}]}], ["Data mampatan boleh dilihat sebagai kes khas perbezaan data: Differencing data terdiri daripada menghasilkan perbezaan yang diberi sumber dan sasaran, dengan menampal menghasilkan sasaran yang diberi sumber dan perbezaan, sedangkan data mampatan terdiri dari menghasilkan file termampat yang diberikan sasaran, dan penyahmampatan terdiri daripada menghasilkan sasaran yang diberikan hanya fail termampat. Oleh itu, seseorang boleh mempertimbangkan mampatan data sebagai data yang berbeza dengan data sumber kosong, fail terkompresi sepadan dengan \"perbezaan dari tiada.\" Ini sama dengan mempertimbangkan entropi mutlak (sama dengan pemampatan data) sebagai kes entropi relatif (sepadan dengan perbezaan data) tanpa data awal. <> Apa yang boleh dilihat sebagai kes perbezaan data khas? || Pemampatan data <> Apa yang dibentuk untuk menghasilkan perbezaan yang diberi sumber dan sasaran? || Differencing data <> Apa yang boleh dikelaskan sebagai data yang berbeza dengan data sumber kosong? || pemampatan data", {"context": "Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a \"difference from nothing.\" This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Data compression"}], "question": "What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? ", "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Data differencing"}], "question": "What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?", "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "data compression"}], "question": "What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?", "id": "57267c9ff1498d1400e8e16c"}]}], ["Mampatan adalah berguna kerana ia membantu mengurangkan penggunaan sumber, seperti ruang storan data atau kapasiti penghantaran. Oleh kerana data yang dimampatkan mesti dimampatkan untuk digunakan, pemprosesan tambahan ini mengenakan kos komputasi atau kos lain melalui penyahmampatan; keadaan ini jauh dari makan tengah hari percuma. Mampatan data adalah tertakluk kepada masalah kerumitan ruang-waktu. Sebagai contoh, skema pemampatan untuk video mungkin memerlukan perkakasan yang mahal untuk video yang boleh dibongkarkan dengan pantas supaya dapat dilihat kerana ia direkompresi, dan pilihan untuk menguraikan sepenuhnya video sebelum menontonnya mungkin menyusahkan atau memerlukan storan tambahan. Reka bentuk skema pemampatan data melibatkan pemisahan antara pelbagai faktor, termasuk tahap mampatan, jumlah gangguan yang diperkenalkan (apabila menggunakan pemampatan data lossy), dan sumber-sumber perhitungan yang diperlukan untuk memampatkan dan menguraikan data. <> Apa yang membantu mengurangkan penggunaan sumber? || Mampatan <> Apa yang perlu dirombak? || data termampat <> Apa yang tertakluk kepada perdagangan kerumitan ruang masa? || Pemampatan data <> Apakah jenis skema yang melibatkan perdagangan di antara perkara lain? || pemampatan data", {"context": "Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space\u2013time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Compression"}], "question": "What helps reduce resource usage?", "id": "572677855951b619008f738d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "compressed data"}], "question": "What must be decompressed? ", "id": "572677855951b619008f738e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "Data compression"}], "question": "What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? ", "id": "572677855951b619008f738f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "data compression"}], "question": "What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?", "id": "572677855951b619008f7390"}]}], ["Kaedah pemampatan Lempel-Ziv (LZ) adalah antara algoritma yang paling popular untuk penyimpanan lossless. DEFLATE adalah variasi pada LZ yang dioptimumkan untuk kelajuan penyahmampatan dan nisbah mampatan, tetapi mampatan boleh menjadi lambat. DEFLATE digunakan dalam PKZIP, Gzip dan PNG. LZW (Lempel-Ziv-Welch) digunakan dalam imej GIF. Juga perlu diperhatikan ialah algoritma LZR (Lempel-Ziv-Renau), yang berfungsi sebagai asas untuk kaedah Zip. [Rujukan?] Kaedah LZ menggunakan model pemampatan berasaskan jadual di mana penyertaan jadual digantikan untuk rentetan data berulang. Untuk kebanyakan kaedah LZ, jadual ini dijana secara dinamik dari data awal dalam input. Jadual itu sendiri sering dikodkan oleh Huffman (mis. SHRI, LZX). Skim pengekodan LZ semasa yang berfungsi dengan baik adalah Brotli dan LZX. LZX digunakan dalam format CAB Microsoft. <> Apakah kaedah pemampatan yang paling popular? || Lempel-Ziv (LZ) <> Apa yang digunakan dalam PKZIP, Gzip dan PNG? || DEFLATE <> Apa yang berfungsi sebagai asas kaedah Zip? || LZR <> Apakah skema pengekodan berdasarkan LZ yang berfungsi dengan baik? || Brotli <> Apa yang digunakan dalam format CAB Microsoft? || LZX", {"context": "The Lempel\u2013Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel\u2013Ziv\u2013Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv\u2013Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Lempel\u2013Ziv (LZ)"}], "question": "What compression methods are among the most popular?", "id": "57267902dd62a815002e8648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "DEFLATE"}], "question": "What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?", "id": "57267902dd62a815002e8649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "LZR"}], "question": "What serves as the basis of the Zip method?", "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "Brotli"}], "question": "What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?", "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "LZX"}], "question": "What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?", "id": "57267902dd62a815002e864c"}]}], ["Dalam pemprosesan isyarat, pemampatan data, pengekodan sumber, atau pengurangan kadar bit melibatkan pengekodan maklumat menggunakan bit lebih sedikit daripada perwakilan asal. Mampatan boleh menjadi lossy atau lossless. Mampatan tanpa kehilangan mengurangkan bit dengan mengenal pasti dan menghapuskan redundansi statistik. Tiada maklumat hilang dalam mampatan tanpa kerugian. Mampatan rugi mengurangkan bit dengan mengenal pasti maklumat yang tidak perlu dan mengeluarkannya. Proses mengurangkan saiz fail data dirujuk sebagai pemampatan data. Dalam konteks penghantaran data, ia dipanggil pengekodan sumber (pengekodan yang dilakukan pada sumber data sebelum disimpan atau dihantar) dalam menentang pengkodan saluran. <> Apa yang melibatkan pengekodan maklumat menggunakan bit lebih sedikit daripada perwakilan asal? || mampatan data <> Apa yang boleh menjadi lossy atau lossless? || Mampatan <> Apa yang mengurangkan bit dengan mengenal pasti dan menghapuskan redundansi statistik? || Mampatan tanpa kehilangan <> Apakah proses yang dipanggil untuk mengurangkan saiz fail data? || mampatan data <> Apa proses yang dipanggil pengekodan pada sumber data sebelum diproses? || pengekodan sumber", {"context": "In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "data compression"}], "question": "What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?", "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Compression"}], "question": "What can be either lossy or lossless?", "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Lossless compression"}], "question": "What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? ", "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "data compression"}], "question": "What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?", "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "source coding"}], "question": "What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?", "id": "5726767edd62a815002e85da"}]}], ["Dalam pemetaan selanjutnya penggunaan langsung pemodelan probabilistik, anggaran statistik boleh ditambah kepada algoritma yang dipanggil pengekodan aritmetik. Pengekodan aritmetik adalah teknik pengekodan yang lebih moden yang menggunakan pengiraan matematik mesin negara terhingga untuk menghasilkan rentetan bit yang dikodkan daripada satu siri simbol data input. Ia boleh mencapai pemampatan yang lebih baik kepada teknik lain seperti algoritma Huffman yang lebih dikenali. Ia menggunakan keadaan ingatan dalaman untuk mengelakkan keperluan untuk melakukan pemetaan satu sama satu simbol input individu kepada representasi yang berbeza yang menggunakan bilangan integer bit, dan ia memadamkan memori dalaman hanya selepas mengodkan keseluruhan rentetan simbol data . Pengekodan aritmetik amat sesuai dengan tugas mampatan data penyesuaian di mana statistik berbeza-beza dan bergantung kepada konteks, kerana ia dapat dengan mudah digabungkan dengan model penyesuaian taburan kebarangkalian data input. Contoh awal penggunaan pengekodan aritmetik adalah penggunaannya sebagai ciri pilihan (tetapi tidak digunakan secara meluas) daripada pengekodan imej pengekodan JPEG. Sejak itu ia telah digunakan dalam pelbagai rekaan lain termasuk H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC dan HEVC untuk pengekodan video. <> Apa yang boleh dipasangkan dengan algoritma yang dipanggil pengekodan aritmetik? || anggaran statistik <> Apa yang boleh mencapai mampatan unggul? || Pengekodan aritmetik <> Apa yang menggunakan keadaan ingatan dalaman? || Algoritma Huffman", {"context": "In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "statistical estimates"}], "question": "What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?", "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Arithmetic coding"}], "question": "What can achieve superior compression?", "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e0ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Huffman algorithm"}], "question": "What uses an internal memory state?", "id": "572679a5f1498d1400e8e100"}]}], ["Keputusan latensi dari kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyandikan dan menodecahkan data. Sesetengah codec akan menganalisis segmen data yang lebih lama untuk mengoptimumkan kecekapan, dan kemudian kod itu dengan cara yang memerlukan segmen data yang lebih besar pada satu masa untuk menyahkod. (Selalunya codec membuat segmen dipanggil \"bingkai\" untuk membuat segmen data diskret untuk pengekodan dan penyahkod.) Latihan yang sedia ada dalam algoritma pengekodan boleh menjadi kritikal; sebagai contoh, apabila terdapat penghantaran dua hala data, seperti dengan perbualan telefon, penangguhan yang ketara mungkin secara serius merendahkan kualiti yang dirasakan. <> Apa yang berpunca daripada kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyandikan dan menyahkod data? || Latency <> Apa yang menganalisis pernyataan data untuk meningkatkan prestasi? || codec <> Apa yang menciptakan segmen dipanggil \"bingkai\"? || codec", {"context": "Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a \"frame\" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Latency"}], "question": "What results from methods used to encode and decode data?", "id": "57268606708984140094c8d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "codecs"}], "question": "What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?", "id": "57268606708984140094c8d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "codecs"}], "question": "What creates segments called a \"frame\"?", "id": "57268606708984140094c8d7"}]}], ["Pemampat kompresi lain yang lain, seperti pengekodan ramalan linier (LPC) yang digunakan dengan ucapan, adalah coder berasaskan sumber. Kod ini menggunakan model penjana bunyi (seperti saluran vokal manusia dengan LPC) untuk memutihkan isyarat audio (iaitu, meratakan spektrumnya) sebelum kuantisasi. LPC mungkin dianggap sebagai teknik pengekodan asas persepsi: pembinaan semula isyarat audio menggunakan prediktor linear membentuk bunyi kuantisasi pengkod ke dalam spektrum isyarat sasaran, sebahagiannya memasangkannya. <> Apa kod yang dipanggil yang digunakan dengan ucapan? || pengekodan ramalan linier <> Apa yang difikirkan sebagai teknik pengekodan asas persepsi? || pengekodan ramalan linier <> Apa yang menggunakan model penjana bunyi? || coders berasaskan sumber", {"context": "Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "linear predictive coding"}], "question": "What is the coding called that is used with speech?", "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "linear predictive coding"}], "question": "What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?", "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "source-based coders"}], "question": "What uses a model of the sound's generator? ", "id": "57268489f1498d1400e8e266"}]}], ["Sistem pemampatan audio automasi siaran komersil pertama di dunia telah dibangunkan oleh Oscar Bonello, seorang profesor kejuruteraan di University of Buenos Aires. Pada tahun 1983, menggunakan prinsip psikoakustik pelekat kumpulan kritikal yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1967, beliau mula membangunkan aplikasi praktikal berdasarkan komputer PC IBM yang baru dibangunkan, dan sistem automasi siaran dilancarkan pada tahun 1987 di bawah nama Audicom. Dua puluh tahun kemudian, hampir semua stesen radio di dunia menggunakan teknologi serupa yang dihasilkan oleh beberapa syarikat. <> Siapa yang membangunkan sistem mampatan audio automasi siaran komersial pertama? || Oscar Bonello <> Siapa seorang profesor kejuruteraan di Universiti Buenos Aires? || Oscar Bonello <> Apa yang dilancarkan pada tahun 1987 di bawah nama Audicom? || sistem automasi siar", {"context": "The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Oscar Bonello"}], "question": "Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?", "id": "5726882b708984140094c911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Oscar Bonello"}], "question": "Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?", "id": "5726882b708984140094c912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "broadcast automation system"}], "question": "What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?", "id": "5726882b708984140094c913"}]}], ["Berbeza dengan kelajuan mampatan, yang berkadar dengan bilangan operasi yang diperlukan oleh algoritma, di sini latensi merujuk kepada bilangan sampel yang mesti dianalisis sebelum blok audio diproses. Dalam kes minimum, latensi adalah sifar sampel (mis., Jika pengkod / penyahkod hanya mengurangkan bilangan bit yang digunakan untuk mengkuantikan isyarat). Algoritma domain masa seperti LPC juga sering mempunyai latensi rendah, oleh itu popularitinya dalam pengkodan ucapan untuk telefoni. Dalam algoritma seperti MP3, bagaimanapun, sejumlah besar sampel perlu dianalisis untuk melaksanakan model psikoakustik dalam domain kekerapan, dan latensi adalah pada urutan 23 ms (46 ms untuk komunikasi dua hala). <> Apa yang merujuk kepada bilangan sampel yang mesti dianalisis sebelum blok audio diproses? || latensi <> Apa yang mempunyai sifar sampel dalam kes minimum? || latensi <> Apa yang sering berlaku pada latensi rendah? || LPC", {"context": "In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "latency"}], "question": "What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?", "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "latency"}], "question": "What has zero samples in a minimum case?", "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "LPC"}], "question": "What often has low latencies?", "id": "5726869df1498d1400e8e2c4"}]}], ["Sekiranya data yang dikompres adalah analog (seperti voltan yang berubah mengikut masa), kuantisasi digunakan untuk mendigitalkannya ke nombor (biasanya bilangan bulat). Ini dirujuk sebagai penukaran analog-ke-digital (A / D). Jika bilangan bulat yang dijana oleh kuantisasi adalah 8 bits setiap satu, maka keseluruhan julat isyarat analog dibahagi kepada 256 selang dan semua nilai isyarat dalam selang dikalkimumkan kepada nombor yang sama. Sekiranya integer 16-bit dihasilkan, maka isyarat analog dibahagi kepada 65,536 selang. <> Apa yang berbeza dengan masa? || voltan <> Apa yang harus dimampatkan untuk berfungsi dengan baik? || data <> Apa maksud \"A / D\"? || analog-ke-digital", {"context": "If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "voltage"}], "question": "What varies with time?", "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "data"}], "question": "What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? ", "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "analog-to-digital"}], "question": "What does \"A/D\" stand for?", "id": "5726872b5951b619008f75c5"}]}], ["Majoriti algoritma pemampatan video menggunakan mampatan lossy. Video yang tidak dikompresi memerlukan kadar data yang sangat tinggi. Walaupun codec mampatan video yang tidak berfungsi dilakukan pada faktor mampatan 5-12, video pemampatan MPEG-4 tipikal tipikal mempunyai faktor mampatan antara 20 dan 200. Seperti dalam semua mampatan lossy, terdapat perbalahan antara kualiti video, kos memproses mampatan dan penyahmampatan, dan keperluan sistem. Video yang sangat dimampatkan boleh menghasilkan artifak yang dapat dilihat atau mengganggu. <> Apa yang kebanyakannya menggunakan mampatan lossy? || algoritma pemampatan video <> Apa yang memerlukan kadar data yang tinggi? || Video yang tidak dikompresi <> Apa arti artifak yang boleh dilihat atau mengganggu? || Video yang sangat dimampatkan", {"context": "The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5-12, a typical MPEG-4 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200. As in all lossy compression, there is a trade-off between video quality, cost of processing the compression and decompression, and system requirements. Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting artifacts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "video compression algorithms"}], "question": "What all mostly use lossy compression?", "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Uncompressed video"}], "question": "What requires a high data rate?", "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Highly compressed video"}], "question": "What may present visible or distracting artifacts?", "id": "5726887d5951b619008f75fd"}]}], ["Kompendium sastera untuk pelbagai jenis sistem pengekodan audio telah diterbitkan dalam Jurnal IEEE pada Bidang Terpilih dalam Komunikasi (JSAC), Februari 1988. Walaupun ada beberapa kertas sebelum sebelum itu, koleksi ini mendokumentasikan pelbagai jenis audio siap coders, hampir semua mereka menggunakan teknik perceptual (iaitu masking) dan beberapa jenis analisis kekerapan dan pengekalan tanpa henti belakang. Beberapa makalah ini menyatakan kesukaran mendapatkan audio digital yang baik dan bersih untuk tujuan penyelidikan. Kebanyakan, jika tidak semua, penulis dalam edisi JSAC juga aktif dalam jawatankuasa Audio MPEG-1. <> Apa yang telah diterbitkan dalam Jurnal IEEE pada tahun 1988? || compendium sastera <> Apa dokumen kompendium literatur? || selesai, coders audio yang bekerja <> Di mana kebanyakan pengarang dalam edisi JSAC? || Jawatankuasa audio MPEG-1", {"context": "A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "literature compendium"}], "question": "What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?", "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "finished, working audio coders"}], "question": "What did the literature compendium document?", "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "MPEG-1 Audio committee"}], "question": "Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?", "id": "572687ad708984140094c8f9"}]}], ["Mampatan audio yang tidak menghasilkan menghasilkan perwakilan data digital yang menghimpunkan kepada pendua digital yang tepat aliran audio asal, tidak seperti main balik dari teknik pemampatan yang hilang seperti Vorbis dan MP3. Nisbah mampatan adalah sekitar 50-60% daripada saiz asal, yang sama dengan yang digunakan untuk pemampatan data lossless generik. Mampatan tanpa kehilangan tidak dapat mencapai nisbah mampatan yang tinggi disebabkan kerumitan bentuk gelombang dan perubahan pesat dalam bentuk bunyi. Codec seperti FLAC, Shorten dan TTA menggunakan ramalan linear untuk menganggarkan spektrum isyarat. Banyak algoritma ini menggunakan konvolusi dengan penapis [-1 1] untuk sedikit memutihkan atau meratakan spektrum, dengan itu membolehkan pemampatan tanpa rugi tradisional berfungsi dengan lebih cekap. Proses ini dibalikkan apabila penyahmampatan. <> Apa yang menghasilkan representasi data digital yang dikompres? || Mampatan audio yang hilang <> Apa mampatan yang tidak dapat mencapai nisbah mampatan yang tinggi? || Lossless <> Apa kira-kira 50-60% saiz asal? || Nisbah mampatan", {"context": "Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50\u201360% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossless audio compression"}], "question": "What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?", "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Lossless"}], "question": "What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?", "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Compression ratios"}], "question": "What are around 50-60% of the original size?", "id": "5726831df1498d1400e8e237"}]}], ["Mampatan audio yang berleluasa digunakan dalam pelbagai aplikasi. Sebagai tambahan kepada aplikasi langsung (mp3 player atau komputer), aliran audio digital yang dimampatkan digunakan dalam kebanyakan DVD video, televisyen digital, media streaming di internet, radio satelit dan kabel, dan semakin banyak siaran radio terestrial. Mampatan rugi biasanya mencapai pemampatan yang jauh lebih besar daripada mampatan tanpa kehilangan (data 5% hingga 20% aliran asal, bukan 50% hingga 60%), dengan membuang data kurang penting. <> Apakah mampatan yang digunakan dalam banyak aplikasi? || Lossy <> Apa yang digunakan dalam kebanyakan DVD video? || aliran audio digital yang dimampatkan <> Apa mampatan biasanya mencapai mampatan yang jauh lebih besar maka kehilangan? || Lossy", {"context": "Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Lossy"}], "question": "What compression is used in a lot of applications?", "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "digitally compressed audio streams"}], "question": "What is used in most video DVDs?", "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Lossy"}], "question": "What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? ", "id": "57268380dd62a815002e87dc"}]}], ["Untuk menentukan apa maklumat dalam isyarat audio tidak dapat dilihat secara persepsi, kebanyakan algoritma pemampatan lossy menggunakan transform seperti transformasi kosinus diskrit diubah suai (MDCT) untuk mengubah bentuk gelombang sampel domain masa ke domain transform. Sebaik berubah, biasanya ke dalam domain frekuensi, frekuensi komponen boleh diperuntukkan bit mengikut cara yang dapat didengar. Pendengaran komponen spektrum dikira menggunakan ambang pendengaran mutlak dan prinsip-prinsip pengabungan serentak-fenomena di mana isyarat bertopengkan oleh isyarat lain yang dipisahkan oleh kekerapan-dan, dalam sesetengah kes, pelekat temporal-di mana isyarat bertopeng dengan isyarat yang lain dipisahkan pada masa. Kontur kekerapan yang sama juga boleh digunakan untuk menimbang kepentingan komponen persepsi. Model gabungan otak telinga manusia yang menggabungkan kesan tersebut sering dipanggil model psikoakustik. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk menimbang kepentingan komponen? || Kontur yang sama-keras <> Apa yang sering disebut model psikoacoustic? || Model otak telinga manusia <> Apa proses yang dipanggil apabila isyarat dilindung oleh isyarat lain yang dipisahkan oleh masa? || pelekat temporal", {"context": "To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking\u2014the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency\u2014and, in some cases, temporal masking\u2014where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Equal-loudness contours"}], "question": "What may be used to weight the importance of components?", "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "Models of the human ear-brain"}], "question": "What are often called psychoacoustic models?", "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "temporal masking"}], "question": "What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?", "id": "572683fbf1498d1400e8e258"}]}], ["Sesetengah skema mampatan video biasanya beroperasi pada kelompok berbentuk persegi piksel jiran, yang sering dipanggil macroblocks. Kumpulan piksel atau blok piksel ini dibandingkan dari satu bingkai ke seterusnya, dan codec mampatan video menghantar hanya perbezaan dalam blok tersebut. Dalam bidang video dengan lebih banyak gerakan, pemampatan mesti menyandikan lebih banyak data untuk bersaing dengan jumlah piksel yang lebih besar yang berubah. Biasanya semasa letupan, api, kawanan haiwan, dan dalam beberapa tangkapan panning, terperinci frekuensi tinggi membawa kepada penurunan kualiti atau peningkatan bitrate berubah-ubah. <> Apakah mampatan yang biasanya beroperasi pada kumpulan piksel berbentuk persegi? || video <> Apa yang hanya menghantar perbezaan dalam piksel dan blok tersebut? || macroblocks <> Apa yang membawa kepada detail frekuensi tinggi? || bitrate yang berubah-ubah", {"context": "Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels, often called macroblocks. These pixel groups or blocks of pixels are compared from one frame to the next, and the video compression codec sends only the differences within those blocks. In areas of video with more motion, the compression must encode more data to keep up with the larger number of pixels that are changing. Commonly during explosions, flames, flocks of animals, and in some panning shots, the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the variable bitrate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "video"}], "question": "What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?", "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "macroblocks"}], "question": "What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?", "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "variable bitrate"}], "question": "What does high-frequency detail lead to?", "id": "5726890bdd62a815002e887e"}]}], ["Kini, hampir semua kaedah mampatan video yang biasa digunakan (contohnya, dalam piawaian yang diluluskan oleh ITU-T atau ISO) memohon transformasi kosinus diskret (DCT) untuk pengurangan reduksi ruang. DCT yang digunakan secara meluas dalam hal ini diperkenalkan oleh N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan dan KR Rao pada tahun 1974. Kaedah-kaedah lain, seperti pemampatan fraktal, mengejar pemadanan dan penggunaan transformasi wavelet diskret (DWT) telah menjadi subjek beberapa penyelidikan, tetapi biasanya tidak digunakan dalam produk praktikal (kecuali penggunaan pengekodan wavelet sebagai coder imej tanpa pergerakan). Faedah dalam pemampatan fraktal nampaknya semakin berkurangan, kerana analisis teoretikal baru-baru ini menunjukkan kekurangan perbandingan keberkesanan kaedah sedemikian. <> Apakah semua kaedah mampatan video yang biasa digunakan? || transformasi kosinus diskret <> Apa yang DCT lakukan? || pengurangan redundansi spatial <> Apa yang tidak digunakan dalam produk praktikal? || mampatan fraktal", {"context": "Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "discrete cosine transform"}], "question": "What do all commonly used video compression methods use?", "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f763f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "spatial redundancy reduction"}], "question": "What does a DCT do?", "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f7640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "fractal compression"}], "question": "What is not used in practical products? ", "id": "57268b4d5951b619008f7641"}]}], ["Data video mungkin diwakili sebagai satu siri bingkai imej tetap. Urutan kerangka mengandungi redundansi spasial dan temporal yang algoritma pemampatan video cuba untuk menghapuskan atau kod dalam ukuran yang lebih kecil. Persamaan boleh dikodkan dengan hanya menyimpan perbezaan antara bingkai, atau dengan menggunakan ciri-ciri persepsi visi manusia. Sebagai contoh, perbezaan kecil dalam warna lebih sukar untuk dirasakan daripada perubahan kecerahan. Algoritma pemampatan boleh rata-rata warna di seluruh kawasan yang sama untuk mengurangkan ruang, dengan cara yang serupa dengan yang digunakan dalam pemampatan imej JPEG. Sesetengah kaedah ini sememangnya kehilangan sementara orang lain boleh menyimpan semua maklumat yang berkaitan dari video yang asli dan tidak dimampatkan. <> Apa yang boleh diwakili sebagai satu siri bingkai imej yang masih ada? || Data video <> Apa yang boleh rata-rata warna di kawasan yang sama untuk mengurangkan ruang? || Algoritma pemampatan <> Apa yang sukar untuk dibincangkan dengan perbezaan yang lebih kecil? || warna", {"context": "Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Video data"}], "question": "What may be represented as a series of still image frames?", "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Compression algorithms"}], "question": "What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?", "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "color"}], "question": "What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?", "id": "5726897edd62a815002e888c"}]}], ["Kaedah yang paling berkesan digunakan dengan membandingkan setiap bingkai dalam video dengan yang sebelumnya. Jika bingkai mengandungi kawasan yang tidak ada yang bergerak, sistem hanya mengeluarkan arahan pendek yang menyalin bahagian bingkai sebelumnya, bit-for-bit, ke dalam yang seterusnya. Jika seksyen bingkai berpindah dengan cara yang mudah, pemampat memancarkan perintah (sedikit lebih lama) yang memberitahu pemompombah untuk memindahkan, memutar, meringankan, atau menggelapkan salinannya. Perintah yang lebih lama ini masih jauh lebih pendek daripada pemampatan intraframe. Mampatan interframe berfungsi dengan baik untuk program yang hanya akan dimainkan oleh penonton, tetapi boleh menyebabkan masalah jika urutan video perlu diedit. <> Apa yang masih jauh lebih pendek daripada mampatan intraframe? || perintah yang lebih panjang <> Apa yang berlaku apabila bingkai mengandungi kawasan yang tidak ada yang bergerak? || sistem hanya mengeluarkan arahan pendek <> Apakah urutan yang dapat diedit? || video", {"context": "The most powerful used method works by comparing each frame in the video with the previous one. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame, bit-for-bit, into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor emits a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression. Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer, but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "longer command"}], "question": "What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?", "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "the system simply issues a short command"}], "question": "What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?", "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "video"}], "question": "What is a sequence that can be edited?", "id": "57268a7ddd62a815002e88c0"}]}], ["Kerana data mampatan antara mampatan dari satu bingkai yang lain, jika bingkai asal hanya dipotong (atau hilang dalam penghantaran), bingkai berikut tidak boleh dibina semula dengan betul. Beberapa format video, seperti DV, memampatkan setiap bingkai secara bebas menggunakan mampatan intraframe. Membuat 'pemotongan' dalam video intraframe-dimampatkan hampir semudah menyunting video yang tidak dikompresi: seseorang mendapati permulaan dan berakhirnya setiap bingkai, dan hanya menyalin bit-for-bit setiap bingkai yang ingin disimpan, dan membuang bingkai tidak mahu. Satu lagi perbezaan antara mampatan intraframe dan mampatan antara muka ialah, dengan sistem intraframe, setiap bingkai menggunakan jumlah data yang serupa. Dalam kebanyakan sistem interframe, bingkai tertentu (seperti \"bingkai saya\" dalam MPEG-2) tidak dibenarkan menyalin data dari bingkai lain, jadi ia memerlukan banyak data daripada bingkai lain yang berdekatan. <> Apa salinan data dari satu bingkai ke yang lain? || mampatan interframe <> Apakah jenis format video? || DV <> Apa yang hampir semudah mengedit video yang tidak dimampatkan? || Membuat 'pemotongan'", {"context": "Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as \"I frames\" in MPEG-2) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "interframe compression"}], "question": "What copies data from one frame to another?", "id": "57268af2708984140094c987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "DV"}], "question": "What is a type of video format?", "id": "57268af2708984140094c988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Making 'cuts'"}], "question": "What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?", "id": "57268af2708984140094c989"}]}], ["Algoritma mampatan genetik adalah generasi terbaru algoritma lossless yang memampatkan data (biasanya urutan nukleotida) menggunakan kedua algoritma mampatan konvensional dan algoritma genetik yang disesuaikan dengan datatype tertentu. Pada tahun 2012, pasukan saintis dari Johns Hopkins University menerbitkan algoritma mampatan genetik yang tidak menggunakan genom rujukan untuk pemampatan. HAPZIPPER disesuaikan untuk data HapMap dan mencapai lebih daripada 20 kali ganda mampatan (95% pengurangan dalam saiz fail), menyediakan 2-4 kali ganda mampatan yang lebih baik dan dalam masa yang lebih cepat daripada utiliti mampatan kegunaan utama yang utama. Untuk ini, Chanda, Elhaik, dan Bader memperkenalkan pengekodan berasaskan MAF (MAFE), yang mengurangkan heterogenitas kumpulan data dengan mengasingkan SNP oleh kekerapan alel kecil mereka, dengan itu homogenizing dataset. Algoritma lain pada tahun 2009 dan 2013 (DNAZip dan GenomeZip) mempunyai nisbah mampatan sehingga 1200 kali ganda-membolehkan 6 bilion bas manusia diploid genom disimpan dalam 2.5 megabait (berbanding dengan genom rujukan atau purata genom banyak). <> Apakah generasi terbaru algoritma yang hilang? || Genetik <> Pengekodan apa yang mengurangkan heterogenitas kumpulan data dengan menyusun SNP? || MAFE <> Apakah dua algoritma mempunyai nisbah mampatan sehingga 1200 kali ganda? || DNAZip dan GenomeZip", {"context": "Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold\u2014allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Genetics"}], "question": "What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? ", "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "MAFE"}], "question": "What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?", "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "DNAZip and GenomeZip"}], "question": "What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?", "id": "57268bcdf1498d1400e8e35c"}]}]], [["Pada 26 Februari 2012, The Sun pada hari Ahad dilancarkan untuk menggantikan Berita Dunia yang ditutup, yang mempekerjakan beberapa bekas wartawannya. Pada akhir tahun 2013, ia diberi penampilan baru, dengan huruf besar baru. Peredaran purata untuk The Sun pada hari Ahad pada bulan Mac 2014 ialah 1,686,840; tetapi pada bulan Mei 2015 Mail pada hari Ahad menjual lebih banyak salinan buat kali pertama, purata 28,650 berbanding saingannya: 1,497,855 hingga 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade mengeluarkan beberapa kaveat berhubung angka Mei 2015, tetapi percaya bahawa hari Sabat harian akan mengatasi The Sun dalam edaran pada 2016. <> Akhbar yang mana The Sun pada hari Ahad mengambil tempat? || Berita Dunia <> Dalam tahun apakah perubahan Matahari? || 2013 <> Apa peredaran Matahari pada hari Ahad pada bulan Mac 2014? || 1,686,840 <> Bilakah surat hari Ahad menyusul The Sun dalam nombor jualan? || Mei 2015 <> Bilakah Ramalan mel mingguan untuk lulus The Sun dari segi peredaran? || semasa 2016", {"context": "On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "News of the World"}], "question": "Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?", "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year was The Sun's look changed?", "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "1,686,840"}], "question": "What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?", "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f73ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "May 2015"}], "question": "When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?", "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f7400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "during 2016"}], "question": "When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?", "id": "57267a9b5951b619008f7401"}]}], ["Daily Star telah dilancarkan pada tahun 1978 oleh Express Newspaper, dan pada tahun 1981 telah mula mempengaruhi jualan The Sun. Bingo diperkenalkan sebagai alat pemasaran dan penurunan harga 2p menghapuskan kelebihan daya saing Daily Star yang membuka pergerakan edaran baru yang mengakibatkan The Sun meneutralkan ancaman kertas baru. Editor baru The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, mengambil jawatannya pada tahun 1981 sejurus selepas perkembangan ini, dan \"mengubah konsep tabloid British lebih mendalam daripada [Larry] Lamb yang dilakukan\", menurut Bruce Page, MacKenzie Kertas menjadi \"lebih keterlaluan , pendapat dan tidak sopan daripada apa yang pernah dihasilkan di Britain \". <> Akhbar apa yang diasaskan oleh Express Newspaper? || The Daily Star <> Pada tahun apakah Star Daily telah memberi impak kepada jualan Sun? || 1981 <> Apa yang membantu matahari mengatasi cabaran Daily Star? || Bingo diperkenalkan sebagai alat pemasaran dan penurunan harga 2p <> Siapa yang menjadi editor Matahari pada tahun 1981? || Kelvin MacKenzie <> Apa kesannya yang dikatakan oleh Mackenzie? || mengubah konsep tabloid British lebih mendalam daripada [Larry] Lamb melakukan \"", {"context": "The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and \"changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became \"more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Daily Star"}], "question": "What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?", "id": "57268173708984140094c853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1981"}], "question": "By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?", "id": "57268173708984140094c854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price"}], "question": "What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?", "id": "57268173708984140094c855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Kelvin MacKenzie"}], "question": "Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?", "id": "57268173708984140094c856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did\""}], "question": "What impact was Mackenzie said to have?", "id": "57268173708984140094c857"}]}], ["Secara politik, The Sun pada tahun Murdoch awal, kekal sebagai Buruh secara nominal. Ia menyokong Parti Buruh yang diketuai oleh Harold Wilson pada Pilihan Raya Umum 1970, dengan tajuk \"Mengapa Ia Harus Buruh\" tetapi pada Februari 1974 ia memanggil untuk mengundi Parti Konservatif yang diketuai oleh Edward Heath sambil menyatakan bahawa ia mungkin menyokong Parti Buruh yang diketuai oleh James Callaghan atau Roy Jenkins. Pada pilihan raya Oktober, sebuah editorial menegaskan: \"SEMUA naluri kita dibiarkan daripada hak dan kita akan memilih mana-mana ahli politik yang boleh menggambarkan dirinya sebagai seorang Demokrat Sosial.\" <> Apa rintihan politik Matahari awal di bawah Murdoch? || buruh secara nomini <> Yang mengetuai Parti Buruh dalam Pilihan Raya Umum 1970? || Harold Wilson <> Siapa yang mendapat sokongan Sun pada tahun 1974? || Edward Heath <> Siapa yang Sun pertimbangkan untuk menyokong dari Parti Buruh pada tahun 1974? || James Callaghan atau Roy Jenkins <> Apa jenis ahli politik yang membuat sebuah negara editorial Sun akan menyokongnya pada Oktober 1974? || mana-mana ahli politik yang boleh menggambarkan dirinya sebagai seorang Demokrat Sosial", {"context": "Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline \"Why It Must Be Labour\" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: \"ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "nominally Labour"}], "question": "What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?", "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Harold Wilson"}], "question": "Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?", "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Edward Heath"}], "question": "Who did the Sun support in 1974?", "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins"}], "question": "Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?", "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat"}], "question": "What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?", "id": "57267fbff1498d1400e8e1d8"}]}], ["Pada 1 Mei, The Sun mendakwa telah 'menaja' sebuah peluru berpandu British. Di bawah tajuk \"Stick This Up Your Junta: Peluru berpandu Sun untuk gauchos Galtieri\", akhbar itu menerbitkan gambar peluru berpandu, (sebenarnya tembakan roket Polaris dari Kementerian Pertahanan) yang mempunyai logo Sun besar dicetak di sisinya dengan kapsyen \"Sini Ia Datang, Senor ...\" di bawahnya. Makalah itu menjelaskan bahawa ia adalah 'menaja' peluru berpandu dengan menyumbang kepada parti kemenangan akhirnya pada HMS Invincible ketika perang berakhir. Dalam salinan yang ditulis oleh Wendy Henry, makalah itu mengatakan bahawa peluru berpandu itu akan segera digunakan terhadap pasukan Argentina. Walaupun begitu, ia tidak diterima dengan baik oleh tentera dan salinan-salinan Matahari telah dibakar. Wartawan Sun Snow pada Tony Invincible yang telah 'menandatangani' peluru berpandu itu, melaporkan beberapa hari kemudian bahawa ia telah memukul sasaran Argentina. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh The Sun bahawa ia telah mendapat penajaan? || sebuah peluru berpandu British <> Apa kata-kata di sisi rudal The Sun? || \"Di Sini Ia Datang, Senor ...\" <> Siapa yang Sun menyatakan bahawa peluru berpandu itu akan digunakan? || Pasukan Argentina <> Bagaimana pasukan bertindak balas terhadap peluru berpandu? || ia tidak diterima dengan baik <> Apakah nama wartawan The Sun yang dilaporkan pada peluru berpandu? || Tony Snow", {"context": "On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline \"Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri\u2019s gauchos\", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption \"Here It Comes, Senors...\" underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "a British missile"}], "question": "What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?", "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "\"Here It Comes, Senors...\""}], "question": "What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?", "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Argentinian forces"}], "question": "Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?", "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "it was not well received"}], "question": "How did troops react to the missile?", "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "Tony Snow"}], "question": "What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?", "id": "57268242dd62a815002e87b0"}]}], ["Editor, Larry Lamb, pada asalnya dari latar belakang Buruh, dengan pendidikan sosialis sementara penggantian sementaranya Bernard Shrimsley (1972-75) adalah konservatif yang tidak berkelas kelas menengah. Kempen pengiklanan yang luas di rangkaian ITV dalam tempoh ini, yang disuarakan oleh pelakon Christopher Timothy, mungkin telah membantu The Sun untuk mengatasi peredaran Daily Mirror pada tahun 1978. Meskipun hubungan perindustrian tahun 1970-an - apa yang disebut \"amalan bahasa Spanyol\" cetak kesatuan - The Sun sangat menguntungkan, membolehkan Murdoch mengembangkan operasinya ke Amerika Syarikat dari 1973. <> Siapa yang buat sementara menggantikan Larry Lamb? || Bernard Shrimsley <> Apakah latar belakang politik Shrimsley? || kelas tidak konservatif yang tidak berkomited. <> Siapa yang meminjamkan suaranya ke kempen yang membantu The Sun melewati Mirror harian pada tahun 1978? || Christopher Timothy <> Dimana Murdoch mula berkembang? || Amerika Syarikat <> Bilakah Murdoch mula berkembang ke U.S? || 1973", {"context": "The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972\u201375) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s \u2013 the so-called \"Spanish practices\" of the print unions \u2013 The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Bernard Shrimsley"}], "question": "Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?", "id": "5726808c708984140094c833"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "middle-class uncommitted Conservative."}], "question": "What was Shrimsley's political background?", "id": "5726808c708984140094c834"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Christopher Timothy"}], "question": "Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?", "id": "5726808c708984140094c835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where did Murdoch begin expanding?", "id": "5726808c708984140094c836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "1973"}], "question": "When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?", "id": "5726808c708984140094c837"}]}], ["Mengambil kesempatan untuk meningkatkan kehadirannya di Fleet Street, dia membuat persetujuan dengan kesatuan cetak, menjanjikan kelebihan yang lebih sedikit jika dia memperoleh akhbar itu. Dia memberi jaminan kepada IPC bahawa dia akan menerbitkan \"akhbar yang jujur dan jujur\" yang akan terus menyokong Buruh. IPC, di bawah tekanan dari kesatuan, menolak tawaran Maxwell, dan Murdoch membeli kertas itu untuk \u00a3 800,000, dibayar secara ansuran. Dia kemudian akan berkata: \"Saya sentiasa kagum dengan kemudahan yang saya masuk akhbar British.\" <> Apakah calon pemilik janji kertas itu? || kurang redundansi <> Bagaimana penerbit prospektif menggambarkan akhbar yang akan dia hasilkan? || sebuah \"akhbar yang jujur, jujur\" <> Pihak mana yang akan disahkan oleh akhbar itu? || Buruh <> Apakah harga yang dibayar untuk akhbar itu? || \u00a3 800,000 <> Siapa tawaran untuk membeli kertas itu ditolak? || Tawaran Maxwell", {"context": "Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for \u00a3800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: \"I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "fewer redundancies"}], "question": "What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?", "id": "57267c915951b619008f745f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "a \"straightforward, honest newspaper\""}], "question": "How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?", "id": "57267c915951b619008f7460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Labour"}], "question": "Which party would the newspaper endorse?", "id": "57267c915951b619008f7461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "\u00a3800,000"}], "question": "What was the price paid for the newspaper?", "id": "57267c915951b619008f7462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Maxwell's offer"}], "question": "Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?", "id": "57267c915951b619008f7463"}]}], ["Seks digunakan sebagai elemen penting dalam kandungan dan memasarkan kertas dari awal, yang mana Lamb percaya adalah bahagian paling penting dalam kehidupan pembacanya. Model topless pertama muncul pada 17 November 1970, kelahiran Jerman Stephanie Rahn; dia telah ditandakan sebagai \"Birthday Suit Girl\" untuk menandakan ulang tahun pertama Sun yang dilancarkan semula. Model topless secara beransur-ansur menjadi perlawanan biasa, dan dengan penangkapan semakin meningkat. Kedua-dua feminis dan banyak konservatif kebudayaan melihat gambar-gambar sebagai pornografi dan misoginistik. Lamb menyatakan rasa menyesal apabila memperkenalkan ciri itu, walaupun menafikannya adalah seksis. Majlis konservatif di Jambatan Sowerby, Yorkshire, adalah yang pertama melarang kertas itu dari perpustakaan awamnya, sejurus selepas dimulakan, kerana kandungan seksual yang berlebihan. Keputusan ini dibalikkan selepas kempen yang berterusan oleh akhbar itu sendiri berlangsung selama 16 bulan, dan pemilihan majlis yang diketuai oleh Buruh pada tahun 1971. <> Apa yang Domba mempekerjakan sebagai tema penting dari awal kertas? || Seks <> Bilakah model pertama muncul sebagai topless? || 17 November 1970 <> Siapa yang menjadi model toless pertama? || Stephanie Rahn <> Siapa yang pertama melarang kertas daripada berada di perpustakaannya? || Majlis Konservatif di Jambatan Sowerby, Yorkshire <> Bilakah larangan perpustakaan dibatalkan? || 1971", {"context": "Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a \"Birthday Suit Girl\" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqu\u00e9 poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sex"}], "question": "What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?", "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "17 November 1970"}], "question": "When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?", "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Stephanie Rahn"}], "question": "Who was the first Page 3 topless model?", "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire"}], "question": "Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?", "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 944, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was the library ban reversed?", "id": "57267eb8708984140094c7f7"}]}], ["Murdoch mendapati beliau mempunyai hubungan dengan Larry Lamb semasa makan tengah hari bahawa rekrut lain yang berpotensi sebagai editor tidak diwawancara dan Lamb dilantik sebagai editor pertama Matahari baru. Beliau telah mengecam pendapatnya tentang Mirror, di mana dia baru-baru ini telah bekerja sebagai sub-editor kanan, dan berkongsi pandangan Murdoch bahawa kualiti kertas yang terbaik diukur oleh jualannya, dan dia menganggap Mirror sebagai overstaffed, dan terutama yang bertujuan untuk pembaca penuaan. Lamb cepat-cepat merekrut seorang kakitangan kira-kira 125 wartawan, yang kebanyakannya dipilih untuk ketersediaan mereka daripada kemampuan mereka. <> Apakah kedudukan Larry Lamb dengan Matahari? || editor <> Jenis pandangan apakah Domba mempunyai Cermin? || >> Apa yang Domba dan Murdoch percaya sebagai penunjuk kualiti akhbar terbaik? || jualannya <> Kedudukan apa yang pernah Datang di Cermin? || sub-editor kanan <> Berapa banyak pemberita yang menyewa domba untuk kakitangan awal Mirror? || kira-kira 125", {"context": "Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "editor"}], "question": "What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?", "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "scathing"}], "question": "What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?", "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "its sales"}], "question": "What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?", "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "senior sub-editor"}], "question": "What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?", "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "about 125"}], "question": "How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?", "id": "57267d66f1498d1400e8e184"}]}], ["The Sun mempunyai peredaran terbesar setiap akhbar harian di United Kingdom, tetapi pada akhir 2013 jatuh ke akhbar kedua terbesar Sabtu di belakang Daily Mail. Ia mempunyai peredaran harian purata 2.2 juta salinan pada bulan Mac 2014. Antara bulan Julai dan Disember 2013 kertas itu mempunyai pembaca harian purata kira-kira 5.5 juta, dengan kira-kira 31% daripada mereka yang jatuh ke demografi ABC1 dan 68% dalam demografi C2DE. Kira-kira 41% pembaca adalah wanita. The Sun telah terlibat dalam pelbagai kontroversi dalam sejarahnya, termasuk liputan stadium bola sepak Hillsborough 1989. Edisi serantau akhbar untuk Scotland, Ireland Utara dan Republik Ireland diterbitkan di Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) dan Dublin (The Irish Sun) masing-masing. <> Akhbar mana yang mengatasi The Sun sebagai akhbar terbesar Sabtu Inggeris? || Surat harian <> Apakah peredaran matahari setiap hari pada bulan Mac 2014? || 2.2 juta salinan <> Apakah demografi terbesar bagi pembaca The Sun? || C2DE demografi <> Apakah peratusan pembaca matahari yang wanita? || Kira-kira 41% <> Apakah satu peristiwa kontroversi yang diliputi oleh The Sun? || 1989 bencana stadium bola sepak Hillsborough", {"context": "The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Daily Mail"}], "question": "Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?", "id": "57267978708984140094c753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "2.2 million copies"}], "question": "What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?", "id": "57267978708984140094c754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "C2DE demographic"}], "question": "What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?", "id": "57267978708984140094c755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Approximately 41%"}], "question": "What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?", "id": "57267978708984140094c756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster"}], "question": "What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?", "id": "57267978708984140094c757"}]}], ["Penyelidikan yang ditugaskan oleh Cecil King dari Mark Abrams dari Universiti Sussex, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, mengenal pasti perubahan demografi yang mencadangkan sebab mengapa Herald mungkin menurun. Kertas baru ini bertujuan untuk menambah pembaca 'radikal sosial' kepada 'radikal politik' Herald. Dilancarkan dengan bajet pengiklanan \u00a3 400,000 kertas baru sampah \"meletus dengan tenaga yang luar biasa\", menurut The Times. Operasi cetak awalnya 3.5 juta disebabkan oleh 'rasa ingin tahu' dan 'kelebihan kebaruan', dan telah merosot kepada peredaran harian Daily Herald (1.2 juta) dalam masa beberapa minggu. <> Siapa yang mengarahkan penyelidikan mengenai Herald? || Cecil King dari Mark Abrams dari Universiti Sussex <> Apa yang dinamakan sebagai sebab yang berpotensi untuk penurunan Herald? || perubahan demografi <> Jenis orang yang patut dijadikan kertas baru? || 'radikal sosial' <> Apakah anggaran iklan kertas baru? || \u00a3 400,000 <> Berapakah bilangan kertas dalam cetakan pertama di Times? || 3.5 juta", {"context": "Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of \u00a3400,000 the brash new paper \"burst forth with tremendous energy\", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University"}], "question": "Who ordered research on the Herald?", "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "demographic changes"}], "question": "What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?", "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "'social radicals'"}], "question": "What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?", "id": "57267bc45951b619008f743f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "\u00a3400,000"}], "question": "What was the advertising budget of the new paper?", "id": "57267bc45951b619008f7440"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?", "id": "57267bc45951b619008f7441"}]}], ["Keperibadian televisyen Piers Morgan, bekas editor Daily Mirror dan kolum pop The Sun's Bizarre, mengatakan bahawa pada akhir tahun 1980-an, pada perintah Kelvin MacKenzie, dia telah diperintahkan untuk membuat spekulasi tentang seksualiti bintang pop lelaki untuk ciri \" The Poofs of Pop \". Dia juga mengimbas kembali MacKenzie yang menceritakan kisah ciuman yang sama pada drama Januari 1989 di EastEnders opera sabun televisyen BBC, EastBenders, menggambarkan ciuman antara Colin Russell dan Guido Smith sebagai \"adegan cinta homoseksual antara yuppie poofs ... apabila berjuta-juta kanak-kanak menonton \". <> Apa yang Piers Morgan menawarkan pendapat tentang dalam lajur akhir 1980-an? || seksualiti bintang pop lelaki <> Kertas kerja apa yang Morgan berfungsi sebagai editor? || Cermin harian dan Matahari <> Yang ciuman homoseksual BBC menunjukkan apakah laporan Matahari? || EastEnders <> Siapa berkongsi ciuman homoseksual pertama di EastEnders? || Colin Russell dan Guido Smith <> Ruangan mana yang dilakukan oleh Piers Morgan di The Sun? || Lajur pop pelik", {"context": "Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined \"The Poofs of Pop\". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders \"EastBenders\", describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as \"a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the sexuality of male pop stars"}], "question": "What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?", "id": "572696f75951b619008f776b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Daily Mirror and of The Sun"}], "question": "Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?", "id": "572696f75951b619008f776c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "EastEnders"}], "question": "Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?", "id": "572696f75951b619008f776d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Colin Russell and Guido Smith"}], "question": "Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?", "id": "572696f75951b619008f776e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Bizarre pop column"}], "question": "Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?", "id": "572696f75951b619008f776f"}]}], ["Salah satu halaman depan yang paling terkenal, yang diterbitkan pada 4 Mei 1982, memperingati torpedoing kapal Argentina General Belgrano dengan menjalankan cerita di bawah tajuk \"GOTCHA\". Pada desakan MacKenzie, dan terhadap hasrat Murdoch (mogul itu hadir kerana hampir semua wartawan sedang mogok), tajuk utama telah diubah untuk edisi yang lebih baru selepas tahap kecacatan Argentina diketahui. John Shirley, seorang wartawan untuk The Sunday Times, menyaksikan salinan edisi The Sun yang dibuang ke laut oleh pelaut dan marin di HMS Fearless. <> Apakah tajuk Sun pada 4 Mei 1982? || \"GOTCHA\" <> Kapal Argentina mana yang torpedoed? || General Belgrano <> Mengapa The Sun mengubah kata-kata tajuk utama? || sejauh mana kecederaan orang Argentinian diketahui <> Wartawan mana yang melihat salinan-salinan The Sun dibuang ke dalam lautan? || John Shirley <> Apa kapal yang dikeluarkan dari Matahari? || HMS Takut", {"context": "One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline \"GOTCHA\". At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known. John Shirley, a reporter for The Sunday Times, witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "\"GOTCHA\""}], "question": "What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?", "id": "57268318708984140094c889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the General Belgrano"}], "question": "Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?", "id": "57268318708984140094c88a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "the extent of Argentinian casualties became known"}], "question": "Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?", "id": "57268318708984140094c88b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "John Shirley"}], "question": "Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?", "id": "57268318708984140094c88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "HMS Fearless"}], "question": "What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?", "id": "57268318708984140094c88d"}]}], ["Menurut Max Clifford: Baca Semua Mengenai Ini, yang ditulis oleh Clifford dan Angela Levin, La Salle mencipta kisah frustrasi dengan Starr yang telah bekerja di sebuah buku dengan McCaffrey. Dia menghubungi kenalan yang bekerja untuk The Sun di Manchester. Kisah itu dilaporkan gembira dengan MacKenzie, yang berminat untuk menjalankannya, dan Max Clifford, yang menjadi agen perhubungan awam Starr. Starr terpaksa meyakinkan bahawa wahyu yang jelas tidak akan merosakkannya; perhatian itu membantu untuk memulihkan kerjayanya. Dalam autobiografinya pada tahun 2001 yang tidak dibungkus, Starr menulis bahawa insiden ini adalah fabrikasi yang lengkap: \"Saya tidak pernah makan atau bahkan menghidupkan hamster, gerbil, guinea babi, tetikus, shrew, vole atau mana-mana mamalia kecil yang lain.\" <> Siapa yang menulis Max Clifford: Baca Semua Mengenai Ini? || Clifford dan Angela Levin <> Siapa yang menulis buku dengan McCaffrey? || Starr <> Siapa yang pernah menjadi agen perhubungan awam Starr? || Max Clifford <> Bagaimana perhatian dari kisah Starr yang memberi kesan kepada cerita? || perhatian membantu untuk memulihkan karirnya <> Apakah nama autobiografi Starr? || Tidak dibungkus", {"context": "According to Max Clifford: Read All About It, written by Clifford and Angela Levin, La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey. She contacted an acquaintance who worked for The Sun in Manchester. The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie, who was keen to run it, and Max Clifford, who had been Starr's public relations agent. Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him; the attention helped to revive his career. In his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped, Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication: \"I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Clifford and Angela Levin"}], "question": "Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?", "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Starr"}], "question": "Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?", "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Max Clifford"}], "question": "Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?", "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "the attention helped to revive his career"}], "question": "How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?", "id": "57268c78708984140094c9be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Unwrapped"}], "question": "What was the name of Starr's autobiography?", "id": "57268c78708984140094c9bf"}]}], ["Tahun-tahun ini termasuk apa yang dipanggil \"liputan berniat jahat\" Parti Buruh oleh The Sun dan surat khabar lain. Semasa pilihan raya umum 1983, The Sun berlari halaman depan yang memaparkan gambar Michael Foot, yang berusia hampir 70 tahun, mendakwa beliau tidak layak untuk menjadi Perdana Menteri berdasarkan umur, rupa dan dasarnya, bersama dengan tajuk \"Do You Really Mahu Orang Tua Lama Ini Untuk Mengendalikan Britain? \" Setahun kemudian, pada tahun 1984, The Sun membuat jelas sokongan bersemangat untuk pemilihan semula Ronald Reagan sebagai presiden di Amerika Syarikat. Reagan adalah dua minggu dari ulang tahun ke-74nya ketika ia memulakan penggal kedua, pada Januari 1985. <> Siapa yang mengatakan Sun tidak sesuai untuk menjadi Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1983? || Michael Foot <> Parti mana yang dituduh oleh Sun yang menutupi secara berniat jahat? || Parti Buruh <> Siapa yang menyokong The Sun dalam pilihan raya presiden A.S. 1984? || Ronald Reagan <Berapa umur Ronald Reagan akan segera setelah dia memulakan penggal kedua sebagai presiden A.S.? || 74 <> Apa yang dibaca tajuk utama yang dikendalikan dengan foto Michael Foot? || \"Adakah Anda Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\"", {"context": "These years included what was called \"spectacularly malicious coverage\" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline \"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Michael Foot"}], "question": "Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?", "id": "572685275951b619008f7557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Labour Party"}], "question": "Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?", "id": "572685275951b619008f7558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Ronald Reagan"}], "question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?", "id": "572685275951b619008f7559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "74"}], "question": "How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?", "id": "572685275951b619008f755a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "\"Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?\""}], "question": "What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?", "id": "572685275951b619008f755b"}]}], ["Selepas HMS Sheffield telah hancur oleh serangan Argentina, The Sun telah dikritik hebat dan juga mengejek kerana liputan perangnya dalam The Daily Mirror dan The Guardian, dan media yang lebih luas menanyakan kebenaran maklumat rasmi dan bimbang tentang jumlah mangsa, The Sun memberikan responsnya. \"Terdapat pengkhianat di tengah-tengah kita\", menulis penulis pemimpin Ronald Spark pada 7 Mei, menuduh komentator di Daily Mirror dan The Guardian, serta wartawan pertahanan BBC Peter Snow, \"pengkhianatan\" untuk aspek liputan mereka. <> Kapal yang mana sasaran pencerobohan Argentinian? || HMS Sheffield <> Akhbar-akhbar mana yang sangat kritikal terhadap laporan perang Sun? || The Mirror Daily dan The Guardian <> Siapa pemimpin penulis The Sun? || Ronald Spark <> Siapa yang menjadi wartawan pertahanan BBC? || Peter Snow <> Apakah tuduhan yang ditimbulkan oleh Ronald Spark terhadap The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, dan BBC? || pengkhianatan", {"context": "After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. \"There are traitors in our midst\", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of \"treason\" for aspects of their coverage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "HMS Sheffield"}], "question": "Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?", "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "The Daily Mirror and The Guardian"}], "question": "Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?", "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Ronald Spark"}], "question": "Who was lead writer of The Sun?", "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Peter Snow"}], "question": "Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?", "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "treason"}], "question": "What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?", "id": "5726842edd62a815002e87ee"}]}], ["Pada 17 November 1989, The Sun menerajui kisah berita 2 halaman bertajuk \"SEX STRAIGHT TIDAK MEMBERIKAN ANDA AIDS - RASMI.\" The Sun mengutamakan pendapat Lord Kilbracken, ahli All Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Lord Kilbracken mengatakan bahawa hanya satu orang daripada 2,372 individu yang mempunyai HIV / AIDS yang disebut dalam laporan Jabatan Kesihatan yang khusus bukan ahli \"kumpulan risiko tinggi\", seperti pengguna homoseksual dan pengguna dadah rekreasi. The Sun juga menjalankan satu lagi editorial dengan mengatakan bahawa \"Akhirnya kebenaran boleh diberitahu ... risiko penangkapan AIDS jika anda adalah heteroseksual adalah\" tidak dapat dilihat secara statistik \", dengan kata lain, mustahil, jadi kini kita tahu - segala-galanya adalah homoseksual propaganda. \" Walaupun banyak perkhidmatan akhbar Inggeris yang lain menyentuh pandangan umum Lord Kilbracken, tiada seorang pun daripada mereka yang membuat perdebatan yang Sun lakukan dalam editorialnya dan tidak seorang pun daripada mereka menyampaikan idea Lord Kilbracken tanpa konteks atau kritikan. <> Apakah tajuk untuk halaman 2 cerita Sun pada 17 November 1989? || \"SEX STRAIGHT TIDAK MEMBERIKAN ANDA AIDS - RASMI.\" <> Pendapat siapa yang Sun amanah dalam laporan AIDS mereka? || Lord Kilbracken <> Kumpulan mana yang diklasifikasikan sebagai berisiko tinggi untuk AIDS? || homoseksual dan pengguna ubat-ubatan rekreasi <> Dengan kumpulan mana Lord Kilbracken dikaitkan? || Semua Kumpulan Parlimen mengenai AIDS <> Bagaimana laporan berita lain mengenai perkataan Lord Kilbracken? || tidak seorang pun daripada mereka menyampaikan idea Lord Kilbracken tanpa konteks atau kritikan", {"context": "On 17 November 1989, The Sun headlined a page 2 news story titled \"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS \u2013 OFFICIAL.\" The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken, a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Lord Kilbracken said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals with HIV/AIDS mentioned in a specific Department of Health report was not a member of a \"high risk group\", such as homosexuals and recreational drug users. The Sun also ran an editorial further arguing that \"At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is \"statistically invisible\". In other words, impossible. So now we know \u2013 everything else is homosexual propaganda.\" Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken's public comments, none of them made the argument that the Sun did in its editorial and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "\"STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS \u2013 OFFICIAL.\""}], "question": "What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?", "id": "572697ec5951b619008f777f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Lord Kilbracken"}], "question": "Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?", "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "homosexuals and recreational drug users"}], "question": "Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?", "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "All Parliamentary Group on AIDS"}], "question": "With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?", "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism"}], "question": "How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?", "id": "572697ec5951b619008f7783"}]}], ["Akhirnya menghasilkan 17 penulisan fitnah, The Sun menjalankan satu siri cerita palsu mengenai pemuzik pop Elton John dari 25 Februari 1987. Mereka bermula dengan rekaan pencipta penyanyi yang mempunyai hubungan seksual dengan lelaki sewa. Penyanyi-penulis lagu itu berada di luar negara pada hari yang ditunjukkan dalam kisah itu, seperti bekas wartawan Sun John Blake, yang baru-baru ini dibajak oleh Mirror harian, segera ditemui. Selepas cerita lanjut, pada bulan September 1987, The Sun menuduh John mempunyai kotak suara anjing penjaga Rottweiler yang dibuang pembedahannya. Pada bulan November, Daily Mirror menemui satu-satunya sumber pesaing mereka untuk cerita boy sewa dan dia mengakui ia adalah ramuan yang benar-benar rekaan dibuat untuk wang. Kisah yang tidak akurat tentang anjingnya, sebenarnya orang Alsatian, memberi tekanan kepada The Sun, dan John menerima \u00a3 1 juta dalam penyelesaian luar pengadilan, maka pembayaran ganti rugi terbesar dalam sejarah Britania. The Sun menjalankan permohonan maaf pada 12 Disember 1988, di bawah tajuk utama \"SORRY, ELTON\". Pada bulan Mei 1987 lelaki gay ditawarkan tiket penerbangan satu arah percuma ke Norway untuk meninggalkan Britain untuk kebaikan: \"Fly Away Gays - Dan Kami Akan Bayar\" adalah tajuk utama kertas itu. Gay Church of England clergymen digambarkan dalam satu tajuk pada bulan November 1987 sebagai \"pujaan\". <> Berapa banyak dakwaan fitnah yang dilakukan oleh Matahari untuk liputan mereka terhadap Elton John? || 17 <> Siapa yang Sun menyatakan bahawa Elton John telah bersetubuh? || menyewa kanak-kanak <> Apa yang dilakukan wartawan The Daily Mirror wrest dari The Sun? || John Blake <> Apa jenis anjing yang dilakukan The Sun dengan keliru melaporkan bahawa Elton John dimiliki? || Rottweiler <> Di mana tawaran The Sun menerbangkan lelaki gay pada tahun 1987? || Norway", {"context": "Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun journalist John Blake, recently poached by the Daily Mirror, soon discovered. After further stories, in September 1987, The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed. In November, the Daily Mirror found their rival's only source for the rent boy story and he admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money. The inaccurate story about his dogs, actually Alsatians, put pressure on The Sun, and John received \u00a31 million in an out of court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history. The Sun ran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline \"SORRY, ELTON\". In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: \"Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay\" was the paper's headline. Gay Church of England clergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as \"Pulpit poofs\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?", "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "rent boys"}], "question": "Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?", "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "John Blake"}], "question": "What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?", "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Rottweiler"}], "question": "What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?", "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1044, "text": "Norway"}], "question": "Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?", "id": "572695b6f1498d1400e8e474"}]}], ["The Sun, semasa mogok Penggembala 1984-85, menyokong polis dan kerajaan Thatcher menentang NUM penambang yang menarik, dan khususnya presiden kesatuan, Arthur Scargill. Pada 23 Mei 1984, The Sun menyiapkan halaman depan dengan tajuk \"Mine F\u00fchrer\" dan gambar Scargill dengan lengannya di udara, sebuah pose yang membuatnya terlihat seolah-olah dia memberi salam kepada Nazi. Pekerja cetakan di The Sun enggan mencetaknya. Matahari sangat menyokong pengeboman Libya pada April 1986 oleh AS, yang dilancarkan dari pangkalan British. Beberapa orang awam terbunuh semasa pengeboman. Pemimpin mereka adalah \"Hak Ron, Hak Maggie\". Pada tahun itu, Ahli Parlimen Buruh Clare Short cuba sia-sia untuk meyakinkan Parlimen untuk mengharamkan gambar-gambar di Halaman Tiga dan mendapat kesan dari akhbar itu. <> Siapa yang menyokong The Sun dalam mogok Tenaga Kerja 1984-85? || polis dan pemerintah Thatcher <> Siapa presiden kesatuan Miners? || Arthur Scargill <> Apa rupa gambar Scargill yang dia lakukan? || memberi salam kepada Nazi <> Bagaimana Matahari merasakan pengeboman Amerika Libya pada tahun 1986? || sangat menyokong pengeboman April 1986 <> Siapa yang Buruh M.P. pada tahun 1986? || Clare Short", {"context": "The Sun, during the Miners' strike of 1984\u201385, supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners, and in particular the union's president, Arthur Scargill. On 23 May 1984, The Sun prepared a front page with the headline \"Mine F\u00fchrer\" and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air, a pose which made him look as though he was giving a Nazi salute. The print workers at The Sun refused to print it. The Sun strongly supported the April 1986 bombing of Libya by the US, which was launched from British bases. Several civilians were killed during the bombing. Their leader was \"Right Ron, Right Maggie\". That year, Labour MP Clare Short attempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three and gained opprobrium from the newspaper for her stand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the police and the Thatcher government"}], "question": "Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?", "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7625"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Arthur Scargill"}], "question": "Who was president of the Miners' union?", "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7626"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "giving a Nazi salute"}], "question": "What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?", "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7627"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "strongly supported the April 1986 bombing"}], "question": "How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?", "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7628"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Clare Short"}], "question": "Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?", "id": "5726893c5951b619008f7629"}]}], ["Murdoch telah membalas beberapa hujah terhadap akhbar itu dengan mengatakan bahawa pengkritik adalah \"meronta\" yang mahu \"memaksakan citarasa mereka kepada orang lain\", sementara MacKenzie mendakwa pengkritik yang sama adalah orang yang, jika mereka pernah mempunyai \"idea popular\" , perlu \"pergi dan berbaring di dalam bilik gelap selama setengah jam\". Kedua-duanya telah menunjukkan kejayaan komersial Sun dalam tempoh ini dan penubuhannya sebagai akhbar terkemuka di Britain, mendakwa bahawa mereka \"memberi orang awam apa yang mereka inginkan\". Kesimpulan ini dipertikaikan oleh pengkritik. John Pilger mengatakan edisi akhir tahun 1970-an dalam Daily Mirror, yang menggantikan selebriti biasa dan berita-berita politik domestik dengan isu keseluruhan yang ditujukan kepada pelaporannya sendiri mengenai pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Pol Pot di Kemboja, bukan sahaja menjual The Sun pada hari ia dikeluarkan tetapi menjadi satu-satunya edisi Cermin Harian untuk menjual setiap salinan yang dikeluarkan di seluruh negara, sesuatu yang tidak pernah dicapai oleh The Sun. <> Bagaimana Murdoch menggambarkan pengkritik akhbarnya? || \"meronta\" yang mahu \"memaksakan citarasa mereka kepada orang lain\" <> Apa yang dikatakan Murdoch dan Mackenzie dalam mempertahankan Matahari? || mereka \"memberi orang ramai apa yang mereka kehendaki\" <> Siapa kritikan The Sun? || John Pilger <> Apakah tumpuan laporan Pilger dalam satu isu The Daily Mirror? || pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Pol Pot di Kemboja <> Apakah perbezaannya satu edisi tunggal The Daily Mirror? || satu-satunya edisi Cermin harian untuk menjual setiap salinan yang dikeluarkan di seluruh negara", {"context": "Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are \"snobs\" who want to \"impose their tastes on everyone else\", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a \"popular idea\", would have to \"go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour\". Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in this period and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are \"giving the public what they want\". This conclusion is disputed by critics. John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror, which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia, not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by The Sun.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "\"snobs\" who want to \"impose their tastes on everyone else\""}], "question": "How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?", "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "they are \"giving the public what they want\""}], "question": "What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?", "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "John Pilger"}], "question": "Who is one critic of The Sun?", "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia"}], "question": "What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?", "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country"}], "question": "What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?", "id": "57268a4cdd62a815002e88b0"}]}], ["Pengkritik menyatakan bahawa kedua-dua The Sun dan Lord Kilbracken cherry-mengambil keputusan dari satu kajian tertentu sambil mengabaikan laporan data lain mengenai jangkitan HIV dan bukan hanya jangkitan AIDS, yang dikritik oleh pengkritik sebagai isu politik yang tidak beretika. Lord Kilbracken sendiri mengkritik editorial Matahari dan berita utamanya; dia menyatakan bahawa walaupun dia berpendapat bahawa orang gay lebih berisiko untuk mengembangkan AIDS, ia masih salah untuk membayangkan bahawa tidak ada orang lain yang dapat menangkap penyakit itu. Majlis Akhbar mengutuk The Sun kerana melakukan apa yang disebut sebagai \"penyimpangan kasar\". 28. Wartawan David Randall berhujah dalam buku teks The Universal Journalist bahawa kisah The Sun adalah salah satu daripada kes-kes yang paling buruk dalam penyelewengan kewartawanan dalam sejarah baru-baru ini, meletakkan pembaca sendiri dengan cara yang membahayakan. <> Apa pendapat para pengkritik tentang idea-idea The Sun dan Lord Kilbracken tentang AIDS? || The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-mengambil keputusan dari satu kajian khusus sambil mengabaikan laporan data lain mengenai jangkitan HIV dan bukan hanya jangkitan AIDS <> Apa yang difikirkan Tuhan Kilbracken mengenai editorial The Sun? || Lord Kilbracken sendiri mengkritik editorial The Sun dan tajuk beritanya <> Siapa yang mengkritik The Sun kerana melaporkan tentang AIDS dan HIV? || The Press Council <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh David Randall tentang kisah AIDS Matahari? || Kisah Sun adalah salah satu daripada kes-kes terburuk dalam penyelewengan kewartawanan dalam sejarah baru-baru ini <> Dalam buku teks apakah yang ditulis David Randall? || Wartawan Sejagat", {"context": "Critics stated that both The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection, which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue. Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story; he stated that while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease. The Press Council condemned The Sun for committing what it called a \"gross distortion\". The Sun later ran an apology, which they ran on Page 28. Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history, putting its own readers in harm's way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection"}], "question": "What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?", "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story"}], "question": "What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?", "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "The Press Council"}], "question": "Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?", "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history"}], "question": "What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?", "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "The Universal Journalist"}], "question": "In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?", "id": "57269a6d708984140094cb6f"}]}], ["Pada 22 September 2003, akhbar tersebut menyalahtafsirkan mood awam di sekeliling kesihatan mental, dan juga kasih sayang untuk bekas juara kelas berat dunia, Frank Bruno, yang telah dimasukkan ke hospital, ketika tajuk \"Bonkers Bruno Locked Up\" muncul di hadapan halaman edisi awal. Reaksi buruk, apabila kertas itu telah melanda jalan-jalan pada malam 21 September, membawa tajuk utama untuk edisi kedua kertas itu kepada \"Sad Bruno In Mental Home\" yang lebih bersimpati. <> Apakah subjek halaman depan pada 22 September 2003? || kesihatan mental <> Siapa yang dipaparkan dalam artikel mengenai kesihatan mental? || Frank Bruno <> Apakah tajuk asal pada 22 September 2003? || Bonkers Bruno Dikunci <> Apakah tajuk utama berubah selepas tindak balas awam? || Sad Bruno Di Rumah Mental <> Apa yang berlaku kepada Frank Bruno untuk merangsang penerbitan cerita tentang dia? || telah dimasukkan ke hospital", {"context": "On 22 September 2003 the newspaper appeared to misjudge the public mood surrounding mental health, as well as its affection for former world heavyweight champion boxer Frank Bruno, who had been admitted to hospital, when the headline \"Bonkers Bruno Locked Up\" appeared on the front page of early editions. The adverse reaction, once the paper had hit the streets on the evening of 21 September, led to the headline being changed for the paper's second edition to the more sympathetic \"Sad Bruno In Mental Home\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "mental health"}], "question": "What was the subject of the front page on 22 September 2003?", "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Frank Bruno"}], "question": "Who was featured in the article on mental health?", "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Bonkers Bruno Locked Up"}], "question": "What was the original headline on 22 September 2003?", "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Sad Bruno In Mental Home"}], "question": "What was the headline changed to after public backlash?", "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "had been admitted to hospital"}], "question": "What had happened to Frank Bruno to spur the publishing of a story about him?", "id": "5726a33bdd62a815002e8bb6"}]}], ["Walaupun menjadi pengkritik berterusan beberapa dasar kerajaan, kertas itu menyokong Buruh dalam kedua-dua pilihan raya berikutnya, parti itu menang. Bagi pilihan raya umum 2005, The Sun menyokong Blair dan Buruh untuk menang pilihan raya ketiga berturut-turut dan berjanji akan memberikan \"satu peluang terakhir\" untuk memenuhi janji-janjinya, walaupun dia mengutuk beberapa kelemahan termasuk kegagalan mengawal imigresen. Walau bagaimanapun, ia bercakap tentang harapannya bahawa Konservatif (yang diketuai oleh Michael Howard) pada suatu hari akan sesuai untuk kembali kepada kerajaan. Pilihan raya ini (Blair mengisytiharkan ia sebagai perdana menteri terakhir) menyebabkan kemenangan ketiga berturut-turut Buruh tetapi dengan majoriti yang berkurang. <> Siapa yang Sun menyokong pada pilihan raya umum 2005? || Blair dan Pekerja <> Apa salah satu kelemahan yang Sun memikirkan Blair memiliki? || kegagalan mengawal imigresen <> Siapa yang mengetuai Konservatif pada masa ini? || Michael Howard <> Apa yang dikatakan Blair mengenai pilihan raya 2005? || ia akan menjadi perdana menteri terakhirnya <> Apa keputusan pilihan raya 2005? || Kemenangan ketiga berturut-turut buruh", {"context": "Despite being a persistent critic of some of the government's policies, the paper supported Labour in both subsequent elections the party won. For the 2005 general election, The Sun backed Blair and Labour for a third consecutive election win and vowed to give him \"one last chance\" to fulfil his promises, despite berating him for several weaknesses including a failure to control immigration. However, it did speak of its hope that the Conservatives (led by Michael Howard) would one day be fit for a return to government. This election (Blair had declared it would be his last as prime minister) resulted in Labour's third successive win but with a much reduced majority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Blair and Labour"}], "question": "Who did The Sun endorse in the 2005 general election?", "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e580"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "failure to control immigration"}], "question": "What is one of the weaknesses The Sun thought Blair possessed?", "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Michael Howard"}], "question": "Who was leading the Conservatives at this time?", "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "it would be his last as prime minister"}], "question": "What did Blair state about the 2005 election?", "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Labour's third successive win"}], "question": "What was the result of the 2005 election?", "id": "5726a25cf1498d1400e8e584"}]}], ["The Sun kekal setia kepada Thatcher sehingga peletakan jawatannya pada November 1990, walaupun kejatuhan parti itu popular pada tahun sebelumnya berikutan pengenalan cukai Poll (secara rasmi dikenali sebagai Caj Komuniti). Perubahan ini kepada cara kerajaan tempatan dibiayai dengan lantang disokong oleh akhbar itu, walaupun terdapat pembangkang yang meluas, (beberapa dari Ahli Parlimen Konservatif), yang dilihat menyumbang kepada kejatuhan Thatcher sendiri. Cukai itu dimansuhkan dengan cepat oleh penggantinya John Major, yang pada awalnya menyokong The Sun, secara bersemangat, mempercayai beliau adalah seorang Thatcher radikal - walaupun ekonomi telah mengalami kemelesetan pada masa ini. <> Bilakah Margaret Thatcher meninggalkan pejabat? || November 1990 <> Apakah nama lain untuk Caj Komuniti? || Cukai undian <> Siapa yang mengambil alih untuk Thatcher? || John Major <> Siapa yang menentang cukai pengundian? || Ahli Parlimen Konservatif <> Bagaimana perasaan Sun mengenai cukai Poll? || telah dibantah secara mendalam oleh akhbar itu", {"context": "The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major, whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically, believing he was a radical Thatcherite \u2013 despite the economy having entered recession at this time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "November 1990"}], "question": "When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?", "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Poll tax"}], "question": "What is another name for the Community Charge?", "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e503"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "John Major"}], "question": "Who took over for Thatcher?", "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e504"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Conservative MPs"}], "question": "Who opposed the poll tax?", "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "was vociferously supported by the newspaper"}], "question": "How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?", "id": "57269deaf1498d1400e8e506"}]}], ["Halaman depan menyebabkan kemarahan di Liverpool, di mana kertas itu kehilangan lebih dari tiga perempat dari anggaran 55,000 jualan hariannya dan masih menjual buruk di kota itu lebih dari 25 tahun kemudian (sekitar 12.000). Ia tidak boleh didapati di banyak bahagian bandar, kerana banyak media yang enggan menyimpannya. Ia diturunkan dalam sebuah dokumentari yang dipanggil Liverpool Alexei Sayle, yang disiarkan pada September 2008, bahawa banyak orang Liverpudlians tidak akan mengambil akhbar itu secara percuma, dan mereka yang melakukan hanya boleh membakar atau merobeknya. Liverpudlians merujuk kepada kertas itu sebagai 'The Scum' dengan kempen yang mempercayai ia melumpuhkan perjuangan mereka untuk keadilan. <> Di manakah matahari kehilangan sebahagian besar jualan hariannya akibat halaman depan? || Liverpool <> Berapa anggaran jualan harian di Liverpool 25 tahun kemudian? || sekitar 12,000 <> Apa dokumenter yang disiarkan pada tahun 2008? || Liverpool Alexei Sayle <> Apa yang dilakukan ramai penduduk Liverpool dengan kertas itu walaupun diberikan kepada mereka secara percuma? || hanya membakar atau mengoyakkannya <> Apa nama yang diberikan penduduk Liverpool kepada The Sun? || The Scum '", {"context": "The front page caused outrage in Liverpool, where the paper lost more than three-quarters of its estimated 55,000 daily sales and still sells poorly in the city more than 25 years later (around 12,000). It is unavailable in many parts of the city, as many newsagents refuse to stock it. It was revealed in a documentary called Alexei Sayle's Liverpool, aired in September 2008, that many Liverpudlians will not even take the newspaper for free, and those who do may simply burn or tear it up. Liverpudlians refer to the paper as 'The Scum' with campaigners believing it handicapped their fight for justice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Liverpool"}], "question": "Where did The sun lose a large portion of its daily sales as a result of the front page?", "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "around 12,000"}], "question": "What were the estimated daily sales in Liverpool 25 years later?", "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Alexei Sayle's Liverpool"}], "question": "What documentary aired in 2008?", "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "simply burn or tear it up"}], "question": "What do many Liverpool residents do with the paper even if given to them free?", "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "The Scum'"}], "question": "What name have Liverpool residents given to The Sun?", "id": "57269c5f5951b619008f77c1"}]}], ["Di bawah tajuk utama \"The Truth\", kertas itu mencetak tuduhan yang diberikan kepada mereka bahawa sesetengah peminat memilih poket mangsa yang hancur, yang lain membuang air besar ke atas anggota perkhidmatan kecemasan ketika mereka cuba membantu dan ada juga yang menyerang polis yang \" sementara dia mentadbir ciuman hidup kepada seorang pesakit. \" Walaupun tajuk utama yang ditulis oleh Kelvin MacKenzie, cerita itu didasarkan pada dakwaan sama ada oleh sumber-sumber yang tidak dinamakan dan tidak disyorkan, atau cerita tentang apa yang dikatakan oleh individu yang dikatakan - satu fakta yang jelas kepada MacKenzie oleh Harry Arnold, wartawan yang menulis cerita. <> Apa laporan kertas yang dibuat oleh beberapa peminat? || mengambil poket mangsa yang dihancurkan <> Siapa dilaporkan telah diserang ketika cuba membantu pesakit? || seorang polis polis <> Siapa yang menulis tajuk \"Kebenaran\"? || Kelvin MacKenzie <> Siapa yang menulis kisah sebenar? || Harry Arnold <> Apa cerita berdasarkan? || tuduhan sama ada oleh sumber-sumber yang tidak dinamakan dan tidak disyorkan, atau laporan tentang apa yang dikatakan oleh individu", {"context": "Under a front page headline \"The Truth\", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable \"whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient.\" Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said \u2013 a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "picked the pockets of crushed victims"}], "question": "What did the paper report that some fans did?", "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "a police constable"}], "question": "Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?", "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Kelvin MacKenzie"}], "question": "Who wrote the headline \"The Truth\"?", "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Harry Arnold"}], "question": "Who wrote the actual story?", "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said"}], "question": "What was the story based on?", "id": "57269b9bdd62a815002e8af8"}]}], ["Walaupun penentangan awal terhadap penutupan itu, hingga tahun 1997, akhbar itu berulang kali menyeru pelaksanaan dasar Thatcher yang lebih lanjut, seperti penswastaan Royal Mail, [pengesahan diperlukan] dan pemotongan keselamatan sosial, dengan pemimpin seperti \"Peter Lilley benar, kita boleh Kertas ini menunjukkan permusuhan terhadap EU dan kelulusan pemotongan perbelanjaan awam, pemotongan cukai, dan promosi menteri sayap kanan kepada kabinet, dengan pemimpin seperti \"Lebih dari Redwood, bukan Deadwood \". <> Apakah jenis dasar yang menyokong The Sun? || Dasar Thatcher <> Apa contoh dasar Thatcher? || Penswastaan Surat Diraja <> Apakah pendirian The Sun terhadap EU? || Kertas itu memperlihatkan permusuhan <> Apa benda lain yang menunjukkan permusuhan? || promosi menteri sayap kanan ke kabinet <> Apakah pendirian awal Matahari terhadap penutupan? || pembangkang", {"context": "Despite its initial opposition to the closures, until 1997, the newspaper repeatedly called for the implementation of further Thatcherite policies, such as Royal Mail privatisation,[verification needed] and social security cutbacks, with leaders such as \"Peter Lilley is right, we can't carry on like this\",[verification needed] The paper showed hostility to the EU and approval of public spending cuts, tax cuts, and promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet, with leaders such as \"More of the Redwood, not Deadwood\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Thatcherite policies"}], "question": "What types of policies did The Sun support?", "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Royal Mail privatisation"}], "question": "What is an example of a Thatcherite policy?", "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "The paper showed hostility"}], "question": "What was The Sun's stance toward the EU?", "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "promotion of right-wing ministers to the cabinet"}], "question": "What's another thing the paper showed hostility to?", "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "opposition"}], "question": "What was The Sun's initial stance toward the closures?", "id": "57269ef4f1498d1400e8e52e"}]}], ["Sebagai pertukaran untuk sokongan Rupert Murdoch, Blair bersetuju untuk tidak menyertai Mekanisme Kadar Pertukaran Eropah - yang John Major telah menarik balik negara itu dari pada September 1992 selepas hampir dua tahun. Menteri Kabinet Peter Mandelson telah \"dipinggirkan\" oleh Matthew Parris (bekas kolumnis Sun) pada Newsnight BBC TV pada November 1998. Menyalahi tanggapan orang ramai, editor Sun, David Yelland menuntut untuk mengetahui di editorial halaman depan sama ada Britain ditadbir oleh \"gay mafia \"dari\" dunia tertutup lelaki dengan kepentingan diri bersama \". Tiga hari kemudian, kertas itu meminta maaf dalam satu lagi editorial yang mengatakan The Sun tidak akan sekali lagi mendedahkan seksualiti seseorang melainkan jika ia dapat dipertahankan dengan alasan \"kepentingan umum yang luar biasa\". <> Apa yang Blair bersetuju untuk mendapatkan sokongan Rupert Murdoch? || tidak menyertai Mekanisme Kadar Pertukaran Eropah <> Siapa Menteri Kabinet pada tahun 1998? || Peter Mandelson <> Apa yang berlaku pada Newsnight BBC pada tahun 1998? || Peter Mandelson telah \"dipinggirkan\" oleh Matthew Parris <> Siapa editor The Sun pada tahun 1998? || David Yelland <> Apa yang Sun mengatakan dasarnya tentang mendedahkan seksualiti seseorang akan bergerak maju? || Matahari tidak akan sekali lagi mendedahkan seksualiti seseorang melainkan jika ia dapat dipertahankan dengan alasan \"kepentingan umum yang luar biasa\"", {"context": "In exchange for Rupert Murdoch's support, Blair agreed not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism \u2013 which John Major had withdrawn the country from in September 1992 after barely two years. Cabinet Minister Peter Mandelson was \"outed\" by Matthew Parris (a former Sun columnist) on BBC TV's Newsnight in November 1998. Misjudging public response, The Sun's editor David Yelland demanded to know in a front page editorial whether Britain was governed by a \"gay mafia\" of a \"closed world of men with a mutual self-interest\". Three days later the paper apologised in another editorial which said The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of \"overwhelming public interest\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "not to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism"}], "question": "What did Blair agree to in order to get the support of Rupert Murdoch?", "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Peter Mandelson"}], "question": "Who was Cabinet Minister in 1998?", "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Peter Mandelson was \"outed\" by Matthew Parris"}], "question": "What happened on BBC's Newsnight in 1998?", "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "David Yelland"}], "question": "Who was editor of The Sun in 1998?", "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "The Sun would never again reveal a person's sexuality unless it could be defended on the grounds of \"overwhelming public interest\""}], "question": "What did The Sun say its policy about revealing an individual's sexuality would be moving forward?", "id": "5726a0d2708984140094cc43"}]}], ["The Sun menukar sokongan kepada parti Buruh pada 18 Mac 1997, enam minggu sebelum kemenangan Pemilihan Umum yang menyaksikan pemimpin baru Buruh Tony Blair menjadi Perdana Menteri dengan majoriti besar parlimen, walaupun kertas itu menyerang Blair dan Buruh Baru hingga satu bulan lebih awal. Tajuk muka depannya membaca BLACK SUN BACKS dan editor muka depannya membuat jelas bahawa walaupun ia masih menentang beberapa dasar Buruh Baru, seperti Upah Minimum dan Devolution, ia percaya Blair menjadi \"nafas udara segar yang diperlukan negara besar ini\" . Konservatif John Major, katanya, adalah \"letih, dibahagikan dan tidak berkuasa\". Blair, yang secara radikal mengubah imej dan dasar partinya, memandangkan pengaruh kertas itu dapat memikirkan pemikiran politik para pembaca, telah mengukuhkannya (dan Murdoch) untuk beberapa waktu dengan memberikan wawancara eksklusif dan menulis lajur. <> Siapa yang Sun mengisytiharkan pengesahan politik pada tahun 1997? || Parti buruh <> Yang menjadi Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1997? || Tony Blair <> Dasar-dasar baru yang dilakukan oleh The Sun membantah? || Gaji minimum dan Devolution <> Bagaimana Matahari menggambarkan Konservatif John Major? || \"letih, dibahagikan dan tanpa kemudi\" <> Siapa yang sangat mengubah imej parti Buruh? || Blair", {"context": "The Sun switched support to the Labour party on 18 March 1997, six weeks before the General Election victory which saw the New Labour leader Tony Blair become Prime Minister with a large parliamentary majority, despite the paper having attacked Blair and New Labour up to a month earlier. Its front page headline read THE SUN BACKS BLAIR and its front page editorial made clear that while it still opposed some New Labour policies, such as the Minimum Wage and Devolution, it believed Blair to be \"the breath of fresh air this great country needs\". John Major's Conservatives, it said, were \"tired, divided and rudderless\". Blair, who had radically altered his party's image and policies, noting the influence the paper could have over its readers' political thinking, had courted it (and Murdoch) for some time by granting exclusive interviews and writing columns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Labour party"}], "question": "Who did The Sun declare political endorsement of in 1997?", "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Tony Blair"}], "question": "Who became Prime Minister in 1997?", "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Minimum Wage and Devolution"}], "question": "Which New Labour policies did The Sun oppose?", "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "\"tired, divided and rudderless\""}], "question": "How did The Sun describe John Major's Conservatives?", "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Blair"}], "question": "Who greatly changed the image of the Labour party?", "id": "57269fe55951b619008f7815"}]}], ["Pada 7 Julai 2004, sebagai tindak balas terhadap serangan lisan di Liverpool pada Wayne Rooney, sebelum perpindahannya dari Everton ke Manchester United, yang telah menjual kisah hidupnya kepada The Sun, karya itu menumpukan editorial laman penuh kepada permintaan maaf untuk \" kesilapan besar \"dari liputan Hillsborough dan berpendapat bahawa Rooney (yang masih berusia tiga tahun pada masa Hillsborough) tidak boleh dihukum kerana\" dosa masa lalu \"nya. Pada Januari 2005, pengelola urusan Sun Graham Dudman mengakui liputan Hillsborough adalah \"kesilapan terburuk dalam sejarah kami\", menambah: \"Apa yang kami lakukan adalah kesilapan yang mengerikan. Ia adalah artikel yang mengerikan, tidak sensitif, dahsyat, dengan tajuk yang mengerikan; tetapi apa yang kami katakan ialah: kami telah memohon maaf untuknya, dan seluruh pasukan senior di sini sekarang berbeza sekali dengan pasukan yang meletakkan kertas itu pada tahun 1989. \" <> Pemain bola sepak mana yang diserang secara lisan di Liverpool? || Wayne Rooney <> Pasukan apa yang telah dipindahkan Rooney ke? || Manchester United <> Apakah umur Rooney pada masa bencana Hillsborough? || tiga tahun <> Siapa yang menguruskan editor The Sun pada tahun 2005? || Graham Dudman <> Bagaimana Dudman menerangkan liputan Sun Hillsborough? || \"kesilapan terburuk dalam sejarah kita\"", {"context": "On 7 July 2004, in response to verbal attacks in Liverpool on Wayne Rooney, just before his transfer from Everton to Manchester United, who had sold his life story to The Sun, the paper devoted a full-page editorial to an apology for the \"awful error\" of its Hillsborough coverage and argued that Rooney (who was still only three years old at the time of Hillsborough) should not be punished for its \"past sins\". In January 2005, The Sun's managing editor Graham Dudman admitting the Hillsborough coverage was \"the worst mistake in our history\", added: \"What we did was a terrible mistake. It was a terrible, insensitive, horrible article, with a dreadful headline; but what we'd also say is: we have apologised for it, and the entire senior team here now is completely different from the team that put the paper out in 1989.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Wayne Rooney"}], "question": "Which footballer was verbally attacked in Liverpool? ", "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Manchester United"}], "question": "What team did Rooney transfer to?", "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "three years old"}], "question": "What was Rooney's age at the time of the Hillsborough disaster?", "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Graham Dudman"}], "question": "Who was managing editor of The Sun in 2005?", "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "\"the worst mistake in our history\""}], "question": "How did Dudman describe The Sun's Hillsborough coverage?", "id": "57269d17708984140094cbc9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2003 kertas itu dituduh perkauman oleh Kerajaan atas kritikan terhadap apa yang dilihat sebagai dasar \"pintu terbuka\" mengenai imigresen. Serangan itu datang daripada jurucakap perdana menteri Alastair Campbell dan Setiausaha Rumah David Blunkett (kemudian kolumnis Sun). Kertas itu menafikan dakwaan itu, mempercayai bahawa ia tidak bersifat perkauman untuk mencadangkan bahawa \"pasang\" pendatang tanpa izin yang tidak terkawal telah meningkatkan risiko serangan pengganas dan penyakit berjangkit. Ia tidak membantu hujahnya dengan menerbitkan kisah halaman depan pada 4 Julai 2003, di bawah tajuk \"Swan Bake\", yang mendakwa bahawa pencari suaka menyembelih dan memakan kutu. Ia kemudian terbukti tidak mempunyai asas sebenarnya. Seterusnya The Sun menerbitkan tindak lanjut yang bertajuk \"Kini mereka selepas ikan kami!\". Mengikuti adjudikasi Suruhanjaya Siaran Akhbar, \"penjelasan\" akhirnya dicetak, pada halaman 41. Pada tahun 2005 The Sun menerbitkan gambar-gambar Prince Harry yang memakai pakaian Nazi untuk pesta gaun yang mewah. Gambar-gambar itu menyebabkan kemarahan di seluruh dunia dan Clarence House dipaksa mengeluarkan kenyataan sebagai meminta maaf atas sebarang kesalahan atau malu yang disebabkan. <> Apakah tuduhan yang dibuat oleh kerajaan terhadap The Sun pada tahun 2003? || perkauman <> Siapa yang menumpukan tuduhan terhadap The Sun? || Jurucakap perdana menteri, Alastair Campbell dan Setiausaha Dalam Rumah, David Blunkett <> Apa tuntutan cerita halaman 4 Julai 2003? || pencari suaka menyembelih dan memakan kutu <> Dari mana isu itu mendakwa bahawa Matahari adalah batang rasis? || imigresen <> Siapa yang mencetak gambar Sun dalam pakaian Nazi pada tahun 2005? || Putera Harry", {"context": "In 2003 the paper was accused of racism by the Government over its criticisms of what it perceived as the \"open door\" policy on immigration. The attacks came from the Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett (later a Sun columnist). The paper rebutted the claim, believing that it was not racist to suggest that a \"tide\" of unchecked illegal immigrants was increasing the risk of terrorist attacks and infectious diseases. It did not help its argument by publishing a front page story on 4 July 2003, under the headline \"Swan Bake\", which claimed that asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans. It later proved to have no basis in fact. Subsequently The Sun published a follow-up headlined \"Now they're after our fish!\". Following a Press Complaints Commission adjudication a \"clarification\" was eventually printed, on page 41. In 2005 The Sun published photographs of Prince Harry sporting a Nazi costume to a fancy dress party. The photographs caused outrage across the world and Clarence House was forced to issue a statement in response apologising for any offence or embarrassment caused.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "racism"}], "question": "What allegation did the government level against The Sun in 2003?", "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Prime Minister's press spokesman Alastair Campbell and the Home Secretary David Blunkett"}], "question": "Who specifically leveled the allegations against The Sun?", "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "asylum seekers were slaughtering and eating swans"}], "question": "What did a 4 July 2003 front page story claim?", "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f784f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "immigration"}], "question": "From which issue did claims that The Sun was racist stem?", "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f7850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "Prince Harry"}], "question": "Who did The Sun print pictures of in a Nazi outfit in 2005?", "id": "5726a1b75951b619008f7851"}]}], ["Pada hari pilihan raya (6 Mei 2010), The Sun menggesa para pembaca untuk mengundi Conservatives \"moden dan positif\" David Cameron untuk menyelamatkan Britain dari \"bencana\" yang difikirkan oleh negara itu jika kerajaan Buruh dipilih semula . Pilihan raya berakhir di parlimen pertama yang digantung selepas pilihan raya selama 36 tahun, dengan Tories mendapat kerusi dan undian yang paling banyak tetapi menjadi 20 kerusi pendek majoriti keseluruhan. Mereka akhirnya berkuasa pada 11 Mei ketika Gordon Brown meletak jawatan sebagai perdana menteri, membuka jalan bagi David Cameron untuk menjadi perdana menteri dengan membentuk koalisi dengan Demokrat Liberal. <> Siapa yang menyokong The Sun untuk pemilihan 2010? || David Cameron <> Apakah ketakutan Sun akan berlaku daripada pemilihan Parti Buruh? || Bencana <> Apakah keputusan pilihan raya umum? || digantung parlimen <> Pihak mana yang berkuasa selepas pilihan raya? || Tories <> Siapa yang David Cameron menyelaraskan untuk menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Liberal Demokrat", {"context": "On election day (6 May 2010), The Sun urged its readers to vote for David Cameron's \"modern and positive\" Conservatives in order to save Britain from \"disaster\" which the paper thought the country would face if the Labour government was re-elected. The election ended in the first hung parliament after an election for 36 years, with the Tories gaining the most seats and votes but being 20 seats short of an overall majority. They finally came to power on 11 May when Gordon Brown stepped down as prime minister, paving the way for David Cameron to become prime minister by forming a coalition with the Liberal Democrats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "David Cameron"}], "question": "Who did The Sun advocate for the 2010 election?", "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "disaster"}], "question": "What did The Sun fear would result from election of the Labour Party?", "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "hung parliament"}], "question": "What was the outcome of the general election?", "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Tories"}], "question": "Which party came to power after the election?", "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "Liberal Democrats"}], "question": "Who did David Cameron align with in order to become Prime Minister?", "id": "5726b533dd62a815002e8d92"}]}], ["Pemimpin parti utama, David Cameron, Nick Clegg dan Ed Miliband, semuanya digambarkan memegang satu salinan isu khas dalam bahan publisiti. Keputusan Miliband untuk menimbulkan salinan The Sun mendapat sambutan yang kuat. Organisasi yang mewakili saudara-mara mangsa Hillsborough menyifatkan tindakan Miliband sebagai \"kehinaan mutlak\" dan dia juga menghadapi kritikan dari Ahli Parlimen Liverpool Buruh dan Datuk Bandar Buruh, Joe Anderson. Satu kenyataan dikeluarkan pada 13 Jun menjelaskan bahawa Miliband \"telah mempromosikan bidaan England untuk memenangi Piala Dunia\", walaupun \"dia memahami kemarahan yang dirasai terhadap Sun over Hillsborough oleh banyak orang di Merseyside dan dia menyesal kepada mereka yang merasa tersinggung . \" <> Siapa pemimpin utama parti pemerintah? || David Cameron, Nick Clegg dan Ed Miliband <> Siapa yang mengkritik Milliband kerana berpose dengan salinan The Sun menunjukkan bencana Hillsborough? || Liverpool Ahli Parlimen Buruh dan Datuk Bandar Buruh bandaraya, Joe Anderson <> Bagaimana Milliband menerangkan berpose dengan akhbar ini? || mempromosikan tawaran England untuk memenangi Piala Dunia <> Siapa yang Mayour Buruh Liverpool? || Joe Anderson <> Emosi apa yang membuatkan ramai orang merasakan liputan Sun Hillsborough? || kemarahan", {"context": "The main party leaders, David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband, were all depicted holding a copy of the special issue in publicity material. Miliband's decision to pose with a copy of The Sun received a strong response. Organisations representing the relatives of Hillsborough victims described Miliband's action as an \"absolute disgrace\" and he faced criticism too from Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson. A statement was issued on 13 June explaining that Miliband \"was promoting England's bid to win the World Cup\", although \"he understands the anger that is felt towards the Sun over Hillsborough by many people in Merseyside and he is sorry to those who feel offended.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "David Cameron, Nick Clegg and Ed Miliband"}], "question": "Who were the main leaders of the ruling party?", "id": "5726b718708984140094cebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Liverpool Labour MPs and the city's Labour Mayor, Joe Anderson"}], "question": "Who criticized Milliband for posing with a copy of The Sun showing the Hillsborough disaster?", "id": "5726b718708984140094cec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "promoting England's bid to win the World Cup"}], "question": "How did Milliband explain posing with this newspaper?", "id": "5726b718708984140094cec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Joe Anderson"}], "question": "Who was the Labour Mayour of Liverpool?", "id": "5726b718708984140094cec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "anger"}], "question": "What emotion did many people feel over The Sun's coverage of Hillsborough?", "id": "5726b718708984140094cec3"}]}], ["Secara politis, pendirian kertas itu kurang jelas di bawah Perdana Menteri Gordon Brown yang menggantikan Blair pada bulan Jun 2007. Editorialnya kritis terhadap banyak dasar Brown dan sering lebih menyokong pemimpin pemimpin Konservatif David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, ketua syarikat induk The Sun News Corporation, bercakap pada mesyuarat 2007 dengan Jawatankuasa Pilihan Dewan tentang Komunikasi, yang menyiasat pemilikan media dan berita, mengatakan bahawa dia bertindak sebagai \"pemilik tradisional\". Ini bererti dia menjalankan kawalan editorial mengenai isu-isu utama seperti mana parti politik untuk kembali dalam pilihan raya umum atau dasar mana yang digunakan di Eropah. <> Siapa yang mengikuti Tony Blair sebagai Perdana Menteri? || Gordon Brown <> Siapa pemimpin Konservatif yang sering disokong oleh The Sun? || David Cameron <> Apa nama syarikat yang mengendalikan The Sun? || Perbadanan Berita <> Apakah Jawatankuasa Pilihan Dewan tentang Penyelidikan yang menyiasat pada tahun 2007? || pemilikan media dan berita <> Di mana isu-isu yang dilakukan Murdoch mendakwa dia mengendalikan kawalan editorial? || yang mana parti politik kembali dalam pilihan raya umum atau dasar mana yang akan digunakan di Eropah", {"context": "Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a \"traditional proprietor\". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Gordon Brown"}], "question": "Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?", "id": "5726b361708984140094ce27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "David Cameron"}], "question": "Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?", "id": "5726b361708984140094ce28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "News Corporation"}], "question": "What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?", "id": "5726b361708984140094ce29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "media ownership and the news"}], "question": "What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?", "id": "5726b361708984140094ce2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe"}], "question": "On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?", "id": "5726b361708984140094ce2b"}]}], ["Pada 28 Januari 2012, polis menahan empat anggota semasa dan bekas kakitangan The Sun, sebagai sebahagian daripada siasatan di mana wartawan membayar pegawai polis untuk maklumat; seorang pegawai polis juga ditangkap dalam siasatan. Pengawal Sun yang ditangkap adalah editor jenayah Mike Sullivan, ketua berita Chris Pharo, bekas wakil editor Fergus Shanahan, dan bekas pengelola editor Graham Dudman, yang sejak menjadi penulis kolumnis dan penulis media. Kesemua lima orang yang ditangkap telah ditangkap kerana disyaki rasuah. Polis juga mencari pejabat Berita Antarabangsa, penerbit The Sun, sebagai sebahagian daripada siasatan berterusan terhadap skandal News of the World. <> Kenapa ahli kakitangan Sun Sun dimasukkan ke dalam tahanan polis pada awal tahun 2012? || sebagai sebahagian daripada siasatan di mana wartawan membayar pegawai polis untuk maklumat <> Apakah pertuduhan terhadap mereka yang ditangkap? || syak wasangka rasuah <> Apakah skandal yang lebih besar adalah penyiasatan ini sebahagian daripada? || Skandal Berita Dunia <> Manakah kakitangan Sun yang ditangkap? || editor jenayah Mike Sullivan, ketua berita Chris Pharo, bekas ketua editor Fergus Shanahan, dan bekas pengurus editor Graham Dudman <> Apa peranan yang diambil oleh Graham Dudman selepas berkhidmat sebagai editor Urusan Sun? || kolumnis dan penulis media", {"context": "On 28 January 2012, police arrested four current and former staff members of The Sun, as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information; a police officer was also arrested in the probe. The Sun staffers arrested were crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman, who since became a columnist and media writer. All five arrested were held on suspicion of corruption. Police also searched the offices of News International, the publishers of The Sun, as part of a continuing investigation into the News of the World scandal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "as part of a probe in which journalists paid police officers for information"}], "question": "Why were former Sun staff members put in police custody in early 2012?", "id": "5726b605708984140094ce99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "suspicion of corruption"}], "question": "What was the charge against those arrested?", "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "the News of the World scandal"}], "question": "What greater scandal was this investigation a part of?", "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "crime editor Mike Sullivan, head of news Chris Pharo, former deputy editor Fergus Shanahan, and former managing editor Graham Dudman"}], "question": "Which Sun staffers were arrested?", "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "columnist and media writer"}], "question": "What role had Graham Dudman taken after serving as The Sun managing editor?", "id": "5726b605708984140094ce9d"}]}], ["Pada 2 Jun 2013, The Sun pada Ahad berlari cerita muka depan penyanyi-penulis lagu Tulisa Contostavlos. Halaman depan dibaca: \"Perjanjian koka Kacang malu\"; kisah ini ditulis oleh wartawan menyamar The Sun On Sunday Mahzer Mahmood, yang sebelum ini bekerja untuk Berita Dunia. Ia mendakwa bahawa Tulisa memperkenalkan tiga pengeluar filem (sebenarnya Mahmood dan dua wartawan Sun lain) kepada peniaga dadah dan menubuhkan perjanjian \u00a3 800. The subterfuge melibatkan penyanyi itu untuk mempercayai bahawa dia dianggap sebagai peranan dalam filem Bollywood bernilai \u00a3 8 juta. <> Siapa yang menjadi topik kisah halaman depan awal Jun 2013? || Tulisa Contostavlos <> Siapa yang menulis cerita tentang Tulisa Contostavlos? || Mahzer Mahmood <> Apa tuduhan utama dalam cerita The Sun mengenai Contostavlos? || bahawa Tulisa memperkenalkan tiga pengeluar filem (sebenarnya Mahmood dan dua wartawan Sun yang lain) kepada peniaga dadah dan menubuhkan perjanjian \u00a3 800 <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh pemberita Sun membuat Contostavlos? || bahawa dia sedang dipertimbangkan untuk peranan dalam filem Bollywood \u00a3 8 juta <> Apa tajuk cerita muka depan Contostavlos? || Kesepakatan koka Kacang malu", {"context": "On 2 June 2013, The Sun on Sunday ran a front page story on singer-songwriter Tulisa Contostavlos. The front page read: \"Tulisa's cocaine deal shame\"; this story was written by The Sun On Sunday's undercover reporter Mahzer Mahmood, who had previously worked for the News of the World. It was claimed that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a \u00a3800 deal. The subterfuge involved conning the singer into believing that she was being considered for a role in an \u00a38 million Bollywood film.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Tulisa Contostavlos"}], "question": "Who was the subject of an early June 2013 front page story?", "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Mahzer Mahmood"}], "question": "Who wrote the story on Tulisa Contostavlos?", "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "that Tulisa introduced three film producers (actually Mahmood and two other Sun journalists) to a drug dealer and set up a \u00a3800 deal"}], "question": "What was the main allegation in The Sun's story on Contostavlos?", "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "that she was being considered for a role in an \u00a38 million Bollywood film"}], "question": "What did The Sun reporters make Contostavlos believe?", "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Tulisa's cocaine deal shame"}], "question": "What was the title of the front page story on Contostavlos?", "id": "5726b7eff1498d1400e8e8be"}]}], ["Matahari telah secara terbuka berselisih terhadap negara-negara Eropah yang lain, terutamanya Perancis dan Jerman. Semasa tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, kewarganegaraan secara rutin diterangkan dalam salinan dan tajuk utama sebagai \"katak\", \"kraut\" atau \"hun\". Oleh kerana kertas itu menentang EU, ia telah merujuk kepada para pemimpin asing yang dianggapnya bermusuhan dengan Inggeris dalam istilah yang tidak baik. Sebagai contoh, bekas Presiden Jacques Chirac dari Perancis telah berjenama \"Worm le\". Gambar terkejut dari canselor Jerman, Angela Merkel, diambil dari belakang, membawa tajuk \"I'm Big in the Bumdestag\" (17 April 2006). <> Yang mana dua negara yang mempunyai Sun sangat berlawanan? || Perancis dan Jerman <> Nama apa yang digunakan oleh The Sun untuk mencirikan Perancis dan Jerman? || \"katak\", \"kraut\" atau \"hun\" <> Apakah pendirian kertas mengenai EU? || menentang <> Bagaimana presiden Perancis Jacques Chirac digambarkan oleh The Sun? || le Worm <> Yang canselor Jerman dikritik oleh The Sun? || Angela Merkel", {"context": "The Sun has been openly antagonistic towards other European nations, particularly the French and Germans. During the 1980s and 1990s, the nationalities were routinely described in copy and headlines as \"frogs\", \"krauts\" or \"hun\". As the paper is opposed to the EU it has referred to foreign leaders who it deemed hostile to the UK in unflattering terms. Former President Jacques Chirac of France, for instance, was branded \"le Worm\". An unflattering picture of German chancellor Angela Merkel, taken from the rear, bore the headline \"I'm Big in the Bumdestag\" (17 April 2006).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "French and Germans"}], "question": "Which two nations has The Sun been very antagonistic towards?", "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "\"frogs\", \"krauts\" or \"hun\""}], "question": "What names were used by The Sun to characterize the French and Germans?", "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "opposed"}], "question": "What is the paper's stance on the EU?", "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "le Worm"}], "question": "How was French president Jacques Chirac described by The Sun?", "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Angela Merkel"}], "question": "Which German chancellor was criticized by The Sun?", "id": "5726a3fc5951b619008f78b9"}]}], ["Semasa kempen untuk pilihan raya umum United Kingdom, 2010, The Independent menjalankan iklan mengisytiharkan bahawa \"Rupert Murdoch tidak akan memutuskan pilihan raya ini - anda akan.\" Sebagai tindak balas James Murdoch dan Rebekah Wade \"muncul tanpa pengumuman dan tidak diundang di lantai editorial\" Bebas, dan mempunyai perbualan yang bertenaga dengan editornya Simon Kelner. Beberapa hari kemudian, Independent melaporkan kegagalan Sun untuk melaporkan keputusan polling YouGov sendiri yang mengatakan bahawa \"jika orang berpendapat bahawa parti Mr Clegg mempunyai peluang besar untuk memenangi pemilihan\" Demokrat Liberal akan memenangi 49% undi, dan dengan itu majoriti tanah runtuh. <> Siapa yang muncul di tingkat editorial Bebas? || James Murdoch dan Rebekah Wade <> Siapa editor dari Independen? || Simon Kelner <> Apakah Sun mengabaikan melaporkan tentang pilihan raya yang akan datang? || keputusan polling YouGov anda sendiri <> Siapa yang tidak memegang jawatan dalam Negara Bebas? || Rupert Murdoch <> Tahun apakah pilihan raya umum United Kingdom? || 2010", {"context": "During the campaign for the United Kingdom general election, 2010, The Independent ran ads declaring that \"Rupert Murdoch won't decide this election \u2013 you will.\" In response James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade \"appeared unannounced and uninvited on the editorial floor\" of the Independent, and had an energetic conversation with its editor Simon Kelner. Several days later the Independent reported The Sun's failure to report its own YouGov poll result which said that \"if people thought Mr Clegg's party had a significant chance of winning the election\" the Liberal Democrats would win 49% of the vote, and with it a landslide majority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "James Murdoch and Rebekah Wade"}], "question": "Who showed up on the editorial floor of the Independent?", "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Simon Kelner"}], "question": "Who was the editor of the Independent?", "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "its own YouGov poll result"}], "question": "What did The Sun neglect to report concerning the upcoming election?", "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Rupert Murdoch"}], "question": "Who did the Independent state wouldn't decide the election?", "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year was the United Kingdom general election?", "id": "5726b4745951b619008f7b27"}]}], ["Pada 7 Januari 2009, The Sun menjalankan kisah muka depan eksklusif yang mendakwa bahawa peserta dalam perbincangan mengenai Ummah.com, forum internet Muslim Inggeris, telah membuat senarai \"benci melanda\" orang Yahudi Britain untuk disasarkan oleh ekstremis berhubung Perang Gaza . Ia mendakwa bahawa \"Mereka yang tersenarai [di forum] harus memperlakukannya dengan sangat serius. Mengharapkan kempen benci dan intimidasi oleh 20 atau 30 preman.\" Majalah Private Eye UK mendakwa bahawa Glen Jenvey, seorang lelaki yang dipetik oleh The Sun sebagai pakar keganasan, yang telah memasuki forum di bawah nama samaran \"Abuislam\", adalah satu-satunya ahli forum yang mempromosikan kempen kebencian sementara ahli-ahli lain mempromosikan sokongan secara damai , seperti menulis 'surat sopan'. Kisah itu telah dikeluarkan dari laman web The Sun berikutan aduan kepada Suruhanjaya Aduan Tekan UK. <> Apakah jenis forum yang menjadi subjek cerita halaman depan Januari 2009 di The Sun? || forum internet Muslim Inggeris <> Siapa yang dikatakan menjadi sasaran dalam halaman muka depan The Sun? || \"senarai benci\" orang-orang Yahudi British <> majalah apa yang menafikan tuntutan yang dibuat oleh The Sun dalam artikelnya mengenai forum itu? || Mata Persendirian <> Menurut Mata Peribadi yang merupakan satu-satunya ahli forum yang menyatakan hasrat untuk kempen kebencian? || Glen Jenvey <> Aduan kepada badan mana yang membawa kepada The Sun mengeluarkan cerita dari laman webnya? || Suruhanjaya Aduan Press UK", {"context": "On 7 January 2009, The Sun ran an exclusive front page story claiming that participants in a discussion on Ummah.com, a British Muslim internet forum, had made a \"hate hit list\" of British Jews to be targeted by extremists over the Gaza War. It was claimed that \"Those listed [on the forum] should treat it very seriously. Expect a hate campaign and intimidation by 20 or 30 thugs.\" The UK magazine Private Eye claimed that Glen Jenvey, a man quoted by The Sun as a terrorism expert, who had been posting to the forum under the pseudonym \"Abuislam\", was the only forum member promoting a hate campaign while other members promoted peaceful advocacy, such as writing 'polite letters'. The story has since been removed from The Sun's website following complaints to the UK's Press Complaints Commission.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "a British Muslim internet forum"}], "question": "What type of forum was the subject of a January 2009 front page story in The Sun?", "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "a \"hate hit list\" of British Jews"}], "question": "Who was said to be targeted in The Sun's front page story?", "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Private Eye"}], "question": "What magazine refuted the claims made by The Sun in its article about the forum?", "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Glen Jenvey"}], "question": "According to Private Eye who was the only forum member expressing wishes for a hate campaign?", "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "UK's Press Complaints Commission"}], "question": "Complaints to which body led to The Sun removing the story from its website?", "id": "5726a5e05951b619008f78fd"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2008 Wapping menekan cetakan The Sun untuk kali terakhir dan percetakan London dipindahkan ke Waltham Cross di Borough of Broxbourne di Hertfordshire, di mana News International telah membina apa yang dikatakan sebagai pusat percetakan terbesar di Eropah dengan 12 penekan. Laman ini juga menghasilkan The Times dan Sunday Times, Daily Telegraph dan Sunday Telegraph, Wall Street Journal Europe (juga kini akhbar Murdoch), London Evening Standard dan kertas tempatan. Percetakan Utara sebelum ini telah beralih ke sebuah kilang baru di Knowsley di Merseyside dan Matahari Skotlandia ke kilang baru di Motherwell berhampiran Glasgow. Tiga pusat cetak ini mewakili pelaburan sebanyak \u00a3 600 juta oleh NI dan membenarkan semua tajuk dihasilkan setiap halaman dengan warna penuh dari tahun 2008. Kilang Waltham Cross mampu memproduksi satu juta kopi satu jam dari akhbar tabloid 120 halaman. <> Bilakah Matahari dicetak pada Wapping untuk kali terakhir? || Januari 2008 <> Dimana percetakan London The Sun berpindah ke? || Waltham Cross di Borough of Broxbourne di Hertfordshire <> Berapa banyak penekan di sana di kemudahan percetakan baru? || 12 <> Di mana percetakan utara dipindahkan ke? || Knowsley di Merseyside <> Berapa banyak yang telah dilaburkan di lokasi pencetakan baru? || \u00a3 600 juta", {"context": "In January 2008 the Wapping presses printed The Sun for the last time and London printing was transferred to Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, where News International had built what is claimed to be the largest printing centre in Europe with 12 presses. The site also produces The Times and Sunday Times, Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph, Wall Street Journal Europe (also now a Murdoch newspaper), London's Evening Standard and local papers. Northern printing had earlier been switched to a new plant at Knowsley on Merseyside and the Scottish Sun to another new plant at Motherwell near Glasgow. The three print centres represent a \u00a3600 million investment by NI and allowed all the titles to be produced with every page in full colour from 2008. The Waltham Cross plant is capable of producing one million copies an hour of a 120-page tabloid newspaper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "January 2008"}], "question": "When was The Sun printed on the Wapping presses for the last time?", "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire"}], "question": "Where was London printing of The Sun moved to?", "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many presses were there at the new printing facility?", "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Knowsley on Merseyside"}], "question": "Where had northern printing been moved to?", "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "\u00a3600 million"}], "question": "How much had been invested in the new printing locations?", "id": "5726b1655951b619008f7abd"}]}], ["Pada 9 Disember 2010, The Sun menerbitkan sebuah kisah muka depan yang mendakwa bahawa kumpulan pengganas Al-Qaeda telah mengancam serangan pengganas di Granada Television di Manchester untuk mengganggu episod sinonim Street Coronation untuk ditayangkan secara langsung petang itu. Kertas itu menyebut sumber-sumber yang tidak disebutkan namanya, mendakwa \"polis sedang melancarkan cincin keluli di sekitar episod hidup Coronation Street malam ini kerana ketakutan yang telah disasarkan oleh Al-Qaeda.\" Walau bagaimanapun, pada waktu pagi itu, Polis Greater Manchester secara mutlak menafikan telah \"dimaklumi tentang apa-apa ancaman dari Al-Qaeda atau organisasi lain yang dilarang.\" The Sun menerbitkan pembetulan kecil pada 28 Disember, mengakui \"sementara pelakon dan anak kapal tertakluk kepada pencarian badan penuh, tidak ada ancaman khusus dari Al-Qaeda seperti yang kita dilaporkan.\" Permohonan maaf telah dirundingkan oleh Suruhanjaya Aduan Akhbar. Untuk hari berikutan serangan 2011 Norway, The Sun menghasilkan edisi awal menyalahkan pembunuhan beramai-ramai di al-Qaeda. Kemudian pelaku didedahkan menjadi Anders Behring Breivik, seorang nasionalis Norway. <> Apakah sasaran serangan pengganas mengikut tuntutan akhir tahun 2010? || Granada Television in Manchester <> Apakah program televisyen yang akan terjejas oleh serangan itu? || Jalan Coronation <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh polis Manchester mengenai serangan yang dituntut ini? || secara mutlak dinafikan telah \"dimaklumi tentang apa-apa ancaman dari Al-Qaeda atau organisasi lain yang dilarang.\" <> Siapa yang merundingkan permintaan maaf dari The Sun kerana misreporting cerita ini? || Suruhanjaya Aduan Akhbar <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk serangan Norway tahun 2011? || Anders Behring Breivik,", {"context": "On 9 December 2010, The Sun published a front-page story claiming that terrorist group Al-Qaeda had threatened a terrorist attack on Granada Television in Manchester to disrupt the episode of the soap opera Coronation Street to be transmitted live that evening. The paper cited unnamed sources, claiming \"cops are throwing a ring of steel around tonight's live episode of Coronation Street over fears it has been targeted by Al-Qaeda.\" Later that morning, however, Greater Manchester Police categorically denied having \"been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.\" The Sun published a small correction on 28 December, admitting \"that while cast and crew were subject to full body searches, there was no specific threat from Al-Qaeda as we reported.\" The apology had been negotiated by the Press Complaints Commission. For the day following the 2011 Norway attacks The Sun produced an early edition blaming the massacre on al-Qaeda. Later the perpetrator was revealed to be Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian nationalist.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Granada Television in Manchester"}], "question": "What was the claimed target of a terrorist attack according to a late 2010 Sun front page story?", "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Coronation Street"}], "question": "What was the television program that would have been affected by the attack?", "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "categorically denied having \"been made aware of any threat from Al-Qaeda or any other proscribed organisation.\""}], "question": "What did the Manchester police say about these claimed attacks?", "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "the Press Complaints Commission"}], "question": "Who negotiated an apology from The Sun for its misreporting of this story?", "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1011, "text": "Anders Behring Breivik,"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks?", "id": "5726acb05951b619008f79b7"}]}], ["Pada 9 Mac 2016, halaman depan The Sun mengisytiharkan bahawa Ratu Elizabeth II menyokong \"Brexit\", istilah umum untuk penarikan British dari Kesatuan Eropah. Ia mendakwa bahawa pada tahun 2011 di Windsor Castle, semasa makan tengah hari dengan Timbalan Perdana Menteri Nick Clegg, raja mengkritik kesatuan itu. Clegg menafikan bahawa Ratu membuat kenyataan sedemikian, dan jurucakap Buckingham Palace mengesahkan bahawa aduan telah dibuat kepada Organisasi Standards Pers Media Bebas mengenai pelanggaran garis panduan yang berkaitan dengan ketepatannya. <> Apakah istilah yang sering digunakan untuk penarikan British dari Kesatuan Eropah? || Brexit <> Siapa yang mengatakan The Sun memihak kepada penarikan British dari Kesatuan Eropah? || Ratu Elizabeth II <> Di mana Ratu Elizabeth II berkata telah membuat kenyataan kritikal mengenai Kesatuan Eropah? || Windsor Castle <> Siapa yang menafikan kenyataan bahawa Ratu itu kritikal terhadap Kesatuan Eropah? || Timbalan Perdana Menteri Nick Clegg <> Dengan siapa ada aduan yang diajukan dengan mendakwa melanggar garis panduan dalam ketepatan selepas kejadian yang melibatkan Ratu Elizabeth II? || Pertubuhan Standard Akhbar Bebas", {"context": "On 9 March 2016, The Sun's front page proclaimed that Queen Elizabeth II was backing \"Brexit\", a common term for a British withdrawal from the European Union. It claimed that in 2011 at Windsor Castle, while having lunch with Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, the monarch criticised the union. Clegg denied that the Queen made such a statement, and a Buckingham Palace spokesperson confirmed that a complaint had been made to the Independent Press Standards Organisation over a breach of guidelines relating to accuracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Brexit"}], "question": "What is an often used term for British withdrawal from the European Union?", "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II"}], "question": "Who did The Sun say was in favor of British withdrawal from the European Union?", "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Windsor Castle"}], "question": "Where was Queen Elizabeth II said to have made critical remarks about the European Union?", "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg"}], "question": "Who refuted the statement that the Queen was critical of the European Union?", "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Independent Press Standards Organisation"}], "question": "With whom was a complaint lodged alleging breach of guidelines in accuracy after the incident involving Queen Elizabeth II?", "id": "5726d31af1498d1400e8ec68"}]}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 2013, The Irish Sun mengakhiri amalan memaparkan model-model tertinggi di Halaman 3. Akhbar utama dilaporkan telah diikuti pada 2015 dengan edisi 16 Januari yang kononnya yang terakhir membawa gambar sedemikian selepas laporan di The Times membuat apa-apa penegasan. Selepas liputan besar dalam media mengenai perubahan yang dikatakan dalam dasar editorial, kembali ke format biasa pada 22 Januari 2015. Beberapa jam sebelum isu itu diterbitkan, Ketua PR di akhbar itu berkata bahawa akhir telah hanya \"spekulasi\" sahaja. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh The Irish Sun berhenti pada tahun 2013? || yang menampilkan model tertutup pada Page 3 <> Apa yang dinyatakan sebagai edisi terakhir Sun biasa untuk menerbitkan model topless? || edisi 16 Januari <> Akhbar mana yang mendakwa bahawa The Sun berhenti memaparkan model topless pada tahun 2013? || The Times <> Apa yang berlaku pada 22 Januari 2015? || Page 3 kembali ke format biasa <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Ketua Sun PR tentang perubahan editorial yang dilaporkan di The Sun? || hujung yang terkenal telah menjadi \"spekulasi\" sahaja", {"context": "In August 2013, The Irish Sun ended the practice of featuring topless models on Page 3. The main newspaper was reported to have followed in 2015 with the edition of 16 January supposedly the last to carry such photographs after a report in The Times made such an assertion. After substantial coverage in the media about an alleged change in editorial policy, Page 3 returned to its usual format on 22 January 2015. A few hours before the issue was published, the Head of PR at the newspaper said the reputed end of Page 3 had been \"speculation\" only.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "featuring topless models on Page 3"}], "question": "What did The Irish Sun stop doing in 2013?", "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "the edition of 16 January"}], "question": "What was stated to be the last edition of the regular Sun to publish topless models?", "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "The Times"}], "question": "Which newspaper claimed that The Sun stopped featuring topless models in 2013?", "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Page 3 returned to its usual format"}], "question": "What happened on 22 January 2015?", "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "the reputed end of Page 3 had been \"speculation\" only"}], "question": "What did The Sun's Head of PR say about the reported editorial change at The Sun?", "id": "5726cf69f1498d1400e8ebf0"}]}], ["Lajur Hopkins juga mendapat kritikan di Twitter, termasuk dari Russell Brand, yang dikatakan oleh Hopkins dengan menuduh \"kemanusiaan sosialis sampanye\" Brand mengabaikan pembayar cukai. Simon Usborne, menulis dalam The Independent, berbanding menggunakan kata \"kecoa\" dengan penggunaan sebelumnya oleh Nazi dan sebelum Genosida Rwanda oleh para pelaku. Dia mengesyaki bahawa jika penyumbang lain telah menulis surat itu, ia tidak akan diterbitkan dan mempersoalkan pekerjaannya terus menerus oleh akhbar itu. Zoe Williams berkomentar di The Guardian: \"Ia bukan jenaka apabila orang ramai mula bercakap seperti ini, kita tidak 'memberi kepadanya apa yang dia inginkan' apabila kita menyatakan keganasan kita, bukan isu bebas ucapan. dia: Saya katakan melawannya \". <> Di Twitter apa orang terkenal mengutuk ucapan Hopkins? || Russell Brand <> Siapa yang menulis secara kritikal dalam The Independent mengenai Hopkins? || Simon Usborne <> Dengan siapa Usborne menarik persamaan dengan Hopkins sebagai akibat daripada komen Hopkins? || kegunaan sebelumnya oleh Nazi dan sebelum Genosida Rwanda oleh penyerangnya <> Penulis manakah di The Guardian sangat kritikal terhadap Hopkins? || Zoe Williams <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Williams mengenai Hopkins? || Saya tidak mengatakan gag dia: Saya katakan melawannya", {"context": "Hopkins' column also drew criticism on Twitter, including from Russell Brand, to whom Hopkins responded by accusing Brand's \"champagne socialist humanity\" of neglecting taxpayers. Simon Usborne, writing in The Independent, compared her use of the word \"cockroach\" to previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators. He suspected that if any other contributor had written the piece it would not have been published and questioned her continued employment by the newspaper. Zoe Williams commented in The Guardian: \"It is no joke when people start talking like this. We are not 'giving her what she wants' when we make manifest our disgust. It is not a free speech issue. I\u2019m not saying gag her: I\u2019m saying fight her\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Russell Brand"}], "question": "On Twitter what famous person condemned Hopkins' remarks?", "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Simon Usborne"}], "question": "Who wrote critically in The Independent about Hopkins?", "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "previous uses by the Nazis and just before the Rwandan Genocide by its perpetrators"}], "question": "With whom did Usborne draw parallels to Hopkins as a result of Hopkins' comments?", "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Zoe Williams"}], "question": "Which writer in The Guardian was critical of Hopkins?", "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "I\u2019m not saying gag her: I\u2019m saying fight her"}], "question": "What did Williams say should be done about Hopkins?", "id": "5726d1c75951b619008f7f0b"}]}], ["Pada perbicaraan berikutnya, kes terhadap Tulisa runtuh di Mahkamah Mahkamah Southwark pada bulan Julai 2014, dengan hakim mengulas bahawa terdapat \"alasan yang kuat\" untuk mempercayai bahawa Mahmood telah berbohong pada pendengaran pra-perbicaraan dan cuba untuk memanipulasi bukti terhadap rakan- defendan Tulisa. Tulisa dibersihkan daripada membekalkan ubat Kelas A. Selepas peristiwa ini, The Sun mengeluarkan kenyataan bahawa akhbar itu \"mengambil kenyataan Hakim dengan sangat serius. Mahmood telah digantung sementara menunggu siasatan dalaman segera.\" <> Bagaimana kes terhadap menara Tulisa? || runtuh <> Apa hakim dalam keadaan kes itu? || Mahmood telah berbohong pada pendengaran pra-percubaan dan cuba untuk memanipulasi keterangan terhadap rekan terdakwa Tulisa <> Apa jenis ubat yang Tulisa dituduh membekalkan? || Ubat kelas A <> Apakah tindakan yang diambil oleh Matahari terhadap Mahmood? || digantung <> Apabila berlaku terhadap perca cuba? || Julai 2014", {"context": "At her subsequent trial, the case against Tulisa collapsed at Southwark Crown Court in July 2014, with the judge commenting that there were \"strong grounds\" to believe that Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa. Tulisa was cleared of supplying Class A drugs. After these events, The Sun released a statement saying that the newspaper \"takes the Judge's remarks very seriously. Mahmood has been suspended pending an immediate internal investigation.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "collapsed"}], "question": "How did the case against Tulisa fare?", "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Mahmood had lied at a pre-trial hearing and tried to manipulate evidence against the co-defendant Tulisa"}], "question": "What did the judge in the case state?", "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Class A drugs"}], "question": "What type of drugs was Tulisa accused of supplying?", "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "suspended"}], "question": "What action did The Sun take against Mahmood?", "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "July 2014"}], "question": "When was the case against Tulisa tried?", "id": "5726b8ab708984140094cf0f"}]}], ["Pada 22 Mei 2015, wartawan Sun Anthony France didapati bersalah membantu dan menyalahkan salah laku di pejabat awam antara tahun 2008 dan 2011. Perbicaraan Perancis mengikuti Operasi Polis Metropolitan London, Elveden, siasatan yang berterusan terhadap pembayaran yang dikatakan kepada polis dan pegawai sebagai pertukaran maklumat . Dia telah membayar lebih dari \u00a3 22,000 kepada PC Timothy Edwards, seorang pegawai polis anti keganasan yang berpusat di Lapangan Terbang Heathrow. Pegawai polis telah mengaku bersalah melakukan salah laku di pejabat awam dan diberi hukuman dua tahun pada 2014, tetapi juri di perbicaraan Perancis tidak dimaklumkan tentang perkara ini. Berikutan keputusan yang bersalah itu, pegawai yang mengetuai Operasi Elveden, Ketua Superintenden Detektif Gordon Briggs berkata Perancis dan Edwards telah berada dalam \"hubungan jangka panjang dan korup\". <> Siapa yang didapati bersalah pada tahun 2015? || Anthony France <> Siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk Operasi Elveden? || Polis Metropolitan London <> Yang reporter Sun yang didapati bersalah pada tahun 2015? || Anthony France <> Siapa yang bertanggung jawab untuk Operasi Elveden? || Polis Metropolitan London <> Berapakah bayaran Anthony Anthony kepada pegawai polis? || lebih daripada \u00a3 22,000 <> Siapa pegawai utama Operasi Elveden? || Detektif Ketua Detektif Gordon Briggs <> Bagaimana Briggs mencirikan hubungan antara Perancis dan Edwards? || \"hubungan jangka panjang, korup\"", {"context": "On 22 May 2015, Sun reporter Anthony France was found guilty of aiding and abetting misconduct in a public office between 2008 and 2011. France\u2019s trial followed the London Metropolitan Police's Operation Elveden, an ongoing investigation into alleged payments to police and officials in exchange for information. He had paid a total of more than \u00a322,000 to PC Timothy Edwards, an anti-terrorism police officer based at Heathrow Airport. The police officer had already pleaded guilty to misconduct in a public office and given a two-year gaol sentence in 2014, but the jury in France\u2019s trial was not informed of this. Following the passing of the guilty verdict, the officer leading Operation Elveden, Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs said France and Edwards had been in a \"long-term, corrupt relationship\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Anthony France"}], "question": "Who was found guilty in 2015?", "id": "5726bb79f1498d1400e8e954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "the London Metropolitan Police"}], "question": "Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?", "id": "5726bb79f1498d1400e8e955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Anthony France"}], "question": "Which Sun reporter was found guilty in 2015?", "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "London Metropolitan Police"}], "question": "Who was responsible for Operation Elveden?", "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "more than \u00a322,000"}], "question": "How much did Anthony France pay to a police officer?", "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "Detective Chief Superintendent Gordon Briggs"}], "question": "Who was the policeman leading Operation Elveden?", "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "\"long-term, corrupt relationship\""}], "question": "How did Briggs characterize the relationship between France and Edwards?", "id": "5726c173f1498d1400e8ea52"}]}], ["Pada 17 April 2015, kolumnis The Sun, Katie Hopkins memanggil migran ke Britain \"kecoa\" dan \"manusia liar\" dan berkata mereka \"menyebarkan seperti norovirus\". Kenyataannya dikutuk oleh Suruhanjaya Tinggi Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu untuk Hak Asasi Manusia. Dalam satu kenyataan yang dikeluarkan pada 24 April 2015, Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein menyatakan bahawa bahasa yang digunakan oleh Hopkins sangat mirip dengan yang digunakan oleh akhbar Rwanda's Kangura dan Radio Mille Collines semasa berlakunya pembunuhan beramai-ramai tahun 1994, dan menyatakan bahawa kedua-dua pertubuhan media kemudiannya disabitkan oleh tribunal antarabangsa untuk menghasut masyarakat untuk melakukan pembunuhan beramai-ramai. <> Koloni Sun mana yang membuat kenyataan kontroversial tentang pendatang ke Britain pada April 2015? || Katie Hopkins <> Apa istilah yang digunakan Katie Hopkins untuk menggambarkan pendatang ke Britain? || \"kecoa\" dan \"manusia liar\" dan berkata mereka \"menyebarkan seperti norovirus\" <> Organisasi mana yang menafikan komen Hopkins? || Suruhanjaya Tinggi Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Hak Asasi Manusia <> Siapa Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Suruhanjaya Tinggi Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Hak Asasi Manusia? || Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Hussein terhadap ucapan Hopkins? || yang digunakan oleh akhbar Rwanda Kangura dan Radio Mille Collines semasa berlakunya pembunuhan beramai-ramai tahun 1994", {"context": "On 17 April 2015, The Sun's columnist Katie Hopkins called migrants to Britain \"cockroaches\" and \"feral humans\" and said they were \"spreading like the norovirus\". Her remarks were condemned by the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights. In a statement released on 24 April 2015, High Commissioner Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein stated that Hopkins' used \"language very similar to that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide\", and noted that both media organizations were subsequently convicted by an international tribunal of public incitement to commit genocide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Katie Hopkins"}], "question": "Which Sun columnist made controversial remarks about migrants to Britain in April 2015?", "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "\"cockroaches\" and \"feral humans\" and said they were \"spreading like the norovirus\""}], "question": "What terms did Katie Hopkins use to describe migrants to Britain?", "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights"}], "question": "Which organization sharply rebuked Hopkins' comments?", "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein"}], "question": "Who was the High Commissioner of the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights?", "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "that employed by Rwanda's Kangura newspaper and Radio Mille Collines during the run up to the 1994 genocide"}], "question": "What did Hussein compare Hopkins' remarks to?", "id": "5726d0525951b619008f7ecf"}]}], ["Pada 6 Februari 2015, ia diumumkan bahawa Hakim Richard Marks akan digantikan oleh Hakim Charles Wide pada semula. Dua hari sebelum itu, Mark telah menghantar e-mel kepada peguam yang mengatakan kepada mereka: \"Telah diputuskan (bukan oleh saya tetapi oleh penatua dan penentu) saya tidak akan melakukan pemeriksaan semula\". Melaporkan keputusan dalam akhbar UK The Guardian, Lisa O'Carroll menulis: \"Wide adalah satu-satunya hakim setakat ini telah mempengerusikan satu kes yang menyaksikan keyakinan seorang wartawan berhubung dengan tuduhan pembayaran yang melanggar undang-undang kepada pegawai-pegawai awam untuk cerita. Wartawan, yang tidak boleh dinamakan atas alasan undang-undang, merayu keputusan \". Penasihat pertahanan untuk empat wartawan itu mengancam untuk mengambil keputusan untuk semakan kehakiman, dengan perantara yang mewakili Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, mengatakan: \"Cara ini telah menimbulkan kesan bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi di belakang tabir yang seharusnya tidak berlaku di belakang tabir dan yang sepatutnya ditangani secara telus \". Beliau menambah bahawa defendan \"sangat prihatin\" dan \"berhak\" untuk mengetahui mengapa Marks digantikan dengan Wide. <> Siapa yang telah dilantik sebagai hakim pemangku atas pengundian pada tahun 2015? || Charles Wide <> Di mana akhbar itu melaporkan Lisa O'Carroll memilih hakim? || The Guardian <> Siapa ahli undang-undang Pharo dalam hal ini? || Nigel Rumfitt QC <> Apa Rumfit menyatakan bahawa defendan sepatutnya diberitahu? || mengapa Mark digantikan oleh Wide <> Apakah peguam-peguam untuk defendan mengancam untuk melakukan? || mengambil keputusan untuk semakan kehakiman", {"context": "On 6 February 2015, it was announced that Judge Richard Marks is to be replaced by Judge Charles Wide at the retrial. Two days earlier, Marks had emailed counsel for the defendants telling them: \"It has been decided (not by me but by my elders and betters) that I am not going to be doing the retrial\". Reporting the decision in UK newspaper The Guardian, Lisa O\u2019Carroll wrote: \"Wide is the only judge so far to have presided in a case which has seen a conviction of a journalist in relation to allegations of unlawful payments to public officials for stories. The journalist, who cannot be named for legal reasons, is appealing the verdict\". Defence counsel for the four journalists threatened to take the decision to judicial review, with the barrister representing Pharo, Nigel Rumfitt QC, saying: \"The way this has come about gives rise to the impression that something has been going on behind the scenes which should not have been going on behind the scenes and which should have been dealt with transparently\". He added that the defendants were \"extremely concerned\" and \"entitled\" to know why Marks was being replaced by Wide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Charles Wide"}], "question": "Who was appointed presiding judge over the retrial in 2015?", "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "The Guardian"}], "question": "In which newspaper did Lisa O'Carroll report the choice of judge?", "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Nigel Rumfitt QC"}], "question": "Who was Pharo's lawyer in the case?", "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1097, "text": "why Marks was being replaced by Wide"}], "question": "What did Rumfit state that the defendants should have been informed about?", "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "take the decision to judicial review"}], "question": "What did the lawyers for the defendants threaten to do?", "id": "5726baf5f1498d1400e8e930"}]}], ["BBC melaporkan bahawa Perancis adalah wartawan pertama untuk menghadapi perbicaraan dan disabitkan kesalahan di bawah Operasi Elveden sejak Perkhidmatan Pendakwaan Mahkota (CPS) telah menyemak semula arahannya pada April 2015 supaya pendakwaan hanya akan dibawa terhadap wartawan yang telah membuat bayaran kepada pegawai polis tempoh masa. Hasil daripada perubahan dalam dasar CPS, dakwaan terhadap beberapa wartawan yang telah membuat pembayaran kepada pegawai-pegawai awam lain - termasuk penjawat awam, pekerja kesihatan dan kakitangan penjara - telah digugurkan. Pada bulan Julai 2015, majalah Private Eye melaporkan bahawa pada kos pendengaran di syarikat induk Old Bailey The Sun enggan membayar kos pendakwaan yang berkaitan dengan percubaan Perancis, yang mengarahkan hakim presiden untuk menyatakan \"kekecewaannya yang besar\" pada keadaan ini . Hakim Timothy Pontius mengatakan di mahkamah bahawa tindakan menyalahi undang-undang Perancis telah menjadi sebahagian daripada prosedur \"jelas diakui di The Sun\", sambil menambah, \"Tidak ada keraguan bahawa News International memikul tanggungjawab moral jika tidak bersalah atas perbuatan defendan \". Laporan Mata Peribadi menyatakan bahawa walaupun organisasi induk Sun ini \"sedang mempertimbangkan tindakan disiplin\" terhadap Perancis sementara pada masa yang sama ia juga bersiap untuk membawa kes ke Tribunal Kuasa Penyelidikan terhadap Perkhidmatan Polis Metropolitan London untuk tindakannya yang berkaitan dengannya dan dua wartawan lain. <> Siapa wartawan pertama yang disabitkan akibat Operasi Elveden sejak ia telah disemak semula? || Perancis <> Apakah perubahan yang dibuat kepada Operasi Elveden oleh Perkhidmatan Pendakwaan Crown? || pendakwaan hanya akan dikenakan terhadap wartawan yang telah membuat pembayaran kepada pegawai polis dalam tempoh masa <> Hakim mana yang mengulas mengenai aktiviti yang menyalahi undang-undang di Perancis? || Timothy Pontius <> Siapa lagi yang Hakim Pontius percaya patut dipersalahkan atas tindakan Perancis? || Berita Antarabangsa <> Siapa Berita Antarabangsa mengingati membawa kes terhadap? || Perkhidmatan Polis Metropolitan London", {"context": "The BBC reported that France was the first journalist to face trial and be convicted under Operation Elveden since the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) had revised its guidance in April 2015 so that prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time. As a result of the change in the CPS\u2019 policy, charges against several journalists who had made payments to other types of public officials \u2013 including civil servants, health workers and prison staff - had been dropped. In July 2015, Private Eye magazine reported that at a costs hearing at the Old Bailey The Sun's parent company had refused to pay for the prosecution costs relating to France\u2019s trial, leading the presiding judge to express his \"considerable disappointment\" at this state of affairs. Judge Timothy Pontius said in court that France\u2019s illegal actions had been part of a \"clearly recognised procedure at The Sun\", adding that, \"There can be no doubt that News International bears some measure of moral responsibility if not legal culpability for the acts of the defendant\". The Private Eye report noted that despite this The Sun's parent organisation was \"considering disciplinary actions\" against France whilst at the same time it was also preparing to bring a case to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal against the London Metropolitan Police Service for its actions relating to him and two other journalists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "France"}], "question": "Who was the first journalist convicted as a result of Operation Elveden since it had been revised?", "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "prosecutions would only be brought against journalists who had made payments to police officers over a period of time"}], "question": "What was the change made to Operation Elveden by the Crown Prosecution Service?", "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "Timothy Pontius"}], "question": "Which judge commented on France's unlawful activities?", "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "News International"}], "question": "Who else did Judge Pontius believe should be blamed for France's actions?", "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1345, "text": "the London Metropolitan Police Service"}], "question": "Who was News International considering bringing a case against?", "id": "5726ce2d708984140094d1e3"}]}], ["Pada Oktober 2014, percubaan enam kakitangan kanan dan wartawan di akhbar The Sun bermula. Kesemua enam didakwa bersekongkol untuk melakukan salah laku di pejabat awam. Mereka termasuk ketua berita The Sun, Chris Pharo, yang menghadapi enam pertuduhan, sementara bekas pengurus Graham Dudman dan Timbalan ketua media editor Ben O'Driscoll dituduh empat pertuduhan masing-masing. Wartawan daerah Lembah Thames Jamie Pyatt dan editor gambar John Edwards didakwa dengan tiga pertuduhan masing-masing, manakala bekas wartawan John Troup dituduh dua tuduhan. Percubaan yang berkaitan dengan bayaran haram yang didakwa dibuat kepada pegawai awam, dengan pendakwa mengatakan orang-orang bersekongkol untuk membayar pegawai dari 2002-11, termasuk polisi, petugas penjara dan tentera. Mereka dituduh membeli maklumat sulit mengenai Keluarga Diraja, tokoh awam dan penghuni penjara. Mereka semua menafikan caj itu. Pada 16 Januari 2015, Troup dan Edwards dibersihkan oleh juri semua tuduhan terhadap mereka. Juri juga sebahagiannya membersihkan O'Driscoll dan Dudman tetapi terus membincangkan mengenai tuduhan lain yang dihadapi mereka, serta tuduhan terhadap Pharo dan Pyatt. Pada 21 Januari 2015, juri memberitahu mahkamah bahawa ia tidak dapat mencapai keputusan sebulat suara mengenai mana-mana caj yang belum dijelaskan dan diberitahu oleh hakim, Richard Marks, bahawa dia akan menerima majoriti keputusan. Tidak lama selepas itu, salah seorang juri menghantar nota kepada hakim dan dilepaskan. Hakim memberitahu 11 ahli juri bahawa rakan sekerja mereka \"merasa tidak sihat dan merasa di bawah banyak tekanan dan tekanan dari situasi yang ada di dalam\", dan di bawah keadaan dia bersedia untuk menerima majoriti keputusan \"11 hingga sifar atau 10 hingga 1 \". Pada 22 Januari 2015, juri telah dilepaskan selepas gagal mencapai keputusan mengenai caj yang belum dijelaskan. Perkhidmatan Pendakwaan Mahkota (CPS) mengumumkan bahawa ia akan mencari pemeriksaan semula. <> Apakah kakitangan Sun dituduh dalam percubaan 2014? || berkomplot untuk melakukan salah laku di pejabat awam <> Apa yang berlaku pada percubaan 2014? || bayaran haram yang didakwa dibuat kepada pegawai awam <> Siapa pegawai Sun yang dituduh membeli maklumat? || Keluarga Diraja, tokoh awam dan penghuni penjara <> Siapa hakim dalam kes ini? || Richard Marks <> Apa hasil perbincangan juri dalam perbicaraan? || gagal mencapai keputusan mengenai caj yang belum dijelaskan", {"context": "In October 2014, the trial of six senior staff and journalists at The Sun newspaper began. All six were charged with conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office. They included The Sun's head of news Chris Pharo, who faced six charges, while ex-managing editor Graham Dudman and ex-Sun deputy news editor Ben O'Driscoll were accused of four charges each. Thames Valley district reporter Jamie Pyatt and picture editor John Edwards were charged with three counts each, while ex-reporter John Troup was accused of two counts. The trial related to illegal payments allegedly made to public officials, with prosecutors saying the men conspired to pay officials from 2002\u201311, including police, prison officers and soldiers. They were accused of buying confidential information about the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates. They all denied the charges. On 16 January 2015, Troup and Edwards were cleared by the jury of all charges against them. The jury also partially cleared O'Driscoll and Dudman but continued deliberating over other counts faced by them, as well as the charges against Pharo and Pyatt. On 21 January 2015, the jury told the court that it was unable to reach unanimous verdicts on any of the outstanding charges and was told by the judge, Richard Marks, that he would accept majority verdicts. Shortly afterwards, one of the jurors sent a note to the judge and was discharged. The judge told the remaining 11 jurors that their colleague had been \"feeling unwell and feeling under a great deal of pressure and stress from the situation you are in\", and that under the circumstances he was prepared to accept majority verdicts of \"11 to zero or 10 to 1\". On 22 January 2015, the jury was discharged after failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) announced that it would seek a retrial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "conspiring to commit misconduct in a public office"}], "question": "What were Sun staff accused of in a 2014 trial?", "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "illegal payments allegedly made to public officials"}], "question": "What was at issue in the 2014 trial?", "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "the Royal Family, public figures and prison inmates"}], "question": "Who were The Sun staffers accused of buying information about?", "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1272, "text": "Richard Marks"}], "question": "Who was the judge in this particular case?", "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1736, "text": "failing to reach verdicts on the outstanding charges"}], "question": "What was the outcome of the jury's deliberation in the trial?", "id": "5726b9ba708984140094cf49"}]}]], [["Tacitus menulis dalam bahasa Jermannya: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine arbitrator caelestium - \"Walau bagaimanapun, orang Jerman tidak menganggapnya konsisten dengan keagungan makhluk angkasa untuk mengurung para dewa di dalam dinding, atau untuk menyamakan mereka dengan rupa rupa manusia. \" Germania 40: baju dan baju dan baju besi, kata rahsia - \"Selepas itu kereta, pakaian, dan, jika anda ingin mempercayainya, keilahian itu sendiri, dimurnikan di tasik rahasia.\" <> Siapa yang menulis Germania? || Tacitus <> Apa yang orang Jerman merasa tidak konsisten untuk mengurung tuhan-tuhan dalam? || dinding <> Jerman tidak menyamakan tuhan-tuhan yang wajahnya? || manusia <> Bilakah kereta yang digunakan dalam upacara disucikan? || Selepas itu <> Di manakah ketuhanan itu dimurnikan? || sebuah tasik rahsia", {"context": "Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator \u2013 \"The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance.\" Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur \u2013 \"Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tacitus"}], "question": "Who wrote the Germania?", "id": "57275d775951b619008f88cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "walls"}], "question": "What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?", "id": "57275d775951b619008f88ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "human"}], "question": "Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?", "id": "57275d775951b619008f88cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Afterwards"}], "question": "When is the car used in the ritual purified? ", "id": "57275d775951b619008f88d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "a secret lake"}], "question": "Where is the divinity herself purified? ", "id": "57275d775951b619008f88d1"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, pesta juga digunakan untuk keinginan seksual, yang sepatutnya ditindas semasa berpuasa. Sebelum Lent bermula, semua makanan dan minuman kaya dimakan dalam apa yang menjadi perayaan gergasi yang melibatkan seluruh masyarakat, dan dianggap sebagai asal Karnival. Tempoh Lenturan kalendar Lenten, enam minggu terus sebelum Paskah, pada mulanya ditandai dengan puasa dan amalan saleh atau peniten yang lain. Semasa Meminjam, tiada pihak atau perayaan diadakan, dan orang menahan diri daripada makan makanan kaya, seperti daging, tenusu, lemak dan gula. <> Apakah keinginan yang diharapkan untuk ditindas semasa tempoh puasa? || seks <> Semua makanan dan minuman yang kaya telah dimakan sebelum acara yang dinamakan? || Lent <> Perayaan gergasi yang melibatkan seluruh masyarakat dianggap sebagai asal-usul perayaan apa? || Karnival <> Berapa lamakah tempoh Lenten dalam kalendar liturgi? || enam minggu <> Apa jenis makanan yang kaya adakah orang-orang menahan diri daripada makan semasa Lent? || daging, tenusu, lemak dan gula", {"context": "Traditionally the feast also applied to sexual desires, which were supposed to be suppressed during the following fasting. Before Lent began, all rich food and drink were consumed in what became a giant celebration that involved the whole community, and is thought to be the origin of Carnival. The Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar, the six weeks directly before Easter, was originally marked by fasting and other pious or penitential practices. During Lent, no parties or celebrations were held, and people refrained from eating rich foods, such as meat, dairy, fat and sugar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "sexual"}], "question": "What desires were expected to be suppressed during the fasting period?", "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Lent"}], "question": "All rich food and drink were consumed before what named event?", "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Carnival"}], "question": "The giant celebration that involved the whole community is thought to be the origin of what festivity?", "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "six weeks"}], "question": "How long is the Lenten period of the Liturgical calendar?", "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "meat, dairy, fat and sugar"}], "question": "What type of rich foods did people refrain from eating during Lent?", "id": "57275eab5951b619008f88e3"}]}], ["Semasa membentuk bahagian integral dari kalendar Kristian, khususnya di kawasan Katolik, banyak tradisi Karnival menyerupai orang-orang Kristen yang menentang. Karnival Itali kadangkala dianggap berasal dari perayaan Rom kuno Saturnalia dan Bacchanalia. Sebaliknya, Saturnalia boleh didasarkan pada perayaan Yunani Dionysia dan Oriental. Untuk permulaan Saturnalia Rom, pada 17 Disember pihak berkuasa memilih musuh orang Rom untuk mewakili Tuhan Misrule dalam setiap komuniti. Lelaki dan wanita ini dipaksa untuk menikmati makanan dan keseronokan fizikal sepanjang minggu, dibunuh dengan hebat pada 25 Disember: \"memusnahkan kuasa kegelapan\". <> Banyak Karnival tradisi membentuk bahagian penting kalendarnya? || Kristian <> Apa dua perayaan Rom kuno yang Carnival fikir berasal? || Saturnalia dan Bacchanalia <> Saturnalia berpotensi berdasarkan apa perayaan Yunani? || Dionysia <> Pada bulan dan hari apakah Saturnalia bermula? || 17 Disember <> Apa yang berlaku kepada lelaki dan wanita yang dipilih untuk mewakili Tuhan Misrule? || teruk dibunuh", {"context": "While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Greek Dionysia and Oriental festivals. For the start of the Roman Saturnalia, on December 17 authorities chose an enemy of the Roman people to represent the Lord of Misrule in each community. These men and women were forced to indulge in food and physical pleasures throughout the week, horribly murdered on December 25th: \"destroying the forces of darkness\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "Many Carnival traditions form an integral part of whose calendar?", "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Saturnalia and Bacchanalia"}], "question": "What two ancient Roman festivals is Carnival thought to stem from?", "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Dionysia"}], "question": "The Saturnalia is potentially based on what Greek festival?", "id": "5727645a5951b619008f8949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "December 17"}], "question": "On which month and day did Saturnalia start?", "id": "5727645a5951b619008f894a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "horribly murdered"}], "question": "What happened to the men and women chosen to represent the Lord of Misrule?", "id": "5727645a5951b619008f894b"}]}], ["Karnival (lihat ejaan dan nama lain) adalah musim perayaan Kristian yang berlaku sebelum musim Kristian Kementrian. Peristiwa-peristiwa utama biasanya berlaku pada bulan Februari atau awal Mac, dalam tempoh yang dikenali sebagai Shrovetide (atau Pre-Lent). Karnival biasanya melibatkan perayaan dan / atau perarakan awam yang menggabungkan beberapa elemen sarkas, topeng dan pesta jalan umum. Orang ramai memakai topeng dan pakaian semasa perayaan sedemikian, membolehkan mereka kehilangan keperibadian mereka setiap hari dan mengalami rasa perpaduan sosial yang tinggi. Pengambilan alkohol, daging, dan makanan lain yang berlebihan yang dilarang semasa Lent adalah sangat biasa. Ciri-ciri umum karnival yang lain termasuk pertempuran mock seperti pergaduhan makanan; sindiran sosial dan penghinaan pihak berkuasa; badan yang menggemparkan memaparkan ciri-ciri yang dibesar-besarkan terutamanya hidung besar, perut, mulut, dan phalli atau unsur-unsur badan haiwan; bahasa kasar dan perbuatan menghina; penggambaran penyakit dan kematian gembira; dan pembalikan am peraturan dan norma setiap hari. <> Apakah nama musim perayaan Kristian yang berlaku sebelum musim Lent? || Karnival <> Bilakah peristiwa utama perayaan Kristian berlaku? || Februari <> Siapa Karnival dibuka? || awam <> Apa yang peserta mengalami karnival yang tinggi? || perpaduan sosial <> Apa yang dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang berlebihan semasa Kusta? || alkohol", {"context": "Carnival (see other spellings and names) is a Christian festive season that occurs before the Christian season of Lent. The main events typically occur during February or early March, during the period historically known as Shrovetide (or Pre-Lent). Carnival typically involves a public celebration and/or parade combining some elements of a circus, masks and public street party. People wear masks and costumes during many such celebrations, allowing them to lose their everyday individuality and experience a heightened sense of social unity. Excessive consumption of alcohol, meat, and other foods proscribed during Lent is extremely common. Other common features of carnival include mock battles such as food fights; social satire and mockery of authorities; the grotesque body displaying exaggerated features especially large noses, bellies, mouths, and phalli or elements of animal bodies; abusive language and degrading acts; depictions of disease and gleeful death; and a general reversal of everyday rules and norms. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnival"}], "question": "What's the name of the Christian festive season that occurs before the season of Lent?", "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "February"}], "question": "When do the main events of the Christian festival occur?", "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "public"}], "question": "Who is the Carnival open to?", "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "social unity"}], "question": "What do participants of the Carnival experience a heightened sense of?", "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "alcohol"}], "question": "What is consumed in excessive amounts during Lent?", "id": "57275858f1498d1400e8f6a8"}]}], ["Beberapa puak-puak Jerman merayakan ulang tahun siang. Dewa utama adalah semasa jubli ini didorong sekitar dalam perarakan yang bising pada kapal pada roda. Musim sejuk akan dihalau, untuk memastikan kesuburan boleh kembali pada musim bunga. Tokoh utama mungkin adalah dewi kesuburan Nerthus. Juga ada tanda-tanda bahawa patung Nerthus atau Freyr diletakkan di atas kapal dengan roda dan disertai dengan perarakan orang dalam penyamaran haiwan dan lelaki dalam pakaian wanita. Di dalam kapal akan perkahwinan seorang lelaki dan wanita diselesaikan sebagai upacara kesuburan. <> Yang effigy yang diletakkan di atas kapal pada roda? || Nerthus atau Freyr <> Apa jenis suku yang disambut siang hari kembali? || Bahasa Jerman <> Musim mana yang manakah kesuburan biasanya kembali? || musim bunga <> Apa yang biasanya mengiringi effigy Nerthus? || perarakan orang yang menyamar haiwan <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku di atas kapal pada roda? || perkahwinan seorang lelaki dan perempuan diselesaikan <> Apa yang ada sekumpulan suku kaum Jerman meraikan? || kembali kediaman <> Bagaimana kapal yang membawa dewa utama bergerak sepanjang jubilee? || pada roda <> Mengapa musim sejuk dipandu keluar? || untuk memastikan bahawa kesuburan boleh kembali pada musim bunga <> Apakah Nerthus dewi? || kesuburan <> Bagaimana perkahwinan seorang lelaki dan wanita di kapal berfungsi sebagai upacara kesuburan? || diselesaikan", {"context": "Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Nerthus or Freyr"}], "question": "Whose effigy was placed on a ship on wheels?", "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8692"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "What type of tribe celebrated daylight returning?", "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8693"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "spring"}], "question": "What season did fertility typically return?", "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "a procession of people in animal disguise"}], "question": "What typically accompanied the effigy of Nerthus? ", "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "the marriage of a man and woman be consummated"}], "question": "What typically happened aboard the ship on wheels?", "id": "57267b46dd62a815002e8696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the returning of the daylight"}], "question": "What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?", "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "on wheels"}], "question": "How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?", "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "to make sure that fertility could return in spring"}], "question": "Why was the winter driven out?", "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "fertility"}], "question": "What is Nerthus the goddess of?", "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "be consummated"}], "question": "How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?", "id": "57275b6edd62a815002e9baa"}]}], ["Pada tahun 743 sinode di Leptines (Leptines terletak berhampiran Binche di Belgium) bercakap dengan marah terhadap keterlambatan pada bulan Februari. Juga dari tarikh yang sama tarikh frasa: \"Siapa pun pada bulan Februari oleh pelbagai tindakan kurang mulia cuba untuk mengusir musim sejuk bukan Kristian, tetapi pagan.\" Buku pengakuan dari sekitar 800 mengandungi lebih banyak maklumat tentang bagaimana orang akan berpakaian sebagai binatang atau wanita tua semasa perayaan pada bulan Januari dan Februari, walaupun ini adalah dosa tanpa penebusan kecil. Juga di Sepanyol, San Isidoro de Sevilla ditulis aduan pada abad ketujuh bahawa orang keluar ke jalan-jalan yang menyamar dalam banyak kes jantina bertentangan. <> Dalam tahun apakah sinodisme di Leptines menimbulkan perbalahan terhadap perayaan? || 743 <> Dalam bulan apa berlaku kelebihannya? || Februari <> Apa jenis buku dari sekitar 800 yang mengandungi lebih banyak maklumat mengenai tradisi orang dalam tempoh ini? || Pengakuan <> Apa itu dosa tanpa penitipan kecil untuk berdandan? || seorang binatang atau wanita tua <> Apa yang akan disemburkan oleh sesetengah orang di Sepanyol? || jantina bertentangan", {"context": "In the year 743 the synod in Leptines (Leptines is located near Binche in Belgium) spoke out furiously against the excesses in the month of February. Also from the same period dates the phrase: \"Whoever in February by a variety of less honorable acts tries to drive out winter is not a Christian, but a pagan.\" Confession books from around 800 contain more information about how people would dress as an animal or old woman during the festivities in January and February, even though this was a sin with no small penance. Also in Spain, San Isidoro de Sevilla is written complaint in the seventh century that people coming out into the streets disguised in many cases the opposite gender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "743"}], "question": "In what year did the synod in Leptines rant against the excesses of the festival?", "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "February"}], "question": "In what month did the excesses occur?", "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Confession"}], "question": "What type of books from around 800 contain more information of people's traditions during this period?", "id": "5727617f708984140094dcbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "an animal or old woman"}], "question": "What was it a sin with no small penance to dress up as?", "id": "5727617f708984140094dcc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "the opposite gender"}], "question": "What would some people in Spain go out disguised as?", "id": "5727617f708984140094dcc1"}]}], ["Walaupun perayaan-perayaan Kristian seperti korpus christi adalah perayaan sanctioned gereja, Karnival juga merupakan manifestasi budaya rakyat Eropah. Dalam tradisi Kristian puasa adalah untuk memperingati 40 hari yang Yesus berpuasa di padang pasir menurut Perjanjian Baru dan juga untuk merenungkan nilai-nilai Kristian. Seperti banyak perayaan Kristian lain seperti Krismas yang pada asalnya merupakan pertengahan musim perayaan pagan, gereja Kristian telah mendapati lebih mudah untuk mengubah Carnaval pagan dalam tradisi katolik daripada menghapuskannya. Tidak seperti hari ini, karnival di Zaman Pertengahan mengambil masa tidak hanya beberapa hari, tetapi ia meliputi hampir sepanjang tempoh antara Krismas dan permulaan Lent. Dalam dua bulan itu, beberapa cuti Katolik telah dirampas oleh penduduk Katolik sebagai saluran keluar untuk kekecewaan mereka setiap hari. <> Apa salah satu perayaan yang disetujui oleh gereja? || korpus christi <> Karnival juga merupakan hasil budaya kaum di mana? || Eropah <> Berapa banyak hari yang dikatakan Yesus secara tradisional berpuasa di padang pasir? || 40 <> Apa pesta pertengahan musim pagan yang membuat gereja lebih mudah untuk menumbangkan daripada menghapuskan? || Krismas <> Mengapa pelbagai cuti disita oleh penduduk Katolik? || keluar untuk kekecewaan harian mereka", {"context": "While christian festivals such as corpus christi were church-sanctioned celebrations, Carnival was also a manifestation of European folk culture. In the Christian tradition the fasting is to commemorate the 40 days that Jesus fasted in the desert according to the New Testament and also to reflect on Christian values. As with many other Christian festivals such as Christmas which was originally a pagan midwinter festival, the Christian church has found it easier to turn the pagan Carnaval in a catholic tradition than to eliminate it.  Unlike today, carnival in the Middle Ages took not just a few days, but it covered almost the entire period between Christmas and the beginning of Lent. In those two months, several Catholic holidays were seized by the Catholic population as an outlet for their daily frustrations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "corpus christi"}], "question": "What was one of the festivals sanctioned by the church?", "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "European"}], "question": "Carnival was also a result of what area's folk culture?", "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many days is Jesus traditionally said to have fasted in the desert?", "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Christmas"}], "question": "What pagan midwinter festival did the church find easier to subvert than eliminate?", "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "outlet for their daily frustrations"}], "question": "Why were multiple holidays seized by the Catholic population?", "id": "57276074f1498d1400e8f71c"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, pesta karnival adalah peluang terakhir untuk dimakan dengan baik sebelum masa kekurangan makanan pada akhir musim sejuk di mana seseorang itu terhad kepada minimum yang diperlukan. Pada masa kini dipanggil vastenavond (hari-hari sebelum berpuasa) semua kedai musim sejuk yang tinggal lemak, lemak dan daging yang ditinggalkan akan dimakan, kerana ia akan segera menjadi reput dan reput. Ternakan yang terpilih telah sebenarnya telah disembelih pada bulan November dan daging itu tidak lagi boleh disimpan. Semua makanan yang selamat musim sejuk perlu dimakan untuk memastikan semua orang diberi makan cukup untuk bertahan sehingga musim bunga akan menyediakan sumber makanan baru. <> Apa arti luas? || hari-hari sebelum berpuasa <> Berapa bulan ternakan yang biasanya disembelih? || November <> Pesta karnival adalah kali terakhir untuk melakukan apa sebelum musim sejuk? || makan dengan baik <> Kenapa kedai-kedai musim luruh dan daging musim sejuk dimakan sebelum berpuasa? || ia tidak lama lagi akan merosakkan dan reput <> Mengapa karnival pesta biasanya merupakan peluang terakhir untuk dimakan dengan baik? || kekurangan makanan pada akhir musim sejuk <> Apa yang terhad pada musim sejuk? || minimum yang perlu <> Kenapa semua baki lemak, mentega dan daging yang tinggal di kawasan yang luas akan dimakan? || ia akan mula membusuk dan mereput <> Apa maksud \"luas\"? || hari-hari sebelum berpuasa) <> Bilakah sumber makanan baru boleh didapati untuk mereka yang selamat musim sejuk? || musim bunga", {"context": "Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the days before fasting"}], "question": "What does vastenavond mean?", "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "November"}], "question": "What month was the livestock typically slaughtered?", "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "eat well"}], "question": "A carnival feast is the last time to do what before winter?", "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "it would soon start to rot and decay"}], "question": "Why were the winter stores of lard and meat eaten before fasting?", "id": "57267adbf1498d1400e8e139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "food shortage at the end of the winter"}], "question": "Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?", "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "the minimum necessary"}], "question": "What was one limited to during the winter?", "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "it would soon start to rot and decay"}], "question": "Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?", "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the days before fasting)"}], "question": "What does \"vastenavond\" mean?", "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9b9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "spring"}], "question": "When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?", "id": "57275a2bdd62a815002e9ba0"}]}], ["Istilah Karnival secara tradisional digunakan di kawasan dengan kehadiran Katolik yang besar. Walau bagaimanapun, Filipina, sebuah negara yang kebanyakannya Katolik Roman, tidak lagi meraikan Karnival sejak pembubaran Karnival Manila selepas tahun 1939, karnival terakhir di negara ini. Dalam sejarah negara-negara Lutheran, sambutan itu dikenali sebagai Fastelavn, dan di kawasan yang mempunyai tumpuan tinggi Anglikan dan Methodis, perayaan pra-Lenten, bersama-sama dengan penganut peniten, berlaku pada Shrove Selasa. Di negara Ortodoks Timur, Maslenitsa disambut pada minggu lalu sebelum Great Lent. Dalam bahasa Jerman dan Belanda yang berbahasa Jerman, musim karnival secara tradisional dibuka pada 11/11 (selalunya pada 11:11 pagi). Ini bermula pada perayaan sebelum musim Advent atau dengan perayaan penuaian Hari St Martin. <> Bilakah Fastelavn berlaku? || Shrove Selasa <> Filipina berhenti merayakan Karnival selepas tahun berapa? || 1939 <> Maslenitsa dirayakan dalam apa jenis bangsa? || Ortodoks Timur <> Apakah perayaan Karnival yang dikenali di negara-negara Lutheran? || Fastelavn <> Bilakah Karnival biasanya bermula di Belanda? || pada 11/11 <> Istilah Karnival sangat umum di kawasan dengan kehadiran besar di mana mazhab agama? || Katolik <> Negara mana yang tidak lagi meraikan Karnival? || Filipina <> Karnival Manila dibubarkan selepas tahun apa? || 1939 <> Apakah Karnival yang dikenali di negara-negara yang kebanyakannya Lutheran? || Fastelavn <> Apa nama perayaan yang disambut di negara-negara Ortodoks Timur pada minggu lalu sebelum Great Lent? || Maslenitsa", {"context": "The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Shrove Tuesday"}], "question": "When does Fastelavn occur?", "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "1939"}], "question": "The Philippines stopped celebrating Carnival after what year? ", "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Eastern Orthodox"}], "question": "Maslenitsa is celebrated in what type of nation?", "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Fastelavn"}], "question": "What is the Carnival celebration known as in Lutheran countries?", "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "on 11/11"}], "question": "When does Carnival typically begin in the Netherlands?", "id": "57267a3ef1498d1400e8e112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?", "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the Philippines"}], "question": "What country no longer celebrates Carnival?", "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "1939"}], "question": "The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?", "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Fastelavn"}], "question": "What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?", "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Maslenitsa"}], "question": "What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?", "id": "5727594add62a815002e9b86"}]}], ["Walaupun pertandingan dan pertandingan abad pertengahan seperti Corpus Christi adalah sanctioned gereja, Karnival juga merupakan manifestasi budaya kaum zaman pertengahan. Banyak adat karnival tempatan yang diklaim berasal dari ritual pra-Kristian setempat, seperti upacara rumit yang melibatkan tokoh bertopeng di Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht. Walau bagaimanapun, bukti tidak mencukupi untuk menubuhkan asal terus dari Saturnalia atau perayaan kuno lain. Tiada akaun lengkap mengenai Saturnalia yang masih hidup dan ciri-ciri yang dikongsi bersama dalam perayaan, pembalikan peranan, kesetaraan sosial sementara, topeng dan pemecahan peraturan yang dibenarkan tidak semestinya menjadi perayaan yang koheren atau menghubungkan perayaan-perayaan ini. Kesamaan ini mungkin mewakili takungan sumber budaya yang boleh merangkumi banyak makna dan fungsi. Contohnya, Easter bermula dengan kebangkitan Yesus, diikuti dengan tempoh liminal dan berakhir dengan kelahiran semula. Karnival membalikkan ini sebagai Karnival Raja datang untuk hidup, tempoh liminal berikut sebelum kematiannya. Kedua-dua perayaan ini dikira oleh kalendar lunar. Kedua-dua Karnival Isa dan Raja mungkin dilihat sebagai tokoh-tokoh yang memberi hadiah kepada orang-orang dengan kematian mereka. Dalam kes Yesus, hadiah itu adalah kehidupan kekal di syurga dan dalam kes Karnival Raja, pengakuan bahawa kematian adalah bahagian penting dalam kitaran hidup. Selain Kristian anti-Yahudi, persamaan antara gereja dan upacara Karnival dan imejan menunjukkan akar yang sama. Semangat Kristus sendiri sangat mengejutkan: Sejak Kristian awal Kristian digambarkan sebagai korban penghakiman ringkasan, disiksa dan dieksekusi oleh orang Roma sebelum orang Yahudi (\"darah-Nya ada pada kita dan pada anak-anak kita!\" Matius 27: 24-25). Perarakan Minggu Suci di Sepanyol termasuk orang ramai yang menghina tokoh Yesus. Ketakutan, parodi, degradasi dan ketawa pada patung tragikomik Tuhan dapat dilihat sebagai penguatan perintah suci. Pada tahun 1466, Gereja Katolik di bawah Paus Paul II membebaskan adat istiadat Karnival Saturnalia: Orang-orang Yahudi terpaksa berlumba dengan telanjang melalui jalan-jalan kota Rom. \"Sebelum mereka berlari, orang Yahudi banyak diberi makan, supaya bangsa itu lebih sukar bagi mereka dan pada masa yang sama lebih menghiburkan untuk penonton. Mereka berlari-lari ... di tengah-tengah teriakan Rome dan bergelora ketawa, sementara Bapa Suci berdiri di atas balkoni yang sangat dihiasi dan tertawa dengan penuh perasaan \", seorang saksi mata. <> Apa yang tidak mencukupi untuk mewujudkan asal langsung daripada perayaan kuno kepada Karnival? || bukti <> Perayaan apa yang tidak mempunyai akaun lengkap yang menerangkan hidup? || Saturnalia <> Bagaimana karnival Isa dan Raja membuat hadiah kepada rakyat? || dengan kematian mereka <> Apa karunia King Carnival? || pengakuan bahawa kematian adalah bahagian penting dari kitaran kehidupan <> Siapa yang terpaksa berlumba dengan telanjang melalui jalan-jalan Rom oleh Paus Paulus II? || Yahudi", {"context": "While medieval pageants and festivals such as Corpus Christi were church-sanctioned, Carnival was also a manifestation of medieval folk culture. Many local Carnival customs are claimed to derive from local pre-Christian rituals, such as elaborate rites involving masked figures in the Swabian\u2013Alemannic Fastnacht. However, evidence is insufficient to establish a direct origin from Saturnalia or other ancient festivals. No complete accounts of Saturnalia survive and the shared features of feasting, role reversals, temporary social equality, masks and permitted rule-breaking do not necessarily constitute a coherent festival or link these festivals. These similarities may represent a reservoir of cultural resources that can embody multiple meanings and functions. For example, Easter begins with the resurrection of Jesus, followed by a liminal period and ends with rebirth. Carnival reverses this as King Carnival comes to life, a liminal period follows before his death. Both feasts are calculated by the lunar calendar. Both Jesus and King Carnival may be seen as expiatory figures who make a gift to the people with their deaths. In the case of Jesus, the gift is eternal life in heaven and in the case of King Carnival, the acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life. Besides Christian anti-Judaism, the commonalities between church and Carnival rituals and imagery suggest a common root. Christ's passion is itself grotesque: Since early Christianity Christ is figured as the victim of summary judgement, is tortured and executed by Romans before a Jewish mob (\"His blood is on us and on our children!\" Matthew 27:24\u201325). Holy Week processions in Spain include crowds who vociferously insult the figure of Jesus. Irreverence, parody, degradation and laughter at a tragicomic effigy God can be seen as intensifications of the sacred order. In 1466, the Catholic Church under Pope Paul II revieved customs of the Saturnalia carnival: Jews were forced to race naked through the streets of the city of Rome. \u201cBefore they were to run, the Jews were richly fed, so as to make the race more difficult for them and at the same time more amusing for spectators. They ran\u2026 amid Rome\u2019s taunting shrieks and peals of laughter, while the Holy Father stood upon a richly ornamented balcony and laughed heartily\u201d, an eyewitness reports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "evidence"}], "question": "What is insufficient to establish a direct origin from ancient festivals to Carnival?", "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f76e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Saturnalia"}], "question": "What festival did no complete accounts describing survive?", "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f76f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "with their deaths"}], "question": "How do both Jesus and King Carnival make a gift to the people?", "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1234, "text": "acknowledgement that death is a necessary part of the cycle of life"}], "question": "What is the gift of King Carnival?", "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1968, "text": "Jews"}], "question": "Who was forced to race naked through the streets of Rom by Pope Paul II?", "id": "57276669f1498d1400e8f772"}]}], ["Karnival telah dirayakan selama berabad-abad. Tradisi itu mungkin ditubuhkan di bawah pemerintahan Venetia pada abad ke-16. Ia mungkin telah dipengaruhi oleh tradisi Yunani, seperti perayaan untuk dewa-dewa seperti Dionysus. Sambutan itu pada asalnya melibatkan pakaian dalam pakaian dan memegang bola bertopeng atau berkunjung ke kawan-kawan. Pada abad ke-20 ia menjadi acara terorganisir yang diadakan selama 10 hari sebelum Kementrian (menurut kalendar Ortodoks Yunani). Perayaan ini disambut hampir secara eksklusif di bandar Limassol. <> Berapa lama telah dirayakan Karnival? || berabad-abad <> Di bawah pemerintahannya Carnival ditubuhkan pada abad ke-16? || Venetian <> Dionysus adalah dewa yang tradisinya? || Greek <> Dalam abad apa Karnival menjadi acara teratur? || dua puluh <> Apa bandar raya meraikan Karnival secara eksklusif? || Limassol", {"context": "Carnival has been celebrated for centuries. The tradition was likely established under Venetian rule around the 16th century. It may have been influenced by Greek traditions, such as festivities for deities such as Dionysus. The celebration originally involved dressing in costumes and holding masked balls or visiting friends. In the twentieth century it became an organized event held during the 10 days preceding Lent (according to the Greek Orthodox calendar). The festival is celebrated almost exclusively in the city of Limassol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "centuries"}], "question": "How long has Carnival been celebrated?", "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Venetian"}], "question": "Under whose rule was Carnival established in the 16th century?", "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "Dionysus was a deity in whose tradition? ", "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "twentieth"}], "question": "In what century did the Carnival become an organized event?", "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Limassol"}], "question": "What city almost exclusively celebrates the Carnival?", "id": "57277618dd62a815002e9d72"}]}], ["Tiga perarakan utama berlaku semasa Karnival. Yang pertama diadakan pada hari pertama, di mana \"Karnival Raja\" (sama ada seseorang dalam kostum atau effigy) menunggang bandar di atas keretanya. Yang kedua diadakan pada hari Ahad pertama perayaan dan para peserta adalah anak-anak. Yang ketiga dan terbesar berlaku pada hari terakhir Karnival dan melibatkan beratus-ratus orang yang berjalan di kostum di sepanjang jalan terpanjang di bandar itu. Dua perarakan yang terakhir terbuka kepada siapa saja yang ingin menyertai. <> Berapa banyak perarakan yang berlaku semasa Karnival? || Tiga <> Siapa yang melayari bandar di atas kereta? || \"Carnival King <> Antara perayaan yang terdiri daripada peserta yang kebanyakannya kanak-kanak? || Yang kedua <> Apa yang orang berjalan di sepanjang jalan terpanjang di bandar? || kostum <> Siapa dua parade terakhir terbuka untuk penyertaan oleh? || sesiapa yang ingin menyertai", {"context": "Three main parades take place during Carnival. The first is held on the first day, during which the \"Carnival King\" (either a person in costume or an effigy) rides through the city on his carriage. The second is held on the first Sunday of the festival and the participants are mainly children. The third and largest takes place on the last day of Carnival and involves hundreds of people walking in costume along the town's longest avenue. The latter two parades are open to anyone who wishes to participate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many parades take place during Carnival?", "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "the \"Carnival King"}], "question": "Who rides through the city on a carriage?", "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "The second"}], "question": "Which of the festivals is comprised of participants who are mainly children?", "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "costume"}], "question": "What do people walk along the town's longest avenue in?", "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "anyone who wishes to participate"}], "question": "Who are the last two parades open for participation by?", "id": "572779e05951b619008f8ac5"}]}], ["Karnival Malmedy dipanggil tempatan Cwarm\u00ea. Walaupun Malmedy terletak di Belgium timur, berhampiran dengan kawasan berbahasa Jerman, Cwarm\u00ea adalah walloon tulen dan karnaval Latin. Perayaan ini berlangsung selama 4 hari sebelum Shrove Tuesday. The Sunday Cwarm\u00ea adalah yang paling penting dan insteresting untuk dilihat. Semua perarakan pakaian tradisional lama di jalanan. The Cwarm\u00ea adalah \"karnival jalanan\" dan bukan hanya perarakan. Orang yang menyamar menyeberang kerumunan dan melakukan sebahagian daripada kostum tradisional yang mereka pakai. Kostum tradisional yang terkenal di Cwarm\u00ea of Malmedy adalah Hagu\u00e8te, Longu\u00e8s-Br\u00e8sses dan Long-N\u00e9. <> Karnival siapa yang dikenali sebagai Cwarm\u00ea? || Malmedy <> Walaupun terletak di Belgium Timur, Karnival Malmedy hanya semata-mata untuk kawasan apa? || Latin <> Berapa hari pesta Malmedy berlaku sebelum Shrove Selasa? || 4 <> Di mana semua kostum tradisional boleh dilihat di hari Ahad? || di jalan <> Apa yang disamarkan oleh orang-orang menyamar sepanjang perayaan? || orang ramai", {"context": "The Carnival of Malmedy is locally called Cwarm\u00ea. Even if Malmedy is located in the east Belgium, near the German-speaking area, the Cwarm\u00ea is a pure walloon and Latin carnival. The celebration takes place during 4 days before the Shrove Tuesday. The Cwarm\u00ea Sunday is the most important and insteresting to see. All the old traditional costumes parade in the street. The Cwarm\u00ea is a \"street carnival\" and is not only a parade. People who are disguised pass through the crowd and perform a part of the traditional costume they wear. The famous traditional costumes at the Cwarm\u00ea of Malmedy are the Hagu\u00e8te, the Longu\u00e8s-Br\u00e8sses and the Long-N\u00e9.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Malmedy"}], "question": "Whose Carnival is known local as Cwarm\u00ea?", "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "Despite being located in East Belgium, Malmedy's Carnival harks purely to what area?", "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "4"}], "question": "How many days does Malmedy's festival take place before Shrove Tuesday?", "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "in the street"}], "question": "Where can all the traditional costumes be seen parading on the Sunday of the festival?", "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "the crowd"}], "question": "What do disguised people pass through during the festival?", "id": "57276b96dd62a815002e9c98"}]}], ["Karnival \"Rheinische\" diadakan di barat Jerman, terutamanya di negara-negara Rhine-Westphalia Utara atau Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate atau Rheinland-Pfalz, tetapi juga di Hessen [termasuk Oberhessen], Bavaria dan negara-negara lain. Sesetengah bandar lebih terkenal dengan perayaan seperti parade dan bola kostum. Karnival K\u00f6ln atau Cologne, serta Mainz dan D\u00fcsseldorf adalah yang terbesar dan paling terkenal. Bandar-bandar lain mempunyai perayaan, perarakan dan pesta yang sering kurang terkenal seperti Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg dan M\u00fcnchen [Munich] N\u00fcrnberg. Pada Karnival Khamis (dipanggil \"Hari Wanita Lama\" atau \"Hari Wanita\") dalam peringatan pemberontakan 1824 oleh wanita penyuci, wanita ribut bandar, memotong hubungan lelaki, dan dibenarkan untuk mencium mana-mana lelaki yang berlalu. <> Karnival mana yang diadakan di barat Jerman? || The \"Rheinische\" <> Cologne Carnival adalah salah satu Carnivals terbesar dan juga yang paling apa? || terkenal <> Apa yang biasa dikenali sebagai Hari Wanita Lama? || N\u00fcrnberg. Pada Karnival Khamis <> Siapa yang memberontak pada tahun 1824? || wanita penyuci <> Apakah wanita yang melayan dewan bandar yang dibenarkan untuk melakukan apa-apa? || cium", {"context": "The \"Rheinische\" Carnival is held in the west of Germany, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia or Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rhineland Palatinate or Rheinland-Pfalz, but also in Hessen [including Oberhessen], Bavaria and other states. Some cities are more famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. K\u00f6ln or Cologne Carnival, as well as Mainz and D\u00fcsseldorf are the largest and most famous. Other cities have their own, often less well-known celebrations, parades and parties such as Worms am Rhein, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Frankfurt, Darmstadt, Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, Stuttgart, Augsburg and M\u00fcnchen [Munich] N\u00fcrnberg. On Carnival Thursday (called \"Old Women Day\" or \"The Women's Day\") in commemoration of an 1824 revolt by washer-women, women storm city halls, cut men's ties, and are allowed to kiss any passing man.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"Rheinische\""}], "question": "Which Carnival is held in Germany's west?", "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "famous"}], "question": "Cologne Carnival is one of the largest Carnivals and also is the most what?", "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "N\u00fcrnberg. On Carnival Thursday"}], "question": "What is colloquially known as Old Women Day?", "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "washer-women"}], "question": "Who revolted in 1824?", "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "kiss"}], "question": "What are the women who stormy city halls allowed to do to any passing man?", "id": "57277bf6f1498d1400e8f970"}]}], ["Sesetengah bandar raya Belgium memegang Karnival semasa Kusta. Salah satu yang paling terkenal ialah Stavelot, di mana Karnival de la Laetare berlaku pada Laetare Ahad, Ahad keempat dari Lent. Para peserta termasuk Blancs-Moussis, yang berpakaian putih, membawa hidung merah panjang dan perarakan melalui penyerang bandar menyerang dengan confetti dan paha babi kering. Pekan Halle juga meraikan Laetare Ahad. Perbarisan tertua di Belgium ialah Karnival Parade of Maaseik, yang juga diadakan pada hari Laetare Ahad, yang berasal dari tahun 1865. <> Apa yang dipertahankan oleh bandar-bandar di Belgia semasa Perang? || Karnival <Karnival apa yang berlaku di Laetare Ahad? || Karnival de la Laetare <> Apa kumpulan penyerang yang menyerang dengan confetti dan pundi kencing kering? || Blancs-Moussis <> Hari apa kota Halle terlibat dalam sambutannya? || Laetare Ahad <> Apa nama parade tertua di Belgium? || Karnival Parade Maaseik", {"context": "Some Belgian cities hold Carnivals during Lent. One of the best-known is Stavelot, where the Carnival de la Laetare takes place on Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of Lent. The participants include the Blancs-Moussis, who dress in white, carry long red noses and parade through town attacking bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders. The town of Halle also celebrates on Laetare Sunday. Belgium's oldest parade is the Carnival Parade of Maaseik, also held on Laetare Sunday, which originated in 1865.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Carnivals"}], "question": "What do some Belgian cities hold during Lent?", "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the Carnival de la Laetare"}], "question": "What Carnival takes place on Laetare Sunday?", "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Blancs-Moussis"}], "question": "What group of participants attack bystanders with confetti and dried pig bladders?", "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Laetare Sunday"}], "question": "What day does the town of Halle engage in its celebration?", "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Carnival Parade of Maaseik"}], "question": "What's the name of Belgium's oldest parade? ", "id": "572774e65951b619008f8a5f"}]}], ["Banyak bandar di rantau Kvarner di Croatia (dan di bahagian lain negara) memelihara tempoh Karnival, menggabungkan tradisi tempatan dan meraikan budaya tempatan. Sebelum Karnival berakhir, setiap bandar Kvarner membakar boneka lelaki seperti \"Jure Pi\u0161kanac\", yang dipersalahkan untuk semua perselisihan tahun sebelumnya. The Zvon\u010dari, atau bell-ringers, memakai loceng dan pakaian kepala besar yang mewakili kawasan asal mereka (contohnya, orang-orang dari Halubje memakai pakaian dalam bentuk kepala hewan). Makanan tradisional Karnival adalah fritule, pastri. Perayaan ini juga boleh dipanggil Poklade. <> Banyak bandar di kawasan Croatia yang memerhatikan tempoh Karnival? || Kvarner <> Apa setiap bandar Kvarner dibakar sebelum penghujung Karnival? || anak patung seperti manusia <> Siapa yang dipersalahkan untuk semua perselisihan tahun sebelumnya? || Jure Pi\u0161kanac <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh kepala kepala para pemateri? || kawasan asal mereka <> Apakah makanan karnival tradisional? || fritule", {"context": "Many towns in Croatia's Kvarner region (and in other parts of the country) observe the Carnival period, incorporating local traditions and celebrating local culture. Just before the end of Carnival, every Kvarner town burns a man-like doll called a \"Jure Pi\u0161kanac\", who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year. The Zvon\u010dari, or bell-ringers, wear bells and large head regalia representing their areas of origin (for example, those from Halubje wear regalia in the shape of animal heads). The traditional Carnival food is fritule, a pastry. This festival can also be called Poklade.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Kvarner"}], "question": "Many towns in what region of Croatia observe the Carnival period?", "id": "57277595708984140094de35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "a man-like doll"}], "question": "What does every Kvarner town burn just before the end of the Carnival?", "id": "57277595708984140094de36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Jure Pi\u0161kanac"}], "question": "Who is blamed for all the strife of the previous year?", "id": "57277595708984140094de37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "their areas of origin"}], "question": "What does the head regalia of the bell-ringers represent?", "id": "57277595708984140094de38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "fritule"}], "question": "What is the traditional Carnival food?", "id": "57277595708984140094de39"}]}], ["Di Norway, pelajar yang melihat perayaan di Paris memperkenalkan perarakan Carnival, bola bertopeng dan bola karnival ke Christiana pada tahun 1840-an dan 1850-an. Dari 1863, federasi artis kunstnerforeningen mengadakan bola karnival tahunan di pondok Freemasons lama, yang mengilhami komposisi Johan Svendsens \"Norsk Kunstnerkarneval\" dan \"Karneval di Paris\". Pada tahun berikutnya, Svendsens Festpolonaise telah ditulis untuk proses perasmian. Edvard Grieg menghadiri dan menulis \"aus dem Karneval\" (folkelivsbilleder Op 19). Sejak 1988, organisasi pelajar T\u00e5rnseilerne telah menghasilkan bola penyamaran tahunan di Oslo, dengan topeng, pakaian dan perarakan setelah menghadiri persembahan opera. Musim Karnival juga termasuk Fastelavens s\u00f8ndag (dengan krim roti) dan fastelavensris dengan cawangan yang dihiasi. <> Di manakah pelajar di Norway mula-mula melihat perayaan? || Paris <> Di mana federasi artis memegang bola tahunan mereka? || di Freemasons lama lodge <> Siapa yang menyusun lagu \"Karneval di Paris\"? || Johan Svendsens <> Organisasi apa yang telah menghasilkan bola penyamaran tahunan di Oslo sejak tahun 1988? || T\u00e5rnseilerne <> Bilakah perarakan berlaku selepas? || prestasi opera", {"context": "In Norway, students having seen celebrations in Paris introduced Carnival processions, masked balls and Carnival balls to Christiana in the 1840s and 1850s. From 1863, the artist federation kunstnerforeningen held annual Carnival balls in the old Freemasons lodge, which inspired Johan Svendsens compositions \"Norsk Kunstnerkarneval\" and \"Karneval in Paris\". The following year, Svendsens Festpolonaise was written for the opening procession. Edvard Grieg attended and wrote \"aus dem Karneval\" (folkelivsbilleder Op. 19). Since 1988, the student organization T\u00e5rnseilerne has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo, with masks, costumes and processions after attending an opera performance. The Carnival season also includes Fastelavens s\u00f8ndag (with cream buns) and fastelavensris with decorated branches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did students in Norway originally see the celebrations?", "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "in the old Freemasons lodge"}], "question": "Where did the artist federation hold their annual balls?", "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Johan Svendsens"}], "question": "Who composed the song \"Karneval in Paris\"?", "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "T\u00e5rnseilerne"}], "question": "What organization has produced annual masquerade balls in Oslo since 1988?", "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "an opera performance"}], "question": "When do the processions occur after?", "id": "57277b0fdd62a815002e9e1c"}]}], ["Di India Karnival dirayakan hanya dalam keadaan Goa dan tradisi Katolik Roman, di mana ia dikenali sebagai Intruz yang bermaksud penipu semasa Entrudo, kata yang sesuai dalam bahasa Portugis untuk Karnival. Perayaan terbesar berlaku di bandar Panjim yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Velha Conquista, Goa, tetapi kini meraikan seluruh negeri. Tradisi ini diperkenalkan oleh Portugis yang memerintah Goa selama lebih dari empat abad. Pada hari Selasa sebelum Ash Wednesday, Tradisi Lemak Eropah pada hari Selasa dirayakan dengan makan makanan crepes yang juga dikenali sebagai \"AleBelle.\" Krim ini dipenuhi dengan kelapa segar dan kelapa panas yang dipeluwap yang secara berurutan mengubahnya menjadi molase manis coklat dan kepekatan haba tambahan menguatkannya kepada jaggery. Perayaan karnival puncak selama tiga hari dan malam dan mendahului Ash Wednesday. Apabila Raja Momo yang legenda mengambil alih negeri ini. Perarakan sepanjang malam berlaku di seluruh negeri dengan band, tarian dan terapung dan bola besar diadakan pada waktu malam. <> Apakah satu-satunya negeri di India di mana Karnival dirayakan? || Goa <> Apa maksud perkataan \"Intruz\" India? || penipu <> Perayaan Karnival terbesar yang berlaku di mana bandar? || Panjim <> Apa yang dimakan pada Lemak Selasa untuk mengambil bahagian dalam perayaan? || crepes <> Apa yang raja legenda akhirnya mengambil alih negeri ini? || Momo", {"context": "In India, Carnival is celebrated only in the state of Goa and a Roman Catholic tradition, where it is known as Intruz which means swindler while Entrudo, the appropriate word in Portuguese for Carnival. The largest celebration takes place in the city of Panjim which was part of Velha Conquista, Goa, but now is celebrate throughout the state. The tradition was introduced by the Portuguese who ruled Goa for over four centuries. On Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday, the European Tradition of Fat Tuesday is celebrated with the partaking of eating of crepes also called as \"AleBelle.\" The crepes are filled with freshly grated coconut and heat condensed coconut sap that sequentially converts it into a brown sweet molasses and additional heat concentration solidifies it to jaggery. The celebrations of Carnival peak for three days and nights and precede Ash Wednesday. When the legendary King Momo takes over the state. All-night parades occur throughout the state with bands, dances and floats and grand balls are held in the evenings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Goa"}], "question": "What is the only state in India in which Carnival is celebrated?", "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f79e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "swindler"}], "question": "What does the Indian word \"Intruz\" mean?", "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f79f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Panjim"}], "question": "The largest Carnival celebration takes place in which city?", "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "crepes"}], "question": "What is eaten on Fat Tuesday to partake in the celebration?", "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "Momo"}], "question": "What legendary king eventually takes over the state?", "id": "57276a08f1498d1400e8f7a2"}]}], ["Karnival diperkenalkan oleh peneroka Portugis. Perayaan ini disambut di sembilan kepulauan kepulauan kepulauan itu. Di Mindelo, kumpulan S\u00e3o Vicente menantang satu sama lain untuk hadiah tahunan. Ia telah mengimport pelbagai tradisi Karnival Brazil. Perayaan di S\u00e3oNicolau adalah lebih tradisional, di mana kumpulan-kumpulan yang ditubuhkan berpindah melalui Ribeira Brava, berkumpul di dataran bandar, walaupun ia telah menggunakan drum, terapung dan pakaian dari Brazil. Di dalam tiga kumpulan S\u00e3o Nicolau, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul dan Brilho Da Zona membina terapung dicat menggunakan api, akhbar untuk acuan, besi dan keluli untuk struktur. Karnival S\u00e3o Nicolau dirayakan selama tiga hari: fajar Sabtu, Ahad petang, dan Selasa. <> Kebangsaan apakah peneroka yang memperkenalkan Karnival? || Portugis <> Berapa banyak pulau yang dihuni Karnival dirayakan? || sembilan <> Tiga kumpulan di S\u00e3o Nicolau menggunakan api dalam pembinaan apa pengangkutan? || a float dicat <> Apa kumpulan di Mindelo saling mencabar? || hadiah tahunan <> Berapa banyak hari Karnival S\u00e3o Nicolau dirayakan? || tiga", {"context": "Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, S\u00e3o Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in S\u00e3oNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In S\u00e3o Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival S\u00e3o Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?", "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?", "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "a painted float"}], "question": "Three groups in S\u00e3o Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? ", "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "a yearly prize"}], "question": "What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?", "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "three"}], "question": "Over how many days is S\u00e3o Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? ", "id": "572768c8dd62a815002e9c66"}]}], ["Beberapa tradisi yang paling terkenal, termasuk perarakan-perebutan dan bola penyamaran, mula-mula direkodkan pada zaman pertengahan di Itali. Karnival Venice adalah, untuk masa yang lama, karnival yang paling terkenal (walaupun Napoleon memansuhkannya pada 1797 dan hanya pada tahun 1979 adalah tradisi dipulihkan). Dari Itali, tradisi Carnival merebak ke Sepanyol, Portugal dan Perancis dan dari Perancis ke New France di Amerika Utara. Dari Sepanyol dan Portugal ia menyebar dengan penjajahan ke Caribbean dan Amerika Latin. Pada awal abad ke-19 di Rhineland Jerman dan Belanda Selatan, tradisi zaman pertengahan yang lemah juga turut pulih. Secara berterusan pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, sebagai sebahagian daripada penyalahgunaan tahunan Saturnalia karnival di Rom, rabbis ghetto terpaksa berarak melalui jalan-jalan di bandar yang memakai nama bodoh, dipermalukan dan dilanggar oleh pelbagai peluru berpandu dari orang ramai . Petisyen komuniti Yahudi Roma dihantar pada 1836 kepada Paus Gregorius XVI untuk menghentikan penyalahgunaan tahunan Saturnalia anti-semitik mendapat penolakan: \"Tidaklah wajar untuk membuat sebarang inovasi.\" <> Di mana beberapa tradisi yang paling terkenal pertama dirakam? || Itali <> Karnival apa bandar yang paling terkenal untuk masa yang lama? || Venice <> Apakah tempat pertama di Amerika Utara dengan tradisi Karnival? || New France <> Apakah rabi dari ghetto terpaksa berarak melalui jalan-jalan bandar yang memakai? || yang bodoh <> Yang menolak petisyen komuniti Yahudi untuk menghentikan penyalahgunaannya? || Pope Gregory XVI", {"context": "Some of the best-known traditions, including carnal parades and masquerade balls, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice was, for a long time, the most famous carnival (although Napoleon abolished it in 1797 and only in 1979 was the tradition restored). From Italy, Carnival traditions spread to Spain, Portugal and France and from France to New France in North America. From Spain and Portugal it spread with colonization to the Caribbean and Latin America. In the early 19th century in the German Rhineland and Southern Netherlands, the weakened medieval tradition also revive. Continuously in the 18th and 19th centuries CE, as part of the annual Saturnalia abuse of the carnival in Rome, rabbis of the ghetto were forced to march through the city streets wearing foolish guise, jeered upon and pelted by a variety of missiles from the crowd. A petition of the Jewish community of Rome sent in 1836 to Pope Gregory XVI to stop the annual anti-semitic Saturnalia abuse got a negation: \u201cIt is not opportune to make any innovation.\u201d", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Where were some of the best-known traditions first recorded?", "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Venice"}], "question": "What city's carnival was the most famous for a long time?", "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "New France"}], "question": "What was the first place in North America with a Carnival tradition?", "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "foolish guise"}], "question": "What were rabbis from the ghettos forced to march through the city streets wearing?", "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 928, "text": "Pope Gregory XVI"}], "question": "Who dismissed the petition of the Jewish community to stop the abuse of them?", "id": "572767ee5951b619008f897f"}]}], ["Karnival di Belanda dipanggil Carnaval, Vastenavond atau Vastelaovend (j), dan paling terkenal di rantau Katolik tradisi, terutamanya wilayah selatan Brabant Utara dan Limburg. Carnaval Belanda secara rasmi diraikan pada hari Ahad hingga Selasa sebelum Ash Wednesday. Walaupun tradisi bervariasi dari bandar ke bandar, beberapa ciri umum Carnaval Belanda termasuk perarakan, \"putera\" ditambah cort\u00e8ge (\"Jester / adjutant dan Majlis 11\"), Perkahwinan Petani (boerenbruiloft) pada hari Rabu Ash. <> Dalam apa wilayah-wilayah yang Karnival yang dirayakan di Belanda? || selatan <> Belanda Carnaval dirayakan sehingga hari Rabu? || Ash <> Apa yang berbeza dari bandar ke bandar mengenai Karnival? || tradisi <> Apa yang dimakan pada hari Rabu Ash? || herring <> Apakah Belanda untuk \"Perkahwinan Petani\"? || boerenbruiloft", {"context": "Carnival in the Netherlands is called Carnaval, Vastenavond or Vastelaovend(j), and is most celebrated in traditionally Catholic regions, mainly the southern provinces North Brabant and Limburg. Dutch Carnaval is officially celebrated on the Sunday through Tuesday preceding Ash Wednesday. Although traditions vary from town to town, some common characteristics of Dutch Carnaval include a parade, a \"prince\" plus cort\u00e8ge (\"Jester/adjutant and Council of 11\"), a Peasant Wedding (boerenbruiloft), and eating herring (haring happen) on Ash Wednesday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "southern"}], "question": "In what provinces is the Carnival mainly celebrated in the Netherlands?", "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Ash"}], "question": "Dutch Carnaval is celebrated until which Wednesday?", "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "traditions"}], "question": "What vary from town to town in regards to the Carnival?", "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "herring"}], "question": "What is consumed on Ash Wednesday?", "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "boerenbruiloft"}], "question": "What is dutch for \"Peasant Wedding\"?", "id": "57277e4edd62a815002e9eb8"}]}], ["Desa pedalaman Slovenia memaparkan pelbagai kumpulan tersamar dan watak-watak individu di mana yang paling popular dan ciri adalah Kurent (jamak: Kurenti), angka besar dan jahat, tetapi fleksibel. Perayaan yang paling penting diadakan di Ptuj (lihat: Kurentovanje). Ciri khasnya ialah Kuren itu sendiri, makhluk-makhluk ajaib dari dunia lain, yang melawat peristiwa utama di seluruh negara, cuba menghalau musim sejuk dan mengumumkan kedatangan musim bunga, kesuburan, dan kehidupan baru dengan bunyi dan menari. Asal-usul kuren adalah misteri, dan tidak banyak diketahui zaman, kepercayaan, atau tujuan yang berkaitan dengan penampilan pertamanya. Asal nama itu sendiri tidak jelas. <> Apa kawasan desa mempunyai banyak kumpulan dan individu yang menyamar? || Bahasa Slovenia <> Kurent sangat hebat dan setan, tetapi juga apa? || berbulu <> Di mana festival Slovenia yang paling penting diadakan? || Ptuj <> Siapa makhluk ajaib dari dunia lain? || Kursi <> Apa yang Kuren cuba menghalau? || musim sejuk", {"context": "The Slovenian countryside displays a variety of disguised groups and individual characters among which the most popular and characteristic is the Kurent (plural: Kurenti), a monstrous and demon-like, but fluffy figure. The most significant festival is held in Ptuj (see: Kurentovanje). Its special feature are the Kurents themselves, magical creatures from another world, who visit major events throughout the country, trying to banish the winter and announce spring's arrival, fertility, and new life with noise and dancing. The origin of the Kurent is a mystery, and not much is known of the times, beliefs, or purposes connected with its first appearance. The origin of the name itself is obscure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Slovenian"}], "question": "What countryside has multiple groups and individuals in disguise?", "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "fluffy"}], "question": "Kurent is monstrous and demon-like, but also what?", "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Ptuj"}], "question": "Where is the most significant Slovenian festival held?", "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "the Kurents"}], "question": "Who are magical creatures from another world?", "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "winter"}], "question": "What do the Kurents try to banish?", "id": "57277f9d5951b619008f8b6b"}]}], ["Kumpulan yang paling terkenal adalah chirigotas, koir dan comparsas. The chirigotas adalah kumpulan terkenal yang lucu, satirik yang menyanyi tentang politik, masa baru dan topik isi rumah, memakai pakaian yang sama, yang mereka persiapkan untuk sepanjang tahun. The Choirs (coros) adalah kumpulan yang lebih luas yang memasuki kereta terbuka melalui jalan-jalan menyanyi dengan orkestra gitar dan seruling. Sekeping tandatangan mereka adalah \"Karnaval Tango\", bergantian pulihkan yang lucu dan serius. Comparsas adalah rakan kongsi serius chirigota di Cadiz, dan lirik puitis dan kritikan adalah bahan utama mereka. Mereka mempunyai polyphony yang lebih terperinci yang mudah dikenali oleh suara countertenor biasa. <> The chirigotas, choirs dan comparsas adalah yang paling terkenal? || kumpulan <> Apa yang menyanyikan chirigotas? || politik, masa baru dan topik isi rumah <> Berapa lamakah masa untuk chirigota untuk menyediakan pakaian mereka? || sepanjang tahun <> Kumpulan mana yang menunggang di dalam kereta terbuka melalui jalan-jalan? || The Choirs <> Siapa yang mempunyai polyphony yang paling rumit? || Comparsas", {"context": "The most famous groups are the chirigotas, choirs and comparsas. The chirigotas are well known witty, satiric popular groups who sing about politics, new times and household topics, wearing the same costume, which they prepare for the whole year. The Choirs (coros) are wider groups that go on open carts through the streets singing with an orchestra of guitars and lutes. Their signature piece is the \"Carnival Tango\", alternating comical and serious repertory. The comparsas are the serious counterpart of the chirigota in C\u00e1diz, and the poetic lyrics and the criticism are their main ingredients. They have a more elaborated polyphony that is easily recognizable by the typical countertenor voice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "groups"}], "question": "The chirigotas, choirs and comparsas are the most famous of what?", "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "politics, new times and household topics"}], "question": "What do the chirigotas sing about?", "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9edf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the whole year"}], "question": "How long does it take for a chirigota to prepare their costume?", "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "The Choirs"}], "question": "Which group rides around in open carts through the streets?", "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "The comparsas"}], "question": "Who has the most elaborated polyphony?", "id": "57278033dd62a815002e9ee2"}]}], ["Di Karnival Yunani juga dikenali sebagai Apokri\u00e9s (Greek: \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2, \"mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepada daging\"), atau musim \"Pembukaan Triodion\", dinamakan selepas buku liturgi yang digunakan oleh gereja dari masa itu hingga Minggu Suci. Salah satu titik tertinggi musim ialah Tsiknopempti, ketika para perayaan menikmati makan malam daging panggang; upacara itu diulangi hari Ahad berikutnya. Minggu berikutnya, yang terakhir sebelum dipinjamkan, dipanggil Tyrin\u0113 (Greek: \u03a4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae, \"keju [minggu]\") kerana daging dilarang, walaupun produk tenusu tidak. Lent bermula pada \"Isnin Bersih\", hari selepas \"Keju Ahad\". Sepanjang musim Karnival, orang menyamar sebagai maskarad (\"penyamar\") dan terlibat dalam pranks dan revelry. <> Apakah Karnival Yunani juga dipanggil? || Apokri\u00e9s <> Apa pembukaan Triodion berasal? || buku liturgi yang digunakan oleh gereja <> Apa salah satu titik perayaan musim perayaan? || Tsiknopempti <> Apa jenis makan malam yang diminati orang pada musim yang tinggi? || daging panggang <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang ramai selepas mereka menyamar? || pranks dan revelry", {"context": "In Greece Carnival is also known as the Apokri\u00e9s (Greek: \u0391\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03c2, \"saying goodbye to meat\"), or the season of the \"Opening of the Triodion\", so named after the liturgical book used by the church from then until Holy Week. One of the season's high points is Tsiknopempti, when celebrants enjoy roast beef dinners; the ritual is repeated the following Sunday. The following week, the last before Lent, is called Tyrin\u0113 (Greek: \u03a4\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae, \"cheese [week]\") because meat is forbidden, although dairy products are not. Lent begins on \"Clean Monday\", the day after \"Cheese Sunday\". Throughout the Carnival season, people disguise themselves as maskar\u00e1des (\"masqueraders\") and engage in pranks and revelry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "the Apokri\u00e9s"}], "question": "What is the Greece Carnival also called?", "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "the liturgical book used by the church"}], "question": "What does the Opening of the Triodion derive from?", "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Tsiknopempti"}], "question": "What is one of the festival season's high points?", "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "roast beef"}], "question": "What types of dinners do people enjoy during the season's high point?", "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "pranks and revelry"}], "question": "What do people engage in after they've disguised themselves?", "id": "57277c965951b619008f8b2b"}]}], ["Karnival Strumica (Bahasa Macedonia: \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b, diterjemahkan Strumichki Karneval) telah diadakan sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1670, ketika penulis Turki Evlija Chelebija menulis sambil menetap di sana, \"Saya datang ke sebuah kota yang terletak di kaki bukit bukit tinggi dan apa yang saya lihat malam itu bertopeng orang yang berlari ke rumah, dengan ketawa, jeritan dan lagu. \" Karnival ini mengambil bentuk yang teratur pada tahun 1991; pada tahun 1994, Strumica menjadi ahli FECC dan pada tahun 1998 menjadi tuan rumah Kongres Antarabangsa Karnival Kongres XVIII. Karnaval Strumica dibuka pada malam Sabtu di bola bertopeng dimana Putera dan Puteri dipilih; malam Karnival utama pada hari Selasa, apabila peserta bertopeng (termasuk kumpulan dari luar negeri) bersaing dalam pelbagai mata pelajaran. Pada tahun 2000, Festival Karikatur dan Aphorisms telah diadakan sebagai sebahagian daripada perayaan Karnival Strumica. <> Berapa lama terdapat Karnival Strumica yang sedang berlaku? || sejak sekurang-kurangnya 1670 <> Apa kewarganegaraannya adalah Evlija Chelebija? || Turki <> Siapa berlari dari rumah ke rumah, ketawa, menjerit, dan bernyanyi? || orang yang bertopeng <> Hari apa yang diperhatikan pada Malam Karnival utama? || Selasa <> Tahun berapa adalah Festival Karikatur dan Aphorisms ditambah ke perayaan Karnival Strumica? || 2000", {"context": "The Strumica Carnival (Macedonian: \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b, translated Strumichki Karneval) has been held since at least 1670, when the Turkish author Evlija Chelebija wrote while staying there, \"I came into a town located in the foothills of a high hillock and what I saw that night was masked people running house\u2013to\u2013house, with laughter, scream and song.\" The Carnival took an organized form in 1991; in 1994, Strumica became a member of FECC and in 1998 hosted the XVIII International Congress of Carnival Cities. The Strumica Carnival opens on a Saturday night at a masked ball where the Prince and Princess are chosen; the main Carnival night is on Tuesday, when masked participants (including groups from abroad) compete in various subjects. As of 2000, the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms has been held as part of Strumica's Carnival celebrations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "since at least 1670"}], "question": "How long has the Strumica Carnival been going on?", "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Turkish"}], "question": "What nationality was Evlija Chelebija?", "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "masked people"}], "question": "Who ran from house to house, laughing, screaming, and singing?", "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Tuesday"}], "question": "What day is the main Carnival Night observed on?", "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "2000"}], "question": "What year was the Festival of Caricatures and Aphorisms added to Strumica's Carnival celebrations?", "id": "57277f0af1498d1400e8f9dc"}]}], ["Orang dewasa mempunyai pertempuran meringue pada tengah malam di Pla\u00e7a de les Cols bersejarah. Dalam jenis misterius Moixo Foguer (pelayaran Little-Bird-Bonfire) disertai oleh Xerraire (jabberer) yang menghina orang ramai. Di dalam prasasti Raja, dia dan selirnya mencela bandar dengan tingkah laku seksual mereka. Satu correfoc (tarian api) atau tarian Devil (Ball de diables, menampilkan tarian muda di tengah-tengah percikan api dan letupan kru ibadah ritual. Item lain termasuk lumba-lumba di jalanan, Nit dels Mascarots, panggang sosis Karaoke, xatonades, parti kanak-kanak, Vidalet, malam terakhir perjamuan, Vidalot, tarian-tarian Pasangan yang Tak Layak (Ball de Malcasats) dan King Caramel anak-anak yang perutnya besar, hidung panjang dan rambut seperti sosis panjang di selera makannya yang tidak pernah puas. < > Apa jenis peperangan yang dilakukan oleh orang dewasa pada tengah malam? || meringue <> Siapa yang melontarkan penghinaan terhadap orang ramai? || The Xerraire <> Perilaku apa yang mencela bandar? || <seksual <> Siapa yang membuat percikan api dan letupan? kru iblis <> Siapa anak-anak Raja? || Caramel", {"context": "Adults have a meringue battle at midnight at the historic Pla\u00e7a de les Cols. In the mysterious sortida del Moixo Foguer (the outing of Little-Bird-Bonfire) accompanied by the Xerraire (jabberer) who insults the crowd. In the King's precession he and his concubines scandalize the town with their sexual behavior. A correfoc (fire run) or Devil's dance (Ball de diables, features dancing youth amid the sparks and explosions of the ritual crew of devils. Other items includes bed races in the streets, the debauched Nit dels Mascarots, Karaoke sausage roasts, xatonades, the children's party, Vidalet, the last night of revelry, Vidalot, the talking-dance of the Mismatched Couples (Ball de Malcasats) and the children's King Caramel whose massive belly, long nose and sausage-like hair hint at his insatiable appetites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "meringue"}], "question": "What sort of battle do the adults have at midnight?", "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "the Xerraire"}], "question": "Who throws insults at the crowd?", "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "sexual"}], "question": "What behavior scandalizes the town?", "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "ritual crew of devils"}], "question": "Who creates sparks and explosions?", "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fabf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "Caramel"}], "question": "Who is the children's King?", "id": "572785ddf1498d1400e8fac0"}]}], ["Raja itu mengetuai tempoh yang salah di mana peraturan sosial konvensional boleh dipecah dan tingkah laku melulu digalakkan. Perayaan diadakan di udara terbuka, bermula dengan cercavila, perarakan ritual di seluruh bandar untuk memanggil semua orang untuk hadir. Rues of revelers bertopeng bersama. Pada hari Khamis Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) dirayakan, juga dikenali sebagai 'hari omelet' (el dia de la truita), coquette (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) dan omelet dimakan. Perayaan berakhir pada Ash Rabu dengan ritual pengebumian yang rumit menandakan kematian Karnival Raja, yang biasanya dibakar pada pyre dalam apa yang dipanggil pengebumian sarden (enterrament de la sardina), atau, di Vilanova, sebagai l'enterro. <> Siapa yang mengawasi tempoh tingkah laku yang melulu? || Raja <> Apa perarakan ritual melalui bandar untuk memanggil setiap orang untuk kehadiran dipanggil? || cercavila <> Fat Thursday juga dikenali sebagai hari apa? || hari omelet <> Siapa yang biasanya dibakar pada pyre? || Raja Karnival <> Apabila peraturan sosial konvensional dipecahkan? || satu tempoh yang salah", {"context": "The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The King"}], "question": "Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?", "id": "57278281708984140094df9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "cercavila"}], "question": "What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?", "id": "57278281708984140094df9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "omelette day"}], "question": "Fat Thursday is also known as what day?", "id": "57278281708984140094df9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "King Carnival"}], "question": "Who is typically burned on a pyre?", "id": "57278281708984140094df9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "a period of misrule"}], "question": "When may conventional social rules be broken?", "id": "57278281708984140094df99"}]}], ["Di Catalonia, orang berpakaian topeng dan kostum (sering di dalam kumpulan bertema) dan menganjurkan satu siri sepanjang minggu, pranks, aktiviti luar biasa seperti kaum bed, drama jalanan yang menggambarkan tokoh awam dan perarakan yang meriah untuk mengalu-alukan ketibaan Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (Karnival Raja Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia), yang dikenali dengan pelbagai tajuk termasuk el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep eternity de Cornudella (Putera Abadi Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt ), Marqu\u00e8s de la bona mamella (Marquis daripada payudara yang indah), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Bar\u00f3 de les Calaverades (Baron of Debt), dan Senyor de l'alt Pl\u00e0tan florit, dra barraquers i jurugambar saya adalah penghormatan dalt del llit (Tuhan dari Pisang Tall di Bloom, Voyeurs dan Punks dan Artis Kehormatan di atas Bed). <> Di manakah orang berpakaian topeng dan kostum? || Catalonia <> Apa yang dilancarkan sebagai sebahagian daripada perayaan? || katil <> Apakah Cantalonian untuk Putera Kekal yang Kekal? || Princep eternaba de Cornudella <> Siapa yang mempunyai payudara yang indah? || Marqu\u00e8s <> Siapa di atas katil? || Artis Kehormatan", {"context": "In Catalonia people dress in masks and costume (often in themed groups) and organize a week-long series of parties, pranks, outlandish activities such as bed races, street dramas satirizing public figures and raucous processions to welcome the arrival of Sa Majestat el Rei Carnestoltes (His Majesty King Carnival), known by various titles, including el Rei dels poca-soltes (King of the Crackpots), Princep etern de Cornudella (Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry), Duc de ximples i corrumputs (Duke of Fools and the Corrupt), Marqu\u00e8s de la bona mamella (Marquis of the lovely breast), Comte de tots els barruts (Count of the Insolent), Bar\u00f3 de les Calaverades (Baron of Nocturnal Debaucheries), and Senyor de l'alt Pl\u00e0tan florit, dels barraquers i gamberrades i artista d'honor dalt del llit (Lord of the Tall Banana in Bloom, of the Voyeurs and Punks and the Artist of Honor upon the Bed).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Catalonia"}], "question": "Where do people dress in masks and costume?", "id": "572781a9708984140094df83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "bed"}], "question": "What are raced as part of the festivities? ", "id": "572781a9708984140094df84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Princep etern de Cornudella"}], "question": "What is Cantalonian for Eternal Prince of Cuckoldry?", "id": "572781a9708984140094df85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Marqu\u00e8s"}], "question": "Who has a lovely breast?", "id": "572781a9708984140094df86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "the Artist of Honor"}], "question": "Who is upon the bed?", "id": "572781a9708984140094df87"}]}], ["Karnival Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa telah mendokumenkan sejarah dari 1790 dan merupakan salah satu yang paling kaya dalam pelbagai perbuatan dan ritualnya. Ia mengamalkan gaya purba di mana satire, badan yang menggelikan (terutamanya salib dan mempamerkan perut, hidung dan phalli) dan di atas semua, penyertaan aktif dihargai melalui cermin mata yang mesra media yang Vilanovins mengejek sebagai \"paha dan bulu \". Ia terkenal dengan Les Comparses (yang diadakan pada hari Ahad), sebuah tarian yang hancur di mana 12.000 atau lebih penari yang dianjurkan ke dalam kumpulan saingan membuang 75 ton gula-gula keras pada satu sama lain. Para wanita melindungi wajah mereka dengan Mantons de Manila (Manila selendang) tetapi mata-patches dan slings untuk patah tangan biasa pada minggu berikutnya. Vilanovins menyusun upacara yang rumit untuk kedatangan Raja Karnival yang bernama l'Arrivo yang berubah setiap tahun. Ia merangkumi perarakan pelaut dan penari yang melambangkan peristiwa semasa atau tokoh masyarakat dan khutbah satira yang sungguh-sungguh (el sermo) yang disampaikan oleh Raja sendiri. Pada Dijous Gras, kanak-kanak Vilanovin dikecualikan daripada sekolah untuk menyertai Merengada, adegan seharian makan dan bertarung dengan meringue manis, lengket. <> Karnival bandar apakah yang telah didokumenkan sejarah dari tahun 1790? || Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa <> Apa yang Vilanovins mengejek Karnival mesra media sebagai kira-kira? || \"paha dan bulu\" <> Dalam tarian apa yang dilakukan para peserta lob lebih daripada 75 ton gula-gula keras di antara satu sama lain? || Les Comparses <> Apa penari penari dalam ritual yang memperlihatkan kedatangan King Carnival? || peristiwa semasa atau tokoh awam <> Apakah nama agenda seharian makan dan bertarung dengan meringue? || Merengada", {"context": "The Carnival of Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa has documented history from 1790 and is one of the richest in the variety of its acts and rituals. It adopts an ancient style in which satire, the grotesque body (particularly cross-dressing and displays of exaggerated bellies, noses and phalli) and above all, active participation are valued over glamorous, media-friendly spectacles that Vilanovins mock as \"thighs and feathers\". It is best known for Les Comparses (held on Sunday), a tumultuous dance in which 12,000 or more dancers organized into rival groups throw 75 tons of hard candies at one other. The women protect their faces with Mantons de Manila (Manila shawls) but eye-patches and slings for broken arms are common the following week. Vilanovins organize an elaborate ritual for the arrival of King Carnival called l'Arrivo that changes every year. It includes a raucous procession of floats and dancers lampooning current events or public figures and a bitingly satiric sermon (el sermo) delivered by the King himself. On Dijous Gras, Vilanovin children are excused from school to participate in the Merengada, a day-long scene of eating and fighting with sticky, sweet meringue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Vilanova i la Geltr\u00fa"}], "question": "What city's carnival has documented history from 1790?", "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "\"thighs and feathers\""}], "question": "What do the Vilanovins mock the media friendly Carnivals as being about?", "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Les Comparses"}], "question": "In what dance do the participants lob more than 75 tons of hard candy at each other?", "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 918, "text": "current events or public figures"}], "question": "What do dancers lampoon in the ritual heralding the coming of King Carnival?", "id": "572783585951b619008f8bce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1104, "text": "Merengada"}], "question": "What's the name of the day-long agenda of eating and fighting with meringue?", "id": "572783585951b619008f8bcf"}]}], ["Kawasan-kawasan lain menjadi tuan rumah perayaan yang lebih kecil, memberi tumpuan kepada reenactment adat karneval tradisional, seperti Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (Makedonia Barat), Rethymno (Kreta) dan Xanthi (Macedonia Timur dan Thrace). Tyrnavos memegang perayaan Phallus tahunan, acara tradisional \"phallkloric\" di mana gergasi, lukisan patung-patung phallus yang dibuat dari papier mach\u00e9 sedang diarak, dan wanita diminta untuk menyentuh atau mencium. Ganjaran mereka untuk berbuat demikian adalah tembakan dari semangat alkohol tempatan yang terkenal. Setiap tahun, dari 1 hingga 8 Januari, kebanyakannya di kawasan Macedonia Barat, fiesta dan festival Karnival meletus. Yang paling terkenal adalah karnival Kastorian atau \"Ragoutsaria\" (Gr \"\u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\") [tags: Kastoria, Karnival Kastor, Ragoutsaria, \u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac]. Ia berlangsung dari 6 hingga 8 Januari dengan penyertaan massa yang diserikan oleh kumpulan tembaga, pipis, Macedonia dan grand casa. Ia adalah perayaan purba kelahiran alam semula jadi (fiestas untuk Dionysus (Dionysia) dan Kronos (Saturnalia)), yang berakhir pada hari ketiga dalam tarian di dataran abad pertengahan Ntoltso di mana kumpulan bermain pada masa yang sama. <> Siapa yang memegang perayaan Phallus tahunan? || Tyrnavos <> Apakah gubahan-gubahan yang diperbuat daripada phallus gergasi yang dibuat dengan rapi? || papier mach\u00e9 <> Apa wanita diberi ganjaran untuk mencium phallus gergasi? || pukulan semangat alkohol tempatan tsipouro yang terkenal <> Apa perayaan purba untuk? || kelahiran alam semula jadi <> Dalam apa segi persegi semua band bermain sekaligus? || Ntoltso", {"context": "Other regions host festivities of smaller extent, focused on the reenactment of traditional carnevalic customs, such as Tyrnavos (Thessaly), Kozani (West Macedonia), Rethymno (Crete) and in Xanthi (East Macedonia and Thrace). Tyrnavos holds an annual Phallus festival, a traditional \"phallkloric\" event in which giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of papier mach\u00e9 are paraded, and which women are asked to touch or kiss. Their reward for so doing is a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit. Every year, from 1 to 8 January, mostly in regions of Western Macedonia, Carnival fiestas and festivals erupt. The best known is the Kastorian Carnival or \"Ragoutsaria\" (Gr. \"\u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\") [tags: Kastoria, Kastorian Carnival, Ragoutsaria, \u03a1\u03b1\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac]. It takes place from 6 to 8 January with mass participation serenaded by brass bands, pipises, Macedonian and grand casa drums. It is an ancient celebration of nature's rebirth (fiestas for Dionysus (Dionysia) and Kronos (Saturnalia)), which ends the third day in a dance in the medieval square Ntoltso where the bands play at the same time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Tyrnavos"}], "question": "Who holds an annual Phallus festival?", "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "papier mach\u00e9"}], "question": "What are the giant, gaudily painted effigies of phalluses made of?", "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "a shot of the famous local tsipouro alcohol spirit"}], "question": "What are women rewarded with for kissing the giant phalluses?", "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "nature's rebirth"}], "question": "What is the ancient celebration for?", "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1075, "text": "Ntoltso"}], "question": "In what square do the bands all play at once?", "id": "57277db4dd62a815002e9e96"}]}], ["J'ouvert, atau \"Dirty Mas\", berlaku sebelum subuh pada Isnin (dikenali sebagai Karnival Isnin) sebelum Ash Rabu. Ini bermakna \"\" pembukaan hari \". Revelers berpakaian kostum yang mengandungi pun pada hal ehwal semasa, terutamanya peristiwa politik dan sosial.\" Lumpur bersih \"(lumpur tanah liat), cat minyak dan cat badan sudah biasa semasa J'ouvert. \"Jab-jab\" (syaitan, biru, hitam atau merah) lengkap dengan tanduk, tanduk dan ekor yang tajam. Raja dan Ratu J'ouvert dipilih, berdasarkan mesej politik / sosial mereka yang lucu. berlaku pada hari Isnin sebelum Ash Rabu? || sebelum subuh <> Apa pakaian yang dipakai oleh para pengembara tentang perkara-perkara semasa, <> Apa itu \"Clean Mud\"? || tanah <> Apa jab- jabs \"? | devils <> Bagaimana Raja dan Ratu J'ouvert dipilih? || berdasarkan mesej politik / sosial mereka yang lucu", {"context": "J'ouvert, or \"Dirty Mas\", takes place before dawn on the Monday (known as Carnival Monday) before Ash Wednesday. It means \"\"opening of the day\". Revelers dress in costumes embodying puns on current affairs, especially political and social events. \"Clean Mud\" (clay mud), oil paint and body paint are familiar during J'ouvert. A common character is \"Jab-jabs\" (devils, blue, black or red) complete with pitchfork, pointed horns and tails. A King and Queen of J'ouvert are chosen, based on their witty political/social messages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "before dawn"}], "question": "When does  Dirty Mas take place on the Monday before Ash Wednesday?", "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "current affairs,"}], "question": "What do the costumes worn by the revelers pun about?", "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "clay"}], "question": "What is \"Clean Mud\"?", "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "devils"}], "question": "What are \"jab-jabs\"?", "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "based on their witty political/social messages"}], "question": "How are the King and Queen of J'ouvert chosen?", "id": "572791e0f1498d1400e8fc6a"}]}], ["Karnival hari ini menganjurkan acara utama. Kostum penuh dipakai, lengkap dengan make-up dan cat / hiasan badan. Biasanya \"Mas Boots\" yang melengkapkan pakaian dipakai. Setiap kumpulan mempunyai persembahan kostum mereka berdasarkan tema tertentu, dan mengandungi pelbagai bahagian (beberapa yang terdiri daripada ribuan revelers) yang mencerminkan tema ini. Perarakan jalan dan pertandingan pakaian band berlangsung. The mas bands akhirnya berkumpul di Queen's Park Savannah untuk menyampaikan \"The Stage\" untuk menghakimi. Penyanyi lagu yang paling dimainkan dinobatkan sebagai King Road King atau Queen yang memperolehi hadiah wang dan biasanya merupakan kenderaan. <> Pada hari apa pakaian kostum penuh? || Karnival Selasa <> Apa yang biasanya dipakai di kaki untuk memuji kostum? || \"Mas Boots\" <> Apakah setiap kumpulan membentangkan persembahan pakaian mereka? || tema <> Apa kumpulan band akhirnya berkumpul? || Queen's Park Savannah <> Siapa yang akan dinobatkan sebagai Raja Jalan Raja atau Ratu? || Penyanyi lagu yang paling banyak dimainkan", {"context": "Carnival Tuesday hosts the main events. Full costume is worn, complete with make-up and body paint/adornment. Usually \"Mas Boots\" that complement the costumes are worn. Each band has their costume presentation based on a particular theme, and contains various sections (some consisting of thousands of revelers) that reflect these themes. The street parade and band costume competition take place. The mas bands eventually converge on the Queen's Park Savannah to pass on \"The Stage\" for judging. The singer of the most played song is crowned Road March King or Queen earning prize money and usually a vehicle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnival Tuesday"}], "question": "On what day is full costume worn?", "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "\"Mas Boots\""}], "question": "What is usually worn on the feet to compliment the costumes?", "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "theme"}], "question": "What does each band base their costume presentation on?", "id": "572797715951b619008f8e3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "the Queen's Park Savannah"}], "question": "What do the mas bands eventually converge on?", "id": "572797715951b619008f8e40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "The singer of the most played song"}], "question": "Who gets to be crowned Road March King or Queen?", "id": "572797715951b619008f8e41"}]}], ["Tarragona mempunyai salah satu rangkaian ritual yang paling lengkap di rantau ini. Peristiwa bermula dengan pembinaan tong besar dan berakhir dengan pembakarannya dengan patung Raja dan Ratu. Pada hari Sabtu, perarakan utama berlaku dengan kumpulan bertopeng, angka zoomorphic, muzik dan kumpulan perkusi, dan kumpulan dengan bunga api (syaitan, naga, lembu, naga betina). Kumpulan karnival menonjol untuk pakaian mereka yang penuh dengan keanggunan, menunjukkan contoh-contoh cemerlang kraf kain, pada parade Sabtu dan Ahad. Sekitar 5,000 orang adalah ahli kumpulan perarakan. <> Apakah peristiwa Tarragona bermula? || bangunan tong besar <> Pada hari apakah perarakan utama berlaku? || Sabtu <> Apa pakaian kumpulan Karnival yang penuh? || keanggunan <> Yang mempunyai salah satu agenda ritual yang paling lengkap? || Tarragona <> Berapa banyak orang ahli kumpulan pelbagai perarakan? || 5,000", {"context": "Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "building of a huge barrel"}], "question": "What do the events of Tarragona start with?", "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "On what day does the main parade take place?", "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "elegance"}], "question": "What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?", "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tarragona"}], "question": "Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?", "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "5,000"}], "question": "About how many people are members of the various parade groups?", "id": "57278d02f1498d1400e8fbca"}]}], ["Carnaval de Solsona berlaku di Solsona, Lleida. Ia adalah salah satu yang paling lama; acara percuma di jalanan, dan konsert malam berlangsung lebih dari seminggu. Karnival ini terkenal dengan legenda yang menjelaskan bagaimana keldai digantung di bel menara - kerana haiwan itu ingin makan rumput yang tumbuh di atas menara. Untuk meraikan legenda ini, penduduk tempatan menggantung keldai boneka di menara yang \"membesarkan\" di atas orang ramai yang teruja menggunakan pam air. Acara ini adalah yang paling penting dan berlaku pada malam Sabtu. Atas sebab ini, penduduknya dipanggil \"matarrucs\" (\"pembunuh keldai\"). <> Apakah salah satu acara percuma terpanjang di jalanan? || Carnaval de Solsona <> Berapa lama konsert malam berlalu? || lebih dari seminggu <> Apa keledai tergantung dari mengikut legenda tempatan? || bell tower <> Bagaimana keldai kencing pada orang ramai di bawah? || pam air <> Apa maksud \"matrucs\"? || pembunuh keldai", {"context": "Carnaval de Solsona takes place in Solsona, Lleida. It is one of the longest; free events in the streets, and nightly concerts run for more than a week. The Carnival is known for a legend that explains how a donkey was hung at the tower bell \u2212 because the animal wanted to eat grass that grew on the top of the tower. To celebrate this legend, locals hang a stuffed donkey at the tower that \"pisses\" above the excited crowd using a water pump. This event is the most important and takes place on Saturday night. For this reason, the inhabitants are called \"matarrucs\" (\"donkey killers\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Carnaval de Solsona"}], "question": "What is one of the longest free events in the streets?", "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "more than a week"}], "question": "How long can the nightly concerts run for?", "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "the tower bell"}], "question": "What was a donkey hung from according to local legend?", "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "water pump"}], "question": "How does the donkey piss on the crowd below?", "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "donkey killers"}], "question": "What does \"matarrucs\" mean?", "id": "57278c84dd62a815002ea022"}]}], ["Karnival merangkumi berminggu-minggu peristiwa yang membawa terapung berwarna-warni, muzik yang berdenyut-denyut menular, kumpulan-kumpulan perayaan dari segala usia, pemilihan Raja dan Ratu yang mewah, memancarkan perarakan lompatan dan lampu suluh, pagi Jouvert: Parade Kanak-kanak dan akhirnya Grand Parade. Perayaan terbesar Aruba adalah urusan selama sebulan yang terdiri daripada perayaan \"lompat\" (parade jalanan), perarakan yang hebat dan pertandingan kreatif. Kostum muzik dan flamboyan memainkan peranan utama, dari pemilihan Permaisuri ke Grand Parade. Perarakan jalan terus di pelbagai daerah sepanjang bulan, dengan jalur tembaga, drum keluli dan lagu-lagu jalan raya. Pada waktu petang sebelum Lent, Karnival berakhir dengan pembakaran simbolik Raja Momo. <> Apa yang menjejaskan sepanjang minggu peristiwa? || muzik <> Berapa lama perayaan terbesar Aruba yang terakhir? || sebulan <> Apa jenis kostum memainkan peranan utama dalam pemilihan Ratu? || flamboyan <> Apa yang berlanjutan di pelbagai daerah sepanjang bulan Karnival? || Jalan perarakan <> Bilakah ibu King dibakar secara simbolik? || Pada petang sebelum Lent", {"context": "Carnival means weeks of events that bring colourfully decorated floats, contagiously throbbing music, luxuriously costumed groups of celebrants of all ages, King and Queen elections, electrifying jump-ups and torchlight parades, the Jouvert morning: the Children's Parades and finally the Grand Parade. Aruba's biggest celebration is a month-long affair consisting of festive \"jump-ups\" (street parades), spectacular parades and creative contests. Music and flamboyant costumes play a central role, from the Queen elections to the Grand Parade. Street parades continue in various districts throughout the month, with brass band, steel drum and roadmarch tunes. On the evening before Lent, Carnival ends with the symbolic burning of King Momo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "music"}], "question": "What contagiously throbs during the week of events?", "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "a month"}], "question": "How long does Aruba's biggest celebration last?", "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "flamboyant"}], "question": "What type of costumes play a central role in the Queen elections?", "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Street parades"}], "question": "What continues in various districts throughout the month of the Carnival?", "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "On the evening before Lent"}], "question": "When is King Mom symbolically burnt?", "id": "57278dc7f1498d1400e8fbdc"}]}], ["Ciri utama ialah pertandingan calypso. Muzik Calypso, yang berasal dari Trinidad, menggunakan rentak tersendiri dan lirik topikal. Ia menawarkan medium untuk mengganggu politik tempatan, di tengah-tengah bacchanal umum. Khemah Calypso, yang juga berasal dari Trinidad, mempunyai kader-kader pemuzik yang melakukan komentar-komentar sosial yang menggigit, eksposisi politik atau merayu kepada \"wuk dah pinggang\" dan \"menggulung bumper\". Kumpulan-kumpulan bersaing untuk Calypso Monarch Award, sementara udara berwarna merah dengan bau memasak Bajan semasa Bridgetown Market Street Fair. Festival Cohobblopot menggabungkan tarian, drama dan muzik dengan penantian Raja dan Ratu kumpulan pakaian. Setiap petang pameran \"Pic-o-de-Crop\" dilakukan selepas Raja Calypso akhirnya dimahkotai. Klimaks festival ini adalah Hari Kadooment yang disambut dengan cuti kebangsaan apabila band pakaian mengisi jalan-jalan dengan irama Barbadian dan kembang api berdenyut. <> Apa jenis persaingan yang menjadi ciri utama perayaan? || calypso <> Di manakah muzik Calypso berasal? || Trinidad <> Siapa yang membuat komen sosial menggigit? || pemuzik <> Apa kumpulan muzik yang bersaing? || Anugerah Calypso Monarch <> Apakah klimaks yang dipanggil perayaan? || Hari Kadooment", {"context": "A major feature is the calypso competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics. It offers a medium in which to satirise local politics, amidst the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature cadres of musicians who perform biting social commentaries, political expos\u00e9s or rousing exhortations to \"wuk dah waistline\" and \"roll dat bumper\". The groups compete for the Calypso Monarch Award, while the air is redolent with the smells of Bajan cooking during the Bridgetown Market Street Fair. The Cohobblopot Festival blends dance, drama and music with the crowning of the King and Queen of costume bands. Every evening the \"Pic-o-de-Crop\" Show is performed after the King of Calypso is finally crowned. The climax of the festival is Kadooment Day celebrated with a national holiday when costume bands fill the streets with pulsating Barbadian rhythms and fireworks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "calypso"}], "question": "What type of competition is a major feature of the festival?", "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Trinidad"}], "question": "Where did Calypso music originate?", "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "musicians"}], "question": "Who perform biting social commentaries?", "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the Calypso Monarch Award"}], "question": "What do the musical groups compete for?", "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "Kadooment Day"}], "question": "What is the climax of the festival called?", "id": "5727904df1498d1400e8fc34"}]}], ["Untuk pengebumian Raja, orang berpakaian kostum berkabung yang rumit, ramai di antara mereka lelaki berpakaian lengan yang membawa bunga sayur-sayuran phallic. Di rumah pengebumian, mayat Raja dikelilingi oleh pengawal kehormatan dan pengawal gundik, menangis atas kehilangan kesenangan seksual yang disebabkan oleh kematiannya. Tubuh Raja dibawa ke Pla\u00e7a de la Vila di mana sebuah eulogi satirik disampaikan sementara penduduk bandar makan sardin panggang asin dengan roti dan wain, mencadangkan kanibalisme simbolik upacara ritual. Akhirnya, di tengah roket dan letupan, mayat Raja dibakar dalam pyre besar. <> Apa yang orang berpakaian untuk pengebumian Raja? || kura-kura berkabung yang rumit <> Siapa yang membawa susunan bunga dari sayuran seperti zakar? || orang berpakaian salib <> yang menangis di sekeliling tubuh Raja? || gundik <> Apa jenis pujian diberikan untuk Raja? || satiric <> Apa ritual yang mencadangkan kanibalisme simbolik? || persekutuan", {"context": "For the King's funeral, people dress in elaborate mourning costume, many of them cross-dressing men who carry bouquets of phallic vegetables. In the funeral house, the body of the King is surrounded by an honor guard and weeping concubines, crying over the loss of sexual pleasure brought about by his death. The King's body is carried to the Pla\u00e7a de la Vila where a satiric eulogy is delivered while the townspeople eat salty grilled sardines with bread and wine, suggesting the symbolic cannibalism of the communion ritual. Finally, amid rockets and explosions, the King's body is burned in a massive pyre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "elaborate mourning costume"}], "question": "What do people dress in for the King's funeral?", "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "cross-dressing men"}], "question": "Who carries floral arrangements of penis-like veggies?", "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "concubines"}], "question": "Who weeps around the body of the King?", "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "satiric"}], "question": "What type of eulogy is provided for the King?", "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "communion"}], "question": "What ritual suggests symbolic cannibalism?", "id": "572787e6dd62a815002e9f9a"}]}], ["Karnival dikenali sebagai Crop Over dan merupakan festival terbesar Barbados. Permulaan awalnya adalah di ladang tebu ketika zaman kolonial. Tanaman bermula pada tahun 1688, dan menampilkan nyanyian, tarian dan iringan dengan shak-shak, banjo, segitiga, biola, gitar, botol yang dipenuhi air dan tulang. Tradisi lain termasuk memanjat tiang lilin, berpesta dan minum pertandingan. Pada asalnya menandakan berakhirnya panen tebu setiap tahun, ia berkembang menjadi festival nasional. Pada akhir abad ke-20, Tanaman Lebih bermula mencerminkan Karnival Trinidad. Bermula pada bulan Jun, Crop Over berjalan hingga Isnin pertama pada bulan Ogos apabila ia memuncak pada final, The Grand Kadooment. <> Apakah Karnival yang dikenali di Barbados? || Tanaman Lebih <> Di manakah perayaan di Barbados berasal? || perkebunan tebu <> Tahun berapa Tanam bermula? || 1688 <> Kegiatan apa yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiang lata? || mendaki <> Apa yang dipanggil Akhir Tanaman? || Grand Kadooment", {"context": "Carnival is known as Crop Over and is Barbados's biggest festival. Its early beginnings were on the sugar cane plantations during the colonial period. Crop over began in 1688, and featured singing, dancing and accompaniment by shak-shak, banjo, triangle, fiddle, guitar, bottles filled with water and bones. Other traditions included climbing a greased pole, feasting and drinking competitions. Originally signaling the end of the yearly cane harvest, it evolved into a national festival. In the late 20th century, Crop Over began to closely mirror the Trinidad Carnival. Beginning in June, Crop Over runs until the first Monday in August when it culminates in the finale, The Grand Kadooment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Crop Over"}], "question": "What is the Carnival known as in Barbados?", "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "sugar cane plantations"}], "question": "Where did the festival in Barbados originate from?", "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1688"}], "question": "What year did Crop Over begin?", "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "climbing"}], "question": "What activity is done using a greased pole?", "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "The Grand Kadooment"}], "question": "What is the finale of Crop Over called?", "id": "57278e51f1498d1400e8fbfa"}]}], ["Comparsas diadakan sepanjang minggu, terdiri daripada kumpulan besar \"penari menari dan berjalan-jalan di jalanan, diikuti oleh Carrosa (kereta) di mana pemuzik bermain. Comparsa adalah perkembangan prosesi Afrika di mana kelompok para pengikut mengikuti santa atau dewa semasa perayaan agama tertentu \". Salah satu komik Fiesta de Carnaval yang paling popular adalah kumpulan lelaki yang terdiri daripada lelaki yang terkenal dari masyarakat yang berpakaian dalam pakaian luar atau berpakaian dan menari untuk bersaing dengan wang dan hadiah. Aktiviti popular lain termasuk lukisan badan dan pertempuran tepung. \"Pada hari terakhir pelukis Carnival membanjiri jalan untuk melukis satu sama lain. Ini bermakna bahawa campuran cat air dan air atau telur mentah digunakan untuk melukis orang di jalan-jalan, matlamatnya adalah untuk melukis seberapa banyak orang yang boleh \". <> Apa nama kenderaan di mana para pemuzik bermain? || a Carrosa <> Apa yang dilakukan pengikut semasa sambutan keagamaan tertentu? || seorang kudus atau dewa yang diberikan <> Yang biasanya termasuk kumpulan comparsa? || lelaki terkenal dari komuniti <> Apa yang digunakan dalam beberapa pergaduhan perayaan? || tepung <> Apakah matlamat pelukis Karnival? || untuk melukis sebanyak mungkin orang", {"context": "Comparsas are held throughout the week, consisting of large groups \"of dancers dancing and traveling on the streets, followed by a Carrosa (carriage) where the musicians play. The Comparsa is a development of African processions where groups of devotees follow a given saint or deity during a particular religious celebration\". One of the most popular comparsas of Fiesta de Carnaval is the male group comparsa, usually composed of notable men from the community who dress up in outlandish costumes or cross-dress and dance to compete for money and prizes. Other popular activities include body painting and flour fighting. \"On the last day of Carnival painters flood the street to paint each other. This simply means that a mixture of water paint and water or raw eggs is used to paint people on the streets, the goal being to paint as many people as you can\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "a Carrosa"}], "question": "What's the name of the vehicle where the musicians play?", "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "a given saint or deity"}], "question": "What do devotees follow during a particular religious celebration?", "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "notable men from the community"}], "question": "Who are usually included the group comparsa?", "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "flour"}], "question": "What is used in some of the festive fights?", "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "to paint as many people as you can"}], "question": "What is the goal of the Carnival painters?", "id": "572790d25951b619008f8da7"}]}], ["Karnival di Haiti bermula pada tahun 1804 di ibu kota Port-au-Prince selepas pengisytiharan kemerdekaan. Karnival Port-au-Prince adalah salah satu yang terbesar di Amerika Utara. Ia dikenali sebagai Kanaval dalam bahasa Creole. Ia bermula pada bulan Januari, dikenali sebagai \"Pra Kanaval\", manakala aktiviti karnival utama bermula pada bulan Februari. Pada bulan Julai 2012, Haiti mempunyai karnaval yang lain bernama Kanaval de Fleur. Kostum yang cantik, terapung, parade Rara, topeng, makanan, dan muzik rasin yang popular (seperti Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, dan sebagainya) dan kompa band (seperti T-Vice, Djakout No. Micky, Krey\u00f2l La, DP Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, dan Scorpio Fever) bermain untuk penari di jalan-jalan di Plaza Champ-de-Mars. Pertandingan lagu tahunan berlaku. <> Tahun apakah Karnival bermula di Haiti? || 1804 <> Apakah peristiwa yang mempercepat Karnival bermula di Haiti? || pengisytiharan kemerdekaan <> Apakah Karnival yang dikenali dalam bahasa Creole? || Kanaval <> Apa jenis band yang bermain untuk penari di jalan-jalan? || kompa <> Apa jenis pertandingan tahunan yang berlaku semasa Kanavel? || lagu", {"context": "Carnival in Haiti started in 1804 in the capital Port-au-Prince after the declaration of independence. The Port-au-Prince Carnival is one of the largest in North America. It is known as Kanaval in the Creole language. It starts in January, known as \"Pre-Kanaval\", while the main carnival activities begin in February. In July 2012, Haiti had another carnival called Kanaval de Fleur. Beautiful costumes, floats, Rara parades, masks, foods, and popular rasin music (like Boukman Eksperyans, Foula Vodoule, Tokay, Boukan Ginen, Eritaj, etc.) and kompa bands (such as T-Vice, Djakout No. 1, Sweet Micky, Krey\u00f2l La, D.P. Express, Mizik Mizik, Ram, T-Micky, Carimi, Djakout Mizik, and Scorpio Fever) play for dancers in the streets of the plaza of Champ-de-Mars. An annual song competition takes place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "1804"}], "question": "What year did the Carnival start in Haiti?", "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "declaration of independence"}], "question": "What event precipitated the Carnival starting in Haiti?", "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Kanaval"}], "question": "What is the Carnival known as in the Creole language?", "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "kompa"}], "question": "What type of bands play for dancers in the streets?", "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "song"}], "question": "What type of annual competition takes place during Kanavel?", "id": "572791465951b619008f8dc5"}]}], ["Perayaan Karnival yang paling terkenal adalah di Guaranda (wilayah Bolivar) dan Ambato (wilayah Tungurahua). Di Ambato, perayaan dipanggil Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival Bunga dan Buah-Buahan). Bandar-bandar lain telah menghidupkan kembali tradisi Karnival dengan parade berwarna-warni, seperti di Azogues (Wilayah Ca\u00f1ar). Di Azogues dan Andes Selatan secara amnya, Karnival Taita sentiasa merupakan orang pribumi Ca\u00f1ari. Baru-baru ini perayaan telah menjadi terkenal di bahagian utara Sierra di Lembah Chota di Imbabura yang merupakan zon penduduk Afro-Ecuador yang kuat dan Karnival dirayakan dengan muzik bomba del chota. <> Di manakah perayaan karnival yang paling terkenal? || Guaranda (wilayah Bolivar) dan Ambato (Tungurahua province <> Apa perayaan yang dikenal sebagai Ambato? || Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas <> Di mana sambutan baru-baru ini mendapat pujian? || Imbabura <> Apa ada yang besar penduduk di Lembah Chota? || afro-Ecuadorian <> Apa muzik karnival yang disambut dengan di Lembah Chota? || bomba del chota", {"context": "The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Ca\u00f1ar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Ca\u00f1ari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province"}], "question": "Where are the most famed Carnival festivities?", "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas"}], "question": "What are the festivities known as in Ambato?", "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Imbabura"}], "question": "Where has a celebration recently gained acclaim?", "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "afro-Ecuadorian"}], "question": "What is there a large population of in the Chota Valley?", "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "bomba del chota"}], "question": "What music is the Carnival celebrated with in the Chota Valley?", "id": "5727a1eeff5b5019007d9164"}]}], ["Karnival dirayakan di New York City di Brooklyn. Seperti di UK, masa Karnival berpecah dari kalendar Kristian dan dirayakan pada Hari Buruh Isnin, pada bulan September. Ia dipanggil Karnival Hari Buruh, Parade Hari India Barat atau Karnival Hari India Barat, dan didirikan oleh pendatang dari Trinidad. Negara itu mempunyai salah satu Carnivals Caribbean terbesar. Pada pertengahan abad ke-20, orang-orang India Barat memindahkan acara ini dari awal Kijang ke hujung minggu Hari Buruh. Karnival adalah salah satu parade terbesar dan festival jalanan di New York, dengan lebih dari satu juta hadir. Perarakan yang terdiri daripada band keluli, terapung, kostum Karnival yang rumit dan trak bunyi, diteruskan di sepanjang East Parkway Brooklyn di kejiranan Crown Heights. <> Yang kota New York City yang mana karnival dirayakan? || Brooklyn <> Apa cuti Amerika yang dirayakan oleh Karnival? || Hari Buruh <> Negara mana yang mempunyai Karnival Karnival terbesar? || Trinidad <> Berapa banyak orang yang biasanya menghadiri karnival versi New York? || satu juta <> Apa kejiranan seperti keistimewaan yang menanggung kejayaan perayaan? || Crown Heights", {"context": "Carnival is celebrated in New York City in Brooklyn. As in the UK, the timing of Carnival split from the Christian calendar and is celebrated on Labor Day Monday, in September. It is called the Labor Day Carnival, West Indian Day Parade or West Indian Day Carnival, and was founded by immigrants from Trinidad. That country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals. In the mid twentieth century, West Indians moved the event from the beginning of Lent to the Labor Day weekend. Carnival is one of the largest parades and street festivals in New York, with over one million attending. The parade, which consists of steel bands, floats, elaborate Carnival costumes and sound trucks, proceeds along Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Brooklyn"}], "question": "Which borough of New York City is Carnival celebrated in?", "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Labor Day"}], "question": "What American holiday is Carnival celebrated on?", "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Trinidad"}], "question": "What country has one of the largest Caribbean Carnivals?", "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "one million"}], "question": "Over how many people typically attend New York's version of the Carnival?", "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Crown Heights"}], "question": "What neighborhood as the privilege of bearing the brunt of the festivities?", "id": "572799ee708984140094e1f5"}]}], ["Karnival La Diablada berlaku di Oruro di pusat Bolivia. Ia disambut sebagai penghormatan kepada pelindung penambang pelombong, V\u00edrgen de Socavon (Virgin of the Tunnels). Lebih dari 50 kumpulan perarakan menari, menyanyi dan bermain muzik sepanjang kursus sejauh lima kilometer. Peserta berpakaian seperti syaitan, syaitan, malaikat, Inca dan penakluk Sepanyol. Tarian termasuk caporales dan tinkus. Perbarisan berjalan dari pagi hingga larut malam, 18 jam sehari, 3 hari sebelum Ash Wednesday. Ia telah diisytiharkan 2001 \"Karya Warisan Lisan dan Warisan Tidak Tepat Kemanusiaan\" untuk UNESCO. Sepanjang sambutan negara diadakan melibatkan irama tradisi dan pesta air. Di Santa Cruz de la Sierra, di sebelah timur negara, cuaca tropika membolehkan karnival jenis Brazil, dengan lagu Comparsas menari lagu-lagu tradisional dalam pakaian seragam yang sepadan. <> Karnival mana yang berlaku di Oruro di Bolivia? || La Diablada <> Siapa pelindung penambang? || V\u00edrgen de Socavon <> Berapa banyak kumpulan perarakan yang mengambil bahagian dalam perayaan? || 50 <> Berapa jam sehari perarakan berjalan? || 18 <> Apakah cuaca tropika di sebelah timur Bolivia membenarkan? || Karnival jenis Brazil", {"context": "La Diablada Carnival takes place in Oruro in central Bolivia. It is celebrated in honor of the miners' patron saint, V\u00edrgen de Socavon (the Virgin of the Tunnels). Over 50 parade groups dance, sing and play music over a five kilometre-long course. Participants dress up as demons, devils, angels, Incas and Spanish conquistadors. Dances include caporales and tinkus. The parade runs from morning until late at night, 18 hours a day, 3 days before Ash Wednesday. It was declared the 2001 \"Masterpieces of Oral Heritage and Intangible Heritage of Humanity\" for UNESCO. Throughout the country celebrations are held involving traditional rhythms and water parties. In Santa Cruz de la Sierra, on the east side of the country, tropical weather allows a Brazilian-type Carnival, with Comparsas dancing traditional songs in matching uniforms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "La Diablada"}], "question": "Which Carnival takes place in Oruro in Bolivia?", "id": "57279bef708984140094e217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "V\u00edrgen de Socavon"}], "question": "Who is the miners' patron saint?", "id": "57279bef708984140094e218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "50"}], "question": "Over how many parade groups participate in the festivities? ", "id": "57279bef708984140094e219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many hours a day does the parade run?", "id": "57279bef708984140094e21a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "a Brazilian-type Carnival"}], "question": "What does the tropical weather on the east side of Bolivia allow?", "id": "57279bef708984140094e21b"}]}], ["Satu tradisi Creole yang unik adalah touloulous. Wanita-wanita ini memakai gaun, sarung tangan, topeng dan cap kepala hiasan yang menutupinya sepenuhnya, menjadikannya tidak dapat dikenali, bahkan dengan warna kulit mereka. Pada hari Jumaat dan Sabtu malam karnival, bola touloulou diadakan di universiti yang dipanggil; pada hakikatnya, dewan tarian besar yang dibuka hanya pada waktu Karnival. Touloulous mendapat percuma, dan bahkan diberikan kondom demi kepentingan kesihatan seksual masyarakat. Lelaki menghadiri bola, tetapi mereka membayar kemasukan dan tidak menyamar. Theulloulous memilih rakan tarian mereka, yang mungkin tidak menolak. Persediaan itu direka untuk memudahkan seorang wanita membuat hubungan sementara dengan seorang lelaki secara tidak mahu dikenali. Wanita tidak disemadikan tidak dialu-alukan. Dengan tradisi, jika seorang wanita bangun untuk menari, orkestra berhenti bermain. Alkohol dihidangkan di bar - wanita menyamar berbisik kepada lelaki \"touloulou haus\", di mana satu pusingan minuman dijangka, diminum melalui jerami yang melindungi namanya tanpa nama. <> Apa tradisi yang unik kepada orang Creole? || touloulous <> Mengapa Touloulous diberikan kondom percuma? || untuk kepentingan kesihatan seksual <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh lelaki untuk dimasukkan ke dalam bola? || bayar masuk <> Apakah rakan-rakan tarian 'touloulous' tidak dibenarkan berbuat? || enggan <> Mengapa wanita minum melalui jerami? || melindungi ketiagaan mereka", {"context": "A uniquely Creole tradition is the touloulous. These women wear decorative gowns, gloves, masks and headdresses that cover them completely, making them unrecognisable, even to the colour of their skin. On Friday and Saturday nights of Carnival, touloulou balls are held in so-called universities; in reality, large dance halls that open only at Carnival time. Touloulous get in free, and are even given condoms in the interest of the sexual health of the community. Men attend the balls, but they pay admittance and are not disguised. The touloulous pick their dance partners, who may not refuse. The setup is designed to make it easy for a woman to create a temporary liaison with a man in total anonymity. Undisguised women are not welcomed. By tradition, if such a woman gets up to dance, the orchestra stops playing. Alcohol is served at bars \u2013 the disguised women whisper to the men \"touloulou thirsty\", at which a round of drinks is expected, to be drunk through a straw protect their anonymity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "touloulous"}], "question": "What is a tradition unique to the Creole people?", "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "in the interest of the sexual health"}], "question": "Why are Touloulous given free condoms?", "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "pay admittance"}], "question": "What do men have to do to be allowed into the balls?", "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "refuse"}], "question": "What are the touloulous' dance partners not allowed to do?", "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 977, "text": "protect their anonymity"}], "question": "Why do the women drink through a straw? ", "id": "5727a4574b864d1900163928"}]}], ["Perayaan karnival, yang biasanya dirujuk sebagai Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), mula-mula dirayakan di kawasan Pantai Teluk, tetapi kini berlaku di banyak negeri. Kastam berasal dari ibu kota kolonial Perancis pada masa ini (sekarang di Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) dan Biloxi (Mississippi), yang semuanya telah dirayakan selama bertahun-tahun dengan perarakan jalanan dan bola bertopeng. Lain-lain bandar raya utama Amerika yang meraikan sambutan termasuk Washington, DC; St Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; dan Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, dan Orlando di Florida. <> Apakah terjemahan Mardi Gras dalam bahasa Perancis? || Lemak Selasa <> Di mana Mardi Gras pertama kali dirayakan? || Kawasan Pantai Teluk <> Apa yang berasal dari ibu kota kolonial Perancis yang pada masa itu? || Kastam <> Apa yang telah menjadi sebahagian daripada perayaan selama bertahun-tahun? || jalan parade dan bola bertopeng <> Washington, D.C. dan Galveston, Texas adalah beberapa bandar utama Amerika yang mempunyai apa? || perayaan", {"context": "Carnival celebrations, usually referred to as Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday in French), were first celebrated in the Gulf Coast area, but now occur in many states. Customs originated in the onetime French colonial capitals of Mobile (now in Alabama), New Orleans (Louisiana) and Biloxi (Mississippi), all of which have celebrated for many years with street parades and masked balls. Other major American cities with celebrations include Washington, DC; St. Louis, Missouri; San Francisco; San Diego; Galveston, Texas; and Miami, Pensacola, Tampa, and Orlando in Florida.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Fat Tuesday"}], "question": "What does Mardi Gras translate to in French?", "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Gulf Coast area"}], "question": "Where was Mardi Gras first celebrated?", "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Customs"}], "question": "What originated in the onetime French colonial capitals?", "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "street parades and masked balls"}], "question": "What has been part of the celebrations for many years?", "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "celebrations"}], "question": "Washington, D.C. and Galveston, Texas are some major American cities which have what?", "id": "572798f0dd62a815002ea196"}]}], ["Di Argentina, karnival yang paling terkenal yang dilakukan adalah Murga yang dipanggil, walaupun Karnival-karnival terkenal lain, seperti Brazil, diadakan di Mesopotamia Argentina dan Utara-Timur. Gualeguaych\u00fa di timur wilayah Entre R\u00edos adalah bandar karnival yang paling penting dan mempunyai salah satu parade terbesar. Ia menggunakan latar belakang muzik yang serupa dengan Karnival Brazil atau Uruguay. Corrientes adalah bandar lain dengan tradisi Karnival. Chamame adalah gaya muzik yang popular. Di semua bandar utama dan banyak bandar di seluruh negara, Karnival dirayakan. <> Karnival yang mana di Argentina adalah yang paling mewakili sifat Karnival? || Murga <> Apa bandar di timur wilayah Entre Rios dianggap sebagai yang paling penting untuk Karnival? || Gualeguaych\u00fa <> Tradisi apa jenis bandar Corrientes? || Karnival <> Apa itu Chamame? || gaya muzik yang popular. <> Di mana karnival dirayakan? || Di semua bandar utama dan banyak bandar di seluruh negara", {"context": "In Argentina, the most representative Carnival performed is the so-called Murga, although other famous Carnivals, more like Brazil's, are held in Argentine Mesopotamia and the North-East. Gualeguaych\u00fa in the east of Entre R\u00edos province is the most important Carnival city and has one of the largest parades. It adopts a musical background similar to Brazilian or Uruguayan Carnival. Corrientes is another city with a Carnival tradition. Chamame is a popular musical style. In all major cities and many towns throughout the country, Carnival is celebrated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Murga"}], "question": "Which Carnival in Argentina is the most representative of the nature of the Carnival?", "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Gualeguaych\u00fa"}], "question": "What city in the east of Entre Rios province is considered the most important one for the Carnival?", "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Carnival"}], "question": "What kind of tradition does the city of Corrientes have?", "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "popular musical style."}], "question": "What is Chamame?", "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "In all major cities and many towns throughout the country"}], "question": "Where is Carnival celebrated? ", "id": "57279a875951b619008f8e6d"}]}], ["Karnival meneruskan evolusinya di bandar-bandar kecil / tidak penting kerana melihat para penguasa. Hasilnya adalah perayaan karnival yang tidak terputus di Barranquilla (lihat Karnival Barranquilla) yang kini diiktiraf sebagai salah satu karya Karya Warisan Lisan dan Tak Terbatas Kemanusiaan. Karnaval Barranquilla termasuk beberapa parade pada hari Jumaat dan Sabtu bermula pada 11 Januari dan berakhir dengan festival tanpa henti enam hari, bermula hari Rabu sebelum Ash Rabu dan berakhir pada tengah malam Selasa. Perayaan lain berlaku di kampung di sepanjang Sungai Magdalena di Colombia utara, dan di Pasto, Nari\u00f1o (lihat Karnival Hitam dan Putih) di selatan negara ini. Pada awal abad ke-20, cubaan memperkenalkan Karnival di Bogot\u00e1 ditolak oleh kerajaan. Karnival Bogot\u00e1 diperbaharui pada abad ke-21. <> Di manakah Karnival mengembara daripada garis panduan peraturan? || di bandar kecil / tidak penting <> Berapa hari perayaan tanpa henti pergi? || enam <> Perayaan karnival tanpa gangguan di Barranquilla kini diiktiraf sebagai apa? || salah satu karya Karya Warisan Lisan dan Tidak Berwujud Kemanusiaan <> Siapa yang menolak cubaan memperkenalkan Karnival di Bogot\u00e1? || kerajaan", {"context": "The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nari\u00f1o (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogot\u00e1 were rejected by the government. The Bogot\u00e1 Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "in small/unimportant towns"}], "question": "Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?", "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many days does the non-stop festival go?", "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity"}], "question": "The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?", "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "the government"}], "question": "Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogot\u00e1?", "id": "5727a11d4b864d19001638db"}]}], ["Sekolah Samba adalah entiti sosial yang besar dengan ribuan ahli dan tema lagu dan perarakan mereka setiap tahun. Di Rio Carnival, sekolah samba di Sambadrom (\"samb\u00f3dromo\" dalam bahasa Portugis). Antara yang paling terkenal termasuk GRES Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nil\u00f3polis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, dan baru-baru ini, Unidos da Tijuca dan GRES Uni\u00e3o da Ilha do Governador. Pelancong tempatan membayar $ 500-950, bergantung kepada pakaian, untuk membeli kostum dan tarian Samba di perarakan. Blocos adalah kumpulan kecil yang tidak formal dengan tema yang pasti di samba mereka, biasanya merendahkan keadaan politik. Lebih kurang 30 sekolah di Rio mengumpulkan beratus ribu peserta. Lebih daripada 440 blocos beroperasi di Rio. Bandas adalah kumpulan muzik samba, yang juga dikenali sebagai \"band karnival jalanan\", biasanya terbentuk dalam satu kejiranan tunggal atau latar belakang muzik. Rantaian industri Karnival mengumpulkan pada tahun 2012 hampir $ 1 bilion hasil. <> Berapa ramai ahli yang mempunyai Sekolah Samba? || beribu-ribu <> Berapa banyak kostum Samba biasanya menjalankan pelancong purata untuk membeli? || $ 500-950 <> Apa nama kumpulan kecil, agak rawak orang dengan tema pasti di samba mereka? || Blocos <> Berapa banyak sekolah Samba di Rio? || 30 <> Berapa banyak wang dalam dolar Amerika Syarikat yang membuat industri Karnival pada tahun 2012? || 1 bilion", {"context": "Samba Schools are large, social entities with thousands of members and a theme for their song and parade each year. In Rio Carnival, samba schoolsparade in the Sambadrome (\"samb\u00f3dromo\" in Portuguese). Some of the most famous include GRES Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Primeira de Mangueira, GRES Portela, GRES Imperatriz Leopoldinense, GRES Beija-Flor de Nil\u00f3polis, GRES Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel, and recently, Unidos da Tijuca and GRES Uni\u00e3o da Ilha do Governador. Local tourists pay $500\u2013950, depending on the costume, to buy a Samba costume and dance in the parade. Blocos are small informal groups with a definite theme in their samba, usually satirizing the political situation. About 30 schools in Rio gather hundreds of thousands of participants. More than 440 blocos operate in Rio. Bandas are samba musical bands, also called \"street carnival bands\", usually formed within a single neighborhood or musical back-ground. The Carnival industry chain amassed in 2012 almost US$1 billion in revenues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many members do Samba Schools have?", "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "$500\u2013950"}], "question": "How much does a Samba costume typically run an average tourist to buy?", "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Blocos"}], "question": "What's the name for small, somewhat random groups of people with a definite theme in their samba?", "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "30"}], "question": "About how many Samba schools are in Rio?", "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "1 billion"}], "question": "How much money in US dollars did the Carnival industry make in 2012?", "id": "57279cea3acd2414000de7cf"}]}], ["Di Mexico, karnival dirayakan di sekitar 225 bandar dan bandar. Yang terbesar adalah di Mazatl\u00e1n dan bandar Veracruz dengan yang lain di Baja California dan Yucat\u00e1n. Karnival bandar yang lebih besar menggunakan kostum, ratu dan perarakan yang dipilih dengan terapung, tetapi perayaan Karnival di kawasan yang lebih kecil dan pedesaan bervariasi secara meluas bergantung pada tahap pengaruh Eropah semasa zaman kolonial Mexico. Yang terbesar adalah di Huejotzingo, Puebla di mana kebanyakan penduduk bandar mengambil bahagian dalam pertempuran mengejek dengan menembak rifle kosong, kira-kira berdasarkan Pertempuran Puebla. Negeri penting lain dengan tradisi tempatan termasuk Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala dan Chiapas. <> Berapa banyak bandar dan bandar di Mexico yang dirayakan Karnival? || 225 <> Apa yang menyumbang kepada variasi perayaan di kawasan luar bandar? || tahap pengaruh Eropah <> Di mana orang mengambil bahagian dalam pertempuran mengejek dengan senapang menembak kosong? || Huejotzingo, Puebla <> Apa pertempuran mock kira-kira berdasarkan? || Pertempuran Puebla <> Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala dan Chiapas adalah negeri-negeri penting yang juga mempunyai apa yang mereka sendiri? || tradisi tempatan", {"context": "In Mexico, Carnival is celebrated in about 225 cities and towns. The largest is in Mazatl\u00e1n and the city of Veracruz with others in Baja California and Yucat\u00e1n. The larger city Carnivals employ costumes, elected queens and parades with floats, but Carnival celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period. The largest of these is in Huejotzingo, Puebla where most townspeople take part in mock combat with rifles shooting blanks, roughly based on the Battle of Puebla. Other important states with local traditions include Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "225"}], "question": "About how many cities and towns in Mexico is Carnival celebrated in?", "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "level of European influence"}], "question": "What contributes to the variations of the celebrations in the rural areas?", "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Huejotzingo, Puebla"}], "question": "Where do people take part in mock combat with blank shooting rifles?", "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "the Battle of Puebla"}], "question": "What is the mock combat roughly based on?", "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "local traditions"}], "question": "Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala and Chiapas are important states which also have their own what?", "id": "5727983ddd62a815002ea16e"}]}], ["Karnival Peru menggabungkan unsur keganasan dan mencerminkan keganasan bandar dalam masyarakat Peru berikutan konflik dalaman di Peru. Secara tradisinya, perayaan Andean Peru telah diadakan pada tempoh ini setiap tahun kerana musim hujan. Ia sudah ganas pada abad ke-19, tetapi kerajaan mengehadkan amalan itu. Pada awal abad ke-20 ia terdiri daripada berpesta dan melompat, sedangkan pada separuh kedua abad ke-20 ia memperoleh ciri-ciri kekerasan yang berterusan. Ia dilarang, pertama dari jalan-jalan pada tahun 1958 dan sama sekali pada tahun 1959 oleh kerajaan Prado. Ia terdiri daripada pertempuran air dalam cara tradisional, [klarifikasi diperlukan] manakala pada tahun-tahun kemudian ia termasuk bermain dengan air kotor, lumpur, minyak dan pewarna -dan juga termasuk berperang dan kadang-kadang merampas harta persendirian dan serangan seksual terhadap wanita. Ia telah menjadi alasan untuk kumpulan penjenayah merompak orang sambil berpura-pura meraikannya. Pada tahun 2010, ia menjadi sangat ganas bahawa kerajaan mengenakan penalti sehingga lapan tahun penjara kerana keganasan semasa permainan (permainan itu sendiri tidak dilarang, tetapi menggunakan keganasan semasa permainan atau memaksa orang lain untuk mengambil bahagian). <> Apakah Karnival Peru menggabungkan unsur-unsur? || Keganasan <> Mengapa perayaan-perayaan di Peru diadakan ketika mereka? || kerana ia adalah musim hujan <> Bilakah perayaan memperoleh kecenderungan kekerasan mereka? || Separuh kedua abad ke 20 <> Apakah unsur karnival Peru tidak terdapat di mana-mana perayaan negara lain? || serangan seksual terhadap wanita <> Berapa tahun penjara boleh seseorang mengharapkan keganasan ketika keseronokan dan permainan? || lapan", {"context": "Peruvian Carnival incorporates elements of violence and reflects the urban violence in Peruvian society following the internal conflict in Peru. Traditionally, Peruvian Andean festivities were held on this period every year because it is the rainy season. It was already violent during the 19th century, but the government limited the practice. During the early 20th century it consisted partying and parading, while in the second half of the 20th century it acquired violent characteristics that continued. It was banned, first from the streets in 1958 and altogether in 1959 by the Prado government. It consisted basically of water battles in a traditional way,[clarification needed] while in later years it included playing with dirty water, mud, oil and colorants -and also including fighting and sometimes looting private property and sexual assaults on women. It has become an excuse for criminal gangs to rob people while pretending to celebrate. As of 2010, it had become so violent that the government imposed penalties of up to eight years in prison for violence during the games (the games themselves are not forbidden, but using violence during the games or coercing others to participate is).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "violence"}], "question": "What does the Peruvian Carnival incorporate elements of?", "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "because it is the rainy season"}], "question": "Why are the festivals in Peru held when they are?", "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "second half of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did the festivities acquire their violent tendencies?", "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "sexual assaults on women"}], "question": "What is an element of Peruvian's Carnival not found in any other country's celebrations?", "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1038, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many years in prison can someone expect for being violent during the fun and games?", "id": "5727a5273acd2414000de8c5"}]}], ["Karnival di Uruguay merangkumi lebih daripada 40 hari, biasanya bermula pada akhir bulan Januari dan berjalan hingga pertengahan Mac. Perayaan di Montevideo adalah yang terbesar. Festival ini dilakukan dalam gaya perarakan Eropah dengan unsur-unsur dari budaya Bantu dan Angolan Benguela yang diimport dengan budak-budak di zaman kolonial. Tarikan utama Karnival Uruguay termasuk dua parade berwarna-warni yang dikenali sebagai Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) dan Desfile de Llamadas (Panggilan Parade, perbarisan pemanggil candu). <> Berapa hari Karnival di Uruguay terakhir? || lebih daripada 40 <> Apa gaya perarakan yang berlaku di festival perayaan Uruguay? || Eropah <> Apakah unsur-unsur gaya perarakan yang diimport dalam zaman kolonial? || hamba <> Apa tarikan utama Karnival Uruguay? || dua parade berwarna-warni <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh parade Desfile de Llamadas? || candu", {"context": "The Carnival in Uruguay covers more than 40 days, generally beginning towards the end of January and running through mid March. Celebrations in Montevideo are the largest. The festival is performed in the European parade style with elements from Bantu and Angolan Benguela cultures imported with slaves in colonial times. The main attractions of Uruguayan Carnival include two colorful parades called Desfile de Carnaval (Carnival Parade) and Desfile de Llamadas (Calls Parade, a candombe-summoning parade).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "more than 40"}], "question": "How many days does the Carnival in Uruguay last for?", "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "European"}], "question": "What parade style does Uruguay's festival ape?", "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "slaves"}], "question": "What were the stylistic elements of the parade imported with in colonial times?", "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "two colorful parades"}], "question": "What are the main attractions of the Uruguayan Carnival?", "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "candombe"}], "question": "What is summoned by the Desfile de Llamadas parade?", "id": "5727a5dd2ca10214002d92d4"}]}], ["Semasa perayaan, teater yang dipanggil tablados dibina di banyak tempat di seluruh bandaraya, terutama di Montevideo. Secara tradisional dibentuk oleh lelaki dan kini mula terbuka kepada wanita, kumpulan Karnival yang berlainan (Murgas, Lubolos atau Parodistas) melakukan opera yang popular di tablados, menyanyi dan menari lagu-lagu yang umumnya berkaitan dengan keadaan sosial dan politik. Kelompok 'Panggilan', pada dasarnya dibentuk oleh pemain drum yang bermain tamboril, melakukan angka ritmik candra. Revelers memakai pakaian perayaan mereka. Setiap kumpulan mempunyai tema tersendiri. Wanita yang memakai pakaian yang elegan dan elegan dipanggil vedettes dan memberikan sentuhan berahi untuk perarakan. <> Apa yang dibina di banyak tempat melalui bandar-bandar? || tablados <> Apakah kumpulan karnival yang berlainan bersama? || opera <> Apa topik yang dipamerkan pada tablados biasanya berkaitan dengan? || keadaan sosial dan politik <> Apakah jenis irama yang dilakukan oleh pemain drum yang bermain tamboril? || candombe <> Apa jenis sentuhan yang diberikan oleh vedettes kepada parade? || sensual", {"context": "During the celebration, theaters called tablados are built in many places throughout the cities, especially in Montevideo. Traditionally formed by men and now starting to be open to women, the different Carnival groups (Murgas, Lubolos or Parodistas) perform a kind of popular opera at the tablados, singing and dancing songs that generally relate to the social and political situation. The 'Calls' groups, basically formed by drummers playing the tamboril, perform candombe rhythmic figures. Revelers wear their festival clothing. Each group has its own theme. Women wearing elegant, bright dresses are called vedettes and provide a sensual touch to parades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "tablados"}], "question": "What are built in many places through the cities?", "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "opera"}], "question": "What do the different Carnival groups perform together?", "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "the social and political situation"}], "question": "What do the topics of the shows put on at the tablados typically relate to?", "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "candombe"}], "question": "What type of rhythmic figures are performed by the drummers playing the tamboril?", "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "sensual"}], "question": "What sort of touch do the vedettes provide to the parades?", "id": "5727a6bf2ca10214002d92e8"}]}]], [["Racun perosak boleh dikelaskan berdasarkan fungsi mekanisme biologi atau kaedah permohonan mereka. Kebanyakan racun perosak berfungsi dengan keracunan perosak. Racun perosak sistemik bergerak di dalam tumbuhan selepas penyerapan oleh tumbuhan. Dengan racun serangga dan kebanyakan racun kulat, pergerakan ini biasanya ke atas (melalui xilem) dan ke luar. Peningkatan kecekapan mungkin hasilnya. Racun serangga sistemik, yang meracuni serbuk sari dan nektar dalam bunga [petikan yang diperlukan], boleh membunuh lebah dan penyuap lain yang diperlukan [rujukan diperlukan]. <> Apakah salah satu cara anda boleh menggabungkan racun perosak? || kaedah aplikasi <> Apakah cara utama petikor menunaikan fungsi mereka? || dengan keracunan keracunan <> Di mana arah racun perosak sistemik biasanya bergerak melalui tumbuhan? || pergerakan biasanya ke atas <> Mana bahagian tumbuhan melakukan racun perosak sistemik yang umumnya menyerang? || debunga dan nektar dalam bunga", {"context": "Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests. A systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward (through the xylem) and outward. Increased efficiency may be a result. Systemic insecticides, which poison pollen and nectar in the flowers[citation needed], may kill bees and other needed pollinators[citation needed].", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "application method"}], "question": "What is one way you could group pesticides?", "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "by poisoning pests"}], "question": "What is the main way that peticides perform their function?", "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "movement is usually upward"}], "question": "In which direction do systemic pesticide generally travel through a plant?", "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "pollen and nectar in the flowers"}], "question": "Which parts of a plant do systemic pesticides generally attack?", "id": "57268a27dd62a815002e88a7"}]}], ["DDT, disembur di dinding rumah, adalah organoklorin yang telah digunakan untuk melawan malaria sejak tahun 1950-an. Kenyataan dasar baru-baru ini oleh Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia telah memberikan sokongan yang lebih kuat kepada pendekatan ini. Walau bagaimanapun, DDT dan racun perosak organokloren lain telah diharamkan di kebanyakan negara di seluruh dunia kerana kegigihan mereka dalam alam sekitar dan keracunan manusia. Penggunaan DDT tidak selalu berkesan, kerana penentangan terhadap DDT telah dikenalpasti di Afrika seawal tahun 1955, dan oleh 1972 sembilan belas spesies nyamuk di seluruh dunia tahan terhadap DDT. <> Apakah jenis racun perosak adalah DDT? || organoklorin <> Mengapa DDT telah diharamkan di beberapa kawasan? || kegigihan dalam alam sekitar dan keracunan manusia <> Adakah DDT 100% dijamin untuk bekerja? || Penggunaan DDT tidak selalu berkesan <> Bagaimana spesies boleh didapati tahan terhadap DDT? || Sembilan belas", {"context": "DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an organochlorine that has been used to fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy statements by the World Health Organization have given stronger support to this approach. However, DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have been banned in most countries worldwide because of their persistence in the environment and human toxicity. DDT use is not always effective, as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "an organochlorine"}], "question": "What kind of pesticide is DDT?", "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "persistence in the environment and human toxicity"}], "question": "Why have DDTs been banned in some areas?", "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "DDT use is not always effective"}], "question": "Is DDT 100% guaranteed to work?", "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "nineteen"}], "question": "How may species have been found to be resistant to DDT?", "id": "572690b9f1498d1400e8e3fb"}]}], ["Secara umumnya, racun perosak adalah agen kimia atau biologi (seperti virus, bakteria, antimikrobial atau pembasmi kuman) yang menghalang, tidak mampu, membunuh, atau menghalang perosak. Perosak sasaran boleh termasuk serangga, patogen tumbuhan, rumpai, moluska, burung, mamalia, ikan, nematoda (ulat bulu), dan mikroba yang memusnahkan harta benda, menyebabkan gangguan, atau penyebaran penyakit, atau vektor penyakit. Walaupun racun perosak mempunyai manfaat, sesetengahnya juga mempunyai kelemahan, seperti potensi ketoksikan kepada manusia dan spesies lain. Menurut Konvensyen Stockholm mengenai Pencemar Organik Persisten, 9 daripada 12 bahan kimia organik yang paling berbahaya dan berterusan adalah racun perosak organoklorin. <> Apakah tiga sasaran serangan racun perosak? || patogen tumbuhan, rumpai, moluska <> Adakah racun perosak kimia atau agen biologi? || racun perosak adalah agen kimia atau biologi <> Apakah kemungkinan kemusnahan racun perosak? || toksisiti berpotensi kepada manusia dan spesies lain <> Apakah racun perosak yang dimaksudkan untuk mencegah? || memusnahkan harta benda, menyebabkan gangguan, atau penyebaran penyakit, atau vektor penyakit", {"context": "In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks"}], "question": "What are three pests pesticides target?", "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent"}], "question": "Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?", "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "potential toxicity to humans and other species"}], "question": "What are possible cons of pesticides?", "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors"}], "question": "What are pesticides meant to prevent?", "id": "57268286dd62a815002e87b9"}]}], ["Setiap dolar ($ 1) yang dibelanjakan untuk racun perosak untuk tanaman menghasilkan empat dolar ($ 4) dalam tanaman yang disimpan. Ini bermakna berdasarkan, jumlah wang yang dibelanjakan setiap tahun terhadap racun makhluk perosak, $ 10 bilion, terdapat tambahan $ 40 bilion simpanan dalam tanaman yang akan hilang akibat kerosakan oleh serangga dan rumpai. Pada umumnya, para petani mendapat manfaat daripada peningkatan hasil tanaman dan daripada dapat menanam berbagai tanaman sepanjang tahun. Pengguna produk pertanian juga mendapat faedah daripada mampu menghasilkan sejumlah besar hasil yang tersedia sepanjang tahun. Orang awam juga mendapat faedah daripada penggunaan racun perosak untuk mengawal penyakit dan penyakit yang ditanggung serangga, seperti malaria. Penggunaan racun perosak mencipta pasaran kerja yang besar dalam sektor pertanian. <> Apakah simpanan wang dalam tanaman daripada penggunaan jumlah racun makhluk perosak? || $ 40 bilion <> Berapa jumlah yang dibelanjakan tahunan mengenai racun perosak? || $ 10 bilion <> Bagaimana pengguna dapat memanfaatkan tanaman yang disimpan? || jumlah kuantiti hasil yang tersedia sepanjang tahun <> Di mana kawasan melakukan kerja pencemaran racun makhluk? || sektor agrichemical <> Bagaimana kesihatan publis umum terjejas oleh racun perosak? || mengawal penyakit yang ditanggung serangga dan penyakit", {"context": "Every dollar ($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops yields four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means based that, on the amount of money spent per year on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional $40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due to damage by insects and weeds. In general, farmers benefit from having an increase in crop yield and from being able to grow a variety of crops throughout the year. Consumers of agricultural products also benefit from being able to afford the vast quantities of produce available year-round. The general public also benefits from the use of pesticides for the control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses, such as malaria. The use of pesticides creates a large job market within the agrichemical sector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "$40 billion"}], "question": "What do monetary savings in crops from the use of pesticide amount to?", "id": "572697d6708984140094cb2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "$10 billion"}], "question": "What amount is spent annualoy on pesticides?", "id": "572697d6708984140094cb30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "vast quantities of produce available year-round"}], "question": "How are consumers able to benefit from saved crops?", "id": "572697d6708984140094cb31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "agrichemical sector"}], "question": "In which area do pesticides creat jobs?", "id": "572697d6708984140094cb32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "control of insect-borne diseases and illnesses"}], "question": "How is the health of the general publis affected by pesticides?", "id": "572697d6708984140094cb33"}]}], ["Racun perosak boleh diklasifikasikan oleh organisma sasaran (contohnya, racun herba, racun serangga, racun kulat, rodenticides, dan pediculicides - lihat jadual), struktur kimia (contohnya, organik, organik, sintetik atau biologi (biopesticide) dan keadaan fizikal (contohnya gas (fumigant)). Biopesticides termasuk racun perosak mikrob dan racun perosak biokimia. Racun perosak tumbuhan, atau \"botani\", telah berkembang dengan cepat. Ini termasuk pyrethroid, rotenoids, nikotinoids, dan kumpulan keempat yang termasuk strychnine dan scilliroside.:15 <> Apa salah satu cara untuk mengelompokkan racun perosak? || struktur kimia <> Berikan tiga contoh organisma sasaran racun perosak. || herbisida, racun serangga, racun kulat <> Apakah dua jenis biopesticides? || racun serangga mikroba dan racun perosak biokimia <> Jenis racun makhluk perosak yang mana telah melihat perkembangan pesat dalam pembangunan? || Racun perosak tumbuhan, atau \"botani", {"context": "Pesticides can be classified by target organism (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, and pediculicides - see table), chemical structure (e.g., organic, inorganic, synthetic, or biological (biopesticide), although the distinction can sometimes blur), and physical state (e.g. gaseous (fumigant)). Biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals\", have been developing quickly. These include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside.:15", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "chemical structure"}], "question": "What is one way to group pesticides?", "id": "572684165951b619008f752f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "herbicides, insecticides, fungicides"}], "question": "Give three examples of target organisms of pesticides.", "id": "572684165951b619008f7530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides"}], "question": "What are the two types of biopesticides?", "id": "572684165951b619008f7531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Plant-derived pesticides, or \"botanicals"}], "question": "Which type of pesticides have seen rapid growth in development?", "id": "572684165951b619008f7532"}]}], ["Racun perosak boleh menyebabkan kesan kesihatan akut dan tertangguh pada orang yang terdedah. Pendedahan racun makhluk perosak boleh menyebabkan pelbagai kesan kesihatan yang merugikan, dari kerengsaan kulit dan mata yang mudah kepada kesan yang lebih teruk seperti yang mempengaruhi sistem saraf, meniru hormon yang menyebabkan masalah reproduktif, dan juga menyebabkan kanser. Pemeriksaan sistematik tahun 2007 mendapati bahawa \"kebanyakan kajian mengenai limfoma dan leukemia bukan Hodgkin menunjukkan persatuan positif dengan pendedahan racun makhluk perosak\" dan dengan itu menyimpulkan bahawa penggunaan kosmetik racun perosak perlu dikurangkan. Terdapat bukti besar persatuan antara pendedahan insektisida organophosphate dan perubahan neurobehavioral. Bukti terhad juga ada untuk hasil negatif lain daripada pendedahan racun perosak termasuk kecacatan neurologi, kelahiran, kematian janin, <> Boleh racun perosak mempunyai kesan yang serius kepada orang? || menyebabkan kesan kesihatan yang teruk dan tertunda <> Apakah salah satu kesan pendedahan yang paling serius terhadap racun perosak? || kanser <> Apa yang difikirkan mungkin menyebabkan perubahan neurobehavioral? || pendedahan insektisida organofosfat", {"context": "Pesticides may cause acute and delayed health effects in people who are exposed. Pesticide exposure can cause a variety of adverse health effects, ranging from simple irritation of the skin and eyes to more severe effects such as affecting the nervous system, mimicking hormones causing reproductive problems, and also causing cancer. A 2007 systematic review found that \"most studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia showed positive associations with pesticide exposure\" and thus concluded that cosmetic use of pesticides should be decreased. There is substantial evidence of associations between organophosphate insecticide exposures and neurobehavioral alterations.  Limited evidence also exists for other negative outcomes from pesticide exposure including neurological, birth defects, fetal death,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "cause acute and delayed health effects"}], "question": "Can pesticides have a serious effect on people?", "id": "572699bf708984140094cb51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "cancer"}], "question": "What is one of the most serious effects of exposure to pesticides?", "id": "572699bf708984140094cb52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "organophosphate insecticide exposures"}], "question": "What is thought to possibly cause neurobehavioral alterations?", "id": "572699bf708984140094cb53"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006 dan 2007, dunia menggunakan kira-kira 2,4 megatonnes (5.3 \u00d7 109 lb) racun perosak, dengan herbisida yang merupakan bahagian terbesar penggunaan racun perosak dunia pada 40%, diikuti dengan insektisida (17%) dan fungisida (10%). Pada tahun 2006 dan 2007, AS menggunakan kira-kira 0.5 megatonnes (1.1 \u00d7 109 lb) racun perosak, yang menyumbang 22% daripada keseluruhan dunia, termasuk 857 juta pound (389 kt) racun serangga konvensional, yang digunakan dalam sektor pertanian (80% penggunaan racun perosak konvensional) serta sektor perindustrian, komersil, kerajaan dan rumah & taman. Pengeksportan juga terdapat di kebanyakan isi rumah AS dengan 78 juta daripada 105.5 juta isi rumah menunjukkan bahawa mereka menggunakan beberapa jenis racun perosak. Sehingga tahun 2007, terdapat lebih daripada 1,055 bahan aktif yang didaftarkan sebagai racun perosak, yang menghasilkan lebih daripada 20,000 produk racun perosak yang dipasarkan di Amerika Syarikat. <> Menganggarkan berapa banyak megatonnes racun perosak digunakan antara tahun 2006 dan 2007? || kira-kira 2.4 <> Berapa jumlah penggunaan racun perosak konvensional yang diambil oleh sektor pertanian? || 80% <> Racun perosak mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya berapa ramuan? || lebih daripada 1,055 <> Bagaimana racun makhluk perosak ditawarkan untuk dijual di Amerika Syarikat? || lebih 20,000", {"context": "In 2006 and 2007, the world used approximately 2.4 megatonnes (5.3\u00d7109 lb) of pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006 and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 megatonnes (1.1\u00d7109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for 22% of the world total, including 857 million pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which are used in the agricultural sector (80% of conventional pesticide use) as well as the industrial, commercial, governmental and home & garden sectors.Pesticides are also found in majority of U.S. households with 78 million out of the 105.5 million households indicating that they use some form of pesticide. As of 2007, there were more than 1,055 active ingredients registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000 pesticide products that are marketed in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "approximately 2.4"}], "question": "On estimate how many megatonnes of pesticides were used between 2006 and 2007?", "id": "572696cf708984140094cb0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "80%"}], "question": "What amount of conventional pesticide use does the agricultural sector account for?", "id": "572696cf708984140094cb10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "more than 1,055"}], "question": " Pesticides contain at least how many ingredients?", "id": "572696cf708984140094cb11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "over 20,000"}], "question": "How maney pesticides are offered for sale in the US?", "id": "572696cf708984140094cb12"}]}], ["Racun perosak digunakan untuk mengawal organisma yang dianggap berbahaya. Sebagai contoh, mereka digunakan untuk membunuh nyamuk yang boleh menyebarkan penyakit yang berpotensi mematikan seperti virus West Nile, demam kuning, dan malaria. Mereka juga boleh membunuh lebah, tawon atau semut yang boleh menyebabkan reaksi alergi. Insektisida boleh melindungi haiwan dari penyakit yang boleh disebabkan oleh parasit seperti kutu. Racun makhluk perosak boleh menghalang penyakit pada manusia yang boleh disebabkan oleh makanan berjerudung atau produk berpenyakit. Herbisida boleh digunakan untuk membersihkan rumpai, pokok dan berus di tepi jalan. Mereka juga boleh membunuh rumput invasif yang boleh menyebabkan kerosakan alam sekitar. Herbisida biasanya digunakan di kolam dan tasik untuk mengawal alga dan tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti rumput air yang boleh mengganggu aktiviti seperti berenang dan memancing dan menyebabkan air kelihatan atau bau tidak menyenangkan. Perosak yang tidak terkawal seperti anai-anai dan acuan boleh merosakkan struktur seperti rumah. Racun makhluk perosak digunakan di kedai runcit dan kemudahan penyimpanan makanan untuk mengurus tikus dan serangga yang menyusup makanan seperti bijirin. Setiap penggunaan racun makhluk perosak membawa beberapa risiko yang berkaitan. Penggunaan racun makhluk perosak yang tepat mengurangkan risiko yang berkaitan dengan tahap yang dianggap boleh diterima oleh agensi pengawasan racun perosak seperti Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat (EPA) dan Badan Kawal Selia Pengurusan Perosak (PMRA) Kanada. <> Racun perosak boleh digunakan untuk menghentikan penyebaran apa yang diolah? || Virus West Nile, demam kuning, dan malaria <> Apakah jenis racun perosak yang anda dapati di kolam dan tasik? || Herbisida <> Agensi mana yang mengawal keselamatan racun perosak di AS? || Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar (EPA) <> Agensi mana yang mengawal keselamatan racun perosak di Kanada? || Agensi Pengawalan Pengurusan Perosak", {"context": "Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from illnesses that can be caused by parasites such as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in humans that could be caused by moldy food or diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear roadside weeds, trees and brush. They can also kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as water grasses that can interfere with activities like swimming and fishing and cause the water to look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such as termites and mold can damage structures such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery stores and food storage facilities to manage rodents and insects that infest food such as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases these associated risks to a level deemed acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "West Nile virus, yellow fever, and malaria"}], "question": "Pesticides can be used to stop the spread of what dieseases?", "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e895e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Herbicides"}], "question": "What sort of pesticides would you find in ponds and lakes?", "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e895f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1238, "text": "Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)"}], "question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in the US?", "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e8960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "Pest Management Regulatory Agency"}], "question": "Which agency regulates safety of pesticides in Canada?", "id": "57268e22dd62a815002e8961"}]}], ["Racun perosak adalah bahan yang bertujuan untuk menarik, menggoda, dan kemudian memusnahkan sebarang perosak. Mereka adalah kelas biocide. Penggunaan racun perosak yang paling biasa adalah sebagai produk perlindungan tumbuhan (juga dikenali sebagai produk perlindungan tanaman), yang pada umumnya melindungi tanaman daripada pengaruh yang merosakkan seperti rumpai, kulat, atau serangga. Penggunaan racun perosak ini adalah sangat umum bahawa istilah racun makhluk perosak sering dianggap sebagai sinonim dengan produk perlindungan tumbuhan, walaupun ia sebenarnya istilah yang lebih luas, kerana racun perosak juga digunakan untuk tujuan bukan pertanian. Terma racun makhluk perosak termasuk semua yang berikut: herbisid, insektisida, pengatur pertumbuhan serangga, nematicide, thermicicide, moluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, penghilang serangga, penghalau haiwan, antimikrobial, racun kulat, disinfektan (antimikrobial) . <> Apakah perbezaan antara racun perosak dan produk perlindungan tumbuhan? || racun perosak juga digunakan untuk tujuan bukan pertanian <> Apakah tujuan racun makhluk perosak? || Racun perosak adalah bahan yang dimaksudkan untuk menarik, merasakan, dan kemudian memusnahkan sebarang perosak <> Apakah racun perosak yang paling biasa digunakan? || Penggunaan racun perosak yang paling biasa adalah sebagai produk perlindungan tumbuhan <> Apa yang boleh racun perosak melindungi tanaman daripada? || melindungi tumbuh-tumbuhan daripada pengaruh yang merosakkan seperti rumpai, kulat, atau serangga <> Apa item lazim yang digunakan di hospital, sekolah dan pejabat adalah racun makhluk perosak? || sanitizer", {"context": "Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest. They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes"}], "question": "What is the difference between a pesticide and a plant protection product?", "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pesticides are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a pesticide?", "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "The most common use of pesticides is as plant protection products"}], "question": "What are pesticides most commonly used for?", "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects"}], "question": "What can pesticides protect plants from?", "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "sanitizer"}], "question": "What item commonly used in hospitals, schools and offices is a pesticide?", "id": "57268054dd62a815002e8768"}]}], ["Banyak racun perosak boleh dikelompokkan ke dalam keluarga kimia. Keluarga serangga yang terkenal termasuk organoklorin, organofosfat, dan karbamat. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) boleh dipisahkan ke dalam diklorodiphenylethanes, sebatian cyclodiene, dan sebatian lain yang berkaitan. Mereka beroperasi dengan mengganggu keseimbangan sodium / kalium serat saraf, memaksa saraf untuk menghantar secara berterusan. Toksisiti mereka berbeza-beza, tetapi mereka telah dihentikan kerana kegigihan dan potensi mereka untuk bioakumulasi. 2139-240 Organophosphate dan carbamates sebahagian besarnya menggantikan organoklorin. Kedua-duanya beroperasi melalui menghalang enzyme acetylcholinesterase, yang membolehkan acetylcholine untuk memindahkan impuls syaraf selama-lamanya dan menyebabkan pelbagai gejala seperti kelemahan atau lumpuh. Organophosphates agak toksik kepada vertebrata, dan dalam beberapa kes telah digantikan oleh carbamates yang kurang toksik. Tinjauan pertama: Thiocarbamate dan dithiocarbamates adalah subkelas karbamat. Keluarga herbisida yang terkenal termasuk herbisida asid fenoksi dan benzoik (mis. 2,4-D), triazin (mis., Atrazine), ureas (mis., Diuron), dan Chloroacetanilides (mis., Alachlor). Sebatian Phenoxy cenderung secara selektif membunuh rumpai daun luas dan bukannya rumput. Racun asid fenoksi dan benzoik berfungsi sama dengan hormon pertumbuhan tumbuhan, dan tumbuh sel tanpa pembahagian sel normal, menghancurkan sistem pengangkutan nutrien tumbuhan.:300 Triazines mengganggu fotosintesis.:335 Banyak racun perosak yang sering digunakan tidak termasuk dalam keluarga ini, termasuk glyphosate . <> Organochlorine hydrocarbons kesan apa keseimbangan serat saraf? || natrium / kalium <> Kenapa penggunaan hidrokarbon organoklorin berakhir? || kerana kegigihan dan berpotensi untuk bioaccumulate <> Apa jenis racun herba terpilih membunuh rumput leef luas? || Senyawa Phenoxy <> Apa rancangan funtion yang penting diganggu oleh triazine? || fotosintesis <> Organophospata dan karbamat menyebabkan gejala? || kelemahan atau lumpuh", {"context": "Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families. Prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons (e.g., DDT) could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and other related compounds. They operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have been phased out because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate.:239\u2013240 Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines. Both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases been replaced by less toxic carbamates.:136\u2013137 Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates. Prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides (e.g. 2,4-D), triazines (e.g., atrazine), ureas (e.g., diuron), and Chloroacetanilides (e.g., alachlor). Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses. The phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plant's nutrient transport system.:300 Triazines interfere with photosynthesis.:335 Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "sodium/potassium"}], "question": "Organochlorine hydrocarbons effect what balance of the nerve fiber?", "id": "5726861f708984140094c8db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "because of their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate"}], "question": "Why was the use of organochlorine hydrocarbons ended?", "id": "5726861f708984140094c8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1160, "text": "Phenoxy compounds"}], "question": "What type of herbicide selectively kills broad leef weeds?", "id": "5726861f708984140094c8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1446, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What essential plan funtion is interrupted by triazines?", "id": "5726861f708984140094c8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "weakness or paralysis"}], "question": "Organophospates and carbamates cause which symptoms?", "id": "5726861f708984140094c8df"}]}], ["Untuk mengurangkan impak negatif, adalah wajar racun perosak boleh degradasi atau sekurang-kurangnya segera dinyahaktifkan di alam sekitar. Kehilangan aktiviti atau keracunan racun perosak itu disebabkan oleh sifat-sifat kimiawi semula jadi dari sebatian dan proses atau keadaan alam sekitar. Sebagai contoh, kehadiran halogen dalam struktur kimia sering melambatkan kemerosotan dalam persekitaran aerobik. Penjerapan ke tanah boleh menghalang pergerakan racun perosak, tetapi juga boleh mengurangkan bioavailabiliti kepada penyahmampan mikrob. <> Ciri apa yang ingin membantu mengurangkan kesan negatif terhadap racun perosak? || bahawa racun perosak boleh degradasi <> Bagaimana lagi bolehkah kesan negatif terhadap racun perosak dikurangkan? || cepat dinyahaktifkan di alam sekitar <> Apa salah satu cara yang racun perosak kehilangan keberkesanannya? || kehadiran halogens <> Apa yang mungkin melambatkan pergerakan racun perosak? || Penjerapan ke tanah", {"context": "In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "that pesticides be degradable"}], "question": "What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?", "id": "5726a21a708984140094cc6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "quickly deactivated in the environment"}], "question": "How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?", "id": "5726a373708984140094cca7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "presence of halogens"}], "question": "What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?", "id": "5726a373708984140094cca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Adsorption to soil"}], "question": "What may slow pesticide movement?", "id": "5726a373708984140094cca9"}]}], ["Racun perosak sering dirujuk mengikut jenis perosak yang mereka kendalikan. Racun perosak juga boleh dianggap sebagai racun perosak biodegradable, yang akan dipecahkan oleh mikrob dan makhluk hidup lain ke dalam sebatian yang tidak berbahaya, atau racun perosak yang berterusan, yang mungkin mengambil masa beberapa bulan atau beberapa tahun sebelum ia dipecah: itu adalah kegigihan DDT, sebagai contoh , yang membawa kepada pengumpulannya dalam rantaian makanan dan membunuh burung mangsa di puncak rantaian makanan. Satu lagi cara untuk berfikir tentang racun perosak adalah untuk mempertimbangkan mereka yang racun perosak kimia atau berasal dari sumber yang sama atau kaedah pengeluaran. <> Apakah satu jenis racun perosak? || biodegradable <> Berapa lama mungkin diperlukan untuk racun perosak yang berterusan untuk dipecahkan? || bulan atau tahun <> Kualiti apa yang menyebabkan DDT membina dalam pelbagai organisma? || ketekunan <> Apa salahnya cara mengklasifikasikan racun perosak? || jenis perosak yang mereka kendalikan", {"context": "Pesticides are often referred to according to the type of pest they control. Pesticides can also be considered as either biodegradable pesticides, which will be broken down by microbes and other living beings into harmless compounds, or persistent pesticides, which may take months or years before they are broken down: it was the persistence of DDT, for example, which led to its accumulation in the food chain and its killing of birds of prey at the top of the food chain. Another way to think about pesticides is to consider those that are chemical pesticides or are derived from a common source or production method.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "biodegradable"}], "question": "What is one type of pesticide?", "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "months or years"}], "question": "How long may it take for persistent pesticides to be broken down?", "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "persistence"}], "question": "What quality caused DDT to build up in various organisms?", "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "type of pest they control"}], "question": "What is one way to classify pesticides?", "id": "5726adcd5951b619008f79fc"}]}], ["Istilah \"push-pull\" ditubuhkan pada tahun 1987 sebagai pendekatan untuk pengurusan perosak bersepadu (IPM). Strategi ini menggunakan campuran rangsangan pengubahsuaian tingkah laku untuk memanipulasi pengedaran dan kelimpahan serangga. \"Push\" bermaksud serangga ditolak atau terhalang dari sumber apa pun yang dilindungi. \"Tarik\" bermaksud rangsangan tertentu (rangsangan separuh kimia, feromon, bahan tambahan makanan, rangsangan visual, tumbuh tumbuhan genetik, dan lain-lain) digunakan untuk menarik perosak untuk memerangkap tanaman di mana mereka akan dibunuh. Terdapat banyak komponen yang terlibat untuk melaksanakan Strategi Push-Pull di IPM. <> Apakah IPM berdiri? || pengurusan perosak bersepadu <> Bagaimana lokasi dan jumlah serangga akan berubah? || rangsangan perilaku yang mengubahsuai <> Apa salah satu perkara yang boleh digunakan untuk menarik perosak? || aditif makanan <> Apakah nama proses yang mana perosak tertarik dan ditolak menggunakan IPM. || Tolak tarik", {"context": "The term \"push-pull\" was established in 1987 as an approach for integrated pest management (IPM). This strategy uses a mixture of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of insects. \"Push\" means the insects are repelled or deterred away from whatever resource that is being protected. \"Pull\" means that certain stimuli (semiochemical stimuli, pheromones, food additives, visual stimuli, genetically altered plants, etc.) are used to attract pests to trap crops where they will be killed. There are numerous different components involved in order to implement a Push-Pull Strategy in IPM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "integrated pest management"}], "question": "What does IPM stand for?", "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "behavior-modifying stimuli"}], "question": "How can the location and amount of insects be changed?", "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "food additives"}], "question": "What is one thing that can be used to pull pests?", "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Push-Pull"}], "question": "What is the name of the process by which pests are attracted and repelled using IPM. ", "id": "5726a7695951b619008f7938"}]}], ["Alternatif untuk racun perosak tersedia dan termasuk kaedah penanaman, penggunaan kawalan perosak biologi (seperti pheromone dan racun perosak mikroba), kejuruteraan genetik, dan cara mengganggu pembiakan serangga. Penggunaan sisa buangan kompos juga telah digunakan sebagai cara mengawal perosak. Kaedah ini menjadi semakin popular dan seringkali lebih selamat daripada racun perosak kimia tradisional. Di samping itu, EPA mendaftarkan racun perosak konvensional yang berkurangan risiko dalam jumlah yang semakin meningkat. <> Apakah satu perkara yang boleh digunakan sebagai ganti racun perosak? || kaedah penanaman <> Apa produk semulajadi boleh digunakan untuk mengawal perosak? || sisa buangan kompos <> Mengapa kaedah alternatif kawalan serangga mendapat populariti? || selamat daripada racun perosak kimia tradisional <> Agensi apa yang telah ditawarkan penerimaan racun perosak yang lebih selamat? || EPA <> Apakah satu cara bukan kimia untuk menangani perosak? || mengganggu pembiakan serangga", {"context": "Alternatives to pesticides are available and include methods of cultivation, use of biological pest controls (such as pheromones and microbial pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of interfering with insect breeding. Application of composted yard waste has also been used as a way of controlling pests. These methods are becoming increasingly popular and often are safer than traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in increasing numbers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "methods of cultivation"}], "question": "What is one thing that can be used in place of pesticides?", "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "composted yard waste"}], "question": "What natural product can be used to control pests?", "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "safer than traditional chemical pesticides"}], "question": "Why are alternative methods of pest control gaining popularity?", "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "EPA"}], "question": "What agency has offered acceptance of safer pesticides?", "id": "5726a4de708984140094ccca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "interfering with insect breeding"}], "question": "What is one non chemical way of dealing with pests?", "id": "5726a4de708984140094cccb"}]}], ["Walaupun peraturan racun perosak berbeza dari negara ke negara, racun perosak, dan produk yang mereka gunakan diperdagangkan di seluruh sempadan antarabangsa. Untuk menangani ketidakkonsistenan dalam peraturan-peraturan di antara negara-negara, delegasi ke persidangan Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa mengadopsi Tatakelakuan Antarabangsa mengenai Pengedaran dan Penggunaan Racun Perosak pada tahun 1985 untuk membuat peraturan sukarela peraturan pengawasan racun perosak bagi negara-negara yang berlainan. Kod ini dikemas kini pada tahun 1998 dan 2002. FAO mendakwa bahawa kod tersebut telah meningkatkan kesedaran mengenai bahaya racun perosak dan menurunkan bilangan negara tanpa sekatan penggunaan racun perosak. <> Adakah perdagangan barangan racun perosak dan racun perosak terhad kepada Amerika Syarikat? || diperdagangkan melintasi sempadan antarabangsa <> Apa komitee berkaitan dengan perbezaan peraturan yang mengatur penggunaan racun perosak di negara-negara yang berbeza? || Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu <> Bilakah kod antarabangsa yang mengawal pengagihan dan penggunaan racun perosak yang ditubuhkan? || 1985 <> Bagaimana baru-baru ini piawaian peraturan racun perosak secara sukarela dikemaskini? || 2002", {"context": "Though pesticide regulations differ from country to country, pesticides, and products on which they were used are traded across international borders. To deal with inconsistencies in regulations among countries, delegates to a conference of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization adopted an International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides in 1985 to create voluntary standards of pesticide regulation for different countries. The Code was updated in 1998 and 2002. The FAO claims that the code has raised awareness about pesticide hazards and decreased the number of countries without restrictions on pesticide use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "traded across international borders"}], "question": "Is the trade of pesticides and pesticide treated goods limited to the United States?", "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization"}], "question": "What commitee deals with differences in rules governing the use of pesticides among different countries?", "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When was the international code which governs the distribution and use of pesticides established?", "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "2002"}], "question": "How recently were voluntary standards of pesticide regulation updated?", "id": "5726b3c8dd62a815002e8d61"}]}], ["Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia dan Program Alam Sekitar PBB menganggarkan bahawa setiap tahun, 3 juta pekerja dalam pertanian di negara membangun mengalami keracunan yang teruk akibat racun perosak, sekitar 18,000 daripadanya mati. Berikutan peraturan dan langkah pencegahan yang tidak mencukupi, 99% kematian berkaitan racun perosak berlaku di negara-negara membangun yang menyumbang hanya 25% penggunaan racun perosak. Menurut satu kajian, seramai 25 juta pekerja di negara-negara membangun boleh mengalami keracunan racun perosak yang ringan setiap tahun. Terdapat beberapa kerjaya selain daripada pertanian yang mungkin juga meletakkan individu yang berisiko terhadap kesan kesihatan dari pendedahan racun perosak termasuk penjaga haiwan kesayangan, penjaga tanah, dan pencemar. <> Berapa banyak pekerja dalam pertanian mati setahun dari racun perosak yang teruk di negara-negara membangun? || 18,000 <> Apa karier yang menimbulkan bahaya yang terdedah kepada racun racun makhluk perosak? || penyapu, penjaga bawah tanah, dan penggemar makanan <> Di negara-negara membangun, berapa ramai pekerja yang terdedah kepada pestisida racun ringan? || sebagai 25 juta <> Mengapa 99% kematian berkaitan racun perosak di negara maju? || peraturan yang tidak mencukupi", {"context": "The World Health Organization and the UN Environment Programme estimate that each year, 3 million workers in agriculture in the developing world experience severe poisoning from pesticides, about 18,000 of whom die. Owing to inadequate regulation and safety precautions, 99% of pesticide related deaths occur in developing countries that account for only 25% of pesticide usage. According to one study, as many as 25 million workers in developing countries may suffer mild pesticide poisoning yearly. There are several careers aside from agriculture that may also put individuals at risk of health effects from pesticide exposure including pet groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "18,000"}], "question": "How many workers in agriculture die a year from severly poisining pesticides in developing countries?", "id": "57269f685951b619008f77ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "groomers, groundskeepers, and fumigators"}], "question": "What careers put people in danger of being exposed to pesticide poisining?", "id": "57269f685951b619008f7800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "as 25 million"}], "question": "In developing countries, how many workers are exposed to mild pesticide poisining?", "id": "57269f685951b619008f7801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "inadequate regulation"}], "question": "Why are 99% of pesticide related deaths in underdeveloped countries?", "id": "57269f685951b619008f7802"}]}], ["Penggunaan racun makhluk perosak menimbulkan beberapa kebimbangan alam sekitar. Lebih 98% daripada racun serangga yang disembur dan 95% racun herba mencapai tujuan selain spesies sasaran mereka, termasuk spesies, udara, air dan tanah yang tidak disasarkan. Kebakaran racun perosak berlaku apabila racun perosak digantung di udara sebagai zarah dibawa oleh angin ke kawasan lain, yang berpotensi mencemari mereka. Racun perosak adalah salah satu punca pencemaran air, dan beberapa racun perosak adalah pencemar organik yang berterusan dan menyumbang kepada pencemaran tanah. <> Apa jenis racun serangga yang disembur mempengaruhi spesies yang salah? || Lebih 98% <> Apakah yang terjejas apabila racun perosak tidak mencapai sasaran mereka? || spesies bukan sasaran, udara, air dan tanah <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila racun perosak ditangkap dalam angin dan dibawa ke kawasan yang tidak diingini? || Racun perosak racun <> racun perosak menyumbang kepada apa jenis pencemaran? || pencemaran air <> Apakah kesan drift racun perosak? || berpotensi mencemari", {"context": "Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other areas, potentially contaminating them. Pesticides are one of the causes of water pollution, and some pesticides are persistent organic pollutants and contribute to soil contamination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Over 98%"}], "question": "What pecentage of sprayed pesticides affect the wrong species?", "id": "5726a066708984140094cc2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "non-target species, air, water and soil"}], "question": "What is affected when pesticides don't reach their target?", "id": "5726a066708984140094cc30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Pesticide drift"}], "question": "What is it called when pesticides are caught in the wind and carried to unintended areas?", "id": "5726a066708984140094cc31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "water pollution"}], "question": "Pesticides contribute to what sort of pollution?", "id": "5726a066708984140094cc32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "potentially contaminating"}], "question": "What is the effect of pesticide drift?", "id": "5726a066708984140094cc33"}]}], ["Sesetengah bukti menunjukkan bahawa alternatif untuk racun perosak boleh sama berkesan seperti penggunaan bahan kimia. Sebagai contoh, Sweden telah mengurangkan penggunaan racun perosak dengan mengurangkan pengurangan tanaman. [Sumber yang tidak boleh dipercayai?] Di Indonesia, petani telah mengurangkan penggunaan racun perosak pada sawah sebanyak 65% dan mengalami peningkatan tanaman sebanyak 15%. [Sumber tidak boleh dipercayai?] kajian ladang Jagung di utara Florida mendapati bahawa penggunaan sisa buangan kompos dengan nisbah nitrogen karbon yang tinggi ke ladang pertanian sangat berkesan untuk mengurangkan populasi nematoda tumbuhan-parasit dan peningkatan hasil tanaman, dengan peningkatan hasil antara 10% hingga 212 %; Kesan yang diperhatikan adalah jangka panjang, sering kali tidak muncul sehingga musim ketiga kajian. <> Berapa banyaknya Sweden dapat menurunkan penggunaan racun perosak? || mengurangkan penggunaannya <> Apa negara lain telah mengurangkan penggunaan racun perosaknya? || Indonesia <> Apa bahan semulajadi yang didapati berkesan meningkatkan hasil tanaman | | karbon kepada nitrogen <> Berapakah keuntungan dalam tanaman boleh disumbangkan kepada penggunaan bahan buangan kompos? || 10% hingga 212%", {"context": "Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with hardly any reduction in crops.[unreliable source?] In Indonesia, farmers have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and experienced a 15% crop increase.[unreliable source?] A study of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the application of composted yard waste with high carbon to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly effective at reducing the population of plant-parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the observed effects were long-term, often not appearing until the third season of the study.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "halved its use"}], "question": "How much was Sweden able to lower thier pesticide usage?", "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Indonesia"}], "question": "What other country has reduced its pesticide usage?", "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "carbon to nitrogen"}], "question": "What natural substance has been found to effectively increase crop yields", "id": "5726a8e6708984140094cd27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "10% to 212%"}], "question": "What amount of gain in crops can be contributed to application of composted yard waste?", "id": "5726a9a2708984140094cd3f"}]}], ["Sulfonilurea berikut telah dikomersialkan untuk kawalan rumpai: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-metil, klorimuron-etil, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-metil-natrium, hampirulfuron-metil, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-metil, pyrazosulfuron- rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, terbacil, bispyribac-natrium, cyclosulfamuron, dan natrium pyrithiobac. Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron metil, dan chlorsulfuron adalah herbisida spektrum luas yang membunuh tumbuhan dengan menghalang sintetik enzim asetatolaktat. Pada tahun 1960-an, bahan perlindungan tanaman lebih daripada 1 kg / ha (0.89 lb / ekar) biasanya digunakan, manakala sulfonylureates membenarkan sebanyak 1% bahan yang banyak untuk mencapai kesan yang sama. <> Apa yang biasa digunakan oleh sulfonyuras? || kawalan rumpai <> Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron metil dan chlorsulfuron boleh dikelaskan sebagai jenis racun makhluk perosak? || spektrum luas spektrum <> Pembatasan enzim apa yang membolehkan herbisida spektrum luas untuk membunuh tumbuhan? || acetolactate synthase <> Jumlah bahan yang digunakan sebagai langkah perlindungan tanaman menurun dari 1kg / ha dalam tahun apa ke 1% saat ini? || 1960-an", {"context": "The following sulfonylureas have been commercialized for weed control: amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium, halosulfuron-methyl, imazosulfuron, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, primisulfuron-methyl, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl Sulfosulfuron, terbacil, bispyribac-sodium, cyclosulfamuron, and pyrithiobac-sodium. Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl, and chlorsulfuron are broad-spectrum herbicides that kill plants by inhibiting the enzyme acetolactate synthase. In the 1960s, more than 1 kg/ha (0.89 lb/acre) crop protection chemical was typically applied, while sulfonylureates allow as little as 1% as much material to achieve the same effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "weed control"}], "question": "What are sulfonyureas commonly used for?", "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "broad-spectrum herbicides"}], "question": "Nicosulfuron, triflusulfuron methyl and chlorsulfuron can be classified as what type of pesticides?", "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "acetolactate synthase"}], "question": "The restriction of what enzyme allows broad-spectrum herbicides to kill plants?", "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "The amount of material used as a crop protection measure decreased from 1kg/ha in what year to its current 1%?", "id": "5726b072f1498d1400e8e76f"}]}], ["Oleh kerana racun perosak hidrokarbon berklorin dibubarkan dalam lemak dan tidak diekskresikan, organisma cenderung mengekalkannya hampir selama-lamanya. Pembesaran biologi adalah proses di mana hidrokarbon berklorin (racun perosak) ini lebih tertumpu di setiap peringkat rantaian makanan. Di antara haiwan marin, kepekatan racun perosak lebih tinggi di dalam ikan karnivor, dan lebih-lebih lagi dalam burung-burung dan haiwan mamalia di puncak piramid ekologi. Penyulingan global adalah proses di mana racun perosak diangkut dari panas ke kawasan sejuk di bumi, terutamanya di Kutub dan puncak gunung. Racun perosak yang menguap ke atmosfera pada suhu yang agak tinggi boleh dibawa jarak jauh (ribuan kilometer) oleh angin ke kawasan suhu yang lebih rendah, di mana ia mengalir dan dibawa kembali ke tanah dalam hujan atau salji. <> Mengapa racun perosak hidrokarbon tidak dikeluarkan? || larut dalam lemak <> Bagaimana tahap racun makhluk perosak lebih tinggi naik rantaian makanan? || Pembesaran biologi <> Pergerakan racun perosak dari wawrme ke iklim sejuk dipanggil apa? || Penyulingan Global <> Bagaimana racun perosak dapat bergerak lebih dari ratusan batu? || angin", {"context": "Since chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides dissolve in fats and are not excreted, organisms tend to retain them almost indefinitely. Biological magnification is the process whereby these chlorinated hydrocarbons (pesticides) are more concentrated at each level of the food chain. Among marine animals, pesticide concentrations are higher in carnivorous fishes, and even more so in the fish-eating birds and mammals at the top of the ecological pyramid. Global distillation is the process whereby pesticides are transported from warmer to colder regions of the Earth, in particular the Poles and mountain tops. Pesticides that evaporate into the atmosphere at relatively high temperature can be carried considerable distances (thousands of kilometers) by the wind to an area of lower temperature, where they condense and are carried back to the ground in rain or snow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "dissolve in fats"}], "question": "Why are hydrocarbon pesticides not excreted?", "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Biological magnification"}], "question": "How are levels of pesticides higher going up the food chain?", "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Global distillation"}], "question": "The movement of pesticides from wawrme to cooler climates is called what?", "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "the wind"}], "question": "How could pesticides travel over hundreds of miles?", "id": "5726a1bbdd62a815002e8b7b"}]}], ["Sesetengah racun perosak dianggap terlalu berbahaya untuk dijual kepada orang awam dan diberi racun perosak penggunaan terhad. Hanya aplikator yang diperakui, yang telah lulus peperiksaan, boleh membeli atau mengawasi penggunaan racun perosak yang terhad. Rekod jualan dan penggunaan diperlukan untuk dikekalkan dan mungkin diaudit oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan yang dipertanggungjawabkan dengan penguatkuasaan peraturan racun perosak. Rekod-rekod ini mesti disediakan kepada pekerja-pekerja dan agensi pengawalseliaan alam sekitar negeri atau wilayah. <> Apakah racun perosak yang dianggap sangat berbahaya? || penggunaan racun serangga yang terhad <> Apa yang layak untuk menggunakan racun perosak yang terhad? || peperiksaan <> EPA atau kumpulan lain yang mengawal penggunaan racun perosak boleh memeriksa apa? || Rekod jualan dan penggunaan <> Agensi yang mengawal selia alam sekitar wujud dalam kapasiti serantau? || negeri atau wilayah", {"context": "Some pesticides are considered too hazardous for sale to the general public and are designated restricted use pesticides. Only certified applicators, who have passed an exam, may purchase or supervise the application of restricted use pesticides. Records of sales and use are required to be maintained and may be audited by government agencies charged with the enforcement of pesticide regulations. These records must be made available to employees and state or territorial environmental regulatory agencies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "restricted use pesticides"}], "question": "What are pesticides that are thought to be extremely dangerous called?", "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "an exam"}], "question": "What would qualify someone to use restricted use pesticides?", "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Records of sales and use"}], "question": " The EPA or other groups who govern pesticide use may inspect what?", "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "state or territorial"}], "question": "Agencies who regulate the environment exists in what regional capacities?", "id": "5726bd825951b619008f7cac"}]}], ["Tiga usaha lain untuk memperbaiki regulasi perdagangan racun perosak antarabangsa adalah Garis Panduan London Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Pertukaran Maklumat mengenai Bahan Kimia dalam Perdagangan Antarabangsa dan Komisi Codex Alimentarius Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. [Rujukan?] Yang pertama bertujuan untuk melaksanakan prosedur untuk memastikan bahawa persetujuan terlebih dahulu wujud di antara negara-negara yang membeli dan menjual racun perosak, sementara yang kedua bertujuan mewujudkan piawaian seragam untuk tahap maksimum sisa racun perosak di kalangan negara peserta. Kedua-dua inisiatif ini beroperasi secara sukarela. <> Negara apakah yang cuba memperbaiki kawalan pertukaran racun perosak? || London <> Apa satu agensi yang cuba membantu menjadikan perdagangan racun makhluk perosak lebih selamat? || Komisi Codex Alimentarius Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Apa salah satu perkara penting yang perlu dihadapi apabila negara-negara berdagang dengan racun perosak? || persetujuan bertulis terlebih dahulu <> Adakah agensi-agensi ini adalah keperluan di negara-negara di mana mereka wujud? || inisiatif beroperasi secara sukarela", {"context": "Three other efforts to improve regulation of international pesticide trade are the United Nations London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade and the United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission.[citation needed] The former seeks to implement procedures for ensuring that prior informed consent exists between countries buying and selling pesticides, while the latter seeks to create uniform standards for maximum levels of pesticide residues among participating countries. Both initiatives operate on a voluntary basis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "London"}], "question": "What country has attempted to better the controls of pesticide exchanges?", "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "United Nations Codex Alimentarius Commission"}], "question": "What is one agency who is trying to help make the trade of pesticides safer?", "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "prior informed consent"}], "question": "What is one important thing that should be present when countries are trading with pesticides?", "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "initiatives operate on a voluntary basis"}], "question": "Are these agencies a requirement in the countries where they exist?", "id": "5726b60bdd62a815002e8da5"}]}], ["Perundangan pertama yang menyediakan pihak berkuasa persekutuan untuk mengawal selia racun makhluk perosak telah digubal pada tahun 1910; Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa dekad kemudian pada tahun 1940-an pengeluar mula menghasilkan sejumlah besar racun perosak sintetik dan penggunaannya menjadi meluas. Sesetengah sumber menganggap tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an menjadi permulaan era \"racun makhluk perosak\". Walaupun Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar AS ditubuhkan pada tahun 1970 dan pindaan kepada undang-undang racun perosak pada tahun 1972, penggunaan racun perosak telah meningkat 50 kali ganda sejak tahun 1950 dan 2.3 juta tan (2.5 juta tan pendek) racun perosak industri sekarang [ketika?] Digunakan setiap tahun . Tujuh puluh lima peratus daripada semua racun perosak di dunia digunakan di negara maju, tetapi penggunaan di negara-negara membangun semakin meningkat. Satu kajian penggunaan trend penggunaan racun perosak Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1997 telah diterbitkan pada tahun 2003 oleh Pusat Perosak Pengurusan Perosak Bersepadu Yayasan Sains Negara. <> Bilakah undang-undang yang mula-mula diwujudkan untuk mengawal selia racun makhluk perosak? || 1910 <> Apa yang mungkin diketahui oleh seseorang tentang sejarah racun perosak yang disebut dalam tempoh 1940-an dan 1950-an? || era racun perosak <> Bilakah Amerika menubuhkan Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar? || 1970 <> Negara-negara yang ditubuhkan menggunakan jumlah racun perosak? || Tujuh puluh lima peratus <> Trend mengenai penggunaan racun perosak telah diterbitkan dari negara mana? || USA", {"context": "The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the \"pesticide era.\" Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?", "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "pesticide era"}], "question": "What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?", "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "1970"}], "question": "When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?", "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Seventy-five percent"}], "question": "Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?", "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "USA"}], "question": "Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?", "id": "5726c384dd62a815002e8fc8"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar (EPA) bertanggungjawab untuk mengawal selia racun perosak di bawah Akta Insektisida, Fungisida dan Rodentis Persekutuan (FIFRA) dan Akta Perlindungan Kualiti Makanan (FQPA). Kajian harus dijalankan untuk menentukan keadaan di mana bahan tersebut selamat digunakan dan keberkesanannya terhadap perosak yang dimaksudkan. EPA mengawal racun makhluk perosak untuk memastikan bahawa produk ini tidak menimbulkan kesan buruk kepada manusia atau alam sekitar. Racun perosak yang dihasilkan sebelum November 1984 terus dinilai semula untuk memenuhi piawaian saintifik dan pengawalseliaan semasa. Semua racun perosak yang berdaftar disemak setiap 15 tahun untuk memastikan mereka memenuhi piawaian yang sepatutnya. Semasa proses pendaftaran, label dibuat. Label mengandungi arahan untuk penggunaan bahan yang betul di samping sekatan keselamatan. Berdasarkan ketoksikan akut, racun perosak diberikan kepada Kelas Ketoksikan. <> Apakah ukuran racun perosak yang ditentukan dalam kajian EPA? || bahan selamat untuk digunakan dan keberkesanan <> Siapa yang dilindungi oleh peraturan EPA? || manusia atau alam sekitar <> Racun perosak diperiksa sering untuk memastikan mereka memenuhi peraturan keselamatan terkini dari apa tempoh masa. || sebelum November 1984 <> Berapa kerapkah racun perosak yang dihasilkan baru-baru ini dinilai untuk keselamatan? || setiap 15 tahun <> Bagaimana seseorang boleh mengetahui lebih lanjut tentang cara menggunakan dan mengendalikan racun perosak dengan selamat? || label", {"context": "In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the effectiveness against the intended pest(s). The EPA regulates pesticides to ensure that these products do not pose adverse effects to humans or the environment. Pesticides produced before November 1984 continue to be reassessed in order to meet the current scientific and regulatory standards. All registered pesticides are reviewed every 15 years to ensure they meet the proper standards. During the registration process, a label is created. The label contains directions for proper use of the material in addition to safety restrictions. Based on acute toxicity, pesticides are assigned to a Toxicity Class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "material is safe to use and the effectiveness"}], "question": "What is a measure of pesticides determined in EPA studies?", "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "humans or the environment"}], "question": "Who is protected by EPA regulations?", "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "before November 1984"}], "question": "Pesticides are inspected often to make sure they meet up to date safety regulations from what period of time.", "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "every 15 years"}], "question": "How often are pesticides produced more recently evaluated for safety?", "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "label"}], "question": "How could someone learn more about how to safely use and handle an unknow pesticide?", "id": "5726bb5b708984140094cf87"}]}], ["Peraturan keselamatan dan racun perosak racun perosak direka untuk melindungi orang ramai daripada penyalahgunaan racun perosak, tetapi tidak menghapuskan semua penyalahgunaan. Mengurangkan penggunaan racun perosak dan memilih racun perosak yang kurang toksik dapat mengurangkan risiko yang diletakkan pada masyarakat dan alam sekitar daripada penggunaan racun makhluk perosak. Pengurusan serangga perosak, penggunaan pelbagai pendekatan untuk mengendalikan perosak, semakin meluas dan telah digunakan dengan sukses di negara-negara seperti Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, A.S., Australia, dan Mexico. Usaha IPM untuk mengiktiraf kesan yang lebih meluas terhadap tindakan terhadap ekosistem, agar baki alam tidak kecewa. Racun makhluk perosak baru sedang dibangunkan, termasuk derivatif biologi dan botani dan alternatif yang dianggap mengurangkan risiko kesihatan dan alam sekitar. Di samping itu, aplikator digalakkan untuk mempertimbangkan kawalan alternatif dan mengamalkan kaedah yang mengurangkan penggunaan racun perosak kimia. <> Apakah satu langkah yang diambil untuk menjaga keselamatan masyarakat daripada penggunaan racun perosak yang tidak betul? || Peraturan aplikator racun perosak <> Apakah pilihan pengguna racun makhluk perosak dapat membuat risiko lebih rendah? || memilih racun perosak yang kurang toksik <> Apakah satu negara yang telah berjaya menggunakan IPM? || Australia <> Derivatif biologi dan botani mempunyai kesan positif apa? || mengurangkan risiko kesihatan dan alam sekitar <> Siapa yang mempunyai keupayaan untuk membuat pilihan menggunakan racun perosak kurang berbahaya? || pemohon", {"context": "Pesticides safety education and pesticide applicator regulation are designed to protect the public from pesticide misuse, but do not eliminate all misuse. Reducing the use of pesticides and choosing less toxic pesticides may reduce risks placed on society and the environment from pesticide use. Integrated pest management, the use of multiple approaches to control pests, is becoming widespread and has been used with success in countries such as Indonesia, China, Bangladesh, the U.S., Australia, and Mexico. IPM attempts to recognize the more widespread impacts of an action on an ecosystem, so that natural balances are not upset. New pesticides are being developed, including biological and botanical derivatives and alternatives that are thought to reduce health and environmental risks. In addition, applicators are being encouraged to consider alternative controls and adopt methods that reduce the use of chemical pesticides.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "pesticide applicator regulation"}], "question": "What is one measure taken to keep society safe from improper pesticide use?", "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "choosing less toxic pesticides"}], "question": "What is a choice that users of pesticides can make that will lower risks?", "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "What is one country that has sucessfully used IPM?", "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "reduce health and environmental risks"}], "question": "Biological and botanical derivatives have what positive effects?", "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "applicators"}], "question": "Who has the ability to make the choice of using less harmful pesticides?", "id": "5726b952708984140094cf3f"}]}], ["Sejak sebelum 2000 SM, manusia telah menggunakan racun perosak untuk melindungi tanaman mereka. Racun perosak yang pertama dikenali sebagai debu sulfur unsur yang digunakan di Sumer purba sekitar 4,500 tahun yang lalu di Mesopotamia purba. The Rig Veda, yang berumur 4,000 tahun, menyebut penggunaan tumbuhan beracun untuk mengawal perosak. Menjelang abad ke-15, bahan kimia toksik seperti arsenik, raksa, dan plumbum telah digunakan untuk tanaman untuk membunuh perosak. Pada abad ke-17, nikotin sulfat diekstrak daripada daun tembakau untuk digunakan sebagai insektisida. Abad ke-19 menyaksikan pengenalan dua lagi racun perosak semula jadi, pyrethrum, yang berasal dari kekwa, dan rotenone, yang berasal dari akar sayuran tropika. Sehingga tahun 1950-an, racun perosak berasaskan arsenik dominan. Paul M\u00fcller mendapati bahawa DDT adalah insektisida yang sangat berkesan. Organochlorine seperti DDT dominan, tetapi ia digantikan di A.S. oleh organofosfat dan karbamat pada tahun 1975. Sejak itu, sebatian pyrethrin telah menjadi insektisida yang dominan. Racun herba menjadi biasa pada tahun 1960-an, yang dipimpin oleh \"triazina dan sebatian berasaskan nitrogen lain, asid karboksilat seperti asid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic, dan glyphosate\". <> Apakah rekod awal manusia menggunakan racun perosak? || sebelum tahun 2000 SM <> Apa yang digunakan sebagai racun serangga pada abad ke-17? || nikotin sulfat <> Apa dekad yang berlaku herbisida? || 1960-an <> Siapa yang boleh dikreditkan dengan mengetahui DDT berguna sebagai insektisida? || Paul M\u00fcller <> Apakah sumber yang digunakan untuk menentukan nikotin sulfat? || daun tembakau", {"context": "Since before 2000 BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their crops. The first known pesticide was elemental sulfur dusting used in ancient Sumer about 4,500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. The Rig Veda, which is about 4,000 years old, mentions the use of poisonous plants for pest control. By the 15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead were being applied to crops to kill pests. In the 17th century, nicotine sulfate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use as an insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums, and rotenone, which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables. Until the 1950s, arsenic-based pesticides were dominant. Paul M\u00fcller discovered that DDT was a very effective insecticide. Organochlorines such as DDT were dominant, but they were replaced in the U.S. by organophosphates and carbamates by 1975. Since then, pyrethrin compounds have become the dominant insecticide. Herbicides became common in the 1960s, led by \"triazine and other nitrogen-based compounds, carboxylic acids such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and glyphosate\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "before 2000 BC"}], "question": "What is the earliest records of humans using pesticides?", "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "nicotine sulfate"}], "question": "What was used as a insecticide in the 17th century?", "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "What decade did herbicides become common?", "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "Paul M\u00fcller"}], "question": "Who can be credited with finding out DDT is useful as an insecticide?", "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "tobacco leaves"}], "question": "What is the source used to exact nicotine sulfate?", "id": "5726c1d1dd62a815002e8fa0"}]}]], [["Terdapat rangkaian gua yang luas, termasuk Wookey Hole, sungai bawah tanah, dan gaung, termasuk Cheddar Gorge dan Ebbor Gorge. Wilayah ini mempunyai banyak sungai, termasuk Ax, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Nada dan Yeo. Kedua-dua suapan ini mengalir dan menenggelamkan paras rata dan muara pertengahan dan barat Somerset. Di utara daerah Sungai Chew mengalir ke Bristol Avon. Parrett adalah pasang surut hampir ke Langport, di mana terdapat bukti dua dermaga Rom. Di tapak yang sama semasa pemerintahan Raja Charles I, tol sungai dilevi pada bot untuk membayar penyelenggaraan jambatan itu. <> Apa nama sistem gua || rangkaian gua yang luas, termasuk Wookey Hole <> Nama 2 dari gaung county || dan gaung, termasuk Cheddar Gorge dan Ebbor Gorge <> Nama beberapa sungai-sungai daerah | | Ax, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Nada dan Yeo <> Apa yang dilakukan Raja Charle pada kapal sungai || Raja Charles I, tol sungai dikenakan pada bot untuk membayar penyelenggaraan jambatan itu.", {"context": "There is an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole, underground rivers, and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge. The county has many rivers, including the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo. These both feed and drain the flat levels and moors of mid and west Somerset. In the north of the county the River Chew flows into the Bristol Avon. The Parrett is tidal almost to Langport, where there is evidence of two Roman wharfs. At the same site during the reign of King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "an extensive network of caves, including Wookey Hole"}], "question": "What's the name of the cave system ", "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "and gorges, including the Cheddar Gorge and Ebbor Gorge"}], "question": "Name 2 of the county gorges ", "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the Axe, Brue, Cary, Parrett, Sheppey, Tone and Yeo"}], "question": "Name some of the county rivers ", "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "King Charles I, river tolls were levied on boats to pay for the maintenance of the bridge."}], "question": "What did King charles levy on river boats ", "id": "57269446dd62a815002e8a29"}]}], ["Orang-orang Somerset disebut dalam entri Anglo-Saxon Chronicle untuk AD 845, dalam bentuk yang terlewat \"Sumurs\u00e6tum\", dan daerah tersebut dicatatkan pada kemasukan untuk 1015 menggunakan nama yang sama. Nama kuno Somersetshire disebut dalam entri Chronicle untuk 878. Walaupun \"Somersetshire\" digunakan secara umum sebagai nama alternatif untuk daerah itu, ia keluar dari fesyen pada akhir abad ke-19, dan tidak lagi digunakan mungkin disebabkan oleh penggunaan \"Somerset\" sebagai nama rasmi daerah selepas penubuhan majlis daerah pada tahun 1889. Seperti halnya daerah lain yang tidak berakhir dengan \"shire,\" akhiran itu tidak diperlukan, kerana tidak perlu membezakan antara daerah dan bandar di dalamnya . <> Apakah orang-orang dari somerset yang disebut dalam || Kemasukan Anglo-Saxon Chronicle untuk AD 845 <> Apa nama kuno disebutkan dalam 878 || Nama kuno Somersetshire disebut dalam catatan Chronicle untuk 878 <> Bilakah daerah berhenti menggunakan Somersetshire || ia keluar dari fesyen pada akhir abad ke-19 <> Apa yang berlebihan || Seperti halnya daerah lain yang tidak berakhir dengan \"shire,\" akhiran tidak diperlukan, kerana tidak perlu membezakan antara daerah dan bandar", {"context": "The people of Somerset are mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845, in the inflected form \"Sumurs\u00e6tum\", and the county is recorded in the entry for 1015 using the same name. The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878. Although \"Somersetshire\" was in common use as an alternative name for the county, it went out of fashion in the late 19th century, and is no longer used possibly due to the adoption of \"Somerset\" as the county's official name after the establishment of the county council in 1889. As with other counties not ending in \"shire,\" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town within it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's entry for AD 845"}], "question": "What are the people of somerset mentioned in ", "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "The archaic name Somersetshire was mentioned in the Chronicle's entry for 878"}], "question": "What archaic name was mentioned in 878 ", "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "it went out of fashion in the late 19th century"}], "question": "When did the county stop using Somersetshire ", "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "As with other counties not ending in \"shire,\" the suffix was superfluous, as there was no need to differentiate between the county and a town"}], "question": "What was superfluous ", "id": "572688a6f1498d1400e8e319"}]}], ["Di sebelah utara-timur Tahap Somerset, Hills Mendip adalah bukit batu kapur yang cukup tinggi. Bukit Mendip pusat dan barat telah ditunjuk sebagai Kawasan Kecantikan Semula Jadi pada tahun 1972 dan meliputi 198 km2 (76 batu persegi). Habitat utama di bukit ini adalah padang rumput berkapur, dengan beberapa pertanian pertanian. Di sebelah barat daya Tahap Somerset adalah Hills Quantock yang merupakan Kecantikan Asli Kawasan Terbaik di England yang ditunjuk pada tahun 1956 yang dilindungi di tanah gersang, hutan kayu oak, taman-taman kuno dengan tanaman konifer dan meliputi 99 kilometer persegi. Somerset Coalfield adalah sebahagian daripada arang batu yang lebih besar yang membentang ke Gloucestershire. Di sebelah utara bukit Mendip adalah Lembah Chew dan di selatan, di atas tanah liat, adalah lembah luas yang menyokong pertanian tenusu dan mengalir ke Tahap Somerset. <> Kawasan apa terletak di bahagian timur laut tahap Somerset || Bukit Mendip adalah bukit batu kapur yang agak tinggi <> Kawasan apa yang ditetapkan untuk mempunyai kecantikan yang luar biasa || Quantock Hills yang merupakan Kawasan Kecantikan Asli yang pertama di England yang ditunjuk pada tahun 1956 <> Apa nama bidang arang batu || The Somerset Coalfield adalah sebahagian daripada arang batu yang lebih besar yang membentang ke Gloucestershire <> Kawasan apa yang menyokong pertanian tenusu || pada substrat tanah liat, adalah lembah luas yang menyokong pertanian tenusu dan mengalir ke Tahap Somerset.", {"context": "To the north-east of the Somerset Levels, the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills. The central and western Mendip Hills was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1972 and covers 198 km2 (76 sq mi). The main habitat on these hills is calcareous grassland, with some arable agriculture. To the south-west of the Somerset Levels are the Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956 which is covered in heathland, oak woodlands, ancient parklands with plantations of conifer and covers 99 square kilometres. The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire. To the north of the Mendip hills is the Chew Valley and to the south, on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the Mendip Hills are moderately high limestone hills"}], "question": "What area lies in the northeastern part of Somerset levels ", "id": "57269335708984140094caa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Quantock Hills which was England's first Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty designated in 1956"}], "question": "What area was Designated to have outstanding beauty ", "id": "57269335708984140094caa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "The Somerset Coalfield is part of a larger coalfield which stretches into Gloucestershire"}], "question": "What is the name of the coal field ", "id": "57269335708984140094caa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "on the clay substrate, are broad valleys which support dairy farming and drain into the Somerset Levels."}], "question": "What area support dairy farming ", "id": "57269335708984140094caaa"}]}], ["Batasan Somerset sebahagian besar tidak berubah dari zaman pertengahan. Sungai Avon membentuk sebahagian besar sempadan dengan Gloucestershire, kecuali bahawa ratus Forum Bath, yang mengatasi Avon, menjadi sebahagian daripada Somerset. Bristol bermula sebagai sebuah bandar di bahagian Avon, Gloucestershire, namun ketika ia tumbuh ia meluas ke sungai ke Somerset. Pada 1373 Edward III menyatakan \"bahawa bandar Bristol dengan kawasan pinggir bandar dan kawasannya hendaklah berasingan dari daerah Gloucester dan Somerset ... dan bahawa ia mestilah sebuah daerah dengan sendirinya\". <> Berapa lamakah sempadan somerset kekal malar | | sebahagian besarnya tidak berubah dari zaman pertengahan <> Sungai apa membentuk sempadan Somerset || Sungai Avon membentuk sebahagian besar sempadan dengan Gloucestershire, kecuali seratus Forum Bath <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh raja Edward 3 || Edward III mengisytiharkan \"bahawa bandar Bristol dengan pinggir bandar dan kawasannya akan menjadi berasingan dari daerah Gloucester dan Somerset", {"context": "The boundaries of Somerset are largely unaltered from medieval times. The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum, which straddles the Avon, formed part of Somerset. Bristol began as a town on the Gloucestershire side of the Avon, however as it grew it extended across the river into Somerset. In 1373 Edward III proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset... and that it should be a county by itself\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "are largely unaltered from medieval times"}], "question": "How long have the boundaries of somerset remained constant ", "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "The River Avon formed much of the border with Gloucestershire, except that the hundred of Bath Forum"}], "question": "What river forms the border of Somerset ", "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Edward III proclaimed \"that the town of Bristol with its suburbs and precincts shall henceforth be separate from the counties of Gloucester and Somerset"}], "question": "What did king Edward the 3 do ", "id": "57268ec7dd62a815002e8982"}]}], ["Banyak askar Somerset meninggal semasa Perang Dunia Pertama, dengan Somerset Light Infantry menderita hampir 5,000 korban. Memorial perang dibina di kebanyakan bandar dan kampung; hanya sembilan, yang digambarkan sebagai Kampung yang Berterima, tidak pernah ada penduduknya terbunuh. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua daerah itu merupakan pangkalan tentera untuk mempersiapkan pendaratan D-Hari. Beberapa hospital yang dibina untuk mangsa peperangan masih digunakan. Taunton Stop Line ditubuhkan untuk menangkis serangan Jerman yang berpotensi. Sisa-sisa kotak pilnya masih boleh dilihat di sepanjang pantai, dan selatan melalui Ilminster dan Chard. <> Berapa banyak askar Somerset yang terbunuh dalam WW1 || Banyak askar Somerset meninggal dunia semasa Perang Dunia Pertama, dengan Somerset Light Infantry menderita hampir 5,000 korban <> Berapa banyak daerah tidak mempunyai korban dalam WW1 || hanya sembilan, yang digambarkan sebagai Kampung yang Berterima, tidak ada penduduknya yang terbunuh <> Wilayah itu adalah asas untuk apa yang ada dalam WW2 || untuk tentera bersiap untuk pendaratan D-Hari <> Apakah garis berhenti Tauton || Taunton Stop Line ditubuhkan untuk menangkis serangan Jerman yang berpotensi", {"context": "Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties"}], "question": "How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1", "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed"}], "question": "How many counties had no casualties in WW1 ", "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "for troops preparing for the D-Day landings"}], "question": "The county was base for what in WW2", "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion"}], "question": "What is the Tauton stop line ", "id": "57268d16dd62a815002e8949"}]}], ["Somerset adalah daerah pedalaman bukit-bukau bergelombang seperti Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Hillsong Hills dan Taman Negara Exmoor, dan luas tanah besar yang luas termasuk Tahap Somerset. Terdapat bukti pendudukan manusia dari zaman Paliolitik, dan penyelesaian seterusnya dalam zaman Rom dan Anglo-Saxon. Daerah itu memainkan peranan penting dalam penyatuan kuasa dan kebangkitan Raja Alfred yang Agung, dan kemudiannya dalam Perang Saudara Inggeris dan Pemberontakan Monmouth. Bandar Bath terkenal dengan seni bina Georgia yang besar dan merupakan Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO. <> Jenis kawasan apa yang ada di sini? | Somerset adalah daerah pedalaman bukit-bukit bergelombang <> Apa beberapa kawasan Somerset county || Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Hillsong Quantock dan Taman Negara Exmoor, dan luas tanah besar yang luas termasuk Tahap Somerset <> Seberapa jauh kembali penduduk di kawasan itu || Terdapat bukti pendudukan manusia dari masa-masa Paleolitik, dan penyelesaian seterusnya dalam tempoh Rom dan Anglo-Saxon <> Apa yang dibangkitkan Raja-raja telah memainkan bahagian di bahagian | || bahagian penting dalam penyatuan kuasa dan kebangkitan Raja Alfred yang Agung, dan kemudiannya dalam Perang Saudara Inggeris dan pemberontakan Monmouth <> Apa bandar Bath terkenal untuk || senibina Georgia yang besar dan merupakan Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO", {"context": "Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills such as the Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods. The county played a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion. The city of Bath is famous for its substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Somerset is a rural county of rolling hills"}], "question": "What type of region is somerset", "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Blackdown Hills, Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels"}], "question": "What are some areas of Somerset county", "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "There is evidence of human occupation from Paleolithic times, and of subsequent settlement in the Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods"}], "question": "How far back was the county populated ", "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "a significant part in the consolidation of power and rise of King Alfred the Great, and later in the English Civil War and the Monmouth Rebellion"}], "question": "What Kings rise did the county play part in ", "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "substantial Georgian architecture and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site"}], "question": "What is the city of Bath famous for ", "id": "5726871ff1498d1400e8e2d6"}]}], ["Revolusi Perindustrian di Midlands dan Northern England mengakhiri kesudahan kebanyakan industri kotej Somerset. Walau bagaimanapun, pertanian terus berkembang, dan Bath dan Barat Persatuan England untuk Penggalakkan Pertanian, Seni, Pengilangan dan Perdagangan ditubuhkan pada tahun 1777 untuk memperbaiki kaedah pertanian. Meskipun demikian, 20 tahun kemudian John Billingsley melakukan tinjauan mengenai pertanian daerah itu pada tahun 1795 dan mendapati kaedah pertanian masih dapat ditingkatkan. Perlombongan arang batu adalah industri penting di utara Somerset pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, dan pada tahun 1800 ia menjadi terkenal di Radstock. Somerset Coalfield mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 1920-an, tetapi semua lubang kini telah ditutup, yang terakhir pada tahun 1973. Kebanyakan bangunan permukaan telah dikeluarkan, dan selain daripada roda penggulungan di luar Muzium Radstock, sedikit bukti kewujudan mereka dahulu kekal. Di sebelah barat, Bukit Brendon ditambang untuk bijih besi pada akhir abad ke-19; ini telah diambil oleh Kereta Api Mineral Somerset Barat ke Pelabuhan Watchet untuk penghantaran ke relau di Ebbw Vale. <> Apa yang berakhir Somersets industri kotej || Revolusi Perindustrian di Midlands dan Northern England mengakhiri kemunculan kebanyakan industri kotej Somerset <> Apa yang berkembang di Somerset selepas revelotuion Industri || Perladangan terus berkembang <> Industri apa yang penting pada akhir abad ke-18 dan ke-19 dari North Somerset || Perlombongan arang batu adalah industri penting di utara Somerset <> Apa cara pengangkutan mineral barat somerset || bijih besi pada akhir abad ke-19; ini telah diambil oleh Kereta Api Mineral Somerset Barat ke Pelabuhan Watchet untuk penghantaran ke relau di Ebbw Vale", {"context": "The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries"}], "question": "What ended Somersets cottage industry ", "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Farming continued to flourish"}], "question": "What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion", "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset"}], "question": "What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset", "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 942, "text": "iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale"}], "question": "What did the west somerset mineral way transport ", "id": "57268c47dd62a815002e8933"}]}], ["Somerton mengambil alih dari Ilchester sebagai bandar daerah pada akhir abad ketiga belas, tetapi ia semakin penting dan status bandar daerah dipindahkan ke Taunton sekitar 1366. Wilayah ini mempunyai dua bandar, Bath dan Wells, dan 30 bandar (termasuk bandar daerah dari Taunton, yang tidak mempunyai majlis bandar tetapi sebaliknya merupakan penyelesaian utama daerah hanya daerah itu). Kawasan bandar terbesar dari segi penduduk ialah Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil dan Bridgwater. Banyak penempatan yang dibangunkan kerana kepentingan strategik mereka berhubung dengan ciri-ciri geografi, seperti lintasan sungai atau lembah di antara bukit-bukit. Contohnya termasuk Axbridge di Sungai Ax, Castle Cary di Sungai Cary, Petherton Utara di Sungai Parrett, dan Ilminster, di mana terdapat titik persimpangan di Sungai Isle. Midsomer Norton terletak di Sungai Somer; manakala Wellow Brook dan jalan Roman Fosse Way berjalan melalui Radstock. Chard adalah bandar paling selatan di Somerset, dan pada ketinggian 121 m (397 kaki) ia juga tertinggi. <> Bilakah Somerton mengambil alih dari Ilchester sebagai bandar daerah || pada akhir abad ke-13, tetapi ia semakin penting dan status bandar daerah dipindahkan ke Taunton kira-kira 1366 <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar di Somerset || Wilayah ini mempunyai dua bandar, Bath dan Wells, dan 30 bandar <> Populasi terbesar di county || dari segi penduduk adalah Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil dan Bridgwater <> Apakah tujuan strategik untuk menyelesaikan kawasan ini || kepentingan strategik berhubung dengan ciri-ciri geografi, seperti lintasan sungai atau lembah di dalam bukit-bukit <> Kebanyakan pekan Selatan somerset || Chard adalah bandar paling selatan di Somerset, dan pada ketinggian 121 m (397 kaki) ia juga tertinggi", {"context": "Somerton took over from Ilchester as the county town in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366. The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns (including the county town of Taunton, which has no town council but instead is the chief settlement of the county's only borough). The largest urban areas in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater. Many settlements developed because of their strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills. Examples include Axbridge on the River Axe, Castle Cary on the River Cary, North Petherton on the River Parrett, and Ilminster, where there was a crossing point on the River Isle. Midsomer Norton lies on the River Somer; while the Wellow Brook and the Fosse Way Roman road run through Radstock. Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "in the late thirteenth century, but it declined in importance and the status of county town transferred to Taunton about 1366"}], "question": "When did Somerton take over from Ilchester as the county town ", "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "The county has two cities, Bath and Wells, and 30 towns"}], "question": "How many cities and towns in Somerset ", "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "in terms of population are Bath, Weston-super-Mare, Taunton, Yeovil and Bridgwater"}], "question": "The largest populations of the county ", "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "strategic importance in relation to geographical features, such as river crossings or valleys in ranges of hills"}], "question": "What was the strategic purpose to settle this area ", "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 929, "text": "Chard is the most southerly town in Somerset, and at an altitude of 121 m (397 ft) it is also the highest"}], "question": "Most Southernly town of somerset", "id": "57269193f1498d1400e8e414"}]}], ["Selepas meninggalkan Rom, Britain diserang oleh orang Anglo-Saxon. Menjelang AD 600 mereka telah menubuhkan kawalan ke atas apa yang kini menjadi England, tetapi Somerset masih berada di tangan British yang asli. British memegang kembali Saxon maju ke selatan-barat untuk beberapa waktu lebih lama, tetapi oleh awal abad ke-8 Raja Ine dari Wessex telah mendorong sempadan kerajaan Barat Saxon cukup jauh ke barat untuk memasukkan Somerset. Istana raja Saxon di Cheddar telah digunakan beberapa kali pada abad ke-10 untuk menjadi tuan rumah Witenagemot. Selepas Penaklukan Norman, daerah tersebut dibahagikan kepada 700 kepulauan, dan kawasan besar dimiliki oleh mahkota, dengan kubu-kubu seperti Dunster Castle yang digunakan untuk kawalan dan pertahanan. Somerset mengandungi Penjara HM Shepton Mallet, yang merupakan penjara tertua di England yang masih digunakan sebelum penutupannya pada tahun 2013, yang dibuka pada tahun 1610. Dalam Somerset Perang Saudara Inggeris sebahagian besarnya adalah Parlimen, dengan penglibatan utama adalah Pengepungan Taunton dan Pertempuran Langport . Pada tahun 1685 Pemberontakan Monmouth dimainkan di Somerset dan Dorset yang berdekatan. Para pemberontak mendarat di Lyme Regis dan pergi ke utara, dengan harapan untuk menangkap Bristol dan Bath, tetapi mereka kalah dalam Pertempuran Sedgemoor di Westonzoyland, pertempuran terakhir yang dilakukan di Inggris. Arthur Wellesley mengambil gelarannya, Duke of Wellington dari bandar Wellington; dia diperingati di bukit berhampiran dengan obelisk yang besar, yang dikenali sebagai Monumen Wellington. <> Siapa yang menyerang Britain ketika orang Rom Left || Britain diserang oleh rakyat Anglo-Saxon <> Ia mengambil masa berapa lama untuk Anglo Saxons menguasai kawasan Somerset || oleh awal abad ke-8 Raja Ine dari Wessex telah menolak sempadan kerajaan Saxon Barat cukup jauh ke barat untuk memasukkan Somerset <> Apa Istana Kerajaan Saxon digunakan untuk || telah digunakan beberapa kali pada abad ke-10 untuk menjadi tuan rumah Witenagemot <> Apa penjara yang ada di county somerset || HM Prison Shepton Mallet, yang penjara tertua di England masih digunakan sebelum penutupannya pada tahun 2013, telah dibuka pada 1610 <> Apa pemberontakan yang berlaku di Somerset pada tahun 1685 || Pemberontakan Monmouth dimainkan di Somerset dan jiran Dorset", {"context": "After the Romans left, Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples. By AD 600 they had established control over much of what is now England, but Somerset was still in native British hands. The British held back Saxon advance into the south-west for some time longer, but by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset. The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. After the Norman Conquest, the county was divided into 700 fiefs, and large areas were owned by the crown, with fortifications such as Dunster Castle used for control and defence. Somerset contains HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610. In the English Civil War Somerset was largely Parliamentarian, with key engagements being the Sieges of Taunton and the Battle of Langport. In 1685 the Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset. The rebels landed at Lyme Regis and travelled north, hoping to capture Bristol and Bath, but they were defeated in the Battle of Sedgemoor at Westonzoyland, the last pitched battle fought in England. Arthur Wellesley took his title, Duke of Wellington from the town of Wellington; he is commemorated on a nearby hill by a large, spotlit obelisk, known as the Wellington Monument.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Britain was invaded by Anglo-Saxon peoples"}], "question": "Who invaded Britain when the Romans Left ", "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "by the early eighth century King Ine of Wessex had pushed the boundaries of the West Saxon kingdom far enough west to include Somerset"}], "question": "It took how long for the Anglo Saxons to control  the Somerset area ", "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e347"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot"}], "question": "What was the Saxon Royal Palace used for ", "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "HM Prison Shepton Mallet, which was England's oldest prison still in use prior to its closure in 2013, having opened in 1610"}], "question": "What prison does somerset county contain ", "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "Monmouth Rebellion was played out in Somerset and neighbouring Dorset"}], "question": "What rebellion took place in Somerset in 1685 ", "id": "57268b59f1498d1400e8e34a"}]}], ["Beberapa bandar pintar telah dibina di Somerset dalam Perang Dunia II untuk melindungi Bristol dan bandar-bandar lain pada waktu malam. Mereka direka bentuk untuk meniru geometri jalan-jalan \"hitam\", kereta api, dan stesen keretapi Bristol Temple Meads, untuk menggalakkan pengebom dari sasaran ini. Satu, di laluan penerbangan radio ke Bristol, telah dibina di Beacon Batch. Ia dibentangkan oleh Shepperton Studios, berdasarkan gambar-gambar udara di lapangan marshalling kereta api di bandar itu. The decoys dilengkapi dengan lampu merah redup, mensimulasikan aktiviti seperti pemotongan lokomotif stim. Pembakaran balak jerami yang direndam dalam kreosot digunakan untuk mensimulasikan kesan-kesan bom pembakar yang dijatuhkan oleh gelombang pertama pemateri malam Pathfinder; Sementara itu, bom pembakar yang jatuh di lokasi yang betul telah cepat tersentuh, di mana mungkin. Gendang minyak juga dinyalakan untuk mensimulasikan kesan bandar atau bandar yang dahsyat, dengan tujuan untuk menipu gelombang pengebom seterusnya ke dalam menjatuhkan bom mereka di lokasi yang salah. Bandar Chew Magna decoy dihantam oleh bom setengah mati pada 2 Disember 1940, dan lebih daripada seribu pendatang pada 3 Januari 1941. Malam berikutnya bandar Uphill decoy, yang melindungi lapangan terbang Weston-super-Mare, dibom; sekumpulan lembu tenusu terkena, membunuh beberapa orang dan mencederakan orang lain dengan teruk. <> Mengapa bandar-bandar menipu digunakan dalam WW2 || kota-kota menipu telah dibina di Somerset dalam Perang Dunia II untuk melindungi Bristol dan bandar-bandar lain, pada malam <> Apa bandar-bandar yang meniru || meniru geometri \"jalan keluar\", kereta api, dan stesen keretapi Bristol Temple Meads, untuk menggalakkan pengebom dari sasaran ini <> Siapa yang meletakkan Beacon Batch || Shepperton Studios, berdasarkan gambar-gambar udara di lapangan marshalling kereta api di bandar ini. The decoys dilengkapi dengan lampu merah yang redup <> Apa bandar yang menyakitkan telah dipukul || Bandar Chew Magna decoy telah dilanda bom separuh selasa pada 2 Disember 1940, dan lebih daripada seribu bencana pada 3 Januari 1941", {"context": "A number of decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night. They were designed to mimic the geometry of \"blacked out\" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets. One, on the radio beam flight path to Bristol, was constructed on Beacon Batch. It was laid out by Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights, simulating activities like the stoking of steam locomotives. Burning bales of straw soaked in creosote were used to simulate the effects of incendiary bombs dropped by the first wave of Pathfinder night bombers; meanwhile, incendiary bombs dropped on the correct location were quickly smothered, wherever possible. Drums of oil were also ignited to simulate the effect of a blazing city or town, with the aim of fooling subsequent waves of bombers into dropping their bombs on the wrong location. The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941. The following night the Uphill decoy town, protecting Weston-super-Mare's airfield, was bombed; a herd of dairy cows was hit, killing some and severely injuring others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "decoy towns were constructed in Somerset in World War II to protect Bristol and other towns, at night"}], "question": "Why were decoy towns used in WW2", "id": "57268e345951b619008f7677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "mimic the geometry of \"blacked out\" streets, railway lines, and Bristol Temple Meads railway station, to encourage bombers away from these targets"}], "question": "What did the decoy towns mimic ", "id": "57268e345951b619008f7678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Shepperton Studios, based on aerial photographs of the city's railway marshalling yards. The decoys were fitted with dim red lights"}], "question": "Who layed out  Beacon Batch ", "id": "57268e345951b619008f7679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1014, "text": "The Chew Magna decoy town was hit by half-a-dozen bombs on 2 December 1940, and over a thousand incendiaries on 3 January 1941"}], "question": "What decoy city was hit ", "id": "57268e345951b619008f767a"}]}], ["Pekan-pekan pesisir utama adalah, dari barat ke utara-timur, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon dan Portishead. Kawasan pesisiran pantai di antara Minehead dan kawasan timur pantai pentadbiran di Brean Down dikenali sebagai Bridgwater Bay, dan merupakan Rizab Semulajadi Negara. Di utara itu, pantai membentuk Weston Bay dan Sand Bay yang ujung utara, Sand Point, menandakan batas bawah Severn Estuary. Di pertengahan dan utara wilayah, garis pantai adalah rendah kerana tahap tanah lembap di peringkat menemui laut. Di barat, pantai adalah tinggi dan dramatik di mana dataran tinggi Exmoor memenuhi laut, dengan tebing dan air terjun yang tinggi. <> Apa bandar-bandar pantai utama || Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon dan Portishead <> apa nama kawasan simpanan semula jadi || Bridgwater Bay, dan merupakan Rizab Alam Semulajadi <> apa yang kelihatan seperti pantai barat || garis pantai yang tinggi dan dramatik di mana dataran di Exmoor memenuhi laut, dengan tebing tinggi dan air terjun.", {"context": "The main coastal towns are, from the west to the north-east, Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead. The coastal area between Minehead and the eastern extreme of the administrative county's coastline at Brean Down is known as Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve. North of that, the coast forms Weston Bay and Sand Bay whose northern tip, Sand Point, marks the lower limit of the Severn Estuary. In the mid and north of the county the coastline is low as the level wetlands of the levels meet the sea. In the west, the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Minehead, Watchet, Burnham-on-Sea, Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon and Portishead"}], "question": "What are the main coastal towns ", "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Bridgwater Bay, and is a National Nature Reserve"}], "question": "what is the name of the natural reserve area ", "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "the coastline is high and dramatic where the plateau of Exmoor meets the sea, with high cliffs and waterfalls."}], "question": "what does the western coastline look like ", "id": "572698f9dd62a815002e8aa4"}]}], ["Pelancongan adalah industri utama, dianggarkan pada tahun 2001 untuk menyokong sekitar 23,000 orang. Tarikan termasuk bandar-bandar pesisir, sebahagian daripada Taman Negara Exmoor, Kereta Api Somerset Barat (kereta api warisan), dan muzium Fleet Air Arm di RNAS Yeovilton. Pekan Glastonbury mempunyai persatuan mitos, termasuk legenda lawatan oleh Yesus muda Nazareth dan Joseph dari Arimathea, dengan pautan ke Holy Grail, King Arthur, dan Camelot, yang dikenal pasti oleh beberapa sebagai Cadbury Castle, sebuah kubu bukit Iron Age. Glastonbury juga memberi nama kepada festival rock terbuka tahunan yang diadakan di Pilton berhampiran. Terdapat gua-gua yang menunjukkan terbuka kepada pengunjung di Cheddar Gorge, serta keju yang dihasilkan secara tempatan, walaupun kini terdapat hanya satu pembuat bakar yang tersisa di kampung Cheddar. <> Pelancongan menyokong berapa ramai orang di County || dianggarkan pada tahun 2001 untuk menyokong sekitar 23,000 orang <> Beberapa tarikan daerah adalah || bandar-bandar pesisir, sebahagian daripada Taman Negara Exmoor, Kereta Api Somerset Barat (kereta api warisan), dan muzium Arm Arm Air di RNAS Yeovilton <> Apa Glastonbury mempunyai persatuan dengan || persatuan mitos, termasuk legenda lawatan oleh Yesus muda Nazareth dan Joseph dari Arimathea, dengan kaitan dengan Holy Grail, King Arthur <> Perayaan jenis apa yang Glastonbury terkenal untuk || Glastonbury juga memberi nama kepada festival rock terbuka tahunan yang diadakan di Pilton berdekatan <> Apa jenis keju yang terkenal di daerah untuk || keju yang dihasilkan secara tempatan, walaupun kini terdapat satu lagi pembuat keju yang tersisa di kampung Cheddar", {"context": "Tourism is a major industry, estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people. Attractions include the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton. The town of Glastonbury has mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur, and Camelot, identified by some as Cadbury Castle, an Iron Age hill fort. Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton. There are show caves open to visitors in the Cheddar Gorge, as well as its locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "estimated in 2001 to support around 23,000 people"}], "question": "Tourism supports how many people in the County ", "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f795f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "the coastal towns, part of the Exmoor National Park, the West Somerset Railway (a heritage railway), and the museum of the Fleet Air Arm at RNAS Yeovilton"}], "question": "Some of the county attractions are ", "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "mythical associations, including legends of a visit by the young Jesus of Nazareth and Joseph of Arimathea, with links to the Holy Grail, King Arthur"}], "question": "What does Glastonbury have associations with ", "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Glastonbury also gives its name to an annual open-air rock festival held in nearby Pilton"}], "question": "What type of festival is Glastonbury famous for ", "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "locally produced cheese, although there is now only one remaining cheese maker in the village of Cheddar"}], "question": "What type of cheese is the county famous for ", "id": "5726a91c5951b619008f7963"}]}], ["Pertumbuhan sayu tradisional dan tenunan (seperti tenunan keranjang) tidak begitu luas seperti dulu tetapi masih dilakukan di Tahap Somerset dan diperingati di Pusat Pelawat Willows dan Wetlands. Fragmen keranjang willow dijumpai berdekatan dengan Kampung Lake Glastonbury, dan ia juga digunakan dalam pembinaan beberapa penyebaran Besi Umur. Willow dituai menggunakan kaedah tradisional pengambilan, di mana pokok akan dipotong kembali ke batang utama. Pada tahun 1930-an lebih daripada 3,600 hektar (8,900 ekar) willow telah ditanam secara komersil di Tahap. Sebahagian besar disebabkan oleh anjakan bakul dengan beg plastik dan kotak kadbod, industri telah menurun dengan ketara sejak tahun 1950-an. Menjelang akhir kurun ke-20 hanya kira-kira 140 hektar (350 ekar) ditanam secara komersial, berhampiran dengan kampung-kampung Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland dan North Curry. Tahap Somerset kini menjadi satu-satunya kawasan di UK di mana bakul willow ditanam secara komersil. <> Di mana pertumbuhan willow masih diamalkan || Pertumbuhan sayu tradisional dan tenunan (seperti tenunan keranjang) tidak begitu luas seperti dulu tetapi masih dilakukan di Tahap Somerset <> Apa yang sedang menyaring || Willow dipanen menggunakan kaedah pengambilan tradisional, di mana pokok akan dipotong kembali ke batang pokok <> Apakah hasil beg plastik di | || Sebahagian besar disebabkan oleh anjakan bakul dengan beg plastik dan kotak kadbod, industri telah mengalami penurunan yang teruk sejak tahun 1950-an <> Tahap somerset adalah satu-satunya kawasan yang tersisa untuk mengembangkan secara komersial apa || Tahap Somerset kini menjadi satu-satunya kawasan di UK di mana bakul willow ditanam secara komersil.", {"context": "Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels and is commemorated at the Willows and Wetlands Visitor Centre. Fragments of willow basket were found near the Glastonbury Lake Village, and it was also used in the construction of several Iron Age causeways. The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem. During the 1930s more than 3,600 hectares (8,900 acres) of willow were being grown commercially on the Levels. Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s. By the end of the 20th century only about 140 hectares (350 acres) were grown commercially, near the villages of Burrowbridge, Westonzoyland and North Curry. The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Traditional willow growing and weaving (such as basket weaving) is not as extensive as it used to be but is still carried out on the Somerset Levels"}], "question": "Where is willow growing still practiced ", "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "The willow was harvested using a traditional method of pollarding, where a tree would be cut back to the main stem"}], "question": "What is pollarding ", "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Largely due to the displacement of baskets with plastic bags and cardboard boxes, the industry has severely declined since the 1950s"}], "question": "What did plastic bags result in ", "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7893"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "The Somerset Levels is now the only area in the UK where basket willow is grown commercially."}], "question": "The somerset level is the only area left  to commercially grow what ", "id": "5726a3655951b619008f7894"}]}], ["Bandar seperti Castle Cary dan Frome berkembang sekitar industri tenunan abad pertengahan. Jalan yang dibangunkan sebagai pusat penghasilan sandal wol dan, kemudian, kasut dan kasut, dengan C. & Clark Clark menubuhkan ibu pejabatnya di bandar. Kasut C & J Clark tidak lagi dihasilkan di sana kerana kerja itu dipindahkan ke kawasan gaji rendah, seperti China dan Asia. Sebaliknya, pada tahun 1993, bangunan kilang yang berlebihan telah ditukarkan menjadi Clarks Village, kedai kilang yang pertama dibina di UK. C & J Clark juga mempunyai kilang-kilang kasut, pada satu masa di Bridgwater, Minehead, Westfield dan Weston super Mare untuk menyediakan pekerjaan di luar musim pelancongan musim panas utama, tetapi tapak satelit itu ditutup pada akhir 1980-an, sebelum tapak utama di Jalan. Kasut Dr. Martens juga dibuat di Somerset, oleh kumpulan R. Griggs yang berpangkalan di Northampton, menggunakan kasut berkemahiran tinggi dari C & J Clark; kerja itu juga telah dipindahkan ke Asia. <> Apa bandar-bandar tumbuh di sekitar Industri tenun || Istana Cary dan Frome tumbuh di sekitar industri tenunan abad pertengahan <> Mengapa kaus kaki Cj muncul dari kawasan | | kerja itu dipindahkan ke kawasan yang lebih rendah, seperti China dan Asia <> Apa jenama kasut yang terkenal dibuat di Somerset || Kasut Dr. Martens juga dibuat di Somerset, oleh kumpulan R. Griggs yang berpusat di Northampton", {"context": "Towns such as Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry. Street developed as a centre for the production of woollen slippers and, later, boots and shoes, with C. & J. Clark establishing its headquarters in the town. C&J Clark's shoes are no longer manufactured there as the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia. Instead, in 1993, redundant factory buildings were converted to form Clarks Village, the first purpose-built factory outlet in the UK. C&J Clark also had shoe factories, at one time at Bridgwater, Minehead, Westfield and Weston super Mare to provide employment outside the main summer tourist season, but those satellite sites were closed in the late 1980s, before the main site at Street. Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group, using redundant skilled shoemakers from C&J Clark; that work has also been transferred to Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Castle Cary and Frome grew around the medieval weaving industry"}], "question": "What towns grew around the weaving Industry ", "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "the work was transferred to lower-wage areas, such as China and Asia"}], "question": "Why did Cj clark shoes leave the area ", "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e613"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "Dr. Martens shoes were also made in Somerset, by the Northampton-based R. Griggs Group"}], "question": "What famous shoe brand was made in Somerset ", "id": "5726a5eef1498d1400e8e614"}]}], ["Daerah ini mempunyai tradisi panjang membekalkan batu karang dan batu bangunan. Kuari di Doulting dibekalkan freestone yang digunakan dalam pembinaan Katedral Wells. Batu mandi juga digunakan secara meluas. Ralph Allen mempromosikan penggunaannya pada awal abad ke-18, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Hans Price pada abad ke-19, tetapi ia telah digunakan jauh sebelum itu. Ia dilombong bawah tanah di Combe Down dan Bathampton Down Mines, dan sebagai hasil memotong Peti Terowong, di lokasi di Wiltshire seperti Box. Batu mandi masih digunakan pada skala yang dikurangkan hari ini, tetapi lebih kerap sebagai pelapisan dan bukannya bahan struktur. Di sebelah selatan, Hamstone adalah nama bahasa yang diberikan kepada batu dari Ham Hill, yang juga digunakan secara meluas dalam industri pembinaan. Blue Lias telah digunakan secara tempatan sebagai batu bangunan dan sebagai bahan mentah untuk mortir kapur dan simen Portland. Sehingga tahun 1960-an, Puriton mempunyai kuari batu Blue Lias, seperti juga beberapa kampung Polden lain. Kuarinya juga membekalkan kilang simen di Dunball, bersebelahan dengan King's Sedgemoor Drain. Kekurangannya, awal abad ke-20, telah dihapuskan apabila lebuh raya M5 dibina pada pertengahan 1970-an. Sejak tahun 1920-an, daerah telah membekalkan agregat. Foster Yeoman adalah pembekal besar agregat batu kapur, dengan kuari di Kuari Merehead. Ia mempunyai operasi kereta api yang berdedikasi, Mendip Rail, yang digunakan untuk mengangkut agregat dengan rel dari sekelompok kuil Mendip. <> Apa jenis batu yang dibekalkan di daerah || membekalkan batu karang dan batu bangunan <> Yang mempromosikan penggunaan batu dari kawasan Bath || Ralph Allen mempromosikan penggunaannya pada awal abad ke-18, seperti juga Hans Price pada abad ke-19 <> Apa gunanya untuk Blue Lias || Blue Lias telah digunakan secara tempatan sebagai batu bangunan dan sebagai bahan mentah untuk mortir kapur dan simen Portland <> Apa yang telah dibekalkan oleh daerah itu sejak tahun 1920-an || county telah membekalkan agregat. Foster Yeoman adalah pembekal agregat batu kapur yang besar di Eropah", {"context": "The county has a long tradition of supplying freestone and building stone. Quarries at Doulting supplied freestone used in the construction of Wells Cathedral. Bath stone is also widely used. Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century, but it was used long before then. It was mined underground at Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines, and as a result of cutting the Box Tunnel, at locations in Wiltshire such as Box. Bath stone is still used on a reduced scale today, but more often as a cladding rather than a structural material. Further south, Hamstone is the colloquial name given to stone from Ham Hill, which is also widely used in the construction industry. Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement. Until the 1960s, Puriton had Blue Lias stone quarries, as did several other Polden villages. Its quarries also supplied a cement factory at Dunball, adjacent to the King's Sedgemoor Drain. Its derelict, early 20th century remains, was removed when the M5 motorway was constructed in the mid-1970s. Since the 1920s, the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates, with quarries at Merehead Quarry. It has a dedicated railway operation, Mendip Rail, which is used to transport aggregates by rail from a group of Mendip quarries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "supplying freestone and building stone"}], "question": "What type of stone was supplied in the county ", "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Ralph Allen promoted its use in the early 18th century, as did Hans Price in the 19th century"}], "question": "Who promoted the use of stone from the  Bath area", "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Blue Lias has been used locally as a building stone and as a raw material for lime mortar and Portland cement"}], "question": "What are some uses for Blue Lias", "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1143, "text": "the county has supplied aggregates. Foster Yeoman is Europe's large supplier of limestone aggregates"}], "question": "What has been supplied by the county since the 1920's ", "id": "5726a6d2dd62a815002e8c0d"}]}], ["Pengeluaran pertanian dan makanan dan minuman terus menjadi industri utama di daerah itu, yang menggunakan lebih dari 15,000 orang. Buah-buahan Apple pernah begitu banyak, dan Somerset masih merupakan pengeluar utama cider. Bandar-bandar Taunton dan Shepton Mallet terlibat dengan pengeluaran cider, terutama Blackthorn Cider, yang dijual di seluruh negara, dan terdapat pengeluar pakar seperti Burrow Hill Cider Farm dan Thatchers Cider. Syarikat Produk Gerber di Bridgwater adalah pengeluar jus buah terbesar di Eropah, menghasilkan jenama seperti \"Sunny Delight\" dan \"Ocean Spray.\" Pembangunan industri berasaskan susu, seperti Ilchester Cheese Company dan Yeo Valley Organic, telah menghasilkan penghasilan pencuci mulut, yoghurt dan keju, termasuk keju Cheddar-yang sebahagiannya mempunyai Cheddar Farmhouse Country Designation of Origin (West Country Farmhouse) PDO). <> Kawasan mana yang mempekerjakan 15000 orang dalam couinty || Pengeluaran pertanian dan makanan dan minuman terus menjadi industri utama di daerah ini, yang mempekerjakan lebih dari 15.000 orang <> Apa jenis orkid yang digunakan untuk memuaskan hati || Buah-buahan Apple pernah begitu banyak, dan Somerset masih merupakan pengeluar utama cider <> Kawasan apa pun yang penting untuk industri jus buah || Syarikat Produk Gerber di Bridgwater adalah pengeluar jus buah terbesar di Eropah, yang menghasilkan jenama seperti \"Sunny Delight\" dan \"Ocean Spray <> Kawasan apa saja adalah PDO || Keju Cheddar - yang mana terdapatnya West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation Asal (PDO).", {"context": "Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people. Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider. The towns of Taunton and Shepton Mallet are involved with the production of cider, especially Blackthorn Cider, which is sold nationwide, and there are specialist producers such as Burrow Hill Cider Farm and Thatchers Cider. Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as \"Sunny Delight\" and \"Ocean Spray.\" Development of the milk-based industries, such as Ilchester Cheese Company and Yeo Valley Organic, have resulted in the production of ranges of desserts, yoghurts and cheeses, including Cheddar cheese\u2014some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Agriculture and food and drink production continue to be major industries in the county, employing over 15,000 people"}], "question": "What area employs 15000 people in the couinty", "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Apple orchards were once plentiful, and Somerset is still a major producer of cider"}], "question": "What type of orchids used to be pleantiful ", "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Gerber Products Company in Bridgwater is the largest producer of fruit juices in Europe, producing brands such as \"Sunny Delight\" and \"Ocean Spray"}], "question": "What area is important to the fruit juice industry ", "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "Cheddar cheese\u2014some of which has the West Country Farmhouse Cheddar Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)."}], "question": "What area is PDO ", "id": "5726a1ccf1498d1400e8e56d"}]}], ["Bridgwater telah dibangunkan semasa Revolusi Perindustrian sebagai pelabuhan utama di kawasan itu. Sungai Parrett dilayari oleh kapal-kapal besar sejauh Bridgwater. Kargo kemudiannya dimuatkan ke bot-bot kecil di Langport Quay, bersebelahan Jambatan Bridgwater, yang akan dibawa lebih jauh ke Langport; atau mereka boleh mematikan di Burrowbridge dan kemudian melalui Sungai Tone ke Taunton. Parrett kini hanya dilayari sejauh Dunball Wharf. Bridgwater, pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, adalah pusat pembuatan batu bata dan jubin bumbung tanah liat, dan kemudian selofan, tetapi industri-industri itu kini berhenti. Dengan hubungan baiknya dengan sistem lebuh raya, Bridgwater telah dibangunkan sebagai hab pengedaran bagi syarikat-syarikat seperti Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons dan Gerber Juice. AgustaWestland mengeluarkan helikopter di Yeovil, dan Normalair Garratt, pembina sistem oksigen pesawat, juga berpusat di bandar. Banyak bandar telah menggalakkan industri ringan berskala kecil, seperti Syarikat Motor Ariel Crewkerne, salah satu pengeluar kereta terkecil UK. <> Apa pelabuhan utama somerset || Bridgwater dibangunkan semasa Revolusi Perindustrian sebagai pelabuhan utama kawasan <> apa yang dihasilkan di Bridgeport pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20 || adalah pusat pembuatan batu bata dan jubin bumbung tanah liat, dan kemudian selofan, tetapi industri-industri ini kini telah berhenti <> Sistem motor yang baik sekarang membolehkan || Bridgwater telah dibangunkan sebagai hab pengedaran bagi syarikat-syarikat seperti Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons dan Gerber Juice <> di mana pesawat yang dihasilkan || AgustaWestland mengeluarkan helikopter di Yeovil, dan Normalair Garratt, pembina sistem oksigen pesawat <> Apa yang banyak bandar menggalakkan || Banyak bandar telah menggalakkan industri ringan berskala kecil, seperti Syarikat Motor Ariel Crewkerne, salah sebuah pengeluar kereta terkecil di UK", {"context": "Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port. The River Parrett was navigable by large ships as far as Bridgwater. Cargoes were then loaded onto smaller boats at Langport Quay, next to the Bridgwater Bridge, to be carried further up river to Langport; or they could turn off at Burrowbridge and then travel via the River Tone to Taunton. The Parrett is now only navigable as far as Dunball Wharf. Bridgwater, in the 19th and 20th centuries, was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped. With its good links to the motorway system, Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice. AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems, is also based in the town. Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bridgwater was developed during the Industrial Revolution as the area's leading port"}], "question": "What is the leading port of somerset ", "id": "57269c32708984140094cbab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "was a centre for the manufacture of bricks and clay roof tiles, and later cellophane, but those industries have now stopped"}], "question": "what was manufacture in Bridgeport in the 19th and 20th century", "id": "57269c32708984140094cbac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Bridgwater has developed as a distribution hub for companies such as Argos, Toolstation, Morrisons and Gerber Juice"}], "question": "The good motor system presently allows for ", "id": "57269c32708984140094cbad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "AgustaWestland manufactures helicopters in Yeovil, and Normalair Garratt, builder of aircraft oxygen systems"}], "question": "where are aircraft manufactured ", "id": "57269c32708984140094cbae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "Many towns have encouraged small-scale light industries, such as Crewkerne's Ariel Motor Company, one of the UK's smallest car manufacturers"}], "question": "What do many towns encourage ", "id": "57269c32708984140094cbaf"}]}], ["Bersama-sama dengan seluruh England Barat Selatan, Somerset mempunyai iklim sederhana yang umumnya lebih basah dan lebih ringan daripada seluruh negara. Suhu purata tahunan adalah kira-kira 10 \u00b0 C (50.0 \u00b0 F). Variasi suhu bermusim kurang melampau daripada kebanyakan United Kingdom kerana suhu laut bersebelahan. Bulan-bulan musim panas bulan Julai dan Ogos adalah paling panas dengan minima maksima harian kira-kira 21 \u00b0 C (69.8 \u00b0 F). Di musim sejuk, suhu minimum 1 \u00b0 C (33.8 \u00b0 F) atau 2 \u00b0 C (35.6 \u00b0 F) adalah perkara biasa. Pada musim panas tekanan Azores yang tinggi memberi kesan kepada selatan-barat England, tetapi awan konvensional kadang-kadang membentuk pedalaman, mengurangkan bilangan jam cahaya matahari. Kadar cahaya matahari tahunan sedikit kurang daripada purata serantau sebanyak 1,600 jam. Pada Disember 1998 terdapat 20 hari tanpa matahari direkodkan di Yeovilton. Kebanyakan hujan di selatan-barat disebabkan oleh lekukan Atlantik atau oleh perolakan. Kebanyakan hujan pada musim luruh dan musim sejuk disebabkan oleh lekukan Atlantik, yang ketika itu paling aktif. Pada musim panas, sebahagian besar daripada hujan disebabkan oleh matahari memanaskan tanah yang membawa kepada perolakan dan hujan dan ribut petir. Purata hujan ialah sekitar 700 mm (28 inci). Kira-kira 8-15 hari salji adalah tipikal. November hingga Mac mempunyai kelajuan angin purata tertinggi, dan Jun hingga Ogos adalah angin paling ringan. Arah angin yang utama adalah dari barat daya. <> Apa iklim somerset seperti || iklim yang sederhana yang umumnya lebih lembap dan lebih ringan daripada seluruh negara <> Kadar cahaya matahari tahunan somerset || Kadar cahaya matahari tahunan sedikit kurang daripada purata serantau sebanyak 1,600 jam <> Berapa banyak hari salji secara purata || Sekitar 8-15 hari salji adalah tipikal <> Purata paras hujan somerset || Purata hujan ialah sekitar 700 mm (28 inci)", {"context": "Along with the rest of South West England, Somerset has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country. The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 \u00b0C (50.0 \u00b0F). Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures. The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 \u00b0C (69.8 \u00b0F). In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 \u00b0C (33.8 \u00b0F) or 2 \u00b0C (35.6 \u00b0F) are common. In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south-west of England, but convective cloud sometimes forms inland, reducing the number of hours of sunshine. Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours. In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton. Most the rainfall in the south-west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection. Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions, which is when they are most active. In summer, a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms. Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in). About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, and June to August the lightest winds. The predominant wind direction is from the south-west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country"}], "question": "What is the somerset climate like ", "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1,600 hours"}], "question": "The annual sunshine rate of somerset ", "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1220, "text": "About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical"}], "question": "How many days of snow on average ", "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1177, "text": "Average rainfall is around 700 mm (28 in)"}], "question": "The average rainfall level of somerset ", "id": "57269a315951b619008f77a6"}]}], ["Tahap Somerset (atau Tahap Somerset dan Moors yang kurang dikenali tetapi lebih tepat diketahui) adalah kawasan tanah lembap jarang penduduk Somerset tengah, antara bukit Quantock dan Mendip. Mereka terdiri daripada paras tanah liat laut di sepanjang pantai, dan pedalaman tanah air (biasanya berasaskan gambut). Tahap dibahagikan kepada dua oleh Polden Hills; Tanah di selatan dihalau oleh Sungai Parrett manakala tanah ke utara dikeringkan oleh Sungai Ax dan Sungai Brue. Jumlah kawasan Tahap berjumlah kira-kira 647.5 kilometer persegi (160,000 ekar) dan secara keseluruhannya sepadan dengan daerah pentadbiran Sedgemoor tetapi juga termasuk barat daya daerah Mendip. Kira-kira 70% daripada kawasan itu adalah padang rumput dan 30% boleh dimakan. Peregangan kira-kira 32 kilometer (20 mi) ke pedalaman, luas tanah datar ini tidak naik di atas paras laut. Sebelum ia dikeringkan, kebanyakan tanah itu berada di bawah laut payau yang cetek pada musim sejuk dan tanah paya pada musim panas. Saliran bermula dengan Rom, dan dimulakan semula pada pelbagai masa: oleh Anglo-Saxon; pada Abad Pertengahan oleh Glastonbury Abbey, dari 1400-1770; dan semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, dengan pembinaan Sungai Huntspill. Pengepaman dan pengurusan paras air masih berterusan. <> Apakah tahap Somerset || adalah kawasan tanah lembap jarang penduduk Somerset tengah, di antara bukit Quantock dan Mendip <> apakah paras Somerset terdiri daripada || tahap tanah liat laut di sepanjang pantai, dan pedalaman (sering berasaskan gambut) moors <> apa 2 bahagian tahap somerset || Bukit Polden; tanah di selatan dikalir oleh Sungai Parrett sementara tanah ke utara dikeringkan oleh Sungai Ax dan Sungai Sungai <> Berapa luas kawasan tingkat || Jumlah kawasan Tahap berjumlah kira-kira 647.5 kilometer persegi (160,000 ekar) <> yang memulakan saliran paras Somerset || orang Rom, dan dimulakan semula pada pelbagai masa: oleh orang-orang Saxon Anglo", {"context": "The Somerset Levels (or Somerset Levels and Moors as they are less commonly but more correctly known) are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills. They consist of marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors. The Levels are divided into two by the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue. The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres) and broadly corresponds to the administrative district of Sedgemoor but also includes the south west of Mendip district. Approximately 70% of the area is grassland and 30% is arable. Stretching about 32 kilometres (20 mi) inland, this expanse of flat land barely rises above sea level. Before it was drained, much of the land was under a shallow brackish sea in winter and was marsh land in summer. Drainage began with the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons; in the Middle Ages by the Glastonbury Abbey, from 1400\u20131770; and during the Second World War, with the construction of the Huntspill River. Pumping and management of water levels still continues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "are a sparsely populated wetland area of central Somerset, between the Quantock and Mendip hills"}], "question": "What are the Somerset levels ", "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "marine clay levels along the coast, and the inland (often peat based) moors"}], "question": "what do the Somerset levels consist of ", "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the Polden Hills; land to the south is drained by the River Parrett while land to the north is drained by the River Axe and the River Brue"}], "question": "what are the 2 sections of the somerset levels", "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "The total area of the Levels amounts to about 647.5 square kilometres (160,000 acres)"}], "question": "What is the total area of the levels ", "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "the Romans, and was restarted at various times: by the Anglo-Saxons"}], "question": "who started drainage of the Somerset levels ", "id": "572697e4dd62a815002e8a88"}]}], ["Somerset adalah pembekal penting peralatan pertahanan dan teknologi. Kilang Ordnance Diraja, ROF Bridgwater dibina pada permulaan Perang Dunia Kedua, antara kampung-kampung Puriton dan Woolavington, untuk mengeluarkan bahan letupan. Laman web ini telah diberhentikan dan ditutup pada bulan Julai 2008. Templecombe mempunyai Sistem Underwater Thales, dan Taunton kini mempunyai Pejabat Hidrografi United Kingdom dan Avimo, yang menjadi sebahagian daripada Thales Optics. Ia telah diumumkan dua kali, pada tahun 2006 dan 2007, pembuatan itu berakhir di Thales Optics 'laman Taunton, tetapi kesatuan sekerja dan Majlis Daerah Taunton Deane berusaha untuk membalikkan atau mengurangkan keputusan ini. Syarikat-syarikat teknologi tinggi lain termasuk syarikat optik Gooch dan Housego, di Ilminster. Terdapat pejabat Kementerian Pertahanan di Bath, dan Norton Fitzwarren adalah rumah dari 40 Komando Diraja Marin. Stesen Angkatan Laut Diraja di Yeovilton, adalah salah satu pangkalan udara dua armada Britain yang aktif dan merupakan rumah kepada helikopter Lynx Tentera Laut Diraja dan Royal Marines Commando Westland Sea Kings. Sekitar 1,675 khidmat dan 2,000 kakitangan awam ditempatkan di Yeovilton dan aktiviti utama termasuk latihan krew udara dan jurutera dan Pengawal Fighter Tentera Laut Diraja dan pengawal pesawat permukaan berasaskan permukaan. <> Jenis kilang apa yang dibina di Somerset || Kilang Ordnance Diraja, ROF Bridgwater telah dibina pada permulaan Perang Dunia Kedua, di antara kampung Puriton dan Woolavington <> Apa industri berteknologi tinggi lain di Somerset || Syarikat-syarikat teknologi tinggi yang lain termasuk syarikat optik Gooch dan Housego, di Ilminster <> Apa yeovilton rumah kepada || Stesen Angkatan Laut Diraja di Yeovilton, adalah salah satu pangkalan udara dua armada Britain yang aktif dan merupakan rumah kepada helikopter Lynx Royal Navy <> Kawasan apa yang menjadi rumah kepada marinir kerajaan || Norton Fitzwarren adalah rumah 40 Commando Royal Marines <> Apa itu Somerset pembekal penting || peralatan pertahanan dan teknologi.", {"context": "Somerset is an important supplier of defence equipment and technology. A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington, to manufacture explosives. The site was decommissioned and closed in July 2008. Templecombe has Thales Underwater Systems, and Taunton presently has the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Avimo, which became part of Thales Optics. It has been announced twice, in 2006 and 2007, that manufacturing is to end at Thales Optics' Taunton site, but the trade unions and Taunton Deane District Council are working to reverse or mitigate these decisions. Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster. There are Ministry of Defence offices in Bath, and Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines. The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters and the Royal Marines Commando Westland Sea Kings. Around 1,675 service and 2,000 civilian personnel are stationed at Yeovilton and key activities include training of aircrew and engineers and the Royal Navy's Fighter Controllers and surface-based aircraft controllers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "A Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Bridgwater was built at the start of the Second World War, between the villages of Puriton and Woolavington"}], "question": "What type of factory was built in Somerset ", "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Other high-technology companies include the optics company Gooch and Housego, at Ilminster"}], "question": "What other high tech industry is in Somerset ", "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "The Royal Naval Air Station in Yeovilton, is one of Britain's two active Fleet Air Arm bases and is home to the Royal Navy's Lynx helicopters"}], "question": "What is yeovilton home to ", "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "Norton Fitzwarren is the home of 40 Commando Royal Marines"}], "question": "What area is home to royal marines ", "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "defence equipment and technology."}], "question": "What is Somerset an important supplier of ", "id": "57269f70f1498d1400e8e53c"}]}], ["Somerset mempunyai 11,500 bangunan tersenarai, 523 kerangka berjadual, 192 kawasan pemuliharaan, 41 taman dan kebun termasuk di Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Garden Park Taman Prior dan Taman Tintinhull, 36 tapak Warisan Bahasa Inggeris dan 19 tapak Amanah Negara, termasuk Clevedon Court, Fyne Mahkamah, Montacute House dan Tyntesfield serta Stembridge Tower Mill, sisa kincir angin yang terakhir di England. Rumah bersejarah lain di daerah yang kekal dalam pemilikan swasta atau digunakan untuk tujuan lain termasuk Halswell House dan Marston Bigot. Sumbangan utama senibina Somerset adalah menara gereja abad pertengahan. Jenkins menulis, \"Struktur ini, dengan buttresses, tracery dan mahkota pembukaan loceng, berpangkat dengan alabaster Nottinghamshire sebagai sumbangan terbaik England untuk seni pertengahan.\" <> Berapa banyak bangunan tersenarai di Somerset || Somerset mempunyai 11,500 bangunan tersenarai <> Berapa banyak monumen di Somerset || 523 monumen dijadwalkan <> Apa jenis Arsitektur utama di Somerset || Menara gereja abad pertengahan <> Namakan beberapa rumah persendirian bersejarah di daerah || Halswell House dan Marston Bigot.", {"context": "Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings, 523 scheduled monuments, 192 conservation areas, 41 parks and gardens including those at Barrington Court, Holnicote Estate, Prior Park Landscape Garden and Tintinhull Garden, 36 English Heritage sites and 19 National Trust sites, including Clevedon Court, Fyne Court, Montacute House and Tyntesfield as well as Stembridge Tower Mill, the last remaining thatched windmill in England. Other historic houses in the county which have remained in private ownership or used for other purposes include Halswell House and Marston Bigot. A key contribution of Somerset architecture is its medieval church towers. Jenkins writes, \"These structures, with their buttresses, bell-opening tracery and crowns, rank with Nottinghamshire alabaster as England's finest contribution to medieval art.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Somerset has 11,500 listed buildings"}], "question": "How many listed buildings in Somerset ", "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "523 scheduled monuments"}], "question": "How many monuments on Somerset ", "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "its medieval church towers"}], "question": "What is a key type of Architecture in Somerset ", "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Halswell House and Marston Bigot."}], "question": "Name some historic private houses in the county ", "id": "5726b2165951b619008f7ad8"}]}], ["Pertumbuhan populasi lebih tinggi daripada purata nasional, dengan kenaikan 6.4%, di Somerset County Council area, sejak 1991, dan peningkatan 17% sejak tahun 1981. Kepadatan penduduk adalah 1.4 orang per hektar, yang dapat dibandingkan dengan 2.07 orang per hektar untuk wilayah Barat Selatan. Di dalam daerah ini, kepadatan penduduk berkisar 0.5 di West Somerset kepada 2.2 orang sehektar di Taunton Deane. Peratusan penduduk yang aktif secara ekonomi adalah lebih tinggi daripada purata serantau dan nasional, dan kadar pengangguran lebih rendah daripada purata serantau dan nasional. <> Apakah kadar pertumbuhan penduduk Somerset county || Pertumbuhan populasi lebih tinggi daripada purata nasional, dengan kenaikan 6.4%, di Somerset County Council area, sejak tahun 1991, dan kenaikan 17% sejak 1981 <> Tingkat pengangguran di county || kadar pengangguran lebih rendah daripada purata serantau dan kebangsaan. <> Berapa peratus penduduk aktif secara ekonomi || adalah lebih tinggi daripada purata serantau dan kebangsaan", {"context": "Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981. The population density is 1.4 persons per hectare, which can be compared to 2.07 persons per hectare for the South West region. Within the county, population density ranges 0.5 in West Somerset to 2.2 persons per hectare in Taunton Deane. The percentage of the population who are economically active is higher than the regional and national average, and the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Population growth is higher than the national average, with a 6.4% increase, in the Somerset County Council area, since 1991, and a 17% increase since 1981"}], "question": "What is the population growth rate of Somerset county ", "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e686"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "the unemployment rate is lower than the regional and national average."}], "question": "The unemployment rate of the county ", "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e687"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "is higher than the regional and national average"}], "question": "What percentage of the population is economically active ", "id": "5726aabcf1498d1400e8e688"}]}], ["Bath Rugby bermain di Recreation Ground di Bath, dan Somerset County Cricket Club berpusat di County Ground di Taunton. Daerah ini mendapat kelab Liga Bola Sepak pertamanya pada 2003, ketika Yeovil Town memenangi promosi ke Divisi Tiga sebagai juara Persidangan Sepak Bola. Mereka telah mencapai banyak kejayaan Piala FA sepanjang Liga 50 tahun lalu, dan sejak menyertai elit mereka telah memenangi promosi sekali lagi sebagai juara Liga Dua pada tahun 2005. Mereka hampir mendapat promosi lain pada tahun 2007, ketika mereka sampai di Liga Satu final playoff, tetapi kalah kepada Blackpool di Stadium Wembley yang baru dibuka semula. Yeovil mencapai promosi ke Kejohanan pada tahun 2013 selepas mengalahkan Brentford dalam perlawanan akhir playoff. Kursus perlumbaan kuda berada di Taunton dan Wincanton. <> Di mana pasukan ragbi bermain || Bath Rugby bermain di Ground Rekreasi di Bath <> Pasukan bola sepak pertama di county adalah || Yeovil Town memenangi promosi ke Divisyen Tiga sebagai juara Persidangan Bola Sepak <> Bilakah yeovil mencapai promosi ke liga juara || Yeovil mencapai promosi ke Kejohanan pada tahun 2013 selepas menewaskan Brentford di final playoff <> Di mana perlumbaan kuda diadakan || Kursus perlumbaan kuda berada di Taunton dan Wincanton", {"context": "Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath, and the Somerset County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Taunton. The county gained its first Football League club in 2003, when Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions. They had achieved numerous FA Cup victories over football League sides in the past 50 years, and since joining the elite they have won promotion again\u2014as League Two champions in 2005. They came close to yet another promotion in 2007, when they reached the League One playoff final, but lost to Blackpool at the newly reopened Wembley Stadium. Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final. Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath"}], "question": "Where does the rugby team play ", "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions"}], "question": "The county's first football team is ", "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final"}], "question": "When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league ", "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton"}], "question": "Where are the horse races held ", "id": "5726b346dd62a815002e8d4f"}]}], ["Somerset mempunyai populasi British yang tinggi, dengan 98.8% mendaftar sebagai British putih dan 92.4% daripada mereka yang dilahirkan di United Kingdom. Cina adalah kumpulan etnik terbesar, manakala etnik minoriti minoriti penduduk keseluruhannya adalah 2.9%. Lebih dari 25% penduduk Somerset tertumpu di Taunton, Bridgwater dan Yeovil. Selebihnya daerah adalah pedalaman dan jarang penduduk. Lebih 9 juta malam pelancong dibelanjakan di Somerset setiap tahun, yang meningkatkan penduduknya pada masa puncak. <> Sebanyak peratus penduduknya asli || Somerset mempunyai populasi British yang tinggi, dengan 98.8% mendaftar sebagai British putih dan 92.4% daripada mereka yang lahir di United Kingdom <> Kelompok etnik terbesar di daerah somerset adalah || Cina adalah kumpulan etnik terbesar <> Tauton Bridgewater dan Yeovil mempunyai kepekatan apa pun penduduk || Lebih 25% penduduk Somerset tertumpu di Taunton, Bridgwater dan Yeovil <> Berapa banyak malam pelancong yang dibelanjakan di Somerset || Lebih 9 juta malam pelancong dibelanjakan di Somerset setiap tahun", {"context": "Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom. Chinese is the largest ethnic group, while the black minority ethnic proportion of the total population is 2.9%. Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil. The rest of the county is rural and sparsely populated. Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year, which significantly increases the population at peak times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Somerset has a high indigenous British population, with 98.8% registering as white British and 92.4% of these as born in the United Kingdom"}], "question": "What percentage of the population is native ", "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Chinese is the largest ethnic group"}], "question": "The largest ethnic group in somerset county is ", "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Over 25% of Somerset's population is concentrated in Taunton, Bridgwater and Yeovil"}], "question": "Tauton Bridgewater and Yeovil has what concentration of the population", "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Over 9 million tourist nights are spent in Somerset each year"}], "question": "How many tourist nights are spent in Somerset", "id": "5726ab84708984140094cd68"}]}], ["County cerai Somerset terdiri daripada daerah tanpa metropolitan dua tingkat, yang ditadbir oleh Majlis County Somerset dan lima majlis daerah, dan dua wilayah pihak berkuasa sepunya (yang dewannya menggabungkan fungsi daerah dan daerah). Lima daerah Somerset adalah Somerset Barat, Somerset Selatan, Taunton Deane, Mendip, dan Sedgemoor. Kedua-dua pihak berkuasa kesatuan - yang ditubuhkan pada 1 April 1996 berikutan pecahnya daerah Avon yang singkat - adalah Somerset Utara, dan Bath & North East Somerset. <> Berapa banyak tiang yang terdapat di daerah somerset terdiri daripada || County cerai Somerset terdiri daripada daerah tanpa metropolitan dua tingkat <> Apa 5 daerah Somerset || Lima kabupaten Somerset adalah Somerset Barat, Somerset Selatan, Taunton Deane, Mendip, dan Sedgemoor <> Apa 2 pihak berkuasa Unitary ditubuhkan pada april 1996 || North Somerset, dan Somerset Bath & North East", {"context": "The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county, which is administered by Somerset County Council and five district councils, and two unitary authority areas (whose councils combine the functions of a county and a district). The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor. The two unitary authorities \u2014 which were established on 1 April 1996 following the break-up of the short-lived county of Avon \u2014 are North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The ceremonial county of Somerset consists of a two-tier non-metropolitan county"}], "question": "How many tiers  does somerset county consist of ", "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "The five districts of Somerset are West Somerset, South Somerset, Taunton Deane, Mendip, and Sedgemoor"}], "question": "What are the 5 districts of Somerset ", "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "North Somerset, and Bath & North East Somerset"}], "question": "What 2 Unitary authorities were established in april 1996 ", "id": "5726ac12708984140094cd79"}]}], ["Daerah ini mempunyai beberapa muzium; Mereka di Bath termasuk Muzium Amerika di Britain, Muzium Senibina Bath, Muzium Astronomi Herschel, Jane Austen Centre, dan Baths Rom. Lain-lain tarikan pengunjung yang mencerminkan warisan kebudayaan di daerah itu ialah: Stesen Pengendali Claverton, Dunster Working Watermill, Muzium Fleet Air Arm di Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, Muzium Helikopter di Weston-super-Mare, King John's Hunting Lodge di Axbridge, Blake Muzium Bridgwater, Muzium Radstock, Muzium Somerset di Taunton, Muzium Kehidupan Luar Bandar Somerset di Glastonbury, dan Muzium Stesen Pumping Westonzoyland. <> Apa beberapa Muzium di Bath || Muzium Amerika di Britain, Muzium Senibina Bath, Muzium Astronomi Herschel, Jane Austen Centre, dan Bath Rom <> Apa beberapa tarikan lain || Stesen Pemasangan Claverton, Dunster Working Watermill, Muzium Fleet Air Arm di Yeovilton, Istana Nunney, Muzium Helikopter di Weston-super-Mare <> Dimana Muzium Somerset || di Taunton <> Apa nama muzium di Glastonbury || Muzium Kehidupan Luar Bandar Somerset di Glastonbury", {"context": "The county has several museums; those at Bath include the American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths. Other visitor attractions which reflect the cultural heritage of the county include: Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare, King John's Hunting Lodge in Axbridge, Blake Museum Bridgwater, Radstock Museum, Museum of Somerset in Taunton, the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury, and Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "American Museum in Britain, the Museum of Bath Architecture, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy, the Jane Austen Centre, and the Roman Baths"}], "question": "What some of the Museums in Bath", "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Claverton Pumping Station, Dunster Working Watermill, the Fleet Air Arm Museum at Yeovilton, Nunney Castle, The Helicopter Museum in Weston-super-Mare"}], "question": "What are some other attractions ", "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "in Taunton"}], "question": "Where is the Museum of Somerset ", "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "the Somerset Rural Life Museum in Glastonbury"}], "question": "What is the name of the museum in Glastonbury ", "id": "5726b142f1498d1400e8e7a5"}]}], ["Festival Seni Kontemporari Glastonbury berlangsung hampir setahun di Pilton, berhampiran Shepton Mallet, menarik lebih daripada 170,000 pencinta muzik dan kebudayaan dari seluruh dunia untuk melihat penghibur terkenal di dunia. The Big Green Gathering yang tumbuh dari padang Hijau di Glastonbury Festival diadakan di Hills Mendip antara Charterhouse dan Compton Martin setiap musim panas. Festival Kesusasteraan Bath tahunan adalah salah satu daripada beberapa festival tempatan di daerah itu; yang lain termasuk Festival Frome dan Festival Pump Village Trowbridge, yang, walaupun namanya, diadakan di Farleigh Hungerford di Somerset. Litar tahunan Karnival Negara Barat diadakan di pelbagai bandar Somerset pada musim gugur, membentuk perayaan serantau yang utama, dan Perayaan Cahaya yang terbesar di Eropah. <> Di mana festival Muzik Glastonbury berlangsung || berlaku kebanyakan tahun di Pilton, berhampiran Shepton Mallet <> yang memegang perayaan sastera setiap musim panas || Festival Kesusasteraan Bath tahunan adalah salah satu daripada beberapa festival tempatan di daerah <> Karnival tahunan diadakan bila dan di mana || Litar tahunan Karnival Negara Barat diadakan di pelbagai bandar Somerset pada musim gugur", {"context": "The Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet, attracting over 170,000 music and culture lovers from around the world to see world-famous entertainers. The Big Green Gathering which grew out of the Green fields at the Glastonbury Festival is held in the Mendip Hills between Charterhouse and Compton Martin each summer. The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county; others include the Frome Festival and the Trowbridge Village Pump Festival, which, despite its name, is held at Farleigh Hungerford in Somerset. The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn, forming a major regional festival, and the largest Festival of Lights in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "takes place most years in Pilton, near Shepton Mallet"}], "question": "Where does the Glastonbury Music festival take place ", "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "The annual Bath Literature Festival is one of several local festivals in the county"}], "question": "who holds a literature festival each summer ", "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "The annual circuit of West Country Carnivals is held in a variety of Somerset towns during the autumn"}], "question": "The annual Carnival is held when and where ", "id": "5726adcff1498d1400e8e6f8"}]}], ["Stesen janakuasa nuklear Hinkley Point C adalah projek untuk membina sebuah stesen janakuasa nuklear sebanyak 3,200 MW. Pada 18 Oktober 2010, kerajaan British mengumumkan bahawa Hinkley Point - sudah menjadi tapak Hinkley Point A yang tidak disengajakan dan stesen kuasa Hinkley Point B yang masih beroperasi - merupakan salah satu daripada lapan tapak yang dianggap sesuai untuk stesen janakuasa nuklear masa depan. NNB Generation Company, anak syarikat EDF, mengemukakan permohonan untuk persetujuan pembangunan kepada Suruhanjaya Perancangan Infrastruktur pada 31 Oktober 2011. Sebuah kumpulan protes, Stop Hinkley, dibentuk untuk memperjuangkan penutupan Hinkley Point B dan menentang sebarang pengembangan di Hinkley Tapak titik. Pada bulan Disember 2013, Suruhanjaya Eropah telah membuka satu siasatan untuk menilai sama ada projek itu melanggar peraturan bantuan kerajaan. Pada 8 Oktober 2014 diumumkan bahawa Suruhanjaya Eropah telah meluluskan projek itu, dengan majoriti besar dan hanya empat orang pesuruhjaya yang mengundi terhadap keputusan itu. <> Apakah titik Hinkley C || Stesen janakuasa nuklear Hinkley Point C adalah projek untuk membina sebuah stesen janakuasa nuklear sebanyak 3,200 MW <> Apa itu Stop Hinkley || Berhenti Hinkley, dibentuk untuk memperjuangkan penutupan Hinkley Point B dan menentang sebarang pengembangan di laman Hinkley Point <> Apa kajian semula Suruhanjaya Eropah || membuka siasatan untuk menilai sama ada projek tersebut melanggar peraturan bantuan kerajaan <> Bagaimana undi Suruhanjaya menjadi || Suruhanjaya Eropah telah meluluskan projek itu, dengan majoriti besar dan hanya empat orang pesuruhjaya yang mengundi terhadap keputusan itu.", {"context": "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station. On 18 October 2010, the British government announced that Hinkley Point \u2013 already the site of the disused Hinkley Point A and the still operational Hinkley Point B power stations \u2013 was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. NNB Generation Company, a subsidiary of EDF, submitted an application for development consent to the Infrastructure Planning Commission on 31 October 2011. A protest group, Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site. In December 2013, the European Commission opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules. On 8 October 2014 it was announced that the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hinkley Point C nuclear power station is a project to construct a 3,200 MW two reactor nuclear power station"}], "question": "What is Hinkley point C ", "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site"}], "question": "What was Stop Hinkley ", "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "opened an investigation to assess whether the project breaks state-aid rules"}], "question": "What did the European Commission review ", "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "the European Commission has approved the project, with an overwhelming majority and only four commissioners voting against the decision."}], "question": "How did the Commission vote turn out ", "id": "5726aa10708984140094cd58"}]}], ["Kesemua daerah ceremonial Somerset dilindungi oleh Avon dan Somerset Constabulary, sebuah pasukan polis yang juga meliputi Bristol dan South Gloucestershire. Perkhidmatan Kebakaran dan Penyelamat Devon dan Somerset dibentuk pada tahun 2007 setelah penggabungan Perkhidmatan Bom dan Penyelamat Somerset dengan perkhidmatan Devon yang berdekatan; ia meliputi kawasan Somerset County Council serta daerah ibadat Devon keseluruhan. Daerah Somerset Utara dan Bath & North East Somerset sebaliknya diliputi oleh Avon Fire and Rescue Service, sebuah perkhidmatan yang juga meliputi Bristol dan South Gloucestershire. Perkhidmatan Ambulans Barat Selatan merangkumi seluruh South West England, termasuk semua Somerset; sebelum Februari 2013, daerah kesatuan Somerset berada di bawah Perkhidmatan Ambulans Besar Barat, yang digabungkan ke Selatan Barat. Ambulans Dorset dan Somerset adalah organisasi amal yang terletak di daerah itu. <> Pasukan polis mana yang merangkumi daerah ceremonial || Somerset dilindungi oleh Avon dan Somerset Constabulary, sebuah pasukan polis yang juga meliputi Bristol dan South Gloucestershire <> Apa skuad kebakaran / penyelamat terbentuk pada 2007 || The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service dibentuk pada tahun 2007 setelah penggabungan Perkhidmatan Bom dan Penyelamatan Somerset dengan perkhidmatan Devon yang berdekatan <> Kawasan apa yang melindungi perlindungan Ambulance barat Selatan || meliputi keseluruhan South West of England, termasuk semua Somerset <> Apa nama perkhidmatan ambulans udara amal || Ambulans Dorset dan Somerset", {"context": "All of the ceremonial county of Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service; it covers the area of Somerset County Council as well as the entire ceremonial county of Devon. The unitary districts of North Somerset and Bath & North East Somerset are instead covered by the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, a service which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire. The South Western Ambulance Service covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset; prior to February 2013 the unitary districts of Somerset came under the Great Western Ambulance Service, which merged into South Western. The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance is a charitable organisation based in the county.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Somerset is covered by the Avon and Somerset Constabulary, a police force which also covers Bristol and South Gloucestershire"}], "question": "What police force covers the ceremonial county ", "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "The Devon and Somerset Fire and Rescue Service was formed in 2007 upon the merger of the Somerset Fire and Rescue Service with its neighbouring Devon service"}], "question": "What fire / rescue squad was formed in 2007 ", "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "covers the entire South West of England, including all of Somerset"}], "question": "What area does South western Ambulance  Service cover ", "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "The Dorset and Somerset Air Ambulance"}], "question": "What is the name of the charitable air ambulance service ", "id": "5726ad33708984140094cd9c"}]}], ["Dalam legenda Arthurian, Avalon dikaitkan dengan Glastonbury Tor ketika para biarawan di Glastonbury Abbey mendakwa telah menemui tulang-tulang Raja Arthur dan ratunya. Apa yang lebih pasti adalah bahawa Glastonbury adalah pusat agama penting oleh 700 dan mendakwa sebagai \"gereja Kristian di atas tanah di dunia\" yang tertua di \"tanah mistik Avalon.\" Tuntutan ini didasarkan pada dating penubuhan komuniti rahib di AD 63, tahun lawatan legenda Yusuf Arimathea, yang sepatutnya telah membawa Holy Grail. Semasa Abad Pertengahan terdapat juga tempat keagamaan penting di Woodspring Priory dan Muchelney Abbey. Keuskupan Bath dan Wells kini meliputi Somerset - kecuali Parish of Abbots Leigh dengan Leigh Woods di North Somerset - dan kawasan kecil Dorset. Kerusi Episkopal Uskup Bath dan Wells kini berada di Gereja Katedral Saint Andrew di kota Wells, yang sebelumnya pernah berada di Bath Abbey. Sebelum Reformasi Bahasa Inggeris, ia adalah keuskupan Roma Katolik; daerah itu kini berada di dalam Diocese Roman Catholic Clifton. Biara Benedictine Saint Gregory's Abbey, yang biasanya dikenali sebagai Downside Abbey, berada di Stratton-on-the-Fosse, dan runtuhan bekas Biara Cleeve Cistercian terletak berhampiran dengan desa Washford. <> Apa yang dikatakan legenda Artharian tentang Glastonbury || Avalon dikaitkan dengan Glastonbury Tor apabila para biarawan di Glastonbury Abbey mendakwa telah menemui tulang-tulang Raja Arthur dan ratunya <> Apa yang dibina di Avalon || gereja Kristian di atas tanah yang tertua di Dunia \"terletak\" di tanah mistik Avalon <> Kerusi Episkopal Uskup kini di mana || Kerusi Episcopal Uskup Bath dan Wells kini berada di Gereja Katedral Saint Andrew di kota Wells, setelah sebelumnya berada di Bath Abbey <> Dimana St Greggorys Abbey || berada di Stratton-on-the-Fosse, dan runtuhan bekas Biara Cleeve Cistercian terletak berhampiran dengan kampung Washford", {"context": "In Arthurian legend, Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen. What is more certain is that Glastonbury was an important religious centre by 700 and claims to be \"the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World\" situated \"in the mystical land of Avalon.\" The claim is based on dating the founding of the community of monks at AD 63, the year of the legendary visit of Joseph of Arimathea, who was supposed to have brought the Holy Grail. During the Middle Ages there were also important religious sites at Woodspring Priory and Muchelney Abbey. The present Diocese of Bath and Wells covers Somerset \u2013 with the exception of the Parish of Abbots Leigh with Leigh Woods in North Somerset \u2013 and a small area of Dorset. The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey. Before the English Reformation, it was a Roman Catholic diocese; the county now falls within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton. The Benedictine monastery Saint Gregory's Abbey, commonly known as Downside Abbey, is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Avalon became associated with Glastonbury Tor when monks at Glastonbury Abbey claimed to have discovered the bones of King Arthur and his queen"}], "question": "What does Artharian legend claim about Glastonbury", "id": "5726b087708984140094cde1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "the oldest above-ground Christian church in the World\" situated \"in the mystical land of Avalon"}], "question": "What is built in Avalon ", "id": "5726b087708984140094cde2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells is now in the Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew in the city of Wells, having previously been at Bath Abbey"}], "question": "The Episcopal seat of the Bishop is now where ", "id": "5726b087708984140094cde3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1197, "text": "is at Stratton-on-the-Fosse, and the ruins of the former Cistercian Cleeve Abbey are near the village of Washford"}], "question": "Where is St Greggorys abbey", "id": "5726b087708984140094cde4"}]}], ["University of Bath dan Bath Spa University adalah pertubuhan pendidikan tinggi di utara-timur daerah. University of Bath memperoleh Piagam Diraja pada tahun 1966, walaupun asalnya kembali ke Bristol Trade School (ditubuhkan 1856) dan Sekolah Farmasi Bath (diasaskan pada tahun 1907). Ia mempunyai kampus yang dibina di Claverton di pinggir Bath, dan mempunyai 15,000 pelajar. Bath Spa University, yang berpusat di Newton St Loe, mencapai status universiti pada tahun 2005, dan mempunyai asal-usul termasuk Akademi Seni Bath (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1898), Kolej Latihan Guru Bath, dan Kolej Perguruan Tinggi Bath. Ia mempunyai beberapa kampus dan 5,500 pelajar. <> Mandi sekolah farmasi diasaskan di || Bath School of Pharmacy (ditubuhkan 1907 <> Bilakah status Bath Spa Gain University || mencapai status universiti pada tahun 2005 <> Bilakah universiti Bath mendapat piagam kerajaan || The University of Bath memperoleh Piagam Diraja pada tahun 1966, walaupun asal usulnya Kembali ke Bristol Trade School <> Apa Universiti di Bath || Universiti Bath dan Bath Spa University adalah pertubuhan pendidikan tinggi di utara-timur daerah", {"context": "The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county. The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School (founded 1856) and Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907). It has a purpose-built campus at Claverton on the outskirts of Bath, and has 15,000 students. Bath Spa University, which is based at Newton St Loe, achieved university status in 2005, and has origins including the Bath Academy of Art (founded 1898), Bath Teacher Training College, and the Bath College of Higher Education. It has several campuses and 5,500 students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Bath School of Pharmacy (founded 1907"}], "question": "Bath school of pharmacy founded in ", "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "achieved university status in 2005"}], "question": "When did Bath Spa Gain University status", "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "The University of Bath gained its Royal Charter in 1966, although its origins go back to the Bristol Trade School"}], "question": "When did the university of Bath gain royal charter ", "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The University of Bath and Bath Spa University are higher education establishments in the north-east of the county"}], "question": "What University are in Bath ", "id": "5726baf35951b619008f7c29"}]}], ["Sekolah negeri di Somerset disediakan oleh tiga pihak berkuasa pendidikan tempatan: Bath dan Somerset Timur Utara, Somerset Utara, dan Somerset County Council yang lebih besar. Semua sekolah negeri adalah menyeluruh. Dalam sesetengah bidang utama, kanak-kanak dan sekolah rendah menampung usia empat hingga sebelas, selepas itu murid-murid beralih ke sekolah menengah. Terdapat tiga peringkat sistem sekolah menengah pertama, menengah dan menengah di Lembah Cheddar, dan di Somerset Barat, sementara kebanyakan sekolah lain di daerah menggunakan sistem dua peringkat. Somerset mempunyai 30 buah sekolah negeri dan 17 buah sekolah menengah bebas; Bath dan Somerset Timur Utara mempunyai 13 buah sekolah negeri dan 5 sekolah menengah bebas; dan North Somerset mempunyai 10 sekolah menengah dan 2 sekolah menengah bebas, tidak termasuk kolej-kolej bentuk keenam. <> Apa sekolah negeri di somerset || Bath dan Somerset Timur Utara, Somerset Utara, dan Somerset County Council yang lebih besar <> Apa 3 tier sekolah || sistem tiga peringkat sekolah pertama, menengah dan menengah di Lembah Cheddar, dan di Somerset Barat <> Berapa banyak sekolah menengah negeri dan bebas di Somerset || Somerset mempunyai 30 sekolah menengah dan 17 sekolah menengah bebas", {"context": "State schools in Somerset are provided by three local education authorities: Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council. All state schools are comprehensive. In some areas primary, infant and junior schools cater for ages four to eleven, after which the pupils move on to secondary schools. There is a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset, while most other schools in the county use the two-tier system. Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools; Bath and North East Somerset has 13 state and 5 independent secondary schools; and North Somerset has 10 state and 2 independent secondary schools, excluding sixth form colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset, and the larger Somerset County Council"}], "question": "What are the  state schools in somerset ", "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "a three-tier system of first, middle and upper schools in the Cheddar Valley, and in West Somerset"}], "question": "What are the 3 tiers of school ", "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Somerset has 30 state and 17 independent secondary schools"}], "question": "How many state and independent secondary  schools in Somerset ", "id": "5726b792dd62a815002e8de4"}]}], ["Terusan Batubara Somerset dibina pada awal abad ke-19 untuk mengurangkan kos pengangkutan arang batu dan hasil berat lainnya. Yang pertama 16 kilometer (10 mi), berjalan dari persimpangan dengan Kennet dan Avon Canal, sepanjang lembah Cam, ke lembangan terminal di Paulton, telah digunakan 1805, bersama dengan beberapa trem. Cawangan 11.7 km (7.3 batu) yang dirancang ke Midford tidak pernah dibina, tetapi pada tahun 1815 trem telah diletakkan di sepanjang laluan menunda. Pada tahun 1871 trem telah dibeli oleh Somerset dan Dorset Joint Railway (S & DJR), dan dikendalikan sehingga tahun 1950-an. <> Mengapa Terusan county Somerset dibina || untuk mengurangkan kos pengangkutan arang batu dan hasil berat lain <> Apa yang digunakan di sepanjang kanal || beberapa trem <> Apa yang tidak pernah dibina || Cawangan 11.7 km (7.3 batu) yang dirancang ke Midford tidak pernah dibina <> Apa yang diletakkan di laluan ke Midford || pada tahun 1815 sebuah trem telah diletakkan di sepanjang jalan penariknya <> Siapa yang membeli trem pada tahun 1871 || Pada tahun 1871 trem telah dibeli oleh Somerset dan Dorset Joint Railway (S & DJR), dan dikendalikan sehingga tahun 1950-an", {"context": "The Somerset Coal Canal was built in the early 19th century to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce. The first 16 kilometres (10 mi), running from a junction with the Kennet and Avon Canal, along the Cam valley, to a terminal basin at Paulton, were in use by 1805, together with several tramways. A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built, but in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path. In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "to reduce the cost of transportation of coal and other heavy produce"}], "question": "Why was the Somerset county Canal built ", "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "several tramways"}], "question": "What was in use along the canal ", "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "A planned 11.7 km (7.3 mi) branch to Midford was never built"}], "question": "What was never built ", "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "in 1815 a tramway was laid along its towing path"}], "question": "What was laid on the path to Midford ", "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "In 1871 the tramway was purchased by the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway (S&DJR), and operated until the 1950s"}], "question": "Who purchased the tramway in 1871", "id": "5726b4e8dd62a815002e8d88"}]}], ["Sehingga tahun 1960-an jeti di Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead dan Minehead telah dihidangkan oleh kapal pemancing dayung P dan A Campbell yang menjalankan perkhidmatan tetap ke Barry dan Cardiff serta Ilfracombe dan Lundy Island. Dermaga di Burnham-on-Sea digunakan untuk barangan komersil, salah satu sebab bagi Somerset dan Dorset Joint Railway adalah untuk menyediakan hubungan antara Channel Bristol dan Channel Inggeris. Dermaga di Burnham-on-Sea adalah dermaga terpendek di UK. Pada tahun 1970-an Royal Portbury Dock telah dibina untuk menyediakan kapasiti tambahan untuk Pelabuhan Bristol. <> Apa yang diperintahkan streamers paddle sehingga tahun 1960-an || dermaga di Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead dan Minehead telah dihidangkan oleh kapal pemancing dayung P dan A Campbell <> Apa dermaga di Burnham-laut yang digunakan untuk || Dermaga di Burnham-on-Sea digunakan untuk barangan perdagangan <> Apa yang paling pendek di dermaga UK || Dermaga di Burnham-on-Sea adalah dermaga terpendek di UK <> Apa yang dibina pada tahun 1970-an || Pada tahun 1970-an Royal Portbury Dock telah dibina untuk menyediakan kapasiti tambahan untuk Pelabuhan Bristol", {"context": "Until the 1960s the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell who ran regular services to Barry and Cardiff as well as Ilfracombe and Lundy Island. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods, one of the reasons for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was to provide a link between the Bristol Channel and the English Channel. The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK. In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the piers at Weston-super-Mare, Clevedon, Portishead and Minehead were served by the paddle steamers of P and A Campbell"}], "question": "What  did paddle streamers serve until the 1960's ", "id": "5726b6ba708984140094cead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea was used for commercial goods"}], "question": "What was the pier on Burnham -on-sea used for ", "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "The pier at Burnham-on-Sea is the shortest pier in the UK"}], "question": "What is the shortest pier in the UK ", "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "In the 1970s the Royal Portbury Dock was constructed to provide extra capacity for the Port of Bristol"}], "question": "What was constructed in the 1970's ", "id": "5726b6ba708984140094ceb0"}]}], ["Beberapa sekolah menengah daerah mempunyai status sekolah pakar. Sesetengah sekolah mempunyai borang keenam dan yang lain memindahkan pembentuk keenam mereka ke kolej. Beberapa sekolah boleh mengesan asal-usul mereka sejak bertahun-tahun, seperti The Blue School di Wells dan Richard Huish College di Taunton. Lain-lain telah menukar nama mereka selama bertahun-tahun seperti Sekolah Beechen Cliff yang telah dimulakan pada tahun 1905 sebagai Sekolah Bath Boys 'School dan berubah menjadi nama sekarang pada tahun 1972 apabila sekolah tatabahasa disatukan dengan sekolah moden menengah tempatan, untuk membentuk sekolah komprehensif. Banyak yang lain ditubuhkan dan dibina sejak Perang Dunia Kedua. Pada tahun 2006, 5.900 murid di Somerset telah mengikuti peperiksaan GCSE, dengan 44.5% mencapai 5 gred A-C termasuk Bahasa Inggeris dan Matematik (berbanding 45.8% untuk England). <> Sekolah apa yang boleh mengesan asal mereka semula || Beberapa sekolah boleh mengesan asal-usul mereka sejak bertahun-tahun, seperti The Blue School di Wells dan Richard Huish College di Taunton <> Apa nama asal Beechen Cliff School || bermula pada tahun 1905 sebagai City of Bath Boys 'School <> Pada tahun 2006 pelajar Somerset memperlihatkan prestasi yang baik berbanding dengan England secara keseluruhan || Pada tahun 2006, 5.900 murid di Somerset telah mengikuti peperiksaan GCSE, dengan 44.5% mencapai 5 gred A-C termasuk Bahasa Inggeris dan Matematik (berbanding 45.8% untuk England).", {"context": "Some of the county's secondary schools have specialist school status. Some schools have sixth forms and others transfer their sixth formers to colleges. Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton. Others have changed their names over the years such as Beechen Cliff School which was started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School and changed to its present name in 1972 when the grammar school was amalgamated with a local secondary modern school, to form a comprehensive school. Many others were established and built since the Second World War. In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Several schools can trace their origins back many years, such as The Blue School in Wells and Richard Huish College in Taunton"}], "question": "What schools can trace their origins back ", "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "started in 1905 as the City of Bath Boys' School"}], "question": "What was the original name of the Beechen Cliff School", "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "In 2006, 5,900 pupils in Somerset sat GCSE examinations, with 44.5% achieving 5 grades A-C including English and Maths (compared to 45.8% for England)."}], "question": "In 2006 Somerset students performed how well compared to England as a whole ", "id": "5726b85cf1498d1400e8e8da"}]}], ["Terdapat juga pelbagai sekolah merdeka atau awam. Kebanyakannya adalah untuk pelajar antara 11 dan 18 tahun, seperti King's College, Taunton dan Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1519 dan menerima status pondasi diraja sekitar 30 tahun kemudian dalam pemerintahan Edward VI. Millfield adalah sekolah berasrama penuh bersama. Terdapat juga sekolah persediaan untuk kanak-kanak yang lebih muda, seperti All Hallows, dan Sekolah Persediaan Hazigrove. Chilton Cantelo School menawarkan tempat untuk murid dan anak-anak yang berumur 7 hingga 16 tahun. Sekolah-sekolah lain menyediakan pendidikan untuk kanak-kanak dari umur 3 atau 4 tahun hingga ke 18, seperti Sekolah King Edward, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton dan Wells Cathedral School yang merupakan salah satu daripada lima sekolah muzik yang ditubuhkan untuk anak-anak sekolah di Britain. Beberapa sekolah mempunyai hubungan agama, seperti Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School yang dikaitkan dengan Persatuan Agama Kawan, Downside School yang merupakan sekolah umum Katolik Roma di Stratton-on-the-Fosse, yang terletak di sebelah ke Benedictine Downside Abbey, dan Kingswood School, yang diasaskan oleh John Wesley pada tahun 1748 di Kingswood dekat Bristol, pada asalnya untuk pendidikan anak-anak menteri-menteri perjalanan (penganut) dari Gereja Methodist. <> Apa sekolah di Bruton diberi status asas diraja || King's School, Bruton, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1519 dan menerima status pondasi diraja sekitar 30 tahun kemudian <> Apa beberapa sekolah persediaan untuk pelajar yang lebih muda || seperti All Hallows, dan School Preparatory Hazigrove <> Apa salah satu sekolah Musical || Sekolah Katedral Wells yang merupakan salah satu daripada lima sekolah muzik yang ditubuhkan untuk anak-anak sekolah di Britain <> Apa itu sekolah katolik roman || Sekolah Downside yang merupakan sekolah awam Roman Katolik di Stratton-on-the-Fosse", {"context": "There is also a range of independent or public schools. Many of these are for pupils between 11 and 18 years, such as King's College, Taunton and Taunton School. King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later in the reign of Edward VI. Millfield is the largest co-educational boarding school. There are also preparatory schools for younger children, such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School. Chilton Cantelo School offers places both to day pupils and boarders aged 7 to 16. Other schools provide education for children from the age of 3 or 4 years through to 18, such as King Edward's School, Bath, Queen's College, Taunton and Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain. Some of these schools have religious affiliations, such as Monkton Combe School, Prior Park College, Sidcot School which is associated with the Religious Society of Friends, Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse, situated next to the Benedictine Downside Abbey, and Kingswood School, which was founded by John Wesley in 1748 in Kingswood near Bristol, originally for the education of the sons of the itinerant ministers (clergy) of the Methodist Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "King's School, Bruton, was founded in 1519 and received royal foundation status around 30 years later"}], "question": "What school in Bruton was given royal  foundation status ", "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "such as All Hallows, and Hazlegrove Preparatory School"}], "question": "What are some prepatory schools for younger students ", "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Wells Cathedral School which is one of the five established musical schools for school-age children in Britain"}], "question": "What is one of the Musical schools ", "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "Downside School which is a Roman Catholic public school in Stratton-on-the-Fosse"}], "question": "What is a roman catholic school ", "id": "5726ba17dd62a815002e8e51"}]}], ["Kegunaan saluran terapung adalah jangka pendek, walaupun ada yang kini telah dipulihkan untuk rekreasi. Abad ke-19 juga menyaksikan pembinaan kereta api ke dan melalui Somerset. Daerah ini disampaikan oleh lima syarikat kereta api Kumpulan sebelum tahun 1923: Great Western Railway (GWR); sebuah cawangan Midland Railway (MR) ke Bath Green Park (dan satu lagi ke Bristol); Kereta Api Somerset dan Dorset, dan London dan South Western Railway (L & SWR). Barisan utama GWR masih digunakan hari ini, walaupun banyak garis cawangannya dibatalkan di bawah Beeching Ax yang terkenal. Jalur bekas Somerset dan Dorset Joint Railway ditutup sepenuhnya, seperti mempunyai cawangan Kereta Api Midland ke Bath Green Park (dan ke Bristol St Philips); Bagaimanapun, L & SWR terselamat sebagai sebahagian daripada Barisan Utama Barat yang sekarang ini. Tiada satu pun dari garis-garis ini, di Somerset, yang berkuasa. Dua laluan cawangan, Keretapi Somerset Barat dan Timur, telah diselamatkan dan dipindahkan ke pemilikan swasta sebagai \"warisan\". Kereta api kelima adalah keretapi ringan, Weston, Clevedon dan Portishead Light Railway. Kereta Api Mineral Somerset Barat membawa bijih besi dari Brendon Hills ke Watchet. <> Berapa lama terusan digunakan || kegunaan saluran terusan adalah jangka pendek, walaupun ada yang kini telah dipulihkan untuk rekreasi <> Apa yang telah dibina pada abad ke-19 || Abad ke-19 juga menyaksikan pembinaan kereta api ke dan melalui Somerset <> Berapa banyak kereta api berkhidmat di county || Daerah itu telah disampaikan oleh lima syarikat kereta api Kumpulan sebelum tahun 1923. <> Ada mana-mana kereta api yang berkuasa | | Tiada satu pun dari garis-garis ini, di Somerset, yang berkuasa. <> Apa laluan kereta api masih digunakan hari ini || Barisan utama GWR masih digunakan hari ini, walaupun banyak garis cawangannya dibatalkan di bawah Beeching Ax yang terkenal", {"context": "The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as \"heritage\" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation"}], "question": "How long were canals used ", "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset"}], "question": "What was built int the 19th century ", "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies"}], "question": "How many railways served the county ", "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified."}], "question": "Were any of the railways  electrified ", "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe"}], "question": "What railways lines are still in use today ", "id": "5726b5ea5951b619008f7b77"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1909-10, bola sepak menghadapi krisis akibat kegagalan pembaharuan sebelumnya 1905-06 untuk menyelesaikan masalah kecederaan yang serius. Terdapat perasaan kecemasan dan ketidakpercayaan, dan, semasa krisis sedang berkembang, presiden Harvard, Yale, dan Princeton telah membangunkan sebuah projek untuk mereformasi sukan itu dan menghalang perubahan radikal yang mungkin dipaksakan oleh pemerintah atas sukan itu. Presiden Arthur Hadley dari Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell dari Harvard, dan Woodrow Wilson dari Princeton bekerja untuk membangunkan perubahan sederhana untuk mengurangkan kecederaan. Namun percubaan mereka dikurangkan dengan pemberontakan terhadap jawatankuasa peraturan dan pembentukan Persatuan Olahraga Intercollegiate. Tiga besar telah cuba beroperasi secara bebas daripada majoriti, tetapi perubahan telah mengurangkan kecederaan. <> Siapa yang cuba untuk membuat langkah pembaharuan bola sepak? || presiden Harvard, Yale, dan Princeton <> Apa pemberontakan terhadap langkah bola sepak baru bermula? || Persatuan Athletik Intercollegiate <> Siapa presiden Yale semasa pemberontakan? || Arthur Hadley <> Yang mewakili Harvard semasa peraturan perbahasan berubah? || A. Lawrence Lowell <> Yang mewakili Princeton semasa aturan mengubah perbincangan? || Woodrow Wilson", {"context": "In 1909\u201310, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the previous reforms of 1905\u201306 to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while the crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government upon the sport. President Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate changes to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association. The big three had tried to operate independently of the majority, but changes did reduce injuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton"}], "question": "Who attempted to enact measures of football reform?", "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Intercollegiate Athletic Association"}], "question": "What did the rebellion to the new football measures start?", "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Arthur Hadley"}], "question": "Who was president of Yale during the rebellion?", "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "A. Lawrence Lowell"}], "question": "Who represented Harvard during the rule changing debates?", "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Woodrow Wilson"}], "question": "Who represented Princeton during the rule changing discussions?", "id": "57269e6bdd62a815002e8b1e"}]}], ["Tentara Perang Revolusioner Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) adalah prototipe ideal Yale pada awal abad ke-19: seorang sarjana yang jujur dan aristokrat, sama-sama pandai dalam pengetahuan dan olahraga, dan seorang patriot yang \"menyesal\" satu kehilangan nyawa \"untuk negaranya. Pelukis Barat Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) adalah seorang artis yang pahlawan memuji pertempuran dan ujian kekuatan di Wild West. Frank Merriwell yang fiktif, berpaling-dari-abad ke-20 menanamkan ideal heroik tanpa prasangka kaum, dan pengganti fiksinya Frank Stover dalam novel Stover di Yale (1911) mempersoalkan mentaliti perniagaan yang menjadi lazim di sekolah . Semakin ramai pelajar beralih ke bintang olahraga sebagai wira mereka, terutamanya kerana memenangi permainan besar menjadi matlamat badan pelajar, dan alumni, serta pasukan itu sendiri. <> Apa yang Nathan Hale terkenal? || Prajurit Perang Revolusi <> Apakah profesion yang dilakukan oleh Frederic Remington? || artis <> Apakah nama protagonis \"Stover at Yale\"? || Frank Stover <> Apa yang berubah menjadi matlamat badan pelajar? || memenangi permainan besar <> Apa yang menjadi subjek lukisan Frederic Remington? || wira memuliakan pertempuran dan ujian kekuatan di Wild West", {"context": "The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who \"regretted\" that he \"had but one life to lose\" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Revolutionary War soldier"}], "question": "What was Nathan Hale famous for?", "id": "57269a03708984140094cb57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "artist"}], "question": "What profession did Frederic Remington hold?", "id": "57269a03708984140094cb58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Frank Stover"}], "question": "What was the name of the protagonist of \"Stover at Yale\"?", "id": "57269a03708984140094cb59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "winning the big game"}], "question": "What turned into the goal of the student body?", "id": "57269a03708984140094cb5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West"}], "question": "What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?", "id": "57269a03708984140094cb5b"}]}], ["Antara tahun 1892, ketika Harvard dan Yale bertemu di salah satu perdebatan intercollegiate pertama, dan tahun 1909, tahun Debat Segitiga pertama Harvard, Yale, dan Princeton, retorik, simbolisme, dan metafora yang digunakan dalam olahraga telah digunakan untuk membingkai awal ini perbahasan. Debat ditutup di halaman depan akhbar kolej dan ditekankan dalam buku tahunan, dan ahli pasukan juga menerima huruf athletik bersamaan untuk jaket mereka. Terdapat juga perhimpunan yang menghantar pasukan pembahasan kepada perlawanan. Namun, perdebatan tidak pernah mencapai daya tarikan yang luas yang dinikmati oleh atlet. Salah satu sebabnya ialah perdebatan tidak mempunyai pemenang yang jelas, seperti halnya dalam sukan, dan pemarkahan itu subjektif. Di samping itu, dengan kebimbangan akhir abad ke-19 tentang kesan kehidupan moden pada tubuh manusia, olahraga menawarkan harapan bahawa tidak individu mahupun masyarakat itu akan terpisah. <> Pada tahun apakah perdebatan pertama antara Harvard, Yale, dan Princeton? || 1909 <> Bilakah perbahasan pertama antara Harvard dan Yale? || 1892 <> Bagaimana perdebatan ditunjukkan kepada pelajar kolej? || halaman depan akhbar kolej <> Apa ahli pasukan perdebatan mendapatkan perkhidmatan mereka? || sama dengan huruf atlet untuk jaket mereka <> Mengapa perdebatan tidak mempunyai pemenang yang berbeza? || Pemarkahan adalah subjektif", {"context": "Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates, and 1909, the year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, the rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these early debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks, and team members even received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There even were rallies sending off the debating teams to matches. Yet, the debates never attained the broad appeal that athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have a clear winner, as is the case in sports, and that scoring is subjective. In addition, with late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the human body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor the society was coming apart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1909"}], "question": "In what year was the first debate between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton?", "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1892"}], "question": "When was the first debate between Harvard and Yale?", "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "front pages of college newspapers"}], "question": "How were debates shown to the college students?", "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets"}], "question": "What did members of the debate team get for their service?", "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "scoring is subjective"}], "question": "Why do debates not have a distinct winner?", "id": "57269c77f1498d1400e8e4d8"}]}], ["Yale berkembang secara beransur-ansur, menubuhkan Sekolah Perubatan Yale (1810), Sekolah Yale Divinity (1822), Sekolah Undang-undang Yale (1843), Sekolah Pengajian Siswazah Yale (1847), Sekolah Sains Sheffield (1847) Sekolah Seni Halus (1869). Pada tahun 1887, ketika kolej terus berkembang di bawah jawatan presiden Timothy Dwight V, Yale College dinamakan semula sebagai Yale University. Universiti kemudiannya menambah Yale School of Music (1894), Yale School of Forestry & Kajian Alam Sekitar (yang diasaskan oleh Gifford Pinchot pada tahun 1900), Yale School of Public Health (1915), Yale School of Nursing (1923) Yale School of Drama (1955), Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), dan Yale School of Management (1976). Ia juga akan menyusun semula hubungannya dengan Sheffield Scientific School. <> Bilakah Sekolah Perubatan Yale ditubuhkan? || 1810 <> Bilakah Sekolah Yale Divinity ditubuhkan? || 1822 <> Bilakah Sekolah Undang-undang Yale dibuat? || 1843 <> Bilakah Yale Sekolah Siswazah dan Seni dan Sains ditubuhkan? || (1847 <> Bilakah Sekolah Saintifik Sheffield dicipta? || 1847", {"context": "Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "1810"}], "question": "When was the Yale School of Medicine established?", "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "1822"}], "question": "When was Yale Divinity School established?", "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "1843"}], "question": "When was Yale Law School created?", "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "(1847"}], "question": "When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?", "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "1847"}], "question": "When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?", "id": "5726a0605951b619008f7829"}]}], ["Yale dianggotai empat belas sekolah konstituen: kuliah sarjana asal, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, dan dua belas sekolah profesional. Walaupun universiti dikuasai oleh Yale Corporation, setiap fakulti sekolah mengawasi program kurikulum dan ijazahnya. Sebagai tambahan kepada kampus pusat di New Haven, Universiti memiliki kemudahan sukan di New Haven barat, termasuk Yale Bowl, sebuah kampus di West Haven, Connecticut, dan hutan dan alam semulajadi di seluruh New England. Aset universiti termasuk endowmen bernilai $ 25.6 bilion pada September 2015, yang kedua terbesar di mana-mana institusi pendidikan. Perpustakaan Universiti Yale, yang berkhidmat dengan semua sekolah konstituen, memegang lebih daripada 15 juta jilid dan merupakan perpustakaan akademik ketiga terbesar di Amerika Negeri. <> Berapa banyak sekolah yang terdiri daripada Yale? || empat belas <> Berapa nilai yayasan Yale? || $ 25.6 bilion <> Berapa banyak buku dalam Perpustakaan Universiti Yale? || 15 juta <> Siapa yang mengendalikan Yale College? || Yale Corporation <> Di manakah kampus Yale utama? || pusat bandar New Haven", {"context": "Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "How many schools is Yale composed of?", "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "$25.6 billion"}], "question": "How much is Yale's endowment worth?", "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "15 million"}], "question": "How many books are in the Yale University Library?", "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Yale Corporation"}], "question": "Who runs Yale College?", "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "downtown New Haven"}], "question": "Where is the main Yale campus?", "id": "57268eb6708984140094ca0d"}]}], ["Pelajar teologi dan ketuhanan Amerika yang serius, khususnya di New England, menganggap Ibrani sebagai bahasa klasik, bersama dengan bahasa Yunani dan Latin, dan penting untuk mempelajari Perjanjian Lama dengan kata-kata asal. Pengerusi Ezra Stiles, presiden Kolej dari 1778 hingga 1795, membawa minatnya dalam bahasa Ibrani sebagai kenderaan untuk mempelajari teks-teks Alkitab kuno dalam bahasa aslinya (sebagaimana biasa di sekolah-sekolah lain), yang memerlukan semua mahasiswa baru mempelajari bahasa Ibrani (berbeza dengan Harvard, di mana hanya ahli kelas atas diperlukan untuk mempelajari bahasa itu) dan bertanggungjawab untuk frasa Ibrani \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05dd (Urim dan Thummim) pada meterai Yale. Cabaran terbesar Stiles berlaku pada bulan Julai 1779 apabila pasukan British yang bermusuhan menduduki New Haven dan mengancam untuk menyerang Kolej. Bagaimanapun, graduan Yale, Edmund Fanning, Setiausaha Jeneral Inggeris dalam pemerintahan pendudukan, menyoal dan Kolej telah diselamatkan. Fanning kemudian diberi gelaran kehormat LL.D., pada 1803, atas usahanya. <> Bilakah presiden Ezra Stiles Yale? || 1778 hingga 1795 <> Kursus apa yang Ezra Stiles memerlukan orang baru untuk diambil? || Ibrani <> Bilakah Inggeris mengancam untuk mengambil alih kolej itu? || Julai 1779 <> Siapa yang menyelamatkan Yale dari serangan British? || Edmund Fanning <> Tahap apa yang diberikan oleh Edmund Fanning untuk perkhidmatannya? || ijazah kehormat LL.D", {"context": "Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as a classical language, along with Greek and Latin, and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original words. The Reverend Ezra Stiles, president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language (as was common in other schools), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew phrase \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05dd (Urim and Thummim) on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning, Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree LL.D., at 1803, for his efforts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1778 to 1795"}], "question": "When was Ezra Stiles president of Yale?", "id": "572693b7708984140094caaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Hebrew"}], "question": "What course did Ezra Stiles require freshmen to take?", "id": "572693b7708984140094cab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "July 1779"}], "question": "When did the British threaten to take over the college?", "id": "572693b7708984140094cab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Edmund Fanning"}], "question": "Who saved Yale from the British raid?", "id": "572693b7708984140094cab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "an honorary degree LL.D"}], "question": "What degree was Edmund Fanning given for his services?", "id": "572693b7708984140094cab3"}]}], ["Yale University adalah universiti penyelidikan Ivy League swasta Amerika di New Haven, Connecticut. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1701 di Colony Saybrook sebagai Sekolah Kollegiate, Universiti adalah institusi pengajian tinggi tertua ketiga di Amerika Syarikat. Sekolah itu dinamakan semula Yale College pada tahun 1718 sebagai pengiktirafan hadiah dari Elihu Yale, yang merupakan gabenor British East India Company. Ditubuhkan untuk melatih menteri-menteri Kongregasional dalam teologi dan bahasa suci, pada 1777 kurikulum sekolah mula menggabungkan kemanusiaan dan sains. Pada abad ke-19 sekolah itu menggabungkan pengajaran siswazah dan profesional, yang memberikan Ph.D. di Amerika Syarikat pada 1861 dan menganjurkan sebagai sebuah universiti pada tahun 1887. <> Bilakah Kolej Collegiate of Saybrook Colony diasaskan? || 1701 <> Bilakah Kolej Collegiate dinamakan semula kepada Yale College? || 1718 <> Kenapa sekolah bernama Yale College? || pengiktirafan hadiah dari Elihu Yale <> Bilakah Yale mula menggabungkan kemanusiaan dan sains? || oleh 1777 <> Bilakah Yale mengeluarkan Ph.D yang pertama di Amerika Syarikat? || 1861", {"context": "Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1701"}], "question": "When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?", "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "1718"}], "question": "When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?", "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale"}], "question": "Why was the school named Yale College?", "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "by 1777"}], "question": "When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?", "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "1861"}], "question": "When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?", "id": "57268a89dd62a815002e88c8"}]}], ["Yale mengetengahkan permulaannya sebagai \"Akta untuk Liberty untuk Mendirikan Sekolah Kollegiate,\" yang diluluskan oleh Mahkamah Agung Koloni Connecticut pada 9 Oktober 1701, ketika bertemu di New Haven. Akta tersebut adalah satu usaha untuk mewujudkan institusi untuk melatih menteri dan meletakkan kepimpinan untuk Connecticut. Tidak lama selepas itu, sekumpulan sepuluh menteri Congregationalist: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (anak James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb dan Timothy Woodbridge. alumni Harvard, bertemu dalam kajian Pendeta Samuel Russell di Branford, Connecticut, untuk menyusun buku mereka untuk membentuk perpustakaan sekolah. Kumpulan yang diketuai oleh James Pierpont, kini dikenali sebagai \"The Founders\". [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah \"Akta untuk Liberty untuk Mendirikan Sekolah Kollegiate\" diluluskan? || 9 Oktober 1701 <> Yang mengundi pada \"Akta untuk Liberty untuk Mendirikan Sekolah Kollegiate\"? || Mahkamah Agung Colony of Connecticut <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang memulakan perpustakaan Yale? || Para Pengasas <> Mengapa \"Akta untuk Liberty untuk Mendirikan Sekolah Kollegiate\" dicadangkan? || untuk mewujudkan institusi untuk melatih menteri dan meletakkan kepimpinan untuk Connecticut <> Di mana \"Pendiri\" pergi ke sekolah? || Harvard", {"context": "Yale traces its beginnings to \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School,\" passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as \"The Founders\".[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "October 9, 1701"}], "question": "When was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" approved?", "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "General Court of the Colony of Connecticut"}], "question": "Who voted on \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\"?", "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "The Founders"}], "question": "What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?", "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut"}], "question": "Why was \"An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School\" proposed?", "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Harvard"}], "question": "Where did \"The Founders\" go to school?", "id": "57268ff4dd62a815002e89ae"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1718, atas arahan salah seorang Rektor Samuel Andrew atau Gabenor tanah jajahan Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather menghubungi seorang ahli perniagaan yang bernama Elihu Yale, yang tinggal di Wales tetapi telah dilahirkan di Boston dan ayahnya, David, telah menjadi salah satu daripada asal peneroka di New Haven, meminta beliau mendapatkan bantuan kewangan untuk membina sebuah bangunan baru untuk kolej itu. Melalui pujukan Yeremia Dummer, Yale, yang telah membuat keuntungan melalui perdagangan semasa tinggal di Madras sebagai wakil dari Syarikat India Timur, menyumbangkan sembilan balak barang, yang dijual lebih dari \u00a3 560, jumlah yang besar pada masa itu . Cotton Mather mencadangkan bahawa sekolah itu menukar namanya kepada Yale College. Sementara itu, seorang graduan Harvard yang bekerja di England meyakinkan kira-kira 180 orang intelektual terkemuka yang mereka harus menderma buku kepada Yale. Penghantaran 1714 dari 500 buku mewakili yang terbaik dalam kesusasteraan Inggeris, sains, falsafah dan teologi. Ia mempunyai kesan mendalam terhadap intelektual di Yale. Sarjana Jonathan Edwards menemui karya John Locke dan mengembangkan teologi asalnya yang dikenali sebagai \"ketuhanan baru.\" Pada tahun 1722 Rektor dan enam kawannya, yang mempunyai kumpulan belajar untuk membincangkan idea-idea baru, mengumumkan bahawa mereka telah menyerahkan Calvinisme, menjadi Arminians, dan menyertai Gereja England. Mereka ditahbiskan di England dan kembali ke tanah jajahan sebagai mubaligh untuk iman Anglikan. Thomas Clapp menjadi presiden pada tahun 1745, dan bergelut untuk kembali ke kolej untuk ortodoksi Calvinis; tetapi dia tidak menutup perpustakaan. Pelajar lain menemui buku Deist di perpustakaan. <> Di mana Elihu Yale membesar? || Wales <> Di mana Elihu Yale dilahirkan? || Boston <> Apa nama bapa Elihu Yale? || Daud <> Siapa yang mencadangkan nama baru Yale? || Kapas Mather <> Berapa banyak buku dalam penghantaran 1714 ke Yale? || 500", {"context": "In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than \u00a3560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the \"new divinity.\" In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Wales"}], "question": "Where did Elihu Yale grow up?", "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Boston"}], "question": "Where was Elihu Yale born?", "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "David"}], "question": "What was Elihu Yale's father's name?", "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Cotton Mather"}], "question": "Who suggested the new name of Yale?", "id": "57269289dd62a815002e89ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "500"}], "question": "How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?", "id": "57269289dd62a815002e8a00"}]}], ["Laporan Yale tahun 1828 adalah pertahanan dogmatik terhadap kurikulum Latin dan Yunani terhadap pengkritik yang menginginkan lebih banyak kursus dalam bahasa moden, matematik, dan sains. Tidak seperti pendidikan tinggi di Eropah, tidak ada kurikulum kebangsaan untuk kolej dan universiti di Amerika Syarikat. Di dalam pertandingan untuk pelajar dan sokongan kewangan, para pemimpin kolej berusaha untuk terus mengupayakan permintaan inovasi. Pada masa yang sama, mereka menyedari bahawa sebahagian besar pelajar dan calon pelajar menuntut latar belakang klasik. Laporan Yale bermakna klasik tidak akan ditinggalkan. Semua institusi bereksperimen dengan perubahan dalam kurikulum, sering menghasilkan trek dua. Dalam persekitaran pendidikan yang lebih tinggi di Amerika Syarikat, mengimbangi perubahan dengan tradisi adalah cabaran yang sama kerana tidak ada orang yang mampu menjadi sepenuhnya moden atau sepenuhnya klasik. Sekumpulan profesor di Yale dan Menteri-menteri Kongregasional Yale New Haven menyatakan tindak balas konservatif terhadap perubahan-perubahan yang dibawa oleh budaya Victoria. Mereka tertumpu kepada membangunkan seluruh manusia yang memiliki nilai keagamaan yang cukup kuat untuk menentang godaan dari dalam, namun cukup fleksibel untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan 'isme' (profesionalisme, materialisme, individualisme, dan konsumerisme) yang menggoda dia dari tanpa. William Graham Sumner, profesor dari tahun 1872 hingga 1909, mengajar dalam bidang ekonomi dan sosiologi yang baru muncul untuk melimpah kelas. Dia mengalahkan Presiden Noah Porter, yang tidak menyukai sains sosial dan mahu Yale mengunci tradisi pendidikan klasiknya. Porter membantah penggunaan buku teks oleh Herbert Spencer oleh Sumner yang menyokong materialisme agnostik kerana ia mungkin membahayakan pelajar. <> Bilakah mengajar William Graham Sumner? || 1872 hingga 1909 <> Apa yang diajar oleh William Graham Sumner? || ekonomi dan sosiologi <> Mengapa Laporan Yale ditubuhkan? || golongan klasik tidak akan ditinggalkan <> Apakah kumpulan profesor Yale dan menteri yang cuba mencapai? || membangunkan seluruh manusia yang memiliki nilai-nilai keagamaan yang cukup kuat untuk menentang godaan <> Apa perubahan yang diberikan para profesor dan menteri? || Budaya Victoria", {"context": "The Yale Report of 1828 was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, mathematics, and science. Unlike higher education in Europe, there was no national curriculum for colleges and universities in the United States. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized that a significant portion of their students and prospective students demanded a classical background. The Yale report meant the classics would not be abandoned. All institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual track. In the decentralized environment of higher education in the United States, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge because no one could afford to be completely modern or completely classical. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to the changes brought about by the Victorian culture. They concentrated on developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the 'isms' (professionalism, materialism, individualism, and consumerism) tempting him from without. William Graham Sumner, professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. He bested President Noah Porter, who disliked social science and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1371, "text": "1872 to 1909"}], "question": "When did William Graham Sumner teach?", "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1423, "text": "economics and sociology"}], "question": "What did William Graham Sumner teach?", "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "the classics would not be abandoned"}], "question": "Why was The Yale Report established?", "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1091, "text": "developing a whole man possessed of religious values sufficiently strong to resist temptations"}], "question": "What were the group of Yale professors and ministers attempting to achieve?", "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1051, "text": "Victorian culture"}], "question": "What changes were the professors and ministers responding to?", "id": "572697f6dd62a815002e8a92"}]}], ["Yale mempunyai hubungan rumit dengan bandar kediamannya; Sebagai contoh, beribu-ribu pelajar sukarelawan setiap tahun dalam pelbagai organisasi masyarakat, tetapi pegawai bandaraya, yang menolak pengecualian Yale dari cukai harta tanah, telah lama menekan universitas untuk berbuat lebih banyak untuk membantu. Di bawah Presiden Levin, Yale telah menyokong banyak usaha New Haven untuk menghidupkan semula bandar. Bukti menunjukkan bahawa hubungan bandar dan gaun saling menguntungkan. Walau bagaimanapun, kuasa ekonomi universiti meningkat secara dramatik dengan kejayaan kewangannya di tengah-tengah penurunan ekonomi tempatan. <> Mengapa pegawai bandar New Haven tidak suka Yale? || pengecualian daripada cukai harta tempatan <> Yang mana presiden Yale dibantu dengan usaha revitalisasi New Haven? || Presiden Levin <> Apakah kesan hubungan Yale dan New Haven terhadap Yale? || kuasa ekonomi universiti meningkat secara dramatik dengan kejayaan kewangannya <> Apakah pengaruh hubungan Yale dan New Haven terhadap New Haven? || penurunan dalam ekonomi tempatan", {"context": "Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "exemption from local property taxes"}], "question": "Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?", "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "President Levin"}], "question": "Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?", "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success"}], "question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?", "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "decline in the local economy"}], "question": "What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?", "id": "5726baf15951b619008f7c24"}]}], ["Satu dekad ke pendidikan bersama, serangan pelajar dan gangguan pelajar yang merajalela oleh fakulti menjadi dorongan untuk tuntutan sindiran Alexander v. Yale. Walaupun tidak berjaya di mahkamah, penafsiran undang-undang di sebalik kes itu mengubah landskap undang-undang diskriminasi seks dan mengakibatkan penubuhan Lembaga Keluhan Yale dan Pusat Wanita Yale. Pada bulan Mac 2011 aduan Tajuk IX telah difailkan terhadap Yale oleh para pelajar dan graduan baru-baru ini, termasuk editor majalah Pengenalan Broadband feminis Yale, mendakwa bahawa universiti mempunyai iklim seksual yang bermusuhan. Sebagai tindak balas, universiti itu menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Pemandu Tajuk IX untuk menangani aduan salah laku seksual. <> Apa yang menyebabkan Lembaga Keluhan Yale dan Pusat Wanita Yale? || Alexander v. Yale <> Bilakah aduan Tajuk IX yang difailkan terhadap Yale? || Mac 2011 <> Apakah nama majalah yang mana banyak editor telah terlibat dalam aduan Tajuk IX? || Pengiktirafan yang luas <> Apakah keluhan editor Pengiktirafan Luas? || universiti itu mempunyai iklim seksual yang bermusuhan <> Apa yang dilakukan Yale mengenai aduan Title IX? || membentuk jawatankuasa pemandu tajuk IX untuk menangani aduan salah laku seksual", {"context": "A decade into co-education, rampant student assault and harassment by faculty became the impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning behind the case changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center. In March 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and recent graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition, alleging that the university had a hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Alexander v. Yale"}], "question": "What led to Yale's Grievance Board and the Yale Women's Center?", "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "March 2011"}], "question": "When was a Title IX complaint filed against Yale?", "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Broad Recognition"}], "question": "What was the name of the magazine of which multiple editors were involved in the Title IX complaint?", "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "the university had a hostile sexual climate"}], "question": "What was the complaint of the editors of Broad Recognition?", "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct"}], "question": "What did Yale do about the Title IX complaint?", "id": "5726b8de708984140094cf2b"}]}], ["Milton Winternitz mengetuai Sekolah Perubatan Yale sebagai dekannya dari 1920 hingga 1935. Berdedikasi kepada ubat saintifik baru yang ditubuhkan di Jerman, beliau juga bersemangat tentang \"ubat sosial\" dan kajian manusia dalam budaya dan alam sekitar mereka. Beliau mendirikan \"Sistem Yale\" pengajaran, dengan beberapa kuliah dan ujian kurang, dan memperkuat sistem fakulti sepenuh masa; beliau juga menubuhkan Sekolah Yale Nursing dan Jabatan Psikiatri, dan membina pelbagai bangunan baru. Kemajuan ke arah rancangannya untuk Institut Perhubungan Manusia, dibayangkan sebagai tempat perlindungan di mana para saintis sosial akan bekerjasama dengan para saintis biologi dalam kajian holistik manusia, malangnya bertahan hanya beberapa tahun sebelum pembangkang dari rakan-rakan anti-Semit yang marah mendorongnya untuk meletakkan jawatan . <> Siapakah dekan Sekolah Perubatan Yale dari 1920 hingga 1935? || Milton Winternitz <> Apakah daya penggerak di belakang penyelidikan Milton Winternitz? || perubatan sosial <> Gaya pengajaran apa yang dilakukan oleh Milton Winternitz? || Sistem Yale <> Apakah Sistem Yale? || beberapa kuliah dan peperiksaan yang lebih sedikit, dan mengukuhkan sistem fakulti sepenuh masa <> Apa program yang dibuat oleh Milton Winternitz? || peringkat Yale School of Nursing dan Jabatan Psikiatri", {"context": "Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about \"social medicine\" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the \"Yale System\" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Milton Winternitz"}], "question": "Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?", "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cde9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "social medicine"}], "question": "What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?", "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Yale System"}], "question": "What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?", "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system"}], "question": "What is the Yale System?", "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cdec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department"}], "question": "What programs did Milton Winternitz create?", "id": "5726b0b6708984140094cded"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1966, Yale memulakan perbincangan dengan sekolah kakaknya Vassar College mengenai penggabungan untuk memupuk pendidikan bersama di peringkat sarjana. Vassar, kemudian semua perempuan dan sebahagian daripada sekolah-sekolah elit senior elit yang berkhidmat sebagai institusi saudara kepada Liga Ivy ketika Liga Ivy masih hanya mengakui lelaki-sementara itu diterima, tetapi kemudian menolak jemputan. Kedua-dua sekolah memperkenalkan pendidikan secara bebas pada tahun 1969. Amy Salomon adalah wanita pertama yang mendaftar sebagai sarjana Yale; Dia juga merupakan wanita pertama di Yale untuk menyertai masyarakat mahasiswa, St Anthony Hall. Kelas sarjana muda pada tahun 1973 adalah kelas pertama yang mempunyai wanita bermula dari tahun pertama; Pada masa itu, semua pelajar sarjana ditempatkan di Vanderbilt Hall di hujung selatan Kampus Lama. [rujukan?] Apa sekolah saudara perempuan Yale yang dianggap penggabungan pada tahun 1966? || Vassar College <> Siapakah wanita sarjana pertama di Yale? || Amy Salomon <> Apa masyarakat yang Amy Salomon mendaftar di Yale? || St Anthony Hall <> Tahun berapakah kelas sarjana pertama termasuk wanita lulus dari Yale? || 1973 <> Di mana wanita sarjana hidup dalam beberapa tahun pertama wanita dibenarkan menghadiri Yale? || Dewan Vanderbilt", {"context": "In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters\u2014elite higher education schools that historically served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when the Ivy League still only admitted men\u2014tentatively accepted, but then declined the invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was also the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall. The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first class to have women starting from freshman year; at the time, all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall at the south end of Old Campus.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Vassar College"}], "question": "What sister school of Yale's considered merger in 1966?", "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Amy Solomon"}], "question": "Who was the first undergraduate woman at Yale?", "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "St. Anthony Hall"}], "question": "What society did Amy Solomon enroll in at Yale?", "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "1973"}], "question": "What year did the first undergraduate class including women graduate from Yale?", "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "Vanderbilt Hall"}], "question": "Where did undergraduate women live during the first few years of women being allowed to attend Yale?", "id": "5726b6f85951b619008f7ba7"}]}], ["Antara 1925 dan 1940, asas filantropik, terutama yang berkaitan dengan Rockefellers, menyumbang kira-kira $ 7 juta untuk menyokong Institut Perhubungan Manusia Yale dan Laboratorium Yerkes gabungan Biologi Primate. Wang itu pergi ke arah penyelidikan sains tingkah laku, yang disokong oleh pegawai yayasan yang bertujuan untuk \"memperbaiki umat manusia\" di bawah usaha kejuruteraan manusia yang tidak formal dan tidak formal. Para saintis tingkah laku di Yale, yang diketuai oleh Presiden James R. Angell dan ahli psikobiologi Robert M. Yerkes, mengetengahkan asasnya dengan membuat program penyelidikan yang bertujuan untuk menyiasat, kemudian mencadangkan cara untuk mengawal, tingkah laku seksual dan sosial. Sebagai contoh, Yerkes menganalisis tingkah laku seksual cimpanzi dengan harapan dapat menerangkan dasar-dasar evolusi pembangunan manusia dan menyediakan maklumat yang boleh memperbaiki disfungsi. Akhirnya, sains tingkah laku menghasilkan pegawai asas yang kecewa, yang mengalihkan dana kejuruteraan manusia ke sains biologi. <> Berapa banyak yayasan filantropi menderma antara 1925 dan 1940? || kira-kira $ 7 juta <> Apa yang digunakan $ 7 juta? || penyelidikan sains tingkah laku <> Apakah tingkah laku seks haiwan yang dilakukan oleh Yerkes? || chimpanzee <> Siapa saintis tingkah laku yang bertanggungjawab terhadap penyelidikan? || Presiden James R. Angell dan psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes <> Apakah matlamat penyelidikan tingkah laku? || memperbaiki manusia", {"context": "Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to \"improve mankind\" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "about $7 million"}], "question": "How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?", "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "behavioral science research"}], "question": "What was the $7 million used for?", "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "chimpanzee"}], "question": "What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?", "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes"}], "question": "Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?", "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "improve mankind"}], "question": "What was the goal of the behavioral research?", "id": "5726ae135951b619008f7a17"}]}], ["Program kajian Amerika mencerminkan perjuangan ideologi anti-Komunis di seluruh dunia. Norman Holmes Pearson, yang bekerja di Pejabat Pengajian Strategik di London semasa Perang Dunia II, kembali ke Yale dan mengetuai program kajian Amerika yang baru, di mana biasiswa menjadi alat untuk mempromosikan kebebasan. Popular di kalangan siswazah, program ini bertujuan untuk mengarahkan mereka dalam asas tamadun Amerika dan dengan itu menanamkan rasa nasionalisme dan tujuan negara. Juga pada tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an, jutawan Wyoming William Robertson Coe membuat sumbangan besar kepada program-program kajian Amerika di Yale University dan di University of Wyoming. Coe bimbang untuk meraikan 'nilai-nilai' Amerika Syarikat Barat untuk memenuhi \"ancaman komunisme.\" <> Siapa profesor pertama untuk program pengajian Amerika? || Norman Holmes Pearson <> Di mana Norman Holmes Pearson bekerja sebelum Yale? || Pejabat Pengajian Strategik di London <> Apa program pengajian Amerika berharap untuk mengarahkan? || asas tamadun Amerika <> Yang menyumbang kepada program pengajian Amerika di Yale dan Universiti Wyoming? || William Robertson Coe <> Mengapa Coe menyumbang kepada program pengajian Amerika? || untuk meraikan 'nilai-nilai' Amerika Syarikat Barat", {"context": "The American studies program reflected the worldwide anti-Communist ideological struggle. Norman Holmes Pearson, who worked for the Office of Strategic Studies in London during World War II, returned to Yale and headed the new American studies program, in which scholarship quickly became an instrument of promoting liberty. Popular among undergraduates, the program sought to instruct them in the fundamentals of American civilization and thereby instill a sense of nationalism and national purpose. Also during the 1940s and 1950s, Wyoming millionaire William Robertson Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe was concerned to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States in order to meet the \"threat of communism.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Norman Holmes Pearson"}], "question": "Who was the first professor for the American studies program?", "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Office of Strategic Studies in London"}], "question": "Where did Norman Holmes Pearson work before Yale?", "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "fundamentals of American civilization"}], "question": "What did the American studies program hope to instruct?", "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "William Robertson Coe"}], "question": "Who contributed to the American studies programs at Yale and University of Wyoming?", "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "to celebrate the 'values' of the Western United States"}], "question": "Why did Coe donate to American studies programs?", "id": "5726b49d708984140094ce6d"}]}], ["The Boston Globe menulis bahawa \"jika ada satu sekolah yang boleh mengajukan tuntutan untuk mendidik para pemimpin kebangsaan negara selama tiga dekad yang lalu, itu Yale.\" Alumni Yale diwakili pada tiket Demokratik atau Republik di setiap pilihan raya Presiden A.S. antara tahun 1972 dan 2004. Presiden Yale yang berpendidikan sejak akhir Perang Vietnam termasuk Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, dan George W. Bush, dan calon utama dalam tempoh ini termasuk John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Naib Presiden, 2000), dan Sargent Shriver (Naib Presiden, 1972). Alumni Yale yang lain yang membuat tawaran yang serius untuk presiden pada masa ini termasuk Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 dan 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) dan Jerry Brown (1976 , 1980, 1992). <> Apa yang dikatakan Boston Globe tentang Yale? || \"jika ada satu sekolah yang boleh mendakwa mendidik para pemimpin kebangsaan negara selama tiga dekad yang lalu, itu Yale.\" <> Yang presiden Amerika Syarikat sejak Perang Vietnam telah belajar di Yale? || Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, dan George W. Bush <> Apa calon presiden yang terkenal juga belajar di Yale? || Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 dan 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) dan Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992). <> Apa yang memenangi calon nomin utama yang tidak dipelajari di Yale? || John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Naib Presiden, 2000), dan Sargent Shriver (Naib Presiden, 1972) <> Berapa kali alumni Yale pada tiket presiden antara 1972 dan 2004 || setiap", {"context": "The Boston Globe wrote that \"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\" Yale alumni were represented on the Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. Presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated Presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, and major-party nominees during this period include John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972). Other Yale alumni who made serious bids for the Presidency during this period include Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "\"if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale.\""}], "question": "What did the Boston Globe have to say about Yale?", "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Gerald Ford, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush"}], "question": "Which US presidents since the Vietnam War have studied at Yale?", "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "Hillary Clinton (2008), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992)."}], "question": "What well known presidential candidates also studied at Yale?", "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (Vice President, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (Vice President, 1972)"}], "question": "What non winning major party nominees studied at Yale?", "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "every"}], "question": "How many times were Yale alumni on a presidential ticket between 1972 and 2004", "id": "5726bc43708984140094cf9b"}]}], ["Pengembangan menyebabkan kontroversi mengenai peranan baru Yale. Ner Porter, ahli falsafah moral, adalah presiden dari tahun 1871 hingga 1886. Sepanjang zaman perkembangan pendidikan tinggi, Porter menentang kebangkitan universiti penyelidikan baru, dengan mendakwa bahawa pengambilan cita-cita cita-cita akan merosakkan pendidikan sarjana muda. Banyak sezaman Porter yang mengkritik pentadbirannya, dan ahli sejarah sejak meremehkan kepimpinannya. Levesque berhujah bahawa Porter bukanlah seorang yang bertindak balas reaksioner, tanpa komitmen terhadap tradisi, tetapi konservatif yang berprinsip dan selektif. Dia tidak menyokong semua yang tua atau menolak segala sesuatu yang baru; Sebaliknya, beliau berusaha untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip etika dan pedagogi yang telah lama ditubuhkan kepada budaya yang cepat berubah. Dia mungkin salah faham beberapa cabaran zamannya, tetapi dia dengan tepat menjangkakan ketegangan yang menawan yang telah menemani kemunculan dan pertumbuhan universiti moden. <> Bilakah presiden Nen Porter Yale? || 1871 hingga 1886 <> Apa idea Noah Porter menyerang? || universiti penyelidikan baru <> Apa yang dikatakan ramai ahli sejarah tentang Noah Porter? || reaksioner berpikiran sederhana, komited tanpa sengaja kepada tradisi <> Apa sebabnya Porter untuk menghancurkan universiti penyelidikan? || kepuasan cita-cita yang ideal akan merosakkan pendidikan siswazah <> Apa yang menyebabkan ketidaksanggapan mengenai kedudukan baru Yale? || Pengembangan", {"context": "Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1871 to 1886"}], "question": "When was Noah Porter president of Yale?", "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "new research university"}], "question": "What idea did Noah Porter strike down?", "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition"}], "question": "What did many historians think of Noah Porter?", "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f7859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education"}], "question": "What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?", "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f785a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Expansion"}], "question": "What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?", "id": "5726a1f15951b619008f785b"}]}], ["Slack (2003) membandingkan tiga kumpulan yang menjalankan penyelidikan biologi di Yale semasa tempoh bertindih antara 1910 dan 1970. Yale terbukti penting sebagai tapak untuk penyelidikan ini. Para pemimpin kumpulan ini adalah Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, dan G. Evelyn Hutchinson, dan ahli mereka termasuk kedua-dua pelajar siswazah dan saintis yang lebih berpengalaman. Semua yang dihasilkan penyelidikan inovatif, termasuk pembukaan subfields baru dalam embriologi, endokrinologi, dan ekologi, masing-masing, dalam tempoh masa yang panjang. Kumpulan Harrison ditunjukkan sebagai sekolah penyelidikan klasik; Pickford dan Hutchinson tidak. Kumpulan Pickford berjaya walaupun kekurangan jabatan atau kedudukan institusi atau kuasa. Hutchinson dan pelajar lepasan dan pascasiswazahnya sangat produktif, tetapi dalam bidang ekologi yang pelbagai, bukannya satu bidang penyelidikan atau penggunaan satu set alat penyelidikan. Contoh Hutchinson menunjukkan bahawa model baru untuk kumpulan penyelidikan diperlukan, terutama bagi mereka yang termasuk penyelidikan lapangan yang luas. <> Kumpulan penyelidik yang mana menyediakan persekitaran sekolah penyelidikan standard? || Kumpulan Harrison <> Kumpulan penyelidik mana yang menyediakan struktur tidak sengaja untuk kumpulan penyelidikan? || Pickford dan Hutchinson's <> Apa kumpulan Pickford yang kurang membuatnya lebih seperti sekolah penyelidikan lain? || jabatan atau kedudukan institusi atau kuasa <> Apakah maklumat yang diberikan oleh model Hutchinson? || model baru untuk kumpulan penyelidikan diperlukan <> Apakah kajian kumpulan Hutchinson? || pelbagai bidang ekologi", {"context": "Slack (2003) compares three groups that conducted biological research at Yale during overlapping periods between 1910 and 1970. Yale proved important as a site for this research. The leaders of these groups were Ross Granville Harrison, Grace E. Pickford, and G. Evelyn Hutchinson, and their members included both graduate students and more experienced scientists. All produced innovative research, including the opening of new subfields in embryology, endocrinology, and ecology, respectively, over a long period of time. Harrison's group is shown to have been a classic research school; Pickford's and Hutchinson's were not. Pickford's group was successful in spite of her lack of departmental or institutional position or power. Hutchinson and his graduate and postgraduate students were extremely productive, but in diverse areas of ecology rather than one focused area of research or the use of one set of research tools. Hutchinson's example shows that new models for research groups are needed, especially for those that include extensive field research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Harrison's group"}], "question": "Which group of researchers provided a standard research school environment?", "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "Pickford's and Hutchinson's"}], "question": "Which groups of researchers provided unorthodox structure for a research group?", "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "departmental or institutional position or power"}], "question": "What was Pickford's group lacking to make it more like other research schools?", "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 959, "text": "new models for research groups are needed"}], "question": "What information did Hutchinson's model provide?", "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "diverse areas of ecology"}], "question": "What did Hutchinson's group research?", "id": "5726b0125951b619008f7a78"}]}], ["Beberapa penerangan telah ditawarkan untuk perwakilan Yale dalam pemilihan negara sejak akhir Perang Vietnam. Pelbagai sumber mencatatkan semangat aktifisme kampus yang telah wujud di Yale sejak tahun 1960-an, dan pengaruh intelektual Reverend William Sloane Coffin pada banyak calon masa depan. Yale Presiden Richard Levin menyifatkan larian itu untuk memberi fokus kepada Yale untuk mewujudkan \"makmal untuk pemimpin masa depan,\" keutamaan institusi yang dimulakan semasa tempoh Presiden Yale, Alfred Whitney Griswold dan Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, bekas dekan Yale College dan sekarang presiden Duke University, menyatakan: \"Kami memberi perhatian yang sangat penting kepada orientasi kepada masyarakat dalam kemasukan kita, dan terdapat tradisi sukarelawan yang sangat kuat di Yale.\" Ahli sejarah Yale Gaddis Smith mencatatkan \"etos aktiviti teratur\" di Yale pada abad ke-20 yang menyebabkan John Kerry memimpin Parti Liberal Kesatuan Politik Kesatuan, George Pataki, Parti Konservatif, dan Joseph Lieberman untuk menguruskan Berita Harian Yale. Camille Paglia menunjuk kepada sejarah rangkaian dan elitisme: \"Ia mempunyai hubungan dengan persahabatan dan afiliasi yang dibina di sekolah.\" CNN mencadangkan bahawa George W. Bush mendapat manfaat daripada dasar kemasukan keutamaan untuk \"anak lelaki dan cucu alumni\", dan untuk \"ahli keluarga berpengaruh politik.\" Wartawan New York Times Elisabeth Bumiller dan koresponden The Atlantic Monthly James Fallows mengkredit budaya masyarakat dan kerjasama yang wujud antara pelajar, fakulti, dan pentadbiran, yang merendahkan kepentingan diri sendiri dan memperkuat komitmen kepada orang lain. <> Mengapa Presiden Levin percaya terdapat begitu banyak calon presiden alumni Yale? || Tumpuan Yale untuk mewujudkan \"makmal untuk pemimpin masa depan,\" <> Mengapa Richard Brodhead percaya terdapat begitu banyak calon presiden alumni Yale? || tradisi relawan yang sangat kuat <> Mengapa Gaddis Smith percaya John Kerry memimpin Parti Liberal Kesatuan Politik Yale? || etika aktiviti terorganisir <> Mengapa CNN percaya George W. Bush diterima ke Yale? || \"anak lelaki dan cucu alumni\", dan untuk \"ahli keluarga berpengaruh politik.\" <> Apa yang Elisabeth Bumiller percaya alasan di sebalik jumlah alumni Yale politik? || budaya komuniti dan kerjasama", {"context": "Several explanations have been offered for Yale\u2019s representation in national elections since the end of the Vietnam War. Various sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and the intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on many of the future candidates. Yale President Richard Levin attributes the run to Yale\u2019s focus on creating \"a laboratory for future leaders,\" an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster. Richard H. Brodhead, former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University, stated: \"We do give very significant attention to orientation to the community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale.\" Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes \"an ethos of organized activity\" at Yale during the 20th century that led John Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Joseph Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News. Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: \"It has to do with a web of friendships and affiliations built up in school.\" CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the \"son and grandson of alumni\", and for a \"member of a politically influential family.\" New York Times correspondent Elisabeth Bumiller and The Atlantic Monthly correspondent James Fallows credit the culture of community and cooperation that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Yale\u2019s focus on creating \"a laboratory for future leaders,\""}], "question": "Why did President Levin believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?", "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "very strong tradition of volunteerism"}], "question": "Why did Richard Brodhead believe there were so many Yale alumni presidential candidates?", "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9217"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "an ethos of organized activity"}], "question": "Why did Gaddis Smith believe John Kerry led Yale's Political Union Liberal Party?", "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1280, "text": "\"son and grandson of alumni\", and for a \"member of a politically influential family.\""}], "question": "Why does CNN believe George W. Bush was accepted into Yale?", "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e9219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1474, "text": "the culture of community and cooperation"}], "question": "What does Elisabeth Bumiller believe the reasoning behind the amount of political Yale alumni is?", "id": "5726d77fdd62a815002e921a"}]}], ["Contoh lain dari Gothic (juga dikenali sebagai neo-Gothic dan Gothic collegiate style) adalah di Kampus Lama oleh arkitek seperti Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight dan Russell Sturgis. Beberapa yang berkaitan dengan ahli keluarga Vanderbilt, termasuk Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (komisen untuk anggota Frederick William Vanderbilt), makmal Mason, Sloane dan Osborn, asrama untuk Sheffield Scientific School (kejuruteraan dan sains sekolah di Yale sehingga 1956) dan unsur-unsur Kolej Silliman, kolej kediaman terbesar. <> Apa arkitek mempunyai bangunan di Yale Old Campus? || Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight dan Russell Sturgis <> Apakah kolej kediaman terbesar? || Silliman College <> Sekolah mana yang digunakan sebagai sekolah kejuruteraan dan sains sehingga tahun 1956? || Sekolah Sains Sheffield <> Apa istilah lain untuk bangunan gaya gothic di Kampus Lama di Yale? || neo-Gothic dan Gothic kolej", {"context": "Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis"}], "question": "What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?", "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Silliman College"}], "question": "What is the largest residential college?", "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Sheffield Scientific School"}], "question": "Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?", "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic"}], "question": "What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?", "id": "5726e3725951b619008f8186"}]}], ["Alumnus Eero Saarinen, arkitek Finland-Amerika seperti struktur Gateway Arch di St. Louis, terminal utama Washington Dulles International Airport, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex dan Bangunan CBS di Manhattan, yang direka Ingalls Rink di Yale dan kolej kediaman terbaru Ezra Stiles dan Morse. Ini yang terakhir dimodelkan selepas bandar raya zaman pertengahan Itali di San Gimignano - prototaip yang dipilih untuk menara batu ramah dan pejalan kaki di bandar. Menara-menara ini terbentuk pada aksi Yale di sudut-sudut untuk kolej ramai Gothic spiers dan cawan Georgia. <> Siapa yang membuat Gateway Arch di St. Louis? || Alumnus Eero Saarinen <> Lapangan terbang apa yang dirancang oleh Alumnus Eero Saarinen? || Terminal utama Lapangan Terbang Washington Dulles <<Apa yang digunakan Alumnus Eero Saarinen untuk inspirasi untuk Ingalls Rink di Yale? || pusat bandar Itali zaman pertengahan San Gimignano <> Apa kaunter menara gothic Yale? || menara batu seperti kubu <> Daripada kewarganegaraan mana-mana Alumnus Eero Saarinen? || Finland-Amerika", {"context": "Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano \u2013 a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Alumnus Eero Saarinen"}], "question": "Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?", "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal"}], "question": "What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?", "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano"}], "question": "What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?", "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "fortress-like stone towers"}], "question": "What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?", "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Finnish-American"}], "question": "Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?", "id": "5726e4d6dd62a815002e9428"}]}], ["Kampus pusat Yale di pusat bandar New Haven merangkumi 260 ekar (1.1 km2) dan terdiri daripada kampus bersejarah, utama dan kampus perubatan bersebelahan dengan Hospital Yale-New Haven. Di barat New Haven, universiti ini memegang 500 ekar (2.0 km2) kemudahan sukan, termasuk Kursus Golf Yale. Pada tahun 2008, Yale membeli bekas kampus Bayer Pharmaceutical yang berjumlah 136 ekar (0.55 km2) di West Haven, Connecticut, bangunan yang kini digunakan sebagai makmal dan ruang penyelidikan. Yale juga memiliki tujuh hutan di Connecticut, Vermont, dan New Hampshire-yang terbesar adalah Hutan Yale-Myers seluas 7,840 ekar (31.7 km2) di Corner Tenang Connecticut-dan pemeliharaan alam semula jadi termasuk Pulau Kuda. <> Di mana Yale memiliki 500 ekar kemudahan sukan? || barat New Haven <> Apa kampus yang dibeli Yale pada tahun 2008? || bekas kampus Farmasi Bayer <> Apakah bekas kampus Pharmaceutical Bayer yang digunakan? || makmal dan ruang penyelidikan <> Berapa banyak hutan yang Yale sendiri? || tujuh <> Seberapa besar hutan terbesar di Yale? || 7,840 ekar", {"context": "Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire\u2014the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner\u2014and nature preserves including Horse Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "western New Haven"}], "question": "Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?", "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus"}], "question": "What campus did Yale buy in 2008?", "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "laboratory and research space"}], "question": "What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?", "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many forests does Yale own?", "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "7,840-acre"}], "question": "How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?", "id": "5726df7c5951b619008f80e7"}]}], ["Yale terkenal dengan kampus Collegiate Gothic dan juga beberapa bangunan moden yang biasa dibincangkan dalam kursus tinjauan sejarah seni bina: Galeri Seni Yale Louis Kahn dan Pusat Seni British, Ingero Rink Eero Saarinen dan Ezra Stiles dan Morse Colleges, dan Paul Rudolph's Bangunan Seni & Senibina. Yale juga memiliki dan telah memulihkan rumah-rumah besar abad ke-19 yang penting di Hillhouse Avenue, yang dianggap jalan paling indah di Amerika oleh Charles Dickens ketika dia melawat Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1840-an. Pada tahun 2011, Travel + Leisure menyenaraikan kampus Yale sebagai salah satu yang paling indah di Amerika Syarikat. <> Siapa yang memanggil Hillhouse Avenue jalan yang paling indah di Amerika pada tahun 1840? || Charles Dickens <Siapa yang menyenaraikan Yale sebagai salah satu kampus yang paling indah di Amerika Syarikat? || Travel + Leisure <> Apa yang dikenali oleh Yale? || Kolej Gothic Kolej <> Bilakah senarai Travel + Leisure Yale sebagai salah satu kampus yang paling indah? || 2011", {"context": "Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Charles Dickens"}], "question": "Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?", "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Travel+Leisure"}], "question": "Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?", "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Collegiate Gothic campus"}], "question": "What is Yale largely known for?", "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?", "id": "5726e0c9708984140094d482"}]}], ["Yale mempunyai sejarah rundingan buruh yang sukar dan berpanjangan, seringkali memuncak dalam serangan. Terdapat sekurang-kurangnya lapan pemogokan sejak 1968, dan The New York Times menulis bahawa Yale mempunyai reputasi sebagai rekod terburuk ketegangan buruh universiti di Aloe A Aale yang luar biasa besar A.S. memburukkan lagi ketegangan atas upah. Selain itu, Yale telah dituduh gagal memperlakukan pekerja dengan hormat. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam mogok tahun 2003, universiti mendakwa bahawa lebih ramai pekerja kesatuan bekerja daripada mencolok. Profesor David Graeber telah 'bersara' selepas dia membela seorang pelajar yang terbabit dalam masalah buruh kampus. <> Berapa banyak serangan telah Yale sejak tahun 1968? || sekurang-kurangnya lapan <> Apa pandangan The New York Times mengenai ketegangan buruh Yale? || rekod terburuk ketegangan buruh mana-mana universiti di A.S. <> Apa profesor bersara pada mogok buruh tahun 2003? || Profesor David Graeber <> Mengapa Profesor David Graeber bersara semasa mogok itu? || dia datang untuk membela seorang pelajar yang terlibat dalam masalah buruh kampus. <> Apa yang menambah ketegangan semasa pertimbangan gaji? || Yale yang luar biasa besar", {"context": "Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "at least eight"}], "question": "How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?", "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S."}], "question": "What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?", "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Professor David Graeber"}], "question": "What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?", "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues."}], "question": "Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?", "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Yale's unusually large endowment"}], "question": "What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?", "id": "5726dde0f1498d1400e8edf8"}]}], ["Semasa pilihan raya presiden pada tahun 1988, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) menggagalkan Michael Dukakis kerana mempunyai \"pandangan dasar politik yang dilahirkan di butik Harvard Yard\". Apabila mencabar perbezaan antara sambungan Harvard Dukakis dan latar belakang Yale sendiri, dia berkata, tidak seperti Harvard, reputasi Yale adalah \"begitu meresap, tidak ada simbol, saya tidak fikir, dalam situasi Yale, sebarang simbolisme dalam ia \"dan berkata Yale tidak berkongsi reputasi Harvard untuk\" liberalisme dan elitisme \". Pada tahun 2004 Howard Dean menyatakan, \"Dalam beberapa cara, saya menganggap diri saya terpisah dari tiga calon lain (Yale) pada tahun 2004. Yale berubah banyak antara kelas '68 dan kelas '71. Kelas saya adalah kelas pertama untuk mempunyai wanita di dalamnya, ia adalah kelas pertama yang mempunyai usaha yang besar untuk merekrut orang-orang Afrika Amerika. Ia adalah masa yang luar biasa, dan dalam jangka masa itu adalah perubahan generasi keseluruhan \". <> Pada pilihan raya 1988, di mana George H. W. Bush mengatakan dasar luar negeri Michael Dukakis dilahirkan? || Butik Harvard Yard <> Bagaimana George H. W. Bush menggambarkan reputasi Yale? || jadi rambang, tidak ada lambang <> Bagaimana George H. W. Bush menggambarkan reputasi Harvard? || liberalisme dan elitisme <> Mengapa Howard Dean bangga dengan kelas tamat pengajiannya? || kelas pertama mempunyai wanita di dalamnya", {"context": "During the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having \"foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique\". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his own Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was \"so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it\" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for \"liberalism and elitism\". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, \"In some ways, I consider myself separate from the other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Harvard Yard's boutique"}], "question": "In the 1988 election, where did George H. W. Bush say Michael Dukakis's foreign policy was born?", "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol"}], "question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Yale's reputation?", "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "liberalism and elitism"}], "question": "How did George H. W. Bush describe Harvard's reputation?", "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "first class to have women in it"}], "question": "Why was Howard Dean proud of his graduating class?", "id": "5726d8c9dd62a815002e9267"}]}], ["Pejabat Yale Provost telah melancarkan beberapa wanita ke dalam presiden universiti terkemuka. Pada tahun 1977 Hanna Holborn Grey dilantik menjadi Presiden Yale dari kedudukan ini, dan kemudian menjadi Presiden Universiti Chicago, wanita pertama menjadi presiden penuh sebuah universiti utama. Pada tahun 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin menjadi presiden perempuan pertama sebuah institusi Ivy League di University of Pennsylvania. Pada tahun 2002 Provost Alison Richard menjadi Naib Canselor Universiti Cambridge. Pada tahun 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield menjadi Presiden Institut Teknologi Massachusetts. Pada tahun 2007 Timbalan Provost Kim Bottomly dinamakan Presiden Kolej Wellesley. Pada tahun 2003, Dekan Sekolah Ketuhanan, Rebecca Chopp, dilantik sebagai presiden Universiti Colgate dan kini mengetuai Kolej Swarthmore. <> Siapa yang telah dilantik menjadi Presiden Yale pada tahun 1977? || Hanna Holborn Grey <> Di manakah Hanna Holborn Gray pergi selepas Yale? || University of Chicago <> Pada tahun apakah Judith Rodin menjadi presiden perempuan pertama sekolah Ivy League? || 1994 <> Dalam tahun apakah Susan Hockfield menjadi Presiden MIT? || 2004 <> Siapa yang menjadi Naib Canselor Universiti Cambridge pada tahun 2002? || Alison Richard", {"context": "The Yale Provost's Office has launched several women into prominent university presidencies. In 1977 Hanna Holborn Gray was appointed acting President of Yale from this position, and went on to become President of the University of Chicago, the first woman to be full president of a major university. In 1994 Yale Provost Judith Rodin became the first female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania. In 2002 Provost Alison Richard became the Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In 2004, Provost Susan Hockfield became the President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2007 Deputy Provost Kim Bottomly was named President of Wellesley College. In 2003, the Dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp, was appointed president of Colgate University and now heads Swarthmore College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Hanna Holborn Gray"}], "question": "Who was appointed acting President of Yale in 1977?", "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "University of Chicago"}], "question": "Where did Hanna Holborn Gray go after Yale?", "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "1994"}], "question": "In what year did Judith Rodin become the first female president of an Ivy League school?", "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f802f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In what year did Susan Hockfield become President of MIT?", "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f8030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Alison Richard"}], "question": "Who became Vice Chancellor of the University of Cambridge in 2002?", "id": "5726dbaf5951b619008f8031"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kakitangan Universiti Yale, termasuk kebanyakan kakitangan penyelenggaraan, kakitangan dewan makan, dan kakitangan pentadbiran, disatukan. Pekerja perkeranian dan teknikal diwakili oleh Local 34 dari UNITE DI SINI dan pekerja perkhidmatan dan penyelenggaraan oleh Local 35 dari antarabangsa yang sama. Bersama dengan Organisasi Siswa dan Pelajar Siswazah (GESO), kesatuan pekerja yang tidak diiktiraf, penduduk tempatan 34 dan 35 membentuk Persekutuan Hospital dan Pekerja Universiti. Juga termasuk dalam FHUE adalah pekerja diet di Yale-New Haven Hospital, yang merupakan anggota 1199 SEIU. Sebagai tambahan kepada kesatuan-kesatuan ini, pegawai-pegawai Jabatan Polis Universiti Yale adalah ahli-ahli Persatuan Benevolen Polis Yale, yang bergabung pada tahun 2005 dengan Organisasi Connecticut untuk Pekerja Keselamatan Awam. Akhirnya, pegawai keselamatan Yale mengundi untuk menyertai Kesatuan Keselamatan Antarabangsa, Polis dan Profesional Kebakaran Amerika pada musim gugur 2010 selepas Badan Perhubungan Perburuhan Nasional memutuskan mereka tidak boleh menyertai AFSCME; pentadbiran Yale bertanding dalam pilihan raya. <> Apa kesatuan adalah ahli-ahli Jabatan Polis Universiti Yale sebahagian? || Yale Police Persatuan Benevolent <> Apa kesatuan yang menjaga pengawal keselamatan Yale? || Kesatuan Antarabangsa Keselamatan, Polis dan Profesional Kebakaran Amerika <> Apa nama kesatuan pekerja yang tidak diiktiraf? || Persatuan Pekerja dan Pelajar Siswazah (GESO) <> Apa kesatuan pekerja kerani dan teknikal Yale sebagai sebahagian daripada? || Tempatan 34 dari UNITE DI SINI <> Apa kesatuan pekerja perkhidmatan dan penyelenggaraan Yale sebahagian? || Local 35 dari antarabangsa yang sama", {"context": "Much of Yale University's staff, including most maintenance staff, dining hall employees, and administrative staff, are unionized. Clerical and technical employees are represented by Local 34 of UNITE HERE and service and maintenance workers by Local 35 of the same international. Together with the Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO), an unrecognized union of graduate employees, Locals 34 and 35 make up the Federation of Hospital and University Employees. Also included in FHUE are the dietary workers at Yale-New Haven Hospital, who are members of 1199 SEIU. In addition to these unions, officers of the Yale University Police Department are members of the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Finally, Yale security officers voted to join the International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in fall 2010 after the National Labor Relations Board ruled they could not join AFSCME; the Yale administration contested the election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Yale Police Benevolent Association"}], "question": "What union are the members of the Yale University Police Department a part of?", "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8ed9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 851, "text": "International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America"}], "question": "What union do Yale security guards belong to?", "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8ed9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Graduate Employees and Students Organization (GESO)"}], "question": "What is the name of the unrecognized union of graduate employees?", "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Local 34 of UNITE HERE"}], "question": "What union are Yale's clerical and technical employees a part of?", "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Local 35 of the same international"}], "question": "What union are Yale's service and maintenance workers a part of?", "id": "5726dcaff1498d1400e8eda2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2009, bekas Perdana Menteri Britain Tony Blair memilih Yale sebagai satu lokasi - yang lain adalah Universiti Durham dan Universiti Teknologi Mara Britain - untuk Inisiatif Iman dan Globalisasi Yayasan Tony Blair Faith. Sehingga tahun 2009, bekas Presiden Mexico Ernesto Zedillo adalah pengarah Pusat Yale untuk Kajian Globalisasi dan mengajar seminar sarjana muda, \"Debatisasi Globalisasi\". Sehingga tahun 2009, bekas calon presiden dan pengerusi DNC, Howard Dean mengajar seminar kuliah, \"Memahami Politik dan Ahli Politik.\" Juga pada tahun 2009, satu perikatan dibentuk di kalangan Yale, University College London, dan kedua-dua kompleks hospital gabungan sekolah untuk menjalankan penyelidikan yang memberi tumpuan kepada peningkatan langsung penjagaan pesakit-bidang yang semakin meningkat dikenali sebagai perubatan translasi. Presiden Richard Levin menyatakan bahawa Yale mempunyai beratus-ratus perkongsian lain di seluruh dunia, tetapi \"tidak ada kolaborasi yang ada yang sesuai dengan skala perkongsian baru dengan UCL\". <> Selain Yale, apa lagi dua lokasi yang dipilih oleh Tony Blair untuk Inisiatif Iman dan Globalisasi Yayasan Tony Blair Faith Foundation? || Universiti Durham di Britain dan Universiti Teknologi Mara <> Pada tahun 2009, siapakah pengarah Pusat Yale untuk Kajian Globalisasi? || bekas Presiden Mexico Ernesto Zedillo <> Apa bekas calon presiden mengajar seminar di Yale? || Howard Dean <> Apakah nama kelas Howard Dean di Yale? || Memahami Politik dan Ahli Politik <> Kolej apa yang dilakukan oleh pasukan perubatan Yale? || University College London", {"context": "In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location \u2013 the others are Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara \u2013 for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, \"Debating Globalization\". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, \"Understanding Politics and Politicians.\" Also in 2009, an alliance was formed among Yale, University College London, and both schools\u2019 affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care\u2014a growing field known as translational medicine. President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but \"no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara"}], "question": "Besides Yale, what other two locations were chosen by Tony Blair for the Tony Blair Faith Foundation's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative?", "id": "5726da655951b619008f7fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo"}], "question": "As of 2009, who is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization?", "id": "5726da655951b619008f8000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Howard Dean"}], "question": "What former presidential candidate teaches a seminar at Yale?", "id": "5726da655951b619008f8001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Understanding Politics and Politicians"}], "question": "What is the name of Howard Dean's class at Yale?", "id": "5726da655951b619008f8002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "University College London"}], "question": "What college did Yale's medical facility team up with?", "id": "5726da655951b619008f8003"}]}], ["Banyak bangunan Yale dibina dalam gaya seni bina Gothic Collegiate dari 1917 hingga 1931, sebahagian besarnya dibiayai oleh arca Edward S. Harkness Stone yang dibina ke dalam dinding bangunan menggambarkan personaliti kolej kontemporari seperti seorang penulis, seorang atlet, seorang sosialit minum teh , dan pelajar yang telah tidur semasa membaca. Begitu juga, fesyen hiasan di bangunan menggambarkan adegan kontemporari seperti polis mengejar perompak dan menangkap pelacur (di dinding Sekolah Undang-undang), atau pelajar yang berehat dengan sebatang bir dan rokok. Arkitek, James Gamble Rogers, bangunan-bangunan ini dengan cara memecahkan dinding dengan asid, dengan sengaja memecahkan tingkap kaca yang dipimpin mereka dan membaikinya dalam gaya Zaman Pertengahan, dan mewujudkan niche untuk patung dekoratif tetapi meninggalkan mereka kosong untuk mensimulasikan kehilangan atau kecurian sepanjang zaman. Sebenarnya, bangunan semata-mata meniru seni bina Abad Pertengahan, walaupun mereka kelihatan dibina dengan blok batu padu dengan cara yang sahih, kebanyakannya mempunyai rangka bingkai seperti yang biasa digunakan pada tahun 1930. Satu pengecualian ialah Harkness Tower, 216 kaki (66 m ) yang tinggi, yang pada asalnya merupakan struktur batu yang berdiri bebas. Ia diperkuat pada tahun 1964 untuk membolehkan pemasangan Carillon Memorial Yale. <> Siapa yang membiayai sebahagian besar senibina dari 1917 hingga 1931 || Edward S. Harkness <> Apa patung-patung batu di kampus Yale? || seorang penulis, seorang atlet, seorang sosialit minum teh, dan seorang pelajar yang telah tidur sebentar sambil membaca <> Apa friezes hiasan di bangunan itu? || adegan kontemporari <> Bagaimana James Gamble Rogers mengaku umur bangunan? || memercikkan dinding dengan asid <> Bagaimana James Gamble Rogers cair umur tingkap? || memecahkan tingkap kaca memimpin mereka dan memperbaiki mereka dalam gaya Zaman Pertengahan", {"context": "Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Edward S. Harkness"}], "question": "Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931", "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading"}], "question": "What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?", "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "contemporary scenes"}], "question": "What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?", "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "splashing the walls with acid"}], "question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?", "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages"}], "question": "How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?", "id": "5726e24f5951b619008f815f"}]}], ["Koleksi muzium Yale juga bersifat antarabangsa. Galeri Seni Universiti Yale, muzium seni pertubuhan universiti yang pertama di negara ini, mengandungi lebih daripada 180,000 karya, termasuk Old Master dan koleksi penting seni moden, di bangunan Swartout dan Kahn. Yang pertama, kerja keras Amerika pertama Louis Kahn (1953), telah direnovasi dan dibuka semula pada bulan Disember 2006. Pusat Yale untuk Seni British, koleksi seni Inggris terbesar di luar UK, tumbuh dari hadiah Paul Mellon dan ditempatkan di bangunan lain yang direka oleh Kahn. <> Berapa nama universiti pertama negara yang bersekutu dengan muzium seni? || Galeri Seni Universiti Yale <> Berapa banyak item dalam Galeri Seni Universiti Yale? || lebih daripada 180,000 <> Di mana pusat seni seni terbesar di UK, tidak termasuk? || Pusat Yale untuk Seni British <> Siapakah sumbangan yang dimulakan The Yale Centre for British Art? || Paul Mellon <> Siapa yang merancang bangunan untuk The Yale Centre untuk Seni Inggeris? || Louis Kahn", {"context": "Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "The Yale University Art Gallery"}], "question": "What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?", "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "more than 180,000"}], "question": "How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?", "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "The Yale Center for British Art"}], "question": "Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?", "id": "5726ed335951b619008f8289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Paul Mellon"}], "question": "Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?", "id": "5726ed335951b619008f828a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Louis Kahn"}], "question": "Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?", "id": "5726ed335951b619008f828b"}]}], ["Buku-buku yang jarang terdapat dalam beberapa koleksi Yale. Perpustakaan Buku Beinecke Rare mempunyai koleksi buku dan manuskrip yang jarang berlaku. Perpustakaan Perubatan Harvey Cushing / John Hay Whitney termasuk teks perubatan sejarah penting, termasuk koleksi buku yang jarang berlaku, serta alat perubatan sejarah. Perpustakaan Lewis Walpole mengandungi koleksi kesusasteraan British abad ke-18 yang terbesar. Club Elizabeth, secara teknis sebuah organisasi swasta, membuat filios Elizabethan dan edisi pertama tersedia untuk penyelidik berkelayakan menerusi Yale. <> Di mana seseorang akan dapat mencari koleksi peralatan perubatan bersejarah? || The Harvey Cushing / Perpustakaan Perubatan John Hay Whitney <> Perpustakaan apa yang mengandungi pelbagai jenis karya sastera Inggeris abad ke-18 yang terbesar? || Perpustakaan Lewis Walpole <> Di manakah penyelidik berkelayakan memperoleh folios Elizabeth? || The Elizabethan Club <> Apa perpustakaan mempunyai pelbagai macam buku dan manuskrip yang jarang berlaku? || Perpustakaan Buku Beinecke Rare", {"context": "Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th\u2011century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library"}], "question": "Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?", "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e953e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "The Lewis Walpole Library"}], "question": "What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?", "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e953f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "The Elizabethan Club"}], "question": "Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? ", "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e9540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "The Beinecke Rare Book Library"}], "question": "What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?", "id": "5726eb54dd62a815002e9541"}]}], ["Melalui program bantuan kewangan berasaskan keperluannya, Yale berkomitmen untuk memenuhi keperluan kewangan penuh bagi semua pemohon. Kebanyakan bantuan kewangan adalah dalam bentuk geran dan biasiswa yang tidak perlu dibayar balik ke universiti, dan geran bantuan berasaskan keperluan purata bagi Kelas 2017 ialah $ 46,395. 15% pelajar Yale College dijangka tidak mempunyai sumbangan orang tua, dan sekitar 50% menerima beberapa bentuk bantuan kewangan. Sekitar 16% daripada Kelas 2013 mempunyai beberapa bentuk hutang pinjaman pelajar pada tamat pengajian, dengan hutang purata $ 13,000 di kalangan peminjam. <> Sistem apa jenis bantuan kewangan Yale? || berasaskan keperluan <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan bantuan kewangan diperolehi di Yale? || geran dan beasiswa <> Apa keperluan purata bantuan kewangan di Yale untuk Kelas 2017? || $ 46,395 <> Sebanyak peratus pelajar di Yale dianggap tidak mempunyai bantuan orang tua? || 15% <> Apakah hutang purata peminjam pinjaman pelajar dari kelas 2013? || $ 13,000", {"context": "Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "need-based"}], "question": "What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?", "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "grants and scholarships"}], "question": "How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?", "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "$46,395"}], "question": "What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?", "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "15%"}], "question": "What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?", "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "$13,000"}], "question": "What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?", "id": "5726e978dd62a815002e94d4"}]}], ["Sementara kolej asal Harkness adalah gaya hidup Georgian Revival atau Collegiate Gothic, dua kolej dibina pada tahun 1960-an, Morse dan Ezra Stiles Colleges, mempunyai reka bentuk moden. Semua dua belas bidang perguruan tinggi dianjurkan di sekitar halaman, dan masing-masing mempunyai dewan makan, halaman, perpustakaan, bilik umum, dan pelbagai kemudahan pelajar. Dua belas kolej ini dinamakan alumni penting atau tempat penting dalam sejarah universiti. Pada tahun 2017, universiti itu menjangka membuka dua kolej baru berhampiran Science Hill. <> Dalam apa gaya arkitek adalah kolej asal Harkness? || Kebangkitan Georgia atau Kolej Gothic <> Yang mana dua kolej kediaman adalah gaya moden? || Morse dan Ezra Stiles Kolej <> Apa kolej Yale mengelilingi? || sebuah halaman <> Siapakah kolej Yale yang dinamakan? || alumni penting atau tempat penting dalam sejarah universiti <> Dalam tahun apakah universiti mengharapkan untuk membuka dua kolej lagi? || 2017", {"context": "While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic"}], "question": "In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?", "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges"}], "question": "Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?", "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "a courtyard"}], "question": "What are Yale's colleges encircling?", "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "important alumni or significant places in university history"}], "question": "Who are the Yale colleges named after?", "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "2017"}], "question": "In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?", "id": "5726f08ef1498d1400e8f080"}]}], ["Sistem kolej kediaman Yale ditubuhkan pada tahun 1933 oleh Edward S. Harkness, yang mengagumi keintiman sosial Oxford dan Cambridge dan menyumbangkan dana penting untuk mencari kolej-kolej yang sama di Yale dan Harvard. Walaupun universiti Yale menyerupai prekursor bahasa Inggeris mereka secara organisasi dan seni bina, mereka adalah entiti yang bergantung kepada Yale College dan mempunyai autonomi yang terhad. Kolej-kolej diketuai oleh tuan dan seorang dekan akademik, yang tinggal di kolej, dan fakulti universiti dan sekutu terdiri daripada persekutuan kolej. Kolej-kolej menawarkan seminar, acara sosial, dan ucapan ceramah mereka yang dikenali sebagai \"Teh Guru,\" tetapi tidak mengandungi program pengajian atau jabatan akademik. Sebaliknya, semua kursus sarjana diajar oleh Fakulti Seni dan Sains dan terbuka kepada ahli-ahli mana-mana kolej. <> Bilakah sistem kolej kediaman Yale ditubuhkan? || 1933 <> Siapa yang menubuhkan sistem kolej kediaman Yale? || Edward S. Harkness <> Siapa yang mengendalikan kolej kediaman Yale? || Kolej-kolej diketuai oleh tuan dan dekan akademik <> Adakah terdapat program akademik di kolej kediaman Yale? || tidak mengandungi program pengajian atau jabatan akademik <> Siapa yang mengajar kelas sarjana kolej kediaman Yale? || Fakulti Seni dan Sains", {"context": "Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as \"Master's Teas,\" but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1933"}], "question": "When was Yale's residential college system established?", "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Edward S. Harkness"}], "question": "Who established Yale's residential college system?", "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean"}], "question": "Who runs Yale's residential colleges?", "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "do not contain programs of study or academic departments"}], "question": "Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?", "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "Faculty of Arts and Sciences"}], "question": "Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?", "id": "5726efa6dd62a815002e95c0"}]}], ["Beberapa strategi keselamatan kampus telah dipelopori di Yale. Pasukan polis kampus yang pertama ditubuhkan di Yale pada tahun 1894, ketika universiti mengontrak pegawai polis kota untuk secara eksklusif menutup kampus. Kemudian disewa oleh universiti, para pegawai pada mulanya dibawa masuk untuk memadamkan kerusuhan antara pelajar dan penduduk bandar dan membendung tingkah laku pelajar yang merusak. Sebagai tambahan kepada Jabatan Polis Yale, pelbagai perkhidmatan keselamatan disediakan termasuk telefon biru, pengiring keselamatan, dan perkhidmatan ulang-alik 24-jam. <> Bilakah polis kampus pertama ditubuhkan di Yale? || 1894 <> Siapa polis kampus pertama yang terdiri daripada? || pegawai polis bandar <> Mengapa polis kampus ditubuhkan? || memadamkan kerusuhan antara pelajar dan penduduk bandar <> Apa langkah keselamatan lain yang boleh didapati di Yale selain polis kampus? || telefon biru, pengiring keselamatan, dan perkhidmatan ulang-alik 24-jam.", {"context": "Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1894"}], "question": "When were the first campus police formed at Yale?", "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "city police officers"}], "question": "Who were the the first campus police composed of?", "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "quell unrest between students and city residents"}], "question": "Why was the campus police established?", "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service."}], "question": "What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?", "id": "5726e8bd5951b619008f8224"}]}], ["Yale Pejabat Kemapanan membangun dan melaksanakan amalan kemampanan di Yale. Yale komited untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau 10% di bawah paras tahun 1990 menjelang tahun 2020. Sebagai sebahagian daripada komitmen ini, universiti memperuntukkan kredit tenaga boleh diperbaharui untuk mengimbangi beberapa tenaga yang digunakan oleh kolej kediaman. Sebelas bangunan kampus adalah calon untuk reka bentuk dan pensijilan LEED. Projek Makanan Lestari Yale memprakarsai pengenalan sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan, buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran organik ke semua ruang makan kolej kediaman. Yale telah disenaraikan sebagai Pemimpin Kelestarian Kampus di Kad Laporan Kemampanan Institut Endowmen Institut Mampan 2008, dan menerima gred \"B +\" secara keseluruhan. <> Siapa yang membuat amalan kemampanan di Yale? || Yale Pejabat Kemampanan <> Dengan apa peratus Yale berkomitmen untuk mengurangkan pelepasan gas rumah hijau di bawah paras tahun 1990 menjelang tahun 2020? || 10% <> Berapa banyak bangunan kampus adalah calon untuk reka bentuk dan pensijilan LEED? || Sebelas <> Projek apa yang membawa makanan organik ke semua kawasan makan kediaman Yale? || Projek Makanan Lestari Yale <> Gred apa yang Yale mendapat pada Kad Laporan Berkelanjutan Institut Endowmen Institut Mampan 2008 mereka? || B +", {"context": "Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute\u2019s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a \"B+\" grade overall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Yale's Office of Sustainability"}], "question": "Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?", "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e9478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "10%"}], "question": "By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?", "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e9479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Eleven"}], "question": "How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?", "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Yale Sustainable Food Project"}], "question": "What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?", "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "B+"}], "question": "What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?", "id": "5726e6bcdd62a815002e947c"}]}], ["Bangunan-bangunan masyarakat rahsia Yale (beberapa di antaranya dipanggil \"makam\") telah dibina untuk menjadi peribadi tetapi tidak dapat disangkal. Kepelbagaian gaya seni bina diwakili: Berzelius, Donn Barber dalam kiub keras dengan terperinci klasik (didirikan pada tahun 1908 atau 1910); Buku dan Ular, Louis R. Metcalfe dalam gaya Ionic Yunani (didirikan pada tahun 1901); Elihu, arkitek tidak diketahui tetapi dibina dalam gaya Kolonial (dibina pada asas awal abad ke-17 walaupun bangunannya adalah dari abad ke-18); Mace and Chain, dalam gaya penjajah zaman purba, awal zaman Victoria (dibina pada tahun 1823). Pencetakan dalaman dikatakan dimiliki oleh Benedict Arnold; Masyarakat Manuskrip, Raja Lui-Wu dengan Dan Kniley bertanggungjawab untuk landskap dan Josef Albers untuk dinding mural intaglio. Bangunan yang dibina dalam gaya moden pertengahan abad; Tatal dan Kunci, Richard Morris Hunt dalam gaya Beaux-Arts yang terinspirasi oleh Islam (didirikan 1869-70); Tengkorak dan Tulang, mungkin Alexander Jackson Davis atau Henry Austin dalam gaya Egypto-Doric yang menggunakan Brownstone (pada tahun 1856 sayap pertama selesai, pada tahun 1903 sayap kedua, 1911 menara Neo-Gothik di taman belakang selesai); St Elmo, (bekas makam) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, reka bentuk yang diilhamkan oleh manor Elizabeth. Lokasi semasa, penjajah batu bata; Shabtai, 1882, Mansion Anderson yang dibina di dalam gaya seni bina Empayar Kedua; dan Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (didirikan 1923-4). <> Apa istilah lain untuk beberapa bangunan masyarakat rahsia Yale? || makam <> Siapa pencetakan dalaman bangunan Mace dan Chain yang dikabarkan telah dimiliki? || Benedict Arnold <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab ke landskap bangunan Masyarakat Manuskrip? || Dan Kniley <> Siapa arkitek untuk St Elmo? || Kenneth M. Murchison <> Siapa arkitek di belakang bangunan Masyarakat Manuskrip? || Raja Lui-Wu", {"context": "Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called \"tombs\") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869\u201370); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "tombs"}], "question": "What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?", "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d569"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Benedict Arnold"}], "question": "Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?", "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Dan Kniley"}], "question": "Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?", "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1172, "text": "Kenneth M. Murchison"}], "question": "Who was the architect for St. Elmo?", "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "King Lui-Wu"}], "question": "Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?", "id": "5726e7c7708984140094d56d"}]}], ["Jabatan Yale Inggeris dan Perbandingan Kesusasteraan adalah sebahagian daripada gerakan Kritikan Baru. Daripada Pengkritik Baru, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, dan Cleanth Brooks adalah semua fakulti Yale. Kemudian, jabatan kesusasteraan Yale Perbandingan menjadi pusat pemecahan Amerika. Jacques Derrida, bapa kepada dekonstruksi, mengajar di Jabatan Kesusasteraan Perbandingan dari akhir tahun tujuh puluhan hingga pertengahan 1980-an. Beberapa ahli fakulti Yale lain juga dikaitkan dengan dekonstruksi, membentuk apa yang disebut \"Sekolah Yale\". Ini termasuk Paul de Man yang mengajar di Jabatan Kesusasteraan Perbandingan dan Perancis, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (kedua-duanya mengajar di Jabatan Bahasa Inggeris dan Kesusasteraan Perbandingan), dan Harold Bloom (Bahasa Inggeris), yang kedudukan teoretikalnya selalu agak spesifik , dan yang akhirnya mengambil jalan yang sangat berbeza dari seluruh kumpulan ini. Jabatan sejarah Yale juga telah menghasilkan trend intelektual yang penting. Ahli sejarah C. Vann Woodward dan David Brion Davis dikreditkan dengan permulaan pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an aliran sejarah sejarawan yang penting; Begitu juga, David Montgomery, ahli sejarah buruh, menasihatkan banyak ahli sejarah buruh generasi kini di negara ini. Sekolah Muzik dan Jabatan Yale memupuk pertumbuhan Teori Muzik pada separuh akhir abad ke-20. Jurnal Teori Muzik ditubuhkan di sana pada tahun 1957; Allen Forte dan David Lewin adalah guru dan sarjana yang berpengaruh. <> Antara pengkritik baru yang mana kakitangannya di Yale? || Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, dan Cleanth Brooks <> Siapa yang dikenali sebagai bapa deconstruction? || Jacques Derrida <> Di mana Jacques Derrida mengajar dari akhir 1970-an hingga pertengahan 1980-an? || Jabatan Kesusasteraan Perbandingan <> Yang ahli sejarah pekerja buruh Yale menasihati ahli sejarah pekerja yang lebih muda? || David Montgomery <> Bilakah Teori Muzik Jurnal diasaskan? || 1957", {"context": "Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called \"Yale School\". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks"}], "question": "Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?", "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Jacques Derrida"}], "question": "Who is known as the father of deconstruction?", "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Department of Comparative Literature"}], "question": "Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?", "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1129, "text": "David Montgomery"}], "question": "Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?", "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1401, "text": "1957"}], "question": "When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?", "id": "5726ee7af1498d1400e8f048"}]}], ["Berikutan pemotretan gereja di Charleston, Carolina Selatan, Yale berada di bawah kritikan lagi pada musim panas 2015 untuk Calhoun College, salah satu daripada 12 kolej kediaman, yang dinamai John C. Calhoun, pemilik hamba dan penyokong perhambaan yang kuat pada abad kesembilan belas. Pada bulan Julai 2015 pelajar menandatangani petisyen yang memanggil perubahan nama. Mereka berpendapat dalam petisyen itu - sementara Calhoun dihormati pada abad ke-19 sebagai \"negarawan Amerika yang luar biasa\" - dia adalah \"salah satu pembela yang paling produktif perhambaan dan ketuanan putih \"dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat. Pada bulan Ogos 2015 Presiden Yale, Peter Salovey, menyampaikan Kelas Bahagia 2019 di mana beliau bertindak balas terhadap ketegangan kaum tetapi menjelaskan mengapa kolej tidak akan dinamakan semula. menggambarkan Calhoun sebagai \"seorang ahli teori politik yang ketara, naib presiden kepada dua presiden Amerika yang berbeza, seorang setiausaha perang dan negara, dan seorang kongres dan senator yang mewakili South Carolina.\" Dia mengakui bahawa Calhoun juga \"percaya bahawa bentuk tamadun yang paling tinggi bergantung kepada penghambaan sukarela. Bukan itu sahaja, tetapi dia juga percaya bahawa kaum-kaum yang dia anggap sebagai orang-orang kulit hitam, khususnya orang-orang kulit hitam, harus dikenakannya demi kepentingan mereka sendiri. \"Ketegangan kaum meningkat pada musim gugur tahun 2015 yang berpusat pada komentar oleh Nicholas A. Christakis dan isterinya Erika mengenai kebebasan bersuara. Pada April 2016, Salovey mengumumkan bahawa \"walaupun selama beberapa dekad alumni dan protes pelajar yang kuat,\" nama Calhoun akan tetap di kediaman Yale kediaman yang menjelaskan bahawa lebih baik pelajar Yale tinggal di \"Bayangan\" Calhoun sehingga mereka akan \"lebih baik bersedia untuk menghadapi cabaran masa kini dan masa depan.\" Dia mendakwa bahawa jika mereka memecat nama Calhoun, ia akan \"mengaburkan\" \"legasi perbudakan daripada mengatasinya.\" \" Yale adalah sebahagian daripada sejarah itu \"dan\" Kita tidak boleh memadamkan sejarah Amerika, tetapi kita boleh menghadapinya, mengajar dan belajar dari itu. \"Satu perubahan yang akan dikeluarkan adalah tajuk\" tuan \"bagi ahli fakulti yang berkhidmat sebagai kediaman kediamanpemimpin akan dinamakan semula sebagai \"kepala kolej\" kerana konotasi perhambaan. <> Siapa nama Kolej Calhoun yang dinamakan? || John C. Calhoun <> Kenapa orang tidak suka kolej yang diberi nama selepas John C. Calhoun? || seorang pemilik hamba dan penyokong perhambaan yang kuat pada abad kesembilan belas <> Perubahan tajuk apa yang akan berlaku untuk mengurangkan ketegangan kaum? || tajuk \"tuan\" untuk ahli fakulti yang menjadi pemimpin kediaman kediaman akan dinamakan semula sebagai \"kepala kolej\" <> Apa yang dikatakan Presiden Salovey akan berlaku jika nama Calhoun dikeluarkan dari kolej? || ia akan \"mengaburkan\" \"warisan perhambaan\" daripada menanggapinya. \" <> Komen siapa yang meningkatkan ketegangan kaum di Kejatuhan 2015? || Nicholas A. Christakis dan isterinya Erika", {"context": "In the wake of the racially-motivated\" church shooting in Charleston, South Carolina, Yale was under criticism again in the summer of 2015 for Calhoun College, one of 12 residential colleges, which was named after John C. Calhoun, a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century. In July 2015 students signed a petition calling for the name change. They argued in the petition that\u2014while Calhoun was respected in the 19th century as an \"extraordinary American statesman\"\u2014he was \"one of the most prolific defenders of slavery and white supremacy\" in the history of the United States. In August 2015 Yale President Peter Salovey addressed the Freshman Class of 2019 in which he responded to the racial tensions but explained why the college would not be renamed. He described Calhoun as a \"a notable political theorist, a vice president to two different U.S. presidents, a secretary of war and of state, and a congressman and senator representing South Carolina.\" He acknowledged that Calhoun also \"believed that the highest forms of civilization depend on involuntary servitude. Not only that, but he also believed that the races he thought to be inferior, black people in particular, ought to be subjected to it for the sake of their own best interests.\" Racial tensions increased in the fall of 2015 centering on comments by Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika regarding freedom of speech. In April 2016 Salovey announced that \"despite decades of vigorous alumni and student protests,\" Calhoun's name will remain on the Yale residential college explaining that it is preferable for Yale students to live in Calhoun's \"shadow\" so they will be \"better prepared to rise to the challenges of the present and the future.\" He claimed that if they removed Calhoun's name, it would \"obscure\" his \"legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.\" \"Yale is part of that history\" and \"We cannot erase American history, but we can confront it, teach it and learn from it.\" One change that will be issued is the title of \u201cmaster\u201d for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to \u201chead of college\u201d due to its connotation of slavery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "John C. Calhoun"}], "question": "Who was Calhoun college named for?", "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "a slave-owner and strong slavery supporter in the nineteenth century"}], "question": "Why did people dislike the college being named after John C. Calhoun?", "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2020, "text": "the title of \u201cmaster\u201d for faculty members who serve as residential college leaders will be renamed to \u201chead of college\u201d"}], "question": "What title change will be happening to reduce racial tensions?", "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1793, "text": "it would \"obscure\" his \"legacy of slavery rather than addressing it.\""}], "question": "What did President Salovey believe would happen if Calhoun's name was removed from the college?", "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1347, "text": "Nicholas A. Christakis and his wife Erika"}], "question": "Whose comments increased racial tension in the Fall of 2015?", "id": "5726f249708984140094d6b7"}]}], ["Yale mempunyai banyak penyokong kewangan, tetapi ada yang menonjol oleh magnitud atau ketepatan masa sumbangan mereka. Antara mereka yang telah membuat sumbangan besar yang diperingati di universiti ialah: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; keluarga Harkness (Edward, Anna, dan William); keluarga Beinecke (Edwin, Frederick, dan Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy dan William K. Lanman. Kelas Yale 1954, yang diketuai oleh Richard Gilder, menyumbangkan $ 70 juta dalam peringatan reuni ke-50 mereka. Charles B. Johnson, lulusan Yale College 1954, telah menjanjikan hadiah $ 250 juta pada tahun 2013 untuk menyokong pembinaan dua kolej kediaman baru. <> Berapakah Charles B. Johnson berjanji kepada Yale pada tahun 2013? || $ 250 juta <> Berapakah kelas 1954 menderma untuk perjumpaan ke-50 mereka? || $ 70 juta <> Yang mengetuai kelas 1954 dalam sumbangan besar mereka? || Richard Gilder", {"context": "Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "$250 million"}], "question": "How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?", "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d731"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "$70 million"}], "question": "How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?", "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Richard Gilder"}], "question": "Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?", "id": "5726f6d3708984140094d733"}]}], ["Universiti Yale, salah satu daripada universiti tertua di Amerika Syarikat, adalah sebuah rujukan budaya sebagai sebuah institusi yang menghasilkan beberapa ahli masyarakat yang paling elit dan alasan, alumni, dan pelajarnya telah digambarkan dengan fiksyen dan budaya popular A.S.. Sebagai contoh, novel Owen Johnson, Stover di Yale, mengikuti kerjaya kolej Dink Stover dan Frank Merriwell, model untuk semua fiksyen sukan belia di kemudian hari, bermain bola sepak, besbol, krew, dan trek di Yale sambil menyelesaikan misteri dan menemui kesalahan. Universiti Yale juga dipaparkan dalam novel F. Scott Fitzgerald \"The Great Gatsby\". Penulis, Nick Carraway, menulis beberapa siri editorial untuk Yale News, dan Tom Buchanan adalah \"salah satu yang paling berkuasa yang pernah bermain bola sepak\" untuk Yale. <> Siapa watak utama di Stover di Yale? || Dink Stover dan Frank Merriwell <> Apa novel F. Scott Fitzgerald adalah sebahagian daripada Yale? || The Great Gatsby <> Apa ciri dalam The Great Gatsby menulis editorial untuk Berita Yale? || Nick Carraway <> Apa watak bermain bola sepak di The Great Gatsby dimainkan untuk Yale? || Tom Buchanan <> Siapa yang menulis novel Stover di Yale? || Owen Johnson", {"context": "Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel \"The Great Gatsby\". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was \"one of the most powerful ends that ever played football\" for Yale.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell"}], "question": "Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?", "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "The Great Gatsby"}], "question": "What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?", "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Nick Carraway"}], "question": "What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?", "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "Tom Buchanan"}], "question": "What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?", "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Owen Johnson"}], "question": "Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?", "id": "5726f9485951b619008f83df"}]}], ["Yale mempunyai banyak kemudahan olahraga, termasuk Yale Bowl (stadium mangkok \"semula jadi\" negara pertama dan prototaip untuk stadium seperti Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum dan Rose Bowl), terletak di Kompleks Sukan Walter Camp Field, dan Payne Whitney Gimnasium, kompleks sukan dalaman kedua terbesar di dunia. 21 Oktober 2000, menandakan dedikasi papan booth baru keempat Yale dalam 157 tahun mendayung perguruan. The Richard Gilder Boathouse dinamakan sempena penghormatan bekas pemenang Olimpik Virginia Gilder '79 dan ayahnya, Richard Gilder '54, yang memberikan $ 4 juta ke projek $ 7.5 juta itu. Yale juga mempertahankan tapak Gales Ferry di mana pasukan lelaki kelas berat menunggang untuk Yale-Harvard Boat Race. <> Apakah nama stadium mangkuk pertama Amerika Syarikat? || Yale Bowl <> Tanda-tanda apakah pengaruh Yale Bowl? || Coliseum Memorial Los Angeles dan Rose Bowl <> Apakah nama bangunan atletik dalaman kedua terbesar di dunia? || Payne Whitney Gymnasium <> Pada hari apakah Richard Gilder Boathouse ditubuhkan? || 21 Oktober 2000 <> Berapakah kos perumahan Richard Gilder Boathouse untuk membina? || $ 7.5 juta", {"context": "Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural \"bowl\" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Yale Bowl"}], "question": "What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?", "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl"}], "question": "What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?", "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Payne Whitney Gymnasium"}], "question": "What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?", "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "October 21, 2000"}], "question": "On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?", "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e964f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "$7.5 million"}], "question": "How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?", "id": "5726f607dd62a815002e9650"}]}], ["Yale senior di graduation menghancurkan paip tanah liat di bawah kaki untuk melambangkan laluan dari \"tahun kolej mereka yang terang,\" walaupun dalam sejarah baru-baru ini paip telah digantikan dengan \"paip gelembung\". (\"College College Years\", alma mater University, telah ditulis pada tahun 1881 oleh Henry Durand, Kelas 1881, kepada lagu Die Wacht am Rhein.) Panduan pemandu pelajar Yale memberitahu pelawat bahawa para pelajar menganggapnya nasib baik untuk menggosok kaki patung Theodore Dwight Woolsey di Kampus Lama. Pelajar sebenar jarang berbuat demikian. Pada separuh kedua abad ke-20 Bladderball, permainan di seluruh kampus yang dimainkan dengan bola kembung besar, menjadi tradisi yang popular tetapi dilarang oleh pentadbiran kerana kebimbangan keselamatan. Walaupun pembangkang pentadbiran, pelajar menghidupkan semula permainan pada tahun 2009, 2011, dan 2014, tetapi masa depannya masih tidak menentu. <> Apa yang menghantui warga tua untuk meraikan tamat pengajian? || pipa tanah liat <> Apa yang mereka hancurkan sekarang bukannya tanah liat? || paip gelembung <> Patung mana yang dikabarkan menjadi nasib baik untuk menggosok? || Theodore Dwight Woolsey di Kampus Lama <> Apa bahagian patung Theodore Dwight Woolsey dikatakan menjadi nasib baik untuk menggosok? || kaki <> Permainan apa yang dicipta, kemudian dilarang oleh pentadbiran? || Bladderball", {"context": "Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their \"bright college years,\" though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with \"bubble pipes\". (\"Bright College Years,\" the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "clay pipes"}], "question": "What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?", "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f835f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "bubble pipes"}], "question": "What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?", "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8360"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus"}], "question": "What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?", "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "the toe"}], "question": "What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?", "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Bladderball"}], "question": "What game was created, to later be banned by administration?", "id": "5726f52c5951b619008f8363"}]}], ["Universiti ini menganjurkan pelbagai jurnal pelajar, majalah, dan akhbar. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1872, The Yale Record adalah majalah humor tertua di dunia. Akhbar termasuk Yale Daily News, yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1878, dan Yale Herald mingguan, yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1986. Dwight Hall, sebuah organisasi perkhidmatan komuniti bebas, yang bukan keuntungan, mengawasi lebih dari 2,000 mahasiswa Yale yang bekerja lebih daripada 70 inisiatif khidmat masyarakat di New Haven. Majlis Yale College menjalankan beberapa agensi yang menyelia aktiviti kampus dan perkhidmatan pelajar. Persatuan Dramatik Yale dan Produk Bulldog memenuhi keperluan teater dan filem. Di samping itu, Gabungan Drama Yale berfungsi untuk menyelaraskan antara dan menyediakan sumber bagi pelbagai pementasan produk teater yang ditaja oleh Sudler Fund setiap hujung minggu. WYBC Yale Radio adalah stesen radio kampus, yang dimiliki dan dikendalikan oleh pelajar. Walaupun pelajar digunakan untuk menyiarkan frekuensi AM & FM, mereka kini mempunyai aliran Internet sahaja. <> Apakah nama majalah jenaka tertua di dunia? || Rekod Yale <> Tahun apakah Rekod Yale yang pertama diterbitkan? || 1872 <> Pada tahun apakah Yale Daily News ditubuhkan? || 1878 <> Bilakah Yale Herald ditubuhkan? || 1986 <> Apa nama stesen radio kampus? || WYBC Yale Radio", {"context": "The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "The Yale Record"}], "question": "What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?", "id": "5726f456708984140094d6df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1872"}], "question": "What year was The Yale Record first published?", "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "1878"}], "question": "In what year was the Yale Daily News established?", "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "1986"}], "question": "When was the Yale Herald established?", "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "WYBC Yale Radio"}], "question": "What is the name of the campus radio station?", "id": "5726f456708984140094d6e3"}]}], ["Yale telah menghasilkan alumni yang dibezakan dalam bidang masing-masing. Antara yang terkenal ialah Presiden A.S. William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton dan George W. Bush; rompi Mahkota Puteri Victoria Bernadotte, Putera Rostislav Romanov dan Putera Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; ketua negara, termasuk perdana menteri Italia Mario Monti, perdana menteri Turki Tansu \u00c7iller, presiden Meksiko Ernesto Zedillo, presiden Jerman Karl Carstens, dan presiden Filipina Jos\u00e9 Paciano Laurel; Hakim Mahkamah Agung A.S. Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito dan Clarence Thomas; Setiausaha Negara A.S. John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, dan Dean Acheson; penulis Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benet, dan Tom Wolfe; ahli silap mata Nuh Webster; pencipta Samuel F. B. Morse dan Eli Whitney; patriot dan \"pengintip pertama\" Nathan Hale; ahli teologi Jonathan Edwards; pelakon, pengarah dan pengeluar Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, dan Michael Cimino; \"Bapa bola sepak Amerika\" Walter Camp, James Franco, \"The oarsman yang sempurna\" Rusty Wailes; pemain besbol Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, dan Craig Breslow; pemain bola keranjang Chris Dudley; pemain bola sepak Gary Fencik, dan Calvin Hill; pemain hoki Chris Higgins dan Mike Richter; tokoh skater Sarah Hughes; perenang Don Schollander; pemain bola keranjang Ryan Max Riley; pelari Frank Shorter; komposer Charles Ives, Douglas Moore dan Cole Porter; Pengasas Peace Corps Sargent Shriver; psikologi kanak-kanak Benjamin Spock; arkitek Eero Saarinen dan Norman Foster; pemahat Richard Serra; pengkritik filem Gene Siskel; pengulas televisyen Dick Cavett dan Anderson Cooper; Wartawan New York Times, David Gonzalez; pakar William F. Buckley, Jr., dan Fareed Zakaria; ahli ekonomi Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, dan Paul Krugman; pencipta siklotron dan pemenang Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik, Ernest Lawrence; Pengarah Projek Genom Manusia Francis S. Collins; ahli matematik dan ahli kimia Josiah Willard Gibbs; dan pengusaha, termasuk pengasas bersama Time Henry Luce, pengasas Morgan Stanley Harold Stanley, CEO Boeing James McNerney, pengasas FedEx Frederick W. Smith, presiden Time Warner Jeffrey Bewkes, pengasas bersama Electronic Arts, Bing Gordon, dan pelabur / dermawan Sir John Templeton; perintis dalam aplikasi elektrik Austin Cornelius Dunham. <> Apa royalti telah menghadiri Yale? || Puteri Mahkota Victoria Bernadotte, Putera Rostislav Romanov dan Putera Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo <> Apa Perdana Menteri Itali yang menghadiri Yale? || Mario Monti <> Apa presiden Mexico yang menghadiri Yale? || Ernesto Zedillo <> Siapa yang menjadi bapa bola sepak Amerika? || Walter Camp <> Pengasas majalah What Time yang menghadiri Yale? || Henry Luce", {"context": "Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu \u00c7iller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president Jos\u00e9 Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Ben\u00e9t, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and \"first spy\" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; \"Father of American football\" Walter Camp, James Franco, \"The perfect oarsman\" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo"}], "question": "What royalty has attended Yale?", "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Mario Monti"}], "question": "What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?", "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Ernesto Zedillo"}], "question": "What Mexican president attended Yale?", "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1224, "text": "Walter Camp"}], "question": "Who was the father of American football?", "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2228, "text": "Henry Luce"}], "question": "What Time magazine founder attended Yale?", "id": "5726f7dbf1498d1400e8f14c"}]}]], [["Selepas kesatuan gagal Sweden dan Norway dari 1319-1365, Kesatuan Kalmar pan-Scandinavia dimulakan pada tahun 1397. Orang-orang Sweden enggan menjadi anggota kesatuan yang didominasi Denmark sejak dari awal. Dalam usaha untuk menundukkan orang-orang Sweden, King Christian II of Denmark mempunyai sejumlah besar bangsawan Sweden yang terbunuh dalam Bloodbath Stockholm pada tahun 1520. Namun langkah ini hanya membawa kepada permusuhan lagi, dan Sweden berpisah dengan baik pada tahun 1523. Norway, di sebaliknya, menjadi parti kesatuan yang rendah dan tetap bersatu dengan Denmark sehingga tahun 1814. <> Bilakah kesatuan Kalmar terbentuk? || 1397 <> Yang raja Denmark bertanggungjawab untuk Bloodbath Stockholm? || King Christian II <> Dalam tahun apakah Sweden berpisah dari Kesatuan Kalmar? || 1523 <> Denmark dan Norway kekal di Kalmar Union sehingga tahun apa? || 1814 <> Pada tahun apakah berlaku Bloodbath Stockholm? || 1520", {"context": "After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319\u20131365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1397"}], "question": "When was the Kalmar Union formed?", "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "King Christian II"}], "question": "Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?", "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "1523"}], "question": "In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?", "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "1814"}], "question": "Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?", "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "1520"}], "question": "In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?", "id": "5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64e"}]}], ["Louis tidak meninggalkan anak sebagai pewaris selepas kematiannya pada tahun 1382. Sebaliknya, beliau menamakan sebagai pewarisnya, putera muda, Sigismund of Luxemburg, berusia 11 tahun. Bangsawan Hungaria tidak menerima tuntutannya, dan hasilnya adalah perang dalam negeri. Sigismund akhirnya mencapai kawalan penuh ke atas Hungary dan menubuhkan mahkamahnya di Buda dan Visegr\u00e1d. Kedua-dua istana ini dibina semula dan diperbaiki, dan dianggap paling kaya masa di Eropah. Memimpin takhta Bohemia dan Empayar Rom Suci, Sigismund meneruskan politiknya dari Hungary, tetapi dia terus sibuk memerangi Hussites dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, yang menjadi ancaman kepada Eropah pada permulaan abad ke-15. <> Dalam tahun apakah Louis mati? || 1382 <> Siapa yang nama Louis sebagai pewarisnya? || Sigismund of Luxemburg <> Berapa lama adalah Sigismund dari Luxemburg ketika dia dinamakan pewaris? || 11 <> Selepas mengambil takhta Hungaria di mana Sigismund menubuhkan mahkamahnya? || Buda dan Visegr\u00e1d <> Apa akibat penolakan bangsawan Hungary untuk menerima tuntutan Sigismund sebagai pewaris Louis? || perang dalaman", {"context": "Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegr\u00e1d. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1382"}], "question": "In what year did Louis die?", "id": "5727299f708984140094da8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Sigismund of Luxemburg"}], "question": "Who did Louis name as his heir?", "id": "5727299f708984140094da8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "11"}], "question": "How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?", "id": "5727299f708984140094da8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Buda and Visegr\u00e1d"}], "question": "Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?", "id": "5727299f708984140094da90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "internal war"}], "question": "What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?", "id": "5727299f708984140094da91"}]}], ["Walaupun krisis ini, abad ke-14 juga merupakan masa kemajuan besar dalam seni dan sains. Berikutan minat yang diperbaharui dalam teks-teks kuno dan Rom kuno yang berakar pada Zaman Pertengahan Tinggi, Renaissance Itali bermula. Penyerapan teks Latin telah bermula sebelum Renaissance abad ke-12 melalui hubungan dengan orang Arab semasa Perang Salib, tetapi ketersediaan teks-teks Yunani yang penting dipercepat dengan penangkapan Constantinople oleh Turki Uthmaniyyah, ketika banyak ulama Byzantine terpaksa berlindung di Barat, terutamanya Itali. <> Minat dalam teks dari mana dua peradaban kuno mencetuskan Renaissance Itali? || Greek dan Roman <> Konflik yang mana membawa orang Eropah ke dalam hubungan dengan orang Arab sebelum abad ke-12? || Perang Salib <> Kota manakah yang ditangkap oleh Turki Uthmaniyyah, mengakibatkan melarikan para sarjana ke Eropah Barat? || Constantinople <> Siapa yang menawan Constantinople? || Turki Uthmaniyyah <> Apakah jenis teks yang dilakukan para sarjana Byzantin dengan mereka ketika mereka melarikan diri dari Constantinople? || Yunani", {"context": "Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Greek and Roman"}], "question": "An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?", "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "the Crusades"}], "question": "Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?", "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?", "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Ottoman Turks"}], "question": "Who captured Constantinople?", "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?", "id": "57269018dd62a815002e89c2"}]}], ["Bohemia makmur pada abad ke-14, dan Bull Emas 1356 menjadikan raja Bohemia pertama di kalangan pemilih kerajaan, tetapi revolusi Hussite melemparkan negara ke dalam krisis. Empayar Suci Romawi diserahkan kepada Habsburgs pada tahun 1438, di mana ia tetap sampai pembubarannya pada tahun 1806. Namun meskipun wilayah-wilayah luas yang dipegang oleh Habsburgs, Empayar itu sendiri tetap berpecah-belah, dan banyak kuasa nyata dan pengaruh terletak pada kepemimpinan individu. Di samping itu, institusi kewangan, seperti Liga Hanseatic dan keluarga Fugger, memegang kuasa besar, di peringkat ekonomi dan politik. <> Dalam tahun apakah Kerajaan Romawi Suci dibubarkan? || 1806 <> Pada tahun apakah Golden Bull menjadikan raja Bohemia pertama di kalangan pemilih kerajaan? || 1356 <> Liga Hanseatic adalah jenis institusi apa? || kewangan <> Pada tahun 1438, kawalan Empayar Rom Suci diteruskan ke dinasti apa? || Habsburgs", {"context": "Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1806"}], "question": "In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?", "id": "5727284add62a815002e9968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1356"}], "question": "In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?", "id": "5727284add62a815002e9969"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "financial"}], "question": "The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?", "id": "5727284add62a815002e996a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "the Habsburgs"}], "question": "In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?", "id": "5727284add62a815002e996b"}]}], ["Digabungkan dengan kebanjiran idea-idea klasik ini adalah penciptaan percetakan yang memudahkan penyebaran kata cetak dan pembelajaran demokratisasi. Dua perkara ini kemudian akan membawa kepada Reformasi Protestan. Menjelang akhir tempoh, era penemuan bermula (Age of Discovery). Kebangkitan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, yang memuncak pada Kejatuhan Constantinople pada tahun 1453, menghancurkan sisa terakhir Empayar Byzantine dan memusnahkan kemungkinan perdagangan dengan timur. Orang Eropah terpaksa mencari jalan perdagangan baru, membawa kepada ekspedisi Columbus ke Amerika pada tahun 1492, dan pengembaraan Vasco da Gama dari India dan Afrika pada tahun 1498. Penemuan mereka memperkuat ekonomi dan kuasa negara-negara Eropah. <> Penemuan mana yang menyebabkan penggunaan perkataan yang dicetak lebih meluas? || percetakan <> Dalam tahun apakah jatuh Constantinople? || 1453 <> Pada tahun apakah Vasco da Gama berlayar di sekitar India dan Afrika? || 1498 <> Pada tahun apakah ekspedisi Columbus ke Amerika? || 1492 <> Reformasi Protestan dikaitkan dengan apa dua perkembangan yang dihasilkan dari penciptaan percetakan? || penyebaran perkataan bercetak dan pembelajaran demokrasi", {"context": "Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "printing"}], "question": "Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?", "id": "5726945d708984140094cacd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "1453"}], "question": "In what year did Constantinople fall?", "id": "5726945d708984140094cace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "1498"}], "question": "In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?", "id": "5726945d708984140094cacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "1492"}], "question": "In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?", "id": "5726945d708984140094cad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning"}], "question": "The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?", "id": "5726945d708984140094cad1"}]}], ["Istilah \"Abad Pertengahan Abad\" merujuk kepada salah satu daripada tiga zaman Zaman Pertengahan, bersama dengan Zaman Pertengahan Awal dan Zaman Pertengahan yang Tinggi. Leonardo Bruni adalah ahli sejarah pertama yang menggunakan tempoh tiga parti dalam Sejarah Orang Florentine (1442). Flavio Biondo menggunakan rangka kerja serupa dalam Dekad Sejarah dari Kemerosotan Empayar Roma (1439-1453). Periodisasi tiga pihak menjadi standard selepas sejarawan Jerman Christoph Cellarius menerbitkan Sejarah Universal Dibahagikan kepada Periode Purba, Abad Pertengahan dan Baru (1683). <> Bersama dengan Abad Pertengahan, apa lagi dua tempoh Abad Pertengahan? || Awal Zaman Pertengahan dan Abad Pertengahan yang Tinggi <> Bilakah \"Sejarah Orang Florentine\" Leonardo Bruni diterbitkan? || 1442 <> Apakah nama untuk pembahagian tempoh sejarah yang diperkenalkan oleh Bruni? || tempoh tiga parti <> Siapakah pengarang \"Dekad Sejarah dari Kemerosotan Empayar Rom | | Flavio Biondo <> Apa 1683 kerja menghasilkan penggunaan standard tripartit periodisasi? || Sejarah Universal Dibahagikan kepada Purba, Abad Pertengahan, dan Tempoh baru", {"context": "The term \"Late Middle Ages\" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439\u20131453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages"}], "question": "Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?", "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "1442"}], "question": "When was Leonardo Bruni's \"History of the Florentine People\" published?", "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "tripartite periodization"}], "question": "What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?", "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Flavio Biondo"}], "question": "Who was the author of \"Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire", "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period"}], "question": "What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?", "id": "572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a4"}]}], ["Sekitar 1300, abad kemakmuran dan pertumbuhan di Eropah terhenti. Satu siri kebuluran dan malapetaka, termasuk Kebuluran Besar 1315-1317 dan Kematian Hitam, mengurangkan populasi sekitar setengah daripada apa yang berlaku sebelum bencana. Seiring dengan depopulation datang pergolakan sosial dan peperangan endemik. Perancis dan England mengalami kebangkitan petani yang serius, seperti Pemberontakan Jacquerie dan Pemberontakan Petani, serta lebih dari satu abad konflik yang berselang-seling dalam Perang Seratus Tahun. Untuk menambah banyak masalah dalam tempoh itu, perpaduan Gereja Katolik telah hancur oleh Schism Barat. Secara kolektif peristiwa-peristiwa ini kadang-kadang dipanggil Krisis Zaman Pertengahan Akhir. <> Apa yang menghancurkan perpaduan Gereja Katolik? || Schism Barat <> Apakah siri-siri peristiwa yang mengakhiri kemakmuran di Eropah, bermula sekitar 1300, yang dikenali sebagai? || Krisis Zaman Pertengahan yang Akhir <> Dalam tahun berapa Kelaparan Besar? || 1315-1317 <> Yang mana dua negara mengalami kebangkitan petani? || Perancis dan England <> Apakah konflik utama berlaku di Eropah semasa Krisis Zaman Pertengahan Akhir? || Perang Seratus Tahun", {"context": "Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315\u20131317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "the Western Schism"}], "question": "What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?", "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages"}], "question": "What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?", "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1315\u20131317"}], "question": "In what years was the Great Famine?", "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "France and England"}], "question": "Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?", "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e891f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Hundred Years' War"}], "question": "What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "57268c14dd62a815002e8920"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kaedah ekonomi dan demografi digunakan untuk mengkaji sejarah, trend semakin meningkat untuk melihat akhir Abad Pertengahan sebagai tempoh kemelesetan dan krisis. Ahli sejarah Belgia, Henri Pirenne meneruskan pembahagian bagi Awal, Tinggi, dan Abad Pertengahan pada tahun-tahun di sekitar Perang Dunia I. Namun, rakannya Belanda, Johan Huizinga, yang bertanggungjawab terutamanya untuk mempopulerkan pandangan pesimis pada Abad Pertengahan, dengan bukunya The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). Kepada Huizinga, yang penyelidikannya memberi tumpuan kepada Perancis dan Negara-negara Rendah daripada Itali, keputusasaan dan penurunan adalah tema utama, bukan kelahiran semula. <> Kaedah apa, yang digunakan untuk mengkaji sejarah, membawa kepada persepsi Zaman Pertengahan sebagai masa kemelesetan dan krisis? || ekonomi dan demografi <> Penulis mana yang mempopulerkan pandangan pesimis pada Abad Pertengahan pada tahun 1919? || Johan Huizinga <> Apakah gelaran buku 1919 Huizinga pada Zaman Pertengahan? || Musim Luruh Abad Pertengahan <> Negara mana yang menjadi tumpuan penyelidikan Huizinga? || Perancis dan Negara-negara Rendah <> Apakah kewarganegaraan sejarawan Henri Pirenne? || Belgium", {"context": "As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "economic and demographic"}], "question": "What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?", "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Johan Huizinga"}], "question": "Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?", "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "The Autumn of the Middle Ages"}], "question": "What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?", "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "France and the Low Countries"}], "question": "Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?", "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Belgian"}], "question": "What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?", "id": "57269fea708984140094cc1f"}]}], ["Empayar Bulgaria merosot pada abad ke-14, dan peningkatan Serbia ditandai dengan kemenangan Serbia ke atas Bulgaria dalam Pertempuran Velbazhd pada 1330. Menjelang 1346, raja Serbia Stefan Du\u0161an telah diumumkan sebagai maharaja. Namun dominasi Serbia tidak lama; tentera Serbia yang diketuai oleh Lazar Hrebljevanovic dikalahkan oleh Uthmaniyyah di Pertempuran Kosovo pada tahun 1389, di mana sebagian besar kaum bangsawan Serbia terbunuh dan selatan negara itu berada di bawah pendudukan Uthmaniyyah, banyak wilayah selatan Bulgaria telah menjadi wilayah Uthmaniyyah 1371. Sisa-sisa utara Bulgaria akhirnya ditawan oleh 1396, Serbia jatuh pada tahun 1459, Bosnia pada tahun 1463, dan Albania akhirnya subordinat pada tahun 1479 hanya beberapa tahun selepas kematian Skanderbeg. Belgrade, sebuah domain Hungary pada masa itu, adalah bandar Balkan yang terakhir yang terakhir jatuh di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah, pada tahun 1521. Pada akhir zaman pertengahan, seluruh Semenanjung Balkan telah dilampirkan oleh, atau menjadi pengikut kepada, Uthmaniyyah. <> Dalam tahun apakah Belgrade jatuh ke Uthmaniyyah? || 1521 <> Siapa yang mengetuai Tentera Serbia di Pertempuran Kosovo? || Lazar Hrebljevanovic <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Kosovo? || 1389 <> Kegiatan apa yang menyebabkan kejayaan Serbia melanda Bulgaria pada tahun 1330? || Pertempuran Velbazhd <> Negara mana yang ditaklukkan oleh Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1479? || Albania", {"context": "The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Du\u0161an had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "1521"}], "question": "In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?", "id": "57272b9d708984140094da97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Lazar Hrebljevanovic"}], "question": "Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?", "id": "57272b9d708984140094da98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "1389"}], "question": "In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?", "id": "57272b9d708984140094da99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Battle of Velbazhd"}], "question": "What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?", "id": "57272b9d708984140094da9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Albania"}], "question": "Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?", "id": "57272b9d708984140094da9b"}]}], ["Historiografi moden pada masa itu telah mencapai persetujuan antara kedua-dua ekstrim inovasi dan krisis. Sekarang (secara amnya) mengakui bahawa keadaannya jauh berbeza di utara dan selatan Alpen, dan \"Abad Pertengahan\" sering dielakkan sepenuhnya dalam historiografi Itali. Istilah \"Renaissance\" masih dianggap berguna untuk menggambarkan perkembangan intelektual, kebudayaan, atau artistik tertentu, tetapi bukan sebagai ciri yang mendefinisikan dari seluruh zaman sejarah Eropah. Tempoh dari awal abad ke-14 sehingga - dan kadang-kadang termasuk - abad ke-16, agak kelihatan seperti yang dicirikan oleh trend lain: penurunan demografi dan ekonomi diikuti oleh pemulihan, akhir perpaduan agama barat dan kemunculan negara negara, dan pengembangan pengaruh Eropah ke seluruh dunia. <> Apakah entiti geopolitik muncul dari Abad Pertengahan? || negara negara <> Pegunungan mana yang dilihat sebagai garis pemisah ketika mempertimbangkan keadaan semasa Abad Pertengahan? || the Alps <> Renaissance umumnya digunakan untuk menggambarkan perkembangan dalam bidang kehidupan di Zaman Pertengahan? || intelektual, kebudayaan, atau seni <> Berabad-abad yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada Abad Pertengahan? || awal abad ke-14 sehingga - dan kadang-kadang termasuk - abad ke-16 <> Apakah kesan umum Abad Pertengahan tentang agama? || akhir perpaduan agama barat", {"context": "Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and \"Late Middle Ages\" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term \"Renaissance\" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until \u2013 and sometimes including \u2013 the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "the nation state"}], "question": "What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5726a296708984140094cc89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "the Alps"}], "question": "Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "intellectual, cultural, or artistic"}], "question": "The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?", "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "early 14th century up until \u2013 and sometimes including \u2013 the 16th century"}], "question": "Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "the end of western religious unity"}], "question": "What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?", "id": "5726a296708984140094cc8d"}]}], ["Selari dengan perkembangan ketenteraan juga muncul kod perilaku kelakuan yang lebih rumit untuk kelas pahlawan. Etos yang ditemui baru ini dapat dilihat sebagai tindak balas terhadap peranan ketenteraan bangsawan yang semakin berkurang, dan secara beransur-ansurnya ia menjadi hampir sepenuhnya terpisah dari asal ketenteraannya. Semangat kesabaran diberikan ekspresi melalui jenis pesanan sekular (sekular) yang baru; yang pertama adalah Perintah St. George, yang diasaskan oleh Charles I dari Hungary pada tahun 1325, sementara yang paling terkenal mungkin adalah Perintah Inggeris Garter, yang diasaskan oleh Edward III pada tahun 1348. <> Apa perintah chivalric yang ditubuhkan oleh Edward III pada tahun 1348? || Perintah Garter <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Perintah St. George? || Charles I of Hungary <> Pada tahun apakah Perintah St George didirikan? || 1325 <> Apakah kod laku tentera yang dipanggil? || persaingan <> Pada tahun apakah Perintah Garter ditubuhkan? || 1348", {"context": "Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Order of the Garter"}], "question": "What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?", "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Charles I of Hungary"}], "question": "Who founded the Order of St. George?", "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "1325"}], "question": "In what year was the Order of St. George founded?", "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "chivalry"}], "question": "What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?", "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "1348"}], "question": "In what year was the Order of the Garter established?", "id": "57273aa2dd62a815002e99c6"}]}], ["Apabila penduduk Eropah dikurangkan dengan teruk, tanah menjadi lebih banyak untuk mangsa-mangsa yang terselamat, dan akibatnya buruh lebih mahal. Percubaan oleh pemilik tanah untuk secara paksa mengurangkan gaji, seperti Peraturan 1351 Buruh Bahasa Inggeris, ditakdirkan untuk gagal. Usaha-usaha ini tidak menimbulkan kebencian di kalangan petani, yang menyebabkan pemberontakan seperti Jacquerie Perancis pada tahun 1358 dan Pemberontakan Petani Inggeris pada tahun 1381. Kesan jangka panjang adalah penghujung misterius di Eropah Barat. Di Eropah Timur, sebaliknya, pemilik tanah dapat mengeksploitasi keadaan untuk memaksa kaum tani menjadi budak yang lebih keras. <> Bilakah Perancis Jacquerie berlaku? || 1358 <> Apa undang-undang Inggeris digubal untuk mengurangkan gaji secara paksa? || Statut Buruh <> Pada tahun apakah undang-undang Buruh telah digubal? || 1351 <> Sistem ekonomi mana yang akhirnya berakhir dengan pergolakan abad ke-14? || serfdom <> Pada tahun berapakah Pemberontakan Para Petani Inggeris berlaku? || 1381", {"context": "As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "1358"}], "question": "When did the French Jacquerie take place?", "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Statute of Laborers"}], "question": "What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?", "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "1351"}], "question": "In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?", "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "serfdom"}], "question": "Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?", "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "1381"}], "question": "In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?", "id": "572734fff1498d1400e8f4a3"}]}], ["Penguasaan dominasi mahkota Perancis terhadap Papacy memuncak dalam pemindahan Transparansi Suci ke Avignon pada 1309. Apabila Paus kembali ke Rom pada tahun 1377, ini menyebabkan pemilihan puak yang berbeza di Avignon dan Rom, mengakibatkan Schism Papal (1378 -1417). The Schism membahagi Eropah di sepanjang garis politik; sementara Perancis, sekutunya Scotland dan kerajaan Sepanyol menyokong Papacy Avignon, pasukan Perancis menentang England di belakang Pope di Rom, bersama Portugal, Scandinavia dan kebanyakan putera Jerman. <> Apakah hasil pemilihan dua paus pada masa yang sama? || Schism Papal <> Di manakah Holy See dipindahkan ke 1309? || Avignon <> Dalam apa tahun Paus kembali ke Rom dari Avignon? || 1377 <> Apakah tempoh masa Schism Papal? || 1378-1417 <> Siapa penyokong Avignon Papacy? || Perancis, sekutunya Scotland dan kerajaan Sepanyol", {"context": "The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378\u20131417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Papal Schism"}], "question": "What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?", "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Avignon"}], "question": "Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?", "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "1377"}], "question": "In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?", "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "1378\u20131417"}], "question": "What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?", "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms"}], "question": "Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?", "id": "57273c11dd62a815002e99e0"}]}], ["Perubahan juga berlaku dalam pengambilan dan komposisi pasukan. Penggunaan levi kebangsaan atau feudal secara beransur-ansur digantikan dengan bayaran tentera domestik atau tentera upahan asing. Amalan ini dikaitkan dengan Edward III dari England dan kondottieri negeri-negeri Itali. Di seluruh Eropah, askar Swiss berada dalam permintaan yang sangat tinggi. Pada masa yang sama, tempoh itu juga menyaksikan kemunculan tentera tetap pertama. Ia berada di Valois Perancis, di bawah tuntutan berat Perang Seratus Tahun, bahawa angkatan bersenjata secara beransur-ansur memikul sifat kekal. <> Konflik yang mana di Perancis mengakibatkan penubuhan pasukan tetap? || Perang Seratus Tahun <> Penggunaan tentera upahan dibayar dan sisa domestik menggantikan kaedah penambahan tentera? || levi kebangsaan atau feudal <> Tentera mana yang mempunyai permintaan tinggi di bawah sistem bayaran tentera? || Switzerland <> Yang mana raja Inggeris dikaitkan dengan penggunaan tentera upahan di abad ke-14? || Edward III", {"context": "Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Hundred Years' War"}], "question": "Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?", "id": "572738d25951b619008f86ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "national or feudal levy"}], "question": "The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?", "id": "572738d25951b619008f86f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Swiss"}], "question": "Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?", "id": "572738d25951b619008f86f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Edward III"}], "question": "Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?", "id": "572738d35951b619008f86f2"}]}], ["Perkahwinan 1469 Isabella I dari Castile dan Ferdinand II Aragon dan 1479 kematian John II Aragon membawa kepada penciptaan Sepanyol moden. Pada tahun 1492, Granada ditangkap dari Moor, dengan itu melengkapkan Reconquista. Portugal pada abad ke-15 - terutamanya di bawah Henry the Navigator - secara perlahan menjelajah pantai Afrika, dan pada tahun 1498, Vasco da Gama mendapati laluan laut ke India. Raja-raja Sepanyol memenuhi cabaran Portugis dengan membiayai ekspedisi Christopher Columbus untuk mencari laluan laut barat ke India, yang membawa kepada penemuan Amerika pada 1492. <Tahun> Apakah tahun Isabel I dan Ferdinand II berkahwin? || 1469 <> Bilakah Sepanyol moden dibuat? || 1492 <> Penangkapan bandar yang dimuktamadkan oleh Reconquista? || Granada <> Yang peneroka yang menemui laluan laut ke India? || Vasco da Gama <> Pada tahun apakah Christopher Columbus menemui Amerika? || 1492", {"context": "The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century \u2013 particularly under Henry the Navigator \u2013 gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "1469"}], "question": "In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?", "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f460"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "1492"}], "question": "When was modern-day Spain created?", "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f461"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Granada"}], "question": "The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?", "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f462"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Vasco da Gama"}], "question": "Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?", "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "1492"}], "question": "In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?", "id": "5727311af1498d1400e8f464"}]}], ["Hingga pertengahan abad ke-14, Eropah telah mengalami peningkatan urbanisasi yang semakin meningkat. Bandar-bandar juga dihancurkan oleh Kematian Hitam, tetapi peranan kawasan bandar sebagai pusat pembelajaran, perdagangan dan kerajaan memastikan pertumbuhan berterusan. Dengan 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris dan Constantinople masing-masing mungkin mempunyai lebih daripada 100,000 penduduk. Dua puluh dua bandar lain lebih besar daripada 40,000; kebanyakannya berada di Itali dan semenanjung Iberia, tetapi terdapat juga beberapa di Perancis, Empayar, Negara-negara Rendah, dan London di England. <> Di mana bandar-bandar Eropah mungkin mempunyai penduduk lebih daripada 100,000 di 1500? || Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris dan Constantinople <> Apa peristiwa yang menghancurkan penduduk bandar pada abad ke-14? || Kematian Hitam <> Berapa banyak bandar-bandar lain yang mempunyai populasi lebih besar daripada 40,000 hingga 1500? || Dua puluh dua <> Kota manakah di Inggeris yang mempunyai penduduk lebih daripada 40,000 di 1500? || London", {"context": "Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople"}], "question": "Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?", "id": "5727367d708984140094dafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the Black Death"}], "question": "What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?", "id": "5727367d708984140094daff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Twenty-two"}], "question": "How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?", "id": "5727367d708984140094dafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "London"}], "question": "Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?", "id": "5727367d708984140094db00"}]}], ["Perkahwinan Richard II dari England kepada Anne of Bohemia telah mewujudkan hubungan antara kedua-dua negara dan membawa idea-idea Lollard ke tanah airnya. Ajaran-ajaran imam Czech Jan Hus berdasarkan pada orang-orang dari John Wycliffe, namun pengikutnya, Hussites, mempunyai dampak politik yang jauh lebih besar daripada Lollards. Hus mendapat pengikut yang hebat di Bohemia, dan pada 1414, dia diminta untuk hadir di Majlis Constance untuk mempertahankan tujuannya. Apabila dia dibakar sebagai bidah pada 1415, ia menyebabkan pemberontakan popular di tanah Ceko. Peperangan Hussite yang berikutnya runtuh akibat pertengkaran dalaman dan tidak menyebabkan kemerdekaan keagamaan atau kebangsaan untuk orang Czech, tetapi kedua-dua Gereja Katolik dan unsur Jerman di dalam negara telah lemah. <> Pada tahun apakah Jan Hus dibakar di atas pancing? || 1415 <> Siapa yang Richard II dari England berkahwin? || Anne of Bohemia <> Yang ajaran Jan Hus berdasarkan sendiri? || John Wycliffe <> Apa pengikut Jan Hus? || Hussites <> Apa konflik yang berlaku akibat kematian Jan Hus? || Hussite Wars", {"context": "The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "1415"}], "question": "In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?", "id": "57274264708984140094db7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Anne of Bohemia"}], "question": "Who did Richard II of England marry?", "id": "57274264708984140094db80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "John Wycliffe"}], "question": "Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?", "id": "57274264708984140094db81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Hussites"}], "question": "What were the followers of Jan Hus called?", "id": "57274264708984140094db82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Hussite Wars"}], "question": "What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?", "id": "57274264708984140094db83"}]}], ["Sekitar 1300-1350 Tempoh Panas Abad Pertengahan memberi laluan kepada Zaman Ais Sedikit. Iklim yang lebih sejuk mengakibatkan krisis pertanian, yang pertama dikenali sebagai Kebuluran Besar 1315-1317. Walau bagaimanapun, akibat demografik dari kelaparan ini tidak begitu teruk seperti wabah yang berlaku pada abad ini, terutama Kematian Hitam. Anggaran kadar kematian disebabkan oleh wabak ini dari satu pertiga hingga enam puluh peratus. Menjelang tahun 1420, kesan terkumpul wabak dan kelaparan yang berulang telah mengurangkan populasi Eropah hingga mungkin tidak lebih daripada satu pertiga daripada apa yang lebih awal dari abad ini. Kesan bencana alam telah diperburuk oleh konflik bersenjata; ini berlaku terutamanya di Perancis semasa Perang Seratus Tahun. <> Masa climatik mana yang mengikuti Tempoh Panas Abad Pertengahan? || Umur Zaman Ais <> Apakah tahap kematian tertinggi yang dianggarkan dalam Kematian Hitam? || enam puluh peratus <> Apa konflik utama yang menggegarkan Perancis selama abad ke-13 dan ke-14? || Perang Seratus Tahun <> Bilakah berakhirnya Tempoh Hangat Abad Pertengahan? || Sekitar 1300-1350 <> Apakah kesan Zaman Ais Sedikit? || krisis pertanian", {"context": "Around 1300\u20131350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the Little Ice Age"}], "question": "Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?", "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "sixty percent"}], "question": "What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?", "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "Hundred Years' War"}], "question": "What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?", "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 1300\u20131350"}], "question": "When did the Medieval Warm Period end?", "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "agricultural crises"}], "question": "What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?", "id": "572732f9dd62a815002e997e"}]}], ["Avignon adalah kerusi kepausan dari 1309 hingga 1376. Dengan kembalinya Paus ke Rom pada tahun 1378, Negara Papal berkembang menjadi kuasa sekular utama, yang memuncak dalam kepausan moral Alexander VI. Florence berkembang menjadi terkenal di kalangan negara-negara Itali melalui perniagaan kewangan, dan keluarga Medici yang dominan menjadi penganjur penting dalam Renaissance menerusi seni bela diri mereka. Negeri-negeri bandar raya lain di Itali utara juga mengembangkan wilayah mereka dan mengukuhkan kuasa mereka, terutama Milan dan Venice. Perang Vespers Sicily pada awal abad ke-14 membahagikan Itali selatan ke Aragon Kingdom of Sicily dan Kerajaan Anjou Naples. Pada 1442, kedua-dua kerajaan secara berkesan bersatu di bawah kawalan Aragon. <> Kota mana yang menjadi kerusi kepausan untuk kebanyakan abad ke-14? || Avignon <> Dalam tahun apakah kepausan kembali ke Rom? || 1378 <> Apa konflik abad ke-14 mengakibatkan pembahagian selatan Itali menjadi dua kerajaan? || Perang Vespers Sisilia <> Apakah nama-nama dua kerajaan yang dibahagikan kepada selatan Itali? || Aragon Kingdom of Sicily dan Kerajaan Anjou of Naples <> Dalam tahun berapa dua kerajaan Itali selatan bersatu? || 1442", {"context": "Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Avignon"}], "question": "What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?", "id": "57272dbd708984140094daa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "1378"}], "question": "In what year did the papacy return to Rome?", "id": "57272dbd708984140094daaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "The War of the Sicilian Vespers"}], "question": "What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?", "id": "57272dbd708984140094daab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples"}], "question": "What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?", "id": "57272dbd708984140094daac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "1442"}], "question": "In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?", "id": "57272dbd708984140094daad"}]}], ["Walaupun banyak peristiwa di luar zaman tradisional Zaman Pertengahan, akhir perpaduan Gereja Barat (Reformasi Protestan), adalah salah satu ciri yang membezakan zaman pertengahan. Gereja Katolik telah lama berperang melawan pergerakan heretis, tetapi pada Zaman Akhir Zaman, ia mula mengalami tuntutan pembaharuan dari dalam. Yang pertama datang dari profesor Oxford John Wycliffe di England. Wycliffe berpendapat bahawa Alkitab seharusnya menjadi satu-satunya kuasa dalam soalan agama, dan dia bercakap terhadap transubstantiation, celibacy dan indulgences. Walaupun penyokong berpengaruh di kalangan aristokrasi Inggeris, seperti John of Gaunt, pergerakan itu tidak dibenarkan untuk bertahan. Walaupun Wycliffe sendiri dibiarkan tidak tercela, penyokongnya, Lollards, akhirnya ditindas di England. <> Yang profesor Oxford percaya bahawa Alkitab harus menjadi kewibawaan tunggal dalam soalan agama? || John Wycliffe <> Apa penyokong Jon Wycliffe dipanggil? || Lollards <> Apa peristiwa yang mengakhiri perpaduan agama di Gereja Barat? || Reformasi Protestan <> Yang amalan Katolik yang dilakukan oleh Wycliffe? || transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences <> Siapakah salah seorang aristokrat Inggeris yang menyokong pergerakan Lollard? || John of Gaunt", {"context": "Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "John Wycliffe"}], "question": "Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?", "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "the Lollards"}], "question": "What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?", "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "the Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?", "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences"}], "question": "Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?", "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "John of Gaunt"}], "question": "Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?", "id": "572740eaf1498d1400e8f538"}]}], ["Idea Renaissance Itali perlahan melintasi Alpen ke Eropah utara, namun inovasi artistik yang penting juga dibuat di Negara-negara Rendah. Walaupun tidak - seperti yang diyakini sebelum ini - pencipta lukisan minyak, Jan van Eyck adalah juara media baru, dan menggunakannya untuk mencipta karya realisme yang hebat dan terperinci. Kedua-dua budaya itu mempengaruhi antara satu sama lain dan belajar antara satu sama lain, tetapi lukisan di Belanda tetap lebih tertumpu kepada tekstur dan permukaan daripada komposisi ideal Itali. <> Apakah tumpuan lukisan di Itali? || komposisi ideal <> Di manakah tumpuan lukisan pada tekstur dan permukaan? || Belanda <> Pelukis apa yang menjadi juara minyak awal sebagai lukisan? || Jan van Eyck <> Lukisan Jan van Eyck diketahui dengan ciri-ciri apa? || realisme yang hebat dan detail kecil", {"context": "The ideas of the Italian Renaissance were slow to cross the Alps into northern Europe, but important artistic innovations were made also in the Low Countries. Though not \u2013 as previously believed \u2013 the inventor of oil painting, Jan van Eyck was a champion of the new medium, and used it to create works of great realism and minute detail. The two cultures influenced each other and learned from each other, but painting in the Netherlands remained more focused on textures and surfaces than the idealized compositions of Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "idealized compositions"}], "question": "What was the focus of paintings in Italy?", "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "the Netherlands"}], "question": "Where was the focus of paintings on textures and surfaces?", "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9bff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Jan van Eyck"}], "question": "What painter was an early champion of oil as a medium in painting?", "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9c00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "great realism and minute detail"}], "question": "Jan van Eyck's paintings are known for what characteristics?", "id": "572763d9dd62a815002e9c01"}]}], ["Tempoh ini menyaksikan beberapa inovasi teknikal yang penting, seperti prinsip perspektif linear yang terdapat dalam karya Masaccio, dan kemudian diterangkan oleh Brunelleschi. Realisme yang lebih besar juga dicapai melalui kajian saintifik anatomi, yang diadopsi oleh para seniman seperti Donatello. Ini dapat dilihat dengan sangat baik dalam patung-patungnya, yang diilhami oleh kajian model-model klasik. Ketika pusat pergerakan itu beralih ke Rom, tempoh itu memuncak dalam tuan-tuan Renaissance Tinggi da Vinci, Michelangelo dan Raphael. <> Siapa yang memperjuangkan kajian saintifik tentang anatomi untuk kepentingan seni? || Donatello <> Seni artistik mana yang di inovasi oleh Brunelleschi? || perspektif linear <> Bersama dengan da Vinci, yang dua artis lain dianggap sebagai tuan dari Renaissance Tinggi? || Michelangelo dan Raphael <> Apa yang dicapai walaupun menggunakan kajian saintifik mengenai anatomi dalam bidang seni? || Realisme yang lebih besar <> Apa yang dikaji oleh Donatello yang mengilhami patung-patung? || model klasik", {"context": "The period saw several important technical innovations, like the principle of linear perspective found in the work of Masaccio, and later described by Brunelleschi. Greater realism was also achieved through the scientific study of anatomy, championed by artists like Donatello. This can be seen particularly well in his sculptures, inspired by the study of classical models. As the centre of the movement shifted to Rome, the period culminated in the High Renaissance masters da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Donatello"}], "question": "Who championed the scientific study of anatomy for the benefit of art?", "id": "5727624e5951b619008f8929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "linear perspective"}], "question": "Which artistic principle was innovated by Brunelleschi?", "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Michelangelo and Raphael"}], "question": "Along with da Vinci, who were two other artists regarded as masters of the High Renaissance?", "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Greater realism"}], "question": "What was achieved though the use of the scientific study of anatomy in the field of art?", "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "classical models"}], "question": "What did Donatello study that inspired sculptures?", "id": "5727624e5951b619008f892d"}]}], ["Pendekatan baru ini membebaskan spekulasi ilmiah dari sekatan dogmatik sains Aristotelia, dan membuka jalan bagi pendekatan baru. Khususnya dalam bidang teori gerakan kemajuan besar dibuat, apabila para sarjana seperti Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme dan Kalkulator Oxford mencabar pekerjaan Aristoteles. Buridan mengembangkan teori dorongan sebagai penyebab gerakan projektil, yang merupakan langkah penting ke arah konsep inersia moden. Karya para sarjana ini menjangkakan pandangan dunia heliosentris Nicolaus Copernicus. <> Apa yang dibuat oleh Jean Buridan untuk menerangkan usul projektil? || teori pemikiran <> Sekolah apa pemikiran sains dicabar oleh Jean Buridan dan Nicole Oresme? || Aristotelian <> Apa saintis yang paling berkaitan dengan pandangan dunia heliosentris? || Nicolaus Copernicus <> Para ulama mana yang membuat kemajuan besar dalam teori gerakan? || Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme dan Kalkulator Oxford <> Teori dorongan Buridan membawa kepada konsep moden apa? || inersia", {"context": "This new approach liberated scientific speculation from the dogmatic restraints of Aristotelian science, and paved the way for new approaches. Particularly within the field of theories of motion great advances were made, when such scholars as Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators challenged the work of Aristotle. Buridan developed the theory of impetus as the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was an important step towards the modern concept of inertia. The works of these scholars anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Nicolaus Copernicus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "the theory of impetus"}], "question": "What did Jean Buridan create to explain the motion of projectiles?", "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Aristotelian"}], "question": "What school of scientific thought was challenged by Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme?", "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus"}], "question": "What scientist is most associated with the heliocentric worldview?", "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Jean Buridan, Nicole Oresme and the Oxford Calculators"}], "question": "Which scholars made great advances in the theories of motion?", "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "inertia"}], "question": "Buridan's theory of impetus led to what modern concept?", "id": "57275ef9708984140094dca5"}]}], ["Walaupun tidak ada keraguan bahawa krisis demografi abad ke-14 menyebabkan kejatuhan dramatik dalam pengeluaran dan perdagangan secara mutlak, terdapat perdebatan sejarah yang kuat mengenai apakah penurunan itu lebih besar daripada penurunan populasi. Walaupun ortodoksi yang lebih tua berpendapat bahawa keluaran seni Renaisans adalah hasil kebanggaan yang lebih besar, kajian yang lebih baru telah mencadangkan bahawa mungkin ada yang disebut 'kemurungan Renaisans'. Walaupun hujah-hujah yang meyakinkan untuk kes itu, bukti statistik hanya terlalu tidak lengkap untuk kesimpulan yang pasti dibuat. <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan perdagangan dan pengeluaran pada abad ke-14? || krisis demografi <> Apakah alternatif kepada teori bahawa Renaissance adalah zaman kegembiraan yang hebat? || Kemurungan Renaissance <> Apakah jenis bukti yang terlalu tidak lengkap untuk keputusan yang dibuat antara dua teori Renaissance? || statistik <> Apa yang ditimbulkan sebagai penyebab peningkatan pengeluaran artistik semasa Renaissance? || kemuliaan yang lebih besar", {"context": "Though there is no doubt that the demographic crisis of the 14th century caused a dramatic fall in production and commerce in absolute terms, there has been a vigorous historical debate over whether the decline was greater than the fall in population. While the older orthodoxy held that the artistic output of the Renaissance was a result of greater opulence, more recent studies have suggested that there might have been a so-called 'depression of the Renaissance'. In spite of convincing arguments for the case, the statistical evidence is simply too incomplete for a definite conclusion to be made.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "demographic crisis"}], "question": "What caused the decrease in commerce and production in the 14th century?", "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "depression of the Renaissance"}], "question": "What is the alternative to the theory that the Renaissance was a time of great opulence?", "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "statistical"}], "question": "What type of evidence is too incomplete for a decision to be made between the two theories of the Renaissance?", "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "greater opulence"}], "question": "What is posited as the cause of increased artistic output during the Renaissance?", "id": "57274d85dd62a815002e9ac5"}]}], ["Dengan perkembangan kewangan, hak-hak perdagangan menjadi lebih terjaga oleh elit komersial. Bandar menyaksikan peningkatan kuasa guilds, manakala di peringkat kebangsaan syarikat-syarikat khas akan diberikan monopoli pada perdagangan tertentu, seperti Staple bulu Inggeris. Para penerima manfaat ini akan mengumpulkan kekayaan yang besar. Keluarga-keluarga seperti Fuggers di Jerman, Medicis di Itali, de la Poles di England, dan individu seperti Jacques Coeur di Perancis akan membantu membiayai perang raja-raja, dan mencapai pengaruh politik yang hebat dalam proses itu. <> Keistimewaan apa yang diberikan kepada syarikat di peringkat kebangsaan? || monopoli <> Keluarga mana yang membiayai peperangan raja-raja? || Para Fuggers di Jerman, Medicis di Itali, de la Poles di England <> Persatuan ekonomi mana yang mendapat kuasa di bandar-bandar? || guilds <> Di manakah Jacques Couer dari? || Perancis", {"context": "With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "monopolies"}], "question": "What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?", "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England"}], "question": "Which families financed the wars of kings?", "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "guilds"}], "question": "Which economic associations gained power in the towns?", "id": "57274a76708984140094dbcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where was Jacques Couer from?", "id": "57274a76708984140094dbce"}]}], ["Komedi Ilahi Dante Alighieri, yang ditulis pada awal abad ke-14, menggabungkan pandangan dunia zaman pertengahan dengan cita-cita klasik. Seorang lagi promoter bahasa Itali ialah Boccaccio dengan Decameronnya. Penggunaan bahasa vernakular tidak melibatkan penolakan Latin, dan kedua Dante dan Boccaccio menulis secara prolifically dalam bahasa Latin dan juga bahasa Itali, seperti yang Petrarch kemudian (yang Canzoniere juga mempromosikan vernakular dan kandungannya dianggap puisi lirik moden pertama). Bersama-sama tiga penyair itu menegaskan dialek Tuscan sebagai norma untuk bahasa Itali moden. <> Siapa yang menulis Komedi Ilahi? || Dante Alighieri <> Dalam bahasa apa yang Dante dan Boccaccio mencipta karya mereka? || Latin dan Itali <> Dialek mana yang menjadi norma untuk bahasa Itali moden? || Tuscan <> Apa salah satu karya Boccaccio yang membantu mempromosikan bahasa Itali? || Decameron <> Yang kerja, Canzoniere, dianggap sebagai contoh pertama puisi lirik moden? || Petrarch", {"context": "Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dante Alighieri"}], "question": "Who wrote the Divine Comedy?", "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Latin as well as Italian"}], "question": "In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?", "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Tuscan"}], "question": "Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?", "id": "5727657f708984140094dcf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Decameron"}], "question": "What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?", "id": "5727657f708984140094dcfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Petrarch"}], "question": "Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?", "id": "5727657f708984140094dcfb"}]}], ["Ciptaan teknologi tertentu dalam tempoh itu - sama ada dari asal-usul Arab atau Cina, atau inovasi Eropah yang unik - mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap perkembangan politik dan sosial, khususnya serbuk mesiu, akhbar percetakan dan kompas. Pengenalan serbuk mesiu ke medan perang tidak hanya mempengaruhi organisasi ketenteraan tetapi membantu memajukan negara. Akhbar percetakan jenis alih Gutenberg tidak hanya memungkinkan Reformasi, tetapi juga penyebaran pengetahuan yang akan membawa kepada masyarakat yang lebih beragam egalitarian. Kompas, bersama-sama dengan inovasi lain seperti pekerja salib, astrolabe marin, dan kemajuan dalam pembinaan kapal, membolehkan navigasi Lautan Dunia, dan fase penjajahan awal. Ciptaan lain mempunyai kesan yang lebih besar terhadap kehidupan seharian, seperti cermin mata dan jam yang didorong oleh berat badan. <> Siapa yang mencipta akhbar percetakan bergerak? || Gutenberg <> Pergerakan keagamaan apakah yang dicetuskan oleh penciptaan akhbar percetakan? || Reformasi <> Yang penemuan tempoh itu mempunyai kesan yang besar terhadap kehidupan seharian? || cermin mata dan jam yang digerakkan berat <> Rekaan mana-mana aplikasi tentera membantu membawa negara negara? || serbet <> Kemajuan dalam perdagangan pembinaan apa yang membantu meningkatkan navigasi global? || pembinaan kapal", {"context": "Certain technological inventions of the period \u2013 whether of Arab or Chinese origin, or unique European innovations \u2013 were to have great influence on political and social developments, in particular gunpowder, the printing press and the compass. The introduction of gunpowder to the field of battle affected not only military organisation, but helped advance the nation state. Gutenberg's movable type printing press made possible not only the Reformation, but also a dissemination of knowledge that would lead to a gradually more egalitarian society. The compass, along with other innovations such as the cross-staff, the mariner's astrolabe, and advances in shipbuilding, enabled the navigation of the World Oceans, and the early phases of colonialism. Other inventions had a greater impact on everyday life, such as eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Gutenberg"}], "question": "Who invented the movable printing press?", "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "the Reformation"}], "question": "What religious movement was spurred by the invention of the printing press?", "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "eyeglasses and the weight-driven clock"}], "question": "Which inventions of the period had a great impact on everyday life?", "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "gunpowder"}], "question": "Which invention with military applications helped bring about the nation state?", "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "shipbuilding"}], "question": "Advances in what construction trade helped to increase global navigation?", "id": "5727606bdd62a815002e9bd2"}]}], ["Martin Luther, seorang biarawan Jerman, memulakan Reformasi Jerman dengan mengepos 95 tesis di gereja kastil Wittenberg pada 31 Oktober 1517. Pengumuman segera yang memacu akta ini adalah pembaharuan Paus Leo X tentang kepuasan untuk pembinaan St Peter baru Basilika pada tahun 1514. Luther dicabar untuk mengundurkan bidaahnya di Diet of Worms pada tahun 1521. Ketika ia menolak, ia diletakkan di bawah larangan Empayar oleh Charles V. Menerima perlindungan Frederick the Bijaksana, dia kemudian dapat menerjemahkan Alkitab ke dalam bahasa Jerman. <> Ke dalam bahasa apa yang diterjemahkan Martin Luther Alkitab? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Martin Luther di gereja istana Wittenberg? || 95 tesis <> Pada tahun apakah Martin Luther menyiarkan 95 tesisnya? || 1517 <> Apa respon Martin Luther apabila dicabar untuk mengundurkan diri kepada sesatnya? || dia menolak <> Siapa yang bertindak sebagai pelindung kepada Martin Luther ketika ia di bawah larangan Empayar? || Frederick the Wise", {"context": "Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X\u2019s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "German"}], "question": "Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?", "id": "572743c45951b619008f8797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "95 theses"}], "question": "What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?", "id": "572743c45951b619008f8798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "1517"}], "question": "In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?", "id": "572743c45951b619008f8799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "he refused"}], "question": "What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?", "id": "572743c45951b619008f879a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Frederick the Wise"}], "question": "Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?", "id": "572743c45951b619008f879b"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-13 dan awal abad ke-14, proses berlaku - terutamanya di Itali tetapi sebahagian lagi juga di Empayar - ahli sejarah telah menyebut 'revolusi komersial'. Antara inovasi tempoh itu adalah bentuk perkongsian baru dan penerbitan insurans, yang kedua-duanya menyumbang untuk mengurangkan risiko usaha komersil; rang undang-undang pertukaran dan bentuk kredit lain yang menghalang undang-undang kanonik untuk bangsa-bangsa terhadap riba, dan menghapuskan bahaya membawa emas; dan bentuk perakaunan baru, khususnya pembukuan kemasukan berganda, yang membolehkan pengawasan dan ketepatan yang lebih baik. <> Apa bentuk perakaunan baru yang dibuat pada abad ke-13 dan awal abad ke-14? || pembukuan dua kali kemasukan <> Di negara manakah yang berlaku 'revolusi komersial' yang berlaku? || Itali <> Apa faedah utama penciptaan bentuk perkongsian baru semasa revolusi komersial? || mengurangkan risiko usaha komersil <> Undang-undang terhadap amalan pemberian pinjaman yang ditangani oleh penciptaan bil pertukaran? || riba <> Apakah faedah dari sistem baru pembukuan double entry? || pengawasan dan ketepatan yang lebih baik", {"context": "In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place \u2013 primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire \u2013 that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "double-entry bookkeeping"}], "question": "What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?", "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?", "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "reducing the risk of commercial ventures"}], "question": "What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?", "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "usury"}], "question": "Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?", "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "better oversight and accuracy"}], "question": "What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?", "id": "57274695dd62a815002e9a58"}]}], ["Sekolah utama pemikiran pada abad ke-13 adalah perdamaian Thomistis ajaran Aristoteles dengan teologi Kristian. Pengutukan 1277, yang digubal di Universiti Paris, meletakkan sekatan pada idea yang boleh ditafsirkan sebagai bidaah; sekatan yang mempunyai implikasi untuk pemikiran Aristotelia. Satu alternatif telah dikemukakan oleh William dari Ockham, yang menegaskan bahawa dunia akal dan dunia iman harus dipisahkan. Ockham memperkenalkan prinsip parsimony - atau Occam's cukur - di mana satu teori mudah lebih disukai untuk yang lebih kompleks, dan spekulasi mengenai fenomena yang tidak dapat diawasi dielakkan. <> Falsafah mana yang cuba mendamaikan ajaran Aristotelian dan teologi Kristian pada abad ke-13? || Thomistic <> Di manakah hukuman dikecualikan 1277? || University of Paris <> Falsafah mana yang percaya bahawa sebab dan iman harus dipisahkan? || William of Ockham <> Apakah nama biasa untuk prinsip perintis William of Ockham? || Pelacur Occam <> Mengenai jenis idea apakah Pengkhianatan 1277 larangan tempat? || heretikal", {"context": "The predominant school of thought in the 13th century was the Thomistic reconciliation of the teachings of Aristotle with Christian theology. The Condemnation of 1277, enacted at the University of Paris, placed restrictions on ideas that could be interpreted as heretical; restrictions that had implication for Aristotelian thought. An alternative was presented by William of Ockham, who insisted that the world of reason and the world of faith had to be kept apart. Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony \u2013 or Occam's razor \u2013 whereby a simple theory is preferred to a more complex one, and speculation on unobservable phenomena is avoided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Thomistic"}], "question": "Which philosophy attempted to reconcile Aristotelian teachings and Christian theology in the 13th century?", "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "University of Paris"}], "question": "Where was the Condemnation of 1277 enacted?", "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "William of Ockham"}], "question": "Which philosopher believed that reason and faith were to be kept separate?", "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Occam's razor"}], "question": "What is the common name for William of Ockham's principle of parsimony?", "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "heretical"}], "question": "On what types of ideas did the Condemnation of 1277 place restrictions?", "id": "57274fac5951b619008f8817"}]}], ["Perubahan-perubahan yang dihasilkan oleh perkembangan-perkembangan ini telah membawa banyak ulama untuk melihat masa ini sebagai akhir Zaman Pertengahan dan permulaan sejarah moden dan awal Eropah moden. Walau bagaimanapun, bahagian ini agak tiruan, kerana pembelajaran kuno tidak pernah sepenuhnya tidak hadir dari masyarakat Eropah. Akibatnya terdapat kesinambungan pembangunan antara zaman purba (melalui zaman klasik) dan zaman moden. Sesetengah ahli sejarah, terutamanya di Itali, lebih suka tidak bercakap tentang Abad Pertengahan sama sekali, melainkan melihat tempoh yang tinggi Zaman Pertengahan beralih ke Renaissance dan era moden. <> Ahli sejarah dari negara apa yang khususnya tidak merujuk kepada Zaman Pertengahan Abad? || Itali <> Apa yang menyediakan kesinambungan pembangunan antara zaman kuno dan zaman moden? || zaman klasik <> Berapa lama ahli sejarah Itali percaya datang segera selepas Tempoh Tinggi Zaman Pertengahan? || the Renaissance <> Apa yang banyak para ulama menganggap Zaman Pertengahan Akhir sebagai permulaan? || sejarah moden dan Eropah moden yang awal", {"context": "The changes brought about by these developments have led many scholars to view this period as the end of the Middle Ages and beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. However, the division is somewhat artificial, since ancient learning was never entirely absent from European society. As a result there was developmental continuity between the ancient age (via classical antiquity) and the modern age. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Historians from what country in particular do not refer to the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9db8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "classical antiquity"}], "question": "What provided developmental continuity between the ancient and modern ages?", "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "What period do Italian historians believe came immediately after the High Period of the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "modern history and early modern Europe"}], "question": "What do many scholars regard the Late Middle Ages as the beginning of?", "id": "5727784ddd62a815002e9dbb"}]}], ["Hunyadi berjaya semasa Pengepungan Belgrade pada 1456 melawan Uthmaniyyah, kemenangan terbesar terhadap kerajaan itu dalam beberapa dekad. Pertempuran ini menjadi Perang Salib sebenar terhadap umat Islam, kerana para petani dimotivasi oleh bhikkhu Franciscan Saint John of Capistrano, yang berasal dari Itali yang mendahulukan Perang Kudus. Kesan yang diwujudkan pada masa itu adalah salah satu faktor utama yang membantu dalam mencapai kemenangan. Walau bagaimanapun kematian awal Tuhan Tionghoa meninggalkan Pannonia tanpa pertahanan dan kekacauan. Dalam peristiwa yang sangat luar biasa untuk Zaman Pertengahan, anak Hunyadi, Matthias, dipilih sebagai Raja Hungary oleh bangsawan. Buat pertama kalinya, seorang ahli keluarga bangsawan (dan bukan dari keluarga diraja) telah dinobatkan sebagai mahkota. <> Biksu mana yang memotivasi para petani untuk bertempur melawan orang Islam di Pengepungan Belgrade? || Saint John of Capistrano <> Pada tahun apakah Pengepungan Belgrade bertempur? || 1456 <> Siapa yang bangsawan Hungary dipilih sebagai Raja Hungary? || Matthias <> Negara mana yang berasal dari Saint Francis of Capistrano? || Itali <> Ketika John Hunyadi meninggal dunia, wilayah mana yang ditinggalkan dalam kekacauan? || Pannonia", {"context": "Hunyadi succeeded during the Siege of Belgrade in 1456 against the Ottomans, the biggest victory against that empire in decades. This battle became a real Crusade against the Muslims, as the peasants were motivated by the Franciscan monk Saint John of Capistrano, who came from Italy predicating Holy War. The effect that it created in that time was one of the main factors that helped in achieving the victory. However the premature death of the Hungarian Lord left Pannonia defenseless and in chaos. In an extremely unusual event for the Middle Ages, Hunyadi's son, Matthias, was elected as King of Hungary by the nobility. For the first time, a member of an aristocratic family (and not from a royal family) was crowned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Saint John of Capistrano"}], "question": "Which Franciscan monk motivated the peasants to fight against Muslims at the Siege of Belgrade?", "id": "57277421708984140094ddf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1456"}], "question": "In what year was the Siege of Belgrade fought?", "id": "57277421708984140094ddf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Matthias"}], "question": "Who did the Hungarian nobility elect as King of Hungary?", "id": "57277421708984140094ddf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "Which country did Saint Francis of Capistrano come from?", "id": "57277421708984140094ddfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Pannonia"}], "question": "When John Hunyadi died, which province was left in chaos?", "id": "57277421708984140094ddfb"}]}], ["Bermain moral muncul sebagai bentuk dramatik yang tersendiri sekitar 1400 dan berkembang hingga 1550. Bermain moral yang paling menarik adalah The Castle of Perseverance yang menggambarkan kemajuan manusia dari lahir hingga mati. Bagaimanapun, drama moral yang paling terkenal dan drama zaman pertengahan yang paling terkenal adalah Everyman. Setiap orang menerima saman Kematian, perjuangan melarikan diri dan akhirnya mengundurkan dirinya untuk keperluan. Sepanjang jalannya, dia ditinggalkan oleh Kindred, Barang, dan Fellowship - hanya perbuatan baik berjalan dengan dia ke kubur. <> Apakah permainan moral yang paling terkenal dari zaman pertengahan? || Everyman <> Apa bentuk dramatik yang dibuat sekitar 1400? || Moral bermain <> Apa yang pergi ke kubur dengan Everyman dalam permainan moral? || Perbuatan Baik <> Bermain moral mana yang menggambarkan kemajuan manusia dari lahir hingga mati? || The Castle of Perseverance <> Dalam permainan moral, siapa yang memanggil Everyman? || Kematian", {"context": "Morality plays emerged as a distinct dramatic form around 1400 and flourished until 1550. The most interesting morality play is The Castle of Perseverance which depicts mankind's progress from birth to death. However, the most famous morality play and perhaps best known medieval drama is Everyman. Everyman receives Death's summons, struggles to escape and finally resigns himself to necessity. Along the way, he is deserted by Kindred, Goods, and Fellowship - only Good Deeds goes with him to the grave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Everyman"}], "question": "What is the most famous morality play from the medieval period?", "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Morality plays"}], "question": "Which dramatic form was created around 1400?", "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Good Deeds"}], "question": "What goes to the grave with Everyman in the morality play?", "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "The Castle of Perseverance"}], "question": "Which morality play depicted mankind's progress from birth to death?", "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Death"}], "question": "In the morality play, who summoned Everyman?", "id": "57276a74dd62a815002e9c84"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-15, Empayar Uthmaniyyah maju ke seluruh Eropah Tenggara, akhirnya menakluk Empayar Byzantine dan memperluas kawalan ke atas negara Balkan. Hungary adalah kubu terakhir dunia Kristian Latin di Timur, dan berjuang untuk mengekalkan pemerintahannya dalam tempoh dua abad. Selepas kematian tragis raja muda Vladislaus I dari Hungary semasa Pertempuran Varna pada 1444 melawan Ottoman, Kerajaan itu ditempatkan di tangan kiraan John Hunyadi, yang menjadi gabenor gubernur Hungary (1446-1453). Hunyadi dianggap sebagai salah satu tokoh ketenteraan yang paling relevan pada abad ke-15: Pope Pius II menganugerahkan gelaran Athleta Christi atau Juara Kristus kerana menjadi satu-satunya harapan untuk menentang orang Uthmaniyyah dari memajukan ke Eropah Tengah dan Barat. <> Empayar mana yang menyelesaikan penaklukan Byzantine pada akhir abad ke-15? || Uthmaniyyah <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Varna berlaku? || 1444 <> Yang pemerintah Hongaria terbunuh di Pertempuran Varna? || Vladislaus I <> Yang telah dilantik menjadi gabenor-gabenor Kerajaan Hungary pada tahun 1446? || hitung John Hunyadi <> Siapa yang memberikan gelaran Juara Kristus kepada John Hyundai? || Paus Pius II", {"context": "At the end of the 15th century the Ottoman Empire advanced all over Southeastern Europe, eventually conquering the Byzantine Empire and extending control over the Balkan states. Hungary was the last bastion of the Latin Christian world in the East, and fought to keep its rule over a period of two centuries. After the tragic death of the young king Vladislaus I of Hungary during the Battle of Varna in 1444 against the Ottomans, the Kingdom was placed in the hands of count John Hunyadi, who became Hungary's regent-governor (1446\u20131453). Hunyadi was considered one of the most relevant military figures of the 15th century: Pope Pius II awarded him the title of Athleta Christi or Champion of Christ for being the only hope of resisting the Ottomans from advancing to Central and Western Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Ottoman"}], "question": "Which empire completed its conquest of the Byzantines at the end of the 15th century?", "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "1444"}], "question": "In what year did the Battle of Varna take place?", "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Vladislaus I"}], "question": "Which Hungarian ruler was killed at the Battle of Varna?", "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "count John Hunyadi"}], "question": "Who was appointed regent-governor of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1446?", "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Pope Pius II"}], "question": "Who gave the title of Champion of Christ to John Hyundai?", "id": "5727721add62a815002e9d08"}]}], ["Pada akhir Abad Pertengahan, pelakon profesional mula muncul di England dan Eropah. Richard III dan Henry VII kedua-duanya mengekalkan syarikat-syarikat kecil pelakon profesional. Pertunjukan mereka dilakukan di Dewan Besar kediaman seorang bangsawan, sering dengan platform yang dibangkitkan pada satu hujung untuk penonton dan \"skrin\" di pihak lain untuk para pelakon. Juga penting adalah drama Mummers, yang dilakukan semasa musim Krismas, dan masjid mahkamah. Tokoh-tokoh ini sangat popular semasa pemerintahan Henry VIII yang telah dibina oleh House of Revels dan sebuah Pejabat Revels yang ditubuhkan pada 1545. <> Yang mana Raja-raja Inggeris yang Berakhir Tengah Tengah memelihara rombongan mereka sendiri pelakon profesional? || Richard III dan Henry VII <> Siapa yang bermain dengan Krismas bermusim? || Mummers <> Pada tahun apakah Henry VIII menubuhkan Pejabat Revels? || 1545 <> Apa yang Henry VIII membina pada 1545 untuk kepentingan seni teater? || House of Revels <> Dalam apa bahagian rumah seorang bangsawan bermain? || Dewan Besar", {"context": "At the end of the Late Middle Ages, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. Richard III and Henry VII both maintained small companies of professional actors. Their plays were performed in the Great Hall of a nobleman's residence, often with a raised platform at one end for the audience and a \"screen\" at the other for the actors. Also important were Mummers' plays, performed during the Christmas season, and court masques. These masques were especially popular during the reign of Henry VIII who had a House of Revels built and an Office of Revels established in 1545.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Richard III and Henry VII"}], "question": "Which Late Middle Age English kings kept their own troupes of professional actors?", "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Mummers"}], "question": "Who performed the seasonal Christmas plays?", "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "1545"}], "question": "In what year did Henry VIII establish an Office of Revels?", "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "House of Revels"}], "question": "What did Henry VIII build in 1545 for the benefit of the theatrical arts?", "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "the Great Hall"}], "question": "In what part of a nobleman's house were plays performed?", "id": "57276c8df1498d1400e8f7be"}]}], ["Muzik merupakan bahagian penting dalam budaya sekular dan rohani, dan di universiti ia membentuk sebahagian daripada quadrivium seni liberal. Dari awal abad ke-13, bentuk musik suci dominan telah menjadi motet; komposisi dengan teks di beberapa bahagian. Dari tahun 1330-an dan seterusnya, muncul gaya polifonik, yang merupakan perpaduan suara bebas yang lebih kompleks. Polyphony telah biasa dalam muzik sekular dari troubenours Proven\u00e7al. Ramai di antara mereka telah menjadi mangsa Perang Salib Albigensian ke-13, tetapi pengaruh mereka sampai ke mahkamah paus di Avignon. <> Apa gaya muzik suci muncul pada 1330-an? || Polyphonic <> Polyphony adalah perkara biasa dalam muzik sekular di mana rantau Perancis? || Proven\u00e7al <> Apakah istilah untuk empat subjek yang terdiri daripada seni liberal di universiti zaman pertengahan? || quadrivium <> Apa bentuk musik suci dominan pada awal abad ke-13? || motet", {"context": "Music was an important part of both secular and spiritual culture, and in the universities it made up part of the quadrivium of the liberal arts. From the early 13th century, the dominant sacred musical form had been the motet; a composition with text in several parts. From the 1330s and onwards, emerged the polyphonic style, which was a more complex fusion of independent voices. Polyphony had been common in the secular music of the Proven\u00e7al troubadours. Many of these had fallen victim to the 13th-century Albigensian Crusade, but their influence reached the papal court at Avignon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "polyphonic"}], "question": "What style of sacred musical form emerged in the 1330s?", "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Proven\u00e7al"}], "question": "Polyphony was common in the secular music of which French region?", "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "the quadrivium"}], "question": "What is the term for the four subjects that comprised the liberal arts in medieval universities?", "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "the motet"}], "question": "What was the dominant sacred musical form in the early 13th century?", "id": "57276748dd62a815002e9c46"}]}], ["Raja Matthias Corvinus dari Hungary (1458-1490) adalah salah satu daripada tokoh-tokoh yang paling menonjol dalam tempoh itu, mengarahkan kempen ke Barat, menakluki Bohemia sebagai jawaban kepada panggilan Paus untuk membantu menentang Protestan Hussite. Juga, dalam menyelesaikan permusuhan politik dengan kaisar Jerman Frederick III dari Habsburg, dia menyerang domain baratnya. Matthew menganjurkan Tentera Hitam tentera upahan; ia dianggap sebagai tentera terbesar dalam waktunya. Menggunakan alat berkuasa ini, raja Hungary mengetuai peperangan menentang pasukan Turki dan menghentikan Uthmaniyyah semasa pemerintahannya. Selepas kematian Matius, dan dengan berakhirnya Tentera Hitam, Empayar Uthmaniyyah semakin kuat dan Eropah Tengah tidak berdaya. Pada Pertempuran Moh\u00e1cs, pasukan Empayar Uthmaniyyah menghapuskan tentera Hungaria dan Louis II dari Hungary yang tenggelam di Csele Creek ketika cuba melarikan diri. Pemimpin tentera Hungaria, P\u00e1l Tomori, juga tewas dalam pertempuran. Ini dianggap sebagai salah satu pertempuran terakhir zaman Medieval. <> Bagaimana Louis II dari Hungaria mati? || lemas di Csele Creek ketika cuba melarikan diri <> Siapa pemimpin tentera Hungaria di Pertempuran Moh\u00e1cs? || P\u00e1l Tomori <> Dalam berapa tahun Matthias Corvinus memerintah sebagai Raja Hungary? || 1458-1490 <> Siapa yang Matthias kalah untuk menaklukkan Bohemia? || Hussite Protestants <> Yang menentang tentera Hungary di Pertempuran Moh\u00e1cs? || pasukan Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (1458\u20131490) was one of the most prominent figures of the period, directing campaigns to the West, conquering Bohemia in answer to the Pope's call for help against the Hussite Protestants. Also, in resolving political hostilities with the German emperor Frederick III of Habsburg, he invaded his western domains. Matthew organized the Black Army of mercenary soldiers; it was considered as the biggest army of its time. Using this powerful tool, the Hungarian king led wars against the Turkish armies and stopped the Ottomans during his reign. After the death of Matthew, and with end of the Black Army, the Ottoman Empire grew in strength and Central Europe was defenseless. At the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs, the forces of the Ottoman Empire annihilated the Hungarian army and Louis II of Hungary drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape. The leader of the Hungarian army, P\u00e1l Tomori, also died in the battle. This is considered to be one of the final battles of Medieval times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "drowned in the Csele Creek while trying to escape"}], "question": "How did Louis II of Hungary die?", "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 907, "text": "P\u00e1l Tomori"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?", "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1458\u20131490"}], "question": "In what years did Matthias Corvinus reign as King of Hungary?", "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Hussite Protestants"}], "question": "Who did Matthias defeat to conquer Bohemia?", "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "the forces of the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Who opposed the Hungarian army at the Battle of Moh\u00e1cs?", "id": "5727762cdd62a815002e9d7c"}]}], ["Wakil utama gaya baru, yang sering disebut sebagai ars nova yang bertentangan dengan arwah antiqua, adalah para penggubah Philippe de Vitry dan Guillaume de Machaut. Di Itali, di mana Proven\u00e7al troubadours juga mendapat tempat perlindungan, tempoh yang sama di bawah nama trecento, dan komposer terkemuka ialah Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna dan Francesco Landini. Pembaharuan muzik gereja Ortodoks yang terkenal sejak separuh pertama abad ke-14 adalah John Kukuzelis; beliau juga memperkenalkan sistem notasi yang banyak digunakan di Balkan dalam abad berikut. <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan sistem notasi muzik yang digunakan di Balkan pada abad ke-14? || John Kukuzelis <> Apa nama gaya muzik baru yang diperkenalkan pada Abad Pertengahan? || ars nova <> Gaya muzik mana yang diganti oleh ars nova pada abad ke-14? || ars antiqua <> Siapa komposer utama tempoh trecento? || Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna dan Francesco Landini <> Kukuzelis memperbaharui muzik agama mana? || Gereja Ortodoks", {"context": "The main representatives of the new style, often referred to as ars nova as opposed to the ars antiqua, were the composers Philippe de Vitry and Guillaume de Machaut. In Italy, where the Proven\u00e7al troubadours had also found refuge, the corresponding period goes under the name of trecento, and the leading composers were Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini. Prominent reformer of Orthodox Church music from the first half of 14th century was John Kukuzelis; he also introduced a system of notation widely used in the Balkans in the following centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "John Kukuzelis"}], "question": "Who introduced a system of musical notation used in the Balkans in the 14th century?", "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "ars nova"}], "question": "What was the name of the new musical style introduced in the Late Middle Ages?", "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f795"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "ars antiqua"}], "question": "Which musical style did ars nova replace in the 14th century?", "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f796"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Giovanni da Cascia, Jacopo da Bologna and Francesco Landini"}], "question": "Who were the leading composers of the trecento period?", "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Orthodox Church"}], "question": "Kukuzelis reformed the music of which religion?", "id": "5727692ef1498d1400e8f798"}]}], ["Akhir drama pertengahan berlaku disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, termasuk kuasa melemahkan Gereja Katolik, Reformasi Protestan dan melarang pertunjukan keagamaan di banyak negara. Elizabeth saya melarang semua pertunjukan keagamaan pada tahun 1558 dan bermain kitaran yang hebat telah dibungkam oleh tahun 1580-an. Begitu juga, drama agama diharamkan di Belanda pada tahun 1539, Negara-negara Papal pada tahun 1547 dan di Paris pada tahun 1548. Peninggalan drama ini memusnahkan teater antarabangsa yang ada di sana dan memaksa setiap negara membangunkan bentuk dramanya sendiri. Ia juga membenarkan para dramatis untuk beralih kepada subjek sekular dan minat semula dalam teater Yunani dan Roman memberikan mereka peluang yang sempurna. <> Apa yang diharamkan yang menyebabkan kematian drama zaman pertengahan? || drama agama <> Dalam tahun apakah Elizabeth saya mengharamkan pertunjukan keagamaan? || 1558 <> Pada tahun berapa pertunjukan keagamaan diharamkan di Belanda? || 1539 <> Apakah jenis subjek yang dimainkan dramatis apabila drama agama diharamkan? || sekular <> Di mana drama agama diharamkan pada tahun 1548? || Paris", {"context": "The end of medieval drama came about due to a number of factors, including the weakening power of the Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformation and the banning of religious plays in many countries. Elizabeth I forbid all religious plays in 1558 and the great cycle plays had been silenced by the 1580s. Similarly, religious plays were banned in the Netherlands in 1539, the Papal States in 1547 and in Paris in 1548. The abandonment of these plays destroyed the international theatre that had thereto existed and forced each country to develop its own form of drama. It also allowed dramatists to turn to secular subjects and the reviving interest in Greek and Roman theatre provided them with the perfect opportunity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "religious plays"}], "question": "What was banned that led to the demise of medieval drama?", "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1558"}], "question": "In what year did Elizabeth I ban religious plays?", "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "1539"}], "question": "In what year were religious plays banned in the Netherlands?", "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "secular"}], "question": "What types of subjects did dramatists turn to when religious plays were banned?", "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where were religious plays banned in 1548?", "id": "57276daedd62a815002e9cb6"}]}], ["Selepas akhir tempoh Abad Pertengahan, Renaissance akan menyebar tidak merata ke atas benua Eropah dari rantau selatan Eropah. Transformasi intelektual Renaissance dipandang sebagai jambatan antara Zaman Pertengahan dan era Modern. Eropah kemudiannya akan memulakan era penemuan dunia. Digabungkan dengan kemunculan idea klasik adalah penciptaan percetakan yang memudahkan penyebaran kata cetak dan pembelajaran demokratis. Dua perkara ini akan membawa kepada Reformasi Protestan. Eropah juga menemui laluan perdagangan baru, seperti halnya perjalanan Columbus ke Amerika pada tahun 1492, dan pengeboman Vasco da Gama dari Afrika dan India pada tahun 1498. Penemuan mereka memperkuat ekonomi dan kuasa negara-negara Eropah. <> Bersama dengan penciptaan percetakan, dan penyebaran perkataan yang dicantumkan itu, apakah faktor lain yang dipercayai telah membawa kepada Reformasi Protestan? || pembelajaran demokratik <> Benua-benua mana yang dikelilingi Vasco da Gama pada tahun 1498? || Afrika dan India <> Apa kesan penemuan Columbus dan da Gama di negara-negara Eropah? || menguatkan ekonomi dan kuasa <> Apa era sejarah dilihat sebagai jambatan antara Zaman Pertengahan dan Era Moden? || Renaissance <> Apa yang ditemui sebagai hasil pelayaran Columbus dan da Gama? || laluan dagangan baru", {"context": "After the end of the late Middle Ages period, the Renaissance would spread unevenly over continental Europe from the southern European region. The intellectual transformation of the Renaissance is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Europeans would later begin an era of world discovery. Combined with the influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would lead to the Protestant Reformation. Europeans also discovered new trading routes, as was the case with Columbus\u2019s travel to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama\u2019s circumnavigation of Africa and India in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "democratized learning"}], "question": "Along with the invention of printing, and the associated dissemination of the printed word, what other factor is believed to have led to the Protestant Reformation?", "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Africa and India"}], "question": "Which continents did Vasco da Gama circumnavigate in 1498?", "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "strengthened the economy and power"}], "question": "What effect did the discoveries of Columbus and da Gama have on European nations?", "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "What historical era is viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern Era?", "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "new trading routes"}], "question": "What was discovered as the result of both Columbus' and da Gama's voyages?", "id": "57276fdcdd62a815002e9cdc"}]}]], [["Ann Arbor ditubuhkan pada tahun 1824 oleh spekulator tanah John Allen dan Elisha Walker Rumsey. Pada 25 Mei 1824, plat bandar telah didaftarkan dengan Wayne County sebagai \"Annarbour;\" ini mewakili penggunaan nama bandar yang terawal diketahui. Allen dan Rumsey memutuskan untuk menamakannya untuk isteri mereka, kedua-duanya bernama Ann, dan untuk kawasan Bur Oak di tanah seluas 640 hektar (260 ha) yang mereka beli dengan harga $ 800 dari kerajaan persekutuan pada harga $ 1.25 per ekar. Ojibwa tempatan menamakan penempatan kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, selepas bunyi gergaji Allen. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Ann Arbor? || John Allen dan Elisha Walker Rumsey <> Apa profesi pengasas Ann arbor? || spekulator tanah <> suku mana yang menamakan penempatan itu sebagai kaw-goosh-kaw-nick? || Ojibwa <> Berapa banyak wang yang dibuat oleh para pengasas membeli tanah itu daripada kerajaan persekutuan? || $ 800 <> Apakah nama-nama isteri pengasas? || Ann", {"context": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as \"Annarbour;\" this represents the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of Bur Oak in the 640 acres (260 ha) of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey"}], "question": "Who founded Ann Arbor?", "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "land speculators"}], "question": "What was the profession of the founders of Ann arbor?", "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Ojibwa"}], "question": "Which tribe named the settlement as kaw-goosh-kaw-nick?", "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "$800"}], "question": "For how much money did the founders purchase the land from the federal government?", "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Ann"}], "question": "What were the names of the founders wives?", "id": "57268fcdf1498d1400e8e3e0"}]}], ["Ann Arbor ditubuhkan pada tahun 1824, dinamakan untuk isteri para pengasas kampung dan berdiri pokok-pokok Bur Oak. Universiti Michigan berpindah dari Detroit ke Ann Arbor pada tahun 1837, dan bandar ini berkembang pada kadar yang cepat pada awal hingga pertengahan abad ke-20. Semasa tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, bandar ini mendapat reputasi sebagai pusat politik sayap kiri. Ann Arbor menjadi tumpuan utama aktivisme politik dan menjadi pusat gerakan pergerakan hak-hak dan gerakan anti-Vietnam, serta pelbagai gerakan pelajar. <> Bilakah Ann Arbor diasaskan? || 1824 <> Universiti mana yang berpindah dari Detroit ke Ann Arbor pada tahun 1837? || University of Michigan <> Semasa tahun 1960-an & 70-an, Ann Arbor mendapat reputasi untuk apa? || pusat politik sayap kiri <> Jenis pokok apa yang dikaitkan dengan nama bandar Ann Arbor? || Bur Oak", {"context": "Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders and the stands of Bur Oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as various student movements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "1824"}], "question": "When was Ann Arbor founded?", "id": "57268e815951b619008f767f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "University of Michigan"}], "question": "Which University moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837?", "id": "57268e815951b619008f7680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "center for left-wing politics"}], "question": "During  the 1960's & 70's, Ann Arbor gained a reputation for what?", "id": "57268e815951b619008f7681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Bur Oak"}], "question": "Which type of tree is associated with the city Ann Arbor's name?", "id": "57268e815951b619008f7682"}]}], ["Perumahan kediaman Ann Arbor mengandungi gaya seni bina dari abad ke-19 klasik dan awal abad ke-20 reka bentuk ke rumah-rumah gaya ranch. Di antara rumah-rumah ini terdapat sejumlah rumah kit yang dibina pada awal abad ke-20. Rumah gaya kontemporari jauh dari daerah pusat bandar. Sekeliling kampus Universiti Michigan adalah rumah-rumah dan kompleks pangsapuri yang diduduki terutamanya oleh penyewa pelajar. Tower Plaza, bangunan kondominium 26 tingkat yang terletak di antara kampus University of Michigan dan pusat bandar, adalah bangunan tertinggi di Ann Arbor. Bangunan-bangunan abad ke-19 dan jalan-jalan di kawasan kejiranan Old West Side telah dipelihara secara utuh; pada tahun 1972, daerah itu telah disenaraikan di Daftar Negara Tempat Bersejarah, dan ia dilindungi lagi oleh tata cara bandar dan kumpulan pemeliharaan bukan keuntungan. <> Abad yang mana rumah milik Kit? || Abad ke-20 <> Siapa yang terutamanya menduduki kompleks-kompleks yang mengelilingi Universiti? || penyewa pelajar <> Yang mana bangunan tertinggi di Ann Arbor? || Tower Plaza <> Bilakah bandar disenaraikan di Daftar Negara tempat bersejarah? || 1972", {"context": "Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th-century and early-20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "Which century does the Kit houses belong to?", "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "student renters"}], "question": "Who primarily occupies the complexes surrounding the University?", "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Tower Plaza"}], "question": "Which is the tallest building in Ann Arbor?", "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f68a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "1972"}], "question": "When was the city listed on the National Register of historic Places?", "id": "5727575af1498d1400e8f68b"}]}], ["Kedai Kerrytown, Daerah Perniagaan Jalan Utama, Daerah Perniagaan Jalan Negeri dan Daerah Perniagaan Universiti Selatan adalah kawasan komersil di pusat bandar Ann Arbor. Tiga kawasan komersial di selatan pusat bandar termasuk kawasan berhampiran I-94 dan Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, dan kawasan Industri Selatan. Kawasan komersil lain termasuk merchant Arborland / Washtenaw Avenue dan Packard Road di sebelah timur, kawasan Plymouth Road di timur laut, dan Westgate / West Stadium di sebelah barat. Downtown mempunyai gabungan struktur abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 dan bangunan bergaya moden, serta pasar petani di daerah Kerrytown. Daerah komersial di bandar ini terdiri daripada struktur dua hingga empat tingkat, walaupun di pusat bandar dan kawasan berhampiran Briarwood Mall mengandungi sebilangan kecil bangunan tinggi. <> Daerah mana yang mempunyai pasaran petani di bandar? || Daerah Kerrytown <> Daerah mana yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada struktur 2-4 cerita? || kawasan komersial <> Kawasan manakah di bandar ini mengandungi abad ke-19 & 20 serta struktur moden? || Downtown", {"context": "The Kerrytown Shops, Main Street Business District, the State Street Business District, and the South University Business District are commercial areas in downtown Ann Arbor. Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Kerrytown district"}], "question": "Which district has the farmers market in the city?", "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "commercial districts"}], "question": "Which districts compose mostly of 2-4 story structures?", "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "Which area in the city contains 19th&20th century as well as modern structures?", "id": "5727568bf1498d1400e8f67c"}]}], ["Nama \"Town Tree\" Ann Arbor berasal dari hutan yang tebal di taman-taman dan kawasan kediamannya. Bandar ini mengandungi lebih daripada 50,000 pokok di jalannya dan jumlah yang sama di taman. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, pengebom abu zamrud telah menghancurkan banyak pokok-pokok abu di sekitar 10,500 bandar ini. Bandar ini mengandungi 157 taman perbandaran dari kawasan hijau kejiranan kecil ke kawasan rekreasi besar. Beberapa taman bandar besar dan bahagian sempadan taman di Sungai Huron. Kawasan Rekreasi Fuller, berhampiran kompleks Hospital Universiti, mengandungi padang sukan, laluan pejalan kaki dan basikal, dan kolam renang. The Nichols Arboretum, yang dimiliki oleh University of Michigan, adalah arboretum 123-ekar (50 ha) yang mengandungi beratus-ratus spesies tumbuhan dan pokok. Ia terletak di sebelah timur bandar, berhampiran Kampus Pusat universiti. Terletak di seberang Sungai Huron di luar Kampus Utara universiti ini adalah Matthaei Botanical Gardens universiti, yang mengandungi taman seluas 300 hektar dan konservatori tropika yang besar. <> Apa bandar Ann arbor dijuluki sebagai? || Tree Town <> Berapa banyak taman di bandar Ann Arbor? || 157 <> Apa nama Arboretum yang dimiliki oleh Universiti Michigan? || Nichols Arboretum <> Seberapa besar taman botani Matthaei? || 300 ekar", {"context": "Ann Arbor's \"Tree Town\" nickname stems from the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a 123-acre (50 ha) arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Tree Town"}], "question": "What is the city of Ann arbor nicknamed as?", "id": "572755d8708984140094dc57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "157"}], "question": "How many parks are there in the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572755d8708984140094dc58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Nichols Arboretum"}], "question": "What is the name of the Arboretum owned by the University of Michigan?", "id": "572755d8708984140094dc59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "300 acres"}], "question": "How big is the Matthaei botanical garden?", "id": "572755d8708984140094dc5a"}]}], ["Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, bandar ini mempunyai keluasan 28.70 mil persegi (74.33 km2), di mana, 27.83 kilometer persegi (72.08 km2) daripadanya adalah tanah dan 0.87 batu persegi (2.25 km2) adalah air, banyak yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Sungai Huron. Ann Arbor terletak kira-kira 35 km (56 km) barat dari Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township terletak bersebelahan dengan bandar utara dan timur. Ann Arbor terletak di Sungai Huron di rantau pertanian dan buah yang produktif. Landskap Ann Arbor terdiri daripada bukit-bukit dan lembah, dengan medan menjadi lebih curam di dekat Sungai Huron. Ketinggiannya adalah kira-kira 750 kaki (230 m) di sepanjang Sungai Huron hingga 1,015 kaki (309 m) di sebelah barat bandar, berhampiran persimpangan Jalan Maple dan Pauline Blvd. Secara amnya, bahagian barat dan barat laut bandaraya dan Kampus Utara U-M adalah bahagian tertinggi di bandar; bahagian paling rendah adalah di sepanjang Sungai Huron dan di tenggara. Lapangan Terbang Perbandaran Ann Arbor, yang terletak di selatan bandar raya pada 42 \u00b0 13.38'N 83 \u00b0 44.74'W / 42.22300 \u00b0 N 83.74567 \u00b0 W / 42.22300; -83.74567, mempunyai ketinggian 839 kaki (256 m). <> Di mana sungai adalah bandar Ann Arbor terletak? || Huron <> Apakah landskap Ann Arbor seperti? || bukit dan lembah <> Apakah nama lapangan terbang bandar itu? || Lapangan Terbang Perbandaran Ann Arbor", {"context": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 28.70 square miles (74.33 km2), of which, 27.83 square miles (72.08 km2) of it is land and 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is water, much of which is part of the Huron River. Ann Arbor is about 35 miles (56 km) west of Detroit. Ann Arbor Charter Township adjoins the city's north and east sides. Ann Arbor is situated on the Huron River in a productive agricultural and fruit-growing region. The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about 750 feet (230 m) along the Huron River to 1,015 feet (309 m) on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Generally, the west-central and northwestern parts of the city and U-M's North Campus are the highest parts of the city; the lowest parts are along the Huron River and in the southeast. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at 42\u00b013.38\u2032N 83\u00b044.74\u2032W\ufeff / \ufeff42.22300\u00b0N 83.74567\u00b0W\ufeff / 42.22300; -83.74567, has an elevation of 839 feet (256 m).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Huron"}], "question": "On which river is the city of Ann Arbor situated?", "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "hills and valleys"}], "question": "What is the landscape of Ann Arbor like?", "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "Ann Arbor Municipal Airport"}], "question": "What is the name of the city's airport?", "id": "5727547d5951b619008f885f"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu, Ann Arbor telah bergulat dengan kesan-kesan nilai-nilai tanah yang semakin meningkat, gentrifikasi, dan keluasan bandar yang meregangkan kawasan pedalaman. Pada 4 November 2003, pengundi meluluskan pelan hijau di bawah mana kerajaan bandar membeli hak pembangunan pada petak tanah pertanian bersebelahan dengan Ann Arbor untuk memelihara mereka daripada pembangunan yang luas. Sejak itu, perdebatan tempatan yang meletup telah bergantung kepada bagaimana dan sama ada untuk menampung dan membimbing pembangunan dalam had bandar. Ann Arbor secara konsisten berpejabat di senarai \"tempat teratas untuk hidup\" yang diterbitkan oleh pelbagai saluran media arus perdana setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2008, ia disenaraikan oleh CNNMoney.com ke-27 daripada 100 \"bandar-bandar kecil terbaik Amerika\". Dan pada tahun 2010, Forbes menyenaraikan Ann Arbor sebagai salah satu bandar paling padat di Amerika Syarikat. <> Majalah mana yang menyenaraikan Ann Arbor sebagai salah satu daripada bandar paling padat di Amerika Syarikat? || Forbes <> Sejak beberapa tahun kebelakangan, kesan apa yang telah dilancarkan oleh bandar Ann Arbor? || nilai tanah meningkat dengan mendadak <> Apa rancangan yang diluluskan pengundi bandar pada tahun 2003? || pelan hijau", {"context": "In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On 4 November 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the \"top places to live\" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year. In 2008, it was ranked by CNNMoney.com 27th out of 100 \"America's best small cities\". And in the year 2010, Forbes listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the United States of America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Forbes"}], "question": "Which magazine listed Ann Arbor as one of the most liveable cities in the USA?", "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "sharply rising land values"}], "question": "For the past few years, what effects has the city Ann Arbor grappled with?", "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "greenbelt plan"}], "question": "What plan did the city voters approve in 2003?", "id": "57274262dd62a815002e9a38"}]}], ["Ann Arbor mempunyai iklim kontinental lembab yang lazim di Midwest (K\u00f6ppen Dfa), yang dipengaruhi oleh Great Lakes. Terdapat empat musim yang berbeza: musim sejuk sejuk dengan sederhana hingga salji yang lebat, sementara musim panas sangat hangat dan lembap, dan musim bunga dan musim luruh pendek tetapi ringan. Kawasan ini mengalami cuaca kesan tasik, terutamanya dalam bentuk peningkatan kekeruhan pada musim gugur dan musim sejuk awal. Purata suhu harian bulanan pada bulan Julai ialah 72.6 \u00b0 F (22.6 \u00b0 C), manakala angka yang sama bagi bulan Januari ialah 24.5 \u00b0 F (-4.2 \u00b0 C). Suhu mencapai atau melebihi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada 10 hari, dan turun ke atau di bawah 0 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C) pada 4.6 malam. Pemendakan cenderung menjadi yang paling berat semasa musim panas, tetapi paling kerap semasa musim sejuk. Salji yang biasanya berlaku dari November hingga April tetapi kadang-kadang bermula pada bulan Oktober, purata 58 inci (147 cm) setiap musim. Suhu terendah yang direkodkan ialah -23 \u00b0 F (-31 \u00b0 C) pada 11 Februari 1885 dan suhu rekod tertinggi adalah 105 \u00b0 F (41 \u00b0 C) pada 24 Julai 1934. <> Berapa banyak musim berpengalaman di bandar Ann Arbor? || empat <> Bilakah hujan tertinggi di Ann Arbor? || musim panas <> Apa salji purata untuk bandar? || 58 inci", {"context": "Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold with moderate to heavy snowfall, while summers are very warm and humid, and spring and autumn are short but mild. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is 72.6 \u00b0F (22.6 \u00b0C), while the same figure for January is 24.5 \u00b0F (\u22124.2 \u00b0C). Temperatures reach or exceed 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 10 days, and drop to or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages 58 inches (147 cm) per season. The lowest recorded temperature was \u221223 \u00b0F (\u221231 \u00b0C) on 11 February 1885 and the highest recorded temperature was 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on 24 July 1934.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many seasons are experienced in the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572757e15951b619008f887d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "summer"}], "question": "When is the precipitation highest in Ann Arbor?", "id": "572757e15951b619008f887e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "58 inches"}], "question": "What is the average snowfall for the city?", "id": "572757e15951b619008f887f"}]}], ["Sejak penubuhan universiti di bandar pada tahun 1837, sejarah Universiti Michigan dan Ann Arbor telah dikaitkan rapat. Bandar ini menjadi hab pengangkutan serantau pada tahun 1839 dengan ketibaan Keretapi Tengah Michigan, dan kereta api utara-selatan yang menghubungkan Ann Arbor ke Toledo dan pasaran lain di selatan ditubuhkan pada tahun 1878. Sepanjang tahun 1840-an dan peneroka tahun 1850-an terus datang kepada Ann Arbor. Walaupun peneroka lebih awal terutama dari keturunan Inggeris, peneroka yang lebih baru juga terdiri daripada orang Jerman, Ireland, dan Afrika-Amerika. Pada tahun 1851, Ann Arbor telah disewa sebagai sebuah bandar, walaupun bandar itu menunjukkan penurunan populasi semasa Kemelesetan tahun 1873. Tidak sampai awal tahun 1880-an, Ann Arbor sekali lagi melihat pertumbuhan yang teguh, dengan pendatang baru dari Greece, Itali, Rusia , dan Poland. Ann Arbor menyaksikan peningkatan dalam pembuatan, terutamanya dalam pengilangan. Komuniti Yahudi Ann Arbor juga tumbuh selepas giliran abad ke-20, dan sinagog pertamanya dan tertua, Beth Israel Kongregasi, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1916. <Ann Arbor telah dikaitkan dengan universiti mana? || University of Michigan <> Bandar manakah yang menjadi hab pengangkutan serantau pada tahun 1878? || Ann Arbor <> Siapakah peneroka awal Ann Arbor? || British <> Di mana tahun Ann Arbor telah disewakan sebagai sebuah bandar? || 1851 <> Pada tahun 1916, apa nama Sinagoga yang ditubuhkan? || Beth Israel Kongregasi", {"context": "Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north\u2014south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and African-Americans. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants coming from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland. Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "University of Michigan"}], "question": "Ann Arbor has been linked with which university?", "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Ann Arbor"}], "question": "Which town became the regional transport hub in 1878?", "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who were the early settlers of Ann Arbor?", "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "1851"}], "question": "In which year was Ann Arbor chartered as a city?", "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "Beth Israel Congregation"}], "question": "In 1916, what was the name of the Synagogue that was establish?", "id": "57273d3cdd62a815002e99f4"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, bandar ini mendapat reputasi sebagai pusat penting bagi politik liberal. Ann Arbor juga menjadi lokus untuk aktivisme sayap kiri dan menjadi pusat gerakan pergerakan hak-hak dan gerakan anti-Vietnam, serta pergerakan pelajar. Mesyuarat utama pertama kumpulan kampus sayap kiri pelajar untuk Persatuan Demokratik berlaku di Ann Arbor pada tahun 1960; pada tahun 1965, bandar ini menjadi rumah kepada pengajaran A.S. yang pertama melawan Perang Vietnam. Semasa 15 tahun yang lalu, banyak syarikat kultur dan Kiri yang baru muncul dan membangunkan kawasan pilihan raya yang besar di dalam bandar. Pengaruh ini dibasuh menjadi politik perbandaran pada awal dan pertengahan 1970-an ketika tiga anggota Partai Hak Asasi Manusia (HRP) memenangi kerusi dewan kota atas kekuatan undi pelajar. Semasa waktu mereka di majlis itu, wakil-wakil HRP berjuang untuk langkah-langkah termasuk perintis pengawalan antidiskriminasi, langkah-langkah yang mendeskriminasi pemilikan ganja, dan tata cara pengawasan sewa; banyak daripada ini masih berlaku dalam bentuk yang diubah suai. Di samping usaha liberal dan sayap kiri ini, sekumpulan kecil institusi konservatif dilahirkan di Ann Arbor. Ini termasuk Firman Tuhan (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1967), pergerakan denominasi yang berkarisma; dan Thomas Law Center (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1999), sebuah kumpulan advokasi agama-konservatif. <> Bilakah pusat Undang-undang Thomas More ditubuhkan? || 1999 <> Apakah kumpulan undang-undang Thomas More? || kumpulan advokasi agama-konservatif <> Semasa awal & pertengahan 70-an, yang mana parti memenangi kerusi dewan bandar? || Parti Hak Asasi Manusia", {"context": "During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and served as a hub for the civil-rights movement and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these remain in effect in modified form. Alongside these liberal and left-wing efforts, a small group of conservative institutions were born in Ann Arbor. These include Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999), a religious-conservative advocacy group.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1313, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When was the Thomas More Law center established?", "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1320, "text": "a religious-conservative advocacy group"}], "question": "What was the Thomas More law group?", "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "Human Rights Party"}], "question": "During the early & mid 70's, which party won the city council seats?", "id": "57273eadf1498d1400e8f51a"}]}], ["Muzium Ann Arbor Hands-On terletak di stesen api pusat bandar yang telah diubahsuai dan diperluaskan. Terdapat banyak galeri seni di bandar, terutamanya di kawasan pusat bandar dan sekitar kampus Universiti Michigan. Selain daripada pemandangan restoran besar di Main Street, South State Street, dan kawasan South University Avenue, Ann Arbor menduduki tempat pertama di kalangan bandar raya A.S. dalam bilangan penjual buku dan buku yang dijual per kapita. Perpustakaan Daerah Ann Arbor mengekalkan empat cawangan di samping bangunan pusat bandar utamanya. Bandar ini juga merupakan rumah kepada Perpustakaan Presiden Gerald R. Ford. <> Muzium yang mana terletak di stesen bomba pusat bandar Ann Arbors? || Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum <> Ann Arbor berada di kedudukan pertama di antara barang-barang yang dijual? || buku <> Perpustakaan presiden mana yang terletak di Ann Arbor? || Perpustakaan Presiden Gerald R. Ford", {"context": "The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum"}], "question": "Which museum is located at Ann Arbors historic downtown fire station?", "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "books"}], "question": "Ann Arbor ranks 1st among what goods sold?", "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library"}], "question": "Which presidential library is located in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277e815951b619008f8b53"}]}], ["Universiti Michigan membentuk ekonomi Ann Arbor dengan ketara. Ia menggunakan kira-kira 30,000 pekerja, termasuk kira-kira 12,000 di pusat perubatan. Majikan lain ditarik ke kawasan itu oleh wang penyelidikan dan pembangunan universiti, dan oleh graduannya. Perkhidmatan berteknologi tinggi, kesihatan dan bioteknologi adalah komponen utama lain dalam ekonomi bandaraya; banyak pejabat perubatan, makmal, dan syarikat bersekutu terletak di bandar. Pengeluar kereta, seperti General Motors dan Visteon, juga mengupah penduduk. <> Namakan beberapa pengeluar kereta di bandar Ann Arbor || General Motors dan Visteon <> Apakah kiraan pekerja Universiti Michigan? || 30,000 <> Nam komponen utama untuk pertumbuhan City. || Perkhidmatan berteknologi tinggi, kesihatan dan bioteknologi", {"context": "The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "General Motors and Visteon"}], "question": "Name some automobile manufacturers in the city of Ann Arbor", "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "What is the employee count of the University of Michigan?", "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "High tech, health services and biotechnology"}], "question": "Nam the major components for the City's growth.", "id": "57277524dd62a815002e9d42"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, daripada 45,693 isi rumah, 23.0% mempunyai kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun dengan mereka, 37.8% pasangan suami isteri yang tinggal bersama, 7.5% mempunyai isi rumah perempuan tanpa suami hadir, dan 52.5% bukan ahli keluarga. 35.5% isi rumah terdiri daripada individu dan 6.6% mempunyai orang yang tinggal bersendirian yang berumur 65 tahun ke atas. Saiz isi rumah purata ialah 2.22 dan saiz keluarga purata ialah 2.90. Pengedaran umur adalah 16.8% di bawah 18, 26.8% dari 18 ke 24, 31.2% dari 25 kepada 44, 17.3% daripada 45 kepada 64, dan 7.9% adalah 65 atau lebih tua. Umur median adalah 28 tahun. Bagi setiap 100 wanita terdapat 97.7 jantan; manakala bagi setiap 100 wanita berumur 18 tahun ke atas, terdapat 96.4 lelaki. <> Berapa saiz rumah tangga purata di bandar Ann Arbor? || 2.22 <> Apakah saiz keluarga purata di bandar Ann Arbor? || 2.90 <> Berapakah usia median untuk bandar Ann Arbor? || 28", {"context": "In 2000, out of 45,693 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.5% were nonfamilies. 35.5% of households were made up of individuals and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90. The age distribution was 16.8% under 18, 26.8% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males; while for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "2.22"}], "question": "What is the average household size in the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "2.90"}], "question": "What is the average family size in the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "28"}], "question": "What is the median age for the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572774785951b619008f8a4d"}]}], ["Beberapa acara tahunan-kebanyakannya berpusat pada pelawat dan pelukis seni menarik ke Ann Arbor. Satu acara semacam itu ialah Ann Arbor Art Fairs, satu set empat pameran bersidang bersidang yang diadakan di jalan-jalan di pusat bandar. Dijadualkan pada hari Rabu hingga Sabtu minggu ketiga bulan Julai, pameran menarik lebih dari setengah juta pelawat. Satu lagi ialah Festival Filem Ann Arbor, yang diadakan pada minggu ketiga Mac, yang menerima lebih daripada 2,500 penyerahan setiap tahun dari lebih daripada 40 buah negara dan berfungsi sebagai salah satu daripada beberapa penganugerahan penganugerahan Anugerah Akademi di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa jenis pameran Seni yang diadakan di Ann Arbor? || pameran teruk <> Apakah nama festival filem yang diadakan di Ann Arbor? || Festival Filem Ann Arbor <> Berapa banyak penyerahan yang diterima oleh perayaan filem Ann arbor? || 2,500", {"context": "Several annual events\u2014many of them centered on performing and visual arts\u2014draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Wednesday through Saturday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award\u2013qualifying festivals in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "juried fairs"}], "question": "What type of Art fairs are held at Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Ann Arbor Film Festival"}], "question": "What is the name of the film festival held at Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "2,500"}], "question": "How many submissions does the Ann arbor film festival receive?", "id": "57277f065951b619008f8b59"}]}], ["Sehingga Banci A.S. 2010, terdapat 113,394 orang, 45,634 isi rumah, dan 21,704 keluarga yang tinggal di bandar. Kepadatan penduduk adalah 4,270.33 orang per mil persegi (2653.47 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 49,982 unit perumahan dengan ketumpatan purata 1,748.0 satu kilometer persegi (675.0 / km\u00b2), menjadikannya kurang padat penduduk daripada pinggir bandar Detroit seperti Oak Park dan Ferndale (dan daripada Detroit tepat), tetapi lebih padat penduduknya daripada luar- cincin pinggir bandar seperti Livonia atau Troy. Ucapan perkauman di bandar ini ialah 73.0% White (70.4% White bukan Hispanik), 7.7% Hitam atau Afrika Amerika, 0.3% Bahasa Asli Amerika, 14.4% Asia, 0.0% Pulau Pasifik, 1.0% daripada kaum lain dan 3.6% dua atau lebih kaum. Penduduk Hispanik atau Latino mana-mana kaum adalah 4.1% daripada penduduk. <> Apakah kepadatan populasi bandar? || 4,270.33 orang per mil persegi <> Berapakah jumlahnya untuk putih yang tinggal di bandar? || 73.0% <> Yang mana bahagian kota Detroit padat penduduknya? || Oak Park dan Ferndale", {"context": "As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,394 people, 45,634 households, and 21,704 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,270.33 people per square mile (2653.47/km\u00b2). There were 49,982 housing units at an average density of 1,748.0 per square mile (675.0/km\u00b2), making it less densely populated than inner-ring Detroit suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale (and than Detroit proper), but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia or Troy. The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.1% of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "4,270.33 people per square mile"}], "question": "What is the population density of the city?", "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "73.0%"}], "question": "What percentage makes up for the whites living in the city?", "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "Oak Park and Ferndale"}], "question": "Which parts of the city of Detroit are densely populated?", "id": "572773e45951b619008f8a3d"}]}], ["Beberapa kumpulan seni persembahan dan kemudahan berada di kampus University of Michigan, seperti muzium yang didedikasikan untuk seni, arkeologi, dan sejarah dan sains alam. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1879, Persatuan Muzik Universiti adalah organisasi seni persembahan bebas yang membentangkan lebih daripada 60 acara setiap tahun, membawa artis antarabangsa dalam muzik, tarian, dan teater. Sejak tahun 2001 Shakespeare di Arb telah membentangkan satu perlawanan oleh Shakespeare setiap Jun, di sebuah taman besar berhampiran pusat bandar. Kumpulan seni persembahan serantau dan tempatan yang tidak dikaitkan dengan universiti termasuk Teater Sivik Ann Arbor, Teater Opera Arbor, Orkestra Symphony Ann Arbor, Teater Ann Arbor Ballet, Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1954 sebagai syarikat ballet chartered pertama Michigan ), The Ark, dan Teater Rangkaian Prestasi. Satu lagi ungkapan ungkapan yang unik di Ann Arbor adalah pintu dongeng. Portal-portal kecil ini adalah contoh-contoh seni pemasangan dan boleh didapati di seluruh kawasan pusat bandar. <> Bilakah Institusi Muzik Universiti ditubuhkan? || 1879 <> Berapa banyak acara yang terdapat dalam Persatuan Muzik Universiti dalam setahun? || Lebih dari 60 <> Bilakah Ballet Sivik Ann Arbor ditubuhkan? || 1954 <> Nama syarikat Civic yang pertama di Michigan. || Ann Arbor Ballet Civic", {"context": "Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "1879"}], "question": "When was the University Musical Society founded?", "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "over 60"}], "question": "How many events does the University Musical Society present in a year?", "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "1954"}], "question": "When was the Ann Arbor civic Ballet established?", "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Ann Arbor Civic Ballet"}], "question": "Name Michigan's first Civic chartered company.", "id": "57277dfddd62a815002e9eaf"}]}], ["Syarikat-syarikat berteknologi tinggi terletak di kawasan itu sejak tahun 1930-an, apabila Radio Radio Corporation memperkenalkan radio AC / DC pertama kali dihasilkan (Kadette, pada 1931) serta radio saku pertama (Kadette Jr., pada tahun 1933). Syarikat kamera Argus, yang pada asalnya merupakan anak syarikat Radio Antarabangsa, mengeluarkan kamera di Ann Arbor dari 1936 hingga 1960-an. Firma terkini termasuk Arbor Networks (pembekal sistem kejuruteraan lalu lintas dan sistem keselamatan internet), Arbortext (penyedia perisian penerbitan berasaskan XML), JSTOR (arkib jurnal ilmiah digital), MediaSpan (penyedia perisian dan perkhidmatan dalam talian untuk industri media) Truven Health Analytics, dan ProQuest, yang termasuk UMI. Terminal Ann Arbor mengeluarkan terminal paparan video yang dipanggil Duta Ann Arbor pada tahun 1980-an. Rangkaian Barracuda, yang menyediakan rangkaian, keselamatan, dan produk penyimpanan berdasarkan peralatan rangkaian dan perkhidmatan awan, membuka pejabat kejuruteraan di Ann Arbor pada tahun 2008 di Depot St. dan baru-baru ini mengumumkan ia akan bergerak ke pusat bandar untuk menduduki bangunan yang sebelum ini digunakan sebagai ibu pejabat Borders . <> Syarikat manakah yang menghasilkan kamera di Ann Arbor dari tahun 1936 hingga 1960? || Syarikat kamera Argus <> Syarikat rangkaian mana yang dibuka pada tahun 2008 menyediakan keselamatan, penyimpanan & rangkaian? || Barracuda Networks <> Radio Antarabangsa memperkenalkan produk yang dihasilkan secara massal dari bandar Ann Arbor? || Radio AC / DC", {"context": "High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and recently announced it will move downtown to occupy the building previously used as the Borders headquarters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Argus camera company"}], "question": "Which company manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to 1960's?", "id": "572776665951b619008f8a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "Barracuda Networks"}], "question": "Which network company opened up in 2008 providing security, storage & networking?", "id": "572776665951b619008f8a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "AC/DC radio"}], "question": "International Radio introduced which mass produced product from the city of Ann Arbor?", "id": "572776665951b619008f8a7b"}]}], ["Laman web dan syarikat media dalam talian di atau berhampiran bandar termasuk Semua Panduan Media, Cuaca Bawah Tanah, dan Zattoo. Ann Arbor adalah rumah kepada Internet2 dan Merit Network, sebuah rangkaian komputer penyelidikan dan pendidikan bukan untuk keuntungan. Kedua-duanya terletak di bangunan South Commons Commons 2 di South State Street, yang pernah menempatkan Yayasan Pusat Teknologi Maklumat Michigan. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada ibu pejabat program AdWords Google-aliran hasil utama syarikat. Lonjakan baru-baru ini dalam syarikat-syarikat yang beroperasi di Ann Arbor telah mengakibatkan penurunan kadar kekosongan jawatan dan pejabatnya. Sehingga 31 Disember 2012, jumlah kadar kekosongan pasaran bagi pejabat dan ruang flex adalah 11.80%, penurunan 1.40% dalam kekosongan dari setahun sebelumnya dan tahap kekosongan keseluruhan terendah sejak tahun 2003. Kadar kekosongan jawatan berkurangan kepada 10.65% pada tahun 2012 dari 12.08% pada tahun 2011, manakala kadar kekosongan flex turun sedikit lebih, dengan penurunan daripada 16.50% kepada 15.02%. <> Program adwords syarikat mana yang beribu pejabat di Ann Arbor? || Google <> Nama beberapa laman web atau syarikat media yang terletak di Ann Arbor. || Semua Panduan Media, Cuaca Bawah Tanah, dan Zattoo <> Apakah syarikat itu rangkaian Merit? || rangkaian komputer pendidikan", {"context": "Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to the headquarters of Google's AdWords program\u2014the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of 31 December 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Google"}], "question": "Which company's adwords program is headquartered at Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo"}], "question": "Name some website or media companies located in Ann Arbor.", "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "education computer network"}], "question": "What company is Merit network?", "id": "57277758dd62a815002e9d98"}]}], ["Pfizer, sekali majikan terbesar kedua di bandar, mengendalikan sebuah kemudahan penyelidikan farmaseutikal yang besar di sebelah timur laut Ann Arbor. Pada 22 Januari 2007, Pfizer mengumumkan bahawa ia akan menutup operasi di Ann Arbor menjelang akhir 2008. Kemudahan itu sebelum ini dikendalikan oleh Warner-Lambert dan, sebelum itu, Parke-Davis. Pada bulan Disember 2008, Lembaga Pendaftar Universiti Michigan meluluskan pembelian kemudahan itu, dan universiti itu menjangkakan menyewa 2,000 penyelidik dan kakitangan dalam tempoh 10 tahun akan datang. Bandar ini adalah pusat penyelidikan dan kejuruteraan yang lain, termasuk Kejuruteraan Lotus, General Dynamics dan Pentadbiran Oseanik dan Atmosfera Negara (NOAA). Pusat-pusat penyelidikan lain yang terletak di bandar ini ialah Makmal Kenderaan dan Bahan Binaan Emisi Kebangsaan Agensi Perlindungan Alam Sekitar Amerika Syarikat dan Pusat Teknikal Toyota. Bandar ini juga menjadi rumah kepada National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), organisasi bukan kerajaan nirlaba yang membangunkan piawaian umum yang diterima untuk pelbagai industri berkaitan kesihatan awam dan bidang pelajaran. <> Siapa majikan terbesar kedua di bandar ini? || Pfizer <> Organisasi non-pertubuhan bukan keuntungan yang terletak di Ann Arbor? || Yayasan Sanitasi Kebangsaan Antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak penyelidik yang mengharapkan Universiti Michigan untuk disewa? || 2,000", {"context": "Pfizer, once the city's second largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On 22 January 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pfizer"}], "question": "Who is the city's 2nd largest employer?", "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "National Sanitation Foundation International"}], "question": "Which non-profit non-governmental organization is located in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many researchers does the University of Michigan expect to hire?", "id": "57277b3cdd62a815002e9e24"}]}], ["Buku Sempadan, bermula di Ann Arbor, dibuka oleh saudara-saudara Tom dan Louis Borders pada tahun 1971 dengan stok buku yang digunakan. Rantaian Borders didasarkan pada kota, sebagai kedai utama sehingga ditutup pada September 2011. Ibu pejabat Domino's Pizza terletak dekat Ann Arbor di Domino's Farms, sebuah kompleks yang diilhamkan oleh Frank Lloyd Wright yang terletak 271 hektar (110 ha) timur laut bandar. Syarikat lain yang berpangkalan di Ann Arbor adalah Delicatessen Zingerman, yang menyajikan sandwic dan telah mengembangkan perniagaan di bawah pelbagai nama jenama. Zingerman telah berkembang menjadi sebuah keluarga syarikat yang menawarkan pelbagai produk (kedai bakar, pesanan mel, krim, kopi) dan perkhidmatan (pendidikan perniagaan). Flint Ink Corp, sebuah syarikat yang berpangkalan di Ann Arbor, merupakan pengeluar dakwat persendirian yang terbesar di dunia sehingga ia diperolehi oleh XSYS Print Solutions yang berpangkalan di Stuttgart pada bulan Oktober 2005. Avfuel, pembekal global bagi bahan api dan perkhidmatan penerbangan, juga beribu pejabat di Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, sebuah syarikat yang didagangkan secara awam yang membangunkan rawatan sel stem untuk penyakit kardiovaskular, beribu pejabat di Ann Arbor. <> Bilakah Buku Borders dibuka di Ann Arbor? || 1971 <> Siapa yang membuka kedai Buku Borders di Ann Arbor? || Tom dan Louis Borders <> Rangkaian pizza mana yang beribu pejabat di Ann Arbor? || Domino's Pizza <> Syarikat mana yang merupakan pengeluar dakwat persendirian yang terbesar di dunia sehingga tahun 2005? || Flint Ink Corp <> Avfuel, pembekal global bagi perkhidmatan apa yang beribu pejabat di Ann Arbor? || bahan api penerbangan", {"context": "Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a 271-acre (110 ha) Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor. Aastrom Biosciences, a publicly traded company that develops stem cell treatments for cardiovascular diseases, is headquartered in Ann Arbor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When did the Borders Books open up in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Tom and Louis Borders"}], "question": "Who opened the Borders Books store in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Domino's Pizza's"}], "question": "Which pizza chain is headquartered at Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "Flint Ink Corp"}], "question": "Which company was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer till 2005?", "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "aviation fuels"}], "question": "Avfuel, a global supplier of what services is headquartered in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277c695951b619008f8b21"}]}], ["The Ann Arbor News, yang dimiliki oleh rangkaian Akhbar Booth yang berpangkalan di Michigan, adalah akhbar harian utama yang melayani Ann Arbor dan seluruh Washtenaw County. Akhbar itu mengakhiri cetakan 174 tahun pada tahun 2009, disebabkan kesukaran ekonomi. Ia digantikan oleh AnnArbor.com, tetapi dikembalikan kepada penerbitan cetak yang terhad di bawah nama mantannya pada tahun 2013. Satu lagi penerbitan berasaskan Ann Arbor yang telah menamatkan pengeluaran adalah Ann Arbor Paper, percuma sebulan. Ann Arbor telah dikatakan sebagai bandar penting pertama yang kehilangan kertas hariannya. Ann Arbor Chronicle, sebuah akhbar dalam talian, meliputi berita tempatan, termasuk mesyuarat lembaga perpustakaan, suruhanjaya daerah dan DDA sehingga 3 September 2014. <> Siapa yang memiliki berita Ann Arbor? || Surat khabar Booth <> Bilakah berita Ann Arbor berakhir cetakannya? || 2009 <> Yang mana satu-satunya bandar di AS untuk melepaskan kertas hariannya? || Ann Arbor", {"context": "The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, is the major daily newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties. It was replaced by AnnArbor.com, but returned to a limited print publication under its former name in 2013. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Booth Newspapers"}], "question": "Who owns Ann Arbor news?", "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did the Ann Arbor news end its print?", "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Ann Arbor"}], "question": "Which was the only city in the US to loose its only daily paper?", "id": "5727849b5951b619008f8c19"}]}], ["Kolej dan universiti tempatan lain termasuk Universiti Concordia Ann Arbor, sebuah institusi seni liberal Lutheran; sebuah kampus Universiti Phoenix; dan Cleary University, sebuah sekolah perniagaan swasta. Washtenaw Community College terletak di Perbandaran Ann Arbor yang berdekatan. Pada tahun 2000, Sekolah Undang-undang Ave Maria, sekolah undang-undang Katolik Roman yang ditubuhkan oleh pengasas Domino's Pizza, Tom Monaghan, dibuka di timur laut Ann Arbor, tetapi sekolah itu berpindah ke Ave Maria, Florida pada tahun 2009 dan Thomas M. Cooley Law School memperoleh bekas bangunan Ave Maria untuk digunakan sebagai kampus cawangan. <> Nama sekolah perniagaan swasta yang terletak di Ann arbor. || Cleary University <> yang mengasaskan pizza Domino? || Tom Monaghan <> Sekolah mana yang membeli bekas bangunan Ave Maria selepas sekolah katolik Roman pindah dari sana? || Sekolah Undang-undang Thomas M. Cooley", {"context": "Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution; a campus of the University of Phoenix; and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Cleary University"}], "question": "Name a private business school located in Ann arbor.", "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Tom Monaghan"}], "question": "Who founded Domino's pizza?", "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Thomas M. Cooley Law School"}], "question": "Which school acquired the former Ave Maria building after a Roman catholic school moved from there?", "id": "5727837f5951b619008f8bd7"}]}], ["Ann Arbor adalah sebahagian daripada daerah kongres di Michigan, yang diwakili oleh Kongres oleh Perwakilan Debbie Dingell, seorang Demokrat. Di peringkat negeri, bandar ini adalah sebahagian daripada daerah ke-18 di Senat Michigan, diwakili oleh Demokrat Rebekah Warren. Di Dewan Perwakilan Michigan, perwakilan dipecah antara 55 daerah (utara Ann Arbor, sebahagian dari Perbandaran Ann Arbor, dan kawasan sekitarnya yang lain, diwakili oleh Demokrat Adam Zemke), distrik ke-53 (kebanyakan pusat bandar dan separuh selatan bandar, diwakili oleh Demokrat Jeff Irwin) dan daerah ke-52 (kawasan barat daya di luar Ann Arbor betul dan barat Washtenaw County, diwakili oleh Demokrat Gretchen Driskell). <> Siapa yang mewakili kongres di Ann Arbor? || Debbie Dingell <> Di peringkat negeri bandar adalah bahagian nombor bandar mana? || Daerah ke-18 <> Yang mewakili bandar di senat Michigan? || Rebekah Warren", {"context": "Ann Arbor is part of Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented in Congress by Representative Debbie Dingell, a Democrat. On the state level, the city is part of the 18th district in the Michigan Senate, represented by Democrat Rebekah Warren. In the Michigan House of Representatives, representation is split between the 55th district (northern Ann Arbor, part of Ann Arbor Township, and other surrounding areas, represented by Democrat Adam Zemke), the 53rd district (most of downtown and the southern half of the city, represented by Democrat Jeff Irwin) and the 52nd district (southwestern areas outside Ann Arbor proper and western Washtenaw County, represented by Democrat Gretchen Driskell).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Debbie Dingell"}], "question": "Who represents the congress in Ann Arbor?", "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "18th district"}], "question": "On a state level the city is part of which district number?", "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Rebekah Warren"}], "question": "Who represents the city in Michigan senate?", "id": "5727823cdd62a815002e9f10"}]}], ["Penerbitan semasa di bandar termasuk Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), akhbar komuniti mingguan; Ann Arbor Observer, majalah tempatan bulanan percuma; Ann Arbor Independent, mingguan bebas milik tempatan; dan Current, alt-mingguan yang berfokuskan hiburan percuma. Kajian Perniagaan Ann Arbor meliputi perniagaan tempatan di kawasan tersebut. Majalah Kereta dan Pemandu dan Majalah Automobil juga berpusat di Ann Arbor. University of Michigan dihidangkan oleh banyak penerbitan pelajar, termasuk akhbar pelajar Michigan Daily yang bebas, yang melaporkan isu-isu tempatan, negara, dan serantau sebagai tambahan kepada berita kampus. <> Apa majalah yang merangkumi perniagaan tempatan Ann Arbor? || Ulasan Perniagaan Ann Arbor <> Yang majalah kereta mana berdasarkan Ann Arbor? || Majalah Kereta dan Pemandu dan Majalah Automobil <> Majalah universiti mana yang melaporkan isu tempatan, negeri & serantau sebagai tambahan kepada berita kampus? || Akhbar pelajar Michigan Daily", {"context": "Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; the Ann Arbor Independent, a locally owned, independent weekly; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Ann Arbor Business Review"}], "question": "What magazine covers Ann Arbor's local businesses?", "id": "5727852d708984140094dfdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine"}], "question": "Which automobile magazines are based from Ann Arbor?", "id": "5727852d708984140094dfde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Michigan Daily student newspaper"}], "question": "Which university magazine reports local, state & regional issues in addition to campus news?", "id": "5727852d708984140094dfdf"}]}], ["Sekolah-sekolah awam adalah sebahagian daripada Sekolah-Sekolah Awam Ann Arbor (AAPS). AAPS mempunyai salah satu program muzik terkemuka di negara ini. Pada bulan September 2008, 16,539 pelajar telah mendaftar di Sekolah Awam Ann Arbor. Terdapat 21 sekolah rendah, lima sekolah menengah (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, dan Clague), tiga sekolah menengah tradisional (Pioneer, Huron, dan Skyline), dan tiga sekolah menengah alternatif (Community High, Sekolah Batu, dan Roberto Clemente) di daerah. Daerah ini juga mengendalikan program sekolah terbuka K-8, Sekolah Terbuka Ann Arbor, daripada bekas Sekolah Mack. Program ini terbuka kepada semua keluarga yang tinggal di daerah tersebut. Sekolah Awam Ann Arbor juga mengendalikan pusat prasekolah dan keluarga, dengan program untuk bayi berisiko dan kanak-kanak sebelum tadika. Daerah ini mempunyai pusat prasekolah dengan program percuma dan tuisyen untuk kanak-kanak prasekolah di daerah. <> Ann Arbor mempunyai salah satu program utama dalam subjek apa? || muzik <> Program apa yang terbuka kepada penduduk Ann arbor? || Sekolah Terbuka Ann Arbor <> Pada tahun 2008, berapa orang yang mendaftar di sekolah awam? || 16,539", {"context": "Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. There were 21 elementary schools, five middle schools (Forsythe, Slauson, Tappan, Scarlett, and Clague) three traditional high schools (Pioneer, Huron, and Skyline), and three alternative high schools (Community High, Stone School, and Roberto Clemente) in the district. The district also operates a K-8 open school program, Ann Arbor Open School, out of the former Mack School. This program is open to all families who live within the district. Ann Arbor Public Schools also operates a preschool and family center, with programs for at-risk infants and children before kindergarten. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "music"}], "question": "Ann Arbor has one of the leading programs in what subject?", "id": "57278428708984140094dfc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Ann Arbor Open School"}], "question": "What program is open to the residents of Ann arbor?", "id": "57278428708984140094dfc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "16,539"}], "question": "In 2008, how many were enrolled in public schools?", "id": "57278428708984140094dfc9"}]}], ["Ann Arbor adalah tempat utama sukan kolej, terutamanya di University of Michigan, ahli Persidangan Sepuluh Besar. Beberapa kemudahan sukan kolej yang terkenal ada di bandar, termasuk Stadium Michigan, stadium bola sepak Amerika terbesar di dunia. Stadium itu siap pada tahun 1927 dan kos lebih daripada $ 950,000 untuk membina. Ia mempunyai kapasiti tempat duduk sebanyak 109,901 setelah banyak perubahan. Stadion ini dikenali sebagai \"The Big House\". Crisler Center dan Yost Ice Arena akan menjadi tuan rumah kepada pasukan bola keranjang sekolah (kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita) dan pasukan hoki ais. Universiti Concordia, ahli NAIA, juga pasukan sukan padang. <> Siapa ahli Persidangan Sepuluh Besar dalam sukan kolej di bandar? || University of Michigan <> Yang mana stadium bola sepak Amerika terbesar di dunia? || Stadium Michigan <> Apakah Stadium Michigan dipanggil secara colloquially? || The Big House", {"context": "Ann Arbor is a major scene of college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan, a member of the Big Ten Conference. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. It has a 109,901 seating capacity after multiple renovations were made. The stadium is colloquially known as \"The Big House\". Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "University of Michigan"}], "question": "Who is the member of the Big Ten Conference in college sports in the city?", "id": "57278046708984140094df43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Michigan Stadium"}], "question": "Which is the largest American football stadium in the world?", "id": "57278046708984140094df44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "The Big House"}], "question": "What is the Michigan Stadium called colloquially?", "id": "57278046708984140094df45"}]}], ["Seseorang dari Ann Arbor dipanggil \"Ann Arborite\", dan ramai penduduk lama menyebut diri mereka sebagai \"townies\". Bandar itu sendiri sering disebut \"A\u00b2\" (\"A-squared\") atau \"A2\" (\"A two\") atau \"AA\", \"The Deuce\" (terutamanya oleh Chicago), dan \"Town Tree\". Dengan referensi lidah-pipi ke league politik liberal di bandar, kadang-kadang merujuk kepada Ann Arbor sebagai \"Republik Rakyat Ann Arbor\" atau \"25 persegi batu yang dikelilingi oleh realiti\", frase terakhir yang disesuaikan dengan deskripsi Wisconsin Gubernur Lee Dreyfus daripada Madison, Wisconsin. Dalam A Prairie Home Companion siaran dari Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor menggambarkan Ann Arbor sebagai \"sebuah bandar di mana orang membincangkan sosialisme, tetapi hanya di restoran paling fanciest.\" Ann Arbor kadang-kadang muncul pada indeks kutipan sebagai pengarang, bukannya lokasi, sering dengan ijazah akademik MI, salah faham singkatan untuk Michigan. Ann Arbor telah semakin gentrified pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. <> Apakah orang dari Ann Arbor dipanggil? || Ann Arborite <> Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan apa yang telah menjadi Ann Arbor? || gentrified <> bandar mana yang disebut sebagai \"Republik Rakyat Ann Arbor\"? || Ann Arbor", {"context": "A person from Ann Arbor is called an \"Ann Arborite\", and many long-time residents call themselves \"townies\". The city itself is often called \"A\u00b2\" (\"A-squared\") or \"A2\" (\"A two\") or \"AA\", \"The Deuce\" (mainly by Chicagoans), and \"Tree Town\". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as \"The People's Republic of Ann Arbor\" or \"25 square miles surrounded by reality\", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as \"a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants.\" Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Ann Arborite"}], "question": "What is a person from Ann Arbor called?", "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 919, "text": "gentrified"}], "question": "In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?", "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Ann Arbor"}], "question": "Which city is referred to as the \"People's Republic of Ann Arbor\"?", "id": "572780ed5951b619008f8b85"}]}], ["Politik sayap kiri sangat kuat dalam kerajaan perbandaran sejak 1960-an. Pengundi yang meluluskan pindaan piagam yang telah mengurangkan penalti bagi pemilikan ganja (1974), dan bertujuan untuk melindungi akses terhadap pengguguran di bandar itu sekiranya ia menjadi haram di Negeri Michigan (1990). Pada tahun 1974, kemenangan Kathy Kozachenko di perlumbaan bandar Ann Arbor menjadikannya calon homoseksual terbuka pertama untuk memenangi jawatan awam. Pada tahun 1975, Ann Arbor menjadi bandar A.S. pertama yang menggunakan undi larian segera bagi kaum mayoral. Diadopsi melalui inisiatif undi yang ditaja oleh Parti Hak Asasi Manusia tempatan, yang takut akan perpecahan undi liberal, proses itu dimansuhkan pada tahun 1976 selepas digunakan hanya dalam satu pilihan raya. Sehingga Ogos 2009, Demokrat memegang kuasa dan semua kerusi dewan. Tilt kiri politik di bandar telah memperoleh nama samaran \"The People of Ann Arbor\". Secara nasional, Ann Arbor terletak di daerah kongres di Michigan, yang diwakili oleh Demokrat Debbie Dingell. <> Pengundi di bandar meluluskan jenis pindaan? || charter <> Apa jenis politik yang kuat di kerajaan perbandaran? || Politik sayap kiri <> Ann Arbor menjadi bandar pertama di Amerika Syarikat untuk jenis pengundian dalam perlumbaan Mayoral? || larian segera", {"context": "Left-wing politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of August 2009, Democrats hold the mayorship and all council seats. The left tilt of politics in the city has earned it the nickname \"The People's Republic of Ann Arbor\". Nationally, Ann Arbor is located in Michigan's 12th congressional district, represented by Democrat Debbie Dingell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "charter"}], "question": "Voters in the city approve which kind of amendment?", "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Left-wing politics"}], "question": "What kind of politics have been strong in the municipal government?", "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "instant-runoff"}], "question": "Ann Arbor became the 1st city in the US to what type of voting in the Mayoral race?", "id": "572782b6dd62a815002e9f32"}]}], ["Ann Arbor mempunyai sejarah panjang keterbukaan kepada ganja, memandangkan jenayah rumpai Ann Arbor, ganja besar ubat-ubatan marijuana di bandar raya (satu dispensari, yang dikenali sebagai Co-op Rakyat, berada di seberang jalan dari Stadium Michigan hingga zon memaksa ia untuk memindahkan satu batu ke barat), jumlah penduduk proganja besar, dan Hash Bash tahunan: satu acara yang diadakan pada Sabtu pertama bulan April. Sehingga (sekurang-kurangnya) undang-undang ganja perubatan Michigan yang berjaya, peristiwa itu boleh dikatakan menyimpang dari niat awalnya, walaupun selama bertahun-tahun, beberapa peserta telah menerima tindak balas undang-undang yang serius kerana kegunaan ganja di universiti di Michigan, yang tidak jatuh di bawah program tiket progresif dan belas kasihan City. <> Apa ubat-ubatan perubatan yang ada di Ann Arbor? || Dispensaries ganja perubatan <> Apakah ubat-ubatan marijuana Perubatan yang dipanggil di bandar? || Co-op Rakyat <> Apakah acara tahunan diadakan pada hari sabtu pada april? || Hash Bash tahunan", {"context": "Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the City's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "medical marijuana dispensaries"}], "question": "What medical dispensarys are there in Ann Arbor?", "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "People's Co-op"}], "question": "What are the Medical marijuana dispensaries called in the city?", "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "annual Hash Bash"}], "question": "What annual event is held on the 1st saturday of april?", "id": "57277fb1f1498d1400e8f9f4"}]}], ["Ann Arbor mempunyai bentuk pengurusan majlis-majlis. Majlis Bandaraya mempunyai 11 ahli undi: Datuk Bandar dan 10 anggota majlis bandar. Ahli majlis bandar raya dan majlis bandar berkhidmat dua tahun: Datuk dipilih setiap tahun bernombor, manakala separuh daripada anggota majlis bandar terpilih untuk pemilihan setiap tahun (lima dalam bilangan yang hampir sama dan lima tahun yang kurang bernombor). Dua ahli majlis dipilih dari setiap lima wad di bandar itu. Datuk Bandar dipilih seluruh bandar raya. Datuk Bandar adalah pegawai yang mempengerusikan Majlis Bandaraya dan mempunyai kuasa untuk melantik semua ahli jawatankuasa Majlis serta ahli lembaga dan suruhanjaya, dengan kelulusan Majlis Bandaraya. Datuk Aram semasa adalah Christopher Taylor, seorang Demokrat yang dipilih sebagai Datuk Bandar pada tahun 2014. Operasi bandar sehari-hari diuruskan oleh pentadbir bandar yang dipilih oleh majlis bandar raya. <> Apakah bentuk kerajaan yang ada di Ann Arbor? || pengurus-pengurus <> Berapa banyak ahli pengundian yang ada di majlis bandar? || 11 <> Berapa banyak istilah yang disediakan oleh Datuk Bandar bandaraya? || dua tahun <> Siapa yang dipilih setiap tahun bernombor? || Datuk Bandar <> Berapa banyak ahli majlis yang dipilih untuk wad bandar? || Dua", {"context": "Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government. The City Council has 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. The mayor and city council members serve two-year terms: the mayor is elected every even-numbered year, while half of the city council members are up for election annually (five in even-numbered and five in odd-numbered years). Two council members are elected from each of the city's five wards. The mayor is elected citywide. The mayor is the presiding officer of the City Council and has the power to appoint all Council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the City Council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "council-manager"}], "question": "What form of government does Ann Arbor have?", "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many voting members are there in the city- council?", "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "two-year"}], "question": "How many terms does the mayor of the city serve?", "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "mayor"}], "question": "Who is elected every even numbered year?", "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many council members are elected for the city's ward?", "id": "572781a5f1498d1400e8fa20"}]}], ["Saluran WPXD 31, sebuah rangkaian rangkaian ION Television, dilesenkan ke bandar. Saluran WHTV 18, sebuah stesen gabungan MyNetworkTV untuk pasaran Lansing, siaran dari pemancar di Lyndon Township, barat Ann Arbor. Rangkaian Televisyen Komuniti (CTN) adalah saluran televisyen kabel yang disediakan bandar dengan kemudahan pengeluaran terbuka kepada penduduk bandar dan organisasi bukan untung. Stesen radio dan stesen televisyen Detroit dan Toledo juga melayani Ann Arbor, dan stesen dari Lansing dan Windsor, Ontario, boleh didengar di bahagian kawasan. <> WPXD saluran 31 adalah penyambung di mana rangkaian TV? || ION <> Apakah singkatan CTN? || Rangkaian Televisyen Komuniti", {"context": "WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "ION"}], "question": "WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?", "id": "572785e85951b619008f8c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Community Television Network"}], "question": "What is the abbreviation of CTN?", "id": "572785e85951b619008f8c4c"}]}], ["Empat stesen radio AM utama yang berpusat di atau berhampiran Ann Arbor adalah WAAM 1600, sebuah stesen berita dan ceramah konservatif; WLBY 1290, sebuah berita perniagaan dan stesen perbincangan; WDEO 990, radio Katolik; dan WTKA 1050, yang pada dasarnya adalah stesen sukan. Stesen FM di bandar ini termasuk gabungan NPR WUOM 91.7; stesen negara WWWW 102.9; dan stesen alternatif dewasa WQKL 107.1. Stesen Freeform WCBN-FM 88.3 adalah stesen radio radio / kolej komuniti tempatan yang dikendalikan oleh para pelajar University of Michigan yang menampilkan muzik bukan komersial, eklektik dan pengaturcaraan awam. Bandar ini juga disiarkan oleh penyiar radio awam dan komersial di Ypsilanti, kawasan Lansing / Jackson, Detroit, Windsor, dan Toledo. <> Apakah nama saluran radio AM konservatif di Ann arbor? || WAAM 1600 <> Apakah nama saluran radio di bandar ini? || WUOM 91.7 <> Apakah nama radio kolej komuniti percuma tempatan? || WCBN-FM 88.3", {"context": "Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "WAAM 1600"}], "question": "What is the name of the conservative AM radio channel in Ann arbor?", "id": "572785935951b619008f8c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "WUOM 91.7"}], "question": "What is the name of the city's FM radio channel?", "id": "572785935951b619008f8c46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "WCBN-FM 88.3"}], "question": "What is the name of the local free community college radio?", "id": "572785935951b619008f8c47"}]}]], [["Di seluruh Eropah pada masa ini terdapat pertumbuhan pesat dalam perdagangan dan pertumbuhan yang berkaitan di bandar-bandar. Jerman dan Lowlands mempunyai bandar-bandar besar yang berkembang pesat, dalam perdagangan dan persaingan antara satu sama lain, atau bersatu untuk saling menguntungkan, seperti dalam Liga Hanseatic. Bangunan sivik sangat penting untuk bandar-bandar ini sebagai tanda kekayaan dan kebanggaan. England dan Perancis tetap sebahagian besarnya feodal dan menghasilkan seni bina domestik yang besar untuk raja-raja, dukes dan uskup mereka, bukannya dewan bandar besar bagi para pemburu mereka. <> Eropah mengalami pertumbuhan pesat dalam apa pada masa ini? || perdagangan <> Apa satu negara yang mempunyai bandar-bandar yang besar dan makmur pada masa ini? || Jerman <> Jenis bangunan apa yang dianggap sangat penting dan tanda kemewahan dan pencapaian? || Bangunan sivik <> Apa satu negara yang kebanyakannya feodal dan membuat senibina hebat untuk royaltinya dan bukannya pencuri? || England <> Apa lagi negara yang tinggal kebanyakannya feodal dan mencipta seni bina hebat untuk royaltinya daripada pemburu? || Perancis", {"context": "Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns. Germany and the Lowlands had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other, or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "trade"}], "question": "Europe experienced a rapid growth in what at this time?", "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "What is one country that contained considerable and prosperous towns during this time?", "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Civic building"}], "question": "What type of building was considered to be very important and a sign of affluence and achievement?", "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "England"}], "question": "What is one country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?", "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "France"}], "question": "What is another country that stayed mostly feudal and created spectacular architecture for its royalty rather than its burghers?", "id": "572699fcdd62a815002e8ac0"}]}], ["Sebilangan besar bangunan Gothic yang masih hidup adalah gereja-gereja. Ini terdiri dari kapel kecil hingga katedral yang besar, dan walaupun banyak telah diperpanjang dan diubah dalam gaya yang berbeza, sejumlah besar kekal sama ada secara utuh atau dipulihkan secara simpatik, menunjukkan bentuk, watak dan hiasan seni bina Gothik. Gaya Gothik sangat berkaitan dengan katedral besar Perancis Utara, Negara-negara Rendah, England dan Sepanyol, dengan contoh-contoh lain yang berlaku di seluruh Eropah. <> Apakah satu rantau yang gaya Gothiknya berkaitan? || Northern France <> Apakah rantau lain yang gaya Gothic berkaitan dengan? || Negara-negara Rendah <> Apa jenis struktur yang tinggal hari ini mempunyai jumlah contoh terbesar gaya Gothic? || gereja <> Apa satu negara dengan gaya Gothic yang jelas berkaitan? || England <> Apakah negara lain yang mana gaya Gothic berkaitan dengannya? || Sepanyol", {"context": "The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Northern France"}], "question": "What is one region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "the Low Countries"}], "question": "What is another region with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "churches"}], "question": "What type of structures remaining today have the largest amount of examples of the Gothic style?", "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "England"}], "question": "What is one country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "What is another country with which the Gothic style is distinctly connected with?", "id": "5726965c5951b619008f775f"}]}], ["Ia berada di gereja-gereja dan katedral yang hebat dan dalam beberapa bangunan sivik gaya Gothic dinyatakan paling kuat, ciri-cirinya memberi pinjaman kepada mereka untuk merayu kepada emosi, sama ada yang muncul dari iman atau dari kebanggaan sivik. Sebilangan besar gedung gerejanya kekal dari zaman ini, yang mana walaupun terkecil sering merupakan struktur perbezaan seni bina manakala banyak gereja yang lebih besar dianggap sebagai karya seni yang tidak ternilai dan disenaraikan dengan UNESCO sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia. Oleh sebab itu, kajian seni bina Gothik adalah kajian katedral dan gereja. <> Apakah contoh di mana gaya Gothic dinyatakan paling kuat? || gereja-gereja dan katedral <> Di manakah emosi yang mewakili sifat-sifat Gothic berasal? || iman atau dari kebanggaan sivik <> Sebilangan besar jenis bangunan apa yang masih kekal dari zaman sekarang ini? || Ecclesiastical <> Dengan organisasi apa banyak katedral Gothic yang disenaraikan sebagai Tapak Warisan Dunia? || UNESCO <> Mengapa katedral yang lebih besar dan gereja-gereja yang berkaitan dengan gaya Gothik? || gereja-gereja yang lebih besar dianggap sebagai karya seni yang tidak ternilai", {"context": "It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "churches and cathedrals"}], "question": "What is an example of where the Gothic style is expressed most strongly?", "id": "572692565951b619008f76ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "faith or from civic pride"}], "question": "Where do the emotions which traits of the Gothic style represent, originate from? ", "id": "572692565951b619008f7700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "ecclesiastical"}], "question": "A great number of what type of buildings still remain from this period today?", "id": "572692565951b619008f7701"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "UNESCO"}], "question": "With what organization are many Gothic cathedral listed with as World Heritage Sites?", "id": "572692565951b619008f7702"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "larger churches are considered priceless works of art"}], "question": "Why are larger cathedrals and churches associated with the Gothic style?", "id": "572692565951b619008f7703"}]}], ["Istilah \"seni bina Gothic\" berasal sebagai penerangan pejoratif. Giorgio Vasari menggunakan istilah \"gaya Jerman yang ganas\" di dalam Lives of the Artists untuk menggambarkan apa yang kini dianggap sebagai gaya Gothik, dan dalam pengenalan kepada Kehidupan dia menyifatkan pelbagai ciri seni bina untuk \"Goths\" yang dia bertanggungjawab untuk memusnahkan bangunan purba selepas mereka menakluki Rom, dan mendirikan bangunan baru dalam gaya ini. Pada masa Vasari menulis, Itali telah mengalami satu abad bangunan dalam perbendaharaan kata seni bina klasik yang dihidupkan semula dalam Renaissance dan dilihat sebagai bukti Zaman Emas baru pembelajaran dan penghalusan. <> Jenis keterangan apakah istilah \"seni bina Gothic\" berasal? || penerangan pejoratif <> Siapa yang menggunakan istilah \"gaya Jerman ganas\" untuk menggambarkan apa yang diketahui hari ini sebagai gaya Gothic? || Giorgio Vasari <> Siapa yang percaya Vasari memusnahkan bangunan kuno selepas mereka menakluki Rom? || \"Goths\" <> Berapa lamakah Itali mengalami bangunan dalam gaya seni bina klasik pada zaman Vasari? || satu abad <> Dalam apa tempoh itu perbendaharaan kata seni bina klasik dihidupkan semula? || Renaissance", {"context": "The term \"Gothic architecture\" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term \"barbarous German style\" in his Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style, and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to \"the Goths\" whom he holds responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style. At the time in which Vasari was writing, Italy had experienced a century of building in the Classical architectural vocabulary revived in the Renaissance and seen as evidence of a new Golden Age of learning and refinement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "a pejorative description"}], "question": "What type of description did the term \"Gothic architecture\" originate as?", "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Giorgio Vasari"}], "question": "Who used the term \"barbarous German style\" to portray what is known today as the Gothic style?", "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "\"the Goths\""}], "question": "Who does Vasari believe destroyed ancient buildings after they conquered Rome?", "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "a century"}], "question": "How long had Italy undergone building in a Classical architecture style at the time of Vasari?", "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "In what period was the Classical architecture vocabulary revived? ", "id": "572694b7dd62a815002e8a42"}]}], ["Gereja Katolik menguasai Eropah pada masa ini, mempengaruhi bukan sahaja iman tetapi juga kekayaan dan kekuasaan. Uskup telah dilantik oleh tuan-tuan feudal (raja-raja, dukes dan pemilik tanah lain) dan mereka sering memerintah sebagai putera maya di ladang-ladang besar. Periode Abad Pertengahan awal telah menyaksikan pertumbuhan pesat dalam monastik, dengan beberapa pesanan berbeza yang tersebar luas dan menyebarkan pengaruh mereka secara meluas. Yang paling utama adalah Benedictines yang gereja-gereja besar biara yang jauh melebihi jumlah orang lain di Perancis dan England. Sebahagian daripada pengaruh mereka adalah bahawa bandar-bandar berkembang di sekitar mereka dan mereka menjadi pusat budaya, pembelajaran dan perdagangan. Perintah Cluniac dan Cistercian lazim di Perancis, biara besar di Cluny telah membentuk formula untuk tapak biara yang dirancang dengan baik yang kemudiannya mempengaruhi semua bangunan biarawan yang berikutnya selama berabad-abad. <> Apa gereja yang tersebar luas di Eropah pada masa ini? || Gereja Katolik <> Siapa uskup yang dilantik oleh? || oleh tuan-tuan feudal (raja-raja, dukes dan pemilik tanah lain) <> Yang tempoh melihat pertumbuhan cepat dalam Monastik? || Tempoh Awal Abad Pertengahan <> Apakah jenis gereja yang Benediktin diketahui? || gereja-gereja besar biara <> Apa salah satu jenis pesanan Benediktin yang lazim di Perancis? || Perintah Cistercian", {"context": "The Catholic Church prevailed across Europe at this time, influencing not only faith but also wealth and power. Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Catholic Church"}], "question": "What church was widespread across Europe at this time?", "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "by the feudal lords (kings, dukes and other landowners)"}], "question": "Who were bishops appointed by?", "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "The early Medieval periods"}], "question": "Which periods saw a quick growth in Monasticism? ", "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "great abbey churches"}], "question": "What types of church were the Benedictines known for?", "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Cistercian Orders"}], "question": "What is one type of Benedictine order that was common in France?", "id": "57269b79dd62a815002e8aee"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-12, seni bina Romantik (dinamakan seni bina Norman di England kerana hubungannya dengan pencerobohan Norman), ditubuhkan di seluruh Eropah dan menyediakan bentuk dan unit seni bina asas yang kekal dalam evolusi sepanjang zaman Abad Pertengahan. Kategori bangunan yang penting: gereja katedral, gereja paroki, biara, istana, istana, dewan besar, rumah gerbang, bangunan sivik, telah ditubuhkan dalam zaman Romanesque. <> Apakah arsitektur Romanesque yang dikenali di England? || Seni bina Norman <> Pada awal abad apa gaya Romanesque ditubuhkan di seluruh Eropah? || abad ke-12 <> Gaya Romanesque terus memberi kesan dan memberi inspirasi kepada bentuk-bentuk seni bina asas sepanjang tempoh tersebut? || Tempoh Abad Pertengahan <> Apakah satu kategori bangunan penting yang diiktiraf dalam tempoh Romanesque? || gereja katedral <> Apakah kategori bangunan lain yang ditubuhkan pada zaman Romanesque? || Istana itu", {"context": "By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Norman architecture"}], "question": "What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?", "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the 12th century"}], "question": "By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?", "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "the Medieval period"}], "question": "The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire  the basic architectural forms throughout which period?", "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the cathedral church"}], "question": "What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?", "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the palace"}], "question": "What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?", "id": "5726a0f0dd62a815002e8b72"}]}], ["Di Jerman Utara, Belanda, Poland utara, Denmark, dan negara-negara Baltik batu bangunan tempatan tidak ada, tetapi ada tradisi yang kuat untuk membina batu bata. Gaya yang dihasilkan, Brick Gothic, dipanggil \"Backsteingotik\" di Jerman dan Scandinavia dan dikaitkan dengan Liga Hanseatic. Di Itali, batu digunakan untuk kubu-kubu, tetapi bata lebih disukai untuk bangunan lain. Kerana deposit marmar yang luas dan bervariasi, banyak bangunan yang dihadapi dalam marmar, atau dibiarkan dengan permukaan yang tidak tercatat supaya dapat dicapai pada suatu masa nanti. <> Jerman Utara, Belanda, utara Poland, Denmark, dan negara-negara Baltik menggunakan bahan bangunan sebagai pengganti batu tempatan? || bata <> Apakah nama gaya bangunan yang dihasilkan daripada penggunaan batu bata? || Brick Gothic, dipanggil \"Backsteingotik\" <> Apa gaya bangunan adalah Liga Hanseatic yang berkaitan dengan di Jerman dan Scandinavia? || \"Backsteingotik\" <> Mengapa banyak bangunan ditutup dengan marmar? || Kerana deposit marmar yang luas dan bervariasi <> Dengan apa jenis topeng bangunan yang tersisa jika mereka selesai pada masa yang akan datang? || fa\u00e7ade tanpa undur", {"context": "In Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries local building stone was unavailable but there was a strong tradition of building in brick. The resultant style, Brick Gothic, is called \"Backsteingotik\" in Germany and Scandinavia and is associated with the Hanseatic League. In Italy, stone was used for fortifications, but brick was preferred for other buildings. Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble, many buildings were faced in marble, or were left with undecorated fa\u00e7ade so that this might be achieved at a later date.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "brick"}], "question": "Northern Germany, Netherlands, northern Poland, Denmark, and the Baltic countries used what building material in place of local stone?", "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Brick Gothic, is called \"Backsteingotik\""}], "question": "What was the name of the building style that resulted from the use of brick?", "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "\"Backsteingotik\""}], "question": "What building style was the Hanseatic League connected with in Germany and Scandinavia?", "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Because of the extensive and varied deposits of marble"}], "question": "Why were many buildings covered with marble?", "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "undecorated fa\u00e7ade"}], "question": "With what type of facade were buildings left with if they were to completed at a later time?", "id": "57269f5add62a815002e8b48"}]}], ["Seni bina Gothik adalah gaya seni bina yang berkembang pada zaman pertengahan dan akhir zaman. Ia berkembang dari seni bina Romanesque dan digantikan oleh seni bina Renaisans. Berasal dari abad ke-12 Perancis dan bertahan dalam abad ke-16, seni bina Gothic dikenal pada masa itu sebagai Opus Francigenum (\"kerja Perancis\") dengan istilah Gothic yang pertama kali muncul pada zaman akhir Renaissance. Ciri-cirinya termasuk gerbang tajam, peti besi berongga dan kancing terbang. Seni bina Gothic paling dikenali sebagai seni bina banyak katedral, biara dan gereja-gereja Eropah. Ia juga merupakan seni bina dari banyak istana, istana, dewan bandar, dewan kesatuan, universiti dan tahap kurang penting, tempat tinggal peribadi, seperti asrama dan bilik. <> Apakah satu tempoh masa di mana seni bina Gothic berkembang? || akhir zaman pertengahan <> Apa gaya seni bina yang diperbuat daripada seni bina Gothik? || Senibina Romanesque <> Apa gaya seni bina yang datang selepas gaya Gothic? || Senibina Renaissance <> Dimana gaya seni bina Gothik berasal? || Perancis <> Seni bina Gothik dikenali dengan biasa digunakan dalam katedral dan gereja, apakah satu contoh struktur yang kurang dikenali di mana seni bina Gothic telah digunakan? || kediaman persendirian, seperti asrama dan bilik", {"context": "Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum (\"French work\") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "late medieval period"}], "question": "What is one time period in which Gothic architecture flourished?", "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Romanesque architecture"}], "question": "What style of architecture did Gothic architecture evolve from?", "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Renaissance architecture"}], "question": "What style of architecture came after the Gothic style?", "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where did the Gothic architecture style originate?", "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms"}], "question": "Gothic architecture is known for being commonly used in cathedrals and churches, what is one example of a lesser known type of structure in which Gothic architecture has been used?", "id": "57268fad5951b619008f769f"}]}], ["Dari abad ke-10 hingga abad ke-13, seni bina Romanesque telah menjadi gaya dan cara pembinaan pan-Eropah, yang mempengaruhi bangunan di negara-negara sejauh Ireland, Croatia, Sweden dan Sicily. Kawasan geografi luas yang sama kemudiannya dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan seni bina Gothik, tetapi penerimaan gaya Gothic dan kaedah pembinaan berbeza dari satu tempat ke tempat, seperti ungkapan rasa Gothik. Kedekatan beberapa wilayah bermakna bahawa sempadan negara moden tidak menentukan bahagian gaya. Sebaliknya, sesetengah kawasan seperti England dan Sepanyol menghasilkan ciri-ciri yang mendefinisikan jarang dilihat di tempat lain, kecuali di mana mereka telah dibawa oleh pelawat yang bergerak, atau pemindahan uskup. Perbezaan wilayah yang jelas di gereja-gereja biara besar dan katedral zaman Romawi sering menjadi lebih jelas di Gothic. <> Dalam tempoh masa apakah senibina Romanesque menjadi gaya pembinaan pan-Eropah? || 10 hingga abad ke-13 <> Apa satu negara di kawasan geografi yang dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan seni bina Gothik? || Croatia <> Mengapa sempadan negara tidak menjejaskan perbezaan gaya dalam seni bina Gothic? || jarak dari sesetengah kawasan <> Dalam tempoh itu apakah perbezaan wilayah dalam seni bina Romanesque menjadi lebih ketara? || Gothic <> England dan apa negara lain menunjukkan perbezaan dalam gaya seni bina jarang diamati di tempat lain? || Sepanyol", {"context": "From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland, Croatia, Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders do not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops. Regional differences that are apparent in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period often become even more apparent in the Gothic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "10th to the 13th century"}], "question": "During what time period did Romanesque architecture become a pan-European style of construction?", "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Croatia"}], "question": "What is one country in the geographic area that was affected by the development of the Gothic style of architecture?", "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "proximity of some regions"}], "question": "Why did country borders not affect differences in style within Gothic architecture?", "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "the Gothic"}], "question": "During which period did regional differences in Romanesque architecture become even more pronounced?", "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "England and what other country showed differences in architectural style rarely observed anywhere else?", "id": "57269de45951b619008f77e5"}]}], ["Pada akhir kurun ke-12, Eropah dibahagikan kepada pelbagai negeri dan kerajaan bandar. Kawasan yang merangkumi Jerman moden, selatan Denmark, Belanda, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Republik Czech dan kebanyakan wilayah Itali utara (tidak termasuk Venice dan Negara Paus) adalah sebahagian daripada Empayar Rom Suci, otonomi. Perancis, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily dan Cyprus adalah kerajaan merdeka, sama seperti Empayar Angevin, yang mana raja-raja Plantagenet memerintah England dan domain besar dalam apa yang menjadi Perancis moden. Norway berada di bawah pengaruh England, manakala negara-negara Scandinavia yang lain dan Poland dipengaruhi oleh hubungan perdagangan dengan Liga Hanseatic. Raja-raja Angevin membawa tradisi Gothik dari Perancis ke Itali Selatan, sementara raja-raja Lusignan memperkenalkan seni bina Perancis Gothic ke Cyprus. <> Pada penghujung abad apa yang dipisahkan Eropah menjadi beberapa negeri dan kerajaan? || akhir abad ke-12 <> Apa rantau yang merangkumi Jerman moden, selatan Denmark, Belanda, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Republik Czech dan kebanyakan Itali utara? || Empayar Rom Suci <> Negara moden apa yang mengandungi wilayah di mana raja-raja Plantagenet menguasai domain besar? || Perancis moden <> Poland dipengaruhi oleh hubungan perdagangan dengan apa Liga? || Liga Hanseatic <> Jenis-jenis raja yang membawa gaya Gothik dari Perancis ke Selatan Itali? || Raja-raja Angevin", {"context": "At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France. Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the end of the 12th century"}], "question": "At the end of what century was Europe separated into several city states and kingdoms?", "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e496"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "the Holy Roman Empire"}], "question": "What was the region covering modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy known as?", "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e497"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "modern France"}], "question": "What modern country contains regions in which Plantagenet kings controlled large domains?", "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e498"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "the Hanseatic League"}], "question": "Poland was affected by trade connections with what League?", "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e499"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "Angevin kings"}], "question": "What type of kings brought the Gothic style from France to Southern Italy?", "id": "5726980cf1498d1400e8e49a"}]}], ["Gerbang tajam, salah satu sifat yang mendefinisikan Gothic, lebih awal dimasukkan ke dalam seni bina Islam berikutan penaklukan Islam Syria Romawi dan Empayar Sassanid pada abad ke-7. Gerbang tajam dan pendahulunya telah digunakan dalam seni bina Late Rom dan Sassanian; dalam konteks Rom, dibuktikan dalam bangunan gereja awal di Syria dan struktur sekular yang seketika, seperti Jambatan Karamagara Rom; dalam seni bina Sassanid, di gerbang parabola dan tajam yang digunakan di istana dan pembinaan suci. <> Apakah ciri khas gaya seni bina Gothic? || Gerbang tajam <> Jenis seni bina yang pertama kali menggunakan gerbang tajam semasa abad ketujuh? || Seni bina Islam <> Apa jenis seni bina yang lain juga menggunakan gerbang tajam? || Seni bina Sassanian <> Jambatan Karamagara Rom adalah contoh jenis struktur apa? || struktur sekular <> Parabola dan gerbang menunjuk telah digunakan dalam apa jenis penyusunan? || istana dan pembinaan suci", {"context": "The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The pointed arch"}], "question": "What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?", "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Islamic architecture"}], "question": "Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?", "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Sassanian architecture"}], "question": "What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?", "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "secular structures"}], "question": "The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?", "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "palace and sacred construction"}], "question": "Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?", "id": "5726a450f1498d1400e8e5c6"}]}], ["Lengan timur menunjukkan kepelbagaian yang besar. Di England umumnya panjang dan mungkin mempunyai dua bahagian yang unik, kedua-dua paduan suara dan persembahan. Selalunya persegi berakhir atau mempunyai Lady Chapel yang memproyeksikan, didedikasikan kepada Perawan Maria. Di Perancis, hujung timur sering berbilang poligon dan dikelilingi oleh jalan yang dipanggil ambulatori dan kadang-kadang gelanggang kapel dipanggil \"chevet\". Walaupun gereja-gereja Jerman seringkali serupa dengan orang Perancis, di Itali, unjuran timur di luar transept biasanya hanya sebuah gereja apsidal yang cetek yang mengandungi tempat kudus, seperti di Katedral Florence. <> Di England, yang mana pada lengannya akan menunjukkan dua bahagian yang unik, paduan suara dan presbyter? || Lengan timur <> Siapa Lady Chapel yang dimaksudkan? || Permaisuri Mary <> Apa bentuk yang sering di pameran timur di Perancis? || poligonal <> Apa cincin kapel yang terdapat di hujung timur kapel Perancis yang dikenali sebagai? || chevet <> Di Itali, unjuran timur di luar transept sering mengandungi apa? || tempat kudus", {"context": "The eastern arm shows considerable diversity. In England it is generally long and may have two distinct sections, both choir and presbytery. It is often square ended or has a projecting Lady Chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In France the eastern end is often polygonal and surrounded by a walkway called an ambulatory and sometimes a ring of chapels called a \"chevet\". While German churches are often similar to those of France, in Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept is usually just a shallow apsidal chapel containing the sanctuary, as at Florence Cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The eastern arm"}], "question": "In England, which arm would generally show two distinct sections, choir and presbytery?", "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "the Virgin Mary"}], "question": "Who is a projecting Lady Chapel dedicated to?", "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "polygonal"}], "question": "What shape does the eastern end often exhibit in France?", "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "chevet"}], "question": "What is the ring of chapels found in the eastern end of French chapels known as?", "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "the sanctuary"}], "question": "In Italy, the eastern projection beyond the transept often contains what?", "id": "5726afd2dd62a815002e8cfa"}]}], ["Pada penghujung bahagian barat pada 1140, Abbot Suger berpindah ke pembinaan semula bahagian timur, meninggalkan Carolingian nave digunakan. Dia merancang paduan suara yang akan menjadi ringan. Untuk mencapai matlamatnya, tukang-tukangnya menarik beberapa ciri baru yang berkembang atau telah diperkenalkan kepada seni bina Romesque, gerbang tajam, peti besi runcit, ambulatori dengan kapel-kapel yang memancar, lajur clustered yang menyokong tulang rusuk yang bermunculan dalam arah yang berbeza dan penunggang terbang yang membolehkan penyisipan tingkap tamadun besar. <> Bilakah bahagian barat Saint Denis selesai? || di 1140 <> Apa bahagian pembinaan semula Saint Denis dimulakan selepas selesai bahagian barat? || ujung timur <> Gaya gaya apa yang telah dibiarkan tidak berubah selama ini dari pembinaan semula Saint Denis? || yang Carolingian nave <> Apakah gaya tiang yang digunakan oleh Abbott Suger semasa membina semula Saint Denis? || lajur berkelompok <> Unsur reka bentuk yang membolehkan penggunaan tingkap tamadun besar? || punggung terbang", {"context": "At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end, leaving the Carolingian nave in use. He designed a choir that would be suffused with light. To achieve his aims, his masons drew on the several new features which evolved or had been introduced to Romanesque architecture, the pointed arch, the ribbed vault, the ambulatory with radiating chapels, the clustered columns supporting ribs springing in different directions and the flying buttresses which enabled the insertion of large clerestory windows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "in 1140"}], "question": "When was the west front of Saint Denis completed?", "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the eastern end"}], "question": "What portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis was begun after the completion of the west front? ", "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "the Carolingian nave"}], "question": "What style of nave was left unaltered during this portion of the reconstruction of Saint Denis?", "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "clustered columns"}], "question": "What style of columns did Abbott Suger use when reconstructing Saint Denis?", "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "the flying buttresses"}], "question": "What design element allowed the use of large clerestory windows?", "id": "5726acd3708984140094cd93"}]}], ["Basilika Saint Denis pada umumnya dinamakan bangunan pertama yang benar-benar Gothic, namun perbezaannya adalah yang terbaik untuk paduan suara, di mana ambulatori tetap utuh. Katedral Noyon, juga di Perancis, menyaksikan penyiapan semula katedral keseluruhan dalam gaya baru dari 1150 hingga 1231. Semasa menggunakan semua ciri-ciri yang dikenali sebagai Gothic, termasuk gerbang yang tajam, punggung terbang dan penyusutan riben, pembina terus menggunakan banyak ciri-ciri dan kebanyakan ciri seni bina Romawi termasuk lengkungan berkepala di seluruh bangunan, yang berbeza-beza bentuk untuk menunjuk di mana ia berfungsi secara fungsional untuk berbuat demikian. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai bangunan Gothic yang pertama? || Basilika Saint Denis <> Katedral mana yang pertama kali dibina semula dalam gaya baru dari 1150 hingga 1231? || Noyon Cathedral <> Apa salah satu ciri yang telah dianggap sebagai bahagian penting gaya Gothic? || menunjuk gerbang <> Apakah salah satu ciri yang telah dianggap sebagai bahagian penting gaya Gothic? || flying buttresses <> Apa salah satu ciri yang telah dianggap sebagai bahagian penting gaya Gothic? || penyusunan ribbed", {"context": "The Basilica of Saint Denis is generally cited as the first truly Gothic building, however the distinction is best reserved for the choir, of which the ambulatory remains intact. Noyon Cathedral, also in France, saw the earliest completion of a rebuilding of an entire cathedral in the new style from 1150 to 1231. While using all those features that came to be known as Gothic, including pointed arches, flying buttresses and ribbed vaulting, the builders continued to employ many of the features and much of the character of Romanesque architecture including round-headed arch throughout the building, varying the shape to pointed where it was functionally practical to do so.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Basilica of Saint Denis"}], "question": "What is considered the first truly Gothic building?", "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Noyon Cathedral"}], "question": "Which cathedral was first to be rebuilt in the new style from 1150 to 1231?", "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "pointed arches"}], "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?", "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "flying buttresses"}], "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?", "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "ribbed vaulting"}], "question": "What is one of the features that have come to be considered as an important part of the Gothic style?", "id": "5726a86a708984140094cd1f"}]}], ["Walaupun banyak bangunan sekular wujud dari Zaman Pertengahan Abad, ia berada di bangunan katedral dan gereja-gereja yang hebat yang seni bina Goth mempamerkan struktur dan ciri yang bersangkutan dengan kelebihan sepenuhnya. Sebuah katedral Gothic atau biara adalah, sebelum abad ke-20, secara amnya bangunan mercu tanda di bandarnya, naik tinggi di atas semua struktur domestik dan sering diatasi oleh satu atau lebih menara dan puncak dan mayat tinggi. Katedral-katedral ini adalah pencakar langit pada hari itu dan akan menjadi bangunan terbesar setakat ini yang pernah dilihat oleh orang Eropah. Ia adalah dalam seni bina gereja-gereja Gothic bahawa kombinasi unik teknologi sedia ada menubuhkan kemunculan gaya bangunan baru. Teknologi-teknologi itu adalah gerbang ogival atau runcing, peti besi runcit, dan penjaja. <> Jenis bangunan apa yang paling jelas memaparkan aspek reka bentuk gaya seni bina Gothik? || katedral dan gereja-gereja yang hebat <> Sebelum kurun ke-20, gereja Gothik dianggap sebagai jenis bangunan di bandar tempat ia dibina? || bangunan mercu tanda <> Apa nama lain untuk gerbang tajam? || the ogival <> Apa contoh teknologi seni bina yang dilihat dalam pembinaan Gothik? || The vaulted ribbed <> Apa lagi contoh teknologi seni bina yang dilihat dalam pembinaan Gothik? || peniaga", {"context": "While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in its town, rising high above all the domestic structures and often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires. These cathedrals were the skyscrapers of that day and would have been the largest buildings by far that Europeans would ever have seen. It is in the architecture of these Gothic churches that a unique combination of existing technologies established the emergence of a new building style. Those technologies were the ogival or pointed arch, the ribbed vault, and the buttress.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "cathedrals and great churches"}], "question": "What type of buildings most prominently display the design aspects of the Gothic architectural style?", "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the landmark building"}], "question": "Prior to the 20th century, a Gothic cathedral was considered to be what type of building in the town in which it was constructed?", "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 769, "text": "the ogival"}], "question": "What is another name for the pointed arch?", "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "the ribbed vault"}], "question": "What is an example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?", "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "the buttress"}], "question": "What is another example of architectural technology that is seen in Gothic construction?", "id": "5726adf0dd62a815002e8cc8"}]}], ["Bentuk-bentuk ciri yang menentukan seni bina Gothik tumbuh dari seni bina Romanesque dan berkembang di beberapa lokasi geografi yang berbeza, akibat pengaruh yang berbeza dan keperluan struktur. Walaupun bilik kebal tong dan peti besi pangkal paha adalah tipikal seni bina Romawi, peti besi runcit digunakan di dalam dua gereja Romanesque di Caen, Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne dan Abbaye aux Dames pada tahun 1120. Satu lagi contoh awal ialah kawasan nave dan apse di Katedral dari Cefal\u00f9 pada tahun 1131. The vaulted ribbed over north transept di Durham Cathedral di England, dibina dari 1128 hingga 1133, mungkin lebih awal masih dan pertama kali menunjuk gerbang digunakan dalam peti besi yang tinggi. <> Bentuk tersendiri yang menggambarkan seni bina Gothik yang berkembang dari gaya mana? || Romanesque <> Barrel dan kubah pangkal paha adalah contoh-contoh seni bina apa? || Seni Romanesque <> Jenis bilik apa yang digunakan di Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne dan Abbaye aux Dames? || kubah berusuk <> Bilakah Katedral Durham dibina? || dari 1128 hingga 1133 <> Apakah katedral yang mula-mula menggunakan penggunaan gerbang yang tajam di dalam peti besi tinggi? || Katedral Durham di England", {"context": "The characteristic forms that were to define Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture and developed at several different geographic locations, as the result of different influences and structural requirements. While barrel vaults and groin vaults are typical of Romanesque architecture, ribbed vaults were used in the naves of two Romanesque churches in Caen, Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames in 1120. Another early example is the nave and apse area of the Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in 1131. The ribbed vault over the north transept at Durham Cathedral in England, built from 1128 to 1133, is probably earlier still and was the first time pointed arches were used in a high vault.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Romanesque"}], "question": "The distinctive forms that describe Gothic architecture developed out of which style?", "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Romanesque architecture"}], "question": "Barrel and groin vaults are examples of what kind of architecture?", "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "ribbed vaults"}], "question": "What type of vaults were used in the Abbey of Saint-\u00c9tienne and Abbaye aux Dames?", "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "from 1128 to 1133"}], "question": "When was Durham Cathedral constructed?", "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Durham Cathedral in England"}], "question": "What cathedral first made use of pointed arches in high vaults? ", "id": "5726a78bf1498d1400e8e644"}]}], ["Suger, sahabat dan kepercayaan dari Raja Perancis, Louis VI dan Louis VII, memutuskan sekitar 1137, untuk membina semula Gereja besar Saint-Denis, yang terletak di biara yang juga kediaman diraja. Dia bermula dengan Barisan Barat, membina semula fauna muka Carolingian asal dengan pintu tunggalnya. Dia mendirikan fasad Saint-Denis sebagai gema Arch Arch of Constantine dengan bahagian tiga bahagian dan tiga portal besar untuk meringankan masalah kesesakan. Tingkap mawar adalah contoh paling awal di atas portal Barat di Perancis. Kubus menggabungkan kedua-dua lengkungan bulat dan gerbang menunjuk gaya Gothic. <> Siapa yang memilih untuk membina semula Gereja Besar Saint-Denis di sekitar 1137? || Suger <> Bahagian manakah katedral itu adalah pembinaan semula Gereja besar Saint-Denis bermula? || Front West <> Fasad Saint Denis menyerupai struktur lain yang terkenal? || Arch Roman of Constantine <> Mengapa terdapat tiga portal besar yang digunakan dalam pembinaan Arch Roman of Constantine? || untuk meringankan masalah kesesakan <> Fasad Saint Denis menggabungkan lengkungan bulat dengan lengkungan gaya lain? || menunjuk gerbang gaya Gothik", {"context": "Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian fa\u00e7ade with its single door. He designed the fa\u00e7ade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The fa\u00e7ade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Suger"}], "question": "Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?", "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "the West Front"}], "question": "Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?", "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "the Roman Arch of Constantine"}], "question": "The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?", "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "to ease the problem of congestion"}], "question": "Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?", "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "pointed arches of the Gothic style"}], "question": "The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?", "id": "5726ab90f1498d1400e8e6b0"}]}], ["Di Abbey Saint-Denis, Katedral Noyon, Notre Dame de Paris dan di ujung timur Katedral Canterbury di England, tiang-tiang silinder yang sederhana mendominasi bentuk-bentuk ruang Gothic dan tiang-tiang berkerut. Katedral Wells di England, bermula di hujung timur pada tahun 1175, adalah bangunan pertama di mana perancang itu bebas daripada bentuk Romanesque. Arkitek sepenuhnya disuntik dengan gerbang bulat yang memihak kepada gerbang tajam dan dengan tiang silinder yang memihak kepada tiang-tiang yang terdiri daripada kelompok-kelompok aci yang membawa ke dalam gantung lengkungan. Transepts dan nave diteruskan oleh Adam Locke dalam gaya yang sama dan siap pada sekitar 1230. Ciri bangunan itu sepenuhnya Gothic. Katedral Wells dianggap sebagai katedral Gothic yang pertama. <> Apakah salah satu katedral di mana lajur silinder mudah menonjol lebih banyak daripada ciri Gothik? || Abbey Saint-Denis <> Bilakah pembinaan Wells Cathedral di England bermula? || di 1175 <> Siapa yang menyelesaikan transepts dan nave pada Katedral Wells sekitar 1230? || Adam Locke <> Katedral mana yang dianggap katedral Gothic yang pertama? || Katedral Wells <> Apakah katedral lain di mana lajur silinder yang sederhana menonjol lebih daripada ciri Gothic? || Notre Dame de Paris", {"context": "At the Abbey Saint-Denis, Noyon Cathedral, Notre Dame de Paris and at the eastern end of Canterbury Cathedral in England, simple cylindrical columns predominate over the Gothic forms of clustered columns and shafted piers. Wells Cathedral in England, commenced at the eastern end in 1175, was the first building in which the designer broke free from Romanesque forms. The architect entirely dispensed with the round arch in favour of the pointed arch and with cylindrical columns in favour of piers composed of clusters of shafts which lead into the mouldings of the arches. The transepts and nave were continued by Adam Locke in the same style and completed in about 1230. The character of the building is entirely Gothic. Wells Cathedral is thus considered the first truly Gothic cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Abbey Saint-Denis"}], "question": "What is one cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?", "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "in 1175"}], "question": "When was the construction of Wells Cathedral in England begun?", "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Adam Locke"}], "question": "Who completed the transepts and nave on Wells Cathedral in about 1230?", "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Wells Cathedral"}], "question": "Which Cathedral is considered the first thoroughly Gothic cathedral?", "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Notre Dame de Paris"}], "question": "What is another cathedral in which simple cylindrical columns stand out more than the Gothic features?", "id": "5726a9f5dd62a815002e8c60"}]}], ["Meningkatkan hubungan tentera dan budaya dengan dunia Islam, termasuk penaklukan Norman Sicily Islam pada tahun 1090, Perang Salib, bermula 1096, dan kehadiran Islam di Spanyol, mungkin telah mempengaruhi penggunaan abad ke-21 Eropa, meskipun hipotesis ini tetap kontroversial. Sudah tentu, di bahagian-bahagian Mediterranean Barat tertakluk kepada kawalan atau pengaruh Islam, varian serantau yang kaya muncul, menyusun Romanesque dan kemudian tradisi Gothik dengan bentuk hiasan Islam, seperti yang dilihat, di Monreale dan Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals, Alc\u00e1zar dari Seville, dan Teruel Cathedral. <> Apa yang boleh menjejaskan gerbang tajam Medieval Eropah? || Hubungan budaya dengan dunia Islam <> Apa peristiwa di tahun 1090 boleh memberi kesan pada Eropah Tengah yang merangkul gerbang tajam? || penaklukan Norman terhadap Sicilian Islam <> Di mana sebahagian dari Mediterranean Barat melakukan penggabungan gaya Romanesque dan Islam? || bahagian-bahagian Mediterranean Barat tertakluk kepada kawalan Islam <> Apa satu katedral di mana pencampuran gaya Romanesque, Gothic dan Islam dapat dilihat? || Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals <> Apakah satu lagi contoh katedral di mana penggabungan gaya Romanesque, Gothic dan Islam dapat dilihat? || Teruel Cathedral", {"context": "Increasing military and cultural contacts with the Muslim world, including the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily in 1090, the Crusades, beginning 1096, and the Islamic presence in Spain, may have influenced Medieval Europe's adoption of the pointed arch, although this hypothesis remains controversial. Certainly, in those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with Islamic decorative forms, as seen, for example, in Monreale and Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals, the Alc\u00e1zar of Seville, and Teruel Cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "cultural contacts with the Muslim world"}], "question": "What could have affected Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?", "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily"}], "question": "What event in the year 1090 could have had an effect on Medieval Europe's embracing of the pointed arch?", "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "those parts of the Western Mediterranean subject to Islamic control"}], "question": "In which parts of the Western Mediterranean did the blending of Romanesque and Islamic styles occur?", "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f790f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Cefal\u00f9 Cathedrals"}], "question": "What is one cathedral in which the mixing of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?", "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f7910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Teruel Cathedral"}], "question": "What is another example of a cathedral in which the blending of Romanesque, Gothic and Islamic styles can be seen?", "id": "5726a63c5951b619008f7911"}]}], ["Ini adalah pengenalan luas ciri tunggal, gerbang tajam, yang membawa kepada perubahan yang memisahkan Gothic dari Romanesque. Perubahan teknologi membenarkan perubahan gaya yang memecah tradisi tembok masonry dan dinding pepejal yang ditembusi oleh lubang kecil, menggantikannya dengan gaya di mana cahaya muncul untuk menang atas bahan. Dengan penggunaannya datanglah perkembangan banyak alat seni bina yang lain, sebelum ini dimasukkan ke dalam ujian di bangunan bertaburan dan kemudian dipanggil untuk memenuhi keperluan struktur, estetika dan ideologi gaya baru. Ini termasuk tingkap terbang, puncak dan tingkap traceried yang menonjolkan seni bina Gothic eklesiasti. Walaupun lengkungan tajam sangat dikaitkan dengan gaya Gothik, ia mula-mula digunakan dalam seni bina Barat di bangunan yang dengan cara lain jelas Romanesque, terutamanya Katedral Durham di utara England, Katedral Monreale dan Katedral Cefal\u00f9 di Sicily, Katedral Autun di Perancis. <> Apakah aspek reka bentuk tunggal yang paling penting yang memisahkan gaya Gothic dari Romanesque? || gerbang tajam <> Apakah satu contoh unsur gaya Gothik yang dapat digabungkan kerana inovasi teknologi? || punggung terbang <> Apakah satu lagi contoh elemen gaya Gothik yang dapat digabungkan kerana inovasi teknologi? || tingkap traceried <> Apakah nama katedral di England Utara yang mula-mula menunjukkan penggunaan gerbang tajam? || Katedral Durham <> Apakah nama gereja di Sicily yang pertama kali menunjukkan penggunaan gerbang tajam? || Katedral Cefal\u00f9", {"context": "It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture. But while pointed arch is so strongly associated with the Gothic style, it was first used in Western architecture in buildings that were in other ways clearly Romanesque, notably Durham Cathedral in the north of England, Monreale Cathedral and Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9 in Sicily, Autun Cathedral in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "the pointed arch"}], "question": "What was the most important single design aspect that separated the Gothic style from the Romanesque? ", "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8ba8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "the flying buttresses"}], "question": "What is one example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?", "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8ba9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "traceried windows"}], "question": "What is another example of a Gothic style element that was able to be incorporated because of technological innovation?", "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8baa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 900, "text": "Durham Cathedral"}], "question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Northern England that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?", "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "Cathedral of Cefal\u00f9"}], "question": "What is the name of the cathedral in Sicily that first displayed the use of the pointed arch?", "id": "5726a317dd62a815002e8bac"}]}], ["Di atas portal utama terdapat jendela besar, seperti di York Minster, atau sekumpulan tingkap seperti di Katedral Ripon. Di Perancis terdapat tetingkap mawar seperti itu di Katedral Reims. Tingkap mawar juga sering dijumpai di bangunan gereja-gereja Sepanyol dan Itali, tetapi jarang di tempat lain dan tidak ditemui di hadapan mana-mana Katedral Bahasa Inggeris. Gable biasanya kaya dihiasi dengan arca atau patung atau, dalam hal Itali, boleh dihiasi dengan seluruh fa\u00e7ade, dengan marmar polikrom dan mosaik, seperti di Katedral Orvieto. <> Saiz tetingkap apa yang terdapat di atas portal utama di York Minster? || jendela besar <> Jenis jendela apa yang sering dijumpai di atas portal utama di katedral di Perancis seperti Reims Cathedral? || tingkap mawar <> Di manakah tingkap yang rosak tidak pernah dijumpai di fasad katedral? || mana-mana Katedral Bahasa Inggeris <> Sebarang bahagian bangunan Gothic biasanya dihias dengan mewah atau arca? || The gable <> Katedral Itali mana yang memaparkan polikrom marmer dan mozek pada gable? || Katedral Orvieto", {"context": "Above the main portal there is generally a large window, like that at York Minster, or a group of windows such as those at Ripon Cathedral. In France there is generally a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral. Rose windows are also often found in the fa\u00e7ades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the fa\u00e7ades of any English Cathedrals. The gable is usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture or, in the case of Italy, may be decorated with the rest of the fa\u00e7ade, with polychrome marble and mosaic, as at Orvieto Cathedral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "a large window"}], "question": "What size of window is found above the main portal at York Minster?", "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "a rose window"}], "question": "What type of window is often found above the main portal at cathedrals in France such as the Reims Cathedral?", "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "any English Cathedrals"}], "question": "Where are rose windows never found in the facades of cathedrals?", "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "The gable"}], "question": "What portion of Gothic buildings are usually richly decorated with arcading or sculpture?", "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Orvieto Cathedral"}], "question": "Which Italian cathedral displays polychrome marble and mosaic on the gable?", "id": "5726bf8f5951b619008f7d1d"}]}], ["Bertentangan dengan teori difusi, nampaknya terdapat evolusi struktur secara serentak ke arah gerbang tajam, untuk tujuan melonggarkan ruang pelan yang tidak teratur, atau untuk membawa peti melintang melintang ke ketinggian yang sama dengan kebuk pepenjuru pepenjuru. Yang terakhir ini berlaku di Katedral Durham di lorong-lorong nave pada tahun 1093. Gerbang tajam juga berlaku secara meluas dalam Romanesque buta hiasan, di mana gerbang separa pekeliling bertindih antara satu sama lain dalam corak hiasan yang mudah, dan mata tidak sengaja untuk reka bentuk. <> Penggunaan gerbang yang tajam untuk membawa peti melintang melintang ke yang tinggi pepenjuru yang sama, adalah dalam perselisihan dengan teori apa? || teori diffusionist <> Di mana katedral gerbang tajam digunakan untuk memadankan ketinggian kotak-kotak melintang dan pepenjuru diagonal? || Katedral Durham <> Dalam apa jenis hiasan buta hiasan yang menunjuk lengkungan biasa? || Romanesque <> Apabila gerbang separa bulatan bertindih antara satu sama lain, jenis reka bentuk yang tidak sengaja dibuat? || mata", {"context": "Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "the diffusionist theory"}], "question": "The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?", "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Durham Cathedral"}], "question": "At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?", "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Romanesque"}], "question": "In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?", "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "points"}], "question": "When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?", "id": "5726b3bc708984140094ce3e"}]}], ["Gothic vault, tidak seperti peti besi separa bulat bangunan Roman dan Romanesque, boleh digunakan untuk bumbung rectangular dan pelan berbentuk tidak teratur seperti trapezoids. Kelebihan struktur yang lain adalah bahawa gerbang tajam mengalir berat ke dermaga atau tiang galas pada sudut yang curam. Ini membolehkan arkitek untuk menaikkan peti besi lebih tinggi daripada yang mungkin dalam seni bina Romanesque. Walaupun, secara struktur, penggunaan gerbang tajam memberikan kelonggaran yang lebih besar kepada bentuk seni bina, ia juga memberikan seni bina Gothik sebuah watak visual yang sangat berbeza dan lebih menonjol daripada Romanesque. <> Jenis vault jenis mana yang boleh digunakan untuk bumbung berbentuk segi empat tepat dan trapezoid? || Gothic vault <> Apakah manfaat struktur yang ditawarkan oleh peti besi Gothic? || saluran berat ke dermaga atau tiang galas pada sudut yang curam <> Apa arsitek boleh meningkatkan lebih tinggi menggunakan variasi Gothic versus pelbagai Romanesque? || peti besi <> Apakah jenis watak visual yang dicapai dengan menggunakan gerbang tajam? || lebih banyak watak visual menegak", {"context": "The Gothic vault, unlike the semi-circular vault of Roman and Romanesque buildings, can be used to roof rectangular and irregularly shaped plans such as trapezoids. The other structural advantage is that the pointed arch channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle. This enabled architects to raise vaults much higher than was possible in Romanesque architecture. While, structurally, use of the pointed arch gave a greater flexibility to architectural form, it also gave Gothic architecture a very different and more vertical visual character than Romanesque.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Gothic vault"}], "question": "Which type of vault can be used for rectangular and trapezoidal shaped roofs?", "id": "5726b585708984140094ce87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "channels the weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle"}], "question": "What structural benefit is offered by the Gothic vault?", "id": "5726b585708984140094ce88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "vaults"}], "question": "What can architects raise much higher using the Gothic versus the Romanesque variety?", "id": "5726b585708984140094ce89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "more vertical visual character"}], "question": "What type of visual character is achieved by using the pointed arch?", "id": "5726b585708984140094ce8a"}]}], ["Di bahagian dalam bangunan, batang yang dilekatkan sering menyapu bersih dari lantai ke siling dan menemui tulang rusuk peti besi, seperti pokok tinggi yang tersebar ke dalam cawangan. Menegak biasanya diulangi dalam rawatan tingkap dan permukaan dinding. Di banyak gereja Gothic, terutamanya di Perancis, dan dalam tempoh perpaduan seni bina Gothic Inggeris, rawatan unsur-unsur menegak dalam galeri dan tingkap tingkap mencipta ciri yang menyatukan yang menentang bahagian mendatar struktur dalaman. <> Apa yang sering didapati menyapu dari lantai ke siling di bahagian dalam bangunan Gothik? || tiang terpasang <> Di manakah menegak ditemui di bahagian dalam bangunan Gothic? || rawatan tingkap dan permukaan dinding <> Ciri jenis apa yang dicipta oleh penggunaan elemen menegak di galeri dan tracery window? || ciri yang kuat menyatukan <> Apa gunanya unsur menegak membantu untuk mengatasi? || bahagian mendatar struktur dalaman", {"context": "On the interior of the building attached shafts often sweep unbroken from floor to ceiling and meet the ribs of the vault, like a tall tree spreading into branches. The verticals are generally repeated in the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces. In many Gothic churches, particularly in France, and in the Perpendicular period of English Gothic architecture, the treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery creates a strongly unifying feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "attached shafts"}], "question": "What is often found sweeping unbroken from floor to ceiling on the interior of Gothic buildings?", "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the treatment of the windows and wall surfaces"}], "question": "Where are the verticals found repeated in the interior of Gothic buildings?", "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "a strongly unifying feature"}], "question": "What sort of feature is created by the use of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery?", "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "horizontal divisions of the interior structure"}], "question": "What does the use of vertical elements help to counteract?", "id": "5726bb60f1498d1400e8e945"}]}], ["Lampu dalaman yang ekspansif telah menjadi ciri katedral Gothik sejak struktur pertama dibuka. Metafizik cahaya pada Zaman Pertengahan membawa kepada kepercayaan ulama dalam ketuhanannya dan pentingnya paparannya dalam keadaan suci. Kebanyakan kepercayaan ini didasarkan pada tulisan-tulisan Pseudo-Dionysius, mistik abad keenam yang bukunya, The Hierarchy Celestial, terkenal di kalangan para bhikkhu di Perancis. Pseudo-Dionysius berpendapat bahawa semua cahaya, walaupun cahaya yang tercermin dari logam atau mengalir melalui tingkap, adalah ilahi. Untuk menggalakkan kepercayaan itu, abbot yang bertanggungjawab ke atas gereja Saint-Denis di pinggir utara Paris, Abbot Suger, menggalakkan arkitek membina semula bangunan untuk menjadikan pedalaman sebagai cerah. <> Siapa yang menggalakkan arkitek katedral untuk membenarkan cahaya sebanyak mungkin ke dalam bangunan? || Abbot Suger <> Siapa yang memegang keyakinan bahawa semua cahaya, termasuk cahaya yang dipantulkan dari dinding dan permukaan adalah ilahi? || Pseudo-Dionysius <> Apa jenis cahaya yang sentiasa menjadi ciri-ciri katedral Gothic? || Lampu dalaman ekspansif <> Buku apa yang menjadi popular dengan para bhikkhu di Perancis dan mempunyai kesan ke atas bagaimana cahaya digunakan di katedral? || Hierarki Surgawi <> Yang tulisannya membawa kepada kepercayaan beriman dalam ketuhanan cahaya? || Pseudo-Dionysius", {"context": "Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "the Abbot Suger"}], "question": "Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?", "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Pseudo-Dionysius"}], "question": "Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?", "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Expansive interior light"}], "question": "What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?", "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "The Celestial Hierarchy"}], "question": "What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?", "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Pseudo-Dionysius"}], "question": "Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?", "id": "5726bda85951b619008f7cb2"}]}], ["Secara luaran, menara dan menara adalah ciri gereja Gothik yang baik dan kecil, jumlah dan kedudukannya menjadi salah satu pembolehubah terbesar dalam seni bina Gothik. Di Itali, menara itu, jika ada, hampir selalu terpisah dari bangunan, seperti di Katedral Florence, dan sering dari struktur terdahulu. Di Perancis dan Sepanyol, dua menara di bahagian depan adalah norma. Di England, Jerman dan Scandinavia ini sering susunan, tetapi katedral Inggeris juga boleh diatasi oleh menara yang besar di persimpangan. Gereja-gereja yang lebih kecil biasanya mempunyai hanya satu menara, tetapi ini juga mungkin berlaku di bangunan-bangunan yang lebih besar, seperti Salisbury Cathedral atau Ulm Minster, yang memiliki puncak tertinggi di dunia, sedikit melebihi Lincoln Cathedral, yang tertinggi yang sebenarnya diselesaikan semasa tempoh zaman pertengahan, pada 160 meter (520 kaki). <> Apakah satu ciri gereja Gothic yang besar dan kecil? || menara <> Apa ciri lain dari kedua gereja Gothic yang besar dan kecil? || spiers <> Berapa banyak menara khas di hadapan gereja Gothic di Perancis dan Sepanyol? || dua menara <> Di negara apakah menara yang sering dijumpai terpisah dari bangunan utama? || Itali <> Berapa banyak menara yang terdapat di Kapel Salisbury? || hanya satu menara", {"context": "Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure. In France and Spain, two towers on the front is the norm. In England, Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement, but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing. Smaller churches usually have just one tower, but this may also be the case at larger buildings, such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster, which has the tallest spire in the world, slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral, the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period, at 160 metres (520 ft).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "towers"}], "question": "What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?", "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "spires"}], "question": "What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?", "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "two towers"}], "question": "How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?", "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?", "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "just one tower"}], "question": "How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?", "id": "5726b6995951b619008f7b8b"}]}], ["Di bahagian luar, vertikal ditekankan dengan cara yang sangat besar oleh menara dan menara dan dengan cara yang lebih rendah dengan menonjolkan buttresses menegak, dengan setengah tiang sempit dipanggil aci terpasang yang sering melalui beberapa tingkat bangunan, dengan tingkap panjang sempit , acuan menegak di sekitar pintu dan patung kiasan yang menekankan menegak dan sering dilemahkan. Bumbung, hujung gable, buttresses dan bahagian lain bangunan sering ditamatkan oleh puncak kecil, Katedral Milan menjadi contoh ekstrim dalam penggunaan bentuk hiasan ini. <> Apa yang meningkatkan pandangan menegak luar bangunan Gothic? || menara dan menara <> Apa salah satu elemen reka bentuk pembinaan Gothik yang sering ditamatkan oleh puncak kecil? || Bumbung <> Apakah unsur reka bentuk lain dalam pembinaan Gothik yang sering ditamatkan oleh puncak-puncak kecil? || Gembel berakhir <> Katedral mana yang menunjukkan contoh dramatik dengan penghancuran kecil? || Katedral Milan <> Apa bahagian lain bangunan Gothic yang sering ditemui dihentikan dengan pinnacles kecil? || buttresses", {"context": "On the exterior, the verticality is emphasised in a major way by the towers and spires and in a lesser way by strongly projecting vertical buttresses, by narrow half-columns called attached shafts which often pass through several storeys of the building, by long narrow windows, vertical mouldings around doors and figurative sculpture which emphasises the vertical and is often attenuated. The roofline, gable ends, buttresses and other parts of the building are often terminated by small pinnacles, Milan Cathedral being an extreme example in the use of this form of decoration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the towers and spires"}], "question": "What enhances the vertical look of the exterior of Gothic construction? ", "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "The roofline"}], "question": "What is one design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?", "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "gable ends"}], "question": "What is another design element of Gothic construction that is often terminated by small pinnacles?", "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Milan Cathedral"}], "question": "Which cathedral demonstrates a drastic example of termination with small pinnacles?", "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "buttresses"}], "question": "What other part of Gothic buildings are often found terminated with small pinnacles?", "id": "5726b7d7708984140094cee7"}]}], ["Ciri khas katedral Perancis, dan orang-orang di Jerman dan Belgium yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh mereka, adalah ketinggian mereka dan kesan mereka terhadap ketegangan. Setiap katedral Perancis cenderung bergaya secara bersatu dalam penampilan apabila dibandingkan dengan katedral Inggeris di mana terdapat kepelbagaian yang besar di hampir setiap bangunan. Mereka padat, dengan sedikit atau tidak ada unjuran transepts dan kapel subsidiari. Barisan barat sangat konsisten, mempunyai tiga portal yang diatasi oleh tingkap mawar, dan dua menara besar. Kadang-kadang terdapat menara tambahan pada hujung transept. Akhir timur adalah berbilang poligon dengan ambulatori dan kadang-kadang sebuah chevette memancarkan gereja-gereja. Di selatan Perancis, banyak gereja-gereja utama tanpa transepts dan ada yang tidak ada lorong. <> Apakah ciri reka bentuk visual distinguiushing katedral Perancis? || kesan mereka terhadap kedalaman <> Berapa banyak portal yang biasanya terdapat di bahagian depan katedral Perancis? || tiga portal <> Berapa banyak menara biasanya ditemui di bahagian depan katedral Perancis? || dua menara besar <> Bentuk apa yang ada pada akhir timur kapel Perancis biasanya? || Hujung timur adalah poligonal <> Apa yang banyak kekurangan gereja-gereja utama di Perancis Selatan? || transepts", {"context": "The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "their impression of verticality"}], "question": "What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?", "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8eace"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "three portals"}], "question": "How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?", "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8eacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "two large towers"}], "question": "How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?", "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "The east end is polygonal"}], "question": "What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?", "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "transepts"}], "question": "What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?", "id": "5726c5c7f1498d1400e8ead2"}]}], ["Senibina Romanesque di Jerman, Poland, Tanah Ceko dan Austria dicirikan oleh sifatnya yang besar dan modular. Ini dinyatakan dalam senibina Gothic di Eropah Tengah dalam saiz besar menara dan tudung, sering diproyeksikan, tetapi tidak selalu selesai. Bahagian depan barat biasanya mengikut formula Perancis, tetapi menara jauh lebih tinggi dan, jika lengkap, diatasi oleh semak terbuka yang besar yang merupakan ciri serantau. Kerana saiz menara, bahagian fa\u00e7ade di antara mereka mungkin kelihatan sempit dan dimampatkan. Akhir timur mengikut bentuk Perancis. Ciri khas dalaman katedral Gothic Jerman adalah keluasan dan keterbukaan mereka. Ini berlaku walaupun, seperti di Cologne, mereka telah dimodelkan pada katedral Perancis. Katedral Jerman, seperti Perancis, cenderung untuk tidak mempercepatkan melancarkan transepts. Terdapat juga banyak jemaat gereja (Hallenkirchen) tanpa tingkap perkeranian. <> Di Jerman, Poland dan Austria seni bina Romanesque didefinisikan oleh saiznya yang besar dan apa unsur reka bentuk yang lain? || gaya modular <> Gaya reka bentuk apakah seni bina Romantik di Jerman, Poland, dan Austria biasanya mengikut? || Formula Perancis <> Apa ujung timur katedral Romanesque Jerman biasanya meniru? || mengikut bentuk Perancis <> Apakah unsur reka bentuk yang membezakan dalam katedral Gothic Jerman? || keluasan dan keterbukaan mereka <> Apa gereja-gereja bait di katedral Jerman yang dikenali sebagai? || Hallenkirchen", {"context": "Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the fa\u00e7ade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "modular nature"}], "question": "In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?", "id": "5726c8de708984140094d153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the French formula"}], "question": "What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?", "id": "5726c8de708984140094d154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "follows the French form"}], "question": "What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?", "id": "5726c8de708984140094d155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "their breadth and openness"}], "question": "What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?", "id": "5726c8de708984140094d156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "Hallenkirchen"}], "question": "What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?", "id": "5726c8de708984140094d157"}]}], ["Ciri khas katedral bahasa Inggeris adalah panjang melampau mereka, dan penekanan dalaman mereka pada mendatar, yang dapat ditekankan secara visual sebanyak atau lebih daripada garis menegak. Setiap katedral Inggeris (kecuali Salisbury) mempunyai kepelbagaian gaya yang luar biasa, berbanding dengan kebanyakan katedral Perancis, Jerman dan Itali. Ia tidak luar biasa bagi setiap bahagian bangunan yang telah dibina pada abad yang berlainan dan dalam gaya yang berbeza, tanpa percubaan mewujudkan perpaduan gaya. Tidak seperti katedral Perancis, katedral bahasa Inggeris melayang di seluruh laman web mereka, dengan berlipatgandakan ganda yang memproyeksikan dengan kuat dan Lady Chapels ditentang di kemudian hari, seperti di Westminster Abbey. Di bahagian depan barat, pintu tidak begitu penting seperti di Perancis, pintu masuk jemaah biasa yang melalui pintu masuk. Tingkap Barat sangat besar dan tidak pernah rosak, yang dikhaskan untuk gabung transept. Bahagian depan barat mungkin mempunyai dua menara seperti Katedral Perancis, atau tidak. Terdapat hampir sentiasa menara di persimpangan dan ia mungkin sangat besar dan diatasi oleh spire. Akhir timur bahasa Inggeris yang tersendiri adalah persegi, tetapi ia mungkin mengambil bentuk yang sama sekali berbeza. Kedua-dua dalaman dan luaran, kerajinan sering dihiasi dengan ukiran, terutama ibu kota. <> Apakah reka bentuk unik katedral Bahasa Inggeris? || panjang ekstrem mereka <> Apa jenis transepts yang sering digunakan oleh katedral Bahasa Inggeris? || Double transepts <> Apa saiz tetingkap biasanya dipaparkan di hujung barat katedral Bahasa Inggeris? || sangat besar <> Di manakah jendela tingkap yang digunakan di katedral Bahasa Inggeris? || the transept gables <> Pada katedral Bahasa Inggeris, di mana menara hampir selalu dijumpai? || di persimpangan", {"context": "The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "their extreme length"}], "question": "What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?", "id": "5726c713708984140094d13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "double transepts"}], "question": "What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature? ", "id": "5726c713708984140094d140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "very large"}], "question": "What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?", "id": "5726c713708984140094d141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 924, "text": "the transept gables"}], "question": "Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?", "id": "5726c713708984140094d142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1045, "text": "at the crossing"}], "question": "On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?", "id": "5726c713708984140094d143"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1663 di kediaman Uskup Agung Canterbury, Lambeth Palace, bumbung hammerbeam Gothic dibina untuk menggantikan yang musnah apabila bangunan tersebut dipecat semasa Perang Saudara Inggeris. Juga pada akhir abad ke-17, beberapa butiran Gotik yang diskrit muncul pada pembinaan baru di Oxford University dan Cambridge University, terutamanya di Tom Tower di Christ Church, Oxford, oleh Christopher Wren. Ia tidak mudah untuk menentukan sama ada kes ini adalah kelangsungan Gothik atau penampilan awal kebangkitan Gothik. <> Apakah nama kediaman Uskup Agung Canterbury? || Istana Lambeth <> Pada tahun apakah bumbung hammerbeam Gothic dipasang di kediaman Uskup Agung Canterbury? || Pada tahun 1663 <> Dalam abad berapa banyak butiran Gothic yang digunakan pada pembinaan baru di Oxford dan Cambridge? || akhir abad ke 17 <> Siapa yang menggunakan butiran Gothik dalam pembinaan Tom Tower, Oxford? || Christopher Wren", {"context": "In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence, Lambeth Palace, a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War. Also in the late 17th century, some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University, notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, by Christopher Wren. It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Lambeth Palace"}], "question": "What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?", "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1663"}], "question": "In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?", "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "the late 17th century"}], "question": "In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?", "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Christopher Wren"}], "question": "Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?", "id": "5726d2ce5951b619008f7f1a"}]}], ["Menjelang pekan-pekan universiti abad pertengahan telah berkembang dengan kekayaan dan kepentingan, dan ini dapat dilihat di bangunan beberapa universiti purba di Eropah. Contoh yang luar biasa yang masih berdiri pada masa kini termasuk Collegio di Spagna di Universiti Bologna, yang dibina pada abad ke-14 dan ke-15; Collegium Carolinum dari Universiti Prague di Bohemia; mayor Escuelas dari Universiti Salamanca di Sepanyol; gereja King's College, Cambridge; atau Collegium Maius dari Universiti Jagiellonian di Krak\u00f3w, Poland. <> Dalam era apakah bandar-bandar universiti berkembang dengan kekayaan dan kepentingannya? || akhir Abad Pertengahan <> Apa nama bangunan universiti di Bologna, yang dibina pada abad ke-14 dan ke-15? || Collegio di Spagna <> Apa nama bangunan di Universiti Prague di Bohemia? || Collegium Carolinum <> Apa nama bangunan sekular di Universiti Salamanca di Sepanyol? || mayor Escuelas <> Apa nama bangunan sekular di Universiti Jagiellonian di Krak\u00f3w, Poland? || Collegium Maius", {"context": "By the late Middle Ages university towns had grown in wealth and importance as well, and this was reflected in the buildings of some of Europe's ancient universities. Particularly remarkable examples still standing nowadays include the Collegio di Spagna in the University of Bologna, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the Collegium Carolinum of the University of Prague in Bohemia; the Escuelas mayores of the University of Salamanca in Spain; the chapel of King's College, Cambridge; or the Collegium Maius of the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Poland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "the late Middle Ages"}], "question": "In what era had university towns grown in wealth and importance?", "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "the Collegio di Spagna"}], "question": "What is the name of the university building in Bologna, built in the 14th and 15th centuries?", "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "the Collegium Carolinum"}], "question": "What is the name of the building at University of Prague in Bohemia?", "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "the Escuelas mayores"}], "question": "What is the name of the secular building at the University of Salamanca in Spain? ", "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "the Collegium Maius"}], "question": "What is the name of the secular building at the Jagiellonian University in Krak\u00f3w, Poland?", "id": "5726d047f1498d1400e8ec0a"}]}], ["Palais des Papes di Avignon adalah istana diraja yang lengkap, bersama dengan istana kerajaan Olite, yang dibina pada abad ke-13 dan ke-14 untuk raja-raja Navarre. Istana Malbork yang dibina untuk menguasai tatanan Teutonik adalah contoh seni bina Brick Gothic. Sisa-sisa hidup bekas kediaman diraja termasuk Istana Doge dari Venice, Palau de la Generalitat di Barcelona, yang dibina pada abad ke-15 untuk raja-raja Aragon, atau Conciergerie yang terkenal, bekas istana raja-raja Perancis, di Paris. <> Siapa istana kerajaan Olite dibina? || raja-raja Navarre <> Siapa yang Malbork Castle dibina? || tuan tatanan Teutonik <> Apa jenis seni bina Gothic yang Malbork Castle sebagai contoh? || Brick Gothic architecture <> Apakah nama kediaman diraja yang dibina untuk raja Perancis di Paris? || Conciergerie yang terkenal <> Bilakah Palau de la Generalitat di Barcelona dibina? || dibina pada abad ke-15", {"context": "The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the best complete large royal palace, alongside the Royal palace of Olite, built during the 13th and 14th centuries for the kings of Navarre. The Malbork Castle built for the master of the Teutonic order is an example of Brick Gothic architecture. Partial survivals of former royal residences include the Doge's Palace of Venice, the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona, built in the 15th century for the kings of Aragon, or the famous Conciergerie, former palace of the kings of France, in Paris.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the kings of Navarre"}], "question": "Who was the Royal palace of Olite built for?", "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "the master of the Teutonic order"}], "question": "Who was the Malbork Castle built for?", "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Brick Gothic architecture"}], "question": "What type of Gothic architecture is the Malbork Castle an example of?", "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "the famous Conciergerie"}], "question": "What is the name of the royal residence built for the kings of France in Paris?", "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "built in the 15th century"}], "question": "When was the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona constructed?", "id": "5726cda3708984140094d1c5"}]}], ["Rumah Parlimen di London oleh Sir Charles Barry dengan pedalaman oleh penyokong utama Gothic Revival awal, Augustus Welby Pugin, adalah contoh gaya kebangkitan Goth dari masa awalnya pada suku kedua abad ke-19. Contoh-contoh dari zaman Gothic Tinggi Victoria termasuk rancangan George Gilbert Scott untuk Albert Memorial di London, dan gereja William Butterfield di Keble College, Oxford. Dari separuh kedua abad ke-19 dan seterusnya menjadi lebih biasa di Britain untuk neo-Gothik untuk digunakan dalam reka bentuk jenis bangunan bukan gereja dan bukan kerajaan. Butiran Gothic bahkan mulai muncul dalam skema perumahan kelas pekerja yang disubsidi oleh kedermawanan, meskipun diberi perbelanjaan, kurang dari pada perancangan perumahan kelas atas dan menengah. <> Siapa arkitek luaran Dewan Parlimen? || Sir Charles Barry <> Siapa arkitek dalaman Dewan Parlimen? || Augustus Welby Pugin <> Apa gaya seni bina yang ditunjuk oleh Dewan Parlemen? || gaya kebangkitan Gothic <> Siapa yang merancang Albert Memorial di London? || George Gilbert Scott <> Siapa yang merancang gereja di Keble College, Oxford? || William Butterfield", {"context": "The Houses of Parliament in London by Sir Charles Barry with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival, Augustus Welby Pugin, is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century. Examples from the High Victorian Gothic period include George Gilbert Scott's design for the Albert Memorial in London, and William Butterfield's chapel at Keble College, Oxford. From the second half of the 19th century onwards it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types. Gothic details even began to appear in working-class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy, though given the expense, less frequently than in the design of upper and middle-class housing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Sir Charles Barry"}], "question": "Who was the exterior architect of the Houses of Parliament?", "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Augustus Welby Pugin"}], "question": "Who was the interior architect of the Houses of Parliament?", "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "the Gothic revival style"}], "question": "What style of architecture does the Houses of Parliament exemplify?", "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "George Gilbert Scott"}], "question": "Who designed the Albert Memorial in London?", "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "William Butterfield"}], "question": "Who designed the chapel at Keble College, Oxford?", "id": "5726d5d3708984140094d2d7"}]}], ["Di Perancis, pada masa yang sama, tokoh Gothic Revival adalah Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc, yang mengalahkan pembinaan Gothic bersejarah untuk mencipta Gothic sepertinya telah sepatutnya, terutama di bandar bersejarah Carcassonne di selatan Perancis dan sesetengah orang kaya yang diperkuatkan menyimpan untuk para pekerja industri. Viollet-le-Duc menyusun dan menyelaraskan sebuah Encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9di\u00e9vale yang merupakan cita-cita yang kaya dengan orang sezamannya yang ditanam untuk butiran seni bina. Dia melakukan pemulihan yang penuh dengan ketegangan runtuh katedral Perancis, termasuk Biara Saint-Denis dan terkenal di Notre Dame de Paris, di mana kebanyakan gargoyle yang paling \"Gothic\" adalah Viollet-le-Duc. Beliau mengajar generasi pereka reformasi-Gothic dan menunjukkan bagaimana untuk menggunakan gaya Gothik untuk bahan struktur moden, terutamanya besi tuang. <> Siapa tokoh utama Gothic Revival di Perancis? || Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc <> Apa katedral Perancis yang terkenal dipulihkan dan dibina semula oleh Viollet-le-Duc? || Biara Saint-Denis <> Bahan bangunan moden apa yang dilakukan Viollet-le-Duc mengajar pembaharuan pereka Gothik untuk bekerjasama? || besi besi <> Dalam apa bandar yang diperkuat di Perancis Selatan melakukan Viollet-le-Duc mencipta semula pembinaan Gothic bersejarah? || Carcassonne <> Apa gereja Perancis terkenal yang lain yang bekerja di Viollet-le-Duc? || Notre Dame de Paris", {"context": "In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-le-Duc compiled and coordinated an Encyclop\u00e9die m\u00e9di\u00e9vale that was a rich repertory his contemporaries mined for architectural details. He effected vigorous restoration of crumbling detail of French cathedrals, including the Abbey of Saint-Denis and famously at Notre Dame de Paris, where many of whose most \"Gothic\" gargoyles are Viollet-le-Duc's. He taught a generation of reform-Gothic designers and showed how to apply Gothic style to modern structural materials, especially cast iron.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc"}], "question": "Who was the main figure of the Gothic Revival in France?", "id": "5726d73d708984140094d30f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "the Abbey of Saint-Denis"}], "question": "What famous French cathedral was restored and reconstructed by Viollet-le-Duc?", "id": "5726d73d708984140094d310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 799, "text": "cast iron"}], "question": "What modern building material did Viollet-le-Duc teach reform Gothic designers to work with?", "id": "5726d73d708984140094d311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Carcassonne"}], "question": "In what fortified city in Southern France did Viollet-le-Duc recreate historical Gothic constructions?", "id": "5726d73d708984140094d312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Notre Dame de Paris"}], "question": "What other famous French cathedral did Viollet-le-Duc work on?", "id": "5726d73d708984140094d313"}]}], ["Bandar lain yang mempunyai kepekatan Gothic sekular termasuk Bruges dan Siena. Kebanyakan bangunan sekular yang masih hidup agak jelas dan mudah; kebanyakan tingkap adalah rata-rata dengan mullions, dengan gerbang tajam dan siling berkubah sering hanya terdapat di beberapa titik fokus. Rumah-rumah kaum bangsawan adalah lambat untuk meninggalkan kemunculan sebagai istana, walaupun di bahagian-bahagian Eropah, seperti England, di mana pertahanan telah menjadi kebimbangan sebenar. Bahagian hidup dan kerja banyak bangunan biarawan bertahan, misalnya di Mont Saint-Michel. <> Apakah satu bandar dengan pengumpulan struktur Gotik sekular? || Bruges <> Apa bandar lain dengan pengumpulan struktur Gothic sekular? || Siena <> Gaya apa yang paling tingkap pada struktur Gotik sekular? || rata-rata dengan mullions <> Di mana gerbang menunjuk dan siling berkubah ditemui pada struktur Gothik yang paling sekular? || beberapa titik fokus <> Apakah nama bangunan biarawan yang masih hidup di England? || Mont Saint-Michel", {"context": "Other cities with a concentration of secular Gothic include Bruges and Siena. Most surviving small secular buildings are relatively plain and straightforward; most windows are flat-topped with mullions, with pointed arches and vaulted ceilings often only found at a few focal points. The country-houses of the nobility were slow to abandon the appearance of being a castle, even in parts of Europe, like England, where defence had ceased to be a real concern. The living and working parts of many monastic buildings survive, for example at Mont Saint-Michel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Bruges"}], "question": "What is one city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ", "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Siena"}], "question": "What is another city with an accumulation of secular Gothic structures? ", "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "flat-topped with mullions"}], "question": "What style are most windows on secular Gothic structures?", "id": "5726d18a708984140094d22f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "a few focal points"}], "question": "Where are pointed arches and vaulted ceilings found on most secular Gothic structures?", "id": "5726d18a708984140094d230"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "Mont Saint-Michel"}], "question": "What is the name of the surviving monastic building in England? ", "id": "5726d18a708984140094d231"}]}], ["Di England, sebahagiannya sebagai tindak balas kepada falsafah yang digerakkan oleh Pergerakan Oxford dan yang lain yang berkaitan dengan kebangkitan semula 'gereja yang tinggi' atau idea-idea Anglo-Katolik pada suku kedua abad ke-19, neo-Gothic mula dipromosikan oleh penubuhan berpengaruh angka sebagai gaya pilihan untuk seni bina eklesias, sivik dan institusi. Rayuan kebangkitan Gothik ini (yang selepas 1837, di Britain, kadang-kadang disebut Gothic Victoria), beransur-ansur melebar untuk merangkumi \"gereja rendah\" dan juga \"gereja tinggi\" pelanggan. Tempoh rayuan yang lebih universal ini, yang meliputi 1855-1885, dikenali di Britain sebagai Gothic Tinggi Victoria. <> Bilakah neo-Gothik dipopularkan oleh tokoh yang berpengaruh? || semasa suku kedua abad ke 19 <> Di Britain selepas tahun 1837, apakah kebangkitan Gothik yang dikenali sebagai? || Victorian Gothic <> Selama tahun berapa zaman Gothic Tinggi Victoria di Britain? || 1855-1885 <> Gerakan apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap falsafah yang membawa kepada kebangkitan idea Katolik Anglo? || Pergerakan Oxford <> Selain seni bina eklesias dan sivik, gaya seni bina yang lain apa yang berpengaruh di abad ke-19 lebih suka menggunakan Victorian Gothic? || seni bina institusi", {"context": "In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the Oxford Movement and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or Anglo-Catholic ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this Gothic revival (which after 1837, in Britain, is sometimes termed Victorian Gothic), gradually widened to encompass \"low church\" as well as \"high church\" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855\u20131885, is known in Britain as High Victorian Gothic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "during the second quarter of the 19th century"}], "question": "When was neo-Gothic popularized by influential figures?", "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Victorian Gothic"}], "question": "In Britain after 1837, what was the Gothic revival known as?", "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "1855\u20131885"}], "question": "During what years was the High Victorian Gothic period in Britain?", "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the Oxford Movement"}], "question": "What movement was responsible for the philosophy which led to the revival of Anglo Catholic ideas? ", "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "institutional architecture"}], "question": "Besides ecclesiastical and civic architecture, what other style of architecture did influential figures of the 19th century prefer to use Victorian Gothic for?", "id": "5726d4dfdd62a815002e919e"}]}], ["Seni bina Gothic Sekular juga boleh didapati di beberapa bangunan awam seperti dewan bandar, universiti, pasar atau hospital. Dewan-Dewan bandar Gda\u0144sk, Wroc\u0142aw dan Stralsund adalah contoh-contoh yang luar biasa di utara Brick Gothic yang dibina pada abad ke-14. The Belfry of Bruges atau Dewan Perbandaran Brussels, yang dibina pada abad ke-15, dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kekayaan dan kuasa borjuasi pada Abad Pertengahan; menjelang abad ke-15, peniaga-peniaga bandar perdagangan Burgundy telah memperoleh kekayaan dan pengaruh sedemikian yang mereka mampu untuk menyatakan kuasa mereka dengan membiayai bangunan yang dihiasi dengan mewah di bahagian yang luas. Ekspresi kuasa sekular dan ekonomi seperti ini juga terdapat di bandar-bandar komersial akhir zaman akhir yang lain, termasuk Llotja de la Seda dari Valencia, Sepanyol, tujuan pertukaran sutera yang dibina sejak abad ke-15, di bahagian-bahagian kekal Westminster Hall di Rumah Parlimen di London, atau Palazzo Pubblico di Siena, Itali, sebuah dewan bandar abad ke-13 yang dibina untuk menjadi tuan rumah pejabat republik Siena yang kemudian makmur. Lain-lain bandar raya Itali seperti Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua atau Venice juga menjadi tuan rumah contoh-contoh luar biasa seni bina sekular. <> Apa contoh seni bina Utara Brick Gothic sekular dari abad ke-14? || Dewan Bandar Stralsund <> Bila dibina Dewan Bandaraya Brussels? || dibina pada abad ke-15 <> Apa nama bangunan sekular di Sepanyol yang dibina untuk tujuan pertukaran sutera? || Llotja de la Seda of Valencia <> Apa nama dewan bandar abad ke-13 yang dibina untuk menjadi tuan rumah pejabat republik Siena? || Palazzo Pubblico <> Seni bina sekular awam yang menarik juga dapat dijumpai di kota Itali yang lain? || Florence", {"context": "Secular Gothic architecture can also be found in a number of public buildings such as town halls, universities, markets or hospitals. The Gda\u0144sk, Wroc\u0142aw and Stralsund town halls are remarkable examples of northern Brick Gothic built in the late 14th centuries. The Belfry of Bruges or Brussels Town Hall, built during the 15th century, are associated to the increasing wealth and power of the bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages; by the 15th century, the traders of the trade cities of Burgundy had acquired such wealth and influence that they could afford to express their power by funding lavishly decorated buildings of vast proportions. This kind of expressions of secular and economic power are also found in other late mediaeval commercial cities, including the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia, Spain, a purpose built silk exchange dating from the 15th century, in the partial remains of Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament in London, or the Palazzo Pubblico in Siena, Italy, a 13th-century town hall built to host the offices of the then prosperous republic of Siena. Other Italian cities such as Florence (Palazzo Vecchio), Mantua or Venice also host remarkable examples of secular public architecture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Stralsund town halls"}], "question": "What is an example of secular Northern Brick Gothic architecture from the 14th century?", "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "built during the 15th century"}], "question": "When was Brussels Town Hall built?", "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "the Llotja de la Seda of Valencia"}], "question": "What is the name of the secular building in Spain which was constructed for the purpose of silk exchange?", "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "the Palazzo Pubblico"}], "question": "What is the name of the 13th-century town hall constructed to host the offices of the republic of Siena?", "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "Florence"}], "question": "Impressive public secular architecture can also be found in what other Italian city?", "id": "5726cf16dd62a815002e90f0"}]}], ["Ciri khas dari Gothic Itali adalah penggunaan hiasan polikrom, kedua-dua luaran sebagai venir marmar pada permukaan bata dan juga dalaman di mana gerbang sering diperbuat daripada segmen hitam dan putih berselang-seli, dan di mana lajur boleh dicat merah, dinding dihiasi dengan fresko dan apse dengan mosaik. Pelan ini biasanya tetap dan simetri, katedral Itali mempunyai lajur sedikit dan luas. Perkadaran ini secara amnya secara matematik diselaraskan, berdasarkan persegi dan konsep \"armon\u00eca\", dan kecuali di Venice di mana mereka menyukai gerbang yang genting, gerbang hampir selalu sama persis sama. Warna dan acuan menentukan unit arkitek dan bukannya menggabungkannya. Cermin depan katedral Itali sering polikrom dan mungkin termasuk mosaik dalam kelabu di atas pintu. Bangunan-bangunan itu memproyeksikan beranda terbuka dan jendela-jendela okular atau roda dan bukan mawar, dan biasanya tidak mempunyai menara. Persimpangan biasanya diselubungi oleh kubah. Selalunya menara dan pembaptisan yang berdiri bebas. Akhir timur biasanya mempunyai unjuran yang agak rendah. Tingkap tidak begitu besar seperti di Eropah utara dan, walaupun tingkap kaca berwarna sering dijumpai, medium naratif kegemaran untuk pedalaman adalah lukisan dinding. <> Apakah ciri unik reka bentuk Gothic Itali? || penggunaan hiasan polikrom <> Warna apa yang menjadi lajur katedral Gothik Itali sering dicat? || lajur boleh dicat merah <> Jenis gerbang apa yang mereka suka digunakan di Venice? || mereka mengasihi gerbang yang rimbun <> Daripada tingkap mawar, apa jenis tingkap yang terdapat di katedral Itali? || tingkap okular atau roda <> Apakah medium naratif pilihan untuk bahagian dalam katedral Itali? || fresco", {"context": "The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick fa\u00e7ade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of \"armon\u00eca\", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral fa\u00e7ades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The fa\u00e7ades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "the use of polychrome decoration"}], "question": "What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?", "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "the columns may be painted red"}], "question": "What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?", "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "they loved flamboyant arches"}], "question": "What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?", "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "occular or wheel windows"}], "question": "Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?", "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1268, "text": "the fresco"}], "question": "What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?", "id": "5726cc61708984140094d1a9"}]}], ["Ciri khas katedral Goth di Semenanjung Iberia adalah kerumitan spatial mereka, dengan banyak bidang yang berbeza dari satu sama lain. Mereka agak luas, dan sering mempunyai arcade yang sangat tinggi yang diikuti oleh pegawai rendah, memberikan penampilan luas yang sama dengan 'Hallenkirche Jerman, seperti di Gereja Biara Batalha di Portugal. Banyak katedral sepenuhnya dikelilingi oleh kapel. Seperti katedral Bahasa Inggeris, masing-masing sering berbeza gaya. Ini menunjukkan dirinya dalam penambahan kapel dan dalam penggunaan butir-butir perhiasan yang diambil dari pelbagai sumber. Antara pengaruh dalam kedua-dua hiasan dan bentuk ialah seni bina Islam dan, menjelang akhir tempoh, butiran Renaissance digabungkan dengan Gothic secara tersendiri. Depan Barat, seperti di Katedral Leon, biasanya menyerupai depan barat Perancis, tetapi lebih luas dari segi ketinggian dan sering dengan kepelbagaian detail yang lebih besar dan gabungan hiasan yang rumit dengan permukaan biasa yang luas. Di Burgos Cathedral ada spier gaya Jerman. Garis bumbung seringkali telah menimbulkan parapet dengan beberapa lubang yang agak sedikit. Selalunya menara dan kubah pelbagai bentuk dan ciptaan struktur yang meningkat di atas bumbung. <> Apakah unsur reka bentuk khas katedral Goth di Semenanjung Iberia? || Kerumitan spatial mereka <> Berapa saiz arked Gothic katedral Semenanjung Iberia? || arked yang sangat tinggi <> Apa jenis seni bina yang mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap reka bentuk dan bentuk katedral Gothic dari Semenanjung Iberia? || Seni bina Islam <> Apakah jenis depan Barat yang menyerupai katedral Leon? || depan barat Perancis <> Gaya apa yang menonjol di Katedral Burgos? || Gaya Jerman", {"context": "The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "their spatial complexity"}], "question": "What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula? ", "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e9068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "very tall arcades"}], "question": "What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?", "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e9069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "Islamic architecture"}], "question": "What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula? ", "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "a French west front"}], "question": "What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?", "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1081, "text": "German style"}], "question": "What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?", "id": "5726cac1dd62a815002e906c"}]}]], [["Kajian sejarah Cubism bermula pada akhir 1920-an, melukis pada mulanya dari sumber data terhad, iaitu pendapat Guillaume Apollinaire. Ia datang dengan sangat bergantung pada buku Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Der Weg zum Kubismus (diterbitkan pada tahun 1920), yang berpusat pada perkembangan Picasso, Braque, L\u00e9ger, dan Gris. Istilah \"analisis\" dan \"sintetik\" yang kemudian muncul telah diterima secara meluas sejak pertengahan tahun 1930-an. Kedua-dua istilah ini adalah imposisi sejarah yang berlaku selepas fakta-fakta yang mereka kenal pasti. Fasa tidak ditetapkan seperti itu pada masa yang sama karya telah dicipta. \"Jika Kahnweiler menganggap Kubis sebagai Picasso dan Braque,\" tulis Daniel Robbins, \"satu-satunya kesalahan kita adalah untuk menimbulkan kerja-kerja Kaubis lain untuk kekurangan definisi yang terbatas itu.\" <> Bilakah kajian sejarah tentang Kubisme bermula? || di akhir 1920-an <> Pada siapa pendapatnya adalah permulaan dari kajian sejarah ini berdasarkan kubisme? || Guillaume Apollinaire <> Di mana buku dan siapa pengarangnya adalah salah satu sumber utama kajian sejarah tentang Kubisme berdasarkan? || Buku Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Der Weg zum Kubismus", {"context": "The historical study of Cubism began in the late 1920s, drawing at first from sources of limited data, namely the opinions of Guillaume Apollinaire. It came to rely heavily on Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus (published in 1920), which centered on the developments of Picasso, Braque, L\u00e9ger, and Gris. The terms \"analytical\" and \"synthetic\" which subsequently emerged have been widely accepted since the mid-1930s. Both terms are historical impositions that occurred after the facts they identify. Neither phase was designated as such at the time corresponding works were created. \"If Kahnweiler considers Cubism as Picasso and Braque,\" wrote Daniel Robbins, \"our only fault is in subjecting other Cubists' works to the rigors of that limited definition.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "in the late 1920s"}], "question": "When did the historical study of Cubism begin?", "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire"}], "question": "On who's opinions were the beginnings of the this historical study of Cubism based?", "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's book Der Weg zum Kubismus"}], "question": "On which book and who was the author was one of the main sources of the historical study of Cubism based?", "id": "5726a4e1f1498d1400e8e5e8"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada Seurat, akar kubisme dapat dilihat dalam dua kecenderungan yang berbeza dari karya C\u00e9zanne yang terakhir: pertama dia memecahkan permukaan yang dicat ke dalam bidang beragam kecil cat, dengan itu menekankan pandangan plural yang diberikan oleh visi binokular, dan kedua nya minat dalam pemudahan bentuk semula jadi menjadi silinder, sfera, dan kerucut. Walau bagaimanapun, cubist meneroka konsep ini lebih jauh daripada C\u00e9zanne. Mereka mewakili semua permukaan objek digambarkan dalam satah gambar tunggal, seolah-olah objek mempunyai semua wajah mereka kelihatan pada masa yang sama. Jenis penggambaran baru ini merevolusikan cara objek dapat divisualisasikan dalam lukisan dan seni. <> Selain Seurat di mana lagi adalah permulaan kubisme yang dijumpai? || dalam dua kecenderungan yang berbeza karya C\u00e9zanne kemudian <> Cubists penjelajahan konsep penyederhanaan bentuk menjadi kon dan silinder sfera lebih lanjut diterokai oleh siapa? || C\u00e9zanne <> Cubism merevolusikan cara-cara yang dapat dilihat dalam seni bagaimana? || semua permukaan objek digambarkan dalam satah gambar tunggal, seolah-olah objek mempunyai semua wajah mereka kelihatan pada masa yang sama.", {"context": "In addition to Seurat, the roots of cubism are to be found in the two distinct tendencies of C\u00e9zanne's later work: first his breaking of the painted surface into small multifaceted areas of paint, thereby emphasizing the plural viewpoint given by binocular vision, and second his interest in the simplification of natural forms into cylinders, spheres, and cones. However, the cubists explored this concept further than C\u00e9zanne. They represented all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time. This new kind of depiction revolutionized the way objects could be visualized in painting and art.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "in the two distinct tendencies of C\u00e9zanne's later work"}], "question": "Besides Seurat where else are the beginnigs of Cubism found?", "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "C\u00e9zanne"}], "question": "Cubists exploration of the concept of the simplification of forms into cones cylinders and spheres was further explored by whom?", "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "all the surfaces of depicted objects in a single picture plane, as if the objects had all their faces visible at the same time."}], "question": "Cubism revolutionized the way things could be seen in art how? ", "id": "5726a47e5951b619008f78c9"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah seni Douglas Cooper menyatakan bahawa Paul Gauguin dan Paul C\u00e9zanne \"sangat berpengaruh pada pembentukan Kubisme dan terutama sekali pada lukisan Picasso pada tahun 1906 dan 1907\". Cooper terus berkata: \"Demoiselles secara amnya dirujuk sebagai gambar kubik pertama. Ini adalah keterlaluan, walaupun ia merupakan langkah pertama yang utama ke arah kubisme, ia belum lagi Kubus. Unsur yang mengganggu, ekspresionis di dalamnya bahkan bertentangan kepada semangat Cubism, yang memandang dunia dalam semangat yang tersendiri, namun Demoiselles adalah gambaran logik yang diambil sebagai titik permulaan untuk Kubisme, kerana menandakan kelahiran ungkapan idola baru, kerana di dalamnya Picasso dengan keras membatalkan konvensyen yang mantap dan kerana semua yang diikuti tumbuh dari itu. \" <> Yang mana dua pelukis yang dikatakan Douglass Cooper sangat penting untuk membentuk Kubisme? || Paul Gauguin dan Paul C\u00e9zanne <> Apa yang dikatakan Cooper adalah gambar Kuba yang pertama? || The Demoiselles <> Adakah benar bahawa gambar kubik pertama adalah The Demoiselles? || walaupun ia adalah langkah pertama yang utama ke arah Kubisme ia belum lagi Kubus.", {"context": "The art historian Douglas Cooper states that Paul Gauguin and Paul C\u00e9zanne \"were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907\". Cooper goes on to say: \"The Demoiselles is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture. This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist. The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit. Nevertheless, the Demoiselles is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Paul Gauguin and Paul C\u00e9zanne"}], "question": "Which two artists did Douglass Cooper say were very important to the forming of Cubism?", "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "The Demoiselles"}], "question": "What does Cooper say is the first  Cubist picture? ", "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist."}], "question": "Is it true that the first Cubist picture is The Demoiselles? ", "id": "5726994b708984140094cb4d"}]}], ["Kubisme bermula antara 1907 dan 1911. Lukisan 1907 Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon sering dianggap sebagai karya proto-Cubist. Rumah-rumah di Georges Braque 1908 di L'Estaque (dan kerja-kerja yang berkaitan) menggesa pengkritik Louis Vauxcelles untuk merujuk kepada cubic odizities (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein merujuk kepada landskap yang dibuat oleh Picasso pada tahun 1909, seperti Reservoir di Horta de Ebro, sebagai lukisan Cubist pertama. Pameran kelompok terorganisir pertama oleh Cubists berlangsung di Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants di Paris pada musim bunga tahun 1911 di sebuah bilik yang disebut 'Salle 41'; ia termasuk karya-karya Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Robert Delaunay dan Henri Le Fauconnier, namun tiada karya oleh Picasso atau Braque dipamerkan. <> Antara tahun berapa cubism bermula? || 1907 dan 1911 <> Pada musim bunga berapa tahun apakah pameran teratur oleh cubist muncul? || 1911 <> Apa nama bilik pameran Cubists yang pertama berlaku? || Salle 41 <> Siapa yang menyebut landskap yang dibuat oleh Picasso dalam lukisan Cubist pertama? || Gertrude Stein <> Di bandar apa yang dilakukan pameran pertama Kubis? || Paris", {"context": "Cubism began between 1907 and 1911. Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L\u2019Estaque (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings. The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called 'Salle 41'; it included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1907 and 1911"}], "question": "Between what years did cubism begin? ", "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "1911"}], "question": "In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?", "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Salle 41"}], "question": "What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?", "id": "572692ba708984140094ca9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Gertrude Stein"}], "question": "Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings? ", "id": "572692ba708984140094caa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?", "id": "572692ba708984140094caa1"}]}], ["Kebencian yang paling serius untuk menyangkut Demoiselles sebagai asal usul Kubisme, dengan pengaruh jelas seni primitif, adalah \"potongan sedemikian tidak bersejarah\", menulis ahli sejarah seni Daniel Robbins. Penjelasan yang biasa ini \"gagal memberi pertimbangan yang mencukupi untuk kerumitan seni yang berkembang pesat yang wujud sebelum dan pada masa ketika lukisan baru Picasso berkembang.\" Antara 1905 dan 1908, mencari gaya baru menyebabkan perubahan pesat dalam seni merentasi Perancis, Jerman, Belanda, Itali, dan Rusia. The Impressionists telah menggunakan pandangan dua kali ganda, dan kedua Les Nabis dan para Symbolists (yang juga mengagumi C\u00e9zanne) meratakan pesawat gambar, mengurangkan subjek mereka kepada bentuk geometri mudah. Struktur Neo-Impresionis dan perkara pokok, terutama sekali yang dilihat dalam karya-karya Georges Seurat (mis., Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut dan Le Cirque), adalah satu lagi pengaruh penting. Terdapat juga persamaan dalam perkembangan kesusasteraan dan pemikiran sosial. <> Apa yang dikatakan Daniel Robbins mengenai Demoiselles sebagai permulaan Kubus? || </ p> <p> Selama bertahun-tahun apakah yang sadar mula mencari gaya baru di Jerman, Itali, Rusia, dan Belanda? || 1905 dan 1908, Pergerakan impresionis mana yang dipengaruhi oleh kubisme? || Les Nabis dan Symbolists <> Teknik mana yang digunakan oleh Impressionists untuk menjadikan subjek mereka bentuk mudah? || pandangan dua titik", {"context": "The most serious objection to regarding the Demoiselles as the origin of Cubism, with its evident influence of primitive art, is that \"such deductions are unhistorical\", wrote the art historian Daniel Robbins. This familiar explanation \"fails to give adequate consideration to the complexities of a flourishing art that existed just before and during the period when Picasso's new painting developed.\" Between 1905 and 1908, a conscious search for a new style caused rapid changes in art across France, Germany, Holland, Italy, and Russia. The Impressionists had used a double point of view, and both Les Nabis and the Symbolists (who also admired C\u00e9zanne) flattened the picture plane, reducing their subjects to simple geometric forms. Neo-Impressionist structure and subject matter, most notably to be seen in the works of Georges Seurat (e.g., Parade de Cirque, Le Chahut and Le Cirque), was another important influence. There were also parallels in the development of literature and social thought.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "such deductions are unhistorical"}], "question": "What did Daniel Robbins say about Demoiselles being the beginning of Cubism?", "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "1905 and 1908,"}], "question": "During which years did the conscious begin to look for a new style in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Holland?", "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Les Nabis and the Symbolists"}], "question": "Which impressionist movements were also influenced by Cubism?", "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "double point of view"}], "question": "Which technique did the Impressionists use to make their subjects simple forms?", "id": "57269edadd62a815002e8b2f"}]}], ["Gerakan ini dipelopori oleh Georges Braque dan Pablo Picasso, yang disertai oleh Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger dan Juan Gris. Pengaruh utama yang menyebabkan Kubisme adalah perwakilan bentuk tiga dimensi dalam karya-karya Paul C\u00e9zanne yang lewat. Sebuah retrospektif lukisan C\u00e9zanne telah diadakan di Salon d'Automne pada tahun 1904, kerja-kerja semasa dipaparkan di 1905 dan 1906 Salon d'Automne, diikuti oleh dua retrospektif selepas peringatan pada tahun 1907. <> Nama 8 orang yang mula pergerakan | | Georges Braque dan Pablo Picasso, yang disertai oleh Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger dan Juan Gris. <> Manakah yang paling berpengaruh dalam memulakan pergerakan dengannya adalah tiga dimensi? || Paul C\u00e9zanne <> Apa tahun lukisan Cezannes dipaparkan di Salon d'Automne? Tidak termasuk retrospektif. || 1905 dan 1906", {"context": "The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger and Juan Gris. A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of three-dimensional form in the late works of Paul C\u00e9zanne. A retrospective of C\u00e9zanne's paintings had been held at the Salon d'Automne of 1904, current works were displayed at the 1905 and 1906 Salon d'Automne, followed by two commemorative retrospectives after his death in 1907.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, joined by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay, Henri Le Fauconnier, Fernand L\u00e9ger and Juan Gris."}], "question": "Name the 8 peopl who began the movement", "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Paul C\u00e9zanne"}], "question": "Which person  was the most influential in beginning the movement with is three dimensional forms?", "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1905 and 1906"}], "question": "What year's were Cezannes painting's displayed at Salon d'Automne? Not including the retrospectives.", "id": "572690fdf1498d1400e8e402"}]}], ["Di Perancis, cabang Cubism berkembang, termasuk Orpis, Abstrak seni dan Purism kemudian. Di negara-negara lain Futurisme, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism dan De Stijl dibangun sebagai tindak balas kepada Kubisme. Lukisan Futurist awal mempunyai persamaan dengan Cubism yang melambangkan masa lalu dan sekarang, perwakilan pandangan berbeza subjek yang digambarkan pada masa yang sama, juga dipanggil pelbagai perspektif, serentak atau kepelbagaian, manakala Constructivism dipengaruhi oleh teknik Picasso untuk membina patung dari elemen yang berasingan. Benang umum lain di antara pergerakan yang berbeza ini termasuk aspek atau penyederhanaan bentuk geometri, dan persatuan mekanisasi dan kehidupan moden. <> Apa tiga cabang Cubism yang ditubuhkan di Perancis? || Orphism, Abstrak seni dan kemudian Purism <> Apa cabang lain yang dibentuk di negara-negara selain Perancis? || Futurisme, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism dan De Stijl <> Permulaan yang mana tidak begitu banyak dengan Cubism? || Futurist <> Permulaan kultur mana yang dipengaruhi oleh Picasso? || Constructivism", {"context": "In France, offshoots of Cubism developed, including Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism. In other countries Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl developed in response to Cubism. Early Futurist paintings hold in common with Cubism the fusing of the past and the present, the representation of different views of the subject pictured at the same time, also called multiple perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity, while Constructivism was influenced by Picasso's technique of constructing sculpture from separate elements. Other common threads between these disparate movements include the faceting or simplification of geometric forms, and the association of mechanization and modern life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Orphism, Abstract art and later Purism"}], "question": "What were the three offshoots of Cubism formed in France?", "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Futurism, Suprematism, Dada, Constructivism and De Stijl"}], "question": "What were the other offshoots formed in countries other than France?", "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Futurist"}], "question": "Which offshoot had little in common with Cubism?", "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Constructivism"}], "question": "Which offshoot of cubism was influenced by Picasso? ", "id": "572691b6f1498d1400e8e41d"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah telah membahagikan sejarah Kubisme ke dalam fasa. Dalam satu skema, fasa pertama Kubisme, yang dikenali sebagai Kubisme Analitik, frasa yang dicipta oleh Juan Gris posteriori, adalah kedua-dua radikal dan berpengaruh sebagai pergerakan seni yang pendek tetapi sangat signifikan antara 1910 dan 1912 di Perancis. Fasa kedua, Cubism sintetik, kekal penting sehingga sekitar tahun 1919, ketika pergerakan Surrealist mendapat popularitas. Ahli sejarah bahasa Inggeris Douglas Cooper mencadangkan skim lain, menggambarkan tiga fasa kubisme dalam bukunya, The Cubist Epoch. Menurut Cooper ada \"Kubus Awal\", (dari tahun 1906 hingga 1908) ketika gerakan itu awalnya dikembangkan di studio Picasso dan Braque; fasa kedua dipanggil \"Kubis Tinggi\", (dari tahun 1909 hingga 1914) di mana masa Juan Gris muncul sebagai pendengar penting (selepas 1911); dan akhirnya Cooper merujuk kepada \"Cubism Late\" (dari tahun 1914 hingga 1921) sebagai tahap terakhir Kubisme sebagai gerakan avant-garde radikal. Penggunaan istilah restrictive Douglas Cooper untuk membezakan kerja Braque, Picasso, Gris (dari 1911) dan L\u00e9ger (sedikit sebanyak) menyiratkan penghakiman nilai yang disengajakan. <> Apakah tahap pertama kubisme dikenali sebagai? || Cubism Analitik <> Siapa yang membentuk frasa Analytik Cubsim? || Juan Gris <> Apakah fasa kedua kubisme dipanggil? || Cubism sintetik <> Sejak tahun berapa Cubism Tinggi berlaku? || 1909 hingga 1914 <> Sejak tahun berapa Cubism sudah berlaku? || 1914 hingga 1921", {"context": "Historians have divided the history of Cubism into phases. In one scheme, the first phase of Cubism, known as Analytic Cubism, a phrase coined by Juan Gris a posteriori, was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1910 and 1912 in France. A second phase, Synthetic Cubism, remained vital until around 1919, when the Surrealist movement gained popularity. English art historian Douglas Cooper proposed another scheme, describing three phases of Cubism in his book, The Cubist Epoch. According to Cooper there was \"Early Cubism\", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed in the studios of Picasso and Braque; the second phase being called \"High Cubism\", (from 1909 to 1914) during which time Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent (after 1911); and finally Cooper referred to \"Late Cubism\" (from 1914 to 1921) as the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's restrictive use of these terms to distinguish the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and L\u00e9ger (to a lesser extent) implied an intentional value judgement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Analytic Cubism"}], "question": "What was the first phase of Cubism known as? ", "id": "572693d7708984140094cab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Juan Gris"}], "question": "Who coined the phrase Analytic Cubsim? ", "id": "572693d7708984140094caba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Synthetic Cubism"}], "question": "What was the second phase of Cubism called? ", "id": "572693d7708984140094cabb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "1909 to 1914"}], "question": "From what years did High Cubism take place? ", "id": "572693d7708984140094cabc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "1914 to 1921"}], "question": "From what years did Late Cubism take place? ", "id": "572693d7708984140094cabd"}]}], ["Semasa abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, orang Eropah telah menemui seni Afrika, Polinesia, Mikronesia dan asli Amerika. Artis seperti Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, dan Pablo Picasso tertarik dan diilhami oleh kekuatan dan kesederhanaan gaya budaya asing itu. Sekitar 1906, Picasso bertemu Matisse melalui Gertrude Stein, pada masa kedua-dua artis baru-baru ini memperoleh minat terhadap primitivisme, patung Iberian, seni Afrika dan topeng puak Afrika. Mereka menjadi pesaing yang mesra dan bersaing antara satu sama lain sepanjang karier mereka, mungkin membawa kepada Picasso memasuki satu tempoh baru dalam karyanya pada tahun 1907, ditandai dengan pengaruh seni Yunani, Iberia dan Afrika. Lukisan Picasso tahun 1907 telah dicirikan sebagai Protocubism, seperti yang dilihat di Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, yang terdahulu dari Kubisme. <> Artis mana yang pada awal abad ke-19 dan ke-20 diilhamkan oleh seni African, Native American, Micro dan Polynesian yang baru ditemui? || Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, dan Pablo Picasso <> Bagaimana pula dengan seni budaya Native yang diilhami Matisse, Picasso, dan Gauguin? || Kuasa dan kesederhanaan yang sangat baik <> Siapa yang Picasso bertemu pada tahun 1906 yang juga telah belajar mengenai Primitivism? || Gertrude Stein, <> Apa lukisan Picasso 1907 yang biasanya dicirikan oleh? || Protokubisme", {"context": "During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans were discovering African, Polynesian, Micronesian and Native American art. Artists such as Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso were intrigued and inspired by the stark power and simplicity of styles of those foreign cultures. Around 1906, Picasso met Matisse through Gertrude Stein, at a time when both artists had recently acquired an interest in primitivism, Iberian sculpture, African art and African tribal masks. They became friendly rivals and competed with each other throughout their careers, perhaps leading to Picasso entering a new period in his work by 1907, marked by the influence of Greek, Iberian and African art. Picasso's paintings of 1907 have been characterized as Protocubism, as notably seen in Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, the antecedent of Cubism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso"}], "question": "Which artists in the early 19th and 20th century inspired by the newly discovered African, Native American, Micro and Polynesian art?", "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "stark power and simplicity"}], "question": "What about the Native cultures art inspired Matisse, Picasso, and Gauguin?", "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Gertrude Stein,"}], "question": "Who did Picasso meet around 1906 that had also recenelty learned about Primitivism? ", "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "Protocubism"}], "question": "What were Picasso's 1907 paintings usually characterized by? ", "id": "572697afdd62a815002e8a7f"}]}], ["Dakwaan bahawa gambarajah Cubist ruang, jisim, masa, dan jumlah sokongan (bukan bertentangan) kebosanan kanvas dibuat oleh Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler seawal tahun 1920, tetapi ia tertakluk kepada kritikan pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, terutamanya oleh Clement Greenberg. Pandangan kubisme kontemporer adalah rumit, dibentuk sedikit sebanyak sebagai tindak balas kepada Kaubis \"Salle 41\", yang caranya terlalu berbeza daripada yang Picasso dan Braque untuk dipertimbangkan semata-mata untuk mereka. Oleh itu, tafsiran alternatif tentang Kubisme telah berkembang. Pandangan Cubism yang lebih luas termasuk artis yang kemudian dikaitkan dengan artis \"Salle 41\", mis., Francis Picabia; saudara-saudara Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon dan Marcel Duchamp, yang bermula pada akhir 1911 membentuk teras Seksyen d'Or (atau Puteaux Group); pengukir Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky dan Ossip Zadkine serta Jacques Lipchitz dan Henri Laurens; dan pelukis seperti Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, Franti\u0161ek Kupka, Diego Rivera, L\u00e9opold Survage, Auguste Herbin, Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Gino Severini (selepas 1916), Mar\u00eda Blanchard (selepas 1916) dan Georges Valmier (selepas 1918). Secara lebih mendalam, Christopher Green berhujah bahawa istilah Douglas Cooper adalah \"kemudian dilemahkan oleh interpretasi karya Picasso, Braque, Gris dan L\u00e9ger yang menekankan soalan ikonografi dan ideologi daripada kaedah perwakilan.\" <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa kanvas rata menyokong Kubisme? || Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler <> Pada tahun apakah pernyataan itu membuat kanvas rata menyokong Kubisme? || awal 1920 <> Kapan penegasan bahawa kanvas rata yang disokong Kubis dimasukkan ke dalam perdebatan? || 1950-an dan 1960-an, <> Siapa lawan utama yang mula membantah bahawa kanvas rata tidak menyokong Kubisme? || Clement Greenberg. <> Siapa yang bekerja menjejaskan istilah Douglass Coopers yang menggambarkan Kubisme? || Picasso, Braque, Gris dan L\u00e9ger", {"context": "The assertion that the Cubist depiction of space, mass, time, and volume supports (rather than contradicts) the flatness of the canvas was made by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler as early as 1920, but it was subject to criticism in the 1950s and 1960s, especially by Clement Greenberg. Contemporary views of Cubism are complex, formed to some extent in response to the \"Salle 41\" Cubists, whose methods were too distinct from those of Picasso and Braque to be considered merely secondary to them. Alternative interpretations of Cubism have therefore developed. Wider views of Cubism include artists who were later associated with the \"Salle 41\" artists, e.g., Francis Picabia; the brothers Jacques Villon, Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Marcel Duchamp, who beginning in late 1911 formed the core of the Section d'Or (or the Puteaux Group); the sculptors Alexander Archipenko, Joseph Csaky and Ossip Zadkine as well as Jacques Lipchitz and Henri Laurens; and painters such as Louis Marcoussis, Roger de La Fresnaye, Franti\u0161ek Kupka, Diego Rivera, L\u00e9opold Survage, Auguste Herbin, Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Gino Severini (after 1916), Mar\u00eda Blanchard (after 1916) and Georges Valmier (after 1918). More fundamentally, Christopher Green argues that Douglas Cooper's terms were \"later undermined by interpretations of the work of Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger that stress iconographic and ideological questions rather than methods of representation.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"}], "question": "Who asserted that the flat canvas supported Cubism? ", "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "early as 1920"}], "question": "In what year was the assertion made that the flat canvas supported Cubism?", "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1950s and 1960s,"}], "question": "When was the assertion that the flat canvas supported Cubism put into debate?", "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Clement Greenberg."}], "question": "Who was the main opponent that began to argue that the flat canvas did not support Cubism? ", "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1301, "text": "Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger"}], "question": "Who's work undermined Douglass  Coopers terms describing Cubism?", "id": "57269560dd62a815002e8a5c"}]}], ["Sumbangan Kaisar untuk 1912 Salon d'Automne mencipta skandal berhubung penggunaan bangunan milik kerajaan, seperti Grand Palais, untuk mempamerkan karya seni sedemikian. Kemarahan ahli politik Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9 membuat halaman depan Le Journal, 5 Oktober 1912. Kontroversi ini menyebar ke Majlis Perbandaran Paris, yang membawa kepada perdebatan di Chambre des D\u00e9put\u00e9s tentang penggunaan dana awam untuk menyediakan tempat untuk seni sedemikian. Ahli kubis itu dibela oleh timbalan Sosialis, Marcel Sembat. <> Ahli politik mana yang membuat halaman depan Le Journa pada tahun 1912 kerana kemarahannya? || Jean Pierre Philippe Lamp\u00e9 <> Yang mempertahankan Kaisar dalam kontroversi tahun 1912? || Timbalan Sosialis, Marcel Sembat. <> Ke arah topik sosial yang mana para Cubists di salon d'Automne creat contrevesy ke arah? || penggunaan bangunan milik kerajaan,", {"context": "The Cubist contribution to the 1912 Salon d'Automne created scandal regarding the use of government owned buildings, such as the Grand Palais, to exhibit such artwork. The indignation of the politician Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9 made the front page of Le Journal, 5 October 1912. The controversy spread to the Municipal Council of Paris, leading to a debate in the Chambre des D\u00e9put\u00e9s about the use of public funds to provide the venue for such art. The Cubists were defended by the Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Jean Pierre Philippe Lampu\u00e9"}], "question": "Which politician made the front page of Le Journa in 1912 for his indignation? ", "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Socialist deputy, Marcel Sembat."}], "question": "Who defended the Cubists in the controversy of 1912?", "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "the use of government owned buildings,"}], "question": "Towards which social topic did the Cubists  at the Salon d'Automne creat contrevesy towards? ", "id": "5726d7a55951b619008f7fa7"}]}], ["Juga dilabel seorang Orphis oleh Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp bertanggungjawab untuk pembangunan ekstrim yang lain yang diilhami oleh Cubism. Bahan siap itu timbul dari pertimbangan bersama bahawa kerja itu sendiri dianggap sebagai objek (sama seperti lukisan), dan ia menggunakan bahan detritus dunia (sebagai collage dan collapi papier dalam pembinaan Kubis dan Assemblage). Langkah logik berikutnya, untuk Duchamp, adalah untuk mempresentasikan objek biasa sebagai karya seni yang mencukupi untuk dirinya sendiri. Pada tahun 1913, dia melengkapkan roda basikal ke sebuah bangku dapur dan pada tahun 1914 memilih rak pengeringan botol sebagai patung sendiri. <> Oleh siapa Marcel Duchamp melabel seorang Orphanis? || Apollinaire <> Apa dua item yang Duchamp dilampirkan bersama pada tahun 1913? || roda basikal ke bangku dapur <> Apa objek yang dipilih Duchamp pada tahun 1914 sebagai scuplture dengan sendirinya? || rak pengeringan botol", {"context": "Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism. The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier coll\u00e9 in the Cubist construction and Assemblage). The next logical step, for Duchamp, was to present an ordinary object as a self-sufficient work of art representing only itself. In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Apollinaire"}], "question": "By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist? ", "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool"}], "question": "What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913? ", "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "bottle-drying rack"}], "question": "What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself? ", "id": "5726dcf4f1498d1400e8edb4"}]}], ["Terdapat perbezaan yang berbeza antara Kauber Kahnweiler dan Cubist Salon. Sebelum tahun 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris dan L\u00e9ger mendapat sokongan seorang peniaga seni komited tunggal di Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, yang menjamin pendapatan tahunan mereka untuk hak eksklusif untuk membeli karya mereka. Kahnweiler hanya dijual kepada ahli-ahli penganalisis kecil. Sokongannya memberikan para senimannya kebebasan untuk bereksperimen dalam privasi yang relatif. Picasso bekerja di Montmartre sehingga tahun 1912, manakala Braque dan Gris kekal di sana sehingga selepas Perang Dunia Pertama. L\u00e9ger berpangkalan di Montparnasse. <> Di manakah kerja Picassos sehingga tahun 1912? || Montmartre <> Di mana Braque dan Gris tinggal sehingga akhir Perang Dunia I? || Montmartre <> Di manakah Leger berdasarkan sekitar tahun 1912? || Montparnasse", {"context": "There was a distinct difference between Kahnweiler\u2019s Cubists and the Salon Cubists. Prior to 1914, Picasso, Braque, Gris and L\u00e9ger (to a lesser extent) gained the support of a single committed art dealer in Paris, Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, who guaranteed them an annual income for the exclusive right to buy their works. Kahnweiler sold only to a small circle of connoisseurs. His support gave his artists the freedom to experiment in relative privacy. Picasso worked in Montmartre until 1912, while Braque and Gris remained there until after the First World War. L\u00e9ger was based in Montparnasse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Montmartre"}], "question": "Where did Picassos work until 1912? ", "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Montmartre"}], "question": "Where did Braque and Gris stay until the end of the World War I?", "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Montparnasse"}], "question": "Where was Leger based around 1912? ", "id": "5726c394f1498d1400e8ea92"}]}], ["Ia menentang latar belakang kemarahan masyarakat Jean Metzinger dan Albert Gleizes menulis Du \"Cubisme\" (diterbitkan oleh Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re pada tahun 1912, diterjemahkan ke bahasa Inggeris dan Rusia pada tahun 1913). Antara karya-karya yang dipamerkan ialah komposisi luas Le Montaguard attaqu\u00e9s par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) di Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Deux Femme Joseph Csaky, Dua Wanita (sebuah patung sekarang hilang), selain yang sangat abstrak lukisan oleh Kupka, Amorpha (Galeri Nasional, Prague), dan Picabia, Sumber La, The Spring (Muzium Seni Moden, New York). <> Apa yang melawan Metzinger dan Gleizes menulis Du \"Cubsime\"? || kemarahan awam <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Du \"Cubisme\"? || Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re <> Pada tahun apakah Du \"Cubisme\" diterbitkan? || 1912", {"context": "It was against this background of public anger that Jean Metzinger and Albert Gleizes wrote Du \"Cubisme\" (published by Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re in 1912, translated to English and Russian in 1913). Among the works exhibited were Le Fauconnier's vast composition Les Montagnards attaqu\u00e9s par des ours (Mountaineers Attacked by Bears) now at Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Joseph Csaky's Deux Femme, Two Women (a sculpture now lost), in addition to the highly abstract paintings by Kupka, Amorpha (The National Gallery, Prague), and Picabia, La Source, The Spring (Museum of Modern Art, New York).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "public anger"}], "question": "What against did Metzinger and Gleizes write Du \"Cubsime\"? ", "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e925e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Eug\u00e8ne Figui\u00e8re"}], "question": "Who published Du \"Cubisme\"?", "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e925f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1912"}], "question": "In what year was  Du \"Cubisme\" published? ", "id": "5726d8b6dd62a815002e9260"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, Kaum Cubist Salon membina reputasi mereka terutamanya dengan mempamerkan secara teratur di Salon d'Automne dan Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, kedua-dua salun bukan akademik utama di Paris. Mereka tidak dapat lagi menyedari tindak balas orang ramai dan keperluan untuk berkomunikasi. Sudah pada tahun 1910 sebuah kumpulan mula terbentuk yang termasuk Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay dan L\u00e9ger. Mereka bertemu secara teratur di studio Henri le Fauconnier berhampiran Boulevard de Montparnasse. Soir\u00e9es ini sering termasuk penulis seperti Guillaume Apollinaire dan Andr\u00e9 Salmon. Bersama-sama dengan seniman muda yang lain, kumpulan itu ingin menekankan penyelidikan ke dalam bentuk, bertentangan dengan penekanan Neo-Impresionis pada warna. <> Yang empat orang biasanya bertemu di studio Fauconnier pada tahun 1910? || Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger <> Di mana studio Fauconnier terletak? || Boulevard de Montparnasse <> Apakah mesyuarat kumpulan di studio Fauconnier ingin memberi tumpuan? || penyelidikan ke dalam bentuk, bertentangan dengan penekanan Neo-Impresionis pada warna.", {"context": "In contrast, the Salon Cubists built their reputation primarily by exhibiting regularly at the Salon d'Automne and the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants, both major non-academic Salons in Paris. They were inevitably more aware of public response and the need to communicate. Already in 1910 a group began to form which included Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger. They met regularly at Henri le Fauconnier's studio near the Boulevard de Montparnasse. These soir\u00e9es often included writers such as Guillaume Apollinaire and Andr\u00e9 Salmon. Together with other young artists, the group wanted to emphasise a research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay and L\u00e9ger"}], "question": "Which four people usually met at Fauconnier's studio in 1910?", "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Boulevard de Montparnasse"}], "question": "Where was Fauconnier's studio located? ", "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "research into form, in opposition to the Neo-Impressionist emphasis on color."}], "question": "What did the group meeting at Fauconnier's studio want to focus on?", "id": "5726c4aaf1498d1400e8eab6"}]}], ["Di Salon d'Automne pada tahun yang sama, sebagai tambahan kepada kumpulan Indparendants Salle 41, telah dipamerkan karya Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac dan Franti\u0161ek Kupka. Pameran itu disemak dalam terbitan The New York Times pada 8 Oktober 1911. Artikel ini diterbitkan setahun selepas Gelett Burgess 'The Wild Men of Paris, dan dua tahun sebelum Pertunjukan Pertapaan, yang memperkenalkan orang-orang Amerika yang ghairah, terbiasa dengan seni realistik, dengan gaya eksperimen dari avant garde Eropah, termasuk Fauvism, Kubisme, dan futurisme. Artikel 1911 New York Times digambarkan karya Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Metzinger dan yang lain bertarikh sebelum 1909; tidak dipamerkan di Salon 1911. Artikel itu berjudul The \"Cubists\" Mendominasi Paris 'Fall Salon dan subtitle Eccentric School of Painting Meningkatkan Vogue dalam Pameran Seni Semasa - Apa yang Pengikutnya Berusaha untuk Lakukan. <> Pada tahun berapakah New York Times mengkaji Salon d'Automne? || 8 Oktober 1911 <> Apakah sarikata artikel yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1911 di New York TImes tentang Kubisme? || Sekolah Pintar Eccentric Meningkatkan Vogue dalam Pameran Seni Semasa - Apa Pengikutnya Berusaha untuk Melakukan <> Senaraikan artis-artis yang dipaparkan di Salon d'Automne? || Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac dan Franti\u0161ek Kupka", {"context": "At the Salon d'Automne of the same year, in addition to the Ind\u00e9pendants group of Salle 41, were exhibited works by Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac and Franti\u0161ek Kupka. The exhibition was reviewed in the October 8, 1911 issue of The New York Times. This article was published a year after Gelett Burgess' The Wild Men of Paris, and two years prior to the Armory Show, which introduced astonished Americans, accustomed to realistic art, to the experimental styles of the European avant garde, including Fauvism, Cubism, and Futurism. The 1911 New York Times article portrayed works by Picasso, Matisse, Derain, Metzinger and others dated before 1909; not exhibited at the 1911 Salon. The article was titled The \"Cubists\" Dominate Paris' Fall Salon and subtitled Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "October 8, 1911"}], "question": "In what year did the New York Times review the Salon d'Automne?", "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Eccentric School of Painting Increases Its Vogue in the Current Art Exhibition - What Its Followers Attempt to Do"}], "question": "What was the subtitle of the article published in 1911 in New York TImes about Cubism?", "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Andr\u00e9 Lhote, Marcel Duchamp, Jacques Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye, Andr\u00e9 Dunoyer de Segonzac and Franti\u0161ek Kupka"}], "question": "List the artists who were featured in the Salon d'Automne? ", "id": "5726c6385951b619008f7dc5"}]}], ["Tafsiran tradisional \"Cubism\", yang dirumuskan sebagai post facto sebagai cara memahami karya Braque dan Picasso, telah mempengaruhi apresiasi kami terhadap artis-artis abad kedua puluh lainnya. Adalah sukar untuk digunakan untuk pelukis seperti Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay dan Henri Le Fauconnier, yang perbezaan fundamental dari Cubism tradisional memaksa Kahnweiler mempersoalkan hak mereka untuk dipanggil Cubists sama sekali. Menurut Daniel Robbins, \"Untuk mencadangkan bahawa semata-mata kerana para seniman ini berkembang dengan berbeza atau bervariasi dari corak tradisional yang sepatutnya diturunkan ke peranan sekunder atau satelit dalam Kubisme adalah kesilapan yang mendalam.\" <> Memahami kerja siapa itu adalah makna tradisi Kubisme yang terbentuk? || Braque dan Picasso <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa artis selain daripada Braque dan Picasso untuk peranan jauh dalam Kubisme adalah kesilapan? || Daniel Robbins <> Apa pelukis lain yang tidak dianggap sebagai kubik sebagai Braque dan Picasso? || Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay dan Henri Le Fauconnier", {"context": "The traditional interpretation of \"Cubism\", formulated post facto as a means of understanding the works of Braque and Picasso, has affected our appreciation of other twentieth-century artists. It is difficult to apply to painters such as Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, whose fundamental differences from traditional Cubism compelled Kahnweiler to question their right to be called Cubists at all. According to Daniel Robbins, \"To suggest that merely because these artists developed differently or varied from the traditional pattern they deserved to be relegated to a secondary or satellite role in Cubism is a profound mistake.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Braque and Picasso"}], "question": "Understanding who's work was the tradition meaning of Cubism formed on?", "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Daniel Robbins"}], "question": "Who suggested that the artists other than Braque and Picasso's relgation to a distant role in Cubism was a mistake?", "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier"}], "question": "What other painters were not thought of as being as Cubist as Braque and Picasso?", "id": "5726a6655951b619008f7919"}]}], ["1912 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants berikutnya ditandai dengan penyampaian Marcel Duchamp's Nude Menurun Tangga, No 2, yang sendiri menyebabkan skandal, walaupun di kalangan Kaisar. Ia sebenarnya ditolak oleh jawatankuasa yang tergantung, yang termasuk saudara-saudaranya dan Kaisar lain. Walaupun kerja itu ditunjukkan di Salon de la Section d'Or pada bulan Oktober 1912 dan Pameran Senjata Api di 1913 di New York, Duchamp tidak pernah memaafkan saudara-saudaranya dan bekas rakan sekerjanya untuk menyensor kerjanya. Juan Gris, tambahan baru di adegan Salon, mempamerkan Potret Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), sementara dua pameran Metzinger termasuk La Femme au Cheval (Wanita dengan kuda) 1911-1912 (Galeri Nasional Denmark). La Ville de Paris yang monumental Delaunay (La Musee modern de la Ville de Paris) dan La Noce L\u00e9ger, Pernikahan (Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Paris) juga dipamerkan. <> Persembahan Duchamp yang mana yang dipaparkan di 1912 Salon des Independants? || Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 <> Apakah karya Duchamp dianggap kontroversial ketika ditampilkan pada tahun 1912? || menyebabkan skandal <> Apa salah satu daripada dua pameran Metzingers pada tahun 1912 di Salon des Independants? || La Femme au Cheval (Wanita dengan kuda) 1911-1912", {"context": "The subsequent 1912 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists. It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work. Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912 (National Gallery of Denmark). Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Mus\u00e9e d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and L\u00e9ger's La Noce, The Wedding (Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Paris) were also exhibited.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2"}], "question": "Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?", "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "caused a scandal"}], "question": " Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?", "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912"}], "question": "What were one of  Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants? ", "id": "5726d222dd62a815002e9154"}]}], ["Istilah kubisme tidak digunakan secara umum sehingga tahun 1911, terutamanya dengan merujuk kepada Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, dan L\u00e9ger. Pada tahun 1911, penyair dan pengkritik Guillaume Apollinaire menerima istilah itu bagi pihak sekumpulan artis yang dijemput untuk mempamerkan di Indukendan Brussels. Pada tahun berikutnya, sebagai persediaan untuk Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger dan Gleizes menulis dan menerbitkan Du \"Cubisme\" dalam usaha untuk menghilangkan kekeliruan yang mengamuk sekitar perkataan itu, dan sebagai pertahanan utama Cubism (yang telah menyebabkan skandal awam berikutan 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants dan 1912 Salon d'Automne di Paris). Menjelaskan matlamat mereka sebagai artis, karya ini merupakan risalah teoretikal pertama mengenai Kubisme dan ia masih kekal paling jelas dan paling mudah difahami. Hasilnya, bukan semata-mata kerjasama antara dua penulisnya, mencerminkan perbincangan oleh kalangan artis yang bertemu di Puteaux dan Courbevoie. Ia mencerminkan sikap \"artis Passy\", yang termasuk Picabia dan saudara-saudara Duchamp, yang mana bahagiannya dibaca sebelum diterbitkan. Konsep yang dibangunkan dalam Du \"Cubisme\" mengamati subjek dari titik-titik yang berbeza dalam ruang dan waktu serentak, iaitu, tindakan bergerak mengelilingi suatu objek untuk merebutnya dari beberapa sudut berturut-turut yang bersatu menjadi satu gambar (pelbagai pandangan, perspektif mudah alih, serentak atau kepelbagaian), adalah peranti umum yang diiktiraf oleh Kaubis. <> Tahun berapa istilah Cubism digunakan lebih banyak? || 1911 <> Pengkritik penyair yang mana pada tahun 1911 dengan sekumpulan penyair menerima istilah Kubisme? || Guillaume Apollinaire <> Para artis Passy termasuk mana dua orang? || Picabia dan saudara-saudara Duchamp", {"context": "The term Cubism did not come into general usage until 1911, mainly with reference to Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, and L\u00e9ger. In 1911, the poet and critic Guillaume Apollinaire accepted the term on behalf of a group of artists invited to exhibit at the Brussels Ind\u00e9pendants. The following year, in preparation for the Salon de la Section d'Or, Metzinger and Gleizes wrote and published Du \"Cubisme\" in an effort to dispel the confusion raging around the word, and as a major defence of Cubism (which had caused a public scandal following the 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants and the 1912 Salon d'Automne in Paris). Clarifying their aims as artists, this work was the first theoretical treatise on Cubism and it still remains the clearest and most intelligible. The result, not solely a collaboration between its two authors, reflected discussions by the circle of artists who met in Puteaux and Courbevoie. It mirrored the attitudes of the \"artists of Passy\", which included Picabia and the Duchamp brothers, to whom sections of it were read prior to publication. The concept developed in Du \"Cubisme\" of observing a subject from different points in space and time simultaneously, i.e., the act of moving around an object to seize it from several successive angles fused into a single image (multiple viewpoints, mobile perspective, simultaneity or multiplicity), is a generally recognized device used by the Cubists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "1911"}], "question": "What year did the term Cubism become used more?", "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire"}], "question": "Which poet critic in 1911 with a group of poets accepted the term Cubism? ", "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "Picabia and the Duchamp brothers"}], "question": "The artists of Passy included which two people?", "id": "5726c22c5951b619008f7d6d"}]}], ["Bentuk Kubus yang paling melampau bukanlah yang dipraktikkan oleh Picasso dan Braque, yang menentang jumlah abstraksi. Kaubis lain, sebaliknya, terutamanya Franti\u0161ek Kupka, dan orang-orang yang dianggap Orphis oleh Apollinaire (Delaunay, L\u00e9ger, Picabia dan Duchamp), menerima abstraksi dengan menghapuskan subjek yang kelihatan sepenuhnya. Dua penyertaan Kupka di 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs dan Amorpha chromatique chaude, sangat abstrak (atau tidak perwakilan) dan orientasi metafizik. Kedua-dua Duchamp pada tahun 1912 dan Picabia dari tahun 1912 hingga 1914 mengembangkan abstraksi yang ekspresif dan penuh dedikasi yang didedikasikan untuk tema emosi dan seksual yang kompleks. Bermula pada tahun 1912, Delaunay melukis siri lukisan berjudul Windows Serentak, diikuti dengan siri berjudul Formula Circulaires, di mana dia menggabungkan struktur planar dengan warna prisma yang terang; berdasarkan ciri-ciri optik warna juxtaposed pemergiannya dari realiti dalam gambaran imejan adalah lengkap. Pada tahun 1913-14 L\u00e9ger menghasilkan siri bertajuk Sebaliknya bentuk, memberikan tekanan yang sama kepada warna, garis dan bentuk. Kismisnya, walaupun sifat abstraknya, dikaitkan dengan tema mekanisasi dan kehidupan moden. Apollinaire menyokong perkembangan awal kubisme abstrak di Les Peintres cubistes (1913), penulisan lukisan baru \"tulen\" di mana subjek dikosongkan. Tetapi walaupun menggunakan istilah Orphism istilah-istilah ini sangat berbeza sehingga mereka menentang percubaan untuk meletakkannya dalam satu kategori. <> Apakah dua penyertaan Kupka di Salon d'Automne? || Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs dan Amorpha chromatique chaude <> Apakah tajuk-tajuk lukisan Delaunay pada tahun 1912? || Windows serentak, <> Selama tahun apakah Leger menghasilkan Kecuali Borang? || 1913-14", {"context": "The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially Franti\u0161ek Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, L\u00e9ger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka\u2019s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913\u201314 L\u00e9ger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new \"pure\" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Amorpha-Fugue \u00e0 deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude"}], "question": "What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne? ", "id": "5726db225951b619008f801b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Simultaneous Windows,"}], "question": "What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912? ", "id": "5726db225951b619008f801c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1001, "text": "1913\u201314"}], "question": "During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms? ", "id": "5726db225951b619008f801d"}]}], ["Fakta bahawa pameran 1912 telah dikendalikan untuk menunjukkan peringkat berturut-turut di mana Kaubisme telah dipindahkan, dan Du \"Cubisme\" telah diterbitkan untuk majlis itu, menunjukkan hasrat para seniman membuat karya mereka difahami untuk penonton yang luas (pengkritik seni , pengumpul seni, peniaga seni dan orang awam). Tidak dinafikan, kerana kejayaan besar pameran itu, Cubism diiktiraf sebagai kecenderungan, genre atau gaya dalam seni dengan falsafah atau tujuan umum tertentu: gerakan avant-garde baru. <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh exitibub Cubism tahun 1912? || menunjukkan keinginan artis untuk membuat kerja mereka dapat difahami oleh ramai penonton", {"context": "The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du \"Cubisme\" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience"}], "question": "What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?", "id": "5726de2d5951b619008f80a9"}]}], ["Bahagian d'Or, yang juga dikenali sebagai Groupe de Puteaux, yang diasaskan oleh beberapa Kaubis yang paling mudah dilihat, adalah kolektif pelukis, pengukir dan pengkritik yang dikaitkan dengan Kubisme dan Orpis, aktif dari tahun 1911 hingga sekitar tahun 1914, yang menjadi terkenal di bangun daripada persembahan kontroversial mereka di 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. Salon de la Section d'Or di Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie di Paris, Oktober 1912, boleh dikatakan pameran pra-Perang Dunia I yang paling penting; mendedahkan Cubism kepada khalayak yang luas. Lebih 200 karya telah dipamerkan, dan hakikat bahawa banyak seniman memperlihatkan hasil karya seni dari perkembangan mereka dari tahun 1909 hingga 1912 memberikan pameran yang memperlihatkan retrospektif Kaisar. <> Berapa banyak karya yang dipaparkan di The Salon de la Section d'Or di Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie di Paris, Oktober 1912? || Lebih daripada 200", {"context": "The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants. The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Over 200"}], "question": "How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Bo\u00e9tie in Paris, October 1912?", "id": "5726ddde708984140094d417"}]}], ["Pengubahsuaian ketara kubisme antara tahun 1914 dan 1916 telah ditandakan oleh pergeseran ke arah penekanan yang kuat terhadap pesawat geometrik yang bertindih yang besar dan aktiviti permukaan rata. Pengumpulan gaya lukisan dan patung ini, terutama yang penting antara 1917 dan 1920, telah diamalkan oleh beberapa artis; terutamanya yang di bawah kontrak dengan pengedar seni dan pengumpul L\u00e9once Rosenberg. Pengetatan komposisi, kejelasan dan rasa perintah yang dicerminkan dalam karya-karya ini, menyebabkannya dirujuk oleh pengkritik Maurice Raynal (fr) sebagai kubisme Kristal. Pertimbangan yang ditunjukkan oleh ahli kubis sebelum permulaan Perang Dunia I-seperti dimensi keempat, dinamisme kehidupan moden, okultisme, dan konsep masa Henri Bergson-kini telah dikosongkan, digantikan oleh kerangka rasmi yang murni. <> Apakah pengkritik Maurice Raynal mula merujuk kepada Kubisme sekitar 1917-1920? || 'Kristal' Cubism <> Siapa konsep tempoh telah ditinggalkan untuk rujukan rujukan yang lebih konkrit? || <Span> <span style = \"font - style: italic; || 1914 dan 1916 <> Apakah tempoh kedua kali bahawa perubahan yang ketara mula berlaku dalam kubisme? || antara 1917 dan 1920", {"context": "A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector L\u00e9once Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I\u2014such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration\u2014had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "'crystal' Cubism"}], "question": "What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?", "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Henri Bergson's"}], "question": "Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? ", "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1914 and 1916"}], "question": "What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?", "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "between 1917 and 1920"}], "question": "What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?", "id": "5727a9fa4b864d19001639e7"}]}], ["Teknik ini mewakili simultaneity, pelbagai sudut pandangan (atau gerakan relatif) ditekan ke tahap yang tinggi kerumitan di Gleizes 'monumental Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), yang dipamerkan pada 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier's Abundance yang ditunjukkan di Ind\u00e9pendants 1911, dan Delaunay's City of Paris, ditunjukkan di Ind\u00e9pendants pada tahun 1912. Kerja bercita-cita tinggi ini adalah beberapa lukisan terbesar dalam sejarah Kubisme. Perkahwinan The L\u00e9ger, yang juga ditunjukkan di Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants pada tahun 1912, memberi bentuk kepada gagasan simultaneity dengan menyampaikan motif-motif yang berbeza seperti yang berlaku dalam satu kerangka temporal tunggal, di mana tindak balas terhadap masa lalu dan sekarang ini menginterpretasikan dengan kekuatan kolektif. Konjungsi perkara sedemikian dengan simultaneity menjajarkan Salon Cubism dengan lukisan Futurist awal oleh Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini dan Carlo Carr\u00e0; mereka sendiri bertindak sebagai tindak balas kepada kubus awal. <> Apakah teknik di Gliezes 'piece Le Depiquage mewakili? || gerak relatif) <> Siapa yang dicat Perkahwinan, menunjukkan di Salon des Independants pada tahun 1912? || L\u00e9ger <> Antara potongan Gliezes yang dipaparkan di Salon de la Section d'Or? || Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)", {"context": "This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier\u2019s Abundance shown at the Ind\u00e9pendants of 1911, and Delaunay's City of Paris, shown at the Ind\u00e9pendants in 1912. These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism. L\u00e9ger\u2019s The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force. The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carr\u00e0; themselves made in response to early Cubism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "relative motion)"}], "question": "What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?", "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "L\u00e9ger"}], "question": "Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?", "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Le D\u00e9piquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)"}], "question": "Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? ", "id": "57278fad708984140094e0ef"}]}], ["Arca kubis maju selari dengan lukisan Cubist. Pada musim luruh 1909 Picasso diukir Ketua Wanita (Fernande) dengan ciri-ciri positif yang digambarkan oleh ruang negatif dan sebaliknya. Menurut Douglas Cooper: \"Patung Kuba yang pertama adalah kepala Wanita Picasso yang mengagumkan, dimodelkan pada tahun 1909-10, rakan sejawat dalam tiga dimensi kepada banyak kepala analitik dan aspek serupa dalam lukisannya pada masa itu.\" Pembalikan positif / negatif ini dieksploitasi oleh Alexander Archipenko pada tahun 1912-13, contohnya dalam Wanita Berjalan. Joseph Csaky, selepas Archipenko, adalah pengukir pertama di Paris untuk menyertai Kaubis, dengan siapa dia dipamerkan dari tahun 1911 dan seterusnya. Mereka diikuti oleh Raymond Duchamp-Villon dan kemudian pada tahun 1914 oleh Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens dan Ossip Zadkine. <> Apa nama patung Cubist 1909 yang dibuat oleh Picassos? || Ketua Wanita <> Apakah Douglas Cooper memanggil patung Cubist 1909 Picasso? || Patung Kuba yang pertama yang sebenarnya <> Yang kepingan Alexander Archipenko sama dengan kegilaan Cubist lain pada masa itu? || Wanita Berjalan", {"context": "Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: \"The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909\u201310, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time.\" These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912\u201313, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Head of a Woman"}], "question": "What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?", "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "The first true Cubist sculpture"}], "question": "What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?", "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "Woman Walking"}], "question": "Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?", "id": "5727a8483acd2414000de8ff"}]}], ["Kemunculan semula Kubisme bertepatan dengan penampilan dari kira-kira 1917-24 dari sebuah badan yang bersesuaian dengan penulisan teori oleh Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal dan Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler dan, di kalangan seniman, oleh Gris, L\u00e9ger dan Gleizes. Semula sekali kembali kepada klasikisme-karya kiasan secara eksklusif atau bersama-sama karya Cubist-yang dialami oleh banyak artis dalam tempoh ini (dipanggil Neoklassicism) telah dikaitkan dengan kecenderungan untuk mengelakkan realiti perang dan juga penguasaan budaya klasik atau Latin imej Perancis semasa dan selepas perang. Kubisme selepas 1918 dapat dilihat sebagai sebahagian daripada perpaduan ideologi yang luas ke arah konservatisme dalam masyarakat dan budaya Perancis. Namun, kubisme sendiri tetap evolusioner di dalam oeuvre seniman individu, seperti Gris dan Metzinger, dan merentas karya seniman yang berbeza dari satu sama lain seperti Braque, L\u00e9ger dan Gleizes. Kubisme sebagai gerakan yang diperdebatkan secara terbuka menjadi bersatu dan terbuka untuk definisi. Keaslian teoretisnya menjadikannya satu tolok ukur yang mana kecenderungan yang berbeza seperti Realisme atau Naturalisme, Dada, Surrealisme dan abstraksi dapat dibandingkan. <> Namakan tiga seniman yang pada dasarnya tidak dapat disangkal untuk kemunculan kubisme antara 1917 dan 1924. || Gris, L\u00e9ger dan Gleizes <> Namakan tiga penulis yang sebahagiannya resonsible untuk kemunculan semula Kubisme antara tahun 1917 dan 1924. || Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal dan Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler <> Pada tahun 1918 bagaimanakah peralihan fonetik Perancis yang dilakukan oleh Cubism? || konservatisme", {"context": "The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917\u201324 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism\u2014figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work\u2014experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Gris, L\u00e9ger and Gleizes"}], "question": "Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.", "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler"}], "question": "Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.", "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "conservatism"}], "question": "In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?", "id": "5727af0cff5b5019007d927c"}]}], ["Dalam Du \"Cubisme\" Metzinger dan Gleizes secara eksplisit mengaitkan perasaan masa untuk pelbagai perspektif, memberikan ungkapan simbolik kepada tanggapan 'durasi' yang dicadangkan oleh ahli falsafah Henri Bergson mengikut mana kehidupan secara subjektif berpengalaman sebagai kontinum, dengan masa lalu mengalir ke masa kini dan sekarang yang merangkumi masa depan. Para Cubis Salon menggunakan rawatan yang padat dan pepejal dan kesan pelbagai sudut pandangan untuk menyampaikan rasa fizikal dan psikologi kesahan kesedaran, mengaburkan perbezaan antara masa lalu, sekarang dan masa depan. Salah satu inovasi teoritis utama yang dibuat oleh Cubists Salon, secara bebas dari Picasso dan Braque, adalah simultaneity, yang semakin besar pada teori-teori Henri Poincar\u00e9, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, dan Henri Bergson. Dengan kebetulan, konsep dimensi ruang dan temporal yang berasingan telah dicabar secara komprehensif. Perspektif linear yang dibangunkan semasa Renaissance dikosongkan. Subjek tidak lagi dipertimbangkan dari sudut pandangan tertentu pada satu masa dalam masa, tetapi dibina mengikut pilihan pandangan berturut-turut, iaitu, seolah dilihat secara serentak dari pelbagai sudut (dan dalam pelbagai dimensi) dengan mata bebas untuk berkeliaran dari satu kepada yang lain. <> Dalam Du Cubisme yang begitu Metzinger dan Gleizes mengaitkan rasa masa untuk? || Henri Bergson <> Cubist menggunakan jenis ruang dan masa rawatan apa? || The Cubists Salon", {"context": "In Du \"Cubisme\" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of \u2018duration\u2019 proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future. The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future. One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincar\u00e9, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson. With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged. Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated. The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i.e., as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Henri Bergson"}], "question": "In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? ", "id": "5726e1cef1498d1400e8ee8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "The Salon Cubists"}], "question": "The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?", "id": "5726e1cef1498d1400e8ee8f"}]}], ["Cubism dan seni Eropah moden telah diperkenalkan ke Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1913 yang kini legenda Pertunjukan Pertempuran di New York City, yang kemudiannya pergi ke Chicago dan Boston. Dalam pertunjukan senjata, Pablo Picasso mempamerkan La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), patung kepala seorang wanita (Fernande) (1909-10), Les Arbres (1907) di kalangan karya cubist lainnya. Jacques Villon mempamerkan tujuh titik kering penting dan besar, abangnya, Marcel Duchamp mengejutkan orang awam Amerika dengan lukisan Nude Descending a Stage, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia mempamerkan abstraksinya La Danse \u00e0 la sumber dan La Procession, Seville (kedua-dua tahun 1912). Albert Gleizes dipamerkan La Femme aux phlox (1910) dan L'Homme au balcon (1912), dua karya cubist yang sangat bergaya dan faceted. Georges Braque, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye dan Alexander Archipenko juga menyumbang contoh kerja cubist mereka. <> Apakah nama pertunjukan yang memperkenalkan Kubisme ke Amerika Syarikat? || Show Armory <> Dalam apa bandar yang menunjukkan persembahan yang memperkenalkan Kubisme ke Amerika Syarikat berlaku? || New York City <> Yang 1907 potongan Picasso hadir dalam pameran yang memperkenalkan Kubisme ke Amerika Syarikat? || Les Arbres <> Apa karya 1910 yang Albert Gleizes hadir dalam pameran itu yang memperkenalkan Kubisme ke Amerika Syarikat? || La Femme aux phlox", {"context": "Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston. In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909\u201310), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works. Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse \u00e0 la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912). Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works. Georges Braque, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Armory Show"}], "question": "What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?", "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? ", "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Les Arbres"}], "question": "Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ", "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "La Femme aux phlox"}], "question": "What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? ", "id": "5727a5f04b864d190016395f"}]}], ["Kubisme Picasso, Braque dan Gris mempunyai lebih daripada satu segi teknikal atau formal, dan sikap dan niat yang berbeza dari Cubists Salon menghasilkan pelbagai jenis Kubisme, bukannya terbitan kerja mereka. \"Tidak semestinya jelas, dalam apa jua keadaan,\" tulis Christopher Green, \"sejauh mana ini Kaubis lain bergantung pada Picasso dan Braque untuk pembangunan teknik-teknik seperti faceting, 'passage' dan perspektif berganda; pada amalan sedemikian dengan sedikit pengetahuan tentang Cubism 'benar' pada peringkat awal, yang dipandu di atas semua oleh pemahaman mereka sendiri tentang C\u00e9zanne. \" Kerja-kerja yang dipamerkan oleh Kaubis ini pada 1911 dan 1912 Salons dilanjutkan melangkaui subjek-subjek seperti Cezanne yang konvensional-model, kehidupan tetap dan landskap yang disukai oleh Picasso dan Braque untuk memasukkan subjek kehidupan moden yang berskala besar. Ditujukan kepada orang ramai, kerja-kerja ini menegaskan penggunaan pelbagai perspektif dan aspek pelan kompleks untuk kesan ekspresif sambil mengekalkan kefasihan subjek yang dianugerahkan dengan konotasi sastera dan falsafah. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Christopher Green tentang perbezaan antara cubist tradisional dan Cubist Salon? || Ia tidak jelas, dalam mana-mana <<Siapa yang Braque dan Picasso menumpukan kerja mereka di? || orang besar", {"context": "The Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work. \"It is by no means clear, in any case,\" wrote Christopher Green, \"to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of C\u00e9zanne.\" The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional C\u00e9zanne-like subjects\u2014the posed model, still-life and landscape\u2014favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects. Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "It is by no means clear, in any case"}], "question": "What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?", "id": "5726df5c5951b619008f80df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 862, "text": "large public"}], "question": "Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? ", "id": "5726df5c5951b619008f80e0"}]}], ["Tempoh yang paling inovatif dari Kubisme adalah sebelum 1914. Selepas Perang Dunia I, dengan sokongan yang diberikan oleh peniaga L\u00e9once Rosenberg, Kubisme kembali sebagai isu utama bagi para seniman, dan terus seperti itu hingga pertengahan 1920-an ketika status avant-gardenya dipersoalkan dengan kemunculan abstraksi geometrik dan surrealisme di Paris. Banyak ahli kubis, termasuk Picasso, Braque, Gris, L\u00e9ger, Gleizes, dan Metzinger, sambil membangunkan gaya lain, kembali secara berkala ke Kubisme, walaupun selepas 1925. Kubisme kembali muncul pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an dalam karya Stuart Davis Amerika dan Bahasa Inggeris Ben Nicholson. Di Perancis, bagaimanapun, kubisme mengalami penurunan sejak tahun 1925. L\u00e9once Rosenberg tidak hanya mempamerkan artis-artis yang terkandas oleh pengasingan Kahnweiler tetapi yang lain termasuk Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin dan Severini. Pada tahun 1918 Rosenberg mempersembahkan satu siri pameran Cubist di Galerie de l'Effort Moderne di Paris. Percubaan dibuat oleh Louis Vauxcelles untuk mendakwa bahawa Kubisme telah mati, tetapi pameran ini, bersama dengan pameran Cubist yang teratur di 1920 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants dan kebangkitan Salon de la Section d'Or pada tahun yang sama, menunjukkannya masih hidup. <> Sebelum tahun apa Cubism dianggap paling inovatif? || 1914 <> Dengan bantuan peniaga apakah Cubism kembali sebagai pertimbangan utama bagi seniman selepas Perang Dunia I? || L\u00e9once Rosenberg <> Pada tahun berapakah Rosenberg mempamerkan Kuba bekerja di Galerie de l'Effort Moderne? || 1918 <> Di manakah bandar Galerie de l'Effort Moderne berlaku? || Paris", {"context": "The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer L\u00e9once Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris. Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, L\u00e9ger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925. Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson. In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925. L\u00e9once Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler\u2019s exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini. In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne in Paris. Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to claim that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d\u2019Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "1914"}], "question": "Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? ", "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "L\u00e9once Rosenberg"}], "question": "With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?", "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "1918"}], "question": "In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne?", "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In which city did Galerie de l\u2019Effort Moderne take place? ", "id": "5727ac434b864d1900163a11"}]}], ["Senibina Cubis asal sangat jarang berlaku. Hanya ada satu negara di dunia di mana kubisme benar-benar digunakan untuk seni bina - iaitu Bohemia (hari ini Republik Czech) dan terutama modalnya, Prague. Arkitek Czech adalah yang pertama dan satu-satunya di dunia yang pernah merancang bangunan kubis asli. Seni bina kubis telah berkembang sejak tahun 1910 hingga 1914, tetapi bangunan-bangunan yang dipengaruhi Cubist atau Cubism juga dibina selepas Perang Dunia I. Selepas perang, gaya arsitektur yang dipanggil Rondo-Cubism telah dibangunkan di Prague melancarkan seni bina Kuba dengan pusingan bentuk. <> Adakah senibina Cubis asli jarang berlaku? || Senibina kubis sangat jarang <> Negara manakah yang menggunakan Cubism untuk seni bina yang paling? || Bohemia (hari ini Republik Czech <> Apa bentuk untuk kubus seni bina di Prague dipanggil? || Rondo-Kubisme", {"context": "The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture \u2013 namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910\u20131914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Cubist architecture is very rare"}], "question": "Is original Cubist architecture rare?", "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Bohemia (today Czech Republic"}], "question": "Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?", "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Rondo-Cubism"}], "question": "What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?", "id": "5727bc2a4b864d1900163bea"}]}], ["Pengaruh kubisme dilanjutkan kepada bidang seni lain, lukisan dan patung di luar. Dalam kesusasteraan, karya tulis Gertrude Stein menggunakan pengulangan dan frasa berulang sebagai blok bangunan dalam kedua-dua petikan dan seluruh bab. Kebanyakan karya penting Stein menggunakan teknik ini, termasuk novel The Making of Americans (1906-08). Bukan sahaja mereka yang menjadi pelanggan penting Cubism pertama, Gertrude Stein dan saudaranya Leo juga turut mempengaruhi pengaruh Kubisme. Picasso pula merupakan pengaruh penting dalam penulisan Stein. <> Adakah cubisme mempengaruhi bidang lain di luar lukisan dan scuplture? || Pengaruh kubisme dilanjutkan ke bidang seni lain, <> Siapa yang menulis karya menggunakan pengulangan yang sama dengan seni Cubist? || Gertrude Stein <> Apakah nama abang Gertrude Stein? || Leo <> Apakah tajuk buku Gertrude Stein 1906-1908? || Pembuatan orang Amerika", {"context": "The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906\u201308). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,"}], "question": "Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?", "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Gertrude Stein"}], "question": "Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?", "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Leo"}], "question": "What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?", "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "The Making of Americans"}], "question": "What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?", "id": "5727be66ff5b5019007d940f"}]}], ["Kubisme membentuk hubungan penting antara seni dan seni bina abad ke-20. Hubungan bersejarah, teoretikal, dan sosio-politik antara amalan avant garde dalam lukisan, patung dan seni bina telah berlaku awal di Perancis, Jerman, Belanda dan Czechoslovakia. Walaupun terdapat banyak titik persilangan antara Kubisme dan seni bina, hanya beberapa pautan langsung antara mereka boleh ditarik. Selalunya sambungan dibuat dengan merujuk kepada ciri-ciri formal yang dikongsi: aspek bentuk, kekaburan ruang, ketelusan, dan kepelbagaian. <> Apa dua perkara yang dilakukan Cubism pada awal abad ke-20 membentuk hubungan penting antara? || seni dan seni bina. <> Apakah empat ciri formal yang biasanya berkaitan dengan Kubisme? || bentuk segi, kekaburan spatial, ketelusan, dan kepelbagaian. <> Di mana empat negara adalah kesan seni avant garde yang sangat kuat? || Perancis, Jerman, Belanda dan Czechoslovakia", {"context": "Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "art and architecture."}], "question": "What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?", "id": "5727b2124b864d1900163aa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity."}], "question": "What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?", "id": "5727b2134b864d1900163aa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?", "id": "5727b2134b864d1900163aa2"}]}], ["Kepentingan seni bina dalam Cubism berpusat pada pembubaran dan penyesuaian bentuk tiga dimensi, menggunakan bentuk geometri mudah, disandingkan tanpa ilusi perspektif klasik. Unsur-unsur yang pelbagai boleh ditapis, dibuat telus atau menembusi satu sama lain, sambil mengekalkan hubungan ruang mereka. Cubism telah menjadi faktor yang berpengaruh dalam pembangunan seni bina moden dari 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, oleh Raymond Duchamp-Villon dan Andr\u00e9 Mare) dan seterusnya, membangunkan selari dengan arkitek seperti Peter Behrens dan Walter Gropius, dengan pemudahan reka bentuk bangunan, penggunaan bahan yang sesuai untuk pengeluaran perindustrian, dan peningkatan penggunaan kaca. <> Dalam Kubisme apa aritechtural yang berminat berdasarkan? || pembubaran dan penyusunan semula bentuk tiga dimensi <> Yang mengatakan bahawa Kubisme telah menjadi aspek yang mempengaruhi dalam seni bina moden? || Raymond Duchamp-Villon dan Andr\u00e9 Mare <> Peningkatan penggunaan apa yang penting yang ditandakan oleh Cubism dalam seni bina? || kaca", {"context": "Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships. Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form"}], "question": "In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?", "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9370"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare"}], "question": "Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? ", "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9371"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "glass"}], "question": "Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?", "id": "5727b8e0ff5b5019007d9372"}]}], ["Arkitek Cubist terkemuka adalah Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek dan Josef Chochol. Mereka bekerja kebanyakannya di Prague tetapi juga di bandar-bandar Bohemia yang lain. Bangunan Cubist yang terkenal adalah House of the Black Madonna di Old Town of Prague yang dibina pada tahun 1912 oleh Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r dengan satu-satunya kafe Cubist di dunia, Grand Caf\u00e9 Orient. Vlastislav Hofman membina astaka pintu masuk \u010e\u00e1blice Cemetery pada tahun 1912-1914, Josef Chochol merancang beberapa rumah kediaman di bawah Vy\u0161ehrad. A streetlamp Cubist juga telah dipelihara berhampiran Dataran Wenceslas, yang direka oleh Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek pada tahun 1912, yang juga membina Diamond House di New Town of Prague sekitar tahun 1913. <> Siapa arkitek Cubist terkemuka? || Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek dan Josef Chochol <> Di mana para arkitek Cubist terkemuka bekerja? || Prague <> Apa bangunan senibina Cubist yang paling terkenal? || Rumah Madonna Hitam <> Di mana House of the Madonna Hitam terletak? || Old Town of Prague <> Who built the House of the Madonna Black? || Vlastislav Hofman", {"context": "The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek and Josef Chochol. They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns. The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r with the only Cubist caf\u00e9 in the world, Grand Caf\u00e9 Orient. Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of \u010e\u00e1blice Cemetery in 1912\u20131914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vy\u0161ehrad. A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Pavel Jan\u00e1k, Josef Go\u010d\u00e1r, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Kr\u00e1l\u00ed\u010dek and Josef Chochol"}], "question": "Who were the leading Cubist architects? ", "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "Prague"}], "question": "Where did the leading Cubist architects work?", "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "House of the Black Madonna"}], "question": "What is the best known Cubist architecture building? ", "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Old Town of Prague"}], "question": "Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? ", "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Vlastislav Hofman"}], "question": "Who built the House of the Black Madonna?", "id": "5727bdf52ca10214002d953e"}]}], ["Dalam peraturan teoretis mereka, arkitek Kauber menyatakan keperluan dinamisme, yang akan mengatasi masalah dan ketenangan yang terkandung di dalamnya, melalui ide kreatif, sehingga hasilnya akan membangkitkan perasaan dinamisme dan kepekaan ekspresif di penonton. Ini harus dicapai dengan bentuk yang diperolehi daripada piramid, kiub dan prisma, dengan susunan dan komposisi permukaan serong, terutamanya segi tiga, facades diukir dalam menonjolkan unit seperti kristal, mengingatkan apa yang dipanggil berlian dipotong, atau bahkan gua yang mengingatkan seni bina Gothic yang lewat. Dengan cara ini, keseluruhan permukaan fasad termasuk walaupun gable dan dormer diukir. Gril serta hiasan seni bina yang lain mencapai bentuk tiga dimensi. Oleh itu, bentuk baru tingkap dan pintu juga dibuat, e. g. tingkap heksagon. Arkitek Cubist Czech juga merancang perabot kubis. <> Apakah arsitek batu kapur penting yang dijelaskan dalam peraturan teoretis mereka? || dinamisme <> Apa bentuk tetingkap di arsitek Cubist Czech menggunakan? || heksagonal <> Apa perasaan yang harus ditanam senibina Cubist di penonton? || dinamisme dan kepekaan ekspresif", {"context": "In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "dynamism"}], "question": "What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? ", "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "hexagonal"}], "question": "What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? ", "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "dynamism and expressive plasticity"}], "question": "What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?", "id": "5727bda4ff5b5019007d93e8"}]}], ["Kubisme berkaitan dengan seni bina yang mencari gaya yang diperlukan tidak merujuk kepada masa lalu. Oleh itu, apa yang telah menjadi revolusi dalam lukisan dan patung itu telah digunakan sebagai sebahagian daripada \"pengubahsuaian mendalam ke arah dunia yang berubah\". Idea Cubo-Futurist Filippo Tommaso Marinetti mempengaruhi sikap dalam seni bina avant garde. Pergerakan De Stijl berpengaruh memeluk prinsip-prinsip estetik Neo-plasticisme yang dibangunkan oleh Piet Mondrian di bawah pengaruh Kubisme di Paris. De Stijl juga dihubungkan oleh Gino Severini kepada teori Cubist melalui tulisan-tulisan Albert Gleizes. Walau bagaimanapun, penyambungan bentuk geometrik asas dengan kecantikan yang melekat dan kemudahan aplikasi perindustrian-yang telah digambarkan oleh Marcel Duchamp dari 1914-ditinggalkan kepada pengasas Purism, Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfant dan Charles-\u00c9douard Jeanneret (lebih dikenali sebagai Le Corbusier,) yang mempamerkan lukisan bersama di Paris dan menerbitkan Apr\u00e8s le cubisme pada tahun 1918. Cita-cita Le Corbusier telah menerjemahkan ciri-ciri gaya kubisnya sendiri kepada seni bina. Antara 1918 dan 1922, Le Corbusier menumpukan usahanya pada teori Purist dan lukisan. Pada tahun 1922, Le Corbusier dan sepupunya Jeanneret membuka studio di Paris pada 35 rue de S\u00e8vres. Kajian teoretinya tidak lama lagi berkembang menjadi banyak projek seni bina. <> Idea di mana Cubo Futurist mempengaruhi avant-garde dalam seni bina? || Filippo Tommaso Marinetti <> Pergerakan De Stijl mengambil bahagian dalam prinsip estetik apa? || Neo-plasticism <> Siapa yang mengembangkan Neo Plasticism? || Piet Mondrian <> Siapa yang menghubungkan De Stijl ke teori Cubist? || Gino Severini <> Siapa yang Le Corbusier membuka studio Parisnya pada tahun 1922? || sepupu Jeanneret", {"context": "Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of \"a profound reorientation towards a changed world\". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application\u2014which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914\u2014was left to the founders of Purism, Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Ozenfant and Charles-\u00c9douard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Apr\u00e8s le cubisme in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de S\u00e8vres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Filippo Tommaso Marinetti"}], "question": "The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?", "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Neo-plasticism"}], "question": "The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?", "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Piet Mondrian"}], "question": "Who developed Neo Plasticism? ", "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Gino Severini"}], "question": "Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? ", "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1161, "text": "his cousin Jeanneret"}], "question": "Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?", "id": "5727baba3acd2414000deac5"}]}], ["Penyair yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan Kubisme ialah Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon dan Pierre Reverdy. Seperti penyajak Amerika Kenneth Rexroth menerangkan, Kubisme dalam puisi \"adalah penceraian yang sadar, sengaja dan bergabung semula unsur-unsur ke dalam entiti artistik baru yang dibuat sendiri dengan seni bina yang ketat. Ini agak berbeza daripada persatuan bebas Surrealists dan kombinasi kata-kata tidak sedarkan diri dan nihilisme politik Dada. \" Walau bagaimanapun, pengaruh penyair Kaubis pada kedua kubisme dan pergerakan kemudian Dada dan Surrealisme sangat mendalam; Louis Aragon, ahli penegasan Surrealisme, mengatakan bahawa untuk Breton, Soupault, \u00c9luard dan dirinya sendiri, Reverdy adalah \"penatua terdekat kami, penyair yang teladan.\" Walaupun tidak diingati sebagai pelukis Cubist, para penyair ini terus mempengaruhi dan memberi inspirasi; Penyair Amerika John Ashbery dan Ron Padgett baru-baru ini menghasilkan terjemahan baru karya Reverdy. Wallace Stevens '\"Tiga belas Cara Melihat Blackbird\" juga dikatakan menunjukkan bagaimana perspektif pelbagai cubisme dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam puisi. <> Penyair-penyair mana yang ditandai rapat dengan Kubisme? || Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon dan Pierre Reverdy <> Apa nama Penyair american yang dikaitkan dengan bercakap tentang seni bina rig Cubism? || Kenneth Rexroth <> Mana dua penyair Amerika baru-baru ini telah mencipta pengubahan baru karya Reverdy? || John Ashbery dan Ron Padgett <> Apa nama kerja Wallace Steven yang menerangkan bagaimana kubisme boleh diterjemahkan ke puisi? || Tiga belas Cara Melihat Blackbird", {"context": "The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry \"is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada.\" Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, \u00c9luard and himself, Reverdy was \"our immediate elder, the exemplary poet.\" Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' \"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird\" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, Andr\u00e9 Salmon and Pierre Reverdy"}], "question": "Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?", "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Kenneth Rexroth"}], "question": "What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?", "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "John Ashbery and Ron Padgett"}], "question": "Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?", "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 994, "text": "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird"}], "question": "What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? ", "id": "5727c01dff5b5019007d943d"}]}], ["Pada 1912 Salon d'Automne, pemasangan seni bina dipamerkan yang dengan cepat dikenali sebagai Maison Cubiste (Rumah Kediaman), menandatangani Raymond Duchamp-Villon dan Andr\u00e9 Mare bersama dengan sekumpulan kolaborator. Metzinger dan Gleizes dalam Du \"Cubisme\", yang ditulis semasa penganugerahan \"Maison Cubiste\", menulis tentang sifat seni yang autonomi, menekankan titik bahawa pertimbangan dekoratif tidak boleh mengawal semangat seni. Kerja hiasan, kepada mereka, adalah \"antitesis gambar\". \"Gambar sejati\" menulis Metzinger dan Gleizes, \"menanggung raisa d'\u00eatre itu sendiri, dapat dipindahkan dari sebuah gereja ke ruang lukisan, dari sebuah muzium ke sebuah studi. Secara asasnya, secara mandiri, semestinya lengkap, ia tidak perlu segera memuaskan fikiran: sebaliknya, ia harus memimpin, sedikit demi sedikit, ke arah kedalaman fiksyen di mana cahaya koordinat berada. Ia tidak menyelaraskan dengan ini atau ensemble itu, ia harmoni dengan perkara-perkara secara umum, dengan alam semesta: adalah organisma ... \". \"Konon Mare diterima sebagai bingkai untuk kerja-kerja Kuba kerana mereka membenarkan lukisan dan ukiran kemerdekaan mereka\", menulis Christopher Green, \"mencipta sebaliknya, maka penglibatan bukan hanya dari Gleizes dan Metzinger sendiri, tetapi dari Marie Laurencin, saudara-saudara Duchamp (Raymond Duchamp-Villon direka bentuk fasad) dan kawan lama Mare L\u00e9ger dan Roger La Fresnaye \". La Maison Cubiste adalah sebuah rumah yang dilengkapi sepenuhnya, dengan tangga, tukang kayu besi tempa, ruang tamu - Salon Bourgeois, di mana lukisan oleh Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Wanita dengan Penggemar), Gleizes, Laurencin dan L\u00e9ger digantung dan bilik tidur . Ia adalah contoh dekorasi L'art, rumah di mana seni Cubist dapat dipaparkan dalam keselesaan dan gaya kehidupan borjuasi moden. Penonton di Salon d'Automne melepasi model plaster bersaiz 10-by-3 meter dari lantai dasar fasad yang direka oleh Duchamp-Villon. Pemasangan seni bina ini kemudiannya dipamerkan di Pameran Senjata Api 1913, New York, Chicago dan Boston, yang disenaraikan dalam katalog pameran New York sebagai Raymond Duchamp-Villon, nombor 609, dan bertajuk \"Arsitektur, plaster muka\" (Fa\u00e7ade architecturale). <> Seberapa besar model La Maison Cubiste? || 10-dengan-3-meter <> Yang Metzinger yang digantung di La Maison Cubiste? || Wanita dengan Penggemar <> Apa itu La Maison Cubiste? || sebuah rumah yang lengkap", {"context": "At the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), signed Raymond Duchamp-Villon and Andr\u00e9 Mare along with a group of collaborators. Metzinger and Gleizes in Du \"Cubisme\", written during the assemblage of the \"Maison Cubiste\", wrote about the autonomous nature of art, stressing the point that decorative considerations should not govern the spirit of art. Decorative work, to them, was the \"antithesis of the picture\". \"The true picture\" wrote Metzinger and Gleizes, \"bears its raison d'\u00eatre within itself. It can be moved from a church to a drawing-room, from a museum to a study. Essentially independent, necessarily complete, it need not immediately satisfy the mind: on the contrary, it should lead it, little by little, towards the fictitious depths in which the coordinative light resides. It does not harmonize with this or that ensemble; it harmonizes with things in general, with the universe: it is an organism...\". \"Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence\", writes Christopher Green, \"creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends L\u00e9ger and Roger La Fresnaye\". La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living room\u2014the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Woman with a Fan), Gleizes, Laurencin and L\u00e9ger were hung\u2014and a bedroom. It was an example of L'art d\u00e9coratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade, designed by Duchamp-Villon. This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston, listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled \"Facade architectural, plaster\" (Fa\u00e7ade architecturale).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1849, "text": "10-by-3-meter"}], "question": "How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? ", "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9508"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1572, "text": "Woman with a Fan"}], "question": "Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?", "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1424, "text": "a fully furnished house"}], "question": "What was La Maison Cubiste ?", "id": "5727bba52ca10214002d9506"}]}]], [["Falsafah politik Barat berasal dari falsafah Yunani purba, di mana falsafah politik bermula pada sekurang-kurangnya Plato. Yunani kuno didominasi oleh negara-negara kota, yang bereksperimen dengan pelbagai bentuk organisasi politik, dikelompokkan oleh Plato menjadi empat kategori: timokrasi, kezaliman, demokrasi dan oligarki. Salah satu karya klasik falsafah politik yang paling penting ialah Republik Plato, yang diikuti oleh Etika dan Politik Nichomachean Aristotle. Falsafah politik Rom dipengaruhi oleh Stoik, termasuk negarawan Rom Cicero. <> Falsafah politik Barat berasal dari falsafah apa? || purba Greece <> Apa falsafah telah kembali kepada sekurang-kurangnya Plato? || falsafah Yunani purba <> Yunani Purba didominasi oleh apa? || negeri-negeri", {"context": "Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "ancient Greece"}], "question": "Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?", "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "philosophy of ancient Greece"}], "question": "What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?", "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "city-states"}], "question": "Ancient Greece was dominated by what?", "id": "57269755dd62a815002e8a78"}]}], ["Chanakya, abad ke-4 SM ahli falsafah politik India. Arthashastra menyediakan akaun sains politik untuk penguasa yang bijak, dasar-dasar untuk urusan dan peperangan asing, sistem pengawasan dan pengawasan dan kestabilan ekonomi negara. Chanakya memetik beberapa pihak berkuasa termasuk Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, dan Ambi, dan menyifatkan dirinya sebagai keturunan seorang ahli falsafah politik, dengan ayahnya Chanaka sebagai pendahulu terdekatnya. Satu lagi risalah India yang berpengaruh terhadap falsafah politik ialah Sukra Neeti. Contoh kod hukum India kuno adalah Manusm\u1e5bti atau Hukum Manu. <> Siapa ahli falsafah politik India abad ke-4 SM? || Chanakya <> Apa yang menyediakan akaun sains politik untuk penguasa bijak? || The Arthashastra <> Apa contoh kod hukum di India kuno? || Manusm\u1e5bti atau Undang-undang Manu", {"context": "Chanakya, 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher. The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusm\u1e5bti or Laws of Manu.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chanakya"}], "question": "Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?", "id": "572699885951b619008f7789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "The Arthashastra"}], "question": "What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?", "id": "572699885951b619008f778a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the Manusm\u1e5bti or Laws of Manu"}], "question": "What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?", "id": "572699885951b619008f778b"}]}], ["Falsafah politik India berkembang pada zaman purba dan membezakan perbezaan yang jelas antara (1) negara dan negara (2) agama dan negara. Konstitusi negara-negara Hindu berkembang dari masa ke masa dan berdasarkan risalah politik dan undang-undang dan institusi-institusi sosial yang lazim. Institusi negara secara luas dibahagikan kepada tadbir urus, pentadbiran, pertahanan, undang-undang dan ketertiban. Mantranga, badan utama negara-negara tersebut, terdiri dari Raja, Perdana Menteri, Panglima ketua tentera, Imam Besar Raja. Perdana Menteri mengetuai jawatankuasa menteri bersama ketua eksekutif (Maha Amatya). <> Apa yang membezakan perbezaan yang jelas antara negara dan negara, serta agama dan negara? || Falsafah politik India <> Apa yang dibahagikan kepada tadbir urus, pentadbiran, pertahanan, undang-undang dan ketenteraman? || Institusi negara <> Apakah badan pemerintahan negara-negara Hindu? || Mantranga", {"context": "Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Indian political philosophy"}], "question": "What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?", "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "The institutions of state"}], "question": "What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?", "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Mantranga"}], "question": "What was the governing body of the Hindu states?", "id": "572698e3f1498d1400e8e4ac"}]}], ["Falsafah Kristian awal Augustine of Hippo sangat dipengaruhi oleh Plato. Perubahan utama yang dibawa oleh pemikiran Kristian adalah penyederhanaan Stoicism dan teori keadilan dunia Rom, serta penekanan pada peranan negara dalam menerapkan belas kasihan sebagai contoh moral. Augustine juga mengisytiharkan bahawa salah seorang bukan ahli bandarnya, tetapi sama ada warga kota Kota Tuhan (Civitas Dei) atau City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God adalah karya yang berpengaruh pada masa ini yang menyerang tesis, yang dipegang oleh banyak orang Romawi Kristian, bahawa pandangan Kristian dapat direalisasikan di Bumi. <> Siapa yang sangat mempengaruhi falsafah Kristian awal Augustine of Hippo? || Plato <> Apa perubahan utama yang dibawa oleh pemikiran Kristian? || penyederhanaan Stoicism <> Siapa juga yang memberitakan bahawa bukan salah seorang anggota bandarnya? || Augustine <> Apakah maksud Civitas terrena? || City of Man <> Apa maksud Civitas Dei? || Kota Tuhan", {"context": "The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Plato"}], "question": "Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?", "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "the moderatation of the Stoicism"}], "question": "What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?", "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Augustine"}], "question": "Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?", "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "City of Man"}], "question": "What does Civitas terrena mean?", "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "City of God"}], "question": "What does Civitas Dei mean?", "id": "57269a5f708984140094cb65"}]}], ["Kebangkitan Islam, berdasarkan kedua-dua Al-Qur'an dan Muhammad dengan kuat mengubah keseimbangan kuasa dan persepsi asal-usul kekuasaan di rantau Mediterranean. Falsafah awal Islam menekankan hubungan yang tidak dapat dielakkan antara sains dan agama, dan proses ijtihad untuk mencari kebenaran - semua kesan falsafah adalah \"politik\" kerana ia mempunyai implikasi sebenar untuk tadbir urus. Pandangan ini dicabar oleh ahli falsafah \"rasionalis\" Mutazilite, yang memegang pandangan yang lebih jelas dari Hellenic, sebab di atas wahyu, dan oleh itu dikenali ulama moden sebagai ahli teologi Islam yang spekulatif pertama; mereka disokong oleh aristokrat sekular yang mencari kebebasan aksi bebas daripada Khalifah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada zaman kuno, pandangan \"tradisionalis\" Asharit terhadap Islam telah secara umum berjaya. Menurut para Ashar, alasan harus dibawah al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. <> Apa yang sangat mengubah baki kuasa dan persepsi tentang asal kuasa di rantau Mediterranean? || Kebangkitan Islam <> Apa yang menekankan hubungan yang tidak dapat dielakkan antara sains dan agama? || Falsafah Islam awal <> Siapa yang mencabar pandangan falsafah Islam awal? || ahli falsafah \"rasionalis\" Mutazilite <> Apakah jenis pandangan yang difikirkan oleh ahli falsafah \"rasionalis\" Mutaziite? || Pandangan Hellenic", {"context": "The rise of Islam, based on both the Qur'an and Muhammad strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region. Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion, and the process of ijtihad to find truth\u2014in effect all philosophy was \"political\" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the \"rationalist\" Mutazilite philosophers, who held a more Hellenic view, reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate. By the late ancient period, however, the \"traditionalist\" Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed. According to the Asharites, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the Sunna.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The rise of Islam"}], "question": "What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?", "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Early Islamic philosophy"}], "question": "What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?", "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "the \"rationalist\" Mutazilite philosophers"}], "question": "Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?", "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Hellenic view"}], "question": "What type of views did the \"rationalist\" Mutaziite philosophers hold?", "id": "57269b7e708984140094cb86"}]}], ["Falsafah politik zaman pertengahan di Eropah sangat dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran Kristian. Ia mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan pemikiran Islam Mutazalite di mana orang-orang Katolik Roma walaupun falsafah sublimasi ke teologi tidak tertakluk kepada penyataan tetapi dalam hal percanggahan, alasan subordinat untuk iman sebagai Asharit Islam. The Scholastics dengan menggabungkan falsafah Aristotle dengan Kekristianan St. Augustine menekankan potensi keharmonian yang wujud dalam alasan dan wahyu. Mungkin ahli falsafah politik yang paling berpengaruh di Eropah abad pertengahan ialah St. Thomas Aquinas yang membantu memperkenalkan karya Aristotle, yang hanya dihantar ke Eropah Katolik melalui Sepanyol Sepanyol, bersama-sama dengan ulasan Averroes. Penggunaan Aquinas dari mereka menetapkan agenda, untuk falsafah politik skolastik menguasai pemikiran Eropah selama berabad-abad bahkan hingga Renaissance. <> Apa yang dipengaruhi oleh pemikiran Kristian? || Falsafah politik zaman pertengahan di Eropah <> Falsafah politik zaman pertengahan mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan jenis pemikiran apa? || Pemikiran Islam Mutazalite <> Siapa ahli falsafah politik paling berpengaruh di Eropah zaman pertengahan? || St. Thomas Aquinas", {"context": "Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Medieval political philosophy in Europe"}], "question": "What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?", "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Mutazalite Islamic thinking"}], "question": "Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?", "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "St. Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? ", "id": "57269d1b5951b619008f77d3"}]}], ["Salah satu karya yang paling berpengaruh semasa tempoh pertumbuhan ini ialah Putera Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli, ditulis antara 1511-12 dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1532, selepas kematian Machiavelli. Kerja itu, serta The Discourses, analisis yang ketat dalam periode klasik, telah banyak mempengaruhi pemikiran politik moden di Barat. Seorang minoriti (termasuk Jean-Jacques Rousseau) menafsirkan Putera itu sebagai satira yang dimaksudkan untuk diberikan kepada Medici selepas penangkapan semula mereka dari Florence dan pengusiran berikutnya Machiavelli dari Florence. Walaupun karya itu ditulis untuk keluarga di Medici untuk mungkin mempengaruhi mereka untuk membebaskannya dari pengasingan, Machiavelli menyokong Republik Florence daripada oligarki keluarga di Medici. Walau apa pun, Machiavelli mempersembahkan pandangan politik yang pragmatik dan agak berbangkit, di mana kebaikan dan kejahatan hanyalah cara yang digunakan untuk membawa suatu akhir, iaitu keadaan yang selamat dan berkuasa. Thomas Hobbes, yang terkenal dengan teorinya mengenai kontrak sosial, terus memperluas pandangan ini pada permulaan abad ke-17 semasa Renaissance Inggeris. Walaupun Machiavelli dan Hobbes tidak mempercayai hak ilahi raja, kedua-duanya percaya kepada sifat mementingkan diri sendiri. Ia semestinya kepercayaan ini yang membawa mereka untuk mengamalkan kuasa pusat yang kuat sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk mencegah perpecahan sosial. <> Apa salah satu kerja yang paling berpengaruh dalam tempoh itu? || Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince <> Bilakah putera Niccolo Machiavelli dipublikasikan? || 1532 <> Siapa yang menulis Putera? || Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli <> Siapa terkenal dengan teorinya tentang kontrak sosial? || Thomas Hobbes", {"context": "One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince, written between 1511\u201312 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including Jean-Jacques Rousseau) interpreted The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence. Though the work was written for the di Medici family in order to perhaps influence them to free him from exile, Machiavelli supported the Republic of Florence rather than the oligarchy of the di Medici family. At any rate, Machiavelli presents a pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end\u2014i.e., the secure and powerful state. Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the social contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the English Renaissance. Although neither Machiavelli nor Hobbes believed in the divine right of kings, they both believed in the inherent selfishness of the individual. It was necessarily this belief that led them to adopt a strong central power as the only means of preventing the disintegration of the social order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli's The Prince"}], "question": "What was one of the most influential works during the period? ", "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1532"}], "question": "When was Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince published? ", "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli"}], "question": "Who wrote The  Prince?", "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "Thomas Hobbes"}], "question": "Who was well known for his theory of the social contract?", "id": "57269e71dd62a815002e8b27"}]}], ["Falsafah politik Islam, sebenarnya, berasaskan sumber-sumber Islam, iaitu Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah, kata-kata dan amalan Muhammad-sehingga menjadikannya teokratik. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam pemikiran Barat, ia secara umumnya sepatutnya ia adalah kawasan tertentu yang khusus hanya kepada ahli falsafah Islam yang hebat: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace ), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), dan Ibn Khaldun. Konsep-konsep politik Islam seperti kudrah (kuasa), sultan, ummah, cemaa (kewajiban) - dan juga istilah \"teras\" dari al-Qur'an - iaitu ibadah (ibadah), din (agama) dan ilah (dewa) - diambil sebagai asas analisis. Oleh itu, bukan sahaja idea-idea ahli falsafah politik muslim tetapi juga banyak ulama dan ulama lain yang menimbulkan ide dan teori politik. Sebagai contoh, idea Khawarij pada zaman awal sejarah Islam mengenai Khilafa dan Ummah, atau Syiah Islam mengenai konsep Imamah dianggap sebagai bukti pemikiran politik. Pertempuran antara Ehl-i Sunna dan Syiah pada abad ke-7 dan ke-8 mempunyai watak politik yang tulen. <> Pertembungan antara Ehl-i Sunna dan Syiah mempunyai watak apa? || politik <> falsafah politik Islam berasaskan apa sumbernya? || Islam <> Apa yang diambil sebagai asas analisis? || Konsep politik Islam", {"context": "Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam\u2014i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad\u2014thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), \u0130bn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the \"core\" terms of the Qur'an\u2014i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)\u2014is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "political"}], "question": "The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? ", "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? ", "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "The political conceptions of Islam"}], "question": "What is taken as the basis of an analysis?", "id": "57269c73708984140094cbb7"}]}], ["Ahli teori ini didorong oleh dua soalan asas: satu, dengan apa yang betul atau memerlukan orang membentuk negeri; dan dua, apakah bentuk terbaik untuk keadaan. Soalan asas ini melibatkan perbezaan konseptual antara konsep \"negeri\" dan \"kerajaan.\" Telah diputuskan bahawa \"negara\" akan merujuk kepada satu set institusi yang berkekalan di mana kuasa akan diedarkan dan penggunaannya dibenarkan. Istilah \"kerajaan\" merujuk kepada kumpulan orang tertentu yang menduduki institusi negara, dan mencipta undang-undang dan tata cara yang orang-orang, termasuk diri mereka, akan terikat. Perbezaan konsep ini terus beroperasi dalam sains politik, walaupun beberapa saintis politik, ahli falsafah, ahli sejarah dan ahli antropologi budaya berpendapat bahawa kebanyakan tindakan politik dalam mana-mana masyarakat tertentu berlaku di luar negaranya, dan ada masyarakat yang tidak teratur ke dalam keadaan yang mesti dipertimbangkan dalam segi politik. Selagi konsep tatanan semula jadi tidak diperkenalkan, sains sosial tidak boleh berubah secara bebas daripada pemikiran teistik. Sejak revolusi budaya abad ke-17 di England, yang merebak ke Perancis dan seluruh Eropah, masyarakat telah dianggap tertakluk kepada undang-undang semula jadi seperti dunia fizikal. <> Apa yang akan merujuk kepada satu set institusi yang berkekalan di mana kuasa akan diedarkan dan penggunaannya wajar? || negeri <> Apa yang merujuk kepada kumpulan orang tertentu yang menduduki institusi kerajaan? || Kerajaan <> Masyarakat dianggap tertakluk kepada undang-undang semula jadi seperti apa? || dunia fizikal", {"context": "These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for a state could be. These fundamental questions involved a conceptual distinction between the concepts of \"state\" and \"government.\" It was decided that \"state\" would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified. The term \"government\" would refer to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state, and create the laws and ordinances by which the people, themselves included, would be bound. This conceptual distinction continues to operate in political science, although some political scientists, philosophers, historians and cultural anthropologists have argued that most political action in any given society occurs outside of its state, and that there are societies that are not organized into states that nevertheless must be considered in political terms. As long as the concept of natural order was not introduced, the social sciences could not evolve independently of theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "state"}], "question": "What would refer to a set of enduring institutions through which power would be distributed and its use justified? ", "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "government"}], "question": "What refers to a specific group of people who occupied the institutions of the state?", "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1276, "text": "the physical world"}], "question": "Society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to what?", "id": "57269f0fdd62a815002e8b36"}]}], ["Falsafah politik Cina bermula pada Musim Spring dan Autumn, khususnya dengan Confucius pada abad ke-6 SM. Falsafah politik Cina telah dibangunkan sebagai tindak balas kepada pecahan sosial dan politik ciri negara Tempoh Spring dan Autumn dan Masa Berperang Amerika. Falsafah-falsafah utama pada masa itu, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianisme dan Taoisme, masing-masing mempunyai aspek politik kepada sekolah falsafah mereka. Ahli falsafah seperti Confucius, Mencius, dan Mozi, memberi tumpuan kepada perpaduan politik dan kestabilan politik sebagai asas falsafah politik mereka. Konfusianisme menganjurkan kerajaan hierarki, meritokrasi berdasarkan hubungan empati, kesetiaan, dan interpersonal. Undang-undang menganjurkan kerajaan yang sangat autoritarian berdasarkan hukuman dan undang-undang yang drakonian. Mohism menganjurkan sebuah kerajaan, kerajaan yang terdesentralisasi yang berpusat pada keberkesanan dan ascetism. Pihak Agrarian menyokong komunal utopian dan egalitarianisme utopia. Taoisme menganjurkan sebuah proto-anarkisme. Legalisme adalah falsafah politik dominan Dinasti Qin, tetapi digantikan oleh Konfusianisme Negara di Dinasti Han. Sebelum pengangkatan komunisme China, Konfusianisme Negara kekal sebagai falsafah politik dominan China hingga abad ke-20. <> Apa yang spesifik bermula dengan Confucius pada abad ke-6 SM? || Falsafah politik Cina <> Falsafah politik Cina bermula pada abad ke berapa? || Abad ke-6 SM <> falsafah politik Cina telah dibangunkan sebagai tindak balas kepada apa? || pecahan sosial dan politik negara <> Apa yang menganjurkan kerajaan perkauman, yang terpusat di tengah-tengah berhemat dan ascetism? || Mohism", {"context": "Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese political philosophy"}], "question": "What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?", "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e48e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "6th century BC"}], "question": "Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?", "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e48f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the social and political breakdown of the country"}], "question": "Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?", "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e490"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "Mohism"}], "question": "What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?", "id": "572696dff1498d1400e8e491"}]}], ["Dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, pembaharuan ideologi ini tidak berlaku dan pandangan ini tidak disatukan menjadi pemikiran yang sama sehingga lebih lama kemudian. Selain itu, tidak ada penyebaran doktrin ini di Dunia Baru dan tamadun maju Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron dan terutama Iroquois. Falsafah Iroquois khususnya memberi banyak pemikiran Kristian pada masa itu dan dalam banyak kes sebenarnya memberi inspirasi kepada beberapa institusi yang diterima pakai di Amerika Syarikat: contohnya, Benjamin Franklin adalah peminat yang hebat terhadap beberapa kaedah Konfederasi Iroquois, dan banyak kesusasteraan Amerika awal menegaskan falsafah politik kaum pribumi. <> Di kawasan apa pembaharuan ideologi ini tidak berlaku sehingga lebih lewat? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Filsafat siapa yang memberi banyak pemikiran Kristian pada masa itu? || Falsafah Iroquois <> Siapa yang sangat mengagumi beberapa kaedah Konfederasi Iroquois? || Benjamin Franklin", {"context": "In the Ottoman Empire, these ideological reforms did not take place and these views did not integrate into common thought until much later. As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois. The Iroquois philosophy in particular gave much to Christian thought of the time and in many cases actually inspired some of the institutions adopted in the United States: for example, Benjamin Franklin was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy, and much of early American literature emphasized the political philosophy of the natives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "In what area did these ideological reforms not take place until much later?", "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "The Iroquois philosophy"}], "question": "Whose philosophy gave much to Christian thought of the time?", "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Benjamin Franklin"}], "question": "Who was a great admirer of some of the methods of the Iroquois Confederacy?", "id": "5726a16ff1498d1400e8e55e"}]}], ["Dalam falsafah politik akademik Anglo-Amerika, penyebaran Teori Keadilan John Rawls pada tahun 1971 dianggap peristiwa penting. Rawls menggunakan eksperimen pemikiran, kedudukan asal, di mana pihak perwakilan memilih prinsip keadilan bagi struktur asas masyarakat dari belakang belenggu kejahilan. Rawls juga menawarkan kritikan terhadap pendekatan utilitarian terhadap persoalan keadilan politik. Buku Anarki, Negeri, dan Utopia tahun 1974, Robert Nozick, yang memenangi Anugerah Buku Kebangsaan, memberi respons kepada Rawls dari perspektif libertarian dan mendapat penghormatan akademik untuk pandangan libertarian. <> Apa yang John Rawsl terbitkan? || Teori Keadilan <> Siapa yang Diterbitkan Teori Keadilan? || John Rawls <> Bilakah Teori Keadilan diterbitkan? || 1971 <> Siapa yang menulis Anarki, Negeri, dan Utopia? || Robert Nozick", {"context": "In Anglo-American academic political philosophy, the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice in 1971 is considered a milestone. Rawls used a thought experiment, the original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls also offered a criticism of utilitarian approaches to questions of political justice. Robert Nozick's 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia, which won a National Book Award, responded to Rawls from a libertarian perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "A Theory of Justice"}], "question": "What did John Rawsl publish?", "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "John Rawls"}], "question": "Who Published A Theory of Justice?", "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When was A Theory of Justice published?", "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Robert Nozick"}], "question": "Who wrote Anarchy, State, and Utopia?", "id": "5726a5d15951b619008f78f4"}]}], ["Perang Dunia I adalah peristiwa aliran air dalam sejarah manusia, mengubah pandangan kerajaan dan politik. Revolusi Rusia pada tahun 1917 (dan walaupun kurang berjaya, revolusi di negara-negara Eropah yang lain) membawa komunisme - dan khususnya teori politik Leninisme, tetapi juga pada tingkat yang lebih kecil dari Luxemburgism (secara beransur-ansur) - di peringkat dunia. Pada masa yang sama, parti-parti demokratik sosial memenangi pilihan raya dan membentuk kerajaan untuk kali pertama, selalunya akibat pengenalan hak pilih sejagat. Walau bagaimanapun, sekumpulan ahli ekonomi Eropah tengah yang diketuai oleh ahli ekonomi Sekolah Austria, Ludwig von Mises dan Friedrich Hayek mengenal pasti kumpulan kolektivis terhadap pelbagai doktrin sosialis dan fasis baru kuasa kerajaan sebagai jenama politik totalitarianisme yang berbeza. <> Apakah peristiwa perairan dalam sejarah manusia? || Perang Dunia I <> Kapan Revolusi Rusia? || 1917 <> Apa yang membawa komunisme? || Revolusi Rusia 1917 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Ludwig Von Mises dan Friedrich Hayek? || sekumpulan ahli ekonomi Eropah tengah", {"context": "World War I was a watershed event in human history, changing views of governments and politics. The Russian Revolution of 1917 (and similar, albeit less successful, revolutions in many other European countries) brought communism - and in particular the political theory of Leninism, but also on a smaller level Luxemburgism (gradually) - on the world stage. At the same time, social democratic parties won elections and formed governments for the first time, often as a result of the introduction of universal suffrage. However, a group of central European economists led by Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek identified the collectivist underpinnings to the various new socialist and fascist doctrines of government power as being different brands of political totalitarianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "World War I"}], "question": "What was a watershed event in human history?", "id": "5726a3475951b619008f7889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1917"}], "question": "When was The Russian Revolution?", "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "The Russian Revolution of 1917"}], "question": "What brought communism?", "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "a group of central European economists"}], "question": "What did Ludwig Von Mises and Friedrich Hayek run?", "id": "5726a3475951b619008f788c"}]}], ["Hubungan politik dan ekonomi secara drastik dipengaruhi oleh teori-teori ini kerana konsep guild itu subordinat dengan teori perdagangan bebas, dan dominasi teologi Roman Katolik semakin dicabar oleh gereja-gereja Protestan yang bawahan kepada setiap negara bangsa, yang juga (dalam fesyen Gereja Roman Katolik sering mendakwa marah) yang diajarkan dalam bahasa kasar atau bahasa asli setiap rantau. Bagaimanapun, pencerahan itu merupakan serangan langsung terhadap agama, khususnya agama Kristian. Pengkritik gereja yang paling lantang di Perancis adalah Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, tokoh perwakilan pencerahan. Selepas Voltaire, agama tidak akan pernah sama sekali lagi di Perancis. <> Konsep guild itu subordinat dengan teori tentang apa? || perdagangan bebas <> Pencerahan adalah serangan langsung terhadap apa? || agama <> Apa yang semakin mencabar dominasi teologi Roman Katolik? || Gereja-gereja Protestan <> Siapakah pengkritik yang paling lantang mengenai gereja di Perancis? || Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire", {"context": "Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "free trade"}], "question": "The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?", "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "religion"}], "question": "The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?", "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Protestant churches"}], "question": "What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?", "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Marie Arouet de Voltaire"}], "question": "Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?", "id": "5726a0a5dd62a815002e8b63"}]}], ["Satu lagi perdebatan yang dikembangkan sekitar kritikan (berbeza) teori politik liberal yang dibuat oleh Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel dan Charles Taylor. Perdebatan liberal-komunitarian sering dianggap berharga untuk menghasilkan satu set baru masalah falsafah, bukan perspektif yang mendalam dan menerangi perspektif. Mereka dan komuniti lain (seperti Alasdair MacIntyre dan Daniel A. Bell) berpendapat bahawa, kontra liberalisme, komuniti adalah sebelum individu dan oleh itu harus menjadi tumpuan politik. Komuniti cenderung menyokong kawalan tempatan yang lebih besar serta dasar ekonomi dan sosial yang menggalakkan pertumbuhan modal sosial. <> Apa yang sering dianggap bernilai untuk menghasilkan satu set baru masalah falsafah? || Perbahasan liberal-komunitarian <> Apakah jenis kawalan yang dimiliki oleh komuniti cenderung untuk menyokong? || kawalan tempatan yang lebih besar <> Apa jenis ekonomi dan sosial yang dilakukan pihak komuniti cenderung untuk menyokong? || dasar yang menggalakkan pertumbuhan modal sosial", {"context": "Another debate developed around the (distinct) criticisms of liberal political theory made by Michael Walzer, Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor. The liberal-communitarian debate is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems, rather than a profound and illuminating clash of perspective.These and other communitarians (such as Alasdair MacIntyre and Daniel A. Bell) argue that, contra liberalism, communities are prior to individuals and therefore should be the center of political focus. Communitarians tend to support greater local control as well as economic and social policies which encourage the growth of social capital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "The liberal-communitarian debate"}], "question": "What is often considered valuable for generating a new set of philosophical problems? ", "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "greater local control"}], "question": "What type of control do communitarians tend to support?", "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "policies which encourage the growth of social capital"}], "question": "What type of economic and social policies do Communitarians tend to support?", "id": "5726a7b4dd62a815002e8c26"}]}], ["Dengan kontemporan seiring dengan peningkatan etika analitik dalam pemikiran Anglo-Amerika, di Eropa beberapa garis falsafah baru yang diarahkan pada kritikan masyarakat yang ada muncul antara tahun 1950-an dan 1980-an. Kebanyakannya mengambil elemen analisis ekonomi Marxis, tetapi menggabungkan mereka dengan penekanan yang lebih kultural atau ideologi. Di luar Sekolah Frankfurt, pemikir seperti Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, dan J\u00fcrgen Habermas menggabungkan perspektif Marxian dan Freudian. Sepanjang garisan yang agak berbeza, beberapa pemikir benua lain yang masih banyak dipengaruhi oleh Marxisme-meletakkan penekanan baru terhadap struktur dan \"kembali ke Hegel\". Dalam garis struktur (pasca) struktur (walaupun kebanyakannya tidak mengambil label itu) adalah pemikir seperti Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, dan Jean Baudrillard. Para ahli Situasi lebih dipengaruhi oleh Hegel; Guy Debord, khususnya, mengalihkan analisis Marxis mengenai fetishisme komoditi ke alam penggunaan, dan melihat hubungan antara kepenggunaan dan pembentukan ideologi yang dominan. <> Herbert Marcuse adalah dari sekolah apa? || Sekolah Frankfurt, <> Para pemikir dari Sekolah Frankfurt menggabungkan Marxian dan perspektif lain? || Freudian <> Siapa yang khususnya menggerakkan analisis Marxis mengenai fetishisme komoditi ke alam penggunaan? || Guy Debord", {"context": "Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and J\u00fcrgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers\u2014still largely influenced by Marxism\u2014put new emphases on structuralism and on a \"return to Hegel\". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Frankfurt School,"}], "question": "Herbert Marcuse was from what school?", "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f792f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Freudian"}], "question": "Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?", "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f7930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 864, "text": "Guy Debord"}], "question": "Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? ", "id": "5726a6ff5951b619008f7931"}]}], ["John Locke pada khususnya membuktikan teori baru politik zaman ini dengan karyanya Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan. Di dalamnya Locke mencadangkan satu teori teori alam yang secara langsung melengkapi konsepnya tentang bagaimana perkembangan politik berlaku dan bagaimana ia dapat diasaskan melalui kewajiban kontrak. Locke berdiri untuk menafikan teori politik Sir Robert Filmer yang mengasaskan sebuah sistem semulajadi berasaskan sifat dalam sistem tertentu. Teori hak ilahi raja-raja menjadi lulus mewah, terdedah kepada jenis penolakan yang telah diobati oleh John Locke. Tidak seperti Machiavelli dan Hobbes tetapi seperti Aquinas, Locke akan menerima dictum Aristotle bahawa manusia berusaha untuk bahagia dalam keadaan harmoni sosial sebagai binatang sosial. Tidak seperti pandangan Aquinas mengenai keselamatan jiwa dari dosa asal, Locke percaya fikiran manusia datang ke dunia ini sebagai tabula rasa. Bagi Locke, pengetahuan tidak semulajadi, didedahkan atau berdasarkan kuasa tetapi tertakluk kepada ketidakpastian yang disebabkan oleh sebab, toleransi dan kesederhanaan. Menurut Locke, penguasa mutlak seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Hobbes tidak perlu, untuk hukum alamiah didasarkan pada alasan dan mencari keamanan dan kelangsungan hidup bagi manusia. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk kerja Dua Perjanjian Kerajaan? || John Locke <> Locke menafikan teori politiknya? || Sir Robert Filmer <> Menurut Locke, penguasa mutlak yang dicadangkan oleh Hobbes adalah apa? || tidak perlu", {"context": "John Locke in particular exemplified this new age of political theory with his work Two Treatises of Government. In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation. Locke stood to refute Sir Robert Filmer's paternally founded political theory in favor of a natural system based on nature in a particular given system. The theory of the divine right of kings became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it. Unlike Machiavelli and Hobbes but like Aquinas, Locke would accept Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal. Unlike Aquinas's preponderant view on the salvation of the soul from original sin, Locke believes man's mind comes into this world as tabula rasa. For Locke, knowledge is neither innate, revealed nor based on authority but subject to uncertainty tempered by reason, tolerance and moderation. According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and seeking peace and survival for man.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the work Two Treatises of Government?", "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Sir Robert Filmer"}], "question": "Locke refuted whose political theory?", "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1094, "text": "unnecessary"}], "question": "According to Locke, an absolute ruler is proposed by Hobbes is what?", "id": "5726a213f1498d1400e8e574"}]}], ["Komunisme kekal menjadi tumpuan penting terutama pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an. Kolonialisme dan perkauman adalah isu penting yang timbul. Secara umum, terdapat trend yang ketara terhadap pendekatan pragmatik terhadap isu-isu politik, bukannya satu falsafah. Perbahasan akademik yang banyak menganggap satu atau kedua-dua topik pragmatik: bagaimana (atau sama ada) menerapkan utilitarianisme kepada masalah politik politik, atau bagaimana (atau sama ada) menerapkan model ekonomi (seperti teori pilihan rasional) kepada isu-isu politik. Kebangkitan feminisme, pergerakan sosial LGBT dan berakhirnya pemerintahan kolonial dan pengecualian politik minoriti seperti Amerika Afrika dan minoriti seksual di dunia maju telah membawa kepada pemikiran feminis, postkolonial, dan multikultural menjadi penting. Ini menimbulkan cabaran kepada kontrak sosial oleh ahli falsafah Charles W. Mills dalam bukunya The Contract Racial dan Carole Patemen dalam bukunya The Contractual Sexual bahawa kontrak sosial tidak termasuk orang warna dan wanita masing-masing. <> Apa yang menjadi tumpuan penting pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an? || Komunisme <> Terdapat trend yang ketara terhadap jenis pendekatan terhadap isu-isu politik? || pendekatan pragmatik <> Siapa yang menulis Kontrak Racun? || Charles W. Mills <> Siapa yang menulis Kontrak Seksual? || Carole Patemen", {"context": "Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 1960s. Colonialism and racism were important issues that arose. In general, there was a marked trend towards a pragmatic approach to political issues, rather than a philosophical one. Much academic debate regarded one or both of two pragmatic topics: how (or whether) to apply utilitarianism to problems of political policy, or how (or whether) to apply economic models (such as rational choice theory) to political issues. The rise of feminism, LGBT social movements and the end of colonial rule and of the political exclusion of such minorities as African Americans and sexual minorities in the developed world has led to feminist, postcolonial, and multicultural thought becoming significant. This led to a challenge to the social contract by philosophers Charles W. Mills in his book The Racial Contract and Carole Patemen in her book The Sexual Contract that the social contract excluded persons of colour and women respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Communism"}], "question": "What remained an important focus during the 1950s and 1960s?", "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "pragmatic approach"}], "question": "There was a marked trend towards what type of approach to political issues?", "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Charles W. Mills"}], "question": "Who wrote The Racial Contract?", "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "Carole Patemen"}], "question": "Who wrote The Sexual Contract?", "id": "5726a550f1498d1400e8e5ef"}]}], ["Dari akhir Perang Dunia II hingga tahun 1971, ketika John Rawls menerbitkan A Teori Keadilan, falsafah politik merosot di dunia akademik Anglo-Amerika, sebagai ahli falsafah analitik yang menyatakan skeptisisme tentang kemungkinan penghakiman normatif memiliki kandungan kognitif, dan sains politik beralih ke arah kaedah statistik dan tingkah laku. Di benua Eropah, sebaliknya, dekade perang selepas perang menyaksikan falsafah politik yang besar, dengan Marxisme menguasai bidang. Ini adalah masa Jean-Paul Sartre dan Louis Althusser, dan kemenangan Mao Zedong di China dan Fidel Castro di Cuba, serta peristiwa Mei 1968 membawa kepada peningkatan minat dalam ideologi revolusioner, terutama oleh Kiri Baru. Sejumlah benua Eropah benua ke Britain dan Amerika Syarikat-termasuk Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin, Eric Voegelin dan Judith Shklar-menggalakkan kajian berterusan dalam falsafah politik di dunia Anglo-Amerika, tetapi pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an mereka dan pelajar mereka tetap bertentangan dengan penubuhan analitik. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan Teori Keadilan? || John Rawls <> Apa yang John Rawls menerbitkan? || Teori Keadilan <> Apakah benua yang menyaksikan falsafah politik yang besar? || Eropah <> Peristiwa-peristiwa Mei 1968 membawa kepada peningkatan minat dalam apa? || ideologi revolusi", {"context": "From the end of World War II until 1971, when John Rawls published A Theory of Justice, political philosophy declined in the Anglo-American academic world, as analytic philosophers expressed skepticism about the possibility that normative judgments had cognitive content, and political science turned toward statistical methods and behavioralism. In continental Europe, on the other hand, the postwar decades saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy, with Marxism dominating the field. This was the time of Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and the victories of Mao Zedong in China and Fidel Castro in Cuba, as well as the events of May 1968 led to increased interest in revolutionary ideology, especially by the New Left. A number of continental European \u00e9migr\u00e9s to Britain and the United States\u2014including Karl Popper, Friedrich Hayek, Leo Strauss, Isaiah Berlin, Eric Voegelin and Judith Shklar\u2014encouraged continued study in political philosophy in the Anglo-American world, but in the 1950s and 1960s they and their students remained at odds with the analytic establishment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "John Rawls"}], "question": "Who published A Theory of Justice? ", "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "A Theory of Justice"}], "question": "What did John Rawls publish?", "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "What continent saw a huge blossoming of political philosophy?", "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "revolutionary ideology"}], "question": "The events of May 1968 led to an increased interest in what?", "id": "5726a49df1498d1400e8e5d7"}]}], ["Kritikan kapitalisme Marxis - yang dibangunkan dengan Friedrich Engels - adalah, bersama dengan liberalisme dan fasisme, salah satu pergerakan ideologi yang mendefinisikan abad kedua puluh. Revolusi perindustrian menghasilkan revolusi yang selari dalam pemikiran politik. Perbandaran dan kapitalisme sangat membentuk masyarakat. Dalam tempoh yang sama, gerakan sosialis mula terbentuk. Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, Marxisme telah dibangunkan, dan sosialisme pada umumnya memperoleh sokongan popular, kebanyakannya dari kelas pekerja bandar. Tanpa melanggar sepenuhnya dari masa lalu, Marx menetapkan prinsip-prinsip yang akan digunakan oleh para revolusioner masa depan abad ke-20 iaitu Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, dan Fidel Castro. Walaupun falsafah sejarah Hegel serupa dengan Immanuel Kant, dan teori revolusi Karl Marx terhadap kebaikan bersama sebahagiannya berdasarkan pandangan Kant pada sejarah-Marx mengisytiharkan bahawa dia mengubah dialektik Hegel, yang \"berdiri di atas kepalanya\", \" sebelah kanan lagi \". Tidak seperti Marx yang mempercayai materialisme sejarah, Hegel percaya kepada Phenomenology of Spirit. Pada akhir abad ke-19, sosialisme dan kesatuan sekerja telah ditubuhkan ahli-ahli landskap politik. Di samping itu, pelbagai cawangan anarkisme, dengan pemikir seperti Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon atau Peter Kropotkin, dan syndikalisme juga mendapat perhatian. Di dunia Anglo-Amerika, anti-imperialisme dan pluralisme mula memperoleh mata wang pada akhir abad ke-20. <> Siapa yang mengembangkan kritikan kapitalisme Marxis? || Friedrich Engels <> Apa salah satu pergerakan ideologi yang mendefinisikan abad kedua puluh? || Kritik kapitalisme Marxis <> Apa yang menghasilkan revolusi yang selari dalam pemikiran politik? || Revolusi perindustrian", {"context": "The Marxist critique of capitalism \u2014 developed with Friedrich Engels \u2014 was, alongside liberalism and fascism, one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century. The industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought. Urbanization and capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the socialist movement began to form. In the mid-19th century, Marxism was developed, and socialism in general gained increasing popular support, mostly from the urban working class. Without breaking entirely from the past, Marx established principles that would be used by future revolutionaries of the 20th century namely Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro. Though Hegel's philosophy of history is similar to Immanuel Kant's, and Karl Marx's theory of revolution towards the common good is partly based on Kant's view of history\u2014Marx declared that he was turning Hegel's dialectic, which was \"standing on its head\", \"the right side up again\". Unlike Marx who believed in historical materialism, Hegel believed in the Phenomenology of Spirit. By the late 19th century, socialism and trade unions were established members of the political landscape. In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world, anti-imperialism and pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Friedrich Engels"}], "question": "Who developed the Marxist critique of capitalism?", "id": "5726a284708984140094cc83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Marxist critique of capitalism"}], "question": "What was one of the defining ideological movements of the Twentieth Century?", "id": "5726a284708984140094cc84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "The industrial revolution"}], "question": "What produced a parallel revolution in political thought?", "id": "5726a284708984140094cc85"}]}], ["Sepasang perspektif politik yang bertindih yang timbul menjelang akhir abad ke-20 adalah republisme (atau neo- atau republikanisme) dan pendekatan keupayaan. Pergerakan republikan yang bangkit bertujuan untuk memberikan definisi kebebasan alternatif dari bentuk-bentuk kebebasan positif dan negatif Isaiah Berlin, iaitu \"kebebasan sebagai bukan penguasaan.\" Tidak seperti liberal yang memahami kebebasan sebagai \"tidak campur tangan,\" \"tidak menguasai\" melibatkan individu yang tidak tertakluk kepada kehendak sewenang-wenang orang lain. Bagi seorang liberal, seorang hamba yang tidak diganggu mungkin bebas, namun kepada republikan status semata sebagai hamba, tidak kira bagaimana hamba itu diperlakukan, adalah tidak menyenangkan. Republikan terkenal termasuk ahli sejarah Quentin Skinner, ahli hukum Cass Sunstein, dan ahli falsafah politik Philip Pettit. Pendekatan kemampuan, yang dipelopori oleh ahli ekonomi Mahbub ul Haq dan Amartya Sen dan dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh ulama hukum Martha Nussbaum, memahami kebebasan di bawah garis sekutu: keupayaan dunia nyata untuk bertindak. Kedua-dua pendekatan keupayaan dan republikanisme melayan pilihan sebagai sesuatu yang mesti disediakan. Dalam erti kata lain, ia tidak cukup untuk secara sah dapat melakukan sesuatu, tetapi mempunyai pilihan sebenar untuk melakukannya. <> Bilakah republicanism dan pendekatan keupayaan timbul? || akhir abad ke 20 <> Apa yang bertujuan untuk memberikan definisi kebebasan alternatif dari bentuk kebebasan positif dan negatif Isaiah Berlin? || Pergerakan republik semula <> Mahbub ul Haq dan Amartya Sen mempelopori pendekatan apa? || Pendekatan keupayaan", {"context": "A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty, namely \"liberty as non-domination.\" Unlike liberals who understand liberty as \"non-interference,\" \"non-domination\" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of anyother person. To a liberal, a slave who is not interfered with may be free, yet to a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian Quentin Skinner, jurist Cass Sunstein, and political philosopher Philip Pettit. The capability approach, pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the end of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?", "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f794f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "The resurgent republican movement"}], "question": "What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?", "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f7950"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "The capability approach"}], "question": "Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?", "id": "5726a88e5951b619008f7951"}]}]], [["Aloi adalah campuran logam atau campuran logam dan unsur lain. Alloi ditakrifkan oleh watak ikatan metalik. Aloi boleh menjadi penyelesaian padat unsur-unsur logam (fasa tunggal) atau campuran fasa metalik (dua atau lebih penyelesaian). Sebatian intermetallic adalah aloi dengan stoikiometri dan struktur kristal yang jelas. Fasa Zintl kadang-kadang dianggap aloi bergantung kepada jenis ikatan (lihat juga: segitiga Van Arkel-Ketelaar untuk maklumat mengenai mengklasifikasi ikatan dalam sebatian binari). <> Apakah aloi? || campuran logam atau campuran logam dan unsur lain <> Apakah aloi yang ditentukan oleh? || watak ikatan logam <> Bilakah Zintl dianggap sebagai aloi? || bergantung kepada jenis bon <> Apakah unsur-unsur logam larutan pepejal dikelaskan sebagai? || satu fasa", {"context": "An alloy is a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element. Alloys are defined by metallic bonding character. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions). Intermetallic compounds are alloys with a defined stoichiometry and crystal structure. Zintl phases are also sometimes considered alloys depending on bond types (see also: Van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle for information on classifying bonding in binary compounds).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "a mixture of metals or a mixture of a metal and another element"}], "question": "What is an alloy?", "id": "5726971b708984140094cb17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "metallic bonding character"}], "question": "What are alloys defined by?", "id": "5726971b708984140094cb18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "depending on bond types"}], "question": "When are Zintl considered alloys?", "id": "5726971b708984140094cb19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "a single phase"}], "question": "What is solid solution metal elements classified as?", "id": "5726971b708984140094cb1a"}]}], ["Aloi adalah campuran unsur-unsur kimia tulen atau agak tulen, yang membentuk bahan yang tidak suci (admixture) yang mengekalkan ciri-ciri logam. Satu aloi adalah berbeza daripada logam yang tidak suci, seperti besi tempa, dengan itu, dengan aloi, kekotoran tambahan biasanya diingini dan biasanya akan mempunyai beberapa faedah berguna. Paduan dibuat dengan mencampurkan dua atau lebih elemen; sekurang-kurangnya satu daripadanya menjadi logam. Ini biasanya dipanggil logam utama atau logam asas, dan nama logam ini juga boleh menjadi nama aloi. Unsur-unsur lain mungkin atau tidak mungkin logam tetapi, apabila bercampur dengan asas lebur, mereka akan larut, larut ke dalam campuran. <> Jenis bahan apa saja aloi? || najis <> Apa yang berlaku apabila aloi bercampur dengan asas lebur? || mereka akan larut, larut dalam campuran <> Apakah aloi yang terdiri daripada? || dua atau lebih elemen <> Apa logam lain tidak tahir seperti aloi? || besi tempa", {"context": "An alloy is a mixture of either pure or fairly pure chemical elements, which forms an impure substance (admixture) that retains the characteristics of a metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal, such as wrought iron, in that, with an alloy, the added impurities are usually desirable and will typically have some useful benefit. Alloys are made by mixing two or more elements; at least one of which being a metal. This is usually called the primary metal or the base metal, and the name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy. The other constituents may or may not be metals but, when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "impure"}], "question": "What kind of substance is an alloy?", "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "they will be soluble, dissolving into the mixture"}], "question": "What happens when an alloy is mixed with a molten base?", "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "two or more elements"}], "question": "What is an alloy composed of?", "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "wrought iron"}], "question": "What other metal is impure like alloy?", "id": "57269b6b708984140094cb78"}]}], ["Istilah \"aloi\" kadang-kadang digunakan dalam ucapan setiap hari sebagai sinonim untuk aloi tertentu. Sebagai contoh, roda kereta diperbuat daripada aloi aluminium biasanya dirujuk sebagai \"roda aloi\" semata-mata, walaupun pada hakikatnya keluli dan kebanyakan logam lain dalam penggunaan praktikal juga adalah aloi. Keluli adalah sejenis aloi biasa yang banyak barangan yang dibuat daripadanya, seperti roda, tong, atau galang, hanya dirujuk dengan nama item, dengan asumsi ia terbuat dari keluli. Apabila dibuat dari bahan lain, mereka biasanya dinyatakan seperti itu, (iaitu: \"roda gangsa,\" \"laras plastik,\" atau \"papan kayu\"). <> Apakah nama aloi yang biasa? || Keluli <> Apakah sesuatu di dalam kereta yang kadangkala diperbuat daripada aloi? || roda kereta <> Keluli dan lain-lain logam yang sangat praktikal juga dinamakan apa? || aloi", {"context": "The term \"alloy\" is sometimes used in everyday speech as a synonym for a particular alloy. For example, automobile wheels made of an aluminium alloy are commonly referred to as simply \"alloy wheels\", although in point of fact steels and most other metals in practical use are also alloys. Steel is such a common alloy that many items made from it, like wheels, barrels, or girders, are simply referred to by the name of the item, assuming it is made of steel. When made from other materials, they are typically specified as such, (i.e.: \"bronze wheel,\" \"plastic barrel,\" or \"wood girder\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Steel"}], "question": "What is the name of a common alloy?", "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "automobile wheels"}], "question": "What is something on a car that sometimes is made of alloy?", "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "alloys"}], "question": "Steel and other very practical metals are also named what?", "id": "5726a825f1498d1400e8e65e"}]}], ["Aloi istilah digunakan untuk menggambarkan campuran atom di mana konstituen utama adalah logam. Logam utama dipanggil asas, matriks, atau pelarut. Unsur-unsur sekunder sering dipanggil larut. Sekiranya terdapat campuran hanya dua jenis atom, tidak mengira kekotoran, seperti aloi tembaga-nikel, maka ia dipanggil aloi binari. Sekiranya terdapat tiga jenis atom membentuk campuran, seperti besi, nikel dan kromium, maka ia dipanggil aloi ternary. Aloi dengan empat unsur adalah aloi kuarza, manakala aloi lima bahagian disebut aloi quin. Kerana peratusan setiap konstituen boleh diubah, dengan campuran mana-mana julat variasi yang mungkin dipanggil sistem. Dalam hal ini, semua bentuk aloi yang mengandungi hanya dua unsur, seperti besi dan karbon, dipanggil sistem binari, manakala semua kombinasi aloi mungkin dengan aloi ternary, seperti aloi besi, karbon dan kromium, dipanggil sistem ternari. <> Matriks dan pelarut adalah nama lain untuk apa? || Logam utama <> Apakah nama lain untuk larut? || Unsur-unsur sekunder <> Apakah nama aloi yang mempunyai empat unsur? || aloi kuarum <> Aloi lima bahagian dikenali sebagai? || aloi ternary", {"context": "The term alloy is used to describe a mixture of atoms in which the primary constituent is a metal. The primary metal is called the base, the matrix, or the solvent. The secondary constituents are often called solutes. If there is a mixture of only two types of atoms, not counting impurities, such as a copper-nickel alloy, then it is called a binary alloy. If there are three types of atoms forming the mixture, such as iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four constituents is a quaternary alloy, while a five-part alloy is termed a quinary alloy. Because the percentage of each constituent can be varied, with any mixture the entire range of possible variations is called a system. In this respect, all of the various forms of an alloy containing only two constituents, like iron and carbon, is called a binary system, while all of the alloy combinations possible with a ternary alloy, such as alloys of iron, carbon and chromium, is called a ternary system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "The primary metal"}], "question": "The matrix and the solvent are other names for what?", "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "The secondary constituents"}], "question": "What is another name for solutes?", "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "quaternary alloy"}], "question": "What is the name of an alloy that has  four constituents?", "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "ternary alloy"}], "question": "A five-part alloy is known as?", "id": "5726a4e05951b619008f78d0"}]}], ["Apabila aloi menyejuk dan menguatkan (menghablur), sifat mekaniknya selalunya agak berbeza dari segi konstituennya. Logam yang biasanya sangat lembut dan lembut, seperti aluminium, boleh diubah dengan mengalokannya dengan logam lembut lain, seperti tembaga. Walaupun kedua-dua logam sangat lembut dan mulur, aloi aluminium yang dihasilkan akan lebih sukar dan lebih kuat. Menambah sedikit karbon bukan logam untuk besi menghasilkan aloi yang dipanggil keluli. Oleh kerana kekuatan dan keliatan yang sangat tinggi (yang jauh lebih tinggi daripada besi tulen), dan keupayaannya untuk diubah dengan rawatan haba, keluli adalah salah satu aloi yang paling biasa dalam penggunaan moden. Dengan menambah kromium kepada keluli, rintangan terhadap kakisan boleh dipertingkatkan, menghasilkan keluli tahan karat, sambil menambahkan silikon akan mengubah ciri-ciri elektriknya, menghasilkan keluli silikon. <> Bagaimana keluaran keluli? || Menambah sedikit karbon bukan logam untuk besi <> Jenis logam apa yang lembut seperti tembaga? || aluminium <> Apa yang boleh ditambah kepada keluli untuk meningkatkan rintangan kakisan? || kromium <> Apa yang lebih baik daripada besi tulen? || keluli <> Apa kata lain apabila aloi padu? || mengkristal", {"context": "When the alloy cools and solidifies (crystallizes), its mechanical properties will often be quite different from those of its individual constituents. A metal that is normally very soft and malleable, such as aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with another soft metal, like copper. Although both metals are very soft and ductile, the resulting aluminium alloy will be much harder and stronger. Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron produces an alloy called steel. Due to its very-high strength and toughness (which is much higher than pure iron), and its ability to be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the most common alloys in modern use. By adding chromium to steel, its resistance to corrosion can be enhanced, creating stainless steel, while adding silicon will alter its electrical characteristics, producing silicon steel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Adding a small amount of non-metallic carbon to iron"}], "question": "How is steel produced?", "id": "57269e385951b619008f77eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "aluminium"}], "question": "What kind of metal is soft like copper?", "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "chromium"}], "question": "What can be added to steel to enhance is corrosion resistance?", "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "steel"}], "question": "What is superior to pure iron?", "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "crystallizes"}], "question": "What is another word for when alloys solidify?", "id": "57269e385951b619008f77ef"}]}], ["Walaupun aloi secara teknikal adalah logam yang tidak suci, apabila merujuk kepada aloi, istilah \"kekotoran\" biasanya menandakan unsur-unsur yang tidak dikehendaki. Kekotoran ini sering terdapat di dalam logam asas atau larut, tetapi ia juga boleh diperkenalkan semasa proses mengaloi. Sebagai contoh, sulfur adalah kekotoran biasa dalam keluli. Sulfur menggabungkan mudah dengan besi untuk membentuk besi sulfida, yang sangat rapuh, menghasilkan bintik-bintik lemah dalam keluli. Litium, natrium dan kalsium adalah kekotoran biasa dalam aloi aluminium, yang boleh memberi kesan buruk terhadap integriti struktur coran. Sebaliknya, sebaliknya logam-logam tulen yang hanya mengandungi kekotoran yang tidak diingini sering dipanggil \"logam tidak suci\" dan biasanya tidak disebut sebagai aloi. Oksigen, yang terdapat di udara, mudah bergabung dengan kebanyakan logam untuk membentuk oksida logam; terutamanya pada suhu yang lebih tinggi yang dihadapi semasa mengaloi. Penjagaan yang baik sering diambil semasa proses mengaloi untuk menghapuskan kekotoran yang berlebihan, menggunakan fluks, bahan kimia tambahan, atau kaedah metalurgi ekstraktif lain. <> Apakah ciri sulfida besi? || sangat rapuh <> Apa yang membuat logam tulen logam tercemar? || kekotoran yang tidak diingini <> Menggunakan fluks dan bahan tambahan kimia semasa proses mengaloi melakukan apa? || keluarkan kelebihan berlebihan <> Apakah tiga kekotoran biasa dalam aloi aluminium? || Litium, sodium dan kalsium", {"context": "Although an alloy is technically an impure metal, when referring to alloys, the term \"impurities\" usually denotes those elements which are not desired. These impurities are often found in the base metals or the solutes, but they may also be introduced during the alloying process. For instance, sulfur is a common impurity in steel. Sulfur combines readily with iron to form iron sulfide, which is very brittle, creating weak spots in the steel. Lithium, sodium and calcium are common impurities in aluminium alloys, which can have adverse effects on the structural integrity of castings. Conversely, otherwise pure-metals that simply contain unwanted impurities are often called \"impure metals\" and are not usually referred to as alloys. Oxygen, present in the air, readily combines with most metals to form metal oxides; especially at higher temperatures encountered during alloying. Great care is often taken during the alloying process to remove excess impurities, using fluxes, chemical additives, or other methods of extractive metallurgy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "very brittle"}], "question": "What is a characteristic of iron sulfide?", "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "unwanted impurities"}], "question": "What makes pure metals impure metals?", "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "remove excess impurities"}], "question": "Using fluxes and chemical additives during the alloying process does what?", "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f792a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Lithium, sodium and calcium"}], "question": "What are the three common impurities in aluminum alloys?", "id": "5726a6d05951b619008f7929"}]}], ["Paduan sering dibuat untuk mengubah sifat mekanik logam asas, untuk menginduksi kekerasan, ketangguhan, kemuluran, atau sifat yang diingini yang lain. Kebanyakan logam dan aloi boleh bekerja keras dengan mencipta kecacatan dalam struktur kristal mereka. Kecacatan ini dicipta semasa ubah bentuk plastik, seperti memalu atau membongkok, dan tetap kekal kecuali logam tersebut di-recrystallized. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah aloi juga boleh mempunyai sifatnya yang diubah oleh rawatan haba. Hampir semua logam boleh dilembutkan dengan penyepuhlindapan, yang menyusun semula aloi dan membaiki kecacatan, tetapi tidak banyak yang boleh dikeringkan oleh pemanasan dan penyejuk terkawal. Ramai aloi aluminium, tembaga, magnesium, titanium, dan nikel boleh dikukuhkan kepada beberapa darjah dengan beberapa kaedah rawatan haba, tetapi hanya sedikit yang bertindak balas kepada tahap yang sama seperti keluli. <> Apakah jenis rawatan yang boleh dibuat untuk mengubah sifatnya? || rawatan haba <> Melembutkan logam boleh dicapai oleh? || annealing <> Aluminium, tembaga, magnesium, titanium, dan nikel boleh diperkuat oleh? || rawatan haba <> Annealling melembutkan logam dengan mencapai apa? || recrystallizes aloi dan membaiki kecacatan", {"context": "Alloys are often made to alter the mechanical properties of the base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation, such as hammering or bending, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized. However, some alloys can also have their properties altered by heat treatment. Nearly all metals can be softened by annealing, which recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects, but not as many can be hardened by controlled heating and cooling. Many alloys of aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened to some degree by some method of heat treatment, but few respond to this to the same degree that steel does.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "heat treatment"}], "question": "What kind of treatment can be made to alter it's properties?", "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "annealing"}], "question": "Softening metals can be achieved by?", "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "heat treatment"}], "question": "Aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium, and nickel can be strengthened by?", "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "recrystallizes the alloy and repairs the defects"}], "question": "Annealling softens metals by achieving what?", "id": "5726abe25951b619008f79a4"}]}], ["Walaupun elemen biasanya mesti larut dalam keadaan cair, mereka tidak boleh selalu larut dalam keadaan pepejal. Jika logam tetap larut apabila pepejal, aloi membentuk penyelesaian pepejal, menjadi struktur homogen yang terdiri daripada kristal yang sama, dipanggil fasa. Sekiranya campuran itu sejuk dan juzuk menjadi tidak larut, mereka boleh memisahkan untuk membentuk dua atau lebih jenis kristal yang berlainan, mewujudkan struktur mikro yang berbeza-beza fasa yang berbeza. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam aloi lain, unsur-unsur tidak larut tidak boleh terpisah sehingga selepas penghabluran berlaku. Aloi ini dipanggil aloi intermetallic kerana, jika disejukkan dengan cepat, mereka mula-mula mengkristal sebagai fasa homogen, tetapi ia lebih kuat dengan konstituen sekunder. Seperti masa berlalu, atom-atom aloi supersaturasi ini memisahkan dalam kristal, membentuk fasa intermetal yang berfungsi untuk menguatkan kristal secara dalaman. <> Apa yang menyebabkan aloi menjadi penyelesaian padu? || Jika logam kekal larut apabila pepejal <> Apakah maksud fasa intermetik? || untuk menguatkan kristal secara dalaman <> Apakah aloi yang dipanggil apabila unsur-unsur yang tidak larut tidak terpisah sehingga selepas penghabluran? || aloi intermetallic", {"context": "Although the elements usually must be soluble in the liquid state, they may not always be soluble in the solid state. If the metals remain soluble when solid, the alloy forms a solid solution, becoming a homogeneous structure consisting of identical crystals, called a phase. If the mixture cools and the constituents become insoluble, they may separate to form two or more different types of crystals, creating a heterogeneous microstructure of different phases. However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. These alloys are called intermetallic alloys because, if cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys separate within the crystals, forming intermetallic phases that serve to reinforce the crystals internally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "If the metals remain soluble when solid"}], "question": "What causes an alloy to form a solid solution?", "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "to reinforce the crystals internally"}], "question": "What is the purpose of intermetallic phases?", "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "intermetallic alloys"}], "question": "What are alloys called when the insoluble elements don't separate until after crystallization occurs?", "id": "5726a1cadd62a815002e8b82"}]}], ["Alloying logam dilakukan dengan menggabungkannya dengan satu atau lebih logam lain atau non-logam yang sering meningkatkan sifatnya. Sebagai contoh, keluli lebih kuat daripada besi, unsur utamanya. Kekonduksian elektrik dan haba aloi biasanya lebih rendah daripada logam tulen. Ciri-ciri fizikal, seperti ketumpatan, kereaktifan, modulus Young aloi mungkin tidak banyak berbeza daripada unsur-unsurnya, tetapi sifat kejuruteraan seperti kekuatan tegangan dan kekuatan ricih mungkin berbeza dengan bahan konstituen. Ini kadang-kadang hasil dari saiz atom dalam aloi, kerana atom-atom yang lebih besar menggunakan daya mampatan pada atom tetangga, dan atom-atom yang lebih kecil menggunakan kekuatan tegangan pada tetangga mereka, membantu aloi melawan ubah bentuk. Kadang kala, aloi mungkin menunjukkan perbezaan dalam tingkah laku walaupun terdapat sejumlah kecil elemen. Sebagai contoh, kekotoran dalam semikonduktor aloi ferromagnetik membawa kepada sifat-sifat berlainan, seperti yang pertama kali diramalkan oleh White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie dan Nakamura. Sesetengah aloi dibuat dengan mencair dan mencampurkan dua atau lebih logam. Gangsa, aloi tembaga dan timah, adalah aloi pertama yang ditemui, semasa zaman prasejarah yang kini dikenali sebagai zaman gangsa; ia lebih keras daripada tembaga tulen dan pada asalnya digunakan untuk membuat alat dan senjata, tetapi kemudian digantikan oleh logam dan aloi dengan sifat yang lebih baik. Pada zaman kemudian gangsa telah digunakan untuk perhiasan, loceng, patung, dan bantalan. Tembaga adalah aloi yang diperbuat daripada tembaga dan zink. <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk logam untuk meningkatkan sifatnya? || menggabungkannya dengan satu atau lebih logam lain atau bukan logam <> Logam tulen mempunyai kekonduksian elektrik dan haba yang lebih tinggi daripada apa? || aloi <> Apabila tembaga dan timah bercampur, apa yang dibuat? || Gangsa <> Bilakah zaman gangsa? || tempoh prasejarah <> Tembaga dan zink menggabungkan untuk membuat apa? || Tembaga", {"context": "Alloying a metal is done by combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals that often enhance its properties. For example, steel is stronger than iron, its primary element. The electrical and thermal conductivity of alloys is usually lower than that of the pure metals. The physical properties, such as density, reactivity, Young's modulus of an alloy may not differ greatly from those of its elements, but engineering properties such as tensile strength and shear strength may be substantially different from those of the constituent materials. This is sometimes a result of the sizes of the atoms in the alloy, because larger atoms exert a compressive force on neighboring atoms, and smaller atoms exert a tensile force on their neighbors, helping the alloy resist deformation. Sometimes alloys may exhibit marked differences in behavior even when small amounts of one element are present. For example, impurities in semiconducting ferromagnetic alloys lead to different properties, as first predicted by White, Hogan, Suhl, Tian Abrie and Nakamura. Some alloys are made by melting and mixing two or more metals. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was the first alloy discovered, during the prehistoric period now known as the bronze age; it was harder than pure copper and originally used to make tools and weapons, but was later superseded by metals and alloys with better properties. In later times bronze has been used for ornaments, bells, statues, and bearings. Brass is an alloy made from copper and zinc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "combining it with one or more other metals or non-metals"}], "question": "What can be done to a metal to enhance its properties?", "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "alloys"}], "question": "Pure metals have a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than what?", "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1125, "text": "Bronze"}], "question": "When copper and tin is mixed, what is made?", "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1204, "text": "prehistoric period"}], "question": "When was the bronze age?", "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1481, "text": "Brass"}], "question": "Copper and zinc combine to make what?", "id": "5726a950dd62a815002e8c4c"}]}], ["Sesetengah aloi berlaku secara semulajadi, seperti electrum, yang merupakan aloi yang berasal dari Bumi, yang terdiri daripada perak dan emas. Meteorit kadang-kadang terbuat dari aloi semulajadi besi dan nikel, tetapi bukan berasal dari bumi. Salah satu aloi pertama yang dihasilkan oleh manusia adalah gangsa, yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan logam timah dan tembaga. Gangsa adalah aloi yang sangat berguna kepada orang dahulu kala, kerana ia lebih kuat dan lebih keras daripada komponennya. Keluli adalah satu lagi aloi biasa. Walau bagaimanapun, pada zaman purba, ia hanya boleh dihasilkan sebagai produk sampingan yang tidak sengaja dari pemanasan bijih besi dalam kebakaran (peleburan) semasa pembuatan besi. Lain-lain aloi purba termasuk pewter, tembaga dan besi babi. Dalam zaman moden, keluli boleh diwujudkan dalam banyak bentuk. Keluli karbon boleh dibuat dengan mengubah kandungan karbon sahaja, menghasilkan aloi lembut seperti keluli lembut atau aloi keras seperti keluli musim bunga. Keluli aloi boleh dibuat dengan menambahkan elemen lain seperti molibdenum, vanadium atau nikel, mengakibatkan aloi seperti keluli berkelajuan tinggi atau keluli alat. Jumlah kecil mangan biasanya digabungkan dengan kebanyakan keluli moden kerana keupayaan untuk menghapus kekotoran yang tidak diingini, seperti fosforus, sulfur dan oksigen, yang boleh memberi kesan buruk pada aloi. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan aloi tidak dicipta sehingga tahun 1900-an, seperti pelbagai aluminium, titanium, nikel, dan aloi magnesium. Beberapa superalloy moden, seperti incoloy, inconel, dan hastelloy, boleh terdiri daripada pelbagai komponen yang berbeza. <> Apa elektrom diperbuat daripada? || perak dan emas <> Apakah aloi yang dihasilkan secara semula jadi? || electrum <> Yang mana pada aloi pertama yang dibuat oleh manusia? || gangsa <> Apa logam dibuat dengan menggabungkan timah dan tembaga? || gangsa <> Sekitar masa mana aloi mula dibuat oleh manusia? || 1900-an", {"context": "Some alloys occur naturally, such as electrum, which is an alloy that is native to Earth, consisting of silver and gold. Meteorites are sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and nickel, but are not native to the Earth. One of the first alloys made by humans was bronze, which is made by mixing the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pig iron. In the modern age, steel can be created in many forms. Carbon steel can be made by varying only the carbon content, producing soft alloys like mild steel or hard alloys like spring steel. Alloy steels can be made by adding other elements, such as molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in alloys such as high-speed steel or tool steel. Small amounts of manganese are usually alloyed with most modern-steels because of its ability to remove unwanted impurities, like phosphorus, sulfur and oxygen, which can have detrimental effects on the alloy. However, most alloys were not created until the 1900s, such as various aluminium, titanium, nickel, and magnesium alloys. Some modern superalloys, such as incoloy, inconel, and hastelloy, may consist of a multitude of different components.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "silver and gold"}], "question": "What is electrum made of?", "id": "5726a320708984140094cc93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "electrum"}], "question": "What alloy is formed naturally? ", "id": "5726a320708984140094cc94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "bronze"}], "question": "Which was on of the first alloys made by humans?", "id": "5726a320708984140094cc95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "bronze"}], "question": "What metal is made by combining tin and copper?", "id": "5726a320708984140094cc96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1306, "text": "1900s"}], "question": "Around what time where alloys starting to get made by humans?", "id": "5726a320708984140094cc97"}]}], ["Istilah timah meliputi pelbagai jenis aloi yang terdiri daripada timah. Sebagai logam tulen, timah terlalu lembut untuk digunakan untuk tujuan praktikal. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam zaman Gangsa, timah adalah logam langka dan, di banyak bahagian Eropah dan Mediterranean, sering dinilai lebih tinggi daripada emas. Untuk membuat perhiasan, garpu dan sudu, atau benda lain dari timah, ia biasanya digabungkan dengan logam lain untuk meningkatkan kekuatan dan kekerasannya. Logam ini biasanya memimpin, antimoni, bismut atau tembaga. Pelarut-pelarut ini kadang-kadang ditambah secara individu dalam jumlah yang berbeza-beza, atau ditambah bersama-sama, membuat pelbagai perkara, mulai dari barang-barang praktikal, seperti hidangan, alat pembedahan, lilin atau corong, hingga barangan hiasan seperti cincin telinga dan klip rambut. <> Pewter kebanyakannya terdiri daripada? || Tin <> Mengapa timah jarang digunakan untuk kegunaan seharian? || terlalu lembut <> Semasa zaman gangsa, logam mana yang dinilai lebih tinggi daripada emas di Eropah dan Mediterranean? || tin <> Apa yang telah dilakukan kepada timah untuk menjadikannya lebih kuat? || paduan dengan logam lain <> Logam apa yang telah diaduk dengan timah untuk menjadikannya lebih kuat? || plumbum, antimoni, bismut atau tembaga", {"context": "The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "tin"}], "question": "Pewter is mostly made up of?", "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "too soft"}], "question": "Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?", "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "tin"}], "question": "During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?", "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "alloyed with other metals"}], "question": "What was done to tin to make it stronger?", "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "lead, antimony, bismuth or copper"}], "question": "What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?", "id": "5726ba315951b619008f7c07"}]}], ["Merkuri telah dicelup dari cinnabar selama ribuan tahun. Merkuri melarutkan banyak logam, seperti emas, perak, dan timah, untuk membentuk amalgam (aloi di dalam tampalan lembut atau bentuk cecair pada suhu ambien). Amalgams telah digunakan sejak 200 SM di China untuk penyaduran objek dengan logam berharga, yang disebut penyepit, seperti perisai dan cermin. Orang-orang Rom kuno sering menggunakan amalgam mercury-timah untuk menyusun perisai mereka. Amalgam digunakan sebagai pasta dan kemudian dipanaskan sehingga merkuri menguap, meninggalkan emas, perak, atau timah di belakang. Merkuri sering digunakan dalam perlombongan, untuk mengeluarkan logam berharga seperti emas dan perak dari bijih mereka. <> Apakah merkuri membuat kebanyakan logam lakukan? || larut <> Sejak bila Amalgams telah digunakan? || 200 SM <> Apa yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Rom kuno untuk menyerang perisai mereka? || mercury-tin amalgams <> Emas dan perak telah diekstrak daripada bijih mereka dengan menggunakan? || Mercury", {"context": "Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste, or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals, called gilding, such as armor and mirrors. The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor. The amalgam was applied as a paste and then heated until the mercury vaporized, leaving the gold, silver, or tin behind. Mercury was often used in mining, to extract precious metals like gold and silver from their ores.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "dissolves"}], "question": "What does mercury make most metals do?", "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e860"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "200 BC"}], "question": "Since when have Amalgams been used?", "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "mercury-tin amalgams"}], "question": "What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?", "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?", "id": "5726b5b3f1498d1400e8e863"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, kebanyakan aloi yang boleh dirawat haba adalah aloi pengerasan hujan, yang menghasilkan kesan yang bertentangan yang dilakukan oleh keluli. Apabila dipanaskan untuk membentuk penyelesaian dan kemudian disejukkan dengan cepat, aloi ini menjadi lebih lembut daripada biasa, semasa transformasi yang tidak difusi, dan kemudian mengeraskan apabila mereka berumur. Larutan dalam aloi ini akan menimbulkan kesan dari masa ke masa, membentuk fasa intermetallic, yang sukar untuk dilihat dari logam dasar. Tidak seperti keluli, di mana penyelesaian pepejal memisahkan untuk membentuk fasa kristal yang berbeza, aloi pengerasan hujan berasingan untuk membentuk fasa berbeza dalam kristal yang sama. Aliran intermetallic ini kelihatan homogen dalam struktur kristal, tetapi cenderung berperilaku heterogen, menjadi keras dan agak rapuh. <> Pemangkasan aloi pengerasan menghasilkan kesan yang bertentangan? || keluli <> Pengeringan aloi pengerasan kadang-kadang juga? || aloi yang boleh dirawat haba <> Apa yang menjadikan aloi lebih lembut daripada biasa? || Apabila dipanaskan untuk membentuk penyelesaian dan kemudian disejukkan dengan cepat", {"context": "Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which are difficult to discern from the base metal. Unlike steel, in which the solid solution separates to form different crystal phases, precipitation hardening alloys separate to form different phases within the same crystal. These intermetallic alloys appear homogeneous in crystal structure, but tend to behave heterogeneous, becoming hard and somewhat brittle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "steel"}], "question": "Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?", "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "heat-treatable alloys"}], "question": "Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?", "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly"}], "question": "What makes alloys more softer than normal?", "id": "5726afd0708984140094cdd3"}]}], ["Peleburan besi pertama yang diketahui bermula di Anatolia, sekitar 1800 SM. Dipanggil proses pembungaan, ia menghasilkan besi tempa yang sangat lembut tetapi mulur. Menjelang 800 SM, teknologi pembuatan besi telah merebak ke Eropah, tiba di Jepun sekitar 700 AD. Iron babi, aloi keras dan rapuh besi dan karbon, sedang dihasilkan di China seawal 1200 SM, tetapi tidak tiba di Eropah sehingga Zaman Pertengahan. Iron babi mempunyai titik lebur yang lebih rendah daripada besi, dan digunakan untuk membuat besi tempa. Walau bagaimanapun, logam-logam ini didapati sedikit penggunaan praktikal sehingga pengenalan keluli kijang sekitar 300 SM. Keluli ini adalah kualiti yang kurang baik, dan pengenalan kimpalan corak, sekitar abad ke-1 Masihi, berusaha mengimbangi sifat ekstrem aloi dengan melapisinya, untuk membuat logam yang lebih keras. Sekitar 700 AD, Jepun mula lipat berbom baja-keluli dan besi tempa dalam seli lapisan untuk meningkatkan kekuatan pedang mereka, menggunakan fluks tanah liat untuk menghilangkan sanga dan kekotoran. Kaedah swordsmithing Jepun menghasilkan salah satu aloi keluli purba awal Abad Pertengahan. <> Di manakah peleburan besi bermula? || Anatolia <> Bilakah peletupan besi bermula dahulu? || sekitar 1800 SM <> Kapan teknologi pembuatan besi bermula di Jepun? || sekitar 700 AD <> Babi besi terdiri daripada besi dan apa lagi? || karbon <> Apa yang membuat besi Pig berbeza dengan besi biasa? || titik lebur yang lebih rendah", {"context": "The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Anatolia"}], "question": "Where did smelting of iron begin?", "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "around 1800 BC"}], "question": "When did the smelting of iron first begin?", "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "around 700 AD"}], "question": "When did iron making technology begin in Japan?", "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "carbon"}], "question": "Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?", "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "lower melting point"}], "question": "What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?", "id": "5726bb69dd62a815002e8e96"}]}], ["Banyak peradaban kuno menggabungkan logam untuk tujuan murni estetik. Di Mesir purba dan Mycenae, emas sering digabungkan dengan tembaga untuk menghasilkan emas merah, atau besi untuk menghasilkan burgundy-emas cerah. Emas sering dijumpai aloi dengan perak atau logam lain untuk menghasilkan pelbagai jenis emas berwarna. Logam ini juga digunakan untuk menguatkan satu sama lain, untuk tujuan yang lebih praktikal. Tembaga sering ditambah ke perak untuk membuat perak sterling, meningkatkan kekuatan untuk digunakan dalam hidangan, perak, dan barangan praktikal lain. Selalunya, logam berharga telah diadun dengan bahan yang kurang berharga sebagai cara untuk menipu pembeli. Sekitar 250 SM, Archimedes telah ditugaskan oleh raja untuk mencari cara untuk memeriksa kesucian emas dalam mahkota, yang membawa kepada rumah mandi terkenal yang menjerit \"Eureka!\" apabila penemuan prinsip Archimedes. <> Tamadun kuno sering mengaloi logam dengan sebab apa? || tujuan murni estetik <> emas merah dibuat dengan menggabungkan emas dengan? || tembaga <> Sekitar jam berapa prinsip Archimedes ditemui? || 250 SM <> Siapa yang menjerit \"Eureka!\" semasa memeriksa kemurnian mahkota? || Archimedes <> Pembeli sering tertipu apabila logam berharga dicampur dengan? || bahan kurang berharga", {"context": "Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of \"Eureka!\" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "purely aesthetic purposes"}], "question": "Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?", "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "copper"}], "question": "Red gold is made by combining gold with?", "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "250 BC"}], "question": " Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?", "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Archimedes"}], "question": "Who shouted \"Eureka!\" while checking the purity of a crown?", "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "less valuable substances"}], "question": "Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?", "id": "5726b83af1498d1400e8e8c8"}]}], ["Penggunaan aloi oleh manusia bermula dengan penggunaan meteoric iron, sebuah aloi nikel dan besi secara semulajadi. Ia adalah penyusun utama meteorit besi yang kadang-kadang jatuh ke Bumi dari angkasa lepas. Oleh kerana tiada proses metalurgi digunakan untuk memisahkan besi daripada nikel, aloi itu digunakan kerana ia. Besi meteorik boleh dipalsukan dari haba merah untuk membuat objek seperti alat, senjata, dan kuku. Dalam banyak kebudayaan ia dibentuk oleh sejuk memalu ke pisau dan anak panah. Mereka sering digunakan sebagai anvils. Besi meteorik sangat jarang dan berharga, dan sukar bagi orang purba untuk bekerja. <> Apakah salah satu aloi pertama yang digunakan oleh manusia? || besi meteoric <> Apa iron meteoric terdiri daripada? || nikel dan besi <> Apa yang boleh membuat besi meteorik dibuat? || alat, senjata, dan kuku <> Di manakah besi meteorik berasal? || meteorit besi <> Bagaimana besi meteorik datang ke bumi? || kadang-kadang jatuh ke Bumi dari angkasa luar", {"context": "The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools, weapons, and nails. In many cultures it was shaped by cold hammering into knives and arrowheads. They were often used as anvils. Meteoric iron was very rare and valuable, and difficult for ancient people to work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "meteoric iron"}], "question": "What was one of the first alloys used by humans?", "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "nickel and iron"}], "question": "What is meteoric iron composed of?", "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "tools, weapons, and nails"}], "question": "What can forged meteoric iron make?", "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "iron meteorites"}], "question": "Where does meteoric iron come from?", "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space"}], "question": "How does meteoric iron come to earth?", "id": "5726b28edd62a815002e8d3c"}]}], ["Apabila logam cair bercampur dengan bahan lain, terdapat dua mekanisme yang dapat menyebabkan aloi membentuk, yang disebut pertukaran atom dan mekanisme interstisial. Saiz relatif setiap elemen dalam campuran memainkan peranan utama dalam menentukan mekanisme yang akan berlaku. Apabila atom relatif sama dalam saiz, kaedah pertukaran atom biasanya berlaku, di mana beberapa atom yang membentuk kristal logam digantikan dengan atom-atom konstituen lain. Ini dipanggil aloi penggantian. Contoh-contoh aloi penggantian termasuk gangsa dan tembaga, di mana beberapa atom tembaga digantikan dengan atom tin atau zink. Dengan mekanisme interstisial, satu atom biasanya lebih kecil daripada yang lain, jadi tidak dapat menggantikan dengan berkesan atom di dalam kristal logam asas. Atom yang lebih kecil menjadi terperangkap dalam ruang di antara atom-atom di dalam matriks kristal, yang disebut interstices. Ini disebut sebagai aloi interstitial. Keluli adalah contoh aloi interstitial, kerana atom karbon yang sangat kecil sesuai dengan interstices matriks besi. Keluli tahan karat adalah satu contoh gabungan aloi interstitial dan substitusi, kerana atom karbon sesuai dengan interstices, tetapi beberapa atom besi digantikan dengan atom nikel dan kromium. <> Gangsa dan kuningan merupakan contoh dari apa? || aloi penggantian <> Atom tin atau zink di tempat atom tembaga membuat? || aloi penggantian <> Apakah nama satu aloi interstitial? || Steel <> Keluli tahan karat adalah contoh dari apa dua aloi? || interstitial dan penggantian", {"context": "When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a primary role in determining which mechanism will occur. When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent. This is called a substitutional alloy. Examples of substitutional alloys include bronze and brass, in which some of the copper atoms are substituted with either tin or zinc atoms. With the interstitial mechanism, one atom is usually much smaller than the other, so cannot successfully replace an atom in the crystals of the base metal. The smaller atoms become trapped in the spaces between the atoms in the crystal matrix, called the interstices. This is referred to as an interstitial alloy. Steel is an example of an interstitial alloy, because the very small carbon atoms fit into interstices of the iron matrix. Stainless steel is an example of a combination of interstitial and substitutional alloys, because the carbon atoms fit into the interstices, but some of the iron atoms are replaced with nickel and chromium atoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "substitutional alloys"}], "question": "Bronze and brass are examples of what?", "id": "5726b169708984140094ce07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "substitutional alloys"}], "question": "Tin or zinc atoms in place of copper atoms create?", "id": "5726b169708984140094ce08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "Steel"}], "question": "What is the name of one interstitial alloy?", "id": "5726b169708984140094ce09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1138, "text": "interstitial and substitutional"}], "question": "Stainless steel is an example of what two alloys?", "id": "5726b169708984140094ce0a"}]}], ["Walaupun penggunaan besi mula menjadi semakin meluas sekitar 1200 SM, terutamanya kerana gangguan dalam laluan perdagangan timah, logam itu jauh lebih lembut daripada gangsa. Walau bagaimanapun, sejumlah kecil keluli, (satu aloi besi dan sekitar 1% karbon), sentiasa merupakan hasil sampingan dari proses pembungaan. Keupayaan untuk mengubah kekerasan keluli dengan rawatan haba telah diketahui sejak 1100 SM, dan bahan yang jarang digunakan untuk pembuatan alat dan senjata. Kerana orang dahulu tidak dapat menghasilkan suhu yang cukup tinggi untuk mencairkan besi sepenuhnya, pengeluaran keluli dalam kuantiti yang layak tidak berlaku sehingga pengenalan keluli lepuh semasa Zaman Pertengahan. Kaedah ini memperkenalkan karbon dengan pemanasan besi tempa dalam arang untuk jangka masa yang panjang, tetapi penembusan karbon tidak begitu mendalam, jadi aloi itu tidak homogen. Pada tahun 1740, Benjamin Huntsman mula meleburkan lepuh keluli dalam larutan untuk menghilangkan kandungan karbon, mewujudkan proses pertama untuk pengeluaran besar-besaran alat keluli. Proses Huntsman digunakan untuk pembuatan alat keluli sehingga awal tahun 1900-an. <> Rawatan haba keluli telah diketahui sejak masa apa? || 1100 SM <> Bilakah besi mula menjadi cair oleh orang? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Siapa yang membuat proses pertama untuk pengeluaran besar alat keluli? || Benjamin Huntsman <> Bilakah Benjamin Huntsman mula mencairkan keluli lepuh di dalam | 1740", {"context": "While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "1100 BC"}], "question": "Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?", "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Middle Ages"}], "question": "When did iron start to become melted by people?", "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Benjamin Huntsman"}], "question": "Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?", "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "1740"}], "question": "When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible", "id": "5726bc73dd62a815002e8ec7"}]}], ["Besi biasanya dijumpai sebagai bijih besi di Bumi, kecuali satu deposit besi asli di Greenland, yang digunakan oleh orang Inuit. Namun, tembaga asli didapati di seluruh dunia, bersama-sama dengan perak, emas dan platinum, yang juga digunakan untuk membuat alat, perhiasan, dan objek lain sejak zaman Neolitik. Tembaga adalah logam yang paling sukar, dan yang paling banyak diedarkan. Ia menjadi salah satu logam yang paling penting kepada orang dahulu kala. Akhirnya, manusia belajar mencium logam seperti tembaga dan bijih dari bijih, dan, sekitar 2500 SM, mula mengamalkan kedua-dua logam untuk membentuk gangsa, yang jauh lebih sukar daripada ramuannya. Walau bagaimanapun, timah jarang ditemui di Great Britain. Di Timur Tengah, orang mula menggabungkan tembaga dengan zink untuk membentuk tembaga. Tamadun kuno mengambil kira campuran dan pelbagai sifat yang dihasilkannya, seperti kekerasan, keliatan dan titik lebur, di bawah pelbagai keadaan suhu dan pengerasan kerja, membangunkan banyak maklumat yang terkandung dalam gambarajah fasa aloi moden. Arrowheads dari Dinasti Qin Cina (kira-kira 200 SM) sering dibina dengan kepala gangsa yang keras, tetapi gangsa yang lebih lembut, menggabungkan aloi untuk mengelakkan kedua-dua membosankan dan pecah ketika digunakan. <> Di mana deposit besi hanya di bumi? || Greenland <> Sekitar jam berapa gangsa mula dibentuk? || 2500 SM <> Apakah bentuk tembaga dan zink yang hendak dibuat? || tembaga <> Di mana timah paling banyak ditemui? || Great Britain <> Yang logam yang penting kepada orang dahulu kala adalah yang paling sukar? || Tembaga", {"context": "Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of these metals, and the most widely distributed. It became one of the most important metals to the ancients. Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients. Tin was rare, however, being found mostly in Great Britain. In the Middle East, people began alloying copper with zinc to form brass. Ancient civilizations took into account the mixture and the various properties it produced, such as hardness, toughness and melting point, under various conditions of temperature and work hardening, developing much of the information contained in modern alloy phase diagrams. Arrowheads from the Chinese Qin dynasty (around 200 BC) were often constructed with a hard bronze-head, but a softer bronze-tang, combining the alloys to prevent both dulling and breaking during use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Greenland"}], "question": "Where is the only iron deposit on earth?", "id": "5726b450708984140094ce5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "2500 BC"}], "question": "Around what time did bronze start being formed?", "id": "5726b450708984140094ce60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "brass"}], "question": "What does copper and zinc form to make?", "id": "5726b450708984140094ce61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Great Britain"}], "question": "Where is tin mostly found?", "id": "5726b450708984140094ce62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Copper"}], "question": "Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?", "id": "5726b450708984140094ce63"}]}], ["Pada suhu tertentu (biasanya antara 1,500 \u00b0 F (820 \u00b0 C) dan 1,600 \u00b0 F (870 \u00b0 C), bergantung kepada kandungan karbon), logam asas keluli mengalami perubahan susunan atom dalam matriks kristalnya , dipanggil allotropy. Ini membolehkan atom-atom karbon kecil memasuki interstices kristal besi, menyebarkan ke dalam matriks besi. Apabila ini berlaku, atom karbon dikatakan berada dalam penyelesaian, atau bercampur dengan besi, membentuk fasa tunggal, homogen, dan kristal yang dipanggil austenit. Sekiranya keluli didinginkan dengan perlahan, besi akan beransur-ansur berubah menjadi alotrop suhu rendah. Apabila ini berlaku, atom-atom karbon tidak lagi akan larut dengan besi, dan akan dipaksa untuk mengatasi larutan, merangkum ke dalam ruang antara kristal. Keluli kemudian menjadi heterogen, dibentuk dari dua fasa; simenit karbon (karbida), dan ferit. Rawatan haba jenis ini menghasilkan keluli yang agak lembut dan boleh dibendung. Walau bagaimanapun, jika keluli didinginkan dengan cepat, atom-atom karbon tidak akan mempunyai masa untuk mendakan. Apabila disejukkan dengan cepat, transformasi tidak berubah (martensit) berlaku, di mana atom-atom karbon menjadi terperangkap dalam larutan. Ini menyebabkan kristal besi berubah bentuk secara intrinsik apabila struktur kristal cuba berubah ke keadaan suhu yang rendah, menjadikannya sangat keras dan rapuh. <> Apakah nama keluli apabila terbentuk dua fasa? || heterogen <> Apakah dua fasa apabila keluli menjadi heterogen? || karbida fasa karbon (karbida), dan ferit <> Apakah ciri-ciri keluli jika ia disejukkan dengan cepat? || sangat keras dan rapuh <> Keluli lembut dan bendalai disebabkan oleh apa? || Sekiranya keluli disejukkan perlahan-lahan <> Allotrophy berlaku antara suhu apa? || 1,500 \u00b0 F (820 \u00b0 C) dan 1,600 \u00b0 F (870 \u00b0 C)", {"context": "At a certain temperature, (usually between 1,500 \u00b0F (820 \u00b0C) and 1,600 \u00b0F (870 \u00b0C), depending on carbon content), the base metal of steel undergoes a change in the arrangement of the atoms in its crystal matrix, called allotropy. This allows the small carbon atoms to enter the interstices of the iron crystal, diffusing into the iron matrix. When this happens, the carbon atoms are said to be in solution, or mixed with the iron, forming a single, homogeneous, crystalline phase called austenite. If the steel is cooled slowly, the iron will gradually change into its low temperature allotrope. When this happens the carbon atoms will no longer be soluble with the iron, and will be forced to precipitate out of solution, nucleating into the spaces between the crystals. The steel then becomes heterogeneous, being formed of two phases; the carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite. This type of heat treatment produces steel that is rather soft and bendable. However, if the steel is cooled quickly the carbon atoms will not have time to precipitate. When rapidly cooled, a diffusionless (martensite) transformation occurs, in which the carbon atoms become trapped in solution. This causes the iron crystals to deform intrinsically when the crystal structure tries to change to its low temperature state, making it very hard and brittle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "heterogeneous"}], "question": "What is the name of steel when it is being formed of two phases?", "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "carbon (carbide) phase cementite, and ferrite"}], "question": "What are the two phases when steel becomes heterogenous?", "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1322, "text": "very hard and brittle"}], "question": "What are the characteristics of steel if it is cooled to quickly?", "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "If the steel is cooled slowly"}], "question": "Soft and bendable steel is caused by what?", "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e6ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1,500 \u00b0F (820 \u00b0C) and 1,600 \u00b0F (870 \u00b0C)"}], "question": "Allotrophy happens between what temperatures?", "id": "5726ae06f1498d1400e8e700"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1906, aloi pengerasan hujan ditemui oleh Alfred Wilm. Aliran pengerasan pemendakan, seperti aloi tertentu, aluminium, titanium, dan tembaga, adalah aloi panas yang boleh dirawat yang melembutkan apabila dipadamkan (disejukkan dengan cepat), dan kemudian mengeras dari masa ke masa. Selepas pelindapkejutan aloi ternary aluminium, tembaga, dan magnesium, Wilm menemui bahawa aloi meningkat dalam kekerasan apabila ditinggalkan sehingga umur pada suhu bilik. Walaupun penjelasan mengenai fenomena ini tidak diberikan sehingga tahun 1919, duralumin merupakan salah satu aloi \"pengerasan umur\" pertama yang akan digunakan, dan kemudian diikuti oleh banyak orang lain. Kerana mereka sering mempamerkan gabungan kekuatan tinggi dan berat badan rendah, aloi ini digunakan secara meluas dalam pelbagai bentuk industri, termasuk pembinaan pesawat moden. <> Siapa yang menemui aloi pengerasan hujan? || Alfred Wilm <> Bilakah sarap pengerasan hujan ditemui? || 1906 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada aloi pengerasan pemendakan setelah dipadamkan? || mengeras dari masa ke masa <> Salah satu aloi \"pengerasan umur\" pertama yang digunakan dipanggil? || duralumin <> Apa yang digunakan dalam pembinaan pesawat moden? || duralumin", {"context": "In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminium, titanium, and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and magnesium, Wilm discovered that the alloy increased in hardness when left to age at room temperature. Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919, duralumin was one of the first \"age hardening\" alloys to be used, and was soon followed by many others. Because they often exhibit a combination of high strength and low weight, these alloys became widely used in many forms of industry, including the construction of modern aircraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Alfred Wilm"}], "question": "Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?", "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1906"}], "question": "When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?", "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "harden over time"}], "question": "What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?", "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "duralumin"}], "question": "One of the first \"age hardening\" alloys used were called?", "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "duralumin"}], "question": "What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?", "id": "5726bf09f1498d1400e8e9fe"}]}], ["Dengan pengenalan relau letupan ke Eropah pada Zaman Pertengahan, besi babi dapat dihasilkan dalam jumlah yang lebih tinggi daripada besi tempa. Kerana besi babi boleh cair, orang mula mengembangkan proses mengurangkan karbon dalam besi babi cair untuk membuat keluli. Puddling diperkenalkan pada tahun 1700-an, di mana besi lebah cair diaduk semasa terdedah ke udara, untuk menghilangkan karbon dengan pengoksidaan. Pada tahun 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer membangunkan proses pembuatan besi dengan meniup udara panas melalui besi babi cair untuk mengurangkan kandungan karbon. Proses Bessemer mampu menghasilkan pembuatan keluli besar pertama. Sebaik sahaja proses Bessemer mula mendapat penggunaan yang meluas, aloi keluli yang lain mula mengikuti. Mangalloy, aloi keluli dan mangan yang mempamerkan kekerasan dan ketahanan yang melampau, merupakan salah satu keluli aloi pertama, dan dicipta oleh Robert Hadfield pada tahun 1882. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh relau letupan untuk besi babi di zaman pertengahan? || dihasilkan dalam jumlah lebih tinggi daripada besi tempa <> Dengan mengurangkan karbon dalam besi babi cair, apa yang telah dicipta? || keluli <> Bilakah permulaan puddling berlaku? || 1700s <> Bilakah proses Bessemer dikembangkan? || 1858 <> Steel dan mangan menggabungkan bentuk untuk membuat apa? || Mangalloy", {"context": "With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron"}], "question": "What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?", "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "steel"}], "question": "By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?", "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "1700s"}], "question": "When did puddling start occurring?", "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "1858"}], "question": "When was the Bessemer process developed?", "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Mangalloy"}], "question": "Steel and manganese combines form to make what?", "id": "5726bde15951b619008f7cc9"}]}]], [["Pantai di Pulau Norfolk terdiri daripada pelbagai daratan, dari permukaan tebing. Lereng ke bawah menuju ke arah Penyembelihan Bay dan Emily Bay, tapak penjajahan asli Kingston. Tidak ada kemudahan pelabuhan selamat di Pulau Norfolk, dengan memuat jeti yang ada di Kingston dan Cascade Bay. Semua barangan yang tidak dihasilkan dalam negeri dibawa oleh kapal, biasanya ke Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, yang dilindungi dari Lautan Pasifik oleh terumbu karang kecil, adalah satu-satunya kawasan selamat untuk berenang rekreasi, walaupun gelombang melayari boleh didapati di Anson dan Ball Bays. <> Apakah garis pantai Norfolk diperbuat daripada? || tebing menghadap <> Di manakah tapak penjajahan asal penjajah Kingston, Pulau Norfolk, yang kini terletak? || Slaughter Bay dan Emily Bay <> Bagaimana barangan yang diimport ke Pulau Norfolk? || dengan kapal <> Di manakah barangan impor biasanya dihantar ke Pulau Norfolk? || Cascade Bay <> Di mana anda boleh pergi melayari Pulau Norfolk? || Anson dan Ball Bays", {"context": "The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "cliff faces"}], "question": "What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?", "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay"}], "question": "Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?", "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "by ship"}], "question": "How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Cascade Bay"}], "question": "Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Anson and Ball Bays"}], "question": "Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a83edd62a815002e8c2e"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk (Norfolk: Norf'k Ailen) adalah sebuah pulau kecil di Lautan Pasifik yang terletak di antara Australia, New Zealand dan Kaledonia Baru, 1,412 kilometer (877 mi) di timur daratan Evans Head, Australia. 900 kilometer (560 mi) dari Pulau Lord Howe. Pulau ini adalah sebahagian daripada Komanwel Australia. Bersama-sama dengan dua pulau jiran, ia menjadi salah satu wilayah luaran Australia. Ia mempunyai 1,796 penduduk yang tinggal di kawasan seluas kira-kira 35 km2 (14 meter persegi). Modalnya adalah Kingston. <> Dalam apa lautan yang terdapat di Pulau Norfolk? || Lautan Pasifik <> Seberapa jauh jisim tanah terdekat ke Pulau Norfolk? || kira-kira 900 kilometer (560 mi) <> Apa ibu kota Pulau Norfolk? || Kingston <> Berapa ramai orang yang tinggal di Pulau Norfolk? || 1,796 <> Seberapa jauh Evans Head dari Pulau Norfolk? || 1,412 kilometer (877 mi)", {"context": "Norfolk Island (i/\u02c8n\u0254\u02d0rf\u0259k \u02c8a\u026al\u0259nd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Pacific Ocean"}], "question": "In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?", "id": "572698f8708984140094cb41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "about 900 kilometres (560 mi)"}], "question": "How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?", "id": "572698f8708984140094cb42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Kingston"}], "question": "What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?", "id": "572698f8708984140094cb43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "1,796"}], "question": "How many people live on Norfolk Island?", "id": "572698f8708984140094cb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1,412 kilometres (877 mi)"}], "question": "How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?", "id": "572698f8708984140094cb45"}]}], ["Sir John Call berhujah kelebihan Pulau Norfolk kerana ia tidak berpenghuni dan flora New Zealand berkembang di sana. Pada 1786 kerajaan British termasuk Pulau Norfolk sebagai penyelesaian tambahan, seperti yang dicadangkan oleh John Call, dalam rancangannya untuk penjajahan New South Wales. Keputusan untuk menyelesaikan Pulau Norfolk diambil kerana Empress Catherine II keputusan Rusia untuk menyekat penjualan rami. Secara praktikal, semua rami dan rami yang diperlukan oleh Tentera Laut Diraja untuk cordage dan kain katun diimport dari Rusia. <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan British termasuk Pulau Norfolk sebagai penyelesaian tambahan? || 1786 <> Siapa yang mencadangkan idea untuk memasukkan Pulau Norfolk sebagai penempatan bantuan British pada tahun 1786? || John Call <> Di dalam termasuk Pulau Norfolk sebagai penyelesaian tambahan, apa negeri Australia yang merancang kerajaan koloni? || New South Wales <> Wanita apa yang mempengaruhi keputusan British untuk menyelesaikan Pulau Norfolk? || Empress Catherine II of Russia <> Di mana majoriti rami dan rami yang digunakan oleh Royal Navy diimport dari? || Rusia", {"context": "Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia's decision to restrict sales of hemp. Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1786"}], "question": "In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?", "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "John Call"}], "question": "Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?", "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "New South Wales"}], "question": "In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?", "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Empress Catherine II of Russia"}], "question": "What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?", "id": "57269c97708984140094cbbf"}]}], ["Seawal tahun 1794, Leftenan Gabenor New South Wales Francis Grose mencadangkan penutupannya sebagai penyelesaian jenayah, kerana ia terlalu jauh dan sukar untuk penghantaran dan terlalu mahal untuk dikekalkan. Kumpulan pertama yang ditinggalkan pada bulan Februari 1805, dan pada tahun 1808 hanya kira-kira 200 orang yang tinggal, membentuk penempatan kecil sehingga sisa-sisa telah dikeluarkan pada tahun 1813. Sebuah partai kecil tetap menyembelih stok dan menghancurkan semua bangunan, sehingga tidak ada dorongan untuk sesiapa, terutamanya dari kuasa-kuasa Eropah lain, untuk melawat dan membuat tuntutan ke tempat itu. Dari 15 Februari 1814 hingga 6 Jun 1825 pulau itu ditinggalkan. <> Bilakah Leftenan Gabenor New South Wales Francis Grose mula mencadangkan Pulau Norfolk ditutup sebagai penyelesaian pidana? || 1794 <> Mengapa Francis Grose berfikir bahawa Pulau Norfolk patut ditutup sebagai penyelesaian pidana? || ia terlalu jauh dan sukar untuk penghantaran dan terlalu mahal untuk mengekalkan <> Bilakah kumpulan pertama orang meninggalkan Pulau Norfolk? || Februari 1805 <> Pada tahun 1808, berapa orang yang tinggal di Pulau Norfolk? || 200 <> Kenapa sekumpulan kecil orang tinggal di Pulau Norfolk, selepas yang lain telah pergi? || untuk menyembelih stok dan memusnahkan semua bangunan", {"context": "As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "1794"}], "question": "When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?", "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain"}], "question": "Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?", "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "February 1805"}], "question": "When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "200"}], "question": "By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e50f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings"}], "question": "Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?", "id": "57269e12f1498d1400e8e510"}]}], ["Pada 8 Jun 1856, penempatan seterusnya bermula di Pulau Norfolk. Ini adalah keturunan Tahitians dan peminat HMS Bounty, termasuk golongan Fletcher Christian. Mereka ditempatkan semula dari Kepulauan Pitcairn, yang telah menjadi terlalu kecil untuk populasi mereka yang semakin meningkat. Pada 3 Mei 1856, 193 orang meninggalkan Kepulauan Pitcairn di atas kapal \"Morayshire\". Pada 8 Jun 194 orang tiba, bayi yang dilahirkan dalam transit. The Pitcairners menduduki banyak bangunan yang tinggal dari penempatan penal, dan secara beransur-ansur menubuhkan industri pertanian dan ikan paus tradisional di pulau itu. Walaupun beberapa keluarga memutuskan untuk kembali ke Pitcairn pada 1858 dan 1863, penduduk pulau itu terus berkembang. Mereka menerima peneroka tambahan, yang sering tiba dengan armada ikan paus. <> Siapakah penempatan orang seterusnya di Pulau Norfolk yang berasal dari? || Tahiti dan HMS Bounty mutineers <> Di manakah penempatan orang-orang di pulau Norfolk yang seterusnya? || Kepulauan Pitcairn <> Pada 3 Mei 1856, berapa ramai Pitcairner pergi ke Pulau Norfolk? || 193 <> Apa nama kapal Pitcairners pergi ke Pulau Norfolk? || Morayshire <> Apa yang dilakukan perdagangan Pitcairners semasa di Pulau Norfolk? || pertanian dan pemburuan ikan paus", {"context": "On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island. These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian. They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands, which had become too small for their growing population. On 3 May 1856, 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the \"Morayshire\". On 8 June 194 persons arrived, a baby having been born in transit. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived with whaling fleets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers"}], "question": "Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?", "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f787f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "the Pitcairn Islands"}], "question": "Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?", "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "193"}], "question": "On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7881"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Morayshire"}], "question": "What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "farming and whaling industries"}], "question": "What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a33a5951b619008f7883"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk telah dijajah oleh Polinesia Timur tetapi telah lama tidak dipenuhi apabila diselesaikan oleh Great Britain sebagai sebahagian daripada penyelesaian Australia dari 1788. Pulau ini berkhidmat sebagai penangguhan hukuman penjara dari 6 Mac 1788 hingga 5 Mei 1855, hiatus tahun antara 15 Februari 1814 dan 6 Jun 1825, apabila ia ditinggalkan. Pada 8 Jun 1856, kediaman awam tetap di pulau itu bermula apabila ia diselesaikan dari Pulau Pitcairn. Pada tahun 1913, UK menyerahkan Norfolk ke Australia untuk mentadbir wilayah luar. <> Siapa Pulau Norfolk yang dijajah oleh? || Polinesia Timur <> Tujuan apa yang dilakukan Pulau Norfolk untuk majoriti masa dari 1788 hingga 1855? || penyelesaian hukuman penjara <> Apa tarikh orang awam mula tinggal secara kekal di Pulau Norfolk? || 8 Jun 1856 <> Di manakah penduduk awam pertama Pulau Norfolk tinggal di 1856? || Pulau Pitcairn <> Dalam tahun berapakah Pulau Norfolk Pulau Inggeris ke Australia untuk mentadbir? || 1913", {"context": "Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "East Polynesians"}], "question": "Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?", "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "a convict penal settlement"}], "question": "What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?", "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "8 June 1856"}], "question": "What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Pitcairn Island"}], "question": "Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?", "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "1913"}], "question": "In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?", "id": "57269af1f1498d1400e8e4ba"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk terletak di Lautan Pasifik Selatan, timur tanah besar Australia. Pulau Norfolk adalah pulau utama kumpulan pulau wilayah yang merangkumi dan terletak pada 29 \u00b0 02'S 167 \u00b0 57'E / 29.033 \u00b0 S 167.950 \u00b0 E / -29.033; 167.950. Ia mempunyai keluasan 34.6 kilometer persegi (13.4 meter persegi), tanpa badan dalaman air berskala besar dan 32 km (20 mi) dari garis pantai. Titik tertinggi pulau ini ialah Gunung Bates (319 meter (1,047 kaki) di atas paras laut), terletak di kuadran barat laut pulau itu. Majoriti kawasan ini sesuai untuk pertanian dan penggunaan pertanian yang lain. Pulau Phillip, pulau kedua terbesar wilayah, terletak pada 29 \u00b0 07'S 167 \u00b0 57'E / 29.117 \u00b0 S 167.950 \u00b0 E / -29.117; 167.950, tujuh kilometer (4.3 batu) di selatan pulau utama. <> Apa bahagian di Lautan Pasifik terletak Pulau Norfolk? || Selatan <> Arah apakah Pulau Norfolk berhubung dengan Australia? || timur <> Apakah koordinat Pulau Norfolk? || 29 \u00b0 02'S 167 \u00b0 57'E / 29.033 \u00b0 S 167.950 \u00b0 E / -29.033; 167.950 <> Berapa nama gunung di titik tertinggi Pulau Norfolk? || Mount Bates <> Apa nama pulau terbesar kedua wilayah Pulau Norfolk? || Phillip Island", {"context": "Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29\u00b007\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.117\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "South"}], "question": "What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?", "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "east"}], "question": "What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?", "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "29\u00b002\u2032S 167\u00b057\u2032E\ufeff / \ufeff29.033\u00b0S 167.950\u00b0E\ufeff / -29.033; 167.950"}], "question": "What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Mount Bates"}], "question": "What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?", "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e62f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Phillip Island"}], "question": "What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a73df1498d1400e8e630"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1824 kerajaan British mengarahkan Gabenor New South Wales Thomas Brisbane untuk menduduki Pulau Norfolk sebagai tempat untuk menghantar \"penerangan terburuk kepada banduan\". Keterpencilannya, yang sebelum ini dilihat sebagai kelemahan, kini dilihat sebagai aset untuk penahanan tahanan lelaki berundur. Narapidana yang ditahan telah lama dianggap sebagai orang-orang yang bertahap, atau 'respit modal yang dihukum dua kali ganda' - iaitu lelaki yang dibawa ke Australia yang melakukan jenayah penjajahan baru yang mana mereka dijatuhi hukuman mati, dan terhindar dari hukuman mati kehidupan di Pulau Norfolk. Walau bagaimanapun, satu kajian baru-baru ini telah menunjukkan, menggunakan pangkalan data 6,458 banduan Pulau Norfolk, bahawa realiti agak berbeza: lebih daripada separuh ditahan di Pulau Norfolk tanpa pernah menerima sabitan kolonial, dan hanya 15% telah menerima hukuman mati . Tambahan pula, majoriti banduan yang dihantar ke Pulau Norfolk telah melakukan hukuman harta kekerasan yang tidak ganas, dan tempoh purata tahanan adalah tiga tahun. <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Gabenor New South Wales Thomas Brisbane menghantar penghukum terburuk kepada Pulau Norfolk? || Kerajaan British <> Apa kelemahan sebelum Pulau Norfolk dilihat sebagai kelebihan untuk menahan tahanan lelaki? || Its remoteness <> Apa banduan di Pulau Norfolk terlepas dari di tanah besar? || the gallows <> Berapa banyak banduan yang tersenarai dalam pangkalan data di Pulau Norfolk? || 6,458 <> Berapa panjang purata penahanan tahanan di Pulau Norfolk? || tiga tahun", {"context": "In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send \"the worst description of convicts\". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' \u2013 that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "the British government"}], "question": "Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Its remoteness"}], "question": "What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?", "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "the gallows"}], "question": "What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?", "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "6,458"}], "question": "How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "three years"}], "question": "What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?", "id": "57269ffdf1498d1400e8e54a"}]}], ["Selepas penubuhan Commonwealth of Australia pada tahun 1901, Pulau Norfolk diletakkan di bawah kuasa kerajaan Komanwel yang baru untuk ditadbir sebagai wilayah luaran. Semasa Perang Dunia II, pulau ini menjadi pangkalan udara utama dan mengisi minyak di antara Australia dan New Zealand, dan New Zealand dan Kepulauan Solomon. Jalur udara itu dibina oleh askar Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1942. Sejak Pulau Norfolk jatuh di dalam kawasan tanggungjawab New Zealand, ia dipenjarakan oleh unit Angkatan Darat New Zealand yang dikenali sebagai N Force di kem Angkatan Tentera yang besar yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk menempatkan rumah 1,500 kuat kuasa. N Force melepaskan sebuah syarikat Pasukan Kedua Imperial Australia. Pulau ini terbukti terlalu jauh untuk diserang semasa peperangan dan N Force meninggalkan pulau itu pada bulan Februari 1944. <> Bilakah Komanwel Australia diwujudkan? || 1901 <> Semasa apa acara utama Pulau Norfolk menjadi pusat udara penting dan stesen mengisi minyak? || Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang menolong pangkalan udara yang digunakan di Pulau Norfolk semasa Perang Dunia II? || Anggota Australia, New Zealand dan Amerika Syarikat <> Pulau Norfolk jatuh tanggungjawabnya semasa Perang Dunia Kedua? || New Zealand <> Bilakah N Force meninggalkan Pulau Norfolk semasa Perang Dunia II? || Februari 1944", {"context": "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "1901"}], "question": "When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?", "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?", "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen"}], "question": "Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?", "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?", "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "February 1944"}], "question": "When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?", "id": "5726a4c1dd62a815002e8bdc"}]}], ["Masalah kewangan dan pengurangan pelancongan membawa kepada pentadbiran Pulau Norfolk yang menarik kepada kerajaan persekutuan Australia untuk bantuan pada tahun 2010. Sebagai balasan, penduduk pulau itu perlu membayar cukai pendapatan untuk kali pertama tetapi layak mendapatkan faedah kebajikan yang lebih besar. Walau bagaimanapun, perjanjian pada Mei 2013 tidak dapat dicapai dan penduduk pulau perlu pergi untuk mencari kerja dan kebajikan. Perjanjian akhirnya ditandatangani di Canberra pada 12 Mac 2015 untuk menggantikan kerajaan sendiri dengan majlis tempatan tetapi menentang hasrat kerajaan Pulau Norfolk. Majoriti penduduk Pulau Norfolk telah membantah rancangan Australia untuk membuat perubahan kepada Pulau Norfolk tanpa terlebih dahulu merujuk mereka dan membenarkan mereka mengatakan dengan 68% pengundi terhadap perubahan yang dipaksa. <> Apa yang membawa kepada Pulau Norfolk meminta bantuan dari Australia pada tahun 2010? || Masalah kewangan dan pengurangan pelancongan <> Apa faedah penduduk Pulau Norfolk memberitahu mereka akan menerima akibat bantuan Australia? || faedah kebajikan yang lebih besar <> Apa yang sebenarnya berlaku selepas Pulau Norfolk meminta bantuan Australia? || penduduk pulau harus pergi untuk mencari kerja dan kebajikan <> Perjanjian akhirnya ditandatangani di Canberra pada 12 Mac 2015, untuk melakukan apa untuk Pulau Norfolk? || menggantikan kerajaan sendiri dengan majlis tempatan <> Berapa peratus pengundi Pulau Norfolk menentang perubahan yang dibawa oleh Australia? || 68%", {"context": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Financial problems and a reduction in tourism"}], "question": " What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?", "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "greater welfare benefits"}], "question": "What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?", "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare"}], "question": "What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?", "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "replace self-government with a local council"}], "question": "An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "68%"}], "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?", "id": "5726a65e708984140094cce7"}]}], ["Majelis itu terdiri daripada sembilan kerusi, dengan pemilih menyusun sembilan undi yang sama, di mana tidak lebih daripada dua orang boleh diberikan kepada calon individu. Ia adalah satu kaedah pengundian yang disebut \"bertahan terlebih dahulu melepasi sistem pos\". Empat daripada ahli-ahli Majlis membentuk Majlis Eksekutif, yang merangka dasar dan bertindak sebagai badan penasihat kepada Pentadbir. Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk yang terakhir ialah Lisle Snell. Menteri-Menteri lain termasuk: Menteri Pelancongan, Industri dan Pembangunan; Menteri Kewangan; Menteri Warisan Kebudayaan dan Perkhidmatan Komuniti; dan Menteri Alam Sekitar. <> Perhimpunan Pulau Norfolk dibuat daripada berapa kerusi? || sembilan <> Cara pengundian menggunakan Pulau Norfolk untuk Perhimpunan itu? || yang \"berwajaran pertama melepasi sistem pasca\" <> Empat anggota Majlis membentuk apa Majlis, yang bertanggungjawab untuk merancang dasar untuk Pulau Norfolk? || Eksekutif <> Siapa Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk yang terakhir? || Lisle Snell <> Apakah nama rasmi bagi Menteri yang bertanggungjawab terhadap pelancongan di Pulau Norfolk? || Menteri Pelancongan, Industri dan Pembangunan", {"context": "The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a \"weighted first past the post system\". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "nine"}], "question": "The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?", "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "a \"weighted first past the post system\""}], "question": "What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?", "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Executive"}], "question": "Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Lisle Snell"}], "question": "Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development"}], "question": "What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b4e35951b619008f7b3b"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk adalah satu-satunya wilayah bukan daratan Australia yang telah mencapai tadbir urus. Akta Pulau Norfolk 1979, yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen Australia pada tahun 1979, adalah Akta di bawah mana pulau itu ditadbir sehingga berlakunya Akta Pindaan Perundangan Pulau Norfolk 2015. Kerajaan Australia mengekalkan kuasa di pulau tersebut melalui Pentadbir, ketika ini Gary Hardgrave. Dari tahun 1979 hingga 2015, Dewan Undangan dipilih melalui undian popular untuk tempoh tidak lebih dari tiga tahun, walaupun undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen Australia dapat memperluaskan undang-undangnya ke wilayah itu, termasuk kuasa untuk mengatasi undang-undang yang dibuat oleh dewan . <> Apakah satu-satunya wilayah Australia bukan daratan yang ditadbir dengan sendirinya? || Pulau Norfolk <> Apakah nama Akta yang pernah memerintah Pulau Norfolk? || Akta Pulau Norfolk 1979 <> Apa nama Akta baru yang mengawal Pulau Norfolk, yang diluluskan pada tahun 2015? || Akta Pindaan Perundangan Pulau Norfolk 2015 <> Siapa pentadbir semasa Pulau Norfolk? || Gary Hardgrave <> Semasa 1979-2015, istilah Dewan Undangan tidak bertahan lebih lama daripada berapa tahun? || tiga tahun", {"context": "Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Norfolk Island"}], "question": "What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?", "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "The Norfolk Island Act 1979"}], "question": "What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015"}], "question": "What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?", "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Gary Hardgrave"}], "question": "Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "three years"}], "question": "During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?", "id": "5726b36add62a815002e8d58"}]}], ["Sebagai pulau lautan yang agak kecil dan terisolasi, Norfolk mempunyai sedikit burung tanah tetapi tahap endemisiti yang tinggi di kalangan mereka. Kebanyakan spesies dan subspesies endemik telah punah sebagai akibat daripada pelepasan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan asli hutan hujan subtropika untuk pertanian, memburu dan penganiayaan sebagai perosak pertanian. Burung-burung juga telah mengalami pengenalan mamalia seperti tikus, kucing, babi dan kambing, serta dari pesaing-pesaing yang diperkenalkan seperti burung-burung hitam biasa dan roselle lembayung. <> Burung apa jenis Pulau Norfolk mempunyai beberapa? || tanah <> Apa salah satu sebab yang menyebabkan banyak burung Pulau Norfolk menjadi pupus? || pelepasan besar tumbuh-tumbuhan asli pulau <> Apa yang kedua menyebabkan banyak burung Pulau Norfolk menjadi pupus? || memburu dan penganiayaan sebagai hama pertanian <> Apa haiwan bukan burung menyebabkan populasi burung Pulau Norfolk menderita? || mamalia <> Apa jenis burung tidak asli menyebabkan populasi burung Pulau Norfolk menderita? || burung hitam biasa dan roselle lembayung", {"context": "As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "land"}], "question": "What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?", "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "massive clearance of the island's native vegetation"}], "question": "What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?", "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "hunting and persecution as agricultural pests"}], "question": "What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?", "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "mammals"}], "question": "What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?", "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "common blackbirds and crimson rosellas"}], "question": "What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?", "id": "5726ac06dd62a815002e8c90"}]}], ["Cetaceans adalah sejarah yang berlimpah di sekitar pulau itu sebagai pemburu komersial di pulau itu beroperasi sehingga tahun 1956. Hari ini, bilangan ikan paus yang lebih besar telah hilang, tetapi walaupun hari ini banyak spesies ikan paus seperti humpback, paus minke, paus sei, dan ikan lumba-lumba boleh diperhatikan dekat dengan pesisiran pantai , dan kaji selidik saintifik telah dijalankan secara berkala. Paus kanan selatan pernah menjadi pendatang biasa ke Norfolk dan dengan itu menamakan pulau tersebut sebagai \"tanah tengah\" oleh penangkap ikan paus, tetapi telah teruk habis oleh pemburuan sejarah, dan lebih jauh oleh ikan paus Soviet dan Jepun, yang mengakibatkan tidak ada sedikit pun, jika sisa-sisa masih hidup, ikan paus kanan di kawasan ini bersama Pulau Lord Howe. <> Apa yang pernah berlaku di perairan sekitar Pulau Norfolk? || Cetaceans <> Bilakah pemburuan laut komersil di Pulau Norfolk berhenti beroperasi? || 1956 <> Apakah beberapa spesies ikan paus yang boleh dilihat di sekitar Pulau Norfolk hari ini? || ikan paus, paus minke, paus sei <> Apa spesies lain boleh dilihat dekat dengan pantai Pulau Norfolk? || ikan lumba-lumba <> Jenis ikan paus pernah biasa di Pulau Norfolk, tetapi tidak ada yang kekal hari ini? || Paus kanan selatan", {"context": "Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the \"Middle ground\" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cetaceans"}], "question": "What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "1956"}], "question": "When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?", "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale"}], "question": "What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?", "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "dolphins"}], "question": "What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Southern right whales"}], "question": "What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?", "id": "5726aeff5951b619008f7a41"}]}], ["Perselisihan mengenai hubungan pulau dengan Australia telah dilepaskan dengan lebih baik oleh kajian 2006 yang dilaksanakan oleh kerajaan Australia. Di bawah lebih radikal daripada dua model yang dicadangkan dalam kajian itu, dewan perundangan pulau itu akan dikurangkan kepada status majlis tempatan. Walau bagaimanapun, pada Disember 2006, memetik \"gangguan ketara\" yang berubah kepada tadbir urus yang akan dikenakan ke atas ekonomi pulau itu, kerajaan Australia mengakhiri semakan yang meninggalkan aturan tadbir urus sedia ada yang tidak berubah. <> Berapa banyak model yang dicadangkan Australia ke dewan perundangan Pulau Norfolk? || dua <> Apa yang lebih teruk daripada rancangan yang dicadangkan mengancam untuk mengurangkan perhimpunan Pulau Norfolk? || sebuah majlis tempatan <> Bilakah kerajaan Australia menamatkan ulasan mereka di Pulau Norfolk? || Disember 2006 <> Kerajaan Australia mengatakan bahawa perubahan kepada kerajaan Pulau Norfolk akan menyebabkan apa? || gangguan yang ketara", {"context": "Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the \"significant disruption\" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?", "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "a local council"}], "question": "What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?", "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "December 2006"}], "question": "When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "significant disruption"}], "question": "The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?", "id": "5726b6a0f1498d1400e8e87f"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk mempunyai 174 tumbuhan asli; 51 daripadanya adalah endemik. Sekurang-kurangnya 18 spesies endemik jarang berlaku atau terancam. Kelapa sawit Pulau Norfolk (Rhopalostylis baueri) dan pokok kelir halus (Cyathea brownii), pokok pokok tertinggi di dunia, biasa di Taman Negara Pulau Norfolk tetapi jarang terdapat di pulau lain. Sebelum penjajahan Eropah, sebahagian besar Pulau Norfolk ditutup dengan hutan hujan subtropika, kanopi yang terbuat dari Araucaria heterophylla (pain Pulau Norfolk) di kawasan terdedah, dan Rhopalostylis baueri sawit dan pakis pokok Cyathea brownii dan C. australis dalam hidung dilindungi kawasan-kawasan. The understory tebal dengan lianas dan pakis yang meliputi lantai hutan. Hanya satu petak kecil (5 km2) hutan hujan kekal, yang diisytiharkan sebagai Taman Negara Pulau Norfolk pada tahun 1986. <> Berapa banyak tumbuhan yang hanya boleh dijumpai di Pulau Norfolk? || 51 <> Berapa banyak tumbuhan yang hanya boleh dijumpai di Pulau Norfolk jarang atau terancam? || 18 <> Di manakah pokok pokok tertinggi di dunia dapat dijumpai? || Pulau Norfolk National Park <> Sebilangan besar pulau Norfolk diliputi, sebelum penjajahan Eropah? || hutan hujan subtropika <> Berapa hujan hutan kekal di Pulau Norfolk hari ini? || 5 km2", {"context": "Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "51"}], "question": "How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?", "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Norfolk Island National Park"}], "question": "Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?", "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "subtropical rain forest"}], "question": "What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?", "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e67f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "5 km2"}], "question": "How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?", "id": "5726a9f3f1498d1400e8e680"}]}], ["Diumumkan pada 19 Mac 2015 bahawa pentadbiran sendiri untuk pulau itu akan dibatalkan oleh Komanwel dan digantikan oleh majlis tempatan dengan negeri New South Wales yang menyediakan perkhidmatan ke pulau itu. Alasan yang diberikan ialah pulau itu tidak pernah mendapat hasil yang sihat dan sedang disubsidi oleh Komanwel, sebanyak $ 12.5 juta pada tahun 2015 sahaja. Ini bermakna penduduk perlu membayar cukai pendapatan Australia, tetapi mereka juga dilindungi oleh skim kebajikan Australia seperti Centrelink dan Medicare. <> Bilakah Komanwel Australia mengumumkan bahawa Pulau Norfolk tidak akan lagi ditadbir dengan sendirinya? || 19 Mac 2015 <> Apakah Komanwel ingin menggantikan kerajaan Pulau Norfolk dengan? || majlis tempatan <> Dari negeri apa yang dibuat majlis yang dicadangkan itu? || New South Wales <> Apa faedah yang akan diterima penduduk Pulau Norfolk akibat majlis baru? || mereka juga akan dilindungi oleh skim kebajikan Australia seperti Centrelink dan Medicare <> Apa yang penduduk Pulau Norfolk perlu mula membayar sebagai hasil daripada majlis baru? || Cukai pendapatan Australia", {"context": "It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "19 March 2015"}], "question": "When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?", "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "a local council"}], "question": "What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?", "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "New South Wales"}], "question": "From what state did the proposed council come from?", "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare"}], "question": "What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?", "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Australian income tax"}], "question": "What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?", "id": "5726b83f5951b619008f7bc3"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk Group Nepean Island juga merupakan rumah kepada pembiakan burung laut. The petrel Providence telah diburu untuk kepupusan tempatan pada awal abad ke-19, tetapi telah menunjukkan tanda-tanda kembali untuk membiak di Pulau Phillip. Burung laut lain yang terdapat di sana termasuk petrel berleher putih, peternak Kermadec, air berliku ekor baji, gannet Australasia, tropicbird merah dan ekor berwarna kelabu. Ternama jelek (yang dikenali sebagai burung paus secara tempatan) secara tradisinya tertakluk kepada penuaian telur bermusim oleh Pulau Norfolk. <> Apakah pulau di Pulau Norfolk Group adalah rumah untuk membiak burung laut? || Pulau Nepean <> Apa burung berhampiran Pulau Norfolk yang telah punah telah menunjukkan tanda-tanda kenaikan penduduk? || <P> <p> Di manakah peternakan petir telah dilihat berkembang biak di Pulau Norfolk? || Phillip Island <> Apa jenis peternakan yang lain di Pulau Phillip? || petrel berleher putih, Kermadec petrel <> Apakah ternak yang terkenal seperti di Pulau Norfolk? || burung paus", {"context": "The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Nepean Island"}], "question": "What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?", "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "The providence petrel"}], "question": "What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?", "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Phillip Island"}], "question": "Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel"}], "question": "What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?", "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "the whale bird"}], "question": "What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726ad725951b619008f79f3"}]}], ["Enam puluh dua peratus penduduk pulau adalah orang Kristian. Selepas kematian pendeta pertama Rev G. H. Nobbs pada tahun 1884, sebuah gereja Methodist telah dibentuk dan pada tahun 1891 jemaat Advent Hari Ketujuh dipimpin oleh salah seorang anak lelaki Nobbs. Sesetengah rasa tidak senang dengan GH Nobbs, upacara yang lebih teratur dan formal dari jabatan Gereja England yang timbul daripada pengaruh Misi Melanesian, penurunan kerohanian, pengaruh kunjungan pelaut Amerika, kesusasteraan yang dikirim oleh orang Kristen di luar negeri yang terkesan oleh kisah Pitcairn, dan pengangkatan Adventisme Ketujuh oleh keturunan para penindas yang masih di Pitcairn, semuanya menyumbang kepada perkembangan ini. Gereja Katolik Roman mula bekerja pada tahun 1957 dan pada akhir 1990-an kumpulan meninggalkan bekas Methodist (kemudian Gereja Uniting) dan membentuk persekutuan kharismatik. Pada tahun 2011, 34 peratus daripada penduduk biasa yang dikenal pasti sebagai Anglican, 13 peratus sebagai Gereja Uniting, 12 peratus sebagai Roman Katolik dan tiga peratus sebagai Adventist Hari Ketujuh. Sembilan peratus daripada agama lain. Dua puluh empat peratus tidak mempunyai agama, dan tujuh peratus tidak menunjukkan agama. Sidang-sidang khas biasa di mana-mana gereja tidak melebihi 30 penduduk setempat pada 2010 [update]. Tiga denominasi yang lebih tua mempunyai kemudahan yang baik. Menteri biasanya pelawat jangka pendek. <> Kristian membentuk peratusan populasi Pulau Norfolk? || Enam puluh dua peratus <> Siapakah pendeta pertama Pulau Norfolk? || Rev G. H. Nobbs <> Apa jenis gereja dibentuk selepas Rev G.H. Kematian Nobbs pada tahun 1884? || gereja Methodist <> Yang mengetuai gereja Advent Seventh-day pertama Pulau Norfolk? || salah seorang daripada anak-anak Nobbs '> Jemaat-jemaat gereja biasa di Pulau Norfolk pada tahun 2010 tidak melebihi jumlah apa? || 30", {"context": "Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sixty-two percent"}], "question": "Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Rev G. H. Nobbs"}], "question": "Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a Methodist church"}], "question": "What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?", "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "one of Nobbs' sons"}], "question": "Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? ", "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1168, "text": "30"}], "question": "Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?", "id": "5726b08c5951b619008f7a8b"}]}], ["Pulau-pulau berbahasa Inggeris dan bahasa creole yang dikenali sebagai Norfuk, gabungan bahasa Inggeris dan Tahitian abad ke-18. Bahasa Norfuk semakin berkurangan apabila ramai pelancong pergi ke pulau itu dan lebih ramai orang muda meninggalkan kerja dan alasan belajar; Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat usaha untuk terus hidup menerusi kamus dan penamaan semula beberapa tarikan pelancong ke kesetaraan Norfuk mereka. Pada tahun 2004 satu perbuatan Perhimpunan Pulau Norfolk menjadikannya bahasa rasmi pulau itu. Akta itu bertajuk panjang: \"Akta untuk mengiktiraf Pulau Norfolk (Norf'k) sebagai bahasa rasmi Pulau Norfolk.\" \"Bahasa yang dikenali sebagai 'Norf'k'\" digambarkan sebagai bahasa \"yang dituturkan oleh keturunan peneroka bebas pertama Pulau Norfolk yang keturunan peneroka Pulau Pitcairn\". Akta ini mengiktiraf dan melindungi penggunaan bahasa tetapi tidak memerlukannya; dalam penggunaan rasmi, ia mesti disertakan dengan terjemahan tepat ke dalam Bahasa Inggeris. 32% daripada jumlah penduduk dilaporkan bercakap bahasa selain Bahasa Inggeris pada banci 2011, dan hanya di bawah tiga suku penduduk biasa yang boleh bercakap Norfuk. <> Bahasa apa bahasa penduduk Pulau Norfolk bercakap? || Bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa creole yang dikenali sebagai Norfuk <> Apakah bahasa Norfuk campuran? || Bahasa Inggeris dan Tahiti abad ke-18 <> Bahasa Norfuk dari Pulau Norfolk pertama kali dituturkan oleh siapa? || keturunan peneroka bebas pertama Pulau Norfolk yang keturunan pemukim Pulau Pitcairn <> Apa bahasa rasmi Pulau Norfolk? || Bahasa Norfuk <> Sebahagian daripada penduduk Pulau Norfolk boleh bercakap Norfuk pada tahun 2011? || di bawah tiga suku", {"context": "Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: \"An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island.\" The \"language known as 'Norf'k'\" is described as the language \"that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island\". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "English and a creole language known as Norfuk"}], "question": "What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?", "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "18th-century English and Tahitian"}], "question": "What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?", "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island"}], "question": "The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?", "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "The Norfuk language"}], "question": "What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1068, "text": "under three-quarters"}], "question": "What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?", "id": "5726b22bf1498d1400e8e7c0"}]}], ["Hospital Pulau Norfolk adalah satu-satunya pusat perubatan di pulau itu. Skim Faedah Medicare dan Farmaseutikal tidak meliputi Pulau Norfolk. Semua pelawat ke Pulau Norfolk, termasuk Australia, disyorkan untuk membeli insurans perjalanan. Walaupun hospital boleh melakukan pembedahan kecil, keadaan perubatan yang serius tidak dibenarkan dirawat di pulau itu dan pesakit diterbangkan kembali ke tanah besar Australia. Pengangkutan piagam udara boleh dikenakan kos sebanyak A $ 30,000. Untuk kecemasan yang serius, pemindahan perubatan disediakan oleh Tentera Udara Diraja Australia. Pulau ini mempunyai satu ambulans yang dikendalikan oleh sukarelawan St John Ambulance Australia. <> Apakah nama satu-satunya pusat perubatan di Pulau Norfolk? || Hospital Pulau Norfolk <> Apa pelawat Pulau Norfolk disyorkan untuk membeli? || insurans perjalanan <> Di mana pesakit Pulau Norfolk yang memerlukan rawatan yang serius diterbangkan ke? || tanah besar Australia <> yang mengendalikan kecemasan perubatan serius di Pulau Norfolk? || Tentera Udara Diraja Australia <> Yang mengendalikan ambulans yang ada di Pulau Norfolk? || Sukarelawan St John Ambulance Australia", {"context": "Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Norfolk Island Hospital"}], "question": "What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "travel insurance"}], "question": "What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?", "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "mainland Australia"}], "question": "Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?", "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "the Royal Australian Air Force"}], "question": "Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "St John Ambulance Australia volunteers"}], "question": "Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c314708984140094d0c9"}]}], ["Sehingga 2004 [kemas kini], 2532 saluran utama telefon sedang digunakan, campuran analog (2500) dan litar digital (32). Perkhidmatan komunikasi satelit dirancang. [Rujukan?] Terdapat satu stesen radio tempatan (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), penyiaran pada frekuensi AM dan FM. Terdapat juga satu stesen TV, Norfolk TV, yang menampilkan pengaturcaraan tempatan, serta pemancar untuk saluran Australia ABC, SBS, Imparja Television dan Southern Cross Television. Domain peringkat atas domain negara (ccTLD) adalah .nf. <> Berapa banyak saluran telefon utama yang digunakan di Pulau Norfolk, sehingga tahun 2004? || 2532 <> Berapa banyak talian telefon analog yang digunakan di Pulau Norfolk, sehingga tahun 2004? || 2500 <> Berapa banyak stesen radio tempatan yang ada di Pulau Norfolk? || satu <> Apa nama stesen TV sahaja Pulau Norfolk? || Norfolk TV <> Apakah domain peringkat atas domain negara Internet Pulau Norfolk? || .nf", {"context": "As of 2004[update], 2532 telephone main lines are in use, a mix of analog (2500) and digital (32) circuits. Satellite communications services are planned.[citation needed] There is one locally based radio station (Radio Norfolk 89.9FM), broadcasting on both AM and FM frequencies. There is also one TV station, Norfolk TV, featuring local programming, plus transmitters for Australian channels ABC, SBS, Imparja Television and Southern Cross Television. The Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is .nf.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "2532"}], "question": "How many main telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?", "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "2500"}], "question": "How many analog telephone lines were being used on Norfolk Island, as of 2004?", "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many local radio stations does Norfolk Island have? ", "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Norfolk TV"}], "question": "What is the name of Norfolk Island's only TV station?", "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": ".nf"}], "question": "What is Norfolk Island's Internet country code top-level domain?", "id": "5726c86bf1498d1400e8eb22"}]}], ["Pulau Norfolk pada asalnya adalah tanah jajahan yang diperolehi oleh penyelesaian tetapi tidak pernah berada di dalam Akta Penyelesaian British. Ia diterima sebagai wilayah Australia, terpisah dari mana-mana negeri, oleh Akta Pulau Norfolk 1913 (Cth), yang diluluskan di bawah kuasa-kuasa wilayah (Perlembagaan seksyen 122) dan berkuatkuasa pada tahun 1914. Pada tahun 1976 Mahkamah Tinggi Australia diadakan sebulat suara bahawa Pulau Norfolk adalah sebahagian daripada Komanwel. Sekali lagi, pada tahun 2007 Mahkamah Tinggi Australia mengesahkan kesahihan undang-undang yang menjadikan kewarganegaraan Australia suatu kelayakan yang diperlukan untuk mengundi, dan bertanding untuk pilihan raya, Dewan Undangan Pulau Norfolk. <> Pulau Norfolk pada asalnya adalah apa? || koloni yang diperolehi oleh penyelesaian <> Pulau Norfolk menjadi wilayah negara apa? || Australia <> Di bawah apa undang-undang Pulau Norfolk diterima sebagai wilayah Australia? || Pulau Norfolk Act 1913 (Cth) <> Yang memutuskan pada tahun 1976 bahawa Pulau Norfolk adalah sebahagian daripada Komanwel? || Mahkamah Tinggi Australia <> Apakah kelayakan yang perlu untuk mengundi di Pulau Norfolk? || Kewarganegaraan Australia", {"context": "Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "colony acquired by settlement"}], "question": "Norfolk Island was originally a what?", "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8eba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?", "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)"}], "question": "Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?", "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "High Court of Australia"}], "question": "Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?", "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Australian citizenship"}], "question": "What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726bc4cdd62a815002e8ebe"}]}], ["Tidak ada kereta api, saluran air, pelabuhan atau pelabuhan di pulau itu. Memuat jeti terletak di Kingston dan Cascade, tetapi kapal tidak dapat mendekati salah satu dari mereka. Apabila kapal bekalan tiba, ia dikosongkan oleh whaleboats yang ditarik oleh pelancaran, lima tan pada satu masa. Jeti yang digunakan bergantung pada cuaca yang berlaku pada hari itu. Jeti di tepi leher di pulau itu sering digunakan. Sekiranya angin berubah dengan ketara semasa memunggah / memuat, kapal akan bergerak ke sisi lain. Pengunjung sering berkumpul untuk menonton aktiviti apabila kapal bekalan tiba. <> Di mana memuat jeti yang terdapat di Pulau Norfolk? || Kingston and Cascade <> Bagaimana kapal bekalan diturunkan ketika sampai di Pulau Norfolk? || oleh whaleboats yang ditarik oleh pelancaran <> Apa yang menentukan jeti yang digunakan oleh bekalan kapal ke Pulau Norfolk? || cuaca yang berlaku pada hari <> Di mana anda boleh mencari jeti yang sering digunakan di Pulau Norfolk? || di tepi tebing pulau <> Siapa yang biasanya boleh dijumpai menonton kapal bekalan memunggah di Pulau Norfolk? || Pelawat", {"context": "There are no railways, waterways, ports or harbours on the island. Loading jetties are located at Kingston and Cascade, but ships cannot get close to either of them. When a supply ship arrives, it is emptied by whaleboats towed by launches, five tonnes at a time. Which jetty is used depends on the prevailing weather on the day. The jetty on the leeward side of the island is often used. If the wind changes significantly during unloading/loading, the ship will move around to the other side. Visitors often gather to watch the activity when a supply ship arrives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Kingston and Cascade"}], "question": "Where are loading jetties found on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "by whaleboats towed by launches"}], "question": "How is a supply ship unloaded when it reaches Norfolk Island? ", "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the prevailing weather on the day"}], "question": "What determines the jetty that's used by supply ships to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "on the leeward side of the island"}], "question": "Where can you find the often-used jetty on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Visitors"}], "question": "Who can usually be found watching supply ships unload at Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c96bdd62a815002e9038"}]}], ["Warganegara Australia dan penduduk dari bahagian lain negara kini mempunyai hak tinggal secara automatik di pulau tersebut setelah memenuhi kriteria ini (Akta Imigresen (Pindaan No. 2) 2012). Warganegara Australia mesti membawa sama ada pasport atau Dokumen Identiti untuk pergi ke Pulau Norfolk. Warganegara semua negara lain mesti membawa pasport untuk pergi ke Pulau Norfolk walaupun tiba di bahagian lain di Australia. Pemegang visa Australia yang pergi ke Pulau Norfolk telah berlepas dari Zon Migrasi Australia. Kecuali jika mereka memegang visa berbilang kemasukan, visa itu akan berhenti; di mana mereka akan memerlukan visa lain untuk memasuki semula tanah besar Australia. <> Apakah hak automatik yang dilakukan warga Australia dan penduduk Australia di Pulau Norfolk selepas memenuhi kriteria dalam Akta Imigresen (Pindaan No. 2) 2012? || hak kediaman automatik <> Apa yang perlu orang dari negara lain untuk pergi ke Pulau Norfolk? || pasport <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh rakyat Australia untuk pergi ke Pulau Norfolk? || sama ada pasport atau Dokumen Identiti <> Apabila seseorang mempunyai visa Australia dan mereka mahu melakukan perjalanan ke Pulau Norfolk, di mana mereka mesti pergi? || Zon Migrasi Australia <> Apa yang akan berlaku kepada pelancong dengan visa Australia yang tidak berlepas dari Zon Migrasi Australia? || visa itu akan berhenti", {"context": "Australian citizens and residents from other parts of the nation now have automatic right of residence on the island after meeting these criteria (Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012). Australian citizens must carry either a passport or a Document of Identity to travel to Norfolk Island. Citizens of all other nations must carry a passport to travel to Norfolk Island even if arriving from other parts of Australia. Holders of Australian visas who travel to Norfolk Island have departed the Australian Migration Zone. Unless they hold a multiple-entry visa, the visa will have ceased; in which case they will require another visa to re-enter mainland Australia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "automatic right of residence"}], "question": "What automatic right do Australian citizens and residents have on Norfolk Island after meeting the criteria in Immigration (Amendment No. 2) Act 2012?", "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "a passport"}], "question": "What do citizens from other nations need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "either a passport or a Document of Identity"}], "question": "What do Australian citizens need in order to travel to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Australian Migration Zone"}], "question": "When someone has an Australian visa and they want to travel to Norfolk Island, where must they depart?", "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "the visa will have ceased"}], "question": "What will happen to travelers with an Australian visa who don't depart from the Australian Migration Zone? ", "id": "5726bff8dd62a815002e8f54"}]}], ["Pulau ini tertakluk kepada kawalan imigresen berasingan dari baki Australia. Sehingga baru-baru ini imigresen ke Pulau Norfolk walaupun oleh warganegara Australia yang lain sangat terhad. Pada tahun 2012, kawalan imigresen telah dilonggarkan dengan pengenalan Permit Masuk Tidak Terikat untuk semua warganegara Australia dan New Zealand semasa ketibaan dan pilihan untuk memohon kediaman; satu-satunya kriteria adalah untuk melulus cek polis dan dapat membayar skim kesihatan tempatan. Dari 1 Julai 2016, sistem penghijrahan Australia akan menggantikan peraturan imigresen yang kini dikekalkan oleh Kerajaan Pulau Norfolk. <> Apa yang telah dibatasi sepenuhnya di Pulau Norfolk, sehingga baru-baru ini? || imigresen <> Bilakah protokol imigresen berehat di Pulau Norfolk? || 2012 <> Apa yang membantu dalam pelonggaran protokol imigresen ke Pulau Norfolk? || Permit Masuk Tidak Terikat untuk semua warganegara Australia dan New Zealand <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan warga Australia dan New Zealand untuk memohon penduduk di Pulau Norfolk? || lulus cek polis dan dapat membayar skim kesihatan tempatan <> Bilakah sistem migrasi Australia menggantikan dasar imigresen Pulau Norfolk? || 1 Julai 2016", {"context": "The island is subject to separate immigration controls from the remainder of Australia. Until recently immigration to Norfolk Island even by other Australian citizens was heavily restricted. In 2012, immigration controls were relaxed with the introduction of an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens upon arrival and the option to apply for residency; the only criteria are to pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme. From 1 July 2016, the Australian migration system will replace the immigration arrangements currently maintained by the Norfolk Island Government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "immigration"}], "question": "What has been heavily restricted in Norfolk Island, until recently?", "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When were the immigration protocols relaxed in Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "an Unrestricted Entry Permit for all Australian and New Zealand citizens"}], "question": "What aided in the relaxation of immigration protocols to Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "pass a police check and be able to pay into the local health scheme"}], "question": "What must Australian and New Zealand citizens do in order to apply for residency in Norfolk Island? ", "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "1 July 2016"}], "question": "When will the Australian migration system replace Norfolk Island's immigration policies?", "id": "5726be37dd62a815002e8f1c"}]}], ["Kerajaan Australia mengawal zon ekonomi eksklusif (EEZ) dan hasil daripadanya memanjang 200 batu nautika (sekitar 370 km) di sekitar Pulau Norfolk (kira-kira 428,000km2) dan tuntutan laut wilayah tiga batu nautika (6 km) dari pulau itu. Terdapat kepercayaan kuat terhadap pulau itu bahawa sebahagian daripada pendapatan yang dihasilkan dari EEZ Norfolk harus disediakan untuk menyediakan perkhidmatan seperti kesihatan dan infrastruktur di pulau itu, yang pulau itu bertanggungjawab, sama seperti bagaimana Northern Territory dapat mengakses hasil daripada sumber mineral mereka. Zon ekonomi eksklusif menyediakan pulau-pulau dengan ikan, satu-satunya sumber semula jadi yang utama. Pulau Norfolk tidak mempunyai kawalan terus ke kawasan marin tetapi mempunyai persetujuan dengan Komanwel melalui Pihak Berkuasa Pengurusan Perikanan Australia (AFMA) untuk memancing \"rekreasi\" di seksyen kecil EEZ yang dikenali sebagai \"Peti\". Walaupun ada spekulasi bahawa zon itu mungkin termasuk deposit minyak dan gas, ini tidak terbukti. Tidak ada tanah pertanian atau tanah pertanian kekal, walaupun kira-kira 25 peratus pulau itu adalah padang rumput yang kekal. Tiada tanah pengairan. Pulau ini menggunakan dolar Australia sebagai mata wangnya. <> Perkhidmatan apa yang penduduk Pulau Norfolk percaya harus disediakan dari keuntungan EEZ Pulau Norfolk? || kesihatan dan infrastruktur <> Apakah sumber semulajadi utama Pulau Norfolk sahaja? || ikan <> Apakah nama penduduk kawasan Pulau Norfolk dibenarkan untuk berenang secara rekreasi? || Kotak <> Apa yang spekulasi boleh didapati di zon EEZ Pulau Norfolk? || minyak dan gas deposit <> Berapa peratus daripada Pulau Norfolk adalah padang rumput yang kekal? || 25", {"context": "The Australian government controls the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and revenue from it extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) around Norfolk Island (roughly 428,000km2) and territorial sea claims to three nautical miles (6 km) from the island. There is a strong belief on the island that some of the revenue generated from Norfolk's EEZ should be available to providing services such as health and infrastructure on the island, which the island has been responsible for, similar to how the Northern Territory is able to access revenue from their mineral resources. The exclusive economic zone provides the islanders with fish, its only major natural resource. Norfolk Island has no direct control over any marine areas but has an agreement with the Commonwealth through the Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA) to fish \"recreationally\" in a small section of the EEZ known locally as \"the Box\". While there is speculation that the zone may include oil and gas deposits, this is not proven. There are no major arable lands or permanent farmlands, though about 25 per cent of the island is a permanent pasture. There is no irrigated land. The island uses the Australian dollar as its currency.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "health and infrastructure"}], "question": "What services do Norfolk Island residents believe should be made available from the Norfolk Island's EEZ profit?", "id": "5726c566708984140094d103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "fish"}], "question": "What is Norfolk Island's only major natural resource?", "id": "5726c566708984140094d104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "the Box"}], "question": "What is the name of the area residents of Norfolk Island are permitted to fish recreationally?", "id": "5726c566708984140094d105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 960, "text": "oil and gas deposits"}], "question": "What is speculated to be available in Norfolk Island's EEZ zone?", "id": "5726c566708984140094d106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1071, "text": "25"}], "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island is a permanent pasture?", "id": "5726c566708984140094d107"}]}], ["Penduduk Pulau Norfolk tidak membayar cukai persekutuan Australia, mewujudkan surcaj cukai untuk penduduk tempatan dan pelawat. Kerana tidak ada cukai pendapatan, dewan perundangan pulau menimbulkan wang melalui duti import, levi bahan api, levi perubatan, GST sebanyak 12% dan panggilan telefon tempatan / antarabangsa. Dalam satu langkah yang mengejutkan banyak penduduk pulau, Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk, David Buffett, mengumumkan pada 6 November 2010 bahawa pulau itu secara sukarela akan menyerahkan status bebas cukainya sebagai balasan bagi bailout kewangan daripada kerajaan persekutuan untuk membiayai hutang yang besar. Pengenalan cukai pendapatan sekarang akan berkuatkuasa pada 1 Julai 2016, dengan variasi pendapat mengenai pulau mengenai perubahan ini tetapi dengan banyak pemahaman bahwa untuk pemerintahan pulau itu untuk meneruskan, ada keperluan untuk membayar ke dalam pendapatan pendapatan umum sehingga bahawa pulau itu boleh mendapat bantuan dalam menyokong penyampaian tanggungjawab kerajaan negeri seperti kesihatan, pendidikan, perubatan, dan infrastruktur. Sebelum pembaharuan ini penduduk Pulau Norfolk tidak berhak kepada perkhidmatan sosial. Nampaknya pembaharuan itu dilakukan kepada syarikat dan pemegang amanah dan bukan hanya individu. <> Pulau Norfolk dan pelawat tidak membayar apa? || Cukai persekutuan Australia <> Siapa Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk? || David Buffett <> Apa sebabnya David Buffett memberikan kepada Pulau Norfolk menyerah status 'bebas cukai? || untuk bailout kewangan dari kerajaan persekutuan <> Bilakah cukai pendapatan akan diperkenalkan di Pulau Norfolk? || 1 Julai 2016 <> Apa jenis perkhidmatan yang penduduk Pulau Norfolk tidak dapat menerima sebelum pengumuman ini? || sosial", {"context": "Residents of Norfolk Island do not pay Australian federal taxes, creating a tax haven for locals and visitors alike. Because there is no income tax, the island's legislative assembly raises money through an import duty, fuel levy, medicare levy, GST of 12% and local/international phone calls. In a move that apparently surprised many islanders the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island, David Buffett, announced on 6 November 2010 that the island would voluntarily surrender its tax free status in return for a financial bailout from the federal government to cover significant debts. The introduction of income taxation will now come into effect on July 1, 2016, with a variation of opinion on the island about these changes but with many understanding that for the island's governance to continue there is a need to pay into the commonwealth revenue pool so that the island can have assistance in supporting its delivery of State government responsibilities such as health, education, medicare, and infrastructure. Prior to these reforms residents of Norfolk Island were not entitled to social services. It appears that the reforms do extend to companies and trustees and not only individuals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Australian federal taxes"}], "question": "Norfolk Island inhabitants and visitors don't pay what?", "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "David Buffett"}], "question": "Who is the Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "for a financial bailout from the federal government"}], "question": "What reason did David Buffett give for Norfolk Island surrendering its' tax-free status?", "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "July 1, 2016"}], "question": "When will income tax be introduced on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "social"}], "question": "What type of services were Norfolk Island inhabitants unable to receive prior to this announcement?", "id": "5726c7305951b619008f7dd7"}]}], ["Warganegara bukan Australia yang merupakan penduduk tetap Australia perlu sedar bahawa semasa mereka berada di Pulau Norfolk mereka berada \"di luar Australia\" untuk tujuan Akta Migrasi. Ini bermakna bukan sahaja mereka memerlukan visa pendatang yang masih sah atau visa pemulangan Residen untuk kembali dari Pulau Norfolk ke tanah besar, tetapi juga masa yang dihabiskan di Pulau Norfolk tidak akan dikira untuk memenuhi keperluan kediaman untuk mendapatkan visa pemulangan Residen pada masa hadapan. Sebaliknya, sejauh undang-undang kebangsaan Australia berkenaan, Pulau Norfolk adalah sebahagian daripada Australia, dan bila-bila masa yang dihabiskan oleh penduduk tetap Australia di Pulau Norfolk akan menghitung sebagai masa yang dihabiskan di Australia untuk tujuan memohon kewarganegaraan Australia. <> Apa Akta mengisytiharkan penduduk bukan Australia \"di luar Australia\" semasa mereka berada di Pulau Norfolk? || Akta Penghijrahan <> Apa warganegara bukan Australia yang merupakan pemastautin perlu kembali dari Pulau Norfolk ke tanah besar? || visa pendatang yang masih sah atau visa pemulangan Residen <> Sejauh undang-undang kebangsaan Australia pergi, Pulau Norfolk dianggap sebahagian daripada apa? || Australia <> Mengikut undang-undang kebangsaan Australia, masa yang dibelanjakan oleh penduduk tetap Australia di Pulau Norfolk akan melakukan apa? || mengira waktu yang dihabiskan di Australia", {"context": "Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are \"outside of Australia\" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "the Migration Act"}], "question": "What Act declares Non-Australian residents \"outside of Australia\" while they are on Norfolk Island?", "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa"}], "question": "What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?", "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?", "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "count as time spent in Australia"}], "question": "According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?", "id": "5726c19ff1498d1400e8ea5b"}]}], ["Dewan Undangan Pulau Norfolk memutuskan untuk mengadakan referendum mengenai cadangan itu. Pada 8 Mei 2015, para pengundi ditanya sama ada Pulau Norfolk harus secara bebas menentukan status politik mereka dan pembangunan ekonomi, sosial dan kebudayaan mereka, dan untuk \"dirujuk di referendum atau plebisit mengenai model tadbir urus yang akan datang untuk Pulau Norfolk sebelum perubahan tersebut berlaku oleh Parlimen Australia \". 68% daripada 912 undi menyokong. Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk, Lisle Snell, mengatakan \"hasil referendum meniup lubang dalam pernyataan Canberra bahwa pembaharuan yang diperkenalkan sebelum Parlemen Australia yang mengusulkan menghilangkan Dewan Perwakilan dan Parlemen Pulau Norfolk sangat didukung oleh rakyat Pulau Norfolk\". <> Bilakah Dewan Undangan Negeri Pulau Norfolk mengundi mengenai reformasi Australia yang dicadangkan? || 8 Mei 2015 <> Berapa ramai penduduk Pulau Norfolk mengundi pada 8 Mei 2015? || 912 <> Berapa peratus penduduk Pulau Norfolk mengundi memihak kepada tadbir urus? || 68% <> Siapa Ketua Menteri Pulau Norfolk? || Lisle Snell <> Menurut Lisle Snell, Parlimen Australia berfikir bahawa memusnahkan pentadbiran sendiri Pulau Norfolk akan menjadi apa? || sangat disokong oleh rakyat Pulau Norfolk", {"context": "The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly decided to hold a referendum on the proposal. On 8 May 2015, voters were asked if Norfolk Islanders should freely determine their political status and their economic, social and cultural development, and to \"be consulted at referendum or plebiscite on the future model of governance for Norfolk Island before such changes are acted upon by the Australian parliament\". 68% out of 912 voters voted in favour. The Norfolk Island Chief Minister, Lisle Snell, said that \"the referendum results blow a hole in Canberra's assertion that the reforms introduced before the Australian Parliament that propose abolishing the Legislative Assembly and Norfolk Island Parliament were overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "8 May 2015"}], "question": "When did the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island vote regarding the proposed Australian reforms?", "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "912"}], "question": "How many Norfolk Island residents voted on May 8, 2015?", "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "68%"}], "question": "What percentage of Norfolk Island residents voted in favor of self-governance?", "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Lisle Snell"}], "question": "Who is Norfolk Island's Chief Minister?", "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "overwhelmingly supported by the people of Norfolk Island"}], "question": "According to Lisle Snell, Australian Parliament thought that abolishing Norfolk Island's self-governance would be what?", "id": "5726bb03dd62a815002e8e82"}]}]], [["Richard Hurd percaya bahawa tiruan Burke hampir sempurna dan bahawa ini mengalahkan tujuannya: seorang ironis \"harus berhati-hati dengan keterlaluan yang berterusan untuk membuat penipuan itu bersinar menerusi Imitasi. Sedangkan Vindication ini di mana-mana di enforc'd, bukan sahaja dalam bahasa , dan pada prinsip-prinsip L. Bol., tetapi dengan kesungguhan yang jelas, atau agak nyata, separuh tujuannya dikorbankan kepada yang lain \". Seorang minoriti sarjana telah mengambil kedudukan bahawa, sebenarnya, Burke menulis Vindication secara bersungguh-sungguh, kemudian menolaknya hanya untuk alasan politik. <> Siapa sangka bahawa tiruan Burke terlalu sempurna untuk menjadi penipuan yang berkesan? || Richard Hurd <> Mengapa beberapa sarjana berfikir Burke tidak bermaksud bukunya sebagai satira tetapi kemudian mendakwa ia adalah satira? || sebab-sebab politik <> Mana prinsip-prinsip yang ditiru oleh Burke? || L. Bol.", {"context": "Richard Hurd believed that Burke's imitation was near-perfect and that this defeated his purpose: an ironist \"should take care by a constant exaggeration to make the ridicule shine through the Imitation. Whereas this Vindication is everywhere enforc'd, not only in the language, and on the principles of L. Bol., but with so apparent, or rather so real an earnestness, that half his purpose is sacrificed to the other\". A minority of scholars have taken the position that, in fact, Burke did write the Vindication in earnest, later disowning it only for political reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Hurd"}], "question": "Who thought that Burke's imitation was too perfect to be effective ridicule?", "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "political reasons"}], "question": "Why did a few scholars think Burke hadn't intended his book as a satire yet later claimed it was a satire?", "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "L. Bol."}], "question": "Whose principles did Burke imitate?", "id": "5726a0ccdd62a815002e8b6a"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1778, Burke menyokong pergerakan parlimen yang menyemak sekatan terhadap perdagangan Ireland. Penduduknya, warga kota perdagangan Bristol, bagaimanapun menggesa Burke untuk menentang perdagangan bebas dengan Ireland. Burke menentang demonstrasi mereka dan berkata: \"Jika, dari kelakuan ini, saya akan kehilangan hak mereka pada pilihan raya yang akan datang, ia akan menjadi contoh kepada wakil Inggeris di masa depan, bahawa seorang lelaki sekurang-kurangnya telah berani menentang keinginan pengundi apabila penghakimannya memberi jaminan kepadanya bahawa mereka adalah salah \". <> Negara apakah Burke mencadangkan perdagangan yang menyekat? || Ireland <> Apa bandar Burke mewakili di parlimen? || Bristol <> Bilakah Burke membuat gerakan untuk menyekat perdagangan Ireland? || Mei 1778 <> Apa industri Bristol yang paling penting? || perdagangan", {"context": "In May 1778, Burke supported a parliamentary motion revising restrictions on Irish trade. His constituents, citizens of the great trading city of Bristol, however urged Burke to oppose free trade with Ireland. Burke resisted their protestations and said: \"If, from this conduct, I shall forfeit their suffrages at an ensuing election, it will stand on record an example to future representatives of the Commons of England, that one man at least had dared to resist the desires of his constituents when his judgment assured him they were wrong\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Ireland"}], "question": "What country did Burke propose restricting trade with?", "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Bristol"}], "question": "What city did Burke represent in parliament?", "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1778"}], "question": "When did Burke make a motion to restrict Irish trade?", "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "trading"}], "question": "What was Bristol's most important industry?", "id": "5726a3d15951b619008f78b0"}]}], ["Sepanjang tahun selepas kontrak itu, dengan Dodsley, Burke mengasaskan Daftar Tahunan yang berpengaruh, penerbitan di mana pelbagai penulis menilai peristiwa politik antarabangsa pada tahun sebelumnya. Sejauh mana Burke menyumbangkan Daftar Tahunan tidak jelas: dalam biografi Burke, Robert Murray memetik Daftar sebagai bukti pendapat Burke, namun Philip Magnus dalam biografinya tidak menyebutnya secara langsung sebagai rujukan. Burke kekal sebagai editor utama penerbitan sehingga sekurang-kurangnya 1789 dan tidak ada bukti bahawa penulis lain menyumbang kepadanya sebelum 1766. <> Penerbitan apa yang Burke dijumpai? || Daftar Tahunan <> Senarai Tahunan merangkumi peristiwa antarabangsa jenis apa? || politik <> Burke adalah satu-satunya penulis terkenal untuk Daftar sehingga tahun apa? || 1766 <> Burke adalah ketua editor untuk Daftar sehingga sekurang-kurangnya tahun apa? || 1789 <> Siapa yang menulis biografi Burke? || Philip Magnus", {"context": "During the year following that contract, with Dodsley, Burke founded the influential Annual Register, a publication in which various authors evaluated the international political events of the previous year. The extent to which Burke contributed to the Annual Register is unclear: in his biography of Burke, Robert Murray quotes the Register as evidence of Burke's opinions, yet Philip Magnus in his biography does not cite it directly as a reference. Burke remained the chief editor of the publication until at least 1789 and there is no evidence that any other writer contributed to it before 1766.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Annual Register"}], "question": "What publication did Burke found?", "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "political"}], "question": "The Annual Register covered international events of what type?", "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "1766"}], "question": "Burke was the only known writer for the Register until what year?", "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "1789"}], "question": "Burke was the chief editor for the Register until at least what year?", "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Philip Magnus"}], "question": "Who wrote a biography of Burke?", "id": "5726a1d5708984140094cc67"}]}], ["Burke dilahirkan di Dublin, Ireland. Ibunya Mary n\u00e9e Nagle (tahun 1702 - 1770) adalah seorang Katolik Roman yang berasal dari keluarga de Cork County (dan sepupu Nano Nagle), sedangkan bapanya, peguam cara yang berjaya, Richard (meninggal pada tahun 1761), adalah seorang ahli daripada Gereja Ireland; ia tetap tidak jelas sama ada ini adalah Richard Burke yang sama yang ditukar daripada Katolik. Dinasti Burke berasal dari ksatria Anglo-Norman yang bernama de Burgh (latinised sebagai Burgo) yang tiba di Ireland pada tahun 1185 selepas Henry II dari 1171 serangan Ireland di England. <> Di manakah Burke dilahirkan? || Dublin, Ireland <> Apakah nama wanita ibu Burke itu? || Nagle <> Bilakah ibu Burke mati? || 1770 <> Bilakah ayah Burke mati? || 1761 <> Bilakah nenek moyang Burke tiba di Ireland? || 1185", {"context": "Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. His mother Mary n\u00e9e Nagle (c. 1702 \u2013 1770) was a Roman Catholic who hailed from a d\u00e9class\u00e9 County Cork family (and a cousin of Nano Nagle), whereas his father, a successful solicitor, Richard (died 1761), was a member of the Church of Ireland; it remains unclear whether this is the same Richard Burke who converted from Catholicism. The Burke dynasty descends from an Anglo-Norman knight surnamed de Burgh (latinised as de Burgo) who arrived in Ireland in 1185 following Henry II of England's 1171 invasion of Ireland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Dublin, Ireland"}], "question": "Where was Burke born?", "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Nagle"}], "question": "What was Burke's mother's maiden name?", "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1770"}], "question": "When did Burke's mother die?", "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "1761"}], "question": "When did Burke's father die?", "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "1185"}], "question": "When did Burke's ancestors arrive in Ireland?", "id": "572699c4dd62a815002e8ab6"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, Burke diperkenalkan kepada William Gerard Hamilton (dikenali sebagai \"Single-speech Hamilton\"). Ketika Hamilton dilantik sebagai Ketua Setiausaha untuk Ireland, Burke menemaninya ke Dublin sebagai setiausaha pribadinya, kedudukannya yang selama tiga tahun. Pada tahun 1765, Burke menjadi setiausaha swasta kepada negarawan Whig liberal, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, kemudian Perdana Menteri Great Britain, yang kekal sebagai teman rapat Burke dan sekutu sehingga kematiannya pada tahun 1782. Rockingham juga memperkenalkan Burke sebagai Freemason. <> Apakah nama samaran William Gerard Hamilton? || Single-speech Hamilton <> Siapa sekretaris peribadi William Gerard Hamilton? || Burke <> Bilakah Burke menjadi setiausaha swasta Perdana Menteri? || 1765 <> Yang mengundang Burke untuk menyertai Freemason? || Charles, Marquess of Rockingham <> Apa parti politik Charles, Marquess of Rockingham? || Whig", {"context": "At about this same time, Burke was introduced to William Gerard Hamilton (known as \"Single-speech Hamilton\"). When Hamilton was appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, Burke accompanied him to Dublin as his private secretary, a position he held for three years. In 1765 Burke became private secretary to the liberal Whig statesman, Charles, Marquess of Rockingham, then Prime Minister of Great Britain, who remained Burke's close friend and associate until his untimely death in 1782. Rockingham also introduced Burke as a Freemason.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Single-speech Hamilton"}], "question": "What was William Gerard Hamilton's nickname?", "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Burke"}], "question": "Who was William Gerard Hamilton's private secretary?", "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "1765"}], "question": "When did Burke become the Prime Minister's private secretary?", "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Charles, Marquess of Rockingham"}], "question": "Who invited Burke to join the Freemasons?", "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Whig"}], "question": "What political party was Charles, Marquess of Rockingham in?", "id": "5726a292dd62a815002e8b98"}]}], ["Burke mendakwa bahawa hujah-hujah Bolingbroke terhadap agama yang diturunkan boleh digunakan untuk semua institusi sosial dan sivil juga. Lord Chesterfield dan Uskup Warburton (dan yang lain) pada mulanya menganggap kerja itu benar-benar oleh Bolingbroke dan bukan satira. Semua tinjauan kerja itu positif, dengan pengkritik yang sangat menghargai penulisan kualiti Burke. Beberapa pengulas tidak dapat melihat sifat ironik buku itu, yang menyebabkan Burke menyatakan dalam kata pengantar ke edisi kedua (1757) bahawa ia adalah satira. <> Biskop mana yang tidak menyedari sifat satirikal buku Burke? || Bishop Warburton <> Tuan mana yang tidak menyedari sifat satirikal buku Burke? || Lord Chesterfield <> Bilakah edisi ke-2 buku Burke diterbitkan? || 1757 <> Di mana Burke menjelaskan bahawa bukunya adalah satira? || dalam pendahuluan kepada edisi kedua", {"context": "Burke claimed that Bolingbroke's arguments against revealed religion could apply to all social and civil institutions as well. Lord Chesterfield and Bishop Warburton (and others) initially thought that the work was genuinely by Bolingbroke rather than a satire. All the reviews of the work were positive, with critics especially appreciative of Burke's quality of writing. Some reviewers failed to notice the ironic nature of the book, which led to Burke stating in the preface to the second edition (1757) that it was a satire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Bishop Warburton"}], "question": "Which bishop didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?", "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Lord Chesterfield"}], "question": "Which lord didn't realize the satirical nature of Burke's book?", "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "1757"}], "question": "When was the 2nd edition of Burke's book published?", "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "in the preface to the second edition"}], "question": "Where did Burke make it clear that his book was a satire?", "id": "57269fcddd62a815002e8b51"}]}], ["Pada 25 Februari 1757, Burke menandatangani kontrak dengan Robert Dodsley untuk menulis \"sejarah England dari zaman Julius Caesar hingga akhir pemerintahan Queen Anne\", panjangnya lapan puluh empat helai (640 muka surat), hampir 400,000 kata . Ia akan diserahkan untuk penerbitan oleh Krismas 1758. Burke menyelesaikan kerja itu hingga tahun 1216 dan berhenti; ia tidak diterbitkan sehingga selepas kematian Burke, dimasukkan ke dalam koleksi karya 1812, bertajuk An Essay Menuju Peningkatan Sejarah Inggeris. G. M. Young tidak menghargai sejarah Burke dan mendakwa bahawa ia \"ditunjukkan sebagai terjemahan dari bahasa Perancis\". Lord Acton, ketika mengulas kisah yang Burke menghentikan sejarahnya kerana David Hume menerbitkannya, berkata \"pernah disesali bahawa sebaliknya tidak berlaku\". <> Bilakah Burke menandatangani kontrak untuk sejarah England? || 25 Februari 1757 <> Berapa banyak perkataan panjang yang pernah dikuasai oleh sejarah Burke di England? || hampir 400,000 <> Berapa lama lamanya sejarah Burke di England yang dikontrak? || 640 halaman <> Bilakah sejarah Burke di England diterbitkan? || 1812 <> Yang sejarah penulis England diterbitkan sebelum Burke mungkin telah menghalang Burke daripada meneruskannya? || David Hume", {"context": "On 25 February 1757, Burke signed a contract with Robert Dodsley to write a \"history of England from the time of Julius Caesar to the end of the reign of Queen Anne\", its length being eighty quarto sheets (640 pages), nearly 400,000 words. It was to be submitted for publication by Christmas 1758. Burke completed the work to the year 1216 and stopped; it was not published until after Burke's death, being included in an 1812 collection of his works, entitled An Essay Towards an Abridgement of the English History. G. M. Young did not value Burke's history and claimed that it was \"demonstrably a translation from the French\". Lord Acton, on commenting on the story that Burke stopped his history because David Hume published his, said \"it is ever to be regretted that the reverse did not occur\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "25 February 1757"}], "question": "When did Burke sign a contract for a history of England?", "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "nearly 400,000"}], "question": "How many words long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?", "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "640 pages"}], "question": "How many pages long was Burke's history of England contracted to be?", "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "1812"}], "question": "When was Burke's history of England published?", "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "David Hume"}], "question": "Which author's history of England being published before Burke's might have dissuaded Burke from continuing his?", "id": "5726a1575951b619008f7847"}]}], ["Burke mengambil peranan penting dalam perdebatan mengenai batas perlembagaan kepada pihak berkuasa eksekutif raja. Beliau berhujah dengan kuat terhadap kuasa diraja yang tidak terkawal dan untuk peranan parti politik dalam mengekalkan pembangkang berprinsip yang mampu mencegah pelanggaran, sama ada oleh raja, atau oleh puak tertentu dalam kerajaan. Penerbitannya yang paling penting dalam hal ini ialah Pikiran-Nya tentang Punca Penderitaan Sekarang pada 23 April 1770. Burke mengenal pasti \"rasa tidak puas\" sebagai berpunca dari \"pengaruh rahasia\" kumpulan neo-Tory yang dilabelkan sebagai, \"teman raja \", yang sistemnya\" memahami pentadbiran luaran dan dalaman, sering dipanggil, dalam bahasa teknikal Mahkamah, Kabinet Double \". Britain memerlukan sebuah parti dengan \"kepatuhan terhadap prinsip, dan keterikatan terhadap hubungan, terhadap setiap persoalan kepentingan\". Bahagian parti \"sama ada beroperasi untuk kebaikan atau kejahatan, adalah perkara-perkara yang tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada kerajaan bebas\". <> Siapa yang Burke mahu had perlembagaan atas kuasa? || raja <> Apa jenis institusi yang difikirkan Burke dapat menawarkan pembangkang terhadap penyalahgunaan kuasa? || parti politik <> jenis kumpulan apa yang \"kawan raja\"? || neo-Tory <> Apakah penerbitan Burke yang paling penting tentang menghadkan kuasa diraja? || Pikiran tentang Punca Penderitaan Kini pada 23 April 1770", {"context": "Burke took a leading role in the debate regarding the constitutional limits to the executive authority of the king. He argued strongly against unrestrained royal power and for the role of political parties in maintaining a principled opposition capable of preventing abuses, either by the monarch, or by specific factions within the government. His most important publication in this regard was his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770. Burke identified the \"discontents\" as stemming from the \"secret influence\" of a neo-Tory group he labelled as, the \"king's friends\", whose system \"comprehending the exterior and interior administrations, is commonly called, in the technical language of the Court, Double Cabinet\". Britain needed a party with \"an unshaken adherence to principle, and attachment to connexion, against every allurement of interest\". Party divisions \"whether operating for good or evil, are things inseparable from free government\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the king"}], "question": "Who did Burke want constitutional limits on the power of?", "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "political parties"}], "question": "What type of institution did Burke think could offer opposition to abuses of power?", "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "neo-Tory"}], "question": "What type of group were the \"king's friends\"?", "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents of 23 April 1770"}], "question": "What was Burke's most important publication about limiting royal power?", "id": "5726a354f1498d1400e8e5a9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1744, Burke bermula di Trinity College Dublin, sebuah penubuhan Protestan, sehingga sehingga 1793, tidak membenarkan orang Katolik mengambil darjah. Pada 1747, beliau menubuhkan sebuah masyarakat yang membahaskan, \"Edmund Burke's Club\", yang, pada tahun 1770, bergabung dengan TCD's Historical Club untuk membentuk Persatuan Sejarah Kolej; ia adalah masyarakat tertua di dunia. Beberapa minit mesyuarat Burke's Club kekal dalam koleksi Pertubuhan Sejarah. Burke lulus dari Trinity pada tahun 1748. Bapa Burke mahu dia membaca Undang-undang, dan dengan ini ia mengira dia pergi ke London pada tahun 1750, di mana dia memasuki Kuil Tengah, sebelum tidak lama lagi menyerah belajar undang-undang untuk perjalanan di Benua Eropah. Selepas menamatkan Undang-Undang, dia meneruskan kehidupan melalui tulisan. <> Bilakah Burke mula menghadiri Trinity College Dublin? || 1744 <> Jenis orang apakah Trinity College Dublin tidak membenarkan untuk memperoleh gelar di sana? || Katolik <> Bilakah Edmund Burke memulakan kelab debat? || 1747 <> Kelab apa kelab debat Edmund Burke bergabung pada tahun 1770? || Kelab Bersejarah TCD <> Bilakah lulusan Edmund Burke? || 1748", {"context": "In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, \"Edmund Burke's Club\", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1744"}], "question": "When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?", "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?", "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "1747"}], "question": "When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?", "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "TCD's Historical Club"}], "question": "What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?", "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "1748"}], "question": "When did Edmund Burke graduate?", "id": "57269f33dd62a815002e8b3e"}]}], ["Burke bukan sekadar menyampaikan perjanjian damai kepada Parlimen; Sebaliknya, dia melangkah ke hadapan dengan empat alasan untuk tidak menggunakan kekuatan, dengan berhati-hati. Dia meletakkan bantahannya secara teratur, memfokus pada satu sebelum bergerak ke depan. Keprihatinannya yang pertama ialah penggunaan kekerasan perlu sementara, dan pemberontakan dan bantahan terhadap pentadbiran British di Amerika tidak akan menjadi. Kedua, Burke bimbang tentang ketidakpastian sekiranya Britain akan memenangi konflik di Amerika. \"Sebuah persenjataan\", kata Burke, \"bukan kemenangan\". Ketiga, Burke membangkitkan masalah kejejaan; ia akan melakukan Kerajaan British tidak baik untuk terlibat dalam perang bumi hangus dan mempunyai objek yang mereka inginkan (Amerika) menjadi rosak atau tidak berguna. Penjajah-penjajah Amerika boleh selalu berundur ke gunung, tetapi tanah yang mereka tinggalkan kemungkinan besar tidak boleh digunakan, sama ada secara tidak sengaja atau reka bentuk. Sebab keempat dan terakhir untuk mengelakkan penggunaan kekerasan adalah pengalaman; British tidak pernah cuba untuk mengurungkan koloni yang sukar dikawal, dan mereka tidak tahu sama ada ia boleh dilakukan, apalagi berjaya beribu-ribu batu dari rumah. Bukan sahaja semua kebimbangan ini munasabah, tetapi sesetengahnya menjadi nubuatan - penjajah-penjajah Amerika tidak menyerah, walaupun keadaan kelihatan sangat suram, dan British akhirnya tidak berjaya dalam percubaan mereka untuk memenangi perang yang berperang di tanah Amerika. <> Di mana Burke bimbang Britain mungkin tidak memenangi perang? || Amerika <> Berapa banyak sebab terhadap keganasan yang dilakukan oleh Burke? || empat <> Seberapa jauh konflik berpotensi Burke berhujah? || beribu-ribu mil <> Kawasan apa yang boleh berundur ke kolonis Amerika? || gunung-gunung", {"context": "Burke was not merely presenting a peace agreement to Parliament; rather, he stepped forward with four reasons against using force, carefully reasoned. He laid out his objections in an orderly manner, focusing on one before moving to the next. His first concern was that the use of force would have to be temporary, and that the uprisings and objections to British governance in America would not be. Second, Burke worried about the uncertainty surrounding whether Britain would win a conflict in America. \"An armament\", Burke said, \"is not a victory\". Third, Burke brought up the issue of impairment; it would do the British Government no good to engage in a scorched earth war and have the object they desired (America) become damaged or even useless. The American colonists could always retreat into the mountains, but the land they left behind would most likely be unusable, whether by accident or design. The fourth and final reason to avoid the use of force was experience; the British had never attempted to rein in an unruly colony by force, and they did not know if it could be done, let alone accomplished thousands of miles away from home. Not only were all of these concerns reasonable, but some turned out to be prophetic \u2013 the American colonists did not surrender, even when things looked extremely bleak, and the British were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts to win a war fought on American soil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "America"}], "question": "Where was Burke worried Britain might not win a war?", "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many reasons against violence did Burke present?", "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1115, "text": "thousands of miles"}], "question": "How far away was the potential conflict Burke argued against?", "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "the mountains"}], "question": "What area could the American colonists retreat to?", "id": "5726a499f1498d1400e8e5cf"}]}], ["Akta Amalan Paymaster 1782 mengakhiri jawatan itu sebagai satu jaminan yang lumayan. Sebelum ini, Paymasters dapat menarik wang dari Perbendaharaan HM mengikut budi bicara mereka. Sekarang mereka dikehendaki meletakkan wang yang mereka minta untuk menarik balik dari Perbendaharaan ke Bank of England, dari mana ia akan ditarik balik untuk tujuan tertentu. Perbendaharaan akan menerima penyata bulanan baki Paymaster di Bank. Perbuatan ini telah dimansuhkan oleh pentadbiran Shelburne, tetapi perbuatan yang menggantikannya mengulangi kata-kata hampir keseluruhan teks Akta Burke. <> Di manakah Paymasters dapat mendapatkan wang dari terus sehingga 1782? || HM Treasury <> Selepas 1782, di manakah wang dari permintaan pengeluaran Paymasters? || Bank of England <> Yang pentadbiran memansuhkan Akta Paymaster General? || Shelburne <> Bilakah Akta Paymaster General passed? || 1782", {"context": "The Paymaster General Act 1782 ended the post as a lucrative sinecure. Previously, Paymasters had been able to draw on money from HM Treasury at their discretion. Now they were required to put the money they had requested to withdraw from the Treasury into the Bank of England, from where it was to be withdrawn for specific purposes. The Treasury would receive monthly statements of the Paymaster's balance at the Bank. This act was repealed by Shelburne's administration, but the act that replaced it repeated verbatim almost the whole text of the Burke Act.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "HM Treasury"}], "question": "Where had Paymasters been able to get money from directly until 1782?", "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "the Bank of England"}], "question": "After 1782, where would money from Paymasters' withdrawal requests go?", "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Shelburne"}], "question": "Whose administration repealed the Paymaster General Act?", "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "1782"}], "question": "When was the Paymaster General Act passed?", "id": "5726a714dd62a815002e8c15"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1790, Burke membaca khotbah Dr. Richard Price pada 4 November 1789 bertajuk, Wacana mengenai Cinta Negara kita, kepada Persatuan Revolusi. Masyarakat itu telah diasaskan untuk memperingati Revolusi Glorious tahun 1688. Dalam khotbah Harga ini, mendorong falsafah universal \"Hak-hak Lelaki\". Harga berpendapat bahawa cinta negara kita \"tidak menyiratkan apa-apa keyakinan nilai unggulnya kepada negara-negara lain, atau mana-mana keutamaan undang-undang dan perlembagaan kerajaan\". Sebaliknya, Harga menegaskan bahawa orang Inggeris harus melihat diri mereka \"lebih sebagai warganegara di dunia daripada sebagai anggota mana-mana komuniti tertentu\". <> Bilakah Richard Price memberikan khotbah kepada Persatuan Revolusi? || 4 November 1789 <> Apa yang diperingati oleh Revolusi Masyarakat? || Revolusi Glorious 1688 <> Siapa yang berfikir harga harus melihat diri mereka sebagai warganegara di dunia? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Apakah falsafah melakukan sokongan Harga? || hak asasi manusia sejagat", {"context": "In January 1790, Burke read Dr. Richard Price's sermon of 4 November 1789 entitled, A Discourse on the Love of our Country, to the Revolution Society. That society had been founded to commemorate the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In this sermon Price espoused the philosophy of universal \"Rights of Men\". Price argued that love of our country \"does not imply any conviction of the superior value of it to other countries, or any particular preference of its laws and constitution of government\". Instead, Price asserted that Englishmen should see themselves \"more as citizens of the world than as members of any particular community\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "4 November 1789"}], "question": "When did Richard Price give a sermon to the Revolution Society?", "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "the Glorious Revolution of 1688"}], "question": "What was the Revolution Society commemorating?", "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "Englishmen"}], "question": "Who did Price think should see themselves as citizens of the world?", "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "universal \"Rights of Men\""}], "question": "What philosophy did Price support?", "id": "5726ab16f1498d1400e8e68f"}]}], ["Burke mengemukakan bahawa \"Kami takut kepada Tuhan, kami memandang dengan kagum kepada raja-raja, dengan kasih sayang kepada parlimen, dengan tugas kepada majistret, dengan penghormatan kepada para imam, dan sehubungan dengan kaum bangsawan Mengapa sebab gagasan itu dibawa ke hadapan kita, ia semulajadi menjadi sangat terjejas \". Burke membela prasangka ini dengan alasan bahawa ia adalah \"bank umum dan modal negara-negara, dan umur\" dan lebih tinggi daripada sebab individu, yang kecil berbanding. \"Prejudis\", Burke mendakwa, \"adalah aplikasi yang siap dalam keadaan kecemasan; ia sebelum ini melibatkan minda dalam kebijaksanaan dan kebajikan yang mantap, dan tidak meninggalkan lelaki itu teragak-agak ketika keputusan, ragu, bingung, dan tidak dapat diselesaikan. Prasangka menjadikan kebiasaan lelaki itu kebiasaannya \". Burke mengkritik teori kontrak sosial dengan mendakwa bahawa sesungguhnya masyarakat itu adalah kontrak, tetapi \"perkongsian bukan hanya antara mereka yang hidup, tetapi antara mereka yang hidup, mereka yang mati, dan mereka yang akan dilahirkan\". <> Siapa yang Burke berkata kita melihat dengan kagum? || raja-raja <> Siapa yang Burke mengatakan kita melihat dengan kasih sayang? || parlimen <> Siapa yang Burke berkata kita melihat dengan penuh hormat? || imam <> Bagaimana Burke mengatakan kita melihat ke arah bangsawan? || dengan hormat <> Bagaimana Burke mengatakan kita melihat ke majistret? || bertugas", {"context": "Burke put forward that \"We fear God, we look up with awe to kings; with affection to parliaments; with duty to magistrates; with reverence to priests; and with respect to nobility. Why? Because when such ideas are brought before our minds, it is natural to be so affected\". Burke defended this prejudice on the grounds that it is \"the general bank and capital of nations, and of ages\" and superior to individual reason, which is small in comparison. \"Prejudice\", Burke claimed, \"is of ready application in the emergency; it previously engages the mind in a steady course of wisdom and virtue, and does not leave the man hesitating in the moment of decision, skeptical, puzzled, and unresolved. Prejudice renders a man's virtue his habit\". Burke criticised social contract theory by claiming that society is indeed, a contract, but \"a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "kings"}], "question": "Who did Burke say we look up to with awe?", "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "parliaments"}], "question": "Who did Burke say we look to with affection?", "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "priests"}], "question": "Who did Burke say we look to with reverence?", "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "with respect"}], "question": "How did Burke say we look towards nobility?", "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "duty"}], "question": "How did Burke say we look towards magistrates?", "id": "5726abf2708984140094cd71"}]}], ["Pada 4 April 1786, Burke mempersembahkan Commons dengan Perkara Penangkuan Jenayah Tinggi dan Kesalahan terhadap Hastings. Pengusiran di Westminster Hall, yang tidak bermula sehingga 14 Februari 1788, akan menjadi \"acara diskursif umum utama yang pertama di dunia\", membawa moralitas dan kewajipan imperialisme ke hadapan dalam persepsi masyarakat. Burke sudah terkenal dengan kemahiran retorik fasihnya dan penglibatannya dalam perbicaraan hanya meningkatkan populariti dan kepentingannya. Tuduhan Burke, yang dipicu oleh kemarahan emosi, menjenamakan Hastings sebagai 'ketua umum dari kejahatan'; yang tidak pernah makan tanpa 'membuat kelaparan'; yang hatinya 'digeramkan ke inti', dan siapa yang menyerupai 'labah-labah neraka' dan 'burung hantu yang hancur memakan bangkai orang mati'. Dewan Rakyat akhirnya menafikan Hastings, tetapi kemudiannya, Dewan Pertuanan melepaskannya dari semua tuduhan. <> Bilakah Burke membebankan Hastings untuk impeachment? || 4 April 1786 <> Apakah impak yang dipanggil secara formal? || Perkara Penangkuan Jenayah Tinggi dan Ketidaksetaraan <> Rumah manakah yang membebaskan Hastings? || House of Lords <> Rumah manakah yang dicemari Hastings? || House of Commons <> Seperti apa makhluk yang Burke katakan Hastings adalah 'memakan mati'? || burung hantu yang dahsyat", {"context": "On 4 April 1786, Burke presented the Commons with the Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors against Hastings. The impeachment in Westminster Hall, which did not begin until 14 February 1788, would be the \"first major public discursive event of its kind in England\", bringing the morality and duty of imperialism to the forefront of public perception. Burke already was known for his eloquent rhetorical skills and his involvement in the trial only enhanced its popularity and significance. Burke's indictment, fuelled by emotional indignation, branded Hastings a 'captain-general of iniquity'; who never dined without 'creating a famine'; whose heart was 'gangrened to the core', and who resembled both a 'spider of Hell' and a 'ravenous vulture devouring the carcasses of the dead'. The House of Commons eventually impeached Hastings, but subsequently, the House of Lords acquitted him of all charges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "4 April 1786"}], "question": "When did Burke charge Hastings for impeachment?", "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors"}], "question": "What was the impeachment formally called?", "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "House of Lords"}], "question": "Which house acquitted Hastings?", "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "House of Commons"}], "question": "Which house impeached Hastings?", "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7958"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "ravenous vulture"}], "question": "Like what creature did Burke say Hastings was 'devouring the dead'?", "id": "5726a8d25951b619008f7959"}]}], ["Burke adalah skeptis terkemuka berhubung dengan demokrasi. Walaupun mengakui bahawa secara teorinya, dalam beberapa kes ia mungkin wajar, dia menegaskan bahawa kerajaan demokratik di Britain pada zamannya bukan sahaja tidak cekap, tetapi juga penindasan. Dia menentang demokrasi kerana tiga alasan asas. Pertama, kerajaan memerlukan tahap kecerdasan dan luas pengetahuan tentang jenis yang jarang terjadi di kalangan rakyat biasa. Kedua, dia berfikir bahawa jika mereka mengundi, orang biasa mempunyai hawa nafsu berbahaya dan marah yang dapat dibangkitkan dengan mudah oleh demagog; dia takut bahawa impuls autoritarian yang dapat diberi kuasa oleh hawa nafsu ini akan melemahkan tradisi yang dihormati dan agama yang ditegakkan, yang menyebabkan keganasan dan perampasan harta benda. Ketiga, Burke memberi amaran bahawa demokrasi akan mewujudkan kezaliman atas minoriti yang tidak popular, yang memerlukan perlindungan kelas atas. <> Jenis kerajaan apa yang Burke fikir akan menjadi tidak cekap? || demokratik <> Berapa banyak alasan yang Burke menentang demokrasi? || Tiga <> Apa yang Burke fikir boleh membangkitkan nafsu berbahaya rakyat biasa? || demagogues <> Apa jenis impuls yang Burke fikir dapat memperoleh kuasa melalui nafsu orang biasa? || autoritarian <> Siapa yang Burke fikir dilindungi minoriti tidak popular? || kelas atas", {"context": "Burke was a leading sceptic with respect to democracy. While admitting that theoretically, in some cases it might be desirable, he insisted a democratic government in Britain in his day would not only be inept, but also oppressive. He opposed democracy for three basic reasons. First, government required a degree of intelligence and breadth of knowledge of the sort that occurred rarely among the common people. Second, he thought that if they had the vote, common people had dangerous and angry passions that could be aroused easily by demagogues; he feared that the authoritarian impulses that could be empowered by these passions would undermine cherished traditions and established religion, leading to violence and confiscation of property. Third, Burke warned that democracy would create a tyranny over unpopular minorities, who needed the protection of the upper classes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "democratic"}], "question": "What type of government did Burke think would be inept?", "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "three"}], "question": "For how many reasons did Burke oppose democracy?", "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "demagogues"}], "question": "What did Burke think could arouse common people's dangerous passions?", "id": "5726a7965951b619008f793f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "authoritarian"}], "question": "What type of impulses did Burke think could gain power through commoners' passions?", "id": "5726a7965951b619008f7940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "the upper classes"}], "question": "Who did Burke think protected unpopular minorities?", "id": "5726a7965951b619008f7941"}]}], ["Antara sebab-sebab ucapan ini sangat dikagumi adalah laluannya kepada Tuan Bathurst (1684-1775); Burke menggambarkan seorang malaikat pada tahun 1704 bernubuat kepada Bathurst kehebatan masa depan England dan juga Amerika: \"Lelaki muda, Ada Amerika - yang pada hari ini berfungsi lebih daripada untuk menghibur anda dengan cerita orang-orang yang ganas, dan sopan santun, namun harus , sebelum anda merasakan kematian, menunjukkan dirinya sama dengan keseluruhan perdagangan yang kini menarik iri hati dunia \". Samuel Johnson begitu marah mendengarnya terus dipuji, bahawa dia membuat parodi itu, di mana syaitan itu muncul kepada Whig muda dan meramalkan bahawa dalam masa yang singkat, Whiggism akan meracuni walaupun syurga Amerika! <> Bilakah Tuhan Bathurst mati? || 1775 <> Bilakah seorang malaikat konon bercakap dengan Bathurst? || 1704 <> Apakah kedudukan politik apakah yang dikatakan Samuel Johnson akan racun Amerika? || Whiggism <> Kapan Tuhan Bathurst lahir? || 1684 <> Dalam tulisan Samuel Johnson, yang kelihatan kepada Whig? || syaitan", {"context": "Among the reasons this speech was so greatly admired was its passage on Lord Bathurst (1684\u20131775); Burke describes an angel in 1704 prophesying to Bathurst the future greatness of England and also of America: \"Young man, There is America \u2013 which at this day serves little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men, and uncouth manners; yet shall, before you taste of death, shew itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world\". Samuel Johnson was so irritated at hearing it continually praised, that he made a parody of it, where the devil appears to a young Whig and predicts that in short time, Whiggism will poison even the paradise of America!", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "1775"}], "question": "When did Lord Bathurst die?", "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "1704"}], "question": "When did an angel supposedly speak to Bathurst?", "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Whiggism"}], "question": "What political position did Samuel Johnson say would soon poison America?", "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1684"}], "question": "When was Lord Bathurst born?", "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "the devil"}], "question": "In Samuel Johnson's writing, who appeared to a Whig?", "id": "5726a5975951b619008f78eb"}]}], ["Sejurus selepas membaca khotbah Harga, Burke menulis draf apa yang akhirnya menjadi, Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis. Pada 13 Februari 1790, notis dalam akhbar itu berkata tidak lama kemudian, Burke akan menerbitkan sebuah risalah mengenai Revolusi dan penyokongnya di Britain, namun beliau telah menghabiskan masa untuk merevisi dan memperluaskannya. Pada 1 November dia akhirnya menerbitkan Refleksi dan ia merupakan penjual terbaik segera. Diperkirakan pada lima syiling, ia lebih mahal daripada kebanyakan risalah politik, tetapi pada akhir tahun 1790, ia telah melalui sepuluh cetakan dan dijual sekitar 17.500 salinan. Terjemahan Perancis muncul pada 29 November dan pada 30 November penterjemah, Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont, menulis kepada Burke mengatakan 2,500 salinan telah dijual. Terjemahan Perancis berlari ke sepuluh pencetakan pada bulan Jun 1791. <> Antara tulisan Burke yang diinspirasikan oleh khotbah Harga? || Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis <> Bilakah Burke mempublikasikan Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis? || 1790 <> Berapa banyak salinan yang dibuat oleh Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis dalam 2 bulan? || 17,500 <> Siapa yang menerjemahkan 'Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis' ke Perancis? || Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont <> Bilakah percetakan sepuluh terjemahan Perancis 'Refleksi Revolusi di Perancis'? || Jun 1791", {"context": "Immediately after reading Price's sermon, Burke wrote a draft of what eventually became, Reflections on the Revolution in France. On 13 February 1790, a notice in the press said that shortly, Burke would publish a pamphlet on the Revolution and its British supporters, however he spent the year revising and expanding it. On 1 November he finally published the Reflections and it was an immediate best-seller. Priced at five shillings, it was more expensive than most political pamphlets, but by the end of 1790, it had gone through ten printings and sold approximately 17,500 copies. A French translation appeared on 29 November and on 30 November the translator, Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont, wrote to Burke saying 2,500 copies had already been sold. The French translation ran to ten printings by June 1791.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Reflections on the Revolution in France"}], "question": "Which of Burke's writings was inspired by Price's sermon?", "id": "5726aba15951b619008f798f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1790"}], "question": "When did Burke publish his Reflections on the Revolution in France?", "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "17,500"}], "question": "How many copies did Reflections on the Revolution in France sell in 2 months?", "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "Pierre-Ga\u00ebton Dupont"}], "question": "Who translated 'Reflections on the Revolution in France' into French?", "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7992"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "June 1791"}], "question": "When was the tenth printing of the French translation of 'Reflections on the Revolution in France'?", "id": "5726aba15951b619008f7993"}]}], ["Pentadbiran Lord North (1770-1782) cuba mengalahkan pemberontakan penjajah oleh pasukan tentera. Tentera British dan Amerika bertempur pada tahun 1775 dan, pada 1776, datanglah Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika. Burke terkejut dengan perayaan di Britain mengenai kekalahan orang Amerika di New York dan Pennsylvania. Dia mendakwa watak kebangsaan Inggeris diubah oleh autoritarianisme ini. Burke menulis: \"Mengenai orang-orang yang baik di England, mereka seolah-olah mengambil bahagian lebih banyak daripada Karakter pentadbiran yang mereka telah diarahkan untuk bertolak ansur. Saya berpuas hati, dalam masa beberapa tahun, terdapat Perubahan yang besar dalam Watak Negara Kita tidak lagi kelihatan seperti orang yang bersemangat, ingin tahu, cemburu, berapi-api, yang telah kita dahulunya \". <> Bilakah Lord North mengambil jawatan? || 1770 <> Bilakah Raja North meninggalkan pejabat? || 1782 <> Yang mana kemenangan terhadap orang Amerika telah meraikan British? || New York and Pennsylvania <> Bagaimana perasaan Burke tentang kemenangan meraikan British terhadap rakyat Amerika? || Terkejut <> Bilakah Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika dikeluarkan? || 1776", {"context": "The administration of Lord North (1770\u20131782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: \"As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1770"}], "question": "When did Lord North take office?", "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "1782"}], "question": "When did Lord North leave office?", "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "New York and Pennsylvania"}], "question": "Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?", "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "appalled"}], "question": "How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?", "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "1776"}], "question": "When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?", "id": "5726a652f1498d1400e8e61c"}]}], ["Pada mulanya, Burke tidak mengutuk Revolusi Perancis. Dalam surat 9 Ogos 1789, Burke menulis: \"England melihat dengan ketakutan pada perjuangan Perancis untuk Liberty dan tidak tahu sama ada untuk menyalahkan atau bertepuk tangan! Sesungguhnya perkara itu, walaupun saya fikir saya melihat sesuatu seperti yang sedang berlangsung selama beberapa tahun, masih ada sesuatu di dalamnya yang paradoks dan Misterius. Semangat yang mustahil untuk tidak mengagumi, tetapi keganasan Paris lama telah pecah dengan cara yang mengejutkan \". Peristiwa 5-6 Oktober 1789, apabila ramai wanita Paris berarak ke Versailles untuk memaksa Raja Louis XVI untuk kembali ke Paris, menjadikan Burke menentangnya. Dalam surat kepada anaknya, Richard Burke, bertarikh 10 Oktober dia berkata: \"Pada hari ini saya mendengar dari Laurence yang telah menghantar surat saya mengesahkan keadaan Perancis yang mengagumkan-di mana Elements yang membentuk Masyarakat Manusia sepertinya akan dibubarkan, dan dunia Monsters yang akan dihasilkan di tempatnya-di mana Mirabeau mengetuai sebagai Anarch Besar dan Grand Monarch lewat membuat angka sebagai tidak masuk akal sebagai mengasyikkan \". Pada 4 November Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont menulis kepada Burke, meminta beliau mengesahkan Revolusi. Burke menjawab bahawa apa-apa bahasa kritikal daripadanya harus diambil sebagai \"tidak lebih dari ekspresi keraguan\" tetapi dia menambah: \"Anda mungkin telah merosakkan Monarki, tetapi tidak memperoleh kebebasan\". Pada bulan yang sama dia menyifatkan Perancis sebagai \"negara yang dibatalkan\". Pengecaman awam pertama Burke tentang Revolusi berlaku pada perdebatan di Parlimen mengenai anggaran tentera pada 9 Februari 1790, yang diprovokasi oleh pujian Revolusi oleh Pitt dan Fox: <> Siapa wanita Paris ingin kembali ke Paris? || Raja Louis XVI <> Apa nama anak Burke? || Richard Burke <> Siapa yang meminta agar Burke menyokong Revolusi Perancis? || Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont <> Bilakah Burke pertama mengutuk Revolusi Perancis secara terbuka? || 9 Februari 1790", {"context": "Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: \"England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner\". The events of 5\u20136 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: \"This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France\u2014where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it\u2014where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable\". On 4 November Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken \"as no more than the expression of doubt\" but he added: \"You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom\". In the same month he described France as \"a country undone\". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "King Louis XVI"}], "question": "Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?", "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Richard Burke"}], "question": "What was Burke's son's name?", "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "Charles-Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Depont"}], "question": "Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?", "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1497, "text": "9 February 1790"}], "question": "When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?", "id": "5726a993dd62a815002e8c56"}]}], ["Selama bertahun-tahun Burke mengejar usaha pengaduan terhadap Warren Hastings, yang sebelum itu Gubernur Jenderal Bengal, yang mengakibatkan percubaan pada tahun 1786. Interaksinya dengan pemerintahan British di India bermula dengan baik sebelum percobaan impeachment Hastings. Selama dua dekad sebelum pemecatan itu, Parlimen telah menangani isu India. Percubaan ini adalah puncak tahun pergolakan dan perbincangan. Pada tahun 1781 Burke mula-mula dapat menyelidiki isu-isu sekitar Syarikat India Timur apabila dia dilantik sebagai Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Pilihan Commons mengenai Hal Ehwal India Timur-dari titik itu sehingga akhir perbicaraan; India adalah kebimbangan utama Burke. Jawatankuasa ini telah dituduh \"untuk menyiasat ketidakadilan yang didakwa di Bengal, perang dengan Hyder Ali, dan kesulitan India yang lain\". Semasa Burke dan jawatankuasa itu memberi perhatian kepada perkara-perkara ini, jawatankuasa 'rahsia' yang kedua telah dibentuk untuk menilai isu-isu yang sama. Kedua-dua laporan jawatankuasa telah ditulis oleh Burke. Antara tujuan lain, laporan itu disampaikan kepada penganut India bahawa Britain tidak akan berperang dengan mereka, sambil menuntut Hullings ingat HIC. Ini adalah panggilan pertama Burke untuk perubahan substantif mengenai amalan imperialis. Apabila mengetepikan seluruh Dewan Rakyat mengenai laporan jawatankuasa, Burke menggambarkan isu India sebagai \"memulakan\" dalam perdagangan 'tetapi' berakhir di empayar. '\"<> Bilakah Warren Hastings dicabar? || 1786 <> Di mana Hastings dahulu gabenor? || Bengal <> Berapa lama sebelum percubaan Hastings telah Britain berhadapan dengan pergolakan India? || dua dekad <> Apa yang menjadi ketua Burke pada tahun 1781? || Jawatankuasa Pilihan Commons mengenai Hal Ehwal India Timur <> Ketika Burke mengatakan masalah India 'mulai dalam perdagangan', di mana dia mengatakan masalah berakhir? || empayar", {"context": "For years Burke pursued impeachment efforts against Warren Hastings, formerly Governor-General of Bengal, that resulted in the trial during 1786. His interaction with the British dominion of India began well before Hastings' impeachment trial. For two decades prior to the impeachment, Parliament had dealt with the Indian issue. This trial was the pinnacle of years of unrest and deliberation. In 1781 Burke was first able to delve into the issues surrounding the East India Company when he was appointed Chairman of the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs\u2014from that point until the end of the trial; India was Burke's primary concern. This committee was charged \"to investigate alleged injustices in Bengal, the war with Hyder Ali, and other Indian difficulties\". While Burke and the committee focused their attention on these matters, a second 'secret' committee was formed to assess the same issues. Both committee reports were written by Burke. Among other purposes, the reports conveyed to the Indian princes that Britain would not wage war on them, along with demanding that the HEIC recall Hastings. This was Burke's first call for substantive change regarding imperial practices. When addressing the whole House of Commons regarding the committee report, Burke described the Indian issue as one that \"began 'in commerce' but 'ended in empire.'\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "1786"}], "question": "When was Warren Hastings impeached?", "id": "5726a833708984140094cd11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Bengal"}], "question": "Where was Hastings formerly the governor?", "id": "5726a833708984140094cd12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "two decades"}], "question": "How long before Hastings's trial had Britain been dealing with Indian unrest?", "id": "5726a833708984140094cd13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "the Commons Select Committee on East Indian Affairs"}], "question": "What was Burke made chairman of in 1781?", "id": "5726a833708984140094cd14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1356, "text": "empire"}], "question": "When Burke said the Indian problems 'began in commerce', where did he say the problems ended in?", "id": "5726a833708984140094cd15"}]}], ["Burke menyokong perang melawan Perancis revolusioner, melihat Britain sebagai perjuangan di sebelah pihak para diraja dan emigres dalam perang saudara, daripada berperang melawan seluruh negara Perancis. Burke juga menyokong kebangkitan kerajaan diraja di La Vend\u00e9e, yang menggambarkannya pada 4 November 1793 dalam surat kepada William Windham, sebagai \"urusan tunggal saya mempunyai banyak hati\". Burke menulis kepada Henry Dundas pada 7 Oktober mendesaknya untuk menghantar bala bantuan ke sana, ketika ia melihatnya sebagai satu-satunya teater dalam perang yang mungkin membawa kepada perarakan di Paris. Walau bagaimanapun, Dundas tidak mengikuti nasihat Burke. <> Siapa yang Burke menulis pada 4 Nov 1793? || William Windham <> Kebangkitan pemberontakan puak di La Vendee mendapat sokongan Burke? || > <strong> Siapa yang Burke mendesak untuk menghantar bala bantuan ke La Vendee? || Henry Dundas <> Di manakah Burke fikir La Vendee boleh membawa kepada perarakan? || Paris <> Apa sokongan Burke Britain berjuang? || revolusi Perancis", {"context": "Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and \u00e9migres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vend\u00e9e, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as \"the sole affair I have much heart in\". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "William Windham"}], "question": "Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?", "id": "5726b119708984140094cdfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "royalist"}], "question": "Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?", "id": "5726b119708984140094cdfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Henry Dundas"}], "question": "Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?", "id": "5726b119708984140094cdff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?", "id": "5726b119708984140094ce00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "revolutionary France"}], "question": "What did Burke support Britain fighting against?", "id": "5726b119708984140094ce01"}]}], ["Burke percaya bahawa Kerajaan tidak mengambil pemberontakan cukup serius, pandangan yang diperkuat dengan surat yang diterima dari Putera Charles dari Perancis (SAR le comte d'Artois), bertarikh 23 Oktober, meminta agar dia memberi syafaat bagi pihak para diraja untuk kerajaan. Burke terpaksa membalas pada 6 November: \"Saya tidak berada di Perkhidmatan Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia, atau sama sekali berunding dalam Hal Ehwalnya\". Burke menerbitkan kenyataannya mengenai Dasar Sekutu dengan Hormat kepada Perancis, bermula pada bulan Oktober, di mana dia berkata: \"Saya yakin setiap perkara telah menunjukkan kepada kita bahawa dalam perang ini dengan Perancis, seorang Perancis layak dua puluh orang asing. bukti ini \". <> Bilakah Putera Charles menulis kepada Burke? || 23 Oktober <> Berapa ramai penyokong asing yang Burke fikir seorang royalis Perancis bernilai? || dua puluh <> Apa yang Burke melihat sebagai bukti pentingnya royalis Perancis? || La Vend\u00e9e <> Negara mana yang menjadi putera Charles sebahagian daripada keluarga pemerintah? || Perancis <> Dalam tulisan apa Burke memberi komen mengenai kepentingan La Vendee? || Pernyataan mengenai Dasar Sekutu dengan Hormat kepada Perancis", {"context": "Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: \"I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs\". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: \"I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vend\u00e9e is a proof of this\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "23 October"}], "question": "When did Prince Charles write to Burke?", "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "twenty"}], "question": "How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?", "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "La Vend\u00e9e"}], "question": "What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?", "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?", "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France"}], "question": "In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?", "id": "5726b1c0708984140094ce13"}]}], ["Burke tahu bahawa ramai ahli Parti Whig tidak berkongsi pandangan Fox dan dia mahu mencetuskan mereka untuk mengutuk Revolusi Perancis. Burke menulis bahawa dia mahu mewakili parti Whig seluruhnya \"sebagai bertolak ansur, dan dengan toleransi, mengimbangi prosiding itu\" supaya dia dapat \"merangsang mereka untuk pengumuman awam tentang apa yang setiap orang kenalan mereka mengetahui secara pribadi ... mereka sentimen \". Oleh itu, pada 3 Ogos 1791 Burke menerbitkan Rayuannya dari New to the Old Whigs, di mana beliau memperbaharui kritikannya terhadap program revolusioner radikal yang diilhami oleh Revolusi Perancis dan menyerang Whigs yang menyokong mereka, memegang prinsip-prinsip yang bertentangan dengan yang diadakan secara tradisional oleh pihak Whig. <> Apa yang Burke mahu Whigs untuk mengutuk? || Revolusi Perancis <> Apa yang Burke diterbitkan pada 3 Ogos 1791? || Rayuan dari New to the Old Whigs <> Burke menganggap Revolusi Perancis bertentangan dengan prinsipnya? || Parti Whig <> Burke menyerang Whigs yang menyokong apa? || Revolusi Perancis", {"context": "Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party \"as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings\" so that he could \"stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments\". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the French Revolution"}], "question": "What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?", "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs"}], "question": "What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?", "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "the Whig party"}], "question": "Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?", "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "the French Revolution"}], "question": "Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?", "id": "5726b00ef1498d1400e8e75d"}]}], ["Pada ketika ini, Fox berbisik bahawa terdapat \"tiada kehilangan persahabatan\". \"Saya menyesal mengatakan ada\", Burke menjawab, \"Saya memang telah melakukan pengorbanan yang hebat, saya telah melakukan kewajiban saya walaupun saya telah kehilangan kawan saya. Ada sesuatu dalam perlembagaan Perancis yang membenci setiap perkara yang menyentuh\". Ini menimbulkan jawapan dari Fox, tetapi dia tidak dapat memberikan ucapannya sejak beberapa lama kerana dia diatasi dengan air mata dan emosi, dia merayu kepada Burke untuk mengingati persahabatan mereka yang tidak dapat dielakkan, tetapi juga mengulangi kritikannya terhadap Burke dan mengucapkan \"sarcasms yang luar biasa pahit \". Ini hanya memperburuk pecah antara kedua-dua lelaki. Burke mempamerkan pemisahannya dari parti pada 5 Jun 1791 dengan menulis kepada Fitzwilliam, menurunkan wang daripadanya. <> Bilakah Burke meninggalkan parti Whig? || 5 Jun 1791 <> Siapa yang Burke menolak wang dari? || Fitzwilliam <> Apa yang Burke katakan 'envenoms semua yang ia sentuh'? || Perlembagaan Perancis <> Siapa sangka bahawa Fox dan Burke masih boleh berteman? || Fox <> Siapa sangka bahawa persahabatan Fox dan Burke telah hilang? || Burke", {"context": "At this point, Fox whispered that there was \"no loss of friendship\". \"I regret to say there is\", Burke replied, \"I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches\". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered \"unusually bitter sarcasms\". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "5 June 1791"}], "question": "When did Burke leave the Whig party?", "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Fitzwilliam"}], "question": "Who did Burke turn down money from?", "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "French constitution"}], "question": "What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?", "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Fox"}], "question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?", "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e73f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Burke"}], "question": "Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?", "id": "5726af88f1498d1400e8e740"}]}], ["Refleksi Burke mencetuskan risalah risalah. Thomas Paine menulis Hak Hak Manusia pada 1791 sebagai respons kepada Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft menerbitkan A Vindication of Rights of Men dan James Mackintosh menulis Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh adalah yang pertama melihat Refleksi sebagai \"manifesto Revolusi Kaunter\". Mackintosh kemudian bersetuju dengan pandangan Burke, yang menyatakan pada bulan Disember 1796 selepas bertemu dengannya, bahawa Burke adalah \"dengan tepat dan tepat, untuk ketepatan yang indah, sehubungan dengan setiap fakta yang berkaitan dengan Revolusi Perancis\". Mackintosh kemudian berkata: \"Burke adalah salah seorang pemikir pertama dan juga salah satu pemateri yang paling hebat pada zamannya. Ia tidak selari dengan apa jua zaman, kecuali mungkin Lord Bacon dan Cicero, dan karya-karyanya mengandungi kedai politik dan moral yang lebih luas kebijaksanaan daripada boleh didapati di mana-mana penulis lain apa sahaja \". <> Siapa yang menulis 'Hak Manusia'? || Thomas Paine <> Siapa yang menulis 'Pembenaran Hak-hak Lelaki'? || Mary Wollstonecraft <> Siapa kata Refleksi adalah \"manifesto Revolusi Kaunter\"? || James Mackintosh <> Siapa yang Mackintosh membandingkan Burke? || Lord Bacon and Cicero <> Apa jenis kebijaksanaan yang dilakukan oleh Mackintosh? || politik dan moral", {"context": "Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\". Mackintosh later agreed with Burke's views, remarking in December 1796 after meeting him, that Burke was \"minutely and accurately informed, to a wonderful exactness, with respect to every fact relating to the French Revolution\". Mackintosh later said: \"Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Thomas Paine"}], "question": "Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?", "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Mary Wollstonecraft"}], "question": "Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?", "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "James Mackintosh"}], "question": "Who said the Reflections were \"the manifesto of a Counter Revolution\"?", "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "Lord Bacon and Cicero"}], "question": "Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?", "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 776, "text": "political and moral"}], "question": "What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?", "id": "5726adef5951b619008f7a05"}]}], ["Walaupun Whig grandees seperti Portland dan Fitzwilliam persendirian bersetuju dengan Rayuan Burke, mereka berharap dia telah menggunakan bahasa yang lebih sederhana. Fitzwilliam melihat Rayuan itu mengandungi \"doktrin yang telah saya bersumpah sejak lama dan lama\". Francis Basset, jurulatih Whig MP, menulis kepada Burke: \"... walaupun kerana alasan yang saya tidak akan terperinci sekarang, saya tidak menyampaikan sentimen saya, saya paling berbeza daripada Encik Fox & dari Badan pembangkang yang hebat di Revolusi Perancis\". Burke menghantar satu salinan Rayuan kepada raja dan raja meminta seorang kawan untuk berkomunikasi dengan Burke bahawa dia telah membacanya dengan \"Kepuasan yang besar\". Burke menulis tentang penerimaannya: \"Tidak satu perkataan dari salah satu parti kami, mereka diam-diam tersinggung, mereka bersetuju dengan saya untuk tajuk, tetapi mereka tidak berani bercakap kerana takut mencederakan Fox ... Mereka meninggalkan saya kepada diri saya sendiri; mereka melihat bahawa saya boleh melakukan keadilan saya sendiri \". Charles Burney memandangnya sebagai \"buku paling mengagumkan-yang terbaik & paling berguna dalam mata pelajaran politik yang pernah saya lihat\" tetapi percaya perbezaan dalam Parti Whig antara Burke dan Fox tidak seharusnya disiarkan secara terbuka. <> Siapa sangka Burke sepatutnya menulis dalam nada yang lebih sederhana? || Portland dan Fitzwilliam <> Siapa kata dia 'sangat berbeza dengan Encik Fox'? || Francis Basset <> Apakah parti politik Francis Basset? || Whig <> Bagaimana Burke berfikir Whigs diam-diam dirasakan? || galled <> Siapa sangka Burke dan Fox tidak boleh membuat hujah mereka umum? || Charles Burney", {"context": "Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing \"the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since\". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: \"...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution\". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it \"with great Satisfaction\". Burke wrote of its reception: \"Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice\". Charles Burney viewed it as \"a most admirable book\u2014the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen\" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Portland and Fitzwilliam"}], "question": "Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?", "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e77e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Francis Basset"}], "question": "Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?", "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e77f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Whig"}], "question": "What was Francis Basset's political party?", "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "galled"}], "question": "How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?", "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "Charles Burney"}], "question": "Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?", "id": "5726b095f1498d1400e8e782"}]}], ["Petikan yang paling terkenal dalam Reflections Burke adalah keterangannya tentang peristiwa 5-6 Oktober 1789 dan bahagian Marie-Antoinette di dalamnya. Akaun Burke berbeza sedikit daripada sejarawan moden yang telah menggunakan sumber utama. Penggunaan bahasa bunga untuk menerangkannya, bagaimanapun, menimbulkan pujian dan kritikan. Philip Francis menulis kepada Burke mengatakan bahawa apa yang ditulisnya tentang Marie-Antoinette adalah \"foppery tulen\". Edward Gibbon, bagaimanapun, bertindak balas dengan berbeza: \"Saya memuja kejujurannya\". Burke dimaklumkan oleh seorang Inggeris yang telah berbincang dengan Duchesse de Biron, apabila Marie-Antoinette sedang membaca laluan itu, dia menangis dan mengambil masa yang cukup untuk menyelesaikannya. Harga telah bergembira bahawa raja Perancis telah \"dipimpin dalam kemenangan\" pada hari-hari Oktober, tetapi untuk Burke ini melambangkan sentimen revolusi yang melawan Jacobin dan sentimen alami mereka yang berkongsi pandangannya sendiri dengan seram-yang serangan yang tidak disengaja Marie-Antoinette - adalah serangan pengecut terhadap wanita yang tidak berdaya. <> Siapa yang dipaparkan dalam bahagian paling terkenal dalam Refleksi Burke? || Marie-Antoinette <> Siapa kata Burke menulis 'foppery tulen' tentang Marie-Antoinette? || Philip Francis <> Siapa yang memuja kejayaan Burke? || Edward Gibbon <> Bagaimana Marie-Antoinette bertindak balas terhadap tulisan Burke tentang dia? || dia menangis", {"context": "The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5\u20136 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was \"pure foppery\". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: \"I adore his chivalry\". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been \"led in triumph\" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror\u2014that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette\u2014was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Marie-Antoinette"}], "question": "Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?", "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Philip Francis"}], "question": "Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?", "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Edward Gibbon"}], "question": "Who adored Burke's chivalry?", "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "she burst into tears"}], "question": "How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?", "id": "5726ac66dd62a815002e8c99"}]}], ["Louis XVI menerjemahkan Refleksi \"dari hujung ke hujung\" ke dalam bahasa Perancis. Ahli Parlimen Whig Richard Sheridan dan Charles James Fox, tidak bersetuju dengan Burke dan berpisah dengannya. Fox fikir Refleksi itu \"dalam rasa yang sangat buruk\" dan \"mengutamakan prinsip Tory\". Whigs lain seperti Duke of Portland dan Earl Fitzwilliam bersetuju secara persendirian dengan Burke, tetapi tidak mahu melakukan pelanggaran awam dengan rakan-rakan Whig mereka. Burke menulis pada 29 November 1790: \"Saya telah menerima dari Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), dan lama dan lama Stamina lama Whiggs yang paling kelulusan penuh prinsip-prinsip kerja itu dan kelonggaran jenis untuk pelaksanaan \". The Duke of Portland berkata pada tahun 1791 bahawa apabila seseorang mengkritik Refleksi kepadanya, dia memberitahu mereka bahawa dia telah mencadangkan buku itu kepada anak-anaknya sebagai mengandungi kepercayaan Whig yang benar. <> Siapa yang menerjemahkan semula Refleksi ke dalam bahasa Perancis? || Louis XVI <> Yang mana menteri-menteri British tidak setuju dengan Refleksi Burke? || Richard Sheridan dan Charles James Fox <> Apa parti politik Charles James Fox? || Whig <> Apa parti politik Earl Fitzwilliam? || Whigs <> Apa parti politiknya ialah Richard Sheridan? || Whig", {"context": "Louis XVI translated the Reflections \"from end to end\" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be \"in very bad taste\" and \"favouring Tory principles\". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: \"I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution\". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Louis XVI"}], "question": "Who re-translated the Reflections into French?", "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox"}], "question": "Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?", "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Whig"}], "question": "What political party was Charles James Fox?", "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Whigs"}], "question": "What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?", "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Whig"}], "question": "What political party was Richard Sheridan?", "id": "5726ad5d5951b619008f79e9"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 1790, Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, seorang ahli Dewan Negara Perancis, menulis kepada Burke, memuji Refleksi dan meminta lebih banyak \"makanan mental yang sangat menyegarkan\" yang dapat diterbitkannya. Burke ini dilakukan pada bulan April 1791 apabila dia menerbitkan Surat kepada Ahli Dewan Negara. Burke menyeru tentera luar untuk membalikkan revolusi dan menyertakan serangan terhadap ahli falsafah Perancis, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, sebagai subjek kultus keperibadian yang telah dibangunkan di Perancis revolusioner. Walaupun Burke mengakui bahawa Rousseau kadang-kadang menunjukkan \"pandangan yang mendalam tentang sifat manusia\", kebanyakannya adalah kritikal. Walaupun dia tidak bertemu Rousseau semasa lawatannya ke Britain pada tahun 1766-7 Burke adalah kawan David Hume, dengan siapa Rousseau tinggal. Burke berkata Rousseau \"tidak menghayati prinsip sama ada untuk mempengaruhi hatinya, atau untuk membimbing pemahamannya-tapi sia-sia\" -yang mana dia \"dimiliki sedikit derajat kegilaan\". Dia juga memetik Pengakuan Rousseau sebagai bukti bahawa Rousseau mempunyai kehidupan \"maksiat dan kesat yang tidak jelas\" yang tidak \"dikotori, atau dilihat di sana sini, dengan kebaikan, atau bahkan dibezakan oleh satu tindakan yang baik\". Burke membezakan teori Rousseau tentang kebajikan sejagat dan dia telah menghantar anak-anaknya ke sebuah hospital penjarahan: \"seorang kekasih dari jenisnya, tetapi seorang pembenci kaumnya\". <> Siapa yang bertanya Burke untuk lebih \"makanan mental yang sangat menyegarkan\"? || Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville <> Bilakah Burke melepaskan 'Surat kepada Ahli Dewan Negara'? || April 1791 <> Yang falsafah Perancis melakukan serangan Burke? || Jean-Jacques Rousseau <> Bilakah Rousseau melawat Britain? || 1766-7 <> Siapa Rousseau tinggal bersama ketika melawat Britain? || David Hume", {"context": "In November 1790, Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more \"very refreshing mental food\" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed \"a considerable insight into human nature\" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766\u20137 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau \"entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding\u2014but vanity\"\u2014which he \"was possessed to a degree little short of madness\". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of \"obscure and vulgar vices\" that was not \"chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action\". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: \"a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Louis-Thibault de Menonville"}], "question": "Who asked Burke for more \"very refreshing mental food\"?", "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "April 1791"}], "question": "When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?", "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}], "question": "Which French philosopher did Burke attack?", "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "1766\u20137"}], "question": "When did Rousseau visit Britain?", "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "David Hume"}], "question": "Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?", "id": "5726ae6cf1498d1400e8e714"}]}], ["Peristiwa-peristiwa dan perselisihan yang timbul dari mereka dalam Parti Whig, menyebabkan perpecahannya dan pecah persahabatan Burke dengan Fox. Dalam perdebatan di Parlimen mengenai hubungan Britain dengan Rusia, Fox memuji prinsip-prinsip revolusi, walaupun Burke tidak dapat menjawab pada masa ini kerana dia \"dikalahkan dengan terus menangis persoalan dari pihaknya sendiri\". Apabila Parlimen membahaskan Rang Undang-Undang Quebec untuk perlembagaan untuk Kanada, Fox memuji revolusi dan mengkritik beberapa hujah Burke, seperti kuasa keturunan. Pada 6 Mei 1791, semasa perdebatan lain di Parlimen di Rang Undang-undang Quebec, Burke menggunakan peluang untuk menjawab Fox, dan mengutuk Perlembagaan Perancis baru dan \"akibat yang mengerikan yang mengalir dari idea Perancis tentang Hak Manusia\". Burke menegaskan bahawa idea-idea itu adalah antitesis kedua-dua British dan Amerika perlembagaan. Burke terganggu, dan Fox campur tangan, dengan mengatakan bahawa Burke harus dibenarkan meneruskan ucapannya. Undian censure telah dipindahkan ke Burke, bagaimanapun, untuk perhatikan urusan Perancis, yang dipindahkan oleh Lord Sheffield dan disokong oleh Fox. Pitt membuat ucapan memuji Burke, dan Fox membuat ucapan-menegur dan memuji Burke. Dia mempersoalkan keikhlasan Burke, yang seolah-olah melupakan pelajaran yang telah dipelajarinya, memetik ucapan Burke sendiri empat belas dan lima belas tahun sebelum itu. <> Fox memuji prinsip revolusioner dalam perdebatan tentang negara mana? || Rusia <> Jenis kuasa apa yang difikirkan oleh Burke mengenai Burke? || keturunan <> Perlembagaan mana yang Burke mengutuk pada 6 Mei 1791? || Perancis <> Fox memetik ucapan Burke sejak dahulu lagi? || empat belas dan lima belas tahun", {"context": "These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was \"overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House\". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and \"the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man\". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech\u2014both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?", "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "hereditary"}], "question": "What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?", "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "French"}], "question": "Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?", "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1395, "text": "fourteen and fifteen years"}], "question": "Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?", "id": "5726af1cf1498d1400e8e731"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah Piers Brendon menegaskan bahawa Burke meletakkan asas-asas moral untuk Empayar Britania, melambangkan dalam percubaan Warren Hastings, yang pada akhirnya menjadi kekalahannya: apabila Burke menyatakan bahawa \"Empayar Britania harus ditegakkan dengan rencana kebebasan, untuk ia akan ditadbir oleh tiada yang lain \", ini adalah\" ... satu basil ideologi yang akan membuktikan maut Ini adalah doktrin paternalistik Edmund Burke bahawa kerajaan penjajah adalah amanah. akhirnya akan mencapai kebebasan hak kebebasan mereka \". Sebagai akibat daripada pendapat ini, Burke membantah perdagangan candu, yang mana ia menyebutnya sebagai \"pengembaraan penyeludupan\" dan mengutuk \"aib yang besar dari watak Inggeris di India\". <> Siapa sangka percubaan Burke terhadap Hastings adalah asas moral Kerajaan British? || Piers Brendon <> Apa yang Burke fikir Empayar British harus ditadbir berdasarkan? || rancangan kebebasan <> Apa yang Burke panggil 'pengembaraan penyeludupan'? || Perdagangan candu <> Apa yang Burke fikir telah memalukan Britain di India? || perdagangan candu", {"context": "The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that \"The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other\", this was \"...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright\u2014freedom\". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a \"smuggling adventure\" and condemned \"the great Disgrace of the British character in India\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Piers Brendon"}], "question": "Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?", "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "a plan of freedom"}], "question": "What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?", "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "opium trade"}], "question": "What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?", "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "opium trade"}], "question": "What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?", "id": "5726b836dd62a815002e8e11"}]}], ["Penulisan agama Burke terdiri daripada karya-karya dan komentar yang diterbitkan mengenai subjek agama. Pemikiran keagamaan Burke didasarkan pada keyakinan bahwa agama adalah dasar masyarakat madani. Dia mengkritik secara ketara deisme dan ateisme, dan menekankan kekristianan sebagai kenderaan kemajuan sosial. Dilahirkan di Ireland kepada ibu Katolik dan bapa Protestan, Burke bersemangat mempertahankan Gereja Anglikan, tetapi juga menunjukkan kepekaan terhadap keprihatinan Katolik. Beliau mengaitkan pemuliharaan agama (negara) dengan pemeliharaan kebebasan perlembagaan rakyat dan menonjolkan manfaat Kristian bukan sahaja kepada jiwa orang percaya, tetapi juga untuk pengaturan politik. <> Jemaat mana yang paling membela Burke? || Anglican <> Apa pendapat Burke adalah asas masyarakat? || agama <> agama apakah ibu Burke? || Katolik <> Agama apakah yang menjadi bapa Burke? || Protestan <> Burke menganggap agama itu memberi manfaat kepada apa yang selain jiwa? || perkiraan politik", {"context": "Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Anglican"}], "question": "Which church did Burke most defend?", "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "religion"}], "question": "What did Burke think was the foundation of society?", "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What religion was Burke's mother?", "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "What religion was Burke's father?", "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "political arrangements"}], "question": "Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?", "id": "5726b8be708984140094cf19"}]}], ["Ini dijadikan penjelasan pertama konsep moden negara totalitarian. Burke menganggap perang dengan Perancis sebagai ideologi, terhadap \"doktrin bersenjata\". Dia berharap agar Perancis tidak akan dipecah kerana kesannya akan berlaku di keseimbangan kuasa di Eropah, dan perang tidak bertentangan dengan Perancis, tetapi terhadap para revolusioner yang memerintahnya. Burke berkata: \"Bukan Perancis memanjangkan empayar asing ke atas negara-negara lain: ia adalah mazhab yang bertujuan untuk kerajaan sejagat, dan bermula dengan penaklukan Perancis\". <> Apa yang Burke fikir perang dengan Perancis bertentangan? || \"doktrin bersenjata\" <> Burke berharap negara mana yang tidak akan dibahagikan? || Perancis <> Apa jenis empayar yang Burke fikir para revolusioner Perancis mahu? || universal <> Siapa yang Burke fikir perang bertentangan, dan bukannya Perancis secara keseluruhan? || kaum revolusioner yang memerintahnya", {"context": "This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an \"armed doctrine\". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: \"It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "an \"armed doctrine\""}], "question": "What did Burke think the war with France was against?", "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "France"}], "question": "Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?", "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "universal"}], "question": "What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?", "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "the revolutionaries governing her"}], "question": "Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?", "id": "5726b3d1f1498d1400e8e80f"}]}], ["Penerbitan terakhir Burke adalah Surat pada Perdamaian Regisida (Oktober 1796), dipanggil oleh rundingan damai dengan Perancis oleh kerajaan Pitt. Burke menganggap ini sebagai penghinaan, memudaratkan maruah dan kehormatan negara. Dalam Surat Keduanya, Burke menulis tentang Kerajaan Revolusi Perancis: \"Individu dibiarkan daripada skema pemerintahan mereka, Negara itu semua dalam segala hal. Semua itu dirujuk kepada pengeluaran kekerasan; Ia adalah ketenteraan dalam prinsipnya, dengan maksimnya, dalam semangatnya, dan dalam semua pergerakannya. Negara itu mempunyai penguasaan dan penaklukan untuk tujuan tunggal-dominasi atas minda oleh proselytism, lebih badan oleh senjata \". <> Apakah penerbitan akhir Burke? || Surat pada Keamanan Regicide <> Bilakah penerbitan terakhir Burke? || Oktober 1796 <> Apa yang difikirkan Burke hilang daripada Kerajaan Revolusi Perancis? || Persepsi <> Apa yang difikirkan Burke adalah matlamat Kerajaan Kerajaan Revolusi Perancis? || kekuasaan dan penaklukan <> Apakah perundingan yang difikirkan oleh Burke adalah rangsangan? || rundingan damai dengan Perancis oleh kerajaan Pitt", {"context": "Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: \"Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects\u2014dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Letters on a Regicide Peace"}], "question": "What was Burke's final publication?", "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "October 1796"}], "question": "When was Burke's final publication?", "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Individuality"}], "question": "What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?", "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "dominion and conquest"}], "question": "What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?", "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government"}], "question": "What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?", "id": "5726b358f1498d1400e8e7fc"}]}], ["Menulis kepada seorang rakan pada Mei 1795, Burke meneliti penyebab ketidakpuasan: \"Saya rasa saya tidak dapat mengatasi keburukan prinsip-prinsip ketinggian Protestan, kerana ia mempengaruhi Ireland atau Indiaisme [iaitu kezaliman korporat, seperti yang diamalkan oleh British East Syarikat Hindia], kerana ia mempengaruhi negara-negara ini, dan kerana ia mempengaruhi Asia atau Jacobinisme, kerana ia mempengaruhi semua Eropah, dan keadaan masyarakat manusia itu sendiri. Yang terakhir adalah kejahatan terbesar \". Pada bulan Mac 1796, namun Burke telah berubah fikirannya: \"Kerajaan kita dan Undang-undang kita diserang oleh dua Musuh yang berbeza, yang menghancurkan yayasan, Indiaisme, dan Jacobinisme. Dalam sesetengah Kes, mereka bertindak secara berasingan, dalam beberapa mereka bertindak bersama: Tetapi ini saya pasti, yang pertama adalah yang terburuk setakat ini, dan yang paling sukar untuk ditangani, dan untuk ini di antara sebab-sebab lain, bahawa ia melemahkan batal, dan runtuhan daya itu, yang sepatutnya digunakan dengan Kredit dan Tenaga terbesar terhadap yang lain, dan ia memberikan Jacobinisme dengan senjata terkuatnya terhadap semua pemerintah formal \". <> Kepakaran siapa yang difikirkan Burke adalah malignan? || Protestan <> Apa yang Burke memanggil kezaliman korporat di India? || Indiaisme <> Benua mana yang mempengaruhi Jacobinism? || Eropah <> Bilakah Burke memutuskan Indianisme adalah ancaman yang paling teruk? || Mac 1796 <> Apa yang Burke fikir adalah ancaman paling buruk pada tahun 1795? || Jacobinism", {"context": "Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: \"I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil\". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: \"Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?", "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Indianism"}], "question": "What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?", "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Which continent did Jacobinism affect?", "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "March 1796"}], "question": "When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?", "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Jacobinism"}], "question": "What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?", "id": "5726b5565951b619008f7b4f"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 1795, terdapat perdebatan di Parlimen mengenai harga jagung yang tinggi dan Burke menulis memorandum kepada Pitt mengenai perkara itu. Pada bulan Disember, Samuel Whitbread MP memperkenalkan rang undang-undang yang memberi kuasa kepada majistret untuk menetapkan gaji minimum dan Fox berkata beliau akan mengundi. Perdebatan ini mungkin menyebabkan Burke menyunting memorandumnya, kerana terdapat pemberitahuan bahawa Burke akan segera menerbitkan surat mengenai subjek itu kepada Setiausaha Lembaga Pertanian, Arthur Young; tetapi dia gagal menyelesaikannya. Serpihan ini dimasukkan ke dalam memorandum selepas kematiannya dan diterbitkan secara anumerta pada tahun 1800 sebagai, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. Di dalamnya, Burke menjelaskan \"beberapa doktrin ahli ekonomi politik yang memberi perhatian kepada pertanian sebagai perdagangan\". Burke mengkritik dasar seperti harga maksimum dan peraturan negeri gaji, dan menyatakan apa batas pemerintahan: <> Siapa yang Burke menulis mengenai harga jagung? || Pitt <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan bil pada tahun 1795 tentang gaji minimum? || Samuel Whitbread <> Siapa Setiausaha Lembaga Pertanian? || Arthur Young <> Surat yang belum selesai Burke kepada Arthur Young menjadi sebahagian daripada penerbitan apa? || Pikiran dan Butiran mengenai Kekurangan <> Apabila 'Pikiran dan Butiran Kekurangan' diterbitkan? || 1800", {"context": "In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded \"some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade\". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Pitt"}], "question": "Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?", "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Samuel Whitbread"}], "question": "Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?", "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Arthur Young"}], "question": "Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?", "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Thoughts and Details on Scarcity"}], "question": "Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?", "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "1800"}], "question": "When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?", "id": "5726b44edd62a815002e8d74"}]}], ["Burke percaya harta itu penting bagi kehidupan manusia. Kerana keyakinannya bahawa orang ingin diperintah dan dikawal, pembahagian harta menjadi asas untuk struktur sosial, membantu membangunkan kawalan dalam hirarki berasaskan harta. Dia memandang perubahan sosial yang dibawa oleh harta sebagai urutan semula jadi peristiwa, yang sepatutnya berlaku ketika manusia berkembang. Dengan pembahagian harta dan sistem kelas, beliau juga percaya bahawa ia memelihara raja itu dengan memerhatikan keperluan kelas-kelas di bawah raja. Memandangkan harta yang sebahagian besarnya menjajarkan atau menentukan bahagian kelas sosial, juga kelas, dilihat sebagai sebahagian semula jadi dari persetujuan sosial bahawa penetapan orang ke dalam kelas yang berlainan, adalah manfaat bersama dari semua mata pelajaran. Kebimbangan untuk harta benda bukan sahaja pengaruh Burke. Sebagai Christopher Hitchens meringkaskan, \"Jika konservatisme moden boleh diadakan untuk mendapatkan dari Burke, bukan hanya kerana dia merayu kepada pemilik harta bagi kestabilan tetapi juga kerana dia merayu kepada kepentingan sehari-hari dalam pemuliharaan leluhur dan zaman purba. \" <> Apa yang Burke fikir adalah penting untuk kehidupan manusia? || harta <> Apa yang Burke fikir hierarki sosial harus berdasarkan? || harta <> Siapa yang Burke fikir struktur kelas sosial mendapat faedah? || semua mata pelajaran <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa Burke \"merayu kepada pemilik harta\"? || Christopher Hitchens <> Apa yang Hitchens fikir Burke menyokong memelihara? || nenek moyang dan zaman purba", {"context": "Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural\u2014part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, \"If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "property"}], "question": "What did Burke think was crucial for human life?", "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "property"}], "question": "What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?", "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "all subjects"}], "question": "Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?", "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Christopher Hitchens"}], "question": "Who wrote that Burke \"appealed to property owners\"?", "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e875"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1066, "text": "the ancestral and the immemorial"}], "question": "What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?", "id": "5726b60ef1498d1400e8e876"}]}], ["Perdana Menteri Liberal abad ke-19 William Ewart Gladstone menganggap Burke sebagai \"majalah kebijaksanaan di Ireland dan Amerika\" dan dalam buku hariannya mencatat: \"Membuat banyak ekstrak dari Burke-kadang-kadang nyaris ilahi\". Aktivis Law Radical dan anti-Jagung Richard Cobden sering memuji Pikiran Burke dan Butiran mengenai Kekurangan. Ahli sejarah liberal Lord Acton menganggap Burke salah satu daripada tiga Liberal terbesar, bersama dengan William Gladstone dan Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay mencatatkan di dalam buku hariannya: \"Saya telah selesai membaca lagi sebahagian besar karya Burke, yang mengagumkan! Lelaki paling hebat sejak Milton\". Ahli Parlimen Liberal Gladstonian John Morley menerbitkan dua buku mengenai Burke (termasuk biografi) dan dipengaruhi oleh Burke, termasuk pandangannya tentang prasangka. Radikal Cobdenite Francis Hirst menganggap Burke layak \"tempat di kalangan orang-orang libertarian, walaupun semua pencinta kebebasan dan semua pembaharu, dia adalah yang paling konservatif, paling tidak abstrak, selalu ingin mengekalkan dan mengubahsuai daripada berinovasi. menyerupai arkitek moden yang akan memulihkan rumah lama bukannya menariknya untuk membina yang baru di tapak \". Refleksi Burke mengenai Revolusi di Perancis adalah kontroversi pada masa penerbitannya, tetapi setelah kematiannya, ia menjadi karya yang paling terkenal dan paling berpengaruh, dan manifesto untuk pemikiran Konservatif. <> Apa parti politik Gladstone? || Liberal <> Negara apa yang difikirkan oleh Burad bijak? || Ireland dan Amerika <> Apa yang Cobden seorang aktivis melawan? || Undang-undang Jagung <> Lord Macaulay menganggap Burke adalah penulis terbaik sejak siapa? || Milton <> Yang berfikir Burke seperti seorang arkitek membina semula rumah lama bukannya merobohkannya? || Francis Hirst", {"context": "The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke \"a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America\" and in his diary recorded: \"Made many extracts from Burke\u2014sometimes almost divine\". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: \"I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton\". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved \"a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site\". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Liberal"}], "question": "What political party was Gladstone in?", "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Ireland and America"}], "question": "What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?", "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Corn Law"}], "question": "What was Cobden an activist against?", "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8dda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "Milton"}], "question": "Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?", "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8ddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "Francis Hirst"}], "question": "Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?", "id": "5726b783dd62a815002e8ddc"}]}], ["Pada 20 Jun 1794, Burke menerima undi terima kasih dari Commons untuk perkhidmatannya di Percubaan Hastings dan dia segera meletakkan jawatannya, digantikan oleh anaknya Richard. Pukulan tragis jatuh pada Burke dengan kehilangan Richard pada bulan Ogos 1794, yang kepadanya ia dilampirkan dengan lembut, dan di dalamnya dia melihat tanda-tanda janji, yang tidak paten kepada orang lain dan yang, pada kenyataannya, nampaknya tidak ada (walaupun pandangan ini mungkin agak menggambarkan fakta bahawa Richard Burke telah berjaya dalam pertempuran awal untuk pembebasan Katolik). Raja George III, yang mendapat sokongannya dengan sikapnya terhadap Revolusi Perancis, ingin menjadikannya Earl of Beaconsfield, tetapi kematian anaknya telah kehilangan peluang penghormatan dan semua tarikannya, jadi satu-satunya penghargaan yang dia terima adalah pencen sebanyak \u00a3 2,500. Bahkan ganjaran sederhana ini diserang oleh Duke of Bedford dan Earl of Lauderdale, yang kepadanya Burke menjawab dalam Suratnya kepada Tuan Yang Mulia (1796): \"Tidak dapat pada masa ini terlalu sering diulang, garis atas baris, ajaran atas perintah ; sehingga ia masuk ke dalam mata uang pepatah, Untuk berinovasi bukan untuk pembaharuan \". Dia berhujah bahawa dia diberi ganjaran atas merit, tetapi Duke of Bedford menerima ganjarannya dari warisan sahaja, nenek moyangnya sebagai pesara asal: \"Saya adalah dari seorang raja yang ringan dan murah hati, dari Henry yang Kedelapan\". Burke juga membayangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada orang-orang seperti jika idea-idea revolusioner mereka dilaksanakan, dan termasuk penerangan mengenai perlembagaan British: <> Bilakah Burke menerima undi terima kasih? || 20 Jun 1794 <> Bilakah anak Burke mati? || Ogos 1794 <> Apa yang Raja George III mahu menjadikan Burke sebagai Earl? || Beaconsfield <> Berapa banyak wang yang diterima Burke daripada Earlship? || \u00a3 2,500 <> Siapa yang menyerang Burke kerana menerima pengiktirafan daripada Raja George III? || Duke of Bedford dan Earl of Lauderdale", {"context": "On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of \u00a32,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): \"It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform\". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: \"Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth\". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "20 June 1794"}], "question": "When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?", "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "August 1794"}], "question": "When did Burke's son die?", "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "Beaconsfield"}], "question": "What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?", "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "\u00a32,500"}], "question": "How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?", "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale"}], "question": "Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?", "id": "5726b27add62a815002e8d32"}]}], ["Pada abad kesembilan belas Burke dipuji oleh kedua liberal dan konservatif. Kawan Burke, Philip Francis menulis bahawa Burke \"adalah seorang lelaki yang benar-benar & prophetically meramalkan semua akibat yang akan bangkit daripada penggunaan prinsip Perancis\" tetapi kerana Burke menulis dengan semangat yang begitu banyak, orang-orang meragukan argumennya. William Windham bercakap dari bangku yang sama di House of Commons ketika Burke, ketika dia berpisah dari Fox, dan pemerhati berkata, Windham bercakap \"seperti hantu Burke\" ketika ia membuat ucapan terhadap perdamaian dengan Perancis pada 1801. William Hazlitt , seorang lawan politik Burke, menganggapnya sebagai antara tiga penulis kegemarannya (yang lain adalah Junius dan Rousseau), dan menjadikannya \"satu ujian terhadap rasa dan ketulusan mana-mana pihak kepunyaannya, sama ada dia membenarkan Burke menjadi seorang lelaki yang hebat \". William Wordsworth pada asalnya adalah penyokong Revolusi Perancis dan menyerang Burke dalam 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), tetapi pada awal abad kesembilan belas dia telah berubah fikirannya dan datang untuk mengagumi Burke. Dalam Dua Alamatnya kepada Pemegang Bebas Westmorland Wordsworth memanggil Burke \"ahli politik yang paling bijak zamannya\" yang ramalannya \"telah disahkan\". Beliau kemudiannya merevisi puisi The Prelude untuk merangkumi pujian Burke (\"Genius Burke! Mengampuni pena yang tergoda / Dengan keajaiban megah\") dan menggambarkannya sebagai ek lama. Samuel Taylor Coleridge mendapat penukaran yang serupa: dia telah mengkritik Burke dalam The Watchman, tetapi dalam Kawannya (1809-10) Coleridge membela Burke daripada tuduhan tidak konsisten. Kemudian, dalam Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge memuji Burke sebagai seorang nabi dan memuji Burke untuk merujuk \"secara lazimnya kepada prinsip-prinsip, dia seorang negarawan sains dan oleh itu seorang pelihat\". Henry Brougham menulis mengenai Burke: \"... semua ramalannya, kecuali satu ungkapan seketika, telah lebih daripada dipenuhi: anarki dan pertumpahan darah telah ditanggung di Perancis; penaklukan dan kejang telah memusnahkan Eropah ... penyelenggaraan manusia tidak sering mampu menembusi sejauh ini ke masa depan \". George Canning percaya bahawa Reflections Burke \"telah dibenarkan oleh peristiwa-peristiwa berikutnya dan hampir setiap nubuatan telah dipenuhi dengan ketat\". Pada tahun 1823 Canning menulis bahawa dia telah mengambil \"kerja terakhir dan kata-kata terakhir [sebagai] manual politik saya\". Perdana Menteri Konservatif Benjamin Disraeli \"telah sangat menembusi semangat dan sentimen tulisan-tulisan Burke yang kemudiannya\". <> Siapa sangka Burke adalah nubuatan tentang akibat revolusi Perancis? || Philip Francis <> Apa yang Francis fikir Burke mempunyai terlalu banyak? || semangat <> Siapa yang membuat ucapan sangat mirip dengan Burke di Parlimen? || William Windham <> Bilakah Windham bercakap terhadap keamanan dengan Perancis? || 1801 <> Bilakah Wordsworth pada mulanya menyerang Burke? || 1793", {"context": "In the nineteenth century Burke was praised by both liberals and conservatives. Burke's friend Philip Francis wrote that Burke \"was a man who truly & prophetically foresaw all the consequences which would rise from the adoption of the French principles\" but because Burke wrote with so much passion, people were doubtful of his arguments. William Windham spoke from the same bench in the House of Commons as Burke had, when he had separated from Fox, and an observer said Windham spoke \"like the ghost of Burke\" when he made a speech against peace with France in 1801. William Hazlitt, a political opponent of Burke, regarded him as amongst his three favourite writers (the others being Junius and Rousseau), and made it \"a test of the sense and candour of any one belonging to the opposite party, whether he allowed Burke to be a great man\". William Wordsworth was originally a supporter of the French Revolution and attacked Burke in 'A Letter to the Bishop of Llandaff' (1793), but by the early nineteenth century he had changed his mind and came to admire Burke. In his Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland Wordsworth called Burke \"the most sagacious Politician of his age\" whose predictions \"time has verified\". He later revised his poem The Prelude to include praise of Burke (\"Genius of Burke! forgive the pen seduced/By specious wonders\") and portrayed him as an old oak. Samuel Taylor Coleridge came to have a similar conversion: he had criticised Burke in The Watchman, but in his Friend (1809\u201310) Coleridge defended Burke from charges of inconsistency. Later, in his Biographia Literaria (1817) Coleridge hails Burke as a prophet and praises Burke for referring \"habitually to principles. He was a scientific statesman; and therefore a seer\". Henry Brougham wrote of Burke: \"... all his predictions, save one momentary expression, had been more than fulfilled: anarchy and bloodshed had borne sway in France; conquest and convulsion had desolated Europe...the providence of mortals is not often able to penetrate so far as this into futurity\". George Canning believed that Burke's Reflections \"has been justified by the course of subsequent events; and almost every prophecy has been strictly fulfilled\". In 1823 Canning wrote that he took Burke's \"last works and words [as] the manual of my politics\". The Conservative Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli \"was deeply penetrated with the spirit and sentiment of Burke's later writings\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Philip Francis"}], "question": "Who thought Burke was prophetic about the French revolution's consequences?", "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "passion"}], "question": "What did Francis think Burke's writing had too much of?", "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "William Windham"}], "question": "Who made speeches very similar to Burke's in Parliament?", "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1801"}], "question": "When did Windham speak against peace with France?", "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "1793"}], "question": "When did Wordsworth initially attack Burke?", "id": "5726b6f4dd62a815002e8db8"}]}]], [["Britain juga menghantar tentera untuk melindungi perniagaan perniagaan British, hak pelabuhan, dan pejabat konsulat. Ini diikuti oleh perang saudara selama lapan tahun, di mana masing-masing dari tiga kuasa itu membekalkan senjata, latihan dan dalam beberapa kes tentera tempur kepada parti-parti Samoa yang berperang. Krisis Samoa datang ke titik kritikal pada bulan Mac 1889 apabila ketiga pesaing penjajah itu menghantar kapal perang ke pelabuhan Apia, dan perang berskala besar sepertinya sudah dekat. Ribut besar pada 15 Mac 1889 merosakkan atau menghancurkan kapal perang, mengakhiri konflik ketenteraan. <> Negara mana yang menghantar tentera mereka untuk melindungi kepentingan mereka di Samoa? || Britain <> Selama berapa tahun perang saudara di Samoa terakhir? || lapan <> Berapa banyak pesaing yang bertanding untuk kuasa dalam perang? || tiga <> Bilakah klimaks penting perang saudara berlaku? || Mac 1889 <> Apa bencana alam menamatkan peperangan di pelabuhan Apia? || Ribut besar", {"context": "Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?", "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "eight"}], "question": "For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?", "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many contenders were vying for power in the war?", "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "March 1889"}], "question": "When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?", "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e777"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "A massive storm"}], "question": "What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?", "id": "5726b08af1498d1400e8e778"}]}], ["Setelah usaha-usaha berulang oleh pergerakan kemerdekaan Samoa, New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 dari 24 November 1961 membenarkan kemerdekaan Samoa berkuatkuasa 1 Januari 1962, di mana Perjanjian Pembatasan ditamatkan. Samoa juga menandatangani perjanjian persahabatan dengan New Zealand. Samoa, negara pulau kecil pertama di Pasifik untuk menjadi bebas, menyertai Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa pada 28 Ogos 1970. Walaupun kemerdekaan dicapai pada awal Januari, Samoa setiap tahun meraikan 1 Jun sebagai hari kemerdekaannya. <> Tindakan apa yang memberikan kemerdekaan Samoa? || New Zealand Akta Samoa Barat 1961 <> Apa tarikh tepat apakah kemerdekaan Samoa berkuatkuasa? || 1 Januari 1962 <> Apakah nama perjanjian yang berakhir dengan kemerdekaan Samoa dari New Zealand? || Perjanjian Pemegang Amanah <> Di manakah Samoa mengikut urutan negara-negara kecil di rantau mereka yang mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || pertama <> Pada apa tarikh orang-orang Samoa merayakan kemerdekaan mereka dari New Zealand? || 1 Jun", {"context": "After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961"}], "question": "What act gave Samoa independence?", "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "1 January 1962"}], "question": "What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?", "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Trusteeship Agreement"}], "question": "What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?", "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "first"}], "question": "Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?", "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "1 June"}], "question": "On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?", "id": "5726b876dd62a815002e8e1a"}]}], ["Negara Bebas Samoa (Samoa: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto' atasi o S\u0101moa, IPA: [\u02ccsa\u02d0moa]), yang dikenali sebagai Samoa (Samoa: S\u0101moa) dan dahulu dikenali sebagai Samoa Barat, adalah Republik Parlimen yang Bersatu dengan sebelas bahagian pentadbiran . Dua pulau utama adalah Savai'i dan Upolu dengan empat pulau kecil yang mengelilingi daratan. Ibukota adalah Apia. Orang Lapita menemui dan menetap pulau-pulau Samoa sekitar 3,500 tahun yang lalu. Mereka membangunkan identiti bahasa dan budaya yang unik. <> Apakah nama lama Samoa itu? || Samoa Barat <> Berapa banyak bahagian pentadbiran yang ada di Samoa? || sebelas <> Berapa banyak pulau kecil di sekitar Savai'i dan Upolu? || empat <> Apa nama modal Samoa? || Apia <> Berapa lama dahulu pulau-pulau Samoa ditemui? || 3,500 tahun", {"context": "The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o S\u0101moa, IPA: [\u02ccsa\u02d0\u02c8moa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: S\u0101moa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Western Samoa"}], "question": "What was Samoa's old name?", "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "eleven"}], "question": "How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?", "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?", "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "Apia"}], "question": "What's the name of Samoa's capital?", "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "3,500 years"}], "question": "About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?", "id": "57269b01dd62a815002e8ae4"}]}], ["Asal-usul orang Samoa dikaji dengan teliti dalam penyelidikan moden tentang Polinesia dalam pelbagai disiplin saintifik seperti genetik, linguistik dan antropologi. Penyelidikan saintifik sedang berlangsung, walaupun terdapat beberapa teori yang berbeza; termasuk satu yang mencadangkan bahawa orang Samoa berasal dari pendahulu Austronesia semasa terminal pengembangan timur Lapita dari Asia Tenggara dan Melanesia antara 2,500 dan 1,500 SM. Asal-usul Samoa kini sedang dinilai semula kerana bukti saintifik dan penemuan karbon sejak 2003 dan seterusnya. <> Pada tahun berapa penemuan baru mengubah perjalanan penyelidikan tentang asal-usul Samoa? || 2003 <> Sebagai tambahan kepada linguistik dan genetik, bidang pengajian apa yang menyelidik asal-usul Samoa? || antropologi <> Satu teori menegaskan bahawa orang-orang Samoa berasal dari orang-orang semasa tempoh pengembangan Lapita? || Austronesian <> Berapa tahun menandakan berakhirnya tempoh terminal ekspansi Lapita ke timur? || 1,500 SM", {"context": "The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?", "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "anthropology"}], "question": "In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?", "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Austronesian"}], "question": "One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?", "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "1,500 BCE"}], "question": "What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?", "id": "5726a4cd708984140094ccc2"}]}], ["Kerja misi di Samoa telah bermula pada akhir 1830 oleh John Williams, Persatuan Mubaligh London yang tiba di Sapapali'i dari The Cook Islands dan Tahiti. Menurut Barbara A. West, \"Orang-orang Samoans juga dikenal untuk terlibat dalam 'pemusnahan', suatu ritual perang di mana seorang pahlawan mengambil ketua lawannya yang terbunuh untuk memberikan kepada pemimpinnya, sehingga membuktikan keberaniannya.\" Walau bagaimanapun, Robert Louis Stevenson, yang tinggal di Samoa dari tahun 1889 sehingga kematiannya pada tahun 1894, menulis dalam Nota Kaki ke Sejarah: Lapan Tahun Masalah di Samoa, \"... orang Samoans adalah orang yang lembut.\" <> Siapa mubaligh pertama di Samoa? || John Williams <> Apa organisasi Inggeris yang dimiliki oleh John Williams? || Persatuan Mubaligh London <> Apakah ritual berperang yang dilakukan oleh Barbara A. West mengatakan orang Samoa pribumi terlibat? || headhunting <> Apa pengarang yang terkenal yang tinggal di Samoa memanggil orang-orang \"orang lembut\" orang Samoa? || Robert Louis Stevenson <> Pada tahun apakah Robert Louis Stevenson mati? || 1894", {"context": "Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, \"The Samoans were also known to engage in \u2018headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery.\" However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, \"\u2026 the Samoans are gentle people.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "John Williams"}], "question": "Who was the first missionary in Samoa?", "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "London Missionary Society"}], "question": "What English organization did John Williams belong to?", "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "headhunting"}], "question": "What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?", "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Robert Louis Stevenson"}], "question": "What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans \"gentle people\"?", "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "1894"}], "question": "In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?", "id": "5726a5daf1498d1400e8e60c"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, orang Samoans sangat marah terhadap pemerintahan kolonial New Zealand, dan menyalahkan inflasi dan wabak selesema 1918 yang melanda terhadap salahnya. Menjelang akhir 1920an gerakan perjuangan menentang pemerintahan kolonial telah mengumpulkan sokongan yang meluas. Salah seorang pemimpin Mau ialah Olaf Frederick Nelson, separuh Samoa dan setengah pedagang Sweden. Nelson akhirnya diasingkan pada akhir 1920-an dan awal 1930-an, tetapi dia terus membantu organisasi dari segi kewangan dan politik. Selaras dengan falsafah tanpa kekerasan Mau, ketua yang baru dipilih, Ketua Tertinggi Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, mengetuai rakannya yang berseragam Mau dalam demonstrasi yang aman di pusat bandar Apia pada 28 Disember 1929. <> Apa dekade yang menandakan puncak sokongan untuk pembangkang Tadbir urus New Zealand? || 1920-an <> Apa nama ketua Mau yang berasal dari Samoa dan keturunan Sweden? || Olaf Frederick Nelson <> Apa falsafah yang mencirikan rintangan Mau? || falsafah tanpa kekerasan <> Apakah tajuk yang diberikan kepada pemimpin Mau, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi? || Ketua Tertinggi <> Pada tarikh apakah yang ditunjukkan oleh Mau di jalan-jalan Apia? || 28 Disember 1929", {"context": "However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?", "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Olaf Frederick Nelson"}], "question": "What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?", "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "non-violent philosophy"}], "question": "What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?", "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "High Chief"}], "question": "What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?", "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "28 December 1929"}], "question": "On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?", "id": "5726b35f5951b619008f7b09"}]}], ["Badan perundangan unikameral (Fono) terdiri daripada 49 orang yang berkhidmat dengan istilah 5 tahun. Empat puluh tujuh adalah pemegang hak matai yang dipilih dari daerah wilayah oleh orang Samoa; dua yang lain dipilih oleh bukan orang-orang Samoa yang tidak mempunyai gabungan besar pada gulungan pilihan raya berasingan. Hak pengangkatan universal telah diterima pakai pada tahun 1990, tetapi hanya ketua (matai) yang boleh bertanding untuk kerusi Samoa. Terdapat lebih 25,000 matais di negara ini, kira-kira 5% daripada mereka adalah wanita. Perdana menteri, yang dipilih oleh majoriti di Fono, dilantik oleh ketua negara untuk membentuk kerajaan. Pilihan perdana menteri untuk 12 jawatan kabinet dilantik oleh ketua negara, tertakluk kepada keyakinan berterusan Fono. <> Apa yang disebut Samoans sebagai badan perundangan mereka? || Fono <> Berapa ramai ahli Fono yang ada? || 49 <> Berapa ramai ahli Fono dipilih ke pejabat? || Empat puluh tujuh <> Berapa peratuskah perempuan yang ada di Samoa? || 5% <> Apakah kedudukan dalam kerajaan yang dipilih oleh undi majoriti Fono? || Perdana Menteri", {"context": "The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the Fono"}], "question": "What do Samoans call their legislative body?", "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "49"}], "question": "How many Fono members are there?", "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Forty-seven"}], "question": "How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?", "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?", "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e99f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "prime minister"}], "question": "What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?", "id": "5726bce2f1498d1400e8e9a0"}]}], ["Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II, salah seorang daripada empat ketua tertinggi di negara ini, menjadi Perdana Menteri pertama di Samoa. Dua ketua utama yang lain pada masa kemerdekaan telah dilantik sebagai ketua negara bersama untuk hidup. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole meninggal pada tahun 1963, meninggalkan ketua negara Malietoa Tanumafili II hingga kematiannya pada 11 Mei 2007, di mana Samoa berubah dari monarki konstitusional ke sebuah republik parlemen de facto. Ketua Negara yang akan datang, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, dipilih oleh badan legislatif pada 17 Juni 2007 untuk jangka waktu lima tahun yang ditetapkan, dan dipilih kembali pada bulan Juli 2012. <> Kantor apa yang dipegang oleh Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II? || Perdana Menteri <> Apakah tempoh jawatan untuk ketua gabungan negara pertama Samoa? || kehidupan <> tahun berapa yang pertama dari dua ketua negara itu mati? || 1963 <> Siapakah ketua negara di Samoa pada tahun 2006? || Malietoa Tanumafili II <> Sebelum menjadi republik parlemen de facto, apakah bentuk pemerintahan yang dilakukan oleh Samoa? || Raja Berperlembagaan", {"context": "Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu\u2019u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Prime Minister"}], "question": "What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?", "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "life"}], "question": "What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?", "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "1963"}], "question": "What year did the first of the two heads of state die?", "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Malietoa Tanumafili II"}], "question": "Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?", "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "constitutional monarchy"}], "question": "Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?", "id": "5726b98bf1498d1400e8e8f6"}]}], ["Polis New Zealand cuba menangkap salah seorang pemimpin dalam demonstrasi itu. Apabila dia menentang, perjuangan maju antara polis dan Mau. Pegawai-pegawai itu mula menyerang secara rawak ke dalam orang ramai dan senjata mesin Lewis, yang dipasang sebagai persediaan untuk demonstrasi ini, digunakan untuk menyuraikan para penunjuk perasaan. Ketua Tamasese ditembak dari belakang dan dibunuh ketika berusaha untuk menenangkan dan memerintahkan para demonstran Mau, menjerit \"Peace, Samoa\". Sepuluh yang lain meninggal hari itu dan kira-kira 50 orang cedera akibat luka tembak dan tongkat polis. Hari itu akan diketahui di Samoa sebagai Black Saturday. Mau berkembang, kekal teguh tanpa kekerasan, dan berkembang untuk memasukkan cawangan wanita yang sangat berpengaruh. <> Apa jenis senjata yang digunakan terhadap penunjuk perasaan Mau? || Pistol mesin Lewis <> Adakah Ketua Tamasese cedera atau dibunuh semasa demonstrasi? || membunuh <> Apa frasa yang ketua Mau itu berteriak untuk cuba menenangkan rakyatnya? || \"Damai, Samoa\" <> Selain Ketua Tamasese, berapa banyak Mau mati akibat keganasan yang meletus pada hari itu? || Sepuluh <> Apa yang disebut Samoans hari bersejarah demonstrasi Mau? || Black Saturday", {"context": "The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming \"Peace, Samoa\". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Lewis machine gun"}], "question": "What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?", "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e81e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "killed"}], "question": "Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?", "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "\"Peace, Samoa\""}], "question": "What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?", "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Ten"}], "question": "Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?", "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Black Saturday"}], "question": "What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?", "id": "5726b478f1498d1400e8e822"}]}], ["Dari akhir Perang Dunia I hingga tahun 1962, New Zealand menguasai Samoa sebagai Mandat Kelas C di bawah kepercayaan melalui Liga Bangsa-bangsa, kemudian melalui Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Terdapat beberapa pentadbir New Zealand yang bertanggungjawab terhadap dua insiden utama. Dalam insiden pertama, kira-kira seperlima penduduk Samoa mati dalam wabak influenza pada tahun 1918-1919. Antara tahun 1919 dan 1962, Samoa ditadbir oleh Jabatan Hal Ehwal Luar, sebuah jabatan kerajaan yang telah diwujudkan khas untuk mengawasi Wilayah Pulau dan Selandia Baru di New Zealand. Pada tahun 1943, Jabatan ini dinamakan semula sebagai Jabatan Pulau Teritori selepas Jabatan Hal Ehwal Luar yang berasingan telah diwujudkan untuk menjalankan urusan asing New Zealand. <> Apakah organisasi rasmi bertanggungjawab untuk Samoa pada kebanyakan abad ke-20? || Jabatan Hal Ehwal Luar <> Berapa jumlah penduduk Samoa yang meninggal akibat influenza semasa wabak ini? || seperlima <> Apa negara yang menguasai Samoa sehingga tahun 1962? || New Zealand <> Selama tahun berapa epidemik influenza Samoa? || 1918-1919 <> Apakah label baru yang diterima Jabatan Hal Ehwal Luar pada tahun 1943? || Jabatan Wilayah Pulau", {"context": "From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918\u20131919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "the Department of External Affairs"}], "question": "What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?", "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "one fifth"}], "question": "About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?", "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?", "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1918\u20131919"}], "question": "During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?", "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "Department of Island Territories"}], "question": "What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?", "id": "5726b1c05951b619008f7ac6"}]}], ["Sesetengah orang Samoa adalah rohani dan keagamaan, dan telah menyesuaikan diri dengan agama Kristian yang dominan untuk 'bersesuaian' dengan fa'a Samoa dan sebaliknya. Oleh itu, kepercayaan kuno terus wujud bersama berdampingan dengan agama Kristian, terutamanya dalam hal adat istiadat dan ritual fa'a Samoa. Budaya Samoa berpusat di sekitar prinsip v\u0101fealoa'i, hubungan antara manusia. Hubungan ini didasarkan pada penghormatan, atau fa'aaloalo. Apabila agama Kristian diperkenalkan di Samoa, kebanyakan orang Samoa berubah. Pada masa ini 98% daripada penduduk mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai orang Kristian. <> Agama apa yang diamalkan oleh kebanyakan orang Samoa? || Kristian <> Apa perkataan yang bermakna hubungan manusia adalah teras budaya Samoa? || v\u0101fealoa'i <> Kata apa yang digunakan di Samoa bermaksud \"menghormati\"? || fa'aaloalo <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Samoa menyebut diri mereka sebagai orang Kristian? || 98%", {"context": "Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. As such, ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side-by-side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred around the principle of v\u0101fealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What religion is practiced by the vast majority of Samoans?", "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "v\u0101fealoa'i"}], "question": "What word that means human relationships is at the core of Samoa's culture?", "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "fa'aaloalo"}], "question": "What word is used in Samoa to mean \"respect\"?", "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "98%"}], "question": "What percentage of Samoans call themselves Christians?", "id": "5726d581dd62a815002e91b9"}]}], ["Mata wang negara adalah Samoa taala, yang dikeluarkan dan dikawal oleh Bank Sentral Samoa. Ekonomi Samoa secara tradisinya bergantung kepada pertanian dan perikanan di peringkat tempatan. Di zaman moden, bantuan pembangunan, kiriman wang keluarga swasta dari luar negara, dan eksport pertanian menjadi faktor utama dalam ekonomi negara. Pertanian mempekerjakan dua pertiga tenaga buruh, dan memberikan 90% eksport, yang memaparkan krim kelapa, minyak kelapa, noni (jus buah nonu, seperti yang diketahui di Samoa), dan kopra. <> Institusi apa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap mata wang Samoa? || Central Bank of Samoa <> Selain pertanian, industri apa yang menyokong sejarah ekonomi tempatan Samoa? || memancing <> Apa jus buah adalah eksport utama Samoa? || noni <> Apa bahagian Samoa berfungsi dalam bidang pertanian? || dua pertiga <> Apa jenis minyak yang mengeksport Samoa? || kelapa", {"context": "The country currency is the Samoan t\u0101l\u0101, issued and regulated by the Central Bank of Samoa. The economy of Samoa has traditionally been dependent on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, development aid, private family remittances from overseas, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force, and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (juice of the nonu fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and copra.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Central Bank of Samoa"}], "question": "What institution is in charge of Samoa's currency?", "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "fishing"}], "question": "In addition to agriculture, what industry historically supported Samoa's local economy?", "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "noni"}], "question": "What fruit juice is a major Samoan export?", "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "What portion of Samoa works in agriculture?", "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "coconut"}], "question": "What kind of oil does Samoa export?", "id": "5726c12a5951b619008f7d4b"}]}], ["Pulau-pulau Samoa telah dihasilkan oleh vulcanisme, sumber yang merupakan hotspot Samoa yang mungkin hasil dari bulu mantle. Walaupun semua pulau mempunyai asal-usul gunung berapi, hanya Savai'i, pulau paling barat di Samoa, aktif secara volkanik dengan letusan terakhir di Mt Matavanu (1905-1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) dan Mauga Afi (1725 ). Titik tertinggi di Samoa ialah Mt Silisili, pada 1858 m (6,096 ft). Medan lava Saleaula yang terletak di tengah utara pantai Savai'i adalah hasil daripada letusan Mt Matavanu yang meninggalkan 50 km\u00b2 (20 mil persegi) lava yang kuat. <> Apa proses semulajadi yang membentuk jajahan tanah yang akan menjadi pulau Samoa? || vulkanisme <> Yang mana di pulau Samoa mempunyai gunung berapi aktif? || Savai'i <> Apa nama puncak tertinggi di Samoa? || Mt Silisili, <> Berapa meter adalah 6,096 kaki? || 1858 <> Apa gunung berapi membuat bidang lava Saleaula? || Mt Matavanu", {"context": "The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905\u20131911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km\u00b2 (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "vulcanism"}], "question": "What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?", "id": "5726bfee708984140094d061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Savai'i"}], "question": "Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?", "id": "5726bfee708984140094d062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Mt Silisili,"}], "question": "What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?", "id": "5726bfee708984140094d063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "1858"}], "question": "How many meters is 6,096 feet?", "id": "5726bfee708984140094d064"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Mt Matavanu"}], "question": "What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?", "id": "5726bfee708984140094d065"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh sebelum penjajahan Jerman, Samoa menghasilkan kebanyakan kopra. Pedagang dan peneroka Jerman aktif dalam memperkenalkan operasi perladangan berskala besar dan membangunkan industri baru, terutama kacang dan getah koko, bergantung kepada buruh import dari China dan Melanesia. Apabila nilai getah asli jatuh secara mendadak, pada akhir Perang Besar (Perang Dunia I), kerajaan New Zealand menggalakkan pengeluaran pisang, yang mana terdapat pasaran besar di New Zealand. adalah produk pengeluaran utama Samoa sebelum orang Jerman tiba? || copra <> Apa produk yang ketara jatuh harga pada akhir Perang Dunia I? || getah asli <> Apa yang Samoa mula berkembang untuk menampung nilai getah yang hilang? || pisang <> Yang kerajaan negara mana yang mahu Samoa untuk menanam pisang? || New Zealand <> Selain Melanesia, negara mana yang menghantar banyak pekerja untuk ladang koko dan getah di Samoa? || China", {"context": "In the period before German colonisation, Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large scale plantation operations and developing new industries, notably cocoa bean and rubber, relying on imported labourers from China and Melanesia. When the value of natural rubber fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (World War I), the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in New Zealand.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "copra"}], "question": "What was Samoa's major production product before the Germans arrived?", "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "natural rubber"}], "question": "What product significantly dropped in price at the end of World War I?", "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "bananas"}], "question": "What did Samoa start growing more of to make up for the lost value of rubber?", "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Which country's government wanted Samoa to grow bananas for them?", "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "China"}], "question": "Besides Melanesia, which country sent many workers for the cocoa and rubber plantations in Samoa?", "id": "5726c5615951b619008f7da9"}]}], ["Produk ruji Samoa adalah kopra (daging kelapa kering), biji koko (coklat), dan pisang. Pengeluaran tahunan kedua-dua pisang dan kopra telah berada di antara 13,000 hingga 15,000 tan metrik (kira-kira 14,500 hingga 16,500 tan pendek). Sekiranya kumbang badak di Samoa dibasmi, Samoa boleh mengeluarkan lebih daripada 40,000 tan metrik (44,000 tan pendek) kopra. Biji kakao Samoa adalah berkualiti tinggi dan digunakan dalam coklat New Zealand yang halus. Kebanyakannya adalah kacukan Criollo-Forastero. Kopi tumbuh dengan baik, tetapi pengeluaran tidak merata. WSTEC adalah pengeluar kopi terbesar. Getah telah dihasilkan di Samoa selama bertahun-tahun, tetapi nilai eksportnya tidak banyak mempengaruhi ekonomi. [Rujukan?] <> Apa itu kopra? || daging kelapa kering <> Berapa banyak metrik tan pisang dan kopra yang dihasilkan oleh Samoa setiap tahun? || 13,000 hingga 15,000 <> Apa perosak adalah ancaman terbesar terhadap tanaman Samoa? || kumbang badak <> Adakah biji koko yang ditanam di Samoa tinggi atau rendah? || berkualiti tinggi <> Apa syarikat menghasilkan lebih banyak kopi daripada yang lain di Samoa? || WSTEC", {"context": "The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), cocoa bean (for chocolate), and bananas. The annual production of both bananas and copra has been in the range of 13,000 to 15,000 metric tons (about 14,500 to 16,500 short tons). If the rhinoceros beetle in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 metric tons (44,000 short tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are Criollo-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WSTEC is the biggest coffee producer. Rubber has been produced in Samoa for many years, but its export value has little impact on the economy.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "dried coconut meat"}], "question": "What is copra?", "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "13,000 to 15,000"}], "question": "How many metric tons of bananas and copra does Samoa produce each year?", "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "rhinoceros beetle"}], "question": "What pest is the greatest threat to Samoan crops?", "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "high quality"}], "question": "Are the cocoa beans grown in Samoa high or low quality?", "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8fef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "WSTEC"}], "question": "What company produces more coffee than any other in Samoa?", "id": "5726c63ddd62a815002e8ff0"}]}], ["Kata Samoan untuk tarian adalah siva dengan pergerakan lembut tubuh yang unik pada waktu untuk muzik dan yang menceritakan kisah, walaupun tarian lelaki Samoa dapat lebih fizikal dan tajam. Sasa juga merupakan tarian tradisional di mana barisan penari melakukan gerakan serentak yang pantas dalam masa ke irama drum kayu (pate) atau tikar bergulung. Tarian lain yang dilakukan oleh lelaki dipanggil fa'ataupati atau tarian menampar, mewujudkan bunyi berirama dengan menampar bahagian tubuh yang berlainan. Ini dipercayai berasal daripada menampar serangga pada badan. <> Apa maksud \"siva\" dalam bahasa Samoa? || tarian <> Apa nama tarian tradisional Samoa yang dilakukan oleh barisan penari yang disegerakkan? || sasa <> Apakah nama tarian Samoa hanya boleh dilakukan oleh lelaki? || fa'ataupati <> Apakah pates? || drum kayu <> \"Tarian menampar\" mungkin meniru pergerakan orang Samoans yang cuba menyingkirkan diri dari makhluk apa? || serangga", {"context": "The Samoan word for dance is siva with unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more physical and snappy. The sasa is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid synchronised movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums (pate) or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the fa'ataupati or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "dance"}], "question": "What does \"siva\" mean in Samoan?", "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "sasa"}], "question": "What's the name of the traditional Samoan dance performed by synchronized rows of dancers?", "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "fa'ataupati"}], "question": "What is the name of the Samoan dance only men can perform?", "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "wooden drums"}], "question": "What are pates?", "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "insects"}], "question": "The \"slap dance\" probably mimics the movements of Samoans trying to rid themselves of what creatures?", "id": "5726d7ebf1498d1400e8ecd4"}]}], ["Kampung modal setiap daerah mentadbir dan menyelaras hal ehwal daerah dan memberikan gelar utama setiap daerah, di antara tanggungjawab lain. Contohnya, Daerah A'ana mempunyai modal di Leulumoega. Tajuk utama A'ana adalah TuiAana. Kumpulan orator yang memberikan gelaran ini - Faleiva (House of Nine) - didasarkan pada Leulumoega. Ini juga sama untuk daerah-daerah lain. Di daerah Tuamasaga, tajuk utama daerah - tajuk Malietoa - diberikan oleh FaleTuamasaga yang berpusat di Afega. <> Daerah apa Leulumoega ibukota? || A'ana <> Apakah perkataan Samoan untuk \"Rumah Sembilan\" di Leulumoega? || Faleiva <> Apakah tajuk utama A'ana? || TuiAana <> Apa tajuk utama daerah Tuamasaga? || Malietoa <> Di bandar apakah FaleTuamasaga menjalankan perniagaan? || Afega", {"context": "The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title \u2013 the Faleiva (House of Nine) \u2013 is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district \u2013 the Malietoa title \u2013 is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "A'ana"}], "question": "What district is Leulumoega the capital of?", "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Faleiva"}], "question": "What is the Samoan word for the \"House of Nine\" in Leulumoega?", "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "the TuiA'ana"}], "question": "What is A'ana's paramount title?", "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Malietoa"}], "question": "What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?", "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Afega"}], "question": "In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?", "id": "5726be91dd62a815002e8f30"}]}], ["Kepercayaan keagamaan orang Samoa termasuk yang berikut: Gereja Kristen Kongregasi Samoa 31.8%, Roman Katolik 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Perhimpunan Tuhan 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Adventan Ketujuh Hari 3.9%, Pusat Ibadat 1.7%, Kristian 5.5 %, 0.7% lain, tiada 0.1%, tidak ditentukan 0.1% (anggaran 2011). Ketua Negara hingga tahun 2007, Yang Mulia Malietoa Tanumafili II, adalah seorang mualaf Baha'i. Samoa menganjurkan salah satu daripada tujuh Rumah Baha'ah di dunia; selesai pada tahun 1984 dan didedikasikan oleh Ketua Negara, ia terletak di Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) dari Apia. <> Apa gereja yang paling popular di Samoa? || Gereja Kristian Kongregasi Samoa <> Berapa peratus penduduk Samoa adalah Mormon? || 7.6% <> Di mana tempat ibadat Bah\u00e1'i terletak di Samoa? || Tiapapata <> Apa yang boleh disembah Kepala Negara Samoa di Rumah Ibadat Bah\u00e1'\u00ed? || Nya Yang Mulia Malietoa Tanumafili II <> Apa agama gereja melakukan 19.4% dari praktik penduduk Samoa? || Roman Katolik", {"context": "Samoans' religious adherence includes the following: Christian Congregational Church of Samoa 31.8%, Roman Catholic 19.4%, Methodist 15.2%, Assembly of God 13.7%, Mormon 7.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.9%, Worship Centre 1.7%, other Christian 5.5%, other 0.7%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 estimate). The Head of State until 2007, His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II, was a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed convert. Samoa hosts one of seven Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Houses of Worship in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5 mi) from Apia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Christian Congregational Church of Samoa"}], "question": "What's the most popular church in Samoa?", "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "7.6%"}], "question": "What percentage of Samoa's population is Mormon?", "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Tiapapata"}], "question": "Where is the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed place of worship located in Samoa?", "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "His Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II"}], "question": "What Samoan Head of State might have worshiped at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed House of Worship?", "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What church's religion does 19.4% of the Samoan population practice?", "id": "5726d4285951b619008f7f45"}]}], ["Albert Wendt adalah seorang penulis Samoa yang penting yang novelnya dan cerita menceritakan pengalaman Samoa. Pada tahun 1989, novelnya Flying Fox di Freedom Tree telah dibuat menjadi sebuah filem di New Zealand, yang diarahkan oleh Martyn Sanderson. Satu lagi novel Anak-Anak untuk Rumah Kembara juga telah dibuat menjadi filem ciri pada tahun 1979, yang diarahkan oleh Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, yang lahir di American Samoa, adalah seorang penulis drama dan penulis skrip dan penulis. Sia Figiel memenangi Hadiah Penulis Komanwel 1997 untuk fiksyen di rantau Asia Tenggara / Pasifik Selatan dengan novelnya \"Where We Once Belonged\". Momoe Von Reiche adalah penyair dan artis terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa. Tusiata Avia adalah penyair prestasi. Buku pertama beliau dalam puisi Wild Dogs Under My Skirt diterbitkan oleh Victoria University Press pada tahun 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin adalah seorang artis dan penulis. Penyair dan penulis Samoa lain termasuk Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga dan Savea Sano Malifa, editor Pengamat Samoa. <> Apa penulis Samoa menulis Flying Fox dalam Pesta Kebebasan? || Albert Wendt <> Di negara apakah Flying Fox dalam Pesta Kebebasan dijadikan filem ciri? || New Zealand <> Yang novel Wendt dibuat dalam filem yang diarahkan oleh Paul Maunder? || Anak-anak untuk Rumah Pulangan <> Yang memenangi Hadiah Penulis Komanwel untuk fiksyen untuk buku beliau \"Where We Once Belonged\"? || Sia Figiel <> Apa jenis literatur yang ditulis Tusiata Avia? || puisi", {"context": "Albert Wendt is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by Martyn Sanderson. Another novel Sons for the Return Home had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by Paul Maunder. The late John Kneubuhl, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. Sia Figiel won the 1997 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel \"Where We Once Belonged\". Momoe Von Reiche is an internationally recognised poet and artist. Tusiata Avia is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry Wild Dogs Under My Skirt was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. Dan Taulapapa McMullin is an artist and writer. Other Samoan poets and writers include Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia, Eti Sa'aga and Savea Sano Malifa, the editor of the Samoa Observer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Albert Wendt"}], "question": "What Samoan author write Flying Fox in Freedom Tree?", "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "In what country was Flying Fox in Freedom Tree made into a feature film?", "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Sons for the Return Home"}], "question": "Which Wendt novel was made into a film directed by Paul Maunder?", "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Sia Figiel"}], "question": "Who won a Commonwealth Writers' Prize for fiction for her book \"Where We Once Belonged\"?", "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "poetry"}], "question": "What type of literature does Tusiata Avia write?", "id": "5726d91ddd62a815002e9278"}]}], ["Pemerintahan Samoa menyeru penyahkawalseliaan sektor kewangan, menggalakkan pelaburan, dan meneruskan disiplin fiskal. [Rujukan?] Pemerhati menunjuk kepada fleksibiliti pasaran buruh sebagai kekuatan asas untuk kemajuan ekonomi masa depan. telah banyak dibantu oleh pelaburan modal utama dalam infrastruktur hotel, ketidakstabilan politik di negara-negara Pasifik jiran, dan pelancaran Virgin Samoa pada tahun 2005 sebagai usahasama antara kerajaan dan Virgin Australia (kemudian Virgin Blue). <> Di mana sektor akan kerajaan Samoa suka melihat deregulasi? || kewangan <> Fleksibiliti segmen apa yang dapat menyokong pertumbuhan ekonomi di Samoa? || pasaran tenaga kerja <> infrastruktur apa yang telah banyak mendapat manfaat daripada pelaburan modal? || infrastruktur hotel <> Apa nama pasukan antara Samoa dan Virgin Australia? || Samoa Virgin <> Adakah Samoa membantu atau terluka oleh pergolakan politik di negara-negara di sekitar mereka? || membantu", {"context": "The Samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline.[citation needed] Observers point to the flexibility of the labour market as a basic strength for future economic advances.[citation needed] The sector has been helped enormously by major capital investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighbouring Pacific countries, and the 2005 launch of Virgin Samoa a joint-venture between the government and Virgin Australia (then Virgin Blue).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "financial"}], "question": "In which sector would the government of Samoa like to see deregulation?", "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "the labour market"}], "question": "The flexibility of what segment could support economic growth in Samoa?", "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "hotel infrastructure"}], "question": "What infrastructure has benefited greatly from capital investment?", "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Virgin Samoa"}], "question": "What's the name of the team-up between Samoa and Virgin Australia?", "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "helped"}], "question": "Is Samoa helped or hurt by political upheaval in the countries around them?", "id": "5726c409f1498d1400e8eaa4"}]}], ["Pengarah Sima Urale adalah pembuat filem yang memenangi anugerah. Filem pendek Urale, O Tamaiti memenangi Filem Pendek Terbaik yang berprestij di Festival Filem Venice pada tahun 1996. Filem pertama filem Apron Strings yang membuka Festival Filem Antarabangsa NZ 2008. Ciri-ciri filem Siones Wedding, yang ditulis bersama oleh Oscar Kightley, telah berjaya secara kewangan berikutan perdana di Auckland dan Apia. Filem 2011 The Orator adalah filem pertama Samoa yang pertama, ditembak di Samoa dalam bahasa Samoa dengan tarian Samoan yang menceritakan kisah Samoa yang unik. Ditulis dan diarahkan oleh Tusi Tamasese, ia menerima banyak pujian dan perhatian kritikal di festival filem di seluruh dunia. <> Siapa yang membuat filem O Tamaiti? || Sima Urale <> Apakah pengeluaran panjang pertama Sima Urale? || Struktur Apron <> Filem apa yang pernah menjadi produksi pertama di Samoa? || The Orator <> Who wrote and directed The Orator? || Tusi Tamasese <> Dalam tahun apakah Apron Strings menjadi bintang pembuka Festival Filem Antarabangsa NZ? || 2008", {"context": "Director Sima Urale is an award-winning filmmaker. Urale's short film O Tamaiti won the prestigious Best Short Film at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Her first feature film Apron Strings opened the 2008 NZ International Film Festival. The feature film Siones Wedding, co-written by Oscar Kightley, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film The Orator was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by Tusi Tamasese, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Sima Urale"}], "question": "Who made the film O Tamaiti?", "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Apron Strings"}], "question": "What was Sima Urale's first feature-length production?", "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "The Orator"}], "question": "What movie was the first ever all-Samoan production?", "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Tusi Tamasese"}], "question": "Who wrote and directed The Orator?", "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Apron Strings star as the opening film of the NZ International Film Festival?", "id": "5726dd33f1498d1400e8edc2"}]}], ["Kesatuan ragbi adalah sukan kebangsaan di Samoa dan pasukan kebangsaan, yang dijuluki Manu Samoa, bersaing secara konsisten menentang pasukan dari negara-negara yang jauh lebih ramai. Samoa telah bertanding di setiap Piala Dunia Ragbi sejak 1991, dan membuat pusingan suku akhir pada 1991, 1995 dan pusingan kedua cawan dunia 1999. Di Piala Dunia 2003, Manu Samoa hampir menewaskan juara dunia, England. Samoa juga bermain di Piala Bangsa-Bangsa Pasifik dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Pasifik. Sukan ini ditadbir oleh Union Football Rugby Samoa, yang merupakan ahli Persatuan Ragbi Kepulauan Pasifik, dan dengan demikian turut menyumbang kepada pasukan kesatuan ragbi pulau Pasifik. <> Apa yang dipuji orang Samoa dengan pasukan ragbi kebangsaan mereka? || Manu Samoa <> Pasukan Samoa belum melewatkan Piala Dunia Rugby sejak tahun berapa? || 1991 <> Organisasi apa yang mengawal pasukan ragbi Samoa? || Persatuan Bola Sepak Ragbi Samoa <> Apa pasukan yang menjadi juara Piala Dunia hampir disenangi oleh Manu Samoa pada tahun 2003? || England <> Dalam tahun apakah Manu Samoa membuatnya ke pusingan kedua Piala Dunia? || 1999", {"context": "Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the national team, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every Rugby World Cup since 1991, and made the quarter finals in 1991, 1995 and the second round of the 1999 world cup. At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the Pacific Nations Cup and the Pacific Tri-Nations The sport is governed by the Samoa Rugby Football Union, who are members of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and thus, also contribute to the international Pacific Islanders rugby union team.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Manu Samoa"}], "question": "What do Samoans affectionately call their national rugby team?", "id": "5726def05951b619008f80cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "1991"}], "question": "The Samoan team hasn't missed a Rugby World Cup since what year?", "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Samoa Rugby Football Union"}], "question": "What organization governs the Samoan rugby team?", "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "England"}], "question": "What team that went on to become World Cup champions was almost bested by Manu Samoa in 2003?", "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In what year did Manu Samoa make it to the second round of the World Cup?", "id": "5726def05951b619008f80d3"}]}], ["Dalam muzik, band tempatan yang popular termasuk The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau dan Punialava'a. Cover Yandall Sisters lagu Inspirasi Sweet mencapai nomor satu di carta New Zealand pada tahun 1974. King Kapisi adalah artis hip-hop pertama yang menerima Anugerah Scroll Silver APRA New Zealand yang berprestij pada tahun 1999 untuk lagu Reverse Resistance. Video muzik untuk Reverse Resistance difilmkan di Savai'i di kampungnya. Lain-lain artis yang berjaya dalam hip hop termasuk rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage dan Tha Feelstyle yang video muzik Suamalie difilmkan di Samoa. <> Apa band Samoa yang popular mempunyai nombor dalam namanya? || The Five Stars <> Apa lagu yang diliputi oleh kumpulan Samoa adalah nombor satu di 1974 di New Zealand? || Inspirasi Manis <> Berapa anugerah kemenangan King Kapisi untuk lagu Reverse Resistance? || New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award <> Yang artis hip hop yang memfilmkan video muzik untuk lagunya Suamalie di Samoa? || Tha Feelstyle <> Tahun berapa King Kapisi menjadi artis hip hop pertama yang memenangi APRA Silver Scroll? || 1999", {"context": "In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "The Five Stars"}], "question": "What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?", "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Sweet Inspiration"}], "question": "What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?", "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award"}], "question": "What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?", "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Tha Feelstyle"}], "question": "Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?", "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?", "id": "5726da61f1498d1400e8ed3c"}]}], ["Liga Ragbi kebanyakannya dimainkan oleh orang Samoa yang tinggal di New Zealand dan Australia, dengan Samoa mencapai peringkat suku akhir Piala Dunia Ragbi 2013 yang terdiri daripada pemain yang bermain di NRL, Liga Super dan pemain domestik. Ramai orang Samoa dan New Zealand atau Australia keturunan Samoa bermain di Liga Super dan Liga Nasional di Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu dari Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu dari St Helens dan David Fatialofa dari Whitehaven dan Setima Sa yang menandatangani kontrak dengan kelab ragbi Ireland London. Pemain lain yang perlu diberi perhatian dari NZ dan Australia telah mewakili pasukan kebangsaan Samoa. Pertandingan liga ragbi domestik 2011 mengandungi 10 pasukan dengan rancangan untuk berkembang menjadi 12 pada 2012. <> Dalam apa persaingan pasukan ragbi Samoa mencapai peringkat suku akhir pada tahun 2013? || Piala Dunia Ragbi <> Selain dari Australia, di mana negara lain selain Samoa mungkin pemain rugby Samoa hidup? || New Zealand <> Apa pemain ragbi Samoa yang masuk ke kelab ragbi Ireland London? || Setima Sa <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang bermain dalam pertandingan liga ragbi domestik 2011? || 10 <> Apa kelab ragbi yang bermain Maurie Fa'asavalu? || St Helens", {"context": "Rugby league is mostly played by Samoans living in New Zealand and Australia,[citation needed] with Samoa reaching the quarter finals of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup made of players playing in the NRL, Super League and domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain. Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens and David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setima Sa who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from NZ and Australia have represented the Samoan National team. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Rugby League World Cup"}], "question": "In what competition did the Samoan rugby team reach the quarter finals in 2013?", "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "New Zealand"}], "question": "Apart from Australia, in what country other than Samoa might Samoan rugby players live?", "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Setima Sa"}], "question": "What Samoan rugby player signed to London Irish rugby club?", "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "10"}], "question": "How many teams played in the 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition?", "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "St Helens"}], "question": "What rugby club did Maurie Fa'asavalu play for?", "id": "5726e320f1498d1400e8eec0"}]}], ["Lemi Ponifasio adalah pengarah dan koreografer yang terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa dengan MAU Syarikat tariannya. Syarikat Neil Ieremia, Black Grace juga menerima pujian antarabangsa dengan lawatan ke Eropah dan New York. Hip hop mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap budaya Samoa. Menurut Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD dari University of Hawaii di Manoa, \"Budaya Hip-hop khususnya sangat popular di kalangan pemuda Samoa.\" Seperti kebanyakan negara lain, muzik hip-hop popular. Di samping itu, penyepaduan elemen hip hop ke dalam tradisi Samoa juga \"memberi kesaksian kepada perpindahan bentuk-bentuk tarian itu sendiri,\" dan kepada \"litar yang melaluinya orang dan semua pengetahuan yang diwujudkan.\" Menari kedua-duanya dalam bentuk tradisional dan bentuknya yang lebih moden masih menjadi mata wang budaya utama bagi orang Samoa, terutamanya golongan belia. <> Apa nama Lemi Ponifasio menamakan syarikat tariannya? || MAU <> Apa genre muzik yang sangat mempengaruhi budaya di Samoa? || Hip hop <> Apa koreografer Samoa mengasaskan Black Grace? || Neil Ieremia <> Apa profesor di Universiti Hawaii di Manoa menulis tentang hubungan antara hip hop, tarian, dan budaya tradisional Samoa? || Katerina Martina Teaiwa <> Antara kumpulan usia apa di Samoa hip hop dan tarian yang paling popular? || belia", {"context": "Lemi Ponifasio is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU. Neil Ieremia's company Black Grace has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. Hip hop has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, \"Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth.\" Like very many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also \"testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves,\" and to the \"circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel.\" Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "MAU"}], "question": "What did Lemi Ponifasio name his dance company?", "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Hip hop"}], "question": "What genre of music greatly influenced the culture in Samoa?", "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Neil Ieremia"}], "question": "What Samoan choreographer founded Black Grace?", "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Katerina Martina Teaiwa"}], "question": "What professor at the University in Hawaii at Manoa wrote about the relationships between hip hop, dance, and traditional Samoan culture?", "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "youths"}], "question": "Among what age group in Samoa is hip hop and dance most popular?", "id": "5726dc07f1498d1400e8ed8e"}]}]], [["Pius XII menyampaikan alamat mengenai janji temu Montini dari katilnya yang sakit di radio kepada mereka yang berkumpul di Basilika Santo Petrus pada 12 Disember 1954. Kedua-dua Montini dan paus itu menangis di mata mereka ketika Montini berpisah untuk keuskupannya dengan 1,000 gereja, 2.500 imam dan 3,500,000 jiwa. Pada 5 Januari 1955, Montini secara rasmi mengambil alih katedral Milan. Montini, selepas tempoh penyediaan, menyukai tugas barunya sebagai uskup, menghubungkan kepada semua kumpulan yang setia di Milan. Dia menikmati pertemuan dengan intelektual, artis dan penulis. <> Dalam tahun apakah Pius XII menyampaikan alamat radio yang mengumumkan pelantikan Paus Montini? || 1954 <> Pada tarikh apa Montini menjadi uskup Milan? || 5 Januari <> Pada tahun apakah Montini menjadi uskup Katedral Milan? || 1955 <> Dimana Pius XII ketika dia mengumumkan pelantikan Montini sebagai uskup? || katilnya yang sakit <> Kepada apa bandar Itali yang pernah menjadi menteri besar Montini? || Milan", {"context": "Pius XII delivered an address about Montini's appointment from his sick-bed over radio to those assembled in St. Peter's Basilica on 12 December 1954. Both Montini and the pope had tears in their eyes when Montini parted for his dioceses with 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls. On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his Cathedral of Milan. Montini, after a period of preparation, liked his new tasks as archbishop, connecting to all groups of faithful in Milan. He enjoyed meetings with intellectuals, artists and writers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "1954"}], "question": "In what year did Pius XII deliver a radio address announcing Montini's papal appointment?", "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "5 January"}], "question": "On what date did Montini become the archbishop of Milan?", "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year did Montini become the archbishop of the Cathedral of Milan?", "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "his sick-bed"}], "question": "Where was Pius XII when he announced Montini's appointment as archbishop?", "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Milan"}], "question": "To what Italian city was Montini appointed archbishop?", "id": "5726ad0d5951b619008f79d4"}]}], ["Atas permintaan pope, dia mencipta pejabat maklumat untuk tawanan perang dan pelarian, yang pada tahun-tahun kewujudannya dari 1939 hingga 1947 menerima hampir sepuluh juta (9891497) permintaan maklumat dan menghasilkan lebih dari sebelas juta (11.293.511 ) jawapan tentang orang yang hilang. Montini beberapa kali secara terbuka diserang oleh kerajaan Benito Mussolini sebagai seorang ahli politik, dan terlibat dalam politik, tetapi setiap kali dia mendapati pertahanan kuat oleh Vatikan. Pada tahun 1944, Luigi Maglione mati, dan Pius XII melantik Tardini dan Montini bersama-sama sebagai ketua Jabatan Negara. Kekaguman Montini hampir bersahabat, ketika dia menggambarkan Paus Pius XII: <> Pada tahun apakah kantor informasi untuk tahanan dan pelarian didirikan? || 1939 <> Berapa banyak pertanyaan yang diterima oleh Mintini mengenai orang yang hilang? || sepuluh juta <> Apakah Montini dituduh oleh pemerintah Itali? || ahli politik <> Dengan siapa Montini merasa dia mempunyai saudara seperti sambungan? || Paus Pius XII <> Apakah Perdana Menteri Itali menyerang Montini untuk pendirian politiknya? || Mussolini", {"context": "At the request of the pope, he created an information office for prisoners of war and refugees, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost ten million (9\u202f891\u202f497) information requests and produced over eleven million (11.293.511) answers about missing persons. Montini was several times openly attacked by Benito Mussolini's government as a politician, and meddling in politics, but each time he found powerful defenses by the Vatican. In 1944, Luigi Maglione died, and Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini together as heads of the State Department. Montini's admiration was almost filial, when he described Pope Pius XII:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "1939"}], "question": "In what year was the office for information for prisoners and refugees founded?", "id": "5726a975708984140094cd35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "ten million"}], "question": "How many inquiries did Mintini receive regarding missing persons ?", "id": "5726a975708984140094cd36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "politician"}], "question": "What was Montini accused of being by the Italian government?", "id": "5726a975708984140094cd37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "Pope Pius XII"}], "question": "With whom did Montini feel he had a brother like connection to?", "id": "5726a975708984140094cd38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Mussolini"}], "question": "What Italian Prime Minister attacked Montini for his political stances?", "id": "5726a975708984140094cd39"}]}], ["Giovanni Battista Montini dilahirkan di desa Concesio, di wilayah Brescia, Lombardy pada tahun 1897. Ayahnya Giorgio Montini adalah seorang peguam, wartawan, pengarah Aksi Katolik dan anggota Parlemen Itali. Ibunya ialah Giudetta Alghisi, dari keluarga kaum bangsawan. Beliau mempunyai dua bersaudara, Francesco Montini, yang menjadi seorang doktor, dan Lodovico Montini, yang menjadi peguam dan ahli politik. Pada 30 September 1897, dia dibaptis atas nama Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. Beliau menghadiri Cesare Arici, sebuah sekolah yang dikendalikan oleh Jesuit, dan pada tahun 1916, beliau menerima diploma dari Arnaldo da Brescia, sebuah sekolah awam di Brescia. Pendidikannya sering terganggu oleh serangan penyakit. <> Di Itali apa yang dikatakan Giovanni Battista Montini? || Brescia, Lombardy <> Di kampung Itali apakah Giovanni Battista Montini dilahirkan? || Concesio <> Apa organisasi politik bapa bapa Giovanni? || Parlimen Itali <> Berapa ramai saudara lelaki yang pernah melakukan Giovanni? || dua <> Apa ibu Giovanni berasal? || bangsawan luar bandar", {"context": "Giovanni Battista Montini was born in the village of Concesio, in the province of Brescia, Lombardy in 1897. His father Giorgio Montini was a lawyer, journalist, director of the Catholic Action and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother was Giudetta Alghisi, from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini, who became a physician, and Lodovico Montini, who became a lawyer and politician. On 30 September 1897, he was baptized in the name of Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini. He attended Cesare Arici, a school run by the Jesuits, and in 1916, he received a diploma from Arnaldo da Brescia, a public school in Brescia. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Brescia, Lombardy"}], "question": "In what Italian province was Giovanni Battista Montini born?", "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Concesio"}], "question": "In what Italian village was Giovanni Battista Montini born?", "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Italian Parliament"}], "question": "What political organization was Giovanni's father a member of?", "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many brothers did Giovanni have?", "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "rural nobility"}], "question": "What was Giovanni's mother descended from?", "id": "57269ff7dd62a815002e8b5a"}]}], ["Satu-satunya pengalaman diplomatik asing yang pernah dialami oleh Montini adalah waktunya di nunciature di Warsaw, Poland pada tahun 1923. Seperti Achille Ratti sebelum dia, [a] dia merasa berhadapan dengan masalah besar itu, tidak terbatas pada Poland, nasionalisme berlebihan: \"Bentuk ini nasionalisme melayan orang asing sebagai musuh, terutamanya orang asing dengan siapa ia mempunyai sempadan yang sama, maka orang itu mencari perkembangan negara sendiri dengan mengorbankan jiran-jiran yang terdekat Orang-orang membesar dengan perasaan bersemangat. Keamanan menjadi kompromi sementara antara peperangan . \" Apabila dia ditarik balik ke Rom, dia gembira pergi, kerana \"ini menyimpulkan episod dalam hidup saya, yang telah memberi manfaat, walaupun tidak selalu menyenangkan, pengalaman.\" <> Apakah masalah politik yang Montini merasa perlu untuk ditangani sebagai diplomat di Poland? || nasionalisme yang berlebihan <> Bagaimana Montini melihat nasionalisme Poland sebagai masalah? || memperlakukan orang asing sebagai musuh <> Apa konsep kemanusiaan yang Montini melihat nasionalisme sebagai melanggar? || sempadan umum <> Apa jenis kestabilan politik yang dikompromi sebagai akibat dari nasionalisme yang ganas? || Keamanan <> Di manakah Montini gembira dapat kembali selepas berkhidmat di Poland? || Rom", {"context": "The only foreign diplomatic experience Montini underwent was his time in the nunciature in Warsaw, Poland in 1923. Like Achille Ratti before him,[a] he felt confronted with the huge problem, not limited to Poland, of excessive nationalism: \"This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars.\" When he was recalled to Rome he was happy to go, because \"this concludes this episode of my life, which has provided useful, though not always joyful, experiences.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "excessive nationalism"}], "question": "What political problem did Montini feel he needed to address as a diplomat in Poland?", "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "treats foreigners as enemies"}], "question": "How did Montini see the nationalism of Poland as a problem?", "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "common frontiers"}], "question": "What humanitarian concept did Montini see nationalism as violating?", "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Peace"}], "question": "What type of political stability was compromised as a result of violent nationalism?", "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "Where was Montini happy to return to after his tenure in Poland?", "id": "5726a337f1498d1400e8e58e"}]}], ["Apabila perang meletus, Maglione, Tardini dan Montini menjadi tokoh utama di Jabatan Negara Vatican, sebagai pemberontakan yang berasal dari atau ditujukan kepada mereka semasa tahun-tahun peperangan. [Halaman diperlukan] Montini bertanggungjawab menjaga \"urusan biasa\" Sekretariat Negeri, yang mengambil banyak pagi setiap hari bekerja. Pada waktu petang dia berpindah ke tingkat tiga ke Pejabat Setiausaha Swasta Pontif. Pius XII tidak mempunyai setiausaha peribadi. Begitu juga dengan beberapa paus di hadapannya, beliau mewakilkan fungsi kesetiaan kepada Sekretariat Negara. Semasa tahun-tahun peperangan, beribu-ribu surat dari semua bahagian dunia tiba di meja pope, kebanyakan mereka meminta pemahaman, doa dan bantuan. Montini telah ditugaskan untuk merumuskan balasan atas nama Pius XII, menyatakan empatiya, dan memahami dan memberikan bantuan, jika mungkin. <> Jabatan apa yang Montini mengawasi ketika dia bekerja dengan Sekretariat Negara? || urusan biasa <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan oleh Montini, Maglione dan Tardini? || Jabatan Negeri Vatican <> Apakah peranan yang dilakukan Montini untuk Pius XII? || Setiausaha Swasta <> Apa yang dilakukan Montini untuk bertindak balas bagi pihak Pius XII? || surat <> Pada masa apakah Montini bertanggungjawab terhadap komunikasi Vatikan? || tahun peperangan", {"context": "As war broke out, Maglione, Tardini and Montini were the main figures in the Vatican's State Department, as despatches originated from or addressed to them during the war years.[page needed] Montini was in charge of taking care of the \"ordinary affairs\" of the Secretariat of State, which took much of the mornings of every working day. In the afternoon he moved to the third floor into the Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff. Pius XII did not have a personal secretary. As did several popes before him, he delegated the secretarial functions to the State Secretariat. During the war years, thousands of letters from all parts of the world arrived at the desk of the pope, most of them asking for understanding, prayer and help. Montini was tasked to formulate the replies in the name of Pius XII, expressing his empathy, and understanding and providing help, where possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "ordinary affairs"}], "question": "What department did Montini oversee when he worked with the Secretariat of State?", "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Vatican's State Department"}], "question": "What organization did Montini, Maglione and Tardini belong to?", "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Private Secretary"}], "question": "What role did Montini fill for Pius XII?", "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "letters"}], "question": "What did Montini take charge of responding to on behalf of Pius XII?", "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e639"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "war years"}], "question": "During what time was Montini responsible for the communications of the Vatican?", "id": "5726a764f1498d1400e8e63a"}]}], ["Kemahiran organisasi beliau membawa beliau ke kerjaya di Curia Rom, perkhidmatan awam paus. Pada tahun 1931, Pacelli melantiknya untuk mengajar sejarah di Akademi Papal untuk Diplomat Pada tahun 1937, selepas mentornya Giuseppe Pizzardo dinobatkan sebagai kardinal dan digantikan oleh Domenico Tardini, Montini dinobatkan sebagai Pengganti untuk Hal Ehwal Biasa di bawah Kardinal Pacelli, Setiausaha Negara di bawah Pope Pius XI. Dari Pius XI, yang dilihatnya dengan kagum, dia mengamalkan pandangannya, bahawa pembelajaran adalah proses kehidupan yang panjang, dan sejarah itu adalah guru kehidupan magister hidup. Penyelia terdekatnya di Vatican adalah Domenico Tardini, yang dengannya ia terjaga dengan baik. Pemilihan Pacelli ke kepausan pada tahun 1939, yang dijangka oleh semua orang dan secara terbuka dipromosikan oleh Paus Pius XI pada tahun-tahun terakhirnya, merupakan petanda yang baik untuk Montini, yang kedudukannya telah disahkan dalam posisi di bawah Setiausaha Kardinal baru Luigi Maglione. Beliau bertemu dengan Paus setiap pagi sehingga 1954 dan dengan demikian mengembangkan hubungan yang agak rapat: <> Keupayaan semacam jenis apa yang membantu Montini dalam kerjayanya di Curia Rom? || kemahiran organisasi <> Bilakah Paccelli dipilih untuk kepausan? || 1939 <> Dengan siapa Montini mempunyai hubungan dengan yang akhirnya menyapu dia untuk kepausan? || Pacelli <> Di mana Montini mengajar sejarah? || Akademi Papal untuk Diplomat <<Siapa mentor Montini yang akhirnya menjadi Kardinal? || Giuseppe Pizzardo", {"context": "His organisational skills led him to a career in the Roman Curia, the papal civil service. In 1931, Pacelli appointed him to teach history at the Papal Academy for Diplomats In 1937, after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by Domenico Tardini, Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State under Pope Pius XI. From Pius XI, whom he viewed with awe, he adopted the view, that learning is a life long process, and that history was the magister vitae teacher of life His immediate supervisor in the Vatican was Domenico Tardini, with whom he got along well. The election of Pacelli to the papacy in 1939, anticipated by everybody and openly promoted by Pope Pius XI in his last years, was a good omen for Montini, whose position was confirmed in the position under the new Cardinal Secretary of State Luigi Maglione. He met the pope every morning until 1954 and thus developed a rather close relationship:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "organisational skills"}], "question": "What type of natural ability helped Montini in his career in the Roman Curia?", "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "1939"}], "question": "When was Paccelli elected to the papacy?", "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "Pacelli"}], "question": "With whom did Montini have a relationship with that eventually groomed him for the papacy?", "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Papal Academy for Diplomats"}], "question": "Where did Montini teach history?", "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Giuseppe Pizzardo"}], "question": "Who was Montini's mentor that eventually became a Cardinal?", "id": "5726a578f1498d1400e8e5f8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1916, beliau memasuki seminari untuk menjadi imam Katolik Roman. Dia ditahbiskan imam pada 29 Mei 1920 di Brescia dan merayakan Misa Kudus pertamanya di Brescia di Basilika Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini menyimpulkan kajiannya di Milan dengan gelar doktor di Canon Law pada tahun yang sama. Selepas itu dia belajar di Universiti Gregorian, University of Rome La Sapienza dan, atas permintaan Giuseppe Pizzardo di Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. Pada usia dua puluh lima, sekali lagi atas permintaan Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini memasuki Sekretariat Negara pada tahun 1922, di mana ia bekerja di bawah Pizzardo bersama dengan Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini dan Francis Spellman. Akibatnya, dia tidak menghabiskan masa sehari sebagai imam paroki. Pada tahun 1925, beliau membantu menemui rumah penerbitan Morcelliana di Brescia, yang menumpukan pada menggalakkan budaya 'Kristian yang terinspirasi'. <> Dalam tahun apakah Montini memasuki seminari Katolik untuk menjadi imam? || 1916 <> Dalam bidang apakah Montini mendapat ijazah kedoktoran? || Undang-undang Canon <> Di mana bandar Montini menamatkan pengajian doktoralnya? || Milan <> Pada umur berapa Montini memasuki Sekretariat negara? || dua puluh lima <> Di mana Montini terus belajar atas permintaan Giuseppe Pizzardo? || Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici", {"context": "In 1916, he entered the seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest. He was ordained priest on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first Holy Mass in Brescia in the Basilica of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Montini concluded his studies in Milan with a doctorate in Canon Law in the same year. Afterwards he studied at the Gregorian University, the University of Rome La Sapienza and, at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici. At the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the Secretariat of State in 1922, where he worked under Pizzardo together with Francesco Borgongini-Duca, Alfredo Ottaviani, Carlo Grano, Domenico Tardini and Francis Spellman. Consequently, he spent not a day as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian inspired culture'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1916"}], "question": "In what year did Montini enter the Catholic seminary to become a priest?", "id": "5726a158708984140094cc59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Canon Law"}], "question": "In what field did Montini obtain a doctorate in?", "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Milan"}], "question": "In what city did Montini finish his doctoral studies?", "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "twenty-five"}], "question": "At what age did Montini enter the Secretariat of state?", "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesiastici"}], "question": "Where did Montini continue to study at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo?", "id": "5726a158708984140094cc5d"}]}], ["Sebagai Setiausaha Negara Montini menyelaraskan aktiviti bantuan kepada yang dianiaya dalam persaraan, paroki, seminari, dan sekolah gerejawi. Atas permintaan paus itu, bersama dengan Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli dan Otto Faller, dia menciptakan Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, yang membantu sejumlah besar orang Rom dan pelarian dari mana-mana tempat dengan perlindungan, makanan dan bahan bantuan lain. Di Roma sahaja, organisasi ini mengagihkan hampir dua juta bahagian makanan percuma pada tahun 1944. Vatican dan Kediaman Papal Castel Gandolfo telah dibuka kepada pelarian. Sebanyak 15,000 orang tinggal di Castel Gandolfo sahaja, disokong oleh Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. Atas permintaan Pius XII, Montini juga terlibat dalam penubuhan semula Asylum Gereja, yang memberikan perlindungan kepada ratusan tentara Sekutu, yang telah melarikan diri dari kem tahanan Axis, Yahudi, anti-Fasis, Sosialis, Komunis, dan selepas pembebasan Rom, tentera Jerman, partisans dan orang lain yang terlantar. Selepas perang dan kemudian sebagai paus, Montini memulangkan Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, ke dalam amal utama, Caritas Italiana. [B] <> Siapa yang meminta Montini terlibat dalam gerakan Gereja Asylum? || Pius XII <> Apakah kumpulan waktu peperangan apakah kediaman Vatican dan Papal membuka pintu? || pelarian <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Castel Gofolfo semasa perang? || 15,000 <> Apa organisasi yang Montiet membentuk dengan rakan-rakan pegawai lain untuk membantu pelarian? || Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza <> Apa yang Montini berusaha untuk membina semula untuk membantu orang-orang Yahudi dan tentara bersekutu yang dianiaya? || Gereja Asylum", {"context": "As Secretary of State Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to the persecuted hidden in convents, parishes, seminaries, and in ecclesiastical schools. At the request of the pope, together with Pascalina Lehnert, Ferdinando Baldelli and Otto Faller, he created the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, which aided large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other material assistance. In Rome alone this organization distributed almost two million portions of free food in the year 1944. The Vatican and the Papal Residence Castel Gandolfo were opened to refugees. Some 15,000 persons lived in Castel Gandolfo alone, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza. At the request of Pius XII, Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, providing protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers, who had escaped from Axis prison camps, Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, German soldiers, partisans and other displaced persons. After the war and later as pope, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza, into the major charity, Caritas Italiana.[b]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "Pius XII"}], "question": "Who requested Montini become involved in the Church Asylum movement?", "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "refugees"}], "question": "What war time group did the Vatican and Papal residence open their doors to?", "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "15,000"}], "question": "How many people lived at Castel Gofolfo during the war?", "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza"}], "question": "What organization did Montini form with other fellow officials to help refugees?", "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Church Asylum"}], "question": "What did Montini strive to reestablish to help persecuted Jews and allied soldiers?", "id": "5726abd7f1498d1400e8e6ba"}]}], ["26 Oktober 1897 - 6 Ogos 1978), berkuasa sebagai Paus dari 21 Jun 1978, Paola VI VI (bahasa Latin: Paulus VI, Itali: Paolo VI), lahir Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (pengucapan bahasa Italia: 1963 hingga kematiannya pada tahun 1978. Selepas Paus Yohanes XXIII, beliau meneruskan Majlis Vatikan Kedua yang ditutup pada tahun 1965, melaksanakan pelbagai reformasi, dan memupuk hubungan ekumenikal yang lebih baik dengan Ortodoks Timur dan Protestan, yang mengakibatkan banyak pertemuan dan perjanjian bersejarah. Montini berkhidmat di Sekretariat Negara Vatican dari 1922 hingga 1954. Semasa di Sekretariat Negara, Montini dan Domenico Tardini dianggap sebagai rakan sekerja yang paling dekat dan paling berpengaruh di Pope Pius XII, yang pada tahun 1954 menamakannya Ketua Biskop Milan, Itali terbesar keuskupan. Montini secara automatik menjadi Setiausaha Persidangan Biskop Itali. John XXIII menaikkannya ke Kolej Kardinal pada tahun 1958, dan selepas kematian John XXIII, Montini dianggap sebagai pengganti paling mungkin. <> Pada tarikh apa yang dilahirkan Paus Paulus VI? || 26 September 1897 <> Pada tarikh apakah Paus Paulus VI mati? || 6 Ogos 1978) <> Pada tahun apakah Paus Paulus VI menutup Penasihat Vatican Kedua? || 1965 <> Bilakah Paus Paulus VI dipilih sebagai Paus? || 21 Jun 1963 <> Apakah nama pertama Paus Paulus VI dilahirkan? || Giovanni", {"context": "Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [d\u0292io\u02c8vani ba\u02c8tista en\u02c8riko an\u02c8tonjo mar\u02c8ija mon\u02c8tini]; 26 September 1897 \u2013 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "26 September 1897"}], "question": "On What date was Pope Paul VI born?", "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "6 August 1978)"}], "question": "On what date did Pope Paul VI die?", "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?", "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "21 June 1963"}], "question": "When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?", "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Giovanni"}], "question": "What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?", "id": "57269bfff1498d1400e8e4c4"}]}], ["Selepas pemilihannya kepada kepausan, Montini mengambil nama Paulus yang bernama Paulus (yang pertama mengambil nama \"Paulus\" sejak tahun 1605) untuk menunjukkan misi yang diperbaharui di seluruh dunia untuk menyebarkan pesan Kristus, mengikuti contoh Rasul Paulus. [ petikan diperlukan] Beliau mengadakan semula Majlis Vatikan Kedua, yang secara automatik ditutup dengan kematian John XXIII, dan memberikan keutamaan dan arahan kepadanya. Selepas majlis itu selesai, Paul VI mengetuai tafsiran dan pelaksanaan mandatnya, sering berjalan dengan nipis di antara harapan-harapan yang saling bertentangan dari berbagai kelompok dalam agama Katolik. Keagungan dan kedalaman pembaharuan yang mempengaruhi semua bidang kehidupan gereja semasa pontificatenya melebihi dasar pembaharuan yang sama dengan pendahulunya dan penggantinya. Paul VI adalah seorang penyembah Marian, berulang kali berucap pada kongres-kongres Marian dan pertemuan-pertemuan mariologi, melawat tempat-tempat suci Marian dan mengeluarkan tiga ensiklik Marian. Berikutan pendahulunya yang terkenal Saint Ambrose dari Milan, beliau menamakan Maria sebagai Ibu Gereja semasa Majlis Vatikan Kedua. Paul VI mencari dialog dengan dunia, dengan orang Kristian lain, agama lain, dan ateis, tidak termasuk siapa-siapa. Dia melihat dirinya sebagai seorang hamba yang rendah hati untuk manusia yang menderita dan menuntut perubahan ketara yang kaya di Amerika Utara dan Eropah yang memihak kepada golongan miskin di Dunia Ketiga. Kedudukannya mengenai kawalan kelahiran, yang paling terkenal dalam ensiklopedia Humanae 1968, dan isu-isu politik yang lain, sering menjadi kontroversi, terutama di Eropah Barat dan Amerika Utara. <> Apa jenis penyembah adalah Paus Paul VI? || Marian <> Nama apa yang tidak digunakan untuk Paus sejak tahun 1605? || \"Paul\" <> Pada tahun apakah nama \"Paulus\" terakhir digunakan sebagai nama palsu sebelum Paus Paulus VI menjadi Paus? || 1605 <> Apa yang dilakukan Paus Paulus VI ketika dia menjadi Paus? || Majlis Vatican Kedua <> Apakah penerbitan mempromosikan pandangan Pope Paul VI mengenai pengguguran? || ensiklopedia Humanae vitae", {"context": "Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the pontifical name Paul VI (the first to take the name \"Paul\" since 1605) to indicate a renewed worldwide mission to spread the message of Christ, following the example of Apostle St. Paul.[citation needed] He re-convened the Second Vatican Council, which was automatically closed with the death of John XXIII, and gave it priority and direction. After the council had concluded its work, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, often walking a thin line between the conflicting expectations of various groups within Catholicism. The magnitude and depth of the reforms affecting all fields of Church life during his pontificate exceeded similar reform policies of his predecessors and successors. Paul VI was a Marian devotee, speaking repeatedly to Marian congresses and mariological meetings, visiting Marian shrines and issuing three Marian encyclicals. Following his famous predecessor Saint Ambrose of Milan, he named Mary as the Mother of the Church during the Second Vatican Council. Paul VI sought dialogue with the world, with other Christians, other religions, and atheists, excluding nobody. He saw himself as a humble servant for a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes of the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the Third World. His positions on birth control, promulgated most famously in the 1968 encyclical Humanae vitae, and other political issues, were often controversial, especially in Western Europe and North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "Marian"}], "question": "What type of devotee was Pope Paul VI?", "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "\"Paul\""}], "question": "What name had not been used for a Pope since the year 1605?", "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1605"}], "question": "In what year was the name \"Paul\" last used as a pontifical name before Pope Paul VI became Pope?", "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "the Second Vatican Council"}], "question": "What did Pope Paul VI re-convene when he became Pope?", "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1433, "text": "encyclical Humanae vitae"}], "question": "What publication promoted Pope Paul VI's views on abortion?", "id": "57269ef1708984140094cbf9"}]}], ["Sebagai Kardinal, Montini berkunjung ke Afrika (1962), di mana beliau melawat Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, Afrika Selatan, dan Nigeria. Selepas perjalanannya, John XXIII memberinya penonton peribadi dalam perjalanannya yang berlangsung selama beberapa jam. Dalam lima belas perjalanan lain beliau melawat Brazil (1960) dan Amerika Syarikat (1960), termasuk New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, Universiti Notre Dame di Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, dan Baltimore. Semasa seorang kardinal, dia biasanya bercuti di Engelberg Abbey, biara Benedictine yang terpencil di Switzerland. <> Negara apa yang Montini melawat sebagai Kardinal? || Afrika <> Dalam tahun apakah Montini pergi melawat Afrika sebagai kardinal? || 1962 <> Berapa banyak perjalanan asing yang dibuat oleh Montini sebagai Kardinal? || Lima belas <> Pada tahun apakah Montini melawat Amerika Syarikat? || 1960 <> Di mana Montini suka menggunakan sebagai tempat berundur sebagai kardinal? || Biara Engelberg", {"context": "As a Cardinal, Montini journeyed to Africa (1962), where he visited Ghana, Sudan, Kenya, Congo, Rhodesia, South Africa, and Nigeria. After his journey, John XXIII gave him a private audience on his trip which lasted for several hours. In fifteen other trips he visited Brazil (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington, DC, Chicago, the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. While a cardinal, he usually vacationed in Engelberg Abbey, a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "What country did Montini visit as Cardinal?", "id": "5726b375708984140094ce31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1962"}], "question": "In what year did Montini travel to visit Africa as a cardinal?", "id": "5726b375708984140094ce32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "fifteen"}], "question": "How many foreign trips did Montini make as Cardinal?", "id": "5726b375708984140094ce33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "1960"}], "question": "In what year did Montini visit the United States?", "id": "5726b375708984140094ce34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Engelberg Abbey"}], "question": "Where did Montini like to use as a retreat as a cardinal?", "id": "5726b375708984140094ce35"}]}], ["Pius XII meminta Uskup Agung Montini ke Rom Oktober 1957, di mana beliau memberikan persembahan utama kepada Kongres Dunia Kedua Apostolik. Sebelum ini sebagai Setiausaha Projek, beliau telah bekerja keras untuk menyatukan organisasi orang awam di seluruh dunia dari 58 negara, mewakili 42 organisasi kebangsaan. Beliau menyampaikannya kepada Pius XII di Rom pada tahun 1951. Pertemuan kedua pada tahun 1957 memberi Montini peluang untuk menyatakan penghormatan itu dalam istilah moden: \"Apostolate berarti cinta. Kita akan menyukai semua, tetapi terutama mereka yang memerlukan bantuan ... akan menyukai masa, teknologi kami, seni kami, sukan kami, dunia kami. \" <> Kepada siapa yang dikatakan Montini sebagai uskup pada tahun 1957? || Kongres Dunia Kedua Lay Apostolata <> Menurut Montini, apakah istilah apostolik itu bermakna? || cinta <> Berapa banyak negara yang Montini berharap untuk menyatukan sebagai Setiausaha Pro? || 58 <> Bilakah pertemuan pertama Montini membincangkan penyatuan pengikut Katolik? || 1951", {"context": "Pius XII asked Archbishop Montini to Rome October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate. Previously as Pro-Secretary, he had worked hard to unify a worldwide organization of lay people of 58 nations, representing 42 national organizations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: \"Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Second World Congress of Lay Apostolate"}], "question": "To whom did Montini speak as an archbishop in the year 1957?", "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "love"}], "question": "According to Montini was does the term apostolate mean?", "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "58"}], "question": "How many nations did Montini hope to unify as Pro-secretary?", "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "1951"}], "question": "When was Montini's first meeting addressing the unification of Catholic lay followers?", "id": "5726b1fcdd62a815002e8d1f"}]}], ["Tidak seperti kardinal papabile Giacomo Lercaro dari Bologna dan Giuseppe Siri dari Genoa, dia tidak dikenal pasti sama ada dengan kiri atau kanan, dan tidak dilihat sebagai pembaru radikal. Beliau dilihat sebagai berkemungkinan besar untuk meneruskan Majlis Vatikan Kedua, yang telah, tanpa sebarang hasil ketara, telah bertahan lebih lama daripada yang dijangka oleh John XXIII, yang mempunyai visi tetapi \"tidak mempunyai agenda yang jelas. Retoriknya nampaknya telah nota optimis, keyakinan dalam kemajuan, yang menjadi ciri-ciri tahun 1960-an. \" Apabila John XXIII meninggal akibat kanser perut pada 3 Jun 1963, ia mencetuskan pertemuan dengan memilih paus baru. <> Apa peranan yang Montini tidak dilihat untuk mengisi tidak seperti sesetengah kardinal rakannya? || pembaharu <> Pada tahun berapa Paus Yohanes XXIII mati? || 1963 <> Apakah peranan kematian Pope John XXIII yang mendasari pemilihan? || Paus <> Apa penyakit yang menyebabkan kematian Paus Yohanes XXIII || kanser perut <> Apakah organisasi yang mengharapkan Montini untuk meneruskan? || Majlis Vatican Kedua", {"context": "Unlike the papabile cardinals Giacomo Lercaro of Bologna and Giuseppe Siri of Genoa, he was not identified with either the left or right, nor was he seen as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the Second Vatican Council, which already, without any tangible results, had lasted longer than anticipated by John XXIII, who had a vision but \"did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s.\" When John XXIII died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, it triggered a conclave to elect a new pope.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "reformer"}], "question": "What role was Montini not perceived to fill unlike some of his fellow cardinals?", "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year did Pope John XXIII die?", "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "pope"}], "question": "What role did Pope John XXIII's death precipitate the election of?", "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "stomach cancer"}], "question": "What illness caused the death of Pope John XXIII", "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Second Vatican Council"}], "question": "What organization did the church expect Montini to continue?", "id": "5726b4b65951b619008f7b2e"}]}], ["Semasa Vatikan II, para Bapa Majlis mengelak kenyataan-kenyataan yang mungkin marah orang-orang Kristian dari kepercayaan lain. [Diperlukan halaman] Cardinal Augustin Bea, Presiden Sekretariat Perpaduan Kristian, sentiasa mendapat sokongan penuh Paul VI dalam percubaannya untuk memastikan bahawa bahasa Majlis bersahabat dan terbuka kepada kepekaan gereja-gereja Protestan dan Ortodoks, yang telah dia undang ke semua sesi atas permintaan Paus Yohanes XXIII. Bea juga sangat terlibat dalam perjalanan Nostra aetate, yang mengawal hubungan Gereja dengan iman Yahudi dan ahli-ahli agama lain. [D] <> Siapa Presiden Sekretariat Perpaduan Kristian? || Cardinal Augustin Bea <> Apa yang Paul VI percaya dalam menjaga persahabatan dengan orang-orang agama lain? || Bahasa Majlis <> Siapa menegaskan bahawa orang Kristian Protestan dan Ortodoks akan dijemput ke semua mesyuarat Peguam? || Paus Yohanes XXIII <> Kardinal mana yang paling terlibat dalam perjalanan Nostra aetate? || Cardinal Augustin Bea <> Vatican mana yang berusaha untuk menghindari menyalahkan agama Kristian lain dengan bahasa sesi kaunseling? || Vatican II", {"context": "During Vatican II, the Council Fathers avoided statements which might anger Christians of other faiths.[page needed] Cardinal Augustin Bea, the President of the Christian Unity Secretariat, always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox Churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of Pope John XXIII. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of Nostra aetate, which regulates the Church's relations with the Jewish faith and members of other religions.[d]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}], "question": "Who was President of the Christian Unity Secretariat?", "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Council language"}], "question": "What did Paul VI believe in keeping friendly to people of other Christian faiths?", "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Pope John XXIII"}], "question": "Who insisted that Protestant and Orthodox Christians be invited to all Counsel meetings?", "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}], "question": "Which cardinal became heavily engaged in the passage of Nostra aetate?", "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "Vatican II"}], "question": "Which Vatican strove to avoid offending other Christian faiths with counsel session language?", "id": "5726b7a95951b619008f7bb1"}]}], ["Selepas pemilihannya sebagai Uskup Rom, Paul VI pertama kali bertemu dengan para imam dalam keuskupan barunya. Dia memberitahu mereka bahawa di Milan dia memulakan dialog dengan dunia moden dan meminta mereka untuk berhubung dengan semua orang dari semua lapisan masyarakat. Enam hari selepas pemilihannya, beliau mengumumkan bahawa beliau akan meneruskan Vatikan II dan mengadakan pembukaan untuk mengambil tempat pada 29 September 1963. Dalam ucapan radio ke dunia, Paul VI mengingatkan keunikan pendahulunya, kekuatan Pius XI, kebijaksanaan dan kecerdasan Pius XII dan cinta kepada John XXIII. Sebagai \"matlamatnya\" dia menyebut kesinambungan dan penyempurnaan Vatican II, pembaharuan Undang-undang Kanon dan meningkatkan keamanan dan keadilan sosial di dunia. Perpaduan Kekristianan akan menjadi pusat kegiatannya. <> Apa yang Paul VI mahu terus terbuka dengan dunia moden dan orang-orang dari semua lapisan masyarakat? || sebuah dialog <> Berapa hari selepas pemilihan Paul VI VI dia mengumumkan dia akan meneruskan Vatikan II? || Enam <> Pada tarikh apa lagi diadakan Vatican II? || 29 September <> Enam hari selepas dia dipilih, apa yang Paul VI mengumumkan dia akan meneruskan? || Vatican II <> Apa yang Paul mahu memperbaharui sebagai paus yang baru dipilih? || Undang-undang Kanon", {"context": "After his election as Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new dioceses. He told them that in Milan he started a dialogue with the modern world and asked them to seek contact with all people from all walks of life. Six days after his election he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening to take place on 29 September 1963. In a radio address to the world, Paul VI recalled the uniqueness of his predecessors, the strength of Pius XI, the wisdom and intelligence of Pius XII and the love of John XXIII. As \"his pontifical goals\" he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the reform of the Canon Law and improved social peace and justice in the world. The Unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "a dialogue"}], "question": "What did Paul VI want to keep open with the modern world and people from all walks of life?", "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Six"}], "question": "How many days after Paul VI election did he announce he would continue the Vatican II?", "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "29 September"}], "question": "On what date was Vatican II re convened?", "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Vatican II"}], "question": "Six days after he was elected, what did Paul VI announce he would continue? ", "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "Canon Law"}], "question": "What did Paul want to reform as a newly elected pope?", "id": "5726b8addd62a815002e8e2a"}]}], ["Paulus VI menjauhkan diri dengan banyak kemegahan raja. Beliau adalah paus terakhir hingga kini untuk dinobatkan; penggantinya Pope John Paul I menggantikan Paus Koroner (yang telah diubahsuai secara substansial Paulus, tetapi ia telah meninggalkan mandatori dalam perlembagaan apostoliknya 1975 Romano Pontifici Eligendo) dengan Perasmian Paus. Paul VI mendermakan Papal Tiara sendiri, hadiah dari bekas Keuskupan Keuskupan Milan, ke Basilika Makhluk Kebangsaan Konsep Immaculate Conception di Washington, DC (di mana ia berada di paparan tetap di Crypt) sebagai hadiah kepada Katolik Amerika. <> Apa yang Paul VI menyumbangkan kepada Basilika Makam Kebangsaan Konsep Immaculate? || Papal Tiara <> Apa kumpulan yang memberi Paul VI Tiara Papal? || Keuskupan Agung Milan <> Di mana Basilika Makam Kebangsaan Konsep Immaculate Conception terletak? || Washington, DC <> Siapa paus terakhir yang akan dinobatkan? || Paul VI <> Apa majlis yang telah ditinggalkan Paul VI di dalam perlembagaan rasminya tahun 1975? || Pengucapan kepausan", {"context": "Paul VI did away with much of the regal splendor of the papacy. He was the last pope to date to be crowned; his successor Pope John Paul I replaced the Papal Coronation (which Paul had already substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 apostolic constitution Romano Pontifici Eligendo) with a Papal Inauguration. Paul VI donated his own Papal Tiara, a gift from his former Archdiocese of Milan, to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, DC (where it is on permanent display in the Crypt) as a gift to American Catholics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Papal Tiara"}], "question": "What did Paul VI donate to the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception ?", "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Archdiocese of Milan"}], "question": "What group gave Paul VI his Papal tiara?", "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Washington, DC"}], "question": "Where is the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception located?", "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI"}], "question": "Who was the last pope to be crowned?", "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Papal Coronation"}], "question": "What ceremony had Paul VI left in place in in the 1975 apostolic constitution?", "id": "5726b6285951b619008f7b81"}]}], ["Dia mengingatkan kepada bapa majlis bahawa hanya beberapa tahun sebelum ini Paus Pius XII telah mengeluarkan ensiklopedia Mystici corporis tentang tubuh mistik Kristus. Dia meminta mereka untuk tidak mengulang atau membuat definisi dogmatik baru tetapi untuk menerangkan dengan kata-kata ringkas bagaimana Gereja melihat dirinya sendiri. Beliau mengucapkan terima kasih kepada wakil-wakil komuniti Kristian yang lain untuk kehadiran mereka dan meminta pengampunan mereka jika Gereja Katolik bersalah atas pemisahan tersebut. Dia juga mengingatkan para Bapa Majlis bahawa ramai uskup dari timur tidak dapat hadir kerana kerajaan di Timur tidak membenarkan perjalanan mereka. <> Apa edictkah isu Pope Pius XXIII mengenai tubuh Kristus? || Mystici corporis <> Bagaimana tubuh Kristus dianggap oleh liturgi Katolik? || mistik <> Apa jenis bahasa yang Paul VI mahu gereja menyampaikan dogma? || mudah <> Dari mana kawasan uskup dihalang daripada menghadiri pertemuan ekumenikal Paul VI? || timur <> Apa yang Paul VI meminta agama Kristian lain untuk pengampunan? || pemisahan", {"context": "He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Mystici corporis"}], "question": "What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?", "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "mystical"}], "question": "How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?", "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "simple"}], "question": "What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?", "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "the east"}], "question": "From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?", "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "separation"}], "question": "What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?", "id": "5726bab35951b619008f7c1b"}]}], ["Semasa zamannya di Milan, Montini dikenali sebagai ahli progresif hierarki Katolik. Montini pergi cara-cara baru dalam penjagaan pastoral, yang dia diperbaharui. Dia menggunakan kuasanya untuk memastikan bahawa reformasi liturgi Pius XII dilaksanakan di peringkat tempatan dan menggunakan kaedah inovatif untuk menjangkau rakyat Milan: Poster besar mengumumkan bahawa 1,000 suara akan bercakap dengan mereka dari 10 hingga 24 November 1957. Lebih daripada 500 imam dan ramai uskup, kardinal dan orang awam menyampaikan 7,000 khotbah dalam tempoh bukan sahaja di gereja-gereja tetapi di kilang-kilang, mesyuarat dewan, rumah, halaman, sekolah, pejabat, barak tentera, hospital, hotel dan tempat lain, di mana orang bertemu. Matlamatnya adalah pengenalan semula iman kepada sebuah bandar tanpa banyak agama. \"Sekiranya kita hanya dapat mengatakan Bapa Kita dan tahu apa maksudnya, maka kita akan memahami iman Kristian.\" <> Apakah jenis pandangan politik yang diketahui oleh Montini sebagai anggota kepimpinan Katolik? || progresif <> Apa bahagian kementerian Katolik yang Montini berusaha untuk memperbaharui? || penjagaan pastoral <> Jenis media apakah yang digunakan Montini untuk mengiklankan khotbah gereja kepada rakyat Milan? || poster <> Berapa banyak \"suara\" yang dilakukan oleh poster-poster Montini mendakwa rakyat Milan akan mendengar? || 1,000 <> Dari 10 November hingga 24 November berapa khutbah dihantar kepada orang Itali? || 7,000", {"context": "During his period in Milan, Montini was known as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. Montini went new ways in pastoral care, which he reformed. He used his authority to ensure that the liturgical reforms of Pius XII were carried out at the local level and employed innovative methods to reach the people of Milan: Huge posters announced that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957. More than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals and lay persons delivered 7,000 sermons in the period not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and other places, where people meet. His goal was the re-introduction of faith to a city without much religion. \"If only we can say Our Father and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "progressive"}], "question": "What type of political viewpoint was Montini known for as a member of the Catholic leadership?", "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "pastoral care"}], "question": "What part of Catholic ministry did Montini seek to reform?", "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "posters"}], "question": "What type of media did Montini use to advertise the church's sermons to the people of Milan?", "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "1,000"}], "question": "How many \"voices\" did Montini's posters claim the people of Milan would hear?", "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "7,000"}], "question": "From the 10 of NOvember to the 24 of November how many sermons were actually delivered to the Italian people?", "id": "5726b0d3f1498d1400e8e78c"}]}], ["Walaupun beberapa kardinal nampaknya memandangnya sebagai papabile, seorang calon yang mungkin untuk menjadi paus, dan mungkin menerima beberapa undi pada konvokesyen 1958, Montini belum menjadi kardinal, yang menjadikannya pilihan yang tidak mungkin. [C] Angelo Roncalli dipilih Paus pada 28 Oktober 1958 dan mengambil alih nama John XXIII. Pada 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano mengumumkan konsistasi untuk penciptaan kardinal baru. Nama Montini memimpin senarai itu. Apabila Paus mengangkat Montini ke cardinalate pada 15 Disember 1958, ia menjadi Kardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. Dia melantiknya secara serentak ke beberapa jemaat Vatican yang mengakibatkan banyak lawatan oleh Montini ke Rom pada tahun-tahun mendatang. <> Peranan apa yang Montini tidak dipertimbangkan sebagai calon yang mungkin? || paus <> Apa yang telah menjadi Montini lagi? || seorang kardinal, <> Siapa terpilih pada tahun 1958? || Angelo Roncalli <> Bilakah Montini akhirnya menjadi kardinal? || 15 Disember 1958 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Montini menjadi kardinal? || Ss. Silvestro e Martino", {"context": "Although some cardinals seem to have viewed him as papabile, a likely candidate to become pope, and may have received some votes in the 1958 conclave, Montini was not yet a cardinal, which made him an unlikely choice.[c] Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and assumed the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, L'Osservatore Romano announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals. Montini's name led the list. When the pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became Cardinal-Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti. He appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations which resulted in many visits by Montini to Rome in the coming years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "pope"}], "question": "What role was Montini not considered a likely candidate for?", "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "a cardinal,"}], "question": "What had Montini yet to become?", "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Angelo Roncalli"}], "question": "Who was elected pope in 1958?", "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7ae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "15 December 1958"}], "question": "When did Montini finally become a cardinal?", "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7aea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Ss. Silvestro e Martino"}], "question": "What doicese did Montini become cardinal of?", "id": "5726b2a55951b619008f7aeb"}]}], ["Montini dan Angelo Roncalli dianggap sebagai kawan, tetapi ketika Roncalli, sebagai Paus Yohanes XXIII mengumumkan sebuah Majlis Ekumenikal yang baru, Kardinal Montini bereaksi dengan tidak percaya dan berkata kepada Giulio Bevilacqua: \"Laki-laki tua ini tidak tahu apa sarang burung walet yang dia aduk . \" Beliau telah dilantik ke Suruhanjaya Persiapan Pusat pada tahun 1961. Semasa Majlis, kawannya Pope John XXIII memintanya untuk tinggal di Vatican. Beliau adalah ahli Suruhanjaya Hal Ehwal Luar Biasa tetapi tidak terlibat dalam perbahasan lantai mengenai pelbagai isu. Penasihat utamanya adalah Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, yang kemudiannya dilantik menjadi penggantinya di Milan. Suruhanjaya itu amat dibayangi oleh desakan John XXIII untuk mengadakan Majlis untuk menyelesaikan semua tugasnya dalam satu sesi sebelum Krismas 1962, ke ulang tahun ke 400 Majlis Trent, suatu desakan yang mungkin juga telah dipengaruhi oleh pengetahuan Paus baru-baru ini bahawa dia mempunyai kanser. <> Kumpulan apa yang Montini menentang pembaharuan? || Majlis Ekumenikal <> Pada tahun apakah Montini telah dilantik ke Suruhanjaya Persediaan Pusat? || 1961 <> Di manakah Paus meminta Kardinal Montini hidup? || Vatican <> Apa yang Montini menghindari sebagai anggota Suruhanjaya Hal Ehwal Luar Biasa? || perdebatan <> Apa penyakit yang dikandung oleh Paus? || kanser", {"context": "Montini and Angelo Roncalli were considered to be friends, but when Roncalli, as Pope John XXIII announced a new Ecumenical Council, Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to Giulio Bevilacqua: \"This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up.\" He was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the Council, his friend Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican. He was a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs but did not engage himself much into the floor debates on various issues. His main advisor was Monsignore Giovanni Colombo, whom he later appointed to be his successor in Milan The Commission was greatly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII to have the Council complete all its work in one single session before Christmas 1962, to the 400th anniversary of the Council of Trent, an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's recent knowledge that he had cancer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Ecumenical Council"}], "question": "What group did Montini oppose reforming?", "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "1961"}], "question": "In what year was Montini appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission? ", "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Vatican"}], "question": "Where did the Pope ask Cardinal Montini to live?", "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "debates"}], "question": "What did Montini avoid as a member of the Commission for Extraordinary Affairs?", "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 956, "text": "cancer"}], "question": "What illness had the Pope contracted?", "id": "5726aec85951b619008f7a2d"}]}], ["Paus Paul VI menjadi pontif yang pertama memerintah untuk melawat Amerika apabila dia terbang ke New York pada Oktober 1965 untuk menangani Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Sebagai isyarat muhibah, paus memberi kepada PBB dua keping perhiasan kepa, salib berlian dan cincin, dengan harapan bahawa hasil jualan mereka di lelong akan menyumbang kepada usaha PBB untuk mengakhiri penderitaan manusia. Semasa lawatan Paus, apabila penglibatan A.S. dalam Perang Vietnam meningkat di bawah Presiden Johnson, Paul VI memohon keamanan di hadapan PBB: <> Apa kumpulan Paul VI alamat di New York pada tahun 1965? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Siapa pope pertama yang melawat Amerika Syarikat? || Paus Paulus VI <> Kepada siapa Paul VI memberikan salib berlian dan cincin dengan harapan ia akan mengumpulkan dana untuk membantu orang di seluruh dunia? || Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu <> Apa yang Paul VI meminta PBB untuk mempromosikan semasa perang Vietnam? || keamanan <> Apa presiden AS di pejabat ketika Paul VI melawat Amerika untuk pertama kalinya? || Presiden Johnson", {"context": "Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?", "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Pope Paul VI"}], "question": "Who was the first pope to visit the United States?", "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "United Nations"}], "question": "To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?", "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "peace"}], "question": "What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?", "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "President Johnson"}], "question": "What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?", "id": "5726c6dd5951b619008f7dcd"}]}], ["Antara sesi ketiga dan keempat, paus mengumumkan pembaharuan dalam bidang Roman Curia, semakan Undang-undang Kanon, peraturan untuk perkahwinan campuran yang melibatkan beberapa agama, dan isu kawalan kelahiran. Beliau membuka sesi terakhir dewan, yang meraikan dengan uskup dari negara-negara di mana Gereja dianiaya. Beberapa teks yang dicadangkan untuk kelulusannya perlu diubah. Tetapi semua teks akhirnya dipersetujui. Majlis disimpulkan pada 8 Disember 1965, Perayaan Konsep Immaculate. <> Apa yang Paul VI membuktikan antara sesi ekumenikal ketiga dan keempat? || pembaharuan <> Apa gereja Katolik dianggap \"bercampur\" dalam \"perkahwinan bercampur\"? || agama <> Apa yang disambut dalam kalender Katolik pada 8 Disember? || Perayaan Konsep Immaculate. <> Pada tahun apakah sesi peguam akhir Paul Vi? || 1965 <> Dengan siapa Paul VI merayakan penganiayaan yang masih hidup di negara lain? || uskup", {"context": "Between the third and fourth sessions the pope announced reforms in the areas of Roman Curia, revision of Canon Law, regulations for mixed marriages involving several faiths, and birth control issues. He opened the final session of the council, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed. But all texts were finally agreed upon. The Council was concluded on 8 December 1965, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "reforms"}], "question": "What did Paul VI enact between the third and fourth ecumenical sessions?", "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "faiths"}], "question": "What does the Catholic church considered \"mixed\" in a \"mixed marriage\"?", "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "the Feast of the Immaculate Conception."}], "question": "What is celebrated in the Catholic calendar the 8 of December? ", "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year was Paul Vi's final counsel session?", "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "bishops"}], "question": "With whom did Paul VI celebrate surviving persecution in other countries?", "id": "5726bd6f708984140094cfdf"}]}], ["Paul VI merevolusi pilihan raya papal dengan memerintahkan bahawa hanya kardinal di bawah usia lapan puluh mungkin mengambil bahagian dalam kesimpulan masa depan. Di Ecclesiae Sanctae, motu proprionya pada 6 Ogos 1966, beliau seterusnya mengundang semua uskup untuk menawarkan persaraan mereka kepada pontif tidak lewat daripada siapnya usia 75 tahun. Keperluan ini telah diperluaskan kepada semua Kardinal dari Gereja Katolik pada 21 November 1970. Dengan kedua-dua ketetapan ini, Paus mengisi beberapa jawatan dengan uskup dan kardinal yang lebih muda, dan mengantarabangsakan lebih lanjut ke Curia Rom berdasarkan beberapa peletakan jawatan akibat usia. <> Pada usia berapa kardinal dihadkan oleh Paul Vi dari menyertai konslusi? || lapan puluh <> Pada umur berapa uskup yang diperlukan untuk bersara oleh Paul VI? || 75 <> Pada usia berapa kardinal kemudian dikehendaki bersara dalam edict yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1970? || 75 <> Apa yang dilakukan Paul VI ke atas balai dengan batasan umur dan persaraan? || Pilihan raya paus <> Ketika Ecclesiae Sanctae Paul Vi dikeluarkan? || 1966", {"context": "Paul VI revolutionized papal elections by ordering that only cardinals below the age of eighty might participate in future conclaves. In Ecclesiae Sanctae, his motu proprio of 6 August 1966, he further invited all bishops to offer their retirement to the pontiff no later than the completion of their 75th year of age. This requirement was extended to all Cardinals of the Catholic Church on 21 November 1970. With these two stipulations, the Pope filled several positions with younger bishops and cardinals, and further internationalized the Roman Curia in light of several resignations due to age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "eighty"}], "question": "At what age were cardinals restricted by Paul Vi from participating in conclaves?", "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "75"}], "question": "At what age were bishops required to retire by Paul VI?", "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "75"}], "question": "At what age were cardinals subsequently required to retire in an edict issued in 1970?", "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "papal elections"}], "question": "What did Paul VI over hall with age and retirement restrictions?", "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d05a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When was Paul Vi's Ecclesiae Sanctae issued?", "id": "5726bfb3708984140094d05b"}]}], ["Paul VI membuka tempoh ketiga pada 14 September 1964, memberitahu Bapa Majlis bahawa dia melihat teks tentang Gereja sebagai dokumen terpenting untuk keluar dari Majlis. Oleh kerana Majlis membincangkan peranan uskup dalam kepausan, Paul VI mengeluarkan nota penjelasan yang mengesahkan keunggulan kepausan, satu langkah yang dilihat oleh beberapa orang sebagai campur tangan dalam urusan Majlis para uskup Amerika menolak untuk penyelesaian yang cepat mengenai kebebasan beragama , tetapi Paul VI menegaskan bahawa ini akan diluluskan bersama dengan teks berkaitan seperti ekumenisme. Pope menyimpulkan sesi pada 21 November 1964, dengan pengumuman resmi Mary sebagai Ibu Gereja. <> Topik apa yang dilihat oleh Paul VI sebagai yang paling penting untuk nasihat gereja? || Gereja <> Apa kaunseling Uskup Amerika Uskup? || kebebasan beragama <> Apa Saint Paulus Paul VI menyatakan sebagai ibu gereja Katolik? || Mary <> Siapa yang merasa bahawa Paul VI adalah yang paling penting dalam Hierarki Katolik? || papacy <> Dalam tahun apakah Paul VI secara rasmi melantik Mary sebagai ibu kepada gereja Katolik? || 1964", {"context": "Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the Council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an explanatory note confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step which was viewed by some as meddling in the affairs of the Council American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this to be approved together with related texts such as ecumenism. The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964, with the formal pronouncement of Mary as Mother of the Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Church"}], "question": "What topic did Paul VI see as the most important to the church counsel?", "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "religious freedom"}], "question": "What did the American Counsel of Bishops rally for?", "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "Mary"}], "question": "What Saint did Paul VI denote as mother of the Catholic church?", "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "papacy"}], "question": "Who did Paul VI feel was most important in the Catholic Hierarchy?", "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "1964"}], "question": "In what year did Paul VI formally appoint Mary as mother of the Catholic church?", "id": "5726bc075951b619008f7c63"}]}], ["Paus Paul VI menjadi paus pertama untuk melawat enam benua, dan merupakan paus yang paling mengembara dalam sejarah untuk masa itu, dengan memperoleh nama panggilan \"Pilgrim Paus\". Dengan perjalanannya, beliau membuka jalan baru untuk kepausan, yang diteruskan oleh penggantinya John Paul II dan Benedict XVI. Dia mengembara ke Tanah Suci pada tahun 1964, ke Kongres Ekaristi di Bombay, India dan Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1966, beliau dua kali dinafikan kebenaran untuk melawat Poland untuk ulang tahun ke-1000 pembaptisan Poland. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1967, lima puluh tahun selepas penampakan pertama, beliau melawat F\u00e1tima di Portugal. Beliau melakukan lawatan pastoral ke Afrika pada tahun 1969. Pada 27 November 1970 dia menjadi sasaran percubaan pembunuhan di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Manila di Filipina. Dia hanya ditikam ringan oleh pembunuh yang akan menjadi Benjam\u00edn Mendoza y Amor Flores, yang ditundukkan oleh pengawal peribadi pope dan penganjur perjalanan, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus. <> Berapa banyak benua melakukan lawatan Paul Vi sebagai paus? || enam <> Apa nama panggilan Paul Vi semasa kepausannya? || Paus Pilgrim <> Dalam tahun apakah perjalanan Paul VI ke Tanah Suci? || 1964 <> Di negara apakah percubaan penugasan yang dibuat pada kehidupan Paul VI? || Manila <> Siapa yang menganjurkan lawatan Paul Vi ke Manila? || Msgr. Paul Marcinkus", {"context": "Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname \"the Pilgrim Pope\". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogot\u00e1, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited F\u00e1tima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjam\u00edn Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?", "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "the Pilgrim Pope"}], "question": "What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?", "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "1964"}], "question": "In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?", "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d10f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Manila"}], "question": "In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?", "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "Msgr. Paul Marcinkus"}], "question": "Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?", "id": "5726c5c7708984140094d111"}]}], ["Paus Paul VI mengenali Curia Rom dengan baik, setelah bekerja di sana untuk satu generasi dari tahun 1922 hingga 1954. Dia melaksanakan pembaharuannya secara berperingkat-peringkat, dan bukannya dalam satu kejatuhan. Pada 1 Mac 1968, beliau mengeluarkan peraturan, sebuah proses yang telah dimulakan oleh Pius XII dan diteruskan oleh John XXIII. Pada 28 Mac, dengan Pontificalis Domus, dan dalam beberapa Perlembagaan Apostolik tambahan pada tahun-tahun berikutnya, beliau merombak seluruh Curia, yang termasuk pengurangan birokrasi, menyelaraskan jemaah yang ada dan perwakilan non-Itali yang lebih luas dalam kedudukan curial. <> Bagi siapa Paul VI bekerja dari tahun 1922 hingga 1954? || Roman Curia <> Dalam tahun apakah Paul VI mengeluarkan peraturan? || 1968 <> Dengan siapa Paul VI mengeluarkan peraturan pada tahun 1968? || Pontificalis Domus <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh reformasi Paul Vi dalam Curia? || birokrasi <> Yang perwakilan dibesarkan melalui pembaharuan di Curia? || bukan Itali", {"context": "Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Roman Curia"}], "question": "For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?", "id": "5726be6b708984140094d011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?", "id": "5726be6b708984140094d012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Pontificalis Domus"}], "question": "With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?", "id": "5726be6b708984140094d013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "bureaucracy"}], "question": "What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?", "id": "5726be6b708984140094d014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "non-Italians"}], "question": "Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?", "id": "5726be6b708984140094d015"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1964, Paulus VI menubuhkan Sekretariat untuk orang bukan Kristian, kemudian dinamakan semula sebagai Majlis Kepausan untuk Dialog Antaragama dan setahun kemudian Sekretariat baru (kemudian Majlis Kepausan) untuk Dialog dengan Orang yang Tidak Percaya. Yang terakhir ini pada tahun 1993 telah digabungkan oleh Paus Yohanes Paulus II di Dewan Kepausan untuk Kebudayaan, yang telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1982. Pada tahun 1971, Paul VI mencipta pejabat kepausan untuk pembangunan ekonomi dan bantuan bencana. Untuk memupuk ikatan bersama dengan semua orang yang baik, dia menetapkan hari damai tahunan untuk dirayakan pada bulan Januari pertama setiap tahun. Cuba untuk memperbaiki keadaan orang Kristian di belakang Tirai Besi, Paul VI terlibat dalam dialog dengan pihak berkuasa Komunis di beberapa peringkat, menerima Menteri Luar Negeri Andrei Gromyko dan Pengerusi Presidium Nikolai Podgorny Agung pada tahun 1966 dan 1967 di Vatikan. Keadaan Gereja di Hungary, Poland dan Romania, bertambah baik semasa pontificatenya. <> Siapa yang menubuhkan Dewan Kepausan untuk Budaya? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Apakah organisasi yang dibuat oleh Paul VI untuk mengatasi orang yang tidak percaya oleh gereja? || Sekretariat bagi orang bukan Kristian <> Apakah sekretariat bagi orang yang tidak beriman akhirnya ditukar nama? || Majlis Pontifical untuk Dialog Antar Agama <> Apa Perdana Menteri melakukan percubaan Paul VI untuk berinteraksi dengannya untuk membantu umat Katolik di negara-negara komunis? || Andrei Gromyko <> Apa yang disambut oleh gereja Katolik pada 1 Januari setiap tahun? || hari damai", {"context": "In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue and a year later a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the Pontifical Council for Culture, which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of good will, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on January first of every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the Iron Curtain, Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet Nikolai Podgorny in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in Hungary, Poland and Romania, improved during his pontificate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Who established the Pontifical Council for Culture?", "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Secretariat for non-Christians"}], "question": "What organization did Paul VI create to address non believers by the church?", "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue"}], "question": "What was the Secretariat for non-believers eventually renamed?", "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "Andrei Gromyko"}], "question": "What Prime Minister did Paul VI attempt to interact with in order to help Catholics in Communist countries?", "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "peace day"}], "question": "What is celebrated by the Catholic church on January 1 of every year?", "id": "5726c3b1f1498d1400e8ea9a"}]}], ["Pembaharuan liturgi telah menjadi sebahagian daripada pergerakan liturgi pada abad ke-20 terutama di Perancis, dan Jerman yang secara rasmi diiktiraf oleh Pius XII dalam ensiklopedia Mediator Dei. Semasa pontifikat Pius XII, Vatican mengurangkan peraturan mengenai penggunaan bahasa Latin dalam liturgi Katolik Roman, membenarkan beberapa penggunaan bahasa vernakular semasa pembaptisan, pengebumian dan peristiwa lain. Pada tahun 1951 dan 1955, liturgi Paskah menjalani semakan semula, terutamanya termasuk pengenalan semula Triduum Paskah. Majlis Vatikan Kedua tidak membuat perubahan kepada Mississippi Romawi, tetapi dalam dokumen Sacrosanctum Concilium mandat bahawa semakan umum berlaku. Selepas Majlis Vatikan, pada April 1969, Paul VI meluluskan \"Orde Baru Massa\" yang diisytiharkan pada tahun 1970, seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Acta Apostolica Sedis untuk \"mengakhiri percubaan\" dengan Misa dan termasuk pengenalan tiga doa Ekaristi baru kepada apa adalah sehingga Canon Kanon tunggal. <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan secara tradisional dalam perkhidmatan Katolik Roma? || Latin <> Apa yang telah disemak antara 1951 dan 1955? || Liturgi Paskah <> Apa yang disegani oleh liturgi Paskah oleh pembaharuan? || Paskah Triduum <> Perkhidmatan jenis apa yang Paul Vi mengumumkan diperbaharui pada tahun 1969? || Mass <> Berapa doa baru dimasukkan dalam pembaharuan besar-besaran rasmi tahun 1969? || tiga", {"context": "Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals and other events. In 1951 and 1955, the Easter liturgies underwent revision, most notably including the reintroduction of the Easter Triduum. The Second Vatican Council made no changes to the Roman Missal, but in the document Sacrosanctum Concilium mandated that a general revision of it take place. After the Vatican Council, in April 1969, Paul VI approved the \"new Order of Mass\" promulgated in 1970, as stated in the Acta Apostolica Sedis to \"end experimentation\" with the Mass and which included the introduction of three new Eucharistic Prayers to what was up to then a single Roman Canon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What language was traditionally used in Roman Catholic services?", "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Easter liturgies"}], "question": "What were revised between 1951 and 1955?", "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Easter Triduum"}], "question": "What was re instated to the Easter liturgy by reform?", "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Mass"}], "question": "What type of service did Paul Vi announce reformed in 1969?", "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 899, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many new prayers were included in the official mass reforms of 1969?", "id": "5726c10add62a815002e8f84"}]}], ["Massa Paul VI juga dalam bahasa Latin, tetapi kelulusan diberikan untuk penggunaan bahasa vernakular. Terdapat arahan lain yang dikeluarkan oleh Paus pada tahun 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 dan 1970 yang berpusat pada pembaharuan semua liturgi Gereja Rom. Pembaharuan utama ini tidak dialu-alukan oleh semua dan di semua negara. Secara tiba-tiba jelas \"mengharamkan\" Massa 400 tahun, edisi tipikal terakhir yang diisytiharkan hanya beberapa tahun sebelum ini pada tahun 1962 oleh pendahulu Paulus, Pope John XXIII, tidak selalu dijelaskan dengan baik. Percubaan lanjut dengan Massa baru oleh liturgis, seperti penggunaan muzik pop / rakyat (yang bertentangan dengan Chant Gregorian yang dianjurkan oleh Paus Pius X), bersama dengan perubahan serentak dalam urutan tempat suci, dilihat oleh beberapa sebagai vandalisme. Pada tahun 2007, Paus Benediktus XVI menjelaskan bahawa Misa John XXIII dan Massa Paulus VI tahun 1962 adalah dua bentuk Roman Ritus yang sama, yang pertama, yang tidak pernah \"dibatalkan secara hukum\", kini menjadi \"bentuk luar biasa Roman Rite \", manakala yang lain\" jelas dan terus menjadi Formula biasa - Forma ordinaria - Liturgi Ekaristi \". <> Apakah jenis bahasa yang diluluskan Paul Vi untuk digunakan dalam massa Katolik? || vernakular <> Berapa lama jisim yang diperbaharui oleh Paul VI? || 400 tahun <> Jenis muzik apa yang digunakan dalam jisim tradisional? || Chant Gregorian <> Siapa yang menyatukan dua pandangan papa terdahulu dari Misa Roman Katolik? || Paus Benediktus XVI <> Pada tahun apakah pelbagai versi jisim Katolik akhirnya disintesis? || 2007", {"context": "The Mass of Paul VI was also in Latin but approval was given for the use of vernacular languages. There had been other instructions issued by the Pope in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969 and 1970 which centered on the reform of all liturgies of the Roman Church. These major reforms were not welcomed by all and in all countries. The sudden apparent \"outlawing\" of the 400-year-old Mass, the last typical edition of which being promulgated only a few years earlier in 1962 by Paul's predecessor, Pope John XXIII, was not always explained well. Further experimentation with the new Mass by liturgists, such as the usage of pop/folk music (as opposed to the Gregorian Chant advocated by Pope Pius X), along with concurrent changes in the order of sanctuaries, was viewed by some as vandalism. In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI clarified that the 1962 Mass of John XXIII and the 1970 Mass of Paul VI are two forms of the same Roman Rite, the first, which had never been \"juridically abrogated\", now being an \"extraordinary form of the Roman Rite\", while the other \"obviously is and continues to be the normal Form \u2013 the Forma ordinaria \u2013 of the Eucharistic Liturgy\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "vernacular"}], "question": "What type of language did Paul Vi's reforms approve for use in the Catholic mass?", "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "400-year"}], "question": "How old was the mass reformed by Paul VI?", "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Gregorian Chant"}], "question": "What type of music was used in traditional mass?", "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "Pope Benedict XVI"}], "question": "Who unified two previous popes views of the Roman Catholic Mass?", "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year were the various versions of the Catholic mass finally synthesized? ", "id": "5726c245dd62a815002e8fb4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1976 Montini menjadi pontif pertama dalam sejarah moden untuk menafikan tuduhan homoseksual. Diterbitkan oleh perintahnya pada bulan Januari 1976 adalah Homo Persona Humana: Pengisytiharan mengenai Beberapa Soalan tentang Etika Seksual, yang mengharamkan hubungan seks sebelum atau luar nikah, mengutuk homoseksual, dan melarang melancap. Ia menimbulkan pengarang dan bekas diplomat Perancis, Roger Peyrefitte, dalam sebuah wawancara yang diterbitkan oleh majalah Tempo, untuk menuduh Montini tentang kepura-puraan, dan memiliki kekasih lama yang merupakan pelakon filem. Menurut rumor yang tersebar luas di dalam Curia dan dalam masyarakat Itali, ini adalah Paolo Carlini, yang memiliki sedikit bagian sebagai pendandan rambut dalam filem Roman Audrey Hepburn. Peyrefitte sebelum ini menerbitkan tuduhan itu dalam dua buku, namun wawancara itu (sebelum ini diterbitkan dalam majalah gay Perancis) membawa khabar angin kepada orang awam yang lebih luas dan menyebabkan kegemparan. Dalam ucapan singkat kepada orang ramai kira-kira 20,000 di St Peters Square pada 18 April, Montini menuntut tuduhan \"sindiran yang mengerikan dan fitnah\" dan merayu untuk doanya bagi pihaknya. Doa khas untuk Montini dikatakan di semua jemaat Roma Katolik Itali dalam \"hari penghiburan\". Pada tahun 1984 seorang wartawan New York Times mengulangi tuduhan tersebut. <> Pada tahun apakah pre seks dan seks perkahwinan tambahan yang dilarang oleh gereja Katolik? || 1976 <> Yang dituduh sebagai homoseksual pada tahun 1976? || Montini <> Siapa yang membawa tuduhan terhadap homoseksual Montini? || Roger Peyrefitte <> Pada tarikh apa Montini menyatakan secara terbuka tuduhan homoseksual? || April 18 <> Siapa yang dikatakan kekasih Montini? || Paolo Carlini", {"context": "In 1976 Montini became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality. Published by his order in January 1976 was a homily Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, which outlawed pre or extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation. It provoked French author and former diplomat Roger Peyrefitte, in an interview published by the magazine Tempo, to accuse Montini of hypocrisy, and of having a longtime lover who was a movie actor. According to rumors prevalent both inside the Curia and in Italian society, this was Paolo Carlini, who had a bit part as a hairdresser in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday. Peyrefitte had previously published the accusation in two books, but the interview (previously published in a French gay magazine) brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peters Square on April 18, Montini called the charges \"horrible and slanderous insinuations\" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Montini were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in \"a day of consolation\". In 1984 a New York Times correspondent repeated the allegations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1976"}], "question": "In what year was pre and extra marital sex outlawed by the Catholic church?", "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Montini"}], "question": "Who was accused of being a homosexual in 1976?", "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Roger Peyrefitte"}], "question": "Who brought allegations of Montini's homosexuality?", "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 964, "text": "April 18"}], "question": "On what date did Montini publicly address charges of homosexuality?", "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Paolo Carlini"}], "question": "Who was Montini's alleged lover?", "id": "5726c4fbdd62a815002e8fe5"}]}], ["Daripada lapan ensikliknya, Paus Paulus VI terkenal dengan ensiklopedia Humanae vitae (Daripada Kehidupan Manusia, bertajuk \"Regulasi Kelahiran\"), diterbitkan pada 25 Julai 1968. Dalam ensiklopedia ini, beliau mengesahkan pandangan tradisi Gereja Katolik mengenai perkahwinan dan hubungan perkahwinan dan terus mengutuk kawalan kelahiran buatan. Terdapat dua jawatankuasa kepausan dan banyak pakar bebas melihat kemajuan ilmu sains dan perubatan terkini mengenai masalah kawalan kelahiran buatan. yang diperhatikan oleh Paus dalam ensikliknya. Pandangan Paul VI menyatakan pandangan para pendahulunya, khususnya Pius XI, Pius XII dan John XXIII dan tidak pernah berubah, kerana ia berulang kali menyatakan mereka dalam beberapa tahun pertama dari Pontifical <> Mana yang paling terkenal dalam sejarah Katolik Paul Vi? || Humanae vitae <> Apakah Paulita Humanae Vitae mengutuk? || kawalan kelahiran buatan <> Apakah jenis kawalan kelahiran yang dikutuk oleh gereja Katolik? || tiruan <> Berapa banyak ensiklik yang dipublikasikan oleh Paul VI? || lapan <> Apa artinya Humanae Vitae? || Kehidupan Manusia", {"context": "Of his eight encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical Humanae vitae (Of Human Life, subtitled On the Regulation of Birth), published on 25 July 1968. In this encyclical he reaffirmed the Catholic Church's traditional view of marriage and marital relations and a continued condemnation of artificial birth control. There were two Papal committees and numerous independent experts looking into the latest advancement of science and medicine on the question of artificial birth control. which were noted by the Pope in his encyclical The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially Pius XI, Pius XII and John XXIII and never changed, as he repeatedly stated them in the first few years of his Pontificate", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Humanae vitae"}], "question": "Which one of Paul Vi's encyclicals best known in Catholic history?", "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "artificial birth control"}], "question": "What did Paul VI's Humanae Vitae condemn?", "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "artificial"}], "question": "What type of birth control is condemned by the Catholic church?", "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many encyclicals did Paul VI publish?", "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "Of Human Life"}], "question": "What does Humanae Vitae mean?", "id": "5726d4015951b619008f7f3b"}]}], ["Ecclesiam suam telah diberikan di St Peter's, Rom, pada Perayaan Transfigurasi, 6 Ogos 1964, tahun kedua Pontificalnya. Ia dianggap sebagai dokumen penting, mengenal pasti Gereja Katolik dengan Tubuh Kristus. Dokumen Majlis kemudian Lumen Gentium menyatakan bahawa Gereja berada dalam Tubuh Kristus, menimbulkan persoalan mengenai perbezaan antara \"is\" dan \"wujud dalam\". Paul VI merayu kepada \"semua orang kehendak yang baik\" dan membincangkan dialog yang perlu dalam Gereja dan antara Gereja dan ateisme. <> Apakah dokumen katolik membandingkan gereja Katolik kepada tubuh Kristus? || Ecclesiam suam <> Apa dokumen menyatakan bahawa gereja Katolik Roma hidup dalam tubuh Kristus? || Lumen Gentium <> Apa yang dirayakan dalam kalendar Katolik ketika suam Eccelsiam diberikan pada tahun 1964? || Perayaan Peralihan Perubahan <> Pada tarikh apakah Perayaan Transfigurasi dirayakan? || 6 Ogos <> Di kota apakah katedral St Peter terletak? || Rom", {"context": "Ecclesiam suam was given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration, 6 August 1964, the second year of his Pontificate. It is considered an important document, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ. A later Council document Lumen Gentium stated that the Church subsists in the Body of Christ, raising questions as to the difference between \"is\" and \"subsists in\". Paul VI appealed to \"all people of good will\" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church and between the Churches and with atheism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ecclesiam suam"}], "question": "What catholic document compares the Catholic church to the body of Christ?", "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Lumen Gentium"}], "question": "What document declares that the Roman Catholic church lives within the body of Christ?", "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Feast of the Transfiguration"}], "question": "What was being celebrated in the Catholic calendar when the Eccelsiam suam was given in 1964?", "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "6 August"}], "question": "On what date is the Feat of Transfiguration celebrated?", "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In what city  is the cathedral of St Peter's  located?", "id": "5726d168f1498d1400e8ec38"}]}], ["Seperti pendahulunya Pius XII, Paul VI memberi penekanan kepada dialog dengan semua negara di dunia melalui hubungan diplomatik. Bilangan kedutaan asing yang terakreditasi ke Vatican meningkat dua kali ganda semasa pontificatenya. Inilah cerminan pemahaman baru antara Gereja dan Negeri, yang telah dirumuskan oleh Pius XI dan Pius XII tetapi ditetapkan oleh Vatikan II. Perlembagaan pastoral Gaudium et spes menyatakan bahawa Gereja Katolik tidak terikat pada bentuk pemerintahan dan bersedia bekerja sama dengan semua bentuk. Jemaat mengekalkan haknya untuk memilih uskup sendiri tanpa sebarang gangguan oleh Negara. <> Berapakah angka yang berlipat ganda semasa kepausan Paul Vi? || kedutaan asing <> Siapa yang Paul Vi mahu mengekalkan dialog berterusan dengan? || negara <> Apa dokumen menyatakan bahawa gereja Katolik tidak tertakluk kepada mana-mana kerajaan parti? || Gaudium et spes <> Siapa gereja menyimpan hak untuk memilih tanpa campur tangan dari negara dalam dokumen perlembagaannya? || uskup <> Organisasi apa yang secara rasmi menggariskan hubungan gereja dengan menyatakan? || Vatican II", {"context": "Like his predecessor Pius XII, Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate. This was a reflection of a new understanding between Church and State, which had been formulated first by Pius XI and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "foreign embassies"}], "question": "What number doubled during Paul Vi's papacy?", "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "nations"}], "question": "Who did Paul Vi want to maintain a continuing dialogue with?", "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Gaudium et spes"}], "question": "What document states that the Catholic church is not subject to any particlar government?", "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "bishops"}], "question": "Who did the church retain the right to elect without interference from the state in its constitutional document?", "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Vatican II"}], "question": "What organization officially outlined the church's relationship to state?", "id": "5726d061f1498d1400e8ec14"}]}], ["Paul VI bimbang tetapi tidak terkejut dengan reaksi negatif di Eropah Barat dan Amerika Syarikat. Dia mengantisipasi reaksi ini untuk sementara: \"Jangan takut\", dia dilaporkan memberitahu Edouard Gagnon pada malam ensiklik itu, \"dalam masa dua puluh tahun mereka akan memanggil saya seorang nabi.\" Biografi beliau di laman web Vatican mencatatkan pengesahan semula pembujangan imam dan ajaran tradisional mengenai kontrasepsi yang \"kontroversi mengenai kedua-dua pengumuman ini cenderung membayangi tahun-tahun terakhir pontificatenya\". Paus Yohanes Paulus II kemudian disahkan semula dan diperluaskan pada Humanae vitae dengan ensiklopedia Evangelium vitae. <> Kepada siapa Paul VI memberitahu \"tidak takut\" ketika gereja mengeluarkan pernyataan tentang kawalan kelahiran? || Edouard Gagnon <> Apa yang Paul VI mengaku dia akan dilihat seperti dalam 25 tahun? || nabi <> Kepada paus mana yang boleh dikatakan Evangelium Vitae? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Paus mana yang mengesahkan Paul VI Humanae Vitae? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Kepada apa yang berlaku di Eropah Barat dan Amerika Syarikat, menunjukkan tanggapan negatif? || ensiklik itu", {"context": "Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the negative reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: \"Don't be afraid\", he reportedly told Edouard Gagnon on the eve of the encyclical, \"in twenty years time they'll call me a prophet.\" His biography on the Vatican's website notes of his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that \"[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate\". Pope John Paul II later reaffirmed and expanded upon Humanae vitae with the encyclical Evangelium vitae.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Edouard Gagnon"}], "question": "To whom did Paul VI tell \"not to be afraid\" when the church released its statement on birth control?", "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9254"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "prophet"}], "question": "What did Paul VI declare he would be seen as in 25 years?", "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9255"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "To which pope can the Evangelium Vitae be attributed to?", "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Which pope affirmed Paul VI Humanae Vitae?", "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the encyclical"}], "question": "To what did Western Europe and the United States demonstrate a negative response?", "id": "5726d88add62a815002e9258"}]}], ["Paul VI adalah paus pertama yang menerima seorang Ketua Biskop Anglican Canterbury, Michael Ramsey dalam penonton rasmi sebagai Ketua Gereja, selepas kunjungan penonton pribumi Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher kepada Paus Yohanes XXIII pada 2 Disember 1960. Ramsey bertemu Paulus tiga kali semasa kunjungannya dan membuka Pusat Anglikan di Rom untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan bersama mereka. Dia memuji Paul VI [e] dan sumbangan beliau dalam penyatuan perpaduan. Paul menjawab bahawa \"dengan memasuki rumah kami, anda memasuki rumah anda sendiri, kami dengan senang hati membuka pintu dan hati kami kepada anda.\" Dua pemimpin Gereja menandatangani perisytiharan yang sama, yang menamatkan pertikaian masa lalu dan menggariskan agenda bersama untuk masa depan. <> Siapa pope pertama yang bertemu dengan seorang Uskup Anglikan sebagai Ketua Gereja sejak 1960? || Paul VI <> Siapa Uskup Agung Canterbury semasa paus Paul VI? || Michael Ramsey <> Berapa kali Archbishop Ramsey bertemu Paul VI? || tiga <> Pusat apa yang dilakukan oleh Uskup Agung Ramsey di Roma untuk memperbaiki hubungan Anglikan dan Katolik? || Anglican Centre <> Di mana pusat Itali adalah pusat Anglikan yang dibuka oleh Archbishop Ramsey? || Rom", {"context": "Paul VI was the first pope to receive an Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, Michael Ramsey in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop Geoffrey Fisher to Pope John XXIII on 2 December 1960. Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the Anglican Centre in Rome to increase their mutual knowledge. He praised Paul VI[e] and his contributions in the service of unity. Paul replied that \"by entering into our house, you are entering your own house, we are happy to open our door and heart to you.\" The two Church leaders signed a common declaration, which put an end to the disputes of the past and outlined a common agenda for the future.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI"}], "question": "Who was the first pope to meet with an Anglican Archbishop as an official Head of Church since 1960?", "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Michael Ramsey"}], "question": "Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during Paul VI papacy?", "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times did Archbishop Ramsey meet with Paul VI?", "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Anglican Centre"}], "question": "What center did Archbishop Ramsey open in Rome to improve Anglican and Catholic relations?", "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In what Italian center was the Anglican center opened in by Archbishop Ramsey?", "id": "5726de0fdd62a815002e9344"}]}], ["Kepada pope tentang semua pendahulunya, hubungan perkawinan jauh lebih dari sekadar dua orang. Mereka membentuk kesatuan pasangan penyayang dengan Allah yang penyayang, di mana kedua orang itu mencipta orang baru secara material, sementara Tuhan menyelesaikan penciptaan dengan menambahkan jiwa. Atas sebab ini, Paul VI mengajar dalam ayat pertama Humanae vitae bahawa penyebaran kehidupan manusia adalah peranan yang paling serius di mana orang berkahwin bekerjasama dengan bebas dan bertanggungjawab dengan Tuhan Pencipta. Perkongsian ilahi ini, menurut Paul VI, tidak membenarkan keputusan manusia sewenang-wenang, yang mungkin membatasi pemeliharaan ilahi. Paus tidak melukis gambaran perkahwinan yang terlalu romantis: hubungan perkawinan adalah sumber kegembiraan besar, tetapi juga kesulitan dan kesulitan. Persoalan pengambilan manusia melebihi dari segi disiplin khusus Paul VI seperti biologi, psikologi, demografi atau sosiologi. Sebab untuk ini, menurut Paul VI, adalah bahawa cinta yang dikahwinkan mengambil asal dari Tuhan, yang \"adalah cinta\". Dari martabat asas ini, dia mendefinisikan kedudukannya: <> Menurut Paul VI kepada siapa lelaki dan wanita dalam kesatuan selain satu sama lain? || Allah <> Apa sumbangan Allah kepada anak pasangan suami isteri? || jiwa <> yang dianggap cinta? || Tuhan <> Dari siapa yang dikahwinkan cinta? || Tuhan <> Apa jenis hubungan Paul VI yang Humanae membahas? || perkahwinan", {"context": "To the pope as to all his predecessors, marital relations are much more than a union of two people. They constitute a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons create a new person materially, while God completes the creation by adding the soul. For this reason, Paul VI teaches in the first sentence of Humanae vitae that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God the Creator. This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships. The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology. The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who \"is love\". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "God"}], "question": "According to Paul VI  to whom are a  man and woman in union with besides each other?", "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "soul"}], "question": "What does God contribute to a married couple's child?", "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 989, "text": "God"}], "question": "Who is considered to be love?", "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 989, "text": "God"}], "question": "From whom is married love generated?", "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "marital"}], "question": "What type of relations did Paul VI's Humanae VItae discuss?", "id": "5726d56f5951b619008f7f77"}]}], ["Ini merupakan langkah penting ke arah memulihkan perhubungan antara Rom dan Constantinople. Ia menghasilkan pengisytiharan Bersama Katolik-Ortodoks 1965, yang dibacakan pada 7 Disember 1965, secara serentak pada mesyuarat umum Majlis Vatikan Kedua di Rom dan pada majlis khas di Istanbul. Deklarasi itu tidak mengakhiri perpecahan, tetapi menunjukkan keinginan untuk perdamaian yang lebih baik antara dua gereja. Pada bulan Mei 1973, Patriarch Coptic Shenouda III dari Alexandria melawat Vatican, di mana beliau bertemu tiga kali dengan Paus Paul VI. Pengisytiharan bersama dan Creed bersama yang dikeluarkan selepas lawatan itu menunjukkan bahawa tidak ada lagi [rujukan tambahan yang diperlukan] percanggahan teologis antara Gereja Katolik Koptik dan Roman. <> Pernyataan apakah yang membahas hubungan Itali ke Yunani dalam gereja Katolik? || Pengisytiharan Bersama Katolik-Ortodoks 1965 <> Pada tahun apakah pembacaan bersama Katolik-Ortodoks dibaca? || 1965 <> Di mana bandar itu katakan pengisytiharan bersama Katolik-Ortodoks? || Roma <> Siapa yang melawat Vatican pada bulan Mei 1973 dalam usaha untuk berunding hubungan Ortodoks dan Katolik? || Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III <> Berapa kali Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III bertemu dengan Paul VI pada tahun 1973? || tiga", {"context": "This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965, which was read out on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism, but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches. In May 1973, the Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III of Alexandria visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint Creed issued after the visit demonstrated that there are virtually no more[additional citation needed] theological discrepancies between the Coptic and Roman Catholic Churches.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965"}], "question": "What statement addressed the relationship of Italy to Greece in the Catholic church?", "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?", "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In what city was the Catholic-Orthodox joint declaration read?", "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III"}], "question": "Who visited the Vatican in May of 1973 in an effort to negotiate Orthodox and Catholic relations?", "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times did Coptic Patriarch Shenouda III meet with Paul VI in 1973?", "id": "5726dcbfdd62a815002e932e"}]}], ["Selepas Majlis, Paul VI menyumbangkan dua cara untuk meneruskan dialog ekumenikal yang berterusan. Saudara-saudara yang terpisahkan, seperti yang dipanggilnya, tidak dapat menyumbang kepada Majlis sebagai pemerhati yang diundang. Selepas Majlis, ramai daripada mereka mengambil inisiatif untuk mencari rakan sejawatan mereka Katolik dan Paus di Rom, yang menyambut lawatan tersebut. Tetapi Gereja Katolik sendiri diiktiraf dari banyak pertemuan ekumenikal sebelumnya, yang perlu dilakukan di dalam, untuk menjadi rakan kongsi terbuka untuk ekumenisme. Kepada mereka yang diamanahkan kebenaran tertinggi dan terdalam, maka Paul VI percaya bahawa dia mempunyai bahagian yang paling sukar untuk berkomunikasi. Dialog ekumenis, dalam pandangan Paul VI, memerlukan dari seorang Katolik seluruh orang: sebab, kehendak dan hati seseorang. Paul VI, seperti Pius XII di hadapannya, enggan memberikan pada tahap yang paling rendah. Walau bagaimanapun, Paul merasa terpaksa mengakui keinginannya berdasarkan Injil yang sungguh-sungguh menjadi segalanya bagi semua orang dan untuk membantu semua orang Menjadi penerus Peter, dia merasakan kata-kata Kristus, \"Adakah anda lebih suka saya\" seperti pisau tajam yang menembusi sumsum jiwanya. Kata-kata ini dimaksudkan untuk cinta kasih Paul VI tanpa batas, dan mereka menekankan pendekatan fundamental Gereja untuk ekumenisme. <> Dalam apa bandar apakah pope menggalakkan lawatan dari Katolik dari negara lain? || Roma <> Dalam berapa banyak cara Paul VI menyumbang kepada dialog ekumenikal antara umat Katolik? || dua <> Dalam pandangan Paul VI apa dialog demokrasi Katolik memerlukan seseorang? || seluruh orang <> Berapa banyak orang yang diperlukan untuk terlibat sepenuhnya dalam dialog ekumenikal menurut Paul VI? || keseluruhan <> Untuk apa angka sejarah boleh kata-kata \"Adakah anda mencintai saya lebih\" dikaitkan? || Kristus", {"context": "After the Council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue. The separated brothers and sisters, as he called them, were not able to contribute to the Council as invited observers. After the Council, many of them took initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. But the Catholic Church itself recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters, that much needed to be done within, to be an open partner for ecumenism. To those who are entrusted the highest and deepest truth and therefore, so Paul VI, believed that he had the most difficult part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart. Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, \"Do you love me more\" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits, and they underscore the Church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Rome"}], "question": "In what city did the pope encourage visits from Catholics from other countries?", "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "two"}], "question": "In how many ways did Paul VI contribute to an ecumenical dialogue between Catholics?", "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "whole person"}], "question": "In Paul VI's view what does the Catholic ecumenical dialogue require from someone?", "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "whole"}], "question": "How much of the person is needed to fully engage in a ecumenical dialogue according to Paul VI?", "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1048, "text": "Christ"}], "question": "To what historical figure can the words \"Do you love me more\" be attributed?", "id": "5726db0ff1498d1400e8ed50"}]}], ["Sacerdotalis caelibatus (bahasa Latin untuk \"imamat celibate\"), diisytiharkan pada 24 Jun 1967, mempertahankan tradisi Gereja Katolik pembujangan imam di Barat. Ensiklopedia ini ditulis selepas Vatican II, ketika Gereja Katolik sedang mempersoalkan dan merevisi banyak amalan yang lama. Pembujangan imam dianggap sebagai disiplin dan bukannya dogma, dan ada yang mengharapkan ia boleh menjadi santai. Sebagai tindak balas kepada soalan-soalan ini, Paus mengesahkan disiplin itu sebagai satu amalan yang panjang yang amat penting dalam Gereja Katolik. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus dari 24 Jun 1967, mengesahkan ajaran Gereja tradisional, bahawa celibacy adalah keadaan ideal dan terus menjadi wajib bagi imam Katolik Roma. Celibacy melambangkan realiti kerajaan Tuhan di tengah masyarakat moden. Pembujangan imam berhubungan erat dengan keimamatan sakramen. Walau bagaimanapun, semasa pontifya, Paul VI dianggap murah hati dalam membenarkan uskup untuk memberikan pemeliharaan para imam yang ingin meninggalkan negara imam, kedudukan yang secara drastik dibalikkan oleh John Paul II pada tahun 1980 dan disusun dalam Undang-undang Kanun 1983 bahawa hanya dapat paus dalam keadaan yang luar biasa memberikan pemeliharaan. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai keadaan ideal bagi para imam di gereja Katolik? || Celibacy <> Apa yang dilihat sebagai melambangkan realiti hidup di dunia moden sebagai imam Katolik Roma? || Celibacy <> Apa dokumen 1967 yang menggalakkan pendirian gereja dalam celibacy dalam keimamatan? || Sacerdotalis caelibatus <> Apa jenis undang-undang yang mengunci pendirian gereja Katolik tentang celibacy dalam keimamatan? || Canon <> Dalam tahun apakah Undang-undang Canon menerbitkan celibacy dalam keimamatan? || 1983", {"context": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus (Latin for \"Of the celibate priesthood\"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of priestly celibacy in the West. This encyclical was written in the wake of Vatican II, when the Catholic Church was questioning and revising many long-held practices. Priestly celibacy is considered a discipline rather than dogma, and some had expected that it might be relaxed. In response to these questions, the Pope reaffirms the discipline as a long-held practice with special importance in the Catholic Church. The encyclical Sacerdotalis caelibatus from 24 June 1967, confirms the traditional Church teaching, that celibacy is an ideal state and continues to be mandatory for Roman Catholic priests. Celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood. However, during his pontificate Paul VI was considered generous in permitting bishops to grant laicization of priests who wanted to leave the sacerdotal state, a position which was drastically reversed by John Paul II in 1980 and cemented in the 1983 Canon Law that only the pope can in exceptional circumstances grant laicization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "Celibacy"}], "question": "What is considered an ideal state for priests in the Catholic church?", "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "Celibacy"}], "question": "What is seen as symbolizing the reality of living in the modern world as Roman Catholic priest?", "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sacerdotalis caelibatus"}], "question": "What document  of 1967 promotes the church's stance of celibacy in the priesthood?", "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1141, "text": "Canon"}], "question": "What type of law locked down the Catholic church's stance on celibacy in the priesthood?", "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1136, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In what year was Canon Law issued affirming celibacy in the priesthood?", "id": "5726d2e6dd62a815002e916e"}]}], ["Reaksi terhadap larangan berterusan ensiklik kawalan kelahiran buatan sangat bercampur-campur. Di Itali, Sepanyol, Portugal dan Poland, ensiklik itu dialu-alukan. Di Amerika Latin, banyak sokongan yang dibangunkan untuk Paus dan ensikliknya. Seperti yang diumumkan oleh Presiden Bank Dunia Robert McNamara pada Mesyuarat Tahunan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa 1968 dan Kumpulan Bank Dunia bahawa negara-negara yang membenarkan amalan kawalan kelahiran mendapat akses ke sumber daya istimewa, para doktor di La Paz, Bolivia menyebutnya menghina wang yang harus ditukar untuk hati nurani sebuah negara Katolik. Di Colombia, uskup Kardinal Cardinal An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque mengisytiharkan, jika ketetapan Amerika melemahkan ajaran kepausan, kami lebih memilih untuk tidak menerima satu sen. Senat Bolivia meluluskan resolusi yang menyatakan bahawa Humanae vitae boleh dibincangkan dalam implikasinya untuk hati nurani individu, tetapi adalah yang paling penting kerana dokumen kepausan mempertahankan hak-hak negara-negara berkembang untuk menentukan dasar populasi mereka sendiri. Jesuit Journal Sic mendedikasikan satu edisi ke ensiklik dengan sumbangan yang menyokong. <> Siapa yang menjadi presiden Bank Dunia pada tahun 1968? || Robert McNamara <> Apa negara-negara membangun digalakkan untuk membenarkan akses oleh Bank Dunia? || kawalan kelahiran <> Di negara apakah doktor memanggil tawaran sumber Bank Dunia sebagai pertukaran dasar kawalan kelahiran liberal \"menghina\"? || Bolivia <> Siapa kata Columbia tidak mahu bantuan Amerika jika perlu mengubah pendirian gereja Katolik pada kawalan kelahiran? || Uskup Kardinal Kardinal An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque <> Negara mana yang menjadi uskup Kardinal Anlbal Munoz Duque? || Colombia", {"context": "The reaction to the encyclical's continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was very mixed. In Italy, Spain, Portugal and Poland, the encyclical was welcomed. In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As World Bank President Robert McNamara declared at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in La Paz, Bolivia called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal archbishop An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque declared, if American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent. The Senate of Bolivia passed a resolution stating that Humanae vitae could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences, but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies. The Jesuit Journal Sic dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Robert McNamara"}], "question": "Who was president of the World Bank in 1968?", "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "birth control"}], "question": "What were developing countries encouraged to allow access to by the World Bank?", "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Bolivia"}], "question": "In what country did doctors call the World Bank's offer of resources in exchange for liberal birth control policies \"insulting\"?", "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "Cardinal archbishop An\u00edbal Mu\u00f1oz Duque"}], "question": "Who said Columbia did not want American aid if it required changing the Catholic church's stance on birth control?", "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Colombia"}], "question": "What country did Cardinal archbishop Anlbal Munoz Duque represent?", "id": "5726d74cf1498d1400e8ecb2"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 2013, pegawai Vatican meluluskan keajaiban yang sepatutnya disebabkan oleh syafaat pontif lewat yang menyembuhkan anak yang belum lahir di California, U.S.A pada tahun 1990-an. Ia dijangka bahawa Pope Francis akan meluluskan keajaiban dalam masa terdekat, oleh itu, menjamin pukulan lewat pontif. Pada bulan Februari 2014, dilaporkan bahawa ahli-ahli teologi Vatican yang berunding ke Kongregasi untuk Punca-Penganut Saints mengakui mukjizat yang dikaitkan dengan pontif lewat. <> Menurut Vatikan yang dapat menyembuhkan anak yang belum lahir akibatnya pada tahun 1990-an? || pontif <> Siapa yang meluluskan keajaiban Paul VI? || Pope Francis <> Apakah kumpulan yang bertanggungjawab mengenali keajaiban Paul Vi? || Kongregasi untuk Penyebab Orang Suci <> Apa proses yang dipanggil yang mengakui kesucian? || beatifikasi", {"context": "In December 2013, Vatican officials approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff which was the curing of an unborn child in California, U.S.A in the 1990s. It was expected that Pope Francis would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff. In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognized the miracle attributed to the late pontiff.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "pontiff"}], "question": "According to the Vatican who could the healing of an unborn child be attributed to in the 1990's?", "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Pope Francis"}], "question": "Who approved the miracle of Paul VI?", "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Congregation for the Causes of Saints"}], "question": "What group was responsible for recognizing Paul Vi's miracle?", "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "beatification"}], "question": "What is the process called that acknowledges sainthood?", "id": "5726e9c2708984140094d5a8"}]}], ["Pada 20 Disember 2012, Paus Benediktus XVI, dalam penonton dengan Pengawas Kardinal Kongregasi untuk Penyebab Orang Suci, mengisytiharkan bahawa pontif lewat telah menjalani kehidupan kebahagiaan berani, yang bermaksud bahawa dia boleh dipanggil \"Yang Mulia\". Satu mukjizat yang dikaitkan dengan syafaat Paul VI telah diluluskan pada 9 Mei 2014 oleh Pope Francis. Upacara pemukulan untuk Paul VI telah diadakan pada 19 Oktober 2014, yang bermaksud ia sekarang boleh disebut \"Diberkati\". Hari raya liturgi beliau dirayakan pada tarikh kelahirannya, 26 September, bukannya hari kematiannya seperti biasa. <> Pada tahun apakah Paul VI dipertingkatkan? || 2014 <> Pada hari apakah Paul VI dilahirkan? || 26 September <> Yang perayaan liturgi dirayakan pada 26 September? || Paul VI <> Pada hari apakah upacara pengindahan dilakukan untuk Paul VI? || 19 Oktober <> Apa yang dikaitkan dengan Paul VI dan diluluskan secara rasmi pada 9 Mei 2014? || Keajaiban", {"context": "On 20 December 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of heroic virtue, which means that he could be called \"Venerable\". A miracle attributed to the intercession of Paul VI was approved on 9 May 2014 by Pope Francis. The beatification ceremony for Paul VI was held on 19 October 2014, which means that he can now be called \"Blessed\". His liturgical feast day is celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death as is usual.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year was Paul VI beautified?", "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "26 September"}], "question": "On what day was Paul VI born?", "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Paul VI"}], "question": "Whose liturgical feast is celebrated on the 26th of September?", "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "19 October"}], "question": "On what day was the beautification ceremony performed for Paul VI?", "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "A miracle"}], "question": "What was attributed to Paul VI and officially approved on May 9, 2014?", "id": "5726e8d8dd62a815002e94b8"}]}], ["Pada 24 April 2014, ia dilaporkan dalam majalah Itali Credere bahawa mayat akhir mungkin dapat dipukul pada 19 Oktober 2014. Laporan ini dari majalah selanjutnya menyatakan bahawa beberapa kardinal dan uskup akan bertemu pada 5 Mei untuk mengesahkan keajaiban yang pernah telah diluluskan, dan kemudian membentangkannya kepada Pope Francis yang boleh menandatangani perintah untuk beatifikasi sejurus selepas itu. Kongregasi untuk Penyebab Orang Suci mengadakan mesyuarat itu dan secara positif menyimpulkan bahawa penyembuhan itu memang merupakan keajaiban yang boleh dikaitkan dengan paus lewat. Perkara ini tidak lama lagi akan dibentangkan kepada paus untuk kelulusan. <> Majalah apa yang memecah kisah Paul VI menunggu kudus kudus? || Credere <> Apa jenis keajaiban yang dikaitkan dengan Paus Paul VI? || penyembuhan <> Apa kumpulan mengisytiharkan penyembuhan keajaiban oleh Paul VI? || Jemaat untuk Punca-Penganut Orang Suci <> Siapa yang perlu meluluskan Jemaat untuk Punca Saints kesimpulan bahawa Paul VI melakukan keajaiban? || Paus <> Siapa yang dikehendaki menandatangani suatu dekri mengisytiharkan Paulus VI seorang kudus? || Pope Francis", {"context": "On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine Credere that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter shall now soon be presented to the pope for approval.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Credere"}], "question": "What magazine broke the story of Paul VI pending saint hood?", "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "healing"}], "question": "What type of miracle was attributed to Pope Paul VI?", "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "The Congregation for the Causes of Saints"}], "question": "What group declared the healing a miracle by Paul VI?", "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "pope"}], "question": "Who needed to approve the Congregation for the Causes of Saints conclusion that Paul VI performed a miracle?", "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Pope Francis"}], "question": "Who was required to sign a decree declaring Paul VI a saint?", "id": "5726eae2708984140094d5e7"}]}], ["Tiga papa berikutnya, termasuk Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, telah dibentuk oleh kardinalnya. Penggantinya yang terdekat, Albino Luciani, yang mengambil nama John Paul I, telah dijadikan kardinal dalam konsistensinya pada 5 Mac 1973. Karol Wojty\u0142a dicipta seorang kardinal dalam konsistium pada 26 Jun 1967. Joseph Ratzinger telah dicipta seorang kardinal di kecil konsonan empat perlantikan pada 27 Jun 1977, yang juga termasuk Bernardin Gantin dari Benin, Afrika. Ini menjadi yang terakhir dari konsekuensi Paul VI sebelum kematiannya pada bulan Ogos 1978. Paus Paul telah diminta menjelang akhir kepausannya sama ada ia akan bersara pada usia 80 tahun, dia menjawab \"Raja-raja boleh menghukum, Paus tidak boleh.\" [ Berapa banyak paus masa depan yang dilakukan Paul VI buat pertama kali sebagai kardinal? || tiga <> Siapa yang menjadi kardinal oleh Paul VI pada 27 Jun 1977? || Joseph Ratzinger <Paus masa depan yang dijadikan kardinal oleh Paul VI pada 26 Jun 1967? || Karol Wojty\u0142a <> Pada tahun apakah Paul VI mati? || 1978 <> Apa nama Albino Luciani mengambil sebagai paus? || John Paul I", {"context": "The next three popes, including Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI, were created cardinals by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name John Paul I, was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Wojty\u0142a was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger was created a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977, which also included Bernardin Gantin from Benin, Africa. This became the last of Paul VI's consistories before his death in August 1978. Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied \"Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot.\"[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many future popes did Paul VI create first as cardinals?", "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9414"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Joseph Ratzinger"}], "question": "Who was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 27 1977?", "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9415"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Karol Wojty\u0142a"}], "question": "What future pope was made a cardinal by Paul VI on June 26, 1967?", "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "1978"}], "question": "In what year did Paul VI die?", "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "John Paul I"}], "question": "What name did Albino Luciani take as a pope?", "id": "5726e47edd62a815002e9418"}]}], ["Paul VI menyokong kerukunan dan kerjasama baru yang ditemui dengan Protestan pada banyak peringkat. Apabila Kardinal Augustin Bea pergi untuk melihatnya untuk kebenaran untuk terjemahan terjemahan Katolik-Protestan bersama dengan masyarakat Protestan Bible, Paus berjalan ke arahnya dan berseru, \"seiring dengan kerjasama dengan masyarakat Alkitab, saya benar-benar berpihak . \" Dia mengeluarkan kelulusan rasmi pada Pentakosta 1967, pesta di mana Roh Kudus turun kepada orang Kristian, mengatasi segala kesulitan linguistik, menurut tradisi Kristen. <> Siapa Paul VI memihak untuk bekerjasama dalam terjemahan Alkitab? || Persatuan Bible Protestan <> Siapa yang meminta Paul VI untuk kebenaran untuk bekerjasama dengan Protestan untuk menterjemahkan bible? || Cardinal Augustin Bea <> Pada tahun apakah Paul VI secara rasmi mengisytiharkan sokongannya terhadap terjemahan salib bible? || 1967 <> Apa kumpulan orang Kristian yang menyokong Paul VI menyokong dan meluluskan kerjasama dengan? || Protestan", {"context": "Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on so many levels. When Cardinal Augustin Bea went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the pope walked towards him and exclaimed, \"as far as the cooperation with Bible societies is concerned, I am totally in favour.\" He issued a formal approval on Pentecost 1967, the feast on which the Holy Spirit descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Protestant Bible societies"}], "question": "Who was Paul VI in favor of cooperating with in the translation of the bible?", "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Cardinal Augustin Bea"}], "question": "Who asked Paul VI for permission to cooperate with Protestants to translate the bible?", "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "1967"}], "question": "In what year did Paul VI officially declare his support of a cross faith translation of the bible?", "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Protestants"}], "question": "What group of Christians did Paul VI support and approve of cooperation with?", "id": "5726e372f1498d1400e8eed3"}]}], ["Cardinal Augustin Bea, ketua Sekretariat untuk Menggalakkan Perpaduan Kristian, menambah pada akhir lawatan itu, \"Marilah kita bergerak maju di dalam Kristus, Tuhan menginginkannya. Tidak dikecewakan oleh kutukan yang keras oleh Jemaah Iman pada perkahwinan campuran tepat pada masa lawatan ini, Paul VI dan Ramsey melantik komisen persediaan yang meletakkan agenda umum menjadi amalan mengenai isu-isu seperti perkahwinan campuran. Ini mengakibatkan perisytiharan bersama Malta, perjanjian bersama pertama mengenai Creed sejak Reformasi. Paul VI adalah kawan baik dari Gereja Anglikan, yang digambarkannya sebagai \"Gereja saudari kita yang dikasihi\". Penerangan ini unik kepada Paul dan tidak digunakan oleh paus-paus yang lalu. <> Apa yang dipromosikan oleh Sekretariat Cardinal Augustin Bea? || Persatuan Kristian <> Kumpulan apa yang mengutuk perkahwinan iman bercampur? || Kongregasi Kepercayaan <> Kepada apa jenis denominasi bukan Katolik Paul VI dianggap sebagai sekutu yang hebat? || Anglican <> gereja yang mana Paul VI memanggil \"gereja saudara kita yang dikasihi\"? || Gereja Anglikan <> Siapa yang menggambarkan gereja Anglikan sebagai \"Gereja saudara kita yang dikasihi\"? || Paul VI", {"context": "Cardinal Augustin Bea, the head of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity, added at the end of the visit, \"Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it.\" Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the Creed since the Reformation. Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as \"our beloved sister Church\". This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Christian Unity"}], "question": "What did the Cardinal Augustin Bea's Secretariat promote?", "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Congregation of Faith"}], "question": "What group condemned mixed faith marriages?", "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Anglican"}], "question": "To what type of non Catholic denomination was Paul VI considered to be a great ally of?", "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Anglican Church"}], "question": "Which church did Paul VI call \"our beloved sister church\"?", "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e936f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Paul VI"}], "question": "Who described the Anglican church as \"our beloved sister Church\"?", "id": "5726df41dd62a815002e9370"}]}], ["Paus Paul VI meninggalkan Vatican untuk pergi ke kediaman musim panas paus, Castel Gandolfo, pada 14 Julai 1978, melawat dalam perjalanan makam Kardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, yang telah memperkenalkannya ke Vatikan setengah abad lebih awal. Walaupun dia sakit, dia bersetuju untuk melihat Presiden Itali baru Sandro Pertini selama lebih dua jam. Pada waktu petang dia menonton Barat di TV, gembira hanya apabila dia melihat \"kuda, haiwan yang paling indah yang diciptakan Tuhan.\" Dia mengalami masalah bernafas dan memerlukan oksigen. Pada hari Ahad, pada Hari Perayaan Transfigurasi, dia letih, tetapi ingin mengatakan Angelus itu. Beliau tidak mampu dan tidak dibenarkan berbuat demikian dan sebaliknya tinggal di tempat tidur, suhunya meningkat. <> Di manakah Paul VI menuju pada 14 Julai 1978? || Castel Gandolfo <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai kediaman musim panas kepa? || Castel Gandolfo <> Siapa Perdana Menteri Itali pada bulan Julai 1978? || Sandro Pertini <> Berapa lamakah Paul VI bertemu dengan Sandro Pertini pada tahun 1978? || dua jam <> Apa binatang yang Paul VI menganggap sebagai \"haiwan paling indah yang pernah dicipta Allah\"? || kuda", {"context": "Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw \"horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created.\" He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Castel Gandolfo"}], "question": "Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?", "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Castel Gandolfo"}], "question": "What was considered to be the papal summer residence?", "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Sandro Pertini"}], "question": "Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?", "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "two hours"}], "question": "For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?", "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "horses"}], "question": "What animals did Paul VI consider to be \"the most beautiful animals God ever created\"?", "id": "5726e7135951b619008f81e7"}]}], ["Mengenai ajaran-ajaran Gereja asas, Paus tidak begitu teguh. Pada ulang tahun kesepuluh Humanae vitae, beliau mengesahkan pengajaran ini. Dalam gaya dan metodologinya, dia adalah murid Pius XII, yang sangat dihormati. Dia menderita kerana serangan terhadap Pius XII kerana kesunyiannya semasa Holocaust. Paus Paulus VI adalah kurang cemerlang daripada pendahulunya: dia tidak dikreditkan dengan ingatan ensiklopedis, atau hadiah untuk bahasa, atau gaya penulisan Pius XII yang cemerlang, ataupun dia mempunyai karisma dan cinta yang melimpah, rasa humor dan kehangatan manusia daripada John XXIII. Dia mengambil sendiri kerja pembaharuan yang belum selesai kedua-dua paus ini, membawa mereka dengan tekun dengan kerendahan hati dan akal sehat dan tanpa banyak kesimpulan. Dengan melakukan itu, Paulus VI melihat dirinya mengikuti jejak Rasul Paulus, yang koyak kepada beberapa arah seperti Saint Paul, yang berkata, \"Saya tertarik kepada dua pihak sekaligus, karena Salib selalu membelah.\" <> Apa Pius XII dituduh tidak mengutuk? || Holocaust <> Siapa teologi yang Paul VI terus menyebarkan semasa kepausannya? || Pius XII <> Apa jenis pekerjaan Paul Vi selesai yang telah dimulakan oleh dua paus terdahulu? || pembaharuan <> Pada ulang tahun Humanae Vitae yang Paul VI mengesahkan kepercayaan yang ditetapkan oleh Humanae Vitae? || kesepuluh <Paus mana yang mendahului Paul VI dicatatkan kerana kehangatan dan humornya? || John XXIII", {"context": "On basic Church teachings, the pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of Humanae vitae, he reconfirmed this teaching. In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered. He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust. Pope Paul VI was less outstanding than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII, nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion. In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, torn to several directions as Saint Paul, who said, \"I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Holocaust"}], "question": "What was Pius XII accused of not condemning?", "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Pius XII"}], "question": "Whose theology did Paul VI continue to propagate during his papacy?", "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "reform"}], "question": "What type of work did Paul Vi finish that had been started by two previous popes?", "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9564"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "tenth"}], "question": "On which anniversary of his Humanae Vitae did Paul VI reconfirm the beliefs set forth by the Humanae Vitae? ", "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "John XXIII"}], "question": "Which pope that preceded Paul VI was noted for his warmth and humor?", "id": "5726ec69dd62a815002e9566"}]}], ["Lutheran adalah Gereja Protestan pertama yang menawarkan dialog kepada Gereja Katolik pada September 1964 di Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. Ia menghasilkan kumpulan kajian bersama beberapa isu. Dialog dengan Gereja Methodist bermula Oktober 1965, selepas wakilnya secara rasmi memuji perubahan luar biasa, persahabatan dan kerjasama lima tahun yang lalu. Gereja-gereja Reformed memasuki empat tahun kemudian menjadi dialog dengan Gereja Katolik. Presiden Persekutuan Dunia Lutheran dan anggota jawatankuasa pusat Majlis Gereja-Gereja Dunia Fredrik A. Schiotz menyatakan pada ulang tahun ke-450 Reformasi, bahwa peringatan yang sebelumnya dilihat hampir sebagai kemenangan. Reformasi harus diraikan sebagai ucapan syukur kepada Allah, kebenarannya dan kehidupannya yang baru diperbaharui. Beliau mengalu-alukan pengumuman Paus Paulus VI untuk merayakan ulang tahun ke-1900 kematian Rasul Peter dan Rasul Paulus, dan menjanjikan penyertaan dan kerjasama dalam perayaan itu. <> Yang protestan mana yang pertama menjangkau gereja Katolik pada tahun 1964 di Iceland? || Lutherans <> Pada tahun berapa gereja Katolik memulakan hubungan diplomatik dengan gereja Methodist? || 1965 <> Pada tahun apakah gereja Katolik memulakan hubungan diplomatik dengan gereja Lutheran? || 1964 <> Siapa presiden Dewan Dunia Gereja semasa ulang tahun ke 450 Reformasi? || Fredrik A. Schiotz <> Kepada siapa yang menyatakan Schiotz harus bersyukur atas Reformasi? || Tuhan", {"context": "The Lutherans were the first Protestant Church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the Methodist Church began October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded remarkable changes, friendship and cooperation of the past five years. The Reformed Churches entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church. The President of the Lutheran World Federation and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches Fredrik A. Schiotz stated during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation, that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. Reformation should be celebrated as a thanksgiving to God, his truth and his renewed life. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the Apostle Peter and Apostle Paul, and promised the participation and cooperation in the festivities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Lutherans"}], "question": "Which protestants were the first to reach out to the Catholic church in 1964 in Iceland?", "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year did The Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Methodist church?", "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "1964"}], "question": "In what year did the Catholic church begin diplomatic relations with the Lutheran church?", "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Fredrik A. Schiotz"}], "question": "Who was president of the World Council of Churches during the 450th anniversary of the Reformation?", "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "God"}], "question": "To whom did Schiotz state one should be grateful for the Reformation?", "id": "5726e257708984140094d4b7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1965, Paul VI memutuskan untuk mewujudkan kumpulan kerja bersama dengan Majlis Gereja-Gereja Dunia untuk memetakan segala kemungkinan dialog dan kerjasama. Dalam tiga tahun berikutnya, lapan sesi telah diadakan yang menghasilkan banyak cadangan bersama. Ia dicadangkan untuk bekerjasama rapat dalam bidang keadilan dan pembangunan sosial dan Isu-isu Dunia Ketiga seperti kelaparan dan kemiskinan. Di sisi agama, pihaknya telah bersetuju untuk berkongsi bersama dalam Minggu Doa untuk Perpaduan Kristian, yang akan diadakan setiap tahun. Kumpulan kerja bersama adalah menyediakan teks yang akan digunakan oleh semua orang Kristian. Pada 19 Julai 1968, mesyuarat Majlis Gereja-Gereja Dunia berlangsung di Uppsala, Sweden, yang mana Paus Paul memanggil tanda zaman. Dia menghantar berkatnya dengan cara ekumenikal: \"Semoga Tuhan memberkati semua yang kamu lakukan untuk kesatuan Kristian.\" Majlis Dunia Jemaat memutuskan untuk memasukkan ahli-ahli teologi Katolik dalam jawatankuasanya, dengan syarat mereka mendapat sokongan daripada Vatican. <> Pada tahun berapa adalah kumpulan yang dicipta untuk bekerja dengan Majlis Gereja-Gereja Dunia untuk meningkatkan dialog antara Kristian Katolik dan denominasi Kristian yang lain? || 1965 <> Pada tahun berapakah World Council of Churches bertemu di Uppsala, Sweden? || 1968 <> Apa jenis ahli teologi yang World Council of Churches memutuskan untuk memasukkan dalam jawatankuasa mereka? || Katolik <> Di negara apakah yang diadakan di Majlis Gereja-Kerajaan Dunia pada tahun 1968? || Sweden <> Siapakah yang menyokong Majlis Gereja Sedunia yang memerlukan ahli-ahli teologi Katolik yang berkhidmat di jawatankuasa bersama? || Vatican", {"context": "In 1965, Paul VI decided on the creation of a joint working group with the World Council of Churches to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. In the following three years, eight sessions were held which resulted in many joint proposals. It was proposed to work closely together in areas of social justice and development and Third World Issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to share together in the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity, to be held every year. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians. On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in Uppsala, Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing in an ecumenical manner: \"May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity.\" The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1965"}], "question": "In what year was a group created to work with the World Council of Churches to increase dialogue between Catholic Christians and other Christian denominations?", "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did the World Council of Churches meet in Uppsala, Sweden?", "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "Catholic"}], "question": "What type of theologians did the World Council of Churches decide to include in their committees?", "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "Sweden"}], "question": "In what country did the World Council of Churches meet in 1968?", "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 979, "text": "Vatican"}], "question": "Whose backing did the World Council of Churches require Catholic theologians serving on joint committees to have?", "id": "5726e0c2f1498d1400e8ee66"}]}], ["Dari katilnya, beliau mengambil bahagian dalam Misa Minggu pada jam 18:00. Selepas komuni, paus mengalami serangan jantung besar-besaran, selepas itu dia terus hidup selama tiga jam. Pada 6 Ogos 1978 pada 21:41 Paul VI meninggal dunia di Castel Gandolfo. Mengikut kehendaknya, ia dikuburkan di grotos Vatikan bukan di makam hiasan, tetapi di kubur di tanah. Dia dikebumikan di bawah lantai Basilika Saint Peter dengan paus-paus lain. Dalam kehendaknya, dia diminta untuk dikebumikan di \"bumi yang benar\" dan oleh itu, dia tidak mempunyai sarkofagus yang meriah tetapi kubur dalam tanah. <> Berapa lama Paul VI hidup selepas mengalami serangan jantung besar-besaran pada tahun 1978? || tiga jam <> Pada masa apa Paul VI mati? || 21:41 <> Pada hari apa kematian Paul VI? || 6 Ogos <Dari mana Paul VI melakukan massa pada hari kematiannya? || katil <> Apa kediaman Paul VI tinggal di hari kematiannya? || Castel Gandolfo", {"context": "From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After communion, the pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he continued to live for three hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41 Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo. According to his will, he was buried in the grottos of the Vatican not in an ornate tomb, but in a grave in the ground. He is buried beneath the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica with other popes. In his will, he requested to be buried in the \"true earth\" and therefore, he does not have an ornate sarcophagus but an in-ground grave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "three hours"}], "question": "How long did Paul VI live for after experiencing a massive heart attack in 1978?", "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "21:41"}], "question": "At what time did Paul VI die?", "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "6 August"}], "question": "On what day did Paul VI die?", "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "bed"}], "question": "From where did Paul VI conduct mass on the day of his death?", "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Castel Gandolfo"}], "question": "What residence was the Paul VI staying in on the day of his death?", "id": "5726efc85951b619008f82cb"}]}], ["Sesetengah keputusan Paul VI dikritik; Synod of the Bishops yang baru dicipta hanya mempunyai peranan penasihat dan tidak boleh membuat keputusan sendiri, walaupun Majlis memutuskan dengan tepat. Semasa pontifikat Paul VI, lima sinode sedemikian berlaku, dan beliau sedang membuat keputusan untuk melaksanakan semua keputusan mereka. Persoalan yang berkaitan telah dibangkitkan mengenai Konferensi Uskup Negara yang baru, yang menjadi mandatori selepas Vatican II. Orang lain mempersoalkan Ostpolitik dan hubungannya dengan Komunisme dan kesepakatan yang dia lakukan untuk orang-orang yang setia. <> Berapa banyak Synod Uskup berlaku semasa kepausan Paul VI? || lima <> Apa persidangan menjadi syarat selepas Vatican II? || Persidangan Uskup Nasional <> Apakah pergerakan politik Paul VI dikritik kerana mempunyai hubungan dengan? || Komunisme <> Majlis, di bawah Paul VI, memutuskan siapa yang boleh membuat keputusan secara bebas dari Rom? || Uskup <> Berapa banyak keputusan bishopnya yang dilakukan oleh Paul VI? || semua", {"context": "Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions. Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many Synod of Bishops took place during Paul VI's papacy?", "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "National Bishop Conferences"}], "question": "What conferences became a requirement after Vatican II?", "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Communism"}], "question": "What political movement was Paul VI criticized for having a relationship with?", "id": "5726ef98708984140094d66f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Bishops"}], "question": "The Council, under Paul VI, decided whom could make decisions independently of Rome?", "id": "5726ef98708984140094d670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "all"}], "question": "How many of his bishop's decisions did Paul VI end up enacting?", "id": "5726ef98708984140094d671"}]}], ["Paul VI meninggalkan banyak simbol tradisi kepausan dan Gereja Katolik; beberapa perubahannya terhadap pakaian paus telah dibalik oleh Paus Benediktus XVI pada awal abad ke-21. Menolak tentera Vatican seragam tentera yang berwarna-warni dari berabad-abad, dia menyingkirkan mereka. Dia menjadi pope pertama untuk melawat lima benua. Paul VI secara sistematik meneruskan dan menyelesaikan usaha pendahulunya, untuk menjadikan Gereja yang berpusat di Euro sebagai Gereja di dunia, dengan mengintegrasikan uskup dari semua benua dalam kerajaannya dan di Synods yang dipanggilnya. 6 Ogos 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane membuka Curia Rom ke uskup dunia. Sehingga itu, hanya Kardinal yang boleh memimpin ahli-ahli Curia. <> Apa jenis pakaian seragam teater yang dilakukan oleh Paul VI dari Vatican? || tentera <> Siapa pope pertama yang melawat lima benua? || Paul VI <> Di manakah Paul Vi mengubah tumpuan gereja ke arah semasa kepausannya? || Dunia <> Apa kumpulan klerus yang Paul VI termasuk di dalam membuat keputusan Vatikan yang sebelum ini telah ditolak pengaruh dalam alam ini? || uskup <> Apa pernyataan paus di bawah Paul VI membuka pintu Vatikan kepada pengaruh global? || motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane", {"context": "Paul VI did renounce many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were reversed by Pope Benedict XVI in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from centuries, he got rid of them. He became the first pope to visit five continents. Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric Church into a Church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane opened the Roman Curia to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "army"}], "question": "What type of theatrical uniforms did Paul VI eradicate from the Vatican?", "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul VI"}], "question": "Who was the first pope to visit five continents?", "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "world"}], "question": "Where did Paul Vi turn the focus of the church toward during his papacy?", "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "bishops"}], "question": "What group of clergy did Paul VI include in Vatican decision making that had previously been denied influence in this realm?", "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "motu proprio Pro Comperto Sane"}], "question": "What papal statement under Paul VI opened the Vatican doors to global influences?", "id": "5726f6ecf1498d1400e8f126"}]}], ["Tidak seperti pendahulunya dan pengganti, Paul VI enggan mengecualikan lawannya. Dia memberi amaran tetapi tidak menghukum mereka dengan pandangan lain. Kebebasan teologi baru yang ditimbulkannya menyebabkan pluralisme pendapat dan ketidakpastian di kalangan setia. Permintaan baru disuarakan, yang menjadi tabu di Majlis, reintegrasi Katolik yang bercerai, watak sakramental pengakuan, dan peran wanita di Gereja dan kementeriannya. Konservatif mengadu, bahawa \"wanita mahu menjadi imam, imam ingin berkahwin, uskup menjadi paus serantau dan ahli teologi mendakwa otoritas pengajaran mutlak. Protestan mendakwa kesetaraan, homoseksual dan perceraian dipanggil untuk penerimaan penuh.\" Perubahan seperti pengubahsuaian liturgi, perubahan kepada biasa Massa, perubahan pada kalendar liturgi di motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, dan pemindahan khemah suci adalah kontroversi antara beberapa orang Katolik. <> Siapa yang Paul VI menolak untuk mengosongkan? || lawan <> Apa banyak orang Katolik dan Kristian lain yang menganggap reformasi Paul VI? || kontroversi <> Kepada apa yang dapat disangkal oleh orang-orang Katolik dikaitkan dengan semasa kepausan Paul VI? || kebebasan teologi <> Apa pengenalan semula umat Katolik yang bercerai ke gereja yang dianggap oleh Majlis? || tabu", {"context": "Unlike his predecessors and successors, Paul VI refused to excommunicate the opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful. New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the Council, the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the Church and its ministries. Conservatives complained, that \"women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and divorced called for full acceptance.\" Changes such as the reorientation of the liturgy, alterations to the ordinary of the Mass, alterations to the liturgical calendar in the motu proprio Mysterii Paschalis, and the relocation of the tabernacle were controversial among some Catholics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "opponents"}], "question": "Who did Paul VI refuse to excommunicate?", "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "controversial"}], "question": "What did many other Catholics and Christians consider Paul VI reforms to be?", "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "theological freedoms"}], "question": "To what can the dissent among Catholics be attributed to during Paul VI's papacy?", "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "taboo"}], "question": "What was the reintroduction of divorced Catholics into the church considered to be by the Council?", "id": "5726ede3f1498d1400e8f01f"}]}], ["Dengan enam persefahaman, Paul VI meneruskan dasar pengantarabangsaan yang dimulakan oleh Pius XII pada tahun 1946 dan diteruskan oleh John XXIII. Dalam konsistensinya pada tahun 1976, lima daripada 20 kardinal berasal dari Afrika, salah seorang daripada mereka adalah seorang ketua puak dengan lima puluh isteri. Beberapa tokoh Latin Amerika seperti Eduardo Francisco Pironio dari Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez dari Puerto Rico dan Jualan Eugenio de Ara\u00fajo dan Aloisio Lorscheider dari Brazil turut dinaikkan. Terdapat suara-suara di dalam Gereja ketika itu mengatakan bahawa tempoh Jemaat Eropah akan datang, pandangan yang dikongsi oleh Cardinal Basil Hume dari Britain. Pada masa yang sama, ahli-ahli Kolej Cardinals kehilangan beberapa pengaruh terdahulu mereka, selepas Paul VI memutuskan bahawa bukan sahaja kardinal tetapi juga uskup juga boleh mengambil bahagian dalam jawatankuasa-jawatankuasa Kuria Rom. Had usia lapan tahun yang dikenakan oleh Paus, peningkatan jumlah Kardinal sebanyak hampir 100%, dan pembaharuan pakaian regal \"Princes of the Church\" menyumbang lagi kepada persepsi yang berorientasikan pada Kardinal di bawah pontificatenya. Peningkatan jumlah Kardinal dari Dunia Ketiga dan penekanan paus terhadap isu-isu yang berkaitan telah diterima oleh banyak orang di Eropah Barat. <> Berapa banyak kardinal berasal dari Afrika pada tahun 1976? || lima <> Apa negara yang mewakili Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi? || Argentina <> Negara apakah yang mewakili Jualan Kardinal Araujo? || Brazil <> Apakah jawatankuasa kumpulan apa yang Paul Paul mengisytiharkan kedua uskup dan kardinal boleh menyertai? || Roman Curia <> Apa jenis pakaian yang dilakukan oleh Paul VI untuk pembaharuan? || pakaian regal", {"context": "With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalization policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives. Several prominent Latin Americans like Eduardo Francisco Pironio of Argentina; Luis Aponte Martinez of Puerto Rico and Eug\u00eanio de Ara\u00fajo Sales and Aloisio Lorscheider from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the Church at the time saying that the European period of the Church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal Basil Hume. At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that not only cardinals but also bishops too may participate in committees of the Roman Curia. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the regal vestments of the \"Princes of the Church\" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues was nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many cardinals were from Africa in 1976?", "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Argentina"}], "question": "What country did Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironi represent?", "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country did Cardinal Araujo Sales represent?", "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 837, "text": "Roman Curia"}], "question": "What group's committees did Paul VI declare both bishops and cardinals could participate in?", "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "regal vestments"}], "question": "What type of clothing did Paul VI enact reform on?", "id": "5726efeff1498d1400e8f06c"}]}]], [["Duke dan Duchess of York mempunyai dua orang anak: Elizabeth (dikenali sebagai \"Lilibet\" oleh keluarga), dan Margaret. Duke dan Duchess dan dua orang anak perempuannya tinggal dalam kehidupan yang agak terlindung di kediaman mereka di London, 145 Piccadilly. Mereka adalah keluarga yang rapat dan penyayang. Salah satu daripada sedikit kebangkitan muncul ketika Perdana Menteri Kanada, R. B. Bennett, menganggap Duke untuk Gubernur Jeneral Kanada pada tahun 1931-satu cadangan bahawa Raja George V menolak nasihat Setiausaha Negara untuk Hal Ehwal Dominasi, J. H. Thomas. <> Apa nama panggilan Elizabeth? || Lilibet <> Siapa Duke dan Duchess of York anak? || Elizabeth (dipanggil \"Lilibet\" oleh keluarga), dan Margaret <> Apa nama tempat tinggal Duke of York di London? || 145 Piccadilly <> Siapa yang menasihatkan terhadap Duke menjadi Gabenor Jeneral Kanada? || J. H. Thomas <> Apakah kedudukan J. H. Thomas? || Setiausaha Negara untuk Hal Ehwal Dominion", {"context": "The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931\u2014a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Lilibet"}], "question": "What was Elizabeth's nickname?", "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Elizabeth (called \"Lilibet\" by the family), and Margaret"}], "question": "Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?", "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "145 Piccadilly"}], "question": "What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?", "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "J. H. Thomas"}], "question": "Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? ", "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs"}], "question": "What position did J. H. Thomas hold?", "id": "57281684ff5b5019007d9cde"}]}], ["Kerana dia gemetar, Albert mengecewakan kata-kata awam. Selepas ucapan penutupnya di Pameran Empayar British di Wembley pada 31 Oktober 1925, satu yang menjadi pahit bagi kedua-dua dia dan pendengarnya, dia mula melihat Lionel Logue, seorang ahli terapi ucapan yang berasal dari Australia. Duke dan Logue mengamalkan latihan pernafasan, dan Duchess berlatih dengan sabar. Seterusnya, dia dapat berbicara dengan kurang teragak-agak. Dengan penyampaiannya yang lebih baik, Duke membuka Rumah Parlimen baru di Canberra, Australia, semasa lawatan ke empayar pada tahun 1927. Perjalanannya ke laut ke Australia, New Zealand dan Fiji membawa dia melalui Jamaica, di mana Albert bermain tenis berganda bermitra dengan lelaki hitam, yang luar biasa pada masa itu dan diambil secara tempatan sebagai persembahan kesamarataan antara kaum. <> Mengapa Albert takut bercakap di depan umum? || yang gemuk <> Siapa yang membantu Albert memperbaiki dalam ucapan awam? || Lionel Logue <> Apa yang bermain Albert bermitra dengan seorang lelaki kulit hitam? || tenis beregu <> Apa Duke membuka di Australia pada tahun 1927? || Rumah Parlimen", {"context": "Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "his stammer"}], "question": "Why did Albert fear speaking in public?", "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Lionel Logue"}], "question": "Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?", "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "doubles tennis"}], "question": "What did Albert play partnered with a black man?", "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Parliament House"}], "question": "What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? ", "id": "572815fbff5b5019007d9ccf"}]}], ["Albert menghabiskan enam bulan pertama tahun 1913 di kapal latihan HMS Cumberland di Hindia Barat dan di pantai timur Kanada. Dia dinilai sebagai pengacara di HMS Collingwood pada 15 September 1913, dan menghabiskan tiga bulan di Mediterranean. Pegawai-pegawainya yang lain memberinya nama samaran \"Mr. Johnson\". Satu tahun selepas komisenya, beliau memulakan khidmat dalam Perang Dunia Pertama. Beliau disebut dalam pemberontakan atas tindakannya sebagai pegawai turet di Collingwood di Pertempuran Jutland (31 Mei - 1 Jun 1916), sebuah pertunangan yang tidak peka dengan angkatan laut Jerman yang merupakan tindakan angkatan laut terbesar dalam perang. Dia tidak melihat pertempuran lebih lanjut, sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh sakit yang disebabkan oleh ulser duodenal, yang mana ia telah beroperasi pada bulan November 1917. <> Kapal yang mana kereta api Alber pada tahun 1913? || HMS Cumberland <> Berapa banyak bulan yang dibelanjakan oleh Albert di Mediterranean pada tahun 1913? || tiga bulan <> Perang yang manakah Albert berkhidmat? || Perang Dunia Pertama <> Siapa yang memberi Albert julukan \"Encik Johnson\"? || rakan-rakan pegawai <> Apakah punca kesihatan Albert pada tahun 1917? || ulser duodenal", {"context": "Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname \"Mr. Johnson\". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May \u2013 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "HMS Cumberland"}], "question": "Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?", "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "three months"}], "question": "How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?", "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "First World War"}], "question": "Which war did Albert serve in?", "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "fellow officers"}], "question": "Who gave Albert the nickname of \"Mr Johnson\"?", "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "duodenal ulcer"}], "question": "What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?", "id": "5728132f4b864d19001643dc"}]}], ["Apabila Edward tidak berkahwin dan tidak mempunyai anak, Albert adalah ahli waris yang menganggap takhta itu. Kurang dari setahun kemudian, pada 11 Disember 1936, Edward VIII telah berkecuali untuk berkahwin dengan perempuan simpanannya, Wallis Simpson, yang telah bercerai dari suami pertamanya dan menceraikan kedua. Edward telah dinasihatkan oleh Perdana Menteri Britain, Stanley Baldwin bahawa dia tidak dapat tetap menjadi raja dan menikahi wanita yang diceraikan dengan dua bekas suami suami. Edward memilih abdication untuk memilih meninggalkan rancangan perkahwinannya. Oleh itu Albert menjadi raja, kedudukannya enggan menerima. Sehari sebelum abdication, dia pergi ke London untuk melihat ibunya, Ratu Mary. Dia menulis di dalam buku hariannya, \"Apabila saya memberitahunya apa yang telah berlaku, saya ranap dan menangis seperti kanak-kanak.\" <> Mengapa Albert pewaris menganggap takhta itu? || Edward belum berkahwin dan tidak mempunyai anak <> Apa yang salah dengan Edward berkahwin dengan Wallis Simpson? || wanita yang diceraikan dengan dua suami suami yang hidup <> Apa yang dilakukan Edward untuk berkahwin dengan Wallis Simpson? || abdication <> Siapa ibu Edward? || Queen Mary <> Bagaimana reaksi Edward ketika dia menjadi pewaris takhta? || merosot dan terasa seperti kanak-kanak", {"context": "As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, \"When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Edward was unmarried and had no children"}], "question": "Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?", "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "divorced woman with two living ex-husbands"}], "question": "What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?", "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "abdication"}], "question": "What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?", "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "Queen Mary"}], "question": "Who is Edward's mother?", "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "broke down and sobbed like a child"}], "question": "How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?", "id": "5728171d3acd2414000df44f"}]}], ["Pada hari pengunduran, Oireachtas, parlimen dari Negara Bebas Ireland, menghapuskan semua sebutan langsung raja dari perlembagaan Ireland. Keesokan harinya, ia meluluskan Akta Hubungan Luar, yang memberikan kuasa terhad raja (dengan tegas atas nasihat kerajaan) untuk melantik wakil-wakil diplomatik untuk Ireland dan terlibat dalam membuat perjanjian asing. Kedua-dua perbuatan itu menjadikan Negara Bebas Ireland sebuah republik pada dasarnya tanpa membuang hubungannya dengan Komanwel. <> Apa itu Oireachtas? || parlimen dari Negara Bebas Ireland <> Apa yang Oireachtas menghapus dari perlembagaan Ireland? || semua sebutan langsung dari raja <> Tindakan mana yang memberikan kuasa raja yang terhad di Ireland? || Akta Perhubungan Luar <> Pada hari apakah Oireachtas meluluskan suatu tindakan yang mula menubuhkan Ireland sebagai republik? || hari penyingkiran", {"context": "On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "the parliament of the Irish Free State"}], "question": "What is the Oireachtas?", "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "all direct mention of the monarch"}], "question": "What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?", "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "External Relations Act"}], "question": "Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?", "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "day of the abdication"}], "question": "What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?", "id": "57281846ff5b5019007d9d1b"}]}], ["Hari ulang tahunnya (14 Disember 1895) adalah ulang tahun ke-34 kematian kakeknya, Putera Albert, Prince Consort. Tidak peduli bagaimana janda Putera Consort, Queen Victoria, akan mengambil berita mengenai kelahirannya, Prince of Wales menulis kepada Duke of York bahawa Ratu itu \"agak tertekan\". Dua hari kemudian, dia menulis lagi: \"Saya fikir ia akan memuaskannya jika anda sendiri mencadangkan nama Albert kepadanya\". Ratu Victoria ditarik balik dengan cadangan untuk menamakan bayi Albert baru, dan menulis kepada Duchess of York: \"Saya tidak sabar untuk melihat yang baru, dilahirkan pada hari yang sedih tetapi lebih sayang kepada saya, terutama kerana dia akan dipanggil oleh nama sayang yang merupakan kata laluan untuk semua yang baik dan baik \". Akibatnya, dia dibaptiskan \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" di Gereja St. Mary Magdalene dekat Sandringham tiga bulan kemudian. [A] Sebagai cucu besar Queen Victoria, beliau dikenali secara formal sebagai Putera Albert dari York sejak lahir. Di dalam keluarga, dia dikenali secara tidak rasmi sebagai \"Bertie\". Nenek moyangnya, Duchess of Teck, tidak suka nama pertama bayi itu telah diberikan, dan dia secara prophetically menulis bahawa dia berharap nama akhir \"boleh menggantikan orang kurang disukai\". <> Apa bulan dan hari kematian Putera Albert? || 14 Disember <> Siapa nenek Putera Albert? || Queen Victoria <> Apa nama panggilan Prince Albert? || Bertie <> Di manakah gereja itu Putera Albert dibaptiskan? || Gereja St. Mary Magdalene", {"context": "His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been \"rather distressed\". Two days later, he wrote again: \"I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her\". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: \"I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good\". Consequently, he was baptised \"Albert Frederick Arthur George\" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as \"Bertie\". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name \"may supplant the less favoured one\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "14 December"}], "question": "What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?", "id": "572812523acd2414000df3bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 894, "text": "Queen Victoria"}], "question": "Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?", "id": "572812523acd2414000df3be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1029, "text": "Bertie"}], "question": "What was Prince Albert's nickname?", "id": "572812523acd2414000df3bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "St. Mary Magdalene's Church"}], "question": "In which church was Prince Albert baptized?", "id": "572812523acd2414000df3c0"}]}], ["Dalam satu masa apabila keluarga diraja dijangka berkahwin dengan rakan-rakan raja, adalah luar biasa bahawa Albert mempunyai kebebasan yang besar dalam memilih isteri calon. Kegelisahan dengan sosialit Australia yang sudah berkahwin Sheila, Lady Loughborough, berakhir pada April 1920 ketika Raja, dengan janji dukedom of York, memujuk Albert untuk berhenti melihatnya. Pada tahun itu, dia bertemu buat pertama kalinya sejak zaman kanak-kanak Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, anak perempuan termuda Earl dan Countess of Strathmore dan Kinghorne. Dia bertekad untuk berkahwin dengannya. Dia menolak cadangannya dua kali, pada tahun 1921 dan 1922, dilaporkan kerana dia enggan membuat pengorbanan yang diperlukan untuk menjadi ahli keluarga diraja. Dalam kata-kata ibu Lady Elizabeth, Albert akan \"dibuat atau dicemari\" oleh isteri pilihannya. Selepas pacaran berlarutan, Elizabeth bersetuju untuk berkahwin dengannya. <> Siapa yang diperhatikan oleh Albert? || Sheila, Lady Loughborough <> Siapa anak perempuan termuda Earl dan Countess of Strathmore dan Kinghorne? || Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon <> Berapa kali Elizabeth menolak cadangan Albert? || dua kali <> Siapa yang diraja biasanya dijangka berkahwin? || rakan-rakan raja", {"context": "In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be \"made or marred\" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Sheila, Lady Loughborough"}], "question": "Who was Albert infatuated with?", "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon"}], "question": "Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?", "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "twice"}], "question": "How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?", "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "fellow royals"}], "question": "Who were royals usually expected to marry?", "id": "5728155d3acd2414000df414"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1918, beliau telah dilantik sebagai Pegawai Penjaga Anak di klinik Latihan Udara Diraja di Cranwell. Dengan penubuhan Angkatan Udara Diraja dua bulan kemudian dan pemindahan Cranwell dari Angkatan Laut kepada kawalan Angkatan Udara, beliau berpindah dari Royal Navy ke Tentera Udara Diraja. Beliau telah dilantik sebagai Pegawai Pendaftar Nombor 4 Skuadron di Boys 'Wing di Cranwell sehingga Ogos 1918, sebelum melaporkan kepada Sekolah Kadet RAF di St Leonards-on-Sea di mana dia menyelesaikan latihan selama dua minggu dan mengambil alih skuadron di Cadet Wing. Beliau adalah ahli keluarga diraja pertama yang diperakui sebagai juruterbang yang berkelayakan. Semasa minggu-minggu penutupan perang, beliau berkhidmat dengan staf Pasukan Bebas Bebas RAF di ibu pejabatnya di Nancy, Perancis. Berikutan penangguhan Tentera Udara Bebas pada bulan November 1918, beliau tetap berada di Benua selama dua bulan sebagai pegawai kakitangan dengan Angkatan Udara Diraja sehingga diposkan kembali ke Britain. Dia mengiringi Raja Albert, Raja Albert, atas kemenangannya ke Brussels pada 22 November. Prince Albert layak menjadi juruterbang RAF pada 31 Julai 1919 dan mendapat promosi kepada pemimpin skuadron pada hari berikutnya. <> Apakah kedudukan Albert yang dilantik di Cranwell? || Pegawai yang menganggotai Boys di Perkhidmatan Udara Tentera Laut Diraja <> Skuadron nombor mana yang pernah dilantik oleh Albert pada tahun 1918? || 4 <> Tahun berapa Albert menjadi juruterbang RAF? || 1919 <> Siapa raja Belgium pada tahun 1918? || Raja Albert", {"context": "In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service"}], "question": "What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?", "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "4"}], "question": "Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?", "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?", "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "King Albert"}], "question": "Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?", "id": "5728140b4b864d19001643f7"}]}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 1919, Albert pergi ke Trinity College, Cambridge, di mana dia belajar sejarah, ekonomi dan sivik selama setahun. Pada 4 Jun 1920, beliau dicipta Duke of York, Earl of Inverness dan Baron Killarney. Dia mula mengambil lebih banyak tugas kerajaan. Beliau mewakili bapanya, dan melawat lombong arang batu, kilang-kilang, dan orang ramai. Melalui lawatan tersebut beliau memperoleh nama panggilan \"Putera Industri\". Bangkitnya, dan rasa malu di atasnya, bersama-sama dengan kecenderungan untuk malu, menyebabkan dia kelihatan kurang menarik daripada abangnya, Edward. Walau bagaimanapun, dia aktif secara fizikal dan menikmati bermain tenis. Dia bermain di Wimbledon di Doubles Lelaki dengan Louis Greig pada tahun 1926, kalah dalam pusingan pertama. Beliau mengembangkan minat dalam keadaan kerja, dan menjadi Presiden Persatuan Kebajikan Industri. Siri musim panas tahunannya untuk kanak-kanak lelaki antara tahun 1921 dan 1939 membawa bersama lelaki dari latar belakang sosial yang berbeza. <> Apa yang Albert belajar di Trinity College? || sejarah, ekonomi dan sivik <> Apa nama panggilan Albert ketika dia melawat lombong arang batu, kilang-kilang, dan railyard? || Putera Perindustrian <> Siapakah saudara sulung Albert? || Edward <> Sukan mana Albert yang mahir? || tenis <> Masyarakat mana yang Albert adalah presiden? || Persatuan Kebajikan Industri", {"context": "In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the \"Industrial Prince\". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "history, economics and civics"}], "question": "What did Albert study in Trinity College?", "id": "572814934b864d1900164404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Industrial Prince"}], "question": "What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?", "id": "572814934b864d1900164405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Edward"}], "question": "Who is Albert's older brother?", "id": "572814934b864d1900164406"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "tennis"}], "question": "Which sport was Albert proficient at?", "id": "572814934b864d1900164407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "Industrial Welfare Society"}], "question": "Which society was Albert the president of?", "id": "572814934b864d1900164408"}]}], ["Semasa pemerintahan George, perpecahan Empayar Britania dan peralihannya ke Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa mempercepatkan. Parlimen dari Negara Bebas Ireland dihapuskan secara langsung dari raja dari perlembagaan negara pada hari penyerahannya. Dari tahun 1939, Empayar dan Komanwel, kecuali Ireland, sedang berperang dengan Jerman Nazi. Perang dengan Itali dan Jepun diikuti pada tahun 1940 dan 1941. Walaupun Britain dan sekutunya akhirnya berjaya pada tahun 1945, Amerika Syarikat dan Kesatuan Soviet meningkat sebagai kuasa dunia pra-terkemuka dan Empayar Britania berkurangan. Selepas kemerdekaan India dan Pakistan pada tahun 1947, George kekal sebagai raja kedua-dua negara, tetapi gelaran Maharaja India ditinggalkan pada bulan Jun 1948. Ireland secara rasmi mengisytiharkan dirinya sebuah republik dan meninggalkan Komanwel pada tahun 1949, dan India menjadi republik dalam Komanwel pada tahun berikutnya. George mengguna pakai gelaran baru Ketua Komanwel. Dia dilanda masalah kesihatan pada tahun-tahun kemudian pemerintahannya. Anak sulungnya, Elizabeth, berjaya menggantikannya. <> Untuk negara mana yang berhenti George VI menggunakan gelar Maharaja tetapi terus menggunakan gelaran Raja? || India <> Dalam apa bulan dan tahun apakah George VI berhenti menggunakan gelaran Maharaja India? || Jun 1948 <> Pada tahun 1949 apakah negara yang semata-mata mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan dari Komanwel? || Ireland <> Apa Anak George VI naik takhta? || Elizabeth <> Apakah nama yang digunakan selepas pembubaran Empayar Britania? || Commonwealth of Nations <> Tahun apakah Britain dan sekutu menang dalam peperangan? || 1945 <> Bilakah India dan Pakistan memperoleh kemerdekaan? || 1947 <> Apakah tajuk yang telah dilakukan oleh George di India sebelum tahun 1948? || Maharaja India <> Apa yang Ireland mengisytiharkan sendiri pada tahun 1950? || republik", {"context": "During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "India"}], "question": "For which country did George VI stop using the title Emperor but continue to use the title of King?", "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "June 1948"}], "question": "In what month and year did George VI discontinue using the title Emperor of India?", "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "Ireland"}], "question": "In 1949 what country solely proclaimed independence from the Commonwealth?", "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1033, "text": "Elizabeth"}], "question": "What Child of George VI ascended the throne?", "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Commonwealth of Nations"}], "question": "What was the name used after the dissolution of the British Empire?", "id": "57269d06f1498d1400e8e4ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "1945"}], "question": "What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?", "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "1947"}], "question": "When did India and Pakistan gain independence?", "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "Emperor of India"}], "question": "What title did George have in India prior to 1948?", "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "republic"}], "question": "What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?", "id": "572811b03acd2414000df3ae"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1947, Raja dan keluarganya melawat Afrika Selatan. Perdana Menteri Kesatuan Afrika Selatan, Jan Smuts, sedang menghadapi pilihan raya dan berharap dapat membuat modal politik daripada lawatan tersebut. George terkejut, bagaimanapun, apabila diarahkan oleh kerajaan Afrika Selatan untuk berjabat tangan hanya dengan orang kulit putih, dan merujuk kepada pengawal peribadi Afrika Selatannya sebagai \"Gestapo\". Walaupun lawatan itu, Smuts kehilangan pilihan raya pada tahun berikutnya, dan kerajaan baru menubuhkan dasar ketat pemisahan kaum. <> Siapa Perdana Menteri Afrika Selatan pada tahun 1947? || Jan Smuts <> Apa yang disebut oleh pengawal Afrika Selatan Raja? || Gestapo <> Siapa yang mengarahkan Raja untuk hanya berjabat tangan dengan orang kulit putih di Afrika Selatan? || Kerajaan Afrika Selatan", {"context": "In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as \"the Gestapo\". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Jan Smuts"}], "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?", "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "the Gestapo"}], "question": "What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? ", "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "South African government"}], "question": "Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?", "id": "57282116ff5b5019007d9da8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1940, Winston Churchill menggantikan Neville Chamberlain sebagai Perdana Menteri, walaupun George sendiri lebih suka melantik Lord Halifax. Setelah cemas Raja awal mengenai pelantikan Lordill Beaverbrook kepada Kabinet, beliau dan Churchill mengembangkan \"hubungan peribadi paling dekat dalam sejarah British moden antara raja dan Perdana Menteri\". Setiap hari Selasa selama empat setengah tahun dari September 1940, kedua-dua lelaki itu bertemu secara persendirian untuk makan tengahari untuk membincangkan perang secara rahsia dan dengan ketenaran. <> Siapa pendahulu Winston Churchill? || Neville Chamberlain <> Kedudukan apa yang dipegang oleh Churchill? || Perdana Menteri <> Apa hari minggu itu Churchill dan Raja bertemu? || Selasa <> Siapa yang Churchill melantik Kabinet yang Raja tidak suka? || Lord Beaverbrook", {"context": "In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed \"the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister\". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Neville Chamberlain"}], "question": "Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?", "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Prime Minister"}], "question": "What position did Churchill hold?", "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Tuesday"}], "question": "What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?", "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Lord Beaverbrook"}], "question": "Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?", "id": "57281e423acd2414000df4e6"}]}], ["Sepanjang perang, Raja dan Ratu memberikan lawatan semangat yang semangat di seluruh United Kingdom, melawat tapak bomba, kilang-kilang munitions, dan tentera. Raja melawat pasukan ketenteraan di luar negara di Perancis pada bulan Disember 1939, Afrika Utara dan Malta pada bulan Jun 1943, Normandy pada bulan Jun 1944, Itali selatan pada bulan Julai 1944, dan Negara-negara Rendah pada bulan Oktober 1944. Profil umum mereka yang tinggi dan penentuan yang tidak dapat diaplikasi memastikan tempat mereka sebagai simbol rintangan kebangsaan. Pada fungsi sosial pada tahun 1944, Ketua Pegawai Kanan Imperial Sir Alan Brooke, mendedahkan bahawa setiap kali beliau bertemu Marsekal Field Bernard Montgomery, dia menganggap dia selepas tugasnya. Raja menjawab: \"Anda perlu risau, apabila saya bertemu dengannya, saya selalu menganggap dia selepas saya!\" <> Negara apakah lawatan Raja dan Ratu pada bulan Julai 1944? || Itali <> Bilakah Raja dan Ratu melawat Afrika Utara dan Malta? || Jun 1943 <> Apa yang diperbaiki apabila Raja dan Ratu melawat tapak tentera yang berlainan? || semangat", {"context": "Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: \"You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?", "id": "57281f423acd2414000df4ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "June 1943"}], "question": "When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?", "id": "57281f423acd2414000df500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "morale"}], "question": "What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?", "id": "57281f423acd2414000df501"}]}], ["Perjalanan itu bertujuan untuk melembutkan kecenderungan pengasingan yang kuat di kalangan masyarakat Amerika Utara berhubung dengan ketegangan yang sedang berkembang di Eropah. Walaupun matlamat pelancongan itu terutama bersifat politik, untuk menyokong sokongan Atlantik untuk United Kingdom dalam mana-mana peperangan masa depan, Raja dan Ratu dengan penuh semangat diterima oleh orang ramai. Ketakutan bahawa George akan dibandingkan dengan kurang baik kepada pendahulunya, Edward VIII, telah hilang. Mereka melawat Pameran Dunia New York 1939 dan tinggal bersama Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt di White House dan di ladang pribadinya di Hyde Park, New York. Ikatan persahabatan yang kuat telah dipalsukan antara Raja dan Ratu dan Presiden semasa tur, yang memiliki makna penting dalam hubungan antara Amerika Serikat dan United Kingdom melalui tahun-tahun perang berikutnya. <> Apakah kecenderungan seperti apa yang berlaku di Amerika Utara? || kecenderungan pengasingan <> Siapa yang terdahulu George? || Edward VIII <> Siapa Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1939? || Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt <> Pameran yang berlaku di New York pada tahun 1939? || 1939 New York World's Fair", {"context": "The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "isolationist tendencies"}], "question": "What kind of tendencies did North America have?", "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Edward VIII"}], "question": "Who was George's predecessor?", "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt"}], "question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1939?", "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "1939 New York World's Fair"}], "question": "Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?", "id": "57281cf44b864d19001644b9"}]}], ["Pada September 1939, Britain dan Dominion yang mengawal diri sendiri, tetapi tidak Ireland, mengisytiharkan perang terhadap Nazi Jerman. George VI dan isterinya bertekad untuk tinggal di London, walaupun serangan pengeboman Jerman. Mereka secara rasmi tinggal di Istana Buckingham sepanjang perang, walaupun mereka biasanya menghabiskan malam di Windsor Castle. Serangan pertama Jerman ke London, pada 7 September 1940, membunuh kira-kira seribu orang awam, kebanyakannya di East End. Pada 13 September, Raja dan Ratu sempat dihindari kematian apabila dua bom Jerman meletup di halaman di Istana Buckingham semasa mereka berada di sana. Dalam perbalahan, Ratu terkenal berkata: \"Saya gembira kami telah dibom, menjadikan saya rasa kita boleh melihat ke Timur di muka\". Keluarga diraja digambarkan sebagai berkongsi bahaya dan kekurangan yang sama seperti yang lain di negara ini. Mereka tertakluk kepada sekatan catuan, dan Seorang Ibu Negara A.S. Eleanor Roosevelt menyatakan pada makanan yang dicatatkan dan air mandian yang terhad yang dibenarkan semasa menginap di Istana yang tidak dipanaskan dan ditutup. Pada bulan Ogos 1942, saudara Raja, Putera George, Duke of Kent, terbunuh dalam perkhidmatan aktif. <> Terhadap siapa yang Britain mengisytiharkan perang melawan pada tahun 1939? || Nazi Jerman <> Kota manakah yang raja dan ratu tinggal walaupun dengan ancaman pengeboman? || London <> Berapa banyak orang yang mati dalam serangan pertama di London ke London? || seribu orang awam <> Tahun berapa adik lelaki Raja mati dalam perkhidmatan? || 1942", {"context": "In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: \"I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face\". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Nazi Germany"}], "question": "Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?", "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "London"}], "question": "Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?", "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "one thousand civilians"}], "question": "How many people died on the first German raid on London?", "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "1942"}], "question": "What year did the King's brother die in service?", "id": "57281dc22ca10214002d9e2b"}]}], ["Penobatan George VI berlaku pada 12 Mei 1937, tarikh yang sebelum ini ditujukan untuk penobatan Edward. Dalam rehat dengan tradisi, Ratu Mary menghadiri upacara itu dalam acara sokongan untuk anaknya. Tidak ada Durbar yang diadakan di Delhi untuk George VI, seperti yang telah terjadi untuk ayahnya, kerana kosnya akan menjadi beban kepada pemerintah India. Kebangkitan nasionalisme India menyambut baik bahawa pasangan diraja itu mungkin akan mendapat sambutan yang terbaik, dan ketiadaan yang berpanjangan dari Britain akan menjadi tidak diingini dalam tempoh yang tegang sebelum Perang Dunia Kedua. Dua lawatan luar negara telah dijalankan, ke Perancis dan Amerika Utara, yang kedua-duanya menjanjikan kelebihan strategik dalam hal perang. <> Pada hari apakah George VI menjadi koronasi? || 12 Mei 1937 <> Siapa yang telah menghadiri penobatan yang merupakan rehat dari tradisi? || Queen Mary <> Berapa banyak lawatan di luar negara berlaku selepas penobatan ke Perancis dan Amerika Utara? || Dua <> Di mana bandar Durbars biasanya diadakan? || Delhi", {"context": "George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "12 May 1937"}], "question": "What day did George VI become coronated?", "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Queen Mary"}], "question": "Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?", "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Two"}], "question": "How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?", "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Delhi"}], "question": "In which city are Durbars usually held?", "id": "572819ff3acd2414000df48e"}]}], ["Pemerintahan George VI menyaksikan percepatan pembubaran Empayar Britania. Statuta Westminster 1931 telah mengakui evolusi Dominion menjadi negara berdaulat yang terpisah. Proses transformasi dari sebuah empayar ke persatuan sukarela negara-negara merdeka, yang dikenali sebagai Komanwel, berkumpul selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Semasa kementerian Clement Attlee, India India menjadi dua penguasaan bebas India dan Pakistan pada tahun 1947. George melepaskan gelaran Maharaja India, dan menjadi Raja India dan Raja Pakistan sebaliknya. Pada tahun 1950, beliau berhenti menjadi Raja India ketika menjadi republik dalam Komanwel Bangsa-Bangsa, tetapi ia tetap Raja Pakistan hingga kematiannya dan India mengiktiraf gelar baru Ketua Komanwel. Negara-negara lain meninggalkan Komanwel, seperti Burma pada bulan Januari 1948, Palestine (dibahagi antara Israel dan negara-negara Arab) pada bulan Mei 1948 dan Republik Ireland pada tahun 1949. Apa persatuan negara-negara merdeka di Britain dipanggil? || Komanwel <> Apa dua dominion India India menjadi? || India dan Pakistan <> Negara mana yang meninggalkan Komanwel pada bulan Januari 1948? || Burma <> Tahun apakah dibentuk Republik Ireland? || 1949", {"context": "George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "the Commonwealth"}], "question": "What is the association of independent states in Britain called?", "id": "572820333acd2414000df505"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "India and Pakistan"}], "question": "What two dominions did British India become?", "id": "572820333acd2414000df506"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "Burma"}], "question": "What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?", "id": "572820333acd2414000df507"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 973, "text": "1949"}], "question": "What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?", "id": "572820333acd2414000df508"}]}], ["Albert mengandaikan nama \"George VI\" untuk menegaskan kesinambungan dengan bapanya dan memulihkan keyakinan terhadap monarki. Permulaan pemerintahan George VI diambil oleh persoalan yang mengelilingi pendahulunya dan saudara lelaki, yang tajuk, gaya dan kedudukannya tidak menentu. Beliau telah diperkenalkan sebagai \"Putera Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan\" untuk penyiaran penyiaran, tetapi George VI merasakan bahawa dengan menyerahkan diri dan menolak pengunduran Edward telah kehilangan hak untuk memegang gelaran raja, termasuk \"Duli Yang Teramat Mulia\". Dalam menyelesaikan masalah itu, perbuatan pertama George sebagai raja adalah untuk memberi kepada saudaranya gelaran dan gaya \"Yang Mulia Duke Windsor\", tetapi Paten Surat yang menciptakan dukedom menghalang mana-mana isteri atau anak-anak daripada memberi gaya diraja. George VI juga terpaksa membeli dari Edward kediaman diraja Balmoral Castle dan Sandringham House, kerana ini adalah harta peribadi dan tidak berpindah ke George VI secara automatik. Tiga hari selepas penyertaannya, pada hari ulang tahun ke-41, dia melaburkan isterinya, permaisuri ratu baru, dengan Order of the Garter. <> Nama regnal apakah yang diadopsi oleh Albert? || George VI <> Gelaran apa yang Albert memberi Edward? || Yang Mulia Duke Windsor <> Apa yang Albert memberikan kepada isterinya pada hari jadi ke-41? || Perintah Garter <> Yang dua kediaman Albert membeli dari Edward? || Istana Balmoral dan Rumah Sandringham", {"context": "Albert assumed the regnal name \"George VI\" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as \"His Royal Highness Prince Edward\" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including \"Royal Highness\". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style \"His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor\", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "George VI"}], "question": "What regnal name did Albert adopt?", "id": "572819294b864d1900164476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor"}], "question": "What title did Albert give Edward?", "id": "572819294b864d1900164477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1044, "text": "the Order of the Garter"}], "question": "What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?", "id": "572819294b864d1900164478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House"}], "question": "Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?", "id": "572819294b864d1900164479"}]}], ["Kemungkinan besar perang di Eropah mendominasi pemerintahan awal George VI. Raja itu secara perlembagaan menyokong sokongan Perdana Menteri Neville Chamberlain terhadap Hitler. Walau bagaimanapun, ketika Raja dan Ratu menyambut Chamberlain ketika kembali dari negosiasi Perjanjian Munich pada tahun 1938, mereka menjemputnya untuk muncul di balkoni Buckingham Palace dengan mereka. Persatuan awam monarki ini dengan seorang ahli politik adalah luar biasa, kerana penampilan balkoni secara tradisinya terhad kepada keluarga diraja. Walaupun popular di kalangan orang awam, dasar Chamberlain terhadap Hitler adalah subjek pembangkang di House of Commons, yang membawa ahli sejarah John Grigg untuk menggambarkan tingkah laku Raja dalam mengaitkan dirinya dengan begitu menonjol dengan seorang ahli politik sebagai \"tindakan paling tidak berperlembagaan oleh Berdaulat British pada abad ini \". <> Perdana menteri mana yang Raja Perlembagaan terikat untuk menyokong? || Neville Chamberlain <> Perjanjian mana yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1938? || Perjanjian Munich <> Balkoni di mana istana terkenal kerana di mana keluarga diraja membuat penampilan? || Istana Buckingham <> Ahli sejarah mana yang menyatakan bahawa perbuatan raja dalam hubungan dengan Chamberlain sebagai tidak berperlembagaan? || John Grigg", {"context": "The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as \"the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Neville Chamberlain"}], "question": "Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?", "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Munich Agreement"}], "question": "Which agreement was signed in 1938?", "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Buckingham Palace"}], "question": "The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?", "id": "57281af83acd2414000df49f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "John Grigg"}], "question": "Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?", "id": "57281af83acd2414000df4a0"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei dan Jun 1939, Raja dan Ratu melawat Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat. Dari Ottawa, pasangan diraja disertai oleh Perdana Menteri Kanada William Lyon Mackenzie King, untuk mempersembahkan diri mereka di Amerika Utara sebagai Raja dan Ratu Kanada. George adalah raja pertama yang memerintah Kanada untuk melawat Amerika Utara, walaupun pernah ke Kanada sebelum ini sebagai Putera Albert dan sebagai Duke of York. Kedua-dua Gubernur Jeneral Kanada Lord Tweedsmuir dan Mackenzie King berharap kehadiran Raja di Kanada akan menunjukkan prinsip Statute of Westminster 1931, yang memberikan kedaulatan penuh kepada Dominion British. Pada 19 Mei, George VI secara peribadi menerima dan meluluskan Surat Kepercayaan Duta A.S. baru ke Kanada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; memberi Royal Assent kepada sembilan bil parlimen; dan mengesahkan dua perjanjian antarabangsa dengan Great Seal of Canada. Sejarah sejarawan perjamuan rasmi, Gustave Lanctot, menulis \"Statuta Westminster telah menganggap realitas penuh\" dan George memberikan ucapan yang menekankan \"persatuan yang bebas dan setara dari negara-negara Komanwel\". <> Yang mana dua negara melakukan lawatan Raja dan Ratu pada tahun 1939? || Kanada dan Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa perdana menteri Kanada pada tahun 1939? || William Lyon Mackenzie King <> Apakah gelaran raja dan ratu yang dibawakan ketika melawat Kanada? || Raja dan Ratu Kanada <> Apakah kedudukan Roper? || Duta A.S. ke Kanada <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Statuta Westminster? || memberikan kedaulatan penuh kepada Dominion British", {"context": "In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote \"the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality\" and George gave a speech emphasising \"the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Canada and the United States"}], "question": "Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?", "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "William Lyon Mackenzie King"}], "question": "Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?", "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "King and Queen of Canada"}], "question": "What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?", "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "U.S. Ambassador to Canada"}], "question": "What was Roper's position?", "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions"}], "question": "What did the Statute of Westminster do?", "id": "57281c622ca10214002d9e0e"}]}], ["Dalam kata-kata Ahli Parlimen Buruh George Hardie, krisis penindasan pada tahun 1936 telah \"lebih untuk republikanisme daripada lima puluh tahun propaganda\". George VI menulis kepada abangnya Edward bahawa selepas penyingkiran, dia enggan menganggap \"takhta goyang\", dan cuba \"menjadikannya mantap lagi\". Dia menjadi raja pada ketika kepercayaan umum dalam monarki berada pada tahap rendah. Semasa pemerintahannya, rakyatnya mengalami kesukaran perang, dan kuasa empayar terkikis. Bagaimanapun, sebagai seorang keluarga keluarga yang cantik dan dengan menunjukkan keberanian diri, dia berjaya memulihkan populariti monarki. <> Seberapa tinggi kepercayaan awam terhadap monarki ketika Raja George memegang takhta? || rendah <> Kedudukan apa yang George Holdie memegang? || Buruh Ahli Parlimen <> Siapa saudara George VI? || Edward", {"context": "In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did \"more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda\". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed \"a rocking throne\", and tried \"to make it steady again\". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "low"}], "question": "How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?", "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Labour Member of Parliament"}], "question": "What position did George Hardie hold?", "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Edward"}], "question": "Who was George VI's brother?", "id": "572823832ca10214002d9eb8"}]}], ["Dari 9 Februari selama dua hari keranda beliau berehat di Gereja St. Mary Magdalene, Sandringham, sebelum berbaring di negeri Westminster Hall dari 11 Februari. Pengebumiannya berlaku di Kapel St. George, Windsor Castle, pada tanggal 15. Dia dibenci pada mulanya di Royal Vault sehingga dia dipindahkan ke King George VI Memorial Chapel di St George's pada 26 Mac 1969. Pada tahun 2002, lima puluh tahun selepas kematiannya, jenazah janda, Queen Elizabeth The Queen, dan abu anak perempuannya yang lebih muda, Putri Margaret, yang kedua-duanya mati tahun itu, dikebumikan di gereja dengannya. <> Apa gereja melakukan pengebumian Raja pada 15? || Istana Windsor <> Tahun apakah Ratu Elizabeth mati? || 2002 <> Tahun apakah Putri Margaret mati? || 2002 <> Di mana kapel melakukan kebohongan Raja George pada hari ini? || Kapel Memorial Raja George VI", {"context": "From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Windsor Castle"}], "question": "What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?", "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Queen Elizabeth die?", "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Princess Margaret die?", "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "King George VI Memorial Chapel"}], "question": "In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? ", "id": "572822c9ff5b5019007d9dcf"}]}], ["Tekanan perang telah menimpa kesihatan Raja, yang diperburuk oleh merokok beratnya dan perkembangan kanser paru-paru di kalangan penyakit lain, termasuk arteriosklerosis dan penyembuh thromboangiitis. Pelancaran terancang di Australia dan New Zealand ditangguhkan selepas Raja mengalami penyumbatan arteri di kaki kanannya, yang mengancam kehilangan kaki dan dirawat dengan simpathebomi lumbar yang betul pada bulan Mac 1949. Anak sulungnya Elizabeth, pewaris pewaris, mengambil lebih banyak tugas diraja kerana kesihatan bapanya merosot. Pelancaran yang ditangguhkan itu disusun semula, dengan Elizabeth dan suaminya, Duke of Edinburgh, mengambil tempat Raja dan Ratu. Raja sudah cukup untuk membuka Festival Britain pada Mei 1951, tetapi pada 23 September 1951, paru-paru kirinya dikeluarkan oleh Clement Price Thomas selepas tumor malignan ditemui. Pada bulan Oktober 1951, Princess Elizabeth dan Duke of Edinburgh mengadakan lawatan selama sebulan ke Kanada; perjalanan telah ditangguhkan selama seminggu kerana penyakit King. Pada Pembukaan Parlimen pada bulan November, ucapan Raja dari takhta itu dibacakan baginya oleh Lord Canselor, Lord Simonds. Siaran Krismas tahun 1951 dicatatkan dalam bahagian, dan kemudian diedit bersama. <> Apakah jenis kanser yang dilakukan oleh Raja? || kanser paru-paru <> Apa yang dibangunkan di kaki kanan Raja yang menghalangnya untuk melawat Australia? || Penyumbatan arteri <> Apakah rawatan yang membantu menghalang kehilangan kaki kanan Raja? || betul limpar sympathectomy <> Siapa pewaris raja itu menganggapnya? || Elizabeth <> Siapakah pasangan Elizabeth? || Duke of Edinburgh", {"context": "The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "lung cancer"}], "question": "What kind of cancer did the King develop?", "id": "572821d23acd2414000df545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "arterial blockage"}], "question": "What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?", "id": "572821d23acd2414000df546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "right lumbar sympathectomy"}], "question": "What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?", "id": "572821d23acd2414000df547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Elizabeth"}], "question": "Who was the King's heir presumptive?", "id": "572821d23acd2414000df548"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "Duke of Edinburgh"}], "question": "Who was Elizabeth's spouse?", "id": "572821d23acd2414000df549"}]}]], [["Selepas banyak percubaan lain yang kurang berjaya dengan alat rotasi dan reciprocating yang relatif lemah, Prussian Moritz von Jacobi mencipta motor elektrik berputar pertama pada Mei 1834 yang sebenarnya menghasilkan kuasa keluaran mekanikal yang luar biasa. Motornya menetapkan rekod dunia yang diperbaiki hanya empat tahun kemudian pada September 1838 oleh Jacobi sendiri. Motor keduanya cukup kuat untuk mengangkut bot dengan 14 orang di seberang sungai yang luas. Tidak sampai 1839/40 yang pemaju lain di seluruh dunia berjaya membina motor yang serupa dan kemudian juga prestasi yang lebih tinggi. <> Bilakah pemaju bersaing dengan Jacobi mampu menandingi pencapaiannya? || 1839/40 <> Apakah motor yang diperbaiki oleh Jacobi digunakan untuk mendorong? || bot <> Siapa yang mencipta motor elektrik sebenar yang pertama? || Moritz von Jacobi <> Yang memecahkan rekod dunia yang ditetapkan oleh motor pertama Jacobi? || Jacobi sendiri <> Berapa lamakah masa rekod dunia Jacobi untuk dipecahkan? || empat tahun", {"context": "After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus the Prussian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834 that actually developed a remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record which was improved only four years later in September 1838 by Jacobi himself. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was not until 1839/40 that other developers worldwide managed to build motors of similar and later also of higher performance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1839/40"}], "question": "When were developers competing with Jacobi able to match his accomplishments?", "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "boat"}], "question": "What was Jacobi's improved motor used to propel?", "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Moritz von Jacobi"}], "question": "Who created the first real electric motor?", "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e596"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Jacobi himself"}], "question": "Who broke the world record set by Jacobi's first motor?", "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "four years"}], "question": "How long did it take for Jacobi's first world record to be broken?", "id": "5726a342f1498d1400e8e598"}]}], ["Penggunaan motor elektrik merevolusi industri. Proses industri tidak lagi terhad dengan penghantaran kuasa menggunakan aci garis, tali pinggang, udara termampat atau tekanan hidraulik. Sebaliknya setiap mesin boleh dilengkapi dengan motor elektrik sendiri, menyediakan kawalan mudah pada titik penggunaan, dan meningkatkan kecekapan penghantaran kuasa. Motor elektrik yang digunakan dalam bidang pertanian menghapuskan tenaga otot manusia dan haiwan daripada tugas-tugas seperti mengendalikan bijirin atau mengepam air. Kegunaan isi rumah motor elektrik mengurangkan tenaga kerja berat di rumah dan membuat piawaian kemudahan, keselesaan dan keselamatan yang lebih tinggi. Hari ini, motor elektrik berdiri lebih separuh daripada penggunaan tenaga elektrik di AS. <> Berapa banyak tenaga yang digunakan oleh motor elektrik di Amerika Syarikat moden? || lebih daripada separuh <> Dalam domain apakah motor elektrik mengurangkan kebergantungan manusia dan binatang? || pertanian <> Selain daripada aci, tali pinggang dan udara termampat, apa motor elektrik mengurangkan keperluan? || tekanan hidraulik <> Di mana motor elektrik meningkatkan keselesaan dan keselamatan? || dalam rumah", {"context": "Application of electric motors revolutionized industry. Industrial processes were no longer limited by power transmission using line shafts, belts, compressed air or hydraulic pressure. Instead every machine could be equipped with its own electric motor, providing easy control at the point of use, and improving power transmission efficiency. Electric motors applied in agriculture eliminated human and animal muscle power from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors stand for more than half of the electric energy consumption in the US.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "more than half"}], "question": "How much energy do electric motors use in the modern United States?", "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "In what domain did electric motors reduce reliance on humans and animals?", "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "hydraulic pressure"}], "question": "Besides shafts, belts and compressed air, what did electric motors reduce the need for?", "id": "5726a8565951b619008f7949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "in the home"}], "question": "Where did electric motors improve convenience and safety?", "id": "5726a8565951b619008f794a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1827, ahli fizik Hungary, \u00c1nyos Jedlik mula bereksperimen dengan gegelung elektromagnetik. Selepas Jedlik menyelesaikan masalah teknikal putaran berterusan dengan penciptaan komutator, dia memanggil peranti awalnya \"elektromagnetik rotor diri\". Walaupun mereka digunakan hanya untuk tujuan pengajaran, pada tahun 1828 Jedlik menunjukkan peranti pertama yang mengandungi tiga komponen utama motor DC praktikal: pemegun, pemutar dan pemutar. Peranti ini tidak menggunakan magnet tetap, kerana medan magnet kedua-dua komponen pegun dan pusar dihasilkan semata-mata oleh arus yang mengalir melalui lilitannya. <> Dalam tahun apakah Jedlik mula bereksperimen dengan elektromagnetisme? || 1827 <> Selain stator dan komunikator, apakah unsur motor DC? || rotor <> Apa yang dipanggil Jedlik peranti awalnya? || rotor diri elektromagnet <> Apa penemuan menyelesaikan masalah putaran berterusan? || komuter <> Apa alat yang diperbaiki oleh Jedlik menghapuskan keperluan? || magnet tetap", {"context": "In 1827, Hungarian physicist \u00c1nyos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of the continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices \"electromagnetic self-rotors\". Although they were used only for instructional purposes, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1827"}], "question": "In what year did Jedlik begin experimenting with electromagnetism?", "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "rotor"}], "question": "Besides the stator and the communicator, what is an element of a DC motor?", "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "electromagnetic self-rotors"}], "question": "What did Jedlik call his earliest devices?", "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "commutator"}], "question": "What discovery solved the problem of continuous rotation?", "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "permanent magnets"}], "question": "What did Jedlik's improved device eliminate the need for?", "id": "5726a2605951b619008f786f"}]}], ["Titik perubahan utama dalam pembangunan mesin DC berlaku pada tahun 1864, ketika Antonio Pacinotti menggambarkan untuk pertama kalinya cincin cincin dengan kumparan simetris yang dikelompokkan ditutup pada diri mereka sendiri dan terhubung ke bar dari commutator, berus yang disampaikan secara praktikal bukan -fluktuasi semasa. Motor DC pertama yang berjaya secara komersil mengikuti penemuan oleh Z\u00e9nobe Gramme yang, pada tahun 1871, mencipta kembali reka bentuk Pacinotti. Pada tahun 1873, Gramme menunjukkan bahawa dynamo beliau boleh digunakan sebagai motor, yang dia menunjukkan untuk memberi kesan yang besar pada pameran di Vienna dan Philadelphia dengan menghubungkan dua motor DC seperti pada jarak sejauh 2 km dari satu sama lain, satu sebagai penjana . (Lihat juga 1873: d\u00e9cisive l'exp\u00e9rience [Decisive Workaround].) <> Apa yang membuatkan motor Pacinotti menjadi kemajuan penting? || tidak berubah-ubah semasa <> Siapa yang membuat motor serupa dengan Pacinotti? || Z\u00e9nobe Gramme <> Seberapa jauh antara satu sama lain motor dalam demonstrasi Gramme? || 2 km <> Selain motor, apa yang digunakan oleh Gramme untuk peranti lain? || penjana <> Dalam dua bandar apakah Gramme menjalankan demonstrasi? || Vienna dan Philadelphia", {"context": "A major turning point in the development of DC machines took place in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti described for the first time the ring armature with its symmetrically grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the invention by Z\u00e9nobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design. In 1873, Gramme showed that his dynamo could be used as a motor, which he demonstrated to great effect at exhibitions in Vienna and Philadelphia by connecting two such DC motors at a distance of up to 2 km away from each other, one as a generator. (See also 1873 : l'exp\u00e9rience d\u00e9cisive [Decisive Workaround] .)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "non-fluctuating current"}], "question": "What made Pacinotti's motor an important advancement?", "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Z\u00e9nobe Gramme"}], "question": "Who created a motor similar to Pacinotti?", "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "2 km"}], "question": "How far from each other were the motors in Gramme's demonstrations?", "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "generator"}], "question": "Besides a motor, what did Gramme use the other device for?", "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Vienna and Philadelphia"}], "question": "In what two cities did Gramme conduct his demonstrations?", "id": "5726a572dd62a815002e8be6"}]}], ["Ditemui dalam aplikasi yang pelbagai seperti peminat industri, blower dan pam, alat mesin, perkakas rumah, alat kuasa dan pemacu cakera, motor elektrik boleh dikuasakan oleh sumber langsung semasa (DC), seperti dari bateri, kenderaan bermotor atau penerus, atau dengan menukar sumber semasa (AC), seperti dari grid kuasa, inverter atau penjana. Motor kecil boleh didapati di jam tangan elektrik. Motor tujuan umum dengan dimensi dan ciri-ciri yang sangat standard menyediakan kuasa mekanikal mudah untuk kegunaan perindustrian. Motor elektrik yang terbesar digunakan untuk pendorong kapal, pemampatan saluran paip dan aplikasi penyimpanan dipam dengan rating mencapai 100 megawatt. Motor elektrik boleh diklasifikasikan oleh jenis sumber kuasa elektrik, pembinaan dalaman, aplikasi, jenis output gerakan, dan sebagainya. <> Apakah penarafan terbesar motor elektrik? || 100 megawatt <> Apakah contoh utama sumber kuasa DC? || bateri <> Apa itu AC? || arus bergantian <> Apa yang DC berdiri? || arus langsung <> Dalam apa peranti motor kecil yang biasa dijumpai? || jam tangan elektrik", {"context": "Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "100 megawatts"}], "question": "What is the largest rating of an electric motor?", "id": "57269f3b708984140094cbff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "batteries"}], "question": "What is the main example of a DC power source?", "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "alternating current"}], "question": "What does AC stand for?", "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "direct current"}], "question": "What does DC stand for?", "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "electric watches"}], "question": "In what device are small motors commonly found?", "id": "57269f3b708984140094cc03"}]}], ["Komutator adalah mekanisme yang digunakan untuk menukar input kebanyakan mesin DC dan mesin AC tertentu yang terdiri daripada segmen cincin slip yang bertebat dari satu sama lain dan dari batang motor elektrik. Arus angker motor dibekalkan melalui berus pegun bersentuhan dengan commutator pusingan, yang menyebabkan pembalikan semasa yang diperlukan dan menggunakan kuasa ke mesin dengan cara yang optimum sebagai pemutar berputar dari kutub ke tiang. Sekiranya tiada pembalikan semasa, motor akan berhenti sehingga berhenti. Memandangkan kemajuan yang ketara dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu disebabkan oleh teknologi yang lebih baik di pengawal elektronik, kawalan sensorless, motor induksi, dan medan magnet magnet kekal, motor elektrik motor elektromekanik semakin dipindahkan oleh motor induksi dan magnet kekal secara luaran. <> Apa yang akan dilakukan pemutar tanpa pembalikan semasa? || brek berhenti <> Apa yang menukar input kebanyakan DC motor? || commutator <> Dari mana arus ke motor dibekalkan? || berus pegun <> Apakah dua jenis motor yang naik pada hari ini? || induksi bergerak luaran dan magnet kekal", {"context": "A commutator is a mechanism used to switch the input of most DC machines and certain AC machines consisting of slip ring segments insulated from each other and from the electric motor's shaft. The motor's armature current is supplied through the stationary brushes in contact with the revolving commutator, which causes required current reversal and applies power to the machine in an optimal manner as the rotor rotates from pole to pole. In absence of such current reversal, the motor would brake to a stop. In light of significant advances in the past few decades due to improved technologies in electronic controller, sensorless control, induction motor, and permanent magnet motor fields, electromechanically commutated motors are increasingly being displaced by externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet motors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "brake to a stop"}], "question": "What would a rotor do without current reversal?", "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "commutator"}], "question": "What switches the input of most DC motors?", "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "stationary brushes"}], "question": "From where is current to the motor supplied?", "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 768, "text": "externally commutated induction and permanent-magnet"}], "question": "What two motor types are ascendant today?", "id": "5726aad5708984140094cd60"}]}], ["Mungkin motor elektrik pertama adalah peranti elektrostatik yang mudah dicipta oleh sami Romawi Andrew Gordon pada 1740-an. Prinsip teori di sebalik pengeluaran tenaga mekanikal oleh interaksi arus elektrik dan medan magnet, hukum gaya Amp\u00e8re, ditemui kemudian oleh Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re pada tahun 1820. Penukaran tenaga elektrik ke dalam tenaga mekanikal dengan cara elektromagnetik telah ditunjukkan oleh Saintis British Michael Faraday pada tahun 1821. Kawat gantung bebas telah dicelup ke dalam kolam merkuri, di mana magnet tetap (PM) diletakkan. Apabila arus dilalui melalui dawai, dawai diputar di sekitar magnet, menunjukkan bahawa arus menimbulkan medan magnet pekeliling yang rapat di sekeliling kawat. Motor ini sering ditunjukkan dalam eksperimen fizik, air garam menggantikan merkuri toksik. Walaupun roda Barlow adalah penyempurnaan awal kepada demonstrasi Faraday ini, motosikal homopolar ini dan yang sama akan tetap tidak sesuai dengan aplikasi praktikal sehingga lewat abad ini. <> Siapa yang membuat peranti elektrostatik pertama? || Andrew Gordon <> Siapa yang menemui prinsip-prinsip interaksi magnet dan elektrik? || Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re <> Pada tahun apakah Faraday menukar tenaga elektrik menjadi tenaga mekanikal? || 1821 <> Apakah bahan toksik yang asalnya berfungsi fungsi air garam dalam motor primitif? || merkuri", {"context": "Perhaps the first electric motors were simple electrostatic devices created by the Scottish monk Andrew Gordon in the 1740s. The theoretical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field, Amp\u00e8re's force law, was discovered later by Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re in 1820. The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the British scientist Michael Faraday in 1821. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, brine substituting for toxic mercury. Though Barlow's wheel was an early refinement to this Faraday demonstration, these and similar homopolar motors were to remain unsuited to practical application until late in the century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Andrew Gordon"}], "question": "Who created the first electrostatic device?", "id": "5726a114708984140094cc49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re"}], "question": "Who discovered the principles of magnetic and electric interactions?", "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "1821"}], "question": "In what year did Faraday convert electrical energy into mechanical energy?", "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "mercury"}], "question": "What toxic substance originally served the function of brine in primitive motors?", "id": "5726a114708984140094cc4c"}]}], ["Motor elektrik komutator pertama yang mampu mengubah jentera telah dicipta oleh saintis British William Sturgeon pada tahun 1832. Berikutan kerja Sturgeon, sebuah motor elektrik jenis langsung komutator yang dibuat dengan niat penggunaan komersil telah dibina oleh pencipta Amerika, Thomas Davenport, yang dipatenkan pada tahun 1837. Motor berlari sehingga 600 revolusi seminit, dan alat mesin berkuasa dan mesin cetak. Oleh kerana kos bateri utama yang tinggi, motor tidak berjaya secara komersil dan Davenport muflis. Beberapa pencipta mengikuti Sturgeon dalam pembangunan motor DC tetapi semua menghadapi masalah kos kuasa bateri yang sama. Tiada pengagihan elektrik telah dibangunkan pada masa itu. Seperti motor Sturgeon, tidak ada pasaran komersil praktikal untuk motor ini. <> Siapa yang membangun mnotor pertama yang mampu digunakan untuk jentera? || William Sturgeon <> Pencipta mana yang muflis? || Thomas Davenport <> Apakah masalah utama dengan menggunakan motor elektrik awal untuk industri? || kos tinggi kuasa bateri utama <> Apa perkembangan teknikal yang diperlukan belum lagi berlaku untuk membuat motor elektrik berguna? || pengedaran elektrik <> Berapa pantaskah motor Sturgeon dan Davenport dijalankan? || 600 revolusi seminit", {"context": "The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "William Sturgeon"}], "question": "Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?", "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Thomas Davenport"}], "question": "Which inventor went bankrupt?", "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the high cost of primary battery power"}], "question": "What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?", "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "electricity distribution"}], "question": "What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?", "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "600 revolutions per minute"}], "question": "How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?", "id": "5726a45cdd62a815002e8bca"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1886, Frank Julian Sprague mencipta motor DC praktikal yang pertama, sebuah motor yang tidak berkilauan yang mengekalkan kelajuan yang agak malar di bawah beban yang berubah-ubah. Lain-lain ciptaan elektrik Sprague pada masa ini sangat banyak pengagihan elektrik grid (sebelum kerja yang dilakukan semasa bekerja oleh Thomas Edison), membenarkan kuasa dari motor elektrik untuk dikembalikan ke grid elektrik, yang disediakan untuk pengagihan elektrik ke troli melalui wayar overhead dan tiang troli, dan menyediakan sistem kawalan untuk operasi elektrik. Ini membolehkan Sprague menggunakan motor elektrik untuk mencipta sistem troli elektrik pertama pada tahun 1887-88 di Richmond VA, sistem lif dan kawalan elektrik pada tahun 1892, dan kereta bawah tanah elektrik dengan kereta berkuasa pusat yang dikawal secara mandiri, yang mula dipasang pada tahun 1892 di Chicago oleh Kereta Api Meningginya Selatan di mana ia menjadi lebih dikenali sebagai \"L\". Motosikal Sprague dan ciptaan yang berkaitan menyebabkan berlakunya kegelisahan dan penggunaan dalam motor elektrik untuk industri, sementara hampir pada masa yang sama satu lagi pencipta yang hebat telah mengembangkan pesaing utamanya, yang akan menjadi lebih meluas. Perkembangan motor elektrik kecekapan yang boleh diterima telah ditangguhkan selama beberapa dekad dengan kegagalan untuk mengenali kepentingan melampau jurang udara yang relatif kecil antara pemutar dan stator. Reka bentuk yang cekap mempunyai jurang udara yang agak kecil. [a] Motor St. Louis, lama digunakan di bilik darjah untuk menggambarkan prinsip-prinsip motor, sangat tidak cekap atas sebab yang sama, dan tidak kelihatan seperti motor moden. <> Apa yang perlu wujud di antara pemutar dan stator untuk peningkatan kecekapan? || jurang udara kecil <> Pencipta mana yang mencipta motor DC pertama yang berguna? || Frank Julian Sprague <> Apa kemajuan pengangkutan yang dimungkinkan oleh reka bentuk Sprague? || sistem troli elektrik <> Apakah nama sistem troli elektrik pertama di Chicago? || Keretapi Berangkat Selatan Selatan <> Siapa yang bekerja Sprague untuk awal kerjayanya? || Thomas Edison", {"context": "In 1886, Frank Julian Sprague invented the first practical DC motor, a non-sparking motor that maintained relatively constant speed under variable loads. Other Sprague electric inventions about this time greatly improved grid electric distribution (prior work done while employed by Thomas Edison), allowed power from electric motors to be returned to the electric grid, provided for electric distribution to trolleys via overhead wires and the trolley pole, and provided controls systems for electric operations. This allowed Sprague to use electric motors to invent the first electric trolley system in 1887\u201388 in Richmond VA, the electric elevator and control system in 1892, and the electric subway with independently powered centrally controlled cars, which were first installed in 1892 in Chicago by the South Side Elevated Railway where it became popularly known as the \"L\". Sprague's motor and related inventions led to an explosion of interest and use in electric motors for industry, while almost simultaneously another great inventor was developing its primary competitor, which would become much more widespread. The development of electric motors of acceptable efficiency was delayed for several decades by failure to recognize the extreme importance of a relatively small air gap between rotor and stator. Efficient designs have a comparatively small air gap. [a] The St. Louis motor, long used in classrooms to illustrate motor principles, is extremely inefficient for the same reason, as well as appearing nothing like a modern motor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1359, "text": "small air gap"}], "question": "What needs to exist between the rotor and stator for increased efficiency?", "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Frank Julian Sprague"}], "question": "Which inventor created the first useful DC motor?", "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "electric trolley system"}], "question": "What was the transportation advancement made possible by Sprague's designs?", "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f791f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "South Side Elevated Railway"}], "question": "What was the name of Chicago's first electric trolley system?", "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f7920"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Thomas Edison"}], "question": "Who did Sprague work for early in his career?", "id": "5726a6ba5951b619008f7921"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1824, ahli fizik Perancis Fran\u00e7ois Arago merumuskan kewujudan medan magnet yang berputar, yang dinamakan rotasi Arago, yang secara manual menukar suis dan mematikan, Walter Baily menunjukkan pada 1879 sebagai motor induksi primitif pertama. Pada tahun 1880-an, banyak pencipta cuba membangunkan motor AC yang boleh digunakan kerana kelebihan AC dalam penghantaran voltan tinggi jarak jauh telah diimbangi oleh ketidakmampuan untuk mengendalikan motor pada AC. Motor perindustrian komuter yang tidak berubah semasa pertama secara bebas dicipta oleh Galileo Ferraris dan Nikola Tesla, model motor kerja yang telah ditunjukkan oleh bekas pada tahun 1885 dan oleh yang terakhir pada tahun 1887. Pada tahun 1888, Royal Academy of Science Turin menerbitkan Ferrari ' penyelidikan yang memperincikan asas-asas operasi motor tetapi bagaimanapun menyimpulkan bahawa \"aparat berdasarkan prinsip itu tidak boleh menjadi kepentingan komersil sebagai motor.\" Pada tahun 1888, Tesla mempersembahkan kertas kerjanya Sistem Baru untuk Mengganti Motor Semasa dan Transformer ke AIEE yang menggambarkan tiga jenis empat-stator motor polar dua fasa yang dipatenkan: satu dengan pemutar empat tiang yang membentuk motor keengganan yang tidak bermula sendiri , yang lain dengan pemutar luka yang membentuk motor induksi permulaan yang mulia, dan yang ketiga adalah motor segerak yang benar dengan bekalan DC yang teruja secara berasingan untuk penggulungan pemutar. Salah satu paten Tesla yang difailkan pada 1887, bagaimanapun, juga menggambarkan motor induksi pemutar yang berpendingin. George Westinghouse segera membeli paten Tesla, menggunakan Tesla untuk membangunkannya, dan menugaskan CF Scott untuk membantu Tesla, Tesla meninggalkan usaha lain pada tahun 1889. Motor induksi AC berterusan laju didapati tidak sesuai untuk kereta jalanan tetapi jurutera Westinghouse berjaya menyesuaikannya untuk menggerakkan operasi perlombongan di Telluride, Colorado pada tahun 1891. Dengan tegas dalam mempromosikan pembangunan tiga fasa, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky mencipta motor induksi pemasang sangkar tiga fasa pada tahun 1889 dan transformator tiga kaki pada tahun 1890. Jenis ini motor kini digunakan untuk majoriti aplikasi komersil. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau mendakwa bahawa motor Tesla tidak praktikal kerana denyutan dua fasa, yang menyebabkannya bertahan dalam kerja tiga fasa. Walaupun Westinghouse mencapai motor induksi praktikal pertama pada tahun 1892 dan mengembangkan garis polifah 60 induksi motor hertz pada tahun 1893, motor-motor Westinghouse awal ini adalah motor dua fasa dengan rotors luka hingga B. G. Lamme mengembangkan rotor penggiling bar berputar. Syarikat General Electric mula membangun motor induksi tiga fasa pada tahun 1891. Menjelang 1896, General Electric dan Westinghouse menandatangani perjanjian pelesenan silang untuk reka bentuk pemutar bar-penggulung, kemudian dipanggil pemutar tupai sangkar. Pembaikan motor induksi yang mengalir dari ciptaan dan inovasi ini adalah sedemikian sehingga motor induksi 100 kuda (HP) saat ini mempunyai dimensi pemasangan yang sama sebagai motor 7.5 HP pada tahun 1897. <> Siapa yang membina motor induksi pertama? || Walter Baily <> Apakah jenis kuasa motor awal yang tidak boleh digunakan? || AC <> Siapa yang membeli paten Tesla? || George Westinghouse <> Untuk aplikasi apa yang pertama digunakan oleh Tesla motor? || perlombongan <> Apa nama lain untuk pemutar bar-winding? || sangkar-sangkar", {"context": "In 1824, the French physicist Fran\u00e7ois Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor.  In the 1880s, many inventors were trying to develop workable AC motors because AC's advantages in long-distance high-voltage transmission were counterbalanced by the inability to operate motors on AC. The first alternating-current commutatorless induction motors were independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla, a working motor model having been demonstrated by the former in 1885 and by the latter in 1887. In 1888, the Royal Academy of Science of Turin published Ferraris' research detailing the foundations of motor operation while however concluding that \"the apparatus based on that principle could not be of any commercial importance as motor.\" In 1888, Tesla presented his paper A New System for Alternating Current Motors and Transformers to the AIEE that described three patented two-phase four-stator-pole motor types: one with a four-pole rotor forming a non-self-starting reluctance motor, another with a wound rotor forming a self-starting induction motor, and the third a true synchronous motor with separately excited DC supply to rotor winding. One of the patents Tesla filed in 1887, however, also described a shorted-winding-rotor induction motor. George Westinghouse promptly bought Tesla's patents, employed Tesla to develop them, and assigned C. F. Scott to help Tesla, Tesla left for other pursuits in 1889.  The constant speed AC induction motor was found not to be suitable for street cars but Westinghouse engineers successfully adapted it to power a mining operation in Telluride, Colorado in 1891. Steadfast in his promotion of three-phase development, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky invented the three-phase cage-rotor induction motor in 1889 and the three-limb transformer in 1890. This type of motor is now used for the vast majority of commercial applications. However, he claimed that Tesla's motor was not practical because of two-phase pulsations, which prompted him to persist in his three-phase work. Although Westinghouse achieved its first practical induction motor in 1892 and developed a line of polyphase 60 hertz induction motors in 1893, these early Westinghouse motors were two-phase motors with wound rotors until B. G. Lamme developed a rotating bar winding rotor. The General Electric Company began developing three-phase induction motors in 1891. By 1896, General Electric and Westinghouse signed a cross-licensing agreement for the bar-winding-rotor design, later called the squirrel-cage rotor. Induction motor improvements flowing from these inventions and innovations were such that a 100 horsepower (HP) induction motor currently has the same mounting dimensions as a 7.5 HP motor in 1897.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Walter Baily"}], "question": "Who built the first induction motor?", "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "AC"}], "question": "What type of power were early motors unable to use?", "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1441, "text": "George Westinghouse"}], "question": "Who bought Tesla's patents?", "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1751, "text": "mining"}], "question": "For what application was Tesla's motor first used?", "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2695, "text": "squirrel-cage"}], "question": "What's another name for the bar-winding-rotor?", "id": "5726a9a8f1498d1400e8e676"}]}], ["Beroperasi pada kekerapan talian kuasa biasa, motors sejagat sering dijumpai dalam julat kurang daripada 1000 watt. Motor universal juga membentuk asas motor daya tarikan kereta api tradisional di kereta api elektrik. Dalam aplikasi ini, penggunaan AC untuk menggerakkan motor yang asalnya direka untuk berjalan di DC akan mengakibatkan kerugian kecekapan disebabkan pemanasan semasa eddy komponen magnet mereka, terutamanya bahagian-bahagian tiang motor yang, untuk DC, akan menggunakan pepejal ( besi yang tidak berlapis) dan kini jarang digunakan. <> Apakah julat maksimum motor universal yang biasa? || 1000 watt <> Jenis motor apa yang digunakan dalam aplikasi tarikan jejak? || universal <> Apakah hasil menggunakan kuasa AC pada motor DC? || Kerugian kecekapan <> Apakah potongan motor universal yang dibina dari? || besi pepejal (tanpa laminasi)", {"context": "Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often found in a range less than 1000 watts. Universal motors also formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, the use of AC to power a motor originally designed to run on DC would lead to efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron and they are now rarely used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "1000 watts"}], "question": "What is the typical maximum range of universal motors?", "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "universal"}], "question": "What type of motor was used in trailway traction applications?", "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "efficiency losses"}], "question": "What is the result of using AC power on a DC motor?", "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "solid (un-laminated) iron"}], "question": "What were universal motor pole pieces constructed from?", "id": "5726b1f0f1498d1400e8e7b7"}]}], ["Sebuah motor DC yang dipancarkan mempunyai satu set putaran lilitan putaran pada sebuah armature yang dipasang pada aci yang berputar. Aci juga membawa commutator, suis elektrik berputar yang berpanjangan yang secara berkala membalikkan arus arus dalam gegelung pemutar semasa poros berputar. Oleh itu, setiap motor DC menyikat mempunyai AC mengalir melalui lilitan putarannya. Aliran semasa melalui satu atau lebih pasang berus yang menanggung pada commutator; kuas menyambungkan sumber luaran kuasa elektrik ke tangan berputar. <> Apa yang dilakukan komunikator itu? || membalikkan arus arus dalam belitan rotor <> Jenis arus apa yang dipaparkan dalam motor DC menyikat? || AC <> Di mana berus mendapatkan kuasa mereka? || luaran <> Apakah ciri utama aci dalam motor DC commutated? || berputar", {"context": "A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator, a long-lasting rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft rotates. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its rotating windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that bear on the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings"}], "question": "What does the communicator do?", "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "AC"}], "question": "What type of current is featured in brushed DC motors?", "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "external"}], "question": "Where do brushes get their power?", "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "rotating"}], "question": "What is the main feature of the shaft in a commutated DC motor?", "id": "5726abebdd62a815002e8c87"}]}], ["Berus besar dikehendaki untuk kawasan hubungan berus yang lebih besar untuk memaksimumkan keluaran motor, tetapi berus kecil dikehendaki untuk jisim rendah untuk memaksimumkan kelajuan di mana motor boleh berjalan tanpa berus berlebihan memantul dan mencetuskan. (Berus kecil juga wajar untuk kos yang lebih rendah.) Mata berus yang tebal juga boleh digunakan untuk membuat berus kerja jisim yang diberikan pada kelajuan yang lebih tinggi, tetapi pada kos kehilangan geseran yang lebih besar (kecekapan yang lebih rendah) dan memakai berus dan pemecut yang dipercepatkan. Oleh itu, reka bentuk berus DC DC memerlukan pergerakan di antara kuasa output, kelajuan, dan kecekapan / pakai. <> Apakah berus besar yang sesuai untuknya? || output motor <> Whate berus kecil yang menggalakkan? || kelajuan <> Apa jenis berus yang paling murah? || kecil <> Bagaimana kelajuan berus yang lebih besar akan meningkat? || Mata air sikat yang lebih kuat <> Selain memakai, apakah kelebihan mata air sikat sengit? || kecekapan yang lebih rendah", {"context": "Large brushes are desired for a larger brush contact area to maximize motor output, but small brushes are desired for low mass to maximize the speed at which the motor can run without the brushes excessively bouncing and sparking. (Small brushes are also desirable for lower cost.) Stiffer brush springs can also be used to make brushes of a given mass work at a higher speed, but at the cost of greater friction losses (lower efficiency) and accelerated brush and commutator wear. Therefore, DC motor brush design entails a trade-off between output power, speed, and efficiency/wear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "motor output"}], "question": "What are large brushes favorable for?", "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "speed"}], "question": "Whate are small brushes favorable for?", "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "small"}], "question": "What type of brushes are cheapest?", "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Stiffer brush springs"}], "question": "How can the speed of larger brushes be increased?", "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "lower efficiency"}], "question": "Besides wear, what is a downside of stiff brush springs?", "id": "5726af505951b619008f7a4b"}]}], ["Arus yang disebabkan oleh penggulungan ini memberikan medan magnet pemutar. Bentuk bar pemutar menentukan ciri-ciri tork kelajuan. Dengan kelajuan yang rendah, arus tupai yang diinduksi saat ini hampir pada frekuensi garis dan cenderung berada di bahagian luar sangkar pemutar. Apabila motor mempercepatkan, kekerapan slip menjadi lebih rendah, dan lebih banyak semasa berada di pedalaman penggulungan. Dengan membentuk bar untuk menukar rintangan bahagian-bahagian penggulungan di bahagian dalam dan luar sangkar, rintangan ubahsuaian dimasukkan dalam litar pemutar. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan motorsikal tersebut mempunyai bar seragam. <> Apa yang menentukan sifat kelajuan dan tork? || bentuk bar pemutar <> Pada kelajuan tinggi, di manakah paling terkini? || dalaman penggulungan <> Adakah frekuensi semasa lebih tinggi atau lebih rendah pada kelajuan tinggi? || rendah <> Mengubah bentuk bar menghasilkan apa? || rintangan berubah-ubah <> Dimana rintangan ubah boleh dibuat? || litar pemutar", {"context": "Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field. The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics. At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to be in the outer parts of the rotor cage. As the motor accelerates, the slip frequency becomes lower, and more current is in the interior of the winding. By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage, effectively a variable resistance is inserted in the rotor circuit. However, the majority of such motors have uniform bars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "shape of the rotor bars"}], "question": "What determines the properties of speed and torque?", "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "interior of the winding"}], "question": "At high speed, where is the most current?", "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "lower"}], "question": "Is the current frequency higher or lower at high speed?", "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "variable resistance"}], "question": "Changing the shapes of the bars creates what?", "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "rotor circuit"}], "question": "Where can variable resistance be created?", "id": "5726b5dcf1498d1400e8e86c"}]}], ["Sebuah motor PM tidak mempunyai bidang penggulungan pada bingkai stator, sebaliknya bergantung kepada PM untuk menyediakan medan magnet yang mana bidang pemutar berinteraksi untuk menghasilkan tork. Mengimbangi lilitan secara siri dengan angker boleh digunakan pada motor besar untuk memperbaiki komutasi di bawah beban. Kerana medan ini tetap, ia tidak boleh dilaraskan untuk kawalan kelajuan. Bidang PM (stators) adalah mudah di motor kecil untuk menghapuskan penggunaan tenaga penggulungan medan. Motor DC yang paling besar adalah jenis \"dinamo\", yang mempunyai belitan stator. Dari segi sejarah, PM tidak boleh dibuat untuk mengekalkan fluks yang tinggi jika mereka dibongkar; lilitan medan lebih praktikal untuk mendapatkan jumlah fluks yang diperlukan. Walau bagaimanapun, PM besar adalah mahal, begitu juga berbahaya dan sulit untuk dipasang; ini nikmat bidang luka untuk mesin besar. <> Apa yang boleh motor PM tidak diselaraskan? || kawalan kelajuan <> Apakah nama lain untuk medan PM? || stators <> Apa ciri reka bentuk yang kurang motor PM? || bidang penggulungan <> Apa yang disediakan oleh litar medan? || fluks", {"context": "A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the \"dynamo\" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "speed control"}], "question": "What can a PM motor not be adjusted for?", "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "stators"}], "question": "What is another name for PM fields?", "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "field winding"}], "question": "What design feature does a PM motor lack?", "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "flux"}], "question": "What do field windings provide?", "id": "5726b0355951b619008f7a82"}]}], ["Sedangkan SCIMs tidak dapat menghidupkan poros lebih cepat daripada yang dibenarkan oleh frekuensi talian kuasa, motor universal boleh berjalan pada kelajuan yang lebih tinggi. Ini menjadikan mereka berguna untuk peralatan seperti pengadun, pembersih vakum, dan pengering rambut di mana kelajuan tinggi dan berat ringan adalah wajar. Mereka juga biasa digunakan dalam alat kuasa mudah alih, seperti latihan, sanders, bulat dan gergaji jig, di mana ciri-ciri motor berfungsi dengan baik. Banyak pembersih vakum dan rim trimmer rumput melebihi 10,000 rpm, sementara banyak pengisar kecil yang serupa melebihi 30,000 rpm. <> Di sekitar apa RMP melakukan motorsik trimmer rumput beroperasi? || 10,000 <> Di sekitar apa RMP melakukan pengisar kecil? || 30,000 <> Apa jenis motorsikal boleh motor universal yang beroperasi lebih cepat daripada? || SCIMs <> Apa ciri-ciri membuat motor universal yang dikehendaki untuk aplikasi pengguna seperti pengering rambut? || kelajuan tinggi dan ringan", {"context": "Whereas SCIMs cannot turn a shaft faster than allowed by the power line frequency, universal motors can run at much higher speeds. This makes them useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers where high speed and light weight are desirable. They are also commonly used in portable power tools, such as drills, sanders, circular and jig saws, where the motor's characteristics work well. Many vacuum cleaner and weed trimmer motors exceed 10,000 rpm, while many similar miniature grinders exceed 30,000 rpm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "At around what RMP do weed trimmer motors operate?", "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "At around what RMP do miniature grinders operate?", "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "SCIMs"}], "question": "What type of motor can universal motors operate much faster than?", "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "high speed and light weight"}], "question": "What attributes make universal motors desireable for consumer applications like hair dryers?", "id": "5726b4e8f1498d1400e8e83f"}]}], ["Kaitan berputar terdiri daripada satu atau lebih gegelung luka dawai di sekitar teras ferromagnetik yang lembut dan lembut. Semasa dari kuas mengalir melalui commutator dan satu penggulungan dari angker, menjadikannya magnet sementara (elektromagnet). Medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh sayapnya berinteraksi dengan medan magnet pegun yang dihasilkan oleh salah satu PM atau lain penggulungan gegelung medan, sebagai bagian dari bingkai motor. Kekuatan antara kedua-dua medan magnet cenderung memutar batang motor. Komutator beralih kuasa kepada gegelung sebagai pemutar berputar, mengekalkan kutub magnet rotor dari yang sejajar sepenuhnya dengan tiang magnet medan stator, supaya pemutar tidak pernah berhenti (seperti jarum kompas tidak), tetapi tetap berputar selagi kuasa digunakan. <> Semasa mengalir untuk membuat magen sementara dipanggil apa? || elektromagnet <> Apa yang memutar batang motor? || kekerasan di antara dua medan magnet <> Unsur motor yang memelihara tiang dari alligning? || komuter <> Apa peranti bukan motor menunjukkan mengapa komutator diperlukan? || kompas", {"context": "The rotating armature consists of one or more coils of wire wound around a laminated, magnetically \"soft\" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced by the armature interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding a field coil, as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields tends to rotate the motor shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the magnetic poles of the rotor from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that the rotor never stops (like a compass needle does), but rather keeps rotating as long as power is applied.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "electromagnet"}], "question": "Current flowing to create a temporary magent is called what?", "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "force between the two magnetic fields"}], "question": "What rotates the motor shaft?", "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "commutator"}], "question": "What element of the motor keeps the poles from alligning?", "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 719, "text": "compass"}], "question": "What non-motor device demonstrates why a commutator is needed?", "id": "5726ad34dd62a815002e8cab"}]}], ["Untuk mengurangkan berat dan saiz secara keseluruhan, motor PM mini boleh menggunakan magnet tenaga tinggi yang dibuat dengan neodymium atau unsur strategik lain; kebanyakannya adalah aloi neodymium-besi-boron. Dengan ketumpatan fluks yang lebih tinggi, mesin elektrik dengan PM berkuasa tinggi sekurang-kurangnya berdaya saing dengan semua mesin elektrik segerak dan induksi yang direka dengan baik secara fizikal. Motosikal mini menyerupai struktur dalam ilustrasi, kecuali bahawa mereka mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya tiga tiang pemutar (untuk memastikan bermula, tanpa mengira kedudukan pemutar) dan perumahan luarnya adalah tiub keluli yang menghubungkan magnet ke luar magnet magnet melengkung. <> Mengapa motor PM kecil menggunakan magnet tenaga tinggi? || Untuk mengurangkan berat badan dan saiz keseluruhan <> Apakah magnets tenaga yang tinggi biasanya dibuat? || aloi neodymium-iron-boron <> Apakah perumahan luar sebuah motor kecil menyerupai? || tiub keluli <> Bagaimana kadar PM terhadap jenis motor elektrik yang lain? || kurangnya kompetitif", {"context": "To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "To minimize overall weight and size"}], "question": "Why do miniature PM motors use high energy magnets?", "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e792"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "neodymium-iron-boron alloy"}], "question": "What are high energy magnets typically made of?", "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e793"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "steel tube"}], "question": "What does the outer housing of a miniature motor resemble?", "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e794"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "least competitive"}], "question": "How do PMs rate against other types of electric motors?", "id": "5726b10af1498d1400e8e795"}]}], ["Kelebihan motor sejagat adalah bekalan AC boleh digunakan pada motor yang mempunyai beberapa ciri yang lebih biasa di motor DC, khususnya tork permulaan yang tinggi dan reka bentuk yang sangat padat jika kelajuan berjalan tinggi digunakan. Aspek negatif adalah masalah penyelenggaraan dan kehidupan pendek yang disebabkan oleh komutator. Motor sedemikian digunakan dalam peranti seperti pencampur makanan dan alat kuasa yang hanya digunakan secara berselang-seli, dan sering mempunyai tuntutan tork permulaan yang tinggi. Beberapa paip pada gegelung medan menyediakan (tidak tepat) melangkah kawalan kelajuan. Pengisar isi rumah yang mengiklankan banyak kelajuan kerap menggabungkan gegelung medan dengan beberapa paip dan diod yang boleh dimasukkan secara bersiri dengan motor (menyebabkan motor berjalan pada gelombang separuh gelombang AC). Motor universal juga meminjamkan diri ke kawalan kelajuan elektronik dan, oleh itu, adalah pilihan yang sesuai untuk peranti seperti mesin basuh domestik. Motor ini boleh digunakan untuk mengiritasi dram (kedua-duanya ke depan dan sebaliknya) dengan menukar bidang yang berliku berkenaan dengan angker. <> Apakah jenis motor yang boleh menggunakan AC dan DC? || universal <> Apakah komponen motor sejagat yang paling mungkin gagal? || komuter <> Bilakah tork yang paling penting dalam aplikasi motor sejagat? || bermula <> Menghidupkan bidang yang berliku dalam mesin basuh menyebabkan drum mengiritasi bagaimana? || ke depan dan sebaliknya <> Bagaimana kawalan kelajuan yang telah dicapai? || Beberapa paip pada gegelung medan menyediakan", {"context": "An advantage of the universal motor is that AC supplies may be used on motors which have some characteristics more common in DC motors, specifically high starting torque and very compact design if high running speeds are used. The negative aspect is the maintenance and short life problems caused by the commutator. Such motors are used in devices such as food mixers and power tools which are used only intermittently, and often have high starting-torque demands. Multiple taps on the field coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control. Household blenders that advertise many speeds frequently combine a field coil with several taps and a diode that can be inserted in series with the motor (causing the motor to run on half-wave rectified AC). Universal motors also lend themselves to electronic speed control and, as such, are an ideal choice for devices like domestic washing machines. The motor can be used to agitate the drum (both forwards and in reverse) by switching the field winding with respect to the armature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "universal"}], "question": "What kind of motor can employ both AC and DC?", "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "commutator"}], "question": "What component of a universal motor is most likely to fail?", "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "starting"}], "question": "When is torque most important in universal motor applications?", "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "forwards and in reverse"}], "question": "Switching the field winding in washing machines causes the drum to agitate how?", "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Multiple taps on the field coil provide"}], "question": "How is stepped speed control achieved?", "id": "5726b408dd62a815002e8d6a"}]}], ["Kebanyakan pembatasan motor DC komutator klasik adalah disebabkan oleh keperluan untuk berus untuk menekan terhadap commutator. Ini menghasilkan geseran. Percikan dicipta oleh berus yang membuat dan memecahkan litar melalui gegelung pemutar apabila berus menyeberangi jurang penebat antara bahagian komutator. Bergantung pada reka bentuk komutator, ini mungkin termasuk berus yang menyekat seksyen bersebelahan - dan dengan itu gegelung berakhir - seketika semasa melintasi jurang. Selain itu, induktansi gegelung pemutar menyebabkan voltan merentas setiap arus apabila litarnya dibuka, meningkatkan percikan berus. Percikan ini menghadkan kelajuan maksimum mesin, kerana percikan terlalu pantas akan menjadi terlalu panas, menghakis, atau mencairkan pemutar. Ketumpatan arus per unit berus, digabungkan dengan daya tahannya, menghadkan output motor. Pembuatan dan pemecahan kenalan elektrik juga menjana bunyi elektrik; mencetuskan RFI. Berus akhirnya haus dan memerlukan penggantian, dan commutator itu sendiri tertakluk kepada memakai dan penyelenggaraan (pada motor yang lebih besar) atau penggantian (pada motor kecil). Perhimpunan komutator pada motor besar adalah elemen yang mahal, yang memerlukan pemasangan ketepatan banyak bahagian. Pada motor kecil, commutator biasanya disambung secara kekal ke pemutar, jadi penggantiannya biasanya memerlukan penggantian keseluruhan pemutar. <> Bagaimana RFI dihasilkan? || mencetuskan <> Apa yang perlu berus berus? || komuter <> Apa yang dicipta oleh hubungan antara bahagian motor? || geseran <> Apakah had sparking? || kelajuan maksimum <> Apakah komponen motor yang paling memerlukan penggantian dan penyelenggaraan? || Berus", {"context": "Many of the limitations of the classic commutator DC motor are due to the need for brushes to press against the commutator. This creates friction. Sparks are created by the brushes making and breaking circuits through the rotor coils as the brushes cross the insulating gaps between commutator sections. Depending on the commutator design, this may include the brushes shorting together adjacent sections \u2013 and hence coil ends \u2013 momentarily while crossing the gaps. Furthermore, the inductance of the rotor coils causes the voltage across each to rise when its circuit is opened, increasing the sparking of the brushes. This sparking limits the maximum speed of the machine, as too-rapid sparking will overheat, erode, or even melt the commutator. The current density per unit area of the brushes, in combination with their resistivity, limits the output of the motor. The making and breaking of electric contact also generates electrical noise; sparking generates RFI. Brushes eventually wear out and require replacement, and the commutator itself is subject to wear and maintenance (on larger motors) or replacement (on small motors). The commutator assembly on a large motor is a costly element, requiring precision assembly of many parts. On small motors, the commutator is usually permanently integrated into the rotor, so replacing it usually requires replacing the whole rotor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 946, "text": "sparking"}], "question": "How is RFI generated?", "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "commutator"}], "question": "What do brushes need to be in contact with?", "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8ccf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "friction"}], "question": "What is created by contact between parts of the motor?", "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "maximum speed"}], "question": "What does sparking limit?", "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "Brushes"}], "question": "What motor components most need replacement and maintenance? ", "id": "5726ae3cdd62a815002e8cd2"}]}], ["Motor-motor ini pada mulanya dicipta untuk memacu pemacu pita magnet (capstan) dalam industri komputer yang berkembang, di mana masa yang minimum untuk mencapai kelajuan operasi dan jarak hentakan yang minimum adalah kritikal. Motor pancake masih digunakan secara meluas dalam sistem pengendalian servo berprestasi tinggi, sistem robot, automasi perindustrian dan peranti perubatan. Oleh kerana pelbagai pembinaan sekarang tersedia, teknologi ini digunakan dalam aplikasi dari tentera suhu tinggi ke pam kos rendah dan servo asas. <> Apakah tujuan asal motor pancake? || memacu capstan (s) pemacu pita magnetik <> Apakah kelebihan motor pancake? || masa minimum untuk mencapai kelajuan operasi dan jarak henti yang minimum <> Untuk apa jenis aplikasi ketenteraan adalah motor pancake yang digunakan saat ini? || suhu tinggi <> Apakah jenis sistem kawalan servo menggunakan motor pancake? || prestasi tinggi", {"context": "These motors were originally invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives in the burgeoning computer industry, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are still widely used in high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives"}], "question": "What was the original purpose for pancake motors?", "id": "5726c077708984140094d07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance"}], "question": "What are advantages of pancake motors?", "id": "5726c077708984140094d07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "high temperature"}], "question": "For what type of military applications are pancake motors currently used?", "id": "5726c077708984140094d07f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "high-performance"}], "question": "What type of servo-controlled systems use pancake motors?", "id": "5726c077708984140094d080"}]}], ["Dalam WRIM, penggulungan pemutar diperbuat daripada banyak lilitan dawai terlindung dan disambungkan ke gelang cincin pada batang motor. Perintang luaran atau peranti kawalan lain boleh disambungkan ke litar pemutar. Resistors membenarkan kawalan kelajuan motor, walaupun kuasa yang ketara diasingkan dalam rintangan luaran. Penukar boleh diberi makan dari litar pemutar dan mengembalikan kuasa frekuensi slip yang akan dibazirkan kembali ke sistem kuasa melalui penyongsang atau penjana motor berasingan. <> Di mana mungkin penghalang dipasang? || litar pemutar <> Apa yang boleh mengawal perintang? || kelajuan motor <> Bagaimana kuasa terbuang dapat diselamatkan? || inverter atau penjana motor yang berasingan <> Dari mana bolehkah penukar diberi makan? || litar pemutar", {"context": "In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "rotor circuit"}], "question": "Where might a resistor be attached?", "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "motor speed"}], "question": "What can a resistor control?", "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "inverter or separate motor-generator"}], "question": "How might wasted power be salvaged?", "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "rotor circuit"}], "question": "From where may a converter be fed?", "id": "5726b6a15951b619008f7b94"}]}], ["Kerana rotor lebih ringan dalam berat (jisim) daripada rotor konvensional yang terbentuk daripada litar tembaga pada laminasi keluli, pemutar boleh mempercepatkan lebih cepat, sering mencapai masa mekanik yang tetap di bawah satu ms. Ini benar terutamanya jika lilitan menggunakan aluminium daripada tembaga yang lebih berat. Tetapi kerana tidak ada jisim logam di pemutar untuk bertindak sebagai sinki haba, walaupun motor coreless kecil mesti sering disejukkan oleh udara paksa. Pemanasan melampau mungkin menjadi isu untuk reka bentuk motor DC tanpa corak. <> Apakah masalah motor DC tanpa corak? || Pemanasan melampau <> Bagaimana rotor coreless berbanding rotor tradisional dari segi berat badan? || lebih ringan <> Apakah kelebihan rotor yang tidak mempunyai corak tradisional? || mempercepatkan lebih pantas <> Kekurangan jisim logam di teras menyebabkan fungsi apa yang tidak hadir? || sinki haba <> Bagaimana motor coreless tidak disejukkan? || udara paksa", {"context": "Because the rotor is much lighter in weight (mass) than a conventional rotor formed from copper windings on steel laminations, the rotor can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one ms. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than the heavier copper. But because there is no metal mass in the rotor to act as a heat sink, even small coreless motors must often be cooled by forced air. Overheating might be an issue for coreless DC motor designs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Overheating"}], "question": "What is a likely problem of coreless DC motors?", "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "lighter"}], "question": "How does a coreless rotor compare to traditional rotors in terms of weight?", "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "accelerate much more rapidly"}], "question": "What advantage does a coreless rotor have over traditional variants?", "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "heat sink"}], "question": "The lack of a metal mass in the core causes what function to be absent?", "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "forced air"}], "question": "How is a coreless motor cooled?", "id": "5726bfb05951b619008f7d26"}]}], ["Akhirnya, motosikal segerak histeresis biasanya (pada dasarnya) motor dua fasa dengan kapasitor peralihan fasa untuk satu fasa. Mereka mula seperti motor induksi, tetapi apabila kadar slip menurun dengan mencukupi, pemutar (silinder yang lancar) menjadi magnet sementara. Tiang yang diedarkan menjadikannya bertindak seperti PMSM. Bahan pemutar, seperti kuku yang biasa, akan tetap magnet, tetapi juga boleh menjadi demagnetized dengan sedikit kesukaran. Setelah berjalan, tiang pemutar berada di tempat; mereka tidak hanyut. <> Apakah rotor motorsikal segerak hysteresis dilakukan apabila kadar slip menurun? || menjadi magnetik sementara <> Apabila beroperasi, apa yang dilakukan oleh tiang motorsikal segerak hysteresis? || tinggal di tempat <> Apa motorsikal synchronis hysteresis menyerupai pada permulaan? || motor induksi <> Bagaimana rotor motor penyegerakan hysteresis dijelaskan? || silinder yang lancar <> Apa yang disebarkan tiang motor segerak histeresis menyerupai? || PMSM", {"context": "Finally, hysteresis synchronous motors typically are (essentially) two-phase motors with a phase-shifting capacitor for one phase. They start like induction motors, but when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a PMSM. The rotor material, like that of a common nail, will stay magnetized, but can also be demagnetized with little difficulty. Once running, the rotor poles stay in place; they do not drift.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "becomes temporarily magnetized"}], "question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors' rotors do when slip rate decreases?", "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "stay in place"}], "question": "When in operation, what do hysteresis synchronous motors poles do?", "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "induction motors"}], "question": "What do hysteresis synchronous motors resemble at startup?", "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "a smooth cylinder"}], "question": "How can a hysteresis synchronous motor's rotor be described?", "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "PMSM"}], "question": "What do the distributed poles of a hysteresis synchronous motor resemble?", "id": "5726bcf3f1498d1400e8e9aa"}]}], ["Apabila digunakan dengan beban yang mempunyai lengkung tork yang meningkat dengan kelajuan, motor akan beroperasi pada kelajuan di mana torsi yang dihasilkan oleh motor adalah sama dengan tork beban. Mengurangkan beban akan menyebabkan motor mempercepatkan, dan meningkatkan beban akan menyebabkan motor perlahan sehingga beban dan torsi motor sama. Dijalankan dengan cara ini, kerugian slip dibuang dalam perintang sekunder dan boleh menjadi sangat penting. Peraturan kelajuan dan kecekapan bersih juga sangat miskin. <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh motor jika beban dikurangkan? || mempercepat <> Apa yang akan dilakukan motor jika beban meningkat? || perlahan <> Di mana kehilangan slip hilang? || resistor menengah <> Seberapa berkesan reka bentuk sedemikian? || sangat miskin", {"context": "When used with a load that has a torque curve that increases with speed, the motor will operate at the speed where the torque developed by the motor is equal to the load torque. Reducing the load will cause the motor to speed up, and increasing the load will cause the motor to slow down until the load and motor torque are equal. Operated in this manner, the slip losses are dissipated in the secondary resistors and can be very significant. The speed regulation and net efficiency is also very poor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "speed up"}], "question": "What will a motor do if the load is reduced?", "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "slow down"}], "question": "What will a motor do if the load is increased?", "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "secondary resistors"}], "question": "Where are slip losses dissipated?", "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "very poor"}], "question": "How efficient is such a design?", "id": "5726b731dd62a815002e8dcb"}]}], ["Tiada apa-apa pun dalam prinsip mana-mana motor yang diterangkan di atas menghendaki bahagian besi (keluli) rotor sebenarnya berputar. Jika bahan magnet lembut rotor dibuat dalam bentuk silinder, maka (kecuali untuk kesan hysteresis) tork dikenakan hanya pada belitan elektromagnet. Mengambil kesempatan daripada fakta ini ialah motor DC tanpa coretan atau ironless, bentuk khusus motor PM DC. Dioptimumkan untuk pecutan pesat, motor ini mempunyai pemutar yang dibina tanpa sebarang teras besi. Pemutar boleh mengambil bentuk silinder yang dipenuhi penggulungan, atau struktur penyokong sendiri yang terdiri hanya wayar magnet dan bahan ikatan. Pemutar boleh muat di dalam magnet pemegun; silinder pegun magnet secara magnetik di dalam pemutar menyediakan laluan kembali untuk fluks magnet stator. Susunan kedua mempunyai bakul pemutar rotor di sekeliling magnet pemegun. Dalam reka bentuk itu, pemutar sesuai di dalam silinder magnetik yang lembut yang boleh berfungsi sebagai perumahan untuk motor, dan juga menyediakan laluan kembali untuk fluks. <> Sebuah motor DC coreless dibezakan oleh apa? || pecutan pesat <> Apa yang tiada dalam motor DC coreless? || teras besi <> Apakah bentuk yang boleh diambil oleh pemutar? || silinder yang berliku-liku, atau struktur penyokong sendiri", {"context": "Nothing in the principle of any of the motors described above requires that the iron (steel) portions of the rotor actually rotate. If the soft magnetic material of the rotor is made in the form of a cylinder, then (except for the effect of hysteresis) torque is exerted only on the windings of the electromagnets. Taking advantage of this fact is the coreless or ironless DC motor, a specialized form of a PM DC motor. Optimized for rapid acceleration, these motors have a rotor that is constructed without any iron core. The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure comprising only the magnet wire and the bonding material. The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets; a magnetically soft stationary cylinder inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux. A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets. In that design, the rotor fits inside a magnetically soft cylinder that can serve as the housing for the motor, and likewise provides a return path for the flux.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "rapid acceleration"}], "question": "A coreless DC motor is distinguished by what?", "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "iron core"}], "question": "What is absent in a coreless DC motor?", "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure"}], "question": "What forms can the rotor take?", "id": "5726bec2dd62a815002e8f38"}]}], ["Satu lagi aplikasi biasa ialah kawalan pendikit enjin pembakaran dalaman bersempena gabenor elektronik. Dalam penggunaan ini, motor berfungsi melawan musim bunga kembali untuk menggerakkan pendikit sesuai dengan keluaran gabenor. Yang terakhir memantau kelajuan enjin dengan menghitung pulsa elektrik dari sistem pencucuhan atau dari pickup magnetik dan, bergantung pada kelajuan, membuat pelarasan kecil kepada jumlah arus yang digunakan pada motor. Sekiranya enjin mula perlahan berbanding kelajuan yang dikehendaki, arus akan meningkat, motor akan menghasilkan lebih banyak tork, menarik terhadap musim bunga kembali dan membuka pendikit. Sekiranya enjin berjalan terlalu cepat, gabenor akan mengurangkan semasa sedang digunakan untuk motor, menyebabkan musim bunga kembali untuk menarik balik dan menutup pendikit. <> Unsur enjin pembakaran adakah monitor gubernur? || pulsa elektrik <> Apa gabenor dihubungkan? || kembali musim bunga <> Apa jenis penyesuaian yang akan dibuat seorang gabenor? || kecil <> Apa yang akan dilakukan gabenor untuk enjin yang terlalu cepat berjalan? || mengurangkan semasa sedang digunakan untuk motor", {"context": "Another common application is the control of the throttle of an internal combustion engine in conjunction with an electronic governor. In this usage, the motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accordance with the output of the governor. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and, depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current applied to the motor. If the engine starts to slow down relative to the desired speed, the current will be increased, the motor will develop more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor will reduce the current being applied to the motor, causing the return spring to pull back and close the throttle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "electrical pulses"}], "question": "What element of a combustion engine does a governor monitor?", "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "return spring"}], "question": "What is a governor connected to?", "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "small"}], "question": "What kinds of adjustments would a governor make?", "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "reduce the current being applied to the motor"}], "question": "What would a governor do to a too-fast running engine?", "id": "5726b8c9708984140094cf22"}]}], ["Permohonan biasa motor tork ialah motor reel bekalan dan pengangkut dalam pemacu pita. Dalam aplikasi ini, didorong oleh voltan rendah, ciri-ciri motor ini membolehkan ketegangan cahaya yang agak berterusan untuk digunakan pada pita sama ada atau tidak capstan memakan pita melewati kepala pita. Didorong oleh voltan yang lebih tinggi, (dan dengan demikian memberikan tork yang lebih tinggi), motor tork juga boleh mencapai operasi pantas dan mundur tanpa memerlukan sebarang mekanik tambahan seperti gear atau cengkaman. Di dunia permainan komputer, motor torsi digunakan dalam kekuatan roda stereng maklum balas. <> Bagaimana motor torsi digunakan dalam permainan komputer? || maklum balas roda stereng <> Sebuah motor tork pada voltan rendah menyediakan apa? || ketegangan cahaya malar <> Sebuah motor tork pada voltan tinggi memberikan apa? || tork yang lebih tinggi <> Dalam pemacu rakaman, apa yang tidak diperlukan jika motor tork digunakan? || gear atau cengkaman", {"context": "A common application of a torque motor would be the supply- and take-up reel motors in a tape drive. In this application, driven from a low voltage, the characteristics of these motors allow a relatively constant light tension to be applied to the tape whether or not the capstan is feeding tape past the tape heads. Driven from a higher voltage, (and so delivering a higher torque), the torque motors can also achieve fast-forward and rewind operation without requiring any additional mechanics such as gears or clutches. In the computer gaming world, torque motors are used in force feedback steering wheels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "feedback steering wheels"}], "question": "How are torque motors used in computer gaming?", "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "constant light tension"}], "question": "A torque motor at low voltage provides what?", "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "higher torque"}], "question": "A torque motor at high voltage provides what?", "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "gears or clutches"}], "question": "In a tape drive, what is not needed if a torque motor is used?", "id": "5726b7fadd62a815002e8dff"}]}], ["Motor elektrik yang diberi makan secara bergurau mempunyai dua set penggulungan bebas berbilang, yang menyumbangkan kuasa aktif (iaitu, bekerja) ke proses penukaran tenaga, dengan sekurang-kurangnya satu set penggulungan yang dikawal secara elektronik untuk operasi kelajuan berubah-ubah. Dua set penggulungan bebas bervariasi (contohnya, dual armature) adalah maksimum yang disediakan dalam satu pakej tanpa duplikat topologi. Motosikal elektrik yang diberi makan adalah mesin yang mempunyai kelajuan kelajuan tork berterusan yang berkesan iaitu kelajuan dua segerak untuk frekuensi pengujaan yang diberikan. Ini adalah dua kali julat kelajuan tork tetap sebagai mesin elektrik tunggal yang mempunyai satu set penggulungan aktif. <> Apakah jenis motor mempunyai dua set penggulungan berbilang peringkat? || Doubly fed motor elektrik <> Apa advanage melakukan berbilang separuh bebas set penggulungan? || menyumbangkan aktif (iaitu, bekerja) kuasa ke proses penukaran tenaga <> Apakah salah satu set penggandaan berbilang bebas yang dikonfigurasi? || Operasi kelajuan berubah-ubah <> Motor yang diberi makan dengan ganjil mempunyai apa kelebihan berbanding dengan makanan tunggal? || dua kali kelajuan tork berterusan", {"context": "Doubly fed electric motors have two independent multiphase winding sets, which contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process, with at least one of the winding sets electronically controlled for variable speed operation. Two independent multiphase winding sets (i.e., dual armature) are the maximum provided in a single package without topology duplication. Doubly-fed electric motors are machines with an effective constant torque speed range that is twice synchronous speed for a given frequency of excitation. This is twice the constant torque speed range as singly-fed electric machines, which have only one active winding set.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Doubly fed electric motors"}], "question": "What type of motor has two independent multiphase winding sets?", "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "contribute active (i.e., working) power to the energy conversion process"}], "question": "What advanage do independent multiphase winding sets have?", "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "variable speed operation"}], "question": "What is one of the independent multiphase winding sets configured for?", "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "twice the constant torque speed range"}], "question": "Doubly fed motors have what advantage over single fed?", "id": "5726be1add62a815002e8f13"}]}], ["Motor elektrik segerak adalah motor AC yang dibezakan oleh pemutar berputar dengan gegelung lulus magnet pada kadar yang sama dengan AC dan menghasilkan medan magnet yang mendorongnya. Satu lagi cara untuk mengatakan ini adalah bahawa ia mempunyai sifar slip di bawah keadaan operasi biasa. Sebaliknya ini dengan motor induksi, yang mesti tergelincir untuk menghasilkan tork. Satu jenis motor segerak adalah seperti motor induksi kecuali rotor yang teruja oleh medan DC. Cincin gelang dan berus digunakan untuk menjalankan arus ke pemutar. Tiang pemutar menyambung satu sama lain dan bergerak pada kelajuan yang sama dengan itu motor segerak nama. Satu lagi jenis, untuk tork beban rendah, mempunyai tanah ke rotor tupai sangkar konvensional untuk membuat kutub diskret. Satu lagi, seperti yang dibuat oleh Hammond untuk jam pra-Perang Dunia II, dan di organ Hammond yang lebih tua, tidak mempunyai gegaran pemutar dan tiang diskret. Ia tidak bermula sendiri. Jam memerlukan manual bermula dengan tombol kecil di bahagian belakang, manakala organ Hammond yang lebih tua mempunyai motor permulaan yang disambungkan dengan suis beroperasi secara spring yang dimuatkan secara manual. <> Berapa banyak slip yang mempunyai motor segerak? || sifar <> Bagaimana motor induksi menghasilkan tork? || slip <> Whithout winding rotor, bagaimana harus jam Hammond dimulakan? || secara manual <> Bagaimana motor segerakan dibuat lebih seperti motor induksi? || Medan DC <> Bagaimana arus dibawa ke pemutar dalam motor segerak? || Cincin gelang dan berus", {"context": "A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor. Another type, for low load torque, has flats ground onto a conventional squirrel-cage rotor to create discrete poles. Yet another, such as made by Hammond for its pre-World War II clocks, and in the older Hammond organs, has no rotor windings and discrete poles. It is not self-starting. The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back, while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring-loaded manually operated switch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "zero"}], "question": "How much slip does a synchronous motor have?", "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "slip"}], "question": "How does an induction motor produce torque?", "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1046, "text": "manually"}], "question": "Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?", "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "DC field"}], "question": "How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?", "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Slip rings and brushes"}], "question": "How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?", "id": "5726b9d3dd62a815002e8e48"}]}], ["Motor stepper dan masih sering digunakan dalam pencetak komputer, pengimbas optik, dan mesin fotokopi digital untuk menggerakkan elemen pengimbasan optikal, pengangkutan kepala cetak (dot matriks dan pencetak inkjet), dan penggelek plat atau suapan. Begitu juga, banyak plotters komputer (yang sejak awal 1990-an digantikan dengan inkjet dan laser pencetak format besar) menggunakan motor stepper berputar untuk gerakan pen dan platen; alternatif biasa di sini ialah sama ada motor stepper linear atau servomotor dengan sistem kawalan analog gelung tertutup. <> Senaraikan dua alternatif kepada motor stepper putar dalam aplikasi pencetak. || motosikal stepper linear atau servomotors <> Dalam scanner, apakah langkah motor bergerak? || elemen pengimbasan optikal <> Dalam pencetak dan mesin penyalin, apakah langkah motor bergerak? || cetak kepala kereta (dot matriks dan pencetak inkjet), dan penggelek plat atau suapan", {"context": "Stepper motors were and still are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the optical scanning element, the print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers. Likewise, many computer plotters (which since the early 1990s have been replaced with large-format inkjet and laser printers) used rotary stepper motors for pen and platen movement; the typical alternatives here were either linear stepper motors or servomotors with closed-loop analog control systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "linear stepper motors or servomotors"}], "question": "List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.", "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "optical scanning element"}], "question": "In scanners, what do stepper motors move?", "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers"}], "question": "In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?", "id": "5726cdc15951b619008f7e7f"}]}], ["Semua motor elektromagnetik, dan yang termasuk jenis yang disebutkan di sini memperoleh tork dari produk vektor bidang berinteraksi. Untuk mengira tork, adalah perlu untuk mengetahui bidang dalam jurang udara. Apabila ini telah ditubuhkan oleh analisis matematik menggunakan FEA atau alat lain, tork dapat dikira sebagai integral dari semua vektor daya yang didarabkan oleh jejari setiap vektor. Arus yang mengalir di dalam penggulungan menghasilkan medan dan untuk motor menggunakan bahan magnet, medan itu tidak bersamaan linear dengan arus. Ini menjadikan pengiraan sukar tetapi komputer boleh melakukan pengiraan banyak yang diperlukan. <> Apa yang perlu dikenali untuk mengira tork? || bidang dalam jurang udara <> Bagaimana pengiraan banyak untuk menentukan tork? || FEA <> Bagaimana tork ditentukan? || dari produk vektor bidang yang berinteraksi <> Apakah formulia menentukan torsi? || yang penting bagi semua vektor daya yang didarabkan oleh jejari setiap vektor", {"context": "All the electromagnetic motors, and that includes the types mentioned here derive the torque from the vector product of the interacting fields. For calculating the torque it is necessary to know the fields in the air gap . Once these have been established by mathematical analysis using FEA or other tools the torque may be calculated as the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector. The current flowing in the winding is producing the fields and for a motor using a magnetic material the field is not linearly proportional to the current. This makes the calculation difficult but a computer can do the many calculations needed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "fields in the air gap"}], "question": "What needs to be known to calculate torque?", "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d201"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "FEA"}], "question": "How are the many calculations to determine torque done?", "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "from the vector product of the interacting fields"}], "question": "How is torque determined?", "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector"}], "question": "What is the formulia to determine torque?", "id": "5726cf6d708984140094d204"}]}], ["Oleh kerana belitan angker dari motor langsung atau sejagat bergerak melalui medan magnet, mereka mempunyai voltan yang diakibatkan olehnya. Voltan ini cenderung untuk menentang voltan bekalan motor dan sebagainya dipanggil \"daya elektromotif belakang (emf)\". Voltan adalah berkadar dengan kelajuan motor yang berjalan. Gandar belakang motor, ditambah dengan kejatuhan voltan merentasi rintangan dalaman berus dan berus, mestilah sama dengan voltan pada berus. Ini menyediakan mekanisme asas bagi peraturan kelajuan dalam motor DC. Jika beban mekanikal meningkat, motor akan melambatkan; hasil emf bawah yang lebih rendah, dan lebih banyak arus diambil dari bekalan. Ini meningkat semasa menyediakan tork tambahan untuk mengimbangi beban baru. <> Voltan yang menentang voltan bekalan motor dipanggil apa? || belakang kuasa elektromotip <> EMP adalah berkadar dengan apa? || kelajuan berlari motor <> Voltan pada berus sama dengan apa? || belakang emf motor, ditambah penurunan voltan merentasi rintangan dalaman penggulungan <> Jika beban meningkat, apa yang berlaku pada semasa yang dikeluarkan? || lebih banyak arus diambil dari bekalan", {"context": "Since the armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor are moving through a magnetic field, they have a voltage induced in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called \"back electromotive force (emf)\". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes, must equal the voltage at the brushes. This provides the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical load increases, the motor slows down; a lower back emf results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased current provides the additional torque to balance the new load.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "back electromotive force"}], "question": "Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?", "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "the running speed of the motor"}], "question": "EMP is proportional to what?", "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance"}], "question": "Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?", "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "more current is drawn from the supply"}], "question": "If load increases, what happens to current drawn?", "id": "5726cea6708984140094d1f4"}]}], ["Apabila dirancang secara optimum dalam kekangan ketepuan teras tertentu dan untuk arus aktif semasa (iaitu, arus tork), voltan, nombor sepasang pasangan, frekuensi pengujaan (iaitu, kelajuan segerak), dan ketumpatan fluks udara, semua kategori motor elektrik atau penjana akan mempamerkan hampir tork aci berterusan maksimum (iaitu, tork operasi) dalam kawasan jurang udara yang diberikan dengan slot penggulungan dan kedalaman besi belakang, yang menentukan saiz fizikal teras elektromagnetik. Sesetengah aplikasi memerlukan pecutan tork di luar tork operasi maksimum, seperti tork yang pendek untuk mempercepatkan kenderaan elektrik dari keadaan terhenti. Sentiasa terhad oleh ketepuan teras magnetik atau kenaikan suhu dan voltan operasi yang selamat, keupayaan untuk tork pecah melebihi tork operasi maksimum berbeza dengan ketara antara kategori motor elektrik atau penjana. <> Apakah faktor-faktor yang menentukan tork aci? || arus tork), voltan, nombor sepasang tiang, frekuensi pengujaan (iaitu, kelajuan segerak), dan kepadatan fluks jurang udara <> Whate memutuskan saiz teras elektromagnetik? || kawasan jurang udara dengan slot penggulungan dan kedalaman besi belakang <> Apa yang menghadkan tork berlebihan? || ketepuan teras magnetik atau kenaikan suhu operasi dan voltan yang selamat", {"context": "When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors or generators will exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum operating torque, such as short bursts of torque to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum operating torque differs significantly between categories of electric motors or generators.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density"}], "question": "What are factors that determine shaft torque?", "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth"}], "question": "Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?", "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage"}], "question": "What limits excessive torque?", "id": "5726d031f1498d1400e8ec02"}]}], ["Pemacu motor stepper yang sederhana sepenuhnya memberi tenaga atau sepenuhnya menghalang lilitan medan, memimpin pemutar untuk \"memotong\" ke jawatan yang terhad; pemandu yang lebih canggih secara berkuasa boleh mengawal kuasa untuk lilitan medan, yang membolehkan rotor meletakkan kedudukan antara titik-titik cog dan dengan itu berputar dengan lancar. Cara pengendalian ini sering dipanggil microstepping. Motor stepper dikawal komputer adalah salah satu bentuk sistem kedudukan yang paling serba boleh, terutamanya apabila sebahagian daripada sistem kawalan servo digital. <> Apakah sifat motor stepper yang canggih? || secara berkala mengawal kuasa untuk lilitan medan <> Apakah kawalan berkadar dari lilitan medan dalam motor stepper mencapai? || putar sangat lancar <> Apakah nama lain untuk putaran lancar? || microstepping <> Dengan apa peranti lain adalah motor stepper yang paling serbaguna? || sistem kawalan servo digital", {"context": "Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to \"cog\" to a limited number of positions; more sophisticated drivers can proportionally control the power to the field windings, allowing the rotors to position between the cog points and thereby rotate extremely smoothly. This mode of operation is often called microstepping. Computer controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of positioning systems, particularly when part of a digital servo-controlled system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "proportionally control the power to the field windings"}], "question": "What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?", "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "rotate extremely smoothly"}], "question": "What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?", "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "microstepping"}], "question": "What is another name for smooth rotation?", "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "digital servo-controlled system"}], "question": "With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?", "id": "5726cb58f1498d1400e8eb7b"}]}], ["Sistem servo berbeza dari beberapa aplikasi motor stepper di mana maklum balas kedudukan berterusan semasa motor berjalan; Sistem stepper bergantung kepada motor supaya tidak \"ketinggalan langkah\" untuk ketepatan jangka pendek, walaupun sistem stepper mungkin termasuk suis \"rumah\" atau elemen lain untuk menyediakan kestabilan kawalan jangka panjang. Sebagai contoh, apabila pencetak komputer dot matriks tipikal bermula, pengawalnya membuat pemacu motor stepper kepala cetak ke had kirinya, di mana sensor kedudukan menentukan kedudukan rumah dan berhenti melangkah. Selagi kuasa dihidupkan, kaunter dua arah dalam mikropemproses pencetak dapat menjejaki kedudukan cetak-kepala. <> Bagaimana motor servo berbeza daripada motor stepper? || maklum balas kedudukan berterusan <> Bagaimana sistem stepper mencapai kestabilan? || suis \"rumah\" <> Apa yang membuat suis pencetak rumah berfungsi? || sensor kedudukan <> Apa jenis kaunter menjejaki kedudukan kepala cetak? || dwiarah <> Motor sistem stepper bergantung kepada tidak melakukan apa? || langkah ketinggalan", {"context": "A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to \"miss steps\" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a \"home\" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "position feedback is continuous"}], "question": "How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?", "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "a \"home\" switch"}], "question": "How does a stepper system achieve stability?", "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "position sensor"}], "question": "What makes a printer home switch work?", "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "bidirectional"}], "question": "What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?", "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "miss steps"}], "question": "A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?", "id": "5726c9505951b619008f7e0f"}]}], ["Motor stepper adalah jenis motor yang sering digunakan apabila rotasi tepat diperlukan. Dalam motor stepper, pemutar dalaman yang mengandungi PM atau pemutar magnetik lembut dengan tiang-tiang penting dikawal oleh satu set magnet luaran yang dihidupkan secara elektronik. Motor stepper juga boleh dianggap sebagai salib antara motor elektrik DC dan solenoid berputar. Kerana setiap gegelung bertenaga pada gilirannya, pemutar menjajarkan dirinya dengan medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh penggulungan medan bertenaga. Tidak seperti motor segerak, dalam aplikasinya, motor stepper mungkin tidak berputar secara berterusan; Sebaliknya, ia \"langkah-langkah\" dan kemudian dengan cepat berhenti lagi-dari satu kedudukan ke seterusnya apabila lilitan medan bertenaga dan de-energized dalam urutan. Bergantung kepada urutan, pemutar boleh beralih ke belakang atau ke belakang, dan ia boleh mengubah arah, berhenti, mempercepatkan atau melambatkan sewenang-wenangnya pada bila-bila masa. <> Bila motor stepper paling berguna? || apabila putaran tepat diperlukan <> Apa dua peranti boleh menggambarkan motor stepper? || DC motor elektrik dan solenoid berputar <> Apa yang rotor motor stepper allign diri dengan? || medan magnet yang dihasilkan oleh penggulungan medan bertenaga <> Bagaimana motor stepper berbeza dari motor segerak? || motor stepper tidak boleh berputar secara berterusan <> Apa jenis halaju dan posisi motor stepper yang mampu? || ke hadapan atau ke belakang, dan ia boleh mengubah arah, berhenti, mempercepat atau melambatkan", {"context": "Stepper motors are a type of motor frequently used when precise rotations are required. In a stepper motor an internal rotor containing PMs or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of external magnets that are switched electronically. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, in its application, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it \"steps\"\u2014starts and then quickly stops again\u2014from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down arbitrarily at any time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "when precise rotations are required"}], "question": "When are stepper motors most useful?", "id": "5726ca94708984140094d179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid"}], "question": "What two devices can describe a stepper motor?", "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "magnetic field produced by the energized field winding"}], "question": "What do stepper motor rotors allign themselves with?", "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "the stepper motor may not rotate continuously"}], "question": "How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?", "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down"}], "question": "What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?", "id": "5726ca94708984140094d17d"}]}], ["Mesin baling-baling berliku lengan berus tanpa berus (BWRSDF) adalah satu-satunya mesin elektrik yang mempunyai topologi litar pengubah yang benar-benar beralih dua (iaitu kedua-dua pelabuhan secara bebas teruja dengan tiada pelabuhan litar pintas). Topologi litar pengubah berganda yang dikomersialkan diketahui tidak stabil dan memerlukan perhimpunan berus slip-gelongsor slip lebar untuk menyebarkan kuasa terhad kepada set penggulungan pemutar. Sekiranya maksud ketepatan tersedia untuk mengendalikan sudut torsi dan tergelincir untuk operasi segerak semasa motor atau menjana sementara serentak memberikan kuasa brushless kepada set penggulungan pemutar, arus aktif mesin BWRSDF akan bebas daripada impedans reaktif litar pengubah dan pecah tork jauh lebih tinggi daripada tork operasi maksimum dan jauh melebihi keupayaan praktikal sebarang jenis mesin elektrik lain boleh direalisasikan. Torque pecah lebih daripada lapan kali tork operasi telah dikira. <> Apakah satu-satunya peranti dengan topologi litar pengubah beralih ganda? || brushless-rotor brushless <> Apa yang tidak berus luka-rotor? || kedua-dua pelabuhan secara bebas teruja dengan tiada pelabuhan litar pintas <> Bagaimana rotor luka brushless mencapai kestabilan? || pemasangan berbilang gelincir-berus-berus untuk menyebarkan kuasa terhad kepada set berliku pemutar <> Berapakah maksimum teoretik bagi pemutar luka tanpa brushless? || lapan kali tork operasi", {"context": "The brushless wound-rotor synchronous doubly-fed (BWRSDF) machine is the only electric machine with a truly dual ported transformer circuit topology (i.e., both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port). The dual ported transformer circuit topology is known to be unstable and requires a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set. If a precision means were available to instantaneously control torque angle and slip for synchronous operation during motoring or generating while simultaneously providing brushless power to the rotor winding set, the active current of the BWRSDF machine would be independent of the reactive impedance of the transformer circuit and bursts of torque significantly higher than the maximum operating torque and far beyond the practical capability of any other type of electric machine would be realizable. Torque bursts greater than eight times operating torque have been calculated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "brushless wound-rotor"}], "question": "What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?", "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port"}], "question": "What is a brushless wound-rotor?", "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set"}], "question": "How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?", "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 924, "text": "eight times operating torque"}], "question": "What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?", "id": "5726d11ddd62a815002e912d"}]}], ["Servomotor adalah motor, yang sering dijual sebagai modul lengkap, yang digunakan dalam kawalan kawalan kedudukan atau sistem kawalan maklum balas kelajuan terutamanya mengawal injap, seperti injap kawalan motor yang dikendalikan. Servomotor digunakan dalam aplikasi seperti alat mesin, plotters pen, dan sistem proses lain. Motor yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan dalam servomechanism mesti mempunyai ciri-ciri yang didokumentasikan dengan baik untuk kelajuan, tork, dan kuasa. Kelajuan berbanding lekuk tork agak penting dan nisbah tinggi untuk motor servo. Ciri tindak balas dinamik seperti induktansi penggulungan dan inersia pemutar juga penting; faktor-faktor ini menghadkan prestasi keseluruhan gelung servomechanism. Gelung servo yang besar, berkuasa, tetapi lambat bertindak balas boleh menggunakan sistem AC atau DC konvensional dan sistem pemacu dengan kedudukan atau maklum balas kelajuan pada motor. Memandangkan keperluan respon dinamik meningkat, lebih banyak reka bentuk motor khusus seperti motor coreless digunakan. Ketumpatan kuasa dan akselerasi kuasa unggul motor AC berbanding dengan motor DC cenderung memihak kepada aplikasi pemacu PM, sinkron, BLDC, induksi, dan SRM. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan oleh servo motor? || alat mesin, plotters pen, dan sistem proses lain <> Apa yang perlu difahami dengan baik semasa memohon motor servo untuk digunakan? || kelajuan, tork, dan kuasa <> Apakah faktor yang membatasi prestasi motor servo? || gegelung penggulungan dan inersia pemutar <> Servo besar, perlahan boleh menggunakan jenis motor apa? || motor AC atau DC konvensional <> Bila mungkin motor tanpa corak digunakan dalam aplikasi servo? || Memandangkan keperluan respons dinamik meningkat", {"context": "A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems"}], "question": "What may servo motors be used for?", "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "speed, torque, and power"}], "question": "What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?", "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "winding inductance and rotor inertia"}], "question": "What factors limit performance of servo motors?", "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "conventional AC or DC motors"}], "question": "Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?", "id": "5726c204708984140094d0ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "As dynamic response requirements increase"}], "question": "When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?", "id": "5726c204708984140094d0af"}]}], ["Motor stepper boleh diputar ke sudut tertentu dalam langkah-langkah diskret dengan mudah, dan oleh itu motor stepper digunakan untuk membaca / menulis kedudukan kepala dalam drive disket floppy komputer. Mereka digunakan untuk tujuan yang sama dalam era cakera cakera komputer pra-gigabyte, di mana ketepatan dan kelajuan yang mereka tawarkan adalah mencukupi untuk kedudukan yang betul kepala baca / tulis pemacu cakera keras. Memandangkan ketumpatan memandu meningkat, ketepatan dan keterbatasan kelajuan motor stepper menjadikannya usang untuk cakera keras-keterbatasan ketepatan membuatnya tidak boleh digunakan, dan had laju membuatnya tidak kompetitif-oleh itu pemacu cakera keras yang lebih baru menggunakan sistem penggerak kepala berasaskan gegelung suara. (Istilah \"gegelung suara\" dalam hubungan ini adalah bersejarah, ia merujuk kepada struktur dalam pembesar suara jenis biasa (biasa). Struktur ini digunakan untuk sementara waktu untuk meletakkan kepala. Pemacu moden mempunyai gegelung pivoted yang dipasang, gegelung gegelung Bagaimanapun, seperti gegelung suara, konduktor gegelung penggerak moden (dawai magnet) bergerak serenjang dengan garis-garis magnetik.) <> Mengapa motor stepper ditinggalkan dalam reka bentuk pemacu komputer ? || ketepatan dan keterbatasan kelajuan <> Apa yang digunakan pemacu komputer yang lebih baru daripada motor stepper? || sistem penggerak kepala berasaskan gegelung suara <> Di manakah arah penggerak gegelung moden bergerak? || berserenjang dengan garis magnetik daya <> Untuk peranti apa istilahnya, \"gegelung suara\" merujuk sejarah? || struktur dalam pembesar suara biasa (jenis kon)", {"context": "Stepper motors can be rotated to a specific angle in discrete steps with ease, and hence stepper motors are used for read/write head positioning in computer floppy diskette drives. They were used for the same purpose in pre-gigabyte era computer disk drives, where the precision and speed they offered was adequate for the correct positioning of the read/write head of a hard disk drive. As drive density increased, the precision and speed limitations of stepper motors made them obsolete for hard drives\u2014the precision limitation made them unusable, and the speed limitation made them uncompetitive\u2014thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term \"voice coil\" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker. This structure was used for a while to position the heads. Modern drives have a pivoted coil mount; the coil swings back and forth, something like a blade of a rotating fan. Nevertheless, like a voice coil, modern actuator coil conductors (the magnet wire) move perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "precision and speed limitations"}], "question": "Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?", "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "voice coil-based head actuator systems"}], "question": "What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?", "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1053, "text": "perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force"}], "question": "In what direction do modern coil actuators move?", "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker"}], "question": "To what device does the term, \"voice coil\" historically refer?", "id": "5726cc10f1498d1400e8eb83"}]}], ["Ketumpatan tork berterusan mesin elektrik konvensional ditentukan oleh saiz kawasan jurang udara dan kedalaman besi belakang, yang ditentukan oleh penarafan kuasa set penggulungan angker, kelajuan mesin, dan udara yang boleh dicapai- ketumpatan fluks jurang sebelum tepu teras. Walaupun penguatkuasaan tinggi neodymium atau samarium-kobalt PM, ketumpatan tork yang berterusan hampir sama di antara mesin elektrik dengan set penggulungan angker yang direka bentuk secara optimum. Ketumpatan tork berterusan berkaitan dengan kaedah penyejukan dan tempoh operasi yang dibenarkan sebelum kemusnahan oleh pemanasan melampau atau kerosakan PM. <> Apa yang menentukan ketumpatan tork berterusan? || saiz kawasan jurang udara dan kedalaman besi belakang <> Apa tiga elemen menentukan saiz kawasan jurang udara dan kedalaman besi belakang? || penarafan kuasa set penggulungan angker, kelajuan mesin, dan ketumpatan fluks udara yang boleh dicapai sebelum ketepuan teras <> Apakah yang dimaksud dengan kepadatan tork berterusan? || kaedah penyejukan dan tempoh operasi yang dibenarkan sebelum kemusnahan dengan terlalu panas <> Bagaimana ketumpatan tork berterusan berbeza antara motor yang direka dengan baik? || hampir sama", {"context": "The continuous torque density of conventional electric machines is determined by the size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt PMs, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating of windings or PM damage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth"}], "question": "What determines continuous torque density?", "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d241"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation"}], "question": "What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?", "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d242"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating"}], "question": "What does continuous torque density refer to?", "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d243"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "virtually the same"}], "question": "How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?", "id": "5726d1d8708984140094d244"}]}], ["Motor elektrostatik adalah berdasarkan tarikan dan tolakan caj elektrik. Biasanya, motor elektrostatik adalah dwi motor berasaskan gegelung konvensional. Mereka biasanya memerlukan bekalan kuasa voltan tinggi, walaupun motor yang sangat kecil menggunakan voltan yang lebih rendah. Motor elektrik konvensional bukannya menggunakan tarikan magnetik dan penolakan, dan memerlukan arus tinggi pada voltan rendah. Pada tahun 1750-an, motor elektrostatik pertama dibangunkan oleh Benjamin Franklin dan Andrew Gordon. Hari ini, motor elektrostatik mendapati kerap digunakan dalam sistem mekanik elektro-mekanik (MEMS) di mana tegangan pemacu mereka berada di bawah 100 volt, dan di mana bergerak, plat dikenakan lebih mudah untuk dibentuk daripada gegelung dan teras besi. Juga, jentera molekul yang menjalankan sel-sel hidup selalunya berdasarkan motosikal elektrostatik linear dan putar. [Jenis rujukan] <> Apakah jenis motor berdasarkan tarikan dan tolakan caj elektrik? || elektrostatik <> Apa motor elektrostatik seperti dua? || motor berasaskan gegelung konvensional <> Apa jenis bekalan kuasa yang biasanya dilakukan motor elektrostatik? || voltan tinggi <> Apa dua pencipta mengembangkan motor elektrostatik pertama? || Benjamin Franklin dan Andrew Gordon <> Sistem mekanik elektro-mikro lebih suka jenis motor apa? || motor elektrostatik", {"context": "An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although very small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the 1750s, the first electrostatic motors were developed by Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon. Today the electrostatic motor finds frequent use in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) where their drive voltages are below 100 volts, and where moving, charged plates are far easier to fabricate than coils and iron cores. Also, the molecular machinery which runs living cells is often based on linear and rotary electrostatic motors.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "electrostatic"}], "question": "What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?", "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "conventional coil-based motors"}], "question": "What are electrostatic motors like two of?", "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "high-voltage"}], "question": "What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?", "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon"}], "question": "What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?", "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "electrostatic motor"}], "question": "Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?", "id": "5726d2f5708984140094d275"}]}]], [["Topeng Schwyz sendiri pertama kali dibuktikan pada 972, sebagai Old Suit Jerman Tinggi, akhirnya mungkin berkaitan dengan suedan \"untuk membakar\", merujuk kepada kawasan hutan yang dibakar dan dibersihkan untuk dibina. Nama itu diperluaskan ke kawasan yang dikuasai oleh kanton, dan selepas Perang Swabia pada tahun 1499 secara beransur-ansur digunakan untuk seluruh Konfederasi. Nama Jerman Switzerland, Schwiiz, adalah homophonous dengan canton dan penyelesaian, tetapi dibezakan dengan penggunaan artikel yang pasti (d'Schwiiz untuk Konfederasi, tetapi hanya Schwyz untuk kanton dan bandar). <> Pada tahun apakah Schwyz toponym pertama dibuktikan sebagai Old High German Suittes? || 972 <> Pada masa apakah nama Schwyz mula digunakan oleh seluruh Gabungan? || selepas Perang Swabia tahun 1499 <> Apakah nama Jerman Swiss untuk Schwyz? || Schwiiz <> Apa nama d'Schwiiz digunakan? || Gabungan", {"context": "The toponym Schwyz itself is first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately perhaps related to suedan \"to burn\", referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build. The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton, and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation. The Swiss German name of the country, Schwiiz, is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement, but distinguished by the use of the definite article (d'Schwiiz for the Confederation, but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "972"}], "question": "In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?", "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "after the Swabian War of 1499"}], "question": "At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?", "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Schwiiz"}], "question": "What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?", "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "the Confederation"}], "question": "What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?", "id": "57276c675951b619008f89b4"}]}], ["Pada Abad Pertengahan, dari akhir abad ke-4, tahap barat Switzerland moden adalah sebahagian daripada wilayah Raja-raja Burgundia. Alemanni menetap dataran di Swiss pada abad ke-5 dan lembah-lembah Alps pada abad ke-8, membentuk Alemannia. Oleh itu Switzerland moden kemudian dibahagi antara kerajaan Alemannia dan Burgundy. Seluruh wilayah menjadi sebahagian daripada Empayar Frank yang berkembang pada abad ke-6, setelah kemenangan Clovis I terhadap Alemanni di Tolbiac pada 504 AD, dan kemudian penguasaan Frankish kepada orang-orang Burgundia. <> Dari penghujung abad ke-4, wilayah apakah bahagian barat Switzerland? || Raja-raja Burgundia <> Di manakah Alemanni menetap di abad ke-5? || Plato Swiss <> Di manakah Alemanni menetap di abad ke-8, membentuk Alemannia? || lembah Alps <> Pada abad ke-8, apa dua kerajaan yang membentuk Switzerland moden? || Alemannia dan Burgundy <> Apa Empayar melakukan seluruh wilayah Switzerland moden menjadi sebahagian dari abad ke-6? || Frankish Empire", {"context": "In the Early Middle Ages, from the end of the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy. The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "the Kings of the Burgundians"}], "question": "From the end of the 4th century, what territory was the western extent of modern-day Switzerland part of?", "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the Swiss plateau"}], "question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 5th century?", "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "valleys of the Alps"}], "question": "Where did the Alemanni settle in the 8th century, forming Alemannia?", "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Alemannia and Burgundy"}], "question": "In the 8th century, what two kingdoms made up Modern-day Switzerland?", "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Frankish Empire"}], "question": "What Empire did the entire region of Modern-day Switzerland become part of in the 6th century?", "id": "5727729cdd62a815002e9d18"}]}], ["Pada kira-kira 260 AD, kejatuhan Agri Menurunkan wilayah utara Rhine berubah Switzerland hari ini menjadi tanah sempadan Empayar. Serangan berulang oleh puak-puak Alamanni menimbulkan kemusnahan bandar dan ekonomi Rom, memaksa penduduk untuk mencari perlindungan di dekat kubu Rom, seperti Castrum Rauracense berhampiran Augusta Raurica. Empayar ini membina barisan pertahanan yang lain di sempadan utara (yang dinamakan Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), tetapi pada akhir abad keempat, peningkatan tekanan Jermanik memaksa orang Rom untuk meninggalkan konsep pertahanan linear, dan Swiss dataran tinggi akhirnya terbuka kepada penyelesaian puak-puak Jerman. <> Pada tahun apakah kejatuhan Agri Decumates wilayah berubah hari ini Switzerland? || kira-kira 260 AD <> Pada kira-kira 260 AD, apa yang memaksa penduduk kota Romawi untuk mencari perlindungan di kubu Rom? || serbuan oleh suku Alamanni <> Apakah nama konsep yang digunakan oleh Empayar Rom ketika membina garis pertahanan yang lain di sempadan utara? || konsep pertahanan linear <> Apa tekanan yang meningkat memaksa orang Rom untuk meninggalkan konsep pertahanan mereka pada akhir abad ke-4? || Bahasa Jerman <> Siapakah yang dibenarkan menetap di dataran tinggi Swiss pada akhir abad ke-4? || Suku Jerman", {"context": "In about 260 AD, the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire. Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy, forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses, like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica. The Empire built another line of defense at the north border (the so-called Donau-Iller-Rhine-Limes), but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept, and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of German tribes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "about 260 AD"}], "question": "In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?", "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "raids by the Alamanni tribes"}], "question": "In about 260 AD, what forced the people of Roman towns to find shelter in Roman fortresses?", "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "the linear defence concept"}], "question": "What was the name of the concept used by the Roman Empire when building another line of defense at the north border?", "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Germanic"}], "question": "What increased pressure forced the Romans to abandon their line of defense concept at the end of the 4th century?", "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f82f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "German tribes"}], "question": "Who was allowed to settle on the Swiss plateau by the end of the 4th century?", "id": "572770f9f1498d1400e8f830"}]}], ["Switzerland adalah salah satu daripada negara terkaya dan paling kaya di dunia. Switzerland menduduki puncak atau paling dekat dengan beberapa metrik prestasi kebangsaan, termasuk ketelusan kerajaan, kebebasan sivil, kualiti hidup, daya saing ekonomi, dan pembangunan manusia. Ia mempunyai kekayaan nominal tertinggi (aset kewangan dan bukan kewangan) bagi setiap orang dewasa di dunia mengikut Credit Suisse dan produk domestik kasar keluaran tertinggi kelapan pada senarai IMF. Z\u00fcrich dan Geneva masing-masing telah disenaraikan di antara bandar-bandar teratas dengan kualiti hidup yang tertinggi di dunia, dengan bekas ranking ke-2 di seluruh dunia, menurut Mercer. <> Bagaimana Switzerland berada di seluruh dunia dalam bidang seperti kualiti hidup dan kebebasan sivil? || Atas atau dekat dengan bahagian atas <> Negara mana yang mempunyai kekayaan nominal tertinggi setiap orang dewasa di dunia menurut Credit Suisse? || Switzerland <> Yang mana dua bandar Switzerland telah disenaraikan sebagai mempunyai kualiti kehidupan yang tertinggi di dunia? || Z\u00fcrich dan Geneva <> Aset apa yang termasuk dalam kekayaan nominal? || kewangan dan bukan kewangan <> Apakah kedudukan Switzerland untuk produk domestik kasar per kapita pada senarai IMF? || kelapan tertinggi", {"context": "Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list. Z\u00fcrich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world, with the former ranked 2nd globally, according to Mercer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "top or close to the top"}], "question": "How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?", "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Switzerland"}], "question": "Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?", "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva"}], "question": "Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?", "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "financial and non-financial"}], "question": "What assets are included in nominal wealth?", "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "eighth-highest"}], "question": "What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?", "id": "5726ab0ddd62a815002e8c6a"}]}], ["Menjelang 1200, dataran tinggi Switzerland terdiri daripada penguasaan rumah-rumah Savoy, Z\u00e4hringer, Habsburg, dan Kyburg. Sesetengah kawasan (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Waldst\u00e4tten) diberikan kemakmuran Imperial untuk memberikan empayar langsung kawalan ke atas pas gunung. Dengan kepupusan garis lelaki pada tahun 1263 dinasti Kyburg jatuh pada AD 1264; maka Habsburg di bawah Raja Rudolph I (Kaisar Rom Suci di 1273) menuntut ke tanah Kyburg dan mencapainya memanjangkan wilayah mereka ke dataran di Swiss timur. <> Pada tahun 1200, apakah kawasan rumah Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, dan Kyburg? || dataran Swiss <> Pada 1264 AD, apa yang menyebabkan dinasti Kyburg jatuh? || kepupusan garis lelaki di 1263 <> Yang mendakwa tanah Kyburg selepas jatuh pada 1264 AD? || Habsburgs <> Yang Maharaja Rom Suci adalah Habsburgs di bawah pada 1273 AD? || Raja Rudolph I <> Apa tiga kawasan Uri, Schwyz, dan Unterwalden menjadi dikenali? || Waldst\u00e4tten", {"context": "By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Z\u00e4hringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg. Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldst\u00e4tten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the Swiss plateau"}], "question": "In 1200, what area did the houses of Savoy, Zahringer, Habsburg, and Kyburg comprise?", "id": "5727746d708984140094de07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "extinction of its male line in 1263"}], "question": "In 1264 AD, what caused the Kyburg dynasty to fall?", "id": "5727746d708984140094de08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the Habsburgs"}], "question": "Who claimed the Kyburg lands after their fall in 1264 AD?", "id": "5727746d708984140094de09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "King Rudolph I"}], "question": "Which Holy Roman Emperor were the Habsburgs under in 1273 AD?", "id": "5727746d708984140094de0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Waldst\u00e4tten"}], "question": "What did the three regions of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden become known as?", "id": "5727746d708984140094de0b"}]}], ["Pembentukan Konfederasi Swiss secara tradisinya bertarikh 1 Ogos 1291, yang dirayakan setiap tahun sebagai Hari Kebangsaan Switzerland. Negara ini mempunyai sejarah berketrampilan bersenjata yang panjang - ia tidak berada dalam keadaan perang di peringkat antarabangsa sejak 1815-dan tidak menyertai Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu sehingga tahun 2002. Walau bagaimanapun, ia meneruskan dasar luar negeri yang aktif dan sering terlibat dalam proses pembangunan damai seluruh dunia. Di samping menjadi tempat kelahiran Palang Merah, Switzerland adalah rumah kepada pelbagai organisasi antarabangsa, termasuk pejabat PBB kedua terbesar. Di peringkat Eropah, ia adalah ahli pengasas Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah, tetapi terutamanya ia bukan sebahagian daripada Kesatuan Eropah, mahupun Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun, negara ini mengambil bahagian dalam Kawasan Schengen dan pasaran tunggal EU melalui beberapa perjanjian dua hala. <> Apakah tarikh tradisional penubuhan Konfederasi Switzerland? || 1 Ogos 1291 <> Tahun apakah Switzerland menyertai Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || 2002 <> Negara apakah tempat kelahiran Palang Merah itu? || Switzerland <> Pada tahun apakah Switzerland pernah terlibat dalam peperangan di peringkat antarabangsa? || 1815 <> Apa percutian Switzerland dirayakan pada 1 Ogos setiap tahun? || Hari Kebangsaan Switzerland", {"context": "The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291, which is celebrated annually as the Swiss National Day. The country has a long history of armed neutrality\u2014it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815\u2014and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably it is not part of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area. However the country does participate in the Schengen Area and the EU's single market through a number of bilateral treaties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "1 August 1291"}], "question": "What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?", "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?", "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Switzerland"}], "question": "What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?", "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1815"}], "question": "In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?", "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Swiss National Day"}], "question": "What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?", "id": "5726a7ef708984140094cd0b"}]}], ["Nama bahasa Inggeris Switzerland adalah sebatian yang mengandung Switzer, istilah usang untuk Swiss, yang digunakan pada abad ke-16 hingga ke-19. Kata sifat Inggeris Swiss adalah pinjaman dari Perancis Suisse, juga digunakan sejak abad ke-16. Nama Switzer berasal dari Alemannic Schwiizer, asalnya penduduk Schwyz dan wilayahnya yang bersekutu, salah satu canton Waldst\u00e4tten yang membentuk nukleus Konfederasi Lama Swiss. Nama ini berasal dari istilah ekson, diterapkan pars pro toto kepada tentera-tentera Konfederasi. Swiss mula mengadopsi nama itu sendiri selepas Perang Swabia tahun 1499, yang digunakan bersama istilah untuk \"Konfederasi\", Eidgenossen (secara harfiah: kawan-kawan dengan sumpah), digunakan sejak abad ke-14. <> Apakah istilah Swiss untuk Switzerland pada abad ke-16 hingga ke-19? || Switzer <> Di mana kata sifat bahasa Inggeris Switzerland berasal? || Suisse Perancis <> Di manakah nama Switzer berasal? || yang Alemannic Schwiizer <> Apa yang Alemannic Schwiizer membantu membentuk nukleus? || Konfederasi Lama Switzerland", {"context": " The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, an obsolete term for the Swiss, which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, one of the Waldst\u00e4tten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The name originates as an exonym, applied pars pro toto to the troops of the Confederacy. The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for \"Confederates\", Eidgenossen (literally: comrades by oath), used since the 14th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Switzer"}], "question": "What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?", "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "French Suisse"}], "question": "Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?", "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the Alemannic Schwiizer"}], "question": "Where did the name Switzer originate from?", "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f898f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "the Old Swiss Confederacy"}], "question": "What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?", "id": "57276a1b5951b619008f8990"}]}], ["Melangkah ke persimpangan Jermanik dan Romantik Eropah, Switzerland terdiri daripada empat wilayah utama dan kebudayaan: Jerman, Perancis, Itali dan Romansh. Oleh itu, Switzerland, walaupun kebanyakannya berbahasa Jerman, tidak membentuk negara dalam erti bahasa etnik atau bahasa yang sama; Sebaliknya, identiti dan komuniti yang kuat di Switzerland didirikan berdasarkan latar belakang sejarah yang sama, nilai-nilai bersama seperti federalisme dan demokrasi langsung, dan simbolisme Alpine. Oleh kerana kepelbagaian linguistiknya, Switzerland dikenali dengan pelbagai nama asli: Schweiz [\u0283va\u026ats] (Jerman); [nota 5] Suisse [s\u0265is (\u0259)] (Perancis); Svizzera [zvittsera] (Itali); dan Svizra [\u0292vi\u02d0tsr\u0250] atau [\u0292vi\u02d0ts\u0281\u02d0\u0250] (Romansh). [Nota 6] <> Empat kawasan utama dan kebudayaan yang membentuk Switzerland? || Bahasa Jerman, Perancis, Itali dan Romansh <> Apakah bahasa utama di Switzerland? || Bahasa Jerman <> Apa bahasa Switzerland Switzerland memanggil? || Suisse <> Apa yang Switzerland memanggil Switzerland? || Schweiz <> Apa yang Switzerland memanggil Switzerland? || Svizzera", {"context": "Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather, Switzerland's strong sense of identity and community is founded on a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz [\u02c8\u0283va\u026ats] (German);[note 5] Suisse [s\u0265is(\u0259)] (French); Svizzera [\u02c8zvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [\u02c8\u0292vi\u02d0tsr\u0250] or [\u02c8\u0292vi\u02d0ts\u0281\u02d0\u0250] (Romansh).[note 6]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "German, French, Italian and Romansh"}], "question": "Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?", "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is the predominant language in Switzerland?", "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Suisse"}], "question": "What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?", "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Schweiz"}], "question": "What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?", "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Svizzera"}], "question": "What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?", "id": "5726a8f3dd62a815002e8c42"}]}], ["Switzerland (/ sw\u026ats\u0259rl\u0259nd /), rasmi Konfederasi Switzerland (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, maka singkatannya CH), adalah sebuah negara di Eropah. Walaupun masih menamakan \"Konfederasi Swiss\" atas sebab-sebab sejarah, Switzerland moden adalah sebuah republik pengarah persekutuan yang terdiri daripada 26 kanton, dengan Bern sebagai kerusi pihak berkuasa persekutuan, yang disebut Bundesstadt (\"bandar persekutuan\"). [Note 3] terletak di Barat dan Eropah Tengah, [note 4] dan bersempadan dengan Itali di selatan, Perancis di barat, Jerman di utara, dan Austria dan Liechtenstein di timur. Switzerland adalah negara yang terkurung daratan yang terbahagi secara geografi antara Alps, Dataran Tinggi Switzerland dan Jura, yang merangkumi kawasan seluas 41,285 km2 (15,940 meter persegi). Walaupun Alpen menduduki sebahagian besar wilayah tersebut, populasi Switzerland kira-kira 8 juta orang kebanyakannya tertumpu di Dataran Tinggi, di mana bandar-bandar terbesar akan ditemui: antaranya adalah dua pusat ekonomi dan global, Z\u00fcrich dan Geneva. <> Apakah nama rasmi Switzerland? || Gabungan Swiss <> Apakah jenis pemerintahan Switzerland? || republik pengarah persekutuan <> Berapa banyak cantuman di republik pengarah persekutuan Switzerland? || 26 <> Apa 3 ciri geografi membahagikan Switzerland? || Alps, Plateau Switzerland dan Jura <> Apakah populasi Switzerland? || kira-kira 8 juta", {"context": "Switzerland (/\u02c8sw\u026ats\u0259rl\u0259nd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the \"Swiss Confederation\" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities, called Bundesstadt (\"federal city\").[note 3] The country is situated in Western and Central Europe,[note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global and economic centres, Z\u00fcrich and Geneva.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Swiss Confederation"}], "question": "What is the official name of Switzerland?", "id": "5726a6b8708984140094cced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "a federal directorial republic"}], "question": "What type of government does Switzerland have?", "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "26"}], "question": "How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?", "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura"}], "question": "What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?", "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "approximately 8 million"}], "question": "What is the population of Switzerland?", "id": "5726a6b8708984140094ccf1"}]}], ["Suku-suku budaya yang paling awal di kawasan ini adalah ahli-ahli budaya Hallstatt dan La T\u00e8ne, yang dinamakan sempena tapak arkeologi La T\u00e8ne di sebelah utara Tasik Neuch\u00e2tel. Budaya La T\u00e8ne berkembang dan berkembang semasa Zaman Besi lewat dari sekitar 450 SM, mungkin di bawah pengaruh beberapa tamadun Yunani dan Etruscan. Salah satu kumpulan puak yang paling penting di rantau Switzerland adalah Helvetii. Pada tahun 58 SM, Helvetii memutuskan untuk meninggalkan dataran di Swiss dan berhijrah ke barat Gallia, tetapi pasukan Julius Caesar mengejar dan mengalahkan mereka di Pertempuran Bibracte, di Perancis barat hari ini, memaksa suku itu kembali ke tanah air asli. Pada tahun 15 SM, Tiberius, yang ditakdirkan sebagai maharaja Romawi kedua dan adiknya, Drusus, menakluki Alpen, menggabungkan mereka ke Empayar Rom. Kawasan yang diduduki oleh Helvetii-nama-nama orang Confoederatio Helvetica-mula-mula menjadi wilayah dari wilayah Gallia Belgica di Rom dan kemudian dari wilayah Germania Superiornya, sementara bahagian timur Switzerland moden diintegrasikan ke wilayah Raetia Rom. Sekeliling permulaan era Era, Roma mengekalkan kem legionari yang besar bernama Vindonissa, kini menjadi kehancuran di pertemuan sungai Aare dan Reuss, berhampiran bandar Windisch, pinggiran Brugg. <> Apa yang kedua tahu puak kebudayaan di Switerland? || Hallstatt dan La T\u00e8ne <> Suku kebudayaan Swiss mana yang berkembang dan berkembang pada zaman Zaman Akhir? || La T\u00e8ne <> Kumpulan puak Swiss mana yang dikalahkan oleh Julius Caesar di Pertempuran Bribacti ketika mereka cuba melarikan diri dari dataran tinggi Swiss? || Helvetii <> Pada tahun berapa Tiberius menakluki Alpen, menggabungkan mereka ke Empayar Rom? || 15 SM <> Apa nama kem legion besar yang kini menjadi rusuhan, sehingga Romawi dikekalkan sekitar Permulaan Era? || Vindonissa", {"context": "The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La T\u00e8ne cultures, named after the archaeological site of La T\u00e8ne on the north side of Lake Neuch\u00e2tel. La T\u00e8ne culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germans, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's western France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii\u2014the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica\u2014first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Hallstatt and La T\u00e8ne"}], "question": "What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?", "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "La T\u00e8ne"}], "question": "Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?", "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "the Helvetii"}], "question": "Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?", "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "15 BC"}], "question": "In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?", "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1237, "text": "Vindonissa"}], "question": "What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?", "id": "57276e95dd62a815002e9cc0"}]}], ["Switzerland adalah republik Barat yang terakhir untuk memberi wanita hak untuk mengundi. Sesetengah canton Swiss meluluskannya pada tahun 1959, manakala di peringkat persekutuan ia dicapai pada tahun 1971 dan, selepas perlawanan, di canton terakhir Appenzell Innerrhoden (satu daripada hanya dua Landsgemeinde) pada tahun 1990. Setelah mendapatkan hak pilih di peringkat persekutuan, wanita dengan cepat meningkat dengan kepentingan politik, dengan wanita pertama di tujuh ketua anggota Majlis Persekutuan yang menjadi Elisabeth Kopp, yang berkhidmat dari 1984-1989, dan presiden perempuan pertama yang menjadi Ruth Dreifuss pada tahun 1999. <> Siapa yang akhirnya Switzerland memberikan hak untuk mengundi berikutan seluruh republik Barat? || wanita <> Bilakah wanita Switzerland diberikan hak untuk mengundi di peringkat persekutuan? || 1971 <> Siapa wanita pertama yang berkhidmat di Majlis Persekutuan? || Elisabeth Kopp <> Pada tahun apakah Ruth Dreifuss menjadi presiden? || 1999 <> Siapa presiden perempuan pertama Switzerland? || Ruth Dreifuss", {"context": "Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984\u20131989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "women"}], "question": "Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?", "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "1971"}], "question": "When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?", "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Elisabeth Kopp"}], "question": "Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?", "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?", "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Ruth Dreifuss"}], "question": "Who was Switzerland's first female president?", "id": "5727860fdd62a815002e9f77"}]}], ["Dagangan Switzerland telah dikepung oleh kedua-dua Sekutu dan oleh Axis. Kerjasama ekonomi dan penyaluran kredit kepada Reich Ketiga berubah mengikut kemungkinan pencerobohan dan ketersediaan rakan dagangan yang lain. Konsesi mencapai puncak selepas hubungan kereta api penting melalui Vichy Perancis telah terputus pada tahun 1942, meninggalkan Switzerland sepenuhnya dikelilingi oleh Axis. Sepanjang perang, Switzerland diasingkan lebih 300,000 pelarian dan Palang Merah Antarabangsa, yang berpusat di Geneva, memainkan peranan penting semasa konflik. Dasar imigrasi dan suaka ketat serta hubungan kewangan dengan Nazi Jerman menimbulkan kontroversi, tetapi tidak sampai akhir abad ke-20. <> Siapa yang menghalang perdagangan Switzerland semasa Perang Dunia II? || oleh kedua pihak Sekutu dan oleh Axis <> Apa yang dihancurkan pada tahun 1942, meninggalkan Switzerland sepenuhnya dikelilingi oleh Axis? || pautan kereta api penting melalui Vichy Perancis <> Berapa banyak pelarian yang pernah bekerja Switzerland semasa Perang Dunia II? || lebih 300,000 <> Bilakah hubungan kewangan Switzerland dengan Nazi Jerman mula menimbulkan kontroversi? || akhir kurun ke-20 <> Di manakah Palang Merah Antarabangsa berasaskan? || Geneva", {"context": "Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "by both the Allies and by the Axis"}], "question": "Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?", "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "a crucial rail link through Vichy France"}], "question": "What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?", "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "over 300,000"}], "question": "How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?", "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "end of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?", "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Geneva"}], "question": "Where was the International Red Cross based?", "id": "572784dcf1498d1400e8fa9a"}]}], ["Apabila perang meletus antara Perancis dan saingannya, pasukan Rusia dan Austria menyerang Switzerland. Switzerland enggan bertarung bersama Perancis atas nama Republik Helvetik. Pada tahun 1803, Napoleon menganjurkan mesyuarat ahli politik Swiss terkemuka dari kedua belah pihak di Paris. Hasilnya adalah Akta Pengantaraan yang sebahagian besarnya memulihkan autonomi Switzerland dan memperkenalkan Konfederasi 19 kanton. Sejak itu, kebanyakan politik Switzerland akan membimbangkan mengimbangi tradisi canton diri sendiri dengan keperluan untuk sebuah kerajaan pusat. <> Siapa yang enggan berperang di samping Republik Helvetik apabila ia diserang oleh orang Rusia dan Austria? || The Swiss <> Selama Republik Helvetic, yang memaksa menyerbu Swiss ketika perang meletus antara Perancis dan saingannya? || Rusia dan Austria <> Apa Akta adalah hasil pertemuan ahli politik Swiss yang dianjurkan oleh Napolean? || Akta Pengantaraan <> Apakah Akta Pengantaraan yang bertanggungjawab untuk memulihkan? || Otonomi Switzerland <> Berapa banyak canton diperkenalkan sebagai Gabungan oleh Akta Pengantaraan? || 19", {"context": "When war broke out between France and its rivals, Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland. The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris. The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons. Henceforth, much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons' tradition of self-rule with the need for a central government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "The Swiss"}], "question": "Who refused to fight alongside the Helvetic Republic when it was invaded by the Russians and Austrians?", "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Russian and Austrian"}], "question": "During the Helvetic Republic, which forces invaded Switzerland when war broke out between France and its rivals?", "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Act of Mediation"}], "question": "What Act was the result of a meeting of Swiss politicians organized by Napolean?", "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Swiss autonomy"}], "question": "What was the Act of Mediation responsible for restoring?", "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many cantons were introduced as a Confederation by the Act of Mediation?", "id": "57277da6dd62a815002e9e8c"}]}], ["Konfederasi Lama Swiss telah memperoleh reputasi yang tidak dapat dikalahkan semasa perang terdahulu ini, tetapi pengembangan federasi mengalami kemunduran pada 1515 dengan kekalahan Swiss dalam Pertempuran Marignano. Ini mengakhiri sejarah Switzerland yang \"heroik\". Kejayaan Reformasi Zwingli di beberapa kanton menyebabkan konflik agama antar-cantonal pada 1529 dan 1531 (Wars Kappel). Tidak sampai seratus tahun selepas peperangan dalaman ini, pada tahun 1648, di bawah Peace of Westphalia, negara-negara Eropah mengakui kemerdekaan Switzerland dari Empayar Rom Suci dan pengukuhannya. <> Pertempuran mana yang pertama mengganggu kebolehan Konfederasi Swiss Lama pada tahun 1515? || Pertempuran Marignano <> Apa konflik antara wilayah yang mengakibatkan Perang Kappel? || agama <> Pada tahun apakah negara-negara Eropah mula mengenali kemerdekaan Switzerland dari Empayar Rom Suci? || 1648 <> Dalam apa dua tahun peperangan Kappel? || 1529 dan 1531 <> Di bawah Peace of Westphalia, yang akhirnya mengakui berkecuali Switzerland? || Negara-negara Eropah", {"context": "The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars, but expansion of the federation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano. This ended the so-called \"heroic\" epoch of Swiss history. The success of Zwingli's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 (Wars of Kappel). It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that, in 1648, under the Peace of Westphalia, European countries recognized Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Battle of Marignano"}], "question": "Which Battle was the first to interrupt the seeming invincibility of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1515?", "id": "572778a2708984140094de85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "religious"}], "question": "What inter-cantonal conflicts resulted in the Wars of Kappel?", "id": "572778a2708984140094de86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "1648"}], "question": "In what year did European countries first recognize Switzerland's independence from the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "572778a2708984140094de87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "1529 and 1531"}], "question": "In what two years were the Wars of Kappel?", "id": "572778a2708984140094de88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "European countries"}], "question": "Under the Peace of Westphalia, who finally recognized Switzerland's neutrality?", "id": "572778a2708984140094de89"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, rancangan pencerobohan terperinci dibuat oleh orang Jerman, tetapi Switzerland tidak pernah diserang. Switzerland dapat tetap bebas menerusi gabungan pencegahan tentera, konsesi ke Jerman, dan nasib baik sebagai peristiwa yang lebih besar semasa perang melambatkan pencerobohan. Di bawah arahan pusat Henri Guisan, pengerahan umum angkatan tentera telah diperintahkan. Strategi ketenteraan Swiss telah berubah dari satu pertahanan statik di sempadan untuk melindungi kawasan ekonomi, ke arah penumpuan dan penarikan jangka panjang yang teratur untuk kedudukan yang kukuh dan bertumpuk tinggi di Alps yang dikenali sebagai Reduit. Switzerland adalah pangkalan penting untuk pengintipan oleh kedua belah pihak dalam konflik dan sering mengantara komunikasi antara kuasa Axis dan Sekutu. <> Walaupun rancangan pencerobohan telah disediakan oleh orang-orang Jerman, yang perang melancarkan serangan Switzerland semasa? || Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang menjadi ketua perintah pusat Switzerland semasa Perang Dunia II? || Jeneral Henri Guisan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh General Henry Guisan sebagai mobilisasi umum semasa Perang Dunia II? || pasukan bersenjata <> Apakah tujuan asal strategi militer Swiss? || melindungi kawasan ekonomi <> Apa itu Reduit? || kedudukan yang kukuh dan tinggi di Alps", {"context": "During World War II, detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans, but Switzerland was never attacked. Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence, concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. Under General Henri Guisan central command, a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered. The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland, to one of organised long-term attrition and withdrawal to strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "Though invasion plans were drawn up the the Germans, which war did Switzerland escape attack during?", "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "General Henri Guisan"}], "question": "Who was the head of the Swiss central command during World War II?", "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "armed forces"}], "question": "What did General Henry Guisan order a general mobilisation of during World War II?", "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "protect the economic heartland"}], "question": "What was the original goal of the Swiss military strategy?", "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps"}], "question": "What were the Reduit?", "id": "57278395f1498d1400e8fa54"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1798, kerajaan Perancis revolusioner menakluki Switzerland dan mengenakan perlembagaan bersatu baru. Ini memusatkan pemerintah negara itu, dengan berkesan menghapuskan kanton: lebih-lebih lagi, M\u00fclhausen bergabung dengan Perancis dan lembah Valtellina, Republik Cisalpine, berpisah dari Switzerland. Rejim baru, yang dikenali sebagai Republik Helvetic, sangat tidak popular. Ia telah dikenakan oleh tentera asing menyerang dan menghancurkan tradisi berabad-abad, menjadikan Switzerland tidak lebih dari satu negara satelit Perancis. Penindasan Perancis sengit terhadap Pemberontakan Nidwalden pada September 1798 adalah contoh kehadiran Tentera Perancis yang menindas dan penentangan penduduk tempatan terhadap pendudukan. <> Siapa yang menakluk Switzerland pada tahun 1798? || Kerajaan Perancis revolusioner <> Apa yang pemerintah Perancis mengenakan pada Switzerland pada 1798, memusatkan pemerintah Swiss? || perlembagaan bersatu baru <> Apa yang dimansuhkan dengan pengenalan perlembagaan bersatu di Switzerland? || kanton <> Apakah nama rezim baru yang dibuat ketika Republik Cisalpine dipisahkan dari Switzerland? || Republik Helvetic <> Yang republik yang tidak popular menghancurkan berabad-abad tradisi Switzerland? || Helvetik", {"context": "In 1798, the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution. This centralised the government of the country, effectively abolishing the cantons: moreover, M\u00fclhausen joined France and Valtellina valley, the Cisalpine Republic, separating from Switzerland. The new regime, known as the Helvetic Republic, was highly unpopular. It had been imposed by a foreign invading army and destroyed centuries of tradition, making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state. The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population's resistance to the occupation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the revolutionary French government"}], "question": "Who conquered Switzerland in 1798?", "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "a new unified constitution"}], "question": "What did the French government impose on Switzerland in 1798, centralizing the Swiss government?", "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the cantons"}], "question": "What was abolished with the introduction of the unified constitution in Switzerland?", "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Helvetic Republic"}], "question": "What was the name of the new regime created when the Cisalpine Republic separated from Switzerland?", "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Helvetic"}], "question": "Which unpopular republic destroyed centuries of Swiss traditions?", "id": "57277a89f1498d1400e8f944"}]}], ["Pemulihan kuasa kepada patriciate hanya sementara. Selepas tempoh pergolakan dengan pertempuran berkulit berulang seperti Z\u00fcriputsch pada tahun 1839, perang saudara (Sonderbundskrieg) berlaku pada tahun 1847 apabila beberapa kanton Katolik cuba untuk membentuk satu persekutuan yang berasingan (Sonderbund). Perang berlangsung lebih kurang sebulan, menyebabkan kurang daripada 100 orang korban, kebanyakannya melalui api mesra. Walau bagaimanapun kecilnya Sonderbundskrieg muncul berbanding dengan rusuhan dan peperangan Eropah yang lain pada abad ke-19, namun ia mempunyai kesan besar terhadap psikologi dan masyarakat Switzerland dan Switzerland. <> Apa yang dicadangkan oleh Katolik Katolik yang menyebabkan perang saudara pada tahun 1839? || satu persekutuan yang berasingan (Sonderbund) <> Apakah nama perang saudara Switzerland pada tahun 1839? || Sonderbundskrieg <> Seberapa besar kesan Sonderbundskrieg terhadap psikologi dan masyarakat Switzerland dan Switzerland? || utama <> Apa yang bertanggungjawab bagi kebanyakan 1100 orang yang ditanggung semasa perang saudara Swiss pada tahun 1839? || api mesra <> Berapa lama perang saudara Swiss pada 1839 lepas? || kurang dari sebulan", {"context": "The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Z\u00fcriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "a separate alliance (the Sonderbund)"}], "question": "What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?", "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "the Sonderbundskrieg"}], "question": "What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?", "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "major"}], "question": "How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?", "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "friendly fire"}], "question": "What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?", "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "less than a month"}], "question": "How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?", "id": "57277f175951b619008f8b5f"}]}], ["Oleh itu, sementara seluruh Eropah menyaksikan kebangkitan revolusi, Swiss menyusun satu perlembagaan yang disediakan untuk susun atur persekutuan, kebanyakannya diilhami oleh contoh Amerika. Perlembagaan ini disediakan untuk pihak berkuasa pusat sambil meninggalkan canton hak untuk mengurus diri sendiri mengenai isu-isu tempatan. Memberi kredibiliti kepada mereka yang menyukai kuasa kanton (Sonderbund Kantone), perhimpunan kebangsaan dibahagikan antara rumah besar (Dewan Negara, dua wakil per kanton) dan rumah yang lebih rendah (Majlis Kebangsaan, dengan wakil-wakil yang dipilih di seluruh negara). Referenda dibuat untuk sebarang pindaan perlembagaan ini. <> Contoh apa yang diilhami sebahagian besar perlembagaan Switzerland baru yang menyediakan susun atur persekutuan? || Amerika <> Di bawah perlembagaan Switzerland baru, apakah kanton mempunyai hak untuk mentadbir sendiri? || isu tempatan <> Berapa banyak rumah yang dibahagikan kepada kebangsaan Switzerland? || dua <> Apa nama rumah atas, yang termasuk 2 wakil dari setiap kanton? || Majlis Negeri <> Apakah nama rumah rendah itu, yang wakilnya dipilih di seluruh negara? || Majlis Kebangsaan", {"context": "Thus, while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings, the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout, much of it inspired by the American example. This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self-government on local issues. Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons (the Sonderbund Kantone), the national assembly was divided between an upper house (the Council of States, two representatives per canton) and a lower house (the National Council, with representatives elected from across the country). Referenda were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "American"}], "question": "What example inspired much of a new Swiss constitution providing for a federal layout?", "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "local issues"}], "question": "Under the new Swiss constitution, what did the cantons have the right to self-govern?", "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many houses was the Swiss national assembly divided into?", "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Council of States"}], "question": "What was the name of the upper house, which included 2 representatives from each canton?", "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "National Council"}], "question": "What was the name of the lower house, whose representatives were elected throughout the country?", "id": "5727816ddd62a815002e9ef6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2002, Switzerland menjadi ahli penuh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, meninggalkan Kota Vatican sebagai negeri terakhir yang diiktiraf tanpa keahlian PBB sepenuhnya. Switzerland adalah ahli pendiri EFTA, tetapi bukan ahli Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah. Permohonan keanggotaan di Kesatuan Eropah telah dihantar pada Mei 1992, tetapi tidak maju sejak EEA ditolak pada Disember 1992 ketika Switzerland adalah satu-satunya negara yang melancarkan referendum pada EEA. Sejak itu terdapat beberapa rujukan mengenai isu EU; kerana tindak balas campuran dari populasi permohonan keahlian telah dibekukan. Walau bagaimanapun, undang-undang Switzerland secara beransur-ansur diselaraskan untuk mematuhi EU, dan kerajaan telah menandatangani beberapa perjanjian dua hala dengan Kesatuan Eropah. Switzerland, bersama-sama dengan Liechtenstein, telah dikelilingi oleh EU sejak kemasukan Austria pada tahun 1995. Pada 5 Jun 2005, pengundi Switzerland bersetuju dengan majoriti 55% untuk menyertai perjanjian Schengen, hasil yang dianggap oleh pengulas EU sebagai tanda sokongan oleh Switzerland, sebuah negara yang secara tradisional dianggap sebagai bebas dan enggan memasuki badan supranasional. <> Dalam tahun apakah Switzerland menjadi ahli penuh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu? || 2002 <> Apakah pengundi Swiss bersetuju untuk menyertai pada 5 Jun 2005? || Perjanjian Schengen <> Berapa peratus pengundi Switzerland mengundi untuk menyertai perjanjian Schengen? || 55% <> Walaupun Switzerland adalah ahli pendiri EFTA, apa yang mereka bukan ahli? || Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah <> Apa yang telah mengelilingi Switzerland dan Liechtenstein sejak tahun 1995? || EU", {"context": "In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations, leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership. Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, but is not a member of the European Economic Area. An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992, but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA. There have since been several referenda on the EU issue; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen. Nonetheless, Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU, and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union. Switzerland, together with Liechtenstein, has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria's entry in 1995. On 5 June 2005, Swiss voters agreed by a 55% majority to join the Schengen treaty, a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland, a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2002"}], "question": "In what year did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations?", "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "Schengen treaty"}], "question": "What did Swiss voters agree to join on June 5, 2005?", "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 929, "text": "55%"}], "question": "What percentage of Swiss voters voted to join the Schengen treaty?", "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "European Economic Area"}], "question": "Though Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA, what are they not a member of?", "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "the EU"}], "question": "What has completely surrounded Switzerland and Liechtenstein since 1995?", "id": "572787a85951b619008f8c89"}]}], ["Pada 1353, tiga kanton asal telah bergabung dengan kanton-kanton Glarus dan Zug dan Lucerne, Z\u00fcrich dan bandar-bandar Bern bernama \"Konfederasi Lama\" dari lapan negeri yang wujud sehingga akhir abad ke-15. Perkembangan ini menyebabkan peningkatan kuasa dan kekayaan untuk persekutuan. Menjelang 1460, pihak berkuasa menguasai sebahagian besar wilayah selatan dan barat Rhine ke Alps dan gunung Jura, terutamanya selepas kemenangan terhadap Habsburgs (Pertempuran Sempach, Pertempuran N\u00e4fels), ke atas Charles the Bold of Burgundy pada tahun 1470an, dan kejayaan tentera upahan Switzerland. Kemenangan Switzerland dalam Perang Swabia melawan Liga Swabian Maharaja Maximilian I pada 1499 berjumlah de facto kemerdekaan dalam Empayar Rom Suci. <> Pada tahun apakah tiga canton asli bergabung dengan lima kanton lain untuk membentuk \"Konfederasi Lama\" dari lapan negeri? || Menjelang 1353 <> Yang abad pernah Konfederasi Lama di lapan negeri wujud sehingga? || akhir abad ke-15 <> Apa kesan pembesaran tiga canton ke lapan mempunyai status persekutuan? || Kuasa dan kekayaan meningkat <> Menjelang 1460, yang menguasai sebagian besar wilayah selatan dan barat Rhine? || yang bersekutu <> Yang kemenangan Swiss pada tahun 1499 berjumlah de facto kemerdekaan dalam Empayar Rom Suci? || Perang Swabia", {"context": "By 1353, the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne, Z\u00fcrich and Bern city states to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century. The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the federation. By 1460, the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains, particularly after victories against the Habsburgs (Battle of Sempach, Battle of N\u00e4fels), over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s, and the success of the Swiss mercenaries. The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "By 1353"}], "question": "In what year did the three original  cantons join with five other cantons to form the \"Old Confederacy\" of eight states?", "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "end of the 15th century"}], "question": "Which century did the Old Confederacy of the eight states exist until?", "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "increased power and wealth"}], "question": "What effect did the expansion of the three cantons into eight have on the status of the federation?", "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the confederates"}], "question": "By 1460, who controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine?", "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Swabian War"}], "question": "Which Swiss victory in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "5727766cf1498d1400e8f8d0"}]}], ["Majlis Persekutuan membentuk kerajaan persekutuan, mengarahkan pentadbiran persekutuan dan berfungsi sebagai Ketua Negara kolektif. Ia adalah badan yang terdiri daripada tujuh orang anggota, dipilih untuk mandat empat tahun oleh Dewan Persekutuan yang juga menjalankan pengawasan terhadap Majlis. Presiden Konfederasi dipilih oleh Dewan dari tujuh anggota, secara tradisinya berputar dan untuk jangka satu tahun; Presiden mengetuai kerajaan dan menganggap fungsi wakil. Walau bagaimanapun, presiden adalah pasangan interaksi primus tanpa kuasa tambahan, dan tetap menjadi ketua jabatan dalam pentadbiran. <> Apa yang berfungsi sebagai Ketua Negara kolektif? || Majlis Persekutuan <> Berapa ramai ahli dalam Majlis Persekutuan? || tujuh <> Siapa yang memilih anggota Majlis Persekutuan? || Perhimpunan Persekutuan <> Apakah istilah tradisional untuk Presiden Konfederasi? || satu tahun <> Siapa yang memilih Presiden Konfederasi dari 7 ahlinya? || Perhimpunan", {"context": "The Federal Council constitutes the federal government, directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State. It is a collegial body of seven members, elected for a four-year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council. The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members, traditionally in rotation and for a one-year term; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions. However, the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers, and remains the head of a department within the administration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Federal Council"}], "question": "What serves as the collective Head of State?", "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many members are in the Federal Council?", "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Federal Assembly"}], "question": "Who elects the members of the Federal Council?", "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "one-year"}], "question": "What is the traditional term for the President of the Confederation?", "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea0ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "the Assembly"}], "question": "Who elects the President of the Confederation from its 7 members?", "id": "5727942cdd62a815002ea100"}]}], ["Iklim Switzerland umumnya bersaiz sederhana, tetapi boleh berbeza-beza antara tempat-tempat, dari keadaan glasi di puncak gunung ke kawasan iklim Mediterranean yang lazimnya menyenangkan di hujung selatan Switzerland. Terdapat beberapa kawasan lembah di bahagian selatan Switzerland di mana terdapat beberapa pokok palma yang sejuk. Summers cenderung untuk menjadi panas dan lembap pada waktu dengan hujan berkala sehingga mereka sesuai untuk padang rumput dan ragut. Musim sejuk yang lembap di pergunungan boleh melihat selang masa yang stabil untuk minggu, sementara tanah yang lebih rendah cenderung mengalami penyongsangan, sepanjang tempoh ini, sehingga tidak ada matahari selama berminggu-minggu. <> Di mana keadaan glasier Switzerland terletak? || puncak gunung <> Apakah cuaca biasa di Switzerland pada musim panas? || panas dan lembap pada masa-masa dengan hujan berkala <> Apa yang boleh tanah rendah, mengalami penyongsangan, kadang-kadang kekurangan minggu? || matahari <> Apakah cuaca di hujung selatan Switzerland? || Mediterranean", {"context": "The Swiss climate is generally temperate, but can vary greatly between the localities, from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland's southern tip. There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold-hardy palm trees are found. Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing. The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks, while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion, during these periods, thus seeing no sun for weeks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "mountaintops"}], "question": "Where are Switzerland's glacial conditions located?", "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall"}], "question": "What is typical weather in Switzerland during the summer months?", "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "sun"}], "question": "What can the lower lands, suffering from inversion, sometimes lack for weeks?", "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What is the climate on Switzerland's southern tip?", "id": "57278b96dd62a815002e9fe3"}]}], ["48 pergunungan Switzerland adalah 4,000 meter (13,000 kaki) di atas laut dalam ketinggian atau lebih tinggi. Pada 4,634 m (15,203 kaki), Monte Rosa adalah yang tertinggi, walaupun Matterhorn (4,478 m atau 14,692 kaki) sering dianggap sebagai yang paling terkenal. Kedua-duanya terletak dalam Alpine Pennine di canton Valais. Bahagian Alpen Bernese di atas lembah Lauterbrunnen glasier yang dalam, mengandungi 72 air terjun, terkenal dengan Jungfrau (4,158 m atau 13,642 kaki) Eiger dan M\u00f6nch, dan banyak lembah yang indah di rantau ini. Di tenggara Engadin Valley, yang merangkumi kawasan St. Moritz di kanton Graub\u00fcnden, juga terkenal; puncak tertinggi di sekitar Bernina Alps adalah Piz Bernina (4,049 m atau 13,284 kaki). <> Apa gunung tertinggi di Switzerland? || Monte Rosa <> Apa yang sering dianggap sebagai gunung paling terkenal di Switzerland? || Matterhorn <> Berapa banyak gunung Switzerland sekurang-kurangnya 4000 meter di atas paras laut? || 48 <> Di mana kedua-dua Monte Rosa dan Matterhorn terletak? || Alpine Alpine di canton Valais", {"context": "48 of Switzerland's mountains are 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) above sea in altitude or higher. At 4,634 m (15,203 ft), Monte Rosa is the highest, although the Matterhorn (4,478 m or 14,692 ft) is often regarded as the most famous. Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais. The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley, containing 72 waterfalls, is well known for the Jungfrau (4,158 m or 13,642 ft) Eiger and M\u00f6nch, and the many picturesque valleys in the region. In the southeast the long Engadin Valley, encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graub\u00fcnden, is also well known; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina (4,049 m or 13,284 ft).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Monte Rosa"}], "question": "What is the highest mountain in Switzerland?", "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Matterhorn"}], "question": "What is often regarded as the most famous mountain in Switzerland?", "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "48"}], "question": "How many of Switzerland's mountains are at least 4000 meters above sea level?", "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais"}], "question": "Where are both Monte Rosa and Matterhorn located?", "id": "57278a97f1498d1400e8fb5d"}]}], ["Parlimen Swiss terdiri daripada dua buah rumah: Majlis Negara yang mempunyai 46 wakil (dua dari setiap kanton dan satu dari setiap setengah kanton) yang dipilih di bawah sistem yang ditetapkan oleh setiap kanton, dan Majlis Kebangsaan, yang terdiri daripada 200 ahli yang dipilih di bawah sistem perwakilan berkadar, bergantung kepada penduduk setiap canton. Ahli-ahli kedua-dua rumah berkhidmat selama 4 tahun. Apabila kedua-dua rumah berada dalam sesi bersama, mereka dikenali secara kolektif sebagai Perhimpunan Persekutuan. Melalui referendum, rakyat boleh mencabar mana-mana undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh parlimen dan melalui inisiatif, memperkenalkan pindaan kepada perlembagaan persekutuan, dengan itu menjadikan Switzerland sebuah demokrasi langsung. <> Berapa banyak ahli dalam Majlis Kebangsaan? || 200 <> Berapa lama ahli kedua-dua rumah Parlimen Switzerland berkhidmat? || 4 tahun <> Apakah kedua-dua rumah Parlimen Swiss secara kolektif dikenali ketika kedua-duanya berada dalam sesi bersama? || Perhimpunan Persekutuan <> Apa yang boleh digunakan rakyat untuk mencabar mana-mana undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Parlimen? || referendum <> Apa yang boleh digunakan rakyat untuk memperkenalkan pindaan kepada perlembagaan persekutuan? || inisiatif", {"context": "The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses: the Council of States which has 46 representatives (two from each canton and one from each half-canton) who are elected under a system determined by each canton, and the National Council, which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation, depending on the population of each canton. Members of both houses serve for 4 years. When both houses are in joint session, they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly. Through referendums, citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives, introduce amendments to the federal constitution, thus making Switzerland a direct democracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "200"}], "question": "How many members are on the National Council?", "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "4 years"}], "question": "How long do members of both houses of the Swiss Parliament serve?", "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Federal Assembly"}], "question": "What are both houses of the Swiss Parliament collectively known as when both are in joint session?", "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "referendums"}], "question": "What can citizens use to challenge any law passed by Parliament?", "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "initiatives"}], "question": "What can citizens use to introduce amendments to the federal constitution?", "id": "5727931add62a815002ea0de"}]}], ["Ekosistem Switzerland boleh menjadi rapuh, kerana lembah-lembah yang banyak dipisahkan oleh gunung-gunung tinggi sering membentuk ekologi yang unik. Kawasan pergunungan sendiri juga terdedah, dengan pelbagai tumbuhan kaya yang tidak terdapat di ketinggian yang lain, dan mengalami tekanan dari pengunjung dan ragut. Keadaan iklim, geologi dan topografi di rantau alpine membuat ekosistem yang sangat rapuh yang sangat sensitif terhadap perubahan iklim. Walau bagaimanapun, menurut Indeks Prestasi Alam Sekitar 2014, Switzerland menduduki tempat pertama di kalangan 132 negara dalam menjaga alam sekitar, berikutan skornya tinggi terhadap kesihatan awam alam sekitar, pergantungan beratnya terhadap sumber tenaga boleh diperbaharui (tenaga hidro dan tenaga geoterma), dan kawalannya pengeluaran gas rumah hijau. <> Apakah pangkatnya Switzerland dalam menjaga alam sekitar mengikut Indeks Prestasi Alam Sekitar 2014? || pertama di antara 132 negara <> Apa kawasan pergunungan yang membuat ekosistem mereka sangat rapuh? || tumbuhan tidak dijumpai di ketinggian lain <> Apakah ekosistem di rantau alpine sangat sensitif? || perubahan iklim <> Apakah sumber tenaga Switzerland bergantung pada? || boleh diperbaharui", {"context": "Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "first among 132 nations"}], "question": "What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?", "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "plants not found at other altitudes"}], "question": "What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?", "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "climate change"}], "question": "What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?", "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "renewable"}], "question": "What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?", "id": "57278ecf708984140094e0d2"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang diguna pakai pada tahun 1848 adalah asas hukum negara persekutuan moden. Ia adalah antara perlembagaan tertua di dunia. Perlembagaan baru diterima pakai pada tahun 1999, tetapi tidak memperkenalkan perubahan ketara kepada struktur persekutuan. Ia menggariskan hak dasar dan politik individu dan penyertaan warga negara dalam hal ehwal awam, membahagikan kuasa antara Konfederasi dan kanton dan mentakrifkan bidang kuasa dan kuasa persekutuan. Terdapat tiga badan pentadbir utama di peringkat persekutuan: parlimen bicameral (perundangan), Majlis Persekutuan (eksekutif) dan Mahkamah Persekutuan (pengadilan). <> Bilakah Perlembagaan Persekutuan Switzerland diguna pakai? || 1848 <> Bilakah Perlembagaan baru diterima pakai di Switzerland? || 1999 <> Berapa banyak badan pentadbiran utama di peringkat persekutuan di Switzerland? || tiga <> Apakah badan perundangan kerajaan Switzerland dipanggil? || parlemen bicameral <> Apa badan eksekutif kerajaan Switzerland dipanggil? || Majlis Persekutuan", {"context": "The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state. It is among the oldest constitutions in the world. A new Constitution was adopted in 1999, but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure. It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs, divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority. There are three main governing bodies on the federal level: the bicameral parliament (legislative), the Federal Council (executive) and the Federal Court (judicial).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "1848"}], "question": "When was Switzerland's Federal Constitution adopted?", "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When was a new Constitution adopted in Switzerland?", "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many main governing bodies are on the federal level in Switzerland?", "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "bicameral parliament"}], "question": "What is the legislative body of the Swiss government called?", "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Federal Council"}], "question": "What is the executive body of the Swiss government called?", "id": "572791fc5951b619008f8dd5"}]}], ["Demokrasi dan federalisme terus menjadi ciri utama sistem politik Switzerland. Warganegara Switzerland adalah tertakluk kepada tiga bidang kuasa undang-undang: peringkat komune, canton dan persekutuan. Perlembagaan persekutuan 1848 mentakrifkan sistem demokrasi langsung (kadang-kadang dipanggil separuh langsung atau demokrasi langsung wakil kerana dibantu oleh institusi demokrasi wakil yang lebih umum). Instrumen sistem ini di peringkat persekutuan, dikenali sebagai hak-hak sivik (Volksrechte, droits civiques), termasuk hak untuk mengemukakan inisiatif perlembagaan dan referendum, kedua-duanya boleh membatalkan keputusan parlimen. <> Berapa banyak bidang kuasa undang-undang yang dikenakan oleh warga Switzerland? || tiga <> Apakah bidang kuasa perundangan yang dikenakan oleh warga Switzerland? || komune, canton dan peringkat persekutuan <> Jenis demokrasi apa yang ditakrifkan dalam perlembagaan persekutuan 1848? || langsung <> Apa dua perkara yang rakyat berhak untuk menyerahkan keputusan parlemen? || inisiatif perlembagaan dan referendum <> Apakah dua ciri utama sistem politik Switzerland? || Demokrasi langsung dan federalisme", {"context": "Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system. Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions: the commune, canton and federal levels. The 1848 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy (sometimes called half-direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy). The instruments of this system at the federal level, known as civic rights (Volksrechte, droits civiques), include the right to submit a constitutional initiative and a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many legal jurisdictions are Swiss citizens subject to?", "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "commune, canton and federal levels"}], "question": "What are the legal jurisdictions that Swiss citizens are subject to?", "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "direct"}], "question": "What type of democracy was defined in the 1848 federal constitution?", "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "a constitutional initiative and a referendum"}], "question": "What two things do citizens have the right to submit to overturn parliamentary decisions?", "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Direct democracy and federalism"}], "question": "What are the two hallmarks of the Swiss political system?", "id": "57279543f1498d1400e8fcca"}]}], ["Memperluas di seluruh utara dan selatan Alps di barat-tengah Eropah, Switzerland merangkumi kepelbagaian landskap dan iklim yang luas di kawasan seluas 41,285 kilometer persegi (15,940 meter persegi). Penduduknya adalah sekitar 8 juta, mengakibatkan kepadatan penduduk rata-rata sekitar 195 orang per kilometer persegi (500 / sq mi). Semakin separuh selatan negara ini jauh lebih jarang penduduknya daripada separuh utara. Di Kanton terbesar di Graub\u00fcnden, terletak sepenuhnya di Alps, kepadatan penduduk jatuh ke 27 / km\u00b2 (70 / sq mi). <> Seberapa besar Switzerland? || 41,285 kilometer persegi (15,940 meter persegi) <> Apakah kepadatan populasi purata Switzerland? || 195 orang setiap kilometer persegi (500 / sq mi) <> Berapakah kepadatan penduduk Kantonis terbesar di Graubunden, yang terletak di Alps? || 27 / km\u00b2 (70 / sq mi) <> Antara separuh daripada Switzerland lebih pergunungan? || selatan <> Rentang gunung mana yang Switzerland meluaskan di kedua-dua bahagian utara dan selatan? || Alps", {"context": "Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graub\u00fcnden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km\u00b2 (70 /sq mi).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)"}], "question": "How large is Switzerland?", "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)"}], "question": "What is the average population density of Switzerland?", "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "27 /km\u00b2 (70 /sq mi)"}], "question": "What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?", "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "southern"}], "question": "Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?", "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Alps"}], "question": "Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?", "id": "572788bf5951b619008f8ca5"}]}], ["Fenomena cuaca yang dikenali sebagai f\u00f6hn (dengan kesan yang sama dengan angin chinook) boleh berlaku sepanjang masa sepanjang tahun dan dicirikan oleh angin yang hangat, menyebabkan udara kelembapan relatif sangat rendah di utara Alps semasa tempoh hujan di muka selatan Alps. Ini berfungsi dengan baik di kedua-dua Alps tetapi lebih berkesan jika meniup dari selatan kerana langkah yang curam untuk angin dari selatan. Lembah yang berjalan ke selatan ke utara mencetuskan kesan terbaik. Keadaan yang paling kering terus berlaku di semua lembah alpine yang mendapat sedikit hujan kerana tiba awan kehilangan banyak kandungan mereka semasa melintasi gunung sebelum sampai ke kawasan ini. Kawasan alpina yang besar seperti Graub\u00fcnden kekal lebih kering daripada kawasan pra-alpine dan seperti di lembah utama anggur anggur Valais ditanam di sana. <> Apakah fenomena cuaca yang dicirikan oleh angin hangat yang tidak dijangka membawa kelembapan reletif rendah ke Alps utara semasa hujan di selatan Alps? || f\u00f6hn <> Pada masa mana bolehkah fohn berlaku? || sepanjang masa <> Di manakah awan kehilangan sebahagian besar kandungan mereka sebelum sampai ke lembah alpine? || menyeberangi pergunungan <> Apa jenis anggur yang ditanam di lembah Valais? || anggur <> Semasa fohn, dari arah mana angin bertiup lebih efisien? || Selatan", {"context": "A weather phenomenon known as the f\u00f6hn (with an identical effect to the chinook wind) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind, bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps. This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south. Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect. The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas. Large alpine areas such as Graub\u00fcnden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "f\u00f6hn"}], "question": "What is the weather phenomena characterized by an unexpected warm wind bringing low reletive humidity to the northern Alps during rainfall in the southern Alps?", "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "all times"}], "question": "At what time of year can the fohn occur?", "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "crossing the mountains"}], "question": "Where do clouds lose most of their content before getting to the inner alpine valleys?", "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "wine"}], "question": "What type of grapes are grown in the valley of Valais?", "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "the south"}], "question": "During the fohn, from which direction is the blowing wind more efficient?", "id": "57278d8c708984140094e0b1"}]}], ["Switzerland terletak di antara latitud 45 \u00b0 dan 48 \u00b0 N, dan lintang 5 \u00b0 dan 11 \u00b0 E. Ia mengandungi tiga kawasan topografi asas: Pegunungan Alp Switzerland di selatan, Dataran Tinggi Swiss atau Dataran Tinggi Tengah, dan gunung Jura di barat. Alpen adalah gunung tinggi yang melintasi pusat-selatan negara ini, yang terdiri daripada kira-kira 60% daripada jumlah kawasan negara. Majoriti populasi Swiss tinggal di Dataran Tinggi Swiss. Di antara lembah yang tinggi di Pegunungan Alpen Switzerland terdapat banyak glasier, yang berjumlah 1,063 kilometer persegi (410 meter persegi). Dari ini berasal dari beberapa sungai utama, seperti Rhine, Inn, Ticino dan Rh\u00f4ne, yang mengalir ke empat arah kardinal ke seluruh Eropah. Rangkaian hidrografi meliputi beberapa badan air tawar terbesar di Tengah dan Eropah Barat, antaranya termasuk Tasik Geneva (juga dikenali sebagai Le Lac L\u00e9man dalam bahasa Perancis), Tasik Constance (dikenali sebagai Bodensee dalam bahasa Jerman) dan Tasik Maggiore. Switzerland mempunyai lebih daripada 1500 tasik, dan mengandungi 6% daripada stok air segar di Eropah. Tasik dan glasier meliputi kira-kira 6% daripada wilayah negara. Tasik terbesar ialah Tasik Geneva, di Switzerland barat yang dikongsi dengan Perancis. Rh\u00f4ne adalah sumber utama dan aliran keluar Tasik Geneva. Danau Constance adalah tasik Switzerland kedua terbesar dan, seperti Tasik Geneva, langkah perantaraan oleh Rhine di sempadan Austria dan Jerman. Semasa Rh\u00f4ne mengalir ke Laut Mediterranean di rantau Camarque Perancis dan Rhine mengalir ke Laut Utara di Rotterdam di Belanda, kira-kira 1000 km, kedua-dua mata air hanya sekitar 22 km selain antara satu sama lain di Pegunungan Alp Switzerland. <> Kawasan asas asas mana di selatan Switzerland? || Alps Switzerland <> Kawasan topografi asas mana di Switzerland tengah? || Plateau Switzerland <> Kawasan topografi asas mana di Switzerland barat? || Pegunungan Jura <> Berapa banyak kawasan Switzerland yang dimiliki Alpen? || 60% <> Apa tasik terbesar di Switzerland? || Tasik Geneva", {"context": "Switzerland lies between latitudes 45\u00b0 and 48\u00b0 N, and longitudes 5\u00b0 and 11\u00b0 E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rh\u00f4ne, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac L\u00e9man in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rh\u00f4ne is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rh\u00f4ne flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camarque region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1000 km apart, both springs are only about 22 km apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Swiss Alps"}], "question": "Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?", "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Swiss Plateau"}], "question": "Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?", "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Jura mountains"}], "question": "Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?", "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "60%"}], "question": "How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?", "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1318, "text": "Lake Geneva"}], "question": "What is the largest lake in Switzerland?", "id": "572789bff1498d1400e8fb42"}]}], ["Sektor ekonomi yang paling penting di Switzerland adalah pembuatan. Pembuatan sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada pengeluaran bahan kimia pakar, barangan kesihatan dan farmaseutikal, instrumen pengukuran saintifik dan ketepatan dan alat muzik. Barang-barang yang dieksport terbesar adalah bahan kimia (34% daripada barangan yang dieksport), mesin / elektronik (20.9%), dan instrumen / jam tangan ketepatan (16.9%). Perkhidmatan yang dieksport berjumlah satu pertiga daripada eksport. Sektor perkhidmatan - terutamanya perbankan dan insurans, pelancongan, dan organisasi antarabangsa - adalah satu lagi industri penting bagi Switzerland. <> Apakah sektor ekonomi Switzerland yang paling penting? || pembuatan <> Apa yang menyumbang 34% barangan eksport Switzerland? || bahan kimia <> Apa kira 20.9% barangan dieksport Switzerland? || mesin / elektronik <> Apa yang menyumbang 16.9% barangan dieksport Switzerland? || instrumen ketepatan / jam tangan <> Berapakah peratusan eksport yang dieksport? || ketiga", {"context": "Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector \u2013 especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations \u2013 is another important industry for Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "manufacturing"}], "question": "What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?", "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "chemicals"}], "question": "What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "machines/electronics"}], "question": "What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "precision instruments/watches"}], "question": "What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?", "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de80a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "a third"}], "question": "What percentage of exports are exported services?", "id": "57279eac3acd2414000de80b"}]}], ["Sekitar 3.8 juta orang bekerja di Switzerland; kira-kira 25% daripada pekerja adalah kesatuan sekerja pada tahun 2004. Switzerland mempunyai pasaran pekerjaan yang lebih fleksibel daripada negara jiran dan kadar pengangguran sangat rendah. Kadar pengangguran meningkat daripada terendah 1.7% pada bulan Jun 2000 kepada puncak sebanyak 4.4% pada bulan Disember 2009. Kadar pengangguran adalah 3.2% pada tahun 2014. Pertumbuhan penduduk dari imigrasi bersih cukup tinggi, pada 0.52% penduduk pada tahun 2004. Penduduk asing adalah 21.8% pada tahun 2004, sama seperti di Australia. KDNK setiap jam bekerja adalah tertinggi ke-16 di dunia, pada 49.46 dolar antarabangsa pada tahun 2012. <> Berapakah peratusan pekerja milik kesatuan sekerja pada tahun 2004? || kira-kira 25% <> Berapa ramai orang bekerja di Switzerland? || Sekitar 3.8 juta <> Berapakah kadar pengangguran di Switzerland pada tahun 2014? || 3.2% <> Apakah peratusan penduduk asing di Switzerland pada tahun 2014? || 21.8% <> Apakah kadar pengangguran tertinggi yang dicapai pada bulan Disember, 2009? || 4.4%", {"context": "Around 3.8 million people work in Switzerland; about 25% of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004. Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low. The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7% in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4% in December 2009. The unemployment rate is 3.2% in 2014. Population growth from net immigration is quite high, at 0.52% of population in 2004. The foreign citizen population was 21.8% in 2004, about the same as in Australia. GDP per hour worked is the world's 16th highest, at 49.46 international dollars in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "about 25%"}], "question": "What percentage of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004?", "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Around 3.8 million"}], "question": "How many people work in Switzerland?", "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "3.2%"}], "question": "What was the unemployment rate in Switzerland in 2014?", "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "21.8%"}], "question": "What was the foreign citizen population percentage in Switzerland in 2014?", "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "4.4%"}], "question": "What was the peak unemployment rate reached in December, 2009?", "id": "57279f803acd2414000de81f"}]}], ["Sebilangan besar institusi antarabangsa mempunyai tempat duduknya di Switzerland, sebahagiannya kerana dasarnya berkecuali. Geneva adalah tempat kelahiran Gerakan Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah dan Konvensyen Geneva dan, sejak 2006, menjadi tuan rumah Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB. Walaupun Switzerland adalah salah satu negara paling baru untuk menyertai Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, Istana Negara di Geneva merupakan pusat kedua terbesar bagi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu selepas New York, dan Switzerland adalah seorang pengasas dan pulang ke Liga Bangsa-Bangsa. <> Berapa lamakah Switzerland menjadi tuan rumah Majlis Hak Asasi Manusia PBB? || sejak 2006 <> Apa yang menjadi pusat kedua terbesar bagi U.N? || Istana Negara di Geneva <> Di mana Pergerakan Bulan Sabit Merah bermula? || Geneva <> Di manakah Liga Bangsa-Bangsa? || Switzerland", {"context": "A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland, in part because of its policy of neutrality. Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and, since 2006, hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council. Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations, the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York, and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "since 2006"}], "question": "How long has Switzerland hosted the United Nations Human Rights Council?", "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Palace of Nations in Geneva"}], "question": "What is the second biggest centre for the U.N.?", "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Geneva"}], "question": "Where did the Red Crescent Movement begin?", "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Switzerland"}], "question": "Where is the League of Nations located?", "id": "57279a165951b619008f8e64"}]}], ["Laporan Daya Saing Global Forum Ekonomi Dunia kini mengisyaratkan ekonomi Switzerland sebagai yang paling berdaya saing di dunia, sementara ranking oleh Kesatuan Eropah sebagai negara paling inovatif di Eropah. Untuk kebanyakan abad ke-20, Switzerland adalah negara terkaya di Eropah dengan margin yang besar (oleh KDNK - per kapita). Pada tahun 2007 pendapatan isi rumah median kasar di Switzerland adalah dianggarkan 137,094 USD pada paritas kuasa Pembelian manakala pendapatan median adalah 95,824 USD. Switzerland juga mempunyai salah satu baki akaun terbesar di dunia sebagai peratusan KDNK. <> Apakah Laporan Daya Saing Global Forum Ekonomi Dunia menguasai ekonomi Switzerland? || yang paling kompetitif di dunia <> Apakah anggaran median kasar pendapatan isi rumah di Switzerland pada tahun 2007? || 137,094 USD pada paritas kuasa beli <> Apakah pendapatan median Switzerland pada tahun 2007? || 95,824 USD <> Bagaimana kesatuan Eropah menarafkan ekonomi Switzerland? || Negara paling inovatif di Eropah", {"context": "The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP \u2013 per capita). In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD. Switzerland also has one of the world's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "the most competitive in the world"}], "question": "What did the World Economic Forum's Global Competetiveness Report Rank Switzerland's economy as?", "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity"}], "question": "What was the gross median estimate of household income in Switzerland in 2007?", "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "95,824 USD"}], "question": "What was Switzerland's median income in 2007?", "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Europe's most innovative country"}], "question": "How did the European Union rank Switzerland's economy?", "id": "57279df23acd2414000de7f4"}]}], ["Kanton mempunyai status perlembagaan tetap dan, dibandingkan dengan keadaan di negara lain, tahap kemerdekaan yang tinggi. Di bawah Perlembagaan Persekutuan, kesemua 26 canton bersamaan dengan status. Setiap canton mempunyai perlembagaannya sendiri, dan parlimen, kerajaan dan mahkamah sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan yang besar antara kanton individu, terutamanya dari segi populasi dan kawasan geografi. Penduduknya berbeza antara 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) dan 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), dan kawasan mereka antara 37 km2 (14 meter persegi) (Basel-Stadt) dan 7,105 km2 (2,743 meter persegi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons terdiri daripada 2,485 majlis perbandaran. Di dalam Switzerland terdapat dua kantong: B\u00fcsingen milik Jerman, Campione d'Italia milik Italia. <> Menurut Perlembagaan Persekutuan, berapa banyak canton sama dalam status? || semua 26 <> Apakah dua perbezaan utama antara canton? || penduduk dan kawasan geografi <> Berapa populasi kanton terbesar? || 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich) <> Berapa populasi canton terkecil? || 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) <> Berapa besar canton terkecil? || 37 km2 (14 batu persegi) (Basel-Stadt)", {"context": "The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and, in comparison with the situation in other countries, a high degree of independence. Under the Federal Constitution, all 26 cantons are equal in status. Each canton has its own constitution, and its own parliament, government and courts. However, there are considerable differences between the individual cantons, most particularly in terms of population and geographical area. Their populations vary between 15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) and 1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich), and their area between 37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt) and 7,105 km2 (2,743 sq mi) (Graub\u00fcnden). The Cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities. Within Switzerland there are two enclaves: B\u00fcsingen belongs to Germany, Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "all 26"}], "question": "According to the Federal Constitution, how many cantons are equal in status?", "id": "57279799708984140094e1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "population and geographical area"}], "question": "What are the two major differences between cantons?", "id": "57279799708984140094e1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "1,253,500 (Z\u00fcrich)"}], "question": "What is the population of the largest canton?", "id": "57279799708984140094e1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "15,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden)"}], "question": "What is the population of the smallest canton?", "id": "57279799708984140094e1b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "37 km2 (14 sq mi) (Basel-Stadt)"}], "question": "How large is the smallest canton?", "id": "57279799708984140094e1b3"}]}], ["Begitu juga, inisiatif perlembagaan persekutuan membolehkan rakyat meletakkan pindaan perlembagaan kepada undi kebangsaan, jika 100,000 pengundi menandatangani pindaan yang dicadangkan dalam tempoh 18 bulan [nota 8] Parlimen boleh menambah pindaan yang dicadangkan dengan cadangan balas, dan kemudian pengundi mesti menunjukkan pilihan ke atas undi sekiranya kedua-dua cadangan diterima. Pindaan perlembagaan, sama ada diperkenalkan oleh inisiatif atau Parlimen, mesti diterima oleh majoriti dua kali ganda undi popular nasional dan undi popular cantonal. [Nota 9] <> Berapa banyak pengundi diperlukan untuk meletakkan pindaan perlembagaan kepada undi kebangsaan? || 100,000 <> Berapa lamakah rakyat perlu mengumpul undi yang mencukupi untuk undian nasional mengenai pindaan perlembagaan? || 18 bulan <> Apa yang bolehkah Parlimen melengkapi pindaan yang dicadangkan oleh rakyat? || cadangan balas <> Apa yang mesti dilakukan oleh pengundi pada undi apabila Parlimen menambah suplemen? || menunjukkan keutamaan <> Berapa banyak undian popular nasional dan undi popular cantonal diperlukan untuk meluluskan pindaan perlembagaan? || majoriti berganda", {"context": "Similarly, the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote, if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months.[note 8] Parliament can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal, and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted. Constitutional amendments, whether introduced by initiative or in Parliament, must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes.[note 9]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many voters are needed to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote?", "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "18 months"}], "question": "How long do citizens have to collect enough votes for a national vote on a constitutional amendment?", "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "a counter-proposal"}], "question": "What can Parliament supplement the amendment proposed by the citizens with?", "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "indicate a preference"}], "question": "What must voters do on the ballot when Parliament adds a supplement?", "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "a double majority"}], "question": "How much of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular vote is needed to pass a constitutional amendment?", "id": "572796b2f1498d1400e8fcee"}]}], ["Switzerland mempunyai ekonomi yang stabil, makmur dan berteknologi tinggi dan menikmati kekayaan yang besar, sebagai negara terkaya di dunia per kapita dalam pelbagai peringkat. Pada tahun 2011 ia telah disenaraikan sebagai negara terkaya di dunia dalam istilah per kapita (dengan \"kekayaan\" yang ditakrifkan termasuk aset kewangan dan bukan kewangan), manakala Laporan Kekayaan Global Kredit Suisse 2013 menunjukkan bahawa Switzerland adalah negara dengan kekayaan purata tertinggi setiap orang dewasa pada tahun 2013. Ia mempunyai ekonomi terbesar ke-19 di dunia dengan KDNK nominal dan terbesar ke-36 oleh membeli pariti kuasa. Ia adalah pengeksport kedua puluh terbesar, walaupun saiznya kecil. Switzerland mempunyai penarafan tertinggi Eropah dalam Indeks Kebebasan Ekonomi 2010, sementara juga menyediakan liputan yang besar melalui perkhidmatan awam. KDNK per kapita nominal lebih tinggi daripada ekonomi Barat dan Tengah Eropah yang besar dan Jepun. Jika diselaraskan untuk membeli kuasa pariti, Switzerland berada di kedudukan ke-8 di dunia dari segi KDNK per kapita, menurut Bank Dunia dan IMF (menduduki tempat ke-15 menurut CIA Worldfactbook). <> Bagaimana kedudukan ekonomi Swiss di seluruh dunia oleh KDNK nominal? || ke-sembilan belas terbesar <> Bagaimana kedudukan ekonomi Switzerland di seluruh dunia dengan membeli pariti kuasa? || ranking ketiga puluh keenam <> Kedudukan Apa yang Switzerland memegang dari segi KDNK per kapita, menyesuaikan diri dengan kuasa beli, menurut Bank Dunia? || Ke-8 di dunia <> Kedudukan mana yang diberikan kepada Switzerland oleh Indeks Kebebasan Ekonomi tahun 2010? || Kedudukan Eropah tertinggi", {"context": "Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with \"wealth\" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "nineteenth largest"}], "question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?", "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea20e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "thirty-sixth largest"}], "question": "How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?", "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 968, "text": "8th in the world"}], "question": "What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?", "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "highest European rating"}], "question": "Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?", "id": "57279d1edd62a815002ea211"}]}], ["Selain dari ibu pejabat Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, Konfederasi Switzerland menjadi tuan rumah kepada banyak badan PBB, seperti Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO), Pertubuhan Buruh Antarabangsa (ILO), Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa (ITU), Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu untuk Pelarian ( UNHCR) dan kira-kira 200 organisasi antarabangsa lain, termasuk Pertubuhan Perdagangan Dunia dan Pertubuhan Harta Intelek Sedunia. Mesyuarat tahunan Forum Ekonomi Dunia di Davos membawa bersama pemimpin perniagaan dan pemimpin antarabangsa terkemuka dari Switzerland dan negara luar untuk membincangkan isu-isu penting yang dihadapi dunia, termasuk kesihatan dan alam sekitar. Di samping itu ibu pejabat Bank untuk Penyelesaian Antarabangsa (BIS) terletak di Basel sejak tahun 1930. <> Selain dari Ibu Pejabat U.N, yang menjadi tuan rumah banyak agensi U.N. || Konfederasi Switzerland <> Apakah ILO berdiri? || Organisasi Buruh Antarabangsa <> Apa yang dibincangkan di Forum Ekonomi Dunia di Davos? || isu penting yang dihadapi dunia, termasuk kesihatan dan alam sekitar <> Apa yang BIS berdiri? || Bank untuk Penyelesaian Antarabangsa <> Apakah UNHCR berdiri? || Pesuruhjaya Tinggi Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Pelarian", {"context": "Apart from the United Nations headquarters, the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and about 200 other international organisations, including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world, including health and the environment. Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) are located in Basel since 1930.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Swiss Confederation"}], "question": "Besides the U.N. Headquarters, who hosts many U.N. agencies?", "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "International Labour Organization"}], "question": "What does the ILO stand for?", "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "important issues facing the world, including health and the environment"}], "question": "What is disucussed at the World Economic Forum in Davos?", "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "Bank for International Settlements"}], "question": "What does BIS stand for?", "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees"}], "question": "What does UNHCR stand for?", "id": "57279afddd62a815002ea1d6"}]}], ["Struktur sistem milisi Swiss menetapkan bahawa tentera mengekalkan peralatan Angkatan tentera mereka, termasuk semua senjata peribadi, di rumah. Sesetengah organisasi dan parti politik mendapati amalan Swiss kontroversi tetapi arus perdana ini memihak kepada sistem. Perkhidmatan tentera wajib melibatkan semua warga Swiss lelaki; wanita boleh berkhidmat secara sukarela. Laki-laki biasanya menerima perintah ketenteraan tentera untuk latihan pada usia 18 tahun. Kira-kira dua pertiga daripada Swiss muda didapati sesuai untuk perkhidmatan; bagi mereka yang didapati tidak sesuai, pelbagai bentuk perkhidmatan alternatif wujud. Setiap tahun, kira-kira 20,000 orang dilatih di pusat-pusat perekrutan selama 18-21 minggu. Pembaharuan \"Tentera XXI\" diterima pakai oleh undian popular pada tahun 2003, ia menggantikan model sebelumnya \"Tentera 95\", mengurangkan kesan daripada 400,000 kepada kira-kira 200,000. Daripada jumlah itu, 120,000 aktif dalam latihan Tentera berkala dan 80,000 adalah rizab bukan latihan. <> Di manakah militia Swiss mengekalkan peralatan Angkatan Tentera mereka? || di rumah <> Siapa yang mempunyai perkhidmatan tentera wajib di Switzerland? || semua lelaki Swiss> <Siapa yang boleh berkhidmat dalam tentera Swiss secara sukarela? || wanita <> Apa yang digantikan oleh Tentera 95 pada tahun 2003? || Tentera XXI <> Dalam Tentera XXI, berapa ramai yang aktif dalam latihan tentera berkala? || 120,000", {"context": "The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment, including all personal weapons, at home. Some organizations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system. Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens; women can serve voluntarily. Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18. About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service; for those found unsuited, various forms of alternative service exist. Annually, approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks. The reform \"Army XXI\" was adopted by popular vote in 2003, it replaced the previous model \"Army 95\", reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000. Of those, 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "at home"}], "question": "Where do Swiss militia keep their Army issued equipment?", "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "all male Swiss citizens"}], "question": "Who has compulsory military service in Switzerland?", "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "women"}], "question": "Who can serve in the Swiss military voluntarily?", "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Army XXI"}], "question": "What replaced Army 95 in 2003?", "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "In Army XXI, how many are active in periodic army training?", "id": "57279bd5dd62a815002ea1e0"}]}], ["Secara tradisinya, Switzerland menghindari aliansi yang mungkin melibatkan tindakan ketenteraan, politik, atau langsung ekonomi dan telah berkecuali sejak berakhirnya perkembangannya pada tahun 1515. Dasar penolakannya diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa di Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815. Hanya pada tahun 2002 Switzerland menjadi ahli penuh Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu dan ia adalah negeri pertama yang menyertainya melalui referendum. Switzerland mengekalkan hubungan diplomatik dengan hampir semua negara dan sejarah telah berkhidmat sebagai perantara antara negara-negara lain. Switzerland bukan ahli Kesatuan Eropah; orang Switzerland secara konsisten menolak keanggotaan sejak awal 1990-an. Walau bagaimanapun, Switzerland mengambil bahagian dalam Kawasan Schengen. <> Bilakah dasar neutral di Switzerland diiktiraf di peringkat antarabangsa? || Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815 <> Apakah Switzerland negara pertama yang menyertai U.N? || referendum <> Apa yang orang Swiss terus menolak keanggotaan sejak 1990? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Berapa lamakah Switzerland secara tradisinya neutral? || Sejak akhir perkembangannya pada tahun 1515 <> Bagaimana Switzerland merawat aliansi yang mungkin melibatkan tindakan militer atau politik? || mengelakkan", {"context": "Traditionally, Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military, political, or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515. Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum. Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states. Switzerland is not a member of the European Union; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s. However, Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Congress of Vienna in 1815"}], "question": "When was Switzerland's policy of neutrality internationally recognized?", "id": "572798f7708984140094e1dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "referendum"}], "question": "What was Switzerland the first state to join the U.N. by?", "id": "572798f7708984140094e1de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "European Union"}], "question": "What have the Swiss people continually rejected membership in since the 1990's?", "id": "572798f7708984140094e1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "since the end of its expansion in 1515"}], "question": "How long has Switzerland traditionally been neutral?", "id": "572798f7708984140094e1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "avoids"}], "question": "How does Switzerland treat alliances that might entail military or political action?", "id": "572798f7708984140094e1e1"}]}], ["Geneva dan jabatan Perancis Ain yang berdekatan bersama-sama makmal terbesar di dunia, CERN, yang didedikasikan untuk penyelidikan fizik zarah. Satu lagi pusat penyelidikan penting ialah Institut Paul Scherrer. Ciptaan yang ketara termasuklah asid lysergic diethylamide (LSD), mikroskop pengimbasan terowong (Hadiah Nobel) dan Velcro. Sesetengah teknologi membolehkan penerokaan dunia baru seperti belon bertekanan Auguste Piccard dan Bathyscaphe yang membenarkan Jacques Piccard mencapai titik terdalam lautan dunia. <> Apakah makmal terbesar di dunia? || CERN <> Yang menjadi tuan rumah bersama CERN bersama dengan jabatan Perancis Ain? || Geneva <> Apa penyelidikan yang dikhususkan oleh CERN? || fizik zarah <> Apa ciptaan Switzerland yang terkenal memenangi hadiah nobel? || pengimbasan mikroskop terowong <> Siapa yang mencipta belon bertekanan? || Auguste Piccard", {"context": "Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "CERN"}], "question": "What is the world's largest laboratory?", "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Geneva"}], "question": "Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?", "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "particle physics"}], "question": "What research is CERN dedicated to?", "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "scanning tunneling microscope"}], "question": "What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?", "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Auguste Piccard"}], "question": "Who invented the pressurized balloon?", "id": "5727a643ff5b5019007d91f0"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006, Switzerland meluluskan 1 bilion franc pelaburan sokongan di negara-negara Eropah Selatan dan Tengah yang lebih miskin dalam menyokong kerjasama dan hubungan positif dengan EU secara keseluruhan. Satu lagi referendum diperlukan untuk meluluskan 300 juta franc untuk menyokong Romania dan Bulgaria dan kemasukan mereka yang baru-baru ini. Swiss juga telah berada di bawah EU dan kadang-kadang tekanan antarabangsa untuk mengurangkan kerahsiaan perbankan dan menaikkan kadar cukai kepada pariti dengan EU. Perbincangan persediaan sedang dibuka di empat bidang baru: membuka pasaran elektrik, penyertaan dalam projek GNSS Eropah Galileo, bekerjasama dengan pusat Eropah untuk pencegahan penyakit dan pengiktirafan sijil asal untuk produk makanan. <> Pada tahun 2006, apakah Switzerland meluluskan 1 bilion franc pelaburan sokongan untuk? || negara-negara Eropah Selatan dan Tengah yang lebih miskin <> Apa yang ada di Switzerland di bawah EU dan tekanan negara untuk mengurangkan dari segi perbankan? || kerahsiaan <> Apa yang telah dibawah tekanan Swiss dari EU untuk dilakukan dari segi tarif cukai? || menaikkan kadar cukai kepada pariti dengan EU", {"context": "In 2006, Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole. A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission. The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU. Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas: opening up the electricity market, participation in the European GNSS project Galileo, cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "poorer Southern and Central European countries"}], "question": "In 2006, what did Switzerland approve 1 billion francs of supportive investment for?", "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "secrecy"}], "question": "What have the Swiss been under EU and national pressure to reduce in terms of banking?", "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "raise tax rates to parity with the EU"}], "question": "What have the Swiss been under pressure from the EU to do in terms of tax rates?", "id": "5727a96d2ca10214002d9322"}]}], ["Pendidikan di Switzerland sangat berbeza kerana perlembagaan Switzerland mewakilkan kuasa untuk sistem sekolah ke kanton. Terdapat sekolah awam dan swasta, termasuk banyak sekolah antarabangsa swasta. Umur minimum untuk sekolah rendah adalah kira-kira enam tahun di semua kanton, tetapi kebanyakan kanton menyediakan \"sekolah kanak-kanak\" percuma bermula pada umur empat atau lima tahun. Sekolah rendah berterusan sehingga gred empat, lima atau enam, bergantung kepada sekolah. Secara tradisinya, bahasa asing pertama di sekolah selalu menjadi salah satu bahasa kebangsaan yang lain, walaupun baru-baru ini (2000) Bahasa Inggeris diperkenalkan terlebih dahulu di beberapa kanton. <> Siapa yang mempunyai kuasa sistem sekolah di Switzerland? || kanton <> Berapa umur minimum untuk sekolah rendah di semua canton? || enam <> Apa yang disediakan oleh kebanyakan canton secara percuma apabila kanak-kanak berusia 4 atau 5 tahun? || sekolah kanak-kanak <> Bilakah bahasa Inggeris diperkenalkan sebagai bahasa asing yang pertama di banyak canton? || 2000 <> Berapa lama sekolah rendah berterusan? || sehingga gred empat, lima atau enam", {"context": "Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons. There are both public and private schools, including many private international schools. The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons, but most cantons provide a free \"children's school\" starting at four or five years old. Primary school continues until grade four, five or six, depending on the school. Traditionally, the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages, although recently (2000) English was introduced first in a few cantons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the cantons"}], "question": "Who has authority of school systems in Switzerland?", "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "six"}], "question": "What is the minimum age for primary school in all cantons?", "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "children's school"}], "question": "What do most cantons provide for free when children are 4 or 5 years old?", "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When was English introduced as a first foreign language in many cantons?", "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "until grade four, five or six"}], "question": "How long does primary school continue?", "id": "5727a38d3acd2414000de899"}]}], ["Switzerland mempunyai ekonomi sektor swasta yang sangat besar dan kadar cukai yang rendah oleh piawaian Barat Dunia; Cukai keseluruhan adalah salah satu negara terkecil di negara maju. Switzerland adalah tempat yang agak mudah untuk menjalankan perniagaan, kini menduduki tempat ke-20 dari 189 negara dalam Kemudahan Melakukan Indeks Perniagaan. Pertumbuhan lambat Switzerland berpengalaman pada tahun 1990-an dan awal tahun 2000 telah membawa sokongan yang lebih besar untuk pembaharuan ekonomi dan harmonisasi dengan Kesatuan Eropah. Menurut Credit Suisse, hanya kira-kira 37% penduduk memiliki rumah mereka sendiri, salah satu kadar pemilikan rumah terendah di Eropah. Tahap harga perumahan dan makanan adalah 171% dan 145% daripada indeks EU-25 pada tahun 2007, berbanding 113% dan 104% di Jerman. <> Bagaimana Switzerland disenaraikan dari 189 negara dalam Kemudahan Melakukan Indeks Perniagaan? || 20 <> Menurut Credit Suisse, berapa peratus penduduknya memiliki rumah mereka? || kira-kira 37% <> Bagaimana kadar cukai Switzerland berbanding dengan piawaian Barat Dunia? || rendah", {"context": "Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "20th"}], "question": "How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?", "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "about 37%"}], "question": "According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?", "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "low"}], "question": "How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?", "id": "5727a05d2ca10214002d924e"}]}], ["Banyak hadiah Nobel telah dianugerahkan kepada para saintis Swiss, sebagai contoh kepada ahli fizik terkenal Albert Einstein dalam bidang fizik yang membangun relativiti Khas semasa bekerja di Bern. Baru-baru ini Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel dan Kurt W\u00fcthrich menerima hadiah Nobel dalam bidang sains. Secara keseluruhan, 113 pemenang Hadiah Nobel dalam semua bidang berdiri berhubung dengan Switzerland [nota 11] dan Hadiah Keamanan Nobel telah dianugerahkan sembilan kali kepada pertubuhan-pertubuhan yang tinggal di Switzerland. <> Apa ahli fizik dunia yang terkenal di Switzerland mengembangkan relativiti Khasnya semasa bekerja di Bern? || Albert Einstein <> Berapa banyak hadiah Nobel dianugerahkan kepada saintis Swiss? || 113 <> Berapa kali Hadiah Nobel Keamanan dianugerahkan kepada organisasi yang tinggal di Switzerland? || sembilan", {"context": "Many Nobel prizes have been awarded to Swiss scientists, for example to the world-famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern. More recently Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt W\u00fcthrich received Nobel prizes in the sciences. In total, 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland[note 11] and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Albert Einstein"}], "question": "What Swiss world famous physicist developed his Special relativity while working in Bern?", "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "113"}], "question": "How many total Nobel prizes were awarded to Swiss scientists?", "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many times has the Nobel Peace Prize been awarded to organisations residing in Switzerland?", "id": "5727a5532ca10214002d92b4"}]}], ["Proteksionisme pertanian-pengecualian yang jarang berlaku untuk dasar perdagangan bebas Switzerland-telah menyumbang kepada harga makanan yang tinggi. Liberalisasi pasaran produk tertinggal di belakang banyak negara EU mengikut OECD. Walau bagaimanapun, kuasa beli dalam negeri adalah salah satu yang terbaik di dunia. Selain halangan pertanian, ekonomi dan perdagangan antara Kesatuan Eropah dan Switzerland adalah minimum dan Switzerland mempunyai perjanjian perdagangan bebas di seluruh dunia. Switzerland adalah ahli Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah (EFTA). <> Apa yang telah menyumbang kepada harga makanan yang tinggi di Switzerland? || Proteksionisme pertanian <> Apa jenis perjanjian perdagangan yang ada di Switzerland di seluruh dunia? || percuma <> Apakah EFTA itu? || Persatuan Perdagangan Bebas Eropah <> Apakah ranking dunia Switzerland dalam kuasa beli domestik? || salah satu yang terbaik <> Menurut OECD, apa yang Switzerland tertinggal di belakang banyak negara EU? || Liberalisasi pasaran produk", {"context": "Agricultural protectionism\u2014a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies\u2014has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Agricultural protectionism"}], "question": "What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?", "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "free"}], "question": "What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?", "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "European Free Trade Association"}], "question": "What is the EFTA?", "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "one of the best"}], "question": "What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?", "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Product market liberalisation"}], "question": "According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?", "id": "5727a2c23acd2414000de87f"}]}], ["Terdapat 12 universiti di Switzerland, sepuluh daripadanya dikekalkan di peringkat cantonal dan biasanya menawarkan pelbagai subjek bukan teknikal. Universiti pertama di Switzerland ditubuhkan pada 1460 di Basel (dengan fakulti perubatan) dan mempunyai tradisi penyelidikan kimia dan perubatan di Switzerland. Universiti terbesar di Switzerland adalah Universiti Zurich dengan hampir 25,000 pelajar. Kedua-dua institusi yang ditaja oleh kerajaan persekutuan adalah ETHZ di Z\u00fcrich (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1855) dan EPFL di Lausanne (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1969 seperti dahulu, institut yang berkaitan dengan Universiti Lausanne) yang mempunyai reputasi antarabangsa yang sangat baik. [Nota 10] <> Berapa banyak universiti di Switzerland? || 12 <> Berapa banyak daripada 12 universiti Swiss dikekalkan di peringkat cantonal? || sepuluh <> Kapan universiti pertama di Switzerland ditubuhkan? || 1460 <> Apa universiti terbesar di Switzerland? || University of Zurich <> Berapa ramai pelajar yang menghadiri Universiti Zurich? || hampir 25,000", {"context": "There are 12 universities in Switzerland, ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects. The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel (with a faculty of medicine) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland. The biggest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students. The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the ETHZ in Z\u00fcrich (founded 1855) and the EPFL in Lausanne (founded 1969 as such, formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne) which both have an excellent international reputation.[note 10]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many universities are in Switzerland?", "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many of the 12 Swiss universities are maintained at the cantonal level?", "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1460"}], "question": "When was the first university in Switzerland founded?", "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "University of Zurich"}], "question": "What is the biggest university in Switzerland?", "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "nearly 25,000"}], "question": "How many students attend the University of Zurich?", "id": "5727a452ff5b5019007d91c4"}]}], ["Switzerland mengundi menentang keanggotaan di Kawasan Ekonomi Eropah dalam satu referendum pada bulan Disember 1992 dan sejak itu mengekalkan dan mengembangkan hubungannya dengan Kesatuan Eropah (EU) dan negara-negara Eropah melalui perjanjian bilateral. Pada bulan Mac 2001, orang Switzerland enggan menerima undi popular untuk memulakan rundingan penyertaan dengan EU. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, Switzerland telah membawa amalan ekonominya sebahagian besarnya kepada pematuhan dengan EU dalam pelbagai cara, dalam usaha meningkatkan daya saing antarabangsa mereka. Ekonomi meningkat pada 3% pada tahun 2010, 1.9% pada tahun 2011, dan 1% pada tahun 2012. Keahlian EU penuh adalah matlamat jangka panjang beberapa di dalam kerajaan Switzerland, tetapi terdapat sentimen popular yang banyak terhadap ini disokong oleh partai SVP konservatif . Kawasan-kawasan berbahasa barat dan kawasan bandar di seluruh negara cenderung lebih pro-EU, namun jauh dari mana-mana bahagian penduduk yang penting. <> Bagaimana Switzerland mengekalkan hubungannya dengan EU? || melalui perjanjian dua hala <> Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, apa yang telah dibawa oleh Switzerland kepada amalan ekonomi mereka? || EU <> Apa yang telah dicuba oleh Switzerland dengan mematuhi amalan ekonomi EU? || daya saing antarabangsa <> Berapa banyakkah ekonomi Switzerland berkembang pada tahun 2010? || 3% <> Parti konservatif mana yang paling popular menentang menyertai EU? || Parti SVP", {"context": "Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "through bilateral agreements"}], "question": "How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?", "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "the EU"}], "question": "In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?", "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "international competitiveness"}], "question": "What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?", "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "3%"}], "question": "How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?", "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "SVP party"}], "question": "Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?", "id": "5727a7603acd2414000de8ed"}]}], ["Kerajaan telah menubuhkan Pejabat Integrasi di bawah Jabatan Luar Negeri dan Jabatan Hal Ehwal Ekonomi. Untuk meminimumkan akibat negatif pengasingan Switzerland dari seluruh Eropah, Bern dan Brussels menandatangani tujuh perjanjian dua hala untuk meliberalisasikan lagi hubungan perdagangan. Perjanjian ini ditandatangani pada tahun 1999 dan berkuatkuasa pada tahun 2001. Siri pertama perjanjian dua hala ini termasuk pergerakan bebas orang. Siri kedua meliputi sembilan kawasan telah ditandatangani pada tahun 2004 dan sejak itu telah disahkan, termasuk Perjanjian Schengen dan Konvensyen Dublin selain yang lain. Mereka terus membincangkan bidang-bidang selanjutnya untuk kerjasama. <> Berapa banyak perjanjian dua hala yang dilakukan Bern dan Brussels untuk meliberalisasikan lagi hubungan perdagangan? || tujuh <> Apa yang termasuk dalam siri pertama perjanjian dua hala yang berkaitan dengan orang? || pergerakan bebas orang <> Bilakah siri kedua 9 perjanjian bilateral ditandatangani? || 2004 <> Apa yang berlaku pada siri kedua perjanjian dua hala? || Sejak itu telah disahkan <> Apakah perjanjian dua hala yang dimaksudkan untuk meminimumkan akibat-akibat negatif? || Pengasingan Switzerland dari seluruh Eropah", {"context": "The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs. To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe, Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties. These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001. This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons. A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified, which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others. They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many bilateral agreements did Bern and Brussels sign to further liberalise trade ties?", "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "free movement of persons"}], "question": "What was included in the first series of bilateral agreements pertaining to people?", "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was a second series of 9 bilateral agreements signed?", "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "has since been ratified"}], "question": "What has since happened to the second series of bilateral agreements?", "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Switzerland's isolation from the rest of Europe"}], "question": "What were the original bilateral agreements meant to minimize the negative consequences of?", "id": "5727a8874b864d19001639bc"}]}], ["Belanjawan Persekutuan Switzerland mempunyai saiz 62.8 bilion franc Swiss pada 2010, yang merupakan 11.35% KDNK negara pada tahun itu; Walau bagaimanapun, belanjawan daerah (canton) dan belanjawan majlis perbandaran tidak dikira sebagai sebahagian daripada belanjawan persekutuan dan jumlah perbelanjaan kerajaan adalah hampir 33.8% daripada KDNK. Sumber utama pendapatan untuk kerajaan persekutuan adalah cukai nilai tambah (33%) dan cukai persekutuan langsung (29%) dan perbelanjaan utama terletak di bidang kebajikan sosial dan kewangan & cukai. Perbelanjaan Konfederasi Swiss berkembang dari 7% daripada KDNK pada tahun 1960 kepada 9.7% pada tahun 1990 dan 10.7% pada tahun 2010. Sementara sektor kesejahteraan sosial dan kewangan & cukai telah berkembang dari 35% pada tahun 1990 menjadi 48.2% pada tahun 2010 , pengurangan perbelanjaan yang ketara telah berlaku dalam sektor pertanian dan pertahanan negara; daripada 26.5% kepada 12.4% (anggaran untuk tahun 2015). <> Saiz apa belanjawan Federal Switzerland pada tahun 2010? || 62.8 bilion franc Swiss <> Apakah dua sumber pendapatan utama bagi kerajaan persekutuan? || cukai tambah nilai (33%) dan cukai persekutuan langsung (29%) <> Sektor mana yang menjadi sumber utama perbelanjaan untuk kerajaan persekutuan? || kebajikan sosial dan kewangan & cukai <> Sektor mana yang mengalami pengurangan perbelanjaan kerajaan persekutuan? || pertanian dan pertahanan negara <> Berapa banyak perbelanjaan yang dianggarkan dipotong pertanian dan pertahanan negara pada tahun 2015? || daripada 26.5% kepada 12.4%", {"context": "The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010, which is an equivalent 11.35% of the country's GDP in that year; however, the regional (canton) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8% of GDP. The main sources of income for the federal government are the value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax. The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7% of GDP in 1960 to 9.7% in 1990 and to 10.7% in 2010. While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35% in 1990 to 48.2% in 2010, a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defense; from 26.5% in to 12.4% (estimation for the year 2015).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "62.8 billion Swiss francs"}], "question": "What size was the Swiss Federal budget in 2010?", "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "value-added tax (33%) and the direct federal tax (29%)"}], "question": "What are the two main sources of income for the federal government?", "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "social welfare and finance & tax"}], "question": "Which sectors are the main source of expenditures for the federal government?", "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "agriculture and national defense"}], "question": "Which sectors have experienced a reduction in federal government expenditures?", "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "from 26.5% in to 12.4%"}], "question": "How much were expenditures estimated to be cut in agriculture and national defense in 2015?", "id": "5727a1ec2ca10214002d9266"}]}], ["Di banyak tempat di Switzerland, pelupusan sampah isi rumah dikenakan. Sampah (kecuali barangan berbahaya, bateri dan sebagainya) hanya dikumpulkan jika terdapat dalam beg yang mempunyai pelekat pembayaran yang dilampirkan, atau dalam beg rasmi dengan bayaran tambahan yang dibayar pada masa pembelian. Ini memberikan insentif kewangan untuk mengitar semula seberapa banyak yang mungkin, kerana kitar semula adalah percuma. Pelupusan sampah yang tidak sah tidak boleh diterima tetapi biasanya penguatkuasaan undang-undang sedemikian adalah terhad kepada pelanggaran yang melibatkan pelupusan yang menyalahi undang-undang jumlah yang lebih besar di persimpangan lalu lintas dan kawasan awam. Denda kerana tidak membayar kos pelupusan dari CHF 200-500. <> Apakah caj Switzerland untuk pelupusan untuk menggalakkan kitar semula? || Sampah <> Apa denda kerana tidak membayar yuran pelupusan sampah? || dari CHF 200-500 <> Apa caj untuk kitar semula di Switzerland? || percuma", {"context": "In many places in Switzerland, household rubbish disposal is charged for. Rubbish (except dangerous items, batteries etc.) is only collected if it is in bags which either have a payment sticker attached, or in official bags with the surcharge paid at the time of purchase. This gives a financial incentive to recycle as much as possible, since recycling is free. Illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated but usually the enforcement of such laws is limited to violations that involve the unlawful disposal of larger volumes at traffic intersections and public areas. Fines for not paying the disposal fee range from CHF 200\u2013500.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Rubbish"}], "question": "What does Switzerland charge for the disposal of in order to encourage recycling?", "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "from CHF 200\u2013500"}], "question": "What are the fines for not paying the rubbish disposal fee?", "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "free"}], "question": "What is the charge for recycling in Switzerland?", "id": "5727b0983acd2414000de9d7"}]}], ["Pada 25 Mei 2011 kerajaan Switzerland mengumumkan bahawa ia merancang untuk menamatkan penggunaan tenaga nuklearnya dalam masa 2 atau 3 dekad akan datang. \"Kerajaan telah mengundi untuk fasa kerana kami ingin memastikan bekalan tenaga yang selamat dan autonomi,\" kata Menteri Tenaga Doris Leuthard pada sidang media di Bern. \"Fukushima menunjukkan bahawa risiko tenaga nuklear terlalu tinggi, yang seterusnya meningkatkan kos tenaga ini.\" Reaktor pertama dilaporkan akan diambil di luar talian pada 2019 dan yang terakhir pada 2034. Parlimen akan membincangkan rancangan itu pada bulan Jun 2011, dan mungkin terdapat juga referendum. <> Pada tahun 2011, apakah jangka masa yang diberikan kerajaan Switzerland untuk menamatkan penggunaan tenaga nuklearnya? || 2 atau 3 dekad <> Apa sebabnya kerajaan Switzerland memberi untuk mengakhiri penggunaan tenaga nuklearnya? || untuk memastikan bekalan tenaga yang selamat dan autonomi <> Bilakah reaktor nuklear pertama Swiss dijadualkan dibawa ke luar talian? || 2019 <> Bilakah reaktor nuklear terakhir Switzerland dijadualkan diambil di luar talian? || 2034 <> Siapa Doris Leuthard? || Menteri Tenaga", {"context": "On 25 May 2011 the Swiss government announced that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades. \"The government has voted for a phaseout because we want to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy\", Energy Minister Doris Leuthard said that day at a press conference in Bern. \"Fukushima showed that the risk of nuclear power is too high, which in turn has also increased the costs of this energy form.\" The first reactor would reportedly be taken offline in 2019 and the last one in 2034. Parliament will discuss the plan in June 2011, and there could be a referendum as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "2 or 3 decades"}], "question": "In 2011, what time frame did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?", "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "to ensure a secure and autonomous supply of energy"}], "question": "What reason did the Swiss government give for ending its use of nuclear energy?", "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "2019"}], "question": "When is Switzerland's first nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?", "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "2034"}], "question": "When is Switzerland's last nuclear reactor scheduled to be taken offline?", "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Energy Minister"}], "question": "Who is the Doris Leuthard?", "id": "5727acb32ca10214002d9366"}]}], ["Switzerland mempunyai empat bahasa rasmi: terutamanya Jerman (63.5% jumlah jumlah penduduk, dengan penduduk asing, pada tahun 2013); Perancis (22.5%) di barat; dan Itali (8.1%) di selatan. Bahasa rasmi keempat, Romansh (0.5%), adalah bahasa Romantik yang dituturkan secara tempatan di canton Graub\u00fcnden di tenggara tenggara, dan ditetapkan oleh Perkara 4 Perlembagaan Persekutuan sebagai bahasa kebangsaan bersama dengan Jerman, Perancis, dan Itali, dan Perkara 70 sebagai bahasa rasmi jika pihak berkuasa berkomunikasi dengan orang yang berbahasa Romansh. Walau bagaimanapun, undang-undang persekutuan dan tindakan rasmi lain tidak perlu ditetapkan dalam bahasa Romansh. <> Berapa banyak bahasa rasmi yang ada di Switzerland? || empat <> Bahasa rasmi utama di Switzerland? || Bahasa Jerman <> Bahasa rasmi utama di bahagian barat Switzerland? || Bahasa Perancis <> Bahasa rasmi utama di bahagian selatan Switzerland? || Bahasa Itali <> Bahasa rasmi apa yang paling popular di Switzerland? || Romansh", {"context": "Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graub\u00fcnden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many official languages does Switzerland have?", "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "German"}], "question": "What is the principal official language in Switzerland?", "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "French"}], "question": "What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?", "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Italian"}], "question": "What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?", "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Romansh"}], "question": "What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?", "id": "5727b2b2ff5b5019007d92d6"}]}], ["Rangkaian rel paling padat di Eropah 5,063 km (3,146 mi) membawa lebih 350 juta penumpang setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2007, setiap warga Switzerland mengembara rata-rata 2,258 km (1,403 mi) dengan kereta api, yang menjadikan mereka pengguna kereta api paling cerah. Rangkaian ini ditadbir terutamanya oleh Keretapi Persekutuan, kecuali di Graub\u00fcnden, di mana keretapi sempit 366 km (227 mi) dikendalikan oleh Rhaetian Railways dan termasuk beberapa garis Warisan Dunia. Pembinaan terowong asas kereta api baru melalui Alps sedang dijalankan untuk mengurangkan masa perjalanan antara utara dan selatan melalui projek AlpTransit. <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang mempunyai rangkaian rel yang paling padat di Eropah membawa tahunan? || lebih dari 350 juta <> Pada tahun 2007, apakah jumlah purata km yang dilalui oleh warga Switzerland di rel? || 2,258 <> Siapa yang terutamanya mengendalikan sistem keretapi Switzerland? || Railways Persekutuan <> Apakah projek Alp-Transit yang direka untuk mengurangkan masa perjalanan antara? || utara dan selatan <> Di mana gunung-gunung adalah terowong kereta api yang dibina untuk projek Alp-Transit? || Alps", {"context": "The most dense rail network in Europe of 5,063 km (3,146 mi) carries over 350 million passengers annually. In 2007, each Swiss citizen travelled on average 2,258 km (1,403 mi) by rail, which makes them the keenest rail users. The network is administered mainly by the Federal Railways, except in Graub\u00fcnden, where the 366 km (227 mi) narrow gauge railway is operated by the Rhaetian Railways and includes some World Heritage lines. The building of new railway base tunnels through the Alps is under way to reduce the time of travel between north and south through the AlpTransit project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "over 350 million"}], "question": "How many passengers does the most dense rail network in Europe carry annualy?", "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "2,258"}], "question": "In 2007, what was the average amount of km's travelled by eacg Swiss citizens on the rails?", "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Federal Railways"}], "question": "Who mainly administers the Swiss railway system?", "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "north and south"}], "question": "What is the Alp-Transit project designed to reduce the time of travel between?", "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d9379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "the Alps"}], "question": "Under which mountains are the railway tunnels being built for the Alp-Transit project?", "id": "5727adf42ca10214002d937a"}]}], ["Susulan moratorium sepuluh tahun ke atas pembinaan loji janakuasa nuklear baru adalah hasil inisiatif rakyat yang diundi pada tahun 1990 yang telah berlalu dengan 54.5% Ya vs 45.5% Tiada suara. Rancangan untuk loji nuklear baru di Kanton Bern telah ditangguhkan selepas kemalangan di kilang kuasa Fukushima Daiichi pada tahun 2011. Pejabat Tenaga Suria Persekutuan Switzerland (SFOE) adalah pejabat yang bertanggungjawab untuk semua soalan berkaitan bekalan tenaga dan tenaga digunakan dalam Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Pengangkutan, Tenaga dan Komunikasi Persekutuan (DETEC). Agensi ini menyokong inisiatif masyarakat 2000-watt untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga negara oleh lebih separuh menjelang tahun 2050. <Sebelumnya 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10> <> Apakah moratorium 10 tahun yang lalu dalam pembinaan tanaman nuklear akibat? || inisiatif warganegara <> Kemalangan apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan dalam rancangan untuk loji tenaga nuklear baru di Bern? || Fukushima Daiichi power plant pada tahun 2011 <> Apa SFOE berdiri? || Pejabat Tenaga Persekutuan Swiss <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh DETEC? || Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Pengangkutan, Tenaga dan Komunikasi <> Apakah inisiatif masyarakat 2000-watt yang dirancang untuk memotong lebih separuh menjelang 2050? || penggunaan tenaga negara", {"context": "The former ten-year moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power plants was the result of a citizens' initiative voted on in 1990 which had passed with 54.5% Yes vs. 45.5% No votes. Plans for a new nuclear plant in the Canton of Bern have been put on hold after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011. The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC). The agency is supporting the 2000-watt society initiative to cut the nation's energy use by more than half by the year 2050.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "a citizens' initiative"}], "question": "What was the former 10-year moratorium on the construction of nuclear plants the result of?", "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Fukushima Daiichi power plant in 2011"}], "question": "What accident caused the delay in plans for the new nuclear power plant in Bern?", "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Swiss Federal Office of Energy"}], "question": "What does SFOE stand for?", "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications"}], "question": "What does DETEC stand for?", "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "the nation's energy use"}], "question": "What is the 2000-watt society initiative designed to cut by more than half by 2050?", "id": "5727abdfff5b5019007d9238"}]}], ["Selain daripada bentuk rasmi bahasa masing-masing, empat wilayah bahasa Switzerland juga mempunyai bentuk dialek tempatan mereka. Peranan yang dimainkan oleh dialek-dialek di setiap bahasa linguistik berbeza-beza secara dramatik: di rantau berbahasa Jerman, dialek Jerman Swiss telah menjadi lebih meluas sejak separuh kedua abad ke-20, terutama di media, seperti radio dan televisyen, dan digunakan sebagai bahasa sehari-hari, manakala pelbagai bahasa Swiss Standard German hampir selalu digunakan dan bukannya dialek untuk komunikasi bertulis (cf keglossic usage of a language). Sebaliknya, di daerah berbahasa Perancis dialek tempatan hampir hilang (hanya 6.3% daripada populasi Valais, 3.9% dari Friborg, dan 3.1% daripada Jura masih bercakap dialek pada akhir abad ke-20), sedangkan di Itali Dialek-dialek wilayah berbahasa adalah terhad kepada tetapan keluarga dan perbualan santai. <> Berapa banyak kawasan bahasa Switzerland mempunyai bentuk dialek tempatan mereka sendiri? || empat <> dialek apa yang semakin meningkat di kawasan berbahasa Jerman? || Jerman Jerman <> Apa yang berlaku pada dialek tempatan di kawasan berbahasa Perancis? || hampir hilang <> Di manakah dialek cenderung terhad kepada kawasan berbahasa Itali? || tetapan keluarga dan perbualan santai", {"context": "Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language). Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?", "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Swiss German"}], "question": "What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?", "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "have almost disappeared"}], "question": "What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?", "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "family settings and casual conversation"}], "question": "Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?", "id": "5727b3c24b864d1900163ac5"}]}], ["Switzerland mempunyai rekod persekitaran terbaik di kalangan negara-negara di dunia maju; ia adalah salah satu negara yang menandatangani Protokol Kyoto pada tahun 1998 dan mengesahkannya pada 2003. Dengan Mexico dan Republik Korea ia membentuk Kumpulan Integriti Alam Sekitar (EIG). Negara ini aktif dalam peraturan-peraturan kitar semula dan anti-sampah dan merupakan salah satu pengitar semula di dunia, dengan 66% hingga 96% bahan kitar semula dikitar semula, bergantung kepada kawasan negara. Indeks Ekonomi Hijau Global 2014 menduduki ranking Switzerland di kalangan 10 ekonomi hijau teratas di dunia. <> Bilakah Switzerland menandatangani Protokol Kyoto? || 1998 <> Bilakah Switzerland meratifikasi Protokol Kyoto || 2003 <> Apa yang dibentuk oleh Switzerland, Mexico, dan Republik Korea? || Kumpulan Integriti Alam Sekitar (EIG) <> Berapa peratuskah bahan kitar semula sedang dikitar semula di Switzerland? || 66% hingga 96% <> Bagaimana Indeks Ekonomi Hijau Dunia 2010 berpangkat Switzerland? || antara 10 ekonomi hijau teratas di dunia", {"context": "Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "1998"}], "question": "When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?", "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol", "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)"}], "question": "What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?", "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "66% to 96%"}], "question": "What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?", "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "among the top 10 green economies in the world"}], "question": "How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?", "id": "5727afec3acd2414000de9bb"}]}], ["Rangkaian jalan raya swasta awam awam Switzerland dibiayai oleh tol jalan dan cukai kenderaan. Sistem autobahn / autoroute Switzerland memerlukan pembelian vignette (pelekat tol) - yang menelan belanja 40 franc Swiss-untuk satu tahun kalendar untuk menggunakan jalannya, untuk kedua-dua kereta dan trak penumpang. Rangkaian autobahn / autoroute Switzerland mempunyai panjang keseluruhan 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (sehingga 2000) dan mempunyai, dengan keluasan 41,290 km2 (15,940 meter persegi), juga salah satu kepadatan lebuh raya tertinggi di dunia. Lapangan Terbang Z\u00fcrich merupakan pintu masuk penerbangan antarabangsa terbesar di Switzerland, yang mengendalikan 22.8 juta penumpang pada 2012. Lapangan terbang antarabangsa lain ialah Lapangan Terbang Geneva (13.9 juta penumpang pada tahun 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg yang terletak di Perancis, Lapangan Terbang Bern, Lapangan Terbang Lugano, Lapangan Terbang St. Gallen-Altenrhein dan Lapangan Terbang Sion. Swiss International Air Lines adalah pembawa bendera Switzerland. Hab utamanya adalah Z\u00fcrich. <> Apakah rangkaian jalan raya awam swasta awam yang dibiayai oleh Swiss? || tol jalan dan cukai kenderaan <> Berapakah caj jaringan autoroute Switzerland untuk pelekat tol untuk menggunakan jalan raya Switzerland selama setahun? || 40 franc Swiss <> Lapangan terbang yang mana adalah gerbang penerbangan antarabangsa terbesar di Switzerland? || Z\u00fcrich <> Apakah nama syarikat penerbangan bendera di Switzerland? || Swiss International Air Lines <> Berapa banyak penumpang yang menggunakan lapangan terbang Zurich pada tahun 2012? || 22.8 juta", {"context": "Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)\u2014which costs 40 Swiss francs\u2014for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Z\u00fcrich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Z\u00fcrich.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "road tolls and vehicle taxes"}], "question": "What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?", "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "40 Swiss francs"}], "question": "How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?", "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Z\u00fcrich"}], "question": "Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?", "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9282"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "Swiss International Air Lines"}], "question": "What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?", "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "22.8 million"}], "question": "How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?", "id": "5727af18ff5b5019007d9284"}]}], ["Pada 9 Februari 2014, pengundi Switzerland meluluskan 50.3% inisiatif undi yang dilancarkan oleh Parti Rakyat Swiss konservatif kebangsaan (SVP / UDC) untuk menyekat imigresen, dan dengan itu memperkenalkan semula sistem kuota ke arah kemasukan orang asing. Inisiatif ini kebanyakannya disokong oleh pedesaan (57.6% kelulusan), pinggir bandar (51.2% kelulusan), dan bandar terpencil (51.3% kelulusan) Switzerland serta majoriti kuat (69.2% kelulusan) di canton Ticino, sementara metropolitan pusat-pusat (58.5% penolakan) dan bahagian berbahasa Perancis (58.5% penolakan) Switzerland agak menolaknya. Beberapa pengulas berita mendakwa bahawa cadangan ini de facto bercanggah dengan perjanjian dua hala mengenai pergerakan bebas orang dari negara masing-masing. <> Pada bulan Februari 2014, apa pengundi Switzerland meluluskan untuk menyekat? || imigresen <> Apa yang diperkenalkan semula kepada kemasukan orang asing pada Februari 2014? || sistem kuota <> Yang mana pusat Switzerland kebanyakannya menolak sistem kuota untuk orang asing? || metropolitan <> Apakah kadar penolakan sistem kuota oleh bahagian berbahasa Switzerland berbahasa Perancis? || 58.5% <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh beberapa pengulas berita yang dilanggar oleh cadangan imigresen terhad? || perjanjian dua hala mengenai pergerakan bebas orang", {"context": "On 9 February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3% a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC) to restrict immigration, and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners. This initiative was mostly backed by rural (57.6% approvals), suburban (51.2% approvals), and isolated cities (51.3% approvals) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority (69.2% approval) in the canton of Ticino, while metropolitan centres (58.5% rejection) and the French-speaking part (58.5% rejection) of Switzerland rather rejected it. Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "immigration"}], "question": "In February of 2014, what did Swiss voters narrowly approve to restrict?", "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d933e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "a quota system"}], "question": "What was reintroduced on the influx of foreigners in February of 2014?", "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d933f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "metropolitan"}], "question": "Which centres of Switzerland mostly rejected the quota system for foreigners?", "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "58.5%"}], "question": "What was the rejection rate of the quota system by the French speaking part of Switzerland?", "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons"}], "question": "What do some news commentators claim is violated by the restricted immigration proposal?", "id": "5727aad82ca10214002d9342"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, penduduk asing terdiri daripada 23.3% daripada penduduk. Kebanyakan (64%) adalah dari negara-negara Kesatuan Eropah atau EFTA. Bahasa Itali adalah kumpulan tunggal asing yang terbesar dengan 15.6% daripada jumlah penduduk asing. Mereka diikuti oleh Jerman (15.2%), pendatang dari Portugal (12.7%), Perancis (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turki (3.8%), Sepanyol (3.7%), dan Austria (2%). Pendatang dari Sri Lanka, kebanyakan mereka bekas pelarian Tamil, adalah kumpulan terbesar di kalangan penduduk asal Asia (6.3%). Di samping itu, angka dari tahun 2012 menunjukkan bahawa 34.7% daripada penduduk tetap penduduk berusia 15 tahun ke atas di Switzerland, iaitu 2,335,000 orang, mempunyai latar belakang pendatang. Satu pertiga daripada populasi ini (853,000) memegang kewarganegaraan Swiss. Empat kelima orang yang mempunyai latar belakang imigresen adalah diri mereka pendatang (orang asing generasi pertama dan warganegara asli dan lahir semula), sementara seperlima dilahirkan di Switzerland (generasi kedua orang asing dan warganegara Swiss yang asli dan asli). Pada tahun 2000, institusi domestik dan antarabangsa menyatakan kebimbangan mengenai apa yang mereka anggap sebagai peningkatan dalam xenophobia, terutamanya dalam beberapa kempen politik. Sebagai balasan kepada satu laporan kritikal, Majlis Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa \"perkaumannya malangnya terdapat di Switzerland\", tetapi menyatakan bahawa jumlah penduduk asing yang tinggi di negara ini, serta integrasi orang asing yang tidak bermasalah \", menggariskan keterbukaan Switzerland. Pada tahun 2010, berapa peratus penduduknya terdiri daripada orang asing? || 23.3% <> Siapakah kumpulan tunggal terbesar dalam tahun 2010? latar belakang pendatang pada 2012? || 34.7% <> Berapa peratus daripada pendatang yang dilahirkan di Switzerland pada 2012? || seperlima <> Pada tahun 2000, apakah kebimbangan yang dilihat terhadap pendatang oleh institusi? || peningkatan xenofobia", {"context": "In 2012, resident foreigners made up 23.3% of the population. Most of these (64%) were from European Union or EFTA countries. Italians were the largest single group of foreigners with 15.6% of total foreign population. They were closely followed by Germans (15.2%), immigrants from Portugal (12.7%), France (5.6%), Serbia (5.3%), Turkey (3.8%), Spain (3.7%), and Austria (2%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka, most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group among people of Asian origin (6.3%). Additionally, the figures from 2012 show that 34.7% of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland, i.e. 2,335,000 persons, had an immigrant background. A third of this population (853,000) held Swiss citizenship. Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants (first generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens), whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland (second generation foreigners and native-born and naturalised Swiss citizens). In the 2000s, domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what they perceived as an increase in xenophobia, particularly in some political campaigns. In reply to one critical report the Federal Council noted that \"racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland\", but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country, as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners\", underlined Switzerland's openness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "23.3%"}], "question": "In 2010, what percentage of the population was made up of foreigners?", "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Italians"}], "question": "Who were the largest single group of foreigners in 2010?", "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "34.7%"}], "question": "What percentage of the population aged 15 and over were shown to have an immigrant background as of 2012?", "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "one fifth"}], "question": "What percentage of the immigrants were born in Switzerland as of 2012?", "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1120, "text": "increase in xenophobia"}], "question": "In the 2000's, what was the concern perceived toward immigrants by institutions?", "id": "5727b1f42ca10214002d941e"}]}], ["Kerajaan menguasai lebih banyak media siaran daripada media cetak, terutama kerana kewangan dan pelesenan. Perbadanan Penyiaran Switzerland, yang namanya baru-baru ini diubah menjadi SRG SSR, dikenakan pengeluaran dan penyiaran program radio dan televisyen. Studio SRG SSR diedarkan ke seluruh kawasan bahasa pelbagai. Kandungan radio dihasilkan di enam pusat dan empat studio serantau sementara program televisyen dihasilkan di Geneva, Z\u00fcrich dan Lugano. Rangkaian kabel yang luas juga membolehkan kebanyakan Switzerland mengakses program-program dari negara-negara jiran. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kerajaan menguasai lebih banyak media siaran daripada media cetak? || kewangan dan pelesenan <> Di manakah program televisyen dihasilkan? || Geneva, Z\u00fcrich dan Lugano <> Apakah nama Syarikat Penyiaran Swiss baru-baru ini berubah? || SRG SSR", {"context": "The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media, especially due to finance and licensing. The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR, is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programs. SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout the various language regions. Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programs are produced in Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Lugano. An extensive cable network also allows most Swiss to access the programs from neighboring countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "finance and licensing"}], "question": "What causes the government to exert greater control over broadcast media than print media?", "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Geneva, Z\u00fcrich and Lugano"}], "question": "Where are television programs produced?", "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "SRG SSR"}], "question": "What was the Swiss Broadcasting Corporations name recently changed to?", "id": "5727bc053acd2414000deae9"}]}], ["Switzerland mempunyai rangkaian bandar yang padat, di mana bandar-bandar besar, sederhana dan kecil adalah pelengkap. Dataran tinggi sangat padat penduduknya dengan kira-kira 450 orang setiap km2 dan landskap terus menunjukkan tanda-tanda kehadiran manusia. Berat kawasan metropolitan terbesar, yang Z\u00fcrich, Geneva-Lausanne, Basel dan Bern cenderung meningkat. Dalam perbandingan antarabangsa, kepentingan kawasan bandar ini adalah lebih kuat daripada jumlah penduduknya yang dicadangkan. Di samping itu, dua pusat utama Z\u00fcrich dan Geneva diiktiraf kerana kualiti kehidupan mereka yang sangat hebat. <> Apakah kepadatan populasi dataran tinggi? || 450 orang setiap km2 <> Yang mana 2 pusat diiktiraf kerana kualiti kehidupan mereka yang sangat hebat? || Z\u00fcrich dan Geneva <> Berapa berat kawasan metropolitan yang terbesar cenderung untuk dilakukan? || meningkat", {"context": "Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary. The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence. The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Z\u00fcrich, Geneva\u2013Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase. In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests. In addition the two main centers of Z\u00fcrich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "450 people per km2"}], "question": "What is the population density of the plateau?", "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Z\u00fcrich and Geneva"}], "question": "Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?", "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "increase"}], "question": "What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?", "id": "5727b6f93acd2414000dea65"}]}], ["Agama Kristian adalah agama utama Switzerland (kira-kira 71% penduduk penduduk dan 75% rakyat Switzerland), dibahagi antara Gereja Katolik (38.21% penduduk), Gereja Pembaharuan Swiss (26.93%), ) dan denominasi Kristian lain (2.79%). Terdapat kenaikan baru dalam Evangelikalisme. Imigresen telah membawa Islam (4.95%) dan Ortodoks Timur (sekitar 2%) sebagai agama minoriti yang besar. Menurut pengundian 2015 oleh Gallup International, 12% daripada orang Swiss sendiri dikenalpasti sebagai \"atheis yakin\". <> Apakah agama dominan Switzerland? || Agama Kristian <> agama apa yang telah imigresen dibawa oleh 4.95%? || Islam <> Agama apa yang telah imigresen dibawa oleh 2%? || Orthodoki Timur <> Menurut Pollup 2015, berapa peratusan orang Swiss yang yakin atheis? || 12% <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk Kristian adalah Katolik? || 38.21%", {"context": "Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland (about 71% of resident population and 75% of Swiss citizens), divided between the Catholic Church (38.21% of the population), the Swiss Reformed Church (26.93%), further Protestant churches (2.89%) and other Christian denominations (2.79%). There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism. Immigration has brought Islam (4.95%) and Eastern Orthodoxy (around 2%) as sizeable minority religions. According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International, 12% of Swiss people self-identified as \"convinced atheists.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What is the predominant religion of Switzerland?", "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "What religion has immigration brought by 4.95%? ", "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Eastern Orthodoxy"}], "question": "What religion has immigration brought by 2%?", "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "12%"}], "question": "According to a 2015 Gallup Poll, what percentage of Swiss people are convinced atheists?", "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "38.21%"}], "question": "What percentage of the Christian population is Catholic?", "id": "5727b7c74b864d1900163b4c"}]}], ["Antara dua pertiga dan tiga suku penduduk tinggal di kawasan bandar. Switzerland telah pergi dari negara yang pedalaman ke bandar yang hanya dalam 70 tahun. Sejak tahun 1935 pembangunan bandar telah mendakwa banyak landskap Switzerland seperti yang berlaku dalam 2,000 tahun sebelumnya. Keluasan bandar ini bukan sahaja menjejaskan dataran tinggi tetapi juga Jura dan kaki bukit Alpen dan terdapat kebimbangan mengenai penggunaan tanah. Bagaimanapun, sejak awal abad ke-21, pertumbuhan penduduk di kawasan bandar lebih tinggi daripada di kawasan luar bandar. <> Berapa banyak penduduk Switzerland tinggal di kawasan bandar? || Antara dua pertiga dan tiga suku <> Dari awal abad ke-21, bagaimana pertumbuhan penduduk di kawasan perkotaan dibandingkan dengan desa? || lebih tinggi <> Berapa tahun yang diambil Switzerland untuk pergi dari negara yang sebahagian besar bandar ke luar bandar? || 70", {"context": "Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas. Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years. Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years. This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use. However, from the beginning of the 21st century, the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Between two thirds and three quarters"}], "question": "How much of the Swiss population live in urban areas?", "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9332"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "higher"}], "question": "From the beginning of the 21st century, how does the population growth in urban areas compare to the countryside?", "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "70"}], "question": "How many years did it take Switzerland to go from a largely urban country to a rural one?", "id": "5727b63dff5b5019007d9334"}]}], ["Tiga bahasa utama di Eropah adalah rasmi di Switzerland. Kebudayaan Switzerland dicirikan oleh kepelbagaian, yang tercermin dalam pelbagai adat istiadat tradisional. Sebuah rantau mungkin dalam beberapa cara sangat berkaitan dengan budaya ke negara jiran yang berkongsi bahasa, negara itu sendiri berakar di budaya barat Eropah. Kebudayaan Romansh yang terasing di Graub\u00fcnden di Switzerland timur merupakan pengecualian, ia hanya tinggal di lembah atas Rhine dan Inn dan berusaha mengekalkan tradisi linguistiknya yang jarang berlaku. <> Budaya apa yang diasingkan secara linguistik dari seluruh Switzerland? || Romansh <> Di mana budaya Romansh terletak? || di Graub\u00fcnden di timur Switzerland <> Berapa banyak bahasa utama Eropah yang rasmi di Switzerland? || Tiga", {"context": "Three of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland. Swiss culture is characterised by diversity, which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs. A region may be in some ways strongly culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language, the country itself being rooted in western European culture. The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graub\u00fcnden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception, it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Romansh"}], "question": "What culture is linguistically isolated from the rest of Switzerland?", "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "in Graub\u00fcnden in eastern Switzerland"}], "question": "Where is the Romansh culture located?", "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Three"}], "question": "How many of Europe's major languages are official in Switzerland?", "id": "5727ba374b864d1900163b98"}]}], ["Perlambangan Alpine telah memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk sejarah negara dan identiti kebangsaan Switzerland. Pada masa kini, beberapa kawasan pegunungan yang menumpukan mempunyai budaya resort ski yang sangat bertenaga di musim sejuk, dan hiking (ger: das Wandern) atau budaya berbasikal Gunung pada musim panas. Kawasan-kawasan lain sepanjang tahun mempunyai budaya rekreasi yang sesuai dengan pelancongan, tetapi musim yang lebih tenang adalah musim bunga dan musim gugur ketika terdapat sedikit pengunjung. Seorang petani tradisional dan budaya pemangsa juga mendominasi di banyak kawasan dan ladang kecil berada di luar kota. Seni rakyat terus hidup dalam organisasi di seluruh negara. Di Switzerland, kebanyakannya dinyatakan dalam muzik, tarian, puisi, ukiran kayu dan sulaman. Alphorn, alat muzik seperti sangkakala yang terbuat dari kayu, telah menjadi bersama dengan yodeling dan akordion sebagai lambang muzik Switzerland tradisional. <> Apakah simbolisme telah memainkan peranan penting dalam membentuk sejarah Switzerland? || Alpine <> Budaya apa yang sangat bertenaga di beberapa kawasan pegunungan yang tertumpu di musim sejuk? || budaya resort ski <> Apakah nama sangkakala seperti alat muzik yang diperbuat daripada kayu telah menjadi lambang muzik Switzerland tradisional? || alphorn <> Apa budaya tradisional mendominasi di banyak kawasan ladang kecil? || petani dan budaya penternak", {"context": "Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity. Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter, and a hiking (ger: das Wandern) or Mountain biking culture in summer. Other areas throughout the year have a recreational culture that caters to tourism, yet the quieter seasons are spring and autumn when there are fewer visitors. A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities. Folk art is kept alive in organisations all over the country. In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music, dance, poetry, wood carving and embroidery. The alphorn, a trumpet-like musical instrument made of wood, has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Alpine"}], "question": "What symbolism has played an important role in shaping the history of Switzerland?", "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "ski resort culture"}], "question": "What highly energetic culture is in some concentrated mountain areas in the winter?", "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "alphorn"}], "question": "What is the name of the trumpet like musical instrument made of wood has become the epitome of traditional Swiss music?", "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "farmer and herder culture"}], "question": "What traditional culture predominates in many areas of small farms?", "id": "5727bb71ff5b5019007d93a9"}]}], ["Sebagai bancian tahun 2000, komuniti minoriti Kristian lain termasuk Neo-Pietisme (0.44%), Pentecostalisme (0.28%, kebanyakannya diperbadankan di Schweizer Pfingstmission), Methodisme (0.13%), Gereja Apostolik Baru (0.45% %), denominasi Protestan lain (0.20%), Gereja Katolik Lama (0.18%), denominasi Kristian lain (0.20%). Agama bukan Kristian adalah agama Hindu (0.38%), Buddhisme (0.29%), Yahudi (0.25%) dan lain-lain (0.11%); 4.3% tidak membuat kenyataan. 21.4% pada tahun 2012 mengisytiharkan diri mereka sebagai orang yang tidak dicabar iaitu tidak bergabung dengan mana-mana jemaat atau badan agama lain (Agnostik, Ateis, atau tidak berkaitan dengan mana-mana agama rasmi). <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Swiss mendakwa tiada gabungan gereja pada tahun 2012? || 21.4% <> Menurut banci tahun 2000, apakah peratusan Swiss adalah pentecostal? || 0.28% <> Menurut banci tahun 2000, berapa peratus Switzerland adalah Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa? || 0.28% <> Menurut banci tahun 2000, apakah peratusan Swiss adalah Buddha? || 0.29%", {"context": "As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities include Neo-Pietism (0.44%), Pentecostalism (0.28%, mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission), Methodism (0.13%), the New Apostolic Church (0.45%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.28%), other Protestant denominations (0.20%), the Old Catholic Church (0.18%), other Christian denominations (0.20%). Non-Christian religions are Hinduism (0.38%), Buddhism (0.29%), Judaism (0.25%) and others (0.11%); 4.3% did not make a statement. 21.4% in 2012 declared themselves as unchurched i.e. not affiliated with any church or other religious body (Agnostic, Atheist, or just not related to any official religion).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "21.4%"}], "question": "What percentage of Swiss people claimed no church affiliation in 2012?", "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "0.28%"}], "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are pentecostal?", "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "0.28%"}], "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Jehova's Witnesses?", "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "0.29%"}], "question": "According to the census of 2000, what percentage of Swiss are Buddhists?", "id": "5727b873ff5b5019007d9365"}]}], ["Bahasa rasmi utama (Jerman, Perancis, dan Itali) mempunyai istilah, tidak digunakan di luar Switzerland, yang dikenali sebagai Helvetisms. Helvetisme Jerman adalah, dengan kata-kata kasar, kumpulan kata-kata yang besar khas Swiss Standard German, yang tidak muncul sama ada dalam Standard German, atau dalam dialek Jerman lain. Ini termasuk istilah dari budaya bahasa Switzerland di sekitarnya (German Billette dari Perancis), dari istilah yang sama dalam bahasa lain (bahasa Itali azione digunakan bukan sahaja sebagai perbuatan tetapi juga sebagai diskaun dari Aktion Jerman). Bahasa Perancis yang dituturkan di Switzerland mempunyai istilah yang serupa, yang sama-sama dikenali sebagai Helvetisms. Ciri-ciri yang paling kerap Helvetisms adalah dalam perbendaharaan kata, frasa, dan sebutan, tetapi Helvetisme tertentu menunjukkan diri mereka sebagai sintaks dan ortografi yang istimewa. Duden, salah satu sumber preskriptif untuk Standard German, menyedari kira-kira 3000 Helvetisms. Kamus Perancis semasa, seperti Petit Larousse, termasuk beberapa ratus Helvetisms. <> Apakah istilah yang tidak digunakan di luar Switzerland yang dikenali sebagai? || Helvetisms <> Di mana ciri-ciri Helvetisms yang paling kerap ditemui? || perbendaharaan kata, frasa dan sebutan <> Apa kamus Perancis semasa termasuk beberapa ratus? || Helvetisms", {"context": "The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Helvetisms"}], "question": "What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?", "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation"}], "question": "Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?", "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 971, "text": "Helvetisms"}], "question": "What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?", "id": "5727b48e4b864d1900163ae0"}]}], ["Warganegara Switzerland secara amnya dikehendaki membeli insurans kesihatan daripada syarikat insurans persendirian, yang kemudiannya dikehendaki menerima setiap pemohon. Walaupun kos sistem adalah antara yang tertinggi ia dibandingkan baik dengan negara-negara Eropah lain dari segi hasil kesihatan; pesakit yang warganegara telah dilaporkan sebagai, pada umumnya, sangat berpuas hati dengannya. Pada tahun 2012, jangka hayat pada saat lahir adalah 80.4 tahun untuk lelaki dan 84.7 tahun untuk wanita - yang tertinggi di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, perbelanjaan untuk kesihatan adalah tinggi pada 11.4% daripada KDNK (2010), setanding dengan Jerman dan Perancis (11.6%) dan negara-negara Eropah yang lain, dan kurang daripada perbelanjaan di Amerika Syarikat (17.6%). Dari tahun 1990, kenaikan mantap dapat dilihat, mencerminkan kos yang tinggi dari perkhidmatan yang disediakan. Dengan penduduk yang semakin tua dan teknologi penjagaan kesihatan baru, perbelanjaan kesihatan mungkin akan terus meningkat. <> Siapa warga Switzerland yang diperlukan untuk membeli insurans kesihatan? || syarikat insurans swasta <> Siapa syarikat insurans swasta yang diperlukan untuk menerima? || setiap pemohon <> Pada tahun 2012, apakah ranking dunia Switzerland untuk jangka hayat pada tahun 2012? || tertinggi <> Penduduk apa yang akan menyebabkan perbelanjaan kesihatan kemungkinan meningkat pada masa akan datang? || penuaan <> Apakah teknologi penjagaan kesihatan berteknologi tinggi baru diterjemahkan? || kos tinggi perkhidmatan yang disediakan", {"context": "Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it. In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women \u2014 the highest in the world. However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, and notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%). From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided. With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "private insurance companies"}], "question": "Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?", "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "every applicant"}], "question": "Who are private insurance companies required to accept?", "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163af9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "highest"}], "question": "In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?", "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "ageing"}], "question": "What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?", "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "high costs of the services provided"}], "question": "What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?", "id": "5727b5944b864d1900163afc"}]}], ["Negara ini secara historis sama-sama seimbang antara Katolik dan Protestan, dengan persilangan besar-besaran yang kompleks di kebanyakan negara. Geneva ditukar kepada Protestantisme pada 1536, sebelum John Calvin tiba di sana. Satu kanton, Appenzell, secara rasmi dibahagikan kepada bahagian Katolik dan Protestan pada tahun 1597. Bandar-bandar besar dan canton mereka (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich dan Basel) telah digunakan sebagai Protestan. Central Switzerland, Valais, Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, Jura, dan Friborg secara tradisinya Katolik. Perlembagaan Swiss pada tahun 1848, di bawah tanggapan baru-baru ini tentang pertengkaran-pertentangan katolik-katolik-katolik-katolik yang akhirnya memuncak di Sonderbundskrieg, dengan sengaja mentakrifkan sebuah negara konsosiasi, yang membenarkan kewujudan Katolik dan Protestan. Inisiatif 1980 yang memanggil perpisahan sepenuhnya gereja dan negeri ditolak oleh 78.9% pengundi. Sesetengah kanton dan bandar Protestan pada masa kini mempunyai majoriti minoriti Katolik, bukan kerana mereka berkembang dalam ahli-ahli, sebaliknya, tetapi hanya kerana sejak tahun 1970 sebuah minoriti yang semakin berkembang tidak bergabung dengan mana-mana jemaat atau badan agama lain (21.4% di Switzerland , 2012) terutamanya di wilayah Protestan seperti Basel-City (42%), canton Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton Geneva (35%), canton Vaud (26%), atau bandar Z\u00fcrich (bandar: 25%; canton: 23%). <> Bilakah Geneva dikonversi ke Protestantisme? || 1536 <> Bagaimana keadaan konsosiasional ditakrifkan oleh Perlembagaan 1848? || membenarkan kewujudan orang Katolik dan Protestan secara aman <> Bilakah panggilan untuk pemisahan lengkap dari gereja dan negara ditolak oleh majoriti pengundi? || 1980 <> Apa peratusan pengundi menolak pemisahan gereja dan negeri pada tahun 1980? || 78.9%", {"context": "The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant, with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country. Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536, just before John Calvin arrived there. One canton, Appenzell, was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597. The larger cities and their cantons (Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Z\u00fcrich and Basel) used to be predominantly Protestant. Central Switzerland, the Valais, the Ticino, Appenzell Innerrhodes, the Jura, and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic. The Swiss Constitution of 1848, under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg, consciously defines a consociational state, allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants. A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9% of the voters. Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority, not because they were growing in members, quite the contrary, but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body (21.4% in Switzerland, 2012) especially in traditionally Protestant regions, such as Basel-City (42%), canton of Neuch\u00e2tel (38%), canton of Geneva (35%), canton of Vaud (26%), or Z\u00fcrich city (city: >25%; canton: 23%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "1536"}], "question": "When did Geneva convert to Protestantism?", "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 754, "text": "allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants"}], "question": "How is a consociational state defined by the Constitution of 1848?", "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When was the calling for a complete separation from church and state rejected by the majority of voters?", "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "78.9%"}], "question": "What percentage of voters rejected the separation of church and state in 1980?", "id": "5727b9ba4b864d1900163b91"}]}], ["Ski, snowboarding dan mendaki gunung adalah antara sukan yang paling popular di Switzerland, sifat negara yang sangat sesuai untuk aktiviti tersebut. Sukan musim sejuk diamalkan oleh penduduk pribumi dan pelancong sejak separuh kedua abad ke-19 dengan penemuan bobsleigh di St. Moritz. Kejohanan ski pertama dunia telah diadakan di M\u00fcrren (1931) dan St. Moritz (1934). Pekan ini menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk yang kedua pada tahun 1928 dan edisi kelima pada tahun 1948. Antara pemain ski paling berjaya dan juara dunia ialah Pirmin Zurbriggen dan Didier Cuche. <> Apa 3 sukan gunung adalah antara yang paling popular di Switzerland? || Ski, snowboarding dan mendaki gunung <> Di manakah bobsleigh dicipta? || St Moritz <> Kapan kejohanan ski pertama diadakan di Murren? || 1931 <> Bandar manakah yang menganjurkan Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk Ke-2 pada tahun 1928? || St Moritz", {"context": "Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland, the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities. Winter sports are practiced by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz. The first world ski championships were held in M\u00fcrren (1931) and St. Moritz (1934). The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948. Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Skiing, snowboarding and mountaineering"}], "question": "What 3 mountain sports are among the most popular in Switzerland?", "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "St. Moritz"}], "question": "Where was the bobsleigh invented?", "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When were the first ski championships held in Murren?", "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "St. Moritz"}], "question": "Which town hosted the 2nd Winter Olympic Games in 1928?", "id": "5727bc974b864d1900163bf1"}]}], ["Masakan Switzerland adalah pelbagai. Walaupun sesetengah hidangan seperti fondue, raclette atau r\u00f6sti adalah di mana-mana di seluruh negara, setiap rantau membangunkan gastronomi sendiri mengikut perbezaan iklim dan bahasa. Masakan tradisional Switzerland menggunakan bahan-bahan yang sama seperti di negara-negara Eropah yang lain, serta produk tenusu dan keju yang unik seperti Gruy\u00e8re atau Emmental, yang dihasilkan di Lembah Gruy\u00e8res dan Emmental. Bilangan tempat makan mewah adalah tinggi, terutamanya di barat Switzerland. <> Apa bahagian Switzerland mempunyai bilangan tempat makan yang sangat tinggi? || barat Switzerland <> Keju tenusu yang unik yang dihasilkan di lembah Switzerland Gruyeres? || Gruy\u00e8re <> Apa perbezaan yang terutama menentukan beberapa variasi serantau dalam masakan Switzerland? || iklim dan bahasa <> Apa produk tenusu dihasilkan di lembah Emmental? || Emmental <> Bagaimana bahan masakan tradisional Switzerland berbanding dengan negara-negara Eropah yang lain? || serupa", {"context": "The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted. While some dishes such as fondue, raclette or r\u00f6sti are omnipresent through the country, each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages.  Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries, as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruy\u00e8re or Emmental, produced in the valleys of Gruy\u00e8res and Emmental. The number of fine-dining establishments is high, particularly in western Switzerland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "western Switzerland"}], "question": "What part of Switzerland has a particularly high number of fine-dining establishments?", "id": "5727be542ca10214002d9544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Gruy\u00e8re"}], "question": "What unique dairy cheese is produced in the Swiss valleys of Gruyeres?", "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "climate and languages"}], "question": "What differences primarily dictated some of the regional variations in Swiss cuisine?", "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164cdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Emmental"}], "question": "What dairy product is produced in the valley of Emmental?", "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164ce0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "similar"}], "question": "How do the ingredients of traditional Swiss cuisine compare to that of other European countries?", "id": "5728b9464b864d1900164ce1"}]}], ["Sukan tradisional termasuk gusti Switzerland atau \"Schwingen\". Ia adalah tradisi lama dari canton pusat pedesaan dan dianggap sebagai sukan kebangsaan oleh beberapa orang. Hornussen adalah satu lagi sukan Swiss asli, yang seperti salib antara baseball dan golf. Steinstossen adalah variasi Swiss batu, persaingan dalam membaling batu berat. Dipraktikkan hanya di kalangan populasi alpine sejak zaman prasejarah, ia dicatatkan telah berlaku di Basel pada abad ke-13. Ia juga menjadi pusat kepada Unspunnenfest, yang pertama kali diadakan pada 1805, dengan lambangnya 83.5 kg batu bernama Unspunnenstein. <> Yang sukan Swiss yang popular adalah persilangan antara bisbol dan golf? || Hornussen <> Yang tua, sukan tradisional dianggap sebagai sukan kebangsaan oleh beberapa Swiss? || Gusti Swiss atau \"Schwingen\" <> Apa yang dibuang dalam persaingan Swiss Steinstossen? || batu berat <> Yang penduduk Switzerland adalah satu-satunya yang mengamalkan Steinstossen sejak zaman prasejarah? || alpine <> Apakah nama batu 83.5 kg yang melambangkan Unspunnenfest, pertama kali diadakan pada tahun 1805? || Unspunnenstein", {"context": "Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or \"Schwingen\". It is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some. Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport, which is like a cross between baseball and golf. Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put, a competition in throwing a heavy stone. Practiced only among the alpine population since prehistoric times, it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century. It is also central to the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805, with its symbol the 83.5 kg stone named Unspunnenstein.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Hornussen"}], "question": "Which popular Swiss sport is a cross between baseball and golf?", "id": "5727be234b864d1900163c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Swiss wrestling or \"Schwingen\""}], "question": "Which old, traditional sport is considered to be the national sport by some Swiss?", "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "a heavy stone"}], "question": "What is thrown in the Swiss competition Steinstossen?", "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "alpine"}], "question": "Which Swiss population is the only one to have practiced Steinstossen since prehistoric times?", "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "Unspunnenstein"}], "question": "What was the name of the 83.5 kg stone that symbolized the Unspunnenfest, first held in 1805?", "id": "5728b7dbff5b5019007da55d"}]}], ["Minuman beralkohol yang paling popular di Switzerland adalah wain. Switzerland terkenal kerana pelbagai anggur yang ditanam kerana variasi besar di terroirs, dengan campuran tanah, udara, ketinggian dan cahaya tertentu. Wain Switzerland dihasilkan terutamanya di Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva dan Ticino, dengan majoriti kecil wain putih. Kebun raya telah ditanam di Switzerland sejak zaman Rom, walaupun terdapat jejak tertentu yang boleh didapati dari asal yang lebih kuno. Varietas yang paling luas adalah Chasselas (dipanggil Fendant di Valais) dan Pinot noir. Merlot adalah pelbagai utama yang dihasilkan di Ticino. <> Apakah minuman beralkohol yang paling popular di Switzerland? || wain <> Ketika kebun anggur pertama ditanam di Switzerland? || Era Rom <> Apa jenis wain yang terdiri daripada majoriti wain kecil yang dihasilkan di Switzerland? || putih <> Apakah dua jenis wain yang paling luas di Switzerland? || Chasselas (dipanggil Fendant di Valais) dan Pinot noir <> Apa 4 variasi tanah dikreditkan untuk pelbagai jenis anggur yang ditanam di Switzerland? || campuran tanah, udara, ketinggian dan cahaya tertentu", {"context": "The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine. Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs, with their specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light. Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais, Vaud (Lavaux), Geneva and Ticino, with a small majority of white wines. Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era, even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin. The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir. The Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "wine"}], "question": "What is the most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland?", "id": "5727be964b864d1900163c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Roman era"}], "question": "When were vineyards first cultivated in Switzerland?", "id": "5727be964b864d1900163c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "white"}], "question": "What type of wine comprises a small majority of wine produced in Switzerland?", "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Chasselas (called Fendant in Valais) and Pinot noir"}], "question": "What are the two most widespread varieties of wines in Switzerland?", "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "specific mixes of soil, air, altitude and light"}], "question": "What 4 terrain variations are credited for Switzerland's notable variety of grapes grown?", "id": "5728ba494b864d1900164cfc"}]}], ["Switzerland adalah peminat bola sepak dan pasukan kebangsaan dipanggil 'Nati'. Ibu pejabat badan pengawal sukan, Persekutuan Persatuan Bola Sepak Antarabangsa (FIFA), terletak di Z\u00fcrich. Switzerland menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia FIFA 1954, dan menjadi tuan rumah bersama Austria dengan kejohanan Euro 2008. Liga Super Switzerland adalah liga kelab profesional negara. Untuk kejohanan final Piala Dunia 2014 Brazil, kanton bertutur berbahasa Jerman akan dipantau dengan teliti oleh pasukan polis tempatan untuk mengelakkan perayaan melebihi satu jam selepas perlawanan berakhir. Padang bola sepak tertinggi di Eropah, di 2,000 meter (6,600 kaki) di atas paras laut, terletak di Switzerland dan dinamakan Stadium Ottmar Hitzfeld. <> Apakah nama panggilan untuk pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Switzerland? || Nati <> Apakah FIFA berdiri? || Persekutuan Persatuan Bola Sepak Antarabangsa <> Di mana padang bola sepak tertinggi Eropah terletak? || Switzerland <> Di mana FIFA terletak? || Z\u00fcrich <> Piala Dunia FIFA yang mana hos Switzerland? || 1954", {"context": "Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Z\u00fcrich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Nati"}], "question": "What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team?", "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "International Federation of Association Football"}], "question": "What does FIFA stand for?", "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Switzerland"}], "question": "Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?", "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Z\u00fcrich"}], "question": "Where is the FIFA located?", "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "1954"}], "question": "Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?", "id": "5727bd4a4b864d1900163c0c"}]}], ["Banyak Swiss juga mengikuti hoki ais dan menyokong salah satu daripada 12 kelab dalam Liga A, yang merupakan liga yang paling banyak dihadiri di Eropah. Pada tahun 2009, Switzerland menganjurkan Kejohanan Dunia IIHF untuk kali ke-10. Ia juga menjadi Naib Juara Dunia pada tahun 2013. Tasik yang banyak menjadikan Switzerland tempat yang menarik untuk belayar. Tasik Geneva yang terbesar, adalah rumah pasukan pelayaran Alinghi yang merupakan pasukan Eropah pertama yang memenangi Piala Amerika pada tahun 2003 dan berjaya membela gelaran pada tahun 2007. Tenis telah menjadi sukan yang semakin popular, dan pemain Swiss seperti Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, dan yang paling baru, Stanislas Wawrinka telah memenangi pelbagai Grand Slam. Ahli gusti profesional Swiss Claudio Castagnoli kini ditandatangani dengan WWE, dan merupakan bekas juara Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa yang dihoskan buat kali ke-10 oleh Switzerland pada tahun 2009? || IIHF World Championship <> Apakah nama pasukan pelayaran Eropah pertama untuk memenangi cawan Amerika pada tahun 2013? || Alinghi <> Ahli gusti profesional Swiss mana yang kini ditandatangani dengan WWE? || Claudio Castagnoli <> Yang pasukan belayar Swiss adalah yang pertama untuk memenangi Piala Amerika pada tahun 2003? || Alinghi", {"context": "Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 clubs in the League A, which is the most attended league in Europe. In 2009, Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time. It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013. The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing. The largest, Lake Geneva, is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007. Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport, and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis, Roger Federer, and most recently, Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams. Swiss professional wrestler Claudio Castagnoli is currently signed with WWE, and is a former United States champion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "IIHF World Championship"}], "question": "What was hosted for the 10th time by Switzerland in 2009?", "id": "5727bdd3ff5b5019007d93ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Alinghi"}], "question": "What was the name of the 1st European sailing team to win America's cup in 2013?", "id": "5727bdd3ff5b5019007d93ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "Claudio Castagnoli"}], "question": "Which Swiss professional wrestler is currently signed with WWE?", "id": "5728b4e33acd2414000dfd25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Alinghi"}], "question": "Which Swiss sailing team was the 1st to win America's Cup in 2003?", "id": "5728b4e33acd2414000dfd26"}]}], ["Racecourses motorsport dan acara diharamkan di Switzerland berikutan bencana Le Mans 1955 dengan pengecualian kepada peristiwa seperti Hillclimbing. Pada masa ini, negara ini masih menghasilkan pemandu perlumbaan yang berjaya seperti Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, pemandu kereta Kejohanan Dunia Touring Alain. Alain Menu, 24 jam pemenang Le Mans Marcel F\u00e4ssler dan 2015 Pemenang N\u00fcrburgring 24 jam Nico M\u00fcller. Switzerland juga memenangi Piala Dunia A1GP Motorsport pada 2007-08 dengan pemandu Neel Jani. Pelumba motosikal Switzerland Thomas L\u00fcthi memenangi Kejohanan Dunia MotoGP 2005 dalam kategori 125cc. Pada bulan Jun 2007 Majlis Kebangsaan Swiss, sebuah rumah Perhimpunan Persekutuan Switzerland, mengundi untuk membatalkan larangan itu, namun rumah yang lain, Majlis Negara-Negara Swiss menolak perubahan itu dan pengharaman masih wujud. <> Apa yang diharamkan di Switzerland pada tahun 1955 selepas bencana Le Mans? || Racecourses motorsport dan acara <> Siapa yang mengundi untuk membatalkan larangan pada acara motorsport pada bulan Jun 2007? || Majlis Kebangsaan Swiss <> Yang menolak undi 2007 untuk membatalkan larangan motorsport di Switzerland? || Swiss Council of States <> Yang mana kejayaan pemandu Kejohanan Dunia Touring Dunia yang dihasilkan di Switzerland walaupun larangan pada acara motorsport? || Alain Menu <> Yang pelumba motosikal Switzerland memenangi Kejohanan Dunia MotoGP 2005 dalam kategori 125cc? || Thomas L\u00fcthi", {"context": "Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing. During this period, the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni, Sebastian Buemi, Jo Siffert, Dominique Aegerter, successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu, 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel F\u00e4ssler and 2015 24 Hours N\u00fcrburgring winner Nico M\u00fcller. Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007\u201308 with driver Neel Jani. Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas L\u00fcthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category. In June 2007 the Swiss National Council, one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, voted to overturn the ban, however the other house, the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Motorsport racecourses and events"}], "question": "What was banned in Switzerland in 1955 after the Le Mans disaster?", "id": "5727bdfe3acd2414000deb2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "Swiss National Council"}], "question": "Who voted to overturn the ban on motorsport events in June 2007?", "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164ca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "Swiss Council of States"}], "question": "Who rejected the  2007 vote to overturn the motorsport ban in Switzerland?", "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Alain Menu"}], "question": "Which successful World Touring Car Championship driver was produced in Switzerland despite the ban on motorsport events?", "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Thomas L\u00fcthi"}], "question": "Which Swiss motorcycle racer won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category?", "id": "5728b6834b864d1900164cab"}]}]], [["26 Mac 1991 adalah hari yang menandakan pertembungan antara askar-askar tentera dan pelajar demonstrasi damai yang menduduki puncak pembunuhan beramai-ramai di bawah arahan Presiden Moussa Traor\u00e9. Dia dan tiga rakannya kemudiannya dibicarakan dan didapati bersalah dan menerima hukuman mati bagi pihak mereka dalam membuat keputusan pada hari itu. Hari ini adalah cuti kebangsaan untuk mengingati peristiwa-peristiwa tragis dan orang-orang yang terbunuh. [Sumber yang tidak boleh dipercayai?] Rundingan ini diingati sebagai Revolusi Mac Mali pada tahun 1991. <> Siapa presiden semasa protes Mac? || Moussa Traor\u00e9 <> Berapa ramai orang selain dari presiden menerima hukuman mati? || tiga bersekutu <> hari apa hari libur nasional yang berkaitan dengan Moussa Traor\u00e9? || 26 Mac <> Semua empat lelaki telah disabitkan dan menerima apa yang sebagai hukuman? || hukuman mati <> Mereka yang menerima hukuman mati mendapatnya untuk peranan mereka dalam apa? || bahagian mereka dalam membuat keputusan", {"context": "26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of then President Moussa Traor\u00e9. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people that were killed.[unreliable source?] The coup is remembered as Mali's March Revolution of 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Moussa Traor\u00e9"}], "question": "Who was president during the March protests?", "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "three associates"}], "question": "How many people aside from the president received a death sentence? ", "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "26 March"}], "question": "What day is now a National holiday in connection to Moussa Traor\u00e9?", "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "death sentence"}], "question": "All four men were convicted and received what as punishment?", "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "their part in the decision-making"}], "question": "Those that received the death sentence had gotten it for their role in what?", "id": "5726c4a7708984140094d0ef"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-14, Songhai secara beransur-ansur mendapat kemerdekaan dari Kekaisaran Mali dan berkembang, akhirnya merangkumi seluruh bahagian timur Kekaisaran Mali. Keruntuhan akhirnya Songhai Empire adalah sebahagian besarnya akibat pencerobohan Maghribi pada tahun 1591, di bawah komando Judar Pasha. Kejatuhan Songhai Empire menandakan berakhirnya peranan rantau ini sebagai persimpangan perdagangan. Berikutan penubuhan laluan laut oleh kuasa-kuasa Eropah, laluan perdagangan trans-Sahara hilang kepentingan. <> Kematian The Sonhgai Empire disebabkan oleh serangan apa? || Pencerobohan Maghribi pada tahun 1591 <> Apa kesan utama kejatuhan Empayar Songhai? || Laluan perdagangan Sahara hilang kepentingannya. <> Berapa abad Songhai menjadi bebas dari Mali? || Abad ke-14 <> Siapa komander pencerobohan Maghribi pada tahun 1591? || Judar Pasha <> Apakah jenis laluan perdagangan yang dibuat oleh orang Eropah yang dikompaun dengan kesan yang mendalam? || penubuhan laluan laut", {"context": "In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Moroccan invasion in 1591"}], "question": "The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?", "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Saharan trade routes lost significance."}], "question": "What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?", "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?", "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Judar Pasha"}], "question": "Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? ", "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "establishment of sea routes"}], "question": "What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?", "id": "5726b2c95951b619008f7af5"}]}], ["Menjelang 26 Mac, penolakan tentera yang semakin meningkat untuk memusnahkan orang ramai yang membantah keganasan berubah menjadi keganasan secara besar-besaran, dan mengakibatkan beribu-ribu askar meletakkan tangan mereka dan menyertai pergerakan pro-demokrasi. Pada petang itu, Leftenan Kolonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 mengumumkan di radio bahawa dia telah menangkap presiden diktator, Moussa Traor\u00e9. Akibatnya, parti pembangkang telah disahkan dan kongres nasional kumpulan sivil dan politik bertemu untuk merangka perlembagaan demokratik baru untuk diluluskan oleh referendum nasional. <> Siapa yang mengumumkan Radio bahawa presiden telah ditangkap? || Leftenan Kolonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 Beribu-ribu tentera meletakkan senjata mereka dan menyertai apa jenis usaha? || pro-demokrasi <> Pemberontakan yang tidak ganas menyebabkan para tentera terlibat dalam apa jenis tingkah laku? || penolakan tentera untuk api <> Menentang kumpulan bertemu untuk membuat dan mencipta jenis undang-undang demokrasi? || perlembagaan <> Apakah kumpulan itu untuk meluluskan perlembagaan demokratik baru? || sebuah referendum nasional", {"context": "By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted into thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traor\u00e9. As a consequence, opposition parties were legalized and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a new democratic constitution to be approved by a national referendum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Lieutenant Colonel Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9"}], "question": "Who announced over the Radio that the president had been arrested?", "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "pro-democracy"}], "question": "Thousands of soldiers put their weapons down and joined what type of efforts?", "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "refusal of soldiers to fire"}], "question": "The non violent protesting led the soldiers to engage in what type of behavior?", "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "constitution"}], "question": "Opposing groups met to make and create what kind of democratic laws?", "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "a national referendum"}], "question": "What group was to approve the new democratic constitution?", "id": "5726c67d708984140094d12f"}]}], ["Bantahan anti-kerajaan pada tahun 1991 membawa kepada rampasan kuasa, kerajaan peralihan, dan perlembagaan baru. Pembangkang terhadap rejim rasuah dan diktator General Moussa Traor\u00e9 berkembang pada tahun 1980-an. Pada masa ini program-program yang ketat, yang dikenakan untuk memenuhi permintaan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa, membawa peningkatan kesusahan kepada penduduk negara, manakala golongan elit dekat dengan kerajaan yang dikatakan hidup dalam kekayaan yang semakin meningkat. Protes pelajar aman pada bulan Januari 1991 ditindas secara brutal, dengan penangkapan dan penyeksaan besar para pemimpin dan peserta. Tindakan yang merebak dari rusuhan dan vandalisme bangunan awam diikuti, tetapi kebanyakan tindakan oleh pihak pembangkang tetap tanpa kekerasan. <> Pada tahun apakah Mali mendapat perlembagaan baru? || 1991 <> Pada bulan Januari 1991 apakah jenis protes yang dibantah keras? || pelajar protes <> Apa jenis pentadbiran yang ada Mousa Traor\u00e9 umum? || rejim diktator <> Peraturan-peraturan ketat telah disediakan untuk menenangkan dana kewangan? || Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Ia adalah khabar angin bahawa orang yang rapat dengan kerajaan tinggal dalam keadaan jenis apa? || kekayaan yang semakin meningkat", {"context": "Anti-government protests in 1991 led to a coup, a transitional government, and a new constitution. Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traor\u00e9 grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year did Mali get a new constitution? ", "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "student protests"}], "question": "In January of 1991 what type of protests were violently curbed?", "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "dictatorial regime"}], "question": "What type of administration did general Mousa Traor\u00e9 have?", "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "International Monetary Fund"}], "question": "Strict rules were put in place to appease what monetary fund?", "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "growing wealth"}], "question": "It was rumored that people close to the government lived in what type of condition? ", "id": "5726bc0b708984140094cf91"}]}], ["Dari 22 Mac hingga 26 Mac 1991, perhimpunan pro-demokrasi besar-besaran dan mogok di seluruh negara telah diadakan di komuniti bandar dan luar bandar, yang dikenali sebagai peringatan les (\"peristiwa\") atau Revolusi Mac. Di Bamako, sebagai tindak balas kepada demonstrasi besar-besaran yang dianjurkan oleh pelajar universiti dan kemudiannya disertai oleh serikat pekerja perdagangan dan lain-lain, tentera melepaskan tembakan secara tidak sengaja terhadap penunjuk perasaan yang tidak berkuasa. Kerusuhan berlaku sebentar selepas kejadian itu. Barricades serta sekatan jalan telah didirikan dan Traor\u00e9 mengisytiharkan keadaan kecemasan dan mengenakan perintah berkurung malam. Walaupun dianggarkan kehilangan 300 nyawa selama empat hari, penunjuk perasaan tanpa kekerasan terus kembali ke Bamako setiap hari menuntut peletakan jawatan presiden diktator dan pelaksanaan kebijakan demokrasi. <> Apa jenis perhimpunan yang diadakan pada bulan Mac tahun 1991? || pro-demokrasi <> Terdapat mogok di seluruh negara yang dipanggil yang dipanggil les envenements dan dinamakan apa? || Revolusi Mac <Selepas presiden mengisytiharkan keadaan kecemasan, apa jenis jam malam yang diletakkan di negara ini? || setiap malam <> Berapa banyak orang yang meninggal selama empat hari? || 300 nyawa <> Selepas semua usaha kerajaan apa jenis protes terus? || tanpa kekerasan", {"context": "From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les evenements (\"the events\") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traor\u00e9 declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "pro-democracy"}], "question": "What type of rallies were being held in March of 1991?", "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "March Revolution"}], "question": "There was a nationwide strike being held that was called les envenements and also named what?", "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "nightly"}], "question": "After the president declared a state of emergency, what type of curfew was placed on the country?", "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "300 lives"}], "question": "How many people died over the course of four days?", "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "nonviolent"}], "question": "After all of the governments efforts what types of protests continued? ", "id": "5726bf215951b619008f7cf7"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2012 pemberontakan Tuareg bermula di Mali Utara, yang dipimpin oleh Gerakan Kebangsaan untuk Pembebasan Azawad. Pada bulan Mac, pegawai tentera Amadou Sanogo merampas kekuasaan dalam rampasan kuasa, memetik kegagalan Tour\u00e9 membantah pemberontakan, dan menyebabkan sekatan dan sekatan oleh Komuniti Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat. MNLA dengan cepat menguasai utara, mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan sebagai Azawad. Walau bagaimanapun, kumpulan Islam termasuk Ansar Dine dan Al-Qaeda dalam Maghreb Islam (AQIM), yang membantu MNLA mengalahkan kerajaan, menghidupkan Tuareg dan menguasai Utara dengan matlamat melaksanakan sharia di Mali. <> Apa pemberontakan bermula pada Januari 2012? || Pemberontakan Tuareg <> Pada bulan Mac tahun 2012 yang menguasai Mali? || Amadou Sanogo <> Kumpulan apa yang menyebabkan pemberontakan di Mali Utara? || Pergerakan Kebangsaan bagi Pembebasan Azawad <> Kebencian Komuniti Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat yang mengenakan jenis hukuman apa? || sekatan <> Apa kumpulan mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan sebagai Asawad? || MNLA", {"context": "In January 2012 a Tuareg rebellion began in Northern Mali, led by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad. In March, military officer Amadou Sanogo seized power in a coup d'\u00e9tat, citing Tour\u00e9's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the Economic Community of West African States. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring independence as Azawad. However, Islamist groups including Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the North with the goal of implementing sharia in Mali.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Tuareg rebellion"}], "question": "What rebellion began in January of 2012?", "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Amadou Sanogo"}], "question": "In March of 2012 whom gained control of Mali?", "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad"}], "question": "What group led the rebellion in Northern Mali?", "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "sanctions"}], "question": "The embargo of the Economic Community of West African States imposed what type of punishment? ", "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "MNLA"}], "question": "What group declared independence as Asawad?", "id": "5726c9a75951b619008f7e19"}]}], ["Pada 19 November 1968, berikutan penurunan ekonomi yang progresif, rejim Ke\u00efta telah digulingkan dalam rampasan kuasa tentera yang tidak berdarah yang diketuai oleh Moussa Traor\u00e9, hari yang kini diperingati sebagai Hari Pembebasan. Rejim yang diterajui oleh ketenteraan, dengan Traor\u00e9 sebagai presiden, cuba memperbaharui ekonomi. Usaha beliau telah kecewa dengan kegawatan politik dan kemarau yang dahsyat antara tahun 1968 hingga 1974, di mana kebuluran membunuh beribu-ribu orang. Rejimen Traore menghadapi pergolakan pelajar bermula pada akhir 1970-an dan tiga percubaan rampasan kuasa. Rejimen Traore menindas semua orang yang bertentangan sehingga akhir 1980-an. <> Rejim apa yang telah digulingkan pada tahun 1968? || Rejim Ke\u00efta <> Yang mengetuai tentera pada apa yang sekarang dirayakan Hari Pembebasan? || Moussa Traor\u00e9 <> Kedudukan apa yang dilakukan oleh Moussa Traor\u00e9 sebagai akibat kejayaannya? || Presiden <> Antara tahun berapa kelaparan dan kemarau menimpa negara? || 1968 hingga 1974 <> Pada tahun 1970-an berapa percubaan di sana yang menggulingkan kovenan? || tiga percubaan rampasan kuasa", {"context": "On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Ke\u00efta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traor\u00e9, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traor\u00e9 as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating drought between 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traor\u00e9 regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traor\u00e9 regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Ke\u00efta regime"}], "question": "What regime was overthrown in 1968?", "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Moussa Traor\u00e9"}], "question": "Who led the military on what is now celebrated Liberation Day?", "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "president"}], "question": "What position did Moussa Traor\u00e9 take on as a result of his success?", "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "1968 to 1974"}], "question": "Between what years did famine and drought afflict the country?", "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "three coup attempts"}], "question": "In the 1970's how many attempts were there the overthrow the govenment?", "id": "5726b52a5951b619008f7b45"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2012, konflik bersenjata berlaku di utara Mali, yang pemberontak Tuareg menguasai pada April dan mengisytiharkan pemisahan negeri baru, Azawad. Konflik itu rumit oleh rampasan kuasa tentera yang berlaku pada bulan Mac dan kemudian berperang antara pemberontak Tuareg dan Islam. Sebagai tindak balas terhadap keuntungan wilayah Islam, tentera Perancis melancarkan Op\u00e9ration Serval pada Januari 2013. Sebulan kemudian, pasukan Malian dan Perancis berjaya menawan semula sebahagian besar utara. pilihan raya presiden diadakan pada 28 Julai 2013, dengan pusingan larian kedua diadakan pada 11 Ogos, dan pilihan raya perundangan telah diadakan pada 24 November dan 15 Disember 2013. <> Apakah bidang Mali tidak konflik timbul pada bulan Januari 2012? || utara Mali <> Apakah pemberontak yang dinamakan dalam konflik tahun 2012? || Pemberontak Tuareg <> Apa nama pemberontak yang diisytiharkan sebagai negara baru? || negara baru, Azawad <> Negara apakah yang menghantar tentera sebagai tindak balas terhadap keganasan pada tahun 2013? || Tentera Perancis <> Pada 28 Julai 2013, apakah jenis pemilihan yang diadakan? || Pilihan raya presiden", {"context": "In January 2012, an armed conflict broke out in northern Mali, which Tuareg rebels took control of by April and declared the secession of a new state, Azawad. The conflict was complicated by a military coup that took place in March and later fighting between Tuareg and Islamist rebels. In response to Islamist territorial gains, the French military launched Op\u00e9ration Serval in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north. Presidential elections were held on 28 July 2013, with a second round run-off held on 11 August, and legislative elections were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "northern Mali"}], "question": "What area of Mali did conflict arise in January of 2012?", "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Tuareg rebels"}], "question": "What were the rebels named in the conflict of 2012?", "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "new state, Azawad"}], "question": "What was the name that the rebels declared as a new state?", "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "French military"}], "question": "What country sent military in response to terrorism in 2013?", "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Presidential elections"}], "question": "On July 28 2013 what type of elections were held?", "id": "5726b0095951b619008f7a6f"}]}], ["Mali (i / m\u0251\u02d0li /; Perancis: [mali]), secara rasmi Republik Mali (Perancis: R\u00e9publique du Mali), adalah negara yang terkurung di Afrika Barat. Mali adalah negara terbesar kelapan di Afrika, dengan keluasan lebih dari 1,240,000 kilometer persegi (480,000 batu persegi). Penduduk Mali adalah 14.5 juta. Ibukotanya adalah Bamako. Mali terdiri daripada lapan wilayah dan sempadannya di utara mencapai jauh ke tengah-tengah Gurun Sahara, manakala bahagian selatan negara, di mana kebanyakan penduduknya hidup, mempunyai sungai Niger dan Senegal. Ekonomi negara adalah pusat pertanian dan perikanan. Antara sumber asli yang terkenal di Mali termasuk emas, yang merupakan pengeluar emas ketiga terbesar di benua Afrika, dan garam. Kira-kira setengah penduduk tinggal di bawah garis kemiskinan antarabangsa sebanyak $ 1.25 (A.S.) sehari. Majoriti penduduk (55%) adalah orang bukan Islam. <> Afrika apa kedudukan negara saiz Mali? || Mali adalah negara terbesar kelapan di Afrika <> Apakah modal Mali disebut? || Bamako <> Apakah dua sungai utama yang terdapat di dalam Mali? || Sungai Niger dan Senegal <> Selain garam apa sumber-sumber semula jadi utama yang dihasilkan oleh Mali? || Sumber-sumber semula jadi yang terkenal termasuk emas <> Lebih separuh daripada penduduk adalah agama apa? || (55%) adalah orang bukan Islam", {"context": "Mali (i/\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0li/; French: [ma\u02c8li]), officially the Republic of Mali (French: R\u00e9publique du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi). The population of Mali is 14.5 million. Its capital is Bamako. Mali consists of eight regions and its borders on the north reach deep into the middle of the Sahara Desert, while the country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, features the Niger and Senegal rivers. The country's economy centers on agriculture and fishing. Some of Mali's prominent natural resources include gold, being the third largest producer of gold in the African continent, and salt. About half the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 (U.S.) a day. A majority of the population (55%) are non-denominational Muslims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa"}], "question": "Of Africa what rank in size country is Mali?", "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7973"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Bamako"}], "question": "What is Mali's capital named?", "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Niger and Senegal rivers"}], "question": "What are two major rivers located inside of Mali?", "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "prominent natural resources include gold"}], "question": "Besides salt what other major natural resources does Mali produce?", "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "(55%) are non-denominational Muslims"}], "question": "More than half of the population is what religion?", "id": "5726aaf25951b619008f7977"}]}], ["Mali hari ini pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada tiga empayar Afrika Barat yang menguasai perdagangan trans-Sahara: Empayar Ghana, Empayar Mali (yang disebut Mali), dan Empayar Songhai. Semasa zaman kegemilangannya, terdapat perkembangan matematik, astronomi, kesusasteraan, dan seni. Pada puncaknya pada tahun 1300, Empayar Mali merangkumi kawasan sekitar dua kali ukuran Perancis moden dan menjangkau ke pantai barat Afrika. Pada akhir abad ke-19, semasa Perang Dunia ke Afrika, Perancis menguasai Mali, menjadikannya sebahagian daripada Sudan Perancis. Sudan Sudan (kemudian dikenali sebagai Republik Sudan) bergabung dengan Senegal pada tahun 1959, mencapai kemerdekaan pada tahun 1960 sebagai Persekutuan Mali. Tidak lama selepas itu, setelah penarikan Senegal dari persekutuan, Republik Sudan mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Republik Bebas Mali. Selepas tempoh satu pihak yang panjang, rampasan kuasa pada tahun 1991 membawa kepada penulisan perlembagaan baru dan penubuhan Mali sebagai negara multi-parti yang demokratik. <> Pada akhir abad ke-19 negara apakah yang menguasai Mali? || Perancis merampas kawalan Mali <> Tahun apakah Mali mendapat kemerdekaan sebagai Persekutuan Mali? || 1960 <> Bersama perlembagaan baru, Mali menjadi jenis negara pada tahun 1991? || Mali sebagai demokratik, negara multi-part <> Mali pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada berapa banyak kekaisaran Afrika Barat? || Tiga <> Apakah nama Empayar yang sekarang dinamakan negara? || Mali Empire (yang nama Mali disebut)", {"context": "Present-day Mali was once part of three West African empires that controlled trans-Saharan trade: the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire (for which Mali is named), and the Songhai Empire. During its golden age, there was a flourishing of mathematics, astronomy, literature, and art. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire covered an area about twice the size of modern-day France and stretched to the west coast of Africa. In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Sudan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic) joined with Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as the Mali Federation. Shortly thereafter, following Senegal's withdrawal from the federation, the Sudanese Republic declared itself the independent Republic of Mali. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to the writing of a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "France seized control of Mali"}], "question": "In the latter part of the 19th century what country took control of Mali?", "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "1960"}], "question": "What year did Mali gain independence as the Mali Federation?", "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "Mali as a democratic, multi-party state"}], "question": "Along with a new constitution, Mali became what type of state in 1991?", "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "three"}], "question": "Mali was once part of how many West African empires?", "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Mali Empire (for which Mali is named)"}], "question": "What was the name of the Empire that the country is now named after?", "id": "5726ae25f1498d1400e8e70a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, kira-kira 48 peratus daripada Malian berusia lebih muda dari 12 tahun, 49 peratus berusia 15-64 tahun, dan 3 peratus berusia 65 tahun ke atas. Umur median adalah 15.9 tahun. Kadar kelahiran pada tahun 2014 adalah 45.53 kelahiran setiap 1,000, dan jumlah kesuburan (pada tahun 2012) adalah 6.4 kanak-kanak bagi setiap wanita. Kadar kematian pada tahun 2007 adalah 16.5 kematian bagi setiap 1,000 orang. Jangka hayat semasa kelahiran adalah 53.06 tahun keseluruhan (51.43 untuk lelaki dan 54.73 untuk wanita). Mali mempunyai salah satu daripada kadar kematian bayi tertinggi di dunia, dengan 106 kematian bagi setiap 1,000 kelahiran hidup pada tahun 2007. <> Pada tahun 2007 berapa peratus orang berusia 12 tahun ke bawah? || 48 <> Berapa kadar kesuburan pada setiap wanita pada tahun 2012? || 6.4 kanak-kanak <> Pada tahun 2007 apakah kadar kematian per 1000 orang? || 16.5 <> Mali mempunyai salah satu daripada kadar kematian yang paling tinggi? || Bayi <> Bagi lelaki dan wanita purata jangka hayat adalah berapa tahun? || 53.06", {"context": "In 2007, about 48 percent of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49 percent were 15\u201364 years old, and 3 percent were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The birth rate in 2014 is 45.53 births per 1,000, and the total fertility rate (in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The death rate in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. Life expectancy at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females). Mali has one of the world's highest rates of infant mortality, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "48"}], "question": "In 2007 what percent of people were 12 and under?", "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8ec9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "6.4 children"}], "question": "What was the total fertility rate per woman as of 2012?", "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8ec9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "16.5"}], "question": "In 2007 what was the death rate per 1000 people?", "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "infant"}], "question": "Mali has one of the highest rates of what type of mortality?", "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "53.06"}], "question": "For both men and women average life expectancy is how many years?", "id": "5726d60bf1498d1400e8eca2"}]}], ["Di bahagian utara, terdapat perpecahan antara penduduk nomad Taraeg Berber-turun dan penduduk Bella atau Tamasheq yang berkulit gelap, akibat penyebaran sejarah perhambaan di rantau ini. Dianggarkan 800,000 orang di Mali berasal dari budak. Perhambaan di Mali telah berterusan selama berabad-abad. Penduduk Arab menyimpan hamba dengan baik ke abad ke-20, sehingga perhambaan ditekan oleh pihak berwenang Perancis sekitar pertengahan abad ke-20. Masih ada persefahaman sesetengah perhubungan servis keturunan, dan menurut beberapa perkiraan, bahkan hari ini kira-kira 200,000 orang Malia masih diperbudak. <> Sebenarnya berapa banyak Malian adalah keturunan budak? || 800,000 <> Apakah perkiraan perhambaan Mali sekarang? || 200,000 <> Apa kumpulan orang yang dikenali untuk menyimpan salur Malian ke abad ke-20? || Penduduk Arab <> Orang-orang Bella yang berkulit gelap juga dinamakan sebagai nama apa? || Tamasheq <> Kawasan rantau apa yang terkenal dengan perhambaan sejarah? || jauh ke utara", {"context": "In the far north, there is a division between Berber-descendent Tuareg nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or Tamasheq people, due the historical spread of slavery in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. Slavery in Mali has persisted for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by French authorities around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "800,000"}], "question": "Roughly how many Malians are descendants of slaves?", "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "What is the estimate of current Mali enslavement?", "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Arabic population"}], "question": "What group of people were known to keep Malian salves into the 20th century?", "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Tamasheq"}], "question": "The darker skinned Bella people are also refereed to as what name?", "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "far north"}], "question": "What region of the country is historical slavery well known?", "id": "5726d79add62a815002e922e"}]}], ["Walaupun Mali telah menikmati hubungan antara etnik yang cukup baik berdasarkan sejarah panjang bersama, ada hubungan penghambaan dan perhambaan turun-temurun, serta ketegangan etnik di antara Songhai dan Tuareg nomad di utara. Disebabkan tindak balas terhadap penduduk utara selepas kemerdekaan, Mali kini dalam keadaan di mana kedua-dua kumpulan mengadu mengenai diskriminasi di pihak kumpulan yang lain. Konflik ini juga memainkan peranan dalam konflik Mali Utara yang berterusan di mana terdapat ketegangan antara kedua-dua Tuaregs dan kerajaan Malian, dan Tuaregs dan Islamis radikal yang cuba menubuhkan undang-undang syariah. <> Etnik ketegangan antara dua kumpulan orang? || Songhai dan Taraneg nomaden <> Radikal Islam dan Tuaregs kedua-duanya dianggap bermasalah menurut siapa? || Kerajaan Malian <> Apa kumpulan orang yang cuba menubuhkan undang-undang syariah? || Islam radikal <> Apakah jenis hubungan keturunan masih wujud hari ini? || penghambaan dan perhambaan <> Songhai dan Tuaregs mengadu tentang isu yang sama terhadap satu sama lain? || diskriminasi", {"context": "Although Mali has enjoyed a reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on the long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing Northern Mali conflict where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical Islamists who are trying to establish sharia law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs"}], "question": "Ethnic tension are between what two groups of people?", "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Malian government"}], "question": "Radical Islam and the Tuaregs are both considered problematic according to whom?", "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "radical Islamists"}], "question": "What group of people are trying to establish sharia law?", "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "servitude and bondage"}], "question": "What type of hereditary relationships still exist today?", "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "discrimination"}], "question": "Songhai and Tuaregs both complain about what same issue towards each other?", "id": "5726dabddd62a815002e92c8"}]}], ["Mali menjalani pembaharuan ekonomi, bermula pada tahun 1988 dengan menandatangani perjanjian dengan Bank Dunia dan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa. Semasa tahun 1988 hingga 1996, kerajaan Mali sebahagian besarnya telah memperbaharui perusahaan awam. Sejak perjanjian itu, enam belas perusahaan telah diswastakan, 12 diswastakan sebahagiannya, dan 20 dibubarkan. Pada tahun 2005, kerajaan Malian mengakui sebuah syarikat kereta api ke Savage Corporation. Dua syarikat utama, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) dan Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), dijangka diswastakan pada tahun 2008. <> Pada tahun apakah Mali memulakan perubahan ekonomi? || 1988 <> Mali menandatangani perjanjian dengan pihak-pihak yang memulakan perubahan ekonomi mereka? || Bank Dunia dan Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Dalam tahun berapakah Mali menyusun semula perusahaan awam? || 1988 hingga 1996 <> Berapa banyak perusahaan telah dibuat sepenuhnya persendirian sejak perjanjian itu? || enam belas perusahaan <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang telah dibubarkan sepenuhnya? || 20", {"context": "Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societ\u00e9 de Telecommunications du Mali (SOTELMA) and the Cotton Ginning Company (CMDT), were expected to be privatized in 2008.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1988"}], "question": "In what year did Mali start economic changes?", "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "World Bank and the International Monetary Fund"}], "question": "Mali signed agreements with what to parties that began their economic changes?", "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "1988 to 1996"}], "question": "In what years did Mali restructure public enterprises?", "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "sixteen enterprises"}], "question": "How many enterprises have been made completely private since the agreement?", "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many companies were completely liquidated?", "id": "5726d4705951b619008f7f59"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Mali memperuntukkan badan kehakiman yang bebas, tetapi eksekutif terus mempengaruhi pengaruh badan kehakiman berdasarkan kuasa untuk melantik hakim dan mengawasi kedua fungsi kehakiman dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang. Mahkamah Agung Mali adalah Mahkamah Agung, yang mempunyai kuasa kehakiman dan pentadbiran, dan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang berasingan yang memberikan semakan kehakiman terhadap tindakan perundangan dan berfungsi sebagai pengadil pemilihan. Pelbagai mahkamah yang lebih rendah wujud, walaupun ketua-ketua dan ketua-ketua kampung menyelesaikan kebanyakan pertikaian tempatan di kawasan luar bandar. <> Apakah pengadilan tertinggi Mali? || Mahkamah Agung <> Apakah kawalan yang ada di Mahkamah Agung? || kedua-dua kuasa kehakiman dan pentadbiran <> Mahkamah Perlembagaan menyediakan apa jenis kajian tindakan undang-undang? || semakan kehakiman <> Mahkamah Perlembagaan juga berfungsi sebagai jenis penilik? || Pilihanraya <> Pertikaian tempatan di kawasan luar bandar biasanya dikendalikan oleh individu apa? || ketua kampung dan penatua", {"context": "Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Supreme Court"}], "question": "What is Mali's highest court?", "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "both judicial and administrative powers"}], "question": "What controls do the supreme court have?", "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "judicial review"}], "question": "Constitutional Court provides what type of review of legislative acts?", "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "election"}], "question": "Constitutional Court also serves as what type of arbiter?", "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "village chiefs and elders"}], "question": "Local disputes in rural areas are usually handled by what individuals?", "id": "5726d30bf1498d1400e8ec5e"}]}], ["Mali menghadapi banyak cabaran kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan kemiskinan, kekurangan zat makanan, dan kebersihan dan sanitasi yang tidak mencukupi. Petunjuk kesihatan dan pembangunan Mali berpangkat di antara yang paling teruk di dunia. Jangka hayat ketika kelahiran dianggarkan 53.06 tahun pada tahun 2012. Pada tahun 2000, 62-65 peratus penduduk dianggarkan mempunyai akses kepada air minum yang selamat dan hanya 69 peratus untuk perkhidmatan sanitasi. Pada tahun 2001, perbelanjaan kerajaan pada kesihatan berjumlah kira-kira US $ 4 per kapita pada kadar pertukaran purata. <> Apakah empat masalah kesihatan utama yang ada sekarang di Malian? || kemiskinan, kekurangan zat makanan, dan kebersihan dan sanitasi yang tidak mencukupi <> Bagaimana Kesihatan dan pembangunan Malian berada di peringkat global? || antara yang paling teruk di dunia <> Sehingga 2012 50.3 tahun dianggap rakyat Malian purata statistik apa? || Jangka hayat <> Pada tahun 2000 berapa peratus penduduk mempunyai akses kepada air minum yang selamat? || 62-65 <> Pada tahun 2000 kira-kira berapa penduduk mempunyai akses ke perkhidmatan sanitasi? || 69", {"context": "Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62\u201365 percent of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69 percent to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totalled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "poverty, malnutrition, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation"}], "question": "What four main health problems do the Malian people currently have?", "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "among the worst in the world"}], "question": "How does Malian Health and development rank globally?", "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Life expectancy"}], "question": "As of 2012 50.3 years is considered the Malian peoples averages of what statistic?", "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "62\u201365"}], "question": "In 2000 what percentage of the population had access to safe drinking water?", "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "69"}], "question": "In 2000 roughly how much of the population had access to sanitation services?", "id": "5726dc5cf1498d1400e8ed98"}]}], ["Sehingga rampasan kuasa tentera pada 22 Mac 2012 dan rampasan kuasa tentera kedua pada Disember 2012, Mali adalah demokrasi perlembagaan yang ditadbir oleh Perlembagaan 12 Januari 1992, yang dipinda pada tahun 1999. Perlembagaan menyediakan pemisahan kuasa di kalangan eksekutif, perundangan , dan cawangan kehakiman kerajaan. Sistem pemerintahan boleh digambarkan sebagai \"separuh presiden\". Kuasa eksekutif terletak pada seorang presiden, yang dipilih untuk jangka masa lima tahun oleh hak pilih sejagat dan dihadkan kepada dua syarat. <> Tahun apakah perlembagaan yang dipinda daripada 1992 dahulu? || 1999 <> Perlembagaan baru membahagikan kuasa di antara cabang-cabang kerajaan? || cawangan eksekutif, perundangan, dan kehakiman kerajaan <> Berapa tahun adalah satu jangka presiden untuk? || lima tahun <> Berapa banyak jumlah istilah yang boleh dipilih seorang presiden? || dua istilah <> Kuasa eksekutif diberikan kepada siapa yang berada di dalam kerajaan? || presiden", {"context": "Until the military coup of 22 March 2012 and a second military coup in December 2012, Mali was a constitutional democracy governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The system of government can be described as \"semi-presidential\". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by universal suffrage and is limited to two terms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year was the constitution amended from the previous one of 1992?", "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government"}], "question": "The newer constitution divide power among what branches of government?", "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "five-year"}], "question": "How many years is one presidential term for?", "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "two terms"}], "question": "How many total terms can a president be elected for?", "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "president"}], "question": "Executive power is given to what person within the government?", "id": "5726cfd8f1498d1400e8ebfa"}]}], ["Presiden berkhidmat sebagai ketua negara dan komandan ketua angkatan bersenjata. Seorang perdana menteri yang dilantik oleh presiden berkhidmat sebagai ketua kerajaan dan seterusnya melantik Majlis Menteri. Majelis Nasional yang tidak bersuara adalah badan perundangan tunggal Mali, yang terdiri daripada timbalan menteri yang dipilih untuk tempoh lima tahun. Berikutan pemilihan 2007, Perikatan untuk Demokrasi dan Kemajuan diadakan 113 daripada 160 kerusi dalam perhimpunan tersebut. Perhimpunan memegang dua sesi rutin setiap tahun, di mana ia membahaskan dan mengundi undang-undang yang telah dikemukakan oleh seorang ahli atau oleh kerajaan. <> Siapa yang diberikan kedua-dua tajuk komander tentera dan ketua negara? || presiden <> Apa kumpulannya adalah parti perundangan tunggal Mali? || Dewan Perhimpunan Nasional <> Perikatan demokrasi dan Kemajuan mempunyai berapa kerusi pada tahun 2007? || 113 <> Berapa banyak majlis perundangan diadakan setiap tahun? || dua sesi biasa <> Siapa yang dianggap ketua kerajaan dan menyerahkan majlis menteri? || Perdana Menteri", {"context": "The president serves as a chief of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral National Assembly is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the Alliance for Democracy and Progress held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "president"}], "question": "Who is given both titles of commander of armed forces and chief of state?", "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "The unicameral National Assembly"}], "question": "What group is Mali's sole legislative party?", "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "113"}], "question": "The Alliance of democracy and Progress has how many seats as of 2007?", "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d239"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "two regular sessions"}], "question": "How many legislative assemblies are  held each year?", "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d23a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "prime minister"}], "question": "Who is considered head of government and assigns the council of ministers?", "id": "5726d1a8708984140094d23b"}]}], ["Usaha telah dibuat untuk meningkatkan pemakanan, dan mengurangkan masalah kesihatan yang berkaitan, dengan menggalakkan wanita membuat versi resipi tempatan yang berkhasiat. Sebagai contoh, Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) dan Yayasan Aga Khan, melatih kumpulan wanita untuk membuat persamaan, versi kesihatan yang sihat dan berkhasiat di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 resipi tradisional (terdiri daripada pes kacang, madu dan bijirin atau tepung beras). Matlamatnya adalah untuk meningkatkan nutrisi dan mata pencarian dengan menghasilkan produk yang boleh dibuat dan dijual oleh wanita, dan yang akan diterima oleh masyarakat tempatan kerana warisan tempatannya. <> Apakah ICRISTAT berdiri? || Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Semi-Arid Tropics <> Apakah jenis usaha untuk membantu masalah kesihatan yang telah dibuat? || meningkatkan pemakanan <> Masyarakat tempatan telah menerima sama kerana ia sama dengan resipi asli? || resipi di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 <> ICRISTAT berjaya dalam mengajar wanita bagaimana membuat apa produk nilai pemakanan? || equinut <> Bahan-bahan apa yang ada dalam versi tradisional dan pemakanan hidangan ini? || pes kacang, madu dan tepung beras atau tepung beras", {"context": "Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}], "question": "What does ICRISTAT stand for?", "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f8099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "improve nutrition"}], "question": "What types of efforts to aid in health problems have been made?", "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8"}], "question": "The local communities have accepted equinut because it is similar to what native recipe?", "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "equinut"}], "question": "ICRISTAT had success in teaching women how to make what product of nutritional value?", "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour"}], "question": "What ingredients are in both the traditional and nutritional version of this dish?", "id": "5726ddf15951b619008f809d"}]}], ["Mali terletak di zon terik dan merupakan antara negara terpanas di dunia. Khatulistiwa termal, yang sepadan dengan tempat-tempat terpanas sepanjang tahun di planet ini berdasarkan purata suhu tahunan purata, melintasi negara. Kebanyakan Mali menerima hujan dan kekeringan diabaikan. Bulan Jun hingga awal Disember adalah musim hujan di kawasan paling selatan. Pada masa ini, banjir Sungai Niger adalah perkara biasa, mewujudkan Delta Niger Utara. Sebahagian besar padang pasir utara Mali mempunyai iklim padang pasir yang panas (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen (BWh) dengan musim panas yang sangat panas dan hujan deras yang berkurang ke arah utara. Kawasan pusat mempunyai iklim semi-panas yang panas (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen (BSh) dengan suhu yang sangat tinggi sepanjang tahun, musim kering yang panjang dan sengit serta musim hujan yang singkat dan tidak teratur. Band selatan kecil mempunyai iklim basah dan kering tropika (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen (Aw) suhu yang sangat tinggi sepanjang tahun dengan musim kering dan musim hujan. <> Mali terletak di zon apa? || torrid <> Berapa bulan mempunyai musim hujan di Selatan? || Jun hingga awal Disember <> Banjir sungai apa yang lazim semasa bulan-bulan ini? || Sungai <> Apa nama Delta yang menyebabkan banjir ini? || Inner Niger <> Apa bahagian negara ini mempunyai Klasifikasi Iklim K\u00f6ppen (BWh)? || padang pasir utara", {"context": "Mali lies in the torrid zone and is among the hottest countries in the world. The thermal equator, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late June to early December is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the Inner Niger Delta. The vast northern desert part of Mali has a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (BSh) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The little southern band possesses a tropical wet and dry climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification (Aw) very high temperatures year-round with a dry season and a rainy season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "torrid"}], "question": "Mali is located in what Zone?", "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "June to early December"}], "question": "What months are have a rainy season in the South?", "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Niger River"}], "question": "Flooding of what river is typical during these months?", "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9092"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "Inner Niger"}], "question": "What is the name of the Delta that these floods cause?", "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "northern desert"}], "question": "What part of the country has the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification of (BWh)?", "id": "5726cc31dd62a815002e9094"}]}], ["Tradisi muzik Malian berasal dari orang-orang griot, yang dikenali sebagai \"Keepers of Memories\". Muzik Malian adalah pelbagai dan mempunyai beberapa genre yang berbeza. Sesetengah pengaruh Malian yang terkenal dalam muzik adalah musisi virtuoso Toumani Diabat\u00e9, gitaris blues yang asli Ali Farka Tour\u00e9, band Tuareg Tinariwen, dan beberapa artis Afro-pop seperti Salif Keita, duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, dan Habib Koit\u00e9. Tarian juga berperanan besar dalam budaya Malian. Pesta tarian adalah acara biasa di kalangan rakan-rakan, dan tarian topeng tradisional dilakukan pada acara upacara. <> Apakah terjemahan atau makna dari seorang yang tidak bersalah? || Keepers of Memories <> Selain daripada muzik apa aktiviti lain memainkan peranan penting dalam budaya? || Tarian <> Apa jenis pakaian atau aksesori tradisional yang dipakai di beberapa tarian yang diadakan? || topeng <> Apakah nama pemuzik yang merupakan sebahagian daripada akar dan juga gitaris blues? || Ali Farka Tour\u00e9 <> Apa artis Afro-pop yang terkenal? || Salif Keita", {"context": "Malian musical traditions are derived from the griots, who are known as \"Keepers of Memories\". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are kora virtuoso musician Toumani Diabat\u00e9, the late roots and blues guitarist Ali Farka Tour\u00e9, the Tuareg band Tinariwen, and several Afro-pop artists such as Salif Keita, the duo Amadou et Mariam, Oumou Sangare, and Habib Koit\u00e9. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Keepers of Memories"}], "question": "What is the translation or meaning of a griot?", "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Dance"}], "question": "Aside from music what other activity plays a significant role in culture?", "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "mask"}], "question": "What type of garment or accessory is traditionally worn at some of the dances held?", "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Ali Farka Tour\u00e9"}], "question": "What is the name of the musician that was a part of the roots and was also a blues guitarist?", "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Salif Keita"}], "question": "What is a well known Afro-pop artist?", "id": "5726e209f1498d1400e8ee9c"}]}], ["Kemudahan perubatan di Mali sangat terhad, dan ubat-ubatan tidak begitu banyak. Malaria dan penyakit bawaan arthropod lain lazim di Mali, seperti sejumlah penyakit berjangkit seperti kolera dan tuberkulosis. Penduduk Mali juga menderita kadar kekurangan zat makanan yang tinggi dan kadar imunisasi yang rendah. Dianggarkan 1.9 peratus daripada populasi dewasa dan kanak-kanak telah mengalami HIV / AIDS pada tahun itu, di antara kadar terendah di Afrika Sub-Sahara. Dianggarkan 85-91 peratus kanak-kanak perempuan dan wanita Mali mempunyai penularan alat kelamin perempuan (data 2006 dan 2001). <> Apakah dua penyakit berjangkit lazim utama di Mali? || kolera dan tuberkulosis <> apa penyakit arthropod yang telah dilanda negara? || Malaria <> Mengikut data dari tahun 2001 hingga 2006 berapa peratus genitalia perempuan dimansuhkan? || 85-91 <> Apa penyakit seksual yang menimpa kira-kira 1.9 peratus daripada populasi? || HIV / AIDS <> Malia menderita malnutrisi dan kadar rendah apa jenis keperluan perubatan? || imunisasi", {"context": "Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85\u201391 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "cholera and tuberculosis"}], "question": "What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?", "id": "5726e051708984140094d46d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Malaria"}], "question": "what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?", "id": "5726e051708984140094d46e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "85\u201391"}], "question": "According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?", "id": "5726e051708984140094d46f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "HIV/AIDS"}], "question": "What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?", "id": "5726e051708984140094d470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "immunization"}], "question": "Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?", "id": "5726e051708984140094d471"}]}]], [["Amal adalah organisasi bukan untung yang memenuhi kriteria yang lebih ketat mengenai tujuannya dan kaedah di mana ia membuat keputusan dan melaporkan kewangannya. Sebagai contoh, amal tidak dibenarkan membayar Pembayunya. Di England dan Wales, badan amal boleh didaftarkan dengan Suruhanjaya Kebajikan. Di Scotland, Pejabat Penguasa Amal Scotland memberi fungsi yang sama. Organisasi lain yang dikelaskan sebagai organisasi bukan untung di tempat lain, seperti kesatuan sekerja, tertakluk kepada peraturan yang berasingan, dan tidak dianggap sebagai \"amal\" dalam arti teknikal. <> Apakah definisi amal? || organisasi bukan untung yang memenuhi kriteria ketat mengenai tujuannya dan kaedah di mana ia membuat keputusan dan melaporkan kewangannya <> Di manakah badan amal yang didaftarkan di England dan Wales? || Suruhanjaya Kebajikan <> Di manakah pendaftaran NPO atau badan amal di Scotland? || Pejabat Pengawas Amal Scotland <> Apa salah satu kontraksi NPO berkaitan dengan aset? || secara amnya tidak dibenarkan membayar Pemegang Amanah <> Adalah satu kesatuan sekerja yang dikawal oleh Pejabat Pengawas Amal Scotland? || tidak dianggap sebagai \"badan amal\" dalam segi teknikal", {"context": "A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as \"charities\" in the technical sense.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances"}], "question": "What is the definition of a charity?", "id": "57277993708984140094dea7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Charity Commission"}], "question": "Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?", "id": "57277993708984140094dea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator"}], "question": "Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?", "id": "57277993708984140094dea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "generally not allowed to pay its Trustees"}], "question": "What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?", "id": "57277993708984140094deaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "not regarded as \"charities\" in the technical sense"}], "question": "Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?", "id": "57277993708984140094deab"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2009, kerajaan persekutuan menggubal undang-undang baru yang memansuhkan Akta Perbadanan Kanada, Bahagian II - Akta Syarikat Bukan Keuntungan Kanada. Akta ini telah kali terakhir dipinda pada 10 Oktober 2011 dan perbuatan itu adalah semasa sehingga 4 Mac 2013. Ia membolehkan pemerbadanan sebagai hak, oleh Artikel Penubuhan; tidak jauh dengan doktrin ultra vires untuk bukan keuntungan; menetapkan mereka sebagai orang yang sah; dan banyak memperbaharui peruntukan tadbir urus untuk bukan keuntungan. Ontario juga menaikkan perundangannya, mengamalkan Akta Perbadanan Bukan-Keuntungan Ontario pada tahun 2010; menunggu hasil pemilihan yang dijangka pada Oktober 2011, [maklumat bertarikh] Akta baru dijangka berkuatkuasa mulai 1 Julai 2013. <> Bilakah Akta Perbadanan Kanada, Bahagian II dimansuhkan? || 2009 <> Apakah penciptaan Akta Syarikat Bukan-Keuntungan Kanada bermaksud untuk NPOs? || penggabungan yang betul, dengan Artikel Penubuhan <> Bilakah Ontario mengadopsi Akta Perbadanan Bukan-Keuntungan Kanada? || 2010 <> Bilakah Ontario mengharapkan Akta Korporat Bukan Keuntungan Kanada untuk berkuatkuasa? || 1 Julai 2013 <> Bilakah Akta Perbadanan Bukan Perseorangan Kanada telah ditangguhkan? || 10 Oktober 2011", {"context": "During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?", "id": "572774545951b619008f8a41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation"}], "question": "What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?", "id": "572774545951b619008f8a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?", "id": "572774545951b619008f8a43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "1 July 2013"}], "question": "When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?", "id": "572774545951b619008f8a44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "10 October 2011"}], "question": "When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?", "id": "572774545951b619008f8a45"}]}], ["Sesetengah NPO juga boleh menjadi badan amal atau perkhidmatan; mereka boleh diorganisir sebagai perbadanan keuntungan atau sebagai amanah, koperasi, atau mereka wujud secara tidak rasmi. Jenis organisasi yang sangat dikenali sebagai organisasi sokongan yang berfungsi sebagai asas, tetapi mereka lebih rumit untuk mentadbir, memegang status cukai yang lebih baik dan terhad kepada badan amal yang mereka dukung. Mentega mereka tidak akan berjaya dari segi kekayaan, tetapi dari segi memberi nilai kepada kumpulan orang yang mereka laksanakan. <> Bagaimana kebajikan atau perkhidmatan NPOs biasanya dianjurkan? || perbadanan keuntungan atau sebagai amanah, koperasi, atau mereka wujud secara tidak rasmi <> Apakah jenis organisasi yang berkelakuan seperti asas? || organisasi sokongan <> Apakah fungsi utama yayasan? || memberi nilai kepada kumpulan orang yang mereka uruskan", {"context": "Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally"}], "question": "How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?", "id": "572761df5951b619008f8911"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "a supporting organization"}], "question": "What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?", "id": "572761df5951b619008f8912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "giving value to the groups of people they administer to"}], "question": " What is a major function of a foundation?", "id": "572761df5951b619008f8913"}]}], ["Walaupun NPOs dibenarkan untuk menjana pendapatan lebihan, mereka mesti dikekalkan oleh organisasi untuk pemeliharaan, pengembangan, atau pelan kendirinya. NPO mempunyai kawalan ahli atau lembaga pengarah. Ramai yang telah membayar kakitangan termasuk pengurusan, sementara yang lain menggunakan sukarelawan yang tidak dibayar dan juga eksekutif yang bekerja dengan atau tanpa pampasan (kadang-kadang nominal). Di sesetengah negara, di mana ada token fee, secara amnya ia digunakan untuk memenuhi keperluan undang-undang untuk mewujudkan kontrak antara eksekutif dan organisasi. <> Bagaimana NPO perlu mengendalikan lebihan wang? || mereka mesti dikekalkan oleh organisasi untuk pemeliharaan, peluasan, atau pelan kendirinya, yang membuat sebahagian besar keputusan untuk NPO? || mengawal ahli atau lembaga pengarah <> Bagaimana NPOs mengendalikan kakitangan? || Ramai yang telah membayar kakitangan termasuk pengurusan, sedangkan yang lain menggunakan sukarelawan yang tidak dibayar dan bahkan para eksekutif yang bekerja dengan atau tanpa kompensasi <> Apakah bayaran token yang digunakan? || untuk memenuhi keperluan undang-undang untuk mewujudkan kontrak antara eksekutif dan organisasi", {"context": "Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans"}], "question": "How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?", "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "controlling members or a board of directors"}], "question": "Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?", "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation"}], "question": "How do NPOs handle staffing?", "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization"}], "question": "What are token fees used for?", "id": "5726b75add62a815002e8dd3"}]}], ["Kanada juga membenarkan pelbagai amal (termasuk yayasan awam dan swasta). Status amal diberikan oleh Agensi Hasil Kanada (CRA) apabila permohonan oleh bukan untung; badan amal dibenarkan mengeluarkan resit cukai pendapatan kepada penderma, mesti membelanjakan peratusan tertentu aset mereka (termasuk wang tunai, pelaburan dan aset tetap) dan memfailkan laporan tahunan untuk mengekalkan status amal mereka. Dalam menentukan sama ada sesebuah organisasi boleh menjadi badan amal, CRA melaksanakan ujian undang-undang biasa untuk objek dan aktiviti yang dinyatakan. Ini mestilah: <> Siapa yang memberi status amal kepada NPO di Kanada? || Agensi Pendapatan Kanada (CRA) <> Apa yang boleh diterima oleh penderma daripada NPO? || resit cukai pendapatan <> Bagaimana NPO mengekalkan status amal mereka? || fail laporan tahunan <> Bagaimana agensi penghasilan Kanada memutuskan siapa yang boleh mempunyai status kebajikan? || ujian undang-undang yang sama untuk objek dan aktiviti yang dinyatakannya <> Apakah jenis aset yang harus dikeluarkan oleh NPO untuk menjaga status amal itu? || tunai, pelaburan dan aset tetap", {"context": "Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)"}], "question": "Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?", "id": "5727752b708984140094de21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "income tax receipts"}], "question": "What are donors to receive from a NPO?", "id": "5727752b708984140094de22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "file annual reports"}], "question": "How does an NPO keep their charitable status?", "id": "5727752b708984140094de23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "a common law test to its stated objects and activities"}], "question": "How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?", "id": "5727752b708984140094de24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "cash, investments and fixed assets"}], "question": "What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?", "id": "5727752b708984140094de25"}]}], ["Di Afrika Selatan, badan amal mengeluarkan sijil cukai apabila diminta oleh penderma yang boleh digunakan sebagai potongan cukai oleh penderma. Organisasi Bukan Untung didaftarkan di bawah Syarikat dan Suruhanjaya Harta Intelek sebagai Syarikat Bukan Untung (NPC) tetapi secara sukarela boleh mendaftar dengan The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Amanah didaftarkan oleh Mahkamah Tinggi. Seksyen 21 Syarikat berdaftar di bawah Akta Syarikat. Semua diklasifikasikan sebagai Organisasi Sukarela dan semuanya mesti didaftarkan dengan Perkhidmatan Hasil Afrika Selatan \"SARS\". [Rujukan?] <> Apa NPOs di Afrika Selatan memberikan kepada penderma mereka? || sijil cukai <> Apa bolehkah sijil cukai dikeluarkan oleh NPO Afrika Selatan digunakan? || potongan cukai oleh penderma <> Di mana NPO Afrika Selatan berdaftar? || Syarikat dan Suruhanjaya Harta Intelek sebagai Syarikat Bukan Untung (NPCs) <> Siapa yang menjejaki amanah NPOs Afrika Selatan? || Sarjana Pengadilan Tinggi <> Siapa yang akan mendaftar NPO Afrika Selatan dengan jika mereka adalah organisasi sukarela? || Perkhidmatan Hasil Afrika Selatan \"SARS\"", {"context": "In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services \"SARS\".[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "a tax certificate"}], "question": "What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?", "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "a tax deduction by the donor"}], "question": "What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?", "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)"}], "question": "Where are South Africian NPOs registered?", "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Master of the High Court"}], "question": "Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?", "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "South Africa Revenue Services \"SARS\""}], "question": "Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?", "id": "5727761c5951b619008f8a73"}]}], ["Kanada membenarkan bukan keuntungan untuk diperbadankan atau tidak diperbadankan. Nonprofit boleh menggabungkan sama ada secara federal, di bawah Bahagian II Akta Syarikat Perniagaan Kanada atau di bawah undang-undang daerah. Kebanyakan akta-akta yang mentadbir bagi Nirlaba Kanada tamat pada awal tahun 1900-an, yang bermaksud bahawa undang-undang bukan untung tidak seiring dengan undang-undang yang mengawal perbadanan untung; terutamanya berkaitan tadbir urus korporat. Persekutuan, dan di beberapa wilayah (seperti Ontario), diperbadankan adalah melalui Surat Paten, dan apa-apa perubahan kepada Paten Surat (walaupun perubahan nama mudah) memerlukan kelulusan formal oleh kerajaan yang sesuai, seperti perubahan undang-undang. Wilayah lain (seperti Alberta) membenarkan penggabungan hak, dengan pemfailan Artikel Penubuhan atau Artikel Persatuan. <> Bagaimana NPOs diklasifikasikan di Kanada? || diperbadankan atau tidak diperbadankan <> Bagaimanakah kerajaan Kanada memelihara bentuk perubahan NPOs? || undang-undang bukan untung tidak sepadan dengan undang-undang yang mengawal perbadanan untung <> Bagaimana NPOs menukar undang-undang kecil mereka, jika mereka terpaksa memohon untuk diperbadankan oleh Surat Permit, di Kanada? || kelulusan formal oleh kerajaan yang sesuai <> Bagaimana Alberta mengendalikan pemfailan NPO untuk diperbadankan? || dengan memfailkan Artikel Penubuhan atau Artikel Persatuan <> Bagaimana penggabungan yang dikendalikan di Ontario? || Surat Paten", {"context": "Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "incorporated or unincorporated"}], "question": "How are NPOs classified in Canada?", "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations"}], "question": "How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?", "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "formal approval by the appropriate government"}], "question": "How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?", "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association"}], "question": "How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?", "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Letters Patent"}], "question": "How is incorporation handled in Ontario?", "id": "572772c3708984140094ddd5"}]}], ["Lanskap nirlaba sangat bervariasi, walaupun banyak orang telah datang untuk mengaitkan NPO dengan organisasi amal. Walaupun badan amal terdiri daripada profil yang sering tinggi atau kelihatan sektor ini, terdapat banyak jenis bukan keuntungan lain. Keseluruhannya, mereka cenderung sama ada berkhidmat kepada anggota atau melayani masyarakat. Pertubuhan-pertubuhan anggota termasuk persatuan, koperasi, kesatuan sekerja, kesatuan kredit, persatuan industri, kelab-kelab sukan, kelab-kelab serviceman yang bersara dan badan puncak - organisasi yang memberi manfaat kepada kumpulan orang tertentu iaitu ahli-ahli organisasi. Biasanya, organisasi berkhidmat masyarakat memberi tumpuan kepada menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada komuniti secara amnya, sama ada secara global atau tempatan: organisasi yang menyampaikan program atau program perkhidmatan manusia, program bantuan dan pembangunan, penyelidikan perubatan, pendidikan dan perkhidmatan kesihatan, dan sebagainya. Ia boleh dikatakan banyak bukan pertubuhan yang duduk di kedua-dua kem, sekurang-kurangnya dari segi kesan yang mereka buat. Sebagai contoh, kumpulan sokongan akar umbi yang menyediakan garis hayat kepada mereka yang mempunyai keadaan atau penyakit tertentu boleh disifatkan sebagai berkhidmat kepada kedua-dua anggotanya (secara langsung menyokong mereka) dan komuniti yang lebih luas (melalui penyediaan perkhidmatan bantuan untuk sesama warga) . <> Apakah jenis organisasi yang berkaitan dengan NPO? || amal <> Siapa yang biasanya berkhidmat dengan NPO? || berkhidmat atau berkhidmat kepada komuniti <> Apakah NPOs yang menjadi pusat komuniti biasanya tertumpu? || menyediakan perkhidmatan kepada komuniti secara amnya, sama ada secara global atau tempatan <> Apa ahli yang berkhidmat dengan NPO yang benar-benar memberi tumpuan? || dengan terus menyokong mereka <> Apakah yang ditumpukan kepada komuniti yang berkhidmat dengan NPO? || khidmat membantu sesama warga", {"context": "The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies \u2013 organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "charitable"}], "question": "What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?", "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "member-serving or community-serving"}], "question": "Who does an NPO usually serve?", "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally"}], "question": "What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?", "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1143, "text": "by directly supporting them"}], "question": "What are member serving NPOs really focused on?", "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1224, "text": "a helping service for fellow citizens"}], "question": "What are community serving NPOs focused on?", "id": "5726b51e708984140094ce77"}]}], ["Organisasi bukan keuntungan (NPO, juga dikenali sebagai entiti bukan perniagaan) adalah organisasi yang tujuannya selain daripada membuat keuntungan. Organisasi bukan untung sering didedikasikan untuk meneruskan penyebab sosial tertentu atau menganjurkan satu sudut pandangan tertentu. Dari segi ekonomi, organisasi bukan untung menggunakan lebihan pendapatannya untuk mencapai matlamat atau misinya, dan bukannya mengagihkan lebihan pendapatannya kepada pemegang saham organisasi (atau setara) sebagai keuntungan atau dividen. Ini dikenali sebagai kekangan pengedaran. Keputusan untuk mengguna pakai struktur undang-undang bukan keuntungan adalah salah satu yang sering akan mempunyai implikasi percukaian, terutamanya di mana keuntungan bukan bertujuan pengecualian cukai pendapatan, status amal dan sebagainya. <> Apakah maksud NPO? || Organisasi bukan keuntungan (NPO, juga dikenali sebagai entiti bukan perniagaan) adalah organisasi yang tujuannya selain daripada membuat keuntungan. <> Apa yang dilakukan NPO dengan pendapatan lebihan itu? || Dalam istilah ekonomi, organisasi bukan untung menggunakan lebihan pendapatannya untuk terus mencapai tujuan atau misi <> Apakah batasan yang dikenakan oleh pengagihan kewangan NPO? || kekangan pengedaran <> Apakah definisi organisasi bukan keuntungan? || tujuan selain daripada membuat keuntungan <> Apakah NPO yang dikenali sebagai? || entiti bukan perniagaan <> Apakah tujuan NPO? || meneruskan penyebab sosial tertentu atau menganjurkan suatu pandangan tertentu <> Apa yang tidak dilakukan oleh keuntungan dengan wang yang diperlukan, bukan menggunakannya untuk keuntungan? || terus mencapai tujuan atau misinya, daripada mengagihkan lebihan pendapatannya kepada pemegang saham organisasi (atau setara) sebagai keuntungan <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila keuntungan bukan menggunakan wang itu sepatutnya? || kekangan pengedaran", {"context": "A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit."}], "question": "What is the purpose of an NPO?", "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission"}], "question": "What does an NPO do with it's surplus income?", "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "the distribution constraint"}], "question": "What is the constraint's upon an NPO's financial distributions called?", "id": "5726ab2ef1498d1400e8e696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "purposes are other than making a profit"}], "question": "What is the definition of a non-profit organization?", "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "non-business entity"}], "question": "What is an NPO also known as?", "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view"}], "question": "What is the purpose of an NPO?", "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit"}], "question": "What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?", "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "distribution constraint"}], "question": "What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?", "id": "5726aebf708984140094cdcb"}]}], ["Dua jenis organisasi bukan untung utama adalah keahlian dan hanya lembaga. Organisasi keahlian memilih lembaga dan mengadakan mesyuarat tetap dan kuasa untuk meminda undang-undang. Organisasi lembaga sahaja biasanya mempunyai lembaga yang dipilih sendiri, dan keanggotaan yang kuasa terhad kepada mereka yang diwakilkan kepadanya oleh lembaga. Undang-undang organisasi lembaga tunggal mungkin menyatakan bahawa organisasi itu tidak mempunyai keahlian, walaupun kesusasteraan organisasi itu boleh merujuk kepada penderma atau penerima perkhidmatannya sebagai \"ahli\"; contoh organisasi tersebut adalah Fairvote dan Organisasi Kebangsaan untuk Pembaharuan Undang-undang Marijuana. Akta Perbadanan Nirlaba Model memaksa banyak kerumitan dan keperluan keahlian membuat keputusan. Sehubungan itu, banyak organisasi, seperti Wikimedia, telah membentuk struktur tunggal. Persatuan Kebangsaan Parlimen telah menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai implikasi kecenderungan ini untuk masa depan keterbukaan, akauntabiliti, dan pemahaman tentang kebimbangan orang ramai di organisasi bukan untung. Khususnya, mereka perhatikan bahawa organisasi bukan untung, tidak seperti perbadanan perniagaan, tidak tertakluk kepada disiplin pasaran untuk produk dan disiplin pemegang saham modal mereka; oleh itu, tanpa kawalan keanggotaan keputusan utama seperti pemilihan lembaga, terdapat beberapa perlindungan yang melekat terhadap penyalahgunaan. Perbalahan ini mungkin kerana organisasi bukan untung berkembang dan mencari sumbangan yang lebih besar, tahap pengawasan meningkat, termasuk jangkaan penyata kewangan yang telah diaudit. Satu lagi penolakan mungkin adalah bahawa NPOs dikekang, oleh pilihan mereka struktur undang-undang, dari faedah kewangan sejauh pengagihan keuntungan kepada anggotanya / pengarah berkenaan. Berhati-hati dengan organisasi lembaga sahaja - semak semula pendapatan tahunan ahli lembaga sebelum menderma, seperti Yayasan Clinton. Ahli lembaga yang memutuskan berapa peratus daripada sumbangan anda akan meningkatkan kekayaan peribadi mereka yang berleluasa dengan menyalahgunakan penamaan NPO ini, dan inilah sebabnya mengapa mereka berusaha untuk mengelakkan audit dan menggunakan garis bawah dua untung untuk dikenakan cukai. <> Apakah dua jenis NPOs utama? || keahlian dan lembaga sahaja <> Bagaimana organisasi keanggotaan dijalankan? || memilih papan dan mengadakan mesyuarat rutin dan kuasa untuk meminda undang-undang <> Bagaimana organisasi hanya dijalankan oleh dewan? || lembaga yang dipilih sendiri dan keahlian yang mempunyai kuasa terhad kepada mereka yang diwakilinya oleh lembaga <> Apakah kekangan NPO yang lebih jauh, bergantung kepada struktur undang-undang mereka? || manfaat kewangan sejauh penyebaran keuntungan kepada anggotanya / pengarah berkenaan <> Apa yang perlu diketahui apabila berurusan dengan lembaga yang menjalankan NPO? || Ahli-ahli lembaga yang memutuskan berapa peratus daripada sumbangan anda akan meningkatkan kekayaan peribadi mereka yang berleluasa dengan menyalahgunakan jawatan ini", {"context": "The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as \"members\"; examples of such organizations are Fairvote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws. The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as Wikimedia, have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned. Beware of board-only organizations- review the board members annual income before donating, such as the Clinton Foundation. Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation of an NPO, and this is why they attempt to avoid audits and use a double bottom line for taxing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "membership and board-only"}], "question": "What are the two top types of NPOs?", "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9ca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws"}], "question": "How is a membership organization run?", "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9ca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "self-selected board, and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board"}], "question": "How is a board only organization run?", "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9caa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1638, "text": "financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to its members/directors is concerned"}], "question": "What is a further constraint of an NPO, depending on their legal structure?", "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9cab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1852, "text": "Board members who decide what percentage of your donations will increase their personal wealth are rampant in abusing this designation"}], "question": "What should one be aware of when dealing with a board run NPO?", "id": "57276d82dd62a815002e9cac"}]}], ["Telah disebutkan bahawa sebahagian besar bukan keuntungan tidak akan dapat dipadankan dengan gaji sektor swasta dan oleh itu harus menumpukan perhatian mereka pada pakej manfaat, insentif dan melaksanakan persekitaran kerja yang menyenangkan. Keadaan kerja yang menyenangkan dapat disenaraikan sebagai lebih baik daripada kerja gaji yang tinggi dan tidak dapat dipertahankan. NPOs digalakkan untuk membayar seberapa banyak yang mereka dapat, dan menawarkan persekitaran kerja tekanan yang rendah bahawa pekerja boleh mengaitkan dirinya dengan positif. Insentif lain yang perlu dilaksanakan adalah elaun percutian murah atau jam kerja yang fleksibel. <> Bolehkah Npos mencocokkan upah majikan sektor awam dan swasta? || tidak akan dapat menyesuaikan gaji <> Apa yang harus difokuskan oleh NPO untuk menawarkan pekerja bukan gaji tinggi? || pakej faedah, insentif dan pelaksanaan persekitaran kerja yang menyeronokkan <> Apa yang lebih baik daripada membayar tinggi pada NPO? || Syarat-syarat kerja yang menyeronokkan <> Berapa banyak pekerja NPO yang perlu bayar? || seberapa banyak yang mereka dapat <> Apakah insentif lain yang boleh ditawarkan emplosa NPO daripada gaji yang lebih tinggi? || elaun percutian murah atau jam kerja yang fleksibel", {"context": "It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. Pleasurable work conditions are ranked as being more preferable than a high salary and implacable work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able, and offer a low stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "will never be able to match the pay"}], "question": "Can Npos match the wages of public and private sector employers?", "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments"}], "question": "What should NPOs focus on offering employees instead of high wages?", "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Pleasurable work conditions"}], "question": "What is better than having high pay at an NPO?", "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "as much as they are able"}], "question": "How much should an NPO pay employees?", "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours"}], "question": "What are other incentives that NPO emplotees can be offered instead of higher wages?", "id": "57278f075951b619008f8d7f"}]}], ["Kebanyakan organisasi bukan keuntungan merasa sukar untuk membuat pemesejan yang konsisten yang bergema dengan pelbagai pemangku kepentingan mereka kerana belanjawan pemasaran adalah minima atau tidak wujud. Pemasaran dalam banyak kes adalah perkataan tabu bahawa NPO atau orang lain tidak suka mengaitkan dengan organisasi manfaat komuniti sedemikian. Terdapat cara strategik di mana bukan keuntungan boleh memanfaatkan akses mereka kepada pelbagai pihak berkepentingan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan nama dan menyebabkan mereka diiktiraf oleh orang ramai, tetapi adalah penting untuk mempunyai strategi jangkauan yang merangkumi pelan kewangan untuk melaksanakan strategi jangkauan / pemasaran itu, terutamanya jika organisasi ini mempunyai rancangan untuk menjenamakan semula atau memperluas inisiatif mereka. <> Bagaimanakah belanjawan pemasaran jenis NPOs biasanya? || minimal atau tidak ada <> Mengapa pemasaran lebih keras untuk NPOs? || perkataan tabu bahawa NPO atau orang lain tidak suka mengaitkan dengan organisasi manfaat komuniti tersebut <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh NPO untuk memulakan pemikiran tentang pengembangan atau penjenamaan semula? || strategi jangkauan yang merangkumi pelan kewangan untuk melaksanakan strategi pemasaran outreach / marketing <> Apa itu cara utama yang rendah sehingga NPO dapat memperoleh akses ke pemasaran dan kata mulut? || memanfaatkan akses mereka kepada pelbagai pihak berkepentingan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan nama dan menyebabkan mereka diiktiraf oleh orang ramai", {"context": "Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "minimal or nonexistent"}], "question": "What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?", "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations"}], "question": "Why is marketing harder for NPOs?", "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy"}], "question": "What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?", "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public"}], "question": "What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?", "id": "572781ed5951b619008f8b94"}]}], ["Kesalahan pengurusan sumber adalah masalah khusus dengan NPOs kerana pekerja tidak bertanggungjawab kepada sesiapa yang mempunyai kepentingan langsung dalam organisasi. Sebagai contoh, pekerja boleh memulakan program baru tanpa mendedahkan liabiliti lengkapnya. Pekerja boleh diberi ganjaran untuk memperbaiki reputasi NPO, membuat pekerja lain gembira, dan menarik penderma baru. Liabiliti yang dijanjikan dengan kepercayaan penuh dan kredit organisasi tetapi tidak direkodkan di mana pun merupakan penipuan perakaunan. Tetapi liabiliti tidak langsung secara negatif memberi kesan kepada kelestarian kewangan NPO, dan NPO akan menghadapi masalah kewangan kecuali kawalan yang ketat akan ditimbulkan. Sesetengah pengulas juga berpendapat bahawa menerima pembiayaan penting dari syarikat besar untuk keuntungan akhirnya dapat mengubah fungsi NPO. <> Bagaimana salah pengurusan boleh dibenarkan dengan mudah? || pekerja tidak bertanggungjawab kepada sesiapa yang mempunyai kepentingan langsung dalam organisasi <> Bagaimana NPO boleh membantu untuk mengelakkan masalah kewangan? || kawalan yang ketat <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kemasukan wang yang besar dari syarikat untung ke organisasi? || mengubah fungsi NPO <> Apa yang boleh menjadi penipuan perakaunan apabila tiada apa-apa yang direkodkan? || Liabiliti yang dijanjikan dengan kepercayaan penuh dan kredit organisasi <> Apakah halangan utama aspek kewangan NPO? || Sumberdaya pengurusan yang salah", {"context": "Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization"}], "question": "How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?", "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "strict controls"}], "question": "How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?", "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "alter the NPO's functions"}], "question": "What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?", "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization"}], "question": "What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?", "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Resource mismanagement"}], "question": "What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?", "id": "572782e0dd62a815002e9f36"}]}], ["Lembaga pengarah mempunyai kawalan ke atas organisasi, tetapi biasanya pengarah eksekutif disewa. Dalam sesetengah kes, lembaga dipilih oleh keanggotaan, tetapi biasanya, lembaga pengarah adalah mengekalkan diri. Dalam organisasi \"lembaga sahaja\" ini, ahli lembaga mencalonkan ahli baru dan mengundi pencalonan penama mereka. Bahagian VI, bahagian A, soalan 7a Borang 990 meminta \"ahli, pemegang saham, atau orang lain yang mempunyai kuasa untuk memilih atau melantik satu atau lebih anggota badan pentadbir?\". <> Siapa yang mengawal organisasi? || lembaga pengarah <> Siapa ahli lembaga sewa untuk membantu menjalankan organisasi? || pengarah eksekutif <> Bagaimana lembaga pengarah paling sering dipilih? || self-perpetuating <> Bagaimana lembaga pengarah kurang dipilih? || dipilih oleh keanggotaan <> Di mana, pada Borang 990, adakah organisasi perlu menyenaraikan jenis papan yang mereka miliki? || Bahagian VI, bahagian A, soalan 7a", {"context": "The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these \"board-only\" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks \"members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "board of directors"}], "question": "Who is in control of the organization?", "id": "57277db8708984140094df13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "executive director"}], "question": "Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?", "id": "57277db8708984140094df14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "self-perpetuating"}], "question": "How is the board of directors most often chosen?", "id": "57277db8708984140094df15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "elected by a membership"}], "question": "How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?", "id": "57277db8708984140094df16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Part VI, section A, question 7a"}], "question": "Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?", "id": "57277db8708984140094df17"}]}], ["Persaingan untuk pekerja dengan sektor awam dan swasta adalah satu lagi masalah yang tidak dapat dielakkan oleh pertubuhan bukan untung, terutamanya untuk kedudukan pengurusan. Terdapat laporan mengenai kekurangan tenaga kerja utama dalam sektor bukan keuntungan hari ini mengenai pekerja yang baru menamatkan pengajian, dan NPOs telah terlalu lama menyewa pekerjaan ke keutamaan menengah, yang mungkin mengapa mereka mendapati diri mereka dalam kedudukan yang banyak. Walaupun banyak NPO yang ditubuhkan adalah dibiayai dengan baik dan perbandingan dengan pesaing sektor awam mereka, banyak lagi yang bebas dan mesti kreatif dengan insentif yang mereka gunakan untuk menarik dan mengekalkan personaliti yang bersemangat. Kepentingan awal untuk ramai adalah pakej upah dan faedah, walaupun ramai yang telah dipersoalkan setelah meninggalkan NPO telah melaporkan bahawa ia adalah persekitaran kerja yang tertekan dan kerja yang tidak dapat dipindahkan yang mendorong mereka pergi. <> Apa masalah dengan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dengan Bukan Keuntungan? || Persaingan untuk pekerja dengan sektor awam dan swasta <> Apakah kedudukan yang benar-benar dikehendaki oleh pekerja, tetapi tidak pernah cukup? || pengurusan <> Betapa pentingnya NPOs mempertimbangkan untuk menyewa? || keutamaan menengah <> Apakah minat utama kepada bakal pekerja NPO? || upah dan faedah pakej <> Bagaimanakah pekerja yang tidak lagi dengan NPOs merasakan masa mereka bekerja di sana? || persekitaran kerja tertekan dan kerja-kerja yang tidak dapat diketepikan", {"context": "Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that Nonprofit organizations will inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in the nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPO's are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competetitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain vibrant personalities. The initial interest for many is the wage and benefits package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Competition for employees with the public and private sector"}], "question": "What problems with employment do Non Profits face?", "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "management"}], "question": "What are positions that employees really want, but there are never enough of?", "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "secondary priority"}], "question": "How important do NPOs consider hiring?", "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "wage and benefits package"}], "question": "What is a primary interest to prospective NPO employees?", "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "stressful work environments and implacable work that drove them away"}], "question": "How do employees that are no longer with NPOs feel about the time that they worked there?", "id": "57278c025951b619008f8d11"}]}], ["Bangunan kapasiti adalah masalah berterusan yang dialami oleh NPOs atas beberapa sebab. Kebanyakan bergantung kepada pendanaan luar (dana kerajaan, geran dari yayasan amal, derma langsung) untuk mengekalkan operasi dan perubahan dalam sumber pendapatan ini boleh mempengaruhi kebolehpercayaan atau kebolehprediksi yang mana organisasi dapat menyewa dan mengekalkan kakitangan, mengekalkan kemudahan, membuat program, atau mengekalkan status pengecualian cukai. Sebagai contoh, sebuah universiti yang menjual penyelidikan kepada syarikat-syarikat untung mungkin mempunyai masalah pengecualian cukai. Di samping itu, pendanaan yang tidak boleh dipercayai, masa yang lama dan gaji rendah boleh mengakibatkan masalah pengekalan pekerja. Pada tahun 2009, kerajaan Amerika Syarikat mengakui keperluan kritikal ini dengan memasukkan Program Membangunkan Keupayaan Nonprofit dalam Akta Serve America. Usaha lebih lanjut untuk mengukur skop sektor dan mencadangkan penyelesaian dasar untuk faedah masyarakat dimasukkan ke dalam Sektor Nonprofit dan Akta Penyelesaian Komuniti, yang dicadangkan pada tahun 2010. <> Apakah cara-cara yang yayasan amal menerima wang untuk itu? || dana kerajaan, geran dari yayasan amal, derma langsung <> Jenis pembiayaan apa jenis organisasi amal biasanya bergantung? || pembiayaan luar <> Apa masalah yang mempengaruhi pengekalan dan sukarelawan pekerja? || pembiayaan yang tidak boleh dipercayai, berjam-jam dan gaji rendah <> Undang-undang apa yang AS memperkenalkan untuk mencuba dan membantu NPOs? || Program Peningkatan Kapasiti Nonprofit <> Bilakah Sektor Nonprofit dan Akta Penyelesaian Masyarakat diterima pakai? || 2010", {"context": "Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations"}], "question": "What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?", "id": "57277f5e708984140094df33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "external funding"}], "question": "What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?", "id": "57277f5e708984140094df34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "unreliable funding, long hours and low pay"}], "question": "What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?", "id": "57277f5e708984140094df35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Nonprofit Capacity Building Program"}], "question": "What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?", "id": "57277f5e708984140094df36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?", "id": "57277f5e708984140094df37"}]}], ["Di Australia, organisasi bukan untung termasuk kesatuan sekerja, entiti amal, koperasi, universiti dan hospital, masyarakat bersama, akar umbi dan kumpulan sokongan, parti politik, kumpulan agama, persatuan yang diperbadankan, syarikat bukan keuntungan, amanah dan banyak lagi. Tambahan pula, mereka beroperasi di pelbagai bidang dan industri, dari kesihatan, pekerjaan, kecacatan dan perkhidmatan manusia yang lain kepada kelab-kelab sukan tempatan, kesatuan kredit dan institusi penyelidikan. Pertubuhan bukan untung di Australia boleh memilih dari beberapa bentuk undang-undang bergantung kepada keperluan dan aktiviti organisasi: koperasi, syarikat yang terhad dengan jaminan, persatuan yang tidak diperbadankan, persatuan yang diperbadankan (oleh Persatuan Pemerbadanan Persatuan 1985) atau persatuan atau majlis yang diperbadankan (oleh Persatuan Orang Asli dan Persatuan Komanwel 1976). Dari perspektif akademik, perusahaan sosial sebahagian besarnya dianggap sebagai sub-set sektor bukan keuntungan kerana biasanya mereka juga prihatin dengan tujuan yang berkaitan dengan kebaikan orang awam, namun ini tidak terikat untuk mematuhi struktur undang-undang bukan untung dan banyak menggabungkan dan mengendalikan entiti keuntungan. <> Apakah kebimbangan terbesar bukan keuntungan di Australia? || satu tujuan yang berkaitan dengan kebaikan orang awam <> Bilakah Akta Persatuan Orang Asal dan Persatuan Komanwel diterima pakai? || 1976 <> Bilakah Akta Penubuhan Persatuan terpakai? || 1985 <> Apakah Akta Penubuhan Persatuan? || persatuan yang diperbadankan <> Yang merangkumi persatuan atau majlis yang diperbadankan? || Akta Persatuan Orang Asli dan Persatuan Komanwel", {"context": "In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1019, "text": "a purpose relating to a public good"}], "question": "What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?", "id": "57278080708984140094df49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "1976"}], "question": "When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?", "id": "57278080708984140094df4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?", "id": "57278080708984140094df4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "incorporated association"}], "question": "What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?", "id": "57278080708984140094df4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act"}], "question": "Who covers incorporated associations or councils?", "id": "57278080708984140094df4d"}]}], ["Negeri dan daerah individu menawarkan pengecualian bukan keuntungan daripada cukai lain seperti cukai jualan atau cukai harta. Status cukai dikecualikan cukai tidak menjamin pengecualian cukai negeri dan tempatan, dan sebaliknya. Pengecualian ini secara amnya mempunyai aplikasi berasingan dan keperluan mereka mungkin berbeza daripada keperluan IRS. Selain itu, walaupun organisasi dikecualikan cukai mungkin dikehendaki memfailkan laporan kewangan tahunan (IRS Form 990) di peringkat negeri dan persekutuan. Borang 990 organisasi yang dikecualikan cukai dikehendaki disediakan untuk pemeriksaan awam. Satu contoh organisasi bukan untung di AS ialah Projek Undi Pintar. <> Bentuk apa yang harus dibuat oleh NPO kepada orang ramai? || 990 forms <> Adakah keperluan negara untuk dikecualikan cukai sama dengan keperluan Federal? || secara amnya mempunyai aplikasi yang berasingan dan keperluan mereka mungkin berbeza daripada keperluan IRS <> Apa bentuk kewangan harus difailkan dengan kerajaan negeri dan persekutuan setiap tahun? || Borang IRS 990 <> Apakah satu contoh NPO di Amerika Syarikat? || Projek Vote Smart <> Apa yang boleh menyatakan atau bandar menawarkan kepada NPOs? || pengecualian daripada cukai lain seperti cukai jualan atau cukai harta", {"context": "Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "990 forms"}], "question": "What form must an NPO make available to the public?", "id": "57277c08708984140094dee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements"}], "question": "Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?", "id": "57277c08708984140094dee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "IRS Form 990"}], "question": "What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?", "id": "57277c08708984140094dee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "Project Vote Smart"}], "question": "What is one example of an NPO in the United States?", "id": "57277c08708984140094dee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax"}], "question": "What can states or cities offer to NPOs?", "id": "57277c08708984140094dee3"}]}], ["Pekerjaan sektor awam dan swasta telah, untuk sebahagian besar, mampu menawarkan lebih banyak untuk pekerja mereka daripada kebanyakan agensi bukan keuntungan sepanjang sejarah. Sama ada dalam bentuk upah yang lebih tinggi, pakej manfaat yang lebih komprehensif, atau kurang kerja yang membosankan, sektor awam dan swasta telah menikmati kelebihan dalam menarik pekerja ke atas NPOs. Secara tradisinya, NPO telah menarik individu yang didorong oleh misi yang ingin membantu sebab pilihan mereka. Menggabungkan isu ini adalah bahawa sesetengah NPOs tidak beroperasi dengan cara yang serupa dengan kebanyakan perniagaan, atau hanya bermusim. Ini membawa ramai pekerja muda dan berpengaruh untuk menghalang NPOs memihak kepada pekerjaan yang lebih stabil. Walau bagaimanapun, pertubuhan bukan untung hari ini mengamalkan kaedah yang digunakan oleh pesaing mereka dan mencari cara baru untuk mengekalkan pekerja mereka dan menarik yang terbaik dari tenaga kerja yang baru dicetak. <> Apa yang boleh ditawarkan oleh sektor awam dan swasta kepada majikan bahawa NPO biasanya tidak boleh? || upah yang lebih tinggi, pakej manfaat yang lebih komprehensif, atau kurang kerja yang membosankan <> Apa jenis pekerja yang biasanya menarik NPO? || individu yang didorong oleh misi yang ingin membantu sebab pilihan mereka <> Apa yang menyebabkan masalah besar dengan pekerjaan dalam NPOs? || tidak beroperasi dengan cara yang sama dengan kebanyakan perniagaan, atau hanya bermusim <> Di manakah golongan muda mencari NPOs itu? || pekerjaan yang lebih stabil", {"context": "Public and private sector employment has, for the most part, been able to offer more for their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sector has enjoyed an advantage in attracting employees over NPOs. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today however, Nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work"}], "question": "What can the public and private sector offer employers that NPOs usually cannot?", "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause"}], "question": "What types of employees do NPOs usually attract?", "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally"}], "question": "What is something that causes a huge problem with employment in NPOs?", "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "more stable employment"}], "question": "Where are young grads looking for that NPOs?", "id": "57278dbd5951b619008f8d5c"}]}], ["Selepas organisasi bukan untung telah ditubuhkan di peringkat negeri, organisasi boleh mendapatkan pengiktirafan status pengecualian cukai berkenaan dengan cukai pendapatan persekutuan A.S.. Itu dilakukan biasanya dengan memohon kepada Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalaman (IRS), walaupun pengecualian statutori wujud untuk jenis organisasi bukan untung yang terhad. IRS, setelah mengkaji permohonan untuk memastikan organisasi memenuhi syarat untuk diiktiraf sebagai organisasi yang dikecualikan cukai (seperti tujuan, batasan perbelanjaan, dan perlindungan dalaman untuk kebajikan), boleh mengeluarkan surat kuasa ke untung yang memberikannya status pengecualian cukai untuk tujuan pembayaran cukai, pemfailan, dan dedikasi. Pengecualian tidak dikenakan kepada cukai Persekutuan lain seperti cukai pekerjaan. Di samping itu, organisasi yang dikecualikan cukai mesti membayar cukai persekutuan ke atas pendapatan yang tidak berkaitan dengan tujuan pengecualian mereka. Kegagalan untuk mengekalkan operasi dengan mematuhi undang-undang boleh mengakibatkan organisasi kehilangan status pengecualian cukai. <> Bagaimana NPO AS memohon status pengecualian cukai? || memohon kepada Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalam Negeri (IRS) <> Apakah beberapa perkara yang dilihat oleh IRS dalam badan amal yang memohon status pengecualian cukai? || tujuan, batasan perbelanjaan, dan perlindungan dalaman untuk amal <> Adakah status pengecualian cukai ini dikenakan kepada cukai lain? || mesti membayar cukai persekutuan pada pendapatan yang tidak berkaitan dengan tujuan pengecualian mereka <> Apa yang berlaku jika NPO tidak mematuhi undang-undang cukai? || kehilangan status pengecualian cukai <> Siapa yang mengatakan akhir mengenai sama ada atau tidak NPO diberi status pengecualian cukai? || Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalam Negeri (IRS)", {"context": "After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"}], "question": "How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?", "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity"}], "question": "What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?", "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose"}], "question": "Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?", "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "losing its tax exempt status"}], "question": "What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?", "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Internal Revenue Service (IRS)"}], "question": "Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?", "id": "57277a635951b619008f8ad7"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, dua organisasi bukan untung yang paling kaya adalah Yayasan Bill dan Melinda Gates, yang mempunyai endowmen sebanyak AS $ 38 bilion, dan Institut Perubatan Howard Hughes yang pada asalnya dibiayai oleh Hughes Aircraft sebelum divestasi, yang mempunyai endowmen sekitar $ 14.8 bilion. Di luar Amerika Syarikat, satu lagi NPO besar adalah British Wellcome Trust, yang merupakan \"amal\" oleh penggunaan Inggeris. Lihat: Senarai yayasan terkaya. Perhatikan bahawa penilaian ini tidak termasuk universiti, sekurang-kurangnya beberapa yang mempunyai aset dalam berpuluh-puluh bilion dolar. Sebagai contoh; Senarai kolej dan universiti A.S. dengan sumbangan. <> Apa salah satu organisasi bukan untung yang paling kaya di Amerika? || Yayasan Bill dan Melinda Gates <> Apa NPO dibiayai secara origion oleh Hughes Aircraft? || Howard Hughes Medical Institute <> Berapa nilai Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang dan Melinda Gates? || US $ 38 bilion <> Berapa nilai Institut Perubatan Howard Hughes? || $ 14.8 bilion <> Apa salah satu NPO terbesar di luar Amerika Syarikat? || British Wellcome Trust", {"context": "In the United States, two of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations are the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has an endowment of US$38 billion, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute originally funded by Hughes Aircraft prior to divestiture, which has an endowment of approximately $14.8 billion. Outside the United States, another large NPO is the British Wellcome Trust, which is a \"charity\" by British usage. See: List of wealthiest foundations. Note that this assessment excludes universities, at least a few of which have assets in the tens of billions of dollars. For example; List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"}], "question": "What is one of the wealthiest nonprofit organizations in America?", "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Howard Hughes Medical Institute"}], "question": "What NPO was origionally funded by Hughes Aircraft?", "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "US$38 billion"}], "question": "How much is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation worth?", "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "$14.8 billion"}], "question": "How much is the Howard Hughes Medical Institute worth?", "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "British Wellcome Trust"}], "question": "What is one of the largest NPOs outside of the United States?", "id": "572793ed5951b619008f8e05"}]}], ["Sesetengah NPO yang sangat terkenal, biasanya untuk aktiviti amal atau sosial yang dilakukan dalam tempoh masa yang panjang, termasuk Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenr\u00e4umer (German Mine Clearers), Persekutuan FIDH Antarabangsa untuk Hak Asasi Manusia, Industri Goodwill, United Way, ACORN (sekarang tidak berfungsi), Habitat for Humanity, Mengajar Amerika, Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund untuk Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders dan SOS Children's Villages. <> Apa NPO yang terkenal yang membantu orang dari pendapatan rendah menjadi pemilik rumah? || Habitat untuk Kemanusiaan <> Apakah NPO antarabangsa yang berfungsi di peringkat tempatan untuk membantu komuniti berkembang? || Rotary International <> Apakah charite kebangsaan yang membantu membawa penjagaan makanan dan kesihatan kepada keluarga berpendapatan rendah? || United Way <> Yang NPO mana yang berada di hadapan sebelum bantuan apabila bencana kebangsaan berlaku? || Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah <> Organisasi mana yang menjadi pemimpin dalam mempromosikan alam semula jadi dan memelihara alam sekitar? || Dana Wide Dunia untuk Alam Semula Jadi", {"context": "Some NPOs which are particularly well known, often for the charitable or social nature of their activities performed during a long period of time, include Amnesty International, Oxfam, Rotary International, Kiwanis International, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Nourishing USA, DEMIRA Deutsche Minenr\u00e4umer (German Mine Clearers), FIDH International Federation for Human Rights, Goodwill Industries, United Way, ACORN (now defunct), Habitat for Humanity, Teach For America, the Red Cross and Red Crescent organizations, UNESCO, IEEE, INCOSE, World Wide Fund for Nature, Heifer International, Translators Without Borders and SOS Children's Villages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Habitat for Humanity"}], "question": "What is a well known NPO that helps people from low incomes become homeowners?", "id": "5727951d708984140094e183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Rotary International"}], "question": "What is a international NPO that works on local levels to help communities thrive?", "id": "5727951d708984140094e184"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "United Way"}], "question": "What is a national charite that helps to bring food and health care to low income families?", "id": "5727951d708984140094e185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Red Cross and Red Crescent"}], "question": "Which NPO is on the fore front of help when national disasters strike?", "id": "5727951d708984140094e186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "World Wide Fund for Nature"}], "question": "Which organization is a leader in promoting nature and preserving the enviornment?", "id": "5727951d708984140094e187"}]}], ["Daripada ditakrifkan oleh perkataan \"tidak\", sesetengah organisasi mencadangkan istilah baru dan positif untuk menggambarkan sektor tersebut. Istilah \"organisasi masyarakat sivil\" (CSO) telah digunakan oleh semakin banyak organisasi, seperti Pusat Pengajian Global Governance. Istilah \"organisasi sektor rakyat\" (CSO) juga telah dianjurkan untuk menggambarkan sektor ini - sebagai salah satu warganegara, untuk rakyat - oleh organisasi seperti Ashoka: Innovator for the Public. Istilah yang lebih luas, \"Organisasi Manfaat Sosial\" (SBO) telah dianjurkan oleh organisasi seperti MiniDonations. Peguambela berpendapat bahawa istilah ini menggambarkan sektor itu dalam istilahnya sendiri, tanpa bergantung pada istilah yang digunakan untuk sektor pemerintah atau bisnis. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan terminologi oleh bukan keuntungan dari bahasa sendiri deskriptif yang tidak mematuhi undang-undang yang membahayakan orang ramai tentang kebolehan, keupayaan dan batasan yang tidak menguntungkan. <> Apakah jenis bahasa yang telah dicadangkan supaya NPOs harus bermula? || \"bukan\" perkataan <> Apakah jenis bahasa yang ditujukan kepada organisasi? || terminologi baru yang positif dan berbunyi <> Apakah istilah baru untuk NPO yang telah mula dilihat lebih banyak digunakan? || organisasi masyarakat sivil <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk organisasi yang ada untuk rakyat, oleh warganegara? || organisasi sektor rakyat <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh kumpulan seperti Crowdfund, GoFundMe atau Kickstarter? || Pertubuhan Manfaat Sosial", {"context": "Instead of being defined by \"non\" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term \"civil society organization\" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term \"citizen sector organization\" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector \u2013 as one of citizens, for citizens \u2013 by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, \"Social Benefit Organization\" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "\"non\" words"}], "question": "What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?", "id": "57279954708984140094e1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "new, positive-sounding terminology"}], "question": "What type of language are organizations being directed towards?", "id": "57279954708984140094e1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "civil society organization"}], "question": "What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?", "id": "57279954708984140094e1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "citizen sector organization"}], "question": "What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?", "id": "57279954708984140094e1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Social Benefit Organization"}], "question": "What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?", "id": "57279954708984140094e1eb"}]}], ["Dalam domain tradisional yang disebut dalam RFC 1591, .org adalah untuk \"organisasi yang tidak sesuai di tempat lain\" dalam sistem penamaan, yang menunjukkan bahawa ia adalah kategori yang tepat untuk organisasi bukan komersial jika mereka bukan kerajaan, pendidikan, atau salah satu jenis lain dengan TLD tertentu. Ia tidak ditakrifkan khusus untuk pertubuhan kebajikan atau sebarang status organisasi atau undang-undang tertentu, walau bagaimanapun; ia merangkumi apa-apa yang tidak dikelaskan sebagai kategori lain. Pada masa ini, tiada sekatan dikenakan ke atas pendaftaran Com atau .org, oleh itu seseorang boleh mencari pelbagai organisasi dalam salah satu domain ini, serta domain peringkat teratas lain termasuk yang lebih baru, lebih spesifik yang mungkin dikenakan untuk jenis tertentu organisasi seperti muzium untuk muzium atau .coop untuk koperasi. Organisasi mungkin juga mendaftar oleh domain peringkat atas negara yang sesuai untuk negara mereka. <> Apakah yang dimaksud dengan .org pada URL? || organisasi yang tidak sesuai di tempat lain <> Hanya NPO dibenarkan menggunakan .org? || tidak ditujukan khusus untuk organisasi amal atau status organisasi atau undang-undang khusus <> Apa yang termasuk dalam senarai organisasi yang dibenarkan menggunakan .org? || merangkumi apa-apa yang tidak dikelaskan sebagai kategori lain <> Adakah terdapat agensi yang memutuskan jika seseorang menggunakan penamaan domain secara salah? || Pada masa ini, tiada sekatan dikenakan ke atas pendaftaran Com atau .org <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh domain baru untuk menggunakan muzium? || .museum", {"context": "In the traditional domain noted in RFC 1591, .org is for \"organizations that didn't fit anywhere else\" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, however; it encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of these domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organizations such as .museum for museums or .coop for cooperatives. Organizations might also register by the appropriate country code top-level domain for their country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else"}], "question": "What does .org on a URL mean?", "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status"}], "question": "Are only NPOs allowed to use .org?", "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "encompasses anything that is not classifiable as another category"}], "question": "What is included in the list of organizations allowed to use .org?", "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org"}], "question": "Is there an agency that decides if someone is using the domain designation incorrectly?", "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": ".museum"}], "question": "What new domain designation should a museum use?", "id": "572797ce5951b619008f8e4b"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1880, surat khabar Berita dan Observer digabungkan untuk membentuk The News & Observer. Ia kekal sebagai akhbar harian utama Raleigh. Kolej Pertanian dan Seni Mekanik North Carolina, yang kini dikenali sebagai North Carolina State University, ditubuhkan sebagai kolej geran tanah pada tahun 1887. Rex Hospital di bandar ini dibuka pada tahun 1889 dan termasuk sekolah kejururawatan pertama di negeri ini. Kolej Wanita Baptis, yang kini dikenali sebagai Meredith College, dibuka pada tahun 1891, dan pada tahun 1898, Akademi Muzik, sebuah konservatori muzik persendirian telah dibentuk. <> Berapa tahunkah Berita dan Observer bergabung? || 1880 <> Apakah akhbar harian Raleigh? || The News & Observer <> Apa yang dipanggil Amerika Utara sebelum ini? || Kolej Pertanian dan Seni Mekanik North Carolina, <> Tahun berapa kolej ditubuhkan? || 1887 <> Bilakah Merideth College dibuka? || 1891", {"context": "In 1880, the newspapers News and Observer combined to form The News & Observer. It remains Raleigh's primary daily newspaper. The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now known as North Carolina State University, was founded as a land-grant college in 1887. The city's Rex Hospital opened in 1889 and included the state's first nursing school. The Baptist Women's College, now known as Meredith College, opened in 1891, and in 1898, The Academy of Music, a private music conservatory, was established.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1880"}], "question": "What year did the News and the Observer merge?", "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "The News & Observer"}], "question": "What is Raleigh's daily newspaper?", "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "The North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts,"}], "question": "What was North Carolina State called before?", "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1887"}], "question": "What year was the college founded?", "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When did Merideth College open?", "id": "5726ae55708984140094cdb7"}]}], ["Raleigh adalah rumah kepada Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara dan merupakan sebahagian daripada kawasan Penyelidikan Triangle, bersama dengan Durham (rumah Duke University) dan Chapel Hill (rumah Universiti North Carolina di Chapel Hill). Nama panggilan \"Triangle\" berasal selepas penciptaan Taman Penyelidikan Research 1959, yang terletak di Durham & Wake Counties di antara tiga bandar raya dan universiti mereka. Kawasan Penyelidikan Segitiga merangkumi Kawasan Statistik Gabungan Bukit Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Biro Banci AS (CSA), yang mempunyai anggaran penduduk 2,037,430 pada tahun 2013. Kawasan Statistik Metropolitan Raleigh (MSA) mempunyai anggaran penduduk 1,214,516 pada tahun 2013. < > Apa universiti di Raleigh? || Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara <> Apakah MSA Raleigh? || 1,214,516 <> Apa itu Segitiga? || Kawasan Triangle Penyelidikan <> Apakah universiti lain dalam segitiga? || Duke <> Bilakah Segitiga dibuat? || 1959", {"context": "Raleigh is home to North Carolina State University and is part of the Research Triangle area, together with Durham (home of Duke University) and Chapel Hill (home of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). The \"Triangle\" nickname originated after the 1959 creation of the Research Triangle Park, located in Durham & Wake Counties partway between the three cities and their universities. The Research Triangle region encompasses the U.S. Census Bureau's Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had an estimated population of 2,037,430 in 2013. The Raleigh Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) had an estimated population of 1,214,516 in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "North Carolina State University"}], "question": "What university is in Raleigh?", "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "1,214,516"}], "question": "What is the MSA of Raleigh?", "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Research Triangle area"}], "question": "What is the Triangle?", "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Duke"}], "question": "What is another university in the triangle?", "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When was the Triangle created?", "id": "5726abb3dd62a815002e8c7e"}]}], ["Raleigh adalah contoh awal di Amerika Syarikat sebuah bandar yang dirancang, dipilih sebagai tapak ibukota negara pada 1788 dan diperbadankan pada tahun 1792. Bandar ini pada awalnya dibentangkan dalam corak grid dengan Capitol Negeri Carolina Utara di Union Square di pusat. Di Amerika Syarikat Perang Saudara, bandar ini telah terselamat daripada pertempuran yang penting, hanya jatuh pada hari-hari penutupan perang, walaupun ia tidak melarikan diri dari kesulitan ekonomi yang melanda seluruh Amerika Selatan semasa Era Rekonstruksi. Abad ke-20 menyaksikan pembukaan Taman Penyelidikan Penyelidikan pada tahun 1959, dan dengan pekerjaan yang dicipta rantau dan kota itu menyaksikan kemasukan penduduk yang besar, menjadikannya salah satu komuniti yang paling pesat berkembang di Amerika Syarikat pada awal abad ke-21. <> Apa jenis bandar raya Raleigh? || dirancang <> tahun berapa ia diperbadankan? || 1792 <> Apa yang berlaku pada abad ke-20? || Penyelidikan Triangle Park <> Perang apa yang berhampiran dengan bandar? || Perang Saudara <> Apakah jenis komuniti itu? || berkembang pesat", {"context": "Raleigh is an early example in the United States of a planned city, chosen as the site of the state capital in 1788 and incorporated in 1792 as such. The city was originally laid out in a grid pattern with the North Carolina State Capitol in Union Square at the center. In the United States Civil War the city was spared from any significant battle, only falling in the closing days of the war, though it did not escape the economic hardships that plagued the rest of the American South during the Reconstruction Era. The twentieth century saw the opening of the Research Triangle Park in 1959, and with the jobs it created the region and city saw a large influx of population, making it one of the fastest growing communities in the United States by the early 21st century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "planned"}], "question": "What kind of city is Raleigh?", "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "1792"}], "question": "What year was it incorporated?", "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Research Triangle Park"}], "question": "What happened in the 20th century?", "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Civil War"}], "question": "What war was near the city?", "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "fastest growing"}], "question": "What type of community is it?", "id": "5726ac58708984140094cd81"}]}], ["Raleigh terletak di rantau timur laut utara Carolina, di mana kawasan Piedmont dan Atlantik Pesisir Atlantik bertemu. Kawasan ini dikenali sebagai \"garis jatuh\" kerana ia menandakan ketinggian di pedalaman di mana air terjun mula muncul di sungai dan sungai. Akibatnya, kebanyakan Raleigh mempunyai bukit-bukau yang perlahan-lahan meluncur ke arah timur ke dataran pantai yang rata. Lokasi pusat Piedmont terletak di Raleigh kira-kira dua jam di barat Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, dengan kereta dan empat jam di timur Pergunungan Great Smoky. Bandar ini adalah 155 batu (249 km) di selatan Richmond, Virginia, 263 batu (423 km) di selatan Washington, D.C., dan 150 batu (240 km) di timur laut Charlotte, Carolina Utara. <> Di mana terletak Raleigh? || timur tengah wilayah utara Carolina <> Apa kawasan yang dikenali sebagai? || \"garis jatuh\" <> Apakah jenis geografi di Raleigh? || bukit-bukau yang perlahan melayang ke arah timur ke dataran pantai rata negeri. <> Berapa jauhnya Raleigh dari Atlantic Beach? || dua jam <> Seberapa jauh Raleigh dari Richmond? || 155", {"context": "Raleigh is located in the northeast central region of North Carolina, where the Piedmont and Atlantic Coastal Plain regions meet. This area is known as the \"fall line\" because it marks the elevation inland at which waterfalls begin to appear in creeks and rivers. As a result, most of Raleigh features gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain. Its central Piedmont location situates Raleigh about two hours west of Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, by car and four hours east of the Great Smoky Mountains. The city is 155 miles (249 km) south of Richmond, Virginia, 263 miles (423 km) south of Washington, D.C., and 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Charlotte, North Carolina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "northeast central region of North Carolina"}], "question": "Where is Raleigh located?", "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "\"fall line\""}], "question": "What is the area known as?", "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "gently rolling hills that slope eastward toward the state's flat coastal plain."}], "question": "What type of geography is in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "two hours"}], "question": "How far is Raleigh from Atlantic Beach?", "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "155"}], "question": "How far is Raleigh from Richmond?", "id": "5726b01df1498d1400e8e766"}]}], ["Raleigh (/ r\u0251\u02d0li /; RAH-lee) adalah ibukota negeri North Carolina serta kerusi Wake County di Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah bandar terpadat kedua di Carolina Utara, selepas Charlotte. Raleigh dikenali sebagai \"City of Oaks\" untuk pokok-pokok pohon oaknya, yang menyusuri jalan-jalan di tengah-tengah kota. Bandar ini meliputi kawasan seluas 142.8 batu persegi (370 km2). Biro Banci A.S. menganggarkan penduduk bandar menjadi 439,896 pada 1 Julai 2014. Ia juga merupakan salah satu bandar yang paling pesat berkembang di negara ini. Bandar Raleigh dinamakan sempena Sir Walter Raleigh, yang menubuhkan Kolonel Roanoke yang hilang di Dare County saat ini. <> Apakah negeri Raleigh itu ibukota? || North Carolina <> Apa bandar terbesar di NC? || Charlotte <> Siapa namanya? || Sir Walter Raleigh <> Apa daerah di Raleigh? || Berani <> Apakah populasi bandar? || 439,896", {"context": "Raleigh (/\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0li/; RAH-lee) is the capital of the state of North Carolina as well as the seat of Wake County in the United States. It is the second most populous city in North Carolina, after Charlotte. Raleigh is known as the \"City of Oaks\" for its many oak trees, which line the streets in the heart of the city. The city covers a land area of 142.8 square miles (370 km2). The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population to be 439,896 as of July 1, 2014. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities in the country. The city of Raleigh is named after Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the lost Roanoke Colony in present-day Dare County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state is Raleigh the capital of?", "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "What is the biggest city in NC?", "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Sir Walter Raleigh"}], "question": "Who is it named after?", "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Dare"}], "question": "What county is Raleigh in?", "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "439,896"}], "question": "What is the population of the city?", "id": "5726ab455951b619008f7989"}]}], ["Lokasi bandar terpilih, sebahagiannya, kerana berada dalam jarak 11 mi (18 km) dari Isaac Hunter's Tavern, sebuah kedai minuman yang popular yang sering dikunjungi oleh penggubal undang-undang negeri. Tiada bandar atau bandar yang diketahui sebelum ini di tapak bandar yang dipilih. Raleigh adalah salah satu daripada beberapa bandar di Amerika Syarikat yang dirancang dan dibina secara khusus untuk berfungsi sebagai ibu negeri. Batasan asalnya dibentuk oleh jalan-jalan di utara, timur, barat dan selatan. Pelan itu, sebuah grid dengan dua paksi utama yang bertemu di dataran tengah dan persegi tambahan di setiap sudut, didasarkan pada rencana 1682 Thomas Holme untuk Philadelphia. <> Berapa batu adalah bandar dari Isaac's Tavern? || 11 <> Mengapa Ishak Hunter's Tavern popular? || penggubal undang-undang negeri. <> Apa itu Raleigh sebagai bandar? || dirancang <> Apakah batas-batas asal? || jalan-jalan di jalan-jalan utara, timur, barat dan selatan <> bandar apa rancangannya? || Philadelphia", {"context": "The city's location was chosen, in part, for being within 11 mi (18 km) of Isaac Hunter's Tavern, a popular tavern frequented by the state legislators. No known city or town existed previously on the chosen city site. Raleigh is one of the few cities in the United States that was planned and built specifically to serve as a state capital. Its original boundaries were formed by the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets. The plan, a grid with two main axes meeting at a central square and an additional square in each corner, was based on Thomas Holme's 1682 plan for Philadelphia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many miles is the city from Isaac's Tavern?", "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "state legislators."}], "question": "Why is Isaac Hunter's Tavern popular?", "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "planned"}], "question": "What was Raleigh as a city?", "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "the downtown streets of North, East, West and South streets"}], "question": "What were the original boundaries?", "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Philadelphia"}], "question": "What city was the plan based on?", "id": "5726ad6add62a815002e8cb4"}]}], ["Semasa tahun 1930-an dalam Kemelesetan Besar, kerajaan di semua peringkat adalah penting untuk mewujudkan pekerjaan. Bandar ini menyediakan program rekreasi dan pendidikan, dan mengupah orang untuk projek-projek kerja awam. Pada tahun 1932, Auditorium Peringatan Raleigh telah didedikasikan. Symphony North Carolina, mengasaskan tahun yang sama, dilakukan di rumah barunya. Dari 1934 hingga 1937, Korps Pemuliharaan Awam Persekutuan membina kawasan yang kini dikenali sebagai Taman Negara William B. Umstead. Pada tahun 1939, Perhimpunan Agung Negeri menyerahkan Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority untuk membina sebuah lapangan terbang yang lebih besar antara Raleigh dan Durham, dengan penerbangan pertama yang berlaku pada tahun 1943. <> Kapan Kemurungan Besar? || 1930-an <> Apa yang diberikan bandar semasa Kemelesetan Besar? || program rekreasi dan pendidikan <> Apa yang didedikasikan pada tahun 1932? || Auditorium Memorial Raleigh <> Tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh Symphony North Carolina? || 1932 <> Apa yang dicatatkan pada tahun 1939? || Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority untuk membina sebuah lapangan terbang yang lebih besar antara Raleigh dan Durham,", {"context": "During the difficult 1930s of the Great Depression, government at all levels was integral to creating jobs. The city provided recreational and educational programs, and hired people for public works projects. In 1932, Raleigh Memorial Auditorium was dedicated. The North Carolina Symphony, founded the same year, performed in its new home. From 1934 to 1937, the federal Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the area now known as William B. Umstead State Park. In 1939, the State General Assembly chartered the Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham, with the first flight occurring in 1943.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When was the Great Depression?", "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "recreational and educational programs"}], "question": "What did the city provide during the Great Depression?", "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Raleigh Memorial Auditorium"}], "question": "What was dedicated in 1932?", "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1932"}], "question": "What year was the North Carolina Symphony founded?", "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Raleigh-Durham Aeronautical Authority to build a larger airport between Raleigh and Durham,"}], "question": "What was charted in 1939?", "id": "5726afa0f1498d1400e8e74a"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, dua orang Kongres hitam dipilih dari daerah ke-2 North Carolina, yang terakhir pada tahun 1898. George Henry White berusaha untuk mempromosikan hak-hak sivil bagi orang kulit hitam dan mencabar usaha oleh demokrat putih untuk mengurangkan pengundian hitam oleh undang-undang yang diskriminasi baru. Mereka tidak berjaya. Pada tahun 1900, badan perundangan negeri meluluskan perlembagaan baru, dengan peraturan pendaftaran pemilih yang meremehkan kebanyakan orang kulit hitam dan banyak orang miskin. Kerajaan berjaya mengurangkan pengundian hitam kepada sifar pada tahun 1908. Kehilangan keupayaan untuk mengundi lelaki hitam (dan kemudian wanita) yang tidak diseluali daripada duduk di juri dan berkhidmat di mana-mana pejabat, tempatan, negeri atau persekutuan. Kelas menengah hitam yang semakin meningkat di Raleigh dan kawasan-kawasan lain telah dibungkam secara politik dan menutup pentadbiran tempatan, dan Parti Republikan tidak lagi kompetitif. Tidak sampai selepas undang-undang hak persekutuan persekutuan diluluskan pada pertengahan 1960-an bahawa majoriti orang kulit hitam di North Carolina sekali lagi akan dapat mengundi, duduk di juri dan berkhidmat di pejabat tempatan. Tiada Afrika Amerika terpilih ke Kongres sehingga 1992. <> Bilakah terakhir kali dua kongres hitam terpilih? || 1898 <> Daerah apakah yang menjadi kongres pada tahun 1898? || 2nd <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1900? || undang-undang negeri meluluskan perlembagaan baru <> Bilakah orang kulit hitam kehilangan hak untuk mengundi? || 1908 <> Bilakah hitam mendapatkan semula hak untuk mengundi? || pertengahan tahun 1960-an", {"context": "In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1898"}], "question": "When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?", "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "2nd"}], "question": "What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?", "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "the state legislature passed a new constitution"}], "question": "What happened in 1900?", "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "1908"}], "question": "When did blacks lose the right to vote?", "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 890, "text": "mid-1960s"}], "question": "When did black regain the right to vote?", "id": "5726aec3f1498d1400e8e71e"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Saudara bermula, Gabenor Zebulon Baird Vance mengarahkan pembinaan kerja keras di sekitar bandar sebagai perlindungan dari tentera Kesatuan. Semasa Kempen Carolinas di General Sherman, Raleigh ditawan oleh pejuang Kesatuan di bawah komando Jeneral Hugh Judson Kilpatrick pada 13 April 1865. Ketika pasukan berkuda Konfederasi berundur ke barat, tentara Kesatuan menyusul, menuju ke Battle of Morrisville yang berdekatan. Bandar ini terhindar dari kemusnahan yang ketara semasa Perang, tetapi disebabkan masalah ekonomi selepas perang dan Rekonstruksi, dengan ekonomi negara berdasarkan pertanian, ia berkembang sedikit selama beberapa dekad yang akan datang. <> Siapa gabenor semasa Perang Saudara? || Zebulon Baird Vance <> Apa perintah gabenor dibina? || kerja keras <> Apakah Raleigh ditawan oleh dalam Perang Saudara? || Kaisar berkuda <> Yang memimpin pasukan berkuda dalam penangkapan itu? || Hugh Judson Kilpatrick <> Mengapa bandar tidak berkembang semasa Perang Saudara? || ekonomi negeri berdasarkan pertanian,", {"context": "After the Civil War began, Governor Zebulon Baird Vance ordered the construction of breastworks around the city as protection from Union troops. During General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign, Raleigh was captured by Union cavalry under the command of General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick on April 13, 1865. As the Confederate cavalry retreated west, the Union soldiers followed, leading to the nearby Battle of Morrisville. The city was spared significant destruction during the War, but due to the economic problems of the post-war period and Reconstruction, with a state economy based on agriculture, it grew little over the next several decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Zebulon Baird Vance"}], "question": "Who was the governor during the Civil War?", "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "breastworks"}], "question": "What did the governor order constructed?", "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Union cavalry"}], "question": "What was Raleigh captured by in the Civil War?", "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Hugh Judson Kilpatrick"}], "question": "Who led the cavalry in the capture?", "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "a state economy based on agriculture,"}], "question": "Why did the city not grow during the Civil War?", "id": "5726addcdd62a815002e8cbe"}]}], ["Raleigh adalah rumah kepada banyak laman budaya, pendidikan, dan bersejarah. Pusat Duke Energy for Performing Arts di Downtown Raleigh mempunyai tiga tempat teater dan berfungsi sebagai rumah untuk Symphony North Carolina dan Carolina Ballet. Amfiteater Walnut Creek adalah sebuah amfiteater muzik yang besar yang terletak di Raleigh Tenggara. Muzium di Raleigh termasuk Muzium Seni North Carolina di Raleigh Barat, serta Muzium Sejarah North Carolina dan Muzium Sains Semula Jadi North Carolina terletak bersebelahan antara Capitol Negeri di Downtown Raleigh. Beberapa universiti dan kolej utama memanggil rumah Raleigh, termasuk Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara, universiti awam terbesar di negeri ini, dan Universiti Shaw, universiti hitam sejarah pertama di Amerika Selatan dan tapak asas Jawatankuasa Penyelaras Non-Kekerasan Pelajar, yang penting organisasi hak sivil pada tahun 1960-an. Seorang presiden A.S., Andrew Johnson, dilahirkan di Raleigh. <> Pusat tenaga apa yang ada di pusat bandar? || Duke <> Apa universiti di Raleigh? || Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara, <> Apa universiti hitam pertama sejarah? || Shaw <> Presiden apa yang dilahirkan di Raleigh? || Andrew Johnson <> Apakah nama amfiteater di Raleigh? || Amfiteater Walnut Creek", {"context": "Raleigh is home to numerous cultural, educational, and historic sites. The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts in Downtown Raleigh features three theater venues and serves as the home for the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet. Walnut Creek Amphitheatre is a large music amphitheater located in Southeast Raleigh. Museums in Raleigh include the North Carolina Museum of Art in West Raleigh, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History and North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences located next to each other near the State Capitol in Downtown Raleigh. Several major universities and colleges call Raleigh home, including North Carolina State University, the largest public university in the state, and Shaw University, the first historically black university in the American South and site of the foundation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, an important civil rights organization of the 1960s. One U.S. president, Andrew Johnson, was born in Raleigh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Duke"}], "question": "What energy center is downtown?", "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "North Carolina State University,"}], "question": "What university is in Raleigh?", "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "Shaw"}], "question": "What is the first historically black university?", "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 955, "text": "Andrew Johnson"}], "question": "What president was born in Raleigh?", "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Walnut Creek Amphitheatre"}], "question": "What is the name of the amphitheater in Raleigh?", "id": "5726acc95951b619008f79c1"}]}], ["Sehingga 2000 banci Amerika Syarikat, terdapat 276,093 orang (anggaran Julai 2008 ialah 380,173) dan 61,371 keluarga yang tinggal di Raleigh. Kepadatan penduduk adalah 2,409.2 orang setiap batu persegi (930.2 / km\u00b2). Terdapat 120,699 unit rumah dengan kepadatan purata 1,053.2 satu kilometer persegi (406.7 / km\u00b2). Komposisi kaum bandar adalah: 63.31% Putih, 27.80% Hitam atau Afrika Amerika, 7.01% Amerika Latin atau Amerika Latin, 3.38% Asia Amerika, 0.36% Amerika Asli, 0.04% Hawaii Asli atau Pulau Pasifik Lain 3.24% , dan 1.88% dua atau lebih kaum. <> Berapa banyak keluarga yang tinggal di Raleigh pada tahun 2000? || 61,371 <> Apakah kepadatan populasi Raleigh? || 2,409.2 orang setiap mil persegi <> Berapa banyak unit perumahan di Raleigh? || 120,699 perumahan <> Berapa peratus daripada orang di Raleigh berwarna putih? || 63.31% <> Berapa banyak Native Hawaiian di Raleigh? || 0.04%", {"context": "As of the 2000 United States census, there were 276,093 persons (July 2008 estimate was 380,173) and 61,371 families residing in Raleigh. The population density was 2,409.2 people per square mile (930.2/km\u00b2). There were 120,699 housing units at an average density of 1,053.2 per square mile (406.7/km\u00b2). The racial composition of the city was: 63.31% White, 27.80% Black or African American, 7.01% Hispanic or Latino American, 3.38% Asian American, 0.36% Native American, 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 3.24% some other race, and 1.88% two or more races.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "61,371"}], "question": "How many families lived in Raleigh in 2000?", "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "2,409.2 people per square mile"}], "question": "What is the population density of Raleigh?", "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "120,699 housing"}], "question": "How many housing units were in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "63.31%"}], "question": "What percentage of people in Raleigh are white?", "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "0.04%"}], "question": "How many Native Hawaiian are in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b58df1498d1400e8e848"}]}], ["Wilayah ini juga mengalami tempoh kemarau sekali-sekala, di mana bandar kadang-kadang telah membatasi penggunaan air oleh penduduk. Semasa musim panas dan kejatuhan awal, Raleigh boleh mengalami taufan. Pada tahun 1996, Topan Fran menyebabkan kerosakan teruk di kawasan Raleigh, kebanyakannya dari pokok-pokok yang jatuh. Badai yang paling baru-baru ini mempunyai kesan yang besar ke atas kawasan itu ialah Isabel pada tahun 2003. Tornadoes juga telah sekian lama menjejaskan kota Raleigh, terutamanya tornado 28 November 1988 yang berlaku pada waktu pagi dan menilai F4 di Tornado Fujita Skala dan terjejas bahagian Barat Laut di bandar ini. Juga pada April 16, 2011 Tornado F3 yang menjejaskan bahagian pusat bandar dan timur laut Raleigh dan pinggir bandar Holly Springs. <> Apa pengalaman kawasan itu? || kemarau <> Bagaimana kesan kemarau bandar? || penggunaan air terhad <> Bilakah Raleigh mengalami taufan? || akhir musim panas dan kejatuhan awal <> Apakah nama taufan pada tahun 2003? || Isabel <> Berapa besar tornado pada tahun 2011? || F3", {"context": "The region also experiences occasional periods of drought, during which the city sometimes has restricted water use by residents. During the late summer and early fall, Raleigh can experience hurricanes. In 1996, Hurricane Fran caused severe damage in the Raleigh area, mostly from falling trees. The most recent hurricane to have a considerable effect on the area was Isabel in 2003. Tornadoes also have on occasion affected the city of Raleigh most notably the November 28, 1988 tornado which occurred in the early morning hours and rated an F4 on the Fujita Tornado Scale and affected Northwestern portions of the city. Also the April 16, 2011 F3 Tornado which affected portions of downtown and North east Raleigh and the suburb of Holly Springs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "drought"}], "question": "What does the area experience?", "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "restricted water use"}], "question": "How does drought effect the city?", "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "late summer and early fall"}], "question": "When does Raleigh experience hurricanes?", "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Isabel"}], "question": "What was the name of the hurricane in 2003?", "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "F3"}], "question": "How big was the tornado in 2011?", "id": "5726b53b708984140094ce81"}]}], ["Raleigh menerima purata salji sebanyak 6.0 inci (15.2 cm) pada musim sejuk. Hujan beku dan hujan juga berlaku kebanyakan musim sejuk, dan kadang-kadang kawasan mengalami ribut ais yang merosakkan. Pada 24 hingga 25 Januari 2000, Raleigh menerima salji salji yang paling besar dari ribut tunggal - 20.3 inci (52 cm) - Ribut Musim Sejuk pada Januari 2000. Ribut magnitud ini secara amnya disebabkan oleh kesan angin sejuk yang menjejaskan bandaraya akibat berdekatan dengan Pergunungan Appalachian. Ribut musim sejuk telah menyebabkan masalah lalu lintas pada masa lalu juga. <> Berapa banyak salji yang diperoleh oleh Raleigh? || 6.0 inci <> Bilakah hujan salji yang paling besar? || Januari 24-25, 2000 <> Berapa banyak salji yang dilakukan Raleigh pada 24 Januari 2000? || 20.3 inci <> Apa yang menyebabkan Ribut Musim Sejuk tahun 2000? || air sejuk damming <> Apa gunung adalah bandar berhampiran? || Pergunungan Appalachian.", {"context": "Raleigh receives an average of 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) of snow in winter. Freezing rain and sleet also occur most winters, and occasionally the area experiences a major damaging ice storm. On January 24\u201325, 2000, Raleigh received its greatest snowfall from a single storm \u2013 20.3 inches (52 cm) \u2013 the Winter Storm of January 2000. Storms of this magnitude are generally the result of cold air damming that affects the city due to its proximity to the Appalachian Mountains. Winter storms have caused traffic problems in the past as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "6.0 inches"}], "question": "How much snow does Raleigh get?", "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "January 24\u201325, 2000"}], "question": "When was the greatest snowfall?", "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "20.3 inches"}], "question": "How much snow did Raleigh get on January 24, 2000?", "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "cold air damming"}], "question": "What caused the Winter Storm of 2000?", "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Appalachian Mountains."}], "question": "What mountains are the city near?", "id": "5726b41e5951b619008f7b1d"}]}], ["Raleigh Selatan terletak di sepanjang A.S. 401 selatan menuju Fuquay-Varina dan sepanjang 70 US ke Garner suburb. Kawasan ini adalah kawasan yang paling kurang maju dan kurang padat di Raleigh (kebanyakan kawasan terletak di dalam kawasan tadahan Swift Creek, di mana peraturan-peraturan pembangunan mengehadkan kepadatan dan pembinaan perumahan). Kawasan ini bersempadan dengan barat oleh Cary, ke arah timur oleh Garner, dan ke barat daya oleh Holly Springs. Kejiranan di Raleigh Selatan termasuk Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, dan Enchanted Oaks. <> Di mana adalah Raleigh Selatan? || di sepanjang A.S. 401 selatan menuju Fuquay-Varina <> Apa yang berbeza tentang Raleigh Selatan? || paling kurang maju dan kurang padat <> Apa yang bersempadan dengan South Raleigh ke barat? || Cary, <> Di manakah Holly Springs berbanding South Raleigh? || barat daya <> Apa beberapa kejiranan di Raleigh Selatan? || Taman Renaissance, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek", {"context": "South Raleigh is located along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina and along US 70 into suburban Garner. This area is the least developed and least dense area of Raleigh (much of the area lies within the Swift Creek watershed district, where development regulations limit housing densities and construction). The area is bordered to the west by Cary, to the east by Garner, and to the southwest by Holly Springs. Neighborhoods in South Raleigh include Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek, Carolina Pines, Rhamkatte, Riverbrooke, and Enchanted Oaks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "along U.S. 401 south toward Fuquay-Varina"}], "question": "Where is South Raleigh?", "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "least developed and least dense"}], "question": "What is different about South Raleigh?", "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Cary,"}], "question": "What borders South Raleigh to the west?", "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "southwest"}], "question": "Where is Holly Springs compared to South Raleigh?", "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Renaissance Park, Lake Wheeler, Swift Creek"}], "question": "What are some neighborhoods in South Raleigh?", "id": "5726b298f1498d1400e8e7d4"}]}], ["Raleigh Barat terletak di sepanjang Hillsborough Street dan Western Boulevard. Kawasan ini bersempadan dengan barat oleh Cary pinggir bandar. Ia adalah rumah kepada Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara, Kolej Meredith, Taman Pullen, Gereja Baptis Memorial Pullen, Kampung Cameron, Lake Johnson, Muzium Seni North Carolina dan Saint Mary's School yang bersejarah. Jalan raya utama yang melayani Raleigh Barat, sebagai tambahan kepada Hillsborough Street, adalah Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, dan Boulevard Barat. PNC Arena juga terletak di sini bersebelahan dengan Tapak Pesta Negeri Carolina Utara. Ini terletak kira-kira 2 batu dari Hospital Rex. <> Di mana Raleigh Barat? || di sepanjang Hillsborough Street dan Western Boulevard. <> Apa itu Raleigh Barat? || North Carolina State University <> Arena apa yang ada di kawasan ini? || PNC Arena <> Apakah nama hospital di Raleigh Barat? || Rex Hospital. <> Seberapa jauh Hospital Rex dari tapak pameran? || 2 batu", {"context": "West Raleigh lies along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard. The area is bordered to the west by suburban Cary. It is home to North Carolina State University, Meredith College, Pullen Park, Pullen Memorial Baptist Church, Cameron Village, Lake Johnson, the North Carolina Museum of Art and historic Saint Mary's School. Primary thoroughfares serving West Raleigh, in addition to Hillsborough Street, are Avent Ferry Road, Blue Ridge Road, and Western Boulevard. The PNC Arena is also located here adjacent to the North Carolina State Fairgrounds. These are located approximately 2 miles from Rex Hospital.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "along Hillsborough Street and Western Boulevard."}], "question": "Where is West Raleigh?", "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "North Carolina State University"}], "question": "What is West Raleigh the home of?", "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "PNC Arena"}], "question": "What arena is in the area?", "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Rex Hospital."}], "question": "What is the name of the hospital in West Raleigh?", "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "2 miles"}], "question": "How far is Rex Hospital from the fairgrounds?", "id": "5726b1c6f1498d1400e8e7ae"}]}], ["Midtown Raleigh adalah kawasan kediaman dan komersial di utara I-440 Beltline dan merupakan bagian dari Raleigh Utara. Ia dikelilingi oleh Jalan Glenwood / Creedmoor ke Barat, Jalan Wake Forest ke Timur, dan Jalan Millbrook ke Utara. Ia termasuk pusat membeli-belah seperti North Hills dan Crabtree Valley Mall. Ia juga termasuk North Hills Park dan sebahagian daripada Sistem Raleigh Greenway. Istilah ini dicipta oleh Dewan Perniagaan Greater Raleigh, pemaju John Kane dan perancang pengarah Mitchell Silver. Akhbar Berita & Observer mula menggunakan istilah untuk tujuan pemasaran sahaja. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance diasaskan pada 25 Julai 2011 sebagai cara untuk pemimpin masyarakat untuk mempromosikan kawasan tersebut. <> Di mana Midtown Raleigh? || North of the I-440 Beltline <> Apa kerangka Midtown Raleigh? || Jalan Glenwood / Creedmoor ke Barat, Jalan Wake Forest ke Timur, dan Millbrook Road <> Di manakah Pusat Membeli-belah North Hills? || Midtown Raleigh <> Siapa pemaju kawasan itu? || John Kane <> Bilakah terbentuklah Perikatan Midtown Raleigh? || 25 Julai 2011", {"context": "Midtown Raleigh is a residential and commercial area just North of the I-440 Beltline and is part of North Raleigh. It is roughly framed by Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road to the North. It includes shopping centers such as North Hills and Crabtree Valley Mall. It also includes North Hills Park and part of the Raleigh Greenway System. The term was coined by the Greater Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, developer John Kane and planning director Mitchell Silver. The News & Observer newspaper started using the term for marketing purposes only. The Midtown Raleigh Alliance was founded on July 25, 2011 as a way for community leaders to promote the area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "North of the I-440 Beltline"}], "question": "Where is Midtown Raleigh?", "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Glenwood/Creedmoor Road to the West, Wake Forest Road to the East, and Millbrook Road"}], "question": "What frames Midtown Raleigh?", "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Midtown Raleigh"}], "question": "Where is the North Hills Shopping center?", "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "John Kane"}], "question": "Who was the area developer?", "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "July 25, 2011"}], "question": "When was the Midtown Raleigh Alliance formed?", "id": "5726b149dd62a815002e8d0e"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan di Amerika Syarikat tenggara, Raleigh mempunyai iklim subtropika lembap (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), dengan empat musim yang berbeza. Musim sejuk adalah pendek dan umumnya sejuk, dengan purata harian Januari 41.0 \u00b0 F (5.0 \u00b0 C). Secara purata, terdapat 69 malam setiap tahun yang turun ke atau di bawah beku, dan hanya 2.7 hari yang gagal naik di atas beku. Bulan April adalah bulan paling kering, dengan purata 2.91 inci (73.9 mm) curah hujan. Pemendakan diagihkan dengan baik sepanjang tahun, dengan sedikitnya sedikit antara bulan Julai dan September; Secara purata, bulan Julai adalah bulan paling basah, kerana biasanya kerap, kadang-kadang berat, hujan dan ribut petir. Musim panas panas dan lembap, dengan purata harian pada bulan Julai 80.0 \u00b0 F (26.7 \u00b0 C). Terdapat 48 hari setahun dengan tinggi pada atau di atas 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C). Musim luruh adalah sama dengan keseluruhan musim semi tetapi mempunyai hari hujan yang lebih sedikit. Extremes dalam suhu berkisar antara -9 \u00b0 F (-23 \u00b0 C) pada 21 Januari 1985 hingga 105 \u00b0 F (41 \u00b0 C), paling baru pada 8 Julai 2012. <> Apakah iklim Raleigh? || iklim subtropika yang lembab <> Berapa banyak musim di Raleigh? || empat <> Berapa malam dalam setahun di Raleigh yang beku? || 69 malam setahun <> Berapakah bulan paling banyak? || Julai <> Apakah suhu paling hangat di Raleigh? || 105", {"context": "Like much of the southeastern United States, Raleigh has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons. Winters are short and generally cool, with a January daily average of 41.0 \u00b0F (5.0 \u00b0C). On average, there are 69 nights per year that drop to or below freezing, and only 2.7 days that fail to rise above freezing. April is the driest month, with an average of 2.91 inches (73.9 mm) of precipitation. Precipitation is well distributed around the year, with a slight maximum between July and September; on average, July is the wettest month, owing to generally frequent, sometimes heavy, showers and thunderstorms. Summers are hot and humid, with a daily average in July of 80.0 \u00b0F (26.7 \u00b0C). There are 48 days per year with highs at or above 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C). Autumn is similar to spring overall but has fewer days of rainfall. Extremes in temperature have ranged from \u22129 \u00b0F (\u221223 \u00b0C) on January 21, 1985 up to 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C), most recently on July 8, 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "humid subtropical climate"}], "question": "What is the climate of Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many seasons are there in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "69 nights per year"}], "question": "How many nights in a year are there in Raleigh that are freezing?", "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "July"}], "question": "What month has the most precipitation? ", "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "105"}], "question": "What is the hottest temperature in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3bc5951b619008f7b13"}]}], ["Raleigh Tenggara dibatasi oleh pusat bandar di barat, Garner di barat daya, dan Wake County pedalaman di tenggara. Kawasan ini termasuk kawasan sepanjang Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, dan New Bern Avenue. Kawasan kejiranan termasuk Chastain, Chavis Heights, Kelab Desa Raleigh, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heights, Kampung Emerald dan Biltmore Hills. Pavilion Muzik Cable Time Warner (dahulunya Alltel Pavilion dan Amfiteater Walnut Creek) adalah salah satu tempat konsert utama di rantau ini dan terletak di Rock Quarry Road. Universiti Shaw terletak di bahagian bandar ini. <> Apa di sebelah barat Raleigh Tenggara? || pusat bandar <> Kawasan apa yang ada di Raleigh Tenggara? || Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, dan New Bern Avenue <> Apa kejiranan yang ada di Raleigh Tenggara? || Chastain, Chavis Heights, Kelab Desa Raleigh, <> Tempat konsert apa di kawasan ini? || Muzik Warner Cable Music Time <> Apa universiti di bahagian ini Raleigh? || Universiti Shaw", {"context": "Southeast Raleigh is bounded by downtown on the west, Garner on the southwest, and rural Wake County to the southeast. The area includes areas along Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue. Primary neighborhoods include Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club, Southgate, Kingwood Forest, Rochester Heights, Emerald Village and Biltmore Hills. Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion (formerly Alltel Pavilion and Walnut Creek Amphitheatre) is one of the region's major outdoor concert venues and is located on Rock Quarry Road. Shaw University is located in this part of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "downtown"}], "question": "What is to the west of Southeast Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Rock Quarry Road, Poole Road, and New Bern Avenue"}], "question": "What areas are in Southeast Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Chastain, Chavis Heights, Raleigh Country Club,"}], "question": "What neighborhoods does Southeast Raleigh have?", "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"}], "question": "What concert venue is in the area?", "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7afe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Shaw University"}], "question": "What university is in this part of Raleigh?", "id": "5726b3445951b619008f7aff"}]}], ["Raleigh Utara adalah kawasan pinggir bandar yang luas, pelbagai dan cepat berkembang di bandar yang terletak di kawasan kejiranan di selatan dengan banyak subdivisi yang baru dibina dan di sepanjang pinggir utaranya. Kawasan ini umumnya jatuh ke Utara Jalan Millbrook. Ia terutamanya pinggir bandar dengan kawasan membeli-belah yang besar. Kawasan kejiranan dan subdivisi utama di Raleigh Utara termasuk Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park, Bedford, Bent Tree, Brentwood, Brier Creek, Brookhaven, Run Black Horse, Trail Coachman, Crossgate, Crosswinds, Falls River, Hidden Valley, Lake Park, North Haven , Ridge Utara, Oakcroft, Shannon Woods, Stesen Six Forks, Springdale, Stonebridge, Stone Creek, Stonehenge, Summerfield, Valley Estates, Wakefield, Weathersfield, Windsor Forest dan Wood Valley. Kawasan ini dihidangkan oleh beberapa koridor pengangkutan utama termasuk Glenwood Avenue US Route 70, Interstate 540, Jalan Wake Forest, Jalan Millbrook, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Jalan Creedmoor, Jalan Leesville, Jalan Strickland dan Utara. Hills Drive. <> Apa yang ada di kawasan itu? || kawasan membeli-belah yang besar. <> Apa kejiranan di Raleigh Utara? || Harrington Grove, Springdale, Taman Dominion <> Apakah sarana pengangkutan di kawasan itu? || Jalan A.S. 70, Interstate 540, <> Kawasan jenis apa Raleigh Utara? || luas, pelbagai, dan berkembang pesat", {"context": "North Raleigh is an expansive, diverse, and fast-growing suburban area of the city that is home to established neighborhoods to the south along with many newly built subdivisions and along its northern fringes. The area generally falls North of Millbrook Road. It is primarily suburban with large shopping areas. Primary neighborhoods and subdivisions in North Raleigh include Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park, Bedford, Bent Tree, Brentwood, Brier Creek, Brookhaven, Black Horse Run, Coachman's Trail, Crossgate, Crosswinds, Falls River, Hidden Valley, Lake Park, North Haven, North Ridge, Oakcroft, Shannon Woods, Six Forks Station, Springdale, Stonebridge, Stone Creek, Stonehenge, Summerfield, Valley Estates, Wakefield, Weathersfield, Windsor Forest, and Wood Valley. The area is served by a number of primary transportation corridors including Glenwood Avenue U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540, Wake Forest Road, Millbrook Road, Lynn Road, Six Forks Road, Spring Forest Road, Creedmoor Road, Leesville Road, Strickland Road, and North Hills Drive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "large shopping areas."}], "question": "What are in the area?", "id": "5726b246708984140094ce19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Harrington Grove, Springdale, Dominion Park"}], "question": "What neighborhoods are in North Raleigh?", "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "U.S. Route 70, Interstate 540,"}], "question": "What are the means of transportation in the area?", "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "expansive, diverse, and fast-growing"}], "question": "What type of area is North Raleigh?", "id": "5726b246708984140094ce1c"}]}], ["Kawasan pusat bandar adalah rumah kepada kawasan kejiranan dan bangunan bersejarah seperti Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel yang dibina pada awal abad ke-20, Pasar Bandar dipulihkan, daerah perniagaan Fayetteville Street, yang merangkumi bangunan PNC Plaza dan Wells Fargo Capitol Centre, serta Muzium Sejarah North Carolina, Muzium Sains Semula Jadi Carolina Utara, Bangunan Kerajaan North Carolina, Kolej Keamanan, Muzium Bandar Raleigh, Pusat Konvensyen Raleigh, Universiti Shaw dan Kolej St. Augustine. Kejiranan di Old Raleigh termasuk Taman Cameron, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood-Brooklyn, Daerah Bersejarah Hayes Barton, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest dan Oakwood Bersejarah. Pada tahun 2000, usaha Raleigh Downtown dibuat untuk memisahkan kawasan bandar ini menjadi lima daerah yang lebih kecil: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), dan Capital District (Raleigh). Beberapa nama telah menjadi tempat yang biasa di kalangan penduduk tempatan seperti Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, dan Daerah Glenwood Selatan. <> Apa hotel bersejarah di pusat bandar? || Fayetteville Street, daerah perniagaan di pusat bandar, <> Apa yang ada di kawasan perniagaan Fayetteville? || PNC Plaza dan Wells Fargo Capitol Centre <> Apa beberapa kejiranan di Raleigh? || Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, <> Siapa yang memisahkan kejiranan pada awal tahun 2000? || Downtown Raleigh Alliance <> Apakah beberapa nama biasa di kawasan itu? || Gudang, Jalan Fayetteville", {"context": "Downtown area is home to historic neighborhoods and buildings such as the Sir Walter Raleigh Hotel built in the early 20th century, the restored City Market, the Fayetteville Street downtown business district, which includes the PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center buildings, as well as the North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina State Capitol, Peace College, the Raleigh City Museum, Raleigh Convention Center, Shaw University, and St. Augustine's College. The neighborhoods in Old Raleigh include Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills, Coley Forest, Five Points, Budleigh, Glenwood-Brooklyn, Hayes Barton Historic District, Moore Square, Mordecai, Rosengarten Park, Belvidere Park, Woodcrest, and Historic Oakwood. In the 2000s, an effort by the Downtown Raleigh Alliance was made to separate this area of the city into five smaller districts: Fayetteville Street, Moore Square, Glenwood South, Warehouse (Raleigh), and Capital District (Raleigh). Some of the names have become common place among locals such as the Warehouse, Fayetteville Street, and Glenwood South Districts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Fayetteville Street downtown business district,"}], "question": "What historic hotel is downtown?", "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "PNC Plaza and Wells Fargo Capitol Center"}], "question": "What is in the Fayetteville business district?", "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Cameron Park, Boylan Heights, Country Club Hills,"}], "question": "What are some neighborhoods in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 817, "text": "Downtown Raleigh Alliance"}], "question": "Who separated the neighborhoods in the early 2000's?", "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1087, "text": "Warehouse, Fayetteville Street"}], "question": "What are some common names in the area?", "id": "5726b0cc5951b619008f7a9f"}]}], ["Jabatan Raleigh Parks and Recreation menawarkan pelbagai peluang rekreasi di lebih daripada 150 tapak di seluruh bandar, termasuk: tanah seluas 8,100 ekar (33 km2), 78 kilometer (126 km) jalan raya hijau, 22 pusat komuniti, BMX trek perlumbaan juara berkaliber, 112 gelanggang tenis di antara 25 lokasi, 5 tasik awam dan 8 kemudahan air awam. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, arboretum 8-ekar (32,000 m\u00b2) dan taman botani di barat Raleigh yang dikendalikan oleh North Carolina State University, mengekalkan koleksi sepanjang tahun yang terbuka setiap hari kepada orang awam tanpa bayaran. <> Berapa banyak laman web di seluruh Raleigh? || 150 <> Apa ada 8,100 ekar di Raleigh? || taman tanah, <> Apa jenis trek perlumbaan di Raleigh? || BMX kejohanan-kaliber <> Berapa banyak tasik awam di Raleigh? || 5 tasik awam, <> Apakah nama arboretum itu? || J. C. Raulston Arboretum", {"context": "The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m\u00b2) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many sites are throughout Raleigh?", "id": "5726baec708984140094cf71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "park land,"}], "question": "What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?", "id": "5726baec708984140094cf72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "BMX championship-caliber"}], "question": "What type of race track is in Raleigh?", "id": "5726baec708984140094cf73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "5 public lakes,"}], "question": "How many public lakes are in Raleigh?", "id": "5726baec708984140094cf74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum"}], "question": "What is the name of the arboretum?", "id": "5726baec708984140094cf75"}]}], ["State University of North Carolina terletak di barat daya Raleigh di mana Wolfpack bersaing secara nasional dalam 24 sukan perguruan tinggi universiti sebagai ahli Persidangan Pantai Atlantik. Pasukan bola sepak universiti bermain di Stadium Carter-Finley, stadium bola sepak terbesar ketiga di North Carolina, sementara pasukan bola keranjang lelaki berkongsi PNC Arena dengan kelab hoki Carolina Hurricanes. Bola keranjang, bola tampar, gimnastik wanita Wolfpack dan juga acara gusti lelaki diadakan di kampus Reynolds Coliseum. Pasukan besbol lelaki bermain di Doak Field. <> Di mana Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara? || barat daya Raleigh <> Apa maskot untuk North Carolina State University? || Wolfpack <> Di mana pasukan bola sepak untuk North Carolina State University bermain? || Stadium Carter-Finley <> Berapa besar Stadium Carter Finley? || stadium bola sepak terbesar ketiga di North Carolina <> Di manakah pergaduhan lelaki di North Carolina State University bersaing? || Reynolds Coliseum", {"context": "North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "southwest Raleigh"}], "question": "Where is North Carolina State University?", "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Wolfpack"}], "question": "What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?", "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Carter-Finley Stadium"}], "question": "Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?", "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "third largest football stadium in North Carolina"}], "question": "How big is Carter Finley Stadium?", "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Reynolds Coliseum"}], "question": "Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?", "id": "5726ba1add62a815002e8e5a"}]}], ["Terdapat 112,608 isi rumah di bandar raya pada tahun 2000, di mana 26.5% termasuk kanak-kanak di bawah umur 18 tahun, 39.5% terdiri daripada pasangan suami isteri yang tinggal bersama, 11.4% melaporkan isi rumah perempuan tanpa suami hadir, dan 45.5% . Pasangan yang belum berkahwin hadir dalam 2.2% isi rumah. Di samping itu, 33.1% daripada semua isi rumah terdiri daripada individu yang tinggal bersendirian, di mana 6.2% adalah seseorang yang berusia 65 tahun ke atas. Saiz purata rumah tangga di Raleigh adalah 2.30 orang, dan saiz keluarga purata ialah 2.97 orang. <> Berapa peratus isi rumah mempunyai anak pada tahun 2000? || 26.5% <> 39.5% isi rumah terdiri daripada apa? || Pasangan yang berkahwin tinggal bersama <> Berapa ramai orang tinggal bersendirian pada tahun 2000? || 33.1% <> Berapa banyak rumah tangga mempunyai 65 atau lebih orang? || 6.2% <> Apakah saiz keluarga purata? || 2.97 orang.", {"context": "There were 112,608 households in the city in 2000, of which 26.5% included children below the age of 18, 39.5% were composed of married couples living together, 11.4% reported a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5% classified themselves as nonfamily. Unmarried partners were present in 2.2% of households. In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "26.5%"}], "question": "What percent of households had children in 2000?", "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "married couples living together"}], "question": "39.5% of the households comprised of what?", "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "33.1%"}], "question": "How many people lived alone in 2000?", "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "6.2%"}], "question": "How many households had someone 65 or older?", "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "2.97 persons."}], "question": "What was the average family size?", "id": "5726b67f708984140094cea7"}]}], ["Raleigh adalah rumah kepada pelbagai pengamal agama. Sehingga 2013, 46.41% orang di Raleigh bergabung dengan agama. Agama utama di Raleigh adalah Kekristianan, dengan jumlah pengikut yang terbesar adalah Katolik Rom (11.3%), Baptist (10.85%), dan Methodist (7.08%). Lain-lain termasuk Presbyterian (2.52%), Pentecostal (1.99%), Episcopalian (1.12%), Lutheran (1.06%), Saint-Latter-Day Saints (0.99%) dan denominasi Kristian lain (6.68%) termasuk Ortodoks Timur, Saksi Yehuwa, Sains Kristian, Unitarianisme Kristian, kumpulan Protestan utama lain, dan bukan denominasi. <> Berapa banyak orang yang berafiliasi dengan agama? || 46.41% orang <> Apa agama utama Raleigh? || Kristian <> Sebanyak peratus daripada Baptis ada di Raleigh? || 10.85 <> Apa lagi denominasi lain di Raleigh? || Ortodoks Timur, Ortodoks Koptik, Saksi Yehuwa, <> Seberapa besar satu peratus Lutheran mengambil? || 1.06%", {"context": "Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners. As of 2013, 46.41% of people in Raleigh are affiliated with a religion. The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity, with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic (11.3%), Baptist (10.85%), and Methodist (7.08%). Others include Presbyterian (2.52%), Pentecostal (1.99%), Episcopalian (1.12%), Lutheran (1.06%), Latter-Day Saints (0.99%), and other Christian denominations (6.68%) including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness, Christian Science, Christian Unitarianism, other Mainline Protestant groups, and non-denominational.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "46.41% of people"}], "question": "How many people are affiliated with religion?", "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What is the main religion of Raleigh?", "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "10.85"}], "question": "What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,"}], "question": "What other denominations are there in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "1.06%"}], "question": "How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?", "id": "5726b6dcf1498d1400e8e890"}]}], ["Muzium Seni North Carolina, menduduki sebuah kampus pinggir bandar yang besar di Blue Ridge Road berhampiran Fairgrounds Negeri Carolina Utara, mengekalkan salah satu koleksi seni awam utama yang terletak di antara Washington, D.C., dan Atlanta. Di samping koleksi Seni Amerika, Seni Eropah dan seni purba yang luas, muzium itu baru-baru ini telah menganjurkan pameran utama yang menampilkan Auguste Rodin (pada tahun 2000) dan Claude Monet (pada tahun 2006-07), masing-masing menarik lebih daripada 200,000 pelawat. Tidak seperti kebanyakan muzium awam yang terkenal, Muzium Seni North Carolina memperoleh sejumlah besar karya dalam koleksi tetap melalui pembelian dengan dana awam. Taman luar muzium ini adalah salah satu taman seni terbesar di negara ini. Kemudahan muzium telah mengalami perkembangan besar yang telah meluaskan ruang pameran yang telah siap pada tahun 2010. Pengembangan baru 127,000 telah direka oleh arkitek NYC Thomas Phifer dan Partners. <> Apakah Muzium Seni North Carolina berhampiran? || Tapak Pesta Negeri Carolina Utara <> Apakah jenis seni di Muzium Seni? || Seni Amerika, Seni Eropah dan seni purba, <> Kapan pameran Auguste Rodine? || 2000 <> Berapa ramai yang menghadiri pameran Monet? || 200,000 <> Bagaimana muzium mendapat karya seni yang mereka miliki? || dana awam", {"context": "North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "North Carolina State Fairgrounds"}], "question": "What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?", "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "American Art, European Art and ancient art,"}], "question": "What type of art is in the Museum of Art?", "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "2000"}], "question": "When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?", "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "200,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the Monet exhibit?", "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "public funds"}], "question": "How did the museum get the artworks they have?", "id": "5726b8c8dd62a815002e8e34"}]}], ["Kompleks Seni Duke Energy for the Performing Arts menempatkan Auditorium Memorial Raleigh, Teater Opera Fletcher, Teater Kennedy, dan Dewan Konsert Meymandi. Pada tahun 2008, ruang teater baru, Teater Meymandi di Murphey School, dibuka di auditorium yang dipulihkan Sekolah Murphey yang bersejarah. Persembahan teater juga ditawarkan di Teater Raleigh Little, Long View Center, Putera Teater Pullen Park Ira David Wood, dan Teater Stewart dan Thompson di North Carolina State University. <> Di mana Auditorium Memorial Raleigh? || Pusat Duke Energy for the Performing Arts <> Apakah teater lain di Pusat Tenaga Duke? || Teater Opera Fletcher <> Bilakah Teater Meymandi dibuka? || 2008 <> Di mana lagi boleh melihat prestasi teater? || Teater Raleigh Little <> Teater apa yang ada di North Carolina State University? || Stewart dan Thompson Theatres", {"context": "The Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts complex houses the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium, the Fletcher Opera Theater, the Kennedy Theatre, and the Meymandi Concert Hall. In 2008, a new theatre space, the Meymandi Theatre at the Murphey School, was opened in the restored auditorium of the historic Murphey School. Theater performances are also offered at the Raleigh Little Theatre, Long View Center, Ira David Wood III Pullen Park Theatre, and Stewart and Thompson Theaters at North Carolina State University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Duke Energy Center for the Performing Arts"}], "question": "Where is the Raleigh Memorial Auditorium?", "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Fletcher Opera Theater"}], "question": "What other theater is in the Duke Energy Center?", "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "2008"}], "question": "When did the Meymandi Theater open?", "id": "5726b7f6708984140094ceef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Raleigh Little Theatre"}], "question": "Where else can one see a theater performance?", "id": "5726b7f6708984140094cef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Stewart and Thompson Theaters"}], "question": "What theaters are at North Carolina State University?", "id": "5726b7f6708984140094cef1"}]}], ["Francais Carolina Hurricanes Liga Hoki Kebangsaan berpindah ke Raleigh pada tahun 1997 dari Hartford, Connecticut (di mana ia dikenali sebagai Hartford Whalers). Pasukan ini memainkan dua musim pertamanya lebih daripada 60 kilometer jauhnya di Greensboro Coliseum sementara arena rumahnya, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (kemudian RBC Center dan sekarang PNC Arena) sedang dalam pembinaan. The Hurricanes merupakan satu-satunya pasukan sukan profesional liga utama (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) di North Carolina untuk memenangi kejuaraan, memenangi Piala Stanley pada tahun 2006, atas Edmonton Oilers. Bandar ini menjadi tuan rumah kepada 2011 NHL All-Star Game. <> Bilakah Carolina Hurricanes bermula di Raleigh? || 1997 <> Di mana taufan memainkan dua musim pertama mereka? || Greensboro Coliseum <> Apakah stadium rumah Carolina Hurricanes dipanggil? || PNC Arena <> Apakah satu-satunya pasukan sukan profesional di North Carolina? || Carolina Hurricanes Liga Hoki Kebangsaan <> Bilakah Carolina Hurricanes memenangi Piala Stanley? || 2006", {"context": "The National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes franchise moved to Raleigh in 1997 from Hartford, Connecticut (where it was known as the Hartford Whalers). The team played its first two seasons more than 60 miles away at Greensboro Coliseum while its home arena, Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena (later RBC Center and now PNC Arena), was under construction. The Hurricanes are the only major league (NFL, NHL, NBA, MLB) professional sports team in North Carolina to have won a championship, winning the Stanley Cup in 2006, over the Edmonton Oilers. The city played host to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes start in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Greensboro Coliseum"}], "question": "Where did the Hurricanes play their first two seasons?", "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "PNC Arena"}], "question": "What is the home stadium of the Carolina Hurricanes called?", "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "National Hockey League's Carolina Hurricanes"}], "question": "What is the only professional sports team in North Carolina?", "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When did the Carolina Hurricanes win the Stanley Cup?", "id": "5726b92a708984140094cf35"}]}], ["Beberapa liga sukan profesional lain telah mempunyai bekas francais (kini tidak berfungsi) di Raleigh, termasuk Raleigh IceCaps dari ECHL (1991-1998); Carolina Cobras dari Liga Bola Sepak Arena (2000-2004); Raleigh-Durham Skyhawks Liga Dunia Bola Sepak Amerika (1991); Raleigh Bullfrogs dari Persatuan Bola Keranjang Global (1991-1992); Raleigh Cougars dari Liga Bola Keranjang Amerika Syarikat (1997-1999); dan kebelakangan ini, Keberanian Carolina Persatuan Bola Sepak Amerika Syarikat (2000-2001 di Chapel Hill, 2001-2003 di pinggir bandar Cary), yang memenangi Piala Liga Pengasas liga pada tahun 2002. <> Apa pasukan sukan yang ada di Raleigh? || Raleigh IceCaps daripada ECHL (1991-1998); Carolina Cobras dari Arena Bola Sepak <> Apa nama pasukan GBA di Raleigh? || Raleigh Bullfrogs <> Ketika bermain Raleigh Cougars? || 1997-1999 <> Apa jenis pasukan adalah Courage Carolina? || Sepakbola United Wanita <> Tahun berapakah Carolina Courage memenangi Piala Pengasas? || 2002", {"context": "Several other professional sports leagues have had former franchises (now defunct) in Raleigh, including the Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991\u20131998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football League (2000\u20132004); the Raleigh\u2013Durham Skyhawks of the World League of American Football (1991); the Raleigh Bullfrogs of the Global Basketball Association (1991\u20131992); the Raleigh Cougars of the United States Basketball League (1997\u20131999); and most recently, the Carolina Courage of the Women's United Soccer Association (2000\u20132001 in Chapel Hill, 2001\u20132003 in suburban Cary), which won that league's championship Founders Cup in 2002.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Raleigh IceCaps of the ECHL (1991\u20131998); Carolina Cobras of the Arena Football"}], "question": "What sports teams have been in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Raleigh Bullfrogs"}], "question": "What was the name of the GBA team in Raleigh?", "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "1997\u20131999"}], "question": "When did the Raleigh Cougars play?", "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7bdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Women's United Soccer"}], "question": "What type of team was the Carolina Courage?", "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "2002"}], "question": "What year did the Carolina Courage win the Founders Cup?", "id": "5726b98f5951b619008f7be1"}]}], ["Pavilion Muzik Cable Time Warner di Walnut Creek menjadi tuan rumah utama lawatan antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2011, Pusat Amfiteater Raleigh dibuka (kini ditaja sebagai Red Hat Amphitheatre), yang menganjurkan beberapa konsert terutamanya pada bulan-bulan musim panas. Amphitheater tambahan terletak di dasar Muzium Seni North Carolina, yang menganjurkan siri konsert musim panas dan filem luaran. Berdekatan Cary adalah rumah kepada Amfiteater Koka Booth yang menjadi tuan rumah konsert musim panas tambahan dan filem luaran, dan berfungsi sebagai tempat untuk konsert luar musim yang kerap dijadual oleh Symphony North Carolina yang berpusat di Raleigh. Semasa Pesta Negeri Carolina Utara, Dorton Arena menjadi tuan rumah utama. Teater Lincoln swasta adalah salah satu daripada beberapa kelab di pusat bandar Raleigh yang membuat banyak konsert sepanjang tahun dalam pelbagai format (rock, pop, country). <> Di mana tindakan-tugas utama yang dihoskan di bandar? || Masa Warner Cable Music Pavilion <> Apakah Amfiteater Red Hat juga dipanggil? || Pusat Bandar Raleigh Amphitheatre <> Apa acara plaza di Cary? || Koka Booth Amphitheater <> Di mana Pesta Negeri Carolina Utara? || Dorton Arena <> Apakah pusat bandar Lincoln Teater? || salah satu daripada beberapa kelab di pusat bandar Raleigh yang menjadualkan banyak konsert", {"context": "The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion at Walnut Creek hosts major international touring acts. In 2011, the Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater opened (now sponsored as the Red Hat Amphitheater), which hosts numerous concerts primarily in the summer months. An additional amphitheater sits on the grounds of the North Carolina Museum of Art, which hosts a summer concert series and outdoor movies. Nearby Cary is home to the Koka Booth Amphitheatre which hosts additional summer concerts and outdoor movies, and serves as the venue for regularly scheduled outdoor concerts by the North Carolina Symphony based in Raleigh. During the North Carolina State Fair, Dorton Arena hosts headline acts. The private Lincoln Theatre is one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts throughout the year in multiple formats (rock, pop, country).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Time Warner Cable Music Pavilion"}], "question": "Where are major touring acts hosted in the city?", "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8de8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Downtown Raleigh Amphitheater"}], "question": "What is the Red Hat Amphitheater also called?", "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8de9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Koka Booth Amphitheatre"}], "question": "What event plaza is in Cary?", "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8dea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "Dorton Arena"}], "question": "Where is the North Carolina State Fair?", "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8deb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "one of several clubs in downtown Raleigh that schedules many concerts"}], "question": "What is the Lincoln Theater downtown?", "id": "5726b79bdd62a815002e8dec"}]}], ["Pangkalan perindustrian Raleigh termasuk perkhidmatan perbankan / kewangan; kelengkapan elektrik, perubatan, elektronik dan telekomunikasi; pakaian dan pakaian; pemprosesan makanan; produk kertas; dan farmaseutikal. Raleigh adalah sebahagian daripada Triangle Research North Carolina, salah satu taman penyelidikan terbesar dan paling berjaya di negara ini, dan sebuah pusat utama di Amerika Syarikat untuk penyelidikan berteknologi tinggi dan bioteknologi, serta pembangunan tekstil yang canggih. Bandar ini adalah pusat penghantaran runcit utama untuk North Carolina Utara dan titik pengedaran borong untuk industri runcit. <> Apakah kawasan perindustrian utama di Raleigh? || perkhidmatan perbankan / kewangan; <> Apakah bahagian Raleigh? || Segi penyelidikan North Carolina <> Apa Segitiga Penyelidikan? || berteknologi tinggi dan penyelidikan biotek <> Adakah bandar berkenaan dengan penghantaran? || Bandar ini adalah pusat penghantaran runcit utama <> Industri apa yang Raleigh adalah pemborong utama? || kedai runcit", {"context": "Raleigh's industrial base includes banking/financial services; electrical, medical, electronic and telecommunications equipment; clothing and apparel; food processing; paper products; and pharmaceuticals. Raleigh is part of North Carolina's Research Triangle, one of the country's largest and most successful research parks, and a major center in the United States for high-tech and biotech research, as well as advanced textile development. The city is a major retail shipping point for eastern North Carolina and a wholesale distributing point for the grocery industry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "banking/financial services;"}], "question": "What is the main industrial area of Raleigh?", "id": "5726b737708984140094cec9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "North Carolina's Research Triangle"}], "question": "What is Raleigh part of?", "id": "5726b737708984140094ceca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "high-tech and biotech research"}], "question": "What does the Research Triangle do?", "id": "5726b737708984140094cecb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "The city is a major retail shipping point"}], "question": "Is the city concerned with shipping?", "id": "5726b737708984140094cecc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "grocery"}], "question": "What industry is Raleigh a major wholesaler for?", "id": "5726b737708984140094cecd"}]}], ["Sekolah-sekolah awam di Raleigh dikendalikan oleh Sistem Sekolah Awam Wake County. Para pemerhati telah memuji Sistem Sekolah Awam Wake County untuk usaha inovatifnya untuk mengekalkan sistem seimbang sosial, ekonomi dan kaum dengan menggunakan pendapatan sebagai faktor utama dalam menyerahkan pelajar ke sekolah. Raleigh adalah rumah kepada tiga sekolah tinggi magnet dan tiga sekolah tinggi yang menawarkan program Baccalaureate Antarabangsa. Terdapat empat sekolah menengah awal di Raleigh. Raleigh juga mempunyai dua sekolah tinggi alternatif. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan sekolah-sekolah awam di Raleigh? || Sistem Sekolah Awam Wake County <> Apakah sistem sekolah dipuji? || usaha inovatif untuk mengekalkan sistem seimbang sosial, ekonomi dan kaum <> Berapa banyak sekolah magnet ada di Raleigh? || tiga <> Apa jenis gelar yang anda boleh dapatkan dari sekolah menengah di Raleigh? || Baccalaureate Antarabangsa <> Adakah Raleigh mempunyai sekolah menengah alternatif? || Raleigh juga mempunyai dua sekolah tinggi alternatif.", {"context": "Public schools in Raleigh are operated by the Wake County Public School System. Observers have praised the Wake County Public School System for its innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system by using income as a prime factor in assigning students to schools. Raleigh is home to three magnet high schools and three high schools offering the International Baccalaureate program. There are four early college high schools in Raleigh. Raleigh also has two alternative high schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Wake County Public School System"}], "question": "Who operates the public schools in Raleigh?", "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "innovative efforts to maintain a socially, economically and racial balanced system"}], "question": "What is the school system praised for?", "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many magnet schools are there in Raleigh?", "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "International Baccalaureate"}], "question": "What type of degree can you get from a high school in Raleigh?", "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Raleigh also has two alternative high schools."}], "question": "Does Raleigh have alternate high schools?", "id": "5726bbc15951b619008f7c59"}]}], ["Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raleigh-Durham, lapangan terbang utama di rantau ini dan yang kedua terbesar di North Carolina, terletak di barat laut pusat bandar Raleigh melalui Interstate-40 antara Raleigh dan Durham, melayani bandar raya dan wilayah penyelidikan Greater Triangle yang lebih besar, serta banyak kawasan timur laut Carolina. Lapangan terbang menawarkan perkhidmatan kepada lebih dari 35 destinasi domestik dan antarabangsa dan menyediakan kira-kira 10 juta penumpang setahun. Lapangan terbang juga menawarkan kemudahan untuk kargo dan penerbangan am. Pihak berkuasa lapangan terbang tiga kali ganda saiz Terminal 2 (dahulunya Terminal C) pada Januari 2011. <> Apakah lapangan terbang utama di kawasan ini? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raleigh-Durham, <> Di mana Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raleigh-Durham? || Interstate-40 antara Raleigh dan Durham <> Berapa banyak destinasi yang ditawarkan lapangan terbang antarabangsa? || 35 <> Ada 10 juta setiap tahun di lapangan terbang? || penumpang <> Apakah terminal 2 yang dahulu dipanggil di lapangan terbang? || Terminal C", {"context": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport, the region's primary airport and the second-largest in North Carolina, located northwest of downtown Raleigh via Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham, serves the city and greater Research Triangle metropolitan region, as well as much of eastern North Carolina. The airport offers service to more than 35 domestic and international destinations and serves approximately 10 million passengers a year. The airport also offers facilities for cargo and general aviation. The airport authority tripled the size of its Terminal 2 (formerly Terminal C) in January 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport,"}], "question": "What is the area's primary airport?", "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Interstate-40 between Raleigh and Durham"}], "question": "Where is Raleigh-Durham International Airport?", "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "35"}], "question": "How many destinations does the airport offer internationally?", "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "passengers"}], "question": "What are there 10 million of each year at the airport?", "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Terminal C"}], "question": "What was Terminal 2 formerly called at the airport?", "id": "5726bc32dd62a815002e8eb4"}]}], ["Menurut Laporan Jenayah Seragam Biro Penyiasatan Persekutuan, pada tahun 2010, Jabatan Polis Raleigh dan agensi lain di bandar melaporkan 1,740 kejadian jenayah kekerasan dan 12,995 kejadian jenayah harta benda - jauh di bawah purata kebangsaan dan purata Carolina Utara. Daripada jenayah ganas yang dilaporkan, 14 adalah pembunuhan, 99 adalah rapes paksa dan 643 adalah rompakan. Serangan teruk menyumbang 984 daripada jumlah jenayah ganas. Jenayah harta benda termasuk pencurian yang menyumbang 3,021, larangan untuk 9,104 dan membakar 63 untuk jumlah kejadian. Kecurian kenderaan bermotor menyumbang 870 insiden daripada jumlah keseluruhan. <> Berapa banyak insiden jenayah ganas yang berlaku pada tahun 2010? || 1,740 <> Apa yang ada 12,995 pada tahun 2010? || kejahatan harta <> Bagaimana perbandingan Raleigh dalam kejahatan ke seluruh negara? || jauh di bawah purata kebangsaan <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan di Raleigh pada tahun 2010? || 14 <> Berapa banyak kejadian kecurian kenderaan bermotor di sana pada tahun 2010? || 870", {"context": "According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, in 2010 the Raleigh Police Department and other agencies in the city reported 1,740 incidents of violent crime and 12,995 incidents of property crime \u2013 far below both the national average and the North Carolina average. Of the violent crimes reported, 14 were murders, 99 were forcible rapes and 643 were robberies. Aggravated assault accounted for 984 of the total violent crimes. Property crimes included burglaries which accounted for 3,021, larcenies for 9,104 and arson for 63 of the total number of incidents. Motor vehicle theft accounted for 870 incidents out of the total.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1,740"}], "question": "How many incidents of violent crime were there in 2010?", "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "property crime"}], "question": "What were there 12,995 of in 2010?", "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "far below both the national average"}], "question": "How does Raleigh compare in crime to the rest of the country?", "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many murders were in Raleigh in 2010?", "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "870"}], "question": "How many incidents of motor vehicle theft were there in 2010?", "id": "5726bb4add62a815002e8e8c"}]}], ["Raleigh juga disampaikan oleh Triangle Transit (dikenali dahulu sebagai Pihak Berkuasa Transit Triangle, atau TTA). Triangle Transit menawarkan perkhidmatan bas serantau dan komuter laluan tetap dan rutin antara Raleigh dan bandar utama lain di rantau Durham, Cary dan Chapel Hill, serta ke dan dari Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raleigh-Durham, Research Triangle Park dan beberapa kawasan di rantau ini komuniti pinggir bandar yang lebih besar. Triangle Transit juga menyelaras program vanpool dan rideshare yang luas yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada majikan yang lebih besar di rantau ini dan tujuan berulang. <> Apa yang dipanggil Triangle Transit sebelum ini? || Pihak Berkuasa Transit Segitiga, <> Apa tawaran Triangle Transit? || perkhidmatan bas serantau dan bas komuter tetap yang ditetapkan <> Di mana lagi yang Triangle Transit pergi ke? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Raleigh-Durham, Triangle Research Park <> Adakah Triangle Transit mempunyai perkhidmatan van? || Triangle Transit juga menyelaras vanpool yang luas <> Adakah majikan berkaitan dengan Triangle Transit? || program rideshare yang memberi perkhidmatan kepada majikan yang lebih besar di rantau ini", {"context": "Raleigh is also served by Triangle Transit (known formerly as the Triangle Transit Authority, or TTA). Triangle Transit offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities. Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Triangle Transit Authority,"}], "question": "What was Triangle Transit called before?", "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service"}], "question": "What does Triangle Transit offer?", "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Raleigh-Durham International Airport, Research Triangle Park"}], "question": "Where else does Triangle Transit go to?", "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Triangle Transit also coordinates an extensive vanpool"}], "question": "Does Triangle Transit have a van service?", "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "rideshare program that serves the region's larger employers"}], "question": "Are employers connected with Triangle Transit?", "id": "5726bc975951b619008f7c8f"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1896, Eugen Baumann melihat iodin dalam kelenjar tiroid. Pada tahun 1897, Christiaan Eijkman bekerja dengan penduduk asli Jawa, yang juga mengalami beriberi. Eijkman memerhatikan bahawa ayam yang diberi makan beras putih berasaskan gejala beriberi tetapi tetap sihat apabila diberi makan beras tidak diproses dengan bran luar utuh. Eijkman menyembuhkan orang asli dengan memberi mereka beras merah, mendapati bahawa makanan boleh menyembuhkan penyakit. Lebih dua dekad kemudian, pakar pemakanan mengetahui bahawa bran padi luar mengandungi vitamin B1, yang juga dikenali sebagai tiamin. <> Unsur apa yang boleh didapati dalam kelenjar tiroid? || yodium <> Apakah kumpulan penduduk asli beriberi? || Java <> Yang bekerja dengan orang asli untuk membantu menyelesaikan masalah pemakanan mereka? || Christiaan Eijkman <> Makanan alternatif apa yang mudah menghalang perkembangan beriberi dalam ayam? || nasi perang yang tidak diproses dengan bran luarnya yang utuh <> Berapa lama selepas penduduk pribumi disembuhkan, apakah perlu bagi orang untuk mengetahui alasan bahawa beras coklat menyembuhkannya? || dua dekad", {"context": "In 1896, Eugen Baumann observed iodine in thyroid glands. In 1897, Christiaan Eijkman worked with natives of Java, who also suffered from beriberi. Eijkman observed that chickens fed the native diet of white rice developed the symptoms of beriberi but remained healthy when fed unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact. Eijkman cured the natives by feeding them brown rice, discovering that food can cure disease. Over two decades later, nutritionists learned that the outer rice bran contains vitamin B1, also known as thiamine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "iodine"}], "question": "What element can be found in thyroid glands?", "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Java"}], "question": "What group of natives suffered from beriberi?", "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Christiaan Eijkman"}], "question": "Who worked with the natives to help solve their dietary issues?", "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "unprocessed brown rice with the outer bran intact"}], "question": "What simple alternative food prevented the development of beriberi in chickens?", "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "two decades"}], "question": "How long after the natives were cured did it take for people to figure out the reason that brown rice cured them?", "id": "5726b4a9f1498d1400e8e82c"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1880-an, Kanehiro Takaki mengamati bahawa pelayar Jepun (dietnya terdiri hampir seluruhnya beras putih) mengembangkan beriberi (atau neuritis endemik, penyakit yang menyebabkan masalah jantung dan kelumpuhan), tetapi para pelaut British dan pegawai tentera laut Jepun tidak. Menambah pelbagai jenis sayur-sayuran dan daging untuk diet pelaut Jepun menghalang penyakit ini, (bukan kerana peningkatan protein sebagai Takaki sepertinya tetapi kerana ia memperkenalkan beberapa bahagian per juta thiamine kepada diet, kemudian difahami sebagai penawar). <> Apakah komponen utama pelaut Jepun? || nasi putih <> Apakah istilah saintifik untuk beriberi? || neuritis endemik <> Apakah gejala utama selain masalah jantung yang menyebabkan beriberi? || lumpuh <> Siapa yang membuat pemerhatian bahawa diet kelasi Jepun adalah penyebabnya mengembangkan beriberi? || Kanehiro Takaki <> Apa yang diperkenalkan kepada diet pada tahap molekul yang menghalang para pelayar untuk mengidap penyakit ini? || thiamine", {"context": "In the early 1880s, Kanehiro Takaki observed that Japanese sailors (whose diets consisted almost entirely of white rice) developed beriberi (or endemic neuritis, a disease causing heart problems and paralysis), but British sailors and Japanese naval officers did not. Adding various types of vegetables and meats to the diets of Japanese sailors prevented the disease, (not because of the increased protein as Takaki supposed but because it introduced a few parts per million of thiamine to the diet, later understood as a cure).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "white rice"}], "question": "What was the main component of Japanese sailor's diet?", "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "endemic neuritis"}], "question": "What is the scientific term for beriberi?", "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "paralysis"}], "question": "What major symptom other than heart problems did beriberi cause?", "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Kanehiro Takaki"}], "question": "Who made the observation that the Japanese sailor's diet was the cause for them developing beriberi?", "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "thiamine"}], "question": "What was introduced to the diet on a molecular level that prevented the sailors from contracting the disease?", "id": "5726b410708984140094ce4f"}]}], ["Percubaan pemakanan yang direkodkan pertama dengan subjek manusia terdapat dalam Kitab Daniel Kitab Suci. Daniel dan kawan-kawannya ditawan oleh raja Babel sewaktu pencerobohan Israel. Dipilih sebagai hamba mahkamah, mereka akan berkongsi makanan dan wain raja yang baik. Tetapi mereka membantah, memilih sayuran (denyutan) dan air mengikut sekatan diet Yahudi mereka. Ketua pegawai istana dengan berat hati bersetuju dengan perbicaraan. Daniel dan kawan-kawannya menerima makanan mereka selama 10 hari dan kemudian dibandingkan dengan lelaki raja. Muncul lebih sihat, mereka dibenarkan meneruskan diet mereka. <> Apa yang mengandungi kitab Daniel? || pertama mencatatkan percubaan pemakanan dengan subjek manusia <> Negara manakah yang diserang ketika Daniel dan kawan-kawannya ditangkap? || Israel <> Pekerjaan apa yang dimaksudkan Daniel dan kawan-kawannya pada asalnya? || hamba pengadilan <> Berapa lamakah diet percubaan terakhir? || 10 hari <> Apakah istilah lain untuk sayur-sayuran yang digunakan? || denyutan", {"context": "The first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects is found in the Bible's Book of Daniel. Daniel and his friends were captured by the king of Babylon during an invasion of Israel. Selected as court servants, they were to share in the king's fine foods and wine. But they objected, preferring vegetables (pulses) and water in accordance with their Jewish dietary restrictions. The king's chief steward reluctantly agreed to a trial. Daniel and his friends received their diet for 10 days and were then compared to the king's men. Appearing healthier, they were allowed to continue with their diet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "first recorded nutritional experiment with human subjects"}], "question": "What does the Book of Daniel contain?", "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Israel"}], "question": "Which country was being invaded when Daniel and his friends were captured?", "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "court servants"}], "question": "What occupation were Daniel and his friends originally meant to have?", "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "10 days"}], "question": "How long did the trial diet last?", "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "pulses"}], "question": "What is another term for vegetables that was used?", "id": "5726acfcf1498d1400e8e6d8"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, Carl von Voit dan Max Rubner secara bebas mengukur perbelanjaan tenaga kalori dalam spesies haiwan yang berlainan, menerapkan prinsip-prinsip fizik dalam pemakanan. Pada tahun 1906, Edith G. Willcock dan Frederick Hopkins menunjukkan bahawa asid amino tryptophan membantu kesejahteraan tikus tetapi tidak menjamin pertumbuhan mereka. Dalam pertengahan dua belas tahun percubaan untuk mengasingkan mereka, Hopkins berkata dalam kuliah 1906 bahawa \"faktor dietetik yang tidak disangka\", selain daripada kalori, protein, dan mineral, diperlukan untuk mencegah penyakit kekurangan. Pada tahun 1907, Stephen M. Babcock dan Edwin B. Hart menjalankan eksperimen satu-butir, yang mengambil masa hampir empat tahun untuk diselesaikan. <> Apa yang diukur pada awal abad ke-20? || perbelanjaan tenaga kalori <> Apakah Carl von Voit dan Max Rubner memohon kepada pemakanan untuk menerima keputusan mereka? || prinsip fizik <> Yang asid amino boleh membantu dengan kesejahteraan tikus tetapi tidak semestinya pertumbuhan mereka? || tryptophan <> Apa yang dipercayai Hopkins diperlukan selain daripada kalori, protein dan mineral untuk membantu mencegah penyakit kekurangan? || faktor dietetik yang tidak diingini <> Ujian yang berkaitan dengan diet telah dijalankan yang diperlukan empat tahun untuk diselesaikan? || percubaan tunggal-bijirin", {"context": "In the early 20th century, Carl von Voit and Max Rubner independently measured caloric energy expenditure in different species of animals, applying principles of physics in nutrition. In 1906, Edith G. Willcock and Frederick Hopkins showed that the amino acid tryptophan aids the well-being of mice but it did not assure their growth. In the middle of twelve years of attempts to isolate them, Hopkins said in a 1906 lecture that \"unsuspected dietetic factors,\" other than calories, protein, and minerals, are needed to prevent deficiency diseases. In 1907, Stephen M. Babcock and Edwin B. Hart conducted the single-grain experiment, which took nearly four years to complete.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "caloric energy expenditure"}], "question": "What was measured in the early 20th century?", "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8daa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "principles of physics"}], "question": "What did Carl von Voit and Max Rubner apply to nutrition in order to receive their results?", "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "tryptophan"}], "question": "Which amino acid can assist with the well - being of mice but not necessarily their growth?", "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "unsuspected dietetic factors"}], "question": "What did Hopkins believe was required other than calories, protein and minerals to help prevent deficiency diseases?", "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "single-grain experiment"}], "question": "Which experiment related to diet was conducted that required four years to complete?", "id": "5726b672dd62a815002e8dae"}]}], ["Menurut Walter Gratzer, kajian pemakanan mungkin bermula pada abad ke-6 SM. Di China, konsep Qi berkembang, semangat atau \"angin\" sama dengan apa yang kemudian disebut oleh orang-orang Eropah Barat sebagai pneuma. Makanan dikelaskan kepada \"panas\" (contohnya daging, darah, halia, dan rempah panas) dan \"sejuk\" (sayuran hijau) di China, India, Tanah Melayu dan Persia. Humours mungkin maju pertama di China bersama qi. Ho Doktor menyimpulkan bahawa penyakit disebabkan oleh kekurangan elemen (Wu Xing: api, air, bumi, kayu, dan logam), dan dia mengelaskan penyakit serta diet yang ditetapkan. Pada masa yang sama di Itali, Alcmaeon dari Croton (bahasa Yunani) menulis tentang pentingnya keseimbangan antara apa yang masuk dan apa yang keluar, dan memberi amaran bahawa ketidakseimbangan akan menyebabkan penyakit yang ditandai oleh obesiti atau emaciation. <> Dalam tempoh masa mana kajian permakanan bermula? || Abad ke-6 SM <> Apakah persamaan Eropah \"Qi\"? || pneuma <> Apakah klasifikasi makanan jenis apa yang dimilikinya? || panas <> Apa kewarganegaraannya ialah Alcmaeon of Croton? || Yunani <> Selain obesiti, apa lagi yang akan menandakan ketidakseimbangan dalam pemakanan? || emaciation", {"context": "According to Walter Gratzer, the study of nutrition probably began during the 6th century BC. In China, the concept of Qi developed, a spirit or \"wind\" similar to what Western Europeans later called pneuma. Food was classified into \"hot\" (for example, meats, blood, ginger, and hot spices) and \"cold\" (green vegetables) in China, India, Malaya, and Persia. Humours developed perhaps first in China alongside qi. Ho the Physician concluded that diseases are caused by deficiencies of elements (Wu Xing: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal), and he classified diseases as well as prescribed diets. About the same time in Italy, Alcmaeon of Croton (a Greek) wrote of the importance of equilibrium between what goes in and what goes out, and warned that imbalance would result disease marked by obesity or emaciation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "6th century BC"}], "question": "In which time period did the study of nutrition begin?", "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "pneuma"}], "question": "What is the European equivalent of \"Qi\"?", "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "hot"}], "question": "What kind of food classification does ginger belong to?", "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "What nationality was Alcmaeon of Croton?", "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "emaciation"}], "question": "Other than obesity, what else would trademark an imbalance in nutrition?", "id": "5726ac5b5951b619008f79ad"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang diabaikan semasa hidupnya, James Lind, seorang doktor di angkatan laut British, melakukan eksperimen pemakanan saintifik pertama pada tahun 1747. Lind mendapati bahawa jus limau menyelamatkan pelaut yang telah di laut selama bertahun-tahun daripada skurvi, gangguan pendarahan maut dan menyakitkan. Antara 1500 dan 1800, kira-kira dua juta pelayar telah mati akibat skurvi. Penemuan itu diabaikan selama empat puluh tahun, selepas para pelayar Britain dikenali sebagai \"limeys.\" Vitamin C penting dalam buah sitrus tidak akan dikenalpasti oleh saintis sehingga tahun 1932. <> Bilakah percubaan pemakanan pertama dilakukan? || 1747 <> Apakah nama doktor yang tidak diingini yang berkhidmat di Tentera Laut British? || James Lind <> Jus yang mana buahnya telah ditentukan untuk membantu para pelaut daripada menyerang scurvy? || kapur <> Berapa banyak pelayar yang mati akibat skurvi antara tahun 1500 dan 1800? || dua juta <> Yang nama samaran diberikan kepada pelayar British? || limeys", {"context": "Sometimes overlooked during his life, James Lind, a physician in the British navy, performed the first scientific nutrition experiment in 1747. Lind discovered that lime juice saved sailors that had been at sea for years from scurvy, a deadly and painful bleeding disorder. Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated two million sailors had died of scurvy. The discovery was ignored for forty years, after which British sailors became known as \"limeys.\" The essential vitamin C within citrus fruits would not be identified by scientists until 1932.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "1747"}], "question": "When was the first nutrition experiment performed?", "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "James Lind"}], "question": "What was the name of the overlooked physician that served in the British Navy?", "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "lime"}], "question": "The juice of which fruit was determined to have helped sailors from contracting scurvy?", "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "two million"}], "question": "How many sailors died from scurvy between the years 1500 and 1800?", "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "limeys"}], "question": "Which nickname was given to the British sailors?", "id": "5726b2725951b619008f7ae1"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1816, Fran\u00e7ois Magendie mendapati bahawa anjing hanya diberi karbohidrat (gula), lemak (minyak zaitun), dan air mati secara kelaparan, tetapi anjing juga memberi makan protein yang selamat, mengenal pasti protein sebagai komponen pemakanan yang penting. William Prout pada tahun 1827 adalah orang pertama yang membahagikan makanan ke karbohidrat, lemak, dan protein. Pada abad ke-19, Jean-Baptiste Dumas dan Justus von Liebig bertengkar atas kepercayaan bersama mereka bahawa haiwan mendapat protein mereka secara langsung dari tumbuh-tumbuhan (protein haiwan dan tumbuhan adalah sama dan manusia tidak mencipta sebatian organik). Dengan reputasi sebagai ahli kimia organik yang terkemuka pada zamannya tetapi tanpa bukti fisiologi haiwan, Liebig berkembang dengan kaya membuat ekstrak makanan seperti daging lembu bouillon dan formula bayi yang kemudiannya didapati bernilai berkhasiat. Pada tahun 1860-an, Claude Bernard mendapati bahawa lemak badan boleh disintesis daripada karbohidrat dan protein, menunjukkan bahawa tenaga dalam glukosa darah boleh disimpan sebagai lemak atau sebagai glikogen. <> Komponen diet mana yang tidak diberi kepada anjing mengakibatkan kematian mereka? || protein <> Yang pertama mula membahagikan makanan ke dalam kategori? || William Prout <> Siapa yang justus von Liebig berhujah dengan kepercayaan bahawa haiwan mendapat protein dari tumbuh-tumbuhan? || Jean-Baptiste Dumas <> Keajaiban mana yang kekurangan Liebig walaupun seorang ahli kimia organik terkemuka? || fisiologi haiwan <> Apa yang boleh disintesis dengan menggunakan karbohidrat dan protein? || lemak badan", {"context": "In 1816, Fran\u00e7ois Magendie discovered that dogs fed only carbohydrates (sugar), fat (olive oil), and water died evidently of starvation, but dogs also fed protein survived, identifying protein as an essential dietary component. William Prout in 1827 was the first person to divide foods into carbohydrates, fat, and protein. During the 19th century, Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Justus von Liebig quarrelled over their shared belief that animals get their protein directly from plants (animal and plant protein are the same and that humans do not create organic compounds). With a reputation as the leading organic chemist of his day but with no credentials in animal physiology, Liebig grew rich making food extracts like beef bouillon and infant formula that were later found to be of questionable nutritious value. In the 1860s, Claude Bernard discovered that body fat can be synthesized from carbohydrate and protein, showing that the energy in blood glucose can be stored as fat or as glycogen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "protein"}], "question": "Which dietary component was not fed to dogs resulting in their death?", "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "William Prout"}], "question": "Who first began dividing foods into categories?", "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Dumas"}], "question": "Who did Justus von Liebig argue with over the belief that animals get protein from plants?", "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 656, "text": "animal physiology"}], "question": "Which credientials did Liebig lack despite being a leading organic chemist?", "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "body fat"}], "question": "What can be synthesized using carbohydrates and proteins?", "id": "5726b33af1498d1400e8e7f2"}]}], ["Pakar pemakanan ahli diet berdaftar (RD atau RDN) adalah profesional kesihatan yang berkelayakan untuk menyediakan nasihat pemakanan yang selamat dan berasaskan bukti yang merangkumi kajian tentang apa yang dimakan, kajian menyeluruh tentang kesihatan pemakanan, dan pelan rawatan pemakanan yang diperuntukkan. Mereka juga menyediakan program pencegahan dan terapeutik di tempat kerja, sekolah dan institusi yang serupa. Pakar Pemakanan Klinikal yang Diperakui atau CCN, adalah profesional kesihatan terlatih yang juga menawarkan nasihat pemakanan mengenai peranan pemakanan dalam penyakit kronik, termasuk pencegahan atau pemulihan yang mungkin dengan menangani kekurangan pemakanan sebelum mengambil dadah. Peraturan pemerintah terutama dari segi pelesenan, saat ini kurang universal untuk CCN daripada RD atau RDN. Satu lagi Profesional Pemakanan yang maju adalah Pakar Pemakanan Bersertifikat atau SSP. Pakar Pemakanan Bersertifikat Lembaga ini biasanya pakar dalam obesiti dan penyakit kronik. Untuk menjadi lembaga yang disahkan, calon calon CNS mesti lulus peperiksaan, sama seperti Dietetik Berdaftar. Peperiksaan ini merangkumi domain khusus dalam lingkungan kesihatan termasuk; Intervensi Klinikal dan Kesihatan Manusia. <> Apakah RDN berdiri? || Pakar pemakanan ahli diet berdaftar <> Siapa yang menawarkan nasihat diet mengenai peranan pemakanan dalam penyakit kronik? || Pakar Pemakanan Klinikal yang Disahkan <> Untuk mana profesional kesihatan adalah peraturan Kerajaan yang lebih universal? || RDN <> Yang biasanya pakar dalam obesiti dan penyakit kronik? || Pakar Pemakanan Bersertifikat", {"context": "Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDs or RDNs) are health professionals qualified to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice which includes a review of what is eaten, a thorough review of nutritional health, and a personalized nutritional treatment plan. They also provide preventive and therapeutic programs at work places, schools and similar institutions. Certified Clinical Nutritionists or CCNs, are trained health professionals who also offer dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic disease, including possible prevention or remediation by addressing nutritional deficiencies before resorting to drugs. Government regulation especially in terms of licensing, is currently less universal for the CCN than that of RD or RDN. Another advanced Nutrition Professional is a Certified Nutrition Specialist or CNS. These Board Certified Nutritionists typically specialize in obesity and chronic disease. In order to become board certified, potential CNS candidate must pass an examination, much like Registered Dieticians. This exam covers specific domains within the health sphere including; Clinical Intervention and Human Health.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Registered dietitian nutritionists"}], "question": "What does RDN stand for?", "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f7999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Certified Clinical Nutritionists"}], "question": "Who offers dietary advice on the role of nutrition in chronic diseases?", "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "RDN"}], "question": "For which health professional is Governmental regulation more universal?", "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "Certified Nutrition Specialist"}], "question": "Who typically specializes in obesity and chronic disease?", "id": "5726abdb5951b619008f799c"}]}], ["Pada 1500-an, Paracelsus mungkin yang pertama mengkritik Galen secara terbuka. Juga pada abad ke-16, saintis dan artis Leonardo da Vinci membandingkan metabolisme dengan lilin yang terbakar. Leonardo tidak menerbitkan karya-karyanya mengenai subjek ini, tetapi dia tidak takut berfikir untuk dirinya sendiri dan dia pasti tidak bersetuju dengan Galen. Pada akhirnya, karya abad ke-16 Andreas Vesalius, kadang-kadang dipanggil bapa pengobatan moden, membatalkan gagasan Galen. Dia diikuti dengan pemikiran menusuk yang disatukan dengan mistisisme era dan agama yang kadang-kadang didorong oleh mekanik Newton dan Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, yang menemui beberapa gas seperti karbon dioksida, melakukan eksperimen kuantitatif pertama. Robert Boyle mendalami kimia. Sanctorius diukur berat badan. Doktor Herman Boerhaave memodelkan proses pencernaan. Ahli fisiologi Albrecht von Haller menghasilkan perbezaan antara saraf dan otot. <> Siapa yang mengkritik Galen pada tahun 1500an? || Paracelsus <> Artis terkenal mana yang tidak sepakat dengan teori Galen? || Leonardo da Vinci <> Apakah lilin yang terbakar dapat dibandingkan? || metabolisme <> Yang gas terkenal yang pernah dilakukan Jan Baptist van Helmont? || karbon dioksida <> Ahli sains mana yang mampu mencipta model untuk proses pencernaan? || Herman Boerhaave", {"context": "In the 1500s, Paracelsus was probably the first to criticize Galen publicly. Also in the 16th century, scientist and artist Leonardo da Vinci compared metabolism to a burning candle. Leonardo did not publish his works on this subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern medicine, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Paracelsus"}], "question": "Who criticized Galen in the 1500s?", "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Leonardo da Vinci"}], "question": "Which famous artist did not agree with Galen's theories?", "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "metabolism"}], "question": "What was a burning candle comparable to?", "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "carbon dioxide"}], "question": "Which well known gas did Jan Baptist van Helmont discover?", "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "Herman Boerhaave"}], "question": "Which scientist was able to create a model for the digestive process?", "id": "5726aefadd62a815002e8cf0"}]}], ["Orang tidak boleh mengabaikan doktrin-doktrin Galen: Penggunaan dari hidupnya pada abad ke-1 M hingga abad ke-17, adalah ajaran sesat yang tidak sependapat dengannya selama 1500 tahun. Galen adalah doktor kepada gladiator di Pergamon, dan di Roma, doktor kepada Marcus Aurelius dan tiga kaisar yang menggantikannya. Kebanyakan ajaran Galen dikumpulkan dan dipertingkatkan pada abad ke-11 oleh para biarawan Benedictine di Sekolah Salerno dalam Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, yang masih mempunyai pengguna pada abad ke-17. Galen percaya pada humor Hippocrates, dan dia mengajar bahawa pneuma adalah sumber kehidupan. Empat unsur (bumi, udara, kebakaran dan air) bergabung menjadi \"kulit\", yang menggabungkan ke dalam keadaan (empat temperamen: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, dan melancholic). Negeri-negeri terdiri daripada pasangan sifat (panas dan lembab, sejuk dan lembab, panas dan kering, dan sejuk dan kering), yang terbuat dari empat humours: darah, kahak, hijau (atau kuning) hempedu, bentuk tubuh unsur-unsur). Galen berpendapat bahawa untuk seseorang mempunyai gout, batu ginjal, atau arthritis adalah skandal, yang Gratzer sama dengan Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) di mana penyakit adalah jenayah. <> Berapa lamakah doktrin Galen digunakan untuk? || 1500 tahun <> Maharaja yang terkenal yang mana Galen berkhidmat sebagai seorang doktor? || Marcus Aurelius <> Siapa yang tinggal di Sekolah Salerno dalam Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum? || Bikang Benedictine <> Apa yang Galen percaya bahawa pneuma itu? || sumber kehidupan <> Apakah setiap pasangan sifat yang kononnya terdiri daripada? || empat humours", {"context": "One mustn't overlook the doctrines of Galen: In use from his life in the 1st century AD until the 17th century, it was heresy to disagree with him for 1500 years. Galen was physician to gladiators in Pergamon, and in Rome, physician to Marcus Aurelius and the three emperors who succeeded him. Most of Galen's teachings were gathered and enhanced in the late 11th century by Benedictine monks at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum, which still had users in the 17th century. Galen believed in the bodily humours of Hippocrates, and he taught that pneuma is the source of life. Four elements (earth, air, fire and water) combine into \"complexion\", which combines into states (the four temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic). The states are made up of pairs of attributes (hot and moist, cold and moist, hot and dry, and cold and dry), which are made of four humours: blood, phlegm, green (or yellow) bile, and black bile (the bodily form of the elements). Galen thought that for a person to have gout, kidney stones, or arthritis was scandalous, which Gratzer likens to Samuel Butler's Erehwon (1872) where sickness is a crime.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "1500 years"}], "question": "How long was the doctrines of Galen in use for?", "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Marcus Aurelius"}], "question": "Which famous emperor did Galen serve as a physician to?", "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Benedictine monks"}], "question": "Who resided at the School of Salerno in Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum?", "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "the source of life"}], "question": "What did Galen believe that pneuma was?", "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "four humours"}], "question": "What did each pair of attributes supposedly consist of?", "id": "5726adf95951b619008f7a0f"}]}], ["Lemak tepu (biasanya dari sumber haiwan) telah menjadi ruji dalam banyak budaya dunia selama beribu tahun. Lemak tak jenuh (g., Minyak sayuran) dianggap lebih sihat, sementara lemak trans harus dielakkan. Ketumpatan dan beberapa lemak trans biasanya pepejal pada suhu bilik (seperti mentega atau lemak babi), manakala lemak tak tepu biasanya cecair (seperti minyak zaitun atau minyak biji rami). Lemak trans sangat jarang berlaku, dan telah terbukti sangat memudaratkan kesihatan manusia, tetapi mempunyai ciri-ciri yang berguna dalam industri pemprosesan makanan, seperti rintangan ketenteraan. [Rujukan?] <> Di mana lemak tepu dalam diet biasanya berasal dari? || sumber haiwan <> Jenis lemak yang umumnya dianggap paling sihat? || Lemak tak jenuh <> Jenis lemak yang patut dicuba oleh orang? || lemak trans <> Apakah keadaan jenis apa yang lemak tak tepu biasanya mempunyai pada suhu bilik? || cecair <> Walaupun lemak trans berbahaya kepada kesihatan manusia, apakah harta yang mereka miliki yang menjadikannya berguna dalam pemprosesan makanan? || rintangan tamadun", {"context": "Saturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), while unsaturated fats are typically liquids (such as olive oil or flaxseed oil). Trans fats are very rare in nature, and have been shown to be highly detrimental to human health, but have properties useful in the food processing industry, such as rancidity resistance.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "animal sources"}], "question": "Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?", "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Unsaturated fats"}], "question": "Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?", "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "trans fats"}], "question": "Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?", "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "liquids"}], "question": "What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?", "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "rancidity resistance"}], "question": "Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?", "id": "5726c1ad708984140094d09b"}]}], ["Secara tradisional, karbohidrat mudah dipercayai diserap dengan cepat, dan oleh itu untuk meningkatkan tahap glukosa darah lebih cepat daripada karbohidrat kompleks. Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak tepat. Sesetengah karbohidrat mudah (mis., Fruktosa) mengikuti laluan metabolik yang berlainan (mis., Fruktolisis) yang mengakibatkan hanya katabolisme separa kepada glukosa, manakala pada dasarnya banyak karbohidrat kompleks boleh dicerna pada kadar yang sama seperti karbohidrat ringkas. Glukosa merangsang pengeluaran insulin melalui makanan yang memasuki aliran darah, yang digenggam oleh sel-sel beta dalam pankreas. <> Apa yang dipercayai secara tradisional diserap dengan cepat menyebabkan darah - paras glukosa meningkat dengan cepat? || karbohidrat mudah <> Apakah satu contoh karbohidrat mudah? || fruktosa <> Apabila karbohidrat mudah menjalani laluan metabolik, apakah yang akan berlaku selepas katabolisme separa? || glukosa <> Apakah glukosa dapat merangsang yang diperlukan dalam tubuh manusia? || pengeluaran insulin <> Di mana sel-sel beta yang melekat pada insulin terletak? || pankreas", {"context": "Traditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result in only a partial catabolism to glucose, while, in essence, many complex carbohydrates may be digested at the same rate as simple carbohydrates. Glucose stimulates the production of insulin through food entering the bloodstream, which is grasped by the beta cells in the pancreas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "simple carbohydrates"}], "question": "What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?", "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "fructose"}], "question": "What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?", "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "glucose"}], "question": "When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?", "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "production of insulin"}], "question": "What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?", "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "pancreas"}], "question": "Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?", "id": "5726bdb2708984140094cfe9"}]}], ["Senarai nutrien yang diperlukan oleh orang ramai adalah, dalam kata-kata Marion Nestle, \"hampir pasti tidak lengkap\". Sehingga 2014, nutrien dianggap sebagai dua jenis: makro-nutrien yang diperlukan dalam jumlah yang agak besar, dan mikronutrien yang diperlukan dalam kuantiti yang lebih kecil. Satu jenis karbohidrat, serat pemakanan, iaitu bahan yang tidak dapat dicerna seperti selulosa, diperlukan, untuk kedua-dua sebab mekanikal dan biokimia, walaupun sebab-sebab yang tepat tetap tidak jelas. Mikronutrien lain termasuk antioksidan dan fitokimia, yang dikatakan mempengaruhi (atau melindungi) beberapa sistem badan. Keperluan mereka tidak begitu mantap seperti dalam kes, sebagai contoh, vitamin. <> Siapa yang mendakwa bahawa senarai nutrien yang diperlukan oleh manusia tidak lengkap? || Marion Nestle <> Apakah kategori lain nutrien yang diperlukan oleh orang selain daripada mikronutrien? || makro-nutrien <> Apa yang penting tentang selulosa pada manusia? || tidak dapat dicerna <> Apa lagi, selain antioksidan, membantu melindungi sistem badan? || phytochemicals <> Di mana tahun adalah nutrien yang dikategorikan ke dalam dua kategori masing-masing? || 2014", {"context": "The list of nutrients that people are known to require is, in the words of Marion Nestle, \"almost certainly incomplete\". As of 2014, nutrients are thought to be of two types: macro-nutrients which are needed in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in smaller quantities. A type of carbohydrate, dietary fiber, i.e. non-digestible material such as cellulose, is required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact reasons remain unclear. Other micronutrients include antioxidants and phytochemicals, which are said to influence (or protect) some body systems. Their necessity is not as well established as in the case of, for instance, vitamins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Marion Nestle"}], "question": "Who claims that the list of nutrients that humans require is incomplete?", "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "macro-nutrients"}], "question": "What is the other category of nutrients that people require other than micronutrients?", "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "non-digestible"}], "question": "What is notable about cellulose in humans?", "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "phytochemicals"}], "question": "What else, other than antioxidants, helps protect body systems?", "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In which year were nutrients categorized into their two respective categories?", "id": "5726b8785951b619008f7bcd"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1913, Elmer McCollum menemui vitamin pertama, vitamin A larut lemak dan vitamin B larut air (pada tahun 1915, kini dikenali sebagai kompleks beberapa vitamin larut air) dan menamakan vitamin C sebagai bahan yang tidak diketahui scurvy. Lafayette Mendel dan Thomas Osborne juga melakukan kerja perintis pada vitamin A dan B. Pada tahun 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby salah mengidentifikasi riket sebagai kekurangan vitamin A kerana ia dapat menyembuhkannya dengan anjing dengan minyak hati ikan kod. Pada tahun 1922, McCollum memusnahkan vitamin A dalam minyak hati ikan kod, tetapi mendapati bahawa ia masih sembuh riket. Juga pada tahun 1922, H.M. Evans dan L.S. Uskup menemui vitamin E sebagai penting untuk kehamilan tikus, yang pada mulanya menyebutnya \"faktor makanan X\" hingga 1925. <> Apa yang penting tentang vitamin A yang ditemui? || Larut lemak <> Yang manakah kandungan vitamin B didapati? || larut air <> Penyakit yang manakah vitamin C yang dikatakan membantu mencegah? || Scurvy <> Apakah minyak hati ikan cod boleh membantu mengubati anjing? || riket <> Apa yang disebut sebagai \"faktor makanan X\"? || vitamin E", {"context": "In 1913, Elmer McCollum discovered the first vitamins, fat-soluble vitamin A, and water-soluble vitamin B (in 1915; now known to be a complex of several water-soluble vitamins) and named vitamin C as the then-unknown substance preventing scurvy. Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne also performed pioneering work on vitamins A and B. In 1919, Sir Edward Mellanby incorrectly identified rickets as a vitamin A deficiency because he could cure it in dogs with cod liver oil. In 1922, McCollum destroyed the vitamin A in cod liver oil, but found that it still cured rickets. Also in 1922, H.M. Evans and L.S. Bishop discover vitamin E as essential for rat pregnancy, originally calling it \"food factor X\" until 1925.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "fat-soluble"}], "question": "What was notable about the discovered vitamin A?", "id": "5726b763708984140094ced3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "water-soluble"}], "question": "Which property was vitamin B found to have?", "id": "5726b763708984140094ced4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "scurvy"}], "question": "Which disease was vitamin C claimed to help prevent?", "id": "5726b763708984140094ced5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "rickets"}], "question": "What was cod liver oil able to help cure in dogs?", "id": "5726b763708984140094ced6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "vitamin E"}], "question": "What was referred to as \"food factor X\"?", "id": "5726b763708984140094ced7"}]}], ["Kadar penukaran omega-6 DGLA kepada AA sebahagian besarnya menentukan pengeluaran prostaglandin PGE1 dan PGE2. EPA Omega-3 menghalang AA daripada dibebaskan daripada membran, dengan itu melampaui keseimbangan prostaglandin dari pro-inflammatory PGE2 (dibuat dari AA) ke arah anti-radang PGE1 (dibuat daripada DGLA). Selain itu, penukaran (desaturasi) DGLA kepada AA dikawal oleh enzim delta-5-desaturase, yang seterusnya dikawal oleh hormon seperti insulin (up-regulation) dan glucagon (down-regulation). Jumlah dan jenis karbohidrat yang digunakan, bersama dengan beberapa jenis asid amino, boleh mempengaruhi proses yang melibatkan insulin, glukagon, dan hormon lain; Oleh itu, nisbah omega-3 berbanding omega-6 mempunyai kesan yang meluas terhadap kesihatan umum, dan kesan spesifik terhadap fungsi imun dan keradangan, dan mitosis (iaitu, pembahagian sel). <> Apakah yang dapat menghalang AA daripada dibebaskan daripada membran? || Omega-3 EPA <> Penukaran omega-6 DGLA kepada AA dapat membantu mengawal proses mana? || pengeluaran prostaglandin PGE1 dan PGE2 <> Apakah jenis proses penukaran DGLA kepada AA? || desaturasi <> Apakah contoh hormon selain daripada insulin yang dapat mengawal enzim delta-5-desaturase? || glukagon <> Apakah nama saintifik untuk pembahagian sel? || mitosis", {"context": "The conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGLA). Moreover, the conversion (desaturation) of DGLA to AA is controlled by the enzyme delta-5-desaturase, which in turn is controlled by hormones such as insulin (up-regulation) and glucagon (down-regulation). The amount and type of carbohydrates consumed, along with some types of amino acid, can influence processes involving insulin, glucagon, and other hormones; therefore, the ratio of omega-3 versus omega-6 has wide effects on general health, and specific effects on immune function and inflammation, and mitosis (i.e., cell division).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "Omega-3 EPA"}], "question": "What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?", "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2"}], "question": "The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?", "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "desaturation"}], "question": "What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?", "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "glucagon"}], "question": "What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?", "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "mitosis"}], "question": "What is the scientific name for cell division?", "id": "5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadc"}]}], ["Makronutrien adalah karbohidrat, lemak, protein, dan air. Makronutrien (tidak termasuk serat dan air) menyediakan bahan struktur (asid amino yang proteinnya dibina, dan lipid dari mana membran sel dan beberapa molekul isyarat dibina) dan tenaga. Sesetengah bahan struktur boleh digunakan untuk menjana tenaga secara dalaman, dan dalam kedua-dua kes ia diukur dalam Joules atau kilocalories (sering disebut \"Kalori\" dan ditulis dengan modal C untuk membezakannya daripada sedikit 'kalori'). Karbohidrat dan protein memberikan 17 kJ kira-kira (4 kcal) tenaga setiap gram, manakala lemak memberikan 37 kJ (9 kcal) setiap gram, walaupun tenaga bersih dari kedua-duanya bergantung kepada faktor-faktor seperti penyerapan dan usaha penghadaman, contohnya. Vitamin, mineral, serat, dan air tidak memberikan tenaga, tetapi diperlukan untuk sebab-sebab lain. <> Kategori manakah yang diwakili oleh karbohidrat dan lemak antara nutrien lain? || macronutrien <> Apa aspek penting lain yang membuat macronutrien memberi selain tenaga? || bahan struktur <> Apakah unit selain kalori yang digunakan untuk mengukur tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh nutrien? || Joule <> Nutrien mana yang umumnya menyediakan sekitar 37 kJ setiap gram? || lemak <> Walaupun vitamin penting untuk banyak sebab, apakah peranan mereka tidak bermain di dalam tubuh manusia? || menyediakan tenaga", {"context": "The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural material can be used to generate energy internally, and in either case it is measured in Joules or kilocalories (often called \"Calories\" and written with a capital C to distinguish them from little 'c' calories). Carbohydrates and proteins provide 17 kJ approximately (4 kcal) of energy per gram, while fats provide 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram, though the net energy from either depends on such factors as absorption and digestive effort, which vary substantially from instance to instance. Vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "macronutrients"}], "question": "Which category is represented by carbohydrates and fats among other nutrients?", "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "structural material"}], "question": "What other significant aspect do macronutrients provide other than energy?", "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Joules"}], "question": "What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients?", "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7be9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "fats"}], "question": "Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram?", "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7bea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 826, "text": "provide energy"}], "question": "Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?", "id": "5726b9d05951b619008f7beb"}]}], ["Molekul karbohidrat dan lemak terdiri daripada karbon, hidrogen, dan atom oksigen. Karbohidrat berkisar dari monosakarida mudah (glukosa, fruktosa, galaktosa) kepada polysaccharides kompleks (kanji). Lemak adalah trigliserida, diperbuat daripada pelbagai monomer asid lemak yang terikat pada tulang belakang gliserol. Sesetengah asid lemak, tetapi tidak semua, adalah penting dalam diet: mereka tidak boleh disintesis dalam badan. Molekul protein mengandungi atom nitrogen selain karbon, oksigen, dan hidrogen. Komponen asas protein ialah asid amino yang mengandungi nitrogen, yang sebahagiannya penting dalam arti bahawa manusia tidak boleh membuatnya secara dalaman. Sesetengah asid amino boleh ditukar (dengan perbelanjaan tenaga) ke glukosa dan boleh digunakan untuk pengeluaran tenaga, seperti glukosa biasa, dalam proses yang dikenali sebagai glukoneogenesis. Dengan memecah protein yang sedia ada, rangka karbon pelbagai asid amino dapat dimetabolismakan kepada perantaraan dalam pernafasan selular; baki ammonia dibuang terutamanya sebagai urea dalam air kencing. Ini berlaku biasanya hanya semasa kelaparan yang berpanjangan. <> Selain lemak, apa lagi yang mengandungi atom karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen? || karbohidrat <> Jika karbohidrat bukan monosakarida mudah, apa lagi yang boleh? || polysaccharides kompleks <> Apa monomer asid lemak yang terikat pada tulang belakang gliserol? || trigliserida <> Apa ciri tentang asid lemak menghendaki mereka menjadi komponen penting dalam diet? || tidak boleh disintesis dalam tubuh <> Unsur manakah yang mengandungi asid amino yang membentuk komponen utama protein mempunyai persamaan? || nitrogen", {"context": "Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. The fundamental components of protein are nitrogen-containing amino acids, some of which are essential in the sense that humans cannot make them internally. Some of the amino acids are convertible (with the expenditure of energy) to glucose and can be used for energy production, just as ordinary glucose, in a process known as gluconeogenesis. By breaking down existing protein, the carbon skeleton of the various amino acids can be metabolized to intermediates in cellular respiration; the remaining ammonia is discarded primarily as urea in urine. This occurs normally only during prolonged starvation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "carbohydrates"}], "question": "Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?", "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "complex polysaccharides"}], "question": "If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?", "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "triglycerides"}], "question": "What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?", "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "cannot be synthesized in the body"}], "question": "What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?", "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "nitrogen"}], "question": "Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?", "id": "5726bc56708984140094cfa5"}]}], ["Serat diet adalah karbohidrat yang tidak diserap sepenuhnya pada manusia dan dalam sesetengah haiwan. Seperti semua karbohidrat, apabila ia dimetabolisme ia boleh menghasilkan empat Kalori (kilocalories) tenaga setiap gram. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam kebanyakan keadaan ia menyumbang kurang daripada itu kerana penyerapan dan pencernaan yang terhad. Serat pemakanan terdiri terutamanya daripada selulosa, polimer karbohidrat besar yang tidak boleh dicerna kerana manusia tidak mempunyai enzim yang diperlukan untuk membongkarnya. Terdapat dua subkategori: serat larut dan tak larut. Biji-bijian, buah-buahan (terutama plum, prun, dan buah ara), dan sayur-sayuran adalah sumber serat makanan yang baik. Terdapat banyak manfaat kesihatan dari diet serat tinggi. Serat pemakanan membantu mengurangkan peluang masalah gastrointestinal seperti sembelit dan cirit-birit dengan meningkatkan berat badan dan saiz najis dan melembutkannya. Serat yang tidak larut, yang terdapat dalam tepung gandum, kacang dan sayuran, terutamanya merangsang peristalsis - penguncupan otot beriris dari usus, yang bergerak digesta sepanjang saluran pencernaan. Serat larut, yang terdapat dalam oat, kacang, kacang, dan banyak buah-buahan, larut dalam air di saluran usus untuk menghasilkan gel yang melambatkan pergerakan makanan melalui usus. Ini boleh membantu menurunkan tahap glukosa darah kerana ia boleh melambatkan penyerapan gula. Selain itu, serat, terutamanya terutamanya dari bijirin keseluruhan, difikirkan mungkin membantu mengurangkan pancang insulin, dan oleh itu mengurangkan risiko diabetes jenis 2. Hubungan antara peningkatan penggunaan serat dan risiko penurunan kanser kolorektal masih tidak menentu. <> Contoh karbohidrat tidak dapat diserap sepenuhnya pada manusia? || Serat pemakanan <> Berapa banyak kilokalori tenaga setiap gram adalah serat pemakanan yang mampu menghasilkan apabila berjaya dimetabolisme? || empat <> Apakah komponen utama yang membentuk serat makanan? || selulosa <> Apakah contoh masalah gastrointestinal selain daripada cirit-birit? || sembelit <> Apa itu serat larut untuk membantu menurunkan tahap glukosa darah? || perlahan penyerapan gula", {"context": "Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis \u2013 the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Dietary fiber"}], "question": "What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?", "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?", "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "cellulose"}], "question": "What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?", "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "constipation"}], "question": "What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?", "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1292, "text": "slow the absorption of sugar"}], "question": "What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?", "id": "5726bee05951b619008f7cdd"}]}], ["Molekul lemak diet biasanya terdiri daripada beberapa asid lemak (mengandungi rantai panjang karbon dan hidrogen atom), yang terikat kepada gliserol. Mereka biasanya dijumpai sebagai trigliserida (tiga asid lemak yang melekat pada satu tulang belakang gliserol). Lemak boleh dikelaskan sebagai tepu atau tak tepu bergantung kepada struktur terperinci asid lemak yang terlibat. Lemak tepu mempunyai semua atom karbon dalam rantai asid lemaknya yang terikat kepada atom hidrogen, manakala lemak tak tepu mempunyai beberapa atom karbon yang ikatan berganda, jadi molekulnya mempunyai atom hidrogen yang relatif sedikit daripada asid lemak jenuh dengan panjang yang sama. Lemak tak jenuh mungkin diklasifikasikan lagi sebagai tak jenuh tunggal (satu ikatan berganda) atau polyunsaturated (banyak ikatan berganda). Selain itu, bergantung kepada lokasi ikatan berganda dalam rantai asid lemak, asid lemak tak tepu diklasifikasikan sebagai omega-3 atau omega-6 asid lemak. Lemak trans adalah sejenis lemak tak tepu dengan ikatan trans-isomer; ini jarang berlaku dan dalam makanan dari sumber semula jadi; ia biasanya dicipta dalam proses perindustrian yang dipanggil (sebahagian daripada) hidrogenasi. Terdapat sembilan kilokalori dalam setiap gram lemak. Asid lemak seperti asid linoleik, asid catalpic, asid eleostearic dan asid punikik, selain memberikan tenaga, mewakili molekul modulasi daya imun yang kuat. <> Lemak lemak boleh dikatakan terdiri daripada asid lemak yang terikat dengan molekulnya? || gliserol <> Berapa banyak tulang belakang gliserol yang mengandungi trigliserida? || satu <> Apa yang perlu diperiksa untuk menentukan sama ada lemak boleh dikelaskan sebagai tepu atau tak tepu? || struktur terperinci asid lemak yang terlibat <> Unsur manakah yang ada yang terikat kepada semua karbon dalam lemak tepu? || hidrogen <> Apakah jenis lemak yang boleh dikategorikan sebagai lemak trans? || lemak tak tepu", {"context": "A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation. There are nine kilocalories in each gram of fat. Fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid, catalpic acid, eleostearic acid and punicic acid, in addition to providing energy, represent potent immune modulatory molecules.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "glycerol"}], "question": "Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?", "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?", "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved"}], "question": "What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?", "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "hydrogen"}], "question": "Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?", "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 933, "text": "unsaturated fat"}], "question": "What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?", "id": "5726c05fdd62a815002e8f68"}]}], ["Asid lemak yang paling tidak penting, bermakna tubuh boleh menghasilkannya seperti yang diperlukan, biasanya dari asid lemak lain dan selalu dengan membelanjakan tenaga untuk berbuat demikian. Walau bagaimanapun, pada manusia, sekurang-kurangnya dua asid lemak adalah penting dan harus dimasukkan dalam diet. Baki asid lemak-omega-3 dan asid lemak omega-6 yang sesuai-juga penting untuk kesihatan, walaupun demonstrasi eksperimen pasti telah sukar difahami. Kedua-dua asid lemak tak jenuh \"omega\" ini adalah substrat untuk kelas eikosanoid yang dikenali sebagai prostaglandin, yang mempunyai peranan di seluruh tubuh manusia. Mereka adalah hormon, dalam beberapa aspek. Asid omega-3 eicosapentaenoic (EPA), yang boleh dibuat dalam tubuh manusia dari asid alpha-linolenic asid lemak omega-3 (ALA), atau diambil melalui sumber makanan laut, berfungsi sebagai blok bangunan untuk siri 3 prostaglandin (contohnya, PGE3 yang lemah keradangan). Omega-6 dihmol-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) berfungsi sebagai blok bangunan untuk siri 1 prostaglandin (contohnya anti-radang PGE1), sedangkan asid arakidonik (AA) berfungsi sebagai blok bangunan untuk siri 2 prostaglandin (contohnya pro-radang PGE 2). Kedua-dua DGLA dan AA boleh dibuat daripada asid linoleat omega-6 (LA) dalam tubuh manusia, atau boleh diambil secara langsung melalui makanan. Pengambilan omega-3 dan omega-6 sebahagian tepat menentukan pengeluaran relatif prostaglandin yang berbeza, yang merupakan satu sebab mengapa keseimbangan antara omega-3 dan omega-6 dipercayai penting untuk kesihatan kardiovaskular. Dalam masyarakat perindustrian, orang biasanya menggunakan sejumlah besar minyak sayur olahan, yang telah mengurangkan jumlah asid lemak penting bersama dengan terlalu banyak asid lemak omega-6 berbanding dengan asid lemak omega-3. <> Apa artinya apabila ia mendakwa bahawa banyak asid lemak tidak penting? || tubuh boleh menghasilkannya sekiranya diperlukan <> Sekurang-kurangnya berapa banyak asid lemak yang penting untuk kesihatan manusia dan harus dimakan daripada dihasilkan oleh badan? || dua <> Apa yang EPA berdiri? || asid eikosapentaenoic <> Di luar penggunaan, apa yang akan dipecah dalam badan untuk mendapatkan DGLA dan AA? || omega-6 asid linoleat <> Apa yang kita makan yang mempunyai jumlah asid lemak perlu yang rendah? || minyak sayuran diproses", {"context": "Most fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids\u2014omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids\u2014seems also important for health, although definitive experimental demonstration has been elusive. Both of these \"omega\" long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are substrates for a class of eicosanoids known as prostaglandins, which have roles throughout the human body. They are hormones, in some respects. The omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which can be made in the human body from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), or taken in through marine food sources, serves as a building block for series 3 prostaglandins (e.g., weakly inflammatory PGE3). The omega-6 dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) serves as a building block for series 1 prostaglandins (e.g. anti-inflammatory PGE1), whereas arachidonic acid (AA) serves as a building block for series 2 prostaglandins (e.g. pro-inflammatory PGE 2). Both DGLA and AA can be made from the omega-6 linoleic acid (LA) in the human body, or can be taken in directly through food. An appropriately balanced intake of omega-3 and omega-6 partly determines the relative production of different prostaglandins, which is one reason why a balance between omega-3 and omega-6 is believed important for cardiovascular health. In industrialized societies, people typically consume large amounts of processed vegetable oils, which have reduced amounts of the essential fatty acids along with too much of omega-6 fatty acids relative to omega-3 fatty acids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the body can produce them as needed"}], "question": "What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?", "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "two"}], "question": "At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?", "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "eicosapentaenoic acid"}], "question": "What does EPA stand for?", "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1195, "text": "omega-6 linoleic acid"}], "question": "Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?", "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1592, "text": "processed vegetable oils"}], "question": "What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?", "id": "5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbe"}]}], ["Garis panduan pemakanan United Healthcare / Pacificare mencadangkan diet makanan tumbuhan keseluruhan, dan mengesyorkan menggunakan protein hanya sebagai hidangan dengan makanan. Artikel perlindungan National Geographic dari November 2005, yang berjudul The Secrets of Living Longer, juga mengesyorkan keseluruhan diet makanan tumbuhan. Artikel ini adalah satu kajian gaya hidup dari tiga populasi, orang Sardinia, Okinawans, dan Adventist, yang umumnya memaparkan umur panjang dan \"mengalami sebahagian kecil daripada penyakit yang biasanya membunuh orang di bahagian lain dunia maju, dan menikmati kehidupan lebih sihat.\" Secara keseluruhannya, mereka menawarkan tiga set 'amalan terbaik' untuk ditiru. Selebihnya terpulang kepada anda. Bersama-sama dengan ketiga-tiga kumpulan ini adalah \"Makan buah-buahan, sayur-sayuran, dan biji-bijian.\" <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan garis panduan yang mencadangkan agar orang mengikuti diet makanan keseluruhan tumbuhan? || United Healthcare / Pacificare <> Majalah mana yang juga mengesyorkan agar orang mengikuti diet makanan tumbuhan keseluruhan? || National Geographic <> Di mana tahun ada artikel penutup mengenai National Geographic mengenai cadangan diet? || 2005 <> Berapa banyak populasi yang dikaji dan ditinjau untuk artikel sampul? || Tiga <> Selain daripada buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran, apa produk lain yang disarankan untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada diet yang sihat? || bijirin penuh", {"context": "The United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a lifestyle survey of three populations, Sardinians, Okinawans, and Adventists, who generally display longevity and \"suffer a fraction of the diseases that commonly kill people in other parts of the developed world, and enjoy more healthy years of life.\" In sum, they offer three sets of 'best practices' to emulate. The rest is up to you. In common with all three groups is to \"Eat fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "United Healthcare/Pacificare"}], "question": "Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet?", "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "National Geographic"}], "question": "Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet?", "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9711"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations?", "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9712"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article?", "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9713"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "whole grains"}], "question": "Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet?", "id": "5726fce9dd62a815002e9714"}]}], ["Usus haiwan mengandungi populasi besar flora usus. Pada manusia, empat phyla dominan adalah Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, dan Proteobacteria. Mereka adalah penting untuk penghadaman dan juga dipengaruhi oleh makanan yang dimakan. Bakteria dalam usus melakukan banyak fungsi penting untuk manusia, termasuk memecahkan dan membantu dalam penyerapan makanan lain yang tidak dapat dicerna; merangsang pertumbuhan sel; menindas pertumbuhan bakteria berbahaya, melatih sistem kekebalan tubuh untuk bertindak balas terhadap patogen; menghasilkan vitamin B12; dan mempertahankan terhadap beberapa penyakit berjangkit. <> Apa istilah yang secara kolektif menerangkan \"Firmicutes\" dan \"Bacteroidetes\" antara lain? || phyla <> Apakah pentingnya mempunyai phyla di dalam badan? || penting untuk penghadaman <> Vitamin yang manakah bakteria yang terdapat dalam usus yang bertanggungjawab untuk menghasilkan? || vitamin B12 <> Apakah peranan khusus dalam penghadaman bakteria dalam usus? || memecahkan dan membantu dalam penyerapan makanan yang tidak dapat ditemui <> Di manakah seseorang dapat mencari populasi flora usus besar? || Usus haiwan", {"context": "Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food; stimulating cell growth; repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens; producing vitamin B12; and defending against some infectious diseases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "phyla"}], "question": "What term collectively describes \"Firmicutes\" and \"Bacteroidetes\" among others?", "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "essential to digestion"}], "question": "What is the importance of having phyla in the body?", "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "vitamin B12"}], "question": "Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing?", "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food"}], "question": "What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have?", "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Animal intestines"}], "question": "Where could one find a large population of gut flora?", "id": "5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef00"}]}], ["Ia mungkin dengan kombinasi protein dua sumber protein yang tidak lengkap (mis., Beras dan kacang) untuk membuat sumber protein yang lengkap, dan gabungan ciri-ciri adalah asas tradisi memasak budaya yang berbeza. Walau bagaimanapun, sumber protein komplementer tidak perlu dimakan pada makanan yang sama untuk digunakan bersama oleh badan. Asid amino yang berlebihan daripada protein boleh diubah menjadi glukosa dan digunakan untuk bahan bakar melalui proses yang dipanggil glukoneogenesis. Asid amino yang tinggal selepas penukaran tersebut dibuang. <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk tubuh manusia berpotensi mempunyai peluang untuk mencipta sumber protein lengkap? || dua sumber protein yang tidak lengkap <> Selain beras, apakah satu lagi contoh sumber protein yang tidak lengkap? || kacang <> Apa yang diambil dari protein dan ditukar kepada glukosa oleh badan? || Asid amino yang berlebihan <> Apakah istilah untuk penukaran asid amino menjadi glukosa? || glukoneogenesis <> Apa yang berlaku kepada asid amino yang tersisa selepas badan telah menukar apa yang boleh ke glukosa? || dibuang", {"context": "It is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal to be used together by the body. Excess amino acids from protein can be converted into glucose and used for fuel through a process called gluconeogenesis. The amino acids remaining after such conversion are discarded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "two incomplete protein sources"}], "question": "What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?", "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "beans"}], "question": "Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?", "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Excess amino acids"}], "question": "What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?", "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "gluconeogenesis"}], "question": "What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?", "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "discarded"}], "question": "What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?", "id": "5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd2"}]}], ["Penyakit jantung, kanser, obesiti, dan diabetes biasanya dipanggil penyakit \"Barat\" kerana penyakit ini jarang sekali dilihat di negara-negara membangun. Satu kajian antarabangsa di China mendapati beberapa wilayah tidak mempunyai sebarang kanser atau penyakit jantung, sementara di kawasan lain mereka mencerminkan \"sehingga peningkatan 100 kali ganda\" yang bertepatan dengan pergeseran dari diet yang didapati sepenuhnya berasaskan tumbuhan kepada berasaskan binatang , masing-masing. Sebaliknya, penyakit kemewahan seperti kanser dan penyakit jantung adalah biasa di seluruh dunia maju, termasuk Amerika Syarikat. Disesuaikan untuk usia dan senaman, kelompok besar di China yang jarang mengalami penyakit \"Barat\" ini mungkin kerana diet mereka kaya dengan sayur-sayuran, buah-buahan, dan bijirin penuh, dan mempunyai produk tenusu dan daging yang sedikit. Sesetengah kajian menunjukkan ini, dalam jumlah yang tinggi, kemungkinan penyebab beberapa kanser. Terdapat argumen untuk dan terhadap isu kontroversi ini. <> Penyakit jantung dan obesiti adalah contoh jenis penyakit apa? || \"Barat\" penyakit <> Di negara manakah kajian tentang kehadiran kanser dan penyakit jantung di kawasan yang berlainan? || China <> Berapa banyak peningkatan dalam kehadiran penyakit \"Barat\" ada di komuniti yang mempunyai diet berasaskan haiwan yang bertentangan dengan diet sayur-sayuran? || 100 kali ganda <> Selain daripada daging, apa lagi yang kurang dari orang-orang di China diet berbanding diet dari dunia Barat? || tenusu Apa penyakit dikatakan mungkin disebabkan oleh diet yang tinggi dalam daging dan produk tenusu? || kanser", {"context": "Heart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fold increase\" coincident with shifts from diets that were found to be entirely plant-based to heavily animal-based, respectively. In contrast, diseases of affluence like cancer and heart disease are common throughout the developed world, including the United States. Adjusted for age and exercise, large regional clusters of people in China rarely suffered from these \"Western\" diseases possibly because their diets are rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, and have little dairy and meat products. Some studies show these to be, in high quantities, possible causes of some cancers. There are arguments for and against this controversial issue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "\"Western\" diseases"}], "question": "Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease?", "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "China"}], "question": "In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done?", "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "100-fold"}], "question": "How much of an increase in presence of \"Western\" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets?", "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "dairy"}], "question": "Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world?", "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "cancers"}], "question": "What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products?", "id": "5726fc1c708984140094d7b7"}]}], ["Panel EFSA juga menentukan pengambilan untuk populasi yang berbeza. Jumlah pengambilan yang disyorkan dalam warga tua adalah sama dengan orang dewasa kerana walaupun penggunaan tenaga yang lebih rendah, keperluan air kumpulan ini meningkat disebabkan pengurangan kapasiti menumpukan buah pinggang. Wanita hamil dan menyusukan memerlukan cecair tambahan untuk kekal terhidrasi. Panel EFSA mencadangkan bahawa wanita mengandung harus menggunakan jumlah air yang sama sebagai wanita yang tidak hamil, ditambah peningkatan proporsi dengan keperluan tenaga yang lebih tinggi, sama dengan 300 mL / hari. Untuk mengimbangi pengeluaran cecair tambahan, wanita menyusukan memerlukan tambahan 700 ml / hari melebihi nilai pengambilan yang disyorkan untuk wanita yang tidak menyusui. <> Siapa yang disyorkan sama seperti jumlah orang dewasa? || orang tua <> Lain-lain wanita menyusukan, siapa kategori wanita lain yang perlu meningkatkan pengambilan air? || Hamil <> Berapa banyak air yang perlu dikandung wanita hamil berbanding dengan wanita yang tidak hamil? || 300 ml / hari <> Mengapakah wanita menyusu meningkatkan penggunaan air mereka? || Untuk mengimbangi keluaran bendalir tambahan <> Berapa banyak lagi air yang menyusu wanita perlu memakan berhubung dengan wanita biasa? || 700 ml / hari", {"context": "The EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding women require additional fluids to stay hydrated. The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non-lactating women.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "the elderly"}], "question": "Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?", "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "Pregnant"}], "question": "Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?", "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "300 mL/day"}], "question": "How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?", "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "To compensate for additional fluid output"}], "question": "Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?", "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "700 mL/day"}], "question": "How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?", "id": "5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec4a"}]}], ["Seperti mineral yang dibincangkan di atas, beberapa vitamin diiktiraf sebagai nutrien penting organik, yang diperlukan dalam diet untuk kesihatan yang baik. (Vitamin D adalah pengecualian: ia boleh disintesis dalam kulit, dengan kehadiran radiasi UVB.) Sebatian tertentu seperti vitamin yang disyorkan dalam diet, seperti karnitina, dianggap berguna untuk hidup dan kesihatan, tetapi ini adalah bukan \"penting\" nutrien diet kerana tubuh manusia mempunyai keupayaan untuk menghasilkannya dari sebatian lain. Lebih-lebih lagi, ribuan fitokimia yang berbeza baru-baru ini ditemui dalam makanan (terutamanya dalam sayur-sayuran segar), yang mungkin mempunyai ciri-ciri wajar termasuk aktiviti antioksidan (lihat di bawah); Walau bagaimanapun, demonstrasi percubaan telah mencadangkan tetapi tidak meyakinkan. Nutrien penting lain yang tidak dikelaskan sebagai vitamin termasuk asid amino penting (lihat di atas), kolin, asid lemak penting (lihat di atas), dan mineral-mineral yang dibincangkan dalam bahagian yang terdahulu. <> Vitamin mana yang boleh disintesis dalam kulit? || Vitamin D <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk vitamin D untuk disintesis? || Radiasi UVB <> Apakah satu contoh sebatian seperti vitamin yang tidak dianggap sebagai nutrien diet yang penting? || carnitine <> Apa yang baru-baru ini ditemui pada beribu-ribu, terutamanya dari memeriksa sayur-sayuran segar? || phytochemicals <> Apakah choline bukan contoh? || vitamin", {"context": "As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not \"essential\" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); however, experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients that are not classified as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above), choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Vitamin D"}], "question": "Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?", "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "UVB radiation"}], "question": "What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?", "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "carnitine"}], "question": "What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?", "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "phytochemicals"}], "question": "What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?", "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "vitamins"}], "question": "What is choline not an example of?", "id": "5726d9865951b619008f7fe7"}]}], ["Galian pemakanan adalah unsur kimia organik yang diperlukan oleh organisma hidup, selain daripada empat unsur karbon, hidrogen, nitrogen, dan oksigen yang terdapat di hampir semua molekul organik. Istilah \"mineral\" adalah kuno, kerana maksudnya adalah untuk menerangkan hanya elemen yang kurang biasa dalam diet. Ada yang lebih berat daripada empat yang disebut tadi, termasuk beberapa logam, yang sering berlaku sebagai ion dalam badan. Sesetengah orang pemakanan mengesyorkan bahawa ini dibekalkan daripada makanan di mana ia berlaku secara semula jadi, atau sekurang-kurangnya sebagai sebatian kompleks, atau kadang-kadang juga dari sumber asli bukan organik (seperti kalsium karbonat dari cangkang tiram tanah). Sesetengah mineral diserap lebih mudah dalam bentuk ionik yang terdapat dalam sumber tersebut. Sebaliknya, mineral sering ditambah secara artifisial kepada diet sebagai makanan tambahan; yang paling terkenal mungkin yodium dalam garam iodized yang menghalang goiter. <> Unsur jenis apa yang menjadi mineral pemakanan? || Unsur kimia anorganik <> Apakah istilah \"mineral\" yang dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan asalnya? || unsur yang kurang biasa dalam diet <> Dalam bentuk apa terdapat beberapa logam yang biasa dijumpai di dalam badan? || ion <> Dalam bentuk apa mineral perlu diserap dengan lebih mudah? || bentuk ionik <> Apa mineral yang paling terkenal yang ditambahkan secara artifisikal yang menghalang kambing? || yodium", {"context": "Dietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the diet. Some are heavier than the four just mentioned, including several metals, which often occur as ions in the body. Some dietitians recommend that these be supplied from foods in which they occur naturally, or at least as complex compounds, or sometimes even from natural inorganic sources (such as calcium carbonate from ground oyster shells). Some minerals are absorbed much more readily in the ionic forms found in such sources. On the other hand, minerals are often artificially added to the diet as supplements; the most famous is likely iodine in iodized salt which prevents goiter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "inorganic chemical elements"}], "question": "What kind of element are dietary minerals?", "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the less common elements in the diet"}], "question": "What was the term \"mineral\" originally meant to describe?", "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "ions"}], "question": "In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?", "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9222"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "ionic forms"}], "question": "In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?", "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9223"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "iodine"}], "question": "What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?", "id": "5726d78cdd62a815002e9224"}]}], ["Protein adalah bahan struktur di kebanyakan badan haiwan (contohnya otot, kulit, dan rambut). Mereka juga membentuk enzim yang mengawal reaksi kimia di seluruh badan. Setiap molekul protein terdiri daripada asid amino, yang dicirikan dengan kemasukan nitrogen dan kadang-kadang sulfur (komponen ini bertanggungjawab terhadap bau protein pembakaran yang tersendiri, seperti keratin dalam rambut). Tubuh memerlukan asid amino untuk menghasilkan protein baru (pengekalan protein) dan menggantikan protein yang rosak (penyelenggaraan). Oleh kerana tidak ada peruntukan penyimpanan protein atau asid amino, asid amino mesti ada dalam diet. Asid amino yang berlebihan dibuang, biasanya dalam air kencing. Bagi semua haiwan, sesetengah asid amino adalah penting (haiwan tidak boleh menghasilkannya secara dalaman) dan ada yang tidak penting (haiwan itu dapat menghasilkannya dari sebatian lain yang mengandungi nitrogen). Kira-kira dua puluh asid amino terdapat di dalam tubuh manusia, dan kira-kira sepuluh adalah penting dan, oleh itu, mesti termasuk dalam diet. Diet yang mengandungi jumlah asid amino yang mencukupi (terutamanya yang penting) sangat penting dalam beberapa keadaan: semasa perkembangan awal dan kematangan, kehamilan, penyusuan, atau kecederaan (seperti membakar). Sumber protein lengkap mengandungi semua asid amino penting; sumber protein yang tidak lengkap tidak mempunyai satu atau lebih asid amino penting. <> Apa yang terutamanya membentuk enzim dalam badan kita yang mengawal tindak balas kimia yang berlaku? || Protein <> Apakah komponen utama setiap protein? || asid amino <> Apakah istilah yang merujuk kepada proses badan yang menghasilkan protein baru? || Pengekalan protein <> Apabila badan tidak lagi memerlukan asid amino yang ada, di mana perkumuhan mereka hilang? || air kencing <> Kira-kira berapa jenis asid amino yang terdapat pada tubuh manusia? || dua puluh", {"context": "Proteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these components are responsible for the distinctive smell of burning protein, such as the keratin in hair). The body requires amino acids to produce new proteins (protein retention) and to replace damaged proteins (maintenance). As there is no protein or amino acid storage provision, amino acids must be present in the diet. Excess amino acids are discarded, typically in the urine. For all animals, some amino acids are essential (an animal cannot produce them internally) and some are non-essential (the animal can produce them from other nitrogen-containing compounds). About twenty amino acids are found in the human body, and about ten of these are essential and, therefore, must be included in the diet. A diet that contains adequate amounts of amino acids (especially those that are essential) is particularly important in some situations: during early development and maturation, pregnancy, lactation, or injury (a burn, for instance). A complete protein source contains all the essential amino acids; an incomplete protein source lacks one or more of the essential amino acids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Proteins"}], "question": "What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?", "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "amino acids"}], "question": "What is the primary component of every protein?", "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "protein retention"}], "question": "What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?", "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "urine"}], "question": "When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?", "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e907f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 876, "text": "twenty"}], "question": "Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?", "id": "5726cbcddd62a815002e9080"}]}], ["Sebagai metabolisme sel / pengeluaran tenaga memerlukan oksigen, yang berpotensi merosakkan (contohnya, penyebab mutasi) sebatian yang dikenali sebagai radikal bebas boleh terbentuk. Kebanyakannya adalah pengoksida (iaitu, penerima elektron) dan ada yang bertindak balas dengan sangat kuat. Untuk penyelenggaraan selular, pertumbuhan, dan pembahagian selular yang berterusan, radikal bebas ini mesti disentralisasi dengan cukup oleh sebatian antioksidan. Baru-baru ini, beberapa penyelidik mencadangkan teori evolusi antioksidan yang menarik. Ada yang dihasilkan oleh tubuh manusia dengan prekursor yang mencukupi (glutation, Vitamin C), dan tubuh yang tidak dapat dihasilkan hanya boleh didapati dalam diet melalui sumber langsung (Vitamin C pada manusia, Vitamin A, Vitamin K) atau dihasilkan oleh badan dari sebatian lain (Beta-karotena ditukar kepada Vitamin A oleh badan, Vitamin D disintesis daripada kolesterol oleh cahaya matahari). Fitokimia (Bahagian Bawah) dan subkumpulan mereka, polifenol, membentuk majoriti antioksidan; kira-kira 4,000 diketahui. Antioksidan yang berbeza kini dikenali berfungsi dalam rangkaian koperasi. Sebagai contoh, Vitamin C boleh mengaktifkan semula glutathione yang mengandungi radikal bebas atau Vitamin E dengan menerima radikal bebas itu sendiri. Beberapa antioksidan lebih berkesan daripada yang lain dalam meneutralkan radikal bebas yang berbeza. Ada yang tidak dapat meneutralkan radikal bebas tertentu. Ada yang tidak boleh hadir dalam beberapa bidang pembangunan radikal bebas (Vitamin A adalah larut lemak dan melindungi kawasan lemak, Vitamin C adalah larut dalam air dan melindungi kawasan tersebut). Apabila berinteraksi dengan radikal bebas, beberapa antioksidan menghasilkan sebatian radikal bebas yang berbeza yang kurang berbahaya atau lebih berbahaya daripada sebatian sebelumnya. Mempunyai pelbagai antioksidan membolehkan sebarang produk sampingan selamat diuruskan dengan antioksidan yang lebih berkesan dalam meneutralkan kesan rama-rama radikal bebas. <> Apakah istilah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggambarkan sebatian \"berpotensi merosakkan\"? || mutasi menyebabkan <> Apakah pengoksida? || penerima elektron <> Untuk tubuh berfungsi normal, apa yang harus digunakan untuk meneutralkan radikal bebas? || sebatian antioksidan <> Apakah subkumpulan fitokimia membantu membentuk sebahagian besar antioksidan badan? || polifenol <> Kawasan manakah badan melindungi vitamin A? || kawasan lemak", {"context": "As cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and division, these free radicals must be sufficiently neutralized by antioxidant compounds. Recently, some researchers suggested an interesting theory of evolution of dietary antioxidants. Some are produced by the human body with adequate precursors (glutathione, Vitamin C), and those the body cannot produce may only be obtained in the diet via direct sources (Vitamin C in humans, Vitamin A, Vitamin K) or produced by the body from other compounds (Beta-carotene converted to Vitamin A by the body, Vitamin D synthesized from cholesterol by sunlight). Phytochemicals (Section Below) and their subgroup, polyphenols, make up the majority of antioxidants; about 4,000 are known. Different antioxidants are now known to function in a cooperative network. For example, Vitamin C can reactivate free radical-containing glutathione or Vitamin E by accepting the free radical itself. Some antioxidants are more effective than others at neutralizing different free radicals. Some cannot neutralize certain free radicals. Some cannot be present in certain areas of free radical development (Vitamin A is fat-soluble and protects fat areas, Vitamin C is water-soluble and protects those areas). When interacting with a free radical, some antioxidants produce a different free radical compound that is less dangerous or more dangerous than the previous compound. Having a variety of antioxidants allows any byproducts to be safely dealt with by more efficient antioxidants in neutralizing a free radical's butterfly effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "mutation causing"}], "question": "What is another term that can be used to describe \"potentially damaging\" compounds?", "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "acceptors of electrons"}], "question": "What are oxidizers?", "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "antioxidant compounds"}], "question": "In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?", "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "polyphenols"}], "question": "What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?", "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9395"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1415, "text": "fat areas"}], "question": "Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?", "id": "5726e03fdd62a815002e9396"}]}], ["Cadangan awal untuk kuantiti air yang diperlukan untuk penyelenggaraan kesihatan yang baik mencadangkan bahawa 6-8 gelas air setiap hari adalah minimum untuk mengekalkan penghidratan yang betul. Bagaimanapun, tanggapan bahawa seseorang itu perlu mengambil lapan gelas air sehari tidak dapat dikesan dengan sumber saintifik yang boleh dipercayai. Cadangan pengambilan air asli pada tahun 1945 oleh Lembaga Makanan dan Pemakanan Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan membacakan: \"Satu standard biasa bagi orang yang berlainan ialah 1 mililiter untuk setiap kalori makanan. Kebanyakan kuantiti ini terkandung dalam makanan yang disediakan.\" Perbandingan yang lebih baru mengenai cadangan yang terkenal mengenai pengambilan cecair telah menunjukkan kekurangan besar dalam jumlah air yang kita perlukan untuk kesihatan yang baik. Oleh itu, untuk membantu menyeragamkan garis panduan, cadangan penggunaan air dimasukkan dalam dua dokumen Keselamatan Pihak Berkuasa Keselamatan Eropah (EFSA) baru-baru ini (2010): (i) Garis panduan pemakanan berasaskan makanan dan (ii) Nilai rujukan diet untuk air atau pengambilan harian yang mencukupi ADI). Spesifikasi ini disediakan dengan mengira pengambilan yang mencukupi daripada pengambilan yang diukur dalam populasi individu dengan \"nilai osmolariti yang dikehendaki air kencing dan jumlah air yang dikehendaki bagi setiap unit tenaga yang digunakan.\" Bagi penghidratan yang sihat, garis panduan EFSA semasa mencadangkan pengambilan air sebanyak 2.0 L / hari untuk wanita dewasa dan 2.5 L / hari untuk lelaki dewasa. Nilai rujukan ini termasuk air dari air minuman, minuman lain, dan makanan. Kira-kira 80% daripada keperluan air harian kami datang dari minuman yang kami minum, dengan baki 20% yang berasal dari makanan. Kandungan air berbeza-beza bergantung kepada jenis makanan yang dimakan, dengan buah-buahan dan sayuran yang mengandung lebih dari bijirin, misalnya. Nilai-nilai ini dianggarkan menggunakan lembaran imbangan makanan khusus negara yang diterbitkan oleh Pertubuhan Makanan dan Pertanian Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu. Garis panduan lain untuk pemakanan juga mempunyai implikasi untuk minuman yang kita makan untuk penghidratan yang sihat - contohnya, Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) mengesyorkan bahawa gula tambah harus mewakili tidak lebih daripada 10% daripada jumlah pengambilan tenaga. <> Apakah jumlah air yang disyorkan awal yang sepatutnya diperlukan untuk menjaga hidrasi badan? || 6-8 gelas air setiap hari <> Siapa yang mula membuat syor pengambilan air pada tahun 1945? || Lembaga Makanan dan Pemakanan Majlis Penyelidikan Kebangsaan <> Berapa banyak air yang perlu diambil untuk setiap kalori makanan yang dimakan? || 1 mililiter <> Apa yang ADI tahan? || pengambilan harian yang mencukupi <> Di mana manusia mendapat 20% air yang tidak berasal dari minuman yang kita minum? || makanan", {"context": "Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6\u20138 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: \"An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods.\" More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with \u201cdesirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.\u201d For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Other guidelines for nutrition also have implications for the beverages we consume for healthy hydration- for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "6\u20138 glasses of water daily"}], "question": "What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?", "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council"}], "question": "Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?", "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "1 milliliter"}], "question": "How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?", "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d215"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 972, "text": "adequate daily intakes"}], "question": "What does ADI stand for?", "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d216"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1565, "text": "food"}], "question": "Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?", "id": "5726cfe5708984140094d217"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, piawaian dan cadangan nutrisi ditubuhkan secara bersama oleh Jabatan Pertanian AS dan Jabatan Kesihatan AS dan Perkhidmatan Manusia. Garis panduan aktiviti diet dan fizikal dari USDA dibentangkan dalam konsep MyPlate, yang menggantikan piramid makanan, yang menggantikan Empat Kumpulan Makanan. Jawatankuasa Senat yang kini bertanggungjawab untuk pengawasan USDA adalah Jawatankuasa Pertanian, Pemakanan dan Perhutanan. Sidang jawatankuasa sering disiarkan di C-SPAN. <> Standard dan saranan pemakanan dihasilkan oleh usaha bersama antara Jabatan Pertanian AS dan jabatan lain? || Jabatan Kesihatan Amerika Syarikat dan Perkhidmatan Manusia <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan garis panduan yang mengelilingi diet dan cadangan aktiviti fizikal? || USDA <> Apakah nama konsep yang menggantikan piramid makanan? || MyPlate <> Tindakan sandiwara USDA yang dipantau oleh jawatankuasa kerajaan? || Jawatankuasa Pertanian, Pemakanan dan Perhutanan <> Di mana saluran mesyuarat jawatankuasa sering ditunjukkan? || C-SPAN", {"context": "In the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which replaced the Four Food Groups. The Senate committee currently responsible for oversight of the USDA is the Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee. Committee hearings are often televised on C-SPAN.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "US Department of Health and Human Services"}], "question": "Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department?", "id": "57270755708984140094d8b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "USDA"}], "question": "Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations?", "id": "57270755708984140094d8b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "MyPlate"}], "question": "What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid?", "id": "57270755708984140094d8b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee"}], "question": "The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee?", "id": "57270755708984140094d8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "C-SPAN"}], "question": "On which channel are committee meetings often shown?", "id": "57270755708984140094d8b9"}]}], ["Tisu haiwan terdiri daripada unsur-unsur dan sebatian yang dicerna, dicerna, diserap, dan diedarkan melalui aliran darah untuk memberi makan sel-sel badan. Kecuali pada janin yang belum lahir, sistem pencernaan adalah sistem pertama yang terlibat [kabur]. Jis pencernaan memecahkan ikatan kimia dalam molekul yang menelan, dan mengubah suai persamaan dan keadaan tenaga. Walaupun beberapa molekul diserap ke dalam aliran darah tidak berubah, proses pencernaan melepaskan mereka dari matriks makanan. Perkara yang tidak diserap, bersama dengan beberapa produk sisa metabolisme, dikeluarkan dari badan dalam tinja. <> Melalui apa bahagian badan adalah nutrien yang diangkut untuk memberi makan sel? || aliran darah <> Di mana keadaan tertentu sistem pencernaan bukan sistem pertama yang terlibat dalam pemprosesan nutrien? || janin yang belum lahir <> Apa yang dapat memecahkan ikatan dalam molekul yang tertelan? || Jis pencernaan <> Molekul-molekul yang dibebaskan daripada makanan yang ditelan telah dilakukan melalui proses yang mana? || proses pencernaan <> Melalui cara yang mana bahan-bahan tidak diserap dan produk sisa dikeluarkan? || najis", {"context": "Animal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and modify their conformations and energy states. Though some molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream unchanged, digestive processes release them from the matrix of foods. Unabsorbed matter, along with some waste products of metabolism, is eliminated from the body in the feces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "bloodstream"}], "question": "Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells?", "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "unborn fetus"}], "question": "In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing?", "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Digestive juices"}], "question": "What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules?", "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "digestive processes"}], "question": "Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process?", "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "feces"}], "question": "Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted?", "id": "5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f4"}]}], ["Pengajian status pemakanan mesti mengambil kira keadaan badan sebelum dan selepas eksperimen, serta komposisi kimia keseluruhan diet dan semua bahan yang dikeluarkan dan dihapuskan dari badan (dalam air kencing dan najis). Membandingkan makanan ke sisa boleh membantu menentukan sebatian dan elemen tertentu yang diserap dan dimetabolismakan dalam badan. Kesan nutrien hanya boleh dilihat dalam tempoh yang panjang, di mana semua makanan dan sisa mesti dianalisis. Bilangan pembolehubah yang terlibat dalam eksperimen tersebut tinggi, menjadikan kajian pemakanan memakan masa dan mahal, yang menjelaskan mengapa sains pemakanan haiwan masih perlahan-lahan berkembang. <> Apa yang perlu dibandingkan dengan produk buangan manusia untuk menentukan apa yang diserap dalam tubuh? || Makanan <> Penting untuk memeriksa kedua-dua tinja dan apa kotoran lain ketika belajar penyerapan? || air kencing <> Selain memakan masa, apa lagi kajian nutrisi kerana kiraan panjang dan pembolehubah mereka? || mahal <> Di mana kadar sains di sebalik pemakanan terus berkembang? || perlahan-lahan", {"context": "Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "food"}], "question": "What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?", "id": "57270149708984140094d855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "urine"}], "question": "It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?", "id": "57270149708984140094d856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "expensive"}], "question": "Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?", "id": "57270149708984140094d857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "slowly"}], "question": "At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?", "id": "57270149708984140094d858"}]}], ["Pemakanan diajar di sekolah-sekolah di banyak negara. Di England dan Wales, kurikulum Pendidikan Peribadi dan Sosial dan Teknologi Makanan merangkumi pemakanan, menekankan pentingnya diet yang seimbang dan mengajar cara membaca label nutrisi pada pembungkusan. Di banyak sekolah, kelas Pemakanan akan berada di dalam jabatan Kesihatan dan Keluarga atau Pengguna Kesihatan. Di beberapa sekolah Amerika, pelajar dikehendaki mengambil beberapa kelas FCS atau Kesihatan yang berkaitan. Pemakanan ditawarkan di banyak sekolah, dan, jika bukan kelas sendiri, pemakanan dimasukkan ke dalam kelas FCS atau Kesihatan lain seperti: Kemahiran Hidup, Hidup Bebas, Survival Tunggal, Sambungan Segar, Kesihatan dan sebagainya. Di banyak kelas Pemakanan pelajar belajar tentang kumpulan makanan, piramid makanan, Elaun Disyorkan Harian, kalori, vitamin, mineral, kekurangan zat makanan, aktiviti fizikal, pilihan makanan yang sihat, saiz bahagian dan cara hidup yang sihat. <> Di England dan di mana negara lain ada kurikulum yang berkisar mengenai pendidikan nutrisi? || Wales <> Apakah nama rasmi kurikulum yang menggalakkan pendidikan nutrisi di sekolah? || Kurikulum Pendidikan Peribadi dan Sosial dan Teknologi Makanan <> Apakah FCS berdiri? || Keluarga dan Sains Pengguna <> Selain dari diet dan maklumat pemakanan umum, apa lagi kurikulum di England dan Wales yang bertujuan untuk mengajar para pelajar? || cara membaca label nutrisi pada pembungkusan <> Di mana jenis sekolah adalah anak-anak yang diperlukan untuk mengambil beberapa kursus berkaitan kesihatan? || Amerika", {"context": "Nutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall within the Family and Consumer Science or Health departments. In some American schools, students are required to take a certain number of FCS or Health related classes. Nutrition is offered at many schools, and, if it is not a class of its own, nutrition is included in other FCS or Health classes such as: Life Skills, Independent Living, Single Survival, Freshmen Connection, Health etc. In many Nutrition classes, students learn about the food groups, the food pyramid, Daily Recommended Allowances, calories, vitamins, minerals, malnutrition, physical activity, healthful food choices, portion sizes, and how to live a healthy life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Wales"}], "question": "In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education?", "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula"}], "question": "What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools?", "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Family and Consumer Science"}], "question": "What does FCS stand for?", "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "how to read nutrition labels on packaging"}], "question": "Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students?", "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "American"}], "question": "In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses?", "id": "572708fa5951b619008f84fd"}]}], ["Contoh inisiatif negeri untuk mempromosikan literasi pemakanan adalah Badan Pintar, perkongsian awam-swasta antara sistem universiti terbesar di negeri dan penanggung insurans kesihatan terbesar, Pusat Pertanian Negeri Louisiana dan Blue Cross dan Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Dilancarkan pada tahun 2005, program ini menggalakkan corak makan sepanjang hayat dan gaya hidup aktif secara fizikal untuk kanak-kanak dan keluarga mereka. Ia adalah program pendidikan interaktif yang direka untuk membantu mencegah obesiti kanak-kanak melalui aktiviti bilik darjah yang mengajar kanak-kanak tabiat makan yang sihat dan senaman fizikal. <> Apakah matlamat Badan Pintar? || untuk mempromosikan literasi pemakanan <> Badan-badan Pintar adalah contoh inisiatif yang dimulakan oleh tahap kerajaan? || state <> The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation bergabung dengan mana Universitas untuk membantu mengembangkan Badan Pintar? || Pusat Pertanian Negeri Louisiana <> Bilakah inisiatif Badan Bodas yang pertama dibebaskan? || 2005 <> Apa inisiatif yang khusus disasarkan? || obesiti kanak-kanak", {"context": "An example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state\u2019s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this program promotes lifelong healthful eating patterns and physically active lifestyles for children and their families. It is an interactive educational program designed to help prevent childhood obesity through classroom activities that teach children healthful eating habits and physical exercise.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "to promote nutrition literacy"}], "question": "What is the goal of Smart Bodies?", "id": "57270821708984140094d8d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "state"}], "question": "Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government?", "id": "57270821708984140094d8d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Louisiana State Agricultural Center"}], "question": "The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies?", "id": "57270821708984140094d8d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "2005"}], "question": "When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released?", "id": "57270821708984140094d8d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "childhood obesity"}], "question": "What does the initiative specifically target?", "id": "57270821708984140094d8d5"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, pesakit dietit berdaftar (RD) atau dilesenkan (LD) dengan Suruhanjaya untuk Pendaftaran Dietetik dan Persatuan Dietetik Amerika, dan hanya boleh menggunakan tajuk \"ahli diet\", seperti yang diterangkan oleh kod perniagaan dan profesion masing-masing nyatakan, ketika mereka telah memenuhi prasyarat pendidikan dan pengalaman khusus dan lulus pemeriksaan nasional atau pemeriksaan perizinan. Di California, ahli diet berdaftar mesti mematuhi \"Kod Perniagaan dan Profesi Seksyen 2585-2586.8\". Sesiapa sahaja boleh memanggil diri sebagai ahli pemakanan, termasuk pesakit diet yang tidak layak, kerana istilah ini tidak terkawal. Sesetengah negeri, seperti Negeri Florida, telah mula memasukkan tajuk \"ahli pemakanan\" dalam keperluan pelesenan negeri. Kebanyakan kerajaan menyediakan panduan mengenai pemakanan, dan ada juga yang mengenakan keperluan pendedahan / pelabelan mandatori untuk pengilang makanan dan restoran yang diproses untuk membantu pengguna mematuhi arahan tersebut. <> Apakah singkatan untuk orang diet berisiko di Amerika Syarikat? || LD <> Siapa ahli diet perlu mendaftar selain daripada Persatuan Dietetik Amerika untuk diiktiraf seperti di Amerika Syarikat? || Suruhanjaya untuk Pendaftaran Dietetik <> Yang istilah tertentu adalah tidak terkawal tetapi masih sering dikaitkan dengan profesional ketika datang ke makanan dan diet? || pakar pemakanan <> Negara manakah yang mula mengawal perkataan \"ahli pemakanan\"? || Florida <> Apa restoran dan pengeluar makanan yang perlu diikuti untuk membantu pengguna yang ingin mengikuti garis panduan diet? || keperluan pendedahan / pelabelan", {"context": "In the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific educational and experiential prerequisites and passed a national registration or licensure examination, respectively. In California, registered dietitians must abide by the \"Business and Professions Code of Section 2585-2586.8\". Anyone may call themselves a nutritionist, including unqualified dietitians, as this term is unregulated. Some states, such as the State of Florida, have begun to include the title \"nutritionist\" in state licensure requirements. Most governments provide guidance on nutrition, and some also impose mandatory disclosure/labeling requirements for processed food manufacturers and restaurants to assist consumers in complying with such guidance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "LD"}], "question": "What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US?", "id": "572706815951b619008f84d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Commission for Dietetic Registration"}], "question": "Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US?", "id": "572706815951b619008f84d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "nutritionist"}], "question": "Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets?", "id": "572706815951b619008f84d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "Florida"}], "question": "Which state has started to regulate the word \"nutritionist\"?", "id": "572706815951b619008f84d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "disclosure/labeling requirements"}], "question": "What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines?", "id": "572706815951b619008f84d7"}]}], ["Diet karnivor dan diet herbivore berbeza, dengan asas nitrogen dan proporsi karbon berbeza untuk makanan tertentu mereka. \"Kandungan nitrogen tisu tumbuhan adalah purata kira-kira 2%, manakala dalam kulat, haiwan, dan bakteria ia purata kira-kira 5% hingga 10%.\" Ramai herbivora bergantung kepada penapaian bakteria untuk mencipta nutrien yang boleh dicerna dari selulosa tumbuhan yang tidak boleh dicerna, sementara wajib karnivor mesti makan daging haiwan untuk mendapatkan vitamin tertentu atau nutrien tubuh mereka tidak dapat mensintesiskan sebaliknya. Semua diet haiwan mesti menyediakan jumlah blok asas yang diperlukan, sehingga titik biologi tertentu dapat mensintesiskan selebihnya. Tisu haiwan mengandungi sebatian kimia, seperti air, karbohidrat (gula, kanji, dan serat), asid amino (dalam protein), asid lemak (dalam lipid), dan asid nukleik (DNA dan RNA). Senyawa ini pula terdiri daripada unsur-unsur seperti karbon, hidrogen, oksigen, nitrogen, fosforus, kalsium, besi, zink, magnesium, mangan, dan sebagainya. Semua sebatian dan unsur kimia ini berlaku dalam pelbagai bentuk dan gabungan (contohnya hormon, vitamin, fosfolipid, hidroksiapatit). <> Selain daripada nitrogen, apa lagi elemen lain yang berbeza antara diet karnivora dan herbivor? || karbon <> Berapa peratus kandungan nitrogen biasanya ditemui dalam kulat? || 5% hingga 10% <> Apa proses pemecahan selulosa yang digunakan oleh herbivora bergantung kepada nutrien penting mereka? || penapaian bakteria <> Selain daripada gula dan serat, apa lagi yang mengandungi karbohidrat? || kanji <> Di mana boleh didapati asid lemak? || lipid", {"context": "Carnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. All animals' diets must provide sufficient amounts of the basic building blocks they need, up to the point where their particular biology can synthesize the rest. Animal tissue contains chemical compounds, such as water, carbohydrates (sugar, starch, and fiber), amino acids (in proteins), fatty acids (in lipids), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). These compounds in turn consist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, manganese, and so on. All of these chemical compounds and elements occur in various forms and combinations (e.g. hormones, vitamins, phospholipids, hydroxyapatite).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "carbon"}], "question": "Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet?", "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "5% to 10%"}], "question": "What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi?", "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "bacterial fermentation"}], "question": "What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients?", "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "starch"}], "question": "Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of?", "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "lipids"}], "question": "Where can fatty acids be found?", "id": "5726fdd95951b619008f8435"}]}], ["Pada masa kemasukan ini, kami tidak dapat mengenal pasti sebarang kajian literasi pemakanan tertentu di A.S. pada peringkat kebangsaan. Walau bagaimanapun, penemuan Penilaian Literasi Dewasa Kebangsaan (NAAL) 2003 menyediakan asas untuk membendung masalah literasi pemakanan di Amerika Syarikat yang memperkenalkan langkah pertama yang \"sejauh mana individu mempunyai keupayaan untuk memperoleh, memproses dan memahami maklumat asas dan perkhidmatan kesihatan yang diperlukan untuk membuat keputusan kesihatan yang sesuai \"- Objektif Orang Sihat 2010 dan yang mana literasi pemakanan mungkin dianggap subset penting. Pada skala di bawah dasar, asas, perantaraan dan mahir, NAAL mendapati 13 peratus orang dewasa Amerika mempunyai literasi kesihatan yang mahir, 44% mempunyai celik perantaraan, 29 peratus mempunyai literasi asas dan 14 peratus mempunyai di bawah literasi kesihatan asas. Kajian itu mendapati bahawa peningkatan literasi kesihatan dengan pendidikan dan orang yang hidup di bawah tahap kemiskinan mempunyai literasi kesihatan yang lebih rendah daripada yang di atasnya. <> Di mana negara di sana tiada kajian literasi pemakanan khusus di peringkat kebangsaan yang boleh dijumpai? || A.S. <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan singkatan NAAL? || Penilaian Kebangsaan Literasi Dewasa <> Berapa banyak rakyat Amerika yang didapati memiliki celik kesihatan pertengahan? || 44% <> Berapa peratus rakyat Amerika jatuh di bawah asas literasi kesihatan? || 14 <> Orang yang mempunyai kadar celik kesihatan yang lebih rendah didapati berada di bawah standard apa? || tahap kemiskinan", {"context": "At the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced the first ever measure of \"the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions\" \u2013 an objective of Healthy People 2010 and of which nutrition literacy might be considered an important subset. On a scale of below basic, basic, intermediate and proficient, NAAL found 13 percent of adult Americans have proficient health literacy, 44% have intermediate literacy, 29 percent have basic literacy and 14 percent have below basic health literacy. The study found that health literacy increases with education and people living below the level of poverty have lower health literacy than those above it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "U.S."}], "question": "In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found?", "id": "572709f75951b619008f8517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "National Assessment of Adult Literacy"}], "question": "What does the abbreviation NAAL represent?", "id": "572709f75951b619008f8518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 745, "text": "44%"}], "question": "How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy?", "id": "572709f75951b619008f8519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "14"}], "question": "What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy?", "id": "572709f75951b619008f851a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 947, "text": "level of poverty"}], "question": "People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard?", "id": "572709f75951b619008f851b"}]}], ["Tanaman pengambilan unsur-unsur penting dari tanah melalui akarnya dan dari udara (terdiri terutamanya nitrogen dan oksigen) melalui daun mereka. Tumbuhan hijau memperoleh bekalan karbohidrat dari karbon dioksida di udara melalui proses fotosintesis. Karbon dan oksigen diserap dari udara, manakala nutrien lain diserap dari tanah. Pengambilan nutrien dalam tanah dicapai melalui pertukaran kation, di mana akar rambut pam ion hidrogen (H +) ke dalam tanah melalui pam proton. Ion hidrogen ini memindahkan kation yang dilampirkan kepada zarah-zarah tanah yang dikenakan secara negatif supaya kation boleh didapati untuk pengambilan oleh akar. Di daun, stomata terbuka untuk mengambil karbon dioksida dan mengusir oksigen. Molekul karbon dioksida digunakan sebagai sumber karbon dalam fotosintesis. <> Bagaimana tumbuhan menyerap unsur-unsur penting yang ada di dalam tanah? || melalui akar mereka <> Memiliki daun membolehkan tumbuhan menyerap nutrien melalui medium mana? || udara <> Apakah proses yang ditanam tumbuhan untuk mendapatkan karbohidrat? || fotosintesis <> Apa proses yang dipanggil di mana tumbuh-tumbuhan mengumpul nutrien dari tanah di sekitar akarnya? || pertukaran kation <> Apa bahagian daun dalam tumbuhan mengambil dalam karbon dioksida dan mengeluarkan oksigen? || stomata", {"context": "Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "through their roots"}], "question": "How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil?", "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "air"}], "question": "Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium?", "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "photosynthesis"}], "question": "What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates?", "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "cation exchange"}], "question": "What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots?", "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "stomata"}], "question": "What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen?", "id": "572702dddd62a815002e979e"}]}], ["Penyelidikan dalam bidang pemakanan telah banyak menyumbang untuk mengetahui fakta-fakta penting tentang bagaimana penumpahan alam sekitar boleh membawa kepada masalah kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan pemakanan penting seperti pencemaran, penyebaran penyakit berjangkit, kekurangan zat makanan, dan sebagainya. Pencemaran alam sekitar disebabkan oleh pengeluaran pertanian dan bahan kimia perindustrian seperti organokolina, logam berat, dan radionuklidot boleh menjejaskan manusia dan ekosistem secara keseluruhan. Sejauh keselamatan kesihatan manusia, maka pencemaran alam sekitar ini dapat mengurangkan status dan kesihatan pemakanan rakyat. Ini boleh secara langsung atau tidak langsung menyebabkan perubahan drastik dalam tabiat diet mereka. Oleh itu, pemulihan berasaskan makanan serta strategi pencegahan adalah penting untuk menangani isu-isu global seperti kelaparan dan kekurangan zat makanan dan bagi membolehkan orang yang mudah terdedah untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan semua perubahan alam sekitar dan sosio-ekonomi ini. <> Apa yang boleh menjejaskan alam sekitar? || masalah kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan pemakanan yang penting <> Selain daripada kekurangan zat makanan dan penyebaran penyakit, apakah contoh masalah kesihatan yang timbul akibat pengurangan persekitaran? || pencemaran <> Selain bahan kimia industri, apa industri lain yang mengeluarkan bahan kimia yang boleh mencemarkan alam sekitar? || pertanian <> Pembebasan dan pencemaran alam sekitar mempengaruhi apa sistem penting selain bangsa manusia? || ekosistem <> Jika status pemakanan dan kesihatan pemakanan rakyat berubah, apakah ini boleh mempengaruhi dalam rutin harian mereka? || tabiat diet", {"context": "Research in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to discharge of agricultural as well as industrial chemicals like organocholrines, heavy metal, and radionucleotides may adversely affect the human and the ecosystem as a whole. As far as safety of the human health is concerned, then these environmental contaminants can reduce people's nutritional status and health. This could directly or indirectly cause drastic changes in their diet habits. Hence, food-based remedial as well as preventive strategies are essential to address global issues like hunger and malnutrition and to enable the susceptible people to adapt themselves to all these environmental as well as socio-economic alterations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "crucial nutrition-related health problems"}], "question": "What can environmental depletion lead to?", "id": "57270596708984140094d897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "contamination"}], "question": "Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion?", "id": "57270596708984140094d898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "agricultural"}], "question": "Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment?", "id": "57270596708984140094d899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "the ecosystem"}], "question": "The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race?", "id": "57270596708984140094d89a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "diet habits"}], "question": "If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine?", "id": "57270596708984140094d89b"}]}], ["Terdapat perdebatan mengenai bagaimana dan sejauh mana faktor pemakanan yang berlainan - seperti pengambilan karbohidrat yang diproses, jumlah protein, lemak, dan asid karbohidrat, asupan asid lemak tepu dan trans, dan pengambilan vitamin / mineral yang rendah-menyumbang kepada pembangunan insulin dan rintangan leptin. Dalam mana-mana hal, analogi dengan pencemaran buatan manusia moden mungkin mempunyai potensi untuk mengatasi keupayaan alam sekitar untuk mengekalkan homeostasis, pengenalan bahan letupan baru-baru ini indeks glisemik tinggi dan makanan yang diproses ke dalam diet manusia mungkin memiliki potensi untuk mengatasi keupayaan tubuh untuk mengekalkan homeostasis dan kesihatan (seperti yang dibuktikan oleh wabak sindrom metabolik). <> Perdebatan tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangan insulin dan leptin bukan hanya tentang bagaimana, tetapi juga tentang faktor lain? || sejauh manakah <> selain dari makanan yang diproses, apa lagi yang baru diperkenalkan kepada diet manusia? || indeks glisemik tinggi <> Apakah contoh keupayaan tubuh untuk mengekalkan homeostasis yang menjadi kewalahan? || epidemik sindrom metabolik", {"context": "There is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors\u2014 such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals\u2014contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistance. In any case, analogous to the way modern man-made pollution may possess the potential to overwhelm the environment's ability to maintain homeostasis, the recent explosive introduction of high glycemic index and processed foods into the human diet may possess the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to maintain homeostasis and health (as evidenced by the metabolic syndrome epidemic).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "to what extent"}], "question": "The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor?", "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "high glycemic index"}], "question": "Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet?", "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "metabolic syndrome epidemic"}], "question": "What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed?", "id": "57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ac"}]}], ["Keadaan obesitas jelas menyumbang kepada ketahanan insulin, yang pada gilirannya dapat menyebabkan diabetes tipe 2. Hampir semua pesakit diabetes dan jenis 2 jenis diabetes mempunyai rintangan insulin yang bertanda. Walaupun persamaan antara ketahanan berat badan dan rintangan insulin adalah jelas, penyebab rintangan insulin yang pasti (berkecuali) kekal tidak jelas. Adalah penting untuk diperhatikan bahawa ia telah menunjukkan bahawa senaman yang sesuai, pengambilan makanan yang lebih teratur, dan mengurangkan beban glisemik (lihat di bawah) semua boleh membalikkan rintangan insulin pada individu yang berlebihan berat badan (dan dengan itu menurunkan kadar gula darah pada pesakit diabetes jenis 2). <> Rintangan insulin telah dikaitkan dengan masalah kesihatan yang mana? || obesiti <> Jika seseorang bergelut dengan rintangan insulin, jenis diabetes boleh berkembang akibatnya? || ketik 2 <> Hampir semua individu yang menderita kencing manis jenis 2 dan / atau obesitas didapati memiliki sifat apa? || Rintangan insulin bertanda <> Latihan yang sesuai dan mengurangkan beban glisemik adalah dua contoh cara untuk merangsang proses yang mana? || rintangan insulin terbalik", {"context": "The state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious) causes of insulin resistance remain less clear. It is important to note that it has been demonstrated that appropriate exercise, more regular food intake, and reducing glycemic load (see below) all can reverse insulin resistance in overweight individuals (and thereby lower blood sugar levels in those with type 2 diabetes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "obesity"}], "question": "Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue?", "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "type 2"}], "question": "If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result?", "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "marked insulin resistance"}], "question": "Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait?", "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f388"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "reverse insulin resistance"}], "question": "Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process?", "id": "57271739f1498d1400e8f389"}]}], ["Statistik ini menunjuk kepada kerumitan yang mengelilingi kekurangan literasi kesihatan / nutrisi dan mendedahkan sejauh mana ia tertanam dalam struktur sosial dan saling berkaitan dengan masalah lain. Antara masalah ini ialah kekurangan maklumat mengenai pilihan makanan, kekurangan pemahaman tentang maklumat pemakanan dan pemakaiannya kepada keadaan individu, akses terhad atau sukar untuk makanan sihat, dan pelbagai pengaruh budaya dan kekangan sosioekonomi seperti tahap pendidikan yang rendah dan tahap kemiskinan yang tinggi yang mengurangkan peluang untuk makan dan hidup yang sihat. <> Apa kajian menunjukkan terdapat kurangnya pemahaman penduduk? || maklumat pemakanan <> Kajian menunjukkan bahawa terdapat kekurangan maklumat di kawasan berkenaan tentang jenis pilihan apa? || makanan <> Apa yang didapati terhad atau sekurang-kurangnya sukar untuk mendapat akses ke kawasan yang dikaji? || Makanan yang sihat <> Apakah kekangan apa yang didapati mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap literasi nutrisi? || Sosioekonomi <> Selain daripada orang-orang besar yang hidup dalam kemiskinan, apa lagi yang dianggap sebagai kekangan sosioekonomi yang mengakibatkan penurunan peluang untuk pilihan makanan yang sihat? || tahap pendidikan yang rendah", {"context": "These statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of nutritional information and its application to individual circumstances, limited or difficult access to healthful foods, and a range of cultural influences and socioeconomic constraints such as low levels of education and high levels of poverty that decrease opportunities for healthful eating and living.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "nutritional information"}], "question": "What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population?", "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "food"}], "question": "The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice?", "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "healthful foods"}], "question": "What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region?", "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "socioeconomic"}], "question": "What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy?", "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "low levels of education"}], "question": "Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices?", "id": "57270cbadd62a815002e9854"}]}], ["Beberapa baris bukti menunjukkan hiperinsulinemia yang disebabkan oleh gaya hidup dan fungsi insulin yang berkurangan (iaitu, rintangan insulin) sebagai faktor penentu dalam banyak keadaan penyakit. Sebagai contoh, hiperinsulinemia dan rintangan insulin sangat dikaitkan dengan keradangan kronik, yang kemudian dikaitkan dengan pelbagai perkembangan buruk seperti mikrostruktur arteri dan pembentukan bekuan (iaitu, penyakit jantung) dan pembahagian sel yang berlebihan (iaitu, kanser). Hyperinsulinemia dan rintangan insulin (yang dikenali sebagai sindrom metabolik) dicirikan oleh gabungan obesiti abdomen, gula darah tinggi, tekanan darah tinggi, trigliserida darah tinggi, dan kolesterol HDL yang dikurangkan. Kesan negatif hiperinsulinemia terhadap baki prostaglandin PGE1 / PGE2 mungkin signifikan. <> Mengurangkan fungsi insulin juga boleh mengikut apa yang lain? || rintangan insulin <> Selain fungsi insulin yang berkurang, apa lagi yang menyumbang banyak kepada keadaan penyakit? || hiperinsulinemia yang disebabkan oleh gaya hidup <> Mikrokritis dan penyakit jantung arteri boleh dikaitkan semula dengan isu kesihatan yang disebabkan oleh hiperinsulinemia? || Keradangan kronik <> Sindrom metabolik adalah istilah yang merujuk kepada isu kesihatan mana? || rintangan insulin <> Hyperinsulinemia mempunyai kesan negatif pada tahap yang mana molekul penting dalam badan? || prostaglandin PGE1 / PGE2", {"context": "Several lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked to a variety of adverse developments such as arterial microinjuries and clot formation (i.e., heart disease) and exaggerated cell division (i.e., cancer). Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (the so-called metabolic syndrome) are characterized by a combination of abdominal obesity, elevated blood sugar, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood triglycerides, and reduced HDL cholesterol. The negative impact of hyperinsulinemia on prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 balance may be significant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "insulin resistance"}], "question": "Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term?", "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f372"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia"}], "question": "Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states?", "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "chronic inflammation"}], "question": "Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia?", "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "insulin resistance"}], "question": "The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue?", "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2"}], "question": "Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body?", "id": "57271689f1498d1400e8f376"}]}], ["Kanser kini biasa di negara-negara membangun. Menurut kajian oleh Agensi Penyelidikan Kanser Antarabangsa, \"Di dunia yang membangun, kanser hati, perut dan kerongkong lebih umum, sering dikaitkan dengan pengambilan makanan yang dipelihara karsinogenik, seperti makanan asap atau asin, dan jangkitan parasit yang menyerang organ. \" Kadar kanser paru meningkat dengan pesat di negara-negara yang lebih miskin kerana peningkatan penggunaan tembakau. Negara maju \"cenderung mempunyai kanser yang dikaitkan dengan kemewahan atau 'gaya hidup Barat' - kanser kolon, rektum, payudara dan prostat - yang boleh disebabkan oleh obesiti, kurang senaman, diet dan umur.\" <> Masalah kesihatan mana yang sekarang menjadi isu umum di negara-negara membangun? || Kanser <> Organisasi mana yang membuat kajian terhadap kanser di negara-negara membangun? || Agensi Antarabangsa untuk Penyelidikan Kanser <> Apakah kanser seperti kanser hati atau kanser perut didapati mempunyai pautan ke? || pengambilan makanan karsinogenik yang dipelihara <> Kebangkitan kanser paru-paru di negara-negara miskin boleh dikaitkan dengan penggunaan produk mana? || tembakau <> Obesiti, kurang senaman, umur dan diet adalah faktor risiko yang dikaitkan dengan kanser yang sama sekali berbeza dari gaya hidup apa? || Barat", {"context": "Cancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, and parasitic infections that attack organs.\" Lung cancer rates are rising rapidly in poorer nations because of increased use of tobacco. Developed countries \"tended to have cancers linked to affluence or a 'Western lifestyle' \u2014 cancers of the colon, rectum, breast and prostate \u2014 that can be caused by obesity, lack of exercise, diet and age.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cancer"}], "question": "Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries?", "id": "572714d2708984140094d975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "International Agency for Research on Cancer"}], "question": "Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries?", "id": "572714d2708984140094d976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods"}], "question": "What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to?", "id": "572714d2708984140094d977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "tobacco"}], "question": "The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product?", "id": "572714d2708984140094d978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Western"}], "question": "Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle?", "id": "572714d2708984140094d979"}]}], ["Obesiti tidak boleh mengubah keadaan hormon dan metabolik melalui rintangan kepada leptin hormon, dan kitaran ganas boleh berlaku di mana insulin / rintangan leptin dan obesiti memburukkan satu sama lain. Kitaran ganas secara rangsangan dipicu oleh rangsangan insulin / leptin yang berterusan dan simpanan lemak, akibat daripada pengambilan makanan dan tenaga yang tinggi dalam insulin / leptin. Kedua-dua insulin dan leptin biasanya berfungsi sebagai isyarat saraf kepada hypothalamus di dalam otak; Walau bagaimanapun, rintangan insulin / leptin dapat mengurangkan isyarat ini dan oleh itu membolehkan terlalu banyak makan berlebihan walaupun kedai lemak besar. Di samping itu, pengurangan leptin yang memberi isyarat kepada otak dapat mengurangkan kesan normal leptin untuk mengekalkan kadar metabolik yang tinggi. <> Obesiti boleh menyebabkan ketahanan terhadap hormon yang mana? || leptin <> Dalam kitaran ganas yang disebut, apa yang membebankan obesiti untuk meneruskan kitaran? || rintangan insulin / leptin <> Ciri-ciri kitaran selain penyimpanan lemak adalah rangsangan berterusan yang tinggi? || insulin / leptin <> Apakah fungsi insulin dan leptin yang biasa diberikan dalam tubuh? || isyarat kesedaran kepada hipotalamus <> Apakah kesannya terhadap insulin / leptin terhadap insulin / leptin? || mengurangkan isyarat ini", {"context": "Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of high intake of strongly insulin/leptin stimulating foods and energy. Both insulin and leptin normally function as satiety signals to the hypothalamus in the brain; however, insulin/leptin resistance may reduce this signal and therefore allow continued overfeeding despite large body fat stores. In addition, reduced leptin signalling to the brain may reduce leptin's normal effect to maintain an appropriately high metabolic rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "leptin"}], "question": "Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone?", "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "insulin/leptin resistance"}], "question": "In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle?", "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "insulin/leptin"}], "question": "A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what?", "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "satiety signals to the hypothalamus"}], "question": "What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body?", "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "reduce this signal"}], "question": "What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin?", "id": "572719d5dd62a815002e9904"}]}], ["Pemakanan adalah pandangan bahawa pergantungan yang berlebihan terhadap sains makanan dan kajian pemakanan boleh membawa kepada pemakanan yang tidak baik dan kesihatan yang buruk. Ia pada asalnya dikreditkan kepada Gyorgy Scrinis, dan dipopularkan oleh Michael Pollan. Oleh kerana nutrien tidak dapat dilihat, pembuat dasar bergantung kepada pakar pemakanan untuk memberi nasihat tentang pilihan makanan. Oleh kerana sains mempunyai pemahaman yang tidak lengkap tentang bagaimana makanan menjejaskan tubuh manusia, Pollan berpendapat, nutrisiisme boleh dipersalahkan untuk banyak masalah kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan diet di Dunia Barat hari ini. <> Apakah istilah yang merujuk kepada pandangan yang percaya bahawa pergantungan pada sains makanan adalah penyebab pemakanan yang buruk dan sakit? || Pemakanan <> Yang pada mulanya didakwa telah melahirkan konsep nutrisi? || Gyorgy Scrinis <> Walaupun dia bukan pencipta konsep, siapa yang mempopulerkan idea pemakanan? || Michael Pollan <> Siapa yang harus bergantung kepada pakar pemakanan ketika membuat keputusan tentang makanan dan nilai pemakanan? || pembuat dasar <> Kawasan mana yang mana di dunia yang membuat tuntutan Pollan dapat mengesan masalah kesihatan mereka kembali kepada nutrisi? || Dunia Barat", {"context": "Nutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advise on food choices. Because science has an incomplete understanding of how food affects the human body, Pollan argues, nutritionism can be blamed for many of the health problems relating to diet in the Western World today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nutritionism"}], "question": "What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health?", "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Gyorgy Scrinis"}], "question": "Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism?", "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Michael Pollan"}], "question": "Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism?", "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "policy makers"}], "question": "Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values?", "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Western World"}], "question": "Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism?", "id": "572710d0f1498d1400e8f2f0"}]}], ["Malnutrisi merujuk kepada penggunaan nutrien yang tidak mencukupi, berlebihan, atau tidak seimbang oleh organisma. Di negara maju, penyakit kekurangan zat makanan sering dikaitkan dengan ketidakseimbangan pemakanan atau penggunaan berlebihan. Di negara-negara membangun, kekurangan zat makanan lebih cenderung disebabkan oleh akses yang tidak baik kepada pelbagai makanan berkhasiat atau pengetahuan yang tidak mencukupi. Di Mali, Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) dan Yayasan Aga Khan, kumpulan wanita terlatih untuk membuat persamaan, versi sihat di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 yang sihat dan berkhasiat (terdiri daripada pasta kacang, madu dan madu atau tepung beras). Matlamatnya adalah untuk meningkatkan nutrisi dan mata pencarian dengan menghasilkan produk yang boleh dibuat dan dijual oleh wanita, dan yang akan diterima oleh masyarakat tempatan kerana warisan tempatannya. <> Ketidakseimbangan dalam pengambilan nutrien oleh mana-mana organisma boleh dirujuk oleh istilah mana? || Malnutrisi <> Dalam apa jenis negara yang malnutrisi sering dijumpai sebagai penggunaan yang berlebihan atau sebagai ketidakseimbangan nutrisi? || dikembangkan <> Selain daripada pengetahuan yang tidak mencukupi, apa lagi ciri kekurangan gizi yang terdapat di negara-negara membangun? || akses miskin kepada pelbagai makanan berkhasiat <> Apakah nama tradisional resipi Mali yang disimpulkan adalah berpusing? || di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 <> Apa ringkasan singkatan ICRISAT? || Institut Penyelidikan Tanaman Antarabangsa untuk Tropika Semi-Arid", {"context": "Malnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused by poor access to a range of nutritious foods or inadequate knowledge. In Mali the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Aga Khan Foundation, trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8 (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Malnutrition"}], "question": "An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term?", "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "developed"}], "question": "In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance?", "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "poor access to a range of nutritious foods"}], "question": "Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries?", "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "di-d\u00e8gu\u00e8"}], "question": "What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on?", "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics"}], "question": "What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for?", "id": "57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2df"}]}], ["Sesetengah organisasi telah mula bekerja dengan guru, pembuat dasar, dan kontraktor perkhidmatan makanan yang berjaya untuk mandat kandungan nutrisi yang bertambah baik dan meningkatkan sumber pemakanan di kafetaria sekolah dari institusi utama hingga universiti. Kesihatan dan pemakanan telah terbukti mempunyai hubungan erat dengan kejayaan pendidikan keseluruhan. Pada masa ini, kurang daripada 10% pelajar kolej Amerika melaporkan bahawa mereka makan lima hidangan buah dan sayuran setiap hari. Pemakanan yang lebih baik telah terbukti mempunyai kesan terhadap prestasi memori kognitif dan ruang; satu kajian menunjukkan mereka yang mempunyai kadar gula darah yang lebih tinggi melakukan lebih baik pada ujian memori tertentu. Dalam satu lagi kajian, mereka yang menggunakan yogurt melakukan lebih baik pada tugas pemikiran jika dibandingkan dengan orang-orang yang menggunakan soda makanan atau kafe tanpa kafein. Kekurangan pemakanan telah ditunjukkan mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap tingkah laku pembelajaran tikus sejak tahun 1951. <> Apa organisasi yang mensasarkan dengan tujuan meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi atau sumber daya? || kafetaria sekolah <> Di luar pembuat dasar dan guru, siapa lagi yang menjadi komponen penting untuk meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi di sekolah? || kontraktor makanan perkhidmatan yang dikendalikan <> Apakah kesihatan dan nutrisi yang ditunjukkan mempunyai hubungan dengan dari segi pendidikan? || kejayaan pendidikan keseluruhan <> Berapa peratuskah pelajar Amerika melaporkan bahawa mereka kini makan hidangan dan sayur-sayuran yang disyorkan? || 10 <> Haiwan mana yang ditunjukkan mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap tingkah laku belajar akibat kekurangan pemakanan pada tahun 1951? || tikus", {"context": "Some organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close links with overall educational success. Currently, less than 10% of American college students report that they eat the recommended five servings of fruit and vegetables daily. Better nutrition has been shown to have an impact on both cognitive and spatial memory performance; a study showed those with higher blood sugar levels performed better on certain memory tests. In another study, those who consumed yogurt performed better on thinking tasks when compared to those that consumed caffeine-free diet soda or confections. Nutritional deficiencies have been shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior in mice as far back as 1951.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "school cafeterias"}], "question": "What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources?", "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "managed foodservice contractors"}], "question": "Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools?", "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "overall educational success"}], "question": "What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education?", "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "10"}], "question": "What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables?", "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "mice"}], "question": "Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951?", "id": "5727131c5951b619008f8585"}]}], ["Satu lagi kajian yang mengkaji status literasi kesihatan dan pemakanan penduduk Delta Mississippi yang lebih rendah mendapati bahawa 52 peratus peserta mempunyai kemungkinan kemahiran membaca yang terhad. Walaupun perbandingan yang tepat antara kajian NAAL dan Delta sukar, terutamanya kerana perbezaan metodologi, Zoellner et al. mencadangkan bahawa kadar celik kesihatan di rantau Delta Mississippi adalah berbeza daripada penduduk umum A.S. dan bahawa mereka membantu mewujudkan skop masalah literasi kesihatan di kalangan orang dewasa di rantau Delta. Sebagai contoh, hanya 12 peratus peserta kajian mengenal pasti grafik My Pyramid dua tahun selepas ia dilancarkan oleh USDA. Kajian itu juga mendapati hubungan yang signifikan antara literasi nutrisi dan tahap pendapatan dan literasi pemakanan dan pencapaian pendidikan seterusnya menggariskan keutamaan bagi rantau ini. <> Berapakah peratusan orang yang didapati mempunyai kemahiran membaca yang rendah di rantau Delta Mississippi? || 52 <> Apakah perbezaan utama di antara kajian NAAL dan Delta yang membuat perbandingan sukar? || perbezaan metodologi <> Siapa penulis utama kajian yang mencadangkan bahawa kajian Delta Mississippi mengenal pasti masalah literasi kesihatan? || Zoellner <> Berapa tahunkah graf My Pyramid telah dikeluarkan pada masa kajian Delta Mississippi? || dua <> tahap pendapatan didapati mempunyai korelasi signifikasi yang hasilnya dalam kajian ini? || literasi pemakanan", {"context": "Another study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodological differences, Zoellner et al. suggest that health literacy rates in the Mississippi Delta region are different from the U.S. general population and that they help establish the scope of the problem of health literacy among adults in the Delta region. For example, only 12 percent of study participants identified the My Pyramid graphic two years after it had been launched by the USDA. The study also found significant relationships between nutrition literacy and income level and nutrition literacy and educational attainment further delineating priorities for the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "52"}], "question": "What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region?", "id": "57270b64708984140094d901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "methodological differences"}], "question": "What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult?", "id": "57270b64708984140094d902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "Zoellner"}], "question": "Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy?", "id": "57270b64708984140094d903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "two"}], "question": "For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study?", "id": "57270b64708984140094d904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "nutrition literacy"}], "question": "Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study?", "id": "57270b64708984140094d905"}]}], ["Contoh dramatik mengenai kesan pemprosesan makanan pada kesihatan penduduk adalah sejarah wabak beri-beri pada orang-orang yang hidup pada beras yang dipoles. Mengeluarkan lapisan luar beras dengan menggilap ia membuangnya dengan tii vitamin penting, menyebabkan beri-beri. Satu lagi contoh ialah perkembangan skurvi di kalangan bayi di akhir abad ke-19 di Amerika Syarikat. Ternyata kebanyakan penderita diberi makan susu yang telah dirawat panas (seperti yang dicadangkan oleh Pasteur) untuk mengawal penyakit bakteria. Pasteurisation berkesan terhadap bakteria, tetapi ia memusnahkan vitamin C. <> Apakah orang yang menjadi sakit dengan beri-beri sebagai sumber utama makanan mereka? || nasi digilap <> Apa vitamin dikeluarkan semasa menggilap padi? || thiamine <> Penyakit mana yang menjadi lazim di kalangan bayi di Amerika Syarikat sebagai kesan makanan olahan? || Scurvy <> Apakah rawatan yang diberikan susu yang diberikan kepada bayi untuk mengendalikan penyakit bakteria? || Pasteurisation <> Apa yang musnah semasa pasteurisasi susu? || vitamin C", {"context": "A dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the development of scurvy among infants in the late 19th century in the United States. It turned out that the vast majority of sufferers were being fed milk that had been heat-treated (as suggested by Pasteur) to control bacterial disease. Pasteurisation was effective against bacteria, but it destroyed the vitamin C.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "polished rice"}], "question": "What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source?", "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9944"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "thiamine"}], "question": "What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice?", "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9945"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "scurvy"}], "question": "Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods?", "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9946"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Pasteurisation"}], "question": "What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease?", "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9947"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "vitamin C"}], "question": "What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk?", "id": "5727218cdd62a815002e9948"}]}], ["Sejak Revolusi Perindustrian kira-kira dua ratus tahun yang lalu, industri pemprosesan makanan telah mencipta banyak teknologi yang kedua-duanya membantu menjaga makanan segar lebih lama dan mengubah keadaan segar makanan kerana ia muncul dalam alam semula jadi. Penyejukan adalah teknologi utama yang digunakan untuk mengekalkan kesegaran, sedangkan banyak lagi teknologi telah dicipta untuk membolehkan makanan bertahan lebih lama tanpa menjadi rosak. Teknologi-teknologi yang terakhir ini termasuk pensteralisasi, autoklavasi, pengeringan, garam, dan pemisahan pelbagai komponen, yang semuanya akan mengubah kandungan nutrisi asal makanan. Pasteurisation dan autoclavation (teknik pemanasan) tidak dapat dinafikan peningkatan keselamatan makanan yang banyak, mencegah jangkitan bakteria. Tetapi beberapa teknologi pemprosesan makanan (baru) juga mengalami penurunan. <> Bilakah Revolusi Perindustrian kira-kira bermula? || Dua ratus tahun yang lalu <> Selain mengubah keadaan makanan, apakah tumpuan utama lain dalam peningkatan teknologi untuk industri pemprosesan makanan? || menjaga makanan segar lebih lama <> Teknologi mana yang paling utama bertanggungjawab membantu menjaga makanan segar? || Penyejuk <> Pasteurisation adalah contoh teknologi yang bertujuan untuk melakukan apa makanan? || bertahan lebih lama tanpa menjadi rosak <> Pasteurisation dan autoclavation adalah contoh jenis teknik apa? || pemanasan", {"context": "Since the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more technologies have been invented to allow foods to last longer without becoming spoiled. These latter technologies include pasteurisation, autoclavation, drying, salting, and separation of various components, all of which appearing to alter the original nutritional contents of food. Pasteurisation and autoclavation (heating techniques) have no doubt improved the safety of many common foods, preventing epidemics of bacterial infection. But some of the (new) food processing technologies have downfalls as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "two hundred years ago"}], "question": "When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin?", "id": "57271f3b708984140094da19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "keep foods fresh longer"}], "question": "Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry?", "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Cooling"}], "question": "Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh?", "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "last longer without becoming spoiled"}], "question": "Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food?", "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "heating"}], "question": "Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique?", "id": "57271f3b708984140094da1d"}]}], ["Pengambilan gula yang agak baru-baru ini dikaitkan dengan peningkatan beberapa kesukaran seperti diabetes, obesiti, dan penyakit jantung yang lebih baru. Peningkatan penggunaan gula telah dikaitkan dengan ketiga-tiga ini, antara lain. Tahap obesitas mempunyai lebih daripada dua kali ganda dalam 30 tahun terakhir di kalangan orang dewasa, dari 15% hingga 35% di Amerika Syarikat. Obesiti dan diet juga menjadi faktor risiko tinggi untuk diabetes. Dalam rentang masa yang sama yang obesiti dua kali ganda, bilangan diabetes meningkat empat kali ganda di Amerika. Meningkatkan berat badan, terutamanya dalam bentuk lemak perut, dan pengambilan gula yang tinggi juga faktor risiko tinggi untuk penyakit jantung. Kedua-dua gula dan tisu lemak meningkatkan kebarangkalian kolesterol LDL yang tinggi di dalam aliran darah. Jumlah kolesterol lipoprotein Ketumpatan Rendah (LDL) yang tinggi, adalah faktor utama dalam penyakit jantung. Untuk mengelakkan semua bahaya gula, penggunaan sederhana adalah sangat penting. <> Peningkatan dalam kes diabetes, obesiti dan penyakit jantung dapat dikesan kembali kepada peningkatan penggunaan produk apa? || gula <> Apakah peningkatan dalam obesiti di kalangan orang dewasa dalam 30 tahun yang lalu di Amerika Syarikat? || lebih daripada dua kali ganda <> Apakah peratusan dewasa dewasa yang gemuk di Amerika Syarikat? || 35 <> Dalam tempoh 30 tahun yang lalu, bagaimanakah bilangan kes diabetes telah berubah? || quadrupled <> Apa istilah LDL berdiri? || Lipoprotein berketumpatan rendah", {"context": "The relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among adults, going from 15% to 35% in the United States. Obesity and diet also happen to be high risk factors for diabetes. In the same time span that obesity doubled, diabetes numbers quadrupled in America. Increased weight, especially in the form of belly fat, and high sugar intake are also high risk factors for heart disease. Both sugar intake and fatty tissue increase the probability of elevated LDL cholesterol in the bloodstream. Elevated amounts of Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, is the primary factor in heart disease. In order to avoid all the dangers of sugar, moderate consumption is paramount.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "sugar"}], "question": "The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product?", "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "more than doubled"}], "question": "What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States?", "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "35"}], "question": "What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States?", "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9932"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "quadrupled"}], "question": "Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed?", "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Low-density lipoprotein"}], "question": "What does the term LDL stand for?", "id": "57271de4dd62a815002e9934"}]}], ["Pengambilan air yang berlebihan, tanpa pengisian garam natrium dan kalium, membawa kepada hiponatremia, yang boleh membawa kepada mabuk air pada paras yang lebih berbahaya. Satu kes yang dipublikasikan dengan baik berlaku pada tahun 2007, ketika Jennifer Strange mati ketika berpartisipasi dalam pertandingan minum air. Lebih biasanya, keadaan berlaku dalam peristiwa ketahanan jarak jauh (seperti pertandingan maraton atau triathlon dan latihan) dan menyebabkan kesukaran mental, sakit kepala, mengantuk, kelemahan, dan kekeliruan; kes-kes yang melampau boleh menyebabkan koma, sawan, dan kematian. Kerosakan utama berasal dari pembengkakan otak, disebabkan oleh peningkatan osmosis kerana salinitas darah berkurangan. Teknik penggantian cecair yang berkesan termasuk stesen bantuan air semasa berlari / berbasikal, pelatih menyediakan air semasa permainan pasukan, seperti bola sepak, dan peranti seperti Camel Baks, yang dapat menyediakan air untuk seseorang tanpa membuat terlalu keras untuk minum air. <> Hyponatremia adalah istilah yang merujuk kepada tindakan oleh manusia? || Pengambilan air yang berlebihan, tanpa pengisian garam natrium dan kalium <> Pada tahun 2007, apa jenis pertandingan Jennifer Strange menyertai kematiannya? || minum air <> Di mana jenis peristiwa tertentu boleh didapati orang sering minum air terlalu banyak? || Daya tahan jarak jauh <> Apabila manusia mengalami hiperkatremia, apakah punca utama kerosakan yang mungkin berlaku? || bengkak otak <> Kerosakan ke otak berlaku kerana peningkatan prosesnya? || osmosis", {"context": "Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts"}], "question": "Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?", "id": "57271c795951b619008f8615"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "water-drinking"}], "question": "In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?", "id": "57271c795951b619008f8616"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "long-distance endurance"}], "question": "In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?", "id": "57271c795951b619008f8617"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "swelling of the brain"}], "question": "When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?", "id": "57271c795951b619008f8618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "osmosis"}], "question": "Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?", "id": "57271c795951b619008f8619"}]}], ["Teknik pemisahan moden seperti pengilangan, sentrifugasi, dan menekan telah membolehkan kepekatan komponen tertentu makanan, menghasilkan tepung, minyak, jus, dan sebagainya, dan juga asid lemak berasingan, asid amino, vitamin dan mineral. Tidak dapat dielakkan, kepekatan besar-besaran tersebut mengubah kandungan nutrisi makanan, menyelamatkan nutrien tertentu sambil mengeluarkan orang lain. Teknik pemanasan juga boleh mengurangkan kandungan makanan dari banyak nutrien haba-labil seperti vitamin tertentu dan fitokimia, dan mungkin juga bahan lain yang dapat ditemui. Oleh kerana nilai pemakanan yang dikurangkan, makanan yang diproses sering kali diperkaya atau 'diperkuat' dengan beberapa nutrien yang paling penting (biasanya vitamin tertentu) yang hilang semasa pemprosesan. Walau bagaimanapun, makanan yang diproses cenderung mempunyai profil pemakanan yang rendah berbanding dengan makanan segar dan segar, mengenai kandungan gula dan tinggi pati GI, kalium / natrium, vitamin, serat, dan asid lemak tanpa asid (penting) yang tidak diserap. Di samping itu, makanan yang diproses sering mengandungi bahan yang berpotensi berbahaya seperti lemak teroksidasi dan asid lemak trans. <> Centrifugation dan menekan adalah contoh utama dari apa? || Teknik pemisahan moden <> Kesan sampingan yang tidak diingini untuk memusatkan komponen makanan ialah ia menyebabkan perubahan dalam makanan? || kandungan nutrisi <> Apakah jenis pemakanan yang ada pada makanan yang diproses berbanding dengan varian baru mereka? || dikurangkan <> Apa istilah lain selain 'diperkaya' yang boleh digunakan untuk menggambarkan penambahan nutrien untuk makanan diproses? || diperkaya <> Di luar lemak teroksida, apakah bahan lain yang dianggap berbahaya yang boleh didapati dalam makanan yang diproses? || asid lemak trans", {"context": "Modern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nutritional content of food, saving certain nutrients while removing others. Heating techniques may also reduce food's content of many heat-labile nutrients such as certain vitamins and phytochemicals, and possibly other yet-to-be-discovered substances. Because of reduced nutritional value, processed foods are often 'enriched' or 'fortified' with some of the most critical nutrients (usually certain vitamins) that were lost during processing. Nonetheless, processed foods tend to have an inferior nutritional profile compared to whole, fresh foods, regarding content of both sugar and high GI starches, potassium/sodium, vitamins, fiber, and of intact, unoxidized (essential) fatty acids. In addition, processed foods often contain potentially harmful substances such as oxidized fats and trans fatty acids.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern separation techniques"}], "question": "Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what?", "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "nutritional content"}], "question": "An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food?", "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "reduced"}], "question": "What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants?", "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "enriched"}], "question": "What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food?", "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1092, "text": "trans fatty acids"}], "question": "Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods?", "id": "57272043f1498d1400e8f3ce"}]}], ["Seperti yang dinyatakan, penyakit-penyakit berkaitan gaya hidup dan obesiti semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia. Tidak diragukan lagi bahawa penggunaan teknologi pemprosesan makanan yang semakin meluas telah menyumbang kepada perkembangan ini. Industri pemprosesan makanan adalah sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi moden, dan oleh itu ia berpengaruh dalam keputusan politik (mis., Cadangan pemakanan, subsidi pertanian). Di mana-mana ekonomi yang didorong oleh keuntungan, pertimbangan kesihatan tidak menjadi keutamaan; Pengeluaran makanan yang murah dengan jangka hayat yang lebih lama adalah lebih banyak trend. Secara umum, makanan segar dan segar mempunyai jangka hayat yang agak pendek dan kurang menguntungkan untuk menghasilkan dan menjual daripada makanan yang lebih diproses. Oleh itu, pengguna dibiarkan dengan pilihan antara makanan yang lebih mahal, tetapi nutrisi unggul, keseluruhan, segar, dan murah, biasanya makanan yang lebih rendah dan diproses nutrisi. Oleh kerana makanan yang diproses selalunya lebih murah, lebih mudah (dalam kedua-dua pembelian, penyimpanan, dan penyediaan), dan lebih banyak lagi, penggunaan makanan berkhasiat nutrisi semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia bersama dengan banyak komplikasi kesihatan yang berkaitan dengan pemakanan. <> Apa yang pasti merupakan penyebab peningkatan penyakit berkaitan obesiti yang menjadi lebih besar? || penggunaan teknologi pemprosesan makanan yang meluas secara meluas <> Selain subsidi pertanian, apa lagi pengaruh industri pemprosesan makanan dari segi keputusan politik? || saran pemakanan <> Apa yang dilihat sebagai keutamaan umum industri pemprosesan makanan dalam ekonomi seperti ini? || penghasilan makanan murah dengan jangka hayat yang panjang <> Makanan segar yang lebih mahal mempunyai nilai pemakanan yang berkaitan dengan makanan yang diproses? || unggul <> Selain daripada yang lebih murah, apakah cabaran utama makanan diproses? || lebih mudah", {"context": "As mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major part of modern economy, and as such it is influential in political decisions (e.g., nutritional recommendations, agricultural subsidising). In any known profit-driven economy, health considerations are hardly a priority; effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life is more the trend. In general, whole, fresh foods have a relatively short shelf-life and are less profitable to produce and sell than are more processed foods. Thus, the consumer is left with the choice between more expensive, but nutritionally superior, whole, fresh foods, and cheap, usually nutritionally inferior, processed foods. Because processed foods are often cheaper, more convenient (in both purchasing, storage, and preparation), and more available, the consumption of nutritionally inferior foods has been increasing throughout the world along with many nutrition-related health complications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "widespread application of some modern food processing technologies"}], "question": "What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent?", "id": "5727236a5951b619008f865f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "nutritional recommendations"}], "question": "Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions?", "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life"}], "question": "What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy?", "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "superior"}], "question": "The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food?", "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 958, "text": "more convenient"}], "question": "Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods?", "id": "5727236a5951b619008f8663"}]}]], [["Perancis menggunakan masa yang tepat dan menduduki Alger pada tahun 1830. Pada tahun 1831 Muhammad Ali dari Mesir, yang menjadi vassal paling kuat dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah, mendakwa kemerdekaan. Tentera Uthmaniyyah dikalahkan dalam beberapa pertempuran, dan Mesir bersedia untuk menangkap Constantinople, yang memaksa Sultan Mahmud II mencari bantuan tentera Rusia. 10 000 pasukan tentera Rusia mendarat di tepi Bosphorus pada tahun 1833 dan membantu untuk mencegah penangkapan Constantinople, sehingga kemungkinan penghilangan Empayar Uthmaniyyah dapat dicegah. <> Dalam tahun apakah Perancis bergerak ke Alger? || 1830 <> Pada tahun 1831, yang menjadi pengikut kuat Uthmaniyyah? || Muhammad Ali dari Mesir <> Siapa yang mahu mengambil alih Constantinople? || Mesir <> Apakah pasukan tentera yang Mahmud II meminta pertolongan? || Rusia <> Berapa banyak tentera Rusia dihantar ke tepi Bosphorus? || 10 000", {"context": "France used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmud II to seek for Russian military aid. 10 000 Russian army corps landed on the Bosphorus shores in 1833 and helped to prevent the capture of Constantinople, thus the possible disappearance of the Ottoman Empire was prevented.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1830"}], "question": "In what year did France move into Alger?", "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt"}], "question": "In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire?", "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Egyptians"}], "question": "Who wanted to take over Constantinople?", "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Russian"}], "question": "What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid?", "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "10 000"}], "question": "How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores?", "id": "5726bbb8dd62a815002e8ea0"}]}], ["Perang Crimean merupakan salah satu konflik pertama yang menggunakan teknologi moden seperti peluru angkatan laut, kereta api, dan telegraf bahan peledak. (Preface) Perang adalah salah satu yang pertama didokumentasikan secara meluas dalam laporan bertulis dan gambar. Sebagai legenda \"Brigade Caj\" menunjukkan, perang dengan cepat menjadi simbol ikon kegagalan logistik, perubatan dan taktikal dan salah urus. Reaksi di UK adalah permintaan untuk profesionalisasi, yang paling terkenal dicapai oleh Florence Nightingale, yang mendapat perhatian di seluruh dunia untuk perintis moden perintis ketika merawat yang cedera. <> Apa teknologi moden yang pertama kali digunakan semasa Perang Krimea? || peluru tentera laut, kereta api, dan telegraf bahan peledak letupan <> Siapa yang diiktiraf kerana mengubati yang cedera semasa merintis moden? || Florence Nightingale <> Perang adalah salah satu yang pertama didokumentasikan dalam dua cara? || laporan bertulis dan gambar", {"context": "The Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war quickly became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. The reaction in the UK was a demand for professionalization, most famously achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering modern nursing while treating the wounded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs"}], "question": "What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War?", "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Florence Nightingale"}], "question": "Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing?", "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "written reports and photographs"}], "question": "The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways?", "id": "5726b882dd62a815002e8e22"}]}], ["Sevastopol jatuh selepas sebelas bulan, dan negara-negara yang sebelum ini neutral mula menyertai penyatuan sekutunya. Terisolasi dan menghadapi prospek pencerobohan dari barat jika perang terus berlanjut, Rusia menyaman untuk kedamaian pada bulan Maret 1856. Ini disambut oleh Perancis dan Inggris, di mana warga negara mulai berbalik melawan pemerintah mereka ketika perang menyeret. Perang itu secara rasmi berakhir dengan Perjanjian Paris, yang ditandatangani pada 30 Mac 1856. Rusia kehilangan perang, dan dilarang menggaji kapal perang di Laut Hitam. Negeri-negeri vassal Ottoman di Wallachia dan Moldavia menjadi independen. Orang Kristian diberikan tahap kesamaan rasmi, dan gereja Ortodoks kembali menguasai gereja-gereja Kristian dalam pertikaian. 415 <> Berapa lama diperlukan untuk Sevastopol jatuh? || sebelas bulan <> Siapa yang mahu kedamaian apabila mereka takut diserang dari barat? || Rusia <> Apa nama perjanjian yang menamatkan perang? || Perjanjian Paris <> Bilakah Perjanjian Paris ditandatangani? || 30 Mac 1856 <> Siapa yang mendapat kawalan semula gereja-gereja Kristian selepas perang berakhir? || Gereja Ortodoks", {"context": "Sevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn against their governments as the war dragged on. The war was officially ended by the Treaty of Paris, signed on 30 March 1856. Russia lost the war, and was forbidden from hosting warships in the Black Sea. The Ottoman vassal states of Wallachia and Moldavia became largely independent. Christians were granted a degree of official equality, and the Orthodox church regained control of the Christian churches in dispute.:415", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "eleven months"}], "question": "How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall?", "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west?", "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Treaty of Paris"}], "question": "What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?", "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "30 March 1856"}], "question": "When was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Orthodox church"}], "question": "Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over?", "id": "5726b702f1498d1400e8e8aa"}]}], ["Walaupun gereja-gereja akhirnya menyelesaikan perbezaan mereka dan mencapai persetujuan awal, kedua-dua Nicholas I dari Rusia dan Napoleon III enggan mundur. Nicholas mengeluarkan ultimatum bahawa subjek Ortodoks Empayar diletakkan di bawah perlindungannya. Britain cuba memeterai, dan mengatur kompromi yang Nicholas bersetuju. Apabila Uthmaniyyah menuntut perubahan, Nicholas enggan dan bersedia berperang. Setelah mendapat janji sokongan dari Perancis dan Britain, Uthmaniah secara rasminya mengisytiharkan perang ke Rusia pada bulan Oktober 1853. <> Yang dua angka menolak untuk mundur setelah gereja-gereja menyelesaikan perselisihan mereka? || Nicholas I dari Rusia dan Napoleon III <> Siapa mahu mata pelajaran Ortodoks diletakkan di bawah perlindungan mereka? || Nicholas <> Siapa yang mengatur kompromi yang Nicholas bersetuju? || Britain <> yang menuntut perubahan yang Nicholas kemudian menolak? || Uthmaniyyah <> Berapa bulankah kaum Ottoman mengisytiharkan perang ke Rusia? || Oktober", {"context": "While the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arranged a compromise that Nicholas agreed to. When the Ottomans demanded changes, Nicholas refused and prepared for war. Having obtained promises of support from France and Britain, the Ottomans officially declared war on Russia in October 1853.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III"}], "question": "Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements?", "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Nicholas"}], "question": "Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection?", "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to?", "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Ottomans"}], "question": "Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused?", "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "October"}], "question": "What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia?", "id": "5726b004f1498d1400e8e754"}]}], ["Rusia, sebagai ahli Perikatan Suci, telah beroperasi sebagai \"polis Eropah\", mengekalkan keseimbangan kuasa yang telah ditubuhkan dalam Perjanjian Vienna pada tahun 1815. Rusia telah membantu usaha Austria dalam menekan Revolusi Hongaria 1848, dan mengharapkan terima kasih; ia mahukan tangan yang bebas untuk menyelesaikan masalahnya dengan Empayar Uthmaniyah - \"orang sakit Eropah\". United Kingdom tidak dapat mentolerir dominasi Rusia terhadap urusan Uthmaniyyah, kerana itu akan mencabar dominasi British Mediterranean timur. <> Siapa yang beroperasi sebagai \"polis Eropah\"? || Rusia <> Perjanjian apa yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1815? || Perjanjian Vienna <> Dalam tahun apakah Revolusi Hungaria berlaku? || 1848 <> Siapa yang membantu Rusia semasa Revolusi Hungaria? || Austria <> Sebagai pertukaran untuk membantu Austria, Rusia ingin dapat mengatasi masalah yang mereka miliki dengan siapa? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah", {"context": "Russia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a free hand in settling its problems with the Ottoman Empire \u2014 the \"sick man of Europe\". The United Kingdom could not tolerate Russian dominance of Ottoman affairs, as that would challenge the British domination of the eastern Mediterranean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who operated as the \"police of Europe\"?", "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Treaty of Vienna"}], "question": "What treaty was signing in 1815?", "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "1848"}], "question": "In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place?", "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution?", "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who?", "id": "5726bf8b708984140094d051"}]}], ["Kecewa dengan usaha yang sia-sia, dan dengan tuntutan untuk tindakan dari warga mereka, pasukan bersekutu memutuskan untuk menyerang pusat kekuatan Russia di Laut Hitam di Sevastopol di semenanjung Krimea. Setelah persediaan diperpanjang, angkatan tentera mendarat di semenanjung pada September 1854 dan berjuang menuju ke selatan Sevastopol setelah beberapa siri pertempuran yang berjaya. Orang Russia membalas serangan pada 25 Oktober lalu dalam apa yang menjadi Pertempuran Balaclava dan ditolak, tetapi dengan kos yang serius memusnahkan tentera British. Serangan kedua yang dipesan secara peribadi oleh Nicholas, dikalahkan oleh Omar Pasha. Front diselesaikan menjadi pengepungan dan membawa kepada keadaan yang mengerikan untuk tentera di kedua belah pihak. Tindakan yang lebih kecil dilakukan di Baltik, Caucasus, Laut Putih dan di Pasifik Utara. <> Berhampiran laut apa yang sekutunya memutuskan untuk menyerang orang Russia? || Laut Hitam <> Dalam tahun apakah tanah sekutu di semenanjung Krimea? || 1854 <> Pertempuran Pertempuran Balaclava berlaku dalam bulan apa? || Oktober <> Siapa yang mengalahkan mogok balas Nicholas pada Pertempuran Balaclava? || Omar Pasha <> Semenanjung Crimean terletak di bandar apa? || Sevastopol", {"context": "Frustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought their way to a point south of Sevastopol after a series of successful battles. The Russians counterattacked on 25 October in what became the Battle of Balaclava and were repulsed, but at the cost of seriously depleting the British Army forces. A second counterattack, ordered personally by Nicholas, was defeated by Omar Pasha. The front settled into a siege and led to horrible conditions for troops on both sides. Smaller actions were carried out in the Baltic, the Caucasus, the White Sea and in the North Pacific.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Black Sea"}], "question": "Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians?", "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula?", "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "October"}], "question": "The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month?", "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Omar Pasha"}], "question": "Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava?", "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Sevastopol"}], "question": "The Crimean peninsula is located in what city?", "id": "5726b475dd62a815002e8d7e"}]}], ["Perang Crimean adalah konflik ketenteraan yang berperang antara Oktober 1853 - Mac 1856 di mana Rusia kehilangan persekutuan Perancis, United Kingdom, Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan Sardinia. Penyebab segera melibatkan hak-hak minoriti Kristian di Tanah Suci, yang dikuasai oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah. Perancis mempromosikan hak-hak Katolik, sementara Rusia mempromosikan orang-orang Kristian Ortodoks Timur. Sebab-sebab jangka panjang melibatkan penurunan Kesultanan Uthmaniyyah dan keengganan United Kingdom dan Perancis untuk membolehkan Rusia memperoleh wilayah dan kuasa pada perbelanjaan Uthmaniyyah. Telah banyak diperhatikan bahawa sebab-sebab, dalam satu kes yang melibatkan argumen ke atas kunci, tidak pernah mendedahkan \"kekeliruan tujuan yang lebih besar\", tetapi telah membawa kepada perang yang diperhatikan kerana \"pembunuhan beramai-ramai antarabangsa yang tidak jelas.\" <> Tahun apakah Perang Crimean bermula? || 1853 <> Tahun apakah Perang Krimea berakhir? || 1856 <> Siapa yang mengawal hak minoriti Kristian di Tanah Suci? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Yang mempromosikan hak orang Katolik? || The French <> Yang mempromosikan hak orang Kristian Ortodoks Timur? || Rusia", {"context": "The Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 \u2013 March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Catholics, while Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Christians. The longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the unwillingness of the United Kingdom and France to allow Russia to gain territory and power at Ottoman expense. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, have never revealed a \"greater confusion of purpose\", yet led to a war noted for its \"notoriously incompetent international butchery.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1853"}], "question": "What year did the Crimean War begin?", "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "1856"}], "question": "What year did the Crimean War end?", "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land?", "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "The French"}], "question": "Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people?", "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians?", "id": "5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e8"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1838 keadaannya sedikit sama seperti pada tahun 1831. Muhammad Ali dari Mesir tidak puas dengan kekurangan kawalan dan kekuasaannya di Syria, dia meneruskan tindakan ketenteraan. Tentera Uthmaniah kalah kepada orang Mesir pada Pertempuran Nezib pada 24 Jun 1839. Empayar Uthmaniyyah diselamatkan oleh Great Britain, Austria, Prussia dan Rusia dengan menandatangani konvensyen di London pada 15 Julai 1840 untuk memberikan Muhammad Ali dan keturunannya hak untuk mewarisi kuasa di Mesir sebagai pertukaran untuk menghapuskan pasukan tentera Mesir dari Syria dan Lubnan. Selain itu, Muhammad Ali harus mengakui pergantungan rasmi dari Sultan Uthmaniyyah. Selepas Muhammad Ali enggan mematuhi syarat-syarat konvensyen London, kumpulan bersekutu Anglo-Austria menyekat Delta, membombardir Beirut dan menangkap Acre. Muhammad Ali menerima syarat-syarat konvensyen London pada tahun 1840. Pada tahun 1838, yang tidak senang dengan kekurangannya di Syria? || Muhammad Ali dari Mesir <> Siapa yang kehilangan Uthmaniyyah pada Pertempuran Nezib? || Mesir <> Pada tahun apakah Pertempuran Nezib berlaku? || 1839 <> Siapa yang membantu menyelamatkan Uthmaniyyah dengan menandatangani konvensyen di London? || Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia <> Dalam tahun berapa Muhammad Ali akhirnya menerima syarat-syarat konvensyen London? || 1840", {"context": "In 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia by signing a convention in London in July 15, 1840 to grant Muhammad Ali and his descendants the right to inherit power in Egypt in exchange for removal of Egyptian military forces from Syria and Lebanon. Moreover, Muhammad Ali had to admit a formal dependence from the Ottoman sultan. After Muhammad Ali refused to obey the requirements of the London convention, the allied Anglo-Austrian fleet blocked the Delta, bombarded Beirut and captured Acre. Muhammad Ali accepted the conditions of the London convention in 1840.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Muhammad Ali of Egypt"}], "question": "In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria?", "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Egyptians"}], "question": "Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib?", "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "1839"}], "question": "In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place?", "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia"}], "question": "Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? ", "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "1840"}], "question": "In what year did Muhammad Ali  finally accept the terms of the London convention?", "id": "5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f0a"}]}], ["Perang itu dibuka di Balkan ketika tentara Rusia menduduki provinsi di Romania modern dan mulai menyeberangi Danube. Diketuai oleh Omar Pasha, pihak Uthmaniyyah berperang mempertahankan pertahanan yang kuat dan menghentikan pendahuluan di Silistra. Tindakan berasingan di kota Kars di Kars di Turki timur menyebabkan pengepungan, dan percubaan Turki untuk memperkuat pasukan garisan dihancurkan oleh armada Rusia di Sinop. Takut kepada kejatuhan Uthmaniyyah, Perancis dan Inggeris bergegas ke Gallipoli. Mereka kemudian bergerak ke utara ke Varna pada bulan Jun, tiba tepat pada waktunya untuk meninggalkan Rusia Silistra. Selain pertikaian kecil di Constan\u0163a, terdapat sekutu untuk sekutu. Karl Marx gembira bahawa \"di sana mereka, Perancis tidak melakukan apa-apa dan Inggeris membantu mereka secepat mungkin\". <> Dimana perang bermula? || Balkan <> tentera Rusia mengambil alih mana wilayah pertama? || moden Romania <> Siapa yang diketuai oleh Uthmaniyyah? || Omar Pasha <> Ketika Turki cuba memberikan bala bantuan, di mana mereka berhenti di? || Sinop <> Siapa yang melancarkan pasukan mereka ke Gallipoli ketika mereka takut kepada Uthmaniyyah akan runtuh? || Perancis dan UK", {"context": "The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constan\u021ba there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that \"there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Balkans"}], "question": "Where did the war begin?", "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "modern Romania"}], "question": "Russian troops took over which provinces first?", "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Omar Pasha"}], "question": "Who were the Ottomans led by?", "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Sinop"}], "question": "When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?", "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "France and the UK"}], "question": "Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?", "id": "5726b245dd62a815002e8d28"}]}], ["Pada 1820-1830, Empayar Uthmaniyyah mengalami beberapa serangan yang mencabar kewujudan negara. Uprising Yunani (bermula pada musim semi tahun 1821) membuktikan kelemahan internal dan ketenteraan Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan menyebabkan kekejaman berat oleh pasukan militer Ottoman (lihat pembantaian Chios). Pembubaran korps Janissary yang berabad-abad oleh Sultan Mahmud II pada 15 Jun 1826 (Insiden Auspicious) adalah satu tindakan yang baik untuk negara dalam jangka panjang, tetapi ia telah merosakkan negara dari pasukan tentera untuk masa depan yang terdekat. Pada tahun 1827 kumpulan bersekutu Anglo-Franco-Rusia telah memusnahkan hampir semua angkatan laut Uthmaniyyah semasa Pertempuran Navarino. Pada tahun 1830, Greece menjadi negara merdeka selepas 10 tahun perang kemerdekaan dan Perang Rusia-Turki 1828-1829. Menurut Perjanjian Adrianople (1829) kapal dagang Rusia dan Eropah diberi kuasa untuk bebas melalui Selat Laut Hitam, Serbia menerima otonomi, dan Principal Danubia (Moldavia dan Walachia) menjadi wilayah di bawah perlindungan Rusia. <> Dalam tahun apakah Uprising Yunani berlaku? || 1821 <> Yang membubarkan korps Janissary? || <Sultan Mahmud II <> Pada tahun apakah Janissary Corp dibubarkan? || 1826 <> Yang memusnahkan kebanyakan pasukan tentera laut Uthmaniyah semasa Pertempuran Navarino? || kumpulan bersekutu Anglo-Franco-Rusia <> Pada tahun apakah Greece akhirnya menjadi negara merdeka? || 1830", {"context": "In 1820-1830\u2019s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The disbandment of the centuries-old Janissary corps by Sultan Mahmud II on 15 June 1826 (Auspicious Incident) was a good deed for the country in the longer term, but it has deprived the country from its army forces for the nearest future. In 1827 the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet destroyed almost all the Ottoman naval forces during the Battle of Navarino. In 1830 Greece becomes an independent state after 10 years of independence war and the Russo-Turkish War of 1828\u20131829. According to the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) Russian and European commercial ships were authorized to freely pass through Black Sea straits, Serbia received autonomy, and Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Walachia) became the territories under Russian protection.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1821"}], "question": "In what year did The Greek Uprising take place?", "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Sultan Mahmud II"}], "question": "Who disbanded the Janissary corps?", "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "1826"}], "question": "In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded?", "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet"}], "question": "Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino?", "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "1830"}], "question": "In what year did Greece finally become an independent state?", "id": "5726ba18708984140094cf53"}]}], ["Orang Rusia menghantar sebuah armada ke Sinop di utara Anatolia. Dalam Pertempuran Sinop pada 30 November 1853 mereka memusnahkan skuadron patrol kapal perang Ottoman dan corvettes ketika mereka berlabuh di pelabuhan. Pendapat awam di UK dan Perancis sangat marah dan menuntut perang. Sinop menyediakan United Kingdom dan Perancis dengan casus belli (\"sebab perang\") kerana mengisytiharkan perang melawan Rusia. Pada 28 Mac 1854, selepas Rusia mengabaikan ultimatum Anglo-Perancis untuk menarik diri dari Principal Danubia, Inggeris dan Perancis secara rasmi mengisytiharkan perang. <> Pertempuran apa yang berlaku pada 30 November 1853? || Pertempuran Sinop <> Apa yang Rusia menghantar kepada Sinop? || sebuah armada <> Semasa berlabuh di pelabuhan, apakah yang dibinasakan oleh Rusia? || sebuah skuadron patrol kapal frigat Uthmaniyyah dan corvettes <> Apa yang dilakukan Pertempuran Sinop untuk Perancis dan U.K? || sebab perang <> Bilakah Rusia tidak mengendahkan ultimatum untuk meninggalkan Principal Danubia? || 28 Mac 1854", {"context": "The Russians sent a fleet to Sinop in northern Anatolia. In the Battle of Sinop on 30 November 1853 they destroyed a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes while they were anchored in port. Public opinion in the UK and France was outraged and demanded war. Sinop provided the United Kingdom and France with the casus belli (\"cause for war\") for declaring war against Russia. On 28 March 1854, after Russia ignored an Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, the UK and France formally declared war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Battle of Sinop"}], "question": "What battle took place on November 30, 1853?", "id": "5726e159708984140094d491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "a fleet"}], "question": "What did the Russian send to Sinop?", "id": "5726e159708984140094d492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "a patrol squadron of Ottoman frigates and corvettes"}], "question": "While anchored in the port, what did the Russians destroy?", "id": "5726e159708984140094d493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "cause for war"}], "question": "What did Battle of Sinop provide for France and the U.K?", "id": "5726e159708984140094d494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "28 March 1854"}], "question": "When did the Russia disregard the ultimatum to leave the Danubian Principalities?", "id": "5726e159708984140094d495"}]}], ["Seringkali dikatakan bahawa Rusia adalah lemah secara ketenteraan, secara teknikalnya mundur, dan secara administratifnya tidak cekap. Walaupun cita-cita yang besar ke arah selatan, ia tidak membina rangkaian kereta api ke arah itu, dan komunikasi kurang baik. Birokrasi itu penuh dengan rasuah, rasuah dan ketidakcekapan dan tidak bersedia untuk berperang. Tentera lautnya lemah dan secara teknikal mundur; tenteranya, walaupun sangat besar, hanya baik untuk perarakan, mengalami kolonel yang mengantongi gaji lelaki mereka, semangat yang buruk, dan tidak terhubung dengan teknologi terkini yang dikembangkan oleh Britain dan Perancis. Menjelang akhir perang, semua orang menyedari kelemahan mendalam tentera Rusia, dan kepimpinan Russia bertekad untuk memperbaharuinya. <> Apa yang Rusia gagal membina selatan? || rangkaian kereta api <> Apa yang ada yang merasakan tentera Rusia hanya bagus? || parade <> Apa yang dilakukan kolonel Rusia disebabkan oleh orang-orang yang berkhidmat di bawahnya? || membayar gaji lelaki mereka", {"context": "It is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and inefficiency and was unprepared for war. Its navy was weak and technologically backward; its army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was out of touch with the latest technology developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, everyone realized the profound weaknesses of the Russian military, and the Russian leadership was determined to reform it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "railroad network"}], "question": "What did Russia fail to build south?", "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "parades"}], "question": "What did some feel the Russian army was only good for?", "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "pocketed their men's pay"}], "question": "What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them?", "id": "5726c4785951b619008f7d97"}]}], ["Napoleon III menjawab dengan menunjukkan kekuatan, menghantar kapal garis Charlemagne ke Laut Hitam. Tindakan ini adalah pelanggaran Konvensyen Straits London.104:19 Oleh itu, tunjuk perasaan Perancis menunjukkan ancaman sebenar, dan apabila digabungkan dengan diplomasi agresif dan wang, mendorong Sultan Uthmaniyyah Abd\u00fclmecid I untuk menerima perjanjian baru, mengesahkan Perancis dan Gereja Roman Katolik sebagai pihak berkuasa Kristian yang tertinggi dengan mengawal tempat kudus Roman Katolik dan memiliki kunci kepada Gereja Kelahiran, yang sebelum ini dipegang oleh Gereja Ortodoks Yunani. 20 <> Apa nama kapal Napoleon dihantar ke Laut Hitam? || Charlemagne <> Menghantar kapal ke Laut Hitam melanggar syarat yang dibuat semasa perjanjian? || Konvensyen Straits London <> Siapa yang merasa terancam oleh pasukan Perancis dan akhirnya menandatangani perjanjian baru? || Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I <> Yang sebelum ini memegang kunci kepada Gereja Nativity? || Gereja Ortodoks Yunani <> Siapa yang memegang kuasa ke atas tempat suci Katolik Roma selepas Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid Saya bersetuju dengan perjanjian baru itu? || Perancis dan Gereja Katolik Roma", {"context": "Napoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoman Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I to accept a new treaty, confirming France and the Roman Catholic Church as the supreme Christian authority with control over the Roman Catholic holy places and possession of the keys to the Church of the Nativity, previously held by the Greek Orthodox Church.:20", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Charlemagne"}], "question": "What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea?", "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "London Straits Convention"}], "question": "Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement?", "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I"}], "question": "Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty?", "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Greek Orthodox Church"}], "question": "Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity?", "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "France and the Roman Catholic Church"}], "question": "Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abd\u00fclmecid I agreed to the new treaty?", "id": "5726c8615951b619008f7dff"}]}], ["Rusia sebelum ini mendapat pengiktirafan dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah tentang peranan Tsar sebagai penjaga khas orang Kristian Ortodoks di Moldavia dan Wallachia. Sekarang Rusia menggunakan kegagalan Sultan untuk menyelesaikan masalah perlindungan tempat-tempat Kristian di Tanah Suci sebagai dalih untuk pendudukan Rusia di wilayah-wilayah Danubia ini. Nicholas percaya bahawa kuasa-kuasa Eropah, terutamanya Austria, tidak akan membantah kuat kepada penggabungan beberapa wilayah Uthmaniyyah yang berjiran, terutama mengingat bahawa Rusia telah membantu usaha Austria dalam menekan Revolusi Hungaria pada tahun 1849. <> Siapa yang diberikan peranan khas penjaga terhadap orang Kristian Ortodoks di Moldavia dan Wallachia? || Rusia <> Yang mengiktiraf dan memberi peranan penjaga khas Rusia? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah dari Tsar <> Yang merasakan Eropah tidak akan membantah penyatuan wilayah Ottoman yang berdekatan? || Nicholas", {"context": "Russia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian occupation of these Danubian provinces. Nicholas believed that the European powers, especially Austria, would not object strongly to the annexation of a few neighbouring Ottoman provinces, especially considering that Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia?", "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's"}], "question": "Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role?", "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Nicholas"}], "question": "Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces?", "id": "5726ceaa5951b619008f7e95"}]}], ["Pada bulan Februari 1853, kerajaan British, Lord Aberdeen, Perdana Menteri, telah melantik semula Stratford Canning sebagai duta Inggeris ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah. 110 Setelah meletak jawatan sebagai duta besar pada bulan Januari, beliau telah digantikan oleh Kolonel Rose sebagai pemegang lesen. Lord Stratford kemudian berbalik dan berlayar kembali ke Constantinople, tiba di sana pada 5 April 1853. Di sana dia meyakinkan Sultan untuk menolak cadangan perjanjian Rusia, sebagai mengorbankan kemerdekaan Turki. Pemimpin Pembangkang di House of Commons British, Benjamin Disraeli, menyalahkan tindakan Aberdeen dan Stratford untuk membuat perang tidak dapat dielakkan, sehingga memulakan proses yang akhirnya akan memaksa pemerintah Aberdeen untuk meletakkan jawatan pada Januari 1855, semasa perang. <> Siapa Perdana Menteri Kerajaan British pada tahun 1853? || Tuhan Aberdeen <> Siapa yang Aberdeen melantik kedudukan duta besar British ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Stratford Canning <> Siapa yang menggantikan Stratford Canning selepas dia mula meletak jawatan sebagai duta Inggeris ke Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Kolonel Rose <> Selepas meletakkan jawatan di mana Stratford Canning berlayar ke? || Constantinople <> Siapa yang membuat Stratford Canning meyakinkan untuk menolak cadangan perjanjian? || Sultan", {"context": "In February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as charg\u00e9 d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around and sailed back to Constantinople, arriving there on 5 April 1853. There he convinced the Sultan to reject the Russian treaty proposal, as compromising the independence of the Turks. The Leader of the Opposition in the British House of Commons, Benjamin Disraeli, blamed Aberdeen and Stratford's actions for making war inevitable, thus starting the process which would eventually force the Aberdeen government to resign in January 1855, over the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Lord Aberdeen"}], "question": "Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853?", "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d191"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Stratford Canning"}], "question": "Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to?", "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d192"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Colonel Rose"}], "question": "Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ?", "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d193"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Constantinople"}], "question": "After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to?", "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Sultan"}], "question": "Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal?", "id": "5726cbd0708984140094d195"}]}], ["Tidak lama selepas dia mengetahui kegagalan diplomasi Menshikov menjelang akhir bulan 1853, Tsar menghantar tentera di bawah arahan Marsekal Field Ivan Paskevich dan Jeneral Mikhail Gorchakov di seberang Sungai Pruth ke dalam Principles Danubian dikawal oleh Ottoman Moldavia dan Wallachia. Lebih kurang separuh daripada 80,000 tentera Rusia yang melintasi Pruth pada tahun 1853 selamat. Setakat ini, kebanyakan kematian akan mengakibatkan penyakit berbanding dengan pertempuran, 118-119 kerana tentera Rusia masih mengalami perkhidmatan perubatan yang berkisar antara yang tidak baik. <> Siapa yang menghantar pasukan ke Sungai Pruth? || Tsar <yang memerintahkan tentera melintasi Sungai Pruth? || Marshal Lapangan Ivan Paskevich dan Jeneral Mikhail Gorchakov <> Siapa yang mengawal Principal Danubia? || Uthmaniyyah <> Pada tahun apakah tentera Rusia melintasi Sungai Pruth? || 1853 <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan orang Rusia mati ketika menyeberangi Sungai Pruth? || penyakit", {"context": "Shortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fewer than half of the 80,000 Russian soldiers who crossed the Pruth in 1853 survived. By far, most of the deaths would result from sickness rather than combat,:118\u2013119 for the Russian army still suffered from medical services that ranged from bad to none.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "the Tsar"}], "question": "Who sent armies across the Pruth River?", "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov"}], "question": "Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River?", "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Ottoman"}], "question": "Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities?", "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "1853"}], "question": "In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River?", "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "sickness"}], "question": "How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River?", "id": "5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba2"}]}], ["Nicholas mula memikat Britain dengan cara perbualan dengan duta British, George Hamilton Seymour, pada bulan Januari dan Februari 1853.105 Nicholas menegaskan bahawa dia tidak lagi ingin memperluas Imperial Rusia: 105 tetapi dia mempunyai kewajiban kepada masyarakat Kristian di Empayar Uthmaniyyah.105 Tsar seterusnya menghantar seorang diplomat yang sangat kasar, Putera Menshikov, dalam misi khas kepada Porte Uthmaniyyah Utsmani pada bulan Februari 1853. Dengan perjanjian sebelumnya, sultan telah melakukan \"melindungi agama Kristian (Ortodoks Timur) dan gereja. \" Menshikov menuntut sebuah perlindungan Rusia atas 12 juta orang Kristian Ortodoks di Empayar, dengan kawalan keatas hierarki Gereja Ortodoks. Kompromi telah dicapai mengenai akses Ortodoks ke Tanah Suci, tetapi Sultan, yang disokong kuat oleh duta besar British, menolak tuntutan yang lebih besar. <> Siapa Duta Besar British pada tahun 1853? || George Hamilton Seymour <> Siapa yang mengumumkan bahawa mereka tidak lagi mahu menyebarkan Imperial Rusia? || Nicholas <> Siapa yang menghantar Tsar pada misi ke Ottoman Sublime Porte? || Putera Menshikov <> Pada tahun berapa Putera Menshikov dihantar ke Uthmaniyyah Sublime Porte? || 1853 <> Siapa yang mahu memerintah 12 juta orang Kristian Ortodoks di Empayar? || Menshikov", {"context": "Nicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.:105  The Tsar next dispatched a highly abrasive diplomat, Prince Menshikov, on a special mission to the Ottoman Sublime Porte in February 1853. By previous treaties, the sultan was committed \"to protect the (Eastern Orthodox) Christian religion and its churches.\" Menshikov demanded a Russian protectorate over all 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire, with control of the Orthodox Church's hierarchy. A compromise was reached regarding Orthodox access to the Holy Land, but the Sultan, strongly supported by the British ambassador, rejected the more sweeping demands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "George Hamilton Seymour"}], "question": "Who was the British ambassador in 1853?", "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Nicholas"}], "question": "Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian?", "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Prince Menshikov"}], "question": "Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte?", "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "1853"}], "question": "In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte?", "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Menshikov"}], "question": "Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire?", "id": "5726ca375951b619008f7e2b"}]}], ["Rangkaian peristiwa segera yang membawa kepada Perancis dan United Kingdom mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Rusia pada 27 dan 28 Mac 1854 datang dari cita-cita kaisar Perancis Napoleon III untuk memulihkan kemegahan Perancis. Dia menginginkan sokongan Katolik yang akan datang jika dia menyerang Ortodoks Timur, seperti yang ditaja oleh Rusia. 10 Marquis Charles de La Valette adalah seorang Katolik yang cemburu dan seorang pemimpin \"parti perkeranian\" yang menuntut perlindungan Perancis Rom Hak-hak Katolik ke tempat suci di Palestin. Pada bulan Mei 1851, Napoleon melantik La Valette sebagai dutanya ke Porte (Empayar Uthmaniyyah). 7-9 Pelantikan itu dibuat dengan niat memaksa orang Uthmania mengenali Perancis sebagai \"kuasa berdaulat\" atas penduduk Kristian .: 19 Rusia membantah percubaan perubahan kuasa ini. Menunjuk kepada dua lagi perjanjian, satu pada tahun 1757 dan 1774 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca, orang Ottoman membatalkan keputusan mereka yang terdahulu, melepaskan perjanjian Perancis dan menegaskan bahawa Rusia adalah pelindung orang Kristian Ortodoks di Empayar Uthmaniyyah. <> Dalam tahun apakah Perancis dan U.K mengisytiharkan perang ke Rusia? || 1854 <> Apa individu yang bertanggungjawab untuk Perancis dan U.K mengisytiharkan perang ke Rusia? || Napoleon III <> Siapa yang menuntut perlindungan hak-hak Katolik Roma di tempat suci di Palestina? || Charles de La Valette <> Charles de La Valette adalah ahli yang mengabdikan dan memimpin parti apa? || parti perkeranian <> Kedudukan apa yang Napoleon III melantik kepada La Valette? || duta ke Porte", {"context": "The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the \"clerical party,\" which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7\u20139 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the \"sovereign authority\" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?", "id": "5726c641708984140094d121"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Napoleon III"}], "question": "What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?", "id": "5726c641708984140094d122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Charles de La Valette"}], "question": "Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?", "id": "5726c641708984140094d123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "clerical party"}], "question": "Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?", "id": "5726c641708984140094d124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "ambassador to the Porte"}], "question": "What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?", "id": "5726c641708984140094d125"}]}], ["Kuasa Eropah terus meneruskan jalan diplomatik. Wakil-wakil dari Empayar Besar Neutral-Inggeris, Perancis, Austria dan Prusia-bertemu di Vienna, di mana mereka membuat nota bahawa mereka berharap dapat diterima oleh Rusia dan Uthmaniyyah. Istilah damai yang dicapai oleh empat kuasa di Persidangan Vienna disampaikan kepada Rusia oleh Menteri Luar Negeri Austria Count Karl von Buol pada 5 Desember 1853. Nota itu bertemu dengan persetujuan Nicholas I; Walau bagaimanapun, Abd\u00fclmecid I menolak cadangan tersebut, merasakan bahawa ungkapan yang tidak dapat dibaca oleh dokumen itu telah terbuka kepada banyak interpretasi yang berbeza. United Kingdom, Perancis, dan Austria bersatu dalam cadangan pindaan untuk melepaskan Sultan, tetapi pengadilan St. Petersburg mengabaikan cadangan mereka. 143 UK dan Perancis kemudian mengetepikan idea untuk meneruskan rundingan, tetapi Austria dan Prusia tidak percaya bahawa penolakan pindaan yang dicadangkan itu membenarkan peninggalan proses diplomatik. <> Apakah kuasa Eropah yang bertemu di Vienna untuk persidangan? || United Kingdom, Perancis, Austria dan Prusia <> Siapa yang menyampaikan syarat damai Persidangan Vienna kepada orang Rusia? || Count Karl von Buol <> Pada tahun apakah Count Karl von Buol menyampaikan berita Persidangan Vienna ke Rusia? || 1853 <> Siapa yang menolak cadangan itu kerana perkataan perkataan yang kurang baik? || Abd\u00fclmecid I <> Siapa yang meluluskan cadangan yang diberikan oleh Count Karl von Buol? || Nicholas I", {"context": "The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers\u2014the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia\u2014met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abd\u00fclmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia"}], "question": "What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?", "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Count Karl von Buol"}], "question": "Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?", "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "1853"}], "question": "In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?", "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "Abd\u00fclmecid I"}], "question": "Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?", "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Nicholas I"}], "question": "Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?", "id": "5726df6d708984140094d43f"}]}], ["Selama lebih 200 tahun, Rusia telah berkembang ke arah selatan melintasi \"Wild Fields\" yang jarang penduduknya ke arah pelabuhan air panas Laut Hitam yang tidak membeku seperti beberapa pelabuhan lain yang terdapat di utara. Matlamatnya adalah untuk mempromosikan perdagangan sepanjang tahun dan angkatan laut sepanjang tahun. 11 Mengejar matlamat ini membawa negara Rusia yang muncul dalam konflik dengan Cossacks Ukraine dan kemudian dengan Tatar dari Khanate Crimean dan Circassians. Apabila Rusia menaklukkan kumpulan-kumpulan ini dan memperoleh milik Ukraine selatan, yang dikenali sebagai New Russia semasa zaman imperial Rusia, Empayar Uthmaniyyah kehilangan zon penampannya terhadap pengembangan Rusia, dan Rusia dan Empayar Uthmaniyyah menjadi konflik langsung. Konflik dengan Empayar Uthmaniyyah juga memperlihatkan isu agama yang penting, sebagaimana Rusia melihat dirinya sebagai pelindung orang-orang Kristen Ortodoks, kebanyakannya hidup di bawah kawalan Uthmaniyyah dan dianggap sebagai warga kelas dua. (Ch 1) <> Selama 200 tahun , Rusia berkembang di kawasan apa? || Wild Fields <> Mengapa Rusia bergerak ke arah pelabuhan Laut Hitam yang lebih hangat? || untuk mempromosikan perdagangan sepanjang tahun dan navy sepanjang tahun <> Siapa yang Rusia pertama menghadapi masalah apabila bergerak ke arah pelabuhan yang lebih panas di Laut Hitam? || Cossacks Ukraine <> Siapa yang dianggap sebagai warga kelas kedua di bawah Uthmaniyyah? || Orang Kristian Ortodoks <> Semasa zaman imperial Rusia, apa nama lain yang diketahui oleh selatan Ukraine? || Baru Rusia", {"context": "For over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Pursuit of this goal brought the emerging Russian state into conflict with the Ukrainian Cossacks and then with the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate and Circassians. When Russia conquered these groups and gained possession of southern Ukraine, known as New Russia during Russian imperial times, the Ottoman Empire lost its buffer zone against Russian expansion, and Russia and the Ottoman Empire fell into direct conflict. The conflict with the Ottoman Empire also presented a religious issue of importance, as Russia saw itself as the protector of Orthodox Christians, many of whom lived under Ottoman control and were treated as second-class citizens.(ch 1)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Wild Fields"}], "question": "For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area?", "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy"}], "question": "Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea?", "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Ukrainian Cossacks"}], "question": "Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea?", "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "Orthodox Christians"}], "question": "Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans?", "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "New Russia"}], "question": "During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by?", "id": "5726c2625951b619008f7d75"}]}], ["Nicholas merasakan bahawa, kerana bantuan Rusia dalam menindas revolusi Hongaria 1848, Austria akan bersatu dengannya, atau sekurang-kurangnya kekal neutral. Walau bagaimanapun, Austria merasa terancam oleh tentera Rusia di Balkan. Pada 27 Februari 1854, United Kingdom dan Perancis menuntut penarikan pasukan Rusia dari pawai-pawai; Austria menyokong mereka dan, walaupun ia tidak mengisytiharkan perang ke atas Rusia, ia enggan menjamin neutralitasnya. Penolakan Rusia terhadap ultimatum menyebabkan Inggeris dan Perancis memasuki perang. <> Dalam tahun apakah revolusi Hungaria berlaku? || 1848 <> Siapa yang merasakan Austria akan berpihak kepadanya kerana hasil revolusi Hongaria? || Nicholas <> Siapa yang Austria merasa terancam? || Tentera Rusia di Balkan <> Siapa yang mahu tentera Rusia meninggalkan tamadun? || United Kingdom dan Perancis <> Mengapa U.K dan Perancis terlibat dengan perang melawan Rusia? || Penolakan Rusia terhadap ultimatum", {"context": "Nicholas felt that, because of Russian assistance in suppressing the Hungarian revolution of 1848, Austria would side with him, or at the very least remain neutral. Austria, however, felt threatened by the Russian troops in the Balkans. On 27 February 1854, the United Kingdom and France demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from the principalities; Austria supported them and, though it did not declare war on Russia, it refused to guarantee its neutrality. Russia's rejection of the ultimatum caused the UK and France to enter the war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "1848"}], "question": "In what year did the Hungarian revolution take place?", "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nicholas"}], "question": "Who felt Austria would side with him due to the Hungarian revolution outcome?", "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Russian troops in the Balkans"}], "question": "Who did Austria feel threatened by?", "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "the United Kingdom and France"}], "question": "Who wanted the Russian forces to leave the principalities?", "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Russia's rejection of the ultimatum"}], "question": "Why did the U.K and France get involved with the war against the Russia?", "id": "5726e9415951b619008f8237"}]}], ["Pada musim bunga tahun 1854 orang Rusia maju lagi, menyeberangi Sungai Danube ke wilayah Dobruja Turki. Menjelang April 1854, orang-orang Rusia telah sampai ke garisan dinding Trajan di mana mereka akhirnya dihentikan. Di tengah-tengah, tentera Rusia melintasi Danube dan mengepung Silistra dari 14 April dengan 60,000 tentera, pembela dengan 15,000 bekalan selama tiga bulan. 4415 Pengepungan ditarik pada 23 Jun 1854. Angkatan Inggeris dan Perancis pada masa ini masa tidak dapat mengambil padang kerana kekurangan peralatan. 445 <Siapa yang maju di Dobruja pada musim bunga tahun 1854? || Rusia <> Apa sungai yang menyeberang Rusia untuk sampai ke Dobruja? || Sungai Danube <> Bagaimana pasukan tentera Rusia memilikinya apabila mereka menyerang Silistra? || 60,000 askar <> Bilakah pengepungan Silistra berakhir? || 23 Jun 1854 <> Mengapa Kanada dan Inggeris tidak dapat mengawal lapangan? || kekurangan peralatan", {"context": "In the spring of 1854 the Russians again advanced, crossing the Danube River into the Turkish province of Dobruja. By April 1854, the Russians had reached the lines of Trajan's Wall where they were finally halted. In the center, the Russian forces crossed the Danube and laid siege to Silistra from 14 April with 60,000 troops, the defenders with 15,000 had supplies for three months.:415 The siege was lifted on 23 June 1854. The English and French forces at this time were unable to take the field for lack of equipment.:415", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the Russians"}], "question": "Who advanced on Dobruja in the spring of 1854?", "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Danube River"}], "question": "What river did the Russians cross to get to Dobruja?", "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "60,000 troops"}], "question": "How man troops did the Russians have when they attacked Silistra ?", "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "23 June 1854"}], "question": "When did the siege of Silistra end?", "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "lack of equipment"}], "question": "Why couldn't the French and English take control of the field?", "id": "5726ec36708984140094d62f"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1854, pasukan ekspedisi Sekutu mendarat di Varna, sebuah bandar di pantai barat Laut Hitam (sekarang di Bulgaria). Mereka membuat sedikit pendahuluan dari pangkalan mereka di sana.:175-176 Pada bulan Julai 1854, orang Turki di bawah Omar Pasha melintasi Danube ke Wallachia dan pada 7 Julai 1854, terlibat Rusia di bandar Giurgiu dan menaklukkannya. Penangkapan Giurgiu oleh orang Turki segera mengancam Bucharest di Wallachia dengan ditangkap oleh tentera Turk yang sama. Pada 26 Julai 1854, Tsar Nicholas I mengarahkan penarikan tentera Rusia dari Prinsip-prinsip. Juga, pada akhir Julai 1854, berikutan pengunduran Rusia, Perancis mengadakan ekspedisi melawan tentera Rusia yang masih berada di Dobruja, tetapi ini adalah kegagalan. 188 <> Bandar Varna terletak di kawasan pantai Laut Hitam? || pantai barat <> yang mengetuai orang Turki ketika melintasi Danube ke Wallachia? || Omar Pasha <> Pada tahun apakah kaum Turki melintasi Danube ke Wallachia? || 1854 <> Di mana bandar Omar Pasha menyerang orang Rusia selepas menyeberangi Danube ke Wallachia? || Giurgiu <> Mengarahkan askar Rusia meninggalkan Principalities? || Tsar Nicholas I", {"context": "In June 1854, the Allied expeditionary force landed at Varna, a city on the Black Sea's western coast (now in Bulgaria). They made little advance from their base there.:175\u2013176 In July 1854, the Turks under Omar Pasha crossed the Danube into Wallachia and on 7 July 1854, engaged the Russians in the city of Giurgiu and conquered it. The capture of Giurgiu by the Turks immediately threatened Bucharest in Wallachia with capture by the same Turk army. On 26 July 1854, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Principalities. Also, in late July 1854, following up on the Russian retreat, the French staged an expedition against the Russian forces still in Dobruja, but this was a failure.:188\u2013190", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "western coast"}], "question": "The city of Varna is located on what coast of the Black Sea?", "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f054"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Omar Pasha"}], "question": "Who lead the Turks when crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?", "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f055"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did the Turks cross the Danube into Wallachia ?", "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Giurgiu"}], "question": "In what city did Omar Pasha attack the Russians after crossing the Danube into Wallachia ?", "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Tsar Nicholas I"}], "question": "The ordered the Russian troops to leave the Principalities?", "id": "5726eef8f1498d1400e8f058"}]}], ["Orang Rusia memindahkan Wallachia dan Moldavia pada akhir bulan Julai 1854. Dengan pemindahan dari Principal Danubia, punca perang segera ditarik dan peperangan mungkin berakhir pada masa ini. 192 Namun, demam perang di kalangan orang awam di UK dan Perancis telah dicambuk oleh akhbar di kedua-dua negara hingga ke tahap yang ahli-ahli politik mendapati tidak dapat mengusulkan untuk menamatkan perang pada ketika ini. Kerajaan campuran George Hamilton-Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen ke-4 jatuh pada 30 Januari 1855 dengan undi tidak percaya apabila Parlimen mengundi untuk melantik jawatankuasa untuk menyiasat salah urus perang. meninggalkan Wallachia dan Moldavia? || 1854 <> Demam perang dari apa yang kedua-dua negara menyebabkan perang berterusan? || UK dan Perancis <Siapa yang mengundi untuk mempunyai jawatankuasa menyiasat salah urus semasa perang? || Parlimen", {"context": "The Russians evacuated Wallachia and Moldavia in late July 1854. With the evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, the immediate cause of war was withdrawn and the war might have ended at this time.:192 However, war fever among the public in both the UK and France had been whipped up by the press in both countries to the degree that politicians found it untenable to propose ending the war at this point. Indeed, the coalition government of George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen fell on 30 January 1855 on a no-confidence vote as Parliament voted to appoint a committee to investigate mismanagement of the war.:311", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did the Russians leave Wallachia and Moldavia?", "id": "5726f4505951b619008f8359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "UK and France"}], "question": "War fever from what two countries caused the war to continue on?", "id": "5726f4505951b619008f835a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Parliament"}], "question": "Who voted to have a committee investigate the mismanagement during the war?", "id": "5726f4505951b619008f835b"}]}], ["Kempen Crimean dibuka pada September 1854. 360 kapal terbang berlayar dalam tujuh lajur, masing-masing kapal penggeram menunda dua kapal pelayaran. 4422 Anchoring pada 13 September di teluk Eupatoria, bandar menyerah dan 500 Marin mendarat untuk mendudukinya. Pekan dan teluk ini akan memberikan kedudukan jatuh dalam kes bencana. 201 Kapal-kapal kemudian belayar ke timur untuk membuat pendaratan pasukan ekspedisi bersekutu di pantai berpasir Teluk Calamita di pantai barat selatan Semenanjung Krimea. Pendaratan itu mengejutkan orang Rusia, kerana mereka menjangkakan pendaratan di Katcha; perubahan minit terakhir membuktikan bahawa Rusia telah mengetahui rancangan pertempuran asal. Tiada tanda musuh dan lelaki itu semua mendarat pada 14 September. Ia mengambil masa empat hari untuk mendarat semua kedai, peralatan, kuda dan artileri. <> Dalam tahun apakah kempen Crimean dibuka? || 1854 <> 360 kapal mendarat di teluk apa? || teluk Eupatoria <> Berapa banyak Marinir menyebabkan Eupatoria menyerah? || 500 Marin <> Apa nama teluk yang terletak di pantai barat selatan Semenanjung Crimean? || Teluk Calamita <> Orang Rusia terkejut kerana mereka mengharapkan armada ke darat di mana? || Katcha", {"context": "The Crimean campaign opened in September 1854. 360 ships sailed in seven columns, each steamer towing two sailing ships.:422 Anchoring on 13 September in the bay of Eupatoria, the town surrendered and 500 Marines landed to occupy it. This town and bay would provide a fall back position in case of disaster.:201 The ships then sailed east to make the landing of the allied expeditionary force on the sandy beaches of Calamita Bay on the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula. The landing surprised the Russians, as they had been expecting a landing at Katcha; the last minute change proving that Russia had known the original battle plan. There was no sign of the enemy and the men were all landed on 14 September. It took another four days to land all the stores, equipment, horses and artillery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did the Crimean campaign open?", "id": "5726f606708984140094d705"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "bay of Eupatoria"}], "question": "360 ships landed in what bay?", "id": "5726f606708984140094d706"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "500 Marines"}], "question": "How many Marines cause Eupatoria to surrender? ", "id": "5726f606708984140094d707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "Calamita Bay"}], "question": "What is the name of the bay located at the south west coast of the Crimean Peninsula?", "id": "5726f606708984140094d708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Katcha"}], "question": "The Russians were surprised because they were expecting the fleet to land where?", "id": "5726f606708984140094d709"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh ini, Armada Laut Hitam Rusia beroperasi melawan trafik pantai Uthmaniyyah antara Constantinople (ketika ini bernama Istanbul) dan pelabuhan Caucasus, manakala armada Uthmaniyyah berusaha untuk melindungi garis bekalan ini. Pertembungan itu tiba pada 30 November 1853 ketika armada Rusia menyerang pasukan Uthmaniyyah di pelabuhan di Sinop, dan memusnahkannya di Pertempuran Sinop. Pertarungan yang meledak di UK, yang menyeru perang. Terdapat sedikit tindakan tentera laut tambahan sehingga Mac 1854 ketika pada perisytiharan perang frigate Furious British dipecat di luar pelabuhan Odessa. Sebagai tindak balas, armada Anglo-Perancis membombardir pelabuhan, menyebabkan banyak kerosakan ke bandar. Untuk menunjukkan sokongan untuk Turki selepas pertempuran Sinop, pada 22 Disember 1853, skuadron Anglo-Perancis memasuki Laut Hitam dan kapal pengangkut HMS Steamship menghampiri Pelabuhan Sevastopol, komander yang menerima ultimatum untuk tidak membenarkan sebarang kapal di Laut Hitam. <> Di pelabuhan apakah sebuah armada Rusia menyerang pasukan Uthmaniyyah? || pelabuhan di Sinop <> Apa nama kapal yang diserang di luar pelabuhan Odessa? || Furious <> Siapa yang menyerang pelabuhan selepas serangan di luar pelabuhan Odessa? || sebuah armada Anglo-Perancis <> Selepas pertempuran Sinop, apa steamship menghampiri Pelabuhan Sevastopol untuk menunjukkan sokongan untuk Turki? || Penghapusan HMS", {"context": "During this period, the Russian Black Sea Fleet was operating against Ottoman coastal traffic between Constantinople (currently named Istanbul) and the Caucasus ports, while the Ottoman fleet sought to protect this supply line. The clash came on 30 November 1853 when a Russian fleet attacked an Ottoman force in the harbour at Sinop, and destroyed it at the Battle of Sinop. The battle outraged opinion in UK, which called for war. There was little additional naval action until March 1854 when on the declaration of war the British frigate Furious was fired on outside Odessa harbour. In response an Anglo-French fleet bombarded the port, causing much damage to the town. To show support for Turkey after the battle of Sinop, on the 22th of December 1853, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea and the steamship HMS Retribution approached the Port of Sevastopol, the commander of which received an ultimatum not to allow any ships in the Black Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "harbour at Sinop"}], "question": "At what harbor did a Russian fleet attacked a Ottoman force?", "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "Furious"}], "question": "What was the name of the ship that was attacked outside of the Odessa harbor?", "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "an Anglo-French fleet"}], "question": "Who attacked the port after the attack outside of Odessa harbor?", "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 824, "text": "HMS Retribution"}], "question": "After the battle of Sinop, what steamship approached the Port of Sevastopol to show support for Turkey?", "id": "5726f1425951b619008f8304"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun, armada mengangkut pasukan ekspedisi Sekutu ke Varna, menyokong operasi Uthmaniyyah di Danube; pada bulan September mereka sekali lagi mengangkut tentera, kali ini ke Crimea. Armada Rusia pada masa ini enggan terlibat sekutu, lebih memilih untuk mengekalkan \"armada dalam\"; strategi ini gagal apabila Sevastopol, pelabuhan utama dan di mana kebanyakan armada Laut Hitam adalah berdasarkan, berada di bawah pengepungan. Orang Rusia dikurangkan untuk melancarkan kapal perang mereka sebagai blok, setelah melepaskan senjata dan lelaki mereka untuk menguatkan bateri di pantai. Semasa pengepungan itu, orang Rusia kehilangan empat kapal perang 110- atau 120-sen, kapal tiga dek kapal, dua dekor 84 kapal api dua dekker dan empat kapal frigat 60-gun di Laut Hitam, ditambah sejumlah besar kapal yang lebih kecil. Sepanjang kempen itu, armada bersekutu kekal mengawal Laut Hitam, memastikan pelbagai bidang dipertanggungjawabkan. <> Di manakah pelabuhan di mana kebanyakan armada Laut Hitam terletak? || Sevastopol <> Apa yang Rusia membelokkan kapal perang mereka? || blok-blok <> Mengapa orang-orang Rusia menanggalkan senjata mereka dari senjata mereka? || untuk menguatkan bateri di pantai <> Berapa banyak kapal frigat 60-senjata yang hilang di Rusia di Laut Hitam? || empat <> Berapa banyak 84-pistol dua dekker yang Rusia kalah di Laut Hitam? || dua belas", {"context": "In June, the fleets transported the Allied expeditionary forces to Varna, in support of the Ottoman operations on the Danube; in September they again transported the armies, this time to the Crimea. The Russian fleet during this time declined to engage the allies, preferring to maintain a \"fleet in being\"; this strategy failed when Sevastopol, the main port and where most of the Black Sea fleet was based, came under siege. The Russians were reduced to scuttling their warships as blockships, after stripping them of their guns and men to reinforce batteries on shore. During the siege, the Russians lost four 110- or 120-gun, three-decker ships of the line, twelve 84-gun two-deckers and four 60-gun frigates in the Black Sea, plus a large number of smaller vessels. During the rest of the campaign the allied fleets remained in control of the Black Sea, ensuring the various fronts were kept supplied.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Sevastopol"}], "question": "Where was the port where most of the Black Sea fleet was located?", "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "blockships"}], "question": "What did the Russians turn their warships into?", "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8336"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "to reinforce batteries on shore"}], "question": "Why did the Russians strip their warships of their guns?", "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8337"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many 60-gun frigates did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?", "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "twelve"}], "question": "How many 84-gun two-deckers did the Russians lose in the Black Sea?", "id": "5726f2d65951b619008f8339"}]}], ["Britain prihatin dengan aktiviti Rusia dan penasihat kanan Sir John Burgoyne kepada Lord Aberdeen mendesak agar Dardanelles harus diduduki dan membuang kerja-kerja kekuatan yang mencukupi untuk menghalang sebarang gerakan Rusia untuk menangkap Constantinople dan mendapat akses ke Laut Mediterranean. Korps Jurutera Diraja menghantar lelaki ke Dardanelles sementara Burgoyne pergi ke Paris, bertemu dengan Duta Besar British dan Maharaja Perancis. Lord Cowley menulis pada 8 Februari kepada Burgoyne \"Lawatan anda ke Paris telah menghasilkan perubahan yang terlihat dalam pandangan Kaisar, dan dia membuat setiap persiapan untuk ekspedisi tanah jika percubaan terakhir dalam rundingan harus dipecah.\": 411 <> Siapa yang bimbang dengan Rusia menangkap Constantinople? || Britain <> yang menghantar lelaki ke Dardanelles? || The Corps of Royal Engineers <> Ketika lelaki dikirim ke Dardanelles, di mana Burgoyne pergi? || Paris <> Siapa yang melawat Burgoyne di Paris? || Duta Besar British dan Maharaja Perancis <> Siapa yang menulis kepada Burgoyne pada 8 Februari? || Lord Cowley", {"context": "Britain was concerned about Russian activity and Sir John Burgoyne senior advisor to Lord Aberdeen urged that the Dardanelles should be occupied and throw up works of sufficient strength to block any Russian move to capture Constantinople and gain access to the Mediterranean Sea. The Corps of Royal Engineers sent men to the Dardanelles while Burgoyne went to Paris, meeting the British Ambassador and the French Emperor. The Lord Cowley wrote on 8 February to Burgoyne \"Your visit to Paris has produced a visible change in the Emperor's views, and he is making every preparation for a land expedition in case the last attempt at negotiation should break down.\":411", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Who was concerned with Russia  capturing Constantinople?", "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "The Corps of Royal Engineers"}], "question": "Who sent men to the Dardanelles?", "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "As men were sent to the Dardanelles, where did Burgoyne go?", "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "British Ambassador and the French Emperor"}], "question": "Who was Burgoyne visiting in Paris?", "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Lord Cowley"}], "question": "Who wrote to Burgoyne on February 8th?", "id": "5726e7d3f1498d1400e8ef88"}]}], ["Di barat, Rusia tidak diserang dari menyerang Vidin dengan kehadiran pasukan Austria, yang telah membanjiri 280,000 orang. Pada 28 Mei 1854 satu protokol Persidangan Vienna ditandatangani oleh Austria dan Rusia. Salah satu tujuan pendahuluan Rusia adalah untuk menggalakkan Serbia Kristian Ortodoks dan orang Bulgaria yang hidup di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyyah untuk memberontak. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila tentera Rusia benar-benar menyeberangi Sungai Pruth ke Moldavia, orang Kristian Ortodoks masih tidak berminat untuk bangkit melawan Turki. 137, 137 Menambah kebimbangan Nicholas I adalah kebimbangan bahawa Austria akan memasuki perang melawan Rusia dan menyerang tenteranya di sebelah barat. Sesungguhnya, setelah cuba memeteraikan penyelesaian damai antara Rusia dan Turki, orang-orang Austria memasuki perang di sebelah Turki dengan serangan terhadap Rusia dalam Prinsip-prinsip yang mengancam untuk memotong garis bekalan Rusia. Oleh itu, orang Rusia terpaksa menaikkan pengepungan Silistra pada 23 Jun 1854, dan mula mengabaikan Prinsip-Prinsip. Pengorbanan pengepungan dikurangkan ancaman pendahuluan Rusia ke Bulgaria. <> Siapa yang menghentikan orang Russia daripada menyerang Vidin? || Pasukan Austria <> Bagaimana lelaki lelaki telah memaksa tentera Austria apabila menghentikan serangan terhadap Vidin? || 280,000 <> Apa sungai yang menyeberang Rusia ketika mereka memasuki bandar Moldavia? || Sungai Pruth <> Siapa yang tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda bangkit melawan Turki? || Orang Kristian Ortodoks <> Selepas penyelesaian antara Rusia dan Turki, siapa yang membuat keputusan untuk bergabung dengan Austria? || Turki", {"context": "In the west, the Russians were dissuaded from attacking Vidin by the presence of the Austrian forces, which had swelled to 280,000 men. On 28 May 1854 a protocol of the Vienna Conference was signed by Austria and Russia. One of the aims of the Russian advance had been to encourage the Orthodox Christian Serbs and Bulgarians living under Ottoman rule to rebel. However, when the Russian troops actually crossed the River Pruth into Moldavia, the Orthodox Christians still showed no interest in rising up against the Turks.:131, 137 Adding to the worries of Nicholas I was the concern that Austria would enter the war against the Russians and attack his armies on the western flank. Indeed, after attempting to mediate a peaceful settlement between Russia and Turkey, the Austrians entered the war on the side of Turkey with an attack against the Russians in the Principalities which threatened to cut off the Russian supply lines. Accordingly, the Russians were forced to raise the siege of Silistra on 23 June 1854, and begin abandoning the Principalities.:185 The lifting of the siege reduced the threat of a Russian advance into Bulgaria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Austrian forces"}], "question": "Who stopped the Russians from attacking Vidin?", "id": "5726edba5951b619008f8299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "280,000"}], "question": "How man men did the Austrian forces have when stopping the attack on Vidin?", "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "River Pruth"}], "question": "What river did the Russians crossed when they entered the city of Moldavia?", "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Orthodox Christians"}], "question": "Who didn't show any signs of rising up against the Turks?", "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 813, "text": "Turkey"}], "question": "After the settlement between Russia and Turkey, who did the Austrians decide to join?", "id": "5726edba5951b619008f829d"}]}], ["Berikutan ultimatum Uthmaniyyah pada September 1853, pasukan di bawah pemerintahan Uthmaniyah Omar Pasha melintasi Danube di Vidin dan menawan Calafat pada Oktober 1853. Secara serentak, di timur, orang Uthmaniyyah menyeberangi Danube di Silistra dan menyerang orang Rusia di Olteni\u0163a. Pertempuran Olteni\u0163a yang dihasilkan adalah pertunangan pertama berikutan pengisytiharan perang. Orang Russia membalas serangan balas, tetapi dipukul kembali. Pada 31 Disember 1853, pasukan Uthmaniyyah di Calafat berpindah menentang pasukan Rusia di Chetatea atau Cetate, sebuah kampung kecil sembilan kilometer di utara Calafat, dan terlibat pada 6 Januari 1854. Pertempuran itu bermula ketika Rusia membuat langkah untuk menawan semula Calafat. Kebanyakan pertempuran berat, bagaimanapun, berlaku di dalam dan di sekitar Chetatea sehingga penduduk Rusia dihalau keluar dari kampung. Walaupun kemunduran di Chetatea, pada 28 Januari 1854, pasukan Rusia mengepung Calafat. Pengepungan akan berterusan sehingga Mei 1854 apabila orang Rusia mengangkat pengepungan itu. Uthmaniyyah juga akan mengalahkan Rusia dalam pertempuran di Caracal.:130-43 <> Ultimatum Uthmaniyah berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1853 <> Apa yang umum merentasi Danube di Vidin? || Omar Pasha <Selepas melintasi Danube di Vidin, apa bandar raya yang diketuai oleh Ketua Omar Pasha? || Calafat <> Selepas melintasi Danube di Silistra, di mana bandar apakah serangan orang Uthmaniyyah di Rusia? || Olteni\u0163a <> Apa nama kampung itu 9 kilometer ke utara Calafat di mana pasukan Uthmaniyyah menyerang Rusia? || Chetatea atau Cetate", {"context": "Following the Ottoman ultimatum in September 1853, forces under the Ottoman general Omar Pasha crossed the Danube at Vidin and captured Calafat in October 1853. Simultaneously, in the east, the Ottomans crossed the Danube at Silistra and attacked the Russians at Olteni\u021ba. The resulting Battle of Olteni\u021ba was the first engagement following the declaration of war. The Russians counterattacked, but were beaten back. On 31 December 1853, the Ottoman forces at Calafat moved against the Russian force at Chetatea or Cetate, a small village nine miles north of Calafat, and engaged them on 6 January 1854. The battle began when the Russians made a move to recapture Calafat. Most of the heavy fighting, however, took place in and around Chetatea until the Russians were driven out of the village. Despite the setback at Chetatea, on 28 January 1854, Russian forces laid siege to Calafat. The siege would continue until May 1854 when the Russians lifted the siege. The Ottomans would also later beat the Russians in battle at Caracal.:130\u201343", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1853"}], "question": "The Ottoman ultimatum took place in what year?", "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Omar Pasha"}], "question": "What general crossed across the Danube at Vidin?", "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Calafat"}], "question": "After crossing the Danube at Vidin, what city did General Omar Pasha take control over?", "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Olteni\u021ba"}], "question": "After crossing the Danube at Silistra, in what city did the Ottomans attack the Russians?", "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Chetatea or Cetate"}], "question": "What is the name of the village 9 miles north of Calafat where the Ottoman forces attacked the Russians?", "id": "5726eae8dd62a815002e952e"}]}], ["Pihak Berikat mempunyai masa untuk mempertimbangkan masalah ini. Perancis dibawa masuk untuk bersetuju bahawa kunci untuk pertahanan adalah Malakoff.:441 Penekanan pengepungan di Sevastopol beralih ke kiri British, melawan kubu di bukit Malakoff.:339 Pada bulan Mac, terdapat pertempuran oleh Perancis sebuah kubu baru yang dibina oleh orang Rusia di Mamelon, terletak di atas bukit di depan Malakoff. Beberapa minggu pertempuran menyaksikan sedikit perubahan di barisan hadapan, dan Mamelon kekal di tangan Rusia. <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh Perancis yang penting dalam pertahanan mereka? || Malakoff <> Di mana orang Rusia membina sebuah kubu baru? || Mamelon <> Mamelon ditemui di atas bukit di depan kawasan suburban mana? || Malakoff <> Selepas berjuang selama berminggu-minggu, apa yang Rusia terus menguasai? || Mamelon", {"context": "The Allies had had time to consider the problem. The French being brought around to agree that the key to the defence was the Malakoff.:441 Emphasis of the siege at Sevastopol shifted to the British left, against the fortifications on Malakoff hill.:339 In March, there was fighting by the French over a new fort being built by the Russians at Mamelon, located on a hill in front of the Malakoff. Several weeks of fighting saw little change in the front line, and the Mamelon remained in Russian hands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "the Malakoff"}], "question": "What did the French believe was instrumental in their defense?", "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Mamelon"}], "question": "Where was the Russians building a new fort?", "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Malakoff"}], "question": "Mamelon is found on a hill in front of what suburban commune?", "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "the Mamelon"}], "question": "After fighting for weeks, what did the Russians continue to have control over?", "id": "572704d8dd62a815002e97c3"}]}], ["Percaya pendekatan utara ke bandar terlalu baik dipertahankan, terutamanya disebabkan oleh kehadiran benteng bintang besar dan kerana Sevastopol berada di sebelah selatan salur masuk dari laut yang membuat pelabuhan, Sir John Burgoyne, penasihat jurutera, mencadangkan bahawa sekutu menyerang Sevastopol dari selatan. Ini telah dipersetujui oleh para komandan bersama, Raglan dan St Arnaud.:426 Pada 25 September seluruh tentera bergerak ke arah tenggara dan mengelilingi bandar itu ke selatan. Ini membolehkan mereka menubuhkan pusat bekalan baru di beberapa tempat perlindungan yang dilindungi di pantai selatan. Orang Russia berundur ke bandar. <> Bilakah tentera berjalan ke tenggara? || 25 September <> Di mana orang Rusia berundur? || ke bandar. <> Siapa penasihat jurutera? || Sir John Burgoyne <> Siapa komander bersama? || Raglan dan St Arnaud", {"context": "Believing the northern approaches to the city too well defended, especially due to the presence of a large star fort and because Sevastopol was on the south side of the inlet from the sea that made the harbour, Sir John Burgoyne, the engineer advisor, recommended that the allies attack Sevastopol from the south. This was agreed by the joint commanders, Raglan and St Arnaud.:426 On 25 September the whole army marched southeast and encircled the city to the south. This let them set up a new supply center in a number of protected inlets on the south coast. The Russians retreated into the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "25 September"}], "question": "When did the army march to the southeast?  ", "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8423"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "into the city."}], "question": "Where did the Russians retreat to? ", "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Sir John Burgoyne"}], "question": "Who was the engineer adviser? ", "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Raglan and St Arnaud"}], "question": "Who were the joint commanders? ", "id": "5726fd0f5951b619008f8426"}]}], ["Tidak lama selepas itu, pergerakan kavaleri Rusia ditangguhkan oleh Brigade Berat, yang menuduh dan bertarung tangan sehingga orang Rusia berundur. Ini menyebabkan berundur Rusia yang lebih meluas, termasuk beberapa unit artileri mereka. Ketika komandan-komandan setempat gagal memanfaatkan mundurnya, Lord Raglan menghantar perintah untuk maju. Komandan-komander setempat mengabaikan tuntutan-tuntutan itu, yang membawa kepada pembantunya British yang secara peribadi menyampaikan perintah yang cepat ditulis dan mengelirukan untuk menyerang artileri itu. Apabila Earl of Cardigan mempersoalkan apa yang mereka sebutkan, pesakit aide-de-menunjuk ke bateri Rusia pertama yang dapat dilihatnya - yang salah. <> Siapa menentang pergerakan kavaleri Rusia? || Brigade Berat <> Siapa yang gagal mengambil kesempatan daripada berundur? || para komandan setempat <> Siapa yang mengutus perintah itu untuk memajukan kedudukan mereka? || Lord Raglan <> Yang tidak mengendahkan nasihat Lord Raglan untuk maju? || Para komander tempatan", {"context": "Soon after, a Russian cavalry movement was countered by the Heavy Brigade, who charged and fought hand-to-hand until the Russians retreated. This caused a more widespread Russian retreat, including a number of their artillery units. When the local commanders failed to take advantage of the retreat, Lord Raglan sent out orders to move up. The local commanders ignored the demands, leading to the British aide-de-camp personally delivering a quickly written and confusing order to attack the artillery. When the Earl of Cardigan questioned what they referred to, the aide-de-camp pointed to the first Russian battery he could see \u2013 the wrong one.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Heavy Brigade"}], "question": "Who countered the Russian cavalry's movement?", "id": "5727011b708984140094d843"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "local commanders"}], "question": "Who failed to take advantage of the retreat?", "id": "5727011b708984140094d844"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Lord Raglan"}], "question": "Who sent the order to have them advance their position?", "id": "5727011b708984140094d845"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "The local commanders"}], "question": "Who ignored Lord Raglan's advice to advance?", "id": "5727011b708984140094d846"}]}], ["Banyak lagi kepingan artileri telah tiba dan telah digali ke dalam bateri. Pada bulan Jun, pengeboman ketiga diikuti selepas dua hari oleh serangan berjaya ke Mamelon, tetapi serangan susulan terhadap Malakoff gagal dengan kerugian besar. Pada masa ini komander garrison, Laksamana Nakhimov jatuh pada 30 Jun 1855.:378 Raglan juga telah meninggal pada 28 Jun. 280 Pada bulan Ogos, orang Rusia sekali lagi membuat serangan ke arah pangkalan di Balaclava, yang dipertahankan oleh orang Perancis, yang baru tiba Sardinia dan pasukan Uthmaniyyah.461 Pertempuran Tchernaya yang terhasil adalah kekalahan bagi Rusia, yang mengalami kecederaan berat. <> Siapa komander garrison yang meninggal dunia pada 30 Jun 1855? || Laksamana Nakhimov <> Apakah angka kematian pada 28 Jun 1855? || Raglan <> Apa yang Rusia cuba menyerang pada bulan Ogos? || pangkalan di Balaclava <> Siapa yang mempertahankan pangkalan di Balaclava? || baru tiba pasukan Sardinia dan Uthmaniyyah <> Siapa yang kalah di pertempuran Tchernaya? || Rusia", {"context": "Many more artillery pieces had arrived and been dug into batteries. In June, a third bombardment was followed after two days by a successful attack on the Mamelon, but a follow-up assault on the Malakoff failed with heavy losses. During this time the garrison commander, Admiral Nakhimov fell on 30 June 1855.:378 Raglan having also died on 28 June.:460 In August, the Russians again made an attack towards the base at Balaclava, defended by the French, newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops.:461 The resulting battle of Tchernaya was a defeat for the Russians, who suffered heavy casualties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Admiral Nakhimov"}], "question": "Who was the garrison commander that died on June 30th 1855?", "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Raglan"}], "question": "What figure died on June 28th 1855?", "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "the base at Balaclava"}], "question": "What did the Russians try to attack during the month of August?", "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "newly arrived Sardinian and Ottoman troops"}], "question": "Who defended the base at Balaclava?", "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "the Russians"}], "question": "Who was defeated at the battle of Tchernaya?", "id": "57270653dd62a815002e97ea"}]}], ["Selama berbulan-bulan setiap pihak telah membina lubang-lubang senapang dan posisi bertahan, yang menyebabkan banyak pertengkaran. Kebakaran meriam yang bertujuan untuk mendapatkan keunggulan di atas senapang musuh. 0450-462 September melihat serangan terakhir. Pada 5 September, satu lagi pengeboman Perancis (yang keenam) diikuti oleh serangan oleh Tentera Perancis pada 8 September yang mengakibatkan penangkapan Malakoff oleh Perancis, dan berikutan kegagalan mereka merebutnya, keruntuhan pertahanan Rusia. Sementara itu, British merampas Great Redan, tepat di selatan bandar Sevastopol. Orang Rusia berundur ke utara, meniupkan majalah mereka dan kota itu jatuh pada 9 September 1855 setelah pengepungan 337 hari yang panjang. 10 <<Apa yang sedang dibina yang menyebabkan pertempuran yang tidak berperikemanusiaan di setiap pihak? || lubang senapang hadapan dan posisi pertahanan <> Berapa bulan apakah penangkapan Malakoff berlaku? || September <> Siapa yang menangkap Malakoff? || Perancis <> yang gagal mengambil semula Malakoff? || Pertahanan Rusia <> Siapa yang mengawal Great Redan? || Inggeris", {"context": "For months each side had been building forward rifle pits and defensive positions, which resulted in many skirmishes. Artillery fire aiming to gain superiority over the enemy guns.:450\u2013462 September saw the final assault. On 5 September, another French bombardment (the sixth) was followed by an assault by the French Army on 8 September resulting in the capture of the Malakoff by the French, and following their failure to retake it, the collapse of the Russian defences. Meanwhile, the British captured the Great Redan, just south of the city of Sevastopol. The Russians retreated to the north, blowing up their magazines and the city fell on 9 September 1855 after a 337-day-long siege.:106", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "forward rifle pits and defensive positions"}], "question": "What was being built that caused unpremeditated fighting on each side?", "id": "572707be5951b619008f84ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "September"}], "question": "What month did the capture of Malakoff take place?", "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "the French"}], "question": "Who captured Malakoff?", "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "the Russian defences"}], "question": "Who failed to take back Malakoff?", "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "the British"}], "question": "Who took control of the Great Redan?", "id": "572707be5951b619008f84f3"}]}], ["Musim sejuk, dan keadaan bekalan yang semakin merosot di kedua-dua belah pasukan dan peralatan, menyebabkan terhenti dalam operasi tanah. Sevastopol terus dilaburkan oleh sekutunya, manakala tentera bersekutu diserang oleh tentera Rusia di pedalaman. Pada 14 November ribut menenggelamkan tiga kapal pengangkut bersekutu termasuk HMS Prince yang membawa kargo pakaian musim sejuk.:435 Ribut dan lalu lintas yang lebat menyebabkan jalan dari pantai ke tentera untuk hancur menjadi kehitaman, yang memerlukan jurutera untuk menumpukan sebahagian besar masa mereka membaikinya termasuk batu penggalian. Sebuah kereta api telah dipesan. Ia tiba pada bulan Januari dengan krew kejuruteraan awam, tetapi pada bulan Mac sebelum ia sudah cukup maju untuk menjadi nilai yang cukup besar. 449 Telegraf elektrik juga telah dipesan, tetapi tanah beku menunda pemasangannya sehingga Mac, apabila komunikasi dari pangkalan Pelabuhan Balaklava ke Ibu Pejabat British telah ditubuhkan. Pembajak paip-dan-kabel telah gagal kerana tanah beku keras, tetapi walaupun 21 kilometer kabel diletakkan. 444 <> Apa yang menghentikan operasi tanah semasa musim sejuk? || keadaan bekalan yang merosot <> Apa yang menyebabkan HMS Prince tenggelam? || ribut <> Apa yang dibawa oleh Putera HMS apabila ia tenggelam? || kargo pakaian musim sejuk <> Apa yang berlaku pada bulan Januari dengan kru kejuruteraan? || Sebuah tremroad <> Apa yang menyebabkan telegraf elektrik ditangguhkan untuk beberapa waktu? || tanah beku", {"context": "Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "a deteriorating supply situation"}], "question": "What stopped ground operations during the winter?", "id": "572703995951b619008f8491"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "a storm"}], "question": "What caused the HMS Prince to sink?", "id": "572703995951b619008f8492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "a cargo of winter clothing"}], "question": "What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?", "id": "572703995951b619008f8493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "A tramroad"}], "question": "What arrived in January with an engineering crew?", "id": "572703995951b619008f8494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "the frozen ground"}], "question": "What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?", "id": "572703995951b619008f8495"}]}], ["Tentera bersekutu berpindah tanpa masalah di selatan dan artileri berat dibawa ke darat dengan bateri dan menghubungkan parit yang dibina supaya pada 10 Oktober beberapa bateri telah siap dan pada 17 Oktober-ketika pengeboman bermula-126 senjata menembak, 53 dari mereka Perancis .: 430 Armada pada masa yang sama terlibat dengan bateri pantai. Pengeboman British bekerja lebih baik daripada Perancis, yang mempunyai senjata kaliber yang lebih kecil. Angkatan ini mengalami kecederaan yang tinggi pada siang hari. Pihak British mahu menyerang petang itu, tetapi pihak Perancis mahu menangguhkan serangan itu. Penangguhan telah dipersetujui, tetapi pada keesokan harinya orang Perancis masih belum bersedia. Menjelang 19 Oktober, Rusia telah memindahkan beberapa senjata berat ke pertahanan selatan dan mengalahkan sekutunya. 431 <> Bilakah serangan berterusan bermula? || 17 Oktober <> Apabila serangan berterusan bermula, berapa senjata yang ditembak? || 126 senjata <> Siapa yang tidak bersedia untuk memulakan serangan? || Perancis <> Siapa yang ditembak akibat senjata berat di pertahanan selatan? || sekutu <> yang ingin memulakan serangan pada waktu petang? || Inggeris", {"context": "The Allied army relocated without problems to the south and the heavy artillery was brought ashore with batteries and connecting trenches built so that by 10 October some batteries were ready and by 17 October\u2014when the bombardment commenced\u2014126 guns were firing, 53 of them French.:430 The fleet at the same time engaged the shore batteries. The British bombardment worked better than the French, who had smaller caliber guns. The fleet suffered high casualties during the day. The British wanted to attack that afternoon, but the French wanted to defer the attack. A postponement was agreed, but on the next day the French were still not ready. By 19 October the Russians had transferred some heavy guns to the southern defenses and outgunned the allies.:431", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "17 October"}], "question": "When did the continuous attack start?", "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e9728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "126 guns"}], "question": "When the continuous attack started, how many guns were firing?", "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e9729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "the French"}], "question": "Who was not ready to start the attack?", "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "the allies"}], "question": "Who was outgunned due to heavy guns at a southern defense?", "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "The British"}], "question": "Who wanted to commence with the attack during the afternoon?", "id": "5726fe7ddd62a815002e972c"}]}], ["Serangan besar Rusia pada pangkalan bekalan bersekutu di tenggara, di Balaclava ditolak pada 25 Oktober 1854.:521-527 Pertempuran Balaclava diingat di United Kingdom untuk tindakan dua unit British. Pada permulaan pertempuran, satu pasukan besar kavaleri Rusia menuduh 93 Highlanders, yang dipasangkan di utara kampung Kadikoi. Memerintahkan mereka adalah Sir Colin Campbell. Daripada 'bentuk persegi', cara tradisional menangkis berkuda, Campbell mengambil keputusan yang berisiko untuk menjadikannya Highlanders satu baris, dua lelaki dalam. Campbell telah melihat keberkesanan senapang Minie yang baru, dengan pasukannya bersenjata, di Battle of the Alma sebulan sebelum, dan yakin orang-orangnya dapat mengalahkan Rusia. Taktik beliau berjaya. Dari rabung ke barat, koresponden Times, William Howard Russell melihat Highlanders sebagai 'coretan merah tipis yang dihiasi dengan keluli', sebuah frasa yang kemudiannya menjadi 'Line Thin Red.' <> Siapa yang menyerang Rusia pada mulanya dari Battle of Balaclava? || 93th Highlanders <> Berhampiran desa apa yang diposting oleh Highlanders ke-93? || Kadikoi <> Apakah manuver berisiko apakah Sir Colin Campbell mempunyai bentuk Highlanders ke-93? || satu baris, dua lelaki dalam <> yang mengetuai orang-orang Highland yang ke-93? || Sir Colin Campbell <> Apa senjata yang digunakan tentera Sir Colin Campbell semasa Pertempuran Alma? || Senapang Minie", {"context": "A large Russian assault on the allied supply base to the southeast, at Balaclava was rebuffed on 25 October 1854.:521\u2013527 The Battle of Balaclava is remembered in the UK for the actions of two British units. At the start of the battle, a large body of Russian cavalry charged the 93rd Highlanders, who were posted north of the village of Kadikoi. Commanding them was Sir Colin Campbell. Rather than 'form square', the traditional method of repelling cavalry, Campbell took the risky decision to have his Highlanders form a single line, two men deep. Campbell had seen the effectiveness of the new Minie rifles, with which his troops were armed, at the Battle of the Alma a month before, and was confident his men could beat back the Russians. His tactics succeeded. From up on the ridge to the west, Times correspondent William Howard Russell saw the Highlanders as a 'thin red streak topped with steel', a phrase which soon became the 'Thin Red Line.'", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "93rd Highlanders"}], "question": "Who did the Russians attack at the beginning off the Battle of Balaclava?", "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Kadikoi"}], "question": "Near what village were the 93rd Highlanders posted at?", "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9757"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "a single line, two men deep"}], "question": "What risky maneuver did Sir Colin Campbell have the 93rd Highlanders form? ", "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e975a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Sir Colin Campbell"}], "question": "Who led the 93rd Highlanders?", "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9758"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "Minie rifles"}], "question": "What weapon did Sir Colin Campbell troops use during the Battle of Alma?", "id": "5726ffd8dd62a815002e9759"}]}], ["Pendaratan itu adalah di utara Sevastopol, sehingga Rusia telah menyusun tenteranya dengan mengharapkan serangan langsung. Sekutu maju dan pada pagi 20 September datang ke sungai Alma dan seluruh tentera Rusia. Posisi itu kuat, tetapi selepas tiga jam,: 424 serangan frontal telah mendorong orang Rusia keluar dari tempat mereka digali dengan kedudukan 6000 orang. Pertempuran Alma mempunyai 3,300 kehilangan Sekutu. Gagal untuk mengejar pasukan berundur adalah salah satu daripada banyak kesilapan strategik yang dibuat semasa perang, dan orang Rusia sendiri menyatakan bahawa mereka telah menekan ke selatan hari itu mereka dengan mudah dapat menawan Sevastopol. <> Berapa ramai lelaki kehilangan Rusia selepas tiga jam? || 6000 orang <> Sungai yang mana sekutu itu menjumpai Tentera Rusia? || Sungai Alma <> Berapa jam yang diperlukan untuk memaksa orang Rusia pergi semasa serangan? || tiga jam <> Berapa banyak sekutu yang hilang semasa pertempuran? || 3,300 <> Di manakah cara orang Rusia percaya bahawa mereka sepatutnya pergi? || selatan", {"context": "The landing was north of Sevastopol, so the Russians had arrayed their army in expectation of a direct attack. The allies advanced and on the morning of 20 September came up to the Alma river and the whole Russian army. The position was strong, but after three hours,:424 the frontal attack had driven the Russians out of their dug in positions with losses of 6000 men. The Battle of the Alma had 3,300 Allied losses. Failing to pursue the retreating forces was one of many strategic errors made during the war, and the Russians themselves noted that had they pressed south that day they would have easily captured Sevastopol.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "6000 men"}], "question": "How many men did the Russians lose after three hours?", "id": "5726fa88708984140094d781"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Alma river"}], "question": "Which river did the allies come across the Russian Army?", "id": "5726fa88708984140094d782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "three hours"}], "question": "How many hours did it take to force the Russians away during the attack?", "id": "5726fa88708984140094d783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "3,300"}], "question": "How many allies were lost during the battle?", "id": "5726fa88708984140094d784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "south"}], "question": "Which way did the Russians believe they should have traveled? ", "id": "5726fa88708984140094d785"}]}], ["Cardigan membentuk unitnya dan mengenakan panjang Lembah Balaclava, di bawah api dari bateri Rusia di bukit. Tuduhan Briged Light menyebabkan 278 orang korban dalam unit 700 orang. Briged Light telah diperiakan dalam puisi terkenal oleh Alfred Lord Tennyson, \"The Charge of Brigade Light.\" Walaupun secara tradisinya pertuduhan Brigade Cahaya dianggap sebagai pengorbanan yang mulia tetapi sia-sia dari lelaki dan kuda yang baik, ahli sejarah baru-baru ini mengatakan bahawa pertuduhan Brigade Cahaya berjaya dalam sekurang-kurangnya beberapa objektifnya. Tujuan setiap pertembungan berkuda adalah menyebarkan garis musuh dan menakutkan musuh di medan perang. Tuduhan Brigade Cahaya telah mengatasi pasukan berkuda Rusia, yang sebelum ini telah diarahkan oleh Brigade Berat, bahawa Kavaleri Rusia telah ditetapkan untuk penerbangan berskala penuh oleh tuduhan Brigade Cahaya yang berikutnya. mengenakan bayaran di Lembah Balaclava? || Cardigan <> Siapa Cardigan di bawah api ketika memajukan Lembah Balaclava? || Bateri Rusia <> Berapa ramai orang kehilangan Cardigan semasa Briged Light? || 278 <> Siapa menulis puisi terkenal tentang Brigade Cahaya? || Alfred Lord Tennyson <> Apakah nama puisi yang mengenang Briged Cahaya? || Caj Briged Light", {"context": "Cardigan formed up his unit and charged the length of the Valley of the Balaclava, under fire from Russian batteries in the hills. The charge of the Light Brigade caused 278 casualties of the 700-man unit. The Light Brigade was memorialized in the famous poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, \"The Charge of the Light Brigade.\" Although traditionally the charge of the Light Brigade was looked upon as a glorious but wasted sacrifice of good men and horses, recent historians say that the charge of the Light Brigade did succeed in at least some of its objectives. The aim of any cavalry charge is to scatter the enemy lines and frighten the enemy off the battlefield. The charge of the Light Brigade had so unnerved the Russian cavalry, which had previously been routed by the Heavy Brigade, that the Russian Cavalry was set to full-scale flight by the subsequent charge of the Light Brigade.:252", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cardigan"}], "question": "Who led the charge on the Valley of Balaclava?", "id": "5727024e708984140094d867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Russian batteries"}], "question": "Who was Cardigan under fire from when advancing on the Valley of Balaclava?", "id": "5727024e708984140094d868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "278"}], "question": "How many people did Cardigan lose during the Light Brigade?  ", "id": "5727024e708984140094d869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Alfred Lord Tennyson"}], "question": "Who wrote the famous poem about the Light Brigade? ", "id": "5727024e708984140094d86a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "The Charge of the Light Brigade"}], "question": "What was the name of the poem that memorialized the Light Brigade?", "id": "5727024e708984140094d86b"}]}], ["Pertengkaran tentera laut kecil juga berlaku di Timur Jauh, di mana di Petropavlovsk di Semenanjung Kamchatka sebuah skuadron bersekutu British dan Perancis termasuk HMS Pique di bawah Laksamana Muda David Price dan pasukan Perancis di bawah Kaunter Laksamana Auguste Febvrier Deskripsi mengepung pasukan Rusia yang lebih kecil di bawah Laksamana Muda Yevfimy Putyatin. Pada September 1854, satu pasukan pendaratan Sekutu telah dipukul dengan kecederaan berat, dan Sekutu menarik diri. Orang Russia melarikan diri di bawah penutup salji pada awal tahun 1855 selepas bala Sekutu yang bersekutu tiba di rantau ini. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap HMS Pique? || Laksamana Belakang David Price <> Orang Rusia melarikan diri di bawah penutup apa pada tahun 1855? || salji <> Petropavlovsk terletak di semenanjung apa? || Semenanjung Kamchatka", {"context": "Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Rear Admiral David Price"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?", "id": "572718265951b619008f85d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "snow"}], "question": "The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?", "id": "572718265951b619008f85da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "the Kamchatka Peninsula"}], "question": "Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?", "id": "572718265951b619008f85db"}]}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 1855 pasukan tentera laut Franco-British menangkap dan memusnahkan kubu Rusia Bomarsund di Kepulauan \u00c5land. Pada bulan yang sama, Armada Baltik Bersekutu Barat cuba menghancurkan dermaga Rusia di Sveaborg di luar Helsinki. Lebih daripada 1000 senjata musuh menguji kekuatan kubu selama dua hari. Walaupun serangan itu, para pelaut dari kapal 120-pistol Rossiya, yang diketuai oleh Kapten Viktor Poplonsky, mempertahankan pintu masuk ke pelabuhan. Sekutu melancarkan lebih 20,000 cengkerang tetapi gagal mengalahkan bateri Rusia. Satu armada baru yang lebih besar daripada 350 kapal bot dan kapal mortar telah disediakan [oleh siapa?], Tetapi sebelum serangan itu dilancarkan, perang berakhir. <> Bilakah Perancis dan Inggeris menawan benteng Rusia Bomarsund? || Ogos 1855 <> Di manakah kubu Rusia Bomarsund? || Kepulauan \u00c5land <> Siapa yang mengetuai kapal Rossiya? || Kapten Viktor Poplonsky <> Apa yang kapten Viktor Poplonsky mempertahankan? || pintu masuk ke pelabuhan", {"context": "In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on \u00c5land Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 1855"}], "question": "When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?", "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "\u00c5land Islands"}], "question": "Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?", "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Captain Viktor Poplonsky"}], "question": "Who led the ship Rossiya?", "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "entrance to the harbor"}], "question": "What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? ", "id": "572714e2dd62a815002e98c9"}]}], ["Sebahagian daripada rintangan Rusia dikreditkan [oleh siapa?] Kepada penempatan lombong sekatan yang baru dicipta. Mungkin penyumbang yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pembangunan perlombongan angkatan laut adalah seorang penduduk Sweden di Rusia, pencipta dan jurutera awam Immanuel Nobel (bapa Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel membantu usaha perang Rusia dengan menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai bahan letupan perindustrian, seperti nitrogliserin dan serbuk mesiu. Satu akaun tarikh perlombongan tentera laut moden dari Perang Krimea: \"Tambang-tambang Torpedo, jika saya boleh menggunakan nama ini yang diberikan oleh Fulton untuk lombong-lombong diri bawah air, adalah antara barang baru yang dicoba oleh Rusia dalam pertahanan mereka tentang Cronstadt dan Sevastopol\", sebagai salah satu Pegawai Amerika meletakkannya pada 1860. <> Apa yang sangat memberi manfaat kepada perlawanan Rusia? || lombong sekatan yang baru diciptakan <> Yang paling menyumbang kepada perlombongan angkatan laut yang sedang berkembang? || Immanuel Nobel <> Immanuel Noble mempunyai pengetahuan yang mahal dalam bidang apa? || bahan letupan perindustrian <> Siapa yang menamakan lombong torpedo? || Fulton <> Apa nama anak lelaki Immanuel Nobel? || Alfred Nobel", {"context": "Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: \"Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol\", as one American officer put it in 1860.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "newly invented blockade mines"}], "question": "What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?", "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Immanuel Nobel"}], "question": "Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?", "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "industrial explosives"}], "question": "Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?", "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Fulton"}], "question": "Who named the torpedo mines?", "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Alfred Nobel"}], "question": "What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?", "id": "572716f05951b619008f85b7"}]}], ["1855: Kars: Pada tahun sehingga Mei 1855 pasukan Turki di timur dikurangkan dari 120,000 hingga 75,000, kebanyakannya oleh penyakit. Penduduk tempatan Armenia terus memaklumkan Muravyev mengenai orang Turki di Kars dan dia menilai mereka mempunyai sekitar lima bulan bekalan. Oleh itu, dia memutuskan untuk mengawal kawasan sekitarnya dengan pasukan berkuda dan melepaskan mereka. Beliau bermula pada bulan Mei dan menjelang Jun adalah selatan dan barat bandar. Pasukan melepaskan jatuh dan ada kemungkinan mengambil Erzerum, tetapi Muravyev memilih untuk tidak. Pada akhir September dia mengetahui kejatuhan Sevastopol dan pendaratan Turki di Batum. Ini membawa beliau untuk membalikkan dasar dan mencuba serangan langsung. Ia gagal, Rusia kehilangan 8000 orang dan Turks 1500 (29 September). Sekatan itu berterusan dan Kars menyerah pada 8 November. <> Apa yang menyebabkan bilangan askar Turki menurun? || penyakit <> Bagaimana pasukan lelaki adalah pasukan Turki di timur dikurangkan? || 75,000 <> Siapa yang menyimpan Muravyev dimaklumkan tentang Turki di Kar? || Penduduk Armenia tempatan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Muravyev ke Turki untuk mengalahkan mereka? || kelaparan mereka <> Apa bandar Muravyev memutuskan untuk tidak mengawal? || Erzerum", {"context": "1855:Kars: In the year up to May 1855 Turkish forces in the east were reduced from 120,000 to 75,000, mostly by disease. The local Armenian population kept Muravyev well-informed about the Turks at Kars and he judged they had about five months of supplies. He therefore decided to control the surrounding area with cavalry and starve them out. He started in May and by June was south and west of the town. A relieving force fell back and there was a possibility of taking Erzerum, but Muravyev chose not to. In late September he learned of the fall of Sevastopol and a Turkish landing at Batum. This led him to reverse policy and try a direct attack. It failed, the Russians losing 8000 men and the Turks 1500 (29 September). The blockade continued and Kars surrendered on 8 November.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "disease"}], "question": "What caused the number of Turkish soldiers to decrease?", "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9894"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "75,000"}], "question": "How man troops were the Turks forces in the east reduced to? ", "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9895"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "The local Armenian population"}], "question": "Who kept Muravyev informed about the Turks at Kar?", "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "starve them out"}], "question": "What did Muravyev attend to do to the Turks in order to defeat them?", "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Erzerum"}], "question": "What city did Muravyev decide not to take control over?", "id": "57271015dd62a815002e9898"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 1855, skuadron bersekutu cuba melewati Taganrog ke Rostov di Don, memasuki Don River melalui Sungai Mius. Pada 12 Julai 1855 HMS Jasper berpusat berhampiran Taganrog berkat seorang nelayan yang memindahkan pelampung ke dalam air cetek. Cossacks menangkap bot bot dengan semua senjata dan meniupnya. Percubaan pengepungan ketiga dibuat 19-31 Ogos 1855, tetapi kota itu sudah diperkuat dan skuadron tidak dapat mendekati jarak dekat untuk operasi pendaratan. Armada yang bersekutu meninggalkan Teluk Taganrog pada 2 September 1855, dengan operasi ketenteraan kecil di sepanjang pantai Azov yang berlanjutan terus hingga akhir musim gugur 1855. <> Apa yang menyebabkan HMS Jasper terjebak dalam air cetek? || seorang nelayan yang bergerak pelampung <> Siapa yang meletupkan HMS Jasper? || The Cossacks <> Pada hari berapa percubaan skuadron bersekutu ketiga percubaan berlaku? || 19-31 Ogos <> Angkatan bersekutu berlepas dari Teluk Taganrog pada tarikh apa? || 2 September <> Mengapa percubaan pengepungan ketiga gagal? || bandar telah diperkuat", {"context": "In July 1855, the allied squadron tried to go past Taganrog to Rostov on Don, entering the Don River through the Mius River. On 12 July 1855 HMS Jasper grounded near Taganrog thanks to a fisherman who moved buoys into shallow water. The Cossacks captured the gunboat with all of its guns and blew it up. The third siege attempt was made 19\u201331 August 1855, but the city was already fortified and the squadron could not approach close enough for landing operations. The allied fleet left the Gulf of Taganrog on the 2nd September 1855, with minor military operations along the Azov Sea coast continuing until late autumn 1855.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "a fisherman who moved buoys"}], "question": "What caused the HMS Jasper to get stuck in shallow water?", "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f27e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "The Cossacks"}], "question": "Who blew up the HMS Jasper?", "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f27f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "19\u201331 August"}], "question": "During what days did the allied squadron third siege attempt take place?", "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f280"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "2nd September"}], "question": "The allied fleet departed the Gulf of Taganrog on what date?", "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f281"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "the city was already fortified"}], "question": "Why did the third siege attempt fail?", "id": "57270aeaf1498d1400e8f282"}]}], ["Pada musim bunga 1855, komander British-Perancis bersekutu memutuskan untuk menghantar skuadron angkatan laut Anglo-Perancis ke Laut Azov untuk melemahkan komunikasi dan bekalan Rusia untuk mengepung Sevastopol. Pada 12 Mei 1855, kapal perang British-Perancis memasuki Selat Kerch dan memusnahkan bateri pantai Teluk Kamishevaya. Pada 21 Mei 1855, kapal penembak dan penyerang bersenjata menyerang pelabuhan Taganrog, hab terpenting berhampiran Rostov di Don. Jumlah makanan yang banyak, terutama roti, gandum, barli, dan rai yang ditanam di bandaraya selepas pencegahan perang dicegah daripada dieksport. <> Apakah komander British-Perancis menghantar untuk mengganggu komunikasi dan bekalan Rusia? || Skuadron tentera laut Anglo-Perancis <> Apa laut yang skuadron tentera laut Anglo-Perancis dihantar? || Azov Sea <> Di mana kapal perang British-Perancis masuk pada 12 Mei 1855? || The Kerch Strait <> Apa pelabuhan melakukan serangan British-Perancis dengan kapal uap dan bot bot? || pelabuhan Taganrog <> Pelabuhan Taganrog terletak berhampiran bandar pelabuhan apa? || Rostov on Don", {"context": "In spring 1855, the allied British-French commanders decided to send an Anglo-French naval squadron into the Azov Sea to undermine Russian communications and supplies to besieged Sevastopol. On 12 May 1855, British-French warships entered the Kerch Strait and destroyed the coast battery of the Kamishevaya Bay. On 21 May 1855, the gunboats and armed steamers attacked the seaport of Taganrog, the most important hub near Rostov on Don. The vast amounts of food, especially bread, wheat, barley, and rye that were amassed in the city after the outbreak of war were prevented from being exported.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Anglo-French naval squadron"}], "question": "What did the British-French commanders send to disrupt Russian communications and supplies?", "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Azov Sea"}], "question": "What sea was the Anglo-French naval squadron sent to?", "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "the Kerch Strait"}], "question": "Where did British-French warships enter on May 12th 1855?", "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "the seaport of Taganrog"}], "question": "What seaport did the British-French attack with steamers and gunboats?", "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e982f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Rostov on Don"}], "question": "The seaport of Taganrog is near what port city?", "id": "5727094fdd62a815002e9830"}]}], ["Baltik adalah [ketika?] Teater terlupakan Perang Krimea. Pengedaran acara di tempat lain membayangi pentingnya teater ini, yang berdekatan dengan Saint Petersburg, ibukota Rusia. Pada bulan April 1854 sebuah armada Anglo-Perancis memasuki Baltik untuk menyerang pangkalan tentera laut Rusia Kronstadt dan armada Rusia yang ditempatkan di sana. Pada bulan Ogos 1854 gabungan armada British dan Perancis kembali ke Kronstadt untuk percubaan lain. Lebih banyak Rusia Fleet Baltic mengurung pergerakannya ke kawasan sekitar kubu-kubunya. Pada masa yang sama, komander British dan Perancis Sir Charles Napier dan Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes-walaupun mereka mengetuai kumpulan armada terbesar yang berkumpul sejak Perang Napoleon-dianggap kubu Sveaborg terlalu baik untuk terlibat. Oleh itu, penembakan bateri Rusia adalah terhad kepada dua percubaan pada musim panas tahun 1854 dan 1855, dan pada mulanya, armada serangan menyekat tindakan mereka untuk menghalang perdagangan Russia di Teluk Finland. Serangan tentera laut di pelabuhan lain, seperti yang ada di pulau Hogland di Teluk Finland, terbukti lebih berjaya. Di samping itu, sekutu melakukan serbuan di bahagian kurang pantai Finland. Pertempuran ini diketahui di Finland sebagai perang \u00c5land. <> Apa modal Rusia? || Saint Petersburg <> Teater mana yang bersebelahan dengan Saint Petersburg? || Baltik <> Angkatan mana yang menyertai serangan Baltik? || Armada Anglo-French <> Bilakah angkatan Anglo-Perancis menyertai serangan Baltik? || April 1854 <> Dua armada mana yang kembali ke Kronstadt? || Armada British dan Perancis", {"context": "The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes\u2014although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars\u2014considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the \u00c5land war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Saint Petersburg"}], "question": "What is the Russian capital?", "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Baltic"}], "question": "Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?", "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Anglo-French fleet"}], "question": "Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?", "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "April 1854"}], "question": "When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?", "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "British and French fleet"}], "question": "Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?", "id": "57271342f1498d1400e8f33c"}]}], ["1855: Pantai Georgia: Omar Pasha, komander Turki di Crimea telah lama mahu mendarat di Georgia, tetapi kuasa barat memvetokannya. Apabila mereka menyerah pada bulan Ogos, kebanyakan musim berkempen telah hilang. Pada September 8000 Turki mendarat di Batum, tetapi tumpuan utama adalah di Sukhum Kale. Ini memerlukan perjalanan sejauh 100 batu ke selatan melalui sebuah negara dengan jalan yang buruk. Rusia merancang untuk memegang garis Sungai Ingur yang memisahkan Abkhazia dari Georgia. Omar melintasi Ingur pada 7 November dan kemudian membazirkan banyak masa, Rusia melakukan sedikit. Menjelang 2 Disember dia telah sampai ke Tskhenis-dzqali, musim hujan telah bermula, kem-kemnya terendam dalam lumpur dan tidak ada roti. Belajar kejatuhan Kars dia menarik balik ke Ingur. Orang Rusia tidak melakukan apa-apa dan dia berpindah ke Batum pada Februari tahun berikutnya. <> Siapa yang memveto Omar Pasha dari mendarat di Georgia? || kuasa barat <> Pada bulan September tahun 1855, berapa orang Turki boleh didapati di Batum? || 8000 <> Ketika mendarat di Batum, apakah fokus utama Turki? || Sukhum Kale <> Apa sungai membahagikan Abkhazia dari Georgia? || Sungai Ingur <> Apa yang Omar Pasha akhirnya sampai pada 2 Disember 1855? || Tskhenis-dzqali", {"context": "1855: Georgian coast: Omar Pasha, the Turkish commander at Crimea had long wanted to land in Georgia, but the western powers vetoed it. When they relented in August most of the campaigning season was lost. In September 8000 Turks landed at Batum, but the main concentration was at Sukhum Kale. This required a 100-mile march south through a country with poor roads. The Russians planned to hold the line of the Ingur River which separates Abkhazia from Georgia proper. Omar crossed the Ingur on 7 November and then wasted a great deal of time, the Russians doing little. By 2 December he had reached the Tskhenis-dzqali, the rainy season had started, his camps were submerged in mud and there was no bread. Learning of the fall of Kars he withdrew to the Ingur. The Russians did nothing and he evacuated to Batum in February of the following year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "the western powers"}], "question": "Who vetoed Omar Pasha from landing in Georgia?", "id": "57271173dd62a815002e989e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "8000"}], "question": "In September of 1855, how many Turks could be found at Batum?", "id": "57271173dd62a815002e989f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Sukhum Kale"}], "question": "When landing at Batum, what were the Turks primary focus?", "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "the Ingur River"}], "question": "What river divides Abkhazia from Georgia?", "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "the Tskhenis-dzqali"}], "question": "What did Omar Pasha finally reach on December 2nd 1855?", "id": "57271173dd62a815002e98a2"}]}], ["Di utara Eristov ditolak barat daya, berperang dua pertempuran, memaksa orang Turki kembali ke Batum, bersara di belakang Sungai Cholok dan tindakan yang digantung selama sisa tahun (Jun). Di selatan Wrangel ditolak ke barat, berperang dan menduduki Bayazit. Di tengah-tengah pasukan utama berdiri di Kars dan Gyumri. Kedua-dua perlahan-lahan menghampiri sepanjang jalan Kars-Gyumri dan berhadapan antara satu sama lain, sama ada memilih untuk bertarung (Jun-Julai). Pada 4 Ogos pemerhati Rusia menyaksikan pergerakan yang mereka fikir adalah permulaan penarikan balik, Rusia maju dan Turks menyerang pertama. Mereka dikalahkan, kehilangan 8000 orang ke Rusia 3000. 10000 orang tidak disewa di kampung mereka. Kedua-dua pihak menarik diri ke jawatan bekas mereka. Pada masa ini Persia membuat persetujuan separa rahsia untuk kekal neutral sebagai pertukaran untuk pembatalan ganti rugi dari perang sebelumnya. <> Siapa yang membuat Turks berundur kembali ke Batum? || Eristov <> Siapa yang menduduki Bayazit? || Wrangel <> Di mana pasukan utama berdiri? || Kars dan Gyumri <> Pada 4hb Ogos, yang mengira pihak lain telah menarik diri? || Rusia <> yang membuat perjanjian rahsia untuk kekal neutral? || Persia", {"context": "In the north Eristov pushed southwest, fought two battles, forced the Turks back to Batum, retired behind the Cholok River and suspended action for the rest of the year (June). In the far south Wrangel pushed west, fought a battle and occupied Bayazit. In the center the main forces stood at Kars and Gyumri. Both slowly approached along the Kars-Gyumri road and faced each other, neither side choosing to fight (June\u2013July). On 4 August Russian scouts saw a movement which they thought was the start of a withdrawal, the Russians advanced and the Turks attacked first. They were defeated, losing 8000 men to the Russian 3000. 10000 irregulars deserted to their villages. Both sides withdrew to their former positions. About this time the Persians made a semi-secret agreement to remain neutral in exchange for the cancellation of the indemnity from the previous war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Eristov"}], "question": "Who make the Turks retreat back to Batum?", "id": "57270e82708984140094d915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Wrangel"}], "question": "Who occupied Bayazit?", "id": "57270e82708984140094d916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Kars and Gyumri"}], "question": "Where did the main forces stand?", "id": "57270e82708984140094d917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "the Russians"}], "question": "On August 4th, who thought the other side was withdrawing? ", "id": "57270e82708984140094d918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "the Persians"}], "question": "Who made a secret agreement to remain neutral?", "id": "57270e82708984140094d919"}]}], ["1853: Terdapat empat peristiwa utama. 1. Di utara Turki menawan benteng sempit Saint Nicholas dalam serangan malam kejutan (27/28 Oktober). Mereka kemudiannya menolak kira-kira 20,000 tentera di sempadan Sungai Cholok. Lebih banyak orang Rusia ditinggalkan Poti dan Redut Kale dan kembali ke Marani. Kedua-dua belah pihak masih tidak bergerak selama tujuh bulan akan datang. 2. Di tengah-tengah orang Turki bergerak ke utara dari Ardahan ke dalam tembakan meriam dari Akhaltsike dan bantuan yang ditunggu-tunggu (13 November). Orang Rusia mengarahkan mereka. Kerugian yang dituntut adalah 4000 orang Turki dan 400 orang Rusia. 3. Di selatan kira-kira 30000 orang Turki perlahan-lahan bergerak ke timur ke kepekatan utama Rusia di Gyumri atau Alexandropol (November). Mereka menyeberangi sempadan dan menubuhkan meriam di selatan bandar. Putera Orbeliani cuba menghalau mereka dan mendapati dirinya terperangkap. Orang Turki gagal untuk menekan kelebihan mereka, yang tersisa Rusia menyelamatkan Orbeliani dan Turki pensiun di barat. Orbeliani kehilangan kira-kira 1000 orang dari 5000. Orang Rusia kini memutuskan untuk maju, Turki mengambil kedudukan yang kuat di jalan Kars dan diserang. Mereka kalah dalam pertempuran Ba\u015fgedikler, kehilangan 6000 orang, setengah artileri mereka dan semua kereta api bekalan mereka. Orang Rusia kehilangan 1300, termasuk Putera Orbeliani. Ini adalah Putera Ellico Orbeliani yang isterinya kemudiannya diculik oleh Shamyl di Tsinandali. 4. Di laut, orang Turki menghantar sebuah armada timur yang dimusnahkan oleh Admiral Nakhimov di Sinope. <> Siapa yang menawan hadapan sempadan Saint Nicholas semasa serangan malam? || Turki <> Berapa banyak pasukan Turki yang melintasi Sungai Cholok? || 20000 askar <> Setelah berputus asa di Poti dan Redut Kale, di mana orang Russia berundur? || Marani <> Berapa banyak pasukan yang menghantar orang Turki ke Gyumri? || 30000 <> Apa yang Turki tunggu ketika berada di dekat Akhaltsike? || bala bantuan", {"context": "1853: There were four main events. 1. In the north the Turks captured the border fort of Saint Nicholas in a surprise night attack (27/28 October). They then pushed about 20000 troops across the Cholok River border. Being outnumbered the Russians abandoned Poti and Redut Kale and drew back to Marani. Both sides remained immobile for the next seven months. 2. In the center the Turks moved north from Ardahan to within cannon-shot of Akhaltsike and awaited reinforcements (13 November). The Russians routed them. The claimed losses were 4000 Turks and 400 Russians. 3. In the south about 30000 Turks slowly moved east to the main Russian concentration at Gyumri or Alexandropol (November). They crossed the border and set up artillery south of town. Prince Orbeliani tried to drive them off and found himself trapped. The Turks failed to press their advantage, the remaining Russians rescued Orbeliani and the Turks retired west. Orbeliani lost about 1000 men out of 5000. The Russians now decided to advance, the Turks took up a strong position on the Kars road and attacked. They were defeated in the battle of Ba\u015fgedikler, losing 6000 men, half their artillery and all their supply train. The Russians lost 1300, including Prince Orbeliani. This was Prince Ellico Orbeliani whose wife was later kidnaped by Shamyl at Tsinandali. 4. At sea the Turks sent a fleet east which was destroyed by Admiral Nakhimov at Sinope.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "the Turks"}], "question": "Who captured the border front of Saint Nicholas during a night attack?", "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "20000 troops"}], "question": "How many troops did the Turks have when crossing the Cholok River?", "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Marani"}], "question": "After giving up their position at Poti and Redut Kale, where did the Russians retreat to?", "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "30000"}], "question": "How many troops did the Turks send to Gyumri?", "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8538"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "reinforcements"}], "question": "What were the Turks waiting for when positioned near Akhaltsike?", "id": "57270ca95951b619008f8539"}]}], ["Pandangan 'drift diplomatik' sebagai penyebab perang pertama kali dipopularkan oleh A. W, Kinglake, yang menggambarkan British sebagai mangsa sensasiisme akhbar dan diplomasi Perancis dan Ottoman yang berliku-liku. Baru-baru ini, sejarawan Andrew Lambert dan Winfried Baumgart berpendapat bahawa, pertama, Britain mengikuti strategi geopolitik dalam usaha untuk menghancurkan Tentera Laut Rusia yang mungkin mencabar Tentera Laut Diraja untuk mengawal lautan, dan kedua perang itu adalah sendi Tanggapan Eropah kepada satu abad pengembangan Rusia tidak hanya ke selatan tetapi juga ke Eropah barat. <> Siapa yang membuat pandangan drift diplomatik popular? || A. W, Kinglake <> Apa yang A.W Kinglake menjadikan British keluar? || sebagai mangsa <> Siapa percaya Britain mengikuti strategi ketika cuba memusnahkan Tentera Laut Rusia? || Andrew Lambert dan Winfried Baumgart", {"context": "This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "A. W, Kinglake"}], "question": "Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?", "id": "572722e65951b619008f8659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "as victims"}], "question": "What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?", "id": "572722e65951b619008f865a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart"}], "question": "Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?", "id": "572722e65951b619008f865b"}]}], ["Perang Krimea menandakan kedudukan Perancis untuk kedudukan kuasa pra-terkemuka di benua,: 411 kemerosotan berterusan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, dan permulaan penurunan untuk Rusia Tsarist. Seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Fuller, \"Rusia telah dipukul di semenanjung Crimea, dan ketenteraan takut bahawa ia tidak akan dapat dipukul lagi kecuali langkah-langkah telah diambil untuk mengatasi kelemahan ketenteraannya.\" Perang Krimea menandakan kemunculan Konsert Eropah, keseimbangan kuasa yang menguasai Eropah sejak Kongres Vienna pada tahun 1815, dan termasuk Perancis, Rusia, Austria dan United Kingdom. <> Perancis meningkat selepas perang? || Perang Crimean <> Apakah kerajaan yang merosot selepas Perang Krimea? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Perang Krimea menandakan berakhirnya kuasa Eropah yang dominan? || Konsert Eropah", {"context": "The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, \"Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness.\" The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War"}], "question": "France rose to power after what war?", "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e994e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "What empire declined after the Crimean War?", "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e994f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "Concert of Europe"}], "question": "The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?", "id": "572721d3dd62a815002e9950"}]}], ["Rusia takut kehilangan Rusia di Amerika tanpa kompensasi dalam beberapa konflik di masa depan, terutamanya kepada British. Walaupun Alaska menarik minat yang sedikit pada masa itu, penduduk British Columbia yang berdekatan mula meningkat pesat beberapa tahun selepas permusuhan berakhir. Oleh itu, maharaja Rusia, Alexander II, memutuskan untuk menjual Alaska. Pada tahun 1859 Rusia menawarkan untuk menjual wilayah itu ke Amerika Syarikat, dengan harapan bahawa kehadirannya di rantau ini akan mengimbangi rancangan rival serantau Rusia terbesar, United Kingdom. <> Apa yang Rusia takut kehilangan tanpa pampasan? || British Columbia <> Wilayah apa yang menjadi lebih popular dan menyaksikan peningkatan populasi setelah perang? || British Columbia <> Siapa yang membuat panggilan untuk menjual Alaska? || Alexander II <> Siapa yang Rusia tawarkan untuk menjual Alaska? || Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa saingan serantau terbesar Rusia? || United Kingdom", {"context": "Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "British Columbia"}], "question": "What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?", "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "British Columbia"}], "question": "What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?", "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Alexander II"}], "question": "Who made the call to sell Alaska?", "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "the United States"}], "question": "Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?", "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who is Russia's largest regional rival?", "id": "57272435f1498d1400e8f3ee"}]}], ["Camillo di Cavour, di bawah arahan Victor Emmanuel II dari Piedmont-Sardinia, menghantar korps ekspedisi 15,000 tentera, yang diperintahkan oleh Jeneral Alfonso La Marmora, dengan pasukan Perancis dan British semasa perang. mendapat sokongan Perancis, terutamanya apabila masalah perpaduan Itali akan menjadi perkara penting. Pengerakan pasukan Italia ke Krimea, dan keberanian yang ditunjukkan oleh mereka dalam Pertempuran Chernaya (16 Agustus 1855) dan dalam pengepungan Sevastopol, membenarkan Kerajaan Sardinia menjadi salah satu peserta pada persidangan damai pada akhir perang, di mana ia dapat menangani isu Risorgimento dengan kuasa-kuasa Eropah yang lain. <> Siapa yang memberikan Camillo di Cavour perintah untuk menghantar askar untuk membantu pasukan Perancis dan Inggeris? || Victor Emmanuel II <> Camillo di Cavour menghantar berapa banyak tentera untuk membantu pasukan Perancis dan British? || 15,000 <> Yang memerintahkan tentera yang dikirim oleh Camillo di Cavour? || Jeneral Alfonso La Marmora <> Pertempuran Chernaya berlaku pada tahun berapa? || 1855 <> Di manakah Victor Emmanuel II dari? || Piedmont-Sardinia", {"context": "Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111\u201312 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Victor Emmanuel II"}], "question": "Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?", "id": "57271960708984140094d9ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "15,000"}], "question": "Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?", "id": "57271960708984140094d9ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "General Alfonso La Marmora"}], "question": "Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?", "id": "57271960708984140094d9af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "1855"}], "question": "The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?", "id": "57271960708984140094d9b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Piedmont-Sardinia"}], "question": "Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?", "id": "57271960708984140094d9b1"}]}], ["Dokumentasi penting dalam peperangan itu disediakan oleh William Howard Russell (menulis surat khabar The Times) dan gambar-gambar Roger Fenton. 306-309 Berita dari wartawan perang mencapai semua negara yang terlibat dalam peperangan dan memelihara rakyat jelata bangsa-bangsa daripada peristiwa perang sehari-hari daripada yang berlaku dalam mana-mana peperangan lain hingga tarikh itu. Orang awam Inggeris sangat arif mengenai realiti sehari perang di Crimea. Selepas Perancis memperluaskan telegraf ke pantai Laut Hitam semasa musim sejuk tahun 1854, berita itu sampai ke London dalam dua hari. Ketika British meletakkan kabel bawah laut ke Semenanjung Crimean pada April 1855, berita tiba di London dalam beberapa jam. Laporan berita sehari-hari membangkitkan pendapat orang ramai, yang menyebabkan kerajaan Aberdeen dan membawa Lord Palmerston menjadi perdana menteri. 304 Siapa yang memberikan dokumentasi penting perang? || William Howard Russell <> William Howard Russell menulis apa akhbar pada masa itu? || The Times <> Siapa gambar yang disertai dokumentasi William Howard Russell? || Roger Fenton <> Yang memperluaskan telegraf ke pantai Laut Hitam? || Perancis Selepas telegraf dilanjutkan ke pantai Laut Hitam, berapa lama berita tentang perang itu sampai ke London? || dua hari", {"context": "Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306\u2013309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304\u201311", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "William Howard Russell"}], "question": "Who provided notable documentation of the war?", "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "The Times"}], "question": " William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?", "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Roger Fenton"}], "question": "Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?", "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f404"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "the French"}], "question": "Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?", "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f405"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "two days"}], "question": "After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?", "id": "5727257bf1498d1400e8f406"}]}], ["Walaupun Rusia adalah yang dihukum oleh Perjanjian Paris, dalam jangka panjang ia adalah Austria yang paling banyak kehilangan dari Perang Krimea walaupun tidak pernah mengambil bahagian di dalamnya. 443 Setelah meninggalkan persekutuannya dengan Rusia, Austria diplomatik terpencil menyusul perang,: 433 yang menyumbang kepada kekalahan buruknya pada Perang Perancis-Austria 1859 yang mengakibatkan pengunduran Lombardy ke Kerajaan Sardinia, dan kemudiannya kehilangan kekuasaan Habsburg Tuscany dan Modena, yang bermaksud berakhirnya Austria pengaruh di Itali. Selain itu, Rusia tidak melakukan apa-apa untuk membantu bekas sekutunya, Austria, dalam Perang Austro-Prusia 1866: 433 dengan kehilangan Venetia dan lebih penting daripada itu, pengaruhnya di kebanyakan tanah berbahasa Jerman. Status Austria sebagai kuasa besar, dengan penyatuan Jerman dan Itali kini dipertanyakan. Ia harus berkompromi dengan Hungary, kedua-dua negara berkongsi Empayar Danubia dan Austria perlahan-lahan menjadi sedikit lebih daripada satelit Jerman. Dengan Perancis kini bermusuhan dengan Jerman, bersekutu dengan Rusia, dan Rusia bersaing dengan Empayar Austro-Hungaria yang baru dinamakan sebagai peranan yang semakin meningkat di Balkan dengan mengorbankan Empayar Uthmaniyyah, asas-asas telah dibuat untuk mewujudkan persekutuan diplomatik yang akan memimpin kepada Perang Dunia I. <> Siapa yang paling kalah akibat Perang Krimea? || Austria <> Rusia gagal membantu Austria semasa peperangan yang berlaku pada tahun 1866? || Perang Austro-Prusia <> Yang menjadi terpencil secara diplomatik selepas peperangan? || Kerajaan Sardinia", {"context": "Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Austria"}], "question": "Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?", "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Austro-Prussian War"}], "question": "Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?", "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Kingdom of Sardinia"}], "question": "Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?", "id": "572720a2f1498d1400e8f3dc"}]}], ["Perjanjian Paris berdiri hingga 1871, ketika Perancis dikalahkan oleh Prussia dalam Perang Franco-Prussian dari 1870-1871. Sementara Prusia dan beberapa negara Jerman yang lain bersatu untuk membentuk Empayar Jerman yang kuat, Kaisar Perancis, Napoleon III, digulingkan untuk membenarkan pembentukan Republik Perancis Ketiga. Semasa pemerintahannya, Napoleon III, yang bersemangat untuk menyokong United Kingdom, telah menentang Rusia melalui Soalan Timur. Walau bagaimanapun, campur tangan Rusia dalam Empayar Uthmaniyyah, tidak dengan cara yang penting mengancam kepentingan Perancis. Oleh itu, Perancis meninggalkan pembangkang ke Rusia selepas penubuhan sebuah republik. Didorong oleh keputusan Perancis, dan disokong oleh menteri Jerman Otto von Bismarck, Rusia menolak klausa-klausa Laut Hitam perjanjian yang disepakati pada tahun 1856. Memandangkan United Kingdom sendiri tidak dapat menegakkan klausa-klausa itu, Rusia sekali lagi mendirikan sebuah armada di Laut Hitam. <> Tahun apa perjanjian jatuh ke Paris? || 1871 <> Dalam perang apa Perancis ditewaskan oleh Prusia? || Perang Franco-Prussian <> Antara tahun berapa Perang Franco-Prussian berlaku? || 1870-1871 <> Napoleon III telah dikeluarkan untuk membentuk apa? || Republik Perancis Ketiga <> Yang melepaskan klausa Laut Hitam? || Rusia", {"context": "The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870\u20131871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "1871"}], "question": "What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?", "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Franco-Prussian War"}], "question": "In what war was France defeated by Prussia?", "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1870\u20131871"}], "question": "Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?", "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "a Third French Republic"}], "question": "Napoleon III was removed to form what?", "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Who renounced the Black Sea clause?", "id": "57271f22dd62a815002e993e"}]}], ["Greece memainkan periferal peranan dalam perang. Apabila Rusia menyerang Empayar Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1853, Raja Otto dari Greece melihat peluang untuk mengembangkan Utara dan Selatan ke kawasan Uthmaniyyah yang mempunyai majoriti Kristiani besar Yunani. Walau bagaimanapun, Greece tidak menyelaraskan rancangannya dengan Rusia, tidak mengisytiharkan perang, dan tidak menerima sokongan luar tentera atau kewangan. Greece, sebuah negara Ortodoks, mempunyai sokongan yang besar di Rusia, tetapi kerajaan Rusia memutuskan ia terlalu berbahaya untuk membantu Greece mengembangkan pegangannya. 32-40 Ketika Rusia menyerang Prinsip-prinsip, pasukan Uthmaniyyah terikat sehingga Yunani menyerang Thessaly dan Epirus. Untuk menghalang gerakan Yunani lebih jauh, Inggeris dan Perancis menduduki pelabuhan Yunani utama di Piraeus dari April 1854 hingga Februari 1857, dan secara berkesan menetralkan tentera Yunani. Orang Yunani, perjudian atas kemenangan Rusia, menghancurkan pemberontakan Epirus besar-besaran 1854 serta pemberontakan di Crete. Pemberhentian itu adalah kegagalan yang mudah dihancurkan oleh tentera Uthmaniyyah. Greece tidak diundang ke persidangan damai dan tidak membuat keuntungan dari perang. MASIH Pimpinan Yunani yang kecewa menyalahkan Raja kerana gagal memanfaatkan keadaan itu; popularitinya menjunam dan dia kemudian terpaksa berpecah belah. <> Ketika Rusia menyerang Empayar Uthmaniyyah yang melihat peluang untuk maju ke Utara dan Selatan? || Raja Otto dari Greece <> Ketika pasukan Ottoman sibuk, siapa yang menyerang Greece? || Thessaly dan Epirus <> Dari April 1854 hingga Februari 1857, pelabuhan apa yang telah dikunci oleh British dan Perancis? || Pelabuhan Yunani di Piraeus <> Dalam tahun berapakah Pemberontakan Epirus berlaku? || 1854 <> Siapakah yang menggerakkan Pemberontakan Epirus tahun 1854? || Orang Yunani", {"context": "Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32\u201340 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "King Otto of Greece"}], "question": "When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?", "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Thessaly and Epirus"}], "question": "When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?", "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Greek port at Piraeus"}], "question": "From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?", "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?", "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 806, "text": "Greeks"}], "question": "Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?", "id": "57271ad5708984140094d9cf"}]}], ["Tidak puas hati dengan tingkah laku perang itu berkembang dengan orang awam di UK dan di negara-negara lain, yang diperburuk oleh laporan-laporan fiascos, terutama kekalahan yang memalukan dari Gugatan Brigade Cahaya di Pertempuran Balaclava. Pada hari Ahad, 21 Januari 1855, sebuah \"rusuhan bola salji\" berlaku di Trafalgar Square berhampiran St Martin-in-the-Field di mana 1,500 orang berkumpul untuk membantah peperangan dengan memukul bas, teksi, dan pejalan kaki dengan bola salji. Apabila polis campur tangan, bola salji diarahkan kepada mereka. Rusuhan itu akhirnya ditumpaskan oleh tentera dan polis yang bertindak dengan truncheons. Di Parlimen, Tories menuntut perakaunan semua tentera, pasukan berkuda dan pelaut dihantar ke Crimea dan angka yang tepat mengenai bilangan mangsa yang telah dikekalkan oleh semua angkatan bersenjata Inggeris di Crimea; mereka sangat prihatin dengan Pertempuran Balaclava. Apabila Parlimen meluluskan rang undang-undang untuk menyiasat dengan undi 305 hingga 148, Aberdeen berkata beliau telah kehilangan undi tidak percaya dan meletak jawatan sebagai perdana menteri pada 30 Januari 1855. Bekas Menteri Luar Negeri bekas Menteri Luar Negeri Lord Palmerston menjadi perdana menteri. Palmerston mengambil garis keras; dia mahu memperluaskan perang itu, menggemparkan pergolakan di dalam Empayar Rusia, dan secara kekal mengurangkan ancaman Rusia ke Eropah. Sweden dan Prusia bersedia bergabung dengan Inggeris dan Perancis, dan Rusia terpencil.: 400002, 406-408 <> Pada 21 Januari 1855, di mana orang membantah perang? || Trafalgar Square <> Bagaimana pasukan menghentikan rusuhan? || dengan truncheons <> Apa yang digunakan orang semasa protes itu? || bola salji <> Yang meletak jawatan sebagai Perdana Menteri pada 30 Januari 1855? || Aberdeen <> Kedudukan apa yang pernah dipegang oleh Lord Palmerston sebelum menjadi Perdana Menteri? || Setiausaha Luar", {"context": "Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a \"snowball riot\" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400\u2013402, 406\u2013408", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Trafalgar Square"}], "question": "On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?", "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "with truncheons"}], "question": "How did troops stop the riot?", "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9927"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "snowballs"}], "question": "What were the people using during the protest?", "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9928"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 949, "text": "Aberdeen"}], "question": "Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?", "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e9929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1069, "text": "Foreign Secretary"}], "question": "What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?", "id": "57271ca2dd62a815002e992a"}]}], ["Rundingan damai di Kongres Paris mengakibatkan penandatanganan Perjanjian Paris pada 30 Mac 1856. Dengan mematuhi artikel III, Rusia mengembalikan Empayar Uthmaniyah ke kota dan kubu Kars yang sama dengan \"semua bahagian lain wilayah Uthmaniyyah di mana pasukan Russia berada dalam simpanan \". Rusia menyerahkan beberapa tanah di Bessarabia di mulut Danube ke Moldavia. Oleh artikel IV United Kingdom, Perancis, Sardinia dan Turki dipulihkan ke Rusia \"bandar dan pelabuhan Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, serta semua wilayah lain yang diduduki pasukan bersekutu\". Seiring dengan artikel XI dan XIII, Tsar dan Sultan sepakat untuk tidak menubuhkan sebarang senjata tentera laut atau ketenteraan di pantai Laut Hitam. Klausa Laut Hitam melemahkan Rusia, dan ia tidak lagi menimbulkan ancaman tentera laut kepada Uthmaniyyah. Perwalian Moldavia dan Wallachia secara nominal dikembalikan kepada Empayar Uthmaniyyah; dalam amalan mereka menjadi bebas. Kuasa Besar berjanji untuk menghormati kemerdekaan dan integritas wilayah Empayar Uthmaniyyah. 4332-33 <> Di mana Perjanjian Paris ditandatangani? || Kongres Paris <> Tahun apa Perjanjian Paris ditandatangani? || 1856 <> Yang bersetuju tidak mempunyai senjata ketenteraan di pantai Laut Hitam? || Tsar dan Sultan <> Siapa pewaris Moldavia dan Wallachia kemudian kembali? || Empayar Uthmaniyyah <> Siapa yang kembali ke bandar dan pelabuhan ke Rusia? || United Kingdom, Perancis, Sardinia dan Turki", {"context": "Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with \"all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession\". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia \"the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops\". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432\u201333", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the Congress of Paris"}], "question": "Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "id": "57271de2708984140094da05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "1856"}], "question": "What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?", "id": "57271de2708984140094da06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "the Tsar and the Sultan"}], "question": "Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?", "id": "57271de2708984140094da07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "the Ottoman Empire"}], "question": "Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?", "id": "57271de2708984140094da08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey"}], "question": "Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?", "id": "57271de2708984140094da09"}]}], ["Memandangkan ingatan \"Penguatan Briged Light\" menunjukkan, perang menjadi lambang simbol kegagalan logistik, perubatan dan taktikal dan salah urus. Pendapat awam di UK marah atas kegagalan logistik dan perintah perang; akhbar-akhbar itu menuntut reformasi drastis, dan penyelidikan parlementer menunjukkan kegagalan banyak Tentara. Walau bagaimanapun, kempen pembaharuan tidak teratur dengan baik, dan kepimpinan aristokrat tradisional Tentera melepaskan diri bersama-sama, dan menyekat semua pembaharuan serius. Tiada siapa yang dihukum. Wabak Revolusi India pada tahun 1857 beralih perhatian kepada pertahanan heroik kepentingan British oleh tentera, dan pembicaraan selanjutnya tentang pembaharuan tidak ada tempat. Demi profesionalisasi, bagaimanapun, dicapai oleh Florence Nightingale, yang mendapat perhatian seluruh dunia untuk merintis dan mempublikasikan keperawatan moden ketika merawat orang yang terluka. 446-71 <<Siapa yang menuntut reformasi drastis setelah perang? || akhbar-akhbar <> Perebutan Revolusi India berlangsung pada tahun berapa? || 1857 <> Puisi apa yang menunjukkan perang menjadi simbol kegagalan? || Caj Briged Light", {"context": "As the memory of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469\u201371", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "the newspapers"}], "question": "Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?", "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f416"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "1857"}], "question": "The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?", "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f417"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Charge of the Light Brigade"}], "question": "What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?", "id": "5727266ff1498d1400e8f418"}]}], ["Perang Krimea juga melihat penggunaan taktikal pertama kereta api dan penemuan moden seperti telegraf elektrik, dengan laporan perang \"live\" pertama kepada The Times oleh William Howard Russell. Sesetengah kredit Russell dengan mendorong peletakan jawatan kerajaan British duduk melalui laporannya tentang keadaan yang kurang bersemangat pasukan British yang ditempatkan di Crimea. Di samping itu, telegraf mengurangkan kebebasan harta benda Inggeris di luar negara daripada para komander mereka di London kerana komunikasi pantas itu. Pembaca akhbar memaklumkan pendapat umum di United Kingdom dan Perancis seperti yang pernah berlaku sebelum ini. Ia adalah perang Eropah pertama yang akan diambil gambar. <> Penggunaan taktikal kereta api pertama kali digunakan semasa peperangan apa? || Perang Crimean <> Siapa yang memberikan laporan perang langsung pertama? || William Howard Russell <> Oleh kerana kemahiran pelaporannya, ada yang memberi Russell kredit untuk melakukan apa? || menggesa peletakan jawatan kerajaan British <> Apa yang merendahkan kemerdekaan harta benda Inggeris di luar negara daripada komander mereka di London? || telegraf <> Apa perang Eropah pertama yang akan diambil gambar? || Perang Krimea", {"context": "The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first \"live\" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War"}], "question": "The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?", "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "William Howard Russell"}], "question": "Who gave the first live war report?", "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "prompting the resignation of the sitting British government"}], "question": "Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?", "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f428"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "the telegraph"}], "question": "What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?", "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f429"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Crimean War"}], "question": "What was the first European war to be photographed?", "id": "5727279cf1498d1400e8f42a"}]}]], [["Drama Yunani mencontohkan bentuk drama yang paling awal di mana kita mempunyai pengetahuan yang besar. Tragedi, sebagai genre dramatik, berkembang sebagai persembahan yang berkaitan dengan perayaan keagamaan dan sivik, biasanya menggubal atau membangunkan tema-tema sejarah atau mitologi yang terkenal. Tragedi umumnya menyampaikan tema yang sangat serius. Dengan adanya teknologi yang lebih baru, skrip yang ditulis untuk media bukan peringkat telah ditambah ke borang ini. Perang Dunia (radio) pada tahun 1938 menyaksikan kedatangan kesusasteraan yang ditulis untuk siaran radio, dan banyak karya Drama telah disesuaikan untuk filem atau televisyen. Sebaliknya, kesusasteraan televisyen, filem, dan radio telah disesuaikan dengan media bercetak atau elektronik. <> Bentuk drama paling awal yang kita ketahui adalah sebahagian daripada budaya apa? || Greek <> Tragedi adalah gaya dramatik yang berkembang dari apa? || prestasi yang berkaitan dengan perayaan keagamaan dan sivik <> Satu tragedi biasanya melibatkan apa perkara utama? || tema sejarah atau mitos <> Apa media yang bermain Perang Dunia? || radio <> Pada tahun apakah War Of The Worlds yang asalnya dibentangkan? || 1938", {"context": "Greek drama exemplifies the earliest form of drama of which we have substantial knowledge. Tragedy, as a dramatic genre, developed as a performance associated with religious and civic festivals, typically enacting or developing upon well-known historical or mythological themes. Tragedies generally presented very serious themes. With the advent of newer technologies, scripts written for non-stage media have been added to this form. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938 saw the advent of literature written for radio broadcast, and many works of Drama have been adapted for film or television. Conversely, television, film, and radio literature have been adapted to printed or electronic media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Greek"}], "question": "The earliest form of drama we know of was part of what culture?", "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "performance associated with religious and civic festivals"}], "question": "Tragedy was a dramatic style that evolved from what?", "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "historical or mythological themes"}], "question": "A tragedy typically involved what subject matter?", "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "radio"}], "question": "What media was the play War Of The Worlds written for?", "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "1938"}], "question": "In what year was War Of The Worlds originally presented?", "id": "5726c2c4f1498d1400e8ea80"}]}], ["Takrif kesusasteraan telah berubah dari masa ke masa; ia adalah \"definisi kultur relatif\". Di Eropah Barat sebelum abad kelapan belas, kesusasteraan sebagai istilah menunjukkan semua buku dan tulisan. Pengertian terma yang lebih terhad muncul pada zaman Romantik, di mana ia mula menzahirkan kesusasteraan \"imajinatif\". Perdebatan kontemporari tentang apa yang membentuk kesusasteraan dapat dilihat sebagai kembali ke tanggapan yang lebih tua, lebih inklusif tentang apa yang membentuk kesusasteraan. Kajian kebudayaan, misalnya, mengambil subjek analisa kedua-dua genre popular dan minoriti, sebagai tambahan kepada karya-karya kanonik. <> Perubahan sifat makna istilah \"kesusasteraan\" boleh digambarkan sebagai apa? || \"Definisi relatif budaya\" <> Di Eropah Barat sehingga tahun 1700-an, kesusasteraan merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan apa? || semua buku dan tulisan <> Semasa pergerakan sastera apakah definisi kesusasteraan mula sempit? || tempoh Romantik <> Dalam tempoh abad ke-18, kesusasteraan mula digunakan bagaimana? || ia mula menandakan \"imajinatif\" kesusasteraan", {"context": "Definitions of literature have varied over time; it is a \"culturally relative definition\". In Western Europe prior to the eighteenth century, literature as a term indicated all books and writing. A more restricted sense of the term emerged during the Romantic period, in which it began to demarcate \"imaginative\" literature. Contemporary debates over what constitutes literature can be seen as returning to the older, more inclusive notion of what constitutes literature. Cultural studies, for instance, takes as its subject of analysis both popular and minority genres, in addition to canonical works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "a \"culturally relative definition\""}], "question": "The changing nature of the meaning of the term \"literature\" can be described as what?", "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "all books and writing"}], "question": "In Western Europe until the 1700s, literature was a term used to describe what?", "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "the Romantic period"}], "question": "During what literary movement did the definition of literature begin to narrow?", "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "it began to demarcate \"imaginative\" literature"}], "question": "During that 18th century period, literature began to be applied how?", "id": "5726b1a8dd62a815002e8d17"}]}], ["Takrif penghakiman nilai kesusasteraan menganggapnya sebagai semata-mata termasuk penulisan yang mempunyai kualiti atau pembezaan yang tinggi, membentuk sebahagian daripada tradisi belles-lettres ('penulisan halus'). Inilah definisi yang digunakan dalam Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Elevenh Edition (1910-11) ketika ia mengklasifikasikan kesusasteraan sebagai \"ekspresi terbaik pemikiran terbaik yang dikurangkan untuk menulis.\" Walau bagaimanapun, ini mempunyai hasil bahawa tiada takrif objektif mengenai apa yang menjadi \"kesusasteraan\"; apa-apa pun boleh menjadi sastera, dan apa sahaja yang dianggap secara universal sebagai sastera berpotensi untuk dikecualikan, kerana nilai-nilai boleh berubah dari masa ke masa. <> Apakah komponen utama definisi penilaian kualitatif kesusasteraan? || menulis yang mempunyai kualiti atau perbezaan yang tinggi <> Apakah istilah Perancis untuk kesusasteraan berasaskan nilai literal diterjemahkan sebagai \"penulisan halus?\" || belles-lettres <> Encyclopedia Britannica menegaskan kesusasteraan dalam edisi 1911 bagaimana? || \"ekspresi terbaik pemikiran terbaik dikurangkan kepada penulisan.\" <> Apa kesannya definisi kesusasteraan yang berkembang? || apa-apa yang dianggap secara universal sebagai sastera berpotensi untuk dikecualikan", {"context": "The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910\u201311) when it classifies literature as \"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\" However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes \"literature\"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "writing that possesses high quality or distinction"}], "question": "What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?", "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e84e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "belles-lettres"}], "question": "What French term for value-based literature literally translates as \"fine writing?\"", "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "\"the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing.\""}], "question": "Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?", "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded"}], "question": "What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?", "id": "5726b597f1498d1400e8e851"}]}], ["Drama adalah sastera yang dimaksudkan untuk prestasi. Bentuknya sering digabungkan dengan muzik dan tarian, seperti dalam opera dan teater musikal. Satu pertunjukan adalah subset dari bentuk ini, merujuk kepada karya dramatik bertulis drama drama yang dimaksudkan untuk pertunjukan di teater; ia terdiri terutamanya dialog antara watak-watak, dan biasanya bertujuan untuk prestasi dramatik atau teater daripada membaca. Sebaliknya, drama lemari merujuk kepada drama yang ditulis untuk dibaca dan bukannya dilakukan; Oleh itu, adalah bertujuan agar makna kerja sedemikian dapat direalisasikan sepenuhnya pada halaman. Hampir semua drama mengambil bentuk ayat sehingga relatif baru-baru ini. <> Sastera yang dimaksudkan untuk prestasi adalah apa? || Drama <> Drama kadang-kadang dicampur dengan unsur-unsur lain? || muzik dan tarian <> Apakah dua jenis drama yang menggabungkan muzik atau tarian? || opera dan teater muzik <> Drama dimaksudkan untuk dilakukan di teater? || A play <> Apa yang kita panggil pengarang bermain? || seorang penulis drama", {"context": "Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and musical theatre. A play is a subset of this form, referring to the written dramatic work of a playwright that is intended for performance in a theatre; it comprises chiefly dialogue between characters, and usually aims at dramatic or theatrical performance rather than at reading. A closet drama, by contrast, refers to a play written to be read rather than to be performed; hence, it is intended that the meaning of such a work can be realized fully on the page. Nearly all drama took verse form until comparatively recently.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Drama"}], "question": "Literature intended for performance is what?", "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "music and dance"}], "question": "Drama is sometimes blended with what other elements?", "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "opera and musical theatre"}], "question": "What are two types of drama that incorporate music or dance?", "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "A play"}], "question": "Drama meant to be performed in a theater is what?", "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "a playwright"}], "question": "What do we call the author of a play?", "id": "5726bfe0f1498d1400e8ea2c"}]}], ["Puisi adalah satu bentuk seni sastera yang menggunakan bahasa estetika dan ritmik bahasa untuk membangkitkan makna sebagai tambahan kepada, atau sebagai pengganti, maksud maksiat yang prosaik. Puisi secara tradisinya telah dibezakan dari prosa oleh ayatnya; [a] prosa disusun dalam ayat-ayat, puisi dalam baris; sintaks prosa ditentukan oleh makna, sedangkan puisi itu diadakan di seluruh meter atau aspek visual sajak. Sebelum abad kesembilan belas, puisi biasanya dipahami sebagai sesuatu yang ditetapkan dalam garis metrik; Oleh itu, pada tahun 1658 takrif puisi adalah \"sebarang subjek yang terdiri daripada Rythm atau Verses\". Mungkin akibat pengaruh Aristotle (puisi beliau), \"puisi\" sebelum abad kesembilan belas biasanya kurang penunjukan teknis untuk ayat daripada kategori normatif seni fiktif atau retoris. Sebagai bentuk, ia boleh menjadi celik sebelum pra-tarikh, dengan karya terawal yang disusun dalam dan dikekalkan oleh tradisi lisan; Oleh itu ia merupakan contoh terawal dalam kesusasteraan. <> Apa unsur bahasa yang digunakan untuk kesusasteraan puisi? || estetika dan berirama kualiti <> Puisi biasanya dibezakan dari prosa dengan faktor apa? || ayat <> Jika prosa menggunakan ayat, apakah yang bersamaan dengan puisi? || garis <> Puisi dianggap memerlukan garis dan meter sehingga kapan? || abad kesembilan belas <> Struktur puisi mungkin telah wujud sebelum apa? || celik huruf", {"context": "Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is \"any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses\". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), \"poetry\" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "aesthetic and rhythmic qualities"}], "question": "What elements of language make for poetic literature?", "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "verse"}], "question": "Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?", "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "lines"}], "question": "If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?", "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "the nineteenth century"}], "question": "Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?", "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "literacy"}], "question": "The structure of poetry may have existed before what?", "id": "5726be28f1498d1400e8e9e0"}]}], ["Takrif formalis adalah bahawa sejarah \"kesusasteraan\" mengetengahkan kesan puisi; ia adalah \"literariness\" atau \"puitis\" kesusasteraan yang membezakannya daripada ucapan biasa atau lain-lain jenis penulisan (mis., kewartawanan). Jim Meyer menganggap ini sebagai ciri yang berguna dalam menjelaskan penggunaan istilah itu sebagai bermaksud bahan yang diterbitkan dalam bidang tertentu (cth., \"Kesusasteraan saintifik\"), kerana tulisan itu mesti menggunakan bahasa mengikut piawaian tertentu. Masalah dengan definisi formalis adalah bahawa untuk mengatakan bahawa kesusasteraan menyimpang dari penggunaan bahasa yang biasa, penggunaan tersebut mesti dikenal pasti dahulu; ini sukar kerana \"bahasa biasa\" adalah kategori tidak stabil, berbeza mengikut kategori sosial dan seluruh sejarah. <> Definisi kesusasteraan yang menggabungkan gaya dan sifat puisi prosa adalah apa? || formalist <> Apakah satu contoh penulisan bahawa definisi formalis membezakan literatur dari? || kewartawanan <> Unsur definisi formalis yang menjadikannya sukar untuk diterapkan? || \"bahasa biasa\" <> Apa bahagian bahasa biasa menjadikannya sukar untuk menerapkan definisi formalis? || kategori tidak stabil, berbeza mengikut kategori sosial dan seluruh sejarah <> Definisi formalis apabila diterapkan dalam penulisan industri membolehkannya dipanggil kesusasteraan apabila ia melakukan apa? || mesti menggunakan bahasa mengikut piawaian tertentu", {"context": "The formalist definition is that the history of \"literature\" foregrounds poetic effects; it is the \"literariness\" or \"poeticity\" of literature that distinguishes it from ordinary speech or other kinds of writing (e.g., journalism). Jim Meyer considers this a useful characteristic in explaining the use of the term to mean published material in a particular field (e.g., \"scientific literature\"), as such writing must use language according to particular standards. The problem with the formalist definition is that in order to say that literature deviates from ordinary uses of language, those uses must first be identified; this is difficult because \"ordinary language\" is an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "formalist"}], "question": "A definition of literature that incorporates style and the poetic nature of prose is what?", "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "journalism"}], "question": "What is one example of writing that the formalist definition distinguishes literature from?", "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "\"ordinary language\""}], "question": "What element of the formalist definition makes it difficult to apply?", "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "an unstable category, differing according to social categories and across history"}], "question": "What part of ordinary language makes it difficult to apply the formalist definition?", "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "must use language according to particular standards"}], "question": "The formalist definition when applied to industry writing allows it to be called literature when it does what?", "id": "5726ba47dd62a815002e8e64"}]}], ["Di China kuno, kesusasteraan awal terutama tertumpu kepada falsafah, historiografi, sains ketenteraan, pertanian, dan puisi. China, asal pembuatan kertas moden dan pencetakan kayu, menghasilkan salah satu budaya cetak pertama di dunia. Sebahagian besar kesusasteraan Cina berasal dari Seratus Sekolah Masa Pemikiran yang berlaku semasa Dinasti Zhou Timur (769-269 SM). Yang paling penting dalam hal ini termasuklah Klasik Konfusianisme, Daoism, Mohism, Legalisme, serta karya sains tentera (mis. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) dan sejarah Cina (contohnya Sima Qian's Records of the Great Historian). Sastera Cina kuno mempunyai penekanan yang berat terhadap historiografi, dengan rekod mahkamah yang sering terperinci. Satu sejarah naratif yang teladan di China kuno ialah Zuo Zhuan, yang dikumpulkan tidak lama sebelum 389 SM, dan dikaitkan dengan sejarah abad ke-5 BCE ahli sejarah Zuo Qiuming. <> Subjek yang dipaparkan dalam kesusasteraan Cina Purba termasuk apa? || falsafah, historiografi, sains tentera, pertanian, dan puisi <> Apa dua ciptaan membantu membuat kesusasteraan Cina sangat penting dan mudah alih? || pembuatan kertas moden dan pencetakan kayu api <> Apa tempoh bersejarah yang ditenun untuk kesusasteraan Cina klasik di dunia kuno? || Seratus Sekolah Masa Pemikiran <> Apa karya klasik sains perang berasal dari masa ini? || Seni Perang <> Siapa yang menulis Seni Perang? || Sun Tzu", {"context": "In ancient China, early literature was primarily focused on philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry. China, the origin of modern paper making and woodblock printing, produced one of the world's first print cultures. Much of Chinese literature originates with the Hundred Schools of Thought period that occurred during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (769-269 BCE). The most important of these include the Classics of Confucianism, of Daoism, of Mohism, of Legalism, as well as works of military science (e.g. Sun Tzu's The Art of War) and Chinese history (e.g. Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian). Ancient Chinese literature had a heavy emphasis on historiography, with often very detailed court records. An exemplary piece of narrative history of ancient China was the Zuo Zhuan, which was compiled no later than 389 BCE, and attributed to the blind 5th century BCE historian Zuo Qiuming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "philosophy, historiography, military science, agriculture, and poetry"}], "question": "Subjects featured in Ancient Chinese literature include what?", "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "modern paper making and woodblock printing"}], "question": "What two inventions helped make Chinese literature especially important and portable?", "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the Hundred Schools of Thought period"}], "question": "What historic period was the foundry for classic Chinese literature in the ancient world?", "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "The Art of War"}], "question": "What classic work of war science originated during this period?", "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Sun Tzu"}], "question": "Who wrote The Art Of War?", "id": "5726ca9b5951b619008f7e3f"}]}], ["Sastera terdiri daripada produksi bertulis, selalunya terhad kepada mereka yang dianggap memiliki nilai seni atau intelektual. Literatur akar literatur Latin / litteratura (berasal dari littera, surat atau tulisan tangan) digunakan untuk merujuk kepada semua akaun tertulis, tetapi berkait dengan konsep roman cultura: pembelajaran atau penanaman. Kesusasteraan sering menggunakan bahasa yang berbeza daripada bahasa biasa (lihat literasi). Sastera boleh diklasifikasikan mengikut sama ada fiksyen atau bukan fiksyen dan sama ada puisi atau prosa; ia boleh dibezakan lagi mengikut bentuk utama seperti novel, cerita pendek atau drama; dan kerja-kerja sering dikategorikan mengikut tempoh sejarah atau kepatuhan mereka terhadap ciri atau jangkaan estetik tertentu (genre). <> Apa dua elemen utama yang membezakan kesusasteraan sebagai bentuk seni bertulis? || disifatkan mempunyai artistik atau nilai intelektual <> Apakah dua bahagian utama kesusasteraan? || fiksyen atau bukan fiksyen <selain daripada bahagian utama ini, apakah dua sub-bahagian lain untuk menggambarkan kesusasteraan? || puisi atau prosa <> Prose literatur boleh dibahagikan kepada format apa? || novel, cerita pendek atau drama <> Kata-kata apa yang menjadi akar kata Latin \"kesusasteraan?\" || literatur / litteratura", {"context": "Literature consists of written productions, often restricted to those deemed to have artistic or intellectual value. Its Latin root literatura/litteratura (derived itself from littera, letter or handwriting) was used to refer to all written accounts, but intertwined with the roman concept of cultura: learning or cultivation. Literature often uses language differently than ordinary language (see literariness). Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novel, short story or drama; and works are often categorised according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "deemed to have artistic or intellectual value"}], "question": "What two key elements that distinguish literature as a written form of art?", "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "fiction or non-fiction"}], "question": "What are two major divisions of literature?", "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "poetry or prose"}], "question": "Besides this major division, what are two other sub-divisions to describe literature?", "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "the novel, short story or drama"}], "question": "Prose literature can be sub-divided into what formats?", "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "literatura/litteratura"}], "question": "What words are the Latin roots of the word \"literature?\"", "id": "5726aef75951b619008f7a37"}]}], ["Sebagai budaya yang lebih maju dibangunkan, akademi-akademi menyediakan cara-cara penularan untuk kesusasteraan spekulatif dan falsafah dalam tamadun awal, mengakibatkan kelaziman kesusasteraan di China Kuno, India Purba, Persia dan Yunani Purba dan Rom. Banyak karya pada masa-masa awal, walaupun dalam bentuk naratif, mempunyai tujuan moral atau didaktik yang terselindung, seperti Panchatantra Sanskrit atau Metamorfosis Ovid. Drama dan satire juga dibangun sebagai budaya bandar menyediakan penonton awam yang lebih besar, dan kemudian pembaca, untuk pengeluaran sastera. Puisi Lyric (yang bertentangan dengan puisi epik) sering menjadi ciri khas mahkamah dan kalangan bangsawan, terutamanya di Asia Timur di mana lagu-lagu dikumpulkan oleh bangsawan Cina sebagai puisi, yang paling ketara ialah Shijing atau Kitab Lagu. Dalam tempoh yang panjang, puisi baladri pra-celik dan lagu yang popular telah diinterpretasikan dan akhirnya mempengaruhi puisi dalam medium sastera. <> Apakah beberapa masyarakat klasik yang kesusasteraannya masih dipelajari hari ini? || China Kuno, India Purba, Persia dan Yunani Purba dan Rom <> Selain hiburan atau nilai maklumat, kesusasteraan klasik juga memiliki kualiti apa? || tujuan moral atau tujuan didaktik <> Apa evolusi masyarakat membantu membina drama dan sindiran dengan menyediakan penonton yang siap? || budaya bandar <> Dari apa yang ditakrifkan puisi lirik? || mahkamah dan bulatan bangsawan <> Apakah contoh kumpulan puisi lirik klasik Cina? || Shijing atau Kitab Lagu", {"context": "As a more urban culture developed, academies provided a means of transmission for speculative and philosophical literature in early civilizations, resulting in the prevalence of literature in Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome. Many works of earlier periods, even in narrative form, had a covert moral or didactic purpose, such as the Sanskrit Panchatantra or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. Drama and satire also developed as urban culture provided a larger public audience, and later readership, for literary production. Lyric poetry (as opposed to epic poetry) was often the speciality of courts and aristocratic circles, particularly in East Asia where songs were collected by the Chinese aristocracy as poems, the most notable being the Shijing or Book of Songs. Over a long period, the poetry of popular pre-literate balladry and song interpenetrated and eventually influenced poetry in the literary medium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Ancient China, Ancient India, Persia and Ancient Greece and Rome"}], "question": "What are some classical societies whose literature is still studied today?", "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "a covert moral or didactic purpose"}], "question": "Besides entertainment or informational value, classic literature also possessed what quality?", "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "urban culture"}], "question": "What societal evolution helped to develop drama and satire by providing a ready audience?", "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "courts and aristocratic circles"}], "question": "From what settings did lyric poetry derive?", "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "the Shijing or Book of Songs"}], "question": "What is an example of a collection of classic Chinese lyric poetry?", "id": "5726c8c3708984140094d14d"}]}], ["\"Akar semua bidang akademik moden boleh didapati di dalam kitab-kitab sastera.\" Sastera dalam semua bentuknya dapat dilihat sebagai rekod tertulis, sama ada kesusasteraan itu sendiri adalah faktual atau fiksyen, masih agak mungkin untuk menguraikan fakta melalui perkara-perkara seperti aksi dan kata-kata aksara atau gaya penulisan penulis dan niat di sebalik kata-kata. Plot itu adalah untuk lebih daripada sekadar hiburan; di dalamnya terdapat maklumat mengenai ekonomi, psikologi, sains, agama, politik, budaya, dan kedalaman sosial. Belajar dan menganalisis sastera menjadi sangat penting dari segi pembelajaran tentang sejarah kita. Melalui kajian kesusasteraan masa lalu, kita dapat mempelajari bagaimana masyarakat berkembang dan mengenai norma-norma kemasyarakatan dalam setiap tempoh yang berbeza sepanjang sejarah. Ini juga boleh membantu kita untuk memahami rujukan yang dibuat dalam kesusasteraan yang lebih moden kerana penulis sering membuat rujukan kepada mitologi Yunani dan teks-teks agama lama atau sejarah masa lalu. Bukan hanya ada kesusasteraan yang ditulis pada setiap topik tersebut sendiri, dan bagaimana mereka telah berkembang sepanjang sejarah (seperti buku mengenai sejarah ekonomi atau buku mengenai evolusi dan sains, misalnya) tetapi kita juga boleh belajar tentang hal-hal ini dalam kerja-kerja fiksyen. Penulis sering kali merangkumi momen-momen bersejarah dalam karya mereka, seperti ketika Lord Byron bercakap mengenai bahasa Sepanyol dan Perancis dalam '' Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I '' dan menyatakan pendapatnya melalui wataknya Childe Harold. Melalui kesusasteraan, kita dapat meneruskan maklumat baru mengenai sejarah secara berterusan. Adalah mudah untuk melihat bagaimana semua bidang akademik mempunyai akar dalam kesusasteraan. Maklumat menjadi lebih mudah untuk turun dari generasi ke generasi sebaik sahaja kita mula menulisnya. Akhirnya segala-galanya telah ditulis, dari hal-hal seperti remedi rumah dan penawar untuk penyakit, atau bagaimana untuk membina perlindungan kepada tradisi dan amalan agama. Dari situ, orang ramai dapat mengkaji kesusasteraan, memperbaiki idea, pengetahuan lanjut, dan bidang akademik seperti bidang perubatan atau perdagangan boleh dimulakan. Dengan cara yang sama seperti kesusasteraan yang kita pelajari hari ini terus dikemas kini semasa kita terus berkembang dan belajar lebih banyak dan lebih. <> Sastera, tanpa mengira bagaimana definisi digunakan, boleh ditafsirkan sebagai apa? || rekod bertulis <> Kita boleh belajar apa yang dengan teliti meneliti kesusasteraan kita? || sejarah kita <> Siapa yang menulis \"Ziarah Childe Harold: Canto I\"? || Lord Byron <> Mengirim maklumat melalui generasi menjadi lebih mudah apabila masyarakat kita melakukan apa? || sekali kita mula menulisnya <> Penulis kesusasteraan sering merujuk apa antecedents? || Mitologi Yunani dan lain-lain teks keagamaan lama atau sejarah masa lalu", {"context": "\u201cThe roots of all our modern academic fields can be found within the pages of literature.\u201d  Literature in all its forms can be seen as written records, whether the literature itself be factual or fictional, it is still quite possible to decipher facts through things like characters\u2019 actions and words or the authors\u2019 style of writing and the intent behind the words. The plot is for more than just entertainment purposes; within it lies information about economics, psychology, science, religions, politics, cultures, and social depth. Studying and analyzing literature becomes very important in terms of learning about our history. Through the study of past literature we are able to learn about how society has evolved and about the societal norms during each of the different periods all throughout history. This can even help us to understand references made in more modern literature because authors often make references to Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments. Not only is there literature written on each of the aforementioned topics themselves, and how they have evolved throughout history (like a book about the history of economics or a book about evolution and science, for example) but we can also learn about these things in fictional works. Authors often include historical moments in their works, like when Lord Byron talks about the Spanish and the French in \u2018\u2018Childe Harold\u2019s Pilgrimage: Canto I\u2019\u2019 and expresses his opinions through his character Childe Harold. Through literature we are able to continuously uncover new information about history. It is easy to see how all academic fields have roots in literature. Information became easier to pass down from generation to generation once we began to write it down. Eventually everything was written down, from things like home remedies and cures for illness, or how to build shelter to traditions and religious practices. From there people were able to study literature, improve on ideas, further our knowledge, and academic fields such as the medical field or trades could be started. In much the same way as the literature that we study today continue to be updated as we continue to evolve and learn more and more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "written records"}], "question": "Literature, regardless of how the definition is applied, can be interpreted as what?", "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "our history"}], "question": "We can learn what by carefully examining our literature?", "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1355, "text": "Lord Byron"}], "question": "Who wrote \"Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto I\"?", "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1735, "text": "once we began to write it down"}], "question": "Passing information down through generations was made easier when our society did what?", "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "Greek mythology and other old religious texts or historical moments"}], "question": "Authors of literature frequently reference what antecedents?", "id": "5726c60d5951b619008f7dbd"}]}], ["Falsafah telah menjadi disiplin akademik yang semakin meningkat. Lebih dari pengamalnya meratapi keadaan ini daripada berlaku dengan sains; Walau bagaimanapun kebanyakan kerja falsafah baru muncul dalam jurnal akademik. Ahli falsafah utama melalui sejarah-Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche-telah menjadi kanunik sebagai mana-mana penulis. Beberapa karya falsafah baru-baru ini diperdebatkan untuk meraih gelaran \"kesusasteraan\", tetapi kebanyakannya tidak, dan beberapa bidang, seperti logik, telah menjadi sangat teknikal pada tahap yang sama dengan matematik. <> Apa bidang pengajian klasik yang kebanyakannya dikhaskan untuk pertimbangan akademik? || Falsafah <> Kajian yang paling serius dalam falsafah diasingkan untuk apa penerbitan? || jurnal akademik <> Siapa ahli falsafah yang paling penting dalam sejarah? || Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche <> Apa aspek filsafat akademik moden kurang sastera daripada segi teknikal? || logik <> Kajian serius dalam logik cenderung menyerupai disiplin apa, moreso daripada sastera? || matematik", {"context": "Philosophy has become an increasingly academic discipline. More of its practitioners lament this situation than occurs with the sciences; nonetheless most new philosophical work appears in academic journals. Major philosophers through history\u2014Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche\u2014have become as canonical as any writers. Some recent philosophy works are argued to merit the title \"literature\", but much of it does not, and some areas, such as logic, have become extremely technical to a degree similar to that of mathematics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Philosophy"}], "question": "What classic area of study is now mostly reserved for academic consideration?", "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eea8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "academic journals"}], "question": "Most serious studies in philosophy are segregated to what publications?", "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eea9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Augustine, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche"}], "question": "Who are some of the most important philosophers in history?", "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "logic"}], "question": "What aspect of modern academic philosophy is less literary than technical in nature?", "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "mathematics"}], "question": "Serious studies in logic tend to resemble what discipline, moreso than literature?", "id": "5726e302f1498d1400e8eeac"}]}], ["Sejarah dan biografi Rom menjangkakan kesusasteraan zaman silam yang luas mengenai kehidupan orang-orang kudus dan kisah ajaib, tetapi bentuk yang paling khas dalam Zaman Pertengahan adalah percintaan, cerita yang mencabar dan kadang-kadang ajaib dengan daya tarikan popular yang kuat. Sastera kontroversial, agama, politik dan pengajaran berkembang semasa Renaissance sebagai hasil penciptaan percetakan, sementara percintaan zaman pertengahan berkembang menjadi bentuk naratif yang lebih berasaskan karakter dan psikologi, novel, yang mana contoh-contoh awal dan penting adalah kaum Cina Monyet dan buku Faust Jerman. <> Banyak kesusasteraan abad pertengahan dipengaruhi oleh karya-karya budaya klasik apa? || Roman <> Apa bentuk kesusasteraan menikmati populariti yang paling meluas semasa Abad Pertengahan? || roman <> Unsur apa yang menjadi ciri roman zaman pertengahan? || naratif yang mencabar dan kadang-kadang ajaib <> Apa yang membantu menyebabkan penampilan pelbagai bentuk kesusasteraan dalam Renaissance? || ciptaan percetakan <> Apakah contoh awal novel bentuk kesusasteraan dari Eropah? || buku-buku Faust Jerman", {"context": "Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Roman"}], "question": "Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?", "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "the romance"}], "question": "What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative"}], "question": "What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?", "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "the invention of printing"}], "question": "What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?", "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "the German Faust books"}], "question": "What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?", "id": "5726cf505951b619008f7e9d"}]}], ["Genre fiksyen juga menunjukkan ia boleh mempersoalkan realiti dalam bentuk abad ke-20, walaupun formulanya tetap, melalui pertanyaan detektif yang ragu-ragu dan realiti alternatif fiksyen sains. Pemisahan \"arus perdana\" dan \"genre\" bentuk (termasuk kewartawanan) terus kabur selama tempoh sehingga zaman kita sendiri. William Burroughs, dalam karya awalnya, dan Hunter S. Thompson memperluaskan pelaporan dokumentari ke dalam kenyataan subjektif yang kuat selepas Perang Dunia kedua, dan pengkritik pasca-moden telah meremehkan idea realisme objektif secara umum. <> Apakah sub-kumpulan sastera muncul pada abad ke-20? || Genre fiksyen <> Fiksyen genre realiti alternatif juga dikenali sebagai apa? || fiksyen sains <> Siapa dua penulis abad ke-20 yang kabur garis antara kewartawanan dan kesusasteraan? || William Burroughs, dalam karya awalnya, dan Hunter S. Thompson <> Dengan apa makna kedua penulis ini membuat dan penumpuan kesusasteraan dan kewartawanan muncul? || pernyataan subjektif yang kuat <> Pengkritik berdasarkan gerakan apa yang mencari kesalahan dalam realisme objektif? || post-moden", {"context": "Genre fiction also showed it could question reality in its 20th century forms, in spite of its fixed formulas, through the enquiries of the skeptical detective and the alternative realities of science fiction. The separation of \"mainstream\" and \"genre\" forms (including journalism) continued to blur during the period up to our own times. William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson expanded documentary reporting into strong subjective statements after the second World War, and post-modern critics have disparaged the idea of objective realism in general.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Genre fiction"}], "question": "What sub-group of literature emerged in the 20th century?", "id": "5726e03b708984140094d463"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "science fiction"}], "question": "Alternative reality genre fiction is also known as what?", "id": "5726e03b708984140094d464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "William Burroughs, in his early works, and Hunter S. Thompson"}], "question": "Who were two 20th century writers who blurred the lines between journalism and literature?", "id": "5726e03b708984140094d465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "strong subjective statements"}], "question": "By what means did these two writers create and emergent convergence of literature and journalism?", "id": "5726e03b708984140094d466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "post-modern"}], "question": "Critics based in what movement find fault in objective realism?", "id": "5726e03b708984140094d467"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kemajuan dan pengkhususan telah membuat penyelidikan saintifik baru tidak dapat diakses oleh kebanyakan penonton, sifat \"sastera\" penulisan sains telah menjadi kurang jelas sejak dua abad yang lalu. Sekarang, sains muncul kebanyakannya dalam jurnal. Karya-karya saintifik Aristoteles, Copernicus, dan Newton masih menunjukkan nilai yang sangat baik, tetapi sejak sains di dalamnya telah menjadi ketinggalan jaman, mereka tidak lagi berfungsi untuk pengajaran saintifik. Namun, mereka tetap terlalu teknikal untuk duduk dengan baik dalam kebanyakan program pengajian sastera. Di luar program \"sejarah sains\", pelajar jarang membaca karya tersebut. <> Apa dua unsur telah mengurangkan sifat jurnal saintifik? || kemajuan dan pengkhususan <> Pemisahan penulisan sains bermaksud bahawa artikel dalam subjek tersebut terutamanya muncul di mana? || jurnal <> Kerja apa saintis klasik yang ditangkap antara ketinggalan zaman dan kepentingan sastera? || Aristotle, Copernicus, dan Newton <> Dalam apa kerja kursus, seseorang masih mungkin menghadapi karya saintis klasik ini? || \"sejarah sains\" program", {"context": "As advances and specialization have made new scientific research inaccessible to most audiences, the \"literary\" nature of science writing has become less pronounced over the last two centuries. Now, science appears mostly in journals. Scientific works of Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton still exhibit great value, but since the science in them has largely become outdated, they no longer serve for scientific instruction. Yet, they remain too technical to sit well in most programmes of literary study. Outside of \"history of science\" programmes, students rarely read such works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "advances and specialization"}], "question": "What two elements have reduced the literary nature of scientific journals?", "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "journals"}], "question": "The segregation of science writing means that articles in those subjects primarily appear where?", "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Aristotle, Copernicus, and Newton"}], "question": "The work of what classical scientists is caught between being outdated and of literary importance?", "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "\"history of science\" programmes"}], "question": "In what coursework is one still likely to encounter the works of these classic scientists?", "id": "5726e16df1498d1400e8ee89"}]}], ["Di zaman kuno, epik Homer, yang menulis Iliad dan Odyssey, dan Hesiod, yang menulis Kerja dan Hari dan Theogony, adalah sebahagian daripada kesusasteraan Yunani Kuno yang paling awal dan paling berpengaruh. Genre klasik Yunani termasuk falsafah, puisi, historiografi, komedi dan drama. Plato dan Aristotle yang menulis teks falsafah yang menjadi asas falsafah Barat, Sappho dan Pindar adalah penyair lyric yang berpengaruh, dan Herodotus dan Thucydides adalah ahli sejarah Yunani awal. Walaupun drama popular di Yunani Purba, beratus-ratus tragedi yang ditulis dan dilakukan semasa zaman klasik, hanya sebilangan main yang dimainkan oleh tiga penulis masih wujud: Aeschylus, Sophocles, dan Euripides. Pertunjukan Aristophanes memberikan satu-satunya contoh sebenar genre drama komik yang dikenali sebagai Comedy Lama, bentuk paling awal Komedi Yunani, dan sebenarnya digunakan untuk menentukan genre. <> Apa dua cerita epik ditulis oleh Homer? || Iliad dan Odyssey <> Siapa yang menulis Kerja dan Hari dan Teogony? || Hesiod <> Plato dan Aristotle menulis jenis kesusasteraan? || teks falsafah <> Siapa dua penyair lirik klasik Yunani yang penting? || Sappho dan Pindar <> Dua ahli sejarah Yunani kuno yang hebat itu? || Herodotus dan Thucydides", {"context": "In ancient Greece, the epics of Homer, who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, and Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony, are some of the earliest, and most influential, of Ancient Greek literature. Classical Greek genres included philosophy, poetry, historiography, comedies and dramas. Plato and Aristotle authored philosophical texts that are the foundation of Western philosophy, Sappho and Pindar were influential lyric poets, and Herodotus and Thucydides were early Greek historians. Although drama was popular in Ancient Greece, of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors still exist: Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The plays of Aristophanes provide the only real examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy, the earliest form of Greek Comedy, and are in fact used to define the genre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the Iliad and the Odyssey"}], "question": "What two epic narratives were written by Homer?", "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Hesiod"}], "question": "Who wrote Works and Days and Theogony?", "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "philosophical texts"}], "question": "Plato and Aristotle wrote what type of literature?", "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Sappho and Pindar"}], "question": "Who were two important Classic Greek lyric poets?", "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Herodotus and Thucydides"}], "question": "The two great ancient Greek historians were?", "id": "5726cdcbdd62a815002e90ca"}]}], ["Hogan juga menjelaskan bahawa jumlah temporal dan emosional yang seseorang menumpukan untuk memahami keadaan watak dalam sastera membolehkan kesusasteraan dianggap \"ekologi [ly] sah dalam kajian emosi\". Ini dapat difahami dalam arti bahawa kesusasteraan menyatukan komuniti yang besar dengan menimbulkan emosi sejagat. Ia juga membolehkan para pembaca mengakses aspek budaya yang tidak didedahkan oleh mereka sehingga mencetuskan pengalaman emosi baru. Penulis memilih peranti sastera mengikut emosi psikologi yang dia cuba untuk menerangkan, oleh itu peranti sastera tertentu lebih emosi daripada yang lain. <> Bagaimana kesusasteraan menyatukan anggota masyarakat? || dengan memprovokasi emosi sejagat <> Bagaimana kesusasteraan mengembangkan cakap pembaca? || membolehkan pembaca mengakses aspek budaya yang mereka tidak terdedah kepada <> Apa yang menentukan struktur sastera apa yang penulis gunakan untuk menyatakan idea? || apa emosi psikologi yang dia cuba untuk menerangkan <> Apakah pengumpan yang digunakan penulis dalam kesusasteraan untuk menggambarkan emosi psikologi? || peranti sastera", {"context": "Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character\u2019s situation in literature allows literature to be considered \u201cecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion\u201d. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "by provoking universal emotions"}], "question": "How does literature unite members of a society?", "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to"}], "question": "How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?", "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe"}], "question": "What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?", "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "literary devices"}], "question": "What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?", "id": "5726e7725951b619008f81f0"}]}], ["Sastera membolehkan pembaca mengakses aspek emosi intim dari watak seseorang yang tidak akan jelas sebaliknya. Ia memberi manfaat kepada perkembangan psikologi dan pemahaman pembaca. Sebagai contoh, ia membolehkan seseorang untuk mengakses keadaan emosi dari mana orang itu telah menjauhkan dirinya sendiri. Sebuah catatan yang ditulis oleh D. Mitchell dipaparkan dalam 'The Journal of the English' menerangkan bagaimana penulis menggunakan kesusasteraan dewasa muda untuk mengalami pengalaman psikologi emosi yang dialaminya sebagai seorang anak yang digambarkannya sebagai \"keajaiban\". <> Sastera memberikan pemahaman pembaca ke dalam bidang-bidang watak-wataknya? || aspek emosi intim <> Bagaimana fiksyen sastra membantu orang yang membacanya? || Ia memberi manfaat kepada perkembangan psikologi dan pemahaman <> Apa catatan penulis dalam \"The English Journal\" berkenaan dengan fiksyen dewasa muda? || D. Mitchell <> Mengapa penulis ini merangkul kesusasteraan dewasa muda sebagai orang dewasa? || untuk mengalami semula psikologi emosi yang dialaminya sebagai seorang kanak-kanak <> Bagaimana penulis merujuk kepada keadaan psikologi ini yang dialami sebagai pemuda? || \"Tertanya-tanya\"", {"context": "Literature allows readers to access intimate emotional aspects of a person\u2019s character that would not be obvious otherwise. It benefits the psychological development and understanding of the reader. For example, it allows a person to access emotional states from which the person has distanced himself or herself. An entry written by D. Mitchell featured in \u2018\u2018The English Journal\u2019\u2019 explains how the author utilized young adult literature in order to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child which she describes as a state of \u201cwonder\u201d.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "intimate emotional aspects"}], "question": "Literature gives the reader insights into what areas of its characters?", "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "It benefits the psychological development and understanding"}], "question": "How does literary fiction aid the person who reads it?", "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "D. Mitchell"}], "question": "What writer's entry in \"The English Journal\" was concerned with young adult fiction?", "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "to re-experience the emotional psychology she experienced as a child"}], "question": "Why did this author embrace young adult literature as a grownup?", "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "\u201cwonder\u201d"}], "question": "How did the writer refer to this psychological state experienced as a youth?", "id": "5726e512f1498d1400e8ef18"}]}], ["Teori Psikologi Pangkat Ketiga Maslow juga membolehkan para penganalisis sastera memahami secara kritis bagaimana karakter mencerminkan budaya dan sejarah di mana mereka dipengaruhi. Ia juga membolehkan penganalisis untuk memahami mesej yang dimaksudkan oleh penulis dan untuk memahami psikologi penulis. Teori ini menunjukkan bahawa manusia mempunyai sifat dalam diri mereka yang menunjukkan \"diri\" mereka yang benar dan ia menunjukkan bahawa pemenuhan sifat ini adalah sebab hidup. Ia juga mencadangkan bahawa perkembangan neurologi menghalang menyedari sifat kerana seseorang menjadi tersisih dari dirinya sendiri. Oleh itu, peranti sastera mencerminkan sifat diri dan sifat penulis. Dalam \"Psikologi Tentera Ketiga dan Pengajian Kesusasteraan\", Paris berpendapat \"rahsia murni D.H Lawrence\" adalah metafora untuk diri sebenar \". Oleh itu, Sastera adalah alat yang bereputasi yang membolehkan para pembaca untuk mengembangkan dan menerapkan penalaran kritis terhadap sifat emosi. <> Siapa yang mengandung \"Teori Psikologi Angkatan Ketiga?\" || Maslow <> Teori menyatakan bahawa di tengah makhluk manusia adalah apa? || sifat dalam diri mereka yang menunjukkan \"diri\" sebenar mereka. Teori itu menunjukkan bahawa usaha untuk sifat ini mewakili apa? || sebab hidup <> Apa yang menyebabkan seseorang menjadi terpisah daripada \"diri sejati\" mereka? || perkembangan neurologi <> Apa pengarang yang menyokong teori \"tidak sadar murni?\" || D.H Lawrence", {"context": "Maslow\u2019s \u2018\u2018Third Force Psychology Theory\u2019\u2019 even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author\u2019s intended message and to understand the author\u2019s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true \u201cself\u201d and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters\u2019s and an author\u2019s natural self. In his \u2018\u2018Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature\u2019\u2019, Paris argues \u201cD.H Lawrence\u2019s \u201cpristine unconscious\u201d is a metaphor for the real self\u201d. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Maslow"}], "question": "Who conceived of \"The Third Force Psychology Theory?\"", "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "a nature within them that demonstrates their true \u201cself\u201d"}], "question": "The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?", "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "the reason for living"}], "question": "The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?", "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "neurological development"}], "question": "What causes a person to become separated from their \"true self\"?", "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "D.H Lawrence"}], "question": "What author espoused the theory of the \"pristine unconscious?\"", "id": "5726ea42708984140094d5c5"}]}], ["Dalam Zaman Alasan falsafah dan spekulasi falsafah mengenai sejarah dan kesusasteraan manusia yang bersifat bersepadu dengan pembangunan sosial dan politik. Tindak balas yang tidak dapat dielakkan adalah letupan Romantisisme pada abad ke-18 yang menebus semula kecenderungan imaginatif dan fantastik dari romantis dan kesusasteraan lama dan menegaskan keutamaan pengalaman dan emosi individu. Tetapi sebagai abad ke-19 berlanjutan, fiksyen Eropah berkembang ke arah realisme dan naturalisme, dokumentasi yang teliti mengenai kehidupan sebenar dan trend sosial. Kebanyakan output naturalisme secara tersirat polemik, dan mempengaruhi perubahan sosial dan politik, tetapi fiksyen abad ke-20 dan drama bergerak kembali ke arah subjektif, menekankan motivasi tidak sedarkan diri dan tekanan sosial dan persekitaran terhadap individu. Penulis seperti Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka dan Pirandello mencontohi trend mendokumentasikan dalaman daripada realiti luaran. <> Apa pergerakan sastera pada tahun 1700-an mengenang kesusasteraan fantastik zaman pertengahan? || Romantisisme <> Unsur-unsur dalam kesusasteraan Eropah abad ke-19 adalah tindak balas terhadap gerakan romantikisme? || realisme dan naturalisme <> Apakah dua elemen yang tersebar di kalangan watak-watak di tengah-tengah karya romantisisme? || pengalaman individu dan emosi <> Bagaimana kesan semula jadi terhadap dunia yang lebih besar? || mempengaruhi perubahan sosial dan politik <> kurun ke 20 abad bereaksi terhadap objektivitas naturalisme pada abad ke-19 untuk apa? || yang subjektif", {"context": "In the Age of Reason philosophical tracts and speculations on history and human nature integrated literature with social and political developments. The inevitable reaction was the explosion of Romanticism in the later 18th century which reclaimed the imaginative and fantastical bias of old romances and folk-literature and asserted the primacy of individual experience and emotion. But as the 19th-century went on, European fiction evolved towards realism and naturalism, the meticulous documentation of real life and social trends. Much of the output of naturalism was implicitly polemical, and influenced social and political change, but 20th century fiction and drama moved back towards the subjective, emphasising unconscious motivations and social and environmental pressures on the individual. Writers such as Proust, Eliot, Joyce, Kafka and Pirandello exemplify the trend of documenting internal rather than external realities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Romanticism"}], "question": "What literary movement in the 1700s recalled the fantastical literature of medieval times?", "id": "5726df19708984140094d431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "realism and naturalism"}], "question": "What elements in 19th century European literature were a reaction to the romanticism movement?", "id": "5726df19708984140094d432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "individual experience and emotion"}], "question": "What are two elements prevalent among characters at the center of romanticism works?", "id": "5726df19708984140094d433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "influenced social and political change"}], "question": "How did naturalism effect the greater world?", "id": "5726df19708984140094d434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "the subjective"}], "question": "20th century literature reacted to the objectivity of naturalism in the 19th century to what?", "id": "5726df19708984140094d435"}]}], ["Di India kuno, kesusasteraan berasal dari cerita yang pada asalnya dipancarkan. Genre awal termasuk drama, dongeng, sutra dan puisi epik. Sastera Sanskrit bermula dengan Vedas, sejak tahun 1500-1000 SM, dan diteruskan dengan Epik Sanskrit Zaman Besi India. Vedas adalah antara teks suci tertua. Samhitas (koleksi veda) bermula pada kira-kira 1500-1000 SM, dan teks \"circum-Vedic\", serta pengubahan Samhitas, tarikh kepada c. 1000-500 SM, mengakibatkan tempoh Vedic, merangkumi pertengahan 2 hingga pertengahan 1 milenium SM, atau Zaman Gangsa Lewat dan Zaman Besi. Periode antara abad ke-6 hingga ke-1 SM melihat komposisi dan pengubahan dua epik India yang paling berpengaruh, Mahabharata dan Ramayana, dengan pengurangan semula yang seterusnya hingga ke abad ke-4 AD. <> Apakah beberapa genre yang berbeza yang muncul dari tradisi sastera lisan India kuno? || drama, dongeng, sutra dan puisi epik <> Satu bahasa penting untuk kesusasteraan India kuno adalah apa? || Sanskrit <> Apakah kitab suci kuno yang menjadi contoh pertama kesusasteraan India? || The Vedas <> Periode Vedic merujuk kepada masa lapang? || pertengahan 2 hingga pertengahan 1 milenium SM <> Periode Vedic bermula pada Zaman Gangsa Lewat dan diperpanjang sampai masa? || Zaman Besi", {"context": "In ancient India, literature originated from stories that were originally orally transmitted. Early genres included drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas, dating back to 1500\u20131000 BCE, and continues with the Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the oldest sacred texts. The Samhitas (vedic collections) date to roughly 1500\u20131000 BCE, and the \"circum-Vedic\" texts, as well as the redaction of the Samhitas, date to c. 1000-500 BCE, resulting in a Vedic period, spanning the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE, or the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. The period between approximately the 6th to 1st centuries BC saw the composition and redaction of the two most influential Indian epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, with subsequent redaction progressing down to the 4th century AD.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "drama, fables, sutras and epic poetry"}], "question": "What were some different genres that emerged from ancient India's oral literary traditions?", "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Sanskrit"}], "question": "An important language for ancient Indian literature is what?", "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "The Vedas"}], "question": "What ancient religious scriptures were among the first examples of Indian literature?", "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "the mid 2nd to mid 1st millennium BCE"}], "question": "The Vedic Period refers to what expanse of time?", "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "the Iron Age"}], "question": "The Vedic Period began in the Late Bronze Age and extended until when?", "id": "5726ccdd708984140094d1bb"}]}], ["Undang-undang menawarkan lebih banyak kekaburan. Beberapa tulisan Plato dan Aristotle, jadual undang-undang Hammurabi di Babylon, atau bahkan bahagian awal Alkitab dapat dilihat sebagai kesusasteraan undang-undang. Undang-undang sivil Rom yang dikodkan dalam Corpus Juris Civilis semasa pemerintahan Justinian I dari Empayar Byzantine mempunyai reputasi sebagai kesusasteraan yang penting. Dokumen penubuhan banyak negara, termasuk Perlembagaan dan Kod Undang-undang, boleh dianggap sebagai sastera; Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan tulisan undang-undang jarang mempamerkan banyak merit sastera, kerana mereka cenderung agak Ditulis oleh Samuel Dean. <> Apa penguasa Babil membuat jadual undang-undang rasmi? || Hammurabi <> Apa sajak agama yang boleh menjadi definisi kesusasteraan undang-undang yang besar dan longgar? || Alkitab <> undang-undang sivil Romawi ditulis dan dikodifikasikan ke dalam sistem yang bersatu dengan kumpulan apa? || Corpus Juris Civilis <> Di bawah apa Kaisar yang duduk kumpulan ini? || Justinian I <> Apakah kekaisaran yang dipimpin oleh Justinian? || Empayar Byzantium", {"context": "Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Hammurabi"}], "question": "What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?", "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the Bible"}], "question": "What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?", "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "the Corpus Juris Civilis"}], "question": "Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?", "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Justinian I"}], "question": "Under what Emperor did this group sit?", "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "the Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What empire did Justinian preside over?", "id": "5726ecae708984140094d63f"}]}], ["Sebilangan besar tulisan bertulis sejarah sebagai kesusasteraan, terutamanya genre yang dikenali sebagai bukan fiksyen kreatif, seperti banyak kewartawanan, seperti kewartawanan sastera. Walau bagaimanapun, kawasan ini menjadi sangat besar, dan sering mempunyai tujuan utama utilitarian: untuk merekodkan data atau menyampaikan maklumat serta-merta. Akibatnya, tulisan dalam bidang ini sering tidak mempunyai kualiti sastera, walaupun ia sering (dan dalam momen yang lebih baik) mempunyai kualiti itu. Ahli sejarah \"sastera\" utama termasuk Herodotus, Thucydides dan Procopius, yang semuanya dikira sebagai tokoh sastrawan kanun. <> Apakah tulisan bersejarah kesusasteraan kadangkala dipanggil? || bukan fiksyen kreatif <> Melaporkan bahawa percubaan bengkok yang kreatif atau sastra kadang disebut apa? || kewartawanan sastera <> Apakah fungsi utama kewartawanan atau dokumentasi sejarah? || untuk merekodkan data atau menyampaikan maklumat segera <> Siapa ahli sejarah klasik yang dianggap sebagai ahli sejarah sastera? || Herodotus, Thucydides dan Procopius", {"context": "A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major \"literary\" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "creative nonfiction"}], "question": "What is literary historical writing sometimes called?", "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "literary journalism"}], "question": "Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?", "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "to record data or convey immediate information"}], "question": "What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?", "id": "5726ebab708984140094d5ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius"}], "question": "Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?", "id": "5726ebab708984140094d600"}]}], ["Teknik sastera atau alat sastera boleh digunakan oleh penulis untuk meningkatkan kerangka tulisan sekeping literasi, dan menghasilkan kesan khusus. Teknik-teknik sastera merangkumi pelbagai pendekatan untuk mencipta suatu karya: sama ada sesuatu karya diriwayatkan dengan orang pertama atau dari perspektif yang lain, sama ada menggunakan naratif linear tradisional atau naratif tidak linear, atau pilihan genre sastra, adalah semua contoh teknik sastera. Mereka mungkin menunjukkan kepada pembaca bahawa terdapat struktur dan persembahan yang biasa untuk kerja, seperti novel pembunuhan-misteri konvensional; atau, penulis boleh memilih untuk bereksperimen dengan teknik mereka untuk mengejutkan pembaca. <> Alat-alat kesusasteraan digunakan untuk alasan apa? || menghasilkan kesan spesifik <> Apa salah satu bentuk naratif dalam kesusasteraan? || pertama orang <> Apakah dua jenis struktur naratif dalam kesusasteraan? || naratif linier atau naratif tidak linear <> Mengapa penulis menggunakan naratif eksperimen dalam kesusasteraan? || untuk mengejutkan pembaca <> Dalam apa jenis penulisan akan lebih biasa, struktur naratif sastera biasa digunakan? || novel pembunuhan-misteri konvensional", {"context": "A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "produce specific effects"}], "question": "Literary devices are employed for what reason?", "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "first-person"}], "question": "What is one form of narration in literature?", "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative"}], "question": "What are two types of narrative structure in literature?", "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "to surprise the reader"}], "question": "Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?", "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "a conventional murder-mystery novel"}], "question": "In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?", "id": "5726ef205951b619008f82c1"}]}]], [["Pelantikan pertama Ibn Sina adalah doktor dari emir, Nuh II, yang berhutang kepadanya pemulihan dari penyakit berbahaya (997). Ganjaran kepala Ibn Sina untuk perkhidmatan ini adalah akses kepada perpustakaan diraja Samanids, para pelanggan dan biasiswa yang terkenal. Apabila perpustakaan dimusnahkan oleh kebakaran tidak lama kemudian, musuh-musuh Ibn Sina menuduhnya membakarnya, agar dapat menyembunyikan sumber pengetahuannya. Sementara itu, beliau membantu bapanya dalam bidang kewangannya, tetapi masih mencari masa untuk menulis beberapa karya terawalnya. <> Siapa yang pertama penyertaan Ibn Sina? || emir, Nuh II <> Apa yang diterima oleh Ibn Sina sebagai bayaran untuk membantu emir? || akses ke perpustakaan diraja Samanids <> Mengapa beberapa menuduh Ibn Sina membakar perpustakaan diraja? || untuk menyembunyikan sumber pengetahuannya <> Siapa yang membantu Ibn Sina dalam pekerjaan kewangannya? || bapanya <> Tahun apakah emir Null II pulih dari penyakitnya? || 997", {"context": "Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the emir, Nuh II"}], "question": "Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?", "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "access to the royal library of the Samanids"}], "question": "What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?", "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "to conceal the sources of his knowledge"}], "question": "Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?", "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "his father"}], "question": "Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?", "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "997"}], "question": "What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?", "id": "5726c11ef1498d1400e8ea48"}]}], ["Menurut autobiografinya, Avicenna telah menghafal seluruh Quran pada usia 10 tahun. Dia belajar aritmetik India dari tukang giling India, \u0621 Mahmoud Massahi dan dia mula belajar lebih banyak daripada seorang ulama yang mengembara yang memperoleh mata pencarian dengan mengubati orang sakit dan mengajar anak muda . Beliau juga mempelajari Fiqh (perundangan Islam) di bawah sarjana Sunni Hanafi Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna diajarkan beberapa buku falsafah seperti Porphyry (ahli falsafah) Pengantar (Isagoge), Unsur Euclid, Almagest Ptolemy oleh ahli falsafah yang tidak popular, Abu Abdullah Nateli, yang mendakwa falsafah. <> Apa yang telah diingati oleh Avicenna pada usia 10 tahun? || Quran <> Siapa yang menuntut ilmu pengetahuan mempelajari aritmetik India dari? || \u0621 Mahmoud Massahi <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Avicenna dari ulama Sunni Ismail al-Zahid? || Fiqh (perundangan Islam) <> Apakah satu buku falsafah yang diajar oleh Avicenna? || Unsur Euclid <> Apa teks ahli falsafah yang tidak popular yang dimiliki oleh Avicenna? || Abu Abdullah Nateli", {"context": "According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,\u0621Mahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "Quran"}], "question": "What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?", "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cfef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "\u0621Mahmoud Massahi"}], "question": "Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?", "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)"}], "question": "What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?", "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "Euclid's Elements"}], "question": "What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?", "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Abu Abdullah Nateli"}], "question": "What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?", "id": "5726bdcf708984140094cff3"}]}], ["Avicenna dilahirkan c. 980 di Af\u0161ana, sebuah kampung berhampiran Bukhara (sekarang Uzbekistan), ibu kota Samanids, dinasti Persia di Asia Tengah dan Greater Khorasan. Ibunya, bernama Setareh, berasal dari Bukhara; bapanya, Abdullah, adalah seorang ulama Ismaili yang dihormati dari Balkh, sebuah kota penting dari Empayar Samanid, di mana hari ini Wilayah Balkh, Afghanistan, walaupun ini tidak dipersetujui secara universal. Bapanya bekerja di kerajaan Samanid di kampung Kharmasain, sebuah kuasa serantau Sunni. Selepas lima tahun, adiknya, Mahmoud, dilahirkan. Avicenna mula belajar Quran dan kesusasteraan sedemikian rupa sehingga ketika berusia sepuluh tahun dia pada dasarnya telah mempelajari semuanya. <> Apa negara sekarang ini Avicenna dilahirkan? || Uzbekistan <> Apa modal dinasti Samanid adalah Avicenna dilahirkan dekat? || Bukhara <> Apa negara hari ini adalah bapa Avicenna yang berasal dari? || Afghanistan <> Apakah nama ibu Avicenna itu? || Setareh <> Berapa umur Avicenna mempelajari seluruh Al-Quran? || sepuluh", {"context": "Avicenna was born c.\u2009980 in Af\u0161ana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Uzbekistan"}], "question": "What present-day country was Avicenna born in?", "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Bukhara"}], "question": "What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?", "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Afghanistan"}], "question": "What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?", "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Setareh"}], "question": "What was Avicenna's mother's name?", "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "ten"}], "question": "By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?", "id": "5726ba3f708984140094cf65"}]}], ["Dia berpaling kepada ubat pada 16, dan bukan hanya belajar teori perubatan, tetapi juga oleh kehadiran orang sakit yang tidak masuk akal, menurut akaunnya sendiri, mendapati kaedah rawatan baru. Remaja itu mencapai status penuh sebagai seorang doktor yang bertauliah pada umur 18 tahun, dan mendapati bahawa \"Perubatan tidak sains keras dan berduri, seperti matematik dan metafisika, jadi saya tidak lama lagi membuat kemajuan besar, saya menjadi doktor yang sangat baik dan mula merawat pesakit, remedi. \" Kemasyhuran doktor muda itu menyebar dengan cepat, dan dia merawat ramai pesakit tanpa meminta bayaran. <> Pada umur berapa Avicenna berpaling dari falsafah? || 16 <> Subjek apa yang Avicenna mula belajar pada 16? || perubatan <> Avicenna menjadi doktor yang berkelayakan berapa usia? || 18 <> Avicenna mendapati ubat lebih mudah daripada subjek apa? || matematik", {"context": "He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that \"Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies.\" The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "16"}], "question": "At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?", "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "medicine"}], "question": "What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?", "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "18"}], "question": "Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?", "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "mathematics"}], "question": "Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?", "id": "5726bff8708984140094d06e"}]}], ["Kajian Al-Quran dan Hadis telah berkembang dengan pesat dalam suasana ilmiah. Falsafah, Fiqh dan teologi (kalaam) dikembangkan lebih lanjut, yang paling ketara oleh Avicenna dan lawannya. Al-Razi dan Al-Farabi telah menyediakan metodologi dan pengetahuan dalam bidang perubatan dan falsafah. Avicenna mempunyai akses ke perpustakaan-perpustakaan besar Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan dan Hamadan. Pelbagai teks (seperti 'Ahd dengan Bahmanyar) menunjukkan bahawa beliau membahaskan mata falsafah dengan para ulama yang paling besar pada masa itu. Aruzi Samarqandi menerangkan bagaimana sebelum Avicenna meninggalkan Khwarezm, dia telah bertemu Al-Biruni (ahli sains dan ahli astronomi terkenal), Abu Nasr Iraqi (seorang ahli matematik terkenal), Abu Sahl Masihi (ahli falsafah yang dihormati) dan Abu al-Khayr Khammar (seorang doktor yang hebat) . <> Apakah satu subjek yang dibangunkan oleh Avicenna? || teologi <> Siapa ahli falsafah lain semasa Zaman Keemasan Islam ini? || Al-Farabi <> Apakah nama satu perpustakaan yang terdapat di Avicenna? || Hamadan <> Siapa ahli astronomi terkenal yang Avicenna bertemu sebelum dia meninggalkan Khwarezm? || Al-Biruni <> Teks apa yang membuktikan bahawa Avicenna membahaskan falsafah dengan beberapa ulama paling besar pada masa itu? || 'Ahd dengan Bahmanyar", {"context": "The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?", "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Al-Farabi"}], "question": "Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?", "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Hamadan"}], "question": "What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?", "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Al-Biruni"}], "question": "Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?", "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar"}], "question": "What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?", "id": "5726b81fdd62a815002e8e08"}]}], ["Apabila Ibn Sina berusia 22 tahun, dia kehilangan bapanya. Dinasti Samanid berakhir pada Disember 1004. Ibn Sina nampaknya telah menolak tawaran Mahmud dari Ghazni, dan berjalan ke barat ke Urgench di Turkmenistan moden, di mana wazir itu, yang dianggap sebagai kawan ulama, memberinya stipend bulanan kecil . Walau bagaimanapun, bayaran itu kecil, jadi Ibn Sina mengembara dari tempat ke daerah Nishapur dan Merv ke sempadan Khorasan, mencari pembukaan untuk bakatnya. Qabus, penguasa dermawan Tabaristan, sendiri seorang penyair dan seorang ulama, yang dengannya Ibn Sina telah mengharapkan untuk mencari suaka, pada masa itu (1012) mati kelaparan oleh tentaranya yang memberontak. Ibn Sina sendiri pada masa ini ditimpa penyakit yang teruk. Akhirnya, di Gorgan, berhampiran Laut Caspian, Ibn Sina bertemu dengan seorang kawan, yang membeli rumah berhampiran rumah sendiri di mana Ibn Sina memberi ceramah mengenai logik dan astronomi. Beberapa karya Ibn Sina ditulis untuk penaung ini; dan permulaan Kanon Perubatannya juga bermula dari masa tinggalnya di Hyrcania. <> Pada umur berapa Avicenna kehilangan ayahnya? || 22 <> Apa dinasti berakhir pada Disember 1004? || Dinasti Samanid <> Apa negara moden yang melakukan perjalanan ke Ibn Sina setelah berakhirnya dinasti Samanid? || Turkmenistan <> Apa salah satu daerah yang dikunjungi Ibn Sina untuk mencari lebih banyak pekerjaan? || Nishapur <> Siapa Ibn Sina menolak untuk perjalanan ke barat setelah dinasti Samanid berakhir? || Mahmud dari Ghazni", {"context": "When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "22"}], "question": "At what age did Avicenna lose his father?", "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "The Samanid dynasty"}], "question": "What dynasty ended in December 1004?", "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Turkmenistan"}], "question": "What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?", "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "Nishapur"}], "question": "What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?", "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Mahmud of Ghazni"}], "question": "Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?", "id": "5726c248f1498d1400e8ea76"}]}], ["Sebagai seorang remaja, dia sangat bermasalah dengan Metaphysics of Aristotle, yang tidak dapat difahami sehingga dia membaca ulasan al-Farabi mengenai kerja. Untuk tahun dan setengah tahun yang berikutnya, dia belajar falsafah, di mana dia menghadapi halangan yang lebih besar. Pada saat-saat semacam siasat yang membingungkan, dia akan meninggalkan buku-bukunya, melaksanakan solat-solat yang diperlukan, kemudian pergi ke masjid, dan terus berdoa sehingga cahaya memecahkan kesukarannya. Dalam malam itu, dia akan meneruskan pengajiannya, dan walaupun dalam masalah mimpinya akan mengejarnya dan menyelesaikan penyelesaiannya. Empat puluh kali, dikatakan, dia membaca melalui Metafisika Aristoteles, sehingga kata-kata itu dicetak pada ingatannya; tetapi maknanya tidak jelas, sehingga suatu hari mereka mendapati pencahayaan, dari komentar kecil Farabi, yang dibeli di sebuah kedai buku untuk jumlah kecil tiga dirham. Begitu hebatnya kegembiraannya pada penemuan itu, dibuat dengan bantuan sebuah karya yang hanya dijangka misteri, bahawa dia segera menyampaikan terima kasih kepada Tuhan, dan memberikan sedekah kepada orang miskin. <> Teks apakah yang dapat difahami oleh Avicenna? || Metafizik Aristotle <> Apa yang membantu Avicenna memahami Metafizik Aristoteles? || Komentar al-Farabi <> Berapa lamakah falsafah belajar Avicenna? || tahun dan setengah <> Berapa kali Avicenna membaca melalui Metafizik Aristoteles? || Empat puluh kali <> Berapa banyak yang dibayar oleh Avicenna untuk buku yang membantu dia memahami teks Aristoteles? || tiga dirham", {"context": "As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the Metaphysics of Aristotle"}], "question": "What text could Avicenna not understand?", "id": "5726bf32708984140094d02f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "al-Farabi's commentary"}], "question": "What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?", "id": "5726bf32708984140094d030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "year and a half"}], "question": "How long did Avicenna study philosophy?", "id": "5726bf32708984140094d031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Forty times"}], "question": "How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?", "id": "5726bf32708984140094d032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "three dirhams"}], "question": "How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?", "id": "5726bf32708984140094d033"}]}], ["Beberapa teori telah dicadangkan mengenai mazhab Avicenna (sekolah pemikiran dalam perundangan Islam). Ahli sejarah zaman pertengahan \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b (tahun 1169) menganggap Avicenna menjadi pengikut saudara-saudara yang suci. Di sisi lain, Dimitri Gutas bersama dengan Aisha Khan dan Jules J. Janssens menunjukkan bahawa Avicenna adalah Sunni Hanafi. Walau bagaimanapun, sufi Shia faqih ke-14 Nurullah Shushtari mengikut Seyyed Hossein Nasr, menyatakan bahawa dia kemungkinan besar Twelver Shia. Sebaliknya, Sharaf Khorasani, memetik penolakan jemputan Gubernur Sunni Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi oleh Avicenna ke mahkamahnya, percaya bahwa Avicenna adalah Ismaili. Perselisihan yang sama wujud di latar belakang keluarga Avicenna, sedangkan beberapa penulis menganggapnya sebagai Sunni, beberapa penulis baru-baru ini bertanding bahawa mereka adalah Syiah. <> Apa masyarakat rahsia adalah Avicenna dianggap sebagai pengikut? || Para Sahabat Kemurnian <> Siapa sangka bahawa Avicenna adalah pengikut Kaum Kesuraman? || Ahli sejarah zaman pertengahan \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b <> Apa denominasi Islam yang dikatakan oleh Avicenna sebagai ahli? || Sunni <> Yang berfikir Avicenna adalah seorang Syiah? || Nurullah Shushtari <> Apa nama seorang lelaki yang menganggap Avicenna adalah Sunni? || Jules J. Janssens", {"context": "A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "the Brethren of Purity"}], "question": "What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?", "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Medieval historian \u1e92ah\u012br al-d\u012bn al-Bayhaq\u012b"}], "question": "Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?", "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Sunni"}], "question": "What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?", "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Nurullah Shushtari"}], "question": "Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?", "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Jules J. Janssens"}], "question": "What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?", "id": "5726bc7cf1498d1400e8e98c"}]}], ["Ibn Sina mencipta korpus karya yang luas semasa yang biasa dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Islam, di mana terjemahan teks-teks Greco-Rom, Parsi, dan India dipelajari secara meluas. Teks-teks Greco-Roman (Mid- dan Neo-Platonic, dan Aristotelian) yang diterjemahkan oleh sekolah Kindi telah dikomentari, diturunkan dan dibangunkan oleh para intelektual Islam, yang juga dibina di atas sistem matematik, astronomi, aljabar, trigonometri dan perubatan. Dinasti Samanid di bahagian timur Persia, Greater Khorasan dan Asia Tengah serta Dinasti Buyid di bahagian barat Persia dan Iraq memberikan suasana yang maju untuk perkembangan ilmiah dan budaya. Di bawah Samanids, Bukhara mengalahkan Baghdad sebagai modal kebudayaan dunia Islam. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan umur di mana Ibn Sina mencipta sebuah badan besar? || Zaman Emas Islam <> Apakah satu contoh jenis terjemahan yang dilakukan dalam Zaman Emas Islam? || Persia <> Apakah sekolah yang diterjemahkan teks Greco-Rom semasa Zaman Emas Islam? || Sekolah Kindi <> Apa satu dinasti yang memberikan suasana yang hebat untuk pembangunan kebudayaan? || Dinasti Buyid <> Kota apa yang dikenali sebagai ibukota budaya dunia Islam? || Baghdad", {"context": "Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the Islamic Golden Age"}], "question": "What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?", "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?", "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "the Kindi school"}], "question": "What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?", "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "the Buyid dynasty"}], "question": "What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?", "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Baghdad"}], "question": "What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?", "id": "5726b5a9f1498d1400e8e85a"}]}], ["Ibnu Sina kemudiannya menetap di Rey, di sekitar Teheran moden, kota asal Rhazes; di mana Majd Addaula, anak kepada Buwayhid emir terakhir, adalah penguasa nominal di bawah kabupaten ibunya (Seyyedeh Khatun). Sekitar tiga puluh karya pendek Ibn Sina dikatakan telah dirumuskan di Rey. Perseteruan konstan yang meretas antara bupati dan anaknya yang kedua, Shams al-Daula, bagaimanapun, memaksa para sarjana untuk berhenti dari tempat itu. Selepas bermesyuarat singkat di Qazvin, dia mengalir ke arah selatan ke Hamadan di mana Shams al-Daula, satu lagi Buwayhid emir, telah menubuhkan dirinya. Pada mulanya, Ibn Sina memasuki khidmat seorang wanita kelahiran tinggi; tetapi emir, pendengaran ketibaannya, memanggilnya sebagai pembantu perubatan, dan menghantarnya kembali dengan hadiah kepada kediamannya. Ibnu Sina bahkan dibesarkan ke pejabat wazir. Emir memutuskan bahawa dia harus diusir dari negara ini. Ibn Sina, bagaimanapun, tetap tersembunyi selama empat puluh hari di rumah Sheikh Ahmed Fadhel, sehingga serangan sakit yang baru menyebabkan emir memulihkannya ke jawatannya. Walaupun dalam masa yang begitu teruk, Ibn Sina bertahan dengan pengajian dan pengajarannya. Setiap petang, ekstrak daripada karya-karya hebatnya, Canon dan Sanatio, telah ditentukan dan dijelaskan kepada murid-muridnya. Apabila kematian emir, Ibn Sina berhenti menjadi wazir dan menyembunyikan diri di rumah seorang apoteker, di mana, dengan kepercayaan yang kuat, beliau meneruskan komposisi karya-karyanya. <> Apa bandar Ibn Sina menetap? || Rey <> Apa bandar moden hari ini adalah Rey di sekitar? || Tehran <> Berapa banyak karya Ibn Sina yang lebih pendek dikatakan telah dibuat di Rey? || Tiga puluh <> Ibn Sina meninggalkan Rey dan berpindah ke selatan ke bandar apa? || Hamad\u00e3n <> Pejabat apa yang diterima oleh Ibn Sina di Hamadan? || pejabat wazir", {"context": "Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamad\u00e3n where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Rey"}], "question": "What city did Ibn Sina settle in?", "id": "5726c716dd62a815002e8ffe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Tehran"}], "question": "What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?", "id": "5726c716dd62a815002e8fff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "thirty"}], "question": "How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?", "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Hamad\u00e3n"}], "question": "Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?", "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "office of vizier"}], "question": "What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?", "id": "5726c717dd62a815002e9002"}]}], ["Falsafah Islam awal dan metafizik Islam, yang dipengaruhi oleh teologi Islam, membezakan lebih jelas daripada Aristotelisme antara intipati dan kewujudan. Sedangkan kewujudan adalah domain kontinjen dan tidak sengaja, intipati kekal dalam keadaan yang tidak disengajakan. Falsafah Ibn Sina, terutamanya bahagian yang berkaitan dengan metafizik, banyak berfaedah kepada al-Farabi. Mencari falsafah Islam yang pasti dari Occasionalisme dapat dilihat dalam apa yang tersisa dari kerjanya. <> Apakah falsafah Islam lebih jelas daripada Aristotelianisme? || intipati dan kewujudan <> Siapa yang falsafah Ibn Sina berhutang? || al-Farabi <> Apakah metafisika awal Islam dimasuk? || Teologi Islam", {"context": "Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn S\u012bn\u0101, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "essence and existence"}], "question": "What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?", "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "al-Farabi"}], "question": "Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?", "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Islamic theology"}], "question": "What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?", "id": "5726cf40dd62a815002e90f8"}]}], ["Terdapat petikan ringkas dan kiasan dalam karya-karyanya yang lebih panjang, bagaimanapun, bahawa Avicenna dianggap sebagai falsafah sebagai satu-satunya cara yang bijak untuk membezakan nubuatan sebenar dari ilusi. Dia tidak menyatakan dengan lebih jelas lagi kerana implikasi politik teori itu, jika ramalan boleh dipersoalkan, dan juga kerana kebanyakan masa dia menulis karya-karya pendek yang tertumpu pada menjelaskan teorinya tentang falsafah dan teologi dengan jelas, tanpa menggegarkan pertimbangkan perkara epistemologi yang hanya dapat dipertimbangkan dengan betul oleh ahli falsafah lain. <> Apa yang dianggap oleh Avicenna sebagai satu-satunya cara untuk membezakan falsafah sebenar dari ilusi? || Falsafah <> Apakah Avicenna takut untuk menyatakan teori-teorinya mengenai falsafah dengan lebih jelas? || implikasi politik teori seperti itu <> Apa yang dilakukan Avicenna tidak dipertimbangkan ketika menjelaskan teorinya tentang falsafah? || perkara epistemologi", {"context": "There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "philosophy"}], "question": "What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?", "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the political implications of such a theory"}], "question": "What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?", "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "epistemological matters"}], "question": "What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?", "id": "5726e3e2f1498d1400e8eef4"}]}], ["Berikutan peneraju al-Farabi, Avicenna memulakan penyelidikan sepenuhnya mengenai persoalannya, di mana dia membezakan antara intipati (Mahiat) dan kewujudan (Wujud). Beliau berpendapat bahawa hakikat kewujudan tidak dapat disimpulkan atau dipertanggungjawabkan oleh intipati benda yang ada, dan bentuk dan materi itu sendiri tidak boleh berinteraksi dan berasal dari pergerakan alam semesta atau aktualisasi progresif benda-benda yang ada. Oleh itu, kewujudan mesti disebabkan oleh agen yang menyebabkan yang memerlukan, menyampaikan, memberi, atau menambah kewujudan kepada intipati. Untuk berbuat demikian, punca itu mestilah perkara yang sedia ada dan wujud bersama dengan kesannya. <> Apakah Avicenna memulakan siasatan? || soalan yang menjadi <> Apa dua mata yang dia tulis tentang? || intipati (Mahiat) dan kewujudan (Wujud) <> Siapa yang juga memulakan siasatan tentang persoalan? || al-Farabi <> Apakah istilah Arab untuk kewujudan? || Wujud <> Mahiat adalah bahasa Arab untuk apa? || intipati", {"context": "Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "the question of being"}], "question": "What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?", "id": "5726d382708984140094d28d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)"}], "question": "What two points did he write about?", "id": "5726d382708984140094d28e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "al-Farabi"}], "question": "Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?", "id": "5726d382708984140094d28f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Wujud"}], "question": "What is the Arabic term for existence?", "id": "5726d382708984140094d290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "essence"}], "question": "Mahiat is Arabic for what?", "id": "5726d382708984140094d291"}]}], ["Yang Perlu ada 'due-to-Its-Self', dan tidak ada quiddity / essence (mahiyya) selain daripada kewujudan (wujud). Tambahan pula, Ia adalah 'Satu' (wahid ahad) kerana tidak boleh lebih dari satu 'Perlu-Sedia-untuk-Sendiri' tanpa perbezaan (fasl) untuk membezakannya dari satu sama lain. Namun, untuk menghendaki berbeza memerlukan entiti bahawa mereka wujud 'untuk diri sendiri' serta 'disebabkan apa yang lain daripada diri mereka sendiri'; dan ini bertentangan. Walau bagaimanapun, jika tiada perbezaan yang membezakannya dari satu sama lain, maka tidak ada arti 'Existents' ini tidak sama dan sama. Avicenna menambah bahawa 'Perlu-Sedia-untuk-Sendiri' tidak mempunyai genus (jins), atau definisi (hadd), atau rakan sebaya (nadd), atau sebaliknya (did) perkara (madda), kualiti (kayf), kuantiti (kam), tempat (ayn), keadaan (wad), dan masa (waqt). <> Yang perlu wujud kerana apa? || Its-Diri <> Apakah sesuatu yang tidak perlu? || definisi <> Apakah bahasa Arab untuk keadaan? || wad <> Apa satu perkara yang Perlu dibatalkan? || masa", {"context": "The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Its-Self"}], "question": "The necessary exists due to what?", "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "a definition"}], "question": "What is something that the necessary does not have?", "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "wad"}], "question": "What is the Arabic for situation?", "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 833, "text": "time"}], "question": "What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?", "id": "5726d6abdd62a815002e91f1"}]}], ["Ibn Sina menulis secara meluas pada falsafah Islam awal, terutamanya mata pelajaran logik, etika, dan metafisika, termasuk risalah bernama Logik dan Metafizik. Kebanyakan karya beliau ditulis dalam bahasa Arab - maka bahasa sains di Timur Tengah - dan beberapa di Parsi. Kepentingan linguistik hingga ke hari ini adalah beberapa buku yang ditulisnya dalam bahasa Parsi hampir murni (terutamanya Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Falsafah untuk Ala 'ad-Dawla'). Komen-komen Ibn Sina tentang Aristotle sering mengkritik ahli falsafah, [perlu rujukan] menggalakkan perdebatan yang meriah dengan semangat ijtihad. <> Dalam bahasa apakah yang paling banyak ditulis dalam karya Ibn Sina? || Bahasa Arab <> Apakah satu subjek yang Ibn SIna khusus? || etika <> Ibn Sina juga menulis beberapa karya beliau dalam bahasa apa yang lain? || Persia <> Apa falsafah terkenal yang mengkritik Ibn Sina? || Aristotle <> Apa salah satu subjek risalah oleh Ibn Sina? || Metafizik", {"context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic \u2013 then the language of science in the Middle East \u2013 and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?", "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "ethics"}], "question": "What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?", "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Persian"}], "question": "Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?", "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?", "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Metaphysics"}], "question": "What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?", "id": "5726cd215951b619008f7e77"}]}], ["Tafsiran kemudian falsafah Avicenna berpecah kepada tiga sekolah yang berbeza; mereka (seperti al-Tusi) yang menerapkan falsafahnya sebagai sistem untuk menafsirkan peristiwa-peristiwa politik dan kemajuan saintifik; mereka (seperti al-Razi) yang menganggap karya-karya teologi Avicenna secara berasingan dari keprihatinan falsafahnya yang lebih luas; dan mereka (seperti al-Ghazali) yang secara selektif menggunakan sebahagian falsafahnya untuk menyokong percubaan mereka sendiri untuk mendapatkan pandangan rohani yang lebih besar melalui pelbagai cara mistik. Ia adalah tafsiran teologi yang diperjuangkan oleh orang-orang seperti al-Razi yang akhirnya menjadi dominan di madrasah. <> Apakah tafsiran kerja Avicenna yang lebih diajar di sekolah Islam? || al-Razi <> Tafsiran kerja Avicenna berpecah kepada berapa banyak sekolah yang berbeza? || tiga <> Yang menggunakan hanya sebahagian daripada karya Avicenna untuk menyokong pandangan spiritual rohani mereka sendiri? || al-Ghazali <> Siapa yang menggunakan karya Avicenna untuk memahami peristiwa politik masa depan? || al-Tusi <> Apakah sekolah-sekolah Islam yang dikenali sebagai? || madrasah", {"context": "Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "al-Razi"}], "question": "Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?", "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "three"}], "question": "Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?", "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "al-Ghazali"}], "question": "Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?", "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "al-Tusi"}], "question": "Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?", "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "madrasahs"}], "question": "What are Islamic schools also known as?", "id": "5726e53df1498d1400e8ef22"}]}], ["Sementara itu, beliau telah menulis kepada Abu Ya'far, pengawas kota dinamis Isfahan, yang menawarkan perkhidmatannya. Emir baru Hamadan, mendengar korespondensi ini dan menemui tempat Ibn Sina bersembunyi, dipenjarakannya di dalam kubu. Sedang perang terus diantara para pemimpin Isfahan dan Hamad\u00e3n; pada 1024 bekas Hamadan dan bandar-bandarnya, mengusir tentera upahan Tajik. Apabila badai telah berlalu, Ibn Sina kembali dengan emir ke Hamadan, dan menjalankan kerja-kerja kesusasteraannya. Kemudian, bagaimanapun, disertai oleh abangnya, seorang murid kegemaran, dan dua budak, Ibn Sina melarikan diri dari kota dengan pakaian seorang Sufi. Selepas perjalanan yang berbahaya, mereka sampai ke Isfahan, menerima sambutan yang mulia dari putera. <> Di mana Ibn Sina berharap untuk melarikan diri selepas Hamadan? || kota Isfahan <> Apakah dua kota sedang berperang pada masa ini? || Isfahan dan Hamad\u00e3n <> Tahun apakah Isfahan mendapat kemenangan atas Hamadan? || 1024 <> Apa tentera upahan dipecat selepas kemenangan Isfahan ke atas Hamadan? || Tajik <> Bagaimana Ibn Sina melarikan diri dari Hamadan? || dalam pakaian seorang pertapa sufi", {"context": "Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamad\u00e3n; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "city of Isfahan"}], "question": "Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?", "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Isfahan and Hamad\u00e3n"}], "question": "What two cities were at war during this time?", "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "1024"}], "question": "What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?", "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "the Tajik"}], "question": "What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?", "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "in the dress of a Sufi ascetic"}], "question": "How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?", "id": "5726c8445951b619008f7df5"}]}], ["Buku Penyembuhan Nya tersedia di Eropah dalam terjemahan Latin separa lima puluh tahun selepas komposisinya, di bawah tajuk Sufficientia, dan beberapa pengarang telah mengenal pasti \"Avicennism Latin\" sebagai berkembang untuk beberapa waktu, dengan paralelasi Latin Averroisme yang lebih berpengaruh, tetapi ditindas oleh Dekrit Paris pada 1210 dan 1215. Psikologi dan teori pengetahuan Avicenna mempengaruhi William dari Auvergne, Uskup Paris dan Albertus Magnus, sementara metafiziknya berdampak pada pemikiran Thomas Aquinas. <> Buku Penyembuhan Ibn Sina sebahagiannya boleh didapati dalam bahasa apa? || Latin <> Berapa banyak tahun yang diambil untuk Buku Penyembuhan Ibn Sina yang boleh didapati dalam bahasa Latin? || lima puluh <> Di benua apakah Kitab Penyembuhan akhirnya tersedia lima puluh tahun selepas komposisinya? || Eropah <> Apakah tajuk Kitab Penyembuhan Ibn Sina? || Sufficientia <> Siapa yang metafizik Avicenna berfungsi mempunyai pengaruh? || Thomas Aquinas", {"context": "His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a \"Latin Avicennism\" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?", "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "fifty"}], "question": "How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?", "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?", "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Sufficientia"}], "question": "What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?", "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?", "id": "5726ce2fdd62a815002e90de"}]}], ["Avicenna adalah seorang Muslim yang taat dan berusaha mendamaikan falsafah rasional dengan teologi Islam. Matlamatnya adalah untuk membuktikan kewujudan Tuhan dan penciptaan dunia secara saintifik dan melalui sebab dan logik. Pandangan avicenna mengenai teologi Islam (dan falsafah) sangat berpengaruh, membentuk sebahagian daripada teras kurikulum di sekolah agama Islam hingga abad ke-19. Avicenna menulis beberapa risalah pendek yang berurusan dengan teologi Islam. Ini termasuk risalah mengenai para nabi (yang dipandangnya sebagai \"ahli falsafah yang diilhamkan\"), dan juga mengenai tafsiran saintifik dan falsafah Al-Quran, seperti bagaimana kosmologi Quranik sesuai dengan sistem filsafatnya sendiri. Secara umum karya-karya ini menghubungkan tulisan falsafahnya dengan idea-idea agama Islam; Sebagai contoh, kehidupan akhir badan. <> Agama apakah yang Avicenna? || Muslim <> Apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Avicenna untuk berdamai dengan teologi Islam? || falsafah rasional <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh Avicenna untuk dilakukan melalui karyanya? || membuktikan keberadaan Tuhan <> Sehingga abad apa karya Avicenna sangat berpengaruh? || Abad ke-19 <> Siapa yang dilihat Avicenna sebagai ahli falsafah yang diilhamkan? || para nabi", {"context": "Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as \"inspired philosophers\"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Muslim"}], "question": "What religion was Avicenna?", "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "rational philosophy"}], "question": "What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?", "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "prove the existence of God"}], "question": "What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?", "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?", "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "the prophets"}], "question": "Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?", "id": "5726e2bf708984140094d4c7"}]}], ["Pertimbangan kehadiran istrinya tentang sifat-sifat atribut dapat dijelaskan dari segi analisis ontologi tentang modalitas diri; iaitu kemustahilan, kontinjensi, dan keperluan. Avicenna berhujah bahawa mustahil adalah yang tidak dapat wujud, sementara kontingen dalam dirinya sendiri (mumkin bi-dhatihi) mempunyai potensi untuk menjadi atau tidak tanpa melibatkan percanggahan. Apabila diaktualisasikan, kontinjen menjadi 'perlu wujud kerana apa yang lain daripada dirinya sendiri' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Oleh itu, kontingensi-sendiri-sendiri adalah potensi keinsafan yang akhirnya dapat diaktualisasikan oleh sebab luaran yang lain. Struktur metafizik keperluan dan kontinjensi adalah berbeza. Yang perlu kerana dirinya sendiri (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) adalah benar dalam dirinya sendiri, sementara yang kontinjensi adalah 'palsu itu sendiri' dan 'benar kerana sesuatu yang lain selain dirinya'. Yang perlu adalah sumber makhluk sendiri tanpa kewujudan yang dipinjam. Ia adalah apa yang sentiasa wujud. <> Apakah satu modaliti yang dianalisis oleh Avicenna? || keperluan <> Menurut Avicenna, apa yang akhirnya dapat diaktualisasikan oleh sebab luaran? || contingency-in-itself <> Apa yang perlu menurut Avicenna? || sumber makhluk sendiri tanpa kewujudan dipinjam <> Menurut Avicenna, apa yang selalu ada? || Yang perlu <> Jika perlu adalah benar dalam dirinya sendiri, apa yang terkandung? || palsu dengan sendirinya", {"context": "Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "necessity"}], "question": "What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?", "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "contingency-in-itself"}], "question": "According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?", "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "the source of its own being without borrowed existence"}], "question": "What is the necessary according to Avicenna?", "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "The necessary"}], "question": "According to Avicenna, what always exists?", "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "false in itself"}], "question": "If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?", "id": "5726d521f1498d1400e8ec8e"}]}], ["Warisan Avicenna dalam psikologi klasik terutama terdapat dalam Kitab Kitab al-nafs dari Kitab al-shifa (Buku Penyembuhan) dan Kitab al-najat (Kitab Pembebasan). Ini dikenali dalam bahasa Latin di bawah tajuk De Anima (risalah \"pada jiwa\"). [Ragu-ragu - membincangkan] Terutama, Avicenna mengembangkan apa yang disebut argumen \"manusia terbang\" dalam Psikologi Penyembuhan I.1.7 sebagai pertahanan hujah bahawa jiwa tanpa lanjutan kuantitatif, yang mempunyai pertalian dengan argumen cogito Descartes (atau fenomenologi apa yang ditetapkan sebagai bentuk \"epokhe\"). <> Apakah Kitab Penyembuhan Avicenna disebut dalam bahasa Arab? || Kitab al-shifa <> Subjek apa yang dilihat sepanjang Kitab Penyembuhan Avicenna? || psikologi klasik <> Dalam hujah oleh Avicenna, jiwa itu tanpa apa? || lanjutan kuantitatif <> Hujah siapa yang sama dengan Avicenna bahawa jiwa itu tanpa lanjutan kuantitatif? || Descartes <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian psikologi Latin untuk Avicenna dalam Buku Penyembuhannya? || De Anima", {"context": "Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises \"on the soul\").[dubious \u2013 discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the \"flying man\" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an \"epoche\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Kitab al-shifa"}], "question": "What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?", "id": "5726f2815951b619008f8319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "classical psychology"}], "question": "What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?", "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "quantitative extension"}], "question": "In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?", "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Descartes"}], "question": "Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?", "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "De Anima"}], "question": "What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?", "id": "5726f2815951b619008f831d"}]}], ["Sistem formal awal logik temporal telah dikaji oleh Avicenna. Walaupun dia tidak membangun teori sebenar temporal, dia mempelajari hubungan antara temporalis dan implikasi. Kerja Avicenna terus dikembangkan oleh Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b dan menjadi sistem dominan logik Islam hingga zaman moden. Logik Avicennian juga mempengaruhi beberapa ahli logik Eropah awal seperti Albertus Magnus dan William of Ockham. Avicenna mengesahkan undang-undang noncontradiksi yang dicadangkan oleh Aristotle, bahawa suatu fakta tidak boleh sama berlaku dan palsu pada masa yang sama dan dalam istilah yang sama istilah yang digunakan. Beliau menyatakan, \"Sesiapa yang menafikan undang-undang tanpa kontradiksi harus dipukul dan dibakar sehingga dia mengakui bahawa dipukul tidak sama dengan tidak dipukul, dan dibakar tidak sama dengan tidak dibakar.\" <> Apakah subjek yang diteliti oleh Avicenna, tetapi tidak mengembangkan teori? || logik temporal <> Siapa yang mengembangkan diri dalam karya Avicenna dalam logik temporal? || Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b <> Apa yang menjadi sistem dominan logik Islam? || Logik Avicennian <> Apa logik Eropah yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh Avicenna? || Albertus Magnus <> Hukum mana yang tidak bertentangan apakah Avicenna menyokong? || Aristotle", {"context": "An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, \"Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "temporal logic"}], "question": "What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?", "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b"}], "question": "Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?", "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Avicennian logic"}], "question": "What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?", "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Albertus Magnus"}], "question": "What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?", "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?", "id": "5726f04add62a815002e95d2"}]}], ["Dalam seksyen Al-Burhan (Pada Demonstrasi) The Book of Healing, Avicenna membincangkan falsafah sains dan menggambarkan kaedah penyelidikan saintifik awal. Dia membincangkan Analytics Posterior Aristotle dan secara signifikan menyimpang dari beberapa perkara. Avicenna membincangkan isu metodologi yang tepat untuk siasatan saintifik dan persoalan \"Bagaimana seseorang memperoleh prinsip pertama sains?\" Dia bertanya bagaimana seorang saintis akan tiba di \"aksiom awal atau hipotesis sains deduktif tanpa menyimpulkan mereka dari beberapa premis yang lebih asas?\" Beliau menjelaskan bahawa situasi yang ideal adalah apabila seseorang memahami bahawa \"hubungan berpegang teguh di antara syarat-syarat, yang akan membolehkan kepastian mutlak, sejagat.\" Avicenna kemudian menambah dua lagi cara untuk mencapai prinsip-prinsip pertama: kaedah aristotelian kuno induksi (istiqra), dan kaedah pemeriksaan dan percubaan (tajriba). Avicenna mengkritik induksi Aristotelia, dengan alasan bahawa \"ia tidak membawa kepada mutlak, sejagat, dan premis tertentu yang ia maksudkan untuk menyediakan.\" Di tempatnya, dia mengembangkan \"kaedah eksperimen sebagai cara untuk siasatan saintifik.\" <> Apakah ahli falsafah yang berbual Avicenna dalam teks The Book of Healing? || Aristotle <> Apa karya Aristotle yang difoto oleh Avicenna? || Analytics Posterior <> Kaedah apa yang mengkritik Avicenna tidak membawa kepastian mutlak? || Induksi Aristotelian", {"context": "In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of \"How does one acquire the first principles of a science?\" He asked how a scientist would arrive at \"the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?\" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a \"relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty.\" Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that \"it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide.\" In its place, he develops a \"method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?", "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Posterior Analytics"}], "question": "What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?", "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 938, "text": "Aristotelian induction"}], "question": "What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?", "id": "5726ee9ff1498d1400e8f050"}]}], ["Tulisan-tulisan astronomi di Avicenna mempunyai pengaruh kepada penulis-penulis kemudian, walaupun pada umumnya karyanya dianggap kurang maju daripada Alhazen atau Al-Biruni. Salah satu ciri penting penulisannya ialah dia menganggap astronomi matematik sebagai disiplin yang berasingan kepada astrologi. Dia mengkritik pandangan Aristotle tentang bintang-bintang yang menerima cahaya mereka dari Matahari, menyatakan bahawa bintang-bintang bersinar diri, dan percaya planet-planet itu juga bercahaya. Dia mendakwa telah mengamati Venus sebagai tempat di Matahari. Ini mungkin, kerana terdapat transit pada 24 Mei 1032, tetapi Avicenna tidak memberikan tarikh pemerhatiannya, dan para sarjana moden mempersoalkan sama ada dia dapat melihat transit dari lokasinya pada masa itu; dia mungkin tersilap sunspot untuk Venus. Dia menggunakan pemerhatian transitnya untuk membantu menegaskan bahawa Venus adalah, sekurang-kurangnya kadang-kadang, di bawah Matahari dalam kosmologi Ptolemaic, iaitu sfera Venus datang sebelum sfera Matahari ketika keluar dari Bumi dalam model geosentris yang berlaku. <> Apa ahli astronomi Islam yang mempengaruhi pengaruh Avicenna? || Al-Biruni <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Avicenna sebagai disiplin yang terpisah dari astrologi? || astronomi matematik <> Apa falsafah berfikir bintang menerima cahaya mereka dari matahari? || Aristotle <> Planet apa yang difikirkan Aristotle adalah tempat di matahari? || Venus <> Di manakah Avicenna berfikir Venus berhubung dengan matahari? || di bawah matahari", {"context": "Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Al-Biruni"}], "question": "What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?", "id": "5726f5565951b619008f8369"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "mathematical astronomy"}], "question": "What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?", "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?", "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Venus"}], "question": "What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?", "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "below the Sun"}], "question": "Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?", "id": "5726f5565951b619008f836d"}]}], ["Psikologi Avicenna menghendaki hubungan antara tubuh dan jiwa menjadi cukup kuat untuk memastikan individu jiwa, tetapi cukup lemah untuk membolehkan keabadiannya. Avicenna mendefinisikan psikologinya mengenai fisiologi, yang bermaksud bahawa akaunnya jiwa adalah salah satu yang paling hampir dengan sains semulajadi badan dan kebolehan persepsi. Jadi, hubungan falsafah antara jiwa dan tubuh diterangkan hampir sepenuhnya oleh pemahamannya tentang persepsi; Dengan cara ini, persepsi tubuh saling berkaitan dengan intelek manusia yang tidak material. Dalam persepsi akal, perceiver merasakan bentuk objek; pertama, dengan melihat ciri-ciri objek oleh deria luaran kita. Maklumat sensori ini dibekalkan kepada indera dalaman, yang menggabungkan semua keping ke dalam keseluruhan, pengalaman kesedaran yang bersatu. Proses persepsi dan abstraksi ini adalah perhubungan jiwa dan tubuh, kerana tubuh material hanya dapat melihat benda-benda material, sementara jiwa roh hanya dapat menerima bentuk-bentuk yang tidak material, universal. Cara jiwa dan tubuh berinteraksi dalam abstraksi akhir universal dari konkrit tertentu adalah kunci hubungan dan interaksi mereka, yang berlaku dalam tubuh fizikal. <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan Avicenna? || fisiologi <> Menurut Avicenna, badan dan jiwa mesti apa yang harus dilakukan untuk memastikan individu jiwa itu? || cukup kuat <> Bagaimana Avicenna menjelaskan hubungan antara tubuh dan jiwa? || pemahaman tentang persepsi <> Bagaimana manusia pertama melihat ciri-ciri objek? || indra luar <> Interaksi badan dan jiwa berlaku di mana? || badan fizikal", {"context": "Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "physiology"}], "question": "What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?", "id": "5726f4315951b619008f834f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "strong enough"}], "question": "According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?", "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "his understanding of perception"}], "question": "How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?", "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "external senses"}], "question": "How does man first perceive features of an object?", "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1221, "text": "the physical body"}], "question": "The body and soul's interaction takes place where?", "id": "5726f4315951b619008f8353"}]}], ["Di Iran moden, dia dianggap sebagai ikon kebangsaan, dan sering dianggap sebagai salah seorang daripada orang Persia yang paling besar yang pernah hidup. Tugu telah didirikan di luar muzium Bukhara [tahun yang diperlukan]. Makam dan Muzium Avicenna di Hamadan dibina pada tahun 1952. Universiti Bu-Ali Sina di Hamadan (Iran), Institut Penyelidikan Avicenna di Tehran (Iran), ibn S\u012bn\u0101 Tajik State Medical University di Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences di Aligarh, India, Avicenna School di Karachi dan Avicenna Medical College di Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School di wilayah asalnya Balkh di Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Fakulti Perubatan Ankara University Ankara, Turki dan Ibn Sina Integrated School di Marawi City (Filipina) semuanya dinobatkan sebagai penghormatannya. Potretnya tergantung di Hall of the Avicenna Fakulti Perubatan di University of Paris. Terdapat juga kawah pada Bulan bernama Avicenna dan genus tumbuhan Avicennia. <> Dalam apa negara moden Avicenna dianggap ikon? || Iran <> Di manakah monumen yang terletak di Avicenna? || muzium Bukhara <> Dalam apa sekolah Eropah menaruh potret Avicenna di dewan perubatan mereka? || University of Paris <> Di mana Makam dan Muzium Avicenna terletak? || Hamadan <> Apakah jenis genus tumbuhan yang dinamakan selepas Avicenna? || Avicennia", {"context": "In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn S\u012bn\u0101 Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Iran"}], "question": "In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?", "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "the Bukhara museum"}], "question": "Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?", "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "the University of Paris"}], "question": "In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?", "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Hamadan"}], "question": "Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?", "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "Avicennia"}], "question": "What plant genus is named after Avicenna?", "id": "5726f847f1498d1400e8f160"}]}], ["Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima dalam seni Alchemiae adalah yang paling berpengaruh, yang telah mempengaruhi ahli kimia dan alkemis zaman pertengahan seperti Vincent of Beauvais. Walau bagaimanapun Anawati berhujah (mengikuti Ruska) bahawa de Anima adalah palsu oleh seorang penulis Sepanyol. Begitu juga Declaratio yang dipercayai tidak benar oleh Avicenna. Kerja ketiga (The Book of Mineral) disetujui untuk menjadi tulisan Avicenna, disesuaikan dengan Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina mengklasifikasikan galian ke dalam batu, bahan-bahan fusible, sulfur, dan garam, membina ide-ide Aristotle dan Jabir. The epistola de Re recta agak kurang skeptikal alkimia; Anawati berhujah bahawa ia adalah oleh Avicenna, tetapi ditulis lebih awal dalam kerjayanya apabila dia belum lagi memutuskan bahawa transmutasi adalah mustahil. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Avicenna dianggap palsu? || Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima dalam arti Alchemiae <> Apa karya lain Avicenna yang dikatakan bukan ciptaannya? || the Declaratio <> Apa yang pasti dilihat sebagai ditulis oleh Avicenna? || Buku Mineral <> Apakah kitab al-Shifa? || Buku Remedy <> Apa yang Ibn Sina diklasifikasikan ke dalam batu? || mineral", {"context": "Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae"}], "question": "What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?", "id": "5726f649708984140094d717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "the Declaratio"}], "question": "What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?", "id": "5726f649708984140094d718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "The Book of Minerals"}], "question": "What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?", "id": "5726f649708984140094d719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Book of the Remedy"}], "question": "What is the kitab al-Shifa?", "id": "5726f649708984140094d71a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "minerals"}], "question": "What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?", "id": "5726f649708984140094d71b"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, Avicenna menimbulkan otak sebagai tempat di mana alasan berinteraksi dengan sensasi. Sensasi menyiapkan jiwa untuk menerima konsep rasional dari Intellect Agen universal. Pengetahuan pertama orang terbang itu adalah \"Saya,\" mengesahkan intinya. Inti itu tidak boleh menjadi badan, jelasnya, kerana orang yang terbang itu tidak sensasi. Oleh itu, pengetahuan bahawa \"Saya\" adalah inti dari manusia: jiwa wujud dan menyedari diri sendiri. Oleh itu, Avicenna menyimpulkan bahawa idea diri itu tidak secara logiknya bergantung kepada apa-apa perkara fizikal, dan bahawa jiwa itu tidak boleh dilihat dalam istilah yang relatif, tetapi sebagai asas yang diberikan, suatu bahan. Tubuh tidak perlu; berhubung dengannya, jiwa itu adalah kesempurnaannya. Dengan sendirinya, jiwa itu adalah bahan yang tidak penting. <> Di mana alasan berinteraksi dengan sensasi mengikut Avicenna? || otak <> Apa agen sejagat? || Intellect <> Dalam karya Avicenna \"Man Terapung\", apakah inti manusia? || pengetahuan bahawa \"saya\" <> Apakah kesempurnaan tubuh? || jiwa <> Dalam \"Manusia Terapung\" Avicenna, apa yang boleh menjadi intipati seseorang tidak? || badan", {"context": "However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be \"I am,\" affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that \"I am\" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the brain"}], "question": "Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?", "id": "5726ebec708984140094d60f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Intellect"}], "question": "What is the universal agent?", "id": "5726ebec708984140094d610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "the knowledge that \"I am\""}], "question": "In Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\", what is the core of a human being?", "id": "5726ebec708984140094d611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "the soul"}], "question": "What is the body's perfection?", "id": "5726ebec708984140094d612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the body"}], "question": "In Avicenna's \"Floating Man\", what could the essence of a person not be?", "id": "5726ebec708984140094d613"}]}], ["George Sarton, pengarang The History of Science, menyifatkan Ibn Sina sebagai \"salah seorang pemikir dan pakar perubatan dalam sejarah\" dan memanggilnya sebagai \"ahli sains paling terkenal Islam dan salah satu yang paling terkenal dari semua kaum, tempat, dan kali. \" Beliau adalah salah seorang penulis terkemuka dunia Islam dalam bidang perubatan. Bersama dengan Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, dan al-Ibadi, Ibn Sina dianggap pengkompil penting bagi perubatan awal Islam. Dia diingat dalam sejarah perubatan Barat sebagai tokoh sejarah utama yang membuat sumbangan penting dalam bidang perubatan dan Renaissance Eropah. Teks perubatannya adalah luar biasa kerana kontroversi wujud antara pandangan Galen dan Aristotle mengenai perkara-perkara perubatan (seperti anatomi), dia lebih suka berpihak kepada Aristotle, di mana perlu mengemas kini kedudukan Aristotle untuk mengambil kira kemajuan pasca-Aristoteli dalam pengetahuan anatomi. Pengaruh intelektual dominan Aristotle di kalangan para ulama Eropah abad pertengahan bermaksud bahawa hubungan Avicenna dengan tulisan-tulisan perubatan Galen dengan tulisan-tulisan falsafah Aristotle dalam Canon of Medicine (bersama-sama dengan pengetahuan pengetahuan yang komprehensif dan logik) meningkatkan kepentingan Avicenna di Eropah abad pertengahan berbanding dengan penulis Islam lain ubat. Pengaruhnya selepas terjemahan Kanon adalah sedemikian rupa sehingga dari awal abad ke-14 hingga abad ke-16 belas ia disenaraikan dengan Hippocrates dan Galen sebagai salah satu pihak berkuasa yang diakui, pengamal perubatan (\"putera doktor\"). <> Siapa kata bahawa Ibn Sina adalah salah seorang pemikir terbesar? || George Sarton <> Apa yang ditulis George Sarton? || Sejarah Sains <> Ibn Sina digambarkan sebagai ahli sains paling terkenal dalam agama apa? || Islam <> Siapa lagi tokoh Islam terkemuka dalam bidang perubatan? || Abulcasis <> Selama berabad lamanya Ibn Sina berada di kalangan orang-orang hebat seperti Hippocrates? || awal abad keempat ke abad keenam belas", {"context": "George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 as \"one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history\" and called him \"the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times.\" He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum (\"prince of physicians\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "George Sarton"}], "question": "Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?", "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e9668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "The History of Science"}], "question": "What did George Sarton write?", "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e9669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Islam"}], "question": "Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?", "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Abulcasis"}], "question": "Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?", "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1364, "text": "early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries"}], "question": "During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?", "id": "5726f74fdd62a815002e966c"}]}], ["Semasa dia dipenjarakan di istana Fardajan dekat Hamadhan, Avicenna menulis \"Manusia Terapung\" yang terkenal - percubaan pemikiran lelaki yang benar-benar jatuh untuk menunjukkan kesedaran diri manusia dan kepelbagaian dan keimanan jiwa. Avicenna percaya \"Manusia Terapung\" menyangka percubaan menunjukkan bahawa jiwa itu adalah bahan, dan menuntut manusia tidak dapat meragui kesedaran mereka sendiri, bahkan dalam keadaan yang menghalang semua input data deria. Percubaan pemikiran memberitahu para pembaca membayangkan diri mereka dicipta sekaligus ketika digantung di udara, terpencil dari semua sensasi, yang tidak termasuk sentuhan deria dengan tubuh mereka sendiri. Beliau berpendapat bahawa, dalam senario ini, seseorang masih mempunyai kesedaran diri. Kerana ia dapat difikirkan bahawa seseorang, yang digantung di udara semasa dipotong dari pengalaman akal, akan tetap dapat menentukan keberadaannya sendiri, percobaan pemikiran menunjuk pada kesimpulan bahwa jiwa itu adalah kesempurnaan, bebas dari tubuh, dan tidak material bahan. Kemunculan \"Manusia Terapung\" ini menunjukkan bahawa jiwa itu dianggap intelektual, yang melibatkan pemisahan jiwa dari tubuh. Avicenna merujuk kepada kecerdasan manusia yang hidup, terutamanya akal yang aktif, yang dipercayai sebagai hipostasis yang mana Allah berkomunikasi kebenaran kepada minda manusia dan memberikan perintah dan kecerdasan kepada alam. Berikut adalah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris hujah: <> Di mana Avicenna pernah dipenjarakan? || istana Fardajan <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Avicenna semasa dia dipenjarakan? || \"Manusia Terapung\" <> Apakah jiwa menurut Avicenna? || sebuah bahan <> Bagaimana jiwa dirasakan sesuai dengan karya Avicenna \"Man Terapung\"? || Secara intelek <> Bagaimana Avicenna ingin manusia memikirkan diri mereka sendiri? || digantung di udara, terpencil dari semua sensasi", {"context": "While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous \"Floating Man\" \u2013 literally falling man \u2013 thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his \"Floating Man\" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this \"Floating Man\" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the castle of Fardajan"}], "question": "Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?", "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "\"Floating Man\""}], "question": "What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?", "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "a substance"}], "question": "What was the soul according to Avicenna?", "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1097, "text": "intellectually"}], "question": "How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work \"Floating Man\"?", "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations"}], "question": "How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?", "id": "5726e9c5f1498d1400e8efb4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980, Kesatuan Soviet, yang kemudiannya memerintah tempat kelahiran Bukhara, merayakan ulang tahun ke-100 kelahiran Avicenna dengan mengedarkan pelbagai setem peringatan dengan ilustrasi seni, dan dengan mendirikan patung Avicenna berdasarkan kajian antropologi oleh ulama Soviet. tempat kelahirannya di Qishlak Afshona, kira-kira 25 km (16 mi) di utara Bukhara, sebuah kolej latihan untuk kakitangan perubatan telah dinamakan untuknya [[diperlukan tahun] Dengan alasan itu muzium yang didedikasikan untuk hidup, masa dan pekerjaannya. diperlukan] <> Apa kuasa besar pada tahun 1980 mencipta stempel untuk menghormati Avicenna? || Uni Soviet <> Apa tempat kelahiran Avicenna? || Bukhara <> Sebuah kolej latihan kakitangan perubatan bernama dalam penghormatannya adalah berapa batu jauh dari tempat kelahirannya? || 16 <> Pada tahun 1980, berapa tahun sejak kelahiran Avicenna? || ribu <> Selain setem, apakah yang diciptakan oleh Kesatuan Soviet dalam penghormatan Avicenna? || payudara", {"context": "In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?", "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Bukhara"}], "question": "What was Avicenna's birthplace?", "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "16"}], "question": "A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?", "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "thousand"}], "question": "In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?", "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "a bust"}], "question": "Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?", "id": "5726f9b0dd62a815002e96a6"}]}], ["Ibn Sina menulis sekurang-kurangnya satu risalah mengenai alkimia, tetapi beberapa yang lain telah dipalsukan dengan palsu. Logiknya, Metafizik, Fizik, dan De Caelo, adalah risalah yang memberikan pandangan sinoptik terhadap doktrin Aristotelian, walaupun Metaphysics menunjukkan keberangkatan yang ketara daripada jenama Neoplatonisme yang dikenali sebagai Aristotelianisme di dunia Ibn Sina; Para ahli falsafah Arab [yang?] [Tahun yang diperlukan] telah membayangkan idea bahawa Ibn Sina cuba untuk \"kembali Aristotelianise\" falsafah muslim secara keseluruhan, tidak seperti pendahulunya, yang menerima konflik Platonik, Aristoteli, Neo- Kerja-kerja platonik yang dihantar ke dunia Islam. <> Apakah disiplin yang jarang dilakukan oleh Avicenna? || alkimia <> Mengenai subjek apa yang menjadi risalah Avicenna berdasarkan? || Fizik <> Doktrin apa yang mana beberapa karya Avicenna didasarkan? || Doktrin Aristoteles <> Sesuai dengan beberapa, apa yang cuba dilakukan Ibn Sina mengenai karya-karyanya? || \"semula Aristotelianise\" falsafah muslim", {"context": "Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn S\u012bn\u0101's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn S\u012bn\u0101 was attempting to \"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "alchemy"}], "question": "What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?", "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e96fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Physics"}], "question": "On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?", "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e96ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Aristotelian doctrine"}], "question": "What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?", "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e9700"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "\"re-Aristotelianise\" Muslim philosophy"}], "question": "According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?", "id": "5726fc4bdd62a815002e9701"}]}], ["Filem soviet \"Youth of Genius\" (1982), difilemkan dan studio Uzbekfilm dan Tajikfilm, yang didedikasikan untuk kanak-kanak dan tahun-tahun muda pemuda Avicenna. Pengarah filem Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantik dan ribut, kerja-kerja yang dilakukan, bahaya dan kehangatan pengetahuan yang tidak dapat diketepikan adalah golongan belia dari Al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, yang akan dikenali di seluruh dunia dengan nama Avicenna - pakar perubatan, saintis dan abad X-XI pendidik. Filem ini terletak di bandar purba Bukhara pada permulaan alaf. Di dalam novel sejarah Louis L'Amour, The Walking Drum, kajian Kerbouchard dan membincangkan Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. Dalam bukunya The Physician (1988), Noah Gordon menceritakan kisah seorang perantis perubatan bahasa Inggeris muda yang menyamar sebagai seorang Yahudi untuk perjalanan dari England ke Persia dan belajar dari Avicenna, tuan yang hebat pada zamannya. Novel ini disesuaikan menjadi filem ciri, The Physician, pada tahun 2013. Avicenna dimainkan oleh Ben Kingsley. <> Filem apa yang dibuat mengenai tahun-tahun muda Avicenna? || Belia Genius", {"context": "The soviet film \"Youth of Genius\" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna \u2013 a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Youth of Genius"}], "question": "What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?", "id": "5726fae6f1498d1400e8f1ba"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2008, diumumkan bahawa nama Avicenna akan digunakan untuk Direktori baru institusi pendidikan untuk profesional penjagaan kesihatan, di seluruh dunia. Direktori Avicenna akan menyenaraikan universiti dan sekolah di mana doktor, pengamal kesihatan awam, ahli farmasi dan lain-lain dididik. Pasukan projek itu menyatakan \"Mengapa Avicenna? Avicenna ... telah ... terkenal kerana sintesis pengetahuannya dari timur dan barat, mempunyai pengaruh yang berkekalan terhadap perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan sains kesihatan, penggunaan nama Avicenna melambangkan perkongsian di seluruh dunia yang diperlukan untuk promosi perkhidmatan kesihatan yang berkualiti tinggi. \" <> Bilakah ia mengumumkan bahawa Avicenna akan mempunyai direktori medis yang dinamakan sempena dia? || Mac 2008 <> Apa kandungan Direktori Avicenna? || di mana doktor, pengamal kesihatan awam, ahli farmasi dan lain-lain, diajar <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Avicenna? || sintesis pengetahuannya dari timur dan barat <> Apakah nama Avicenna diperlukan? || perkongsian di seluruh dunia", {"context": "In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated \"Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 2008"}], "question": "When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?", "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated"}], "question": "What does the Avicenna Directories contain?", "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west"}], "question": "What was Avicenna known for?", "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8403"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "worldwide partnership"}], "question": "What is Avicenna's name needed for?", "id": "5726faa45951b619008f8404"}]}], ["Logik dan Metafizik telah dicetak semula secara meluas, contohnya, di Venesia pada tahun 1493, 1495, dan 1546. Beberapa esei yang lebih singkat mengenai ubat, logik, dan lain-lain, mengambil bentuk puisi (puisi mengenai logik diterbitkan oleh Schmoelders pada tahun 1836). [rujukan?] Dua karya ensiklopedia, yang berkaitan dengan falsafah, sering disebut. Lebih besar, Al-Shifa '(Sanatio), wujud hampir lengkap dalam manuskrip di Perpustakaan Bodleian dan di tempat lain; sebahagiannya pada De Anima muncul di Pavia (1490) sebagai Liber Sextus Naturalium, dan falsafah Ibn Sina yang panjang yang diberikan oleh Muhammad al-Shahrastani nampaknya merupakan analisis utama, dan di banyak tempat reproduksi, Al -Shifa '. Bentuk kerja yang lebih pendek dikenali sebagai An-najat (Liberatio). Edisi Latin sebahagian dari karya-karya ini telah diubahsuai oleh pembetulan yang mana para editor monastik mengaku bahawa mereka telah memohon. Terdapat juga \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0647 (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, dalam bahasa Latin Philosophia Orientalis), yang disebut oleh Roger Bacon, yang majoritinya hilang dalam zaman dahulu, yang menurut Averroes adalah pantheistik dalam nada. <> Siapa yang menerbitkan puisi Avicenna pada logik? || Schmoelders <> Apakah nama risalah ensiklopedia Avicenna yang lebih besar? || Al-Shifa '<> Dimana manuskrip Al-Shifa Avicenna terletak? || Perpustakaan Bodleian <> Apakah bentuk yang lebih pendek dari Al-Shifa dipanggil? || yang An-najat <> Apa dua subjek Avicenna telah dicetak semula secara meluas? || Logik dan Metafizik", {"context": "The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0647 (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Schmoelders"}], "question": "Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?", "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Al-Shifa'"}], "question": "What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? ", "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "the Bodleian Library"}], "question": "Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?", "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "the An-najat"}], "question": "What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?", "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Logic and Metaphysics"}], "question": "What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?", "id": "5726fd98708984140094d7d5"}]}]], [["Dalam bahasa Cina Lama, (cth. Cina Klasik), kata-kata yang paling banyak adalah monosyllabic dan terdapat korespondensi yang dekat antara aksara dan kata-kata. Dalam bahasa Cina moden (bahasa Mandarin Cina), aksara tidak semestinya sesuai dengan kata-kata; sememangnya majoriti kata-kata Cina hari ini terdiri daripada dua atau lebih aksara disebabkan penggabungan dan kehilangan bunyi dalam bahasa Cina dari masa ke masa. Sebaliknya, watak hampir selalu sepadan dengan suku kata tunggal yang juga morfem. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat beberapa pengecualian untuk surat-menyurat umum ini, termasuk morphemes bisyllabic (ditulis dengan dua aksara), suku kata bimorfemik (ditulis dengan dua aksara) dan kes di mana satu huruf mewakili perkataan atau frasa polysyllabic. <> Apa perkataan paling dalam Bahasa Cina Lama? || monosyllabic <> Apa yang hampir selalu sepadan dengan suku kata tunggal? || aksara <> Apa yang ditulis dengan dua aksara? || morphemes bisyllabic", {"context": "In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "monosyllabic"}], "question": "What are most words in Old Chinese?", "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "character"}], "question": "What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?", "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "bisyllabic morphemes"}], "question": "What is written with two characters?", "id": "5726bb01f1498d1400e8e938"}]}], ["Kamus Cina yang paling moden dan kamus Cina yang dijual kepada penceramah bahasa Inggeris menggunakan indeks karakter berasaskan radikal tradisional di bahagian di bahagian depan, manakala badan utama kamus mengatur penyertaan aksara utama mengikut abjad mengikut ejaan pinyin mereka. Untuk mencari watak dengan bunyi yang tidak diketahui menggunakan salah satu kamus ini, pembaca mendapati nombor radikal dan strok watak, seperti sebelum ini, dan menempatkan watak dalam indeks radikal. Kemasukan watak akan mempunyai sebutan watak dalam pinyin ditulis; pembaca kemudian beralih ke bahagian kamus utama dan melihat aksara pinyin mengikut abjad. <> Apa yang menggunakan indeks watak berasaskan radikal tradisional? || kamus Cina moden <> Apa yang akan mempunyai sebutan watak dalam pinyin? || kemasukan watak <> Apa yang ada di hadapan kamus Cina yang paling moden? || indeks karakter berasaskan radikal tradisional", {"context": "Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "modern Chinese dictionaries"}], "question": "What use the traditional radical-based character index?", "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "character's entry"}], "question": "What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?", "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "traditional radical-based character index"}], "question": "What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?", "id": "5726ba5f708984140094cf6d"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini, satu siri grafik dan gambar yang tertulis telah ditemui di laman Neolitik di China, termasuk Jiahu (sekitar 6500 SM), Dadiwan dan Damaidi dari milenium keenam SM, dan Banpo (milenium SM). Seringkali penemuan ini disertai dengan laporan media yang menolak kembali permulaan tulisan Cina yang ditulis sejak ribuan tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana tanda-tanda ini berlaku secara tunggal, tanpa sebarang konteks yang tersirat, dan dibuat secara kasar dan ringkas, Qiu Xigui menyimpulkan bahawa \"kita tidak mempunyai asas untuk menyatakan bahawa tulisan-tulisan ini merupakan penulisan dan tidak ada sebab untuk menyimpulkan bahawa mereka adalah leluhur kepada dinasti Shang Watak Cina. \" Walau bagaimanapun, mereka menunjukkan sejarah penggunaan tanda di lembah Sungai Kuning semasa Neolitik melalui tempoh Shang. <> Apa yang mungkin terdapat di laman web Neolitik di China dalam beberapa dekad kebelakangan ini? || siri graf dan gambar yang tertulis <> Apa yang telah menunjukkan sejarah penggunaan tanda di lembah Sungai Kuning? || Watak-watak Cina <> Apa warna lembah yang terkenal semasa Neolitik melalui tempoh Shang? || Kuning", {"context": "In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that \"we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters.\" They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "series of inscribed graphs and pictures"}], "question": "What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? ", "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?", "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Yellow"}], "question": "What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?", "id": "5726cb77708984140094d18d"}]}], ["Cina moden mempunyai banyak homophones; oleh itu, suku kata yang sama dapat diwakili oleh banyak aksara, bergantung pada makna. Watak tunggal juga boleh mempunyai pelbagai makna, atau kadang-kadang makna yang berbeza; sesekali ini sepadan dengan sebutan yang berlainan. Kognitif dalam beberapa jenis bahasa Cina umumnya ditulis dengan watak yang sama. Mereka biasanya mempunyai makna yang sama, tetapi sebutan sering berbeza. Dalam bahasa-bahasa lain, kebanyakannya hari ini dalam bahasa Jepun dan kadang-kadang dalam bahasa Korea, watak-watak digunakan untuk mewakili kata-kata pinjaman Cina, untuk mewakili kata-kata asli tanpa sebutan Cina, dan sebagai unsur-unsur fonetik semata-mata berdasarkan sebutan mereka dalam pelbagai sejarah kaum Cina telah diperolehi. Penyesuaian asing bagi sebutan Cina ini dikenali sebagai sebutan Sino-Xenic, dan telah berguna dalam pembinaan semula bahasa Cina Tengah. <> Apa yang mempunyai homophones banyak? || Cina moden <> Apa yang mungkin mempunyai pelbagai makna? || watak tunggal <> Apa yang telah bermanfaat dalam pembinaan semula Tiongkok Tengah? || Pengucapan Sino-Xenic", {"context": "Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Modern Chinese"}], "question": "What has many homophones?", "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "single character"}], "question": "What may have a wide range of meanings?", "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "Sino-Xenic pronunciations"}], "question": "What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?", "id": "5726bb7e5951b619008f7c51"}]}], ["Watak-watak Cina mewakili kata-kata bahasa yang menggunakan beberapa strategi. Beberapa aksara, termasuk beberapa yang paling biasa digunakan, pada asalnya pictograms, yang menggambarkan objek yang dilambangkan, atau ideogram mudah, di mana makna dinyatakan secara ikonik. Beberapa kata lain dinyatakan dengan ideogram gabungan, tetapi kebanyakannya ditulis dengan menggunakan prinsip rebus, di mana kata-kata untuk kata yang sama juga dipinjam atau (lebih umum) diperluas dengan penanda semantik disambiguasi untuk membentuk phono-semantik watak kompaun. <> Apa yang mewakili kata-kata bahasa menggunakan beberapa strategi? || Aksara Cina <> Apa perkataan paling ditulis? || prinsip rebus <> Apakah beberapa perkataan yang dinyatakan dalam? || ideogram kompaun", {"context": "Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What represent words of the language using several strategies?", "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "rebus principle"}], "question": "What were most words written in?", "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "compound ideograms"}], "question": "What are some words expressed in?", "id": "5726bd02dd62a815002e8ed5"}]}], ["Watak-watak Cina adalah logogram yang digunakan dalam penulisan bahasa Cina dan beberapa bahasa Asia lain. Dalam bahasa Cina Standard, mereka dipanggil Hanzi (bahasa Cina: \u6c49\u5b57; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u6f22\u5b57). Mereka telah disesuaikan untuk menulis beberapa bahasa lain termasuk: Jepun, di mana mereka dikenali sebagai kanji, Korea, di mana mereka dikenali sebagai hanja, dan Vietnam dalam sistem yang dikenali sebagai ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Secara kolektif, mereka dikenali sebagai watak CJKV. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, mereka kadang-kadang dipanggil aksara Han. Watak-watak Cina merupakan sistem penulisan tertua yang berterusan dalam dunia. Oleh kerana penggunaan semasa mereka yang meluas di Asia Timur, dan penggunaan bersejarah di seluruh Sinosfera, watak-watak Cina adalah antara sistem penulisan yang paling banyak diterima pakai di dunia. <> Apakah logogram yang digunakan dalam penulisan bahasa Cina? || Aksara Cina <> Apakah aksara Cina dipanggil dalam bahasa Cina standard? || Hanzi <> Apa yang telah disesuaikan untuk menulis dalam beberapa bahasa lain? || Aksara Cina", {"context": "Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: \u6c49\u5b57; traditional Chinese: \u6f22\u5b57). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as ch\u1eef N\u00f4m. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?", "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e896"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Hanzi"}], "question": "What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?", "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?", "id": "5726b6e6f1498d1400e8e898"}]}], ["Kadang-kadang perkataan bisyllabic ditulis dengan dua aksara yang mengandungi radikal yang sama, seperti dalam \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"rama-rama\", di mana kedua-dua aksara mempunyai \u03b2 radikal serangga. Satu contoh yang ketara ialah pipa (lutea Cina, juga buah, loquat, bentuk yang serupa) - asalnya ditulis sebagai \u6279 \u628a dengan radikal tangan, merujuk kepada pukulan bawah dan ke atas ketika memainkan instrumen ini, yang kemudiannya diubah menjadi (radikal pokok), yang masih digunakan untuk buahnya, manakala watak itu ditukar kepada \u7435\u7436 apabila merujuk kepada alat itu. Dalam kes lain perkataan sebatian mungkin secara kebetulan berkongsi radikal tanpa ini bermakna. <> Apa yang kadang-kadang ditulis dengan dua aksara yang mengandungi radikal yang sama? || perkataan bisyllabic <> Apa juga buah? || pipa <> Apa yang boleh berkongsi radikal tanpa bermakna? || kata majmuk", {"context": "Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\", where both characters have the insect radical \u866b. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) \u2013 originally written as \u6279\u628a with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to \u6787\u6777 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to \u7435\u7436 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "bisyllabic word"}], "question": "What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?", "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "pipa"}], "question": "What is also a fruit?", "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "compound word"}], "question": "What may share a radical without being meaningful?", "id": "5726cac25951b619008f7e47"}]}], ["Sebatian semantik atau fonetik atau sebilangan pictophonetic adalah set aksara yang paling banyak. Watak-watak ini terdiri daripada dua bahagian: salah satu set aksara yang terhad (penunjuk semantik, sering dipetakan secara grafik) yang menunjukkan makna umum karakter kompaun, dan karakter lain (penunjuk fonetik) yang sebutannya mencadangkan sebutan sebatian watak. Dalam kebanyakan kes, penunjuk semantik juga radikal di mana watak itu disenaraikan dalam kamus. <> Apakah watak-watak yang paling banyak? || Sebatian semantik-fonetik <> Apakah radikal di mana aksara disenaraikan dalam kamus? || penunjuk semantik <> Apa yang menggambarkan makna umum sifat sebatian? || penunjuk semantik", {"context": "Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Semantic-phonetic compounds"}], "question": "What are the most numerous characters?", "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "semantic indicator"}], "question": "What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?", "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "semantic indicator"}], "question": "What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? ", "id": "5726bd86f1498d1400e8e9b2"}]}], ["Contohnya \u6cb3 h\u00e9 \"sungai\", \u6e56 h\u00fa \"tasik\", \u6d41 li\u00fa \"stream\", \u6c96 ch\u014dng \"riptide\" (atau \"flush\"), \u6ed1 hu\u00e1 \"licin\". Semua aksara ini ada di sebelah kiri radikal tiga pukulan pendek (\u6c35), yang merupakan bentuk kekurangan karakter \u6c34 shu\u01d0 yang bermaksud \"air\", menunjukkan bahawa watak itu mempunyai hubungan semantik dengan air. Bahagian kanan dalam setiap kes adalah penunjuk fonetik. Sebagai contoh, dalam hal \u6c96 ch\u014dng (Bahasa Cina Lama * \u0261-lju\u014b), penunjuk fonetik adalah \u4e2d zh\u014dng (Bahasa Cina Lama * k-lju\u014b), yang dengan sendirinya bermaksud \"tengah\". Dalam kes ini, dapat dilihat bahawa sebutan wataknya sedikit berbeza daripada penunjuk fonetiknya; proses perubahan fonetik sejarah bermakna bahawa komposisi watak-watak tersebut kadang-kadang kelihatan sewenang-wenangnya hari ini. <> Sebelah apa adalah penunjuk fonetik yang terletak di? || sebelah kanan <> Apakah proses perubahan fonetik sejarah? || penunjuk fonetik <> Proses apa yang kadangkala kelihatan sewenang-wenang hari ini? || perubahan fonetik", {"context": "Examples are \u6cb3 h\u00e9 \"river\", \u6e56 h\u00fa \"lake\", \u6d41 li\u00fa \"stream\", \u6c96 ch\u014dng \"riptide\" (or \"flush\"), \u6ed1 hu\u00e1 \"slippery\". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (\u6c35), which is a reduced form of the character \u6c34 shu\u01d0 meaning \"water\", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of \u6c96 ch\u014dng (Old Chinese *\u0261-lju\u014b), the phonetic indicator is \u4e2d zh\u014dng (Old Chinese *k-lju\u014b), which by itself means \"middle\". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "right-hand side"}], "question": "What side is a phonetic indicator located on?", "id": "5726be17708984140094d001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "phonetic indicator"}], "question": "What is the process of historical phonetic change?", "id": "5726be17708984140094d002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "phonetic change"}], "question": "What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?", "id": "5726be17708984140094d003"}]}], ["Nombor aksara Cina pada puluhan ribu, walaupun sebahagian besarnya adalah variasi grafik kecil yang dihadapi hanya dalam teks sejarah. Kajian di China telah menunjukkan bahawa literasi fungsional dalam tulisan Cina memerlukan pengetahuan antara tiga dan empat ribu aksara. Di Jepun, 2,136 diajar melalui sekolah menengah (J\u014dy\u014d kanji); beratus-ratus lebih banyak digunakan setiap hari. Terdapat pelbagai senarai standard watak, bentuk, dan sebutan. Bentuk-bentuk huruf tertentu mudah digunakan di China, Singapura, dan Malaysia; aksara tradisional yang sama digunakan di Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, dan agak terhad di Korea Selatan. Di Jepun, watak-watak biasa ditulis dalam bentuk yang disederhanakan di Jepun selepas shinjitai, yang lebih dekat dengan bentuk tradisional daripada penyederhanaan Cina, manakala aksara-aksara yang tidak biasa ditulis dalam bentuk tradisional Jepun (ky\u016bjitai), yang hampir sama dengan tradisi Cina bentuk. Di Korea Selatan, apabila watak-watak Cina digunakan, mereka adalah variasi tradisional dan hampir sama dengan yang digunakan di tempat-tempat seperti Taiwan dan Hong Kong. Pengajaran watak-watak Cina di Korea Selatan bermula pada gred ke-7 dan berterusan sehingga gred ke-12 di mana 1,800 jumlah aksara diajar walaupun aksara ini hanya digunakan dalam kes-kes tertentu (pada tanda-tanda, kertas akademik, tulisan-tulisan sejarah, dan sebagainya) sedang digunakan. <> Berapakah nombor dalam puluhan ribu? || Aksara Cina <> Apa yang memerlukan pengetahuan tiga hingga empat ribu aksara? || melek huruf dalam tulisan Cina <> Yang sama dengan bentuk Cina? || ky\u016bjitai", {"context": "Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the J\u014dy\u014d kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (ky\u016bjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What number in the tens of thousands?", "id": "5726b794708984140094cedd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "literacy in written Chinese"}], "question": "What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?", "id": "5726b794708984140094cede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "ky\u016bjitai"}], "question": "Which are identical to Chinese forms?", "id": "5726b794708984140094cedf"}]}], ["Tidak sampai dinasti Utara dan Selatan bahawa skrip biasa meningkat menjadi status dominan. Dalam tempoh itu, skrip biasa terus berkembang secara gaya, mencapai kematangan penuh pada awal dinasti Tang. Ada yang menyebut penulisan awal Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557-641) skrip biasa yang pertama. Selepas ini, walaupun perkembangan seni kaligrafi dan penyederhanaan karakter masih berlaku, tidak ada lagi tahap evolusi utama untuk skrip mainstream. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai Utara dan Selatan? || dinasti <> Apa yang terus berubah mengikut gaya? || skrip biasa <> Skrip apa yang tidak melihat tahap evolusi lagi? || arus perdana", {"context": "It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557\u2013641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "dynasties"}], "question": "What were the North and South considered as?", "id": "5726db92708984140094d3cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "regular script"}], "question": "What continued to evolve stylistically?", "id": "5726db92708984140094d3d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "mainstream"}], "question": "What script saw no more stages of evolution?", "id": "5726db92708984140094d3d1"}]}], ["Pada akhir zaman Han Timur, satu bentuk awal skrip semi-kursif muncul, berkembang dari bentuk tulisan skrip neo-clerical [c] dan kursif ringkas. Skrip semi-kursif ini secara tradisi dikaitkan dengan Liu Desheng c. 147-188 AD, [d] walaupun atribut sebegini merujuk kepada tuan awal skrip dan bukannya pencipta sebenar mereka, kerana skrip biasanya berubah menjadi dari masa ke masa. Qiu memberikan contoh-contoh awal skrip semi-kursif, menunjukkan bahawa ia mempunyai asal-usul yang popular dan bukan semata-mata ciptaan Liu. <> Apa yang muncul pada akhir hujung zaman Timur Han? || bentuk awal skrip semi-kursif <> Apa skrip yang secara tradisinya dikaitkan dengan Liu Desheng? || semi-kursif <> Siapa yang menunjukkan contoh skrip awal semi-kursif? || Qiu", {"context": "By the late Eastern Han period, an early form of semi-cursive script appeared, developing out of a cursively written form of neo-clerical script[c] and simple cursive. This semi-cursive script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng c. 147\u2013188 AD,[d] although such attributions refer to early masters of a script rather than to their actual inventors, since the scripts generally evolved into being over time. Qiu gives examples of early semi-cursive script, showing that it had popular origins rather than being purely Liu\u2019s invention.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "early form of semi-cursive script"}], "question": "What appeared at the end of the late Eastern Han period?", "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "semi-cursive"}], "question": "What script was traditionally attributed to Liu Desheng?", "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Qiu"}], "question": "Who showed examples of early semi-cursive script?", "id": "5726da9b708984140094d3a7"}]}], ["Bukti yang paling awal dikonfirmasi dari skrip Cina yang ditemui adalah badan inskripsi pada tulang oracle dari dinasti Shang akhir (sekitar 1200-1050 SM). Simbol-simbol ini, yang diukir pada kepingan tulang dan kura-kura yang dijual sebagai \"tulang naga\" untuk tujuan perubatan, telah dikenalpasti sebagai penulisan Cina oleh para ulama pada tahun 1899. Menjelang tahun 1928, sumber tulang oracle telah dikesan ke sebuah kampung berhampiran Anyang di Wilayah Henan, yang digali oleh Academia Sinica antara 1928 dan 1937. Lebih 150,000 serpihan telah dijumpai. <> Apa bukti bukti skrip Cina yang paling awal? || tulang oracle <> Dimana simbol diukir? || kepingan tulang dan kura-kura <> Di manakah sumber tulang Oracle dikesan? || kampung berhampiran Anyang di Wilayah Henan", {"context": "The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200\u20131050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as \"dragon bones\" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "oracle bones"}], "question": "What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?", "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "pieces of bone and turtle shell"}], "question": "Where were the symbols carved on?", "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "village near Anyang in Henan Province"}], "question": "Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?", "id": "5726d6265951b619008f7f7f"}]}], ["Kamus watak Cina sering membenarkan pengguna untuk mencari entri dalam beberapa cara. Banyak kamus Cina, Jepun, dan Korea menyusun watak-watak dalam urutan radikal: watak dikumpulkan bersama oleh radikal, dan radikal yang mengandungi sedikit sebatan yang datang sebelum radikal mengandungi lebih banyak pukulan (penyortiran radikal dan strok). Di bawah setiap radikal, watak-watak disenaraikan oleh jumlah keseluruhan sebatan mereka. Ia juga mungkin untuk mencari watak dengan bunyi, menggunakan pinyin (dalam kamus Cina), zhuyin (dalam kamus Taiwan), kana (dalam kamus Jepun) atau hangul (dalam kamus Korea). Kebanyakan kamus juga membenarkan carian dengan jumlah bilangan sebatan, dan kamus individu sering membolehkan kaedah carian lain juga. <> Apa yang sering membenarkan pengguna mencari entri dalam beberapa cara? || Kamus watak Cina <> Apa senarai watak-watak Cina dalam susunan radikal? || Kamus Korea <> Apa yang dikumpulkan bersama oleh radikal? || watak", {"context": "Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese character dictionaries"}], "question": "What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?", "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Korean dictionaries"}], "question": "What lists Chinese characters in radical order?", "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "characters"}], "question": "What is grouped together by radicals?", "id": "5726dc90dd62a815002e931c"}]}], ["Gambar tradisi skrip serata yang teratur, masing-masing dicipta secara tiba-tiba dan kemudian menyingkirkan yang terdahulu, telah secara konkrit dipamerkan sebagai fiksyen oleh penemuan arkeologi dan penyelidikan ilmiah pada abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21. Evolusi secara beransur-ansur dan kewujudan bersama dua atau lebih skrip lebih sering berlaku. Seawal dinasti Shang, skrip tulang orak-orak muncul sebagai bentuk ringkas bersama skrip biasa buku buluh (dipelihara dalam inskripsi gangsa yang tipikal), serta bentuk gambar bergambar tambahan (sering lambang klan) yang terdapat pada banyak gangsa. <> Apa yang wujud seawal dinasti Shang? || skrip oracle-bone <> Apa skrip tulang orak-isah bersama bersama? || buku buluh <> Apa yang dipelihara dalam inskripsi gangsa biasa? || buku buluh", {"context": "The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "oracle-bone script"}], "question": "What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?", "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "bamboo books"}], "question": "What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?", "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "bamboo books"}], "question": "What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?", "id": "5726d6b4708984140094d2f1"}]}], ["Berdasarkan kajian prasasti gangsa ini, jelas bahawa, dari penulisan dinasti Shang kepada Zhou Barat dan Zhou Timur awal, skrip mainstream berkembang dengan cara yang perlahan, tidak terputus, sehingga membentuk bentuk yang sekarang dikenal sebagai segel skrip di Zhou Timur lewat di negeri Qin, tanpa garis pembahagian yang jelas. Sementara itu, skrip lain telah berkembang, terutamanya di wilayah timur dan selatan semasa dinasti Zhou akhir, termasuk bentuk-bentuk serantau, seperti g\u01d4w\u00e9n (\"bentuk purba\") dari negeri-negeri berperang timur yang dipelihara sebagai bentuk variasi dalam kamus watak Han dinasti Shuowen Jiezi, serta bentuk hiasan seperti skrip burung dan serangga. <> Apa yang telah berkembang dari semasa ke semasa? || skrip <> Apakah jenis bentuk burung dan skrip serangga yang dipertimbangkan? || hiasan <> Apa guwen dianggap sebagai? || bentuk kuno", {"context": "Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the g\u01d4w\u00e9n (\"ancient forms\") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "scripts"}], "question": "What has evolved over time?", "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "decorative"}], "question": "What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?", "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "ancient forms"}], "question": "What is guwen considered as?", "id": "5726d7d4708984140094d32d"}]}], ["Bertentangan dengan kepercayaan popular bahawa terdapat hanya satu skrip setiap tempoh, sebenarnya ada skrip berganda yang digunakan dalam tempoh Han. Walaupun skrip ulama yang matang, yang juga disebut skrip \u516b\u5206 (b\u0101f\u0113n), dominan pada masa itu, jenis awal kursif skrip juga digunakan oleh Han sekurang-kurangnya pada awal 24 SM (semasa zaman Han Barat yang sangat lewat) , [b] menggabungkan bentuk kursif yang popular pada masa itu, dan juga banyak elemen dari penulisan kesat Qin Negara Berperang. Pada masa dinasti Jin Timur, kursif Han ini dikenali sebagai \u7ae0\u8349 zh\u0101ngc\u01ceo (juga dikenali sebagai \u96b6 \u8349 / \u96b8 \u8349 l\u00ecc\u01ceo hari ini), atau dalam bahasa Inggeris kadang-kadang kursik perkeranian, kursif kuno, atau draf kursif. Sesetengah percaya bahawa nama itu, berdasarkan \u7ae0 zh\u0101ng yang bermaksud \"teratur\", timbul kerana skrip itu adalah bentuk yang lebih teratur daripada kursif daripada bentuk moden yang muncul semasa dinasti Jin Timur dan masih digunakan hari ini, yang dipanggil \u4eca \u8349 j\u012bnc\u01ceo atau \"kursif moden\". <> Adakah skrip berganda digunakan semasa tempoh Han? || terdapat banyak skrip yang digunakan <> Apa salah satu skrip yang lebih dominan pada masa itu? || b\u0101f\u0113n <> Apa nama yang dimaksudkan untuk \"teratur\"? || zh\u0101ng", {"context": "Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called \u516b\u5206 (b\u0101f\u0113n) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as \u7ae0\u8349 zh\u0101ngc\u01ceo (also known as \u96b6\u8349 / \u96b8\u8349 l\u00ecc\u01ceo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on \u7ae0 zh\u0101ng meaning \"orderly\", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called \u4eca\u8349 j\u012bnc\u01ceo or \"modern cursive\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "there were in fact multiple scripts in use"}], "question": "Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?", "id": "5726d94d708984140094d379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "b\u0101f\u0113n"}], "question": "What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?", "id": "5726d94d708984140094d37a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "zh\u0101ng"}], "question": "What name stood for \"orderly\"?", "id": "5726d94d708984140094d37b"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh, untuk mencari watak di mana bunyi tidak diketahui, misalnya, \u677e (pokok pinus), pengguna pertama menentukan bahagian mana watak adalah radikal (di sini \u6728), kemudian mengira bilangan sebatan dalam radikal ( empat), dan bertukar kepada indeks radikal (biasanya terletak di bahagian depan atau penutup belakang kamus). Di bawah nombor \"4\" untuk kiraan strok radikal, pengguna meletakkan \u6728, kemudian beralih kepada nombor halaman yang disenaraikan, yang merupakan permulaan senarai semua aksara yang mengandungi radikal ini. Halaman ini akan mempunyai sub-indeks yang memberikan nombor stroke yang tersisa (untuk bahagian-bahagian bukan aksara radikal) dan nombor halaman. Separuh kanan watak juga mengandungi empat sebatan, jadi pengguna menempatkan nombor 4, dan beralih ke nombor halaman yang diberikan. Dari situ, pengguna mesti mengimbas entri untuk mencari watak yang sedang dicarinya. Sesetengah kamus mempunyai sub-indeks yang menyenaraikan setiap watak yang mengandungi setiap radikal, dan jika pengguna mengetahui bilangan sebatan dalam bahagian bukan radikal aksara, dia dapat mencari halaman yang betul secara langsung. <> Apa yang mengandungi empat pukulan? || separuh kanan watak <> Apa yang ada dalam kamus? || sub-index <> Apa yang memberikan nombor stroke yang tersisa? || sub-indeks", {"context": "For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., \u677e (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here \u6728), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number \"4\" for radical stroke count, the user locates \u6728, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "right half of the character"}], "question": "What contains four strokes?", "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "sub-index"}], "question": "What do some dictionaries have?", "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "sub-index"}], "question": "What gives remaining stroke numbers?", "id": "5726dc26708984140094d3e7"}]}], ["Skrip tetap telah dikaitkan dengan Zhong Yao, Han Timur untuk tempoh Cao Wei (c. 151-230 AD), yang telah dipanggil \"bapa skrip biasa\". Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah ulama berpendapat bahawa satu orang sahaja tidak dapat mengembangkan skrip baru yang diterima secara universal, tetapi hanya boleh menjadi penyumbang kepada pembentukan secara beransur-ansur. Kepingan-kepingan yang paling awal yang ditulis dalam skrip biasa adalah salinan karya Yao, termasuk sekurang-kurangnya satu disalin oleh Wang Xizhi. Skrip baru ini, yang merupakan skrip Cina moden yang dominan, dibentuk dengan bentuk rapih awal, dengan penambahan teknik jeda (ech / \u987f d\u00f9n) untuk mengakhiri pukulan mendatar, ditambah dengan ekor berat pada pukulan yang ditulis ke arah pepenjuru ke bawah. Oleh itu, skrip biasa awal muncul dari bentuk semi-kursif yang rapi, yang telah muncul sendiri dari neo-clerical (bentuk mudah skrip clerical). Ia kemudian menjadi lebih matang dalam dinasti Jin Timur di tangan \"Sage of Calligraphy\", Wang Xizhi, dan anaknya Wang Xianzhi. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak digunakan secara meluas pada masa itu, dan kebanyakan penulis terus menggunakan neo-clerical, atau bentuk separa kursifnya, untuk penulisan harian, sementara skrip akademik bafen konservatif masih digunakan pada beberapa stelae, bersama-sama beberapa semi-kursif, tetapi terutamanya neo-clerical. <> Apa yang telah dikaitkan dengan Zhong Yao? || Skrip tetap <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Zhong Yao? || bapa skrip tetap <> Siapa anak Wang Zishi? || Wang Xianzhi", {"context": "Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151\u2013230 AD), who has been called the \"father of regular script\". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (\u9813/\u987f d\u00f9n) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the \"Sage of Calligraphy\", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Regular script"}], "question": "What had been linked to Zhong Yao?", "id": "5726db305951b619008f8027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "father of regular script"}], "question": "What was Zhong Yao known for?", "id": "5726db305951b619008f8028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1038, "text": "Wang Xianzhi"}], "question": "Who was the son of Wang Zishi?", "id": "5726db305951b619008f8029"}]}], ["Skrip meterai, yang telah berkembang secara perlahan dalam keadaan Qin semasa Dinasti Zhou Timur, menjadi standard dan diguna pakai sebagai skrip rasmi untuk semua China dalam dinasti Qin (yang menyebabkan kesalahpahaman umum bahawa ia dicipta pada masa itu), dan masih digunakan secara meluas untuk ukiran hiasan dan anjing laut (nama nama, atau tanda tangan) dalam zaman dinasti Han. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun standardisasi skrip Qin, lebih daripada satu skrip tetap digunakan pada masa itu. Contohnya, tulisan kecil yang kurang dikenali, rektil dan sebagainya telah ditulis selama bertahun-tahun di dalam skrip meterai yang lebih formal di negara Qin, dan populariti tulisan kasar ini semakin meningkat kerana penggunaan tulisan itu sendiri menjadi lebih meluas. Dengan tempoh Perang Amerika, bentuk skrip perkeranian yang belum matang yang dipanggil \"ulama awal\" atau \"proto-clerical\" telah pun dibangunkan dalam keadaan Qin berdasarkan penulisan kasar ini, dan dengan pengaruh dari skrip meterai juga. Keterasingan tiga skrip ini - meterai kecil, kasar dan proto-klerikal, dengan yang terakhir berkembang secara beransur-ansur dalam Qin ke dinasti Han awal menjadi skrip clerical - bertentangan dengan kepercayaan tradisional bahawa dinasti Qin mempunyai satu skrip sahaja, dan perkeranian itu skrip tiba-tiba dicipta pada dinasti Han awal dari skrip meterai kecil. <> Apa yang telah berkembang perlahan-lahan di Negeri Qin? || Skrip Seal <> Apa skrip yang bertentangan dengan kepercayaan tradisional bahawa dinasti Qin mempunyai satu skrip sahaja? || ulama <> Apa yang dicipta dalam dinasti Han awal dari skrip meterai kecil? || skrip kerani", {"context": "Seal script, which had evolved slowly in the state of Qin during the Eastern Zhou dynasty, became standardized and adopted as the formal script for all of China in the Qin dynasty (leading to a popular misconception that it was invented at that time), and was still widely used for decorative engraving and seals (name chops, or signets) in the Han dynasty period. However, despite the Qin script standardization, more than one script remained in use at the time. For example, a little-known, rectilinear and roughly executed kind of common (vulgar) writing had for centuries coexisted with the more formal seal script in the Qin state, and the popularity of this vulgar writing grew as the use of writing itself became more widespread. By the Warring States period, an immature form of clerical script called \"early clerical\" or \"proto-clerical\" had already developed in the state of Qin based upon this vulgar writing, and with influence from seal script as well. The coexistence of the three scripts \u2013 small seal, vulgar and proto-clerical, with the latter evolving gradually in the Qin to early Han dynasties into clerical script \u2013 runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only, and that clerical script was suddenly invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Seal script"}], "question": "What has evolved slowly in the State of of Qin?", "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1118, "text": "clerical"}], "question": "What script runs counter to the traditional belief that the Qin dynasty had one script only?", "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1118, "text": "clerical script"}], "question": "What was invented in the early Han dynasty from the small seal script?", "id": "5726d8815951b619008f7fc5"}]}], ["Malah Zhonghua Zihai tidak termasuk watak-watak dalam skrip keluarga Cina yang dicipta untuk mewakili bahasa bukan Cina. Watak-watak yang dibentuk oleh prinsip Cina dalam bahasa lain termasuk kira-kira 1,500 kokuji buatan Jepun yang diberikan di Kokuji no Jiten, gukja buatan Korea, lebih daripada 10,000 watak Sawndip yang masih digunakan di Guangxi, dan watak-watak hampir 20,000 N\u00f4m yang dahulunya digunakan di Vietnam . [rujukan?] Keturunan lebih banyak skrip Cina termasuk skrip Tangut, yang mencipta lebih dari 5,000 aksara dengan pukulan yang sama tetapi prinsip pembentukan yang berbeza kepada watak-watak Cina. <> Apa yang tidak termasuk aksara dalam keluarga Cina? || Zhonghua Zihai <> Apa yang dibentuk oleh prinsip Cina? || Watak <> Apa yang menciptakan lebih daripada 5,000 aksara dengan pukulan yang sama? || Skrip Tangut", {"context": "Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 N\u00f4m characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Zhonghua Zihai"}], "question": "What does not include characters in the Chinese family?", "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Characters"}], "question": "What is formed by Chinese principles? ", "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Tangut script"}], "question": "What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?", "id": "5726e0b8f1498d1400e8ee5e"}]}], ["Jumlah aksara Cina dari masa lalu hingga kini tetap tidak dapat diketahui kerana yang baru dibangunkan sepanjang masa - sebagai contoh, jenama mungkin mencipta aksara baru apabila tidak ada yang sedia ada yang membolehkan makna yang dimaksudkan. Watak-watak Cina secara teorinya satu set terbuka dan sesiapa sahaja boleh mencipta watak-watak baru, walaupun penemuan sedemikian jarang termasuk dalam set aksara rasmi. Bilangan penyertaan dalam kamus Cina utama adalah cara terbaik untuk menganggarkan pertumbuhan sejarah inventori watak. <> Apa yang masih tidak diketahui? || Jumlah aksara Cina dari masa lalu hingga sekarang <> Apa yang menjadi maju setiap masa? || Aksara Cina <> Apakah cara terbaik untuk menganggarkan pertumbuhan sejarah inventori watak? || bilangan penyertaan dalam kamus Cina utama", {"context": "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present remains unknowable because new ones are developed all the time \u2013 for instance, brands may create new characters when none of the existing ones allow for the intended meaning. Chinese characters are theoretically an open set and anyone can create new characters, though such inventions are rarely included in official character sets. The number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The total number of Chinese characters from past to present"}], "question": "What remains unknowable?", "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What becomes developed all the time?", "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "number of entries in major Chinese dictionaries"}], "question": "What is the best means of estimating the historical growth of character inventory?", "id": "5726e1275951b619008f8139"}]}], ["Watak-watak baru boleh pada dasarnya dicipta pada bila-bila masa, seperti kata-kata baru, tetapi mereka tidak boleh diterima pakai. Istilah-istiadat sejarah yang baru-baru ini bermula pada segi saintifik abad ke-19. Khususnya, aksara Cina dicipta untuk elemen kimia - lihat elemen kimia dalam bahasa Asia Timur - yang terus digunakan dan diajar di sekolah-sekolah di China dan Taiwan. Di Jepun, di era Meiji (khususnya, lewat abad ke-19), watak-watak baru dicipta untuk beberapa unit SI (tetapi tidak semua), seperti \u7c81 (\u7c73 \"meter\" + \u5343 \"ribu, kilo-\") untuk kilometer. Ini kokuji (Jepun-koin) telah menemui penggunaan di China juga - lihat aksara Cina untuk unit SI untuk butiran. <> Apa yang boleh dicipta pada bila-bila masa? || Aksara baru <> Apa yang tidak boleh diterima pakai? || kata-kata baru <> Apa juga yang dikenali sebagai koin Jepun? || kokuji", {"context": "New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements \u2013 see chemical elements in East Asian languages \u2013 which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as \u7c81 (\u7c73 \"meter\" + \u5343 \"thousand, kilo-\") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well \u2013 see Chinese characters for SI units for details.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New characters"}], "question": "What can be coined at any time?", "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "new words"}], "question": "What may not be adopted?", "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "kokuji"}], "question": "What are also known as Japanese-coinages?", "id": "5726dd7fdd62a815002e9336"}]}], ["Di Republik China (Taiwan), yang menggunakan watak-watak tradisional Cina, Kementerian Pendidikan, Ch\u00e1ngy\u014dng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (Carta Bentuk Standard Karakter Kebangsaan) menyenaraikan 4,808 aksara; C\u00ec Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (Carta Bentuk Piawai Karakter Kebangsaan Kurang Kurang Biasa) menyenaraikan 6,341 lagi aksara. Kod Persimpangan Standard China (CNS11643) - standard pengekodan rasmi rasmi-menyokong 48,027 aksara, manakala skema pengekodan yang paling banyak digunakan, BIG-5, hanya menyokong 13,053. <> Apa yang menyokong 48,027 aksara? || standard pengekodan rasmi rasmi <> Apa yang menyokong 13,053 aksara? || BIG-5 <> Kawasan apa yang menggunakan aksara Cina tradisional? || Taiwan", {"context": "In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the C\u00ec Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Gu\u00f3z\u00ec Bi\u0101ozh\u01d4n Z\u00ect\u01d0 Bi\u01ceo (\u6b21\u5e38\u7528\u570b\u5b57\u6a19\u6e96\u5b57\u9ad4\u8868, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)\u2014the official national encoding standard\u2014supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "the official national encoding standard"}], "question": "What supports 48,027 characters?", "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "BIG-5"}], "question": "What supports 13,053 characters?", "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Taiwan"}], "question": "What area uses traditional Chinese characters?", "id": "5726def0f1498d1400e8ee36"}]}], ["Terdapat juga beberapa watak yang sangat kompleks yang difahami menjadi jarang berlaku. Menurut Jo\u00ebl Bellassen (1989), watak Cina yang paling rumit adalah / \ud869\udea5 (U + 2A6A5) zh\u00e9 mendengar (bantuan \u00b7 info), yang bermaksud \"verbose\" dan mengandungi enam puluh empat sebatan; watak ini jatuh dari penggunaan sekitar abad ke-5. Walau bagaimanapun, ia boleh dikatakan bahawa walaupun mengandungi kebanyakan sebatan, ia tidak semestinya merupakan watak yang paling kompleks (dari segi kesulitan), kerana ia hanya memerlukan penulisan watak enam belas-lejang yang sama \u9f8d l\u00f3ng (lit. \"naga\") empat kali dalam ruang untuk satu. Satu lagi aksara 64-lejang adalah / \ud841\udd3b (U + 2053B) zh\u00e8ng terdiri daripada \u8208 x\u012bng / x\u00ecng (lit. \"berkembang\") empat kali. <> Apa yang lebih jarang berlaku? || aksara kompleks <> Apakah watak Cina yang paling kompleks? || zh\u00e9 <> Apa salah satu watak 64-lejang? || zh\u00e8ng", {"context": "There are also some extremely complex characters which have understandably become rather rare. According to Jo\u00ebl Bellassen (1989), the most complex Chinese character is /\ud869\udea5 (U+2A6A5) zh\u00e9  listen (help\u00b7info), meaning \"verbose\" and containing sixty-four strokes; this character fell from use around the 5th century. It might be argued, however, that while containing the most strokes, it is not necessarily the most complex character (in terms of difficulty), as it simply requires writing the same sixteen-stroke character \u9f8d l\u00f3ng (lit. \"dragon\") four times in the space for one. Another 64-stroke character is /\ud841\udd3b (U+2053B) zh\u00e8ng composed of \u8208 x\u012bng/x\u00ecng (lit. \"flourish\") four times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "complex characters"}], "question": "What have become more rare?", "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "zh\u00e9"}], "question": "What is the most complex Chinese character?", "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "zh\u00e8ng"}], "question": "What is one 64-stroke character?", "id": "5726e208f1498d1400e8ee94"}]}], ["Di samping itu, terdapat beberapa aksara dialek (\u65b9\u8a00 \u5b57) yang tidak digunakan dalam bahasa Cina yang ditulis formal tetapi mewakili istilah bahasa sehari-hari dalam jenis Cina bukan Mandarin. Salah satu jenis ini adalah Kantonis Bertulis, yang digunakan secara meluas di Hong Kong walaupun untuk dokumen-dokumen formal tertentu, kerana pengakuan pentadbiran kolonial British dahulu untuk digunakan untuk tujuan rasmi. Di Taiwan, terdapat juga watak-watak tidak rasmi yang digunakan untuk mewakili Cina Hokkien. Banyak jenis mempunyai aksara khusus untuk kata-kata yang eksklusif kepada mereka. Sebagai contoh, watak vernakular \u34fe, diucapkan cii11 di Hakka, bermaksud \"membunuh\". Tambahan pula, Shanghainese dan Sichuanese juga mempunyai siri teks bertulis mereka sendiri, tetapi ini tidak digunakan secara meluas dalam teks-teks sebenar, bahasa Mandarin menjadi pilihan untuk semua wilayah daratan. <> Apa yang tidak digunakan dalam tulisan Cina formal? || aksara dialek <> Apa yang mengandungi blok aksara yang digunakan untuk mempamerkan Hokkien Cina? || Taiwan <> Apa keutamaan untuk semua kawasan tanah besar? || Mandarin", {"context": "In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (\u65b9\u8a00\u5b57) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character \u34fe, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means \"to kill\". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "dialect characters"}], "question": "What are not used in formal written Chinese?", "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Taiwan"}], "question": "What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?", "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8edff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "Mandarin"}], "question": "What was the preference for all mainland regions?", "id": "5726ddf1f1498d1400e8ee00"}]}], ["Walaupun aksara baru mudah dicipta dengan menulis di atas kertas, mereka sukar untuk diwakili di komputer - mereka secara umumnya harus diwakili sebagai gambar, bukan sebagai teks - yang memberikan penghalang yang ketara kepada penggunaannya atau penggunaan yang meluas. Bandingkan ini dengan menggunakan simbol sebagai nama dalam album muzik abad ke-20 seperti Led Zeppelin IV (1971) dan Love Symbol Album (1993); penutup album mungkin mengandungi sebarang grafik, tetapi secara bertulis dan pengiraan lain simbol-simbol ini sukar digunakan. <> Apa yang boleh dengan mudah dicipta dengan menulis di atas kertas? || watak-watak <> Apa yang mereka telah menjadi bekalan yang penting pada abad ke-20? || simbol <> Apa yang sukar untuk direpresentasikan pada komputer? || watak", {"context": "While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer \u2013 they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text \u2013 which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "characters"}], "question": "What can be easily coined by writing on paper?", "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "symbols"}], "question": "What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?", "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "characters"}], "question": "What can be difficult to represent on a computer?", "id": "5726dd13f1498d1400e8edb9"}]}], ["Salah satu watak paling rumit yang terdapat dalam kamus Cina moden [g] ialah \u9f49 (U + 9F49) (n\u00e0ng, dengar (bantuan \u00b7 maklumat), gambar di bawah, imej tengah), yang bermaksud \"snuffle\" (iaitu, sebutan yang dicemari oleh hidung tersekat), dengan \"hanya\" tiga puluh enam sebatan. Walau bagaimanapun, ini tidak digunakan umum. Watak yang paling rumit yang boleh dimasukkan menggunakan Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a untuk bahasa Cina tradisional adalah \u9f98 (d\u00e1, \"rupa penampilan naga\"). Ia terdiri daripada radikal naga yang diwakili tiga kali, untuk sejumlah 16 \u00d7 3 = 48 sebatan. Antara watak yang paling kompleks dalam kamus moden dan juga dalam penggunaan moden yang kerap ialah \u7c72 (y\u00f9, \"to implore\"), dengan 32 sebatan;\u9b31 (y\u00f9, \"subur, subur\"), dengan 29 sebatan, seperti dalam \u6182\u9b31 (y\u014duy\u00f9, \"tertekan\");\u8c54 (yan, \"berwarna-warni\"), dengan 28 sebatan; dan \u91c1 (x\u00ecn, \"pergaduhan\"), dengan 25 sebatan, seperti dalam \u6311\u91c1 (ti\u01ceox\u00ecn, \"untuk memilih pertarungan\"). Juga dalam penggunaan moden sekali-sekala ialah \u9c7b (xi\u0101n \"segar\"; varian \u9bae xi\u0101n) dengan 33 pukulan. <> Apa salah satu watak yang paling kompleks dalam kamus Cina moden? || U + 9F49 <> Apa ciri 33 sebatan? || xi\u0101n <> Apakah antara watak-watak yang paling kompleks dalam kamus moden? || y\u00f9", {"context": "One of the most complex characters found in modern Chinese dictionaries[g] is \u9f49 (U+9F49) (n\u00e0ng,  listen (help\u00b7info), pictured below, middle image), meaning \"snuffle\" (that is, a pronunciation marred by a blocked nose), with \"just\" thirty-six strokes. However, this is not in common use. The most complex character that can be input using the Microsoft New Phonetic IME 2002a for traditional Chinese is \u9f98 (d\u00e1, \"the appearance of a dragon flying\"). It is composed of the dragon radical represented three times, for a total of 16 \u00d7 3 = 48 strokes. Among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries and also in frequent modern use are \u7c72 (y\u00f9, \"to implore\"), with 32 strokes; \u9b31 (y\u00f9, \"luxuriant, lush; gloomy\"), with 29 strokes, as in \u6182\u9b31 (y\u014duy\u00f9, \"depressed\"); \u8c54 (y\u00e0n, \"colorful\"), with 28 strokes; and \u91c1 (x\u00ecn, \"quarrel\"), with 25 strokes, as in \u6311\u91c1 (ti\u01ceox\u00ecn, \"to pick a fight\"). Also in occasional modern use is \u9c7b (xi\u0101n \"fresh\"; variant of \u9bae xi\u0101n) with 33 strokes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "U+9F49"}], "question": "What is one of the most complex characters in modern Chinese dictionaries?", "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "xi\u0101n"}], "question": "What features 33 strokes?", "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "y\u00f9"}], "question": "What are among the most complex characters in modern dictionaries? ", "id": "5726e1b9dd62a815002e93c0"}]}], ["Di China, yang menggunakan watak-watak Cina yang dipermudahkan, Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3 \u6c49\u8bed \u5e38\u7528 \u5b57 \u8868, Carta Karakter Umum Cina Moden) menyenaraikan 2,500 aksara umum dan 1,000 aksara kurang daripada biasa, manakala Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 T\u014dngy\u014dng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed \u901a\u7528 \u5b57 \u8868, Carta Umum Digunakan Watak Moden Cina) menyenaraikan 7,000 watak, termasuk 3,500 watak yang telah disenaraikan di atas. GB2312, versi awal standard pengekodan kebangsaan yang digunakan di Republik Rakyat China, mempunyai 6,763 titik kod. GB18030, standard mandatori moden, mempunyai jumlah yang lebih tinggi. The New H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Shu\u01d0p\u00edng K\u01ceosh\u00ec (\u6c49\u8bed \u6c34\u5e73 \u8003\u8bd5, Chinese Proficiency Test) merangkumi kira-kira 2,600 aksara di peringkat tertinggi (tahap enam). <> Negara apa yang menggunakan aksara Cina yang disederhanakan? || China <> Apa yang menyenaraikan 2,500 aksara biasa? || Carta Karakter Umum Cina Moden <> Apakah versi awal standard pengekodan kebangsaan yang digunakan dalam orang awam di China? || GB2312", {"context": "In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Ch\u00e1ngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xi\u00e0nd\u00e0i H\u00e0ny\u01d4 T\u014dngy\u00f2ng Z\u00ecbi\u01ceo (\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u901a\u7528\u5b57\u8868, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New H\u00e0ny\u01d4 Shu\u01d0p\u00edng K\u01ceosh\u00ec (\u6c49\u8bed\u6c34\u5e73\u8003\u8bd5, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country uses simplified Chinese characters?", "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese"}], "question": "What lists 2,500 common characters?", "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "GB2312"}], "question": "What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?", "id": "5726dfbbf1498d1400e8ee42"}]}], ["Radikal yang diubahsuai dan varian baru adalah dua sebab yang biasa untuk bilangan aksara yang semakin meningkat. Terdapat kira-kira 300 radikal dan 100 adalah penggunaan bersama. Mencipta watak baru dengan mengubah radikal adalah cara mudah untuk membincangkan homograf di kalangan sebilangan pictophonetic x\u00edngsh\u0113ngz\u00ec. Amalan ini bermula lama sebelum penyeragaman skrip Cina oleh Qin Shi Huang dan terus ke hari ini. Kata ganti orang ketiga tradisional (\"dia, dia,\"), yang ditulis dengan \"orang radikal\", menggambarkan perubahan penting untuk membentuk watak-watak baru. Dalam penggunaan moden, terdapat perbezaan grafik di antara \"wanita\" dengan \"radikal wanita\", ta (\u7260 \"it\") dengan \"radikal haiwan\", ta (\"\" itu \") dengan\" radikal bumbung \", dan t\u0101 (\u7942\" Dia \") dengan\" radikal dewa \", Satu konsekuensi untuk mengubah radikal adalah fosilisasi logografi varian yang jarang dan tidak jelas, yang sebahagiannya tidak digunakan dalam Bahasa Cina Klasik. Sebagai contoh, dia adalah \"keharmonian, damai\", yang menggabungkan \"radikal butir\" dengan \"radikal mulut\", mempunyai jarang variasi \u548a dengan radikal terbalik dan \u9fa2 dengan \"radikal seruling\". <> Apa yang ditulis dalam penggunaan moden? || aksara baru <> Apa salahnya akibat mengubah suai radikal? || fosilisasi <> Apa yang menggabungkan \"radikal butir\" dengan \"radikal mulut\"? || \"harmoni, damai\"", {"context": "Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among x\u00edngsh\u0113ngz\u00ec pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun t\u0101 (\u4ed6 \"he, she, it\"), which is written with the \"person radical\", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between t\u0101 (\u5979 \"she\") with the \"woman radical\", t\u0101 (\u7260 \"it\") with the \"animal radical\", t\u0101 (\u5b83 \"it\") with the \"roof radical\", and t\u0101 (\u7942 \"He\") with the \"deity radical\", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he \u548c \"harmony, peace\", which combines the \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\", has infrequent variants \u548a with the radicals reversed and \u9fa2 with the \"flute radical\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "new characters"}], "question": "What is written in modern usage?", "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "fossilization"}], "question": "What is one consequence of modifying radicals?", "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 958, "text": "\"harmony, peace\""}], "question": "What combines \"grain radical\" with the \"mouth radical\"?", "id": "5726e058f1498d1400e8ee4e"}]}], ["Tipografi skrip biasa juga biasa digunakan, tetapi tidak biasa seperti typefaces Ming atau sans-serif untuk teks badan. Tipografi skrip biasa sering digunakan untuk mengajar pelajar watak-watak Cina, dan seringkali bertujuan untuk menyesuaikan bentuk-bentuk standard rantau di mana ia bertujuan untuk digunakan. Kebanyakan tipografi dalam dinasti Song adalah tipografi skrip biasa yang menyerupai tulisan tangan orang tertentu (cth. Tulisan tangan Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, atau Liu Gongquan), sementara kebanyakan tipografi skrip biasa moden cenderung ke arah tidak dikenali dan keteraturan. <> Apa yang biasa digunakan? || Tipografi skrip biasa <> Apa yang sering digunakan untuk mengajar pelajar aksara Cina? || Tipografi skrip tetap <> Apa yang menyerupai tulisan tangan orang sebenar? || tulisan tangan Ouyang Xun", {"context": "Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Regular script typefaces"}], "question": "What are commonly used?", "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Regular script typefaces"}], "question": "What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?", "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "handwriting of Ouyang Xun"}], "question": "What resembles an actual person's handwriting?", "id": "5726e667f1498d1400e8ef58"}]}], ["Sama seperti huruf Rom mempunyai bentuk ciri (huruf kecil yang kebanyakannya menduduki ketinggian x, dengan ascenders atau descenders pada beberapa huruf), watak-watak Cina menduduki lebih kurang kawasan persegi di mana komponen setiap watak ditulis untuk dimuatkan memerintahkan untuk mengekalkan saiz dan bentuk seragam, terutamanya dengan aksara cetak kecil dalam gaya Ming dan sans-serif. Kerana ini, pemula kerap berlatih menulis pada kertas graf kuasa dua, dan kadang-kadang orang Cina menggunakan istilah \"Square-Block Characters\" (\u65b9\u5757\u5b57 / \u65b9\u584a\u5b57, f\u0101ngku\u00e0iz\u00ec), kadang-kadang diterjemahkan sebagai tetragraph, merujuk kepada watak-watak Cina. <> Apa yang mempunyai bentuk ciri? || Huruf Rom <> Apa yang menduduki lebih kurang ruang ruang? || Aksara Cina <> Apa yang kadang-kadang boleh diterjemahkan sebagai tetragraph? || Watak Blok Square", {"context": "Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term \"Square-Block Characters\" (\u65b9\u5757\u5b57 / \u65b9\u584a\u5b57, f\u0101ngku\u00e0iz\u00ec), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Roman letters"}], "question": "What have a characteristic shape?", "id": "5726e604708984140094d52f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What occupy a more or less space area?", "id": "5726e604708984140094d530"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Square-Block Characters"}], "question": "What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?", "id": "5726e604708984140094d531"}]}], ["Dalam kes-kes tertentu kata-kata kompaun dan frasa yang ditetapkan boleh dikontrak menjadi aksara tunggal. Sesetengahnya boleh dianggap sebagai logograms, di mana aksara mewakili keseluruhan kata dan bukannya suku kata-morfem, walaupun ini biasanya dianggap sebagai ligatures atau singkatan (sama dengan singkatan skrip, seperti & untuk \"et\"), dan sebagai tidak standard. Ini melihat penggunaan, terutamanya dalam tulisan tangan atau hiasan, tetapi juga dalam beberapa kes cetak. Dalam bahasa Cina, ligatures ini dipanggil h\u00e9w\u00e9n (\u5408 \u6587), h\u00e9sh\u016b (\u5408 \u66f8) atau h\u00e9t\u01d0z\u00ec (\u5408\u4f53 \u5b57), dan dalam kes khas menggabungkan dua aksara, ini dikenali sebagai \"aksara dua suku kata Cina\" (\u53cc \u97f3\u8282 \u6c49\u5b57 , \u96d9 \u97f3\u7bc0 \u6f22\u5b57). <> Apa yang mungkin dikontrakkan menjadi aksara tunggal? || kata majmuk dan tetapkan frasa <> Apa yang boleh dianggap sebagai frasa yang ditetapkan? || aksara tunggal <> Apakah logogram? || aksara mewakili keseluruhan perkataan dan bukannya suku kata-morfem", {"context": "In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for \"et\"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called h\u00e9w\u00e9n (\u5408\u6587), h\u00e9sh\u016b (\u5408\u66f8) or h\u00e9t\u01d0z\u00ec (\u5408\u4f53\u5b57), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as \"two-syllable Chinese characters\" (\u53cc\u97f3\u8282\u6c49\u5b57, \u96d9\u97f3\u7bc0\u6f22\u5b57).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "compound words and set phrases"}], "question": "What may be contracted into single characters?", "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "single characters"}], "question": "What can be considered as set phrases?", "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes"}], "question": "What are logograms?", "id": "5726e48f5951b619008f81ab"}]}], ["Seni penulisan aksara Cina dinamakan kaligrafi Cina. Ia biasanya dilakukan dengan berus dakwat. Di China purba, kaligrafi Cina adalah salah satu daripada Empat Seni Ulama Cina. Terdapat set peraturan minimalis kaligrafi Cina. Setiap watak dari skrip Cina dibina menjadi bentuk yang seragam dengan cara memberi ia kawasan geometri di mana watak itu mesti berlaku. Setiap watak mempunyai bilangan set penekan berus; tidak ada yang perlu ditambah atau diambil dari watak untuk meningkatkannya secara visual, supaya makna hilang. Akhirnya, keteraturan yang ketat tidak diperlukan, bermakna strok mungkin ditekankan untuk kesan dramatik gaya individu. Kaligrafi adalah cara yang mana para ulama dapat menandakan pemikiran dan ajaran mereka untuk keabadian, dan oleh itu, mewakili beberapa khazanah yang lebih berharga yang dapat dijumpai dari China purba. <> Apakah seni menulis aksara Cina? || Kaligrafi Cina <> Apakah salah satu daripada Empat Seni Ulama Cina? || Kaligrafi Cina <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan? || keteraturan yang ketat", {"context": "The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Chinese calligraphy"}], "question": "What is the art of writing Chinese characters?", "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Chinese calligraphy"}], "question": "What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?", "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "strict regularity"}], "question": "What is not required?", "id": "5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef66"}]}], ["Contoh yang biasa dilihat ialah simbol kebahagiaan ganda \u56cd, dibentuk sebagai ligamen \u559c \u559c dan dirujuk oleh nama disyllabicnya (simplified Chinese: \u53cc\u559c; bahasa Cina tradisional: \u53cc\u559c; pinyin: shu\u0101ngx\u01d0). Dalam tulisan tangan, angka-angka sangat kerap dipecah menjadi satu ruang atau gabungan - ligatur biasa termasuk \u5eff ni\u00e0n, \"dua puluh\", biasanya dibaca sebagai \u4e8c\u5341 \u00e8rsh\u00ed, \u5345 s\u00e0, \"tiga puluh\", biasanya dibaca sebagai \u4e09\u5341 s\u0101nsh\u00ed, dan \u534c x\u00ec \"empat puluh \", biasanya dibaca sebagai \u56db\u5341\" s\u00ecsh\u00ed \". Dalam beberapa kes, kaunter juga digabungkan menjadi satu aksara, seperti \u4e03\u5341 \u4eba q\u012bsh\u00ed r\u00e9n \"tujuh puluh orang\". Satu lagi singkatan biasa adalah ile dengan \"T\" yang ditulis di dalamnya, untuk \u554f\u984c, \u95ee\u9898, w\u00e8nt\u00ed (\"soalan; masalah\"), di mana \"T\" adalah dari pinyin untuk suku kata kedua \u00ed \u9898. Oleh kerana aksara polysyllabic sering tidak standard, mereka sering dikecualikan kamus incharcter. <> Aksara apa yang sering tidak standard? || polysyllabic <> Apa contoh biasa? || simbol kebahagiaan berganda <> Apa yang terbentuk sebagai ligatur? || simbol kebahagiaan berganda", {"context": "A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol \u56cd, formed as a ligature of \u559c\u559c and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: \u53cc\u559c; traditional Chinese: \u96d9\u559c; pinyin: shu\u0101ngx\u01d0). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined \u2013 common ligatures include \u5eff ni\u00e0n, \"twenty\", normally read as \u4e8c\u5341 \u00e8rsh\u00ed, \u5345 s\u00e0, \"thirty\", normally read as \u4e09\u5341 s\u0101nsh\u00ed, and \u534c x\u00ec \"forty\", normally read as \u56db\u5341 \"s\u00ecsh\u00ed\". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as \u4e03\u5341\u4eba q\u012bsh\u00ed r\u00e9n \"seventy people\". Another common abbreviation is \u95e8 with a \"T\" written inside it, for \u554f\u984c, \u95ee\u9898, w\u00e8nt\u00ed (\"question; problem\"), where the \"T\" is from pinyin for the second syllable t\u00ed \u9898. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "polysyllabic"}], "question": "What characters are often non-standard?", "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "double happiness symbol"}], "question": "What is a commonly seen example?", "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "double happiness symbol"}], "question": "What is formed as a ligature?", "id": "5726e42b5951b619008f81a5"}]}], ["Selain ketat dalam saiz dan bentuk watak, watak-watak Cina ditulis dengan peraturan yang sangat tepat. Peraturan yang paling penting menganggap strok yang digunakan, penempatan strok, dan perintah strok. Sama seperti setiap rantau yang menggunakan watak-watak Cina mempunyai bentuk aksara standard, masing-masing juga mempunyai perintah strok piawai, dengan setiap piawai berbeza. Kebanyakan watak boleh ditulis dengan hanya satu susunan stroke yang betul, walaupun beberapa perkataan juga mempunyai banyak perintah strok yang sah, yang kadang-kadang boleh mengakibatkan tontonan stroke yang berlainan. Sesetengah aksara juga ditulis dengan pesanan strok yang berlainan disebabkan oleh penyederhanaan watak. <> Apa yang ditulis dengan peraturan yang sangat tepat? || Aksara Cina <> Apa bentuk watak piawaian? || Aksara Cina <> Apa juga yang ditulis dengan pesanan strok yang berbeza disebabkan oleh penyederhanaan karakter? || watak", {"context": "In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What are written with very precise rules?", "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What has standardized character forms?", "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "characters"}], "question": "What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?", "id": "5726e5ab5951b619008f81c1"}]}], ["Watak-watak Cina adalah terutamanya morphosyllabic, yang bermaksud bahawa kebanyakan morfem Cina adalah monosyllabic dan ditulis dengan watak tunggal, walaupun dalam kebanyakan perkataan Cina moden disyllabic dan dimorphemic, yang terdiri daripada dua suku kata, masing-masing adalah morfem. Dalam 10% morfem Cina moden hanya berlaku sebagai sebahagian daripada sebatian tertentu. Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa morphemes adalah disyllabic, sebahagian daripadanya berasal dari Cina Klasik. Tidak termasuk perkataan pinjaman asing, ini biasanya kata-kata untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan kecil. Mereka biasanya ditulis dengan sepasang aksara majmuk phono-semantik yang berkongsi radikal biasa. Contohnya ialah \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"kupu-kupu\" dan \u73ca\u745a sh\u0101nh\u00fa \"karang\". Perhatikan bahawa \u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 dan \u745a h\u00fa sh\u0101nh\u00fa mempunyai fonetik yang sama, \u80e1, tetapi berbeza radikal (\"serangga\" dan \"jed\", masing-masing). Tidak wujud sebagai morpheme bebas kecuali sebagai singkatan puisi dari perkataan disyllabic. <> Apa yang terutama morphosyllabic? || Aksara Cina <> Apa yang ditulis dengan aksara tunggal? || Morfem Cina <> Apa yang mempunyai fonetik yang sama, tetapi radikal yang berbeza? ||\u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 dan \u745a h\u00fa sh\u0101nh\u00fa", {"context": "Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are \u8774\u8776 h\u00fadi\u00e9 \"butterfly\" and \u73ca\u745a sh\u0101nh\u00fa \"coral\". Note that the \u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa have the same phonetic, \u80e1, but different radicals (\"insect\" and \"jade\", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What are primarily morphosyllabic?", "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Chinese morphemes"}], "question": "What are written with a single character?", "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "\u8774 h\u00fa of h\u00fadi\u00e9 and the \u745a h\u00fa of sh\u0101nh\u00fa"}], "question": "What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?", "id": "5726e540dd62a815002e9444"}]}], ["Penggunaan kontraksi sedemikian seawal aksara Cina sendiri, dan mereka sering didapati dalam penggunaan agama atau ritual. Dalam skrip Oracle Bone, nama peribadi, barang ritual, dan juga frasa seperti \u53d7 \u53c8 (\u7950) sh\u00f2u y\u00f2u \"menerima berkat\" biasanya dikontrakkan menjadi aksara tunggal. Contoh yang dramatik ialah dalam manuskrip zaman pertengahan \u83e9\u85a9 p\u00fas\u00e0 \"bodhisattva\" (dipermudahkan: \u83e9\u8428) kadang-kadang ditulis dengan satu watak tunggal yang dibentuk dari grid 2 \u00d7 2 empat \u5341 (berasal dari radikal rumput selama dua \u5341). Walau bagaimanapun, demi konsistensi dan standardisasi, CPC bertujuan untuk mengehadkan penggunaan aksara polysyllabic tersebut dalam penulisan awam untuk memastikan bahawa setiap aksara hanya mempunyai satu suku kata. <> Apa yang selalu terdapat dalam penggunaan agama atau ritual? || Aksara Cina <> Apa yang bertujuan untuk menghadkan penggunaan aksara polysyllabic? || CPC <> Apa kadangkala ditulis sebagai aksara tunggal? || bodhisattva", {"context": "The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as \u53d7\u53c8(\u7950) sh\u00f2u y\u00f2u \"receive blessings\" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts \u83e9\u85a9 p\u00fas\u00e0 \"bodhisattva\" (simplified: \u83e9\u8428) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2\u00d72 grid of four \u5341 (derived from the grass radical over two \u5341). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?", "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "CPC"}], "question": "What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?", "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "bodhisattva"}], "question": "What is sometimes written as a single character?", "id": "5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea4"}]}], ["Seorang lelaki yang menghadapi masalah ini adalah ahli politik Taiwan Yu Shyi-kun, kerana jarang watak terakhir dalam namanya. Akhbar telah menangani masalah ini dalam pelbagai cara, termasuk menggunakan perisian untuk menggabungkan dua aksara yang ada, sama seperti gambar keperibadian, atau, khususnya seperti Yu Shyi-kun, hanya menggantikan homophone untuk watak yang jarang berlaku dalam harapan bahawa pembaca dapat membuat kesimpulan yang betul. Poster politik Taiwan, poster filem dan sebagainya akan sering menambah simbol fonetik bopomofo bersebelahan watak sedemikian. Akhbar Jepun boleh membuat nama dan kata-kata dalam katakana dan bukan kanji, dan ia adalah amalan yang diterima untuk orang menulis nama yang mereka tidak pasti kanji yang betul dalam katakana sebaliknya. <> Siapa ahli politik Taiwan? || Yu Shyi-kun <> Apa yang akan sering menambah simbol fonetik bopomofo? || poster filem <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan nama tertentu dalam katakana bukan kanji? || Akhbar Jepun", {"context": "One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Yu Shyi-kun"}], "question": "Who is a Taiwanese politician?", "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "movie posters"}], "question": "What will often add bopomofo phonetic symbols?", "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Japanese newspapers"}], "question": "What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?", "id": "5726e27e708984140094d4bf"}]}], ["Contoh-contoh moden termasuk karakter Cina untuk unit SI. Dalam bahasa Cina unit-unit ini disyllabic dan ditulis secara standard dengan dua aksara, sebagai \u5398\u7c73 l\u00edm\u01d0 \"centimeter\" (\u5398 centi-, meter meter) atau \u5343\u74e6 qi\u0101nw\u01ce \"kilowatt\". Walau bagaimanapun, pada abad ke-19 ini sering ditulis melalui aksara majmuk, diucapkan disyllabically, seperti \u74e9 untuk \u5343\u74e6 atau \u7cce untuk \u5398\u7c73 - beberapa aksara ini juga digunakan di Jepun, di mana mereka diucapkan dengan bacaan Eropah yang dipinjam sebaliknya. Ini kini telah terlepas daripada penggunaan umum, tetapi kadang-kadang dilihat. Contoh yang kurang sistematik termasuk \u5715 t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen \"pustaka\", penguncupan \u5716\u66f8\u9928, perkataan empat morfem, \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49 shuanyau\u00ec zh\u01d4y\u00ec \"sosialisme\", biasanya ditulis dengan satu karakter yang dibentuk dengan menggabungkan watak terakhir, \u4e49, dengan radikal yang pertama, \u793e, menghasilkan kira-kira \u793b \u4e49. <> Apa yang disyllabic dan biasanya ditulis dengan dua aksara? || Unit SI <> Apakah contoh yang kurang sistematik? || t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen <> Apa yang biasa ditulis dengan satu karakter yang dibentuk dengan menggabungkan watak terakhir dengan radikal yang pertama? || sosialisme", {"context": "Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as \u5398\u7c73 l\u00edm\u01d0 \"centimeter\" (\u5398 centi-, \u7c73 meter) or \u5343\u74e6 qi\u0101nw\u01ce \"kilowatt\". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as \u74e9 for \u5343\u74e6 or \u7cce for \u5398\u7c73 \u2013 some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include \u5715 t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen \"library\", a contraction of \u5716\u66f8\u9928, A four-morpheme word, \u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49 sh\u00e8hu\u00ec zh\u01d4y\u00ec \"socialism\", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, \u4e49, with the radical of the first, \u793e, yielding roughly \u793b\u4e49.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "SI units"}], "question": "What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?", "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "t\u00fash\u016bgu\u01cen"}], "question": "What is a less systematic example?", "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "socialism"}], "question": "What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?", "id": "5726e382708984140094d4e9"}]}], ["Skrip tulang orak dinasti Shang dan skrip dinasti Zhou yang terdapat pada inskripsi gangsa Cina tidak lagi digunakan; skrip tertua yang masih digunakan hari ini ialah Skrip Seal (\u7bc6\u66f8 (\u4e66), zhu\u00e0nsh\u016b). Ia berkembang secara organik dari musim Spring dan Autumn Zhou skrip, dan telah diterima pakai dalam bentuk standard di bawah Maharaja pertama China, Qin Shi Huang. Skrip meterai, seperti namanya, kini hanya digunakan dalam meterai seni. Beberapa orang masih dapat membacanya dengan mudah hari ini, walaupun seni ukiran meterai tradisional dalam skrip masih hidup; sesetengah ahli kaligrafi juga bekerja dengan gaya ini. <> Skrip apa yang digunakan hanya dalam segel artistik? || meterai <> Skrip apa yang tertua dan masih digunakan hari ini? || Seal <> Siapa yang bekerja dalam gaya ukiran meterai tradisional dalam skrip? || kaligrafi", {"context": "The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (\u7bc6\u66f8(\u4e66), zhu\u00e0nsh\u016b). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "seal"}], "question": "What script is only used in artistic seals?", "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e949e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Seal"}], "question": "What script is the oldest and still in use today?", "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e949f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "calligraphers"}], "question": "Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?", "id": "5726e7c5dd62a815002e94a0"}]}], ["Walaupun yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan Republik Rakyat China, penyederhanaan watak mendahului kemenangan komunis 1949. Caoshu, teks bertulis kursif, hampir selalu merangkumi penyederhanaan karakter, dan bentuk yang mudah dipermudahkan selalu wujud dalam cetakan, walaupun bukan untuk kerja yang paling formal. Pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, perbincangan tentang penyederhanaan karakter berlaku di dalam kerajaan Kuomintang, dan sebilangan besar intelektual Cina dan penulis telah lama mengekalkan bahawa penyederhanaan watak akan membantu meningkatkan literasi di China. Sesungguhnya keinginan ku Kuomintang untuk menyederhanakan sistem penulisan Cina (diwarisi dan dilaksanakan oleh Parti Komunis China) juga menyemai aspirasi beberapa untuk penggunaan skrip fonetik berdasarkan skrip Latin, dan menimbulkan ciptaan seperti Gwoyeu Romatzyh . <> Apa yang hampir selalu merangkumi penyederhanaan karakter? || Caoshu <> Apa itu Caoshu? || teks bertulis kursif <> Bilakah perbincangan mengenai penyederhanaan karakter berlaku? || Pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an", {"context": "Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Caoshu"}], "question": "What almost always includes character simplification?", "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "cursive written text"}], "question": "What is Caoshu?", "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "In the 1930s and 1940s"}], "question": "When did discussions of character simplification take place?", "id": "5726ea59dd62a815002e9516"}]}], ["Skrip kursif (\u8349\u66f8 (\u4e66), c\u01ceosh\u016b, secara literal \"skrip rumput\") digunakan secara tidak rasmi. Bentuk watak asas dicadangkan, bukannya secara nyata menyedari, dan singkatan kadang-kadang melampau. Walaupun cursive ke titik di mana strok individu tidak lagi berbeza dan watak-watak yang sering tidak boleh dibaca kepada mata yang tidak terlatih, skrip ini (juga dikenali sebagai draf) sangat dihormati untuk keindahan dan kebebasan yang ia merangkumi. Sebahagian daripada watak-watak Cina yang dipermudahkan oleh Republik Rakyat China, dan beberapa aksara ringkas yang digunakan di Jepun, berasal dari skrip kursif. Skrip hiragana Jepun juga berasal dari skrip ini. <> Skrip apa yang digunakan secara tidak rasmi? || kursive <> Apa yang dicadangkan, bukannya secara nyata menyedari? || bentuk watak asas <> Skrip apa yang berasal dari skrip kursif? || Skrip hiragana Jepun", {"context": "The cursive script (\u8349\u66f8(\u4e66), c\u01ceosh\u016b, literally \"grass script\") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "cursive"}], "question": "What script is used informally?", "id": "5726e74b708984140094d559"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "basic character shapes"}], "question": "What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?", "id": "5726e74b708984140094d55a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Japanese hiragana script"}], "question": "What script is derived from the cursive script?", "id": "5726e74b708984140094d55b"}]}], ["Walaupun watak-watak Cina di Vietnam kini terhad kepada penggunaan upacara, mereka pernah digunakan secara meluas. Sehingga awal abad ke-20, Bahasa Cina Sastera digunakan di Vietnam untuk semua tulisan rasmi dan ilmiah. Sekitar abad ke-13 skrip N\u00f4m telah dibangunkan untuk merekodkan kesusasteraan rakyat dalam bahasa Vietnam. Skrip itu menggunakan watak-watak Cina untuk mewakili perbendaharaan kata dan kata-kata asli Sino-Vietnam yang dipinjam dengan sebutan atau makna yang sama. Di samping itu, ribuan aksara majmuk yang baru dicipta untuk menulis perkataan Vietnam. Proses ini menghasilkan sistem yang sangat kompleks yang tidak pernah dikuasai oleh lebih daripada 5% penduduk. Kedua-dua Sastera Cina dan N\u00f4m digantikan pada awal abad ke-20 oleh Vietnam yang ditulis dengan abjad Vietnam yang berpusat di Latin. <> Apa yang kini terhad kepada kegunaan upacara? || Aksara Cina di Vietnam <> Apa yang pernah digunakan secara meluas? || Aksara Cina di Vietnam <> Apa yang digunakan dalam persekolahan? || Cina Sastera", {"context": "Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the N\u00f4m script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and N\u00f4m were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Chinese characters in Vietnam"}], "question": "What is now limited to ceremonial uses?", "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Chinese characters in Vietnam"}], "question": "What were once in widespread use?", "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Literary Chinese"}], "question": "What was used in schooling?", "id": "5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efee"}]}], ["Menurut Rev. John Gulick: \"Penduduk negara-negara Asiatik yang lain, yang mempunyai kesempatan untuk mewakili kata-kata dari beberapa bahasa mereka oleh watak-watak Cina, mempunyai aturan yang menggunakan watak-watak yang tidak diingini untuk bunyi, g, d, Orang-orang Islam dari Arab dan Persia telah mengikuti kaedah ini ... Mongol, Manchu, dan Jepun juga sentiasa memilih aksara yang tidak diingini untuk mewakili bunyi g, d, b, dan j bahasa mereka. alfabet, telah digunakan secara seragam g, d, b, & c., untuk mewakili bunyi yang tidak diingini. \" <> Siapa John Gulick? || Rev <> Siapa yang sentiasa memilih watak yang tidak diingini? || Mongol, Manchu, dan Jepun <> Siapa yang telah mengikuti kaedah ini? || Muslim dari Arabia dan Persia", {"context": "According to the Rev. John Gulick: \"The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method \u2026 The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Rev"}], "question": "Who is John Gulick?", "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese"}], "question": "Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?", "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Muslims from Arabia and Persia"}], "question": "Who have followed this method?", "id": "5726eb3e708984140094d5ef"}]}], ["Republik Rakyat China mengeluarkan babak pertama penyederhanaan karakter rasmi dalam dua dokumen, yang pertama pada tahun 1956 dan yang kedua pada tahun 1964. Pusingan kedua penyederhanaan karakter (dikenali sebagai erjian, atau \"aksara putaran kedua yang dipermudahkan\") telah diumumkan pada tahun 1977 Ia tidak diterima dengan baik, dan pada 1986 pihak berkuasa membatalkan pusingan kedua sepenuhnya, sambil membuat enam revisi pada senarai 1964, termasuk pemulihan tiga aksara tradisional yang telah dipermudahkan: \u53e0 di\u00e9, \u8986 f\u00f9, \u50cf xi\u00e0ng. <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan pusingan pertama penyederhanaan aksara dalam dua dokumen? || Republik Rakyat China <> Bilakah pusingan kedua diumumkan? || 1977 <> Bagaimana pusingan kedua diterima? || kurang baik", {"context": "The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or \"second round simplified characters\") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: \u53e0 di\u00e9, \u8986 f\u00f9, \u50cf xi\u00e0ng.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The People's Republic of China"}], "question": "Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?", "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "1977"}], "question": "When was a second round announced?", "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "poorly"}], "question": "How was the second round received?", "id": "5726e9e75951b619008f8253"}]}], ["Berikut adalah perbandingan watak-watak Cina dalam Bentuk Piawai Watak-watak Kebangsaan, piawai Cina tradisional yang biasa digunakan di Taiwan, Jadual Piawai Aksara Cina Umum, piawai bagi aksara Cina Cina yang dipermudahkan China, dan j\u014dy\u014d kanji, piawai untuk Kanji Jepun. Pada umumnya, j\u014dy\u014d kanji lebih mirip dengan aksara tradisional Cina daripada watak-watak Cina yang dipermudahkan kepada watak-watak tradisional Cina. \"Ringkas\" merujuk kepada perbezaan ketara dari piawaian Taiwan, tidak semestinya menjadi watak yang baru diwujudkan atau penggantian yang baru dilakukan. Watak-watak dalam piawai Hong Kong dan Kamus Kangxi juga dikenali sebagai \"Tradisional,\" tetapi tidak ditunjukkan. <> Apa juga yang dikenali sebagai \"tradisional\"? || watak-watak dalam piawai Hong Kong dan Kamus Kangxi <> Apa yang biasanya lebih serupa dengan watak-watak tradisional Cina? || j\u014dy\u014d kanji <> Apa yang biasa digunakan di Taiwan? || Jadual Aksara Cina Am", {"context": "The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the j\u014dy\u014d kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the j\u014dy\u014d kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. \"Simplified\" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as \"Traditional,\" but are not shown.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary"}], "question": "What are also known as \"traditional\"?", "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "j\u014dy\u014d kanji"}], "question": "What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?", "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Table of General Standard Chinese Characters"}], "question": "What is commonly used in Taiwan?", "id": "5726e8765951b619008f821d"}]}], ["Majoriti aksara yang dipermudahkan diambil dari bentuk ringkas ringkas atau bentuk asal kuno. Sebagai contoh, watak ortodoks \u4f86 l\u00e1i (\"datang\") ditulis dengan struktur \u6765 dalam skrip perkeranian (\u96b6\u4e66 / \u96b8\u66f8, l\u00ecsh\u016b) dinasti Han. Bentuk perkeranian ini menggunakan satu stroke yang lebih sedikit, dan dengan itu diterima pakai sebagai bentuk yang dipermudahkan. Watak \u96f2 y\u00fan (\"awan\") ditulis dengan struktur \u4e91 dalam skrip tulang orak dinasti Shang, dan masih digunakan kemudian sebagai pinjaman fonetik dalam erti kata \"to say\" sementara rad radikal telah ditambahkan ke membezakan makna. Borang yang dipermudahkan menggunakan struktur asal. <> Apa yang diambil dari bentuk ringkas ringkas? || majoriti aksara dipermudahkan <> Apa yang ditulis dengan struktur dalam skrip perkeranian? || aksara ortodoks <> Skrip apa yang menggunakan strok kurang? || skrip kerani", {"context": "The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character \u4f86 l\u00e1i (\"come\") was written with the structure \u6765 in the clerical script (\u96b6\u4e66 / \u96b8\u66f8, l\u00ecsh\u016b) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character \u96f2 y\u00fan (\"cloud\") was written with the structure \u4e91 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of \"to say\" while the \u96e8 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "majority of simplified characters"}], "question": "What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?", "id": "5726e991708984140094d59f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "orthodox character"}], "question": "What was written with the structure in the clerical script?", "id": "5726e991708984140094d5a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "clerical script"}], "question": "What script uses one fewer stroke?", "id": "5726e991708984140094d5a1"}]}], ["Penggunaan aksara Cina tradisional berbanding watak-watak Cina yang mudah dipelbagaikan amat berbeza, dan boleh bergantung kepada adat istiadat tempatan dan media. Sebelum pembaharuan rasmi, penyederhanaan karakter tidak secara rasminya dibenarkan dan secara amnya mengguna pakai variasi kesat dan penggantian idiosinkratik. Varian Ortodoks adalah mandatori dalam kerja-kerja cetak, manakala aksara yang tidak disederhanakan (tidak rasmi) akan digunakan dalam tulisan harian atau nota cepat. Sejak tahun 1950-an, dan terutamanya dengan penerbitan senarai 1964, Republik Rakyat China secara rasminya telah menerima pakai watak-watak Cina yang dipermudahkan untuk digunakan di tanah besar China, manakala Hong Kong, Macau, dan Republik China (Taiwan) tidak dipengaruhi oleh pembaharuan. Tidak ada aturan mutlak untuk menggunakan mana-mana sistem, dan selalunya ia ditentukan oleh apa yang difahami oleh penonton sasaran, serta penekanan dari penulis. <> Apa yang sangat berbeza? || Penggunaan aksara Cina berbanding dengan aksara Cina yang dipermudahkan <> Apa yang wajib dalam kerja-kerja cetak? || Varian Ortodoks <> Apa yang digunakan untuk digunakan di tanah besar China? || Aksara Cina", {"context": "The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters"}], "question": "What varies greatly?", "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Orthodox variants"}], "question": "What were mandatory in printed works?", "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9525"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What were adopted for use in mainland China?", "id": "5726eac8dd62a815002e9526"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun selepas Perang Dunia II, kerajaan Jepun juga memulakan siri pembaharuan ortografi. Beberapa aksara diberi bentuk mudah dipanggil shinjitai \u65b0 \u5b57\u4f53 (lit. \"bentuk watak baru\", bentuk lama kemudian dilabelkan ky\u016bjitai \u65e7 \u5b57\u4f53, \"bentuk huruf lama\"). Bilangan aksara yang biasa digunakan adalah terhad, dan senarai formal watak-watak yang akan dipelajari semasa setiap peringkat sekolah ditubuhkan, pertama pada tahun 1850-karakter t\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5f53 \u7528 \u6f22\u5b57 senarai pada tahun 1945, aksara j\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5e38\u7528 \u6f22\u5b57 1945 1981, dan 2136 aksara yang diubahsuai versi j\u014dy\u014d kanji pada tahun 2010. Banyak bentuk variasi watak dan alternatif yang tidak jelas bagi watak-watak biasa secara rasmi tidak digalakkan. Ini dilakukan dengan tujuan memudahkan pembelajaran untuk kanak-kanak dan memudahkan penggunaan kanji dalam kesusasteraan dan majalah. Ini adalah garis panduan, oleh itu banyak aksara di luar piawaian ini masih banyak diketahui dan lazim digunakan, terutamanya yang digunakan untuk nama peribadi dan tempat (untuk yang terakhir, lihat jinmeiy\u014d kanji), [rujukan?] Dan juga untuk beberapa perkataan biasa seperti \"naga\" (bahasa Jepun: \u305f \u3064, R\u014dmaji: tatsu) di mana kedua-dua shinjitai \u7adc dan bentuk ky\u016bjitai \u9f8d dari kanji adalah kedua-duanya boleh diterima dan dikenali ramai di antara penceramah asli Jepun. <> Apakah institut kerajaan Jepun? || siri pembaharuan ortografi <> Apa yang terhad? || Bilangan aksara yang biasa digunakan <> Bilakah watak 2136 diperbaharui? || 2010", {"context": "In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai \u65b0\u5b57\u4f53 (lit. \"new character forms\", the older forms were then labelled the ky\u016bjitai \u65e7\u5b57\u4f53, lit. \"old character forms\"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character t\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5f53\u7528\u6f22\u5b57 list in 1945, the 1945-character j\u014dy\u014d kanji \u5e38\u7528\u6f22\u5b57 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the j\u014dy\u014d kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiy\u014d kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as \"dragon\" (Japanese kana: \u305f\u3064, R\u014dmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai \u7adc and the ky\u016bjitai \u9f8d forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "series of orthographic reforms"}], "question": "What did the Japanese government institute? ", "id": "5726e90c708984140094d591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "The number of characters in common use"}], "question": "What was restricted?", "id": "5726e90c708984140094d592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When was the 2136 character reformed?", "id": "5726e90c708984140094d593"}]}], ["Terdapat trend yang jelas terhadap penggunaan eksklusif hangul dalam masyarakat Korea Selatan sehari-hari. Hanja masih banyak digunakan, terutamanya di akhbar, perkawinan, nama tempat dan kaligrafi (meskipun tidak ada penggunaan kanji dalam masyarakat Jepang sehari-hari). Hanja juga digunakan secara meluas dalam situasi di mana kekaburan mesti dielakkan, [rujukan?] Seperti kertas akademik, laporan korporat peringkat tinggi, dokumen kerajaan, dan akhbar; ini disebabkan oleh banyak homonim yang mengakibatkan peminjaman bahasa Cina yang luas. <> Apa yang masih digunakan menurut pakar? || Hanja <> Apa yang digunakan dalam situasi di mana kekaburan mesti dielakkan? || Hanja <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai lokasi dengan tahap kekaburan yang tinggi? || perkahwinan", {"context": "There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Hanja"}], "question": "What is still being used according to experts?", "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9572"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Hanja"}], "question": "What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?", "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9573"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "weddings"}], "question": "What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?", "id": "5726ed3ddd62a815002e9574"}]}], ["Selepas Kim Jong Il, penguasa kedua Korea Utara, meninggal dunia pada Disember 2011, Kim Jong Un melangkah dan mula memberi mandat penggunaan Hanja sebagai sumber definisi untuk bahasa Korea. Pada masa ini, dikatakan bahawa Korea Utara mengajar sekitar 3,000 aksara Hanja kepada pelajar Korea Utara, dan dalam beberapa kes, watak-watak muncul dalam iklan dan akhbar. Walau bagaimanapun, ia juga mengatakan bahawa pihak berkuasa memohon agar pelajar tidak menggunakan watak-watak di khalayak ramai. Oleh kerana pengasingan ketat Korea Utara, laporan yang tepat tentang penggunaan hanja di Korea Utara sukar diperolehi. <> Bilakah pemerintah kedua Korea Utara lenyap? || Disember 2011 <> Siapa yang meningkat selepas 2011? || Kim Jong Un <> Siapa mula menyederhanakan penggunaan Hanja? || Kim Jong Un", {"context": "After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "December 2011"}], "question": "When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?", "id": "5726ec71708984140094d635"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Kim Jong Un"}], "question": "Who stepped up after 2011?", "id": "5726ec71708984140094d636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Kim Jong Un"}], "question": "Who began moderating the use of Hanja?", "id": "5726ec71708984140094d637"}]}], ["Ditulis Jepun juga termasuk sepasang silabari yang dikenali sebagai kana, yang diperoleh dengan mempermudah aksara Cina yang dipilih untuk mewakili suku kata bahasa Jepun. Sukatan ini berbeza kerana kadang-kadang mereka memilih aksara yang berbeza untuk suku kata, dan kerana mereka menggunakan strategi yang berbeza untuk mengurangkan aksara ini untuk menulis mudah: katakana sudut diperoleh dengan memilih sebahagian dari setiap aksara, sedangkan hiragana diperoleh dari bentuk kursif keseluruhan watak. Penulisan Jepun moden menggunakan sistem komposit, menggunakan kanji untuk batang kata, hiragana untuk pengakhiran infleksi dan kata-kata tatabahasa, dan katakana untuk menyalin perkataan pinjaman bukan Cina serta berfungsi sebagai kaedah untuk menekankan kata-kata asli (mirip dengan bagaimana bahasa italics digunakan dalam Romance bahasa). <> Apa juga termasuk sepasang silabari? || Ditulis Bahasa Jepun <> Mengapa silabari berbeza? || mereka kadang-kadang memilih aksara yang berlainan untuk suku kata <> Apa yang menggunakan sistem komposit? || Penulisan Jepun moden", {"context": "Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Written Japanese"}], "question": "What also includes a pair of syllabaries?", "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable"}], "question": "Why do the syllabaries differ?", "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Modern Japanese writing"}], "question": "What uses a composite system?", "id": "5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02e"}]}], ["Apabila belajar bagaimana menulis hanja, pelajar diajar untuk menghafal sebutan Korea asli untuk makna hanja dan pengucapan Sino-Korea (pengucapan berdasarkan pengucapan huruf Cina) untuk setiap hanja masing-masing agar pelajar tahu apa suku kata dan Maksudnya adalah untuk hanja tertentu. Sebagai contoh, nama hanja \u6c34 ialah \ubb3c \uc218 (mul-su) di mana \ubb3c (mul) adalah sebutan Korea asli untuk \"air\", manakala \uc218 (su) adalah pengucapan Sino-Korea watak. Penamaan hanja adalah sama dengan jika \"air\" dinamakan \"air-aqua\", \"equus kuda\", atau \"emas-aurum\" berdasarkan hibridisasi kedua-dua bahasa Inggeris dan nama Latin. Contoh-contoh lain termasuk \uc0ac\ub78c \uc778 (saram-in) untuk \u4eba \"orang / orang\", \ud070 \ub300 (keun-dae) untuk \u5927 \"besar / besar / besar\", \uc791\uc744 \uc18c (jakeul- , \uc544\ub798 \ud558 (arae-ha) untuk \u4e0b \"bawah / bawah / rendah\", \uc544\ube44 \ubd80 (abi-bu) untuk \u7236 \"ayah\", dan \ub098\ub77c \uc774\ub984 \ud55c (naraimreum-han) <> Apakah pelajar diajar untuk menghafal? || sebutan asli Korea untuk makna hanja <> Apakah nama hanja itu? || mul-su <> Apakah sebutan Korea air? || mul", {"context": "When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja \u6c34 is \ubb3c \uc218 (mul-su) in which \ubb3c (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for \"water\", while \uc218 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if \"water\" were named \"water-aqua\", \"horse-equus\", or \"gold-aurum\" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include \uc0ac\ub78c \uc778 (saram-in) for \u4eba \"person/people\", \ud070 \ub300 (keun-dae) for \u5927 \"big/large//great\", \uc791\uc744 \uc18c (jakeul-so) for \u5c0f \"small/little\", \uc544\ub798 \ud558 (arae-ha) for \u4e0b \"underneath/below/low\", \uc544\ube44 \ubd80 (abi-bu) for \u7236 \"father\", and \ub098\ub77c\uc774\ub984 \ud55c (naraimreum-han) for \u97d3 \"Han/Korea\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning"}], "question": "What are students taught to memorize?", "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "mul-su"}], "question": "What is name of the hanja?", "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "mul"}], "question": "What is the Korean pronunciation of water?", "id": "5726ecd2dd62a815002e956e"}]}], ["Pada zaman dahulu, sehingga abad ke-15, di Korea, Sastera Cina adalah bentuk komunikasi tertulis yang dominan, sebelum penciptaan hangul, abjad Korea. Banyak perbendaharaan kata, terutamanya dalam bidang sains dan sosiologi, datang secara langsung dari bahasa Cina, setanding dengan kata-kata Latin atau Yunani akar dalam bahasa Eropah. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan kekurangan nada dalam bahasa Korea, [rujukan diperlukan] kerana perkataan-perkataan itu diimport dari bahasa Cina, banyak aksara berbeza yang mengambil bunyi serupa, dan kemudiannya ejaan serupa dalam hangul. [Rujukan?] Watak-watak Cina kadang-kadang digunakan hingga ke hari ini untuk sama ada penjelasan secara praktikal, atau untuk memberikan rupa yang berbeza, kerana pengetahuan tentang watak-watak Cina dianggap sebagai atribut kelas yang tinggi dan bahagian yang sangat penting dalam pendidikan klasik. [rujukan?] Juga diperhatikan bahawa keutamaan untuk watak-watak Cina adalah dianggap sebagai konservatif dan Confucian. <> Apakah bentuk komunikasi bertulis yang dominan? || Cina Sastera <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai konservatif dan confucian? || Aksara Cina <> Apa yang datang terus dari China? || sains dan sosiologi", {"context": "In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Literary Chinese"}], "question": "What was the dominant form of written communication?", "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f016"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "Chinese characters"}], "question": "What is treated as being conservative and confucian?", "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f017"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "science and sociology"}], "question": "What comes directly from China?", "id": "5726eda2f1498d1400e8f018"}]}], ["Walaupun kebanyakan aksara Cina mudah digunakan yang digunakan hari ini adalah hasil karya yang dimoderasikan oleh kerajaan Republik Rakyat China pada tahun 1950-an dan 60-an, penyederhanaan karakter mendahului pembentukan republik pada tahun 1949. Salah satu penyokong paling awal penyederhanaan watak ialah Lufei Kui, yang mencadangkan pada tahun 1909 bahawa aksara yang mudah dipakai harus digunakan dalam pendidikan. Pada tahun-tahun selepas Pergerakan Keempat Keempat pada tahun 1919, banyak intelektual Cina anti-imperialis mencari jalan untuk memodenkan China. Pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, perbincangan tentang penyederhanaan karakter berlaku di dalam kerajaan Kuomintang, dan banyak cendekiawan Cina dan penulis telah lama mengekalkan bahawa penyederhanaan watak akan membantu meningkatkan literasi di China. Dalam banyak bahasa dunia, literasi telah dipromosikan sebagai justifikasi untuk pembaharuan ejaan. Republik Rakyat China mengeluarkan pusingan pertama penyebaran watak rasmi dalam dua dokumen, yang pertama pada tahun 1956 dan yang kedua pada tahun 1964. Pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, sementara kekeliruan tentang watak-watak yang mudah dipalar masih berleluasa, aksara peralihan yang bercampur dengan bahagian yang mudah - untuk menjadi sebahagian daripada watak-watak yang disederhanakan bersama secara ringkas, kemudian hilang. <> Apa yang telah dipromosikan sebagai justifikasi untuk pembaharuan ejaan? || literasi <> Penyederhanaan watak telah membentuk pembentukan republik pada tahun berapa? || 1949 <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan watak rasul pertama? || rakyat Republik China", {"context": "Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 791, "text": "literacy"}], "question": "What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?", "id": "5726ee93708984140094d65f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "1949"}], "question": "Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?", "id": "5726ee93708984140094d660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "The People's Republic of China"}], "question": "Who issued the first round of official characters?", "id": "5726ee93708984140094d661"}]}]], [["Nusantara ini dibentuk oleh titik-titik tinggi di pinggir kaldera gunung berapi selam yang membentuk seamount. Gunung berapi adalah satu bahagian dari julat yang dibentuk sebagai sebahagian daripada proses yang sama yang membentuk lantai Atlantik, dan Ridge Mid-Atlantic. Puncak seamount telah melewati masa penyerapan lengkap, di mana topi kapurnya dibentuk oleh organisma laut, dan selama Zaman Ais seluruh kaldera berada di atas permukaan laut, membentuk sebuah pulau yang berukuran sekitar dua ratus mil persegi. <> Apakah cap batu kapur dari laut yang terbuat dari? || organisma marin <> Semasa zaman ais, kawasan tanah apa di atas air? || kira-kira dua ratus batu persegi <> Adakah jambatan seamount selalu di atas segelintir? || Bahagian atas laut telah melewati masa-masa penuh submergence <> Apa jenis gunung berapi membentuk kepulauan? || gunung berapi kapal selam <> Mengapakah bahagian puncak laut dibentuk oleh organisma laut? || tempoh tenggelam yang lengkap, <> Apakah hasil daripada seluruh cladera yang berada di atas paras laut semasa Zaman Ais? || sebuah pulau <> Gunung berapi kapal selam terbentuk sebagai sebahagian dari proses yang sama seperti apa dua perkara? || lantai Atlantik, dan Ridge Mid-Atlantic", {"context": "The archipelago is formed by high points on the rim of the caldera of a submarine volcano that forms a seamount. The volcano is one part of a range that was formed as part of the same process that formed the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence, during which its limestone cap was formed by marine organisms, and during the Ice Ages the entire caldera was above sea level, forming an island of approximately two hundred square miles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "marine organisms"}], "question": "What is the limestone cap of the seamount made from?", "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "approximately two hundred square miles"}], "question": "During the ice age, what area of land was above water?", "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "The top of the seamount has gone through periods of complete submergence"}], "question": "Has the seamount always been above sealevel?", "id": "5726c1825951b619008f7d53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "a submarine volcano"}], "question": "What type of volcano forms the archipelago?", "id": "572931113f37b319004780c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "periods of complete submergence,"}], "question": "Why is the top of the seamount formed by marine organisms?", "id": "572931113f37b319004780ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "an island"}], "question": "What was the result of the whole cladera being above sea level during the Ice Ages?", "id": "572931113f37b319004780cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the floor of the Atlantic, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge"}], "question": "The submarine volcano was formed as part of the same proces as what two things?", "id": "572931113f37b319004780cc"}]}], ["Pantai pasir merah jambu Bermuda dan perairan laut biru yang jelas, popular di kalangan pelancong. Banyak hotel di Bermuda terletak di sepanjang pantai selatan pulau ini. Di samping pantai, terdapat beberapa tarikan pelancongan. St George's bersejarah adalah Tapak Warisan Dunia yang ditetapkan. Penyelam selam boleh meneroka pelbagai bangkai kapal dan terumbu karang dalam air yang cetek (biasanya 30-40 kaki atau kedalaman 9-12 m), dengan penglihatan yang hampir tidak terhad. Banyak terumbu berhampiran yang mudah diakses dari pantai dengan snorkers, terutamanya di Church Bay. <> Apa pantai yang berarah di Bermuda adalah rumah bagi kebanyakan hotelnya? || pantai selatan pulau <> terumbu karang Bermuda, bangkai kapal, dan perairan yang cetek sangat bagus untuk kegiatan apa? || Scuba <> St. George's bersejarah telah diberikan apa perbezaan? || Tapak Warisan Dunia <> Warna pasir apa yang menggambarkan pelancong ke pantai Bermuda? || merah jambu <> Di manakah majoriti hotel di Bermuda? || pantai selatan pulau <> Apa yang menjadikan Bermuda destinasi pelancongan yang popular? || pantai pasir merah jambu dan perairan laut biru yang jelas, cerulean <> Apa yang telah ditetapkan oleh St. George? || Tapak Warisan Dunia <> Mengapa penyelam tertarik kepada Bermuda? || banyak bangkai dan terumbu karang di dalam air yang cetek <> Mengapa Bermuda merupakan tempat yang bagus untuk snorkellers? || Banyak terumbu berdekatan yang mudah diakses dari pantai", {"context": "Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30\u201340 ft or 9\u201312 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "the south shore of the island"}], "question": "What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?", "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "Scuba"}], "question": "Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?", "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "World Heritage Site"}], "question": "Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?", "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "pink"}], "question": "What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?", "id": "5726c6f1dd62a815002e8ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "south shore of the island"}], "question": "Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?", "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters"}], "question": "What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?", "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "World Heritage Site"}], "question": "What has St. George been designated as?", "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water"}], "question": "Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?", "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore"}], "question": "Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?", "id": "572932f2af94a219006aa17f"}]}], ["Pulau ini ditadbir sebagai lanjutan dari Virginia oleh Syarikat sehingga 1614. Syarikatnya, Somers Isles Company, mengambil alih pada tahun 1615 dan mengurus koloni sehingga 1684. Pada masa itu, piagam syarikat itu dibatalkan dan Crown Inggeris mengambil alih pentadbiran. Pulau-pulau ini menjadi koloni British berikutan 1707 penyatuan parlimen Scotland dan England, yang menciptakan Kerajaan Inggeris. Selepas tahun 1949, apabila Newfoundland menjadi sebahagian daripada Kanada, Bermuda secara automatiknya disenaraikan sebagai wilayah tertua British yang tersisa. Sejak kembalinya Hong Kong ke China pada tahun 1997, ia adalah Wilayah yang paling ramai penduduknya. Ibu kota yang pertama, St. George's, ditubuhkan pada tahun 1612 dan merupakan bandar Inggeris yang paling lama dihuni di Dunia Baru. <> Apa modal Bermuda? || St George's <> Apa syarikat spin-off mengambil alih operasi di Bermuda pada tahun 1615? || Somers Isles Company <> Pada tahun apa Bermuda memasuki pemerintahan British? || 1707 <> Apa nama syarikat yang menguruskan tanah jajahan dari 1615-1684? || Syarikat Somers Isles <> Pada tahun apa pulau-pulau menjadi koloni British? || 1707 <> Apakah peristiwa yang berlaku yang secara automatik menduduki Bermuda sebagai Wilayah Luar Negeri British yang tertua? || Newfoundland menjadi sebahagian daripada Kanada <> Apa modal pertama Bermuda? || St George", {"context": "The island was administered as an extension of Virginia by the Company until 1614. Its spin-off, the Somers Isles Company, took over in 1615 and managed the colony until 1684. At that time, the company's charter was revoked, and the English Crown took over administration. The islands became a British colony following the 1707 unification of the parliaments of Scotland and England, which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. After 1949, when Newfoundland became part of Canada, Bermuda was automatically ranked as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory. Since the return of Hong Kong to China in 1997, it is the most populous Territory. Its first capital, St. George's, was established in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the New World.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "St. George's"}], "question": "What is the capital of Bermuda?", "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Somers Isles Company"}], "question": "What spin-off company took over operations in Bermuda in 1615?", "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "1707"}], "question": "In what year did Bermuda enter British rule?", "id": "5726bc235951b619008f7c6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the Somers Isles Company"}], "question": "What is the name of the company that managed the colony from 1615-1684?", "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "1707"}], "question": "In what year did the islands become a British colony?", "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Newfoundland became part of Canada"}], "question": "What event occured that automatically ranked Bermuda as the oldest remaining British Overseas Territory?", "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "St. George"}], "question": "What was Bermuda's first capital?", "id": "5729083a3f37b31900477fb8"}]}], ["Pulau ini mengalami imigresen berskala besar pada abad ke-20, terutama selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. Bermuda mempunyai populasi yang pelbagai termasuk kedua-dua mereka yang mempunyai akar yang mendalam di Bermuda beranjak sejak berabad-abad, dan masyarakat baru yang keturunannya berasal dari imigrasi baru-baru ini, terutama dari Britain, Amerika Utara, Hindia Barat, dan pulau-pulau Atlantik Portugis (terutama Azores) , walaupun kumpulan ini terus bergabung. Kira-kira 46% daripada populasi mengiktiraf diri mereka dengan keturunan Bermudian pada tahun 2010, yang merupakan penurunan daripada 51% yang melakukannya dalam bancian tahun 2000. Mereka yang mengenal pasti keturunan Britain menurun sebanyak 1% hingga 11% (walaupun mereka yang lahir di Britain kekal sebagai kumpulan bukan asli terbesar di 3,942 orang). Bilangan orang yang dilahirkan di Kanada menurun sebanyak 13%. Mereka yang melaporkan keturunan India Barat adalah 13%. Bilangan orang yang dilahirkan di Hindia Barat sebenarnya meningkat sebanyak 538. Segmen penting penduduk adalah keturunan Portugis (10%), hasil imigrasi sejak 160 tahun yang lalu, di mana 79% mempunyai status penduduk. <> Bilakah Bermuda mempunyai sejumlah besar orang yang berhijrah ke sana? || Abad ke-20, terutamanya selepas Perang Dunia Kedua. <> Di mana kumpulan terbesar orang bukan orang asli di Bermuda dari? || Britain <> Menurut hasil banci, terdapat penurunan yang paling besar pada orang yang mendakwa keturunannya? || Bermudian <> Kumpulan kebudayaan mana yang boleh menuntut 79% penduduk? || Portugis", {"context": "The island experienced large-scale immigration over the 20th century, especially after the Second World War. Bermuda has a diverse population including both those with relatively deep roots in Bermuda extending back for centuries, and newer communities whose ancestry results from recent immigration, especially from Britain, North America, the West Indies, and the Portuguese Atlantic islands (especially the Azores), although these groups are steadily merging. About 46% of the population identified themselves with Bermudian ancestry in 2010, which was a decrease from the 51% who did so in the 2000 census. Those identifying with British ancestry dropped by 1% to 11% (although those born in Britain remain the largest non-native group at 3,942 persons). The number of people born in Canada declined by 13%. Those who reported West Indian ancestry were 13%. The number of people born in the West Indies actually increased by 538. A significant segment of the population is of Portuguese ancestry (10%), the result of immigration over the past 160 years, of whom 79% have residency status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "20th century, especially after the Second World War."}], "question": "When did Bermuda have a large amount of people immigrating to it?", "id": "572935a41d04691400779177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Where are the largest group of non-native people in Bermuda from?", "id": "572935a41d04691400779178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Bermudian"}], "question": "According to census result, there was the greatest decline in people claiming what ancestry?", "id": "572935a41d04691400779179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 980, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "Which cultural group can claim 79% residency?", "id": "572935a41d0469140077917a"}]}], ["Walaupun jisim tanah kecil, nama tempat diulang; terdapat dua pulau yang bernama Long Island, tiga pulau bernama Long Bay (di Somerset, Main, dan pulau Cooper), dua Horseshoe Bays (satu di Southampton, di Pulau Utama, yang lain di Morgan's Point, dahulu Pulau Tucker ), terdapat dua jalan melalui keratan dipanggil Khyber Pass (satu di Warwick, yang lain di St. George's Parish), dan Town St George terletak di Pulau St George di Parish St George (masing-masing dikenali sebagai St George). Terdapat Parish Hamilton selain City of Hamilton (yang terletak di Parish Pembroke). <> Di jajahan tanah Bermuda, berapa pulau yang dinamakan \"Long Island\"? || dua <> Di jajahan tanah Bermuda, berapa banyak teluk dinamakan \"Horseshoe Bay\"? || dua <> Di jajahan tanah Bermuda, berapa banyak teluk bernama \"Long Bay\"? || tiga <> Di mana boleh St. George's Town dijumpai? || Pulau St George di Parish St George <> Apakah tiga dari teluk itu dinamakan? || Long Bay <> Apakah nama tempat di Southampton dan bahagian Morgan Point? || Horseshoe <> St. George's Town, Pulau St. George dan St. George's Parish semuanya dirujuk sebagai apa? || St George's <> Apakah nama Parish yang terletak di Bandar Hamilton? || Parish Hamilton", {"context": "Despite the small land mass, place names are repeated; there are, for example, two islands named Long Island, three bays named Long Bay (on Somerset, Main, and Cooper's islands), two Horseshoe Bays (one in Southampton, on the Main Island, the other at Morgan's Point, formerly Tucker's Island), there are two roads through cuttings called Khyber Pass (one in Warwick, the other in St. George's Parish), and St George's Town is located on St George's Island within St George's Parish (each known as St George's). There is a Hamilton Parish in addition to the City of Hamilton (which is in Pembroke Parish).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "two"}], "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many islands are named \"Long Island\"?", "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "two"}], "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Horseshoe Bay\"?", "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "three"}], "question": "In the Bermuda land mass, how many bays are named \"Long Bay\"?", "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "St George's Island within St George's Parish"}], "question": "Where can St. George's Town be found?", "id": "5726c54d708984140094d0fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Long Bay"}], "question": "What are three of the bays named?", "id": "572932133f37b319004780e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Horseshoe"}], "question": "What name do the bays in Southampton and Morgan's Point share?", "id": "572932133f37b319004780e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "St George's"}], "question": "St. George's Town, St. George's Island and St. George's Parish are all referred to as what?", "id": "572932133f37b319004780e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Hamilton Parish"}], "question": "What is the name of the Parish located in the City of Hamilton?", "id": "572932133f37b319004780e8"}]}], ["Bermuda adalah sekumpulan gunung berapi rendah yang terletak di Lautan Atlantik, berhampiran dengan pinggir barat Laut Sargasso, kira-kira 578 batu nautika (1,070 km (665 mi)) timur-tenggara Cape Hatteras di Outer Banks of North Carolina dan kira-kira 594 batu nautika (1,100 km (684 mi)) di tenggara Ladang Vineyard Martha di Massachusetts. Ia adalah 898 batu nautika (1,664 km (1,034 batu)) di timur laut Miami, Florida, dan 667 batu nautika (1,236 km (768 mi)) dari Pulau Cape Sable, di Nova Scotia, Kanada. Pulau-pulau ini terletak di timur Pulau Fripp, Carolina Selatan, barat Portugal dan utara Puerto Rico. <> Bermuda terletak di lautan apa? || Lautan Atlantik <> Bermuda terletak di pinggir barat Laut apa? || Sargasso Sea <> Perjalanan dari Puerto Rico ke Bermuda akan berada di arah mana? || utara <> Perjalanan dari Portugal ke Bermuda akan ke arah mana? || barat <> Perjalanan dari South Carolina ke Bermuda akan ke arah mana? || kerana timur <> Apa ciri semula jadi mengarang Bermuda? || gunung berapi rendah <> Dalam apa lautan utama Bermuda terletak? || Lautan Atlantik <> Bermuda terletak 898 batu nautika dari bandar AS? || Miami <> Bermuda paling dekat (dalam batu nautika) di mana negara AS? || North Carolina", {"context": "Bermuda is a group of low-forming volcanoes located in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea, roughly 578 nautical miles (1,070 km (665 mi)) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 594 nautical miles (1,100 km (684 mi)) southeast of Martha's Vineyard of Massachusetts. It is 898 nautical miles (1,664 km (1,034 mi)) northeast of Miami, Florida, and 667 nautical miles (1,236 km (768 mi)) from Cape Sable Island, in Nova Scotia, Canada. The islands lie due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina, west of Portugal and north of Puerto Rico.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Bermuda is located in what ocean?", "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Sargasso Sea"}], "question": "Bermuda is on the western fringe of what Sea?", "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "north"}], "question": "Travel from Puerto Rico to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "west"}], "question": "Travel from Portugal to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "due east"}], "question": "Travel from South Carolina to Bermuda would be in which direction?", "id": "5726be76f1498d1400e8e9ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "low-forming volcanoes"}], "question": "What natural features compose Bermuda?", "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "In what major ocean is Bermuda located?", "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Miami"}], "question": "Bermuda is located 898 nautical miles from what US city?", "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Bermuda is closest (in nautical miles) to which US state?", "id": "57290ad81d04691400778fc2"}]}], ["Satu-satunya mamalia asli di Bermuda adalah lima spesies kelawar, yang semuanya juga terdapat di Amerika Syarikat timur: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus dan Perimyotis subflavus. Fauna lain yang terkenal di Bermuda termasuk burung kebangsaannya, petrel Bermuda atau cahow. Ia ditemui semula pada tahun 1951 selepas dianggap telah pupus sejak tahun 1620-an. Ini penting sebagai contoh spesies Lazarus. Kerajaan mempunyai program untuk melindunginya, termasuk pemulihan kawasan habitat. Langit batu Bermuda telah lama dianggap sebagai satu-satunya vertebrata tanah asli Bermuda, yang mengaitkan kura-kura marin yang meletakkan telur mereka di pantai. Baru-baru ini melalui kajian genetik DNA, saintis telah menemui bahawa satu spesies penyu, berlian terrapin, yang sebelum ini dianggap diperkenalkan, sebelum kedatangan manusia di kepulauan itu. Oleh kerana spesis ini menghabiskan kebanyakan masa di kolam payau, ada persoalan sama ada ia harus dikelaskan sebagai vertebrata tanah untuk bersaing dengan status unik skink. <> Satu-satunya mamalia pribumi di Bermuda adalah lima spesies haiwan apa? || kelawar <> Apakah burung kebangsaan Bermuda? || Bermuda petrel atau cahow <> Apa haiwan yang dipercayai menjadi satu-satunya vertebrata tanah Bermuda? || Bermuda rock skink <> Apa haiwan yang ditemui, melalui ujian DNA, untuk pra-tarikh kedatangan manusia ke kepulauan itu? || berlian terrapin <> Apakah satu-satunya mamalia asli yang ditemui di Bermuda? || kelawar <> Apakah burung kebangsaan Bermuda? || Bermuda petrel atau cahow <> Mengapa burung kebangsaan penting? || contoh spesies Lazarus <> Apakah haiwan yang pernah memegang tajuk hanya tanah asli Bermuda? || > Permalink here (line 571) Mengapa ada perdebatan tentang dubbing berlian terrapin vertebrate tanah adat tertua? || spesis ini membelanjakan sebahagian besar waktunya di kolam payau", {"context": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats, all of which are also found in the eastern United States: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, Lasiurus cinereus, Lasiurus seminolus and Perimyotis subflavus. Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda include its national bird, the Bermuda petrel or cahow. It was rediscovered in 1951 after having been thought extinct since the 1620s. It is important as an example of a Lazarus species. The government has a programme to protect it, including restoration of a habitat area. The Bermuda rock skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda, discounting the marine turtles that lay their eggs on its beaches. Recently through genetic DNA studies, scientists have discovered that a species of turtle, the diamondback terrapin, previously thought to have been introduced, pre-dated the arrival of humans in the archipelago. As this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds, some question whether it should be classified as a land vertebrate to compete with the skink's unique status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "bats"}], "question": "The only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of what animal?", "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e9008"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Bermuda petrel or cahow"}], "question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?", "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e9009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Bermuda rock skink"}], "question": "What animal was believe to be the only land vertebrate of Bermuda?", "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e900a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 808, "text": "diamondback terrapin"}], "question": "What animal was found, through DNA testing, to pre-date the arrival of humans to the archipelago?", "id": "5726c788dd62a815002e900b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "bats"}], "question": "What are the only native mammals found in Bermuda?", "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa185"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "Bermuda petrel or cahow"}], "question": "What is the national bird of Bermuda?", "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "example of a Lazarus species"}], "question": "Why is the National bird of importance?", "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Bermuda rock skink"}], "question": "What animal has held the title of Bermuda's only native land vertabrate?", "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 929, "text": "this species spends most of its time in brackish ponds"}], "question": "Why is there a debate as to dubbing the diamondback terrapin the oldest indigenous land vertebrate?", "id": "5729340aaf94a219006aa189"}]}], ["Penjelajah Eropah yang pertama yang dikenali untuk sampai ke Bermuda ialah kapten laut Spanyol Juan de Berm\u00fadez pada tahun 1503, yang kemudiannya dinamakan pulau-pulau itu. Dia mendakwa pulau yang tidak didiami untuk Empayar Sepanyol. Membayar dua lawatan ke kepulauan itu, Berm\u00fadez tidak pernah mendarat di pulau-pulau, tetapi membuat peta yang dikenali di kepulauan itu. Kapal pelaut Portugis yang mengalami karam kini dianggap bertanggungjawab terhadap prasasti 1543 di Portugis Rock (sebelum ini dikenali sebagai Spanish Rock). Sepanyol kemudiannya atau parti-parti Eropah lain dipercayai telah mengeluarkan babi di sana, yang telah menjadi liar dan banyak di pulau itu pada masa permulaan penyelesaian Eropah. Pada tahun 1609, Syarikat Virginia Inggeris, yang telah menubuhkan Jamestown di Virginia (istilah yang pada asalnya digunakan untuk semua benua Amerika Utara) dua tahun sebelumnya, bermastautin secara tetap di Bermuda selepas kejadian taufan, ketika anak kapal dan penumpang Laut Venture mengarahkan kapal ke karang sekeliling untuk mengelakkan tenggelamnya, kemudian mendarat di darat. <> Penjelajah Eropah pertama yang diketahui untuk mencapai Bermuda adalah apa kewarganegaraan? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Apakah nama penjelajah Eropah pertama yang sampai ke Bermuda? || Juan de Berm\u00fadez <> Apa haiwan yang dibawa oleh orang Sepanyol atau orang Eropah lain ke pulau itu yang menjadi penduduk liar? || babi <> Apa syarikat tetap menetap Bermuda? || Bahasa Inggeris Virginia Company <> Siapa penjelajah Eropah yang pertama dikenali untuk mencapai Bermuda? || Juan de Berm\u00fadez <> Pada tahun apakah Jaun de Bermudez mula mencapai Bermuda? || 1503 <> Berapa kali Bermudez melawat kepulauan itu? || dua <> binatang apakah pihak Eropah bertanggungjawab untuk melepaskan di Bermuda? || babi <> Pada tahun apakah Syarikat Virginia Inggeris menetap secara tetap di Bermuda? || 1609", {"context": "The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Berm\u00fadez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Berm\u00fadez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?", "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}], "question": "What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?", "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "pigs"}], "question": "What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?", "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "the English Virginia Company"}], "question": "What company permanently settled Bermuda?", "id": "5726b9e55951b619008f7bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}], "question": "Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?", "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1503"}], "question": "In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?", "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?", "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "pigs"}], "question": "What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?", "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "1609"}], "question": "In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?", "id": "572907353f37b31900477fa5"}]}], ["Ekonomi Bermuda didasarkan pada insurans luar pesisir dan insurans semula, dan pelancongan, dua sektor ekonomi terbesar. Bermuda mempunyai salah satu daripada KDNK per kapita tertinggi di dunia untuk kebanyakan abad ke-20 dan beberapa tahun yang lalu. Baru-baru ini, status ekonominya telah terjejas oleh kemelesetan global. Ia mempunyai iklim subtropika. Bermuda adalah titik paling utara Segitiga Bermuda, rantau laut di mana, menurut legenda, beberapa kapal terbang dan kapal permukaan telah hilang di bawah keadaan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan atau misterius. Pulau ini berada dalam tali pinggang taufan dan terdedah kepada cuaca yang teruk. Bagaimanapun, ia agak dilindungi dari kuasa taufan oleh terumbu karang yang mengelilingi pulau itu. <> Apa dua perniagaan memacu ekonomi Bermuda? || insurans luar pesisir dan insurans semula, dan pelancongan <> Apa jenis iklim yang Bermuda mempunyai? || subtropika <> Bermuda berdiri sebagai titik utara dalam apa kawasan yang dilemahkan aktiviti aneh dan penghilangan? || Segitiga Bermuda <> Apa yang melindungi pulau daripada ribut? || terumbu karang yang mengelilingi pulau <> Apa sektor ekonomi terbesar Bermuda? || insurans dan reinsurans, dan pelancongan <> Apa yang berlaku adalah faktor terbesar yang mempengaruhi ekonomi Bermuda? || kemelesetan global <> Mengapa Segitiga Bermuda merupakan kawasan yang menarik? || sebilangan pesawat dan kapal permukaan telah hilang di bawah keadaan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan atau misteri. <> Mengapa pulau selamat dari kehancuran taufan penuh? || dilindungi daripada tenaga angin taufan oleh terumbu karang yang mengelilingi pulau itu. <> Apakah iklim Bermuda? || subtropika", {"context": "Bermuda's economy is based on offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism, the two largest economic sectors. Bermuda had one of the world's highest GDP per capita for most of the 20th century and several years beyond. Recently, its economic status has been affected by the global recession. It has a subtropical climate. Bermuda is the northernmost point of the Bermuda Triangle, a region of sea in which, according to legend, a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances. The island is in the hurricane belt and prone to severe weather. However, it is somewhat protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"}], "question": "What two business drive Bermuda's economy?", "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8eda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "subtropical"}], "question": "What type of climate does Bermuda have?", "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Bermuda Triangle"}], "question": "Bermuda stands as a northern point in what susposed area of strange activity and disappearances?", "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 688, "text": "coral reef that surrounds the island"}], "question": "What protects the island from storms?", "id": "5726bd08dd62a815002e8edd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "insurance and reinsurance, and tourism"}], "question": "What are Bermuda's largest economic sectors?", "id": "572909451d04691400778fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "global recession"}], "question": "What occurance is the greatest factor affecting Bermuda's economy?", "id": "572909451d04691400778fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "a number of aircraft and surface vessels have disappeared under supposedly unexplained or mysterious circumstances."}], "question": "Why is the Bermuda Triangle an area of interest?", "id": "572909451d04691400778fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "protected from the full force of a hurricane by the coral reef that surrounds the island."}], "question": "Why is the island safe from full hurricane devastation?", "id": "572909451d04691400778fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "subtropical"}], "question": "What is the climate of Bermuda?", "id": "572909451d04691400778faf"}]}], ["Demografi leluhur yang lebih mendalam penduduk Bermuda telah dikaburkan oleh homogenisasi etnis selama empat abad terakhir. Tidak ada perbezaan etnik antara orang Bermuda yang hitam dan putih, selain daripada ciri-ciri masyarakat pendatang baru-baru ini. Pada abad ke-17, ini tidak begitu. Untuk seratus tahun pertama penyelesaian, Protestan putih warisan bahasa Inggeris adalah majoriti yang tersendiri, dengan minoriti putih dari bahasa Irlandia (bahasa asli yang kebanyakannya dianggap Gaelic) dan Skotlandia yang dihantar ke Bermuda setelah serangan bahasa Inggeris mereka negara asal yang mengikuti Perang Saudara Inggeris. Minor non-putih termasuk orang kulit hitam berbahasa Inggeris dari Hindia Barat, budak-budak hitam yang ditangkap terutamanya dari kapal-kapal Sepanyol dan Portugis oleh orang pribumi Bermudian, dan penduduk asli Amerika, terutamanya dari suku Algonquian dan suku-suku lain di pesisir Atlantik, tetapi mungkin dari jauh seperti Mexico. Menjelang abad ke-19, orang Bermuda etnis-bahasa Inggeris putih telah kehilangan kelebihan berangka. Meskipun mengharamkan pengimportan Ireland, dan percubaan berulang untuk memaksa orang kulit hitam bebas untuk berhijrah dan pemilik budak hitam untuk mengeksport mereka, penggabungan pelbagai kumpulan minoriti, bersama dengan beberapa bahasa Inggeris putih, telah menghasilkan kumpulan demografi, \"berwarna\" (yang mana istilahnya, di Bermuda, merujuk kepada sesiapa sahaja yang bukan seluruhnya keturunan Eropah) orang Bermuda, memperoleh majoriti sedikit. Mana-mana kanak-kanak yang dilahirkan sebelum atau sejak itu kepada satu orang berwarna dan satu orang putih telah ditambah ke dalam statistik berwarna. Kebanyakan mereka yang digambarkan sebagai \"berwarna\" pada masa kini digambarkan sebagai \"hitam\", atau \"warisan Afrika\", yang mengaburkan warisan bukan Afrika mereka (yang digambarkan sebagai \"berwarna\" yang tidak berasal dari Afrika adalah sangat kecil, walaupun bilangan orang Asia Selatan, khususnya, kini semakin meningkat. Jumlah orang yang dilahirkan di negara-negara Asia meningkat dua kali ganda antara 2000 dan banci 2010), orang kulit hitam kekal majoriti, dengan imigresen putih baru dari Portugal, Britain dan tempat lain ditentang oleh imigresen hitam dari Hindia Barat. <> Tidak ada perbezaan antara dua etnis Bermudia? || hitam dan putih <> Yang mana etnik mendakwa majoriti di Bermuda pada abad ke-17? || putih Protestan warisan bahasa Inggeris <> Siapapun di Bermuda yang tidak dianggap 100% warisan Eropah disebut apa? || berwarna <> Mengapa bermasalah bahawa penduduk \"berwarna\" Bermuda kini dirujuk sebagai \"hitam\" atau \"warisan Afrika\"? || mengaburi warisan mereka yang bukan Afrika <> Terdapat dua kali ganda dalam populasi orang yang lahir di negara mana? || Asia", {"context": "The deeper ancestral demography of Bermuda's population has been obscured by the ethnic homogenisation of the last four centuries. There is effectively no ethnic distinction between black and white Bermudians, other than those characterising recent immigrant communities. In the 17th century, this was not so. For the first hundred years of settlement, white Protestants of English heritage were the distinct majority, with white minorities of Irish (the native language of many of whom can be assumed to have been Gaelic) and Scots sent to Bermuda after the English invasions of their homelands that followed the English Civil War. Non-white minorities included Spanish-speaking, free (indentured) blacks from the West Indies, black chattel slaves primarily captured from Spanish and Portuguese ships by Bermudian privateers, and Native Americans, primarily from the Algonquian and other tribes of the Atlantic seaboard, but possibly from as far away as Mexico. By the 19th century, the white ethnically-English Bermudians had lost their numerical advantage. Despite the banning of the importation of Irish, and the repeated attempts to force free blacks to emigrate and the owners of black slaves to export them, the merging of the various minority groups, along with some of the white English, had resulted in a new demographic group, \"coloured\" (which term, in Bermuda, referred to anyone not wholly of European ancestry) Bermudians, gaining a slight majority. Any child born before or since then to one coloured and one white parent has been added to the coloured statistic. Most of those historically described as \"coloured\" are today described as \"black\", or \"of African heritage\", which obscures their non-African heritage (those previously described as \"coloured\" who were not of African ancestry had been very few, though the numbers of South Asians, particularly, is now growing. The number of persons born in Asian countries doubled between the 2000 and the 2010 censuses), blacks have remained in the majority, with new white immigration from Portugal, Britain and elsewhere countered by black immigration from the West Indies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "black and white"}], "question": "There is no distinction between what two ethnicities of Bermudians?", "id": "57293c133f37b31900478147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "white Protestants of English heritage"}], "question": "Which ethnicity claimed the majority in Bermuda during the 17th century?", "id": "57293c133f37b31900478148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1339, "text": "coloured"}], "question": "Anyone in Bermuda that is not considered 100% of European heritage is referred to as what?", "id": "57293c133f37b31900478149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1695, "text": "obscures their non-African heritage"}], "question": "Why is it problematic that the \"coloured\" population of Bermuda is now referred to as \"black\" or \"African heritage\"?", "id": "57293c133f37b3190047814a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1921, "text": "Asian"}], "question": "There has been a double in the population of people born in which country?", "id": "57293c133f37b3190047814b"}]}], ["Budaya Bermuda adalah campuran pelbagai sumber populasinya: Budaya asli Amerika, Sepanyol-Caribbean, Inggeris, Ireland, dan Skotlandia terbukti pada abad ke-17, dan menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya Inggeris yang dominan. Bahasa Inggeris adalah bahasa utama dan rasmi. Disebabkan 160 tahun imigresen dari pulau-pulau Atlantik Portugis (terutamanya Azores, walaupun juga dari Madeira dan Kepulauan Cape Verde), sebahagian penduduk juga bercakap Portugis. Terdapat pengaruh British yang kuat, bersama dengan Afro-Caribbean. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai bahasa utama Bermuda? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Bahasa Bermuda apa yang kurang bahasa di bahasa Inggeris? || Portugis <> Apa pengaruh terbesar kepada budaya Bermudian? || Pengaruh British, bersama-sama dengan Afro-Caribbean <> Budaya mana yang mendakwa sebagai sumber dominan warisan budaya Bermuda? || Bahasa asli Amerika, Sepanyol-Caribbean, Inggeris, Ireland, dan Scotland", {"context": "Bermuda's culture is a mixture of the various sources of its population: Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots cultures were evident in the 17th century, and became part of the dominant British culture. English is the primary and official language. Due to 160 years of immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands (primarily the Azores, though also from Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands), a portion of the population also speaks Portuguese. There are strong British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean ones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is considered the primary language of Bermuda?", "id": "572941d96aef051400154c10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Portuguese"}], "question": "What is a lesser spoken, secondary language in Bermuda?", "id": "572941d96aef051400154c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "British influences, together with Afro-Caribbean"}], "question": "What are the greatest influences to Bermudian culture?", "id": "572941d96aef051400154c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Native American, Spanish-Caribbean, English, Irish, and Scots"}], "question": "Which cultures claim to be a dominant source of Bermuda's cultural heritage?", "id": "572941d96aef051400154c13"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kawasan tanahnya yang terhad, Bermuda mengalami kesukaran dengan penduduk yang lebih ramai. Dalam dua abad pertama penyelesaian, ia bergantung kepada emigrasi manusia yang mantap untuk mengekalkan penduduknya dapat dikendalikan. Sebelum Revolusi Amerika lebih daripada sepuluh ribu orang Bermuda (lebih separuh daripada jumlah penduduk sepanjang tahun) secara beransur-ansur berpindah, terutamanya kepada Southern United States. Ketika Great Britain melepaskan Sepanyol sebagai kekuasaan kekaisaran Eropah yang dominan, ia membuka lebih banyak tanah untuk pembangunan kolonial. Penetapan penghijrahan keluar tetap berterusan. Dengan berlayawan satu-satunya industri yang sebenar pada dekad-dekad awal, menjelang akhir abad ke-18, sekurang-kurangnya satu pertiga tenaga kerja pulau itu berada di laut pada satu-satu masa. <> Apakah sebab utama Bermuda mempunyai masalah dengan penduduk terlalu banyak? || kawasan tanah yang terhad, <> Apa yang Bermuda bergantung kepada untuk mengatasi terlalu banyak penduduk? || emigrasi manusia yang stabil <> Di manakah sejumlah besar orang Bermudia berhijrah ke hadapan Revolusi Amerika? || Amerika Selatan <> Mengapa satu pertiga penduduk menghabiskan waktu di laut? || pelayaran industri yang sebenar sahaja", {"context": "Because of its limited land area, Bermuda has had difficulty with over-population. In the first two centuries of settlement, it relied on steady human emigration to keep the population manageable.[citation needed] Before the American Revolution more than ten thousand Bermudians (over half of the total population through the years) gradually emigrated, primarily to the Southern United States. As Great Britain displaced Spain as the dominant European imperial power, it opened up more land for colonial development. A steady trickle of outward migration continued. With seafaring the only real industry in the early decades, by the end of the 18th century, at least a third of the island's manpower was at sea at any one time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "limited land area,"}], "question": "What is a major reason that Bermuda has problems with overpopulation?", "id": "572947c26aef051400154c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "steady human emigration"}], "question": "What does Bermuda rely on to counteract overpopulation?", "id": "572947c26aef051400154c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "the Southern United States"}], "question": "Where did a large number of Bermudians emigrate to before the American Revolution?", "id": "572947c26aef051400154c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "seafaring the only real industry"}], "question": "Why does a third of the population spend time at sea?", "id": "572947c26aef051400154c63"}]}], ["Cat air Bermuda yang dicat oleh seniman tempatan dijual di pelbagai galeri. Ukiran cedar tangan yang diukir tangan adalah kepakaran lain. Satu arca 7 kaki (2.1 m) yang dicipta oleh pengukir Bermudian, Chesley Trott, dipasang di kawasan tuntutan bagasi lapangan terbang. Pada tahun 2010, arca beliau The Arrival telah dilancarkan berhampiran teluk untuk memperingati pembebasan budak-budak dari American brig Enterprise pada tahun 1835. Kerja seni tempatan juga boleh dilihat di beberapa galeri di sekitar pulau itu. Alfred Birdsey adalah salah satu daripada pelukis air yang lebih terkenal dan berbakat; landskap impresionistiknya Hamilton, St George dan perahu layar, rumah, dan Teluk Bermuda yang terkenal di dunia. <> Jenis lukisan apa yang dikenali oleh artis Bermuda? || lukisan air <> Apa jenis kerja seni yang dihasilkan oleh Chesley Trott? || Ukiran cedar tangan yang diukir <> Apa peristiwa yang penting yang membuat patung The Ketibaan digambarkan? || yang membebaskan budak dari perusahaan Brig Amerika pada tahun 1835 <> Siapa yang merupakan salah satu daripada pelukis air yang paling terkenal di Bermuda? || Alfred Birdsey", {"context": "Bermuda watercolours painted by local artists are sold at various galleries. Hand-carved cedar sculptures are another speciality. One such 7 ft (2.1 m) sculpture, created by Bermudian sculptor Chesley Trott, is installed at the airport's baggage claim area. In 2010, his sculpture The Arrival was unveiled near the bay to commemorate the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835. Local artwork may also be viewed at several galleries around the island. Alfred Birdsey was one of the more famous and talented watercolourists; his impressionistic landscapes of Hamilton, St George's and the surrounding sailboats, homes, and bays of Bermuda are world-renowned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "watercolours"}], "question": "What type of painting are Bermuda artists known for?", "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Hand-carved cedar sculptures"}], "question": "What type of art work does Chesley Trott produce?", "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "the freeing of slaves from the American brig Enterprise in 1835"}], "question": "What significant event does the sculpture The Arrival portray?", "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Alfred Birdsey"}], "question": "Who is one of Bermuda's most famous watercolourists?", "id": "572943d53f37b319004781d6"}]}], ["Buku pertama yang terkenal, dan sejarah penting, yang dikreditkan ke Bermudian ialah Sejarah Mary Putera, sebuah cerita hamba oleh Mary Prince. Ia dianggap telah menyumbang kepada penghapusan perhambaan di Empayar Britania. Ernest Graham Ingham, seorang pengarang ekspatriat, menerbitkan buku-bukunya pada kurun ke-19 dan ke-20. Pada abad ke-20, banyak buku ditulis dan diterbitkan secara tempatan, walaupun sedikit diarahkan pada pasaran yang lebih luas daripada Bermuda. (Yang terakhir terdiri terutamanya daripada karya ilmiah dan bukannya menulis kreatif). Ahli novel Brian Burland (1931 - 2010) mencapai tahap kejayaan dan pujian di peringkat antarabangsa. Baru-baru ini, Angela Barry telah memenangi pengiktirafan kritikal untuk fiksyennya yang diterbitkan. <> Apa arti penting sejarah yang boleh dikatakan buku The History of Mary Prince? || Buku pertama yang penting, dan sejarah penting, dikreditkan ke Bermudian <> Apa sumbangan sejarah yang ia percaya Sejarah Mary Putera dibuat? || difikirkan telah menyumbang kepada penghapusan perbudakan di Empayar British <> Sebilangan besar buku yang diterbitkan oleh penulis tempatan adalah sifat semula jadi apa? || ilmiah <> Yang penulis tempatan yang paling baru-baru ini menikmati kejayaan untuk kerja-kerja fiksyen yang diterbitkan? || Angela Barry", {"context": "The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian was The History of Mary Prince, a slave narrative by Mary Prince. It is thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire. Ernest Graham Ingham, an expatriate author, published his books at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, numerous books were written and published locally, though few were directed at a wider market than Bermuda. (The latter consisted primarily of scholarly works rather than creative writing). The novelist Brian Burland (1931\u2013 2010) achieved a degree of success and acclaim internationally. More recently, Angela Barry has won critical recognition for her published fiction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The first notable, and historically important, book credited to a Bermudian"}], "question": "What historical significance can the book The History of Mary Prince claim?", "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "thought to have contributed to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire"}], "question": "What contribution to history is it believed the History of Mary Prince made?", "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "scholarly"}], "question": "The majority of books published by local authors were of what nature?", "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 659, "text": "Angela Barry"}], "question": "Which local author most recently enjoyed success for published works of fiction?", "id": "572942ed3f37b319004781c4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1610, ketiga-tiga mangsa yang terselamat dari Sea Venture berlayar ke Jamestown. Antaranya ialah John Rolfe, yang isteri dan anaknya mati dan dikebumikan di Bermuda. Kemudian di Jamestown, dia berkahwin dengan Pocahontas, anak perempuan Powhatan yang berkuasa, pemimpin perkumpulan besar kira-kira 30 puak berbahasa Algonquian di Virginia pantai. Pada tahun 1612, bahasa Inggeris memulakan penyelesaian yang disengajakan di Bermuda dengan kedatangan kapal Plough. St George telah diselesaikan tahun itu dan ditetapkan sebagai modal pertama Bermuda. Ia adalah bandar Inggeris yang paling lama dihuni di Dunia Baru. <> Siapa yang menjadi mangsa yang masih hidup untuk berlayar ke Jamestown. || John Rolfe <> Apa salah satu perkara utama yang diketahui oleh John Rolfe? || berkahwin Pocahontas <> Bilakah orang Inggeris memulakan permasalahan mereka yang bermusim di Bermuda? || 1612, <> Apakah St. George dikreditkan? || bandar Inggeris yang paling lama dihuni di Dunia Baru.", {"context": "In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "John Rolfe"}], "question": "Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.", "id": "572947026aef051400154c4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "married Pocahontas"}], "question": "What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?", "id": "572947026aef051400154c4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "1612,"}], "question": "When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?", "id": "572947026aef051400154c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World."}], "question": "What is St. George credited with?", "id": "572947026aef051400154c50"}]}], ["Ia menubuhkan tanah jajahan di Jamestown, Virginia, pada tahun 1607. Dua tahun kemudian, sebuah kapal dari tujuh kapal meninggalkan England di bawah Laksamana Syarikat, Sir George Somers, dan Gabenor Jamestown baru, Sir Thomas Gates, dengan beberapa ratus peneroka, makanan dan bekalan untuk melegakan jajahan Jamestown. Somers mempunyai pengalaman sebelumnya dengan kedua-dua Sir Francis Drake dan Sir Walter Raleigh. Flotilla itu dipecahkan oleh badai. Sebagai perdana, Sea Venture, mengambil air, Somers mengusirnya ke terumbu di Bermuda dan mendapatkan pantai dengan selamat dengan bot yang lebih kecil - kesemua 150 penumpang dan seekor anjing terselamat. (William Shakespeare memainkan The Tempest, di mana watak Ariel merujuk kepada \"Still-vex'd Bermoothes\" (I.ii.229), dianggap telah diilhami oleh akaun William Strachey tentang kapal karam ini.) Mereka tinggal 10 bulan , memulakan penempatan baru dan membina dua kapal kecil untuk berlayar ke Jamestown. Pulau itu dituntut untuk Mahkota Inggeris, dan piagam Syarikat Virginia kemudian diperluaskan untuk memasukkannya. <> Sir George Somers memulakan misi untuk melakukan apa? || melegakan jajahan Jamestown <> Kerancakan kapal perang yang dahsyat dikatakan telah memberi inspirasi kepada apa playwrite? || William Shakespeare <> Berapa lama penduduk Sommer tinggal di Bermuda? || 10 bulan <> Siapa yang menuntut Sommer untuk pulau ini? || Mahkota Inggeris", {"context": "It established a colony at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Two years later, a flotilla of seven ships left England under the Company's Admiral, Sir George Somers, and the new Governor of Jamestown, Sir Thomas Gates, with several hundred settlers, food and supplies to relieve the colony of Jamestown. Somers had previous experience sailing with both Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The flotilla was broken up by a storm. As the flagship, the Sea Venture, was taking on water, Somers drove it onto Bermuda's reef and gained the shores safely with smaller boats \u2013 all 150 passengers and a dog survived. (William Shakespeare's play The Tempest, in which the character Ariel refers to the \"still-vex'd Bermoothes\" (I.ii.229), is thought to have been inspired by William Strachey's account of this shipwreck.) They stayed 10 months, starting a new settlement and building two small ships to sail to Jamestown. The island was claimed for the English Crown, and the charter of the Virginia Company was later extended to include it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "relieve the colony of Jamestown"}], "question": "Sir George Somers embarked on a mission to do what?", "id": "572946053f37b319004781eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "William Shakespeare"}], "question": "The devastating wreck of the flotilla is said to have inspired what playwrite?", "id": "572946053f37b319004781ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "10 months"}], "question": "How long did Sommer's settlers stay in Bermuda?", "id": "572946053f37b319004781ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "the English Crown"}], "question": "Who did Sommer's claim the island for?", "id": "572946053f37b319004781ee"}]}], ["Kebanyakan populasi hitam Bermuda mengesan sebahagian daripada keturunan mereka kepada Orang Asli Amerika, walaupun kesedaran tentang hal ini sebahagian besarnya terhad kepada Pulau St David dan kebanyakan orang yang mempunyai keturunan seperti itu tidak menyedarinya. Dalam tempoh penjajahan, ratusan orang asli Amerika telah dihantar ke Bermuda. Contoh-contoh yang paling terkenal adalah orang-orang Algonquian yang diasingkan dari koloni-koloni New England selatan dan dijual menjadi perhambaan pada abad ke-17, terutama setelah peperangan Pequot dan Raja Philip. <> Apakah satu kumpulan yang penduduk hitam Bermuda dapat menghubungkan beberapa keturunan mereka? || Orang Asli Amerika <> Penduduk kawasan apa kesedaran mengenai pautan ini kepada warisan asli Amerika? || St David's Islanders <> Semasa tempoh berapa beratus-ratus orang asli Amerika dihantar ke Bermuda? || Tempoh penjajahan <> Mengapa terdapat penduduk besar Algonquian di Bermuda? || dibuang dari jajahan New England selatan dan dijual menjadi perhambaan", {"context": "Most of Bermuda's black population trace some of their ancestry to Native Americans, although awareness of this is largely limited to St David's Islanders and most who have such ancestry are unaware of it. During the colonial period, hundreds of Native Americans were shipped to Bermuda. The best-known examples were the Algonquian peoples who were exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery in the 17th century, notably in the aftermaths of the Pequot and King Philip's wars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Native Americans"}], "question": "What is one group that Bermuda's black population can link some of their ancestry to?", "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "St David's Islanders"}], "question": "Residents of what particular area have awareness of this link to Native American heritage?", "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "colonial period"}], "question": "During what period were there hundreds of Native Americans shipped to Bermuda?", "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "exiled from the southern New England colonies and sold into slavery"}], "question": "Why was there a large population of Algonquian people in Bermuda?", "id": "572940fe6aef051400154bff"}]}], ["Bermuda ditemui pada 1503 oleh penjelajah Sepanyol Juan de Berm\u00fadez. Ia disebut dalam Legatio Babylonica, diterbitkan pada tahun 1511 oleh sejarawan Pedro M\u00e1rtir de Angler\u00eda, dan juga dimasukkan ke dalam carta Spanyol pada tahun itu. Kapal Sepanyol dan Portugis menggunakan pulau-pulau sebagai tempat penambahan untuk mengambil daging segar dan air. Legends muncul dari roh-roh dan syaitan, kini dianggap berasal dari panggilan burung-burung yang kasar (kemungkinan besar petrel Bermuda atau Cahow) dan bunyi yang kuat didengar pada malam hari dari babi liar. Dikombinasikan dengan keadaan ribut-ribut kerap kali dan terumbu berbahaya, kepulauan ini dikenali sebagai Kepulauan Iblis. Sama ada Sepanyol mahupun Portugal cuba menyelesaikannya. <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan menemui Bermuda? || Juan de Berm\u00fadez <> Apa kapal Sepanyol dan Portugis menggunakan pulau-pulau itu? || tempat penambahan untuk mengambil daging segar dan air <> Apa pelawat awal menyifatkan bunyi kepulauan itu? || roh-roh dan syaitan, <> bunyi-bunyi gila dari haiwan asli, ribut-ribut yang kerap dan bahaya berbahaya yang memperoleh pulau apa nama? || Isle of Devils", {"context": "Bermuda was discovered in 1503 by Spanish explorer Juan de Berm\u00fadez. It is mentioned in Legatio Babylonica, published in 1511 by historian Pedro M\u00e1rtir de Angler\u00eda, and was also included on Spanish charts of that year. Both Spanish and Portuguese ships used the islands as a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water. Legends arose of spirits and devils, now thought to have stemmed from the calls of raucous birds (most likely the Bermuda petrel, or Cahow) and the loud noise heard at night from wild hogs. Combined with the frequent storm-wracked conditions and the dangerous reefs, the archipelago became known as the Isle of Devils. Neither Spain nor Portugal tried to settle it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Juan de Berm\u00fadez"}], "question": "Who is credited with discovering Bermuda?", "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "a replenishment spot to take on fresh meat and water"}], "question": "What did Spanish and Portugese ships use the islands for?", "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "spirits and devils,"}], "question": "What did early visitors attribute the noises of the islands to?", "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Isle of Devils"}], "question": "Crazy noises from indigenous animals, frequent storms and hazardous reefs earned the islands what name?", "id": "572944bbaf94a219006aa21e"}]}], ["Di kepulauan British Barat India (dan juga di Amerika Syarikat), majoriti orang kulit hitam yang diperbudak dibawa ke Atlantik berasal dari Afrika Barat (kira-kira antara Senegal moden dan Ghana). Sangat sedikit emigrasi hitam asal Bermuda berasal dari kawasan ini. Orang kulit hitam pertama yang tiba di Bermuda dalam mana-mana nombor adalah orang kulit hitam percuma dari kawasan berbahasa Sepanyol di Hindia Barat, dan sebagian besar baki baru-baru ini telah diperbudak Afrika yang ditangkap dari Sepanyol dan Portugis. Seperti Sepanyol dan Portugal memanfaatkan kebanyakan hamba mereka dari Afrika Selatan-Barat (Portugis melalui pelabuhan di Angola moden, Sepanyol membeli kebanyakan budak Afrika mereka dari pedagang Portugis, dan dari Arab yang perdagangan hambanya berpusat di Zanzibar). Kajian genetik telah menunjukkan bahawa keturunan orang Afrika dari orang Bermuda hitam (selain daripada imigresen baru-baru ini dari pulau-pulau India Barat Barat) kebanyakannya berasal dari sebuah band di selatan Afrika, dari Angola ke Mozambique, yang serupa dengan apa yang diturunkan dalam Amerika Latin, tetapi jelas berbeza daripada orang kulit hitam di Hindia Barat dan Amerika Syarikat. <> Mengapa penduduk hitam di Bermuda berbeza dengan yang di Hindia Barat dan Amerika Syarikat? || Orang kulit hitam pertama yang tiba di Bermuda dalam mana-mana nombor adalah kulit hitam percuma dari kawasan berbahasa Sepanyol di Hindia Barat <> Di manakah orang-orang kulit hitam Sepanyol dan Portugis menggaji kebanyakan orang kulit hitam mereka? || Afrika Selatan-Barat <> Apa salah satu cara kita dapat menunjukkan bahawa orang Bermuda hitam adalah warisan yang berbeza daripada orang Afrika Amerika? || Kajian genetik", {"context": "In the British West Indian islands (and also in the United States), the majority of enslaved blacks brought across the Atlantic came from West Africa (roughly between modern Senegal and Ghana). Very little of Bermuda's original black emigration came from this area. The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies, and most of the remainder were recently enslaved Africans captured from the Spanish and Portuguese. As Spain and Portugal sourced most of their slaves from South-West Africa (the Portuguese through ports in modern-day Angola; the Spanish purchased most of their African slaves from Portuguese traders, and from Arabs whose slave trading was centred in Zanzibar). Genetic studies have consequently shown that the African ancestry of black Bermudians (other than those resulting from recent immigration from the British West Indian islands) is largely from the a band across southern Africa, from Angola to Mozambique, which is similar to what is revealed in Latin America, but distinctly different from the blacks of the West Indies and the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "The first blacks to arrive in Bermuda in any numbers were free blacks from Spanish-speaking areas of the West Indies"}], "question": "Why is the black population in Bermuda different from that in the British West Indies and the United States?", "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "South-West Africa"}], "question": "Where did the Spanish and Portugese enslave most of their black people from?", "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 747, "text": "Genetic studies"}], "question": "What is one way we can show that black Bermudians are of different heritage than African Americans?", "id": "57293faa6aef051400154be8"}]}], ["Penduduk hitam moden Bermuda mengandungi lebih daripada satu kumpulan demografi. Walaupun bilangan penduduk yang dilahirkan di Afrika sangat kecil, ia telah meningkat tiga kali ganda antara 2000 dan 2010 (kumpulan ini juga termasuk bukan hitam). Majoriti orang kulit hitam di Bermuda boleh disebut \"orang kulit hitam Bermuda\", yang keturunannya berabad sejak abad ke-17 dan berakhirnya perhambaan pada tahun 1834, penduduk hitam Bermuda itu mengekalkan diri, dengan pertumbuhannya yang sebahagian besarnya berasal dari pengembangan semula jadi. Ini berbeza dengan orang kulit hitam koloni perladangan, yang mengalami keadaan yang sangat keras untuk menurunkan kadar kelahiran mereka di bawah kadar kematian, dan pemegang hamba di Amerika Syarikat dan Hindia Barat mendapati perlu untuk terus mengimport lebih banyak orang kulit hitam dari Afrika sehingga berakhirnya perhambaan (yang sama berlaku bagi orang asli Amerika bahawa orang Afrika telah diganti di ladang Dunia Baru). Populasi asli dari banyak kepulauan India Barat, dan sebagian besar Tenggara dari apa yang kini Amerika Syarikat yang telah selamat dari wabak ke-16 dan abad ke-17 penyakit-penyakit yang diperkenalkan di Eropa kemudian menjadi mangsa serangan besar-besaran hamba, dengan banyak rantau ini sepenuhnya berkurang. Ketika bekalan hamba pribumi kehabisan, para pemegang hamba memandang ke Afrika). Keturunan penduduk hitam Bermuda dibezakan daripada populasi hitam India Barat India dalam dua cara: pertama, tahap tinggi campuran Eropah dan Native American; kedua, sumber keturunan Afrika. <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada majoriti orang kulit hitam di Bermuda? || Bermudian hitam <> Mengapa begitu banyak kulit hitam berulang kali diimport dari Afrika? || syarat-syarat yang sangat keras untuk menurunkan kadar kelahirannya di bawah kadar kematian <> Mengapa orang kulit hitam Bermudian dapat mengesan keturunan mereka sejak berabad-abad di Bermuda? || Penduduk hitam Bermuda adalah diri sendiri, dengan pertumbuhannya yang sebahagian besarnya daripada pengembangan semula jadi <> Apa salah satu cara bahawa keturunan penduduk hitam Bermudian berbeza dengan penduduk hitam Barat India Barat? || sumber keturunan Afrika", {"context": "Bermuda's modern black population contains more than one demographic group. Although the number of residents born in Africa is very small, it has tripled between 2000 and 2010 (this group also includes non-blacks). The majority of blacks in Bermuda can be termed \"Bermudian blacks\", whose ancestry dates back centuries between the 17th century and the end of slavery in 1834, Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion. This contrasts to the enslaved blacks of the plantation colonies, who were subjected to conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate, and slaveholders in the United States and the West Indies found it necessary to continue importing more enslaved blacks from Africa until the end of slavery (the same had been true for the Native Americans that the Africans had replaced on the New World plantations). The indigenous populations of many West Indian islands, and much of the South-East of what is now the United States that had survived the 16th- and 17th-century epidemics of European-introduced diseases then became the victims of large-scale slave raiding, with much of the region completely depopulated. When the supply of indigenous slaves ran out, the slaveholders looked to Africa). The ancestry of Bermuda's black population is distinguished from that of the British West Indian black population in two ways: firstly, the higher degree of European and Native American admixture; secondly, the source of the African ancestry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Bermudian blacks"}], "question": "What term is used to refer to the majority of black people in Bermuda?", "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "conditions so harsh as to drop their birth rate below the death rate"}], "question": "Why were so many blacks repeatedly being imported from Africa?", "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Bermuda's black population was self-sustaining, with its growth resulting largely from natural expansion"}], "question": "Why can Bermudian blacks trace their ancestry back over centuries in Bermuda?", "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1502, "text": "the source of the African ancestry"}], "question": "What is one way that the ancestry of Bermudian black population differs from that of British West Indian black population?", "id": "57293e3baf94a219006aa1e0"}]}], ["Perang telah membuang rakan perdagangan utama Bermuda, koloni Amerika, dari empayar, dan mengatasi pukulan yang keras terhadap perdagangan perkapalan saudagar Bermuda. Ini juga disebabkan oleh penebangan hutan di Bermuda, serta kemunculan kapal logam dan penggerak stim, yang mana ia tidak mempunyai bahan mentah. Sepanjang Perang 1812, pasaran utama garam Bermuda hilang apabila rakyat Amerika membangun sumber mereka sendiri. Kawalan orang Turki telah lulus ke Bahamas pada tahun 1819. <> Siapa yang menjadi rakan perdagangan utama Bermuda sebelum perang? || Koloni Amerika <> Apa faktor yang menyakiti perkapalan saudagar Bermuda? || penebangan hutan <> Kenapa tidak Bermuda menghasilkan kapal logam? || ia tidak mempunyai bahan mentah <> Mengapa keperluan untuk garam Bermuda berkurang? || Amerika membangun sumber mereka sendiri", {"context": "The war had removed Bermuda's primary trading partners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda's merchant shipping trade. This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials. During the course of the following War of 1812, the primary market for Bermuda's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in 1819.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "American colonies"}], "question": "Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?", "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "deforestation"}], "question": "What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?", "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "it did not have raw materials"}], "question": "Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?", "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Americans developed their own sources"}], "question": "Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?", "id": "57294ab76aef051400154c73"}]}], ["Pada 11 Jun 2009, empat orang Uyghur yang telah diadakan di kem tahanan Guant\u00e1namo Bay Amerika Syarikat, di Cuba, telah dipindahkan ke Bermuda. Empat lelaki itu adalah antara 22 orang Uyghur yang mendakwa sebagai pelarian, yang ditangkap pada tahun 2001 di Pakistan selepas melarikan diri pengeboman udara Afghanistan di Afghanistan. Mereka dituduh latihan untuk membantu tentera Taliban. Mereka dibersihkan sebagai selamat untuk dibebaskan dari Guant\u00e1namo pada tahun 2005 atau 2006, tetapi undang-undang domestik AS melarang mereka pulang ke China, negara kewarganegaraan mereka, kerana kerajaan AS memutuskan bahawa China mungkin melanggar hak asasi mereka. <> Di manakah Uyghurs dipindahkan dari? || Kem tahanan Guant\u00e1namo Bay Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang dikatakan Uyghurs? || pelarian, yang ditangkap pada 2001 di Pakistan <> Apa yang dituduh oleh Ugyhurs? || latihan untuk membantu tentera Taliban. <> Mengapa tidak Ugyhurs dihantar pulang ke China? || kerajaan Amerika Syarikat memutuskan bahawa China mungkin melanggar hak asasi mereka.", {"context": "On 11 June 2009, four Uyghurs who had been held in the United States Guant\u00e1namo Bay detention camp, in Cuba, were transferred to Bermuda. The four men were among 22 Uyghurs who claimed to be refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan after fleeing the American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan. They were accused of training to assist the Taliban's military. They were cleared as safe for release from Guant\u00e1namo in 2005 or 2006, but US domestic law prohibited deporting them back to China, their country of citizenship, because the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "United States Guant\u00e1namo Bay detention camp"}], "question": "Where were the Uyghurs transferred from?", "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "refugees, who were captured in 2001 in Pakistan"}], "question": "What were the Uyghurs claiming to be?", "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "training to assist the Taliban's military."}], "question": "What were the Ugyhurs accused of?", "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "the US government determined that China was likely to violate their human rights."}], "question": "Why weren't the Ugyhurs deported back to China?", "id": "57294fa6af94a219006aa288"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Bermuda mula berkuatkuasa pada 1 Jun 1967; ia dipinda pada tahun 1989 dan 2003. Ketua kerajaan adalah perdana menteri. Kabinet dicalonkan oleh perdana menteri dan dilantik secara rasmi oleh gabenor. Cawangan legislatif terdiri daripada parlimen bicameral yang dimodelkan pada sistem Westminster. Senat adalah rumah atas, yang terdiri daripada 11 ahli yang dilantik oleh gabenor atas nasihat utama dan pemimpin pembangkang. Dewan Perhimpunan, atau rumah bawah tanah, mempunyai 36 orang ahli, yang dipilih oleh penduduk mengundi yang layak dalam undi rahsia untuk mewakili kawasan pemilihan yang ditentukan secara geografi. <> Bilakah Perlembagaan Bermuda dikuatkuasakan? || 1 Jun 1967 <> Adakah perlembagaan Bermuda pernah dipinda? || ia dipinda pada tahun 1989 dan 2003 <> Apakah ketua kerajaan Bermuda disebut sebagai? || perdana menteri <> Apakah cabang perundangan Bermuda dimodelkan selepas? || Sistem Westminster. <> Apakah populasi boleh mengundi? || Dewan Perhimpunan, atau rumah bawah tanah", {"context": "The Constitution of Bermuda came into force on 1 June 1967; it was amended in 1989 and 2003. The head of government is the premier. A cabinet is nominated by the premier and appointed officially by the governor. The legislative branch consists of a bicameral parliament modelled on the Westminster system. The Senate is the upper house, consisting of 11 members appointed by the governor on the advice of the premier and the leader of the opposition. The House of Assembly, or lower house, has 36 members, elected by the eligible voting populace in secret ballot to represent geographically defined constituencies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "1 June 1967"}], "question": "When was the Constitution of Bermuda enforced?", "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "it was amended in 1989 and 2003"}], "question": "Has Bermuda's constitution ever been amended?", "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "the premier"}], "question": "What is the head of Bermuda's government referred to as?", "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Westminster system."}], "question": "What is the legislative branch of Bermuda modeled after?", "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "The House of Assembly, or lower house"}], "question": "What does the population get to vote for?", "id": "57294e7a6aef051400154c96"}]}], ["Selepas beberapa percubaan yang gagal, pada tahun 1930 pesawat pertama tiba di Bermuda. Sebuah kapal selam Stinson Detroiter yang terbang dari New York, ia terpaksa mendarat dua kali di lautan: sekali kerana kegelapan dan sekali lagi untuk mengisi minyak. Perangkaan navigasi dan ramalan cuaca bertambah baik pada tahun 1933 apabila Tentera Udara Diraja (yang kemudian bertanggungjawab untuk menyediakan peralatan dan personel untuk Angkatan Udara Diraja Angkatan Laut Diraja) telah menubuhkan sebuah stesen di Royal Naval Dockyard untuk memperbaiki (dan membekalkan penggantian) pesawat apungan untuk armada. Pada tahun 1936 Luft Hansa mula bereksperimen dengan penerbangan pesawat dari Berlin melalui Azores dengan kesinambungan ke New York City. <> Bilakah pesawat pertama tiba di Bermuda? || 1930 <> Mengapa pesawat perlu mendarat dua kali sebelum sampai ke Bermuda? || sekali kerana kegelapan dan sekali lagi untuk mengisi minyak <> Apa gunanya terima kasih kepada Tentera Udara Diraja pada tahun 1933? || Navigasi dan peramalan cuaca <> Siapa yang mula bereksperimen dengan penerbangan dari Berlin ke New York, berhenti di azores? || Luft Hansa", {"context": "After several failed attempts, in 1930 the first aeroplane reached Bermuda. A Stinson Detroiter seaplane flying from New York, it had to land twice in the ocean: once because of darkness and again to refuel. Navigation and weather forecasting improved in 1933 when the Royal Air Force (then responsible for providing equipment and personnel for the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm) established a station at the Royal Naval Dockyard to repair (and supply replacement) float planes for the fleet. In 1936 Luft Hansa began to experiment with seaplane flights from Berlin via the Azores with continuation to New York City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1930"}], "question": "When did the first aeroplane reach Bermuda?", "id": "57294c541d04691400779263"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "once because of darkness and again to refuel"}], "question": "Why did the plane have to land twice before reaching Bermuda?", "id": "57294c541d04691400779264"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Navigation and weather forecasting"}], "question": "What improved thanks to the Royal Air Force in 1933?", "id": "57294c541d04691400779265"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Luft Hansa"}], "question": "Who began experimenting with flights from Berlin to New York, stopping in the azores?", "id": "57294c541d04691400779266"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa diplomat yang bertauliah di Bermuda. Amerika Syarikat mengekalkan misi diplomatik terbesar di Bermuda, yang terdiri daripada Konsulat Amerika Syarikat dan Perkhidmatan Perlindungan Batas dan Kastam AS di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa L.F. Wade. Konsul Jeneral AS sekarang ialah Robert Settje, yang memegang jawatan pada bulan Ogos 2012. Amerika Syarikat adalah rakan perdagangan terbesar Bermuda (menyediakan lebih dari 71% daripada jumlah import, 85% pelawat pelancong, dan anggaran $ 163 bilion modal AS di Bermuda insurans / industri insurans semula), dan anggaran 5% penduduk Bermuda adalah warganegara AS, mewakili 14% daripada semua orang kelahiran asing. Kehadiran diplomatik Amerika merupakan unsur penting dalam landskap politik Bermuda. <> Siapa yang mempunyai diplomat terakreditasi terbesar di Bermuda? || Amerika Syarikat <> Siapa Konsul Jeneral AS sekarang? || Robert Settje <> Mengapa AS sangat penting untuk Bermuda? || Amerika Syarikat adalah rakan dagang terbesar Bermuda <> Berapa peratus penduduk Bermuda adalah warganegara Amerika Syarikat? || 5%", {"context": "There are few accredited diplomats in Bermuda. The United States maintains the largest diplomatic mission in Bermuda, comprising both the United States Consulate and the US Customs and Border Protection Services at the L.F. Wade International Airport. The current US Consul General is Robert Settje, who took office in August 2012. The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner (providing over 71% of total imports, 85% of tourist visitors, and an estimated $163 billion of US capital in the Bermuda insurance/re-insurance industry), and an estimated 5% of Bermuda residents are US citizens, representing 14% of all foreign-born persons. The American diplomatic presence is an important element in the Bermuda political landscape.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "The United States"}], "question": "Who has the largest accredited diplomats in Bermuda?", "id": "57294f071d0469140077927b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Robert Settje"}], "question": "Who is the current US Consul General?", "id": "57294f071d0469140077927c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "The United States is Bermuda's largest trading partner"}], "question": "Why is the US so important to Bermuda?", "id": "57294f071d0469140077927d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What percentage of Bermuda's residents are US citizens?", "id": "57294f071d0469140077927e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1937, Imperial Airways dan Pan American World Airways mula beroperasi perkhidmatan penerbangan bot penerbangan berjadual dari New York dan Baltimore ke Pulau Darrell, Bermuda. Pada tahun 1948, perkhidmatan penerbangan komersil yang kerap dijadualkan oleh pesawat terbang darat bermula dari Kindley Field (sekarang L.F. Wade International Airport), membantu pelancongan menjangkau puncaknya pada tahun 1960-an-1970an. Menjelang akhir tahun 1970-an, perniagaan antarabangsa telah menggantikan pelancongan sebagai sektor dominan ekonomi Bermuda (lihat Ekonomi Bermuda). <> Apakah Imperial Airways dan Pan American memulakan penjadualan pada tahun 1937? || perkhidmatan penerbangan bot dari New York dan Baltimore ke Pulau Darrell, Bermuda <> Apa yang membantu pelancongan berkembang ke tahap yang lebih tinggi pada tahun 1960-1970? || perkhidmatan penerbangan komersial yang kerap dijadual oleh pesawat terbang darat <> Apa yang menjadi sumber utama ekonomi Bermuda pada tahun 1970-an? || perniagaan Antarabangsa", {"context": "In 1937, Imperial Airways and Pan American World Airways began operating scheduled flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda. In 1948, regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes began to Kindley Field (now L.F. Wade International Airport), helping tourism to reach its peak in the 1960s\u20131970s. By the end of the 1970s, international business had supplanted tourism as the dominant sector of Bermuda's economy (see Economy of Bermuda).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "flying-boat airline services from New York and Baltimore to Darrell's Island, Bermuda"}], "question": "What did Imperial Airways and Pan American begin scheduling in 1937?", "id": "57294d293f37b31900478219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "regularly scheduled commercial airline service by land-based aeroplanes"}], "question": "What helped tourism grow to new heights in the 1960-1970's?", "id": "57294d293f37b3190047821a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "international business"}], "question": "What became the main source of Bermuda's economy in the 1970's?", "id": "57294d293f37b3190047821b"}]}], ["Pelarian yang paling terkenal adalah tawanan Boer Kapten Fritz Joubert Duquesne yang menjalani hukuman mati untuk \"konspirasi terhadap kerajaan British dan (pengintipan) pengintipan.\". Pada malam 25 Jun 1902, Duquesne menyelinap keluar dari khemahnya, bekerja di atas pagar kawat berduri, berenang sejauh 1.5 batu (2.4 km) lalu perahu berlayar dan lampu tempat terang, melalui perairan badai yang dilancarkan badai, menggunakan air jerung, menggunakan sebuah rumah api jauh untuk navigasi sehingga dia tiba di darat di pulau utama. Dari sana dia melarikan diri ke pelabuhan St. George dan seminggu kemudian, dia berlindung di sebuah bot yang menuju ke Baltimore, Maryland. Dia menetap di Amerika Syarikat dan kemudian menjadi mata-mata untuk Jerman dalam Perang Dunia Kedua. Pada tahun 1942, Col Duquesne telah ditangkap oleh FBI untuk mengetuai Duquesne Spy Ring, yang kini masih menjadi kes pengintipan terbesar dalam sejarah Amerika Syarikat. <> Mengapa Kapten Fritz Joubert Duquesne terkenal? || escapee paling terkenal Selepas Duquesne pergi ke St. George, apa yang dia lakukan? || berlari menaiki kapal menuju Baltimore, Maryland <Selepas menyelesaikan di AS, apa yang dilakukan Duquesne? || menjadi mata-mata untuk Jerman dalam kedua-dua Perang Dunia", {"context": "The most famous escapee was the Boer prisoner of war Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne who was serving a life sentence for \"conspiracy against the British government and on (the charge of) espionage.\". On the night of 25 June 1902, Duquesne slipped out of his tent, worked his way over a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights, through storm-wracked, shark infested waters, using a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived ashore on the main island. From there he escaped to the port of St. George's and a week later, he stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland. He settled in the US and later became a spy for Germany in both World Wars. In 1942, Col. Duquesne was arrested by the FBI for leading the Duquesne Spy Ring, which still to this day the largest espionage case in the history of the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "most famous escapee"}], "question": "Why is Captain Fritz Joubert Duquesne famous?", "id": "57294b846aef051400154c78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "stowed away on a boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland"}], "question": "After Duquesne made his way to St. George, what did he do?", "id": "57294b846aef051400154c79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "became a spy for Germany in both World Wars"}], "question": "After settling in the US, what did Duquesne do?", "id": "57294b846aef051400154c7a"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, akhir perang adalah untuk menyebabkan perubahan mendalam di Bermuda, walaupun beberapa perubahan itu akan mengambil masa beberapa dekad untuk mengkristalisasi. Berikutan perang, dengan penubuhan pasukan Angkatan Laut dan tentera di Bermuda, kaki utama ekonomi Bermudian menjadi infrastruktur pertahanan. Walaupun selepas pelancongan bermula pada abad ke-19, Bermuda kekal, di mata London, pangkalan lebih daripada koloni. Mahkota memperkuat hubungan politik dan ekonominya ke Bermuda, dan kemerdekaan koloni di peringkat dunia berkurang. <> Apakah peristiwa yang menyebabkan perubahan besar di Bermuda? || Akhir perang <> Mengapa infrastruktur pertahanan menjadi sumber utama ekonomi Bermuda? || pembentukan angkatan tentera laut dan tentera di Bermuda, <> Bagaimana pandangan mahkota British di Bermuda? || dasar lebih daripada tanah jajahan <> Apa yang terjadi pada kemerdekaan Bermuda kerana kepentingan British terhadap mereka atas alasan ketenteraan? || Kemerdekaan koloni di peringkat dunia telah berkurang", {"context": "The end of the war, however, was to cause profound change in Bermuda, though some of those changes would take decades to crystallise. Following the war, with the buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda, the primary leg of the Bermudian economy became defence infrastructure. Even after tourism began later in the 19th century, Bermuda remained, in the eyes of London, a base more than a colony. The Crown strengthened its political and economic ties to Bermuda, and the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "end of the war"}], "question": "What event caused major changes in Bermuda?", "id": "57294a001d0469140077925b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "buildup of Naval and military forces in Bermuda,"}], "question": "Why did defence infrastructure become the major source of Bermuda's economy?", "id": "57294a001d0469140077925c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "a base more than a colony"}], "question": "How does the British crown view Bermuda?", "id": "57294a001d0469140077925d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "the colony's independence on the world stage was diminished"}], "question": "What happened to Bermuda's independance due to British importance on them for military reasons?", "id": "57294a001d0469140077925e"}]}], ["Kuasa eksekutif di Bermuda terletak pada raja dan dilaksanakan atas namanya oleh Gubernur. Gabenor dilantik oleh Ratu atas nasihat Kerajaan British. Gabenor semasa ialah George Fergusson; dia bersumpah pada 23 Mei 2012. Ada juga seorang Timbalan Gabenor (kini David Arkley JP). Pertahanan dan hal ehwal asing dijalankan oleh United Kingdom, yang juga mempertahankan tanggungjawab untuk memastikan kerajaan yang baik. Ia mesti meluluskan sebarang perubahan kepada Perlembagaan Bermuda. Bermuda dikelaskan sebagai Wilayah Luar Negara British, tetapi ia adalah tanah jajahan British yang tertua. Pada tahun 1620, Pentadbiran Diraja diberikan Bermuda terhad; Parlimennya adalah yang tertua kelima di dunia, di belakang Parlimen United Kingdom, Tynwald Isle of Man, Althing of Iceland, dan Sejm of Poland. Daripada jumlah ini, hanya Bermuda dan Isle of Man's Tynwald telah wujud sejak tahun 1620. <> Gabenor Bermuda mendapat kuasa daripadanya? || raja <> Siapa yang melantik Gabenor Bermuda? || Ratu atas nasihat Kerajaan British. <> Siapa kini gabenor Bermuda? || George Fergusson <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pertahanan dan urusan luar negeri? || United Kingdom <> Apakah Bermuda secara rasmi diklasifikasikan sebagai? || British Overseas Territory", {"context": "Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "the monarch"}], "question": "The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?", "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "the Queen on the advice of the British Government."}], "question": "Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?", "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "George Fergusson"}], "question": "Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?", "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?", "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "British Overseas Territory"}], "question": "What is Bermuda officially classified as?", "id": "57294dda1d0469140077926f"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-17, Syarikat Somers Isles menindas pembuatan kapal, kerana ia memerlukan orang Bermuda untuk menanam untuk menjana pendapatan dari tanah itu. Namun demikian, pengeluaran pertanian tidak dapat dicapai. Kotak cedar Bermuda yang digunakan untuk menghantar tembakau ke England dilaporkan lebih bernilai daripada kandungannya. [Koliti diperlukan] Koloni Virginia jauh melepasi Bermuda dalam kedua-dua kualiti dan kuantiti tembakau yang dihasilkan. Bermudian mula beralih kepada perdagangan maritim yang agak awal pada abad ke-17, tetapi Syarikat Somers Isles menggunakan semua kuasanya untuk menindas berpaling dari pertanian. Gangguan ini menyebabkan penduduk pulau menuntut dan menerima pembatalan Piagam Syarikat pada tahun 1684, dan Syarikat dibubarkan. <> Mengapa Syarikat Somers Isles memutuskan untuk mengejutkan pembinaan kapal? || orang Bermuda yang memerlukan ladang untuk menjana pendapatan dari tanah <> Kenapa tidak pertanian berjaya? || koloni Virginia jauh melepasi Bermuda dalam kualiti dan kuantiti tembakau yang diproduksi <> Apa yang Bermudians lakukan ketika pertanian gagal? || beralih kepada dagangan maritim <> Mengapa piagam Syarikat Somers Isles dibatalkan? || penduduk pulau menuntut", {"context": "In the 17th century, the Somers Isles Company suppressed shipbuilding, as it needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land. Agricultural production met with limited success, however. The Bermuda cedar boxes used to ship tobacco to England were reportedly worth more than their contents.[citation needed] The colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced. Bermudians began to turn to maritime trades relatively early in the 17th century, but the Somers Isles Company used all its authority to suppress turning away from agriculture. This interference led to the islanders demanding, and receiving, the revocation of the Company's charter in 1684, and the Company was dissolved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "needed Bermudians to farm to generate income from the land"}], "question": "Why did the Somers Isles Company decide to surpress shipbuilding?", "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "colony of Virginia far surpassed Bermuda in both quality and quantity of tobacco produced"}], "question": "Why wasn't agriculture successful?", "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "turn to maritime trades"}], "question": "What did Bermudians do when agriculture failed?", "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "islanders demanding"}], "question": "Why was the Somers Isles Company's charter revoked?", "id": "572948b7af94a219006aa25e"}]}], ["Homoseksualiti telah dirosakkan di Bermuda dengan laluan Rang Undang-Undang Stubbs pada Mei 1994. Perundangan diperkenalkan oleh Rang Undang-undang Ahli Persendirian oleh PLP MP Wayne Furbert untuk meminda Akta Hak Asasi Manusia Bermuda untuk tidak membenarkan Perkahwinan Seks Sama di bawah Akta pada Februari 2016. OBA Kerajaan pada masa yang sama memperkenalkan rang undang-undang untuk membenarkan Kesatuan Sivil. Kedua-dua langkah itu adalah tindak balas kepada keputusan oleh Hakimnya, Hakim Ian Kawaley, Ketua Hakim Negara Bermuda yang memutuskan bahawa pasangan seks yang sama dari warga Bermuda tidak dapat dinafikan hak asasi manusia. <> Bilakah homoseksualiti disahkan di Bermuda? || Mei 1994. <> Apa yang berlaku pada Februari 2016? || Kerajaan OBA pada masa yang sama memperkenalkan satu rang undang-undang untuk membenarkan Kesatuan Sivil <> Apakah keputusan Ketua Hakim Negara? || Pasangan seks yang sama di kalangan warga Bermuda tidak dapat dinafikan dasar Hak Asasi Manusia.", {"context": "Homosexuality was decriminalised in Bermuda with the passage of the Stubbs Bill in May 1994. Legislation was introduced by Private Members Bill by PLP MP Wayne Furbert to amend the Human Rights Act of Bermuda to disallow Same Sex Marriage under the Act in February 2016. The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions. Both measures were in response to a decision by His Hon Mr. Justice Ian Kawaley, Chief Justice of Bermuda's earlier ruling that same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "May 1994."}], "question": "When was homosexuality legalized in Bermuda?", "id": "572950423f37b3190047822d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "The OBA government simultaneously introduced a bill to permit Civil Unions"}], "question": "What occurred in February of 2016?", "id": "572950423f37b3190047822e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "same sex spouses of Bermuda citizens could not be denied basic Human Rights."}], "question": "What did the Chief Justice decide?", "id": "572950423f37b3190047822f"}]}], ["NAS Bermuda yang asal di sebelah barat pulau itu, pangkalan laut sehingga pertengahan tahun 1960-an, telah ditetapkan sebagai Angkatan Udara Angkatan Laut Bermuda Annex. Ia menyediakan kemudahan pelabuhan dan / atau pelabuhan pilihan untuk mengangkut kapal tentera AS, pengawal pantai AS dan kapal NATO, bergantung kepada saiz. Kompaun Tentera Laut AS tambahan yang dikenali sebagai Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), sebuah stesen SOSUS, terletak di sebelah barat Lampiran berdekatan dengan kemudahan komunikasi Angkatan Kanada. Walaupun dipajak selama 99 tahun, tentera AS menarik diri pada tahun 1995, sebagai sebahagian daripada penutupan dasar selepas berakhirnya Perang Dingin. <> Apa NAS terutamanya asas untuk? || kapal laut <> Apa yang ditawarkan oleh NAS Bermuda sekali dilantik sebagai Lampiran? || pelabuhan dan / atau kemudahan dok untuk mengangkut kapal tentera AS, pengawal pantai AS dan kapal NATO <> Apa yang terletak di sebelah barat Lampiran NAS? || tambahan US Tentera Laut yang dikenali sebagai Kemudahan Tentera Laut Bermuda <> Apa yang berlaku pada akhir Perang Dingin? || Pasukan AS menarik diri", {"context": "The original NAS Bermuda on the west side of the island, a seaplane base until the mid-1960s, was designated as the Naval Air Station Bermuda Annex. It provided optional anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels, depending on size. An additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda (NAVFAC Bermuda), a SOSUS station, was located to the west of the Annex near a Canadian Forces communications facility. Although leased for 99 years, US forces withdrew in 1995, as part of the wave of base closures following the end of the Cold War.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "seaplane"}], "question": "What was the NAS primarily a base for?", "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "anchorage and/or dockage facilities for transiting US Navy, US Coast Guard and NATO vessels"}], "question": "What did the NAS Bermuda offer once designated Annex?", "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "additional US Navy compound known as Naval Facility Bermuda"}], "question": "What is located west of the NAS Annex?", "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "US forces withdrew"}], "question": "What happened at the end of the Cold War?", "id": "5729559d3f37b3190047827e"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1940, AS meminta hak asas di Bermuda dari United Kingdom, tetapi Perdana Menteri Britain, Winston Churchill pada mulanya enggan menyetujui permintaan Amerika tanpa mendapat balasan. Pada September 1940, sebagai sebahagian daripada Perjanjian Penghancur Perjanjian, UK memberikan hak asas AS di Bermuda. Bermuda dan Newfoundland tidak pada asalnya termasuk dalam perjanjian, tetapi kedua-duanya telah ditambahkan kepadanya, tanpa bahan perang yang diterima oleh UK sebagai pertukaran. Salah satu syarat perjanjian itu ialah lapangan udara Tentera AS yang dibina akan digunakan bersama oleh Amerika Syarikat dan Inggeris (yang selama perang, dengan Komando Pengangkutan RAF berpindah sana dari Pulau Darrell pada tahun 1943). <> Apa yang AS meminta Britain pada bulan Mei 1940? || hak dasar di Bermuda <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Penghancur untuk Perjanjian Dasar? || memberikan hak asas AS di Bermuda <> Apa satu perkara yang UK mahukan sebagai balasan untuk memberikan akses kepada Bermuda? || lapangan terbang Tentera AS yang dibina akan digunakan bersama oleh Amerika Syarikat dan Inggeris <> Siapa Perdana Menteri yang mencapai perjanjian ini dengan AS? || Winston churchill", {"context": "In May 1940, the US requested base rights in Bermuda from the United Kingdom, but British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was initially unwilling to accede to the American request without getting something in return. In September 1940, as part of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement, the UK granted the US base rights in Bermuda. Bermuda and Newfoundland were not originally included in the agreement, but both were added to it, with no war material received by the UK in exchange. One of the terms of the agreement was that the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK (which it was for the duration of the war, with RAF Transport Command relocating there from Darrell's Island in 1943).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "base rights in Bermuda"}], "question": "What did the US ask of Britain in May 1940?", "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "granted the US base rights in Bermuda"}], "question": "What did the Destroyers for Bases Agreement do?", "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "the airfield the US Army built would be used jointly by the US and the UK"}], "question": "What was one thing the UK wanted in return for granting access to Bermuda?", "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Winston Churchill"}], "question": "Who was the Prime Minister who reached this agreement with the US?", "id": "57295432af94a219006aa2b8"}]}], ["Bermuda berkhidmat di angkatan bersenjata British semasa Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II. Selepas itu, Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, askar tertinggi di Bermuda, berperanan dalam membangunkan Rejimen Bermuda. Sejumlah orang Bermudian dan keturunan mereka telah mendahului beliau ke jajaran kanan, termasuk Admiral Lord Gambier kelahiran Bahamian dan Marinir Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. Apabila dinaikkan pangkat ke Brigadier pada usia 39 tahun, berikutan kecederaannya di pendaratan Anzio, Harvey menjadi Brigadier Royal Marine yang termuda. Cenotaph di hadapan Bangunan Kabinet (di Hamilton) didirikan sebagai penghormatan kepada Perang Besar Bermuda yang mati (penghormatan itu kemudiannya diperluaskan kepada Perang Dunia Kedua Bermuda yang mati) dan merupakan tapak peringatan Hari Peringatan Tahunan. <> Bilakah Bermudians berkhidmat di Angkatan Tentera British? || Perang Dunia I dan Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang menjadi kunci untuk menubuhkan Rejimen Bermuda? || Major-Jeneral Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert <> Siapa Brigedier Marin Diraja yang paling muda? || Brigadier Harvey <> Apakah laman web untuk Hari Peringatan Bermuda? || Cenotaph di hadapan Bangunan Kabinet", {"context": "Bermudians served in the British armed forces during both World War I and World War II. After the latter, Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert, Bermuda's highest-ranking soldier, was instrumental in developing the Bermuda Regiment. A number of other Bermudians and their descendants had preceded him into senior ranks, including Bahamian-born Admiral Lord Gambier, and Bermudian-born Royal Marines Brigadier Harvey. When promoted to Brigadier at age 39, following his wounding at the Anzio landings, Harvey became the youngest-ever Royal Marine Brigadier. The Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building (in Hamilton) was erected in tribute to Bermuda's Great War dead (the tribute was later extended to Bermuda's Second World War dead) and is the site of the annual Remembrance Day commemoration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "World War I and World War II"}], "question": "When did Bermudians serve in the British Armed forces?", "id": "572956496aef051400154d12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "Major-General Glyn Charles Anglim Gilbert"}], "question": "Who was key to establishing Bermuda's Regiment?", "id": "572956496aef051400154d13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "Brigadier Harvey"}], "question": "Who was the youngest Royal Marine Brigadier?", "id": "572956496aef051400154d14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "Cenotaph in front of the Cabinet Building"}], "question": "What is the site for Bermuda's Remembrance Day?", "id": "572956496aef051400154d15"}]}], ["Pembinaan bermula pada tahun 1941 dari dua pangkalan udara yang terdiri daripada 5.8 km2 (2.2 meter persegi) tanah, sebahagian besarnya ditebus dari laut. Selama bertahun-tahun, pangkalan-pangkalan Bermuda digunakan oleh pesawat Angkatan Udara Amerika Syarikat dan pesawat pengisian bahan bakar dan oleh pesawat Tentera Laut AS yang meronda Atlantik untuk kapal selam musuh, Jerman pertama dan, kemudian, Soviet. Pemasangan utama, Pangkalan Angkatan Udara Kindley di pantai timur, telah dipindahkan ke Angkatan Laut Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1970 dan ditunjuk oleh Navy Air Station Bermuda. Sebagai sebuah stesen udara tentera laut, pangkalan itu terus menjadi tuan rumah pesawat USN dan USAF yang sementara dan digunakan, serta memindahkan atau menggunakan pesawat Tentera Udara Diraja dan Angkatan Kanada. <> Apa yang AS mula membina pada tahun 1941? || dua pangkalan udara <> Siapa yang terutamanya menggunakan pangkalan di Bermuda? || Pesawat angkat dan pesawat pengangkut Angkatan Udara Amerika Syarikat dan pesawat Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat <> Apa rondaan tentera laut? || kapal selam musuh, pertama Jerman dan, kemudian, Soviet <> Apa yang Bermuda Bermuda Station Bermuda? || Pangkalan Tentera Udara Kindley <> Apakah Stesen Angkatan Udara yang digunakan? || menjadi tuan rumah kedua-dua pesawat USN dan USAF yang sementara dan digunakan, serta memindahkan atau mengerahkan pesawat Tentera Udara Diraja dan Angkatan Kanada.", {"context": "Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet. The principal installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "two airbases"}], "question": "What did the US begin building in 1941?", "id": "572955023f37b31900478267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft"}], "question": "Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?", "id": "572955023f37b31900478268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet"}], "question": "What was the navy patrolling for?", "id": "572955023f37b31900478269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Kindley Air Force Base"}], "question": "What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?", "id": "572955023f37b3190047826a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft."}], "question": "What is the Naval Air Station used for?", "id": "572955023f37b3190047826b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1970 negara itu menukar matawangnya dari pound Bermudian ke dolar Bermudian, yang dipatok setanding dengan dolar AS. Nota dan syiling AS digunakan secara bergantian dengan nota dan syiling Bermudian di pulau-pulau untuk tujuan yang paling praktikal; Walau bagaimanapun, bank mengenakan yuran kadar pertukaran untuk pembelian dolar AS dengan dolar Bermudian. Nota Bermudian membawa imej Queen Elizabeth II. Pihak Berkuasa Monetari Bermuda adalah pihak berkuasa yang mengeluarkan semua wang kertas dan duit syiling, dan mengawal institusi kewangan. Muzium Kapal Angkatan Laut Diraja Royal mengadakan pameran tetap pada nota dan syiling Bermuda. <> Apakah mata wang baru di Bermuda pada tahun 1970? || Dolar Bermudian <> Dolar Bermudian adalah sama dengan mata wang lain dan boleh digunakan secara bergantian? || Dolar AS <> Siapa yang digambarkan pada dolar Bermudian? || Ratu Elizabeth II. <> Di mana anda boleh melihat pameran tetap mata wang Bermuda? || Muzium Lengkungan Angkatan Laut Diraja <> Yang mengawal semua institusi kewangan serta mengeluarkan wang? || Pihak Berkuasa Monetari Bermuda", {"context": "In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Bermudian dollar"}], "question": "What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?", "id": "572957101d046914007792c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "US dollar"}], "question": "The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?", "id": "572957101d046914007792c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Queen Elizabeth II."}], "question": "Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?", "id": "572957101d046914007792c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Royal Naval Dockyard Museum"}], "question": "Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?", "id": "572957101d046914007792c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Bermuda Monetary Authority"}], "question": "Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?", "id": "572957101d046914007792c8"}]}], ["Ini adalah blok sosioekonomi negara di atau berhampiran Laut Caribbean. Negara anggota lain termasuk Republik Koperasi Guyana dan Republik Suriname di Amerika Selatan, bersama dengan Belize di Amerika Tengah. Kepulauan Turks dan Caicos, seorang ahli bersekutu CARICOM, dan Komanwel Bahama, anggota penuh CARICOM, berada di Atlantik, tetapi berhampiran dengan Caribbean. Negara atau wilayah lain yang lain, seperti Amerika Syarikat, bukan ahli (walaupun AS Komanwel Puerto Rico mempunyai status pemerhati, dan Kepulauan Virgin Amerika Syarikat yang diumumkan pada tahun 2007 mereka akan mencari hubungan dengan CARICOM). Bermuda, kira-kira seribu batu dari Laut Caribbean, mempunyai sedikit urus niaga, dan sedikit ekonomi yang sama dengan rantau ini, dan bergabung terutamanya untuk mengukuhkan hubungan budaya. <> Apa yang diumumkan oleh Kepulauan Virgin pada tahun 2007? || mereka akan mencari hubungan dengan CARICOM <> Mengapa Bermuda menyertai CARICOM? || terutamanya untuk mengukuhkan hubungan budaya. <> Siapa yang mempunyai \"status pemerhati\" ke CARICOM? || AS Komanwel Puerto Rico", {"context": "This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "they would seek ties with CARICOM"}], "question": "What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?", "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "primarily to strengthen cultural links."}], "question": "Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?", "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"}], "question": "Who has \"observer status\" to CARICOM?", "id": "572950c96aef051400154cbc"}]}], ["Bermuda telah dijajah oleh bahasa Inggeris sebagai lanjutan dari Virginia dan telah lama mempunyai hubungan erat dengan US Atlantic Seaboard dan Canadian Maritimes serta UK. Ia mempunyai sejarah perhambaan Afrika, walaupun Britain menghapuskannya beberapa dekad sebelum AS. Sejak abad ke-20, terdapat imigrasi yang besar ke Bermuda dari Hindia Barat, serta imigrasi terus dari pulau-pulau Atlantik Portugis. Tidak seperti pendatang dari jajahan British di Hindia Barat, pendatang yang kedua telah mengalami kesukaran untuk menjadi penduduk tetap kerana mereka tidak mempunyai kewarganegaraan British, kebanyakannya tidak berbahasa Inggeris, dan memerlukan pembaharuan permit kerja untuk tetap melampaui tempoh awal. Dari tahun 1950-an dan seterusnya, Bermuda melonggarkan undang-undang imigresennya, membolehkan peningkatan imigresen dari Britain dan Kanada. Beberapa ahli politik Hitam menuduh kerajaan menggunakan peranti ini untuk menentang imigresen India Barat dekad yang lalu. <> Mengapa Bahasa Inggeris asalnya menjajah Bermuda? || perpanjangan Virginia <> Apa dua bidang telah menyediakan aliran imigresen terus ke Bermuda sejak abad ke-20? || Hindia Barat, serta imigresen berterusan dari pulau-pulau Atlantik Portugis <> Mengapa pendatang baru-baru ini mempunyai masalah menjadi penduduk tetap? || Mereka tidak mempunyai kewarganegaraan British <> Bilakah Bermuda meredakan undang-undang imigresennya? || 1950-an <> Kenapa ahli politik Hitam kecewa dengan perubahan undang-undang imigresen? || menuduh kerajaan menggunakan peranti ini untuk menentang imigresen India Barat dekad yang lalu.", {"context": "Bermuda was colonised by the English as an extension of Virginia and has long had close ties with the US Atlantic Seaboard and Canadian Maritimes as well as the UK. It had a history of African slavery, although Britain abolished it decades before the US. Since the 20th century, there has been considerable immigration to Bermuda from the West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands. Unlike immigrants from British colonies in the West Indies, the latter immigrants have had greater difficulty in becoming permanent residents as they lacked British citizenship, mostly spoke no English, and required renewal of work permits to remain beyond an initial period. From the 1950s onwards, Bermuda relaxed its immigration laws, allowing increased immigration from Britain and Canada. Some Black politicians accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "an extension of Virginia"}], "question": "Why did the English originally colonize Bermuda?", "id": "572951d81d0469140077928d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "West Indies, as well as continued immigration from Portuguese Atlantic islands"}], "question": "What two areas have provided a constant stream of immigration to Bermuda since the 20th century?", "id": "572951d81d0469140077928e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "they lacked British citizenship"}], "question": "Why have these recent immigrants had trouble becoming permanent residents?", "id": "572951d81d0469140077928f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When did Bermuda ease up on its immigration laws?", "id": "572951d81d04691400779290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "accused the government of using this device to counter the West Indian immigration of previous decades."}], "question": "Why were Black politicians upset about the change in immigration laws?", "id": "572951d81d04691400779291"}]}], ["PLP, parti dalam kerajaan ketika keputusan untuk bergabung dengan CARICOM dibuat, telah didominasi selama beberapa dekad oleh orang India Barat dan keturunan mereka. (Peranan penting kaum India Barat di kalangan ahli politik hitam dan aktivis buruh Bermuda merumuskan politik parti di Bermuda, seperti yang dicontohkan oleh Dr. E. F. Gordon). Pemimpin PLP yang terakhir, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, dan suaminya yang lahir dari Trinidad, John Evans (yang bersama-sama mengasaskan Persatuan India Barat Bermuda pada tahun 1976), adalah ahli terkemuka dari kumpulan ini. Mereka telah menekankan hubungan budaya Bermuda dengan Hindia Barat. Ramai orang bermuda, hitam dan putih, yang kekurangan hubungan keluarga ke Hindia Barat telah membantah penekanan ini. <> Apakah kumpulan budaya telah menguasai PLP? || India Barat dan keturunan mereka. <> Siapa dua ahli utama PLP? || Dame Lois Browne-Evans, dan suaminya yang lahir dari Trinidad, John Evans <> Apa Dame Lois Browne-Evans dan suaminya memberi penekanan? || Hubungan budaya Bermuda dengan Hindia Barat <> Mengapa sesetengah orang Bermuda terhadap penekanan hubungan kebudayaan Hindia Barat? || Ramai orang Bermuda, sama ada hitam dan putih, yang kekurangan hubungan keluarga ke Hindia Barat", {"context": "The PLP, the party in government when the decision to join CARICOM was made, has been dominated for decades by West Indians and their descendants. (The prominent roles of West Indians among Bermuda's black politicians and labour activists predated party politics in Bermuda, as exemplified by Dr. E. F. Gordon). The late PLP leader, Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans (who co-founded the West Indian Association of Bermuda in 1976), were prominent members of this group. They have emphasised Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies. Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies have objected to this emphasis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "West Indians and their descendants."}], "question": "What cultural group has dominated the PLP?", "id": "572952851d04691400779297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Dame Lois Browne-Evans, and her Trinidadian-born husband, John Evans"}], "question": "Who are two prominent members of the PLP?", "id": "572952851d04691400779298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "Bermuda's cultural connections with the West Indies"}], "question": "What are Dame Lois Browne-Evans and her husband putting an emphasis on?", "id": "572952851d04691400779299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Many Bermudians, both black and white, who lack family connections to the West Indies"}], "question": "Why are some Bermudians against the emphasis of West Indies cultural connections?", "id": "572952851d0469140077929a"}]}], ["Setelah dikenali sebagai \"Gibraltar of the West\" dan \"Fortress Bermuda\", Bermuda hari ini dipertahankan oleh pasukan pemerintah British. Untuk penyelesaian dua abad yang pertama, angkatan bersenjata yang paling kuat yang beroperasi dari Bermuda adalah armada perkapalannya, yang beralih ke permukiman pada setiap kesempatan. Kerajaan Bermuda mengekalkan sebuah milisi tempatan. Selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika, Bermuda ditubuhkan sebagai ibu pejabat Atlantik Barat di Tentera Laut Diraja. Setelah Angkatan Laut Diraja menubuhkan pangkalan dan tempat berlindung yang dipertahankan oleh tentara biasa, bagaimanapun, milisi dibubarkan berikutan Perang 1812. Pada akhir abad ke-19, koloni itu menaikkan unit sukarelawan untuk membentuk rizab untuk garnisun ketenteraan. <> Oleh kerana pasukan pertahanan kerajaan British, apakah dua nama samaran untuk bermuda? || Gibraltar of the West \"dan\" Fortress Bermuda \"<> Apa yang dilakukan oleh armada perkapalan Bermuda lakukan bilamana ia berpeluang? || beralih kepada privateering <> Apa yang Bermuda ditubuhkan sebagai selepas Perang Revolusi Amerika? || Tentera Laut Diraja. <> Bilakah pasukan militia di Bermuda dibubarkan?>} selepas Perang 1812 <> Bagaimana koloni itu membentuk garrison tentera pada abad ke-19? || menaikkan unit sukarelawan untuk membentuk rizab", {"context": "Once known as \"the Gibraltar of the West\" and \"Fortress Bermuda\", Bermuda today is defended by forces of the British government. For the first two centuries of settlement, the most potent armed force operating from Bermuda was its merchant shipping fleet, which turned to privateering at every opportunity. The Bermuda government maintained a local militia. After the American Revolutionary War, Bermuda was established as the Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy. Once the Royal Navy established a base and dockyard defended by regular soldiers, however, the militias were disbanded following the War of 1812. At the end of the 19th century, the colony raised volunteer units to form a reserve for the military garrison.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "the Gibraltar of the West\" and \"Fortress Bermuda\""}], "question": "Due to the British goverment's defense forces, what are two nicknames for bermuda?", "id": "572953656aef051400154cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "turned to privateering"}], "question": "What did Bermuda's merchant shipping fleet do whenever it had the chance?", "id": "572953656aef051400154cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Western Atlantic headquarters of the Royal Navy."}], "question": "What was Bermuda established as after the American Revolutionary War?", "id": "572953656aef051400154cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "following the War of 1812"}], "question": "When were the militias in Bermuda disbanded?", "id": "572953656aef051400154cf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "raised volunteer units to form a reserve"}], "question": "How did the colony form a military garrison in the 19th century?", "id": "572953656aef051400154cf6"}]}], ["Para profesional tidak lama lagi mengusir gadis sekolah Amatur bekas. Peranan Bermuda sebagai pangkalan Tentera Laut utama di Hemisfera Barat, dengan pasukan pengawal tentera untuk dipadankan, memastikan para pegawai tentera laut dan tentera dengan cepat memperkenalkan sukan baru yang formal ke Bermuda, termasuk kriket, bola sepak, bola sepak Ragbi, dan juga tenis dan mendayung ( mendayung tidak menyesuaikan dengan baik dari sungai-sungai British ke Atlantik yang ribut. Pegawai-pegawai tidak lama lagi beralih ke perlumbaan belayar, menubuhkan Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Sebaik sahaja sukan ini sampai di Bermuda, mereka telah diterima pakai oleh orang Bermuda. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada anak sekolah Awam dalam sukan ini? || profesional tidak lama lagi mengalihkan pelajar sekolah amatur amatur <> Bagaimana sukan diperkenalkan di Bermuda? || Peranan Bermuda sebagai pangkalan tentera laut utama di Belahan Barat, <> Sukan mana yang tidak dipindahkan dengan baik ke Bermuda? || mendayung <> Sukan mana yang pantas diterima? || lumba layar", {"context": "The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys. Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to match, ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic. The officers soon switched to sail racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys"}], "question": "What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?", "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa2ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,"}], "question": "How were sports introduced in Bermuda?", "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "rowing"}], "question": "Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?", "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "sail racing"}], "question": "Which sport was quickly adopted?", "id": "572959aaaf94a219006aa302"}]}], ["Terdapat empat ratus sekuriti yang tersenarai di bursa saham, di mana hampir tiga ratus adalah dana luar pesisir dan struktur pelaburan alternatif yang tertarik oleh persekitaran kawal selia Bermuda. Pertukaran mengkhusus dalam penyenaraian dan perdagangan instrumen pasaran modal seperti ekuiti, isu hutang, dana (termasuk struktur dana lindung nilai) dan program penerimaan depositori. BSX adalah ahli penuh dari Persekutuan Pertukaran Dunia dan terletak di negara anggota OECD. Ia juga telah meluluskan status Pertukaran Saham di bawah peraturan cukai Kumpulan Wang Pelaburan Asing (FIF) Australia dan status Pertukaran Pelaburan yang Ditetapkan oleh Pihak Berkuasa Perkhidmatan Kewangan UK. <> Apakah pertukaran pakar dalam? || penyenaraian dan perdagangan instrumen pasaran modal seperti ekuiti, isu hutang, dana <> Apakah BSX ahli? || Persekutuan Dunia Pertukaran <> Di mana BSX terletak? || negara ahli OECD <> Negara asing manakah yang menawarkan Status Bursa Saham BSX yang Diluluskan? || Australia", {"context": "There are four hundred securities listed on the stock exchange, of which almost three hundred are offshore funds and alternative investment structures attracted by Bermuda's regulatory environment. The Exchange specialises in listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds (including hedge fund structures) and depository receipt programmes. The BSX is a full member of the World Federation of Exchanges and is located in an OECD member nation. It also has Approved Stock Exchange status under Australia's Foreign Investment Fund (FIF) taxation rules and Designated Investment Exchange status by the UK's Financial Services Authority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "listing and trading of capital market instruments such as equities, debt issues, funds"}], "question": "What does the Exchange specialize in?", "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "the World Federation of Exchanges"}], "question": "What is the BSX a member of?", "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "an OECD member nation"}], "question": "Where is the BSX located?", "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Which foreign country offers the BSX Approved Stock Exchange Status?", "id": "5729587baf94a219006aa2fa"}]}], ["Bermuda telah membangunkan komuniti Kesatuan Ragbi bangga. Pasukan Union Rugby Bermuda memenangi kejohanan Caribbean 2011, mengalahkan Guyana di final. Mereka sebelum ini mengalahkan Bahama dan Mexico untuk mengambil mahkota itu. Ragbi 7 juga dimainkan, dengan empat pusingan dijangka berlangsung pada musim 2011-2012. Pasukan Bermuda 7 bertanding pada tahun 2011 Las Vegas 7, mengalahkan pasukan Mexico. Terdapat empat kelab di pulau itu: (1) Polis (2) Pelaut (3) Guru (4) Renegades. Terdapat juara liga persaingan lelaki dan wanita adalah Polis (Lelaki) (memenangi gelaran untuk kali pertama sejak 1990-an) dan Renegades (wanita). Permainan sedang dimainkan di Warwick Academy. Bermuda / 19 pasukan memenangi Kejohanan Caribbean 2010. <> Siapa yang memenangi kejohanan Caribbean 2011? || Pasukan Kesatuan Ragbi Bermuda <> Berapa banyak kelab di pulau itu? || Terdapat empat kelab di pulau itu <> Siapa juara liga yang memerintah? || Polis (Lelaki) <> Di manakah permainan Perempuan dimainkan? || Warwick Academy. <> Apakah kemenangan pasukan Bermuda / 19 anda? || Kejohanan Caribbean", {"context": "Bermuda has developed a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships, defeating Guyana in the final. They previously beat The Bahamas and Mexico to take the crown. Rugby 7's is also played, with four rounds scheduled to take place in the 2011\u20132012 season. The Bermuda 7's team competed in the 2011 Las Vegas 7's, defeating the Mexican team. There are four clubs on the island: (1) Police (2) Mariners (3) Teachers (4) Renegades. There is a men's and women's competition\u2013current league champions are Police (Men) (winning the title for the first time since the 1990s) and Renegades (women's). Games are currently played at Warwick Academy. Bermuda u/19 team won the 2010 Caribbean Championships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "The Bermuda Rugby Union team"}], "question": "Who won the 2011 Caribbean championships?", "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "There are four clubs on the island"}], "question": "How many clubs are on the island?", "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Police (Men)"}], "question": "Who are the reigning league champions?", "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "Warwick Academy."}], "question": "Where are the Women's games played?", "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "2010 Caribbean Championships"}], "question": "What did the Bermuda u/19 team win?", "id": "57295c05af94a219006aa31d"}]}], ["Ramai sukan yang popular hari ini telah diformalkan oleh sekolah-sekolah dan universiti awam British pada abad ke-19. Sekolah-sekolah ini menghasilkan kakitangan awam dan pejuang tentera dan tentera laut yang diperlukan untuk membina dan mengekalkan empayar British, dan sukan pasukan dianggap sebagai alat penting untuk melatih pelajar mereka untuk berfikir dan bertindak sebagai sebahagian daripada pasukan. Bekas budak sekolah awam terus meneruskan kegiatan ini, dan mengasaskan organisasi seperti Persatuan Bola Sepak (FA). Persatuan bola sepak hari ini dengan kelas kerja bermula pada tahun 1885 apabila FA mengubah peraturannya untuk membolehkan pemain profesional. <> Siapa yang mencipta dan mempopularkan banyak sukan yang kita cintai hari ini? || Sekolah-sekolah Awam British dan universiti di abad ke-19 <> Mengapa sukan penting di sekolah-sekolah ini? || sukan dianggap sebagai alat penting untuk melatih pelajar mereka untuk berfikir dan bertindak sebagai sebahagian daripada pasukan <> yang mengasaskan organisasi seperti FA? || Bekas budak sekolah awam <> Apa yang berubah pada tahun 1885 kerana perubahan peraturan FA? || persatuan bola sepak dengan kelas pekerja", {"context": "Many sports popular today were formalised by British Public schools and universities in the 19th century. These schools produced the civil servants and military and naval officers required to build and maintain the British empire, and team sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team. Former public schoolboys continued to pursue these activities, and founded organisations such as the Football Association (FA). Today's association of football with the working classes began in 1885 when the FA changed its rules to allow professional players.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "British Public schools and universities in the 19th century"}], "question": "Who created and popularized many of the sports that we love today?", "id": "572959183f37b31900478297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "sports were considered a vital tool for training their students to think and act as part of a team"}], "question": "Why were sports important in these schools?", "id": "572959183f37b31900478298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Former public schoolboys"}], "question": "Who founded organizations like the FA?", "id": "572959183f37b31900478299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "association of football with the working classes"}], "question": "What changed in 1885 due to the FA changing rules?", "id": "572959183f37b3190047829a"}]}], ["Pada Olimpik Musim Panas 2004, Bermuda bersaing dalam acara pelayaran, olahraga, berenang, menyelam, triatlon dan ekuestrian. Dalam Olimpik itu, Katura Horton-Perinchief dari Bermuda membuat sejarah dengan menjadi penyelam wanita hitam pertama untuk bersaing dalam Sukan Olimpik. Bermuda mempunyai seorang pingat Olimpik, Clarence Hill, yang memenangi pingat gangsa dalam tinju. Bermuda juga bertanding dalam Skeleton Lelaki di Olimpik Musim Sejuk 2006 di Turin, Itali. Patrick Singleton meletakkan tempat ke-19, dengan masa terakhir 1: 59.81. Jillian Teceira bertanding dalam Sukan Olimpik Beijing pada tahun 2008. Adalah tradisi untuk Bermuda untuk berarak dalam Majlis Pembukaan di seluar pendek Bermuda, tanpa mengira musim panas atau perayaan Olimpik musim sejuk. Bermuda juga bersaing dalam Sukan Olimpik dua tahun, yang menjadi tuan rumah pada tahun 2013. <> Apa acara yang Bermuda bersaing di Olimpik Musim Panas 2004? || pelayaran, olahraga, berenang, menyelam, triathlon dan acara ekuestrian <> Apa yang dilakukan Katura Horton-Perinchief? || menjadikan sejarah dengan menjadi penyelam wanita hitam pertama untuk bersaing dalam Sukan Olimpik. <> Apakah satu-satunya pingat Bermuda pernah menang? || pingat gangsa dalam tinju. <> Apakah tradisi Olimpik untuk Bermuda, tanpa mengira musim? || berarak dalam Majlis Pembukaan di seluar pendek Bermuda", {"context": "At the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games. Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill, who won a bronze medal in boxing. Bermuda also competed in Men's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Patrick Singleton placed 19th, with a final time of 1:59.81. Jillian Teceira competed in the Beijing Olympics in 2008. It is tradition for Bermuda to march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts, regardless of the summer or winter Olympic celebration. Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events"}], "question": "What events did Bermuda compete in at the 2004 Summer Olympics?", "id": "57295b726aef051400154d56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "made history by becoming the first black female diver to compete in the Olympic Games."}], "question": "What did Katura Horton-Perinchief do?", "id": "57295b726aef051400154d57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "bronze medal in boxing."}], "question": "What is the only medal Bermuda has ever won?", "id": "57295b726aef051400154d58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "march in the Opening Ceremony in Bermuda shorts"}], "question": "What is the Olympic tradition for Bermuda, regardless of season?", "id": "57295b726aef051400154d59"}]}], ["Bermuda adalah sebuah pusat kewangan luar pesisir, yang berpunca dari piawaian / undang-undang perniagaan minimum yang minimum dan cukai langsung ke atas pendapatan peribadi atau korporat. Ia mempunyai salah satu cukai penggunaan tertinggi di dunia dan membayar semua import sebagai pengganti sistem cukai pendapatan. Cukai penggunaan Bermudas bersamaan dengan cukai pendapatan tempatan kepada penduduk setempat dan membiayai perbelanjaan kerajaan dan infrastruktur. Sistem cukai tempatan bergantung kepada duti import, cukai gaji dan cukai penggunaan. Sistem undang-undang ini berasal dari United Kingdom, dengan bantuan rayuan akhir mahkamah Inggeris. Individu swasta asing tidak boleh dengan mudah membuka akaun bank atau melanggan perkhidmatan telefon bimbit atau internet. <> Mengapa Bermuda dianggap pusat kewangan luar pesisir? || piawaian minimum peraturan / undang-undang perniagaan dan cukai langsung ke atas pendapatan peribadi atau korporat <> Apa yang dilakukan untuk menggantikan sistem cukai pendapatan? || pajak semua import <> Apakah sistem undang-undang Bermuda berasal? || United Kingdom, dengan bantuan kepada mahkamah rayuan akhir Inggeris <> Apa tiga perkara yang bergantung kepada sistem cukai? || duti import, cukai gaji dan cukai penggunaan <> Apakah Bermuda menggunakan cukai penggunaan? || dana kerajaan dan perbelanjaan infrastruktur", {"context": "Bermuda is an offshore financial centre, which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermudas's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes. The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal. Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income"}], "question": "Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?", "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "taxes all imports"}], "question": "What does it do in place of an income tax system?", "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal"}], "question": "What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?", "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes"}], "question": "What three things does the tax system depend on?", "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "funds government and infrastructure expenditures"}], "question": "What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?", "id": "572957d1af94a219006aa2e9"}]}], ["Pasukan kriket kebangsaan Bermuda mengambil bahagian dalam Cricket World Cup 2007 di Hindia Barat. Pemain paling terkenal mereka ialah pegawai polis 130 kilogram (290 lb) yang dinamakan Dwayne Leverock. Tetapi India mengalahkan Bermuda dan menetapkan rekod 413 berjalan dalam satu Hari Antarabangsa (ODI). Bermuda telah tersingkir dari Piala Dunia. Juga sangat terkenal ialah David Hemp, bekas kapten Glamorgan dalam kriket kelas pertama Bahasa Inggeris. Pertandingan kriket \"Perlawanan Piala\" tahunan di antara paroki saingan St George di timur dan Somerset di barat adalah kesempatan untuk percutian kebangsaan yang popular. Kejohanan ini bermula pada tahun 1872 apabila Kapten Moresby dari Tentera Laut Diraja memperkenalkan permainan itu ke Bermuda, memegang pertandingan di Somerset untuk menandai empat puluh tahun sejak pembunuhan budak yang tidak adil. Persaingan East End berbanding West End berikutan lokasi St George's Garrison (markas asal tentera di Bermuda) di Barrack Hill, St. George, dan Royal Naval Dockyard di Ireland Island. Moresby mengasaskan Somerset Cricket Club yang memainkan Cricket Club St. George dalam permainan ini (keanggotaan kedua-dua kelab itu sudah lama kebanyakan orang awam). <> Apa pasukan sukan Bermuda mengambil bahagian dalam cawan dunia 2007? || pasukan kriket kebangsaan <> Siapa pemain Cricket yang paling popular di Bermuda? || Dwayne Leverock <> Siapa yang mengalahkan Bermuda? || India <> Apa yang bermula pada tahun 1872 apabila permainan kriket diperkenalkan ke Bermuda? || tahunan \"Perlawanan Piala\" <> Mengapa terdapat persaingan di Timur Tengah / West End? || persaingan dihasilkan dari lokasi", {"context": "Bermuda's national cricket team participated in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies. Their most famous player is a 130 kilograms (290 lb) police officer named Dwayne Leverock. But India defeated Bermuda and set a record of 413 runs in a One-Day International (ODI). Bermuda were knocked out of the World Cup. Also very well-known is David Hemp, a former captain of Glamorgan in English first class cricket. The annual \"Cup Match\" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George's in the east and Somerset in the west is the occasion for a popular national holiday. This tournament began in 1872 when Captain Moresby of the Royal Navy introduced the game to Bermuda, holding a match at Somerset to mark forty years since the unjust thraldom of slavery. The East End versus West End rivalry resulted from the locations of the St. George's Garrison (the original army headquarters in Bermuda) on Barrack Hill, St. George's, and the Royal Naval Dockyard at Ireland Island. Moresby founded the Somerset Cricket Club which plays the St. George's Cricket Club in this game (the membership of both clubs has long been mostly civilian).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "national cricket team"}], "question": "What Bermuda sport team participated in the 2007 world cup?", "id": "57295a761d04691400779301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Dwayne Leverock"}], "question": "Who is Bermuda's most popular Cricket player?", "id": "57295a761d04691400779302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "India"}], "question": "Who defeated Bermuda?", "id": "57295a761d04691400779303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "annual \"Cup Match\""}], "question": "What began in 1872 when the game of cricket was introduced to Bermuda?", "id": "57295a761d04691400779304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "rivalry resulted from the locations"}], "question": "Why is there an East End/West End rivalry?", "id": "57295a761d04691400779305"}]}]], [["Nama Nigeria diambil dari Sungai Niger yang berjalan melalui negara ini. Nama ini didakwa dicipta pada akhir abad ke-19 oleh wartawan British, Flora Shaw, dia terinspirasi dengan nama sungai itu, dengan kata-kata seperti \"Central Sudan\". Asal nama '' Nigeria '' berasal dari nama Sungai Niger. Perkataan (Niger) adalah pengubah nama Tuareg egerew n-igerewen yang digunakan oleh penduduk di sepanjang pertengahan sungai di sekitar Timbuktu sebelum kolonialisme Eropah abad ke-19. Egerew n-igerewen bermaksud Sungai Sungai. <> Apa namanya Nigeria? || Sungai Niger <> Siapa yang datang dengan nama Nigeria pada abad ke-19? || Flora Shaw <> Apakah rantau Nigeria yang dipanggil oleh British sebelum nama Nigeria? || Sudan Tengah <> Bahasa apa namanya berasal dari Sungai Niger? || Tuareg <> Sungai mana yang sampai Timbuktu? || Niger", {"context": "The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British journalist Flora Shaw, she was inspired by the name of the river, in preference to terms such as \"Central Sudan\". The origin of the name ''Nigeria'' came from the name of the Niger River. The word ( Niger )  is an alteration of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen used by inhabitants along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu prior to 19th-century European colonialism. Egerew n-igerewen means River of the Rivers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the Niger River"}], "question": "What is Nigeria named after?", "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Flora Shaw"}], "question": "Who came up with the name Nigeria in the 19th century?", "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Central Sudan"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's region called by the British before the name Nigeria?", "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Tuareg"}], "question": "What language does the name of the Niger River come from?", "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Niger"}], "question": "Which river reaches Timbuktu?", "id": "5726bee5f1498d1400e8e9f4"}]}], ["Misi Kristian menubuhkan institusi pendidikan Barat di Protektorat. Di bawah peraturan Britain yang tidak langsung dan pengesahan tradisi Islam, Maharaja tidak menggalakkan operasi misi Kristian di bahagian utara, Islam negara. Beberapa kanak-kanak elit selatan pergi ke Great Britain untuk melanjutkan pengajian tinggi. Dengan kemerdekaan pada tahun 1960, perbezaan serantau dalam akses pendidikan moden ditandai. Warisan, walaupun kurang ketara, terus menjadi hari ini. Ketidakseimbangan antara Utara dan Selatan juga dinyatakan dalam kehidupan politik Nigeria. Sebagai contoh, Nigeria utara tidak mengharamkan perbudakan sehingga 1936 manakala di bahagian lain di Nigeria perbudakan telah dihapuskan sejurus selepas penjajahan. <> Apa agama membina sekolah-sekolah Barat di Nigeria? || Christian <> Britain menggalakkan membina misi Kristian di mana bahagian Nigeria? || utara <> Agama apa yang majoriti di bahagian utara Nigeria? || Islam <> Bilakah Nigeria menerima kemerdekaan? || 1960 <> Bilakah pengharaman Nigeria Utara mengharamkan? || 1936", {"context": "Christian missions established Western educational institutions in the Protectorates. Under Britain's policy of indirect rule and validation of Islamic tradition, the Crown did not encourage the operation of Christian missions in the northern, Islamic part of the country. Some children of the southern elite went to Great Britain to pursue higher education. By independence in 1960, regional differences in modern educational access were marked. The legacy, though less pronounced, continues to the present-day. Imbalances between North and South were expressed in Nigeria's political life as well. For instance, northern Nigeria did not outlaw slavery until 1936 whilst in other parts of Nigeria slavery was abolished soon after colonialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "What religion built Western schools in Nigeria?", "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "northern"}], "question": "Britain discouraged building Christian missions in which part of Nigeria?", "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Islamic"}], "question": "What religion was the majority in the northern part of Nigeria?", "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did Nigeria receive independence?", "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "1936"}], "question": "When did northern Nigeria ban slavery?", "id": "5726d4895951b619008f7f63"}]}], ["Kerajaan Nri orang Igbo menyatukan pada abad ke-10 dan terus sampai hilang kedaulatannya kepada British pada tahun 1911. Nri diperintah oleh Eze Nri, dan kota Nri dianggap sebagai dasar budaya Igbo. Nri dan Aguleri, di mana mitos penciptaan Igbo berasal, berada di wilayah klan Umeuri. Ahli-ahli puak mengesan keturunan mereka kembali kepada tokoh patriarki Eri. Di Afrika Barat, bronze tertua yang dibuat menggunakan proses lilin yang hilang adalah dari Igbo Ukwu, sebuah bandar di bawah pengaruh Nri. <> Suku mana yang mengalir bandar Nri? || Igbo <> Bilakah Nri diambil alih oleh British? || 1911 <> Igbo Ukwu membuat seni tembaga tertua menggunakan proses mana? || hilang-wax <> yang memerintah Nri? || Eze Nri <> Yang mana puak Nri di wilayah? || Umeuri", {"context": "The Kingdom of Nri of the Igbo people consolidated in the 10th century and continued until it lost its sovereignty to the British in 1911. Nri was ruled by the Eze Nri, and the city of Nri is considered to be the foundation of Igbo culture. Nri and Aguleri, where the Igbo creation myth originates, are in the territory of the Umeuri clan. Members of the clan trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri. In West Africa, the oldest bronzes made using the lost-wax process were from Igbo Ukwu, a city under Nri influence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Igbo"}], "question": "Which tribe ran the city of Nri?", "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When was Nri taken over by the British?", "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "lost-wax"}], "question": "Igbo Ukwu made the oldest bronze art using which process?", "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "the Eze Nri"}], "question": "Who ruled Nri?", "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Umeuri"}], "question": "Which clan is Nri in the territory of?", "id": "5726bffb5951b619008f7d31"}]}], ["Nigeria zaman moden telah menjadi tapak banyak kerajaan dan puak-puak suku kaum selama beribu tahun. Negara moden berasal dari penjajahan British bermula pada abad ke-19, dan penggabungan Nigeria Selatan Protektorat dan Protektorat Nigeria Utara pada tahun 1914. British menubuhkan struktur pentadbiran dan undang-undang sementara mengamalkan pemerintahan tidak langsung melalui ketua-ketua tradisional. Nigeria menjadi persekutuan bebas secara rasmi pada tahun 1960, dan terjun ke dalam perang saudara dari tahun 1967 hingga 1970. Sejak itu ia telah bergilir-gilir antara kerajaan-kerajaan awam yang dipilih secara demokratik dan diktator tentera, sehingga mencapai demokrasi yang stabil pada tahun 1999, dengan pemilihan presiden tahun 2011 dilihat sebagai yang pertama dilakukan dengan cara yang munasabah dan adil. <> Bilakah gabungan Protektorat Nigeria Selatan dan Utara? || 1914 <> Kerajaan mana yang memerintah Nigeria sebagai tanah jajahan? || British <> Bilakah Nigeria menjadi bebas dari Britain? || 1960 <> Bilakah Perang Saudara Nigeria bermula? || 1967 <> Bilakah Nigeria mempunyai pemilihan presiden yang adil? || 2011", {"context": "Modern-day Nigeria has been the site of numerous kingdoms and tribal states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914. The British set up administrative and legal structures whilst practising indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms. Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960, and plunged into a civil war from 1967 to 1970. It has since alternated between democratically-elected civilian governments and military dictatorships, until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999, with its 2011 presidential elections being viewed as the first to be conducted reasonably freely and fairly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did the Southern and Northern Nigeria Protectorates merge?", "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "British"}], "question": "Which empire ruled Nigeria as a colony?", "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did Nigeria become independent from Britain?", "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "1967"}], "question": "When did a Nigerian Civil War begin?", "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "2011"}], "question": "When did Nigeria have a fair presidential election?", "id": "5726bcd95951b619008f7c99"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 2002, Timur Laut negara ini telah melihat keganasan mazhab oleh Boko Haram, gerakan Islam yang bertujuan menghapuskan sistem sekular kerajaan dan menubuhkan undang-undang Syariah. Presiden Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan pada Mei 2014 mendakwa bahawa serangan Boko Haram telah meninggalkan sekurang-kurangnya 12,000 orang mati dan 8,000 orang lumpuh. Pada masa yang sama, negara-negara jiran, Benin, Chad, Cameroon dan Niger menyertai Nigeria dalam usaha bersatu untuk memerangi Boko Haram setelah media dunia menyoroti penculikan 276 pelajar sekolah dan penyebaran serangan Boko Haram ke negara-negara tersebut. <> Bilakah Boko Haram menjadi aktif di Nigeria? || 2002 <> Siapa Presiden Nigeria? || Goodluck Jonathan <> Berapa ramai orang yang telah dibunuh Boko Haram pada Mei 2014? || sekurang-kurangnya 12,000 <> Berapa ramai pelajar sekolah yang menculik Boko Haram? || 276", {"context": "Since 2002, the North East of the country has seen sectarian violence by Boko Haram, an Islamist movement that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish Sharia law. Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan in May 2014 claimed that Boko Haram attacks have left at least 12,000 people dead and 8,000 people crippled. At the same time, neighbouring countries, Benin, Chad, Cameroon and Niger joined Nigeria in a united effort to combat Boko Haram in the aftermath of a world media highlighted kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls and the spread of Boko Haram attacks to these countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did Boko Haram become active in Nigeria?", "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan"}], "question": "Who is the President of Nigeria?", "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "at least 12,000"}], "question": "How many people had Boko Haram killed by May 2014?", "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "276"}], "question": "How many schoolgirls did Boko Haram kidnap?", "id": "5726be4ddd62a815002e8f26"}]}], ["Nigeria sering dirujuk sebagai \"Giant of Africa\", kerana penduduknya yang besar dan ekonomi. Dengan kira-kira 182 juta penduduk, Nigeria adalah negara yang paling ramai penduduk di Afrika dan negara paling ramai penduduk di ketujuh di dunia. Nigeria mempunyai salah satu daripada populasi belia terbesar di dunia. Negara ini dilihat sebagai sebuah negara multinasional, kerana ia didiami oleh lebih dari 500 kumpulan etnik, yang mana tiga terbesar adalah Hausa, Igbo dan Yoruba; kumpulan etnik ini berbicara lebih daripada 500 bahasa yang berbeza, dan dikenal pasti dengan pelbagai budaya. Bahasa rasmi adalah bahasa Inggeris. Nigeria dibahagikan kira-kira separuh antara orang Kristian, yang kebanyakannya tinggal di bahagian selatan negara ini, dan orang Islam di bahagian utara. Satu minoriti penduduk mengamalkan agama yang asli kepada Nigeria, seperti orang asli kepada penduduk Igbo dan Yoruba. <> Negara manakah yang dipanggil 'Giant of Africa'? || Nigeria <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di Nigeria? || 182 juta <> Bagaimana Nigeria berada di antara negara-negara penduduk terbesar di dunia? || ketujuh <> Berapa banyak bahasa yang digunakan oleh orang Nigeria? || Lebih 500 <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Nigeria? || Bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "Nigeria is often referred to as the \"Giant of Africa\", owing to its large population and economy. With approximately 182 million inhabitants, Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has one of the largest populations of youth in the world. The country is viewed as a multinational state, as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba; these ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages, and are identified with wide variety of cultures. The official language is English. Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Christians, who live mostly in the southern part of the country, and Muslims in the northern part. A minority of the population practise religions indigenous to Nigeria, such as those native to Igbo and Yoruba peoples.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "Which country is called the 'Giant of Africa'?", "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "182 million"}], "question": "How many people live in Nigeria?", "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "seventh"}], "question": "How does Nigeria rank among the largest-population countries in the world?", "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "over 500"}], "question": "How many languages are spoken by Nigerians?", "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's official language?", "id": "5726bd64dd62a815002e8eee"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1885, British mendakwa pengaruh pengaruh Afrika Barat mendapat pengiktirafan dari negara-negara Eropah lain di Persidangan Berlin. Pada tahun berikutnya, ia menyewa Syarikat Royal Niger di bawah pimpinan Sir George Taubman Goldie. Pada tahun 1900, wilayah syarikat itu berada di bawah kawalan kerajaan British, yang bergerak untuk mengukuhkan kedudukannya di kawasan Nigeria moden. Pada 1 Januari 1901, Nigeria menjadi pelindung negara British, dan sebahagian daripada Empayar Britania, kuasa dunia paling utama pada masa itu. Pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 kerajaan-kerajaan merdeka tentang apa yang akan menjadi Nigeria menentang sejumlah konflik terhadap usaha Empayar British untuk mengembangkan wilayahnya. Dengan perang, Inggeris menakluk Benin pada tahun 1897, dan, dalam Perang Anglo-Aro (1901-1902), mengalahkan lawan lain. Pengekalan atau penaklukan negara-negara ini membuka wilayah Niger ke pemerintahan British. <> Di manakah tuntutan Britain ke Afrika Barat yang diiktiraf pada tahun 1885? || Persidangan Berlin <> Syarikat apa yang diketuai oleh Sir George Taubman Goldie? || Syarikat Royal Niger <> Bilakah kerajaan British mengambil alih wilayah Royal Niger Company? || 1900 <> Bilakah Nigeria menjadi tempat perlindungan British? || 1 Januari 1901 <> Negara mana yang ditakluki Britain pada tahun 1897? || Benin", {"context": "In 1885, British claims to a West African sphere of influence received recognition from other European nations at the Berlin Conference. The following year, it chartered the Royal Niger Company under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie. In 1900 the company's territory came under the control of the British government, which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria. On 1 January 1901, Nigeria became a British protectorate, and part of the British Empire, the foremost world power at the time. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the independent kingdoms of what would become Nigeria fought a number of conflicts against the British Empire's efforts to expand its territory. By war, the British conquered Benin in 1897, and, in the Anglo-Aro War (1901\u20131902), defeated other opponents. The restraint or conquest of these states opened up the Niger area to British rule.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "the Berlin Conference"}], "question": "Where was Britain's claim to West Africa recognized in 1885?", "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Royal Niger Company"}], "question": "What company was led by Sir George Taubman Goldie?", "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "1900"}], "question": "When did the British government take over the Royal Niger Company's territory?", "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1 January 1901"}], "question": "When did Nigeria become a British protectorate?", "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "Benin"}], "question": "Which country did Britain conquer in 1897?", "id": "5726d331f1498d1400e8ec72"}]}], ["Sehingga 2015 [kemas kini], Nigeria adalah ekonomi ke-20 terbesar dunia, bernilai lebih daripada $ 500 bilion dan $ 1 trilion dari segi nominal KDNK dan paritas kuasa pembelian. Ia mengatasi Afrika Selatan untuk menjadi ekonomi terbesar Afrika pada tahun 2014. Juga, nisbah hutang kepada KDNK hanya 11 peratus, iaitu 8 peratus di bawah nisbah 2012. Nigeria dianggap sebagai pasaran baru muncul oleh Bank Dunia; Ia telah dikenal pasti sebagai kuasa serantau di benua Afrika, kuasa tengah dalam hal ehwal antarabangsa, dan juga telah dikenalpasti sebagai kuasa global yang baru muncul. Nigeria adalah ahli kumpulan MINT negara-negara, yang secara meluas dilihat sebagai ekonomi \"BRIC\" yang seterusnya di dunia. Ia juga disenaraikan di kalangan \"Seterusnya Eleven\" ekonomi yang ditetapkan untuk menjadi antara yang terbesar di dunia. Nigeria adalah ahli pengasas Komanwel Bangsa-bangsa, Kesatuan Afrika, OPEC, dan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu di kalangan organisasi antarabangsa yang lain. <> Apakah KDNK 2015 Nigeria? || $ 500 bilion <> Apakah pariti daya beli Nigeria pada 2015? || $ 1 trilion <> Bilakah ekonomi Nigeria menjadi lebih besar daripada Afrika Selatan? || 2014 <> Apa ekonomi terbesar di Afrika? || Nigeria <> Apakah nisbah hutang-ke-KDNK Nigeria? || 11 peratus", {"context": "As of 2015[update], Nigeria is the world's 20th largest economy, worth more than $500 billion and $1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity respectively. It overtook South Africa to become Africa's largest economy in 2014. Also, the debt-to-GDP ratio is only 11 percent, which is 8 percent below the 2012 ratio. Nigeria is considered to be an emerging market by the World Bank; It has been identified as a regional power on the African continent, a middle power in international affairs, and has also been identified as an emerging global power. Nigeria is a member of the MINT group of countries, which are widely seen as the globe's next \"BRIC-like\" economies. It is also listed among the \"Next Eleven\" economies set to become among the biggest in the world. Nigeria is a founding member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the African Union, OPEC, and the United Nations amongst other international organisations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "$500 billion"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 GDP?", "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "$1 trillion"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's 2015 purchasing power parity?", "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When did Nigeria's economy become larger than South Africa's?", "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "What is the largest economy in Africa?", "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "11 percent"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's debt-to-GDP ratio? ", "id": "5726bdd3dd62a815002e8f00"}]}], ["Perdagangan hamba terlibat oleh pelakon negara-negara Eropah dan bukan negara seperti Great Britain, Belanda, Portugal dan syarikat-syarikat swasta, serta beberapa negara Afrika dan pelakon bukan negara. Dengan sentimen anti-perbudakan yang semakin meningkat di rumah dan mengubah realiti ekonomi, Great Britain mengharamkan perdagangan hamba antarabangsa pada 1807. Berikutan Perang Napoleon, Great Britain menubuhkan Skuadron Afrika Barat dalam usaha untuk menghentikan trafik antarabangsa dalam hamba. Ia menghentikan kapal-kapal dari negara-negara lain yang meninggalkan pantai Afrika dengan budak-budak; budak yang disita dibawa ke Freetown, koloni di Afrika Barat yang mula-mula ditubuhkan untuk penempatan semula budak yang dibebaskan dari Britain. Britain campur tangan dalam perjuangan kuasa Lagos Kingship dengan membombardir Lagos pada tahun 1851, menggulingkan perdagangan hamba mesra Oba Kosoko, membantu memasang Oba Akitoye, dan menandatangani Perjanjian antara Great Britain dan Lagos pada 1 Januari 1852. Britain mengagihkan Lagos sebagai Mahkota Colony pada bulan Ogos 1861 dengan Perjanjian Lagos Cession. Para mubaligh British mengembangkan operasi mereka dan mengembara ke pedalaman. Pada tahun 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther menjadi uskup Afrika pertama Gereja Anglikan. <> Bilakah Britain mengharamkan perdagangan hamba? || 1807 Selepas peperangannya, apakah Britain menubuhkan Skuadron Afrika Baratnya? || Perang Napoleon <> Yang mana raja Lagos telah menyokong perdagangan hamba? || Oba Kosoko <> Di mana Britain campur tangan dalam perjuangan kuasa? || Lagos <> Di mana Britain mengambil hamba yang ditangkap daripada peniaga? || Freetown", {"context": "The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "1807"}], "question": "When did Britain outlaw slave trade?", "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e9158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Napoleonic Wars"}], "question": "After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?", "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e9159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Oba Kosoko"}], "question": "Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?", "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "Lagos"}], "question": "Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?", "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "Freetown"}], "question": "Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?", "id": "5726d26fdd62a815002e915a"}]}], ["Selama berabad-abad, pelbagai kaum di Nigeria moden berdagang di pedalaman dengan pedagang dari Afrika Utara. Bandar di kawasan itu menjadi pusat serantau dalam rangkaian laluan perdagangan yang luas yang merangkumi barat, tengah dan utara Afrika. Pada abad ke-16, penjelajah Sepanyol dan Portugis adalah orang Eropah pertama yang memulakan perdagangan yang signifikan, dengan orang-orang Nigeria pada masa kini, di pelabuhan yang mereka namakan Lagos dan di Calabar. Eropah berdagang barang dengan orang di pantai; Perdagangan pesisir dengan Eropah juga menandakan permulaan perdagangan hamba Atlantik. Pelabuhan Calabar di Basti Biafra (sekarang dikenali sebagai Bight of Bonny) menjadi salah satu jawatan perdagangan hamba terbesar di Afrika Barat pada era perdagangan hamba transatlantik. Pelabuhan-pelabuhan utama utama lain di Nigeria terletak di Badagry, Lagos di Bight of Benin dan di Pulau Bonny di Bight of Biafra. Majoriti orang yang diperhambakan dan dibawa ke pelabuhan ini ditangkap dalam serbuan dan peperangan. Biasanya para tawanan dibawa kembali ke wilayah penakluk sebagai buruh paksa; selepas masa, mereka kadang-kadang dibiakkan dan diserap ke dalam masyarakat penakluk. Beberapa laluan hamba ditubuhkan di seluruh Nigeria yang menghubungkan kawasan pedalaman dengan pelabuhan pantai utama. Beberapa pedagang hamba yang lebih produktif dikaitkan dengan Empayar Oyo di barat daya, Aro Confederacy di tenggara dan Khalifah Sokoto di utara. <> Kawasan apa yang telah diperdagangkan Nigeria selama berabad-abad? || Afrika Utara <> Penjelajah negara mana yang merupakan Eropah pertama untuk berdagang dengan Nigeria? || Bahasa Sepanyol dan Portugis <> Calabar berada di mana sejarah Bight? || Biafra <> Apakah nama semasa Bight of Biafra? || Bight of Bonny <> Siapa pedagang hamba utama melalui Nigeria dari barat daya? || Oyo Empire", {"context": "For centuries, various peoples in modern-day Nigeria traded overland with traders from North Africa. Cities in the area became regional centres in a broad network of trade routes that spanned western, central and northern Africa. In the 16th century, Spanish and Portuguese explorers were the first Europeans to begin significant, direct trade with peoples of modern-day Nigeria, at the port they named Lagos and in Calabar. Europeans traded goods with peoples at the coast; coastal trade with Europeans also marked the beginnings of the Atlantic slave trade. The port of Calabar on the historical Bight of Biafra (now commonly referred to as the Bight of Bonny) become one of the largest slave trading posts in West Africa in the era of the transatlantic slave trade. Other major slaving ports in Nigeria were located in Badagry, Lagos on the Bight of Benin and on Bonny Island on the Bight of Biafra. The majority of those enslaved and taken to these ports were captured in raids and wars. Usually the captives were taken back to the conquerors' territory as forced labour; after time, they were sometimes acculturated and absorbed into the conquerors' society. A number of slave routes were established throughout Nigeria linking the hinterland areas with the major coastal ports. Some of the more prolific slave traders were linked with the Oyo Empire in the southwest, the Aro Confederacy in the southeast and the Sokoto Caliphate in the north.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "North Africa"}], "question": "What region has Nigeria traded with for centuries?", "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Spanish and Portuguese"}], "question": "Which countries' explorers were the first Europeans to trade with Nigeria?", "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "Biafra"}], "question": "Calabar is on which historical Bight?", "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "Bight of Bonny"}], "question": "What is the current name of the Bight of Biafra?", "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1345, "text": "Oyo Empire"}], "question": "Who were the major slave traders through Nigeria from the southwest?", "id": "5726c29a5951b619008f7d7f"}]}], ["Nigeria adalah Republik Persekutuan yang dimodelkan selepas Amerika Syarikat, dengan kuasa eksekutif yang dilaksanakan oleh presiden. Ia dipengaruhi oleh model Sistem Westminster [rujukan?] Dalam komposisi dan pengurusan rumah-rumah atas dan bawah badan legislatif bikameral. Presiden memimpin sebagai Ketua Negara dan ketua eksekutif negara; Pemimpin dipilih oleh undi popular untuk maksimum dua syarat 4 tahun. Pada pilihan raya presiden pada 28 Mac 2015, Ketua Muhammadu Buhari muncul sebagai Presiden Persekutuan Nigeria, mengalahkan Goodluck Jonathan sekarang. <> Apakah bentuk kerajaan Nigeria? || Republik Persekutuan <> Rumah apa yang ada di badan perundangan Nigeria? || atas dan bawah <> Berapa kali boleh seorang presiden Nigeria dipilih? || dua syarat 4 tahun <> Yang memenangi pemilihan presiden 2015 Nigeria? || Ketua Muhammadu Buhari <> Yang kalah dalam pemilihan presiden Nigeria 2015? || Goodluck Jonathan", {"context": "Nigeria is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive power exercised by the president. It is influenced by the Westminster System model[citation needed] in the composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature. The president presides as both Head of State and head of the national executive; the leader is elected by popular vote to a maximum of two 4-year terms. In the March 28, 2015 presidential election, General Muhammadu Buhari emerged victorious to become the Federal President of Nigeria, defeating then incumbent Goodluck Jonathan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Federal Republic"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's form of government?", "id": "5726dda25951b619008f8089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "upper and lower"}], "question": "What houses does the Nigerian legislature have?", "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "two 4-year terms"}], "question": "How many times can a Nigerian president be elected?", "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "General Muhammadu Buhari"}], "question": "Who won the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?", "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan"}], "question": "Who lost the 2015 Nigerian presidential election?", "id": "5726dda25951b619008f808d"}]}], ["Goodluck Jonathan berkhidmat sebagai presiden Nigeria hingga 16 April 2011, ketika pemilihan presiden baru di Nigeria dilaksanakan. Jonathan dari PDP itu diisytiharkan sebagai pemenang pada 19 April 2011, setelah memenangi pemilihan itu dengan jumlah 22,495,187 daripada 39,469,484 pemilih undi, untuk mendahului Muhammadu Buhari dari parti pembangkang utama, Kongres untuk Perubahan Progresif (CPC), yang memenangi 12,214,853 jumlah undian yang dibuang. Media antarabangsa melaporkan pemilihan itu berjalan lancar dengan keganasan yang agak sedikit atau penipuan pemilih, berbeza dengan pemilihan sebelumnya. <> Siapa yang memenangi pilihan raya 2011? || Goodluck Jonathan <> Siapa calon 2011 dari CPC? || Muhammadu Buhari <> Berapa banyak undian yang dilakukan oleh Goodluck pada tahun 2011? || 22,495,187 <> Berapa banyak undi yang dilakukan oleh Buhari? || 12,214,853 <> Apakah parti pembangkang utama pada tahun 2011? || Kongres untuk Perubahan Progresif", {"context": "Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Goodluck Jonathan"}], "question": "Who won the 2011 election?", "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Muhammadu Buhari"}], "question": "Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?", "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "22,495,187"}], "question": "How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?", "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "12,214,853"}], "question": "How many votes did Buhari get?", "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "Congress for Progressive Change"}], "question": "What was the main opposition political party in 2011?", "id": "5726dcbf708984140094d3fd"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1979, orang Nigeria mengambil bahagian dalam kepulangan ringkas ke demokrasi apabila Olusegun Obasanjo memindahkan kuasa kepada rejim awam Shehu Shagari. Kerajaan Shagari dilihat sebagai rasuah dan tidak cekap oleh hampir semua sektor masyarakat Nigeria. Rombongan ketenteraan Muhammadu Buhari sejurus selepas rejim pemilihan semula rejim pada tahun 1984 secara umumnya dilihat sebagai perkembangan positif. Buhari menjanjikan pembaharuan besar, tetapi kerajaannya lebih baik daripada pendahulunya. Rejimnya digulingkan oleh rampasan kuasa tentera yang lain pada tahun 1985. <> Yang pemimpin Nigeria memindahkan kuasa pada tahun 1979? || Olusegun Obasanjo <> Yang pemimpin Nigeria menerima kuasa pada tahun 1979? || Shehu Shagari <> Bagaimana orang Nigeria melihat pentadbiran Shagari? || Rasuah dan tidak cekap <> Siapa yang mengetuai rampasan kuasa tentera terhadap Shagari? || Muhammadu Buhari <> Bilakah rampasan kuasa tentera lain menggulingkan Buhari? || 1985", {"context": "Beginning in 1979, Nigerians participated in a brief return to democracy when Olusegun Obasanjo transferred power to the civilian regime of Shehu Shagari. The Shagari government became viewed as corrupt and incompetent by virtually all sectors of Nigerian society. The military coup of Muhammadu Buhari shortly after the regime's fraudulent re-election in 1984 was generally viewed as a positive development. Buhari promised major reforms, but his government fared little better than its predecessor. His regime was overthrown by another military coup in 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Olusegun Obasanjo"}], "question": "Which Nigerian leader transferred power in 1979?", "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Shehu Shagari"}], "question": "Which Nigerian leader received power in 1979?", "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "corrupt and incompetent"}], "question": "How did Nigerians view the Shagari administration?", "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Muhammadu Buhari"}], "question": "Who led a military coup against Shagari?", "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ecff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "1985"}], "question": "When did another military coup overthrow Buhari?", "id": "5726d8e9f1498d1400e8ed00"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1967, Wilayah Timur mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan sebagai sebuah negeri yang dipanggil Republik Biafra, di bawah pimpinan Lt. Kolonel Emeka Ojukwu. Perang Saudara Nigeria bermula sebagai pihak kerajaan Nigeria yang rasmi (didominasi oleh tentera dari Utara dan Barat) menyerang Biafra (Southeastern) pada 6 Julai 1967 di Garkem. Perang 30 bulan, dengan pengepungan Biafra yang panjang dan pengasingan perdagangan dan bekalannya, berakhir pada bulan Januari 1970. Anggaran jumlah kematian di wilayah Timur dahulu adalah antara 1 dan 3 juta orang, dari peperangan, penyakit, dan kelaparan , semasa perang saudara selama 30 bulan. <> Apa yang ingin dikatakan oleh Nigeria Timur sebagai negara merdeka? || Republik Biafra <> Bilakah Nigeria Timur mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya? || Mei 1967 <> Yang mengetuai Nigeria Timur semasa Perang Saudara Nigeria? || Lt. Kolonel Emeka Ojukwu <> Berapa bulan Perang Saudara Nigeria yang terakhir? || 30 <> Berapa banyak orang mati semasa Perang Saudara Nigeria? || antara 1 dan 3 juta", {"context": "In May 1967, the Eastern Region declared independence as a state called the Republic of Biafra, under the leadership of Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu. The Nigerian Civil War began as the official Nigerian government side (predominated by soldiers from the North and West) attacked Biafra (Southeastern) on 6 July 1967 at Garkem. The 30 month war, with a long siege of Biafra and its isolation from trade and supplies, ended in January 1970. Estimates of the number of dead in the former Eastern Region are between 1 and 3 million people, from warfare, disease, and starvation, during the 30-month civil war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Republic of Biafra"}], "question": "What did Eastern Nigeria want to call itself as an independent nation?", "id": "5726d77f708984140094d321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1967"}], "question": "When did Eastern Nigeria declare its independence?", "id": "5726d77f708984140094d322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Lt. Colonel Emeka Ojukwu"}], "question": "Who led Eastern Nigeria during the Nigerian Civil War?", "id": "5726d77f708984140094d323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many months did the Nigerian Civil War last?", "id": "5726d77f708984140094d324"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "between 1 and 3 million"}], "question": "How many people died during the Nigerian Civil War?", "id": "5726d77f708984140094d325"}]}], ["Semasa ledakan minyak pada tahun 1970-an, Nigeria menyertai OPEC dan hasil yang besar menjana ekonomi semakin kaya. Meskipun terdapat pendapatan yang besar dari pengeluaran dan penjualan minyak, pentadbiran ketenteraan tidak banyak meningkatkan taraf hidup penduduk, membantu perniagaan kecil dan sederhana, atau melabur dalam infrastruktur. Sebagai hasil minyak menjana kebangkitan subventions persekutuan kepada negeri-negeri, kerajaan persekutuan menjadi pusat perjuangan politik dan ambang kuasa di negara ini. Apabila pengeluaran dan hasil minyak meningkat, kerajaan Nigeria semakin bergantung kepada hasil minyak dan pasaran komoditi antarabangsa untuk kebimbangan anggaran dan ekonomi. Ia tidak membangunkan sumber ekonomi yang lain untuk kestabilan ekonomi. Itu dieja kepada federalisme di Nigeria. <> Kumpulan minyak mana yang Nigeria bergabung? || OPEC <> Siapa yang gagal menggunakan hasil minyak untuk melabur dalam infrastruktur? || pentadbiran tentera <> Ketergantungan terhadap pendapatan minyak menyebabkan kejatuhan bentuk kerajaan di Nigeria? || federalisme", {"context": "During the oil boom of the 1970s, Nigeria joined OPEC and the huge revenue generated made the economy richer. Despite huge revenues from oil production and sale, the military administration did little to improve the standard of living of the population, help small and medium businesses, or invest in infrastructure. As oil revenues fuelled the rise of federal subventions to states, the federal government became the centre of political struggle and the threshold of power in the country. As oil production and revenue rose, the Nigerian government became increasingly dependent on oil revenues and the international commodity markets for budgetary and economic concerns. It did not develop other sources of the economy for economic stability. That spelled doom to federalism in Nigeria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "OPEC"}], "question": "Which oil group did Nigeria join?", "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "the military administration"}], "question": "Who failed to use the oil revenues to invest in infrastructure?", "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "federalism"}], "question": "Overdependence on oil income led to the fall of what form of government in Nigeria?", "id": "5726d830f1498d1400e8ece6"}]}], ["Nigeria memperoleh semula demokrasi pada tahun 1999 apabila ia memilih Olusegun Obasanjo, bekas ketua tentera negara, sebagai Presiden baru Nigeria. Ini menamatkan hampir 33 tahun pemerintahan tentera (dari 1966 hingga 1999), tidak termasuk republik kedua yang pendek (antara 1979 dan 1983) oleh diktator tentera yang merampas kuasa dalam rampasan kuasa dan rampasan kuasa semasa juntas ketenteraan Nigeria pada tahun 1966 -1979 dan 1983-1998. Walaupun pilihan raya yang membawa Obasanjo menjadi kuasa pada tahun 1999 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 2003 dikecam sebagai tidak adil dan tidak adil, Nigeria telah menunjukkan penambahbaikan yang ketara dalam percubaan untuk menangani korupsi pemerintah dan untuk mempercepat pembangunan. <> Bilakah Nigeria mendapat semula demokrasi? || 1999 <> Yang memenangi pemilihan 1999 Nigeria? || Olusegun Obasanjo <> Nigeria berada di bawah tentera untuk berapa lama? || hampir 33 tahun <> Bagaimana pemilihan tahun 1999? || tidak adil dan tidak adil <> Bagaimana pilihan raya 2003 dianggap? || tidak adil dan tidak adil", {"context": "Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria. This ended almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999), excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'\u00e9tat and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966\u20131979 and 1983\u20131998. Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "1999"}], "question": "When did Nigeria regain democracy?", "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Olusegun Obasanjo"}], "question": "Who won the 1999 Nigerian election?", "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "almost 33 years"}], "question": "Nigeria was under military rule for how long?", "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "unfree and unfair"}], "question": "How was the 1999 election regarded?", "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "unfree and unfair"}], "question": "How was the 2003 election regarded?", "id": "5726dbeadd62a815002e92f2"}]}], ["Kepala negara yang baru, Ibrahim Babangida, mengumumkan dirinya sebagai presiden dan komandan kepala angkatan bersenjata dan Majelis Tertinggi Ketetapan. Beliau menetapkan tahun 1990 sebagai tarikh akhir rasmi untuk kembali kepada tadbir demokratik. Tempoh Babangida ditandai dengan kegerakan aktiviti politik: dia telah melaksanakan Program Pelarasan Struktural Kumpulan Wang Antarabangsa (SAP) untuk membantu pembayaran balik hutang antarabangsa yang menghancurkan negara, yang kebanyakan pendapatan persekutuan didedikasikan untuk servis. Beliau mendaftarkan Nigeria dalam Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam, yang memperburuk ketegangan agama di negara ini. <> Yang pemimpin Nigeria memutuskan Nigeria akan kembali ke demokrasi pada tahun 1990? || Ibrahim Babangida <> Apa yang Babangida ditubuhkan untuk membantu membayar hutang negara Nigeria? || Program Pelarasan Struktural Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa <> Apakah sebahagian besar pendapatan persekutuan Nigeria dibelanjakan? || hutang <> Apa kumpulan agama kontroversial yang Nigeria menyertai? || Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam", {"context": "The new head of state, Ibrahim Babangida, declared himself president and commander in chief of the armed forces and the ruling Supreme Military Council. He set 1990 as the official deadline for a return to democratic governance. Babangida's tenure was marked by a flurry of political activity: he instituted the International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) to aid in the repayment of the country's crushing international debt, which most federal revenue was dedicated to servicing. He enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, which aggravated religious tensions in the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Ibrahim Babangida"}], "question": "Which Nigerian leader decided Nigeria would return to democracy in 1990?", "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e928e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "International Monetary Fund's Structural Adjustment Program"}], "question": "What did Babangida set up to help pay Nigeria's national debt?", "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e928f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "debt"}], "question": "What was most of Nigeria's federal income being spent on?", "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e9290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Organisation of the Islamic Conference"}], "question": "What controversial religious group did Nigeria join?", "id": "5726d9d5dd62a815002e9291"}]}], ["Nigeria memperoleh kemerdekaan dari United Kingdom sebagai Realiti Komanwel pada 1 Oktober 1960. Kerajaan Nigeria adalah gabungan parti konservatif: Kongres Rakyat Nigeria (NPC), sebuah parti yang dikuasai oleh Utara dan orang-orang kepercayaan Islam, dan Igbo dan Kristian - Majlis Kebangsaan Nigeria dan Kamerun (NCNC) yang diketuai oleh Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe menjadi Gabenor Jeneral Nigeria pada tahun 1960. Pembangkang terdiri daripada Kumpulan Tindakan yang agak liberal (AG), yang sebahagian besarnya didominasi oleh Yoruba dan diketuai oleh Obafemi Awolowo. Perbezaan budaya dan politik antara kumpulan etnik Nigeria yang dominan - Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') dan Yoruba ('Westerners') - tajam. <> Apakah status Nigeria selepas kemerdekaan dari UK? || sebuah Negara Komanwel <> Yang mana parti politik Nigerian kebanyakannya Islam? || Kongres Rakyat Nigeria <> Yang parti politik Nigerian kebanyakannya Kristian? || Majlis Kebangsaan Nigeria dan Kamerun <> Yang mengetuai parti NCNC? || Nnamdi Azikiwe <> Yang parti politik Nigerian kebanyakannya Yoruba? || Obafemi Awolowo", {"context": "Nigeria gained independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth Realm on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's government was a coalition of conservative parties: the Nigerian People's Congress (NPC), a party dominated by Northerners and those of the Islamic faith, and the Igbo and Christian-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) led by Nnamdi Azikiwe. Azikiwe became Nigeria's maiden Governor-General in 1960. The opposition comprised the comparatively liberal Action Group (AG), which was largely dominated by the Yoruba and led by Obafemi Awolowo. The cultural and political differences between Nigeria's dominant ethnic groups \u2013 the Hausa ('Northerners'), Igbo ('Easterners') and Yoruba ('Westerners') \u2013 were sharp.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "a Commonwealth Realm"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's status after independence from the UK?", "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Nigerian People's Congress"}], "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Islamic?", "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons"}], "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Christian?", "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Nnamdi Azikiwe"}], "question": "Who led the NCNC party?", "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Obafemi Awolowo"}], "question": "Which Nigerian political party was mostly Yoruba?", "id": "5726d58cf1498d1400e8ec98"}]}], ["Selepas Babangida terselamat rampasan abortif, dia menolak kembali pujian yang dijanjikan kepada demokrasi hingga 1992. Pemilihan bebas dan adil akhirnya diadakan pada 12 Jun 1993, dengan kemenangan presiden untuk Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida membatalkan pilihan raya, yang membawa kepada bantahan besar-besaran awam beramai-ramai yang secara efektif menutup negara selama berminggu-minggu. Babangida akhirnya berjanji untuk melepaskan jawatannya kepada kerajaan yang dikendalikan oleh orang awam, tetapi tidak sebelum melantik Ernest Shonekan sebagai ketua kerajaan sementara. Rejim Babangida telah dianggap paling korup, dan bertanggungjawab untuk mewujudkan budaya rasuah di Nigeria. <> Bilakah Babangida melambatkan kembali ke demokrasi? || 1992 <> Bilakah Nigeria akhirnya memegang pilihan raya yang adil? || 12 Jun 1993 <> Siapa yang memenangi pilihan raya 1993 Nigeria? || Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola <> Reaksi Babangida terhadap keputusan pemilihan menyebabkan protes keras selama berapa lama? || minggu <> Siapa yang Babangida melantik sebagai ketua kerajaan sementara ketika dia akhirnya melangkah? || Ernest Shonekan", {"context": "After Babangida survived an abortive coup, he pushed back the promised return to democracy to 1992. Free and fair elections were finally held on 12 June 1993, with a presidential victory for Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola. Babangida annulled the elections, leading to mass civilian violent protests which effectively shut down the country for weeks. Babangida finally kept his promise to relinquish office to a civilian-run government, but not before appointing Ernest Shonekan as head of the interim government. Babangida's regime has been considered the most corrupt, and responsible for creating a culture of corruption in Nigeria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "1992"}], "question": "To when did Babangida delay the return to democracy?", "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "12 June 1993"}], "question": "When did Nigeria finally hold a fair election?", "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola"}], "question": "Who won the 1993 Nigerian election?", "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "weeks"}], "question": "Babangida's reaction to the election results caused violent protests for how long?", "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Ernest Shonekan"}], "question": "Who did Babangida appoint as head of an interim government when he finally stepped down?", "id": "5726db26f1498d1400e8ed5a"}]}], ["Disquilibrium dan rasuah yang dilihat dari proses pemilihan dan politik yang diterajui, pada tahun 1966, untuk menyokong rampasan kuasa tentera. Rampasan pertama adalah pada Januari 1966 dan diketuai oleh askar Igbo di bawah Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna dan Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. Plotters rampasan kuasa berjaya membunuh Perdana Menteri Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Perdana Ahmadu Bello dari Wilayah Utara dan Ladoke Akintola Ladang Wilayah Barat. Tetapi, plotters rampasan berjuang untuk membentuk kerajaan pusat. Presiden Nwafor Orizu menyerahkan kawalan kerajaan kepada Angkatan Darat, kemudian di bawah perintah seorang pegawai Igbo yang lain, Jenderal JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi. <> Pada tahun apa ada dua rampasan kuasa di Nigeria? || 1966 <> Kumpulan mana yang mengetuai rampasan pertama 1966? || Tentera Igbo <> Yang Perdana Menteri dibunuh dalam rampasan kuasa Igbo? || Abubakar Tafawa Balewa <> Yang Perdana Utara telah dibunuh dalam rampasan Igbo? || Ahmadu Bello <> Yang mana Perdana Barat dibunuh dalam rampasan kuasa Igbo? || Ladoke Akintola", {"context": "The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1966"}], "question": "In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?", "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Igbo soldiers"}], "question": "Which group led the first 1966 coup?", "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Abubakar Tafawa Balewa"}], "question": "Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Ahmadu Bello"}], "question": "Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Ladoke Akintola"}], "question": "Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?", "id": "5726d6995951b619008f7f87"}]}], ["Kerana isu-isu di atas, parti-parti politik Nigeria adalah sifat nasional dan sekular (walaupun ini tidak menghalang kemunculan etnik yang dominan. Parti politik utama pada masa itu termasuk Parti Demokratik Rakyat Nigeria yang memerintah pada masa itu, yang mengekalkan 223 kerusi di Dewan dan 76 di Senat (masing-masing 61.9% dan 69.7%); pembelaan dahulu Semua Parti Rakyat Nigeria sekarang Semua Kongres Progresif memiliki 96 tempat duduk Dewan dan 27 di Senat (26.6% dan 24.7%). Sekitar dua puluh parti pembangkang kecil didaftarkan. <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang ada di Parti Demokratik Rakyat Nigeria di Dewan? || 223 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang dimiliki Parti Demokratik Rakyat Nigeria di Senat? || 76 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang ada di Kongres Semua Progresif? || 96 <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang ada di Kongres Semua Progresif di Senat? || 27 <> Berapa banyak parti pembangkang kecil yang ada di Nigeria? || Sekitar dua puluh", {"context": "Because of the above issues, Nigeria's political parties are pan-national and secular in character (though this does not preclude the continuing preeminence of the dominant ethnicities). The major political parties at that time included the then ruling People's Democratic Party of Nigeria, which maintains 223 seats in the House and 76 in the Senate (61.9% and 69.7% respectively); the opposition formerly All Nigeria People's Party now All Progressives Congress has 96 House seats and 27 in the Senate (26.6% and 24.7%). About twenty minor opposition parties are registered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "223"}], "question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the House?", "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "76"}], "question": "How many seats does the People's Democratic Party of Nigeria have in the Senate?", "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "96"}], "question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the House?", "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "27"}], "question": "How many seats does the  All Progressives Congress have in the Senate?", "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e9379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "About twenty"}], "question": "How many minor opposition parties does Nigeria have?", "id": "5726df8edd62a815002e937a"}]}], ["Etnocentrism, tribalisme, penganiayaan agama, dan prebendalisme telah mempengaruhi politik Nigeria sebelum dan selepas kemerdekaan pada tahun 1960. Altruisme terpilih telah membuat jalan ke dalam politik Nigeria, yang mengakibatkan usaha tribalist untuk menumpukan perhatian kuasa Persekutuan ke wilayah tertentu kepentingan mereka. Nasionalisme juga telah membawa kepada pergerakan pemisahan aktif seperti MASSOB, pergerakan nasionalis seperti Kongres Rakyat Oodua, Pergerakan untuk Emansipasi Delta Niger dan perang saudara. Tiga kumpulan etnik terbesar di Nigeria (Hausa, Igbo dan Yoruba) telah mengekalkan keunggulan sejarah dalam politik Nigeria; persaingan di antara ketiga-tiga kumpulan ini telah membakar rasuah dan rasuah. <> Apa 3 kumpulan etnik terbesar di Nigeria? || Hausa, Igbo dan Yoruba <> Bilakah Nigeria mendapat kemerdekaan? || 1960 <> Apakah pergerakan pemisahan utama yang ada di Nigeria? || MASSOB <> Apakah pergerakan nasionalis utama mempunyai Nigeria? || Kongres Rakyat Oodua", {"context": "Ethnocentrism, tribalism, religious persecution, and prebendalism have affected Nigerian politics both prior and subsequent to independence in 1960. Kin-selective altruism has made its way into Nigerian politics, resulting in tribalist efforts to concentrate Federal power to a particular region of their interests. Nationalism has also led to active secessionist movements such as MASSOB, Nationalist movements such as Oodua Peoples Congress, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and a civil war. Nigeria's three largest ethnic groups (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) have maintained historical preeminence in Nigerian politics; competition amongst these three groups has fuelled corruption and graft.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba"}], "question": "What are Nigeria's 3 biggest ethnic groups?", "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "1960"}], "question": "When did Nigeria get independence?", "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "MASSOB"}], "question": "What major secession movement has Nigeria had?", "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Oodua Peoples Congress"}], "question": "What major nationalist movement has Nigeria had?", "id": "5726dea95951b619008f80b8"}]}], ["Kawasan berhampiran sempadan dengan Cameroon dekat dengan pantai adalah hutan hujan yang kaya dan sebahagian daripada ekoregion hutan pantai Cross-Sanaga-Bioko, pusat penting untuk kepelbagaian biologi. Ia adalah habitat untuk monyet gerudi, yang terdapat di alam liar hanya di kawasan ini dan melintasi sempadan di Cameroon. Kawasan sekitar Calabar, Cross River State, juga di hutan ini, dipercayai mengandungi kepelbagaian kupu-kupu terbesar di dunia. Kawasan selatan Nigeria antara Niger dan Sungai Salib telah kehilangan sebahagian besar hutannya kerana pembangunan dan penuaian oleh penduduk yang meningkat, dengan itu digantikan oleh padang rumput (lihat hutan peralihan Cross-Niger). <> Apakah kawasan Cross River State di Nigeria mempunyai pelbagai terbesar di dunia? || rama-rama <> Nigeria Selatan beralih dari hutan ke persekitaran jenis apa? || rumput <> Apa jenis monyet yang hanya terdapat di bahagian Nigeria dan Cameroon? || monyet gerudi <> Apa ekoregion di Nigeria berhampiran sempadan Cameroon? || Hutan pantai pesisir Cross-Sanaga-Bioko <> Mengapa Nigeria selatan kehilangan hutannya? || pembangunan dan penuaian oleh peningkatan penduduk", {"context": "The area near the border with Cameroon close to the coast is rich rainforest and part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests ecoregion, an important centre for biodiversity. It is habitat for the drill monkey, which is found in the wild only in this area and across the border in Cameroon. The areas surrounding Calabar, Cross River State, also in this forest, are believed to contain the world's largest diversity of butterflies. The area of southern Nigeria between the Niger and the Cross Rivers has lost most of its forest because of development and harvesting by increased population, with it being replaced by grassland (see Cross-Niger transition forests).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "butterflies"}], "question": "What does the Cross River State area of Nigeria have the world's largest variety of?", "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "grassland"}], "question": "Southern Nigeria is turning from a forest to what type of environment?", "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "the drill monkey"}], "question": "What type of monkey is only found in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon?", "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests"}], "question": "What ecoregion is in Nigeria near the Cameroon border?", "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "development and harvesting by increased population"}], "question": "Why is southern Nigeria losing its forests?", "id": "5726e1f45951b619008f8155"}]}], ["Pengurusan sisa termasuk rawatan kumbahan, proses berkaitan penebangan hutan dan kemusnahan tanah, dan perubahan iklim atau pemanasan global adalah masalah alam sekitar utama di Nigeria. Pengurusan sisa membuktikan masalah di sebuah bandar raya mega seperti Lagos dan bandar-bandar utama Nigeria yang lain yang dikaitkan dengan pembangunan ekonomi, pertumbuhan penduduk dan ketidakupayaan majlis perbandaran untuk menguruskan peningkatan akibat sisa industri dan domestik. Masalah pengurusan sisa yang besar ini juga dikaitkan dengan gaya hidup pengurusan alam sekitar yang tidak mapan di Komuniti Kubwa di Wilayah Ibu Negara Persekutuan, di mana terdapat kebiasaan pembuangan sampah sembarangan, membuang sisa di sepanjang atau ke terusan, sistem pembetungan yang saluran untuk aliran air, dan lain-lain <> Apa bandar Nigeria yang terbesar? || Lagos <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang mana telah gagal mengikuti pengurusan sisa di Nigeria? || majlis perbandaran <> Apakah komuniti Nigeria mempunyai pengurusan sisa yang tidak terburuk? || Kubwa Komuniti <> Wilayah apakah Kubwa Komuniti? || Wilayah Persekutuan Persekutuan", {"context": "Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are the major environmental problems in Nigeria. Waste management presents problems in a mega city like Lagos and other major Nigerian cities which are linked with economic development, population growth and the inability of municipal councils to manage the resulting rise in industrial and domestic waste. This huge waste management problem is also attributable to unsustainable environmental management lifestyles of Kubwa Community in the Federal Capital Territory, where there are habits of indiscriminate disposal of waste, dumping of waste along or into the canals, sewerage systems that are channels for water flows, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Lagos"}], "question": "What is the largest Nigerian city?", "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "municipal councils"}], "question": "What type of groups have been failing to keep up with waste management in Nigeria?", "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "Kubwa Community"}], "question": "What Nigerian community has the worst unsustainable waste management?", "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "Federal Capital Territory"}], "question": "What territory is Kubwa Community in?", "id": "5726e3bd5951b619008f819e"}]}], ["Segala-galanya di antara jauh ke selatan dan di sebelah utara adalah savannah (penutup pokok yang tidak penting, dengan rumput dan bunga yang terletak di antara pokok). Hujan lebih terhad, antara 500 dan 1,500 milimeter (20 dan 60 in) setahun. Tiga kategori zona savana adalah mosaik hutan-savana Guinean, savannah Sudan, dan Sahel savannah. Moin hutan-savana Guinean adalah dataran rumput tinggi yang terganggu oleh pokok. Savana Sudan adalah sama tetapi dengan rumput yang lebih pendek dan pokok yang lebih pendek. Sahel savannah terdiri daripada tompok rumput dan pasir, yang terdapat di timur laut. Di rantau Sahel, hujan kurang daripada 500 milimeter (20 in) setahun dan Gurun Sahara menceroboh. Di sudut timur laut negara kering terletak Lake Chad, yang Nigeria berkongsi dengan Niger, Chad dan Cameroon. <> Apa jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan di tengah Nigeria? || savannah <> Berapa banyak hujan hujan yang diperoleh di tengah-tengah Nigeria setiap tahun? || antara 500 dan 1,500 milimeter (20 dan 60 in) <> Berapa banyak subregion di zona savannah Nigeria? || tiga <> Berapa hujan hujan kawasan Sahel savana mendapat setahun? || kurang daripada 500 milimeter (20 in) <> Gurun mana yang menjejaskan ke timur laut Nigeria? || Sahara", {"context": "Everything in between the far south and the far north is savannah (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees). Rainfall is more limited, to between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in) per year. The savannah zone's three categories are Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, and Sahel savannah. Guinean forest-savanna mosaic is plains of tall grass interrupted by trees. Sudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than 500 millimetres (20 in) per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry north-east corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "savannah"}], "question": "What type of vegetation is in central Nigeria?", "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "between 500 and 1,500 millimetres (20 and 60 in)"}], "question": "How many inches of rain does central Nigeria get each year?", "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many subregions are there of Nigeria's savannah zone?", "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "less than 500 millimetres (20 in)"}], "question": "How much rain does the Sahel savannah area get per year?", "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Sahara"}], "question": "Which desert is encroaching into northeastern Nigeria?", "id": "5726e30ddd62a815002e93fc"}]}], ["Nigeria mempunyai landskap yang berbeza-beza. Hutan selatan ditakrifkan oleh iklim hutan hujan tropika, di mana hujan tahunan adalah 60 hingga 80 inci (1,500 hingga 2,000 mm) setahun. Di tenggara terletak Obudu Plateau. Dataran pantai terdapat di barat daya dan tenggara. Bahagian paling selatan zon hutan ini ditakrifkan sebagai \"paya garam air\", yang juga dikenali sebagai paya bakau kerana banyaknya bakau di kawasan tersebut. Utara ini adalah paya air tawar, yang mengandungi tumbuh-tumbuhan yang berbeza dari paya air garam, dan utaranya adalah hutan hujan. <> Berapa inci hujan hujan selatan Nigeria mendapat setiap tahun? || 60 hingga 80 inci <> Apa jenis iklim selatan Nigeria? || Hutan hujan tropika <> Apa bahagian Nigeria adalah Obudu Plateau? || tenggara <> Apa iklim utara Nigeria? || hutan hujan", {"context": "Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is 60 to 80 inches (1,500 to 2,000 mm) a year. In the southeast stands the Obudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"salt water swamp,\" also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rain forest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "60 to 80 inches"}], "question": "How many inches of rain does southern Nigeria get each year?", "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "tropical rainforest"}], "question": "What type of climate is southern Nigeria?", "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "southeast"}], "question": "What part of Nigeria is the Obudu Plateau in?", "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "rain forest"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's northernmost climate?", "id": "5726e11bf1498d1400e8ee79"}]}], ["Padang Delta Nembe Creek Oil Niger ditemui pada tahun 1973 dan menghasilkan dari batu permata batu delta Miocene tengah dalam perangkap struktur antiklin pada kedalaman 2-4 km. Pada bulan Jun 2013, syarikat itu mengumumkan kajian semula strategik operasi di Nigeria, membayangkan bahawa aset itu boleh dibahagikan. Walaupun banyak syarikat minyak antarabangsa telah beroperasi di sana selama beberapa dekad, pada tahun 2014 kebanyakan membuat langkah untuk melepaskan kepentingan mereka, memetik pelbagai isu termasuk kecurian minyak. Pada bulan Ogos 2014, Shell Oil Company berkata ia memuktamadkan kepentingannya dalam empat medan minyak Nigeria. <> Bilakah padang Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil ditemui? || 1973 <> Apakah kedalaman lapangan Delta Nembe Creek Oil Niger? || 2-4 km <> Apakah jenis geologi adalah padang Delta Niger Creek Nembe? || tengah Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale dalam perangkap struktur antikline <> Berapa lama syarikat minyak antarabangsa telah berada di Nigeria? || dekad", {"context": "The Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field was discovered in 1973 and produces from middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap at a depth of 2\u20134 km. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. While many international oil companies have operated there for decades, by 2014 most were making moves to divest their interests, citing a range of issues including oil theft. In August 2014, Shell Oil Company said it was finalising its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1973"}], "question": "When was the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field found?", "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "2\u20134 km"}], "question": "What is the depth of the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?", "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "middle Miocene deltaic sandstone-shale in an anticline structural trap"}], "question": "What type of geology is the Niger Delta Nembe Creek Oil field?", "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "decades"}], "question": "How long have international oil companies been in Nigeria?", "id": "5726e6d6f1498d1400e8ef5f"}]}], ["Nigeria dibahagikan kepada tiga puluh enam negeri dan satu Wilayah Persekutuan Persekutuan, yang selanjutnya dibahagikan kepada 774 Kawasan Kerajaan Tempatan (LGAs). Kebanyakan negeri, yang mana hanya terdapat tiga di kemerdekaan, mencerminkan sejarah negara yang teruk dan kesukaran menguruskan entiti kebangsaan yang begitu heterogen di semua peringkat kerajaan. Dalam beberapa konteks, negeri-negeri diagregatkan menjadi enam zon geopolitik: Utara Barat, Utara Utara, Tengah Utara, Selatan Selatan, Selatan Selatan, dan Selatan Barat. <> Berapa banyak negeri yang ada di Nigeria? || tiga puluh enam <> Apa kawasan bukan negeri yang ada di Nigeria? || Wilayah Persekutuan Persekutuan <> Berapa banyak kawasan yang lebih kecil adalah negeri-negeri Nigeria dibahagikan? || 774 <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian sub-negeri Nigeria disebut? || Kawasan Kerajaan Tempatan <> Berapa banyak zon geopolitik yang menganggap negara-negara Nigeria berada dalam? || enam", {"context": "Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). The plethora of states, of which there were only three at independence, reflect the country's tumultuous history and the difficulties of managing such a heterogeneous national entity at all levels of government. In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "thirty-six"}], "question": "How many states does Nigeria have?", "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d509"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Federal Capital Territory"}], "question": "What non-state area does Nigeria have?", "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "774"}], "question": "How many smaller areas are the Nigerian states divided into?", "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Local Government Areas"}], "question": "What are the Nigerian states' sub-divisions called?", "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many geopolitical zones do people consider the Nigerian states to be in?", "id": "5726e4e2708984140094d50d"}]}], ["Nigeria menduduki tempat ke-30 di dunia dari segi KDNK (PPP) pada tahun 2012. Nigeria adalah rakan dagang terbesar di Amerika Syarikat di Afrika sub-Sahara dan membekalkan seperlima minyaknya (11% daripada import minyak). Ia mempunyai lebihan perdagangan ketujuh terbesar dengan AS di mana-mana negara di seluruh dunia. Nigeria adalah pasaran eksport ke-50 terbesar untuk barangan AS dan pengeksport barang ke-14 terbesar ke Amerika Syarikat. Amerika Syarikat adalah pelabur asing terbesar di negara ini. Tabung Kewangan Antarabangsa (IMF) mengunjurkan pertumbuhan ekonomi 9% pada tahun 2008 dan 8.3% pada tahun 2009. IMF terus memproyeksikan pertumbuhan 8% dalam ekonomi Nigeria pada 2011. <> Di mana peringkat PDB Nigeria 2012? || Ke-30 di dunia <> Negara sub-Sahara Afrika mana yang paling perdagangan dengan AS? || Nigeria <> Berapa banyak minyak AS yang berasal dari Nigeria? || yang kelima <> Berapa banyak impor minyak AS berasal dari Nigeria? || 11% <> Berapa banyak pertumbuhan IMF menjangkakan ekonomi Nigeria pada tahun 2009? || 8.3%", {"context": "Nigeria was ranked 30th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) in 2012. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports). It has the seventh-largest trade surplus with the US of any country worldwide. Nigeria is the 50th-largest export market for US goods and the 14th-largest exporter of goods to the US. The United States is the country's largest foreign investor. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected economic growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. The IMF further projects an 8% growth in the Nigerian economy in 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "30th in the world"}], "question": "Where did Nigeria's 2012 GDP rank?", "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "Which sub-Saharan African nation does the most trade with the US?", "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "a fifth"}], "question": "How much of the US's oil comes from Nigeria?", "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "11%"}], "question": "How much of the US's oil imports come from Nigeria?", "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "8.3%"}], "question": "How much growth did the IMF expect Nigeria's economy to have in 2009?", "id": "5726e613dd62a815002e9454"}]}], ["Dasar asing Nigeria diuji pada tahun 1970-an selepas negara itu muncul bersatu dari perang saudara sendiri. Ia menyokong pergerakan terhadap kerajaan minoriti putih di sub-rantau Afrika Selatan. Nigeria menyokong Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika (ANC) dengan mengambil garis keras yang teguh berkenaan dengan kerajaan Afrika Selatan dan tindakan ketenteraan mereka di selatan Afrika. Nigeria juga merupakan ahli pengasas Pertubuhan untuk Kesatuan Afrika (kini Kesatuan Afrika), dan mempunyai pengaruh besar di Afrika Barat dan Afrika secara keseluruhannya. Nigeria juga telah menubuhkan usaha koperasi serantau di Afrika Barat, yang berfungsi sebagai pembawa piawaian untuk Masyarakat Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat (ECOWAS) dan ECOMOG, organisasi ekonomi dan ketenteraan masing-masing. <> Kumpulan apa yang menyokong Nigeria terhadap kerajaan putih di Afrika Selatan? || Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika <> Kumpulan apa yang Nigeria sebagai pengasas? || Pertubuhan untuk Persatuan Afrika <> Apakah Organisasi Perpaduan Afrika sekarang dikenali? || Uni Afrika <> Nigeria adalah 'pembawa standard' dalam kumpulan antarabangsa apa? || Komuniti Ekonomi Negara-Negara Afrika Barat", {"context": "Nigeria's foreign policy was tested in the 1970s after the country emerged united from its own civil war. It supported movements against white minority governments in the Southern Africa sub-region. Nigeria backed the African National Congress (ANC) by taking a committed tough line with regard to the South African government and their military actions in southern Africa. Nigeria was also a founding member of the Organisation for African Unity (now the African Union), and has tremendous influence in West Africa and Africa on the whole. Nigeria has additionally founded regional cooperative efforts in West Africa, functioning as standard-bearer for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and ECOMOG, economic and military organisations, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "African National Congress"}], "question": "What group did Nigeria support against white governments in Southern Africa?", "id": "5726e060708984140094d477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "Organisation for African Unity"}], "question": "What group was Nigeria a founding member of?", "id": "5726e060708984140094d478"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "the African Union"}], "question": "What is the Organisation for African Unity now known as?", "id": "5726e060708984140094d479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "the Economic Community of West African States"}], "question": "Nigeria is a 'standard-bearer' in what international group?", "id": "5726e060708984140094d47a"}]}], ["NigeriaSat-2, satelit kedua Nigeria, dibina sebagai satelit bumi resolusi tinggi oleh Surrey Space Technology Limited, sebuah syarikat teknologi satelit berasaskan United Kingdom. Ia mempunyai panchromatic resolusi 2.5 meter (resolusi yang sangat tinggi), 5-meter multispectral (resolusi tinggi, NIR merah, hijau dan merah band), dan resolusi sederhana (resolusi sederhana, NIR merah, hijau dan merah) 32 meter, dengan sebuah stesen penerimaan tanah di Abuja. Kapal angkasa NigeriaSat-2 sahaja dibina dengan kos melebihi \u00a3 35 juta. Satelit ini dilancarkan ke orbit dari pangkalan tentera di China. <> Apakah satelit kedua Nigeria dipanggil? || NigeriaSat-2 <> Siapa yang menghasilkan satelit kedua Nigeria? || Surrey Space Technology Limited <> Di mana satelit kedua Nigeria dihasilkan? || United Kingdom <> Di mana stesen penerimaan tanah satelit kedua Nigeria? || Abuja <> Di manakah satelit kedua Nigeria dilancarkan? || China", {"context": "NigeriaSat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, was built as a high-resolution earth satellite by Surrey Space Technology Limited, a United Kingdom-based satellite technology company. It has 2.5-metre resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5-metre multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green and red bands), and 32-metre multispectral (medium resolution, NIR red, green and red bands) antennas, with a ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-2 spacecraft alone was built at a cost of over \u00a335 million. This satellite was launched into orbit from a military base in China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "NigeriaSat-2"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's second satellite called?", "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Surrey Space Technology Limited"}], "question": "Who manufactured Nigeria's second satellite?", "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite manufactured?", "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Abuja"}], "question": "Where is Nigeria's second satellite's ground receiving station?", "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where was Nigeria's second satellite launched?", "id": "5726e93cdd62a815002e94ca"}]}], ["Pada 24 Mac 2009, Kementerian Sains dan Teknologi Persekutuan Nigeria, NigComSat Ltd. dan CGWIC menandatangani kontrak lain untuk penghantaran orbit satelit NigComSat-1R. NigComSat-1R juga merupakan satelit DFH-4, dan penggantian NigComSat-1 yang gagal berjaya dilancarkan ke orbit oleh China di Xichang pada 19 Disember 2011. Satelit itu mengikut Presiden Nigeria ketika itu, Goodluck Jonathan yang dibayar oleh dasar insurans pada NigComSat-1 yang mengorbit pada tahun 2009, akan memberi impak positif terhadap pembangunan negara dalam pelbagai sektor seperti komunikasi, perkhidmatan internet, kesihatan, pertanian, perlindungan alam sekitar dan keselamatan negara. <> Bilakah satelit keempat Nigeria dilancarkan? || 19 Disember 2011 <> Dimana satelit keempat Nigeria dilancarkan? || China <> Apa yang dibayar untuk satelit keempat Nigeria? || dasar insurans di NigComSat-1 <> Apakah satelit keempat Nigeria dipanggil? || NigComSat-1R <> Apa satelit yang menggantikan satelit keempat Nigeria? || NigComSat-1", {"context": "On 24 March 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd. and CGWIC signed another contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite. NigComSat-1R was also a DFH-4 satellite, and the replacement for the failed NigComSat-1 was successfully launched into orbit by China in Xichang on December 19, 2011. The satellite according to then-Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan which was paid for by the insurance policy on NigComSat-1 which de-orbited in 2009, would have a positive impact on national development in various sectors such as communications, internet services, health, agriculture, environmental protection and national security.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "December 19, 2011"}], "question": "When was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?", "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where was Nigeria's fourth satellite launched?", "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "the insurance policy on NigComSat-1"}], "question": "What paid for Nigeria's fourth satellite?", "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "NigComSat-1R"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's fourth satellite called?", "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "NigComSat-1"}], "question": "What satellite did Nigeria's fourth satellite replace?", "id": "5726ea8d708984140094d5d5"}]}], ["NigComSat-1, sebuah satelit Nigeria yang dibina pada tahun 2004, adalah satelit ketiga Nigeria dan satelit komunikasi pertama Afrika. Ia dilancarkan pada 13 Mei 2007, di roket pembawa Cina Long March 3B, dari Pusat Pelancaran Satelit Xichang di China. Pesawat angkasa itu dikendalikan oleh NigComSat dan Agensi Angkasa Nigeria, NASRDA. Pada 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 gagal dalam orbit selepas kehabisan kuasa kerana anomali dalam pelbagai surianya. Ia didasarkan pada bas satelit DFH-4 Cina, dan membawa pelbagai transponder: 4 C-band; 14 Ku-band; 8 Ka-band; dan 2 L-band. Ia direka untuk memberi liputan kepada banyak bahagian Afrika, dan transponder Ka-band juga akan meliputi Itali. <> Apa yang dipanggil satelit ketiga Nigeria? || NigComSat-1 <> Bilakah satelit ketiga Nigeria dibina? || 2004 <> Bilakah satelit ketiga Nigeria dilancarkan? || 13 Mei 2007 <> Bilakah satelit ketiga Nigeria runtuh? || 11 November 2008 <> di mana satelit ketiga Nigeria dilancarkan? || China", {"context": "NigComSat-1, a Nigerian satellite built in 2004, was Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March 3B carrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On 11 November 2008, NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power because of an anomaly in its solar array. It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders: 4 C-band; 14 Ku-band; 8 Ka-band; and 2 L-band. It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders would also cover Italy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "NigComSat-1"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's third satellite called?", "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite built?", "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "13 May 2007"}], "question": "When was Nigeria's third satellite launched?", "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "11 November 2008"}], "question": "When did Nigeria's third satellite run out of power?", "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "China"}], "question": "where was Nigeria's third satellite launched?", "id": "5726e9d2dd62a815002e94fa"}]}], ["Walaupun kebanyakan kumpulan etnik lebih suka berkomunikasi dalam bahasa mereka sendiri, bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa rasmi digunakan secara meluas untuk pendidikan, transaksi perniagaan dan untuk tujuan rasmi. Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa pertama hanya digunakan oleh minoriti kecil elit bandar negara, dan ia tidak dituturkan sama sekali di beberapa kawasan luar bandar. Hausa adalah yang paling banyak dituturkan dari 3 bahasa utama yang dituturkan di Nigeria sendiri (Igbo, Hausa dan Yoruba) tetapi tidak seperti Yorubas dan Igbos, Hausas cenderung untuk tidak pergi jauh di luar Nigeria sendiri. [Rujukan?] bahasa Nigeria? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Berapa banyak bahasa Nigeria menggunakan Bahasa Inggeris sebagai bahasa pertama? || minoriti kecil elit bandar negara <> Apakah bahasa yang paling popular di Nigeria? || Hausa <> Apakah 3 bahasa teratas di Nigeria? || Igbo, Hausa dan Yoruba", {"context": "Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English as the official language is widely used for education, business transactions and for official purposes. English as a first language is used only by a small minority of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. Hausa is the most widely spoken of the 3 main languages spoken in Nigeria itself (Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba) but unlike the Yorubas and Igbos, the Hausas tend not to travel far outside Nigeria itself.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "English"}], "question": "What is the official language of Nigeria?", "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "a small minority of the country's urban elite"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria uses English as a first language?", "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Hausa"}], "question": "What is the most popular language in Nigeria?", "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba"}], "question": "What are the top 3 languages in Nigeria?", "id": "5726ebfc708984140094d61c"}]}], ["Menurut Pertubuhan Antarabangsa untuk Migrasi, Nigeria menyaksikan peningkatan dramatik dalam kiriman wang yang dihantar pulang dari Nigeria di luar negara, daripada USD 2.3 bilion pada tahun 2004 kepada 17.9 bilion pada 2007. Amerika Syarikat menyumbang sebahagian besar kiriman wang rasmi, diikuti oleh United Kerajaan, Itali, Kanada, Sepanyol dan Perancis. Di benua Afrika, Mesir, Guinea Khatulistiwa, Chad, Libya dan Afrika Selatan adalah negara sumber utama aliran wang masuk ke Nigeria, sementara China adalah negara penghantar pengiriman wang terbesar di Asia. <> Berapa banyak wang yang dihantar Nigeria di luar negara pada tahun 2004? || USD 2.3 bilion <> Berapa banyak wang yang dihantar Nigeria ke luar negara pada tahun 2007? || 17.9 bilion <> Negara mana yang mempunyai penduduk Nigeria yang paling banyak menghantar rumah? || Amerika Syarikat <> Negara mana yang mempunyai warga Nigeria menghantar pulang wang yang paling banyak? || United Kingdom <> Negara Asia mana yang mempunyai warga Nigeria menghantar pulang wang yang paling? || China", {"context": "According to the International Organization for Migration, Nigeria witnessed a dramatic increase in remittances sent home from overseas Nigerians, going from USD 2.3 billion in 2004 to 17.9 billion in 2007. The United States accounts for the largest portion of official remittances, followed by the United Kingdom, Italy, Canada, Spain and France. On the African continent, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Libya and South Africa are important source countries of remittance flows to Nigeria, while China is the biggest remittance-sending country in Asia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "USD 2.3 billion"}], "question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2004?", "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "17.9 billion"}], "question": "How much money did overseas Nigerians send home in 2007?", "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the most money home?", "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "Which country has Nigerians sending the second-most money home?", "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e948f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "China"}], "question": "Which Asian country has Nigerians sending the most money home?", "id": "5726e773dd62a815002e9490"}]}], ["Kerajaan Nigeria telah menugaskan pengeluaran dan pelancaran empat satelit. Nigeriasat-1 adalah satelit pertama yang dibina di bawah penajaan kerajaan Nigeria. Satelit ini dilancarkan dari Rusia pada 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 adalah sebahagian daripada Sistem Bentuk Pemantauan Bencana di seluruh dunia. Objektif utama Nigeriasat-1 adalah: memberi isyarat awal bencana alam sekitar; untuk membantu mengesan dan mengawal desertifikasi di bahagian utara Nigeria; untuk membantu perancangan demografik; untuk mewujudkan hubungan antara vektor malaria dan persekitaran yang membiak malaria dan memberi isyarat amaran awal mengenai wabak meningitis di masa mendatang menggunakan teknologi penginderaan jarak jauh; untuk menyediakan teknologi yang diperlukan untuk membawa pendidikan ke semua bahagian negara melalui pembelajaran yang jauh; dan untuk membantu penyelesaian konflik dan pertikaian sempadan dengan memetakan negara dan sempadan antarabangsa. <> Bilakah Nigeria melancarkan satelit pertama? || 27 September 2003 <> Apa yang disebut pertama satelit Nigeria? || Nigeriasat-1 <> Di manakah Nigeria melancarkan satelit pertamanya? || Rusia <> Berapa banyak satelit yang ditugaskan oleh kerajaan Nigeria? || empat", {"context": "The Nigerian government has commissioned the overseas production and launch of four satellites. The Nigeriasat-1 was the first satellite to be built under the Nigerian government sponsorship. The satellite was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 was part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. The primary objectives of the Nigeriasat-1 were: to give early warning signals of environmental disaster; to help detect and control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria; to assist in demographic planning; to establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote sensing technology; to provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through distant learning; and to aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International borders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "27 September 2003"}], "question": "When did Nigeria launch its first satellite?", "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d581"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Nigeriasat-1"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's first satellite called?", "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Where did Nigeria launch its first satellite?", "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many satellites has the Nigerian government commissioned?", "id": "5726e8e4708984140094d584"}]}], ["Dengan majoriti penduduk Nigeria di kawasan pedalaman, bahasa komunikasi utama di negara ini masih menjadi bahasa pribumi. Antara yang terbesar, terutamanya Yoruba dan Igbo, telah menerbitkan bahasa-bahasa standard dari beberapa dialek berbeza dan banyak digunakan oleh kumpulan etnik. Bahasa Inggeris Pidgin Nigeria, yang sering dikenali sebagai 'Pidgin' atau 'Broken' (Broken English), juga merupakan lingua franca yang popular, walaupun dengan pengaruh serantau yang berlainan pada dialek dan slang. Bahasa Inggeris pidgin atau bahasa Inggeris Nigeria banyak digunakan dalam Kawasan Delta Niger, yang kebanyakannya terdapat di Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, dan Benin City. <> Apa yang sering dipanggil Bahasa Inggeris Pidgin Nigeria? || 'Pidgin' atau 'Broken' <> Kawasan apa yang dikatakan oleh Nigeria dalam bahasa Inggeris? || Kawasan Delta Niger <> Jenis kawasan apa yang kebanyakan penduduk Nigeria hidup? || luar bandar <> Bahasa jenis apa yang paling popular di Nigeria? || orang asli", {"context": "With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "'Pidgin' or 'Broken'"}], "question": "What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?", "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Niger Delta Regions"}], "question": "What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?", "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "rural"}], "question": "What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?", "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "indigenous"}], "question": "What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?", "id": "5726ed805951b619008f8294"}]}], ["Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menganggarkan bahawa penduduk pada tahun 2009 berada pada 154,729,000, diagihkan sebagai 51.7% pedalaman dan 48.3% perkotaan, dan dengan kepadatan penduduk 167.5 orang per kilometer persegi. Hasil banci kebangsaan dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu telah dipertikaikan. Hasil bancian terkini dikeluarkan pada bulan Disember 2006 dan memberikan populasi 140,003,542. Satu-satunya kerosakan yang ada ialah jantina: lelaki berjumlah 71,709,859, perempuan berjumlah 68,293,08. Pada bulan Jun 2012, Presiden Goodluck Jonathan berkata bahawa Nigeria harus mengehadkan bilangan anak mereka. <> Apakah populasi Nigeria pada tahun 2009? || 154,729,000 <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria pada tahun 2009 adalah di luar bandar? || 51.7% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria pada tahun 2009 adalah bandar? || 48.3% <> Apakah kepadatan penduduk Nigeria pada tahun 2009? || 167.5 orang setiap kilometer persegi <> Bilakah Presiden Goodluck Jonathan menganjurkan menghadkan melahirkan anak? || Jun 2012", {"context": "The United Nations estimates that the population in 2009 was at 154,729,000, distributed as 51.7% rural and 48.3% urban, and with a population density of 167.5 people per square kilometre. National census results in the past few decades have been disputed. The results of the most recent census were released in December 2006 and gave a population of 140,003,542. The only breakdown available was by gender: males numbered 71,709,859, females numbered 68,293,08. On June 2012, President Goodluck Jonathan said that Nigerians should limit their number of children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "154,729,000"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's population in 2009?", "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "51.7%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was rural?", "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "48.3%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population in 2009 was urban?", "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9536"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "167.5 people per square kilometre"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's population density in 2009?", "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9537"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "June 2012"}], "question": "When did President Goodluck Jonathan advocate limiting childbirth?", "id": "5726eb29dd62a815002e9538"}]}], ["Nigeria pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini telah memasuki perindustrian. Ia kini mempunyai syarikat perkilangan kenderaan asal, Innoson Motors, yang mengeluarkan Bas Transit, Trak dan SUV Rapid dengan pengenalan kereta yang akan datang. Nigeria juga mempunyai pengeluar Elektronik yang sedikit seperti Zinox, pengeluar komputer Komputer dan Elektronik (seperti tablet PC) yang pertama di Branded Nigeria. Pada tahun 2013, Nigeria memperkenalkan dasar mengenai duti import ke atas kenderaan untuk menggalakkan syarikat pembuatan tempatan di negara ini. Sehubungan itu, beberapa syarikat perkilangan kenderaan asing seperti Nissan telah membuat perancangan mereka untuk mempunyai kilang pembuatan di Nigeria. Ogun dianggap sebagai hab perindustrian Nigeria semasa, kerana kebanyakan kilang terletak di Ogun dan lebih banyak syarikat bergerak di sana, diikuti oleh Lagos. <> Apakah pengeluar kenderaan tempatan Nigeria? || Innoson Motors <> Apakah pengeluar elektronik bermerk Nigeria? || Zinox <> Bilakah Nigeria menukar dasar importnya untuk menggalakkan pengeluar tempatan? || 2013 <> Apa bandar utama kawasan perindustrian Nigeria? || Ogun <> Apa bandar adalah kawasan perindustrian sekunder Nigeria? || Lagos", {"context": "Nigeria in recent years has been embracing industrialisation. It currently has an indigenous vehicle manufacturing company, Innoson Motors, which manufactures Rapid Transit Buses, Trucks and SUVs with an upcoming introduction of Cars. Nigeria also has few Electronic manufacturers like Zinox, the first Branded Nigerian Computer and Electronic gadgets (like tablet PCs) manufacturers. In 2013, Nigeria introduced a policy regarding import duty on vehicles to encourage local manufacturing companies in the country. In this regard, some foreign vehicle manufacturing companies like Nissan have made known their plans to have manufacturing plants in Nigeria. Ogun is considered to be the current Nigeria's industrial hub, as most factories are located in Ogun and more companies are moving there, followed by Lagos.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Innoson Motors"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's local vehicle manufacturer?", "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Zinox"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's branded electronics manufacturer?", "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8212"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did Nigeria change its import policies to encourage local manufacturers?", "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8213"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "Ogun"}], "question": "What city is Nigeria's main industrial area?", "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8214"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "Lagos"}], "question": "What city is Nigeria's secondary industrial area?", "id": "5726e8285951b619008f8215"}]}], ["Nigeria adalah masyarakat yang pelbagai agama, dengan Islam dan agama Kristian menjadi agama yang paling luas. Penduduk Nigeria hampir sama dibahagikan kepada Kristian dan Muslim, dengan minoriti penganut animisme dan agama lain yang kecil. Menurut satu anggaran baru-baru ini, lebih daripada 40% penduduk Nigeria berpegang pada Islam (terutamanya Sunni, cawangan lain juga hadir). Kekristianan diamalkan oleh 58% penduduk (di antaranya 74% adalah Protestan, 25% Roman Katolik, 1% Kristian lain). Penganut animisme dan agama lain secara kolektif mewakili 1.4% daripada penduduk. <> Apakah agama-agama yang paling popular di Nigeria? || Islam dan agama Kristian <> Apa agama yang ada di Nigeria selain daripada dua bahagian teratas? || minoriti kecil penganut animisme dan agama lain <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria adalah Muslim? || lebih 40% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria adalah orang Kristen? || 58% <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria adalah Animist dan agama lain? || 1.4%", {"context": "Nigeria is a religiously diverse society, with Islam and Christianity being the most widely professed religions. Nigerians are nearly equally divided into Christians and Muslims, with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions. According to one recent estimate, over 40% of Nigeria's population adheres to Islam (mainly Sunni, other branches are also present). Christianity is practised by 58% of the population (among them 74% are Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 1% other Christian). Adherents of Animism and other religions collectively represent 1.4% of the population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Islam and Christianity"}], "question": "What are the most popular religions in Nigeria?", "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions"}], "question": "What religions does Nigeria have besides the top two?", "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "over 40%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Muslim?", "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "58%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Christian?", "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "1.4%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population is Animist and other religions?", "id": "5726edf05951b619008f82a7"}]}], ["Penyampaian penjagaan kesihatan di Nigeria adalah tanggungjawab serentak dari tiga peringkat kerajaan di negara ini, dan sektor swasta. Nigeria telah menyusun semula sistem kesihatannya sejak Inisiatif Bamako tahun 1987, yang secara rasmi mempromosikan kaedah berasaskan komuniti untuk meningkatkan kebolehcapaian ubat dan perkhidmatan penjagaan kesihatan kepada penduduk, sebahagiannya dengan melaksanakan bayaran pengguna. Strategi baru ini meningkatkan aksesibiliti secara dramatik melalui pembaharuan penjagaan kesihatan berasaskan komuniti, menghasilkan penyediaan perkhidmatan yang lebih cekap dan saksama. Strategi pendekatan komprehensif telah diperluaskan ke semua bidang penjagaan kesihatan, dengan penambahbaikan selanjutnya dalam petunjuk penjagaan kesihatan dan penambahbaikan kecekapan dan kos penjagaan kesihatan. <> Bilakah Inisiatif Bamako bermula? || 1987 <> Nigeria menambah apa jenis kos untuk sistem penjagaan kesihatannya? || yuran pengguna <> Bilakah Nigeria mula menyusun semula sistem penjagaan kesihatannya? || 1987", {"context": "Health care delivery in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country, and the private sector. Nigeria has been reorganising its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987, which formally promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did the Bamako Initiative begin?", "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e9608"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "user fees"}], "question": "Nigeria is adding what kind of costs to its healthcare system?", "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e9609"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When did Nigeria start reorganizing its healthcare system?", "id": "5726f391dd62a815002e960a"}]}], ["Majoriti umat Islam di Nigeria adalah Sunni kepunyaan sekolah yurisprudensi Maliki; Namun, minoriti yang cukup besar juga dimiliki oleh Shafi madhhab. Sejumlah besar umat Islam Sunni adalah ahli persaudaraan Sufi. Kebanyakan Sufis mengikuti Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah dan / atau gerakan Mouride. Suatu minoriti penting Shia wujud (lihat Shia di Nigeria). Sesetengah negeri utara telah memasukkan undang-undang Syariah ke dalam sistem perundangan mereka yang sebelum ini sekular, yang telah membawa beberapa kontroversi. Negara Kano telah berusaha memasukkan undang-undang Syariah ke dalam perlembagaannya. Majoriti orang al-Quran mengikuti gerakan Kalo Kato atau Quraniyyun. Terdapat juga minoriti Ahmadiyah dan Mahdiyya. <> Apakah jenis Islam yang paling biasa di Nigeria? || Sunni <> Sekolah Islam Sunni yang paling biasa di Nigeria? || Undang-undang perundangan Maliki <> Apa undang-undang Islam digunakan di beberapa negeri Nigeria? || Sharia <> Apakah negara Nigeria sedang berusaha membuat undang-undang syariah sebahagian daripada perlembagaannya? || Kano", {"context": "The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Sunni"}], "question": "What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?", "id": "5726ef16708984140094d665"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Maliki school of jurisprudence"}], "question": "What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?", "id": "5726ef16708984140094d666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Sharia"}], "question": "What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?", "id": "5726ef16708984140094d667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Kano"}], "question": "What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?", "id": "5726ef16708984140094d668"}]}], ["Antara orang Kristian, kajian Pew Research mendapati bahawa 74% adalah Protestan, 25% adalah Katolik, dan 1% milik denominasi Kristian lain, termasuk komunitas Kristian Ortodoks kecil. Dari segi kumpulan etnik utama Nigeria, kumpulan etnik Hausa (yang dominan di utara) didapati 95% Muslim dan 5% Kristian, suku Yoruba (yang dominan di barat) adalah 55% Muslim, 35% Kristian dan 10% penganut agama lain, sedangkan Igbos (yang paling utama di timur) dan Ijaw (selatan) adalah 98% Kristian, dengan 2% mengamalkan agama tradisional. Sabuk pertengahan Nigeria mengandungi kumpulan etnik minoriti terbesar di Nigeria, yang kebanyakannya terdiri daripada orang Kristian dan ahli-ahli agama tradisional, dengan sebahagian kecil umat Islam. <> Berapa ramai orang Kristian Nigeria yang Protestan? || 74% <> Berapa banyak orang Kristian Nigeria Katolik? || 25% <> Berapa banyak orang Kristian Nigeria adalah Ortodoks dan sekte lain? || 1% <> Yang suku Nigeria adalah 95% Muslim? || Hausa <> Yang suku Nigeria Timur adalah 98% Kristian? || Igbos", {"context": "Among Christians, the Pew Research survey found that 74% were Protestant, 25% were Catholic, and 1% belonged to other Christian denominations, including a small Orthodox Christian community. In terms of Nigeria's major ethnic groups, the Hausa ethnic group (predominant in the north) was found to be 95% Muslim and 5% Christian, the Yoruba tribe (predominant in the west) was 55% Muslim, 35% Christian and 10% adherents of other religions, while the Igbos (predominant in the east) and the Ijaw (south) were 98% Christian, with 2% practising traditional religions. The middle belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of minority ethnic groups in Nigeria, who were found to be mostly Christians and members of traditional religions, with a small proportion of Muslims.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "74%"}], "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Protestant?", "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "25%"}], "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Catholic?", "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "1%"}], "question": "How many Nigerian Christians are Orthodox and other sects?", "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f088"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Hausa"}], "question": "Which Nigerian tribe is 95% Muslim?", "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Igbos"}], "question": "Which Eastern Nigerian tribe is 98% Christian?", "id": "5726f0b3f1498d1400e8f08a"}]}], ["Gereja-gereja Protestan terkemuka di negara ini termasuk Gereja Nigeria Perjamuan Anglikan, Sidang Jemaat Tuhan, Konvensyen Baptis Nigeria dan Sinagog, Gereja Semua Bangsa Sejak tahun 1990-an, terdapat pertumbuhan yang signifikan di banyak gereja lain, khususnya evangelikal Protestan. Ini termasuk Gereja Kristian Allah yang Ditebus, Gereja Pemenang, Gereja Kristian Apostolik (Pergerakan Aladura pertama di Nigeria), Kementerian Kehidupan Kristian yang Lebih Lama, Jemaat Injil Afrika Barat, Gunung Api dan Keajaiban, Kedutaan Kristus dan Gereja Sinagog Semua Bangsa-Bangsa. Di samping itu, Gereja Yesus Kristus Orang Suci Zaman Akhir, Gereja Aladura, Advent Hari Ketujuh dan pelbagai jemaat pribumi juga mengalami pertumbuhan. <> Bilakah banyak gereja baru mula berkembang di Nigeria? || Sejak tahun 1990-an <> Apa gereja Anglikan terbesar di Nigeria? || Gereja Nigeria Perjamuan Anglikan <> Apa gereja Baptis terbesar di Nigeria? || Konvensyen Baptis Nigeria", {"context": "Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion, the Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aladura Church, the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Since the 1990s"}], "question": "When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?", "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f8309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion"}], "question": "What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?", "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f830a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the Nigerian Baptist Convention"}], "question": "What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?", "id": "5726f1f85951b619008f830b"}]}], ["Di peringkat antarabangsa, Nigeria terkenal dengan bentuk penipuan bank yang digelar 419, sejenis penipuan yuran pendahuluan (dinamakan selepas Seksyen 419 Kanun Keseksaan Nigeria) bersama dengan \"penipuan Nigeria\", satu bentuk trick keyakinan yang diamalkan oleh individu dan sindiket jenayah . Penipuan ini melibatkan bank Nigeria (undang-undang yang ditubuhkan secara longgar untuk membenarkannya) dan penipu yang mendakwa mempunyai wang yang diperlukannya dari bank itu. Mangsa bercakap dalam bertukar-tukar maklumat akaun bank di premis bahawa wang itu akan dipindahkan kepadanya, dan kemudian dia akan dapat memotong. Sebenarnya, wang diambil sebagai ganti, dan / atau yuran yang besar (yang kelihatan kecil berbanding dengan kekayaan khayalan yang ditunggu-tunggu) ditolak. Pada tahun 2003, Suruhanjaya Jenayah Ekonomi dan Kewangan Nigeria (atau EFCC) telah diwujudkan, seolah-olah untuk memerangi jenayah kewangan terancang dan lain-lain ini. <> Apa undang-undang penipuan Nigerian 419 selepas? || Seksyen 419 Kanun Keseksaan Nigeria <> Organisasi apa yang dicipta untuk memerangi 419 penipuan? || Suruhanjaya Jenayah Ekonomi dan Kewangan Nigeria <> Bilakah dicipta oleh EFCC Nigeria? || 2003 <> Apa jenis penipuan ialah penipuan 419? || penipuan yuran pendahuluan <> Apakah jenis entiti yang terlibat dalam 419 penipuan? || bank", {"context": "Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a form of bank fraud dubbed 419, a type of advance fee fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the \"Nigerian scam\", a form of confidence trick practised by individuals and criminal syndicates. These scams involve a complicit Nigerian bank (the laws being set up loosely to allow it) and a scammer who claims to have money he needs to obtain from that bank. The victim is talked into exchanging bank account information on the premise that the money will be transferred to him, and then he'll get to keep a cut. In reality, money is taken out instead, and/or large fees (which seem small in comparison with the imaginary wealth he awaits) are deducted. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created, ostensibly to combat this and other forms of organised financial crime.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code"}], "question": "What law is the Nigerian 419 scam nicknamed after?", "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission"}], "question": "What organization was created to combat the 419 scams?", "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "2003"}], "question": "When was the Nigerian EFCC created?", "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "advance fee fraud"}], "question": "What type of scam is the 419 scam?", "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "bank"}], "question": "What type of entity is complicit in the 419 scams?", "id": "5726f7b0708984140094d74d"}]}], ["Pendidikan di Nigeria diawasi oleh Kementerian Pendidikan. Pihak berkuasa tempatan bertanggungjawab untuk melaksanakan dasar untuk pendidikan awam dan sekolah negeri dikawal negeri di peringkat serantau. Sistem pendidikan dibahagikan kepada Tadika, pendidikan rendah, pendidikan menengah dan pendidikan tinggi. Selepas ledakan minyak tahun 1970, pendidikan tinggi telah dipertingkatkan supaya ia dapat mencapai setiap subregion Nigeria. 68% penduduk Nigeria adalah celik huruf, dan kadar lelaki (75.7%) lebih tinggi daripada wanita (60.6%). <> Jabatan apa yang menjalankan sekolah Nigeria? || Kementerian Pendidikan <> Bilakah Nigeria memperbaiki pendidikan tertiarinya? || Selepas ledakan minyak 1970an <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria boleh membaca? || 68% <> Berapa banyak penduduk lelaki Nigeria boleh membaca? || 75.7% <> Berapa banyak penduduk wanita Nigeria boleh membaca? || 60.6%", {"context": "Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take responsibility for implementing policy for state-controlled public education and state schools at a regional level. The education system is divided into Kindergarten, primary education, secondary education and tertiary education. After the 1970s oil boom, tertiary education was improved so that it would reach every subregion of Nigeria. 68% of the Nigerian population is literate, and the rate for men (75.7%) is higher than that for women (60.6%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "the Ministry of Education"}], "question": "What department runs Nigeria's schools?", "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e965e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "After the 1970s oil boom"}], "question": "When did Nigeria improve its tertiary education?", "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e965f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "68%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's population can read?", "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "75.7%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's male population can read?", "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9661"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "60.6%"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria's female population can read?", "id": "5726f649dd62a815002e9662"}]}], ["Kadar HIV / AIDS di Nigeria jauh lebih rendah berbanding negara-negara Afrika lain seperti Kenya atau Afrika Selatan yang kadarnya (peratusan) berada dalam angka dua digit. Sehingga 2012 [update], kadar prevalensi HIV di kalangan orang dewasa berusia 15-49 adalah hanya 3.1 peratus. Sehingga 2014 [kemas kini], jangka hayat di Nigeria adalah 52.62 tahun secara purata mengikut CIA, dan lebih separuh penduduk mempunyai akses kepada air minuman dan sanitasi yang sesuai; Sehingga tahun 2010 [update], kematian Bayi adalah 8.4 kematian setiap 1000 kelahiran hidup. <> Berapakah jumlah HIV di Nigeria pada 2012? || 3.1 peratus <> Apakah jangka hayat Nigeria? || 52.62 tahun <> Berapa banyak penduduk Nigeria mempunyai akses kepada air bersih? || hanya separuh <> Apakah angka kematian bayi Nigeria pada 2010? || 8.4 kematian setiap 1000 kelahiran hidup", {"context": "HIV/AIDS rate in Nigeria is much lower compared to the other African nations such as Kenya or South Africa whose prevalence (percentage) rates are in the double digits. As of 2012[update], the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15\u201349 was just 3.1 percent. As of 2014[update], Life expectancy in Nigeria is 52.62 years on average according to CIA, and just over half the population have access to potable water and appropriate sanitation; As of 2010[update], the Infant mortality is 8.4 deaths per 1000 live births.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "3.1 percent"}], "question": "How much of Nigeria has HIV as of 2012?", "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "52.62 years"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's life expectancy?", "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "just over half"}], "question": "How much of the Nigerian population has access to clean water?", "id": "5726f434708984140094d6d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "8.4 deaths per 1000 live births"}], "question": "What was Nigeria's infant mortality rate as of 2010?", "id": "5726f434708984140094d6da"}]}], ["Nigeria adalah rumah kepada rangkaian jenayah terancang, yang aktif terutama dalam pengedaran dadah. Kumpulan jenayah Nigeria banyak terlibat dalam pengedaran dadah, heroin penghantaran dari negara-negara Asia ke Eropah dan Amerika; dan kokain dari Amerika Selatan ke Eropah dan Afrika Selatan. . Berbagai Confraternities Nigeria atau \"kultus kampus\" aktif dalam jenayah terancang dan dalam keganasan politik serta menyediakan rangkaian rasuah di Nigeria. Memandangkan persaudaraan mempunyai hubungan yang luas dengan tokoh politik dan ketenteraan, mereka menawarkan peluang rangkaian alumni yang cemerlang. Sebagai contoh, Vihings Confraternity yang Agung, membuktikan bahawa dua belas anggota Dewan Perhimpunan Negeri Sungai adalah anggota kultus. Pada peringkat masyarakat yang lebih rendah, ada \"lelaki daerah\", geng-geng yang terorganisir kebanyakannya aktif di Lagos yang mengkhususkan diri dalam pengambilan dan pengambilan dadah berskala kecil. Menurut statistik rasmi, kekerasan geng di Lagos mengakibatkan 273 orang awam dan 84 anggota polis terbunuh dalam tempoh Ogos 2000 hingga Mei 2001. <> Apa aktiviti jenayah terancang yang paling popular di Nigeria? || dadah dadah <> Dadah apa yang kapal Nigeria dari Asia ke Eropah dan Amerika? || heroin <> Apa dadah kapal Nigeria dari Amerika Selatan ke Eropah dan Afrika Selatan? || kokain <> Berapa banyak orang awam terbunuh di Lagos pada bulan Ogos 2000-Mei 2001? || 273 <> Berapa banyak polis terbunuh di Lagos pada bulan Ogos 2000-Mei 2001? || 84", {"context": "Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organised crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. . The various Nigerian Confraternities or \"campus cults\" are active in both organised crime and in political violence as well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of Assembly are cult members. On lower levels of society, there are the \"area boys\", organised gangs mostly active in Lagos who specialise in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August 2000 to May 2001.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "drug trafficking"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's most popular organized-crime activity?", "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "heroin"}], "question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from Asia to Europe and America?", "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "cocaine"}], "question": "What drug does Nigeria ship from South America to Europe and South Africa?", "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "273"}], "question": "How many civilians were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?", "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f12f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "84"}], "question": "How many police were killed in Lagos in Aug 2000-May 2001?", "id": "5726f729f1498d1400e8f130"}]}], ["Menurut laporan 2001 dari The World Factbook oleh CIA, kira-kira 50% penduduk Nigeria adalah Muslim, 40% adalah orang Kristian dan 10% mematuhi agama tempatan. Tetapi dalam beberapa laporan baru-baru ini, populasi Kristian kini lebih besar daripada penduduk Islam. Laporan 18 Disember 2012 tentang agama dan kehidupan awam oleh Pusat Penyelidikan Pew menyatakan bahawa pada tahun 2010, 49.3 peratus penduduk Nigeria adalah Kristian, 48.8 peratus adalah Muslim, dan 1.9 peratus adalah pengikut agama asli dan lain-lain, atau tidak bersekutu. Selain itu, banci 2010 Arkib Data Persatuan Agama telah melaporkan bahawa 46.5 peratus daripada jumlah penduduk adalah Kristian, sedikit lebih besar daripada populasi Islam 45.5 peratus, dan 7.7 peratus adalah anggota kumpulan agama lain. <> Pada tahun 2001, berapa peratus penduduk Nigeria adalah Muslim? || kira-kira 50% <> Pada tahun 2001, berapa peratus penduduk Nigeria adalah Kristian? || 40% <> Pada tahun 2001, berapa peratus penduduk Nigeria mengikuti agama-agama tempatan? || 10% <> Menurut Pew, pada tahun 2010, berapa peratus penduduk Nigeria adalah Muslim? || 48.8 peratus <> Menurut Pew, pada tahun 2010, berapa peratus penduduk Nigeria adalah Kristian? || 49.3 peratus", {"context": "According to a 2001 report from The World Factbook by CIA, about 50% of Nigeria's population is Muslim, 40% are Christians and 10% adhere to local religions. But in some recent report, the Christian population is now sightly larger than the Muslim population. An 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the Pew Research Center stated that in 2010, 49.3 percent of Nigeria's population was Christian, 48.8 percent was Muslim, and 1.9 percent were followers of indigenous and other religions, or unaffiliated. Additionally, the 2010s census of Association of Religion Data Archives has reported that 46.5 percent of the total population is Christian, slightly bigger than the Muslim population of 45.5 percent, and that 7.7 percent are members of other religious groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "about 50%"}], "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?", "id": "5726efd8708984140094d681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "40%"}], "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?", "id": "5726efd8708984140094d682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "10%"}], "question": "In 2001, what percent of Nigeria's population followed local religions?", "id": "5726efd8708984140094d683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "48.8 percent"}], "question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Muslim?", "id": "5726efd8708984140094d684"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "49.3 percent"}], "question": "According to Pew, in 2010, what percent of Nigeria's population was Christian?", "id": "5726efd8708984140094d685"}]}], ["Nigeria adalah satu-satunya negara di Afrika yang tidak pernah membasmi polio, yang secara berkala dieksport ke negara-negara Afrika yang lain; Polio telah dipotong sebanyak 98% antara tahun 2009 dan 2010. Walau bagaimanapun, satu kejayaan utama datang pada Disember 2014, apabila dilaporkan bahawa Nigeria tidak mencatatkan kes polio dalam tempoh 6 bulan, dan dalam perjalanannya untuk diisytiharkan percuma Polio. Pada tahun 2012, satu program penderma sumsum tulang baru telah dilancarkan oleh University of Nigeria untuk membantu orang yang mempunyai leukemia, limfoma, atau penyakit sel sabit untuk mencari penderma yang serasi untuk pemindahan hemat tulang yang menyelamatkan nyawa, yang menyembuhkan mereka daripada keadaan mereka. Nigeria menjadi negara Afrika kedua yang telah berjaya menjalankan pembedahan ini. Dalam wabak ebola tahun 2014, Nigeria adalah negara pertama yang secara berkesan mengandungi dan menghapuskan ancaman Ebola yang meranapkan tiga negara lain di rantau Afrika Barat, kaedah pengesanan hubungan Nigeria unik yang digunakan oleh Nigeria menjadi kaedah yang berkesan kemudian digunakan oleh negara, seperti negara-negara bersatu, apabila ancaman ebola ditemui. <> Apakah negara Afrika yang terakhir masih mempunyai masalah Polio? || Nigeria <> Bilakah Nigeria tidak mempunyai kes polio yang dilaporkan dalam tempoh 6 bulan buat kali pertama? || Disember 2014 <> Bilakah Nigeria melancarkan program derma sumsum tulang? || 2012 <> Entiti mana yang menjalankan program derma sumsum Nigeria? || Universiti Nigeria <> Nigeria adalah negara Afrika kedua untuk melaksanakan prosedur perubatan yang mana? || pemindahan sumsum tulang", {"context": "Nigeria was the only country in Africa to have never eradicated polio, which it periodically exported to other African countries; Polio was cut 98% between 2009 and 2010. However, a major breakthrough came in December 2014, when it was reported that Nigeria hadn't recorded a polio case in 6 months, and on its way to be declared Polio free.  In 2012, a new bone marrow donor program was launched by the University of Nigeria to help people with leukaemia, lymphoma, or sickle cell disease to find a compatible donor for a life-saving bone marrow transplant, which cures them of their conditions. Nigeria became the second African country to have successfully carried out this surgery. In the 2014 ebola outbreak, Nigeria was the first country to effectively contain and eliminate the Ebola threat that was ravaging three other countries in the West African region, the Nigerian unique method of contact tracing employed by Nigeria became an effective method later used by countries, such as the united States, when ebola threats were discovered.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nigeria"}], "question": "What was the last African country to still have significant Polio problems?", "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "December 2014"}], "question": "When had Nigeria not had a reported polio case in 6 months for the first time?", "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "2012"}], "question": "When did Nigeria launch a bone marrow donation program?", "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9644"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "the University of Nigeria"}], "question": "Which entity runs Nigeria's bone marrow donation program?", "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9645"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "bone marrow transplant"}], "question": "Nigeria was the second African country to perform which medical procedure?", "id": "5726f52bdd62a815002e9646"}]}], ["Pasukan kadet negara dari Jepun '93 menghasilkan beberapa pemain antarabangsa terutamanya Nwankwo Kanu, Pemain Bola Sepak Afrika dua tahun yang memenangi Liga Juara-Juara Eropah dengan Ajax Amsterdam dan kemudian bermain dengan Inter Milan, Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion dan Portsmouth. Pemain lain yang lulus dari pasukan junior ialah Nduka Ugbade, Jonathan Akpoborie, Victor Ikpeba, Celestine Babayaro, Wilson Oruma dan Taye Taiwo. Beberapa pemain bola sepak Nigeria yang terkenal termasuk John Obi Mikel, Obafemi Martins, Vincent Enyeama, Yakubu Aiyegbeni, Rashidi Yekini, Peter Odemwingie dan Jay-Jay Okocha. <> Nwankwo Kanu memenangi penghormatan dua kali? || Pemain Bola Sepak Afrika tahun <> Nwankwo Kanu menang dalam liga kejohanan? || Liga Juara-juara Eropah <> Pasukan apa yang Nwankwo Kanu terus bermain? || Inter Milan, Arsenal", {"context": "The nation's cadet team from Japan '93 produced some international players notably Nwankwo Kanu, a two-time African Footballer of the year who won the European Champions League with Ajax Amsterdam and later played with Inter Milan, Arsenal, West Bromwich Albion and Portsmouth. Other players that graduated from the junior teams are Nduka Ugbade, Jonathan Akpoborie, Victor Ikpeba, Celestine Babayaro, Wilson Oruma and Taye Taiwo. Some other famous Nigerian footballers include John Obi Mikel, Obafemi Martins, Vincent Enyeama, Yakubu Aiyegbeni, Rashidi Yekini, Peter Odemwingie and Jay-Jay Okocha.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "African Footballer of the year"}], "question": "Nwankwo Kanu won what honor twice?", "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "European Champions League"}], "question": "Nwankwo Kanu won in what championship league?", "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Inter Milan, Arsenal"}], "question": "What team did Nwankwo Kanu go on to play on?", "id": "5726fa66dd62a815002e96b8"}]}], ["Industri filem Nigeria dikenali sebagai Nollywood (portmanteau Nigeria dan Hollywood) dan kini merupakan pengeluar filem ke-2 terbesar di dunia. Studio filem Nigeria berpangkalan di Lagos, Kano dan Enugu, membentuk sebahagian besar daripada ekonomi tempatan di bandar-bandar ini. Pawagam Nigeria adalah industri filem terbesar di Afrika dari segi nilai dan bilangan filem yang dihasilkan setiap tahun. Walaupun filem-filem Nigeria telah dihasilkan sejak tahun 1960-an, industri filem negara telah dibantu oleh peningkatan teknologi penggambaran dan penyuntingan digital yang mampu dimiliki. <> Bilakah industri filem Nigeria bermula? || 1960-an <> Negara Afrika mana yang mempunyai industri filem terbesar di benua itu? || Nigeria <> Yang bandar-bandar adalah studio filem Nigeria yang terletak di? || Lagos, Kano dan Enugu <> Apakah nama panggilan untuk industri filem Nigeria? || Nollywood <> Di manakah peringkat industri filem Nigeria di seluruh dunia? || Kedua terbesar", {"context": "The Nigerian film industry is known as Nollywood (a portmanteau of Nigeria and Hollywood) and is now the 2nd-largest producer of movies in the world. Nigerian film studios are based in Lagos, Kano and Enugu, forming a major portion of the local economy of these cities. Nigerian cinema is Africa's largest movie industry in terms of both value and the number of movies produced per year. Although Nigerian films have been produced since the 1960s, the country's film industry has been aided by the rise of affordable digital filming and editing technologies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the 1960s"}], "question": "When did the Nigerian film industry begin?", "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Nigerian"}], "question": "Which African country has the continent's largest movie industry?", "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Lagos, Kano and Enugu"}], "question": "Which cities are Nigeria's movie studios located in?", "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Nollywood"}], "question": "What is the nickname for Nigeria's movie industry?", "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "2nd-largest"}], "question": "Where does Nigeria's movie industry rank worldwide?", "id": "5726f9365951b619008f83d5"}]}], ["Bola sepak dianggap sebagai sukan kebangsaan Nigeria dan negara mempunyai sepakbola Liga Perdana sendiri. Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Nigeria, yang dikenali sebagai \"Super Eagles\", telah membuat Piala Dunia lima kali pada 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010 dan paling baru pada tahun 2014. Pada bulan April 1994, Super Eagles menduduki tempat ke-5 dalam Peringkat Dunia FIFA, Kedudukan tertinggi yang dicapai oleh pasukan bola sepak Afrika. Mereka memenangi Piala Negara Afrika pada tahun 1980, 1994, dan 2013, dan juga menjadi tuan rumah Piala Dunia U-17 & U-20. Mereka memenangi pingat emas untuk bola sepak di Olimpik Musim Panas 1996 (di mana mereka mengalahkan Argentina) menjadi pasukan bola sepak Afrika pertama yang memenangi emas dalam Sukan Olimpik. <> Tahun manakah Nigeria memenangi Piala Negara-Negara Afrika? || 1980, 1994, dan 2013 <> Bilakah Nigeria memenangi pingat emas Sukan Olimpik musim panas? || 1996 <> Apa yang Nigeria memenangi pingat emas Sukan Olimpik musim panas? || bola sepak <> Apa negara yang ditewaskan Nigeria untuk memenangi pingat emas Olimpik musim panas? || Argentina <> Apakah pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Nigeria dipanggil? || Super Eagles", {"context": "Football is largely considered the Nigeria's national sport and the country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's national football team, known as the \"Super Eagles\", has made the World Cup on five occasions 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, and most recently in 2014. In April 1994, the Super Eagles ranked 5th in the FIFA World Rankings, the highest ranking achieved by an African football team. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994, and 2013, and have also hosted the U-17 & U-20 World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics (in which they beat Argentina) becoming the first African football team to win gold in Olympic Football.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "1980, 1994, and 2013"}], "question": "Which years did Nigeria win the African Cup of Nations?", "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal?", "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "football"}], "question": "What did Nigeria win a Summer Olympics gold medal for?", "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Argentina"}], "question": "What country did Nigeria beat to win a Summer Olympics gold medal?", "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Super Eagles"}], "question": "What is Nigeria's national football team called?", "id": "5726f9e05951b619008f83e9"}]}], ["Rekod hak asasi manusia Nigeria masih lemah; Menurut Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat, masalah hak asasi manusia yang paling penting adalah: penggunaan pasukan yang berlebihan oleh pasukan keselamatan; sewenang-wenangnya kerana kekerasan oleh pasukan keselamatan; penangkapan sewenang-wenangnya; tahanan berpura-pura berpanjangan; rasuah kehakiman dan pengaruh eksekutif ke badan kehakiman; rogol, penyeksaan dan rawatan kejam, tidak berperikemanusiaan atau penghinaan lain bagi tahanan, tahanan dan suspek; keadaan penjara dan tahanan yang mengancam dan mengancam nyawa; penyeludupan manusia untuk tujuan pelacuran dan buruh paksa; keganasan sosial dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai; buruh kanak-kanak, penderaan kanak-kanak dan eksploitasi seks kanak-kanak; Mutilasi alat kelamin perempuan (FGM); keganasan rumah tangga; diskriminasi berdasarkan seks, etnik, rantau dan agama. <> Bagaimana tahanan Nigeria ditindas? || rogol, penyeksaan dan lain-lain kejam, tidak berperikemanusiaan atau merendahkan rawatan <> Apakah keadaan seperti di penjara Nigeria? || keras dan mengancam nyawa <> Bagaimana kanak-kanak dizalimi di Nigeria? || buruh kanak-kanak, penderaan kanak-kanak dan eksploitasi seksual kanak-kanak <> Apakah jenis diskriminasi yang biasa di Nigeria? || jantina, etnik, rantau dan agama", {"context": "Nigeria's human rights record remains poor; According to the US Department of State, the most significant human rights problems are: use of excessive force by security forces; impunity for abuses by security forces; arbitrary arrests; prolonged pretrial detention; judicial corruption and executive influence on the judiciary; rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of prisoners, detainees and suspects; harsh and life\u2011threatening prison and detention centre conditions; human trafficking for the purpose of prostitution and forced labour; societal violence and vigilante killings; child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation; female genital mutilation (FGM); domestic violence; discrimination based on sex, ethnicity, region and religion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "rape, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment"}], "question": "How are Nigerian prisoners mistreated?", "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "harsh and life\u2011threatening"}], "question": "What are the conditions like in Nigerian prisons?", "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "child labour, child abuse and child sexual exploitation"}], "question": "How are children mistreated in Nigeria?", "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "sex, ethnicity, region and religion"}], "question": "What types of discrimination are common in Nigeria?", "id": "5726fadfdd62a815002e96c9"}]}], ["Nigeria juga telah dilanda rasuah politik. Ia menduduki ranking 143 daripada 182 negara dalam Indeks Persepsi Rasuah Antarabangsa Transparency International; Walau bagaimanapun, ia meningkat kepada kedudukan ke-136 pada tahun 2014. Lebih daripada $ 400 bilion telah dicuri dari perbendaharaan oleh pemimpin Nigeria antara tahun 1960 dan 1999. Pada akhir tahun 2013, gabenor bank pusat Nigeria itu Lamido Sanusi memaklumkan Presiden Goodluck Jonathan bahawa syarikat minyak negara, NNPC gagal menyerahkan pendapatan minyak bernilai AS $ 20 bilion, yang mana ia berhutang kepada kerajaan. Namun Jonathan menafikan tuntutannya dan menggantikan Sanusi kerana salah urus bajet bank pusatnya. Satu jawatankuasa Senat juga menemui akaun Sanusi untuk menjadi bahan kurang. Selepas tamatnya Audit akaun NNPC, ia diumumkan pada Januari 2015 bahawa hasil yang tidak diremitkan NNPC sebenarnya adalah AS $ 1.48billion, yang perlu dibayar balik kepada Kerajaan. <> Pada tahun 2011 kedudukan, berapa buruk kedudukan rasuah Nigeria? || 143 daripada 182 negara <> Pada tahun 2014, berapa buruk kedudukan rasuah Nigeria? || Posisi 136 <> Berapa banyak yang ditipu oleh kerajaan Nigeria pada tahun 1960-1999? || Lebih daripada $ 400 bilion <> Syarikat minyak negara NNPC pada awalnya dianggap berutang kepada kerajaan? || US $ 20 bilion <> Dalam audit yang diperbetulkan, syarikat minyak negara NNPC didapati hanya berhutang kepada kerajaan? || US $ 1.48billion", {"context": "Nigeria has also been pervaded by political corruption. It was ranked 143 out of 182 countries in Transparency International's 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index; however, it improved to 136th position in 2014. More than $400 billion were stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999. In late 2013, Nigeria's then central bank governor Lamido Sanusi informed President Goodluck Jonathan that the state oil company, NNPC had failed to remit US$20 billion of oil revenues, which it owed the state. Jonathan however dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for his mismanagement of the central bank's budget. A Senate committee also found Sanusi\u2019s account to be lacking substance. After the conclusion of the NNPC's account Audit, it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC's non-remitted revenue is actually US$1.48billion, which it needs to refund back to the Government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "143 out of 182 countries"}], "question": "In 2011 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?", "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "136th position"}], "question": "In 2014 rankings, how bad was Nigeria's corruption ranking?", "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "More than $400 billion"}], "question": "How much was embezzled from the Nigerian government in 1960-1999?", "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "US$20 billion"}], "question": "The state oil company NNPC was initially thought to owe how much to the government?", "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "US$1.48billion"}], "question": "In a corrected audit, the state oil company NNPC was found to only owe how much to the government?", "id": "5726f8b75951b619008f83b7"}]}]], [["Dari pertengahan abad ke-3 puak-puak Jerman kerap menyerang wilayah Rom. Sekitar 275 orang Rom tidak dapat lagi mengekalkan sempadan utara dan Utrecht ditinggalkan. Sedikit diketahui mengenai tempoh seterusnya 270-650. Utrecht mula-mula dibicarakan lagi beberapa abad selepas orang Roma pergi. Di bawah pengaruh alam yang semakin meningkat dari orang-orang Frank, semasa pemerintahan Dagobert I pada abad ke-7, sebuah gereja telah dibina di dalam dinding kubu Rom. Dalam konflik sempadan yang berterusan dengan orang Frisia gereja pertama ini telah musnah. <> Siapa yang menyerang wilayah Jerman secara teratur || Suku-suku Jerman secara kerap menyerang wilayah Rom. <> Bilakah orang Roma meninggalkan Utrecht || Sekitar 275 orang Rom tidak dapat lagi mengekalkan sempadan utara dan Utrecht ditinggalkan <> Apa yang berlaku di antara 275 dan 650 || Sedikit diketahui mengenai tempoh seterusnya 270-650. <> Apa yang dibina pada abad ke-7 || sebuah gereja dibina di dalam tembok kubu Rom <<Bagaimana gereja dimusnahkan || Dalam konflik sempadan yang berterusan dengan orang Frisia gereja pertama ini telah musnah.", {"context": "From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270\u2013650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories."}], "question": "Who raided German territories regularly ", "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned"}], "question": "When did the Romans leave Utrecht", "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Little is known about the next period 270\u2013650."}], "question": "What happens between 275 and 650", "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress"}], "question": "What was built in the 7th century ", "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed."}], "question": "How was the the church destroyed ", "id": "5726c1e7708984140094d0a5"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1579 tujuh provinsi utara menandatangani Kesatuan Utrecht, di mana mereka memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan kerajaan Sepanyol. Kesatuan Utrecht dilihat sebagai permulaan Republik Belanda. Pada tahun 1580, negara Protestan yang baru dan sebahagian besarnya telah menghapuskan uskup, termasuk uskup agung Utrecht. The stadtholders tidak bersetuju dengan jalan bebas dari borjuasi Utrecht dan membawa bandar di bawah kawalan lebih langsung republik itu; yang memindahkan kuasa ke provinsi dominan Belanda. Inilah permulaan jangka panjang perdagangan dan perkembangan genangan di Utrecht. Utrecht kekal sebagai sebuah kota yang tidak biasa di republik baru dengan kira-kira 40% Katolik pada pertengahan abad ke-17, dan lebih banyak lagi di kalangan golongan elit, yang termasuk banyak golongan bangsawan dan bangsawan dengan rumah bandar di sana. <> Apa yang telah ditandatangani pada 1579 || tujuh provinsi utara menandatangani Kesatuan Utrecht, di mana mereka memutuskan untuk bergabung dengan pasukan Sepanyol <> Apa kesatuan ini dilihat sebagai || Kesatuan Utrecht dilihat sebagai permulaan Republik Belanda <> Apa yang menjadi wilayah dominan || ke arah wilayah dominannya Holland <> Apa keadaan Utrecht || Utrecht kekal sebagai sebuah kota yang tidak biasa di republik baru dengan kira-kira 40% Katolik pada pertengahan abad ke-17, dan lebih banyak lagi di kalangan kumpulan elit", {"context": "In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule"}], "question": "What was signed in 1579 ", "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic"}], "question": "What is this union seen as ", "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "towards its dominant province Holland"}], "question": "What became the dominant province ", "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups"}], "question": "What was the state of Utrecht ", "id": "5726ced3dd62a815002e90e7"}]}], ["Peralihan dari kemerdekaan ke bahagian yang agak kecil dari kesatuan yang lebih besar tidak mudah diterima. Untuk memadamkan kebangkitan Charles V sedang berjuang untuk memberi kuasa kepada rakyat bandaraya, yang telah berjuang untuk mendapatkan tahap kemerdekaan tertentu dari para uskup dan tidak bersedia menyerah kepada tuan baru mereka. Istana Vredenburg yang dibentengi itu dibina untuk menempatkan pasukan pengawal besar yang tugas utamanya adalah untuk mengekalkan kawalan ke atas bandar. Istana ini akan berlangsung kurang dari 50 tahun sebelum ia dirobohkan dalam pemberontakan di peringkat awal Pemberontakan Belanda. <> Mengapa peralihan ke kesatuan baru sukar || Charles V sedang berjuang untuk memberi kuasa kepada rakyat bandaraya, yang telah berjuang untuk mendapatkan tahap kemerdekaan tertentu dari para uskup <> Apa maksud istana || Kastil kuat yang dibentengi Vredenburg telah dibina untuk menempatkan pasukan pengawal besar yang tugas utamanya adalah untuk mengekalkan kawalan ke atas bandar <> Berapa lama istana terakhir || Istana ini akan berlangsung kurang dari 50 tahun sebelum ia dirobohkan dalam pemberontakan di peringkat awal Pemberontakan Belanda", {"context": "The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops"}], "question": "Why was the transition to a new union difficult ", "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the castle ", "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt"}], "question": "How long did the castle last ", "id": "5726cded5951b619008f7e85"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1528 uskup kehilangan kuasa sekular ke atas Neder- dan Oversticht - yang termasuk bandar Utrecht - ke Charles V, Kaisar Rom Suci. Charles V menggabungkan Seventeen Provinces (semasa Benelux dan bahagian utara Perancis) sebagai kesatuan peribadi. Ini mengakhiri putera-uskup Utrecht, kerana pemerintahan sekular kini menjadi pimpinan Utrecht, dengan kuasa agama yang tinggal dengan uskup, walaupun Charles V telah memperoleh hak untuk melantik uskup baru. Pada tahun 1559 keuskupan Utrecht telah dibesarkan ke uskup agung untuk menjadikannya pusat agama wilayah eklesi utara di wilayah Seventeen. <> Tahun apa uskup kehilangan kuasa || Pada 1528 uskup kehilangan kuasa sekular ke atas kedua-dua Neder- dan Oversticht - yang termasuk bandar Utrecht - ke Charles V, Kaisar Rom Suci <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Charles V? | Charles V menggabungkan Seventeen Provinces (semasa Benelux dan bahagian utara Perancis) sebagai kesatuan peribadi <> Apa yang hilangnya kuasa akhir || putera-uskup Utrecht, karena pemerintahan sekuler sekarang menjadi pimpinan Utrecht, dengan kekuasaan agama yang tinggal dengan uskup <> Apa uskup Utrecht diangkat ke || Pada tahun 1559 keuskupan Utrecht dibesarkan ke uskup agung untuk menjadikannya pusat agama wilayah eklesi utara di wilayah Seventeen", {"context": "In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht \u2013 which included the city of Utrecht \u2013 to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht \u2013 which included the city of Utrecht \u2013 to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor"}], "question": "What year did the bishop lose power ", "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union"}], "question": "What did Charles V combine ", "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop"}], "question": "What did the loss of power end ", "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces"}], "question": "What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to ", "id": "5726cbd25951b619008f7e58"}]}], ["Ketika pemimpin-pemimpin Frank menubuhkan sistem feudalisme, Uskup Utrecht datang untuk menjalankan kuasa duniawi sebagai putera-uskup. Wilayah uskup tidak hanya mencakup wilayah modern Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'Sticht bawah'), tetapi juga diperluas ke timur laut. Konflik feudal Zaman Pertengahan sangat terkena Utrecht. Putera-bishopric terlibat dalam konflik hampir berterusan dengan Counts Holland dan Dukes of Guelders. Rantau Veluwe telah dirampas oleh Penjaga, tetapi wilayah besar di wilayah moden Overijssel kekal sebagai Oversticht. <> Apa yang berlaku apabila penguasa Frankish menubuhkan sistem feudalisme || Uskup Utrecht datang untuk menjalankan kuasa duniawi sebagai putera-uskup <> Apa bahagian wilayah uskup || bukan sahaja termasuk wilayah moden Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'Sticht rendah'), tetapi juga diperluaskan ke timur laut <> Apa konflik yang terjejas Utrecht || Konflik feudal Zaman Pertengahan sangat terkena Utrecht <> Siapa yang bertentangan dengan uskup putera || The Count of Holland dan Dukes of Guelders <> Kawasan mana yang dirampas | | Wilayah Veluwe telah dirampas oleh Penjaga", {"context": "When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops"}], "question": "What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism", "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast"}], "question": "What was part of the territory of bishopric ", "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht"}], "question": "What conflict affected Utrecht", "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders"}], "question": "Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric ", "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders"}], "question": "What region was seized ", "id": "5726c774f1498d1400e8eb10"}]}], ["Kota yang diperkaya buat sementara waktu jatuh ke serangan Perancis pada tahun 1672 (Tahun Bencana); di mana pencerobohan Perancis hanya berhenti di barat Utrecht di Waterline Old Holland. Pada tahun 1674, hanya dua tahun selepas Perancis meninggalkan, pusat Utrecht telah dilanda oleh angin puting beliung. Berhenti untuk membina sebelum pembinaan punggung terbang pada abad ke-15 kini terbukti menjadi pembongkaran bahagian tengah katedral gereja St Martin yang runtuh; mewujudkan persegi panjang Dom di antara menara dan paduan suara. Pada tahun 1713, Utrecht menganjurkan salah satu rundingan damai antarabangsa yang pertama apabila Perjanjian Utrecht menamatkan Perang Suara Sepanyol. Sejak tahun 1723 Utrecht menjadi pusat Gereja-gereja Katolik Lama di dunia. <> Siapa yang jatuh pada bandar yang berkubu pada tahun 1672 || sementara jatuh ke serangan Perancis pada tahun 1672 (Tahun Bencana); di mana pencerobohan Perancis hanya dihentikan di barat Utrecht <> Pada tahun 1674 apa yang melanda Utrecht || pusat Utrecht diserang oleh angin puting beliung <> Apa yang runtuh semasa tornado || Berhenti untuk membina sebelum pembinaan punggung terbang pada abad ke-15 kini terbukti menjadi pembongkaran bahagian tengah katedral <> Apa yang menjadi tuan rumah Utrecht pada 1713 || Pada 1713, Utrecht menganjurkan salah satu rundingan damai antarabangsa yang pertama apabila Perjanjian Utrecht menetap Perang Suara Sepanyol. Sejak 1723, apa yang telah menjadi Utrecht || Utrecht menjadi pusat gereja-gereja Katolik Lama di dunia", {"context": "The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht"}], "question": "Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 ", "id": "5726d36b708984140094d283"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado"}], "question": "In 1674 what hit Utrecht ", "id": "5726d36b708984140094d284"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral"}], "question": "What collapsed during the tornado ", "id": "5726d36b708984140094d285"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession"}], "question": "What did Utrecht host in 1713 ", "id": "5726d36b708984140094d286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world"}], "question": "Since 1723 what has Utrecht become ", "id": "5726d36b708984140094d287"}]}], ["Lokasi di tebing Sungai Rhine membenarkan Utrecht menjadi pusat perdagangan penting di Belanda Utara. Bandar berkembang Utrecht telah diberikan hak bandar oleh Henry V pada tahun 1122. Apabila aliran utama Rhine bergerak ke selatan, tempat tidur lama, yang masih mengalir melalui jantung kota menjadi terus menerus dihalalkan; dan sistem dermaga dibina sebagai sistem pelabuhan bandar dalam. Di atas kemudahan penyimpanan dermaga (werfkelders) dibina, di mana jalan utama, termasuk rumah telah dibina. Dermaga dan bilik bawah tanah dapat diakses dari platform di paras air dengan tangga menurun dari tingkat jalan untuk membentuk struktur yang unik. [Nb 2] Hubungan antara uskup, yang menguasai banyak tanah di luar kota, dan warga Utrecht tidak selalunya mudah. Uskup, contohnya membanting Kromme Rijn di Wijk bij Duurstede untuk melindungi ladang-ladangnya dari banjir. Ini mengancam penghantaran untuk bandar dan mengetuai bandar Utrecht untuk membuat komisyen terusan untuk memastikan akses ke bandar untuk perdagangan perkapalan: Vaartse Rijn, menghubungkan Utrecht ke Hollandse IJssel di IJsselstein. <> Apa yang membolehkan lokasi Utrecht || membenarkan Utrecht menjadi pusat perdagangan penting di Belanda Utara. <> Siapa yang memberi hak bandar Utrecht || Henry V pada tahun 1122 <> Apa hubungannya dengan uskup seperti untuk rakyat Utrecht || uskup, yang menguasai banyak tanah di luar kota, dan rakyat Utrecht tidak selalu mudah <> Industri apa yang dilakukan uskupnya sakit || Uskup, contohnya membanting Kromme Rijn di Wijk bij Duurstede untuk melindungi ladang-ladangnya dari banjir", {"context": "The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands."}], "question": "What did Utrecht's location allow ", "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Henry V in 1122"}], "question": "Who granted Utrecht city rights ", "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy"}], "question": "What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht", "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 801, "text": "The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding"}], "question": "What Industry did the bishop hurt ", "id": "5726ca95f1498d1400e8eb57"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan abad ke-7, para mubaligh Inggeris dan Ireland beralih untuk menukar orang Frisia. Paus melantik pemimpin mereka, Willibrordus, uskup dari Frisia. Tempoh Willibrordus pada umumnya dianggap sebagai permulaan keuskupan Utrecht. Pada tahun 723, pemimpin Frankish Charles Martel mengurniakan kubu di Utrecht dan tanah-tanah sekitarnya sebagai asas para uskup. Sejak itu, Utrecht menjadi salah satu kerusi yang paling berpengaruh untuk Gereja Roman Katolik di Belanda. Archbishops of Utrecht didasarkan pada sempadan utara yang tidak selesa dari Empayar Carolingian. Di samping itu, bandar Utrecht mempunyai persaingan dari Dorestad pusat perdagangan berdekatan. Selepas kejatuhan Dorestad sekitar 850, Utrecht menjadi salah satu kota terpenting di Belanda. Kepentingan Utrecht sebagai pusat Kekristianan digambarkan oleh pemilihan Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens kelahiran Utrecht sebagai paus pada tahun 1522 (Paus non-Itali terakhir sebelum John Paul II). <> Siapa yang cuba menukar Frisians || Para mubaligh Inggeris dan Ireland beralih untuk menukar orang Frisia <> Siapa yang melantik Paus Bishop || Paus melantik pemimpin mereka, Willibrordus, uskup orang Frisia <> Apa yang dilakukan Charles Martel || Pemimpin Frankish Charles Martel mengurniakan benteng di Utrecht dan tanah-tanah sekitarnya sebagai pangkalan uskup <> Tahun apa Utrecht mendapat kuasa || Selepas kejatuhan Dorestad sekitar 850, Utrecht menjadi salah satu kota terpenting di Belanda <> Apa menunjukkan pentingnya Utrecht || Utrecht sebagai pusat kekristianan digambarkan oleh pemilihan Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens kelahiran Utrecht sebagai paus pada tahun 1522", {"context": "By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians"}], "question": "Who tried to convert Frisians", "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians"}], "question": "Who did the pope appoint Bishop", "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops"}], "question": "What did Charles Martel do ", "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands"}], "question": "What year did Utrecht gain in power ", "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522"}], "question": "What showed the importance of Utrecht", "id": "5726c38bdd62a815002e8fd2"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat beberapa bukti penghunian awal di rantau Utrecht, sejak zaman Zaman Batu (app 2200 SM) dan menetap di Zaman Gangsa (app 1800-800 SM), tarikh penubuhan kota biasanya berkaitan untuk pembinaan kubu Rom (castellum), mungkin dibina pada sekitar 50 CE. Satu siri kubu seperti ini dibina selepas maharaja Romawi Claudius memutuskan bahawa kekaisaran tidak perlu berkembang ke utara. Untuk menyatukan sempadan limes Pertahanan Jermanikus dibina di sepanjang cawangan utama sungai Rhine, yang pada waktu itu mengalir melalui tempat tidur utara berbanding hari ini (sekarang Kromme Rijn). Benteng-benteng ini direka untuk menempatkan kohort kira-kira 500 askar Romawi. Berhampiran penempatan kubu akan menumbuhkan pengusaha perumahan, peniaga dan isteri dan anak-anak tentera. <> Seberapa jauh bukti bukti tarikh pendudukan kembali || penghunian di rantau Utrecht, sejak kembali ke Zaman Batu (app 2200 SM) <> Apa kaisar Romawi Claudius memutuskan || Claudius memutuskan empayar tidak perlu berkembang ke utara. <> Apa yang dibina di sepanjang Rhine || Untuk mengukuhkan sempadan limes Pertahanan Jermanikus dibina di sepanjang cawangan utama Sungai Rhine <> Berapa banyak askar yang memegang kubu || Benteng-benteng ini direka untuk menempatkan kohort sekitar 500 askar Romawi <> yang menetap di dekat kubu || Berhampiran penempatan kubu akan menumbuhkan pengusaha perumahan, peniaga dan isteri dan anak-anak tentera", {"context": "Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800\u2013800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)"}], "question": "How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back", "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Claudius decided the empire should not expand north."}], "question": " What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide ", "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine"}], "question": "What was built along the Rhine ", "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers"}], "question": "How many soldiers did the fortress hold ", "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children"}], "question": "Who settled near the fort ", "id": "5726bd56708984140094cfd5"}]}], ["Beberapa gereja dan biara dibina di dalam, atau dekat dengan, bandar Utrecht. Yang paling dominan ialah Katedral Saint Martin, di dalam kubu Rom lama. Pembinaan gedung Gothik sekarang bermula pada 1254 setelah pembinaan romanesque yang lebih awal telah rosak teruk oleh api. Paduan suara dan transept selesai dari 1320 dan kemudian diikuti oleh menara Dom yang bercita-cita tinggi. Bahagian terakhir yang akan dibina adalah pusat nave tengah, dari 1420. Pada masa itu, bagaimanapun, usia katedral yang besar telah berakhir dan kewangan yang merosot menghalang projek yang bercita-cita tinggi dari selesai, pembinaan pusat tengah yang digantung sebelum buttresses terbang yang dirancang dapat selesai. Selain katedral terdapat empat gereja-gereja kolej di Utrecht: Gereja St. Salvator (dirobohkan pada abad ke-16), di dataran Dom, sejak awal abad ke-8. Saint John (Janskerk), yang berasal dari 1040; Saint Peter, bangunan bermula pada tahun 1039 dan bangunan gereja Saint Mary bermula sekitar 1090 (dirobohkan pada awal abad ke-19, cloister bertahan). Di samping gereja-gereja ini, bandar ini menempatkan Abbey St. Paul, kesusahan abad ke-15 St. Nicholas, dan rumah bab abad ke-14 dari Ksatria Teutonik. <> Apa yang Katedral Paling dominan di Utrecht || Yang paling dominan ialah Katedral Saint Martin, di dalam kubu Rom lama <> Apa yang bermula di 1254 || Pembinaan bangunan Gothik sekarang telah bermula pada tahun 1254 selepas pembinaan romanesque yang lebih awal telah rosak teruk oleh api <> Adakah katedral selesai || umur katedral yang besar telah berakhir dan kewangan yang merosot menghalang projek yang bercita-cita tinggi selesai <> Berapa banyak jemaat perguruan tinggi wujud di Utecht selain katedral || Selain katedral terdapat empat gereja-gereja di Utrecht <> Apa lagi yang ditempatkan di bandar || bandar itu bertempat di Abbey St. Paul, kesusahan abad ke-15 St. Nicholas, dan rumah bab abad ke-14 dari Ksatria Teutonik.", {"context": "Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress"}], "question": "What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht", "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire"}], "question": "What began in 1254 ", "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished"}], "question": "Was the cathedral finished ", "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht"}], "question": "How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral", "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9023"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1140, "text": "the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights."}], "question": "What else was housed in the city ", "id": "5726c907dd62a815002e9024"}]}], ["Utrecht dihubungkan dengan baik dengan rangkaian jalan Belanda. Dua jalan utama yang paling penting melayani bandar Utrecht: lebuh raya A12 dan A2 menghubungkan Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague dan Maastricht, serta Belgium dan Jerman. Lebuh raya utama lain di kawasan ini adalah Almere-Breda A27 dan Utrecht-Groningen A28. Disebabkan peningkatan lalu lintas dan pelan bandar purba, kesesakan lalu lintas adalah fenomena biasa di dalam dan sekitar Utrecht, menyebabkan tahap pencemaran udara yang tinggi. Ini telah membawa kepada perdebatan yang bersemangat di bandaraya tentang cara terbaik untuk meningkatkan kualiti udara bandar. <> Adakah Utrecht dihubungkan dengan sistem jalan Belanda || disambungkan dengan baik ke rangkaian jalan Belanda. Dua jalan utama yang paling penting melayani bandar Utrecht: <> Negara-negara apa yang menghubungkan A12 dan A2 || Lebuhraya A12 dan A2 menghubungkan Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague dan Maastricht, serta Belgium dan Jerman <> Apa peningkatan lalu lintas || meningkatkan trafik dan pelan bandar purba, kesesakan lalu lintas adalah fenomena biasa di dalam dan sekitar Utrecht, menyebabkan tahap pencemaran udara yang tinggi", {"context": "Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere\u2013Breda A27 and the Utrecht\u2013Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:"}], "question": "Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system", "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany"}], "question": "What countries do the A12 and A2 connect", "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants"}], "question": "What does traffic elevate ", "id": "5726e3a8f1498d1400e8eeee"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan bandar-bandar di Belanda, Utrecht mempunyai rangkaian laluan kitaran yang luas, menjadikan berbasikal selamat dan popular. 33% perjalanan di dalam bandar adalah dengan basikal, lebih daripada cara pengangkutan yang lain. (Kereta, sebagai contoh, menyumbang 30% perjalanan). Basikal digunakan oleh orang muda dan tua, dan oleh individu dan keluarga. Mereka kebanyakannya adalah basikal tradisional, tegak, berbingkai besi, dengan sedikit atau tiada gear. Terdapat juga basikal barrow, kerana membawa belanja atau kanak-kanak kecil. Memandangkan beribu-ribu basikal diletakkan secara sembunyi-sembunyi di bandar, menjadikannya sukar tetapi menghalang pejalan kaki, Majlis Bandaraya memutuskan pada 2014 untuk membina stesen tempat letak basikal terbesar di dunia, berhampiran Stesen Kereta Api Pusat. Pembinaan 3 tingkat ini akan menelan belanja sebanyak 48 juta Euro dan akan memegang 12,500 basikal. Penyelesaian diramalkan pada 2018. <> Apa yang disediakan oleh Utrecht untuk pelumba || Utrecht mempunyai laluan jalur kitaran yang luas, menjadikan berbasikal selamat dan popular. 33% perjalanan di dalam bandar adalah dengan basikal <> Apa gunanya menggunakan kereta api | | Terdapat juga motosikal barrow, kerana membawa belanja atau kanak-kanak kecil <> utrecht membina dunia terbesar apa? || pada tahun 2014 untuk membina stesen tempat letak basikal terbesar di dunia, berhampiran Stesen Kereta Api Pusat", {"context": "Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle"}], "question": "What does Utrecht provide for cyclist ", "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children"}], "question": "What is a barrow bikes use ", "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station"}], "question": "utrecht built the worlds largest what ?", "id": "5726e2d35951b619008f816d"}]}], ["Utrecht adalah pusat kawasan yang padat penduduknya, yang membuat definisi ringkas tentang aglomerasinya sukar, dan agak sewenang-wenangnya. Aglomerasi Utrecht yang lebih kecil di kawasan yang terus dibina adalah kira-kira 420,000 penduduk dan termasuk Nieuwegein, IJsselstein dan Maarssen. Kadang-kadang berhujah bahawa dekat dengan perbandaran De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), dan Bunnik juga harus dihitung ke arah agregomer Utrecht, menjadikan jumlahnya mencapai 640,000 penduduk. Wilayah yang lebih besar, termasuk bandar-bandar yang jauh lebih jauh seperti Woerden dan Amersfoort mengira sehingga 820,000 penduduk. <> Apakah populasi yang padat menjadikannya sukar? | yang menjadikan definisi ringkas tentang aglomerasinya sukar, dan agak sewenang-wenangnya. <> Kurangkan penduduk kawasan Utrecht || agregomerasi Utrecht yang lebih kecil daripada kawasan yang dibina secara berterusan mengira kira-kira 420,000 penduduk dan termasuk Nieuwegein, IJsselstein dan Maarssen <> Lebih banyak kawasan penduduk termasuk || Wilayah yang lebih besar, termasuk bandar-bandar yang jauh lebih jauh seperti Woerden dan Amersfoort mengira sehingga 820,000 penduduk", {"context": "Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary."}], "question": "What does the dense population make difficult ", "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen"}], "question": "Least populates areas of Utrecht ", "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants"}], "question": "More populated areas include ", "id": "5726dcb95951b619008f8049"}]}], ["Bandaraya Utrecht dikuasai oleh Dom Tower, belfry tertinggi di Belanda dan pada asalnya merupakan sebahagian daripada Katedral Saint Martin. Perdebatan yang berterusan adalah sama ada bangunan di dalam atau berhampiran pusat bandar harus melampaui Menara Dom yang tinggi (112 m). Walau bagaimanapun, beberapa bangunan tinggi sedang dibina yang akan menjadi sebahagian daripada langit Utrecht. Bangunan kedua tertinggi di kota, menara Rabobank, telah siap pada tahun 2010 dan berdiri 105 meter tinggi (344.49 kaki). Dua antena akan meningkatkan ketinggian itu kepada 120 m (393.70 kaki). Dua bangunan lain dibina di sekitar stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard (2007). Bangunan-bangunan ini, 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' dan 'Apollo Residence', masing-masing berdiri 85.5 dan 64.5 meter. <> apa yang menguasai cityscape || Bandaraya Utrecht dikuasai oleh Dom Tower, belfry tertinggi di Belanda dan pada asalnya sebahagian daripada Katedral Saint Martin <> Apa yang dibahaskan di Utrecht || Perdebatan berterusan adalah sama ada bangunan di dalam atau di dekat pusat bandar harus melampaui Menara Dom di ketinggian (112 m) <> Apa nama stadium || stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard (2007)", {"context": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin"}], "question": "what dominates the cityscape", "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)"}], "question": "What is being debated in Utrecht", "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)"}], "question": "What is the name of the stadium ", "id": "5726de0c5951b619008f80a5"}]}], ["Utrecht Centraal adalah stesen keretapi utama di Utrecht. Terdapat perkhidmatan antar bandar yang kerap ke semua bandar utama di Belanda; perkhidmatan terus ke Lapangan Terbang Schiphol. Utrecht Centraal adalah sebuah stesen pada waktu malam, menyediakan 7 hari seminggu perkhidmatan sepanjang malam kepada (antara lain) Lapangan Terbang Schiphol, Amsterdam dan Rotterdam. Perkhidmatan InterCityExpress Antarabangsa (ICE) ke Jerman (dan seterusnya) melalui panggilan Arnhem di Utrecht Centraal. Keretapi tempatan yang kerap ke semua kawasan di sekitar Utrecht juga berlepas dari Utrecht Centraal; dan perkhidmatan beberapa stesen yang lebih kecil: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen dan Vleuten. Sebuah bekas stesen Utrecht Maliebaan ditutup pada tahun 1939 dan sejak itu telah diubah menjadi Muzium Kereta Api Belanda. <> Apa stesen kereta api utama || Utrecht Centraal adalah stesen kereta api utama Utrecht <> Adakah stesen kereta api menyediakan perkhidmatan 24 jam || Utrecht Centraal adalah sebuah stesen pada perkhidmatan malam, menyediakan 7 hari seminggu perkhidmatan sepanjang malam <> Adakah terdapat perkhidmatan kereta api ke Jerman || Perkhidmatan InterCityExpress Antarabangsa (ICE) ke Jerman (dan seterusnya) melalui panggilan Arnhem di Utrecht Centraal <> di mana keretapi tempatan tetap menyediakan perkhidmatan || kereta api tempatan ke semua kawasan di sekitar Utrecht juga berlepas dari Utrecht Centraal; dan menyediakan beberapa stesen yang lebih kecil", {"context": "Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht"}], "question": "What is the main railway station ", "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service"}], "question": "Does the rail station provide 24 hour service", "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal"}], "question": "Are there rail services to Germany ", "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations"}], "question": "where to regular local trains provide service ", "id": "5726e0f3dd62a815002e93a9"}]}], ["Kawasan sekitar stesen keretapi Utrecht Centraal dan stesen itu sendiri telah dibangunkan berikutan idea modenis 1960-an, dalam gaya brutal. Ini membawa kepada pembinaan pusat membeli-belah Hoog Catharijne (nl), pusat muzik Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), dan penukaran sebahagian daripada struktur terusan purba ke lebuh raya (Catherijnebaan). Bantahan terhadap pemodenan lebih lanjut pusat bandar diikuti sebelum bangunan terakhir dimuktamadkan. Pada awal abad ke-21 seluruh kawasan sedang dibangunkan semula. Pusat muzik dibangunkan semula muzik dibuka pada 2014 di mana konsert Vredenburg dan dewan rock dan jazz yang asli dibawa bersama dalam satu bangunan. <> Apa kawasan kereta api berkembang menjadi | | telah dibangunkan berikutan idea-idea modenis tahun 1960an, dalam gaya brutal <> Apa yang dibina oleh mall || pusat membeli-belah Hoog Catharijne <> Apa yang berlaku pada awal abad ke-21 || Pada awal abad ke-21 seluruh kawasan sedang dibangunkan semula", {"context": "The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style"}], "question": "What was railway area developed into ", "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne"}], "question": "What mall was constructed ", "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped"}], "question": "What happened in the early 21 st century ", "id": "5726db2a5951b619008f8023"}]}], ["Sekitar 69% penduduk adalah keturunan Belanda. Kira-kira 10% penduduk terdiri daripada pendatang dari negara-negara Barat, manakala 21% daripada penduduk berasal dari bukan Barat (9% Maghribi, 5% Turki, 3% Suriname dan Belanda Caribbean dan 5% negara lain). Sebilangan daerah di bandar mempunyai peratusan yang agak tinggi pada asalnya bukan penduduk Belanda - iaitu Kanaleneiland 83% dan Overvecht 57%. Seperti Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague dan bandar-bandar besar Belanda yang lain, Utrecht menghadapi beberapa masalah sosioekonomi. Kira-kira 38% daripada penduduknya sama ada mendapat pendapatan minimum atau bergantung kepada kesejahteraan sosial (17% daripada semua isi rumah). Boroughs seperti Kanaleneiland, Overvecht dan Hoograven terdiri terutamanya daripada pembangunan perumahan bertingkat tinggi, dan diketahui oleh kemiskinan dan kadar jenayah yang agak tinggi. <> Apakah masalah sosio ekonomi yang dihadapi Utrecht || Kira-kira 38% daripada penduduknya sama ada mendapat pendapatan minimum atau bergantung kepada kebajikan sosial <> peratusan populasi yang Belanda || Sekitar 69% daripada penduduk adalah keturunan Belanda <> Sebilangan besar daerah dikenali untuk kejahatan yang tinggi || Kanaleneiland, Overvecht dan Hoograven terdiri terutamanya daripada pembangunan perumahan bertingkat tinggi, dan diketahui oleh kemiskinan dan kadar jenayah yang agak tinggi", {"context": "About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants \u2013 i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare"}], "question": "What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face ", "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8037"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry"}], "question": "percentage of population that's dutch ", "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8038"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate"}], "question": "What boroughs are known for high crime ", "id": "5726dbef5951b619008f8039"}]}], ["Stesen bas tempatan dan serantau utama di Utrecht terletak bersebelahan dengan stesen keretapi Utrecht Centraal, di pintu masuk Timur dan Barat. Oleh kerana pengubahsuaian dan kerja pembinaan berskala besar di stesen keretapi, perhentian bas stesen sering berubah. Sebagai peraturan umum, bas-bas barat berlepas dari stesen bas di pintu masuk barat, bas-bas lain dari stesen sisi timur. Bas tempatan di Utrecht dikendalikan oleh Qbuzz - perkhidmatannya termasuk perkhidmatan frekuensi tinggi ke daerah universiti Uithof. Armada bas tempatan adalah salah satu yang terbersih di Eropah, menggunakan hanya bas yang mematuhi standard Euro-VI serta bas elektrik untuk pengangkutan bandar dalam. Bas-bas serantau dari bandar dikendalikan oleh Arriva dan Connexxion. <> Di mana stesen bas terletak || Stesen bas tempatan dan serantau utama di Utrecht terletak bersebelahan dengan stesen kereta api Utrecht Centraal, di pintu masuk Timur dan Barat <> renovasi menyebabkan perubahan apa || pengubahsuaian berskala besar dan kerja-kerja pembinaan di stesen keretapi, perhentian bas stesen sering berubah <> apa qbuzz || Bas-bas tempatan di Utrecht dikendalikan oleh Qbuzz - perkhidmatannya termasuk perkhidmatan frekuensi tinggi ke daerah universiti Uithof <> Apa salah satu daripada Europes dibersihkan || Armada bas tempatan adalah salah satu yang terbersih di Eropah, menggunakan hanya bas yang mematuhi standard Euro-VI serta bas elektrik untuk pengangkutan bandar dalam", {"context": "The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz \u2013 its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances"}], "question": "Where is the bus station located ", "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently"}], "question": "renovations are causing what changes ", "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz \u2013 its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district"}], "question": "what is qbuzz", "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport"}], "question": "What is one of Europes cleanest ", "id": "5726e1ce708984140094d4a4"}]}], ["Satu lagi mercu tanda adalah pusat lama dan struktur terusan di bandar dalam. The Oudegracht adalah terusan melengkung, sebahagiannya mengikuti cawangan utama purba Rhine. Ia dipenuhi struktur unik dermaga yang mewujudkan jalan dua peringkat di sepanjang kanal. Bandar dalam ini sebahagian besarnya mengekalkan struktur Abad Pertengahannya, dan parit yang menelepon bandar lama adalah sebahagian besarnya. Kerana peranan Utrecht sebagai sebuah kota yang dibentengi, pembinaan di luar pusat zaman pertengahan dan tembok bandarnya telah dibatasi sehingga abad ke-19. Mengelilingi teras abad pertengahan terdapat cincin di kawasan kejiranan abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, dengan kawasan kejiranan yang lebih baru diposisikan lebih jauh. Bahagian timur Utrecht tetap terbuka. Jalur Air Belanda, yang berpindah ke timur bandar pada awal abad ke-19, memerlukan garis api terbuka, dengan itu melarang semua pembinaan kekal sehingga pertengahan abad ke-20 di sebelah timur bandar. <> Apa gunanya di bandar || pusat lama dan struktur terusan di bandar dalam <> Apa yang kelihatan seperti bandar dalam || Bandar dalam ini sebahagian besarnya mengekalkan struktur Abad Pertengahannya, dan parit yang menelepon bandar lama itu sebahagian besarnya tetap utuh <> Apa yang mengelilingi bandar dalaman pertengahan jahat || Mengelilingi teras abad pertengahan terdapat cincin di kawasan kejiranan abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, dengan kawasan kejiranan yang lebih baru diposisikan jauh <> Apa bahagian bandar yang masih terbuka || Bahagian timur Utrecht tetap terbuka", {"context": "Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city"}], "question": "What is a landmark in the city ", "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact"}], "question": "What does the inner city look like ", "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out"}], "question": "What surrounds the mid-evil inner city ", "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open"}], "question": "What part of the city remains open ", "id": "5726deca5951b619008f80c0"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-19, peranan Utrecht sebagai sebuah bandar yang diperkaya telah menjadi usang. Benteng Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie dipindahkan ke timur Utrecht. Dinding bandar kini boleh dirobohkan untuk membolehkan pengembangan. Kerangnya tetap utuh dan membentuk ciri penting dari plantsoen Zocher, taman landskap gaya Inggeris yang masih utuh hari ini. Pertumbuhan bandar meningkat apabila, pada tahun 1843, kereta api yang menghubungkan Utrecht ke Amsterdam dibuka. Selepas itu, Utrecht secara beransur-ansur menjadi hab utama rangkaian kereta api Belanda. Dengan revolusi perindustrian akhirnya mengumpul kelajuan di Belanda dan kubu-kubu dibuang ke bawah, Utrecht mula tumbuh jauh di luar pusat zaman pertengahan. Pada tahun 1853, kerajaan Belanda membenarkan keuskupan Utrecht untuk dikembalikan semula oleh Rom, dan Utrecht menjadi pusat Katolik Belanda sekali lagi. Dari tahun 1880-an kawasan kejiranan seperti Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt ke Timur, dan Lombok ke Barat telah dibangunkan. Kawasan perumahan kelas menengah baru, seperti Tuindorp dan Oog in Al, dibina pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an. Dalam tempoh ini, beberapa rumah dan gedung Jugendstil dibina, diikuti oleh Rietveld yang membina Rumah Rietveld Schr\u00f6der (1924), dan pembinaan teater bandar Dudok (1941). <> Apa yang berlaku pada awal abad ke-19 || peranan Utrecht sebagai sebuah bandar yang diperkuat telah menjadi usang <> Pada tahun 1843, apa yang membawa pertumbuhan ke Utrecht || sebuah kereta api yang menghubungkan Utrecht ke Amsterdam dibuka <> Apa yang telah dipulihkan pada 1853 || Kerajaan Belanda membenarkan keuskupan Utrecht untuk dikembalikan oleh Rom, dan Utrecht menjadi pusat Katolik Belanda <> apa yang dibina pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an || Kawasan perumahan kelas menengah baru, seperti Tuindorp dan Oog in Al, dibina", {"context": "In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete"}], "question": "What hapend in the early 19th century", "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened"}], "question": "In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht ", "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism"}], "question": "What was reinstated in 1853 ", "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1002, "text": "New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built"}], "question": "what was built in the 1920's and 1930's ", "id": "5726d8065951b619008f7fbe"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak galeri seni di Utrecht. Terdapat juga beberapa asas untuk menyokong seni dan artis. Latihan para seniman dilakukan di Sekolah Seni Utrecht. Muzium Centraal mempunyai banyak pameran seni, termasuk pameran tetap karya karya ilustrator penduduk Utrecht, Dick Bruna, yang terkenal dengan penciptaan Miffy (\"Nijntje\", dalam bahasa Belanda). Walaupun seni jalanan tidak sah di Utrecht, Utrechtse Kabouter, gambar gnome dengan topi merah, menjadi pemandangan umum pada tahun 2004. Utrecht juga menempatkan salah satu tanda arsitektur moden, 1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, yang disenaraikan di Tapak warisan dunia UNESCO. <> Di mana seniman muda dilatih || Latihan para seniman dilakukan di Utrecht School of the Arts <> Apakah seni jalanan legal || Walaupun seni jalanan tidak sah di Utrecht <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai Senibina mercu tanda || 1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, yang disenaraikan di laman warisan dunia UNESCO", {"context": "There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy (\"Nijntje\", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts"}], "question": "Where are young artist trained ", "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "Although street art is illegal in Utrecht"}], "question": "Is street art legal ", "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "1924 Rietveld Schr\u00f6der House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites"}], "question": "What is considered landmark Architecture ", "id": "5726e8a9dd62a815002e94b0"}]}], ["Industri pengeluaran merupakan sebahagian kecil daripada ekonomi Utrecht. Ekonomi Utrecht bergantung sebahagian besarnya kepada beberapa institusi besar yang terletak di bandar. Ia adalah pusat rangkaian kereta api Belanda dan lokasi ibu pejabat Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail beribu pejabat di The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) - bangunan batu bata terbesar di Belanda (yang \"UFO\" dipaparkan di permukaannya yang berasal dari program seni pada tahun 2000). Rabobank, sebuah bank besar, mempunyai ibu pejabat di Utrecht. <> Apakah ekonomi Utrecht bergantung pada || Ekonomi Utrecht bergantung kepada sebahagian besar di beberapa institusi besar yang terletak di bandar <> apa yang berpusat di Utrecht || Ia adalah pusat rangkaian kereta api Belanda dan lokasi ibu pejabat Nederlandse Spoorwegen <> Bank mana yang berpusat di Utrecht || Rabobank, sebuah bank besar, mempunyai ibu pejabat di Utrecht.", {"context": "Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) \u2013 the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the \"UFO\" featured on its fa\u00e7ade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city"}], "question": "What does Utrecht's economy  depend on ", "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e941e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen"}], "question": "what is centered in Utrecht ", "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e941f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht."}], "question": "What bank is head quartered in Utrecht ", "id": "5726e490dd62a815002e9420"}]}], ["Utrecht menganjurkan beberapa institusi pendidikan tinggi yang besar. Yang paling menonjol ialah Universiti Utrecht (est 1636), universiti terbesar Belanda dengan 30,449 pelajar (sehingga 2012). Universiti ini sebahagiannya berpusat di bandar dalaman dan juga di kawasan kampus Uithof, di timur bandaraya. Menurut ranking universiti Shanghai Jiaotong pada tahun 2014, ia adalah universiti terbaik ke-57 di dunia. Utrecht juga menempatkan Universiti yang lebih kecil Pengajian Humanistik, yang menempatkan kira-kira 400 pelajar. <> Apa yang Universiti terbesar di bandar || Yang paling menonjol adalah Universiti Utrecht (est 1636), universiti terbesar Belanda dengan 30,449 pelajar <> apa yang shanghai jiaotong dinilai || Menurut universiti Shanghai Jiaotong ranking universiti pada tahun 2014 ia adalah universiti terbaik ke-57 di dunia <> Apa universiti yang lebih kecil di Utrecht || Utrecht juga menempatkan Universiti yang lebih kecil Pengajian Humanistik, yang menempatkan kira-kira 400 pelajar.", {"context": "Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students"}], "question": "What is the largest University in the city ", "id": "5726e671708984140094d545"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world"}], "question": "what is shanghai jiaotong rated ", "id": "5726e671708984140094d546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students."}], "question": "What smaller university is in Utrecht", "id": "5726e671708984140094d547"}]}], ["Utrecht adalah rumah kepada kelab bola sepak liga utama (profesional) FC Utrecht, yang bermain di Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. Ia juga merupakan rumah Kampong, kelab sukan terbesar (amatur) di Belanda (4,500 ahli), SV Kampong. Kampong menampilkan padang padang, bola sepak, kriket, tenis, skuasy dan jeu de boules. Pasukan skuad hoki lelaki dan wanita di Kampong bermain di liga hoki Belanda yang tertinggi, Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht juga merupakan rumah kepada kelab bola sepak dan kelab Sofo: UVV yang memainkan liga bola sepak Belanda tertinggi: de Hoofdklasse. Laluan air Utrecht digunakan oleh beberapa kelab mendayung. Viking adalah kelab besar terbuka kepada orang awam, dan kelab pelajar Orca dan Triton bersaing di Varsity setiap tahun. <> Apa pasukan bola sepak adalah rumah Utrecht untuk || Utrecht adalah rumah kepada kelab bola sepak liga utama (profesional) FC Utrecht <> Apa yang menjadi tuan rumah bagi Utrecht || Laluan air Utrecht digunakan oleh beberapa kelab mendayung <> Apa itu kampung | | Kampong, kelab sukan terbesar (amatur) di Belanda (4,500 ahli) <> Sukan apa yang menyokong sokongan Kampong || Kampong menampilkan padang padang, bola sepak, kriket, tenis, skuasy dan jeu de boules.", {"context": "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht"}], "question": "What football team is Utrecht home to", "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs"}], "question": "What Utrecht waterways host to ", "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)"}], "question": "What is kampong ", "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules."}], "question": "What sports does Kampong support ", "id": "5726ea77f1498d1400e8efc7"}]}], ["Untuk mempromosikan budaya bandar Utrecht menganjurkan Minggu kebudayaan. Semasa hari Ahad bertema, beberapa organisasi mewujudkan satu program, yang terbuka kepada semua orang tanpa, atau dengan bayaran kemasukan yang sangat berkurangan. Terdapat juga inisiatif untuk artis amatur. Bandar ini memberikan subsidi kepada pendidikan amatur seni yang bertujuan untuk semua penghuni (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), seperti juga universiti untuk kakitangan dan pelajarnya. Di samping itu terdapat beberapa inisiatif swasta. Majlis bandaraya menyediakan kupon untuk diskaun kepada penduduk yang menerima kebajikan untuk digunakan dengan banyak inisiatif. <> Apa yang menjadi hos bandar pada hari Ahad || Untuk mempromosikan budaya Bandaraya Utrecht menganjurkan Minggu kebudayaan <> Apa yang berlaku pada Budaya Ahad || tematik Ahad, beberapa organisasi mencipta program, yang terbuka kepada semua orang tanpa, atau dengan kos pengurangan yang sangat banyak <> Apa yang disubsidi bandar || sebuah organisasi untuk pendidikan amatur dalam seni yang bertujuan untuk semua penduduk (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten <> Jenis kupon apa bandar menyediakan golongan miskin || Majlis bandar menyediakan kupon untuk diskaun kepada penduduk yang menerima kebajikan untuk digunakan dengan banyak inisiatif.", {"context": "To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays"}], "question": "What does the city host on Sundays ", "id": "5726e95b708984140094d597"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee"}], "question": "What happens on Cultural Sunday ", "id": "5726e95b708984140094d598"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten"}], "question": "What does the city subsidise", "id": "5726e95b708984140094d599"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives."}], "question": "What type of coupon does the city provide the poor ", "id": "5726e95b708984140094d59a"}]}], ["Pusat membeli-belah tertutup yang besar Hoog Catharijne (nl) terletak di antara stesen kereta api Utrecht Centraal dan pusat bandar. Koridor ini dianggap sebagai tempat awam seperti jalan-jalan, dan laluan antara stesen dan pusat bandar dibuka sepanjang malam. Dalam 20 tahun dari tahun 2004, beberapa bahagian Hoog Catharijne akan dibangunkan semula sebagai sebahagian daripada pengubahsuaian kawasan stesen yang lebih besar. Sebahagian rangkaian kanal di bandar, yang dipenuhi untuk mewujudkan pusat membeli-belah dan kawasan stesen pusat, akan dicipta semula. Jaarbeurs, salah satu pusat konvensyen terbesar di Belanda, terletak di sebelah barat stesen kereta api pusat. <> Apa nama pusat membeli-belah yang besar || Hoog Catharijne <> bagaimana koridor pusat perbelanjaan dirawat || Koridor dianggap sebagai tempat awam seperti jalan-jalan, dan laluan antara stesen dan pusat bandar dibuka sepanjang malam <> Apa yang diciptakan semula || Sebahagian daripada rangkaian kanal bandar, yang dipenuhi untuk mencipta pusat membeli-belah dan kawasan stesen pusat, akan diciptakan semula <> apa yang terletak di sebelah barat stesen kereta api || Jaarbeurs, salah satu pusat konvensyen terbesar di Belanda, terletak di sebelah barat stesen kereta api pusat", {"context": "A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Hoog Catharijne"}], "question": "What is the name of the large shopping center ", "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night"}], "question": "how are the shopping center corridors treated ", "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated"}], "question": "What is being recreated ", "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station"}], "question": "what is located on the west side of the rail station", "id": "5726e581f1498d1400e8ef2b"}]}], ["Bandar Utrecht mempunyai kehidupan budaya yang aktif, dan di Belanda hanya kedua ke Amsterdam. Terdapat beberapa teater dan syarikat teater. Teater bandar utama 1941 dibina oleh Dudok. Selain teater terdapat sejumlah besar pawagam termasuk tiga pawagam arthouse. Utrecht menjadi tuan rumah Festival Muzik Awal antarabangsa (Festival Oude Muziek, untuk muzik sebelum 1800) dan Festival Filem Belanda. Bandar ini mempunyai dewan muzik klasik Vredenburg (1979 oleh Herman Hertzberger). Akustiknya dianggap antara yang terbaik di dewan muzik asal abad ke-20. [rujukan?] Dewan muzik Vredenburg yang asli telah dibangunkan semula sebagai sebahagian daripada rancangan pembangunan semula kawasan stesen yang lebih besar dan pada tahun 2014 telah mendapat ruang tambahan yang membenarkan penggabungannya dengan kelab rock Tivoli dan jazzpodium SJU. Terdapat beberapa tempat lain untuk muzik di seluruh bandar. Pemuzik muda berpendidikan di konservatori, jabatan dari Sekolah Seni Utrecht. Terdapat muzium khusus untuk memainkan alat muzik secara automatik. <> Kehidupan budaya di Utrecht adalah yang kedua untuk || Bandar Utrecht mempunyai kehidupan budaya yang aktif, dan di Belanda hanya kedua ke Amsterdam <> Perayaan muzik apa yang dilakukan oleh tuan rumah Utrecht || Utrecht menjadi tuan rumah Festival Muzik Awal antarabangsa (Festival Oude Muziek, untuk muzik sebelum 1800) dan Festival Filem Belanda <> Apa nama dewan muzik || Bandar ini mempunyai dewan muzik klasik Vredenburg <> Di mana pelajar-pelajar muzik berpendidikan || Pemuzik muda berpendidikan di konservatori, jabatan dari Sekolah Seni Utrecht", {"context": "Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam"}], "question": "Cultural life in Utrecht is second to ", "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival"}], "question": "What music festival does Utrecht host ", "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg"}], "question": "What is the name of the music hall ", "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts"}], "question": "Where are music students educated ", "id": "5726e77d5951b619008f81f8"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1913, bapanya ditinggikan kepada golongan bangsawan untuk berkhidmat kepada Empayar Austro-Hungary oleh Maharaja Franz Joseph. Keluarga Neumann itu memperoleh keturunan keturunan Margittai, yang bermaksud Marghita. Keluarga tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan bandar; sebutan itu dipilih dengan merujuk kepada Margaret, seperti juga lapisan senjata pilihan yang menggambarkan tiga penceramah. Neumann J\u00e1nos menjadi Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann of Marghita), yang kemudiannya diubah kepada Johann von Neumann dari Jerman. <> Pada tahun apakah bapa Von Neumann ditinggikan kepada bangsawan? || 1913 <> Apa Kaisar menaikkan bapa Von Neumann kepada bangsawan? || Kaisar Franz Joseph <> Apa bandar keluarga Von Neumann dikaitkan apabila dinaikkan kepada bangsawan? || Marghita <> Apakah nama Von Neumann diberikan sebagai ahli bangsawan Austro-Hungarian? || Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos", {"context": "In 1913, his father was elevated to the nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Emperor Franz Joseph. The Neumann family thus acquired the hereditary appellation Margittai, meaning of Marghita. The family had no connection with the town; the appellation was chosen in reference to Margaret, as was those chosen coat of arms depicting three marguerites. Neumann J\u00e1nos became Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos (John Neumann of Marghita), which he later changed to the German Johann von Neumann.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1913"}], "question": "In what year was Von Neumann's father elevated to nobility?", "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9baa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Emperor Franz Joseph"}], "question": "What Emperor elevated Von Neumann's father to nobility?", "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Marghita"}], "question": "What town did Von Neumann's family become associated when elevated to nobility?", "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Margittai Neumann J\u00e1nos"}], "question": "What was Von Neumann's given name as member of Austro-Hungarian nobility?", "id": "57280c03ff5b5019007d9bad"}]}], ["Analisis matematik Von Neumann tentang struktur replikasi diri mendahului penemuan struktur DNA. Dalam senarai pendek fakta mengenai hidupnya, dia menyerahkan kepada Akademi Sains Kebangsaan, dia menyatakan \"Bahagian kerja saya yang saya anggap paling penting ialah mekanika kuantum, yang dibangunkan di G\u00f6ttingen pada tahun 1926, dan seterusnya di Berlin pada tahun 1927- 1929. Juga, kerja saya dalam pelbagai bentuk teori operator, Berlin 1930 dan Princeton 1935-1939; mengenai teorem ergodik, Princeton, 1931-1932. \" <> Kajian Von Neumann tentang apa yang mendahului penemuan DNA? || analisis matematik struktur replikasi diri <> Apa sebahagian daripada kerjanya yang dilakukan oleh Von Neumann sebagai yang paling penting? || mekanik kuantum <> Dimana mekanik kuantum dibangunkan? || G\u00f6ttingen <> Apa kerja Von Nemann lakukan di Berlin pada tahun 1930 dan Princeton 1935 - 39? || teori pengendali <> Apa topik kerja Von Neumann di Princeton pada tahun 1931 - 32? || teorem ergodik", {"context": "Von Neumann's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated \"The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in G\u00f6ttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927\u20131929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935\u20131939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931\u20131932.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication"}], "question": "Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?", "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum mechanics"}], "question": "What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?", "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "G\u00f6ttingen"}], "question": "Where was quantum mechanics developed?", "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "operator theory"}], "question": "What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?", "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "ergodic theorem"}], "question": "What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?", "id": "572807b63acd2414000df2ab"}]}], ["Beliau adalah perintis penerapan teori pengendali kepada mekanik kuantum, dalam pembangunan analisis fungsian, seorang ahli utama Projek Manhattan dan Institut Pengajian Lanjutan di Princeton (sebagai salah satu dari beberapa yang dilantik pada asalnya), dan tokoh utama dalam perkembangan teori permainan dan konsep automata selular, pembina sejagat dan komputer digital. Beliau menerbitkan 150 kertas kerja dalam hidupnya; 60 dalam matematik tulen, 20 dalam fizik, dan 60 dalam matematik yang digunakan. Kerja terakhirnya, sebuah manuskrip yang belum selesai yang ditulis di hospital, kemudian diterbitkan dalam bentuk buku sebagai The Computer and the Brain. <> Berapa banyak kertas yang diterbitkan oleh Von Neumann? || 150 <> Apa nama kerja terakhir Von Neumann? || The Computer and the Brain <> Apa projek kontroversial profil tinggi adalah Von Neumann yang utama? || Projek Manhattan <> Daripada karya-karyanya yang diterbitkan, apakah topik yang mereka tutupi? || 60 dalam matematik tulen, 20 dalam fizik, dan 60 dalam matematik yang digunakan", {"context": "He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many papers did Von Neumann publish?", "id": "572805f84b864d190016425e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "The Computer and the Brain"}], "question": "What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?", "id": "572805f84b864d190016425f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Manhattan Project"}], "question": "What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?", "id": "572805f84b864d1900164260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics"}], "question": "Of his published works, what topics were they covering?", "id": "572805f84b864d1900164261"}]}], ["Von Neumann memasuki Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium pada tahun 1911. Ini adalah salah satu sekolah terbaik di Budapest, sebahagian daripada sistem pendidikan cemerlang yang direka untuk golongan elit. Di bawah sistem Hungary, kanak-kanak menerima semua pendidikan mereka di gimnasium. Walaupun dikendalikan oleh Gereja Lutheran, majoriti muridnya adalah Yahudi. Sistem sekolah menghasilkan generasi yang terkenal untuk pencapaian intelektual, termasuk Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (1881), George de Hevesy (1885), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (1898), Eugene Wigner (1902), Edward Teller b. 1908), dan Paul Erd\u0151s (b. 1913). Secara kolektif, mereka kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai Martian. Wigner adalah setahun di hadapan von Neumann di Sekolah Lutheran. Apabila ditanya mengapa Hungary dari generasi beliau telah menghasilkan begitu banyak jenius, Wigner, yang memenangi Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1963, menjawab bahawa von Neumann adalah satu-satunya jenius. <> Apa yang Von Neumann masuk pada tahun 1911? || Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium <> Dalam bilik apa bilik kanak-kanak mendapat pendidikan di Hungary? || gimnasium <> Apa nama kolektif diberikan kepada generasi ulama yang dihasilkan oleh sistem sekolah Hungary? || Martian <> Pada tahun apakah Wigner memenangi Hadiah Nobel? || 1963", {"context": "Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium in 1911. This was one of the best schools in Budapest, part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. Despite being run by the Lutheran Church, the majority of its pupils were Jewish. The school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, that included Theodore von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n (b. 1881), George de Hevesy (b. 1885), Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd (b. 1898), Eugene Wigner (b. 1902), Edward Teller (b. 1908), and Paul Erd\u0151s (b. 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as Martians. Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School. When asked why the Hungary of his generation had produced so many geniuses, Wigner, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, replied that von Neumann was the only genius.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimn\u00e1zium"}], "question": "What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?", "id": "57280e013acd2414000df341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "gymnasium"}], "question": "In what room did children get education in Hungary?", "id": "57280e013acd2414000df342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Martians"}], "question": "What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?", "id": "57280e013acd2414000df343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?", "id": "57280e013acd2414000df344"}]}], ["Walaupun Max menegaskan von Neumann bersekolah di peringkat gred yang sesuai dengan usianya, dia bersetuju untuk mengupah tutor swasta untuk memberinya pengajaran lanjutan di kawasan-kawasan di mana dia telah menunjukkan bakat. Pada usia 15, dia mula mengkaji kalkulus lanjutan di bawah penganalisis terkenal G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. Pada pertemuan pertama mereka, Szeg\u0151 sangat terkejut dengan bakat matematik lelaki itu yang dia telah menangis. Beberapa penyelesaian segera von Neumann terhadap masalah kalkulus yang ditimbulkan oleh Szeg\u0151, yang dilukis pada alat tulis ayahnya, masih dipamerkan di arsip von Neumann di Budapest. Pada usia 19 tahun, von Neumann telah menerbitkan dua kertas matematik utama, yang kedua memberikan definisi moden nombor ordinal, yang menggantikan definisi Georg Cantor. Pada akhir pendidikannya di gymnasium, von Neumann duduk dan memenangi Hadiah E\u00f6tv\u00f6s, hadiah kebangsaan untuk matematik. <> Pada umur apa Von Neumann mula belajar kalkulus terlebih dahulu? || 15 <> Siapa yang membuat Von Neumann memulakan pengajian kalkulus lanjutan? || G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151 <> Berapa banyak kertas kerja yang telah diterbitkan oleh Von Neumann? || dua kertas matematik utama <> Von Neumann definisi moden nombor ordinal digantikan yang definisi? || Georg Cantor <> Apa hadiah yang dimenangkan oleh Von Neuman pada tamatnya pendidikan formal gimnasiumnya? || Hadiah E\u00f6tv\u00f6s, hadiah kebangsaan untuk matematik", {"context": "Although Max insisted von Neumann attend school at the grade level appropriate to his age, he agreed to hire private tutors to give him advanced instruction in those areas in which he had displayed an aptitude. At the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus under the renowned analyst G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151. On their first meeting, Szeg\u0151 was so astounded with the boy's mathematical talent that he was brought to tears. Some of von Neumann's instant solutions to the problems in calculus posed by Szeg\u0151, sketched out on his father's stationery, are still on display at the von Neumann archive in Budapest. By the age of 19, von Neumann had published two major mathematical papers, the second of which gave the modern definition of ordinal numbers, which superseded Georg Cantor's definition. At the conclusion of his education at the gymnasium, von Neumann sat for and won the E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "15"}], "question": "At what age did Von Neumann begin to study advance calculus?", "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "G\u00e1bor Szeg\u0151"}], "question": "Who did Von Neumann begin his studies of advanced calculus under?", "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "two major mathematical papers"}], "question": "By 19 how many papers had Von Neumann published?", "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "Georg Cantor"}], "question": "Von Neumann's modern definition of ordinal numbers superseded whose definition?", "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Prize, a national prize for mathematics"}], "question": "What prize did Von Neuman win at the conclusion of his gymansium formal education?", "id": "57280f6cff5b5019007d9c20"}]}], ["Sekolah formal tidak bermula di Hungary sehingga umur sepuluh tahun. Sebaliknya, governesses mengajar von Neumann, saudara-saudaranya dan sepupunya. Max percaya bahawa pengetahuan bahasa selain bahasa Hongaria adalah penting, jadi kanak-kanak itu diajar dalam bahasa Inggeris, Perancis, Jerman dan Itali. Pada usia 8, von Neumann sudah biasa dengan kalkulus pembezaan dan integral, tetapi dia sangat berminat dalam sejarah, membaca jalannya melalui Allgemeine Geschichte Wilhelm Oncken di Einzeldarstellungen. Salinan terkandung dalam perpustakaan peribadi Max yang dibeli. Salah satu bilik di apartmen telah diubah menjadi sebuah perpustakaan dan bilik bacaan, dengan rak buku dari siling ke lantai. <> Pada usia berapa sekolah bermula di Hungary? || sepuluh <> yang mengajar anak-anak sebelum mereka mulai sekolah di Hungary? || governesses <> Bahasa apa yang diajar oleh Von Neumann dan adik-beradiknya? || Bahasa Inggeris, Perancis, Jerman dan Itali <> Pada usia apa Von Neumann sudah biasa dengan kalkulus? || 8", {"context": "Formal schooling did not start in Hungary until the age of ten. Instead, governesses taught von Neumann, his brothers and his cousins. Max believed that knowledge of languages other than Hungarian was essential, so the children were tutored in English, French, German and Italian. By the age of 8, von Neumann was familiar with differential and integral calculus, but he was particularly interested in history, reading his way through Wilhelm Oncken's Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. A copy was contained in a private library Max purchased. One of the rooms in the apartment was converted into a library and reading room, with bookshelves from ceiling to floor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "ten"}], "question": "At what age did schooling begin in Hungary?", "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "governesses"}], "question": "Who taught children before they began school in Hungary?", "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "English, French, German and Italian"}], "question": "What languages were Von Neumann and his siblings taught?", "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "8"}], "question": "At what age was Von Neumann familiar with calculus?", "id": "57280cffff5b5019007d9bcf"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia II, beliau bekerja di Projek Manhattan dengan J. Robert Oppenheimer dan Edward Teller, mengembangkan model-model matematik di belakang lensa letupan yang digunakan dalam senjata nuklear jenis letupan. Selepas perang, beliau berkhidmat di Jawatankuasa Penasihat Am Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom Amerika Syarikat, dan kemudian menjadi salah seorang pesuruhjaya. Beliau adalah perunding kepada beberapa organisasi, termasuk Angkatan Udara Amerika Syarikat, Projek Senjata Khas Angkatan Tentera, dan Laboratorium Nasional Lawrence Livermore. Bersama dengan ahli fizik teori Edward Teller, ahli matematik Stanislaw Ulam, dan lain-lain, beliau menghasilkan langkah penting dalam fizik nuklear yang terlibat dalam reaksi termonuklear dan bom hidrogen. <> Dengan siapa Von Neumann bekerja pada Projek Manhattan? || J. Robert Oppenheimer dan Edward Teller <> Post Perang Dunia II, dalam apa peranan yang dilakukan oleh Von Neumann? || Jawatankuasa Penasihat Am Amerika Syarikat Tenaga Atom Suruhanjaya <> Untuk organisasi apa yang Von Neumann seorang perunding selepas Perang Dunia II? || Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat, Projek Senjata Khas Angkatan Tentera, dan Laboratorium Kebangsaan Lawrence Livermore <> Apakah langkah-langkah penting yang dilakukan oleh Von Neumann yang menyumbang kepada senjata perang? || langkah utama dalam fizik nuklear yang terlibat dalam reaksi termonuklear dan bom hidrogen", {"context": "During World War II he worked on the Manhattan Project with J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller, developing the mathematical models behind the explosive lenses used in the implosion-type nuclear weapon. After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and later as one of its commissioners. He was a consultant to a number of organizations, including the United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Along with theoretical physicist Edward Teller, mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, and others, he worked out key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller"}], "question": "With whom did Von Neumann work on the Manhattan Project?", "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "General Advisory Committee of the United States Atomic Energy Commission"}], "question": "Post World War II, in what role did Von Neumann work?", "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "United States Air Force, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}], "question": "For what organizations was Von Neumann a consultant after World War II?", "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb"}], "question": "What keys steps did Von Neumann work out that contributed to weapons of war?", "id": "5728090c2ca10214002d9c2b"}]}], ["Von Neumann dilahirkan Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos (dalam bahasa Hungary nama keluarganya datang pertama), nama Ibrani Yonah, di Budapest, Kerajaan Hungary, yang kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripada Empayar Austro-Hungaria, kepada orang-orang Yahudi yang kaya dengan Haskalah. Beliau adalah anak sulung dari tiga orang anak. Beliau mempunyai dua adik lelaki: Michael, lahir pada tahun 1907, dan Nicholas, yang dilahirkan pada tahun 1911. Bapanya, Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann) adalah seorang jurubank, yang memegang ijazah doktor dalam undang-undang. Dia telah berpindah ke Budapest dari P\u00e9cs pada penghujung tahun 1880-an. Bapa dan kakek Miksa dilahirkan di Ond (sekarang sebahagian daripada bandar Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, Hungary utara. Ibu John ialah Kann Margit (Margaret Kann); ibu bapanya ialah Jakab Kann dan Katalin Meisels. Tiga generasi keluarga Kann tinggal di pangsapuri yang luas di atas pejabat Kann-Heller di Budapest; keluarga von Neumann menduduki pangsapuri 18 bilik di tingkat teratas. <> Di mana Von Neumann dilahirkan? || Budapest <> Adakah Von Neumann mempunyai saudara kandung? || dua adik lelaki <> Apa pekerjaan yang dipegang ayah Von Neumann? || jurubank <> Bilakah ayah Von Neuman berpindah dari Pecs ke Budapest? || akhir tahun 1880 <> Apakah nama ibu Von Neumann? || Kann Margit", {"context": "Von Neumann was born Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos (in Hungarian the family name comes first), Hebrew name Yonah, in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to wealthy Jewish parents of the Haskalah. He was the eldest of three children. He had two younger brothers: Michael, born in 1907, and Nicholas, who was born in 1911. His father, Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from P\u00e9cs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zempl\u00e9n County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "Budapest"}], "question": "Where was Von Neumann born?", "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "two younger brothers"}], "question": "Did Von Neumann have any siblings?", "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "banker"}], "question": "What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?", "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "end of the 1880s"}], "question": "When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?", "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Kann Margit"}], "question": "What was Von Neumann's mother's name?", "id": "57280a4fff5b5019007d9b9a"}]}], ["Oleh kerana terdapat beberapa jawatan di Hungary untuk matematikawan, dan mereka tidak dibayar dengan baik, bapanya mahu von Neumann mengikuti dia ke dalam industri dan dengan itu meluangkan masa dalam usaha yang lebih banyak daripada segi kewangan daripada matematik. Maka diputuskan bahawa jalan kerjaya yang terbaik adalah menjadi seorang jurutera kimia. Ini bukan sesuatu yang von Neumann mempunyai banyak pengetahuan tentang, jadi ia telah mengatur agar dia mengambil kursus dua tahun bukan gelar dalam bidang kimia di University of Berlin, selepas itu dia memasuki ujian masuk ke ETH Zurich yang berprestij, yang dia meluluskan pada September 1923. Pada masa yang sama, von Neumann juga memasuki P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University di Budapest, sebagai Ph.D. calon dalam matematik. Untuk tesisnya, beliau memilih untuk menghasilkan aksiomatisasi teori set Cantor. Beliau lulus peperiksaan akhir untuk Ph.D. tidak lama selepas tamat pengajian dari ETH Zurich pada tahun 1926. Dia kemudian pergi ke Universiti G\u00f6ttingen atas geran dari Yayasan Rockefeller untuk mempelajari matematik di bawah David Hilbert. <> Apakah jalan kerjaya diputuskan untuk Von Neuman? || jurutera kimia <> Pada universiti apakah yang telah diatur oleh Von Neumann untuk memasukkan program kimia? || University of Berlin <> Di mana kajian Von Neumann sebagai calon PHD? || P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest <> Apakah topik tesis Von Neuman? || aksiomatisasi teori set Cantor", {"context": "Since there were few posts in Hungary for mathematicians, and those were not well-paid, his father wanted von Neumann to follow him into industry and therefore invest his time in a more financially useful endeavor than mathematics. So it was decided that the best career path was to become a chemical engineer. This was not something that von Neumann had much knowledge of, so it was arranged for him to take a two-year non-degree course in chemistry at the University of Berlin, after which he sat the entrance exam to the prestigious ETH Zurich, which he passed in September 1923. At the same time, von Neumann also entered P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest, as a Ph.D. candidate in mathematics. For his thesis, he chose to produce an axiomatization of Cantor's set theory. He passed his final examinations for his Ph.D. soon after graduating from ETH Zurich in 1926. He then went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen on a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to study mathematics under David Hilbert.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "chemical engineer"}], "question": "What career path was decided upon for Von Neuman?", "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "University of Berlin"}], "question": "At what university was it arranged for Von Neumann to enter a chemistry program?", "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter University in Budapest"}], "question": "Where did Von Neumann study as a PHD candidate?", "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "axiomatization of Cantor's set theory"}], "question": "What was the topic of Von Neuman's thesis?", "id": "5728105e3acd2414000df37e"}]}], ["John von Neumann (bahasa Rusia: Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos, pada 28 Disember 1903 - 8 Februari 1957) adalah seorang matematikawan, ahli fizik, pencipta, saintis komputer, dan orang-orang Amerika polymath. Beliau membuat sumbangan besar kepada beberapa bidang, termasuk matematik (asas matematik, analisis fungsional, teori ergodik, geometri, topologi, dan analisis berangka), fizik (mekanik kuantum, hidrodinamika, dinamik bendalir dan mekanik statistik kuantum), ekonomi (permainan teori), pengkomputeran (senibina Von Neumann, pengaturcaraan linear, mesin mereplikasi diri, pengkomputeran stokastik), dan statistik. <> Apakah kewarganegaraan John von Neumann? || Bahasa Hungary <> Bilakah John von Neumann dilahirkan? || 28 Disember 1903 <> Bilakah John von Neumann mati? || 8 Februari 1957 <> Apakah sumbangan utama John von Neumann terhadap ekonomi? || teori permainan <> Apakah struktur pengkomputeran dinamakan selepas John von Neumann? || Von Neumann architecture <> Apakah tarikh kelahiran John Von Neumann? || 28 Disember 1903 <> Bilakah John Von Neuman mati? || 8 Februari 1957 <> Apakah pekerjaan yang dipegang oleh Von Neuman? || ahli matematik yang tulen dan digunakan, ahli fizik, pencipta, saintis komputer, dan polymath <> Apakah sumbangan Von Neuman terhadap bidang pengkomputeran? || Seni bina Von Neumann, pengaturcaraan linier, mesin mereplikasi diri, pengkomputeran stokastik", {"context": "John von Neumann (/v\u0252n \u02c8n\u0254\u026am\u0259n/; Hungarian: Neumann J\u00e1nos Lajos, pronounced [\u02c8n\u0252jm\u0252n \u02c8ja\u02d0no\u0283 \u02c8l\u0252jo\u0283]; December 28, 1903 \u2013 February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Hungarian"}], "question": "What is John von Neumann's nationality?", "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "December 28, 1903"}], "question": "When was John von Neumann born?", "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "February 8, 1957"}], "question": "When did John von Neumann die?", "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "game theory"}], "question": "What was John von Neumann's major contribution to economics?", "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Von Neumann architecture"}], "question": "What computing structure is named after John von Neumann?", "id": "5726c227f1498d1400e8ea6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "December 28, 1903"}], "question": "What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?", "id": "572800173acd2414000df1d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "February 8, 1957"}], "question": "When did John Von Neuman die?", "id": "572800173acd2414000df1da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath"}], "question": "What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?", "id": "572800173acd2414000df1db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing"}], "question": "What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?", "id": "572800173acd2414000df1dc"}]}], ["Pendekatan kedua untuk masalah itu mengambil asasnya sebagai tanggapan kelas, dan mentakrifkan set sebagai kelas yang dimiliki oleh kelas-kelas lain, sementara kelas yang tepat ditakrifkan sebagai kelas yang tidak termasuk kelas-kelas lain. Di bawah pendekatan Zermelo-Fraenkel, aksiom menghalang pembinaan satu set semua set yang bukan milik mereka. Sebaliknya, di bawah pendekatan von Neumann, kelas semua set yang tidak tergolong dalam dirinya boleh dibina, tetapi ia adalah kelas yang betul dan bukan satu set. <> Apakah kelas yang betul? || kelas yang tidak termasuk kelas lain <> Di bawah pendekatan apa aksiom menghalang satu set semua set yang bukan milik mereka? || Zermelo-Fraenkel <> Di bawah pendekatan Von Neumann bolehkah kelas semua set yang tidak menjadi milik mereka dibina? || kelas semua set yang tidak tergolong dalam diri mereka sendiri boleh dibina, tetapi ia adalah kelas yang betul dan bukan set.", {"context": "The second approach to the problem took as its base the notion of class, and defines a set as a class which belongs to other classes, while a proper class is defined as a class which does not belong to other classes. Under the Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel approach, the axioms impede the construction of a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves. In contrast, under the von Neumann approach, the class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "a class which does not belong to other classes"}], "question": "What is a proper class?", "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel"}], "question": "Under what approach does an axiom impede a set of all sets which do not belong to themselves?", "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "class of all sets which do not belong to themselves can be constructed, but it is a proper class and not a set."}], "question": "Under Von Neumann's approach can a class of all sets that do not belong to themselves be constructed?", "id": "57281ad82ca10214002d9df6"}]}], ["Teman terdekat Von Neumann di Amerika Syarikat adalah ahli matematik Stanislaw Ulam. Seorang teman dari Ulam, Gian-Carlo Rota, kemudian menulis: \"Mereka akan menghabiskan berjam-jam untuk menggosipkan gosip dan bergegas, bergurau lelucon Yahudi, dan hanyut masuk dan keluar dari ceramah matematik.\" Apabila von Neumann mati di hospital, setiap kali Ulam akan melawat dia akan datang bersiap dengan koleksi jenaka baru untuk menghibur sahabatnya. Dia percaya bahawa banyak pemikiran matematiknya berlaku secara intuitif, dan dia sering tidur dengan masalah yang tidak dapat diselesaikan, dan tahu jawapannya dengan segera apabila bangun. <> Apa ahli matematik yang paling dekat dengan rakan Von Nemann? || Stanislaw Ulam <> Apakah topik perbualan yang akan dikongsi oleh Ulam dan Von Neumann? || bergosip dan bergegas, bertukar-tukar lelucon Yahudi, dan hanyut masuk dan keluar dari ceramah matematik <> Apa yang akan digunakan oleh Ulam untuk menghibur Von Neumann di hospital? || koleksi jenaka baru", {"context": "Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: \"They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk.\" When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Stanislaw Ulam"}], "question": "What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?", "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk"}], "question": "What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?", "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "a new collection of jokes"}], "question": "What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?", "id": "572815ebff5b5019007d9cc8"}]}], ["Aksiom yayasan menegaskan bahawa setiap set boleh dibina dari bawah ke bawah dalam urutan berturut-turut yang diperintahkan melalui prinsip-prinsip Zermelo dan Fraenkel, dengan cara yang jika satu set kepunyaan yang lain maka yang pertama mesti semestinya datang sebelum kedua dalam penggantian, maka tidak termasuk kemungkinan satu set kepunyaannya sendiri. Untuk menunjukkan bahawa penambahan aksioma baru ini kepada yang lain tidak menghasilkan percanggahan, von Neumann memperkenalkan kaedah demonstrasi, yang dipanggil kaedah model dalaman, yang kemudian menjadi alat penting dalam teori set. <> Apakah kaedah untuk menunjukkan bahawa tiada percanggahan diciptakan dengan penambahan aksiom yayasan? || kaedah model dalam <> Zermelo dan akademik asas Fraenkel menetapkan bahawa setiap set dibina bagaimana? || dari bawah ke bawah dalam urutan berturut-turut urutan <> Apa yang dikecualikan daripada satu set dari kepunyaannya dalam teori set? || jika satu set kepunyaan yang lain maka yang pertama mesti semestinya datang sebelum yang kedua berturut-turut", {"context": "The axiom of foundation established that every set can be constructed from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps by way of the principles of Zermelo and Fraenkel, in such a manner that if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession, hence excluding the possibility of a set belonging to itself. To demonstrate that the addition of this new axiom to the others did not produce contradictions, von Neumann introduced a method of demonstration, called the method of inner models, which later became an essential instrument in set theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "method of inner models"}], "question": "What is the method to demonstrate that no contradictions were created by the addition of axiom of foundation?", "id": "572818a43acd2414000df465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "from the bottom up in an ordered succession of steps"}], "question": "Zermelo and Fraenkel's axiom of foundation established that every set be constructed how?", "id": "572818a43acd2414000df466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "if one set belongs to another then the first must necessarily come before the second in the succession"}], "question": "What excluded a set from belonging to itself in set theory?", "id": "572818a43acd2414000df467"}]}], ["Von Neumann suka makan dan minum; isterinya, Klara, mengatakan bahawa dia boleh menghitung segala-galanya kecuali kalori. Beliau menikmati bahasa Yiddish dan humor \"luar-warna\" (terutama limericks). Dia bukan seorang perokok. Di Princeton, dia menerima aduan untuk kerap bermain muzik march Jerman yang sangat kuat di gramophonenya, yang mengalih perhatian orang-orang di pejabat jiran, termasuk Albert Einstein, dari kerja mereka. Von Neumann melakukan kerja-kerja terbaiknya dengan cepat di dalam persekitaran yang bising, kacau dan sekali gus mengingatkan isterinya untuk membuat kajian yang tenang untuk dia bekerja. Dia tidak pernah menggunakannya, lebih suka ruang tamu pasangan dengan televisyennya yang bermain dengan kuat. <> Apa jenis humor \"warna\" yang dilakukan oleh Von Neumann? || limericks <> Apakah aduan yang dilakukan oleh jiran Von Neumann? || kerap bermain musik march Jerman yang sangat kuat <> Apa jiran yang terkenal telah melakukan Von Neumann yang mungkin telah terganggu oleh musik Von Neumann yang dimainkan? || Albert Einstein,", {"context": "Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and \"off-color\" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone, which distracted those in neighbouring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work blazingly fast in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "limericks"}], "question": "What type of \"off color\" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?", "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "regularly playing extremely loud German march music"}], "question": "What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?", "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "Albert Einstein,"}], "question": "What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?", "id": "572814ba3acd2414000df403"}]}], ["Pada Hari Tahun Baru pada 1930, von Neumann berkahwin dengan Mariette K\u00f6vesi, yang telah belajar ekonomi di Universiti Budapest. Sebelum perkahwinannya dia dibaptis seorang Katolik. Max telah meninggal dunia pada tahun 1929. Tidak ada keluarga yang telah memeluk agama Kristian semasa dia masih hidup, tetapi kemudian mereka semua melakukannya. Mereka mempunyai seorang anak, seorang anak perempuan, Marina, yang kini menjadi profesor pentadbiran perniagaan dan dasar awam di University of Michigan. Pasangan itu bercerai pada tahun 1937. Pada bulan Oktober 1938, von Neumann berkahwin dengan Klara Dan, yang telah ditemui semasa lawatan terakhirnya ke Budapest sebelum pecahnya Perang Dunia II. <> Bilakah Von Neumann berkahwin? || Tahun Baru pada tahun 1930 <> Apakah isteri Von Neumann? || Mariette K\u00f6vesi <> Sebelum perkawinan apa kaitan yang dilakukan oleh Von Neumann? || dia dibaptis seorang Katolik. <> Apakah nama anak Von Neumann itu? || Marina <> Bilakah Von Neumann berkahwin buat kali kedua? || Oktober 1938", {"context": "On New Year's Day in 1930, von Neumann married Mariette K\u00f6vesi, who had studied economics at the Budapest University. Before his marriage he was baptized a Catholic. Max had died in 1929. None of the family had converted to Christianity while he was alive, but afterwards they all did. They had one child, a daughter, Marina, who is now a distinguished professor of business administration and public policy at the University of Michigan. The couple divorced in 1937. In October 1938, von Neumann married Klara Dan, whom he had met during his last trips back to Budapest prior to the outbreak of World War II.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "New Year's Day in 1930"}], "question": "When did Von Neumann get married?", "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Mariette K\u00f6vesi"}], "question": "What was Von Neumann's wife's name?", "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "he was baptized a Catholic."}], "question": "Before marriage what faith did Von Neumann join?", "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Marina"}], "question": "What was Von Neumann's child's name?", "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "October 1938"}], "question": "When did Von Neumann get married for a second time?", "id": "5728121c2ca10214002d9d38"}]}], ["Habilitation Von Neumann telah selesai pada 13 Disember 1927, dan beliau memulakan kuliahnya sebagai seorang swasta di University of Berlin pada tahun 1928. Pada akhir tahun 1927, von Neumann telah menerbitkan 12 kertas utama dalam matematik, dan menjelang akhir tahun 1929, tiga puluh dua kertas, dengan kadar hampir satu kertas utama setiap bulan. Kuasanya yang terkenal dengan hafalan dan pengingat yang besar, membolehkannya membaca banyak maklumat, dan bahkan keseluruhan direktori, dengan mudah. Pada tahun 1929, dia menjadi privatdozent di University of Hamburg, di mana prospek menjadi seorang profesor berpangkat lebih baik, namun pada bulan Oktober tahun itu tawaran yang lebih baik muncul ketika ia diundang ke Princeton University di Princeton, New Jersey. <> Di mana Von Neumann memulakan kuliah pada tahun 1928? || Universiti Berlin <> Menjelang akhir tahun 1927 berapa banyak karya tulis ditulis oleh Von Neuman? || dua belas kertas utama dalam matematik <> Berapa banyak kertas yang ditulis oleh Von Neumann pada tahun 1929? || tiga puluh dua kertas <> Apa tawaran yang lebih baik datang untuk Von Neumann pada tahun 1930? || Universiti Princeton", {"context": "Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published twelve major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, thirty-two papers, at a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His reputed powers of speedy, massive memorization and recall allowed him to recite volumes of information, and even entire directories, with ease. In 1929, he briefly became a privatdozent at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "University of Berlin"}], "question": "Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?", "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "twelve major papers in mathematics"}], "question": "By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?", "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "thirty-two papers"}], "question": "How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?", "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "Princeton University"}], "question": "What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?", "id": "5728115c3acd2414000df39e"}]}], ["Tetapi von Neumann, yang telah mengambil bahagian di Kongres, mengesahkan kemasyhurannya sebagai seorang pemikir seketika, dan dalam masa kurang dari satu bulan dapat berkomunikasi dengan G\u00f6del sendiri sebagai akibat yang menarik dari teoremnya: iaitu sistem aksiomatik yang biasa tidak dapat menunjukkan mereka konsisten sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, G\u00f6del telah menemui akibat ini, yang kini dikenali sebagai teorem tidak lengkap yang kedua dan dihantar von Neumann sebagai pretasi artikelnya yang mengandungi kedua-dua teorem tidak lengkap. Von Neumann mengakui keutamaan G\u00f6del dalam surat seterusnya. Dia tidak pernah memikirkan banyak \"sistem Amerika mendakwa keutamaan peribadi untuk segalanya.\" <> Berapa lamakah von von Neumann mengambil respons terhadap teori ketidaksempurnaan? || kurang daripada sebulan <> Apakah akibat dari teori ketidaksempurnaan? || sistem aksiomatik yang biasa tidak dapat menunjukkan konsistensi mereka sendiri <> Selepas merevisi teori ketidaksempurnaan, apakah nama teori Godel yang baru? || teorem tidak lengkap kedua", {"context": "But von Neumann, who had participated at the Congress, confirmed his fame as an instantaneous thinker, and in less than a month was able to communicate to G\u00f6del himself an interesting consequence of his theorem: namely that the usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency. However, G\u00f6del had already discovered this consequence, now known as his second incompleteness theorem and sent von Neumann a preprint of his article containing both incompleteness theorems. Von Neumann acknowledged G\u00f6del's priority in his next letter. He never thought much of \"the American system of claiming personal priority for everything.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "less than a month"}], "question": "How long did it take von Neumann to figure a response to theory of incompleteness?", "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "usual axiomatic systems are unable to demonstrate their own consistency"}], "question": "What was the consequence of the theory of incompleteness?", "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "second incompleteness theorem"}], "question": "Upon revising the theory of incompleteness, what was the name of the new Godel theory?", "id": "57281d523acd2414000df4cd"}]}], ["Dengan sumbangan von Neumann ini, sistem teori teori aksiomatik menjadi sangat memuaskan, dan persoalan seterusnya adalah sama ada atau tidak ia juga muktamad, dan tidak tertakluk kepada penambahbaikan. Jawapan yang sangat negatif tiba pada September 1930 di Kongres matematik bersejarah K\u00f6nigsberg, di mana Kurt G\u00f6del mengumumkan teorem pertama yang tidak lengkap: sistem aksiomatik yang biasa tidak lengkap, dalam erti kata bahawa mereka tidak dapat membuktikan setiap kebenaran yang dapat diungkapkan dalam bahasa mereka. Keputusan ini cukup inovatif untuk membantah majoriti ahli matematik pada masa itu. <> Pada tahun 1930 yang memberikan jawaban yang sangat negatif terhadap pendekatan Von Neuman terhadap sistem teori set aksiomatik? || Kurt G\u00f6del <> Apakah tema utama pengumuman Godel bahawa sistem axiomatik tidak lengkap? || mereka tidak boleh membuktikan setiap kebenaran yang boleh diungkapkan dalam bahasa mereka <> Di manakah pernyataan Godel tentang sistem aksiomatik yang dibuat pada tahun 1930? || Kongres K\u00f6nigsberg", {"context": "With this contribution of von Neumann, the axiomatic system of the theory of sets became fully satisfactory, and the next question was whether or not it was also definitive, and not subject to improvement. A strongly negative answer arrived in September 1930 at the historic mathematical Congress of K\u00f6nigsberg, in which Kurt G\u00f6del announced his first theorem of incompleteness: the usual axiomatic systems are incomplete, in the sense that they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language. This result was sufficiently innovative as to confound the majority of mathematicians of the time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del"}], "question": "In 1930 who gave a strongly negative answer to Von Neuman's approach to the axiomatic system of theory of sets?", "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "they cannot prove every truth which is expressible in their language"}], "question": "What was the central theme of Godel's announcement that the axiomatic system was not complete?", "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Congress of K\u00f6nigsberg"}], "question": "Where was Godel's statement about axiomatic system made in 1930?", "id": "57281c093acd2414000df4bf"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1933, von Neumann ditawarkan profesor seumur hidup di fakulti Institut Kajian Lanjutan apabila rancangan institut untuk melantik Hermann Weyl jatuh. Beliau kekal sebagai profesor matematik di sana sehingga kematiannya, walaupun beliau mengumumkan bahawa tidak lama sebelum niatnya untuk meletakkan jawatan dan menjadi seorang profesor di University of California. Ibunya, adik-beradik dan mertua mengikut John ke Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1939. Von Neumann menegaskan namanya pertama kepada John, menjaga nama keluarga von von Neumann dari Jerman-bangsawan. Saudara-saudaranya berubah menjadi \"Neumann\" dan \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann menjadi warganegara asli Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1937, dan segera cuba menjadi seorang letnan di Pasukan Rizab Pegawai Angkatan Tentera Amerika Syarikat. Dia lulus peperiksaan dengan mudah, tetapi akhirnya ditolak kerana umurnya. Analisis prarawanya sering dipetik. Ditanya bagaimana Perancis akan menentang Jerman, dia berkata, \"Oh, Perancis tidak akan menjadi masalah.\" <> Pada tahun apakah Von Neumann menawarkan profesor seumur hidup? || 1933 <> Pada tahun berapa ibu dan adik-beradik Von Neumann menyertai beliau di U.S? || 1939 <> Pada tahun apakah Von Neumann menjadi warganegara AS? || 1937 <> Kenapa Neuman ditolak daripada menyertai Angkatan Darat AS? || umur", {"context": "In 1933, von Neumann was offered a lifetime professorship on the faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study when the institute's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl fell through. He remained a mathematics professor there until his death, although he announced that shortly before his intention to resign and become a professor at large at the University of California. His mother, brothers and in-laws followed John to the United States in 1939. Von Neumann anglicized his first name to John, keeping the German-aristocratic surname of von Neumann. His brothers changed theirs to \"Neumann\" and \"Vonneumann\". Von Neumann became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937, and immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the United States Army's Officers Reserve Corps. He passed the exams easily, but was ultimately rejected because of his age. His prewar analysis is often quoted. Asked about how France would stand up to Germany he said \"Oh, France won't matter.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1933"}], "question": "In what year was Von Neumann offered a lifetime professorship? ", "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "1939"}], "question": "In what year did Von Neumann's mother and siblings join him in U.S?", "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "1937"}], "question": "In what year did Von Neumann become a naturalized citizen of US?", "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "age"}], "question": "Why was Neuman rejected from joining US Army?", "id": "572813202ca10214002d9d51"}]}], ["Aksiomatisasi matematik, mengenai model Unsur Euclid, telah mencapai tahap keteguhan dan keluasan baru pada akhir abad ke-19, khususnya dalam aritmetik, berkat skema aksioma Richard Dedekind dan Charles Sanders Peirce, dan geometri, terima kasih kepada David Hilbert. Pada permulaan abad ke-20, usaha untuk mendasarkan matematik pada teori set naif mengalami kemunduran kerana paradoks Russell (pada set semua set yang bukan milik mereka). Masalah aksiomatisasi yang mencukupi bagi teori set telah diselesaikan secara implisit kira-kira dua puluh tahun kemudian oleh Ernst Zermelo dan Abraham Fraenkel. Teori set Zermelo-Fraenkel menyediakan satu siri prinsip yang membolehkan pembinaan set yang digunakan dalam amalan harian matematik. Tetapi mereka tidak secara terang-terangan mengecualikan kemungkinan kewujudan satu set yang dimiliki oleh dirinya sendiri. Dalam tesis kedoktorannya pada 1925, von Neumann menunjukkan dua teknik untuk mengecualikan set itu-aksiom asas dan tanggapan kelas. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kemunduran dalam teori set naif pada permulaan abad ke-20? || Paradoks Russell <> Siapa yang menyelesaikan masalah aksiomatisasi yang mencukupi bagi teori set? || Ernst Zermelo dan Abraham Fraenkel <> Apa 2 teknik yang digunakan Von Neumann untuk mengecualikan set dalam tesis doktoralnya pada tahun 1925? || aksiom asas dan tanggapan kelas.", {"context": "The axiomatization of mathematics, on the model of Euclid's Elements, had reached new levels of rigour and breadth at the end of the 19th century, particularly in arithmetic, thanks to the axiom schema of Richard Dedekind and Charles Sanders Peirce, and geometry, thanks to David Hilbert. At the beginning of the 20th century, efforts to base mathematics on naive set theory suffered a setback due to Russell's paradox (on the set of all sets that do not belong to themselves). The problem of an adequate axiomatization of set theory was resolved implicitly about twenty years later by Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel. Zermelo\u2013Fraenkel set theory provided a series of principles that allowed for the construction of the sets used in the everyday practice of mathematics. But they did not explicitly exclude the possibility of the existence of a set that belongs to itself. In his doctoral thesis of 1925, von Neumann demonstrated two techniques to exclude such sets\u2014the axiom of foundation and the notion of class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Russell's paradox"}], "question": "What caused a setback in naive set theory at the beginning of 20th century?", "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel"}], "question": "Who resolved the problem of adequate axiomatization of set theory?", "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 969, "text": "the axiom of foundation and the notion of class."}], "question": "What 2 techniques did Von Neumann use to exclude sets in his doctoral thesis in 1925?", "id": "57281714ff5b5019007d9cf8"}]}], ["Fizik mekanik kuantum dikurangkan kepada matematik ruang Hilbert dan pengendali linear yang bertindak ke atasnya. Sebagai contoh, prinsip ketidakpastian, yang menentukan penentuan kedudukan suatu zarah menghalang penentuan momentumnya dan sebaliknya, diterjemahkan ke dalam non-commutativity dari kedua-dua pengendali yang sepadan. Perumusan matematik yang baru ini termasuk kes-kes khas rumusan Heisenberg dan Schr\u00f6dinger. Apabila Heisenberg dimaklumkan von Neumann telah menjelaskan perbezaan di antara pengendali tanpa had yang merupakan pengendali Self-adjoint dan yang semata-mata simetri, Heisenberg menjawab \"Eh? Apa perbezaannya?\" <> Apakah fizik mekanik kuantum? || matematik ruang Hilbert dan pengendali linear bertindak pada mereka <> Apakah prinsip ketidakpastian? || penentuan posisi zarah menghalang penentuan momentumnya dan sebaliknya. Fizik mekanik kuantum termasuk kes-kes khas untuk kerja apa? || formulasi kedua-dua Heisenberg dan Schr\u00f6dinger", {"context": "The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the non-commutativity of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a Self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied \"Eh? What is the difference?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them"}], "question": "What are the physics of quantum mechanics?", "id": "572829bd4b864d190016461e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa"}], "question": "What is the uncertainty principle?", "id": "572829bd4b864d190016461f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "formulations of both Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger"}], "question": "The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?", "id": "572829bd4b864d1900164620"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa kertas von von Neumann, kaedah hujah yang digunakannya dianggap lebih penting daripada hasilnya. Dalam menjangkakan kajiannya yang kemudian tentang teori dimensi dalam algebras pengendali, von Neumann menggunakan hasil kesetaraan dengan penguraian terhingga, dan merumuskan semula masalah ukuran dari segi fungsi. Dalam karya beliau pada teori ukuran analitik, dia menggunakan teorem Haar dalam penyelesaian masalah kelima Hilbert dalam kes kumpulan padat. Pada tahun 1938, beliau telah dianugerahkan B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize untuk kerjanya dalam analisis. <> Apa yang sering dianggap lebih penting daripada hasil karya von von Neumann? || kaedah hujah yang digunakannya <> Pada tahun 1938 apa yang diberikan oleh von Neumann? || B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize <> Apa von Neumann menggunakan teorem Haar untuk menyelesaikan dalam kertas 1936? || Masalah kelima Hilbert dalam kes kumpulan padat", {"context": "In a number of von Neumann's papers, the methods of argument he employed are considered even more significant than the results. In anticipation of his later study of dimension theory in algebras of operators, von Neumann used results on equivalence by finite decomposition, and reformulated the problem of measure in terms of functions. In his 1936 paper on analytic measure theory, he used the Haar theorem in the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups. In 1938, he was awarded the B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "methods of argument he employed"}], "question": "What is often considered more important than the results of von Neumann's papers?", "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164540"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "B\u00f4cher Memorial Prize"}], "question": "In 1938 what was von Neumann awarded?", "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164541"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "Hilbert's fifth problem in the case of compact groups"}], "question": "What did von Neumann use the Haar theorem to solve in a 1936 paper?", "id": "5728230b4b864d1900164542"}]}], ["Von Neumann mengasaskan bidang geometri berterusan. Ia mengikuti jalan pemecahannya pada cincin pengendali. Dalam matematik, geometri berterusan adalah analog geometri projektif kompleks, di mana bukannya ruang subspace berada dalam set diskret 0, 1, ..., n, ia boleh menjadi elemen dari selang unit [0,1] . Von Neumann didorong oleh penemuannya von Neumann algebras dengan fungsi dimensi yang mengambil pelbagai dimensi berterusan, dan contoh pertama geometri yang berterusan selain ruang projektif adalah unjuran faktor hiperfinit jenis II. <> Bidang apa yang ditubuhkan oleh Von Neuman? || geometri berterusan. <> Apakah perbezaan geometri berterusan? || bukannya dimensi subspace berada dalam set diskret 0, 1, ..., n, ia boleh menjadi elemen dari selang unit <> Apa contoh pertama geometri yang berterusan? || unjuran faktor hiperfinit jenis II", {"context": "Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is an analogue of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "continuous geometry."}], "question": "What field did Von Neuman establish?", "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval"}], "question": "What is the distinction of continuous geometry?", "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "projections of the hyperfinite type II factor"}], "question": "What was the first example of continuous geometry?", "id": "57281f30ff5b5019007d9d88"}]}], ["Dalam satu siri makalah terkenal, von Neumann membuat sumbangan hebat untuk mengukur teori. Kerja-kerja Banach telah menyatakan bahawa masalah ukuran mempunyai penyelesaian positif jika n = 1 atau n = 2 dan penyelesaian negatif dalam semua kes lain. Karya Von Neumann berpendapat bahawa \"masalahnya pada dasarnya adalah kumpulan-teoretis dalam watak, dan, khususnya, untuk kesolvenan masalah mengukur konsep algebra biasa bagi kesederhanaan suatu kumpulan adalah relevan. Oleh itu, menurut von Neumann, adalah perubahan kumpulan yang membuat perbezaan, bukan perubahan ruang. \" <> Dengan cara apa von Neumann membuat sumbangan yang luar biasa untuk mengukur teori? || Dalam satu siri makalah yang terkenal <> Konsep apa yang berkaitan dengan kesolvenan masalah mengukur? || konsep algebraic solvability of a group is relevant <> Menurut von Neumann, apakah bahagian terpenting dari masalah pengukuran? || perubahan kumpulan yang membuat perbezaan, bukan perubahan ruang", {"context": "In a series of famous papers, von Neumann made spectacular contributions to measure theory. The work of Banach had implied that the problem of measure has a positive solution if n = 1 or n = 2 and a negative solution in all other cases. Von Neumann's work argued that the \"problem is essentially group-theoretic in character, and that, in particular, for the solvability of the problem of measure the ordinary algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant. Thus, according to von Neumann, it is the change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In a series of famous papers"}], "question": "In what way did von Neumann make spectacular contributions to measure theory?", "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df54f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "algebraic concept of solvability of a group is relevant"}], "question": "What concept was relevant to the solvability of the problem of measure?", "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "change of group that makes a difference, not the change of space"}], "question": "According to von Neumann what is the most important part of the problem of measure?", "id": "572821fc3acd2414000df551"}]}], ["Dalam bab The Mathematical Foundations of Mechanics Quantum, von Neumann menganalisis masalah pengukuran yang dipanggil secara mendalam. Beliau membuat kesimpulan bahawa keseluruhan alam semesta fizikal boleh dibuat berdasarkan fungsi gelombang sejagat. Oleh kerana sesuatu \"di luar perhitungan\" diperlukan untuk meruntuhkan fungsi gelombang, von Neumann menyimpulkan bahawa kejatuhan itu disebabkan oleh kesedaran penguji (walaupun pandangan ini diterima oleh Eugene Wigner, tafsiran Von Neumann-Wigner tidak pernah diterima di kalangan majoriti ahli fizik). <> Apa hasilnya dari analisa mendalam von von Neumann mengenai masalah pengukuran? || alam semesta fizikal boleh dibuat tertakluk kepada fungsi gelombang sejagat <> Apa pemboleh ubah \"di luar perhitungan\" boleh memulakan keruntuhan dalam kesimpulan von Neumann? || kesedaran penguji <> Apakah kesimpulan von Neumann tentang runtuhnya seluruh alam semesta menyebabkan diterima secara meluas? || Tafsiran Von Neumann-Wigner tidak pernah diterima di kalangan majoriti ahli fizik", {"context": "In a chapter of The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, von Neumann deeply analyzed the so-called measurement problem. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function. Since something \"outside the calculation\" was needed to collapse the wave function, von Neumann concluded that the collapse was caused by the consciousness of the experimenter (although this view was accepted by Eugene Wigner, the Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "physical universe could be made subject to the universal wave function"}], "question": "What results came from von Neumann's deep analysis of the measurement problem?", "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "consciousness of the experimenter"}], "question": "What \"outside of calculation\" variable could initiate collapse in von Neumann's conclusion?", "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9e9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "Von Neumann\u2013Wigner interpretation never gained acceptance amongst the majority of physicists"}], "question": "Were von Neumann's conclusions of collapse of entire universe cause accepted widely?", "id": "57282d9cff5b5019007d9ea0"}]}], ["Von Neumann memperkenalkan kajian cincin pengendali, melalui von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra adalah * -algebra operator terlentang pada ruang Hilbert yang ditutup di topologi pengendali yang lemah dan mengandungi pengendali identiti. The von Neumann teorem bicommutant menunjukkan bahawa definisi analitik bersamaan dengan definisi algebra semata-mata sebagai aljabar simetri. Integral langsung diperkenalkan pada tahun 1949 oleh John von Neumann. Salah satu analisis von Neumann adalah untuk mengurangkan klasifikasi von Neumann algebras pada ruang Hilbert yang boleh diasingkan untuk klasifikasi faktor. <> Apakah aljabar von Neumann? || algebra pengendali sempit di ruang Hilbert yang ditutup di topologi pengendali yang lemah dan mengandungi pengendali identiti <> Apa teorem von Neumann bicommutant menunjukkan? || takrif analitik bersamaan dengan definisi algebra semata sebagai algebra simetri. <> Bilakah integral langsung diperkenalkan oleh von Neumann? || 1949 <> Apa yang diperkenalkan di von Neumann algebras? || kajian cincin pengendali", {"context": "Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann. One of von Neumann's analyses was to reduce the classification of von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of factors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator"}], "question": "What is von Neumann algebra?", "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df587"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries."}], "question": "What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?", "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df588"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?", "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df589"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "study of rings of operators"}], "question": "What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?", "id": "5728241e3acd2414000df58a"}]}], ["Von Neumann adalah yang pertama untuk mewujudkan rangka kerja matematik yang ketat untuk mekanik kuantum, yang dikenali sebagai aksiom Dirac-von Neumann, dengan kerja-kerja 1932 Dasar Matematiknya Kuasa Kuantum. Selepas menyelesaikan aksiomatisasi teori set, dia mula berhadapan dengan aksiomatisasi mekanik kuantum. Beliau menyedari, pada tahun 1926, keadaan suatu sistem kuantum dapat diwakili oleh suatu titik dalam ruang kompleks (kompleks) Hilbert yang, secara umum, boleh dimensi tanpa dimensi walaupun untuk satu zarah. Dalam formalisme mekanik kuantum, kuantiti yang dapat dilihat seperti kedudukan atau momentum diwakili sebagai pengendali linear yang bertindak di ruang Hilbert yang dikaitkan dengan sistem kuantum. <> Siapa yang menubuhkan rangka kerja untuk mekanik kuantum? || Von Neumann <> Apa karya von Neumann dihasilkan pada tahun 1932? || Asas Matematik Kuasa Kuantum <> Apakah kerja von von Neumann mendahului axiomatiztion mekanik quatum? || aksiomatisasi teori set", {"context": "Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac\u2013von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Von Neumann"}], "question": "Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?", "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics"}], "question": "What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?", "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "axiomatization of set theory"}], "question": "What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?", "id": "572828782ca10214002d9f7a"}]}], ["Selain itu, \"[i] n kes umum, von Neumann membuktikan teorem perwakilan asas berikut. Mana-mana kisi modular yang dilengkapkan L yang mempunyai\" asas \"unsur-unsur perspektif nft4 berpasangan, adalah isomorfik dengan kekisi \u211b (R) cita-cita kanan cincin biasa yang sesuai R. Kesimpulan ini adalah kemuncak 140 muka surat algebra cemerlang dan tajam yang melibatkan aksiom novel yang sepenuhnya. Sesiapa yang ingin mendapatkan gambaran yang tidak dapat dilupakan mengenai pinggang cukur von von Neumann, perlu semata-mata untuk mengejar ini rantai penalaran tepat untuk dirinya sendiri-menyedari bahawa seringkali lima muka surat itu ditulis sebelum sarapan pagi, duduk di meja tulis ruang tamu dengan jubah mandi. \" <> Apakah jenis aksioma yang digunakan oleh von Neumann dalam kerja kekisi? || novel axioms <> Berapa lama kertas teori kekisi von Neumann? || 140 halaman <> Dalam bilik apa von Neumann sering menulis di rumah? || meja tulis ruang tamu", {"context": "Additionally, \"[I]n the general case, von Neumann proved the following basic representation theorem. Any complemented modular lattice L having a \"basis\" of n\u22654 pairwise perspective elements, is isomorphic with the lattice \u211b(R) of all principal right-ideals of a suitable regular ring R. This conclusion is the culmination of 140 pages of brilliant and incisive algebra involving entirely novel axioms. Anyone wishing to get an unforgettable impression of the razor edge of von Neumann's mind, need merely try to pursue this chain of exact reasoning for himself\u2014realizing that often five pages of it were written down before breakfast, seated at a living room writing-table in a bathrobe.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "novel axioms"}], "question": "What type of axioms were used by von Neumann in his lattice work?", "id": "572827144b864d19001645da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "140 pages"}], "question": "How long was von Neumann's lattice theory paper?", "id": "572827144b864d19001645db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "living room writing-table"}], "question": "In what room did von Neumann often write at home?", "id": "572827144b864d19001645dc"}]}], ["Von Neumann bekerja pada teori kekisi antara 1937 dan 1939. Von Neumann menyediakan penerokaan dimensi abstrak dalam kisi-kisi topologi modular yang dilengkapi dengan lengkap: \"Dimensi ditentukan, sehingga transformasi linear positif, dengan dua sifat berikut ini dipelihara oleh pemetaan perspektif (\"perspektif\") dan diperintahkan oleh inklusi. Bahagian terdalam dari bukti berkenaan dengan kesamaan perspektiviti dengan \"prokektiviti oleh penguraian\" -yang mengarut adalah transitivity of perspectivity. \" Garrett Birkhoff menulis: \"Keberanian John von Neumann yang cemerlang menyerang teori kisi seperti meteor\". <> Apa yang dilakukan von Neumann pada tahun 1937 - 39? || teori kekisi <> Apa sifat menentukan dimensi dalam teori kekisi? || dipelihara oleh pemetaan perspektif (\"perspektif\") dan diperintahkan oleh penyertaan <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa \"pikiran cemerlang von von Neumann meletus teori kisi seperti meteor?\" || Garrett Birkhoff", {"context": "Von Neumann worked on lattice theory between 1937 and 1939. Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices: \"Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with \"projectivity by decomposition\"\u2014of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity.\" Garrett Birkhoff writes: \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "lattice theory"}], "question": "What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?", "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "conserved by perspective mappings (\"perspectivities\") and ordered by inclusion"}], "question": "What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?", "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Garrett Birkhoff"}], "question": "Who wrote that \"John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?\"", "id": "57282557ff5b5019007d9dfc"}]}], ["Rawatan abstrak Von Neumann juga membolehkannya untuk menghadapi isu penentuan determinisme berbanding bukan determinisme, dan di dalam buku itu dia membentangkan bukti bahawa hasil statistik mekanik kuantum tidak dapat dijadikan purata set asas \"pembolehubah tersembunyi\" seperti dalam mekanik statistik klasik. Pada tahun 1966, John S. Bell menerbitkan satu kertas yang mengatakan bahawa bukti itu mengandungi ralat konseptual dan oleh itu tidak sah. Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 2010, Jeffrey Bub berhujah bahawa Bell telah menyalahgunakan bukti von Neumann, dan menunjukkan bahawa bukti, walaupun tidak sah untuk semua teori variabel tersembunyi, mengetepikan subset yang jelas dan penting. Bub juga mencadangkan bahawa von Neumann sedar akan batasan ini, dan von Neumann tidak menyatakan bahawa buktinya sepenuhnya menolak teori variabel tersembunyi. <> Rawatan abstrak Von Neumann membenarkan beliau bekerja pada isu asas? || determinisme berbanding non-determinisme <> Apakah hujah John Bell? || bukti terkandung ralat konseptual dan oleh itu tidak sah <> Apa yang Jeffrey Bub berhujah pada tahun 2010? || Bell telah menyalahkan bukti von Neumann <> Adakah von Neumann mengetuk teori pembolehubah yang tersembunyi? || von Neumann tidak mendakwa bahawa buktinya sepenuhnya menolak teori berubah-ubah tersembunyi", {"context": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined \"hidden variables,\" as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "determinism versus non-determinism"}], "question": "Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?", "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid"}], "question": "What was John Bell's argument?", "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof"}], "question": "What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?", "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories"}], "question": "Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?", "id": "57282bb1ff5b5019007d9e75"}]}], ["Kemudian, von Neumann mencadangkan satu kaedah baru pengaturcaraan linear, menggunakan sistem linear homogen Gordan (1873), yang kemudiannya dipopularkan oleh algoritma Karmarkar. Kaedah Von Neumann menggunakan algoritma pivoting di antara rintangan, dengan keputusan pivoting ditentukan oleh subproblem kotak nonnegatif paling rendah dengan kekukuhan konveksity (memproyeksikan vektor sifar ke badan cembung simplex aktif). Algoritma Von Neumann adalah kaedah titik dalaman dalam pengaturcaraan linier. <> Apakah kaedah baru pengaturcaraan linier yang disarankan oleh von Neumann? || sistem linear homogen Gordan <> Apakah kaedah von Neuman digunakan? || algoritma pivoting antara mudah <> Apakah kaedah von Neumann dikenali sebagai yang pertama? || algoritma adalah kaedah titik dalaman utama pengaturcaraan linear.", {"context": "Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "homogeneous linear system of Gordan"}], "question": "What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?", "id": "572839072ca10214002da104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "pivoting algorithm between simplices"}], "question": "What did von Neuman's method use?", "id": "572839072ca10214002da105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming."}], "question": "What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?", "id": "572839072ca10214002da106"}]}], ["Von Neumann menaikkan tahap intelektual dan matematik dalam bidang ekonomi dalam beberapa penerbitan yang menakjubkan. Untuk model ekonomi yang berkembang, von Neumann membuktikan kewujudan dan keunikan keseimbangan menggunakan generalisasi teorem tetap point Brouwer itu. Model Von Neumann dalam ekonomi yang berkembang memperhatikan pensil matriks A - \u03bbB dengan matriks nonnegatif A dan B; von Neumann mencari vektor kebarangkalian p dan q dan nombor positif \u03bb yang akan menyelesaikan persamaan pelengkap <> Bagaimana von Neumann menaikkan tahap ekonomi? || beberapa penerbitan yang menakjubkan <> Apa von Neumann membuktikan dengan modelnya mengembangkan ekonomi? || keunikan keseimbangan menggunakan generalisasi teorem titik tetap Brouwer <> Apa von Neumann mempertimbangkan untuk model model ekonomi yang berkembang? || pensel matriks A - \u03bbB dengan matriks nonnegatif A dan B", {"context": "Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil  A \u2212 \u03bbB with nonnegative matrices A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number \u03bb that would solve the complementarity equation", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "several stunning publications"}], "question": "How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?", "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem"}], "question": "What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?", "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "matrix pencil  A \u2212 \u03bbB with nonnegative matrices A and B"}], "question": "What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?", "id": "5728359e2ca10214002da0d2"}]}], ["Von Neumann membuat sumbangan asas kepada statistik matematik. Pada tahun 1941, beliau memperoleh pembahagian sebenar nisbah kuadrat purata bagi perbezaan berturut-turut kepada varians sampel untuk pembolehubah bebas yang diedarkan secara berasingan dan identik. Nisbah ini digunakan untuk sisa-sisa dari model regresi dan biasanya dikenali sebagai statistik Durbin-Watson untuk menguji hipotesis nol bahawa kesilapan secara bersendirian bebas terhadap alternatif yang mereka mengikuti autoregression pesanan pertama yang tidak bergerak. <> Bilakah von NEumann menubuhkan nisbah rata-rata persegi? || 1941 <> Bagaimana nisbah persegi min digunakan? || Statistik Durbin-Watson <> apakah ujian hipotesis nol terhadap? || alternatif bahawa mereka mengikuti perintah autoregression yang pertama", {"context": "Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin\u2013Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio?", "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Durbin\u2013Watson statistic"}], "question": "How has mean square ratio been applied?", "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression"}], "question": "what does null hypothesis test against?", "id": "572839f4ff5b5019007d9f76"}]}], ["Keputusan Von Neumann telah dilihat sebagai kes khas pengaturcaraan linier, di mana model von Neumann hanya menggunakan matriks bukannegatif. Kajian model von von Neumann mengenai ekonomi yang berkembang terus menarik minat pakar ekonomi matematik dengan kepentingan dalam ekonomi pengkomputeran. Makalah ini telah dipanggil kertas besar dalam ekonomi matematik oleh beberapa pengarang, yang mengiktiraf pengenalan teorema tetap-titik, ketidaksetaraan linear, kekurangan pelengkap, dan kedamaian dada. Dalam prosiding persidangan mengenai model pertumbuhan von von Neumann, Paul Samuelson mengatakan bahawa banyak ahli matematik telah membangunkan kaedah yang berguna kepada ahli ekonomi, tetapi von Neumann adalah unik kerana telah membuat sumbangan penting kepada teori ekonomi itu sendiri. <> Apakah model von Neumann sebagai contoh? || dilihat sebagai kes khas pengaturcaraan linier <> Apa arti penting model ekonomi von Neumann? || unik dalam membuat sumbangan penting kepada teori ekonomi itu sendiri. <> Idea apa yang digunakan dalam model ecocomic von Neumann? || teorema tetap-titik, ketaksamaan linear, kelemahan pelengkap, dan dada saddlepoint", {"context": "Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "viewed as a special case of linear programming"}], "question": "What were von Neumann's model an example of?", "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself."}], "question": "What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?", "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality"}], "question": "What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?", "id": "572837a4ff5b5019007d9f42"}]}], ["Kertas 9-halaman terkenal Von Neumann memulakan hidup sebagai ceramah di Princeton dan kemudian menjadi kertas di Jerman, yang akhirnya diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggeris. Kepentingannya dalam bidang ekonomi yang membawa kepada kertas itu bermula seperti berikut: Ketika mengajar di Berlin pada tahun 1928 dan 1929 ia menghabiskan musim panasnya di Budapest, dan begitu juga ekonom Nicholas Kaldor, dan mereka memukulnya. Kaldor mengesyorkan bahawa von Neumann membaca buku oleh ekonom matematik, L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann mendapati beberapa kesalahan dalam buku itu dan membetulkannya, sebagai contoh, menggantikan persamaan dengan ketidaksamaan. Beliau menyedari bahawa Teori Keseimbangan Umum Walras dan Undang-undang Walras, yang membawa kepada sistem persamaan linear serentak, dapat menghasilkan hasil yang tidak masuk akal sehingga keuntungan dapat dimaksimumkan dengan menghasilkan dan menjual kuantiti negatif suatu produk. Dia menggantikan persamaan dengan ketidaksamaan, memperkenalkan keserupaan dinamik, antara lain, dan akhirnya menghasilkan kertas. <> Bilakah minat von Neumann dalam ekonomi bermula? || Ketika mengajar di Berlin pada tahun 1928 dan 1929 <> Apa ekonom yang von von Neumann dapat mengetahui yang mendorong minat ekonomi? || Nicholas Kaldor <> Dalam buku siapa von von Neuman menemui kesilapan dalam persamaan penulis? || L\u00e9on Walras", {"context": "Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist L\u00e9on Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929"}], "question": "When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?", "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Nicholas Kaldor"}], "question": "What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?", "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "L\u00e9on Walras"}], "question": "In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?", "id": "5728386d4b864d1900164784"}]}], ["bersama dengan dua sistem ketidaksamaan yang menyatakan kecekapan ekonomi. Dalam model ini, vektor kebarangkalian (dipindahkan) mewakili harga barangan manakala vektor kebarangkalian q mewakili \"intensiti\" di mana proses pengeluaran akan dijalankan. Penyelesaian unik \u03bb mewakili faktor pertumbuhan iaitu 1 ditambah dengan kadar pertumbuhan ekonomi; kadar pertumbuhan adalah sama dengan kadar faedah. Membuktikan kewujudan kadar pertumbuhan positif dan membuktikan bahawa kadar pertumbuhan sama dengan kadar faedah adalah pencapaian yang luar biasa, walaupun untuk von Neumann. <> Dalam model von Neumann apa yang mewakili? || p mewakili harga barangan <> Dalam model von Neumann apa yang mewakili q? || q mewakili \"keamatan\" di mana proses pengeluaran akan berjalan <> Apakah kadar qrowth sama dengan? || kadar pertumbuhan sama dengan kadar faedah <> Adakah model ekonomi berjaya? || membuktikan bahawa kadar pertumbuhan sama dengan kadar faedah adalah pencapaian yang luar biasa, walaupun untuk von Neumann", {"context": "along with two inequality systems expressing economic efficiency. In this model, the (transposed) probability vector p represents the prices of the goods while the probability vector q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run. The unique solution \u03bb represents the growth factor which is 1 plus the rate of growth of the economy; the rate of growth equals the interest rate. Proving the existence of a positive growth rate and proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "p represents the prices of the goods"}], "question": "In von Neumann's model what does p represent?", "id": "572836864b864d1900164754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "q represents the \"intensity\" at which the production process would run"}], "question": "In von Neumann's model what does q represent?", "id": "572836864b864d1900164755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "rate of growth equals the interest rate"}], "question": "What is the rate of qrowth equal to?", "id": "572836864b864d1900164756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "proving that the growth rate equals the interest rate were remarkable achievements, even for von Neumann"}], "question": "Was the economic model successful?", "id": "572836864b864d1900164757"}]}], ["Von Neumann mengasaskan bidang teori permainan sebagai disiplin matematik. Von Neumann membuktikan teorem minimaxnya pada tahun 1928. Teorema ini menetapkan bahawa dalam permainan sifar dengan maklumat yang sempurna (iaitu di mana pemain tahu pada setiap masa semua langkah yang telah berlaku setakat ini), terdapat sepasang strategi untuk kedua-dua pemain yang membolehkan setiap individu meminimumkan kerugian maksimumnya, oleh itu nama minimax. Ketika memeriksa setiap strategi yang mungkin, pemain harus mempertimbangkan semua kemungkinan pertolongan dari musuhnya. Pemain kemudian memainkan strategi yang akan mengakibatkan pengurangan kerugian maksimumnya. <> Tahun apakah teori permainan ditubuhkan? || 1928 <> Apakah disiplin apakah teori permainan yang berasal dari? || disiplin matematik. <> apakah strategi yang mungkin dalam teori minimax? || sepasang strategi untuk kedua-dua pemain yang membolehkan setiap individu untuk meminimumkan kerugian maksimumnya <> Apa yang perlu dipertimbangkan pemain apabila menentukan setiap strategi yang mungkin? || semua maklum balas yang mungkin dari musuhnya.", {"context": "Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. Von Neumann proved his minimax theorem in 1928. This theorem establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e. in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses, hence the name minimax. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "1928"}], "question": "What year was game theory established?", "id": "572831002ca10214002da042"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "mathematical discipline."}], "question": "What discipline is game theory derived from?", "id": "572831002ca10214002da043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses"}], "question": "what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?", "id": "572831002ca10214002da044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "all the possible responses of his adversary."}], "question": "What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?", "id": "572831002ca10214002da045"}]}], ["Dalam kertas kerja 1936 yang terkenal dengan Garrett Birkhoff, kerja pertama yang pernah memperkenalkan logika kuantum, von Neumann dan Birkhoff mula-mula membuktikan bahawa mekanik kuantum memerlukan kalkulus proposisi yang sangat berbeza dari semua logik klasik dan ketat mengasingkan struktur algebra baru untuk logika kuantum. Konsep penciptaan kalkulus cadangan untuk logik kuantum pertama kali digariskan dalam seksyen pendek dalam kerja von von Neumann tahun 1932, tetapi pada tahun 1936, keperluan untuk kalkulus cadangan baru ditunjukkan melalui beberapa bukti. Sebagai contoh, foton tidak boleh melalui dua penapis berturut-turut yang dipolarisasi secara serentak (contohnya, secara mendatar dan yang lain secara menegak), dan oleh itu, fortiori, ia tidak boleh lulus jika penapis ketiga terpolarisasi diagonal ditambah kepada dua yang lain, sama ada sebelum atau selepas mereka berturut-turut, tetapi jika penapis ketiga ditambah di antara dua yang lain, foton akan, sesungguhnya, melalui. Fakta eksperimen ini boleh diterjemahkan ke dalam logik sebagai non-commutativity of conjunction. Ia juga menunjukkan bahawa undang-undang pengedaran logik klasik, dan, tidak sah untuk teori kuantum. <> Dengan siapa von von Neuman bekerja pada kertas pada tahun 1936 yang memperkenalkan logika kuantum? || Garrett Birkhoff <> Konsep apa yang dicipta untuk logik quatum? || kalkulus cadangan <> Apakah perbezaan logik dalam teori kuantum? || undang-undang pengedaran logik klasik, dan, tidak sah bagi teori kuantum", {"context": "In a famous paper of 1936 with Garrett Birkhoff, the first work ever to introduce quantum logics, von Neumann and Birkhoff first proved that quantum mechanics requires a propositional calculus substantially different from all classical logics and rigorously isolated a new algebraic structure for quantum logics. The concept of creating a propositional calculus for quantum logic was first outlined in a short section in von Neumann's 1932 work, but in 1936, the need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs. For example, photons cannot pass through two successive filters that are polarized perpendicularly (e.g., one horizontally and the other vertically), and therefore, a fortiori, it cannot pass if a third filter polarized diagonally is added to the other two, either before or after them in the succession, but if the third filter is added in between the other two, the photons will, indeed, pass through. This experimental fact is translatable into logic as the non-commutativity of conjunction . It was also demonstrated that the laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Garrett Birkhoff"}], "question": "With whom did von Neuman work on a paper in 1936 that introduce quantum logic?", "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "propositional calculus"}], "question": "What concept was created for quatum logic?", "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1074, "text": "laws of distribution of classical logic,  and , are not valid for quantum theory"}], "question": "What is the difference of logic in quantum theory?", "id": "57282ec4ff5b5019007d9ea6"}]}], ["Strategi sedemikian, yang meminimumkan kerugian maksimum bagi setiap pemain, dipanggil optimum. Von Neumann menunjukkan bahawa minimax mereka adalah sama (dalam nilai mutlak) dan bertentangan (dalam tanda). Von Neumann bertambah baik dan memperluaskan teorem minimax untuk memasukkan permainan yang melibatkan maklumat dan permainan yang tidak sempurna dengan lebih daripada dua pemain, menerbitkan keputusan ini dalam Teori Permainan dan Perilaku Ekonominya 1944 (ditulis dengan Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern menulis sebuah kertas mengenai teori permainan dan berfikir dia akan menunjukkannya kepada von Neumann kerana minatnya terhadap subjek itu. Dia membacanya dan berkata kepada Morgenstern bahawa dia harus meletakkan lebih banyak di dalamnya. Ini telah diulang beberapa kali, dan kemudian von Neumann menjadi penulis mata dan kertas menjadi 100 halaman panjang. Kemudian ia menjadi sebuah buku. Kepentingan awam dalam karya ini adalah seperti yang New York Times menjalankan cerita muka depan. Dalam buku ini, von Neumann mengisytiharkan bahawa teori ekonomi perlu menggunakan kaedah analitik fungsional, terutamanya set cembung dan teorem titik tetap topologi, dan bukannya kalkulus kebezaan tradisional, kerana pengendali maksimum tidak mengekalkan fungsi yang berbeza. <> Apakah strategi yang optimum? || meminimumkan kehilangan maksimum bagi setiap pemain <> Apakah karya von Neumann diterbitkan pada tahun 1944? || Teori Permainan dan Perilaku Ekonomi <> Siapa penulis bersama von Neman mengenai Teori Permainan dan Perilaku Ekonomi? || Oskar Morgenstern", {"context": "Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "minimize the maximum loss for each player"}], "question": "What is optimal strategy?", "id": "572833752ca10214002da090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Theory of Games and Economic Behavior"}], "question": "What von Neumann work was published in 1944?", "id": "572833752ca10214002da091"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Oskar Morgenstern"}], "question": "Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?", "id": "572833752ca10214002da092"}]}], ["Alasan untuk ini adalah bahawa disjunction kuantum, tidak seperti kes yang disjunction klasik, boleh benar walaupun kedua-dua disjuncts adalah palsu dan ini pula, disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa ia sering berlaku dalam mekanik kuantum, bahawa sepasang alternatif ditentukan secara semantik, manakala setiap anggotanya semestinya tidak pasti. Harta kedua ini boleh digambarkan dengan contoh mudah. Katakan kita berurusan dengan zarah (seperti elektron) spin semi-integral (momentum sudut) yang mana hanya terdapat dua nilai yang mungkin: positif atau negatif. Kemudian, prinsip indefinasi menetapkan bahawa spin, berbanding dengan dua arah yang berbeza (mis., X dan y) menghasilkan sepasang kuantiti tidak serasi. Katakan bahawa negeri \u03a9 elektron tertentu mengesahkan cadangan \"putaran elektron dalam arah x adalah positif.\" Dengan prinsip ketidaktentuan, nilai putaran ke arah y akan sama sekali tidak pasti bagi \u0278. Oleh itu, \u0278 dapat mengesahkan takaran \"spin ke arah y adalah positif\" atau takaran \"spin ke arah y adalah negatif.\" Walau bagaimanapun, disjunction dari cadangan \"putaran ke arah y adalah positif atau berputar ke arah y negatif\" mestilah benar untuk \u0278. Dalam kes pengedaran, maka adalah mungkin untuk mempunyai keadaan di mana, sementara. <> Apakah perbezaan kuantum kuantum dari klasik? || boleh benar walaupun kedua-dua disjuncts palsu <> Apa yang sering terjadi dalam mekanik kuantum apabila sepasang alternatif ditentukan secara semantik? || setiap ahlinya sememangnya tidak pasti <> Bagaimana cara menghilangkan kuantum digambarkan? || digambarkan oleh contoh mudah", {"context": "The reason for this is that a quantum disjunction, unlike the case for classical disjunction, can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false and this is, in turn, attributable to the fact that it is frequently the case, in quantum mechanics, that a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate, while each of its members are necessarily indeterminate. This latter property can be illustrated by a simple example. Suppose we are dealing with particles (such as electrons) of semi-integral spin (angular momentum) for which there are only two possible values: positive or negative. Then, a principle of indetermination establishes that the spin, relative to two different directions (e.g., x and y) results in a pair of incompatible quantities. Suppose that the state \u0278 of a certain electron verifies the proposition \"the spin of the electron in the x direction is positive.\" By the principle of indeterminacy, the value of the spin in the direction y will be completely indeterminate for \u0278. Hence, \u0278 can verify neither the proposition \"the spin in the direction of y is positive\" nor the proposition \"the spin in the direction of y is negative.\" Nevertheless, the disjunction of the propositions \"the spin in the direction of y is positive or the spin in the direction of y is negative\" must be true for \u0278. In the case of distribution, it is therefore possible to have a situation in which , while .", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "can be true even when both of the disjuncts are false"}], "question": "What is the difference of quantum disjunction from classic?", "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "each of its members are necessarily indeterminate"}], "question": "What is frequently the case in quantum mechanics when a pair of alternatives are semantically determinate?", "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "illustrated by a simple example"}], "question": "How can quantum disjuction be illustrated?", "id": "572832a4ff5b5019007d9ee2"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1950, von Neumann menjadi perunding kepada Kumpulan Penilaian Sistem Senjata (WSEG), yang berfungsi untuk menasihati Ketua Staf Bersama dan Setiausaha Pertahanan Amerika Syarikat dalam pembangunan dan penggunaan teknologi baru. Beliau juga menjadi penasihat Projek Senjata Khas Angkatan Tentera (AFSWP), yang bertanggungjawab terhadap aspek ketenteraan terhadap senjata nuklear. Selama dua tahun berikutnya, beliau juga menjadi perunding kepada Badan Perisikan Pusat (CIA), seorang ahli Jawatankuasa Penasihat Am yang berpengaruh di Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom, seorang perunding kepada Makmal Nasional Lawrence Livermore yang baru ditubuhkan, dan ahli Kumpulan Penasihat Saintifik Tentera Udara Amerika Syarikat. <> Pada tahun 1950 von Neumann menjadi konsultan untuk organisasi apa? || Kumpulan Penilaian Sistem Senjata <> Apa organisasi ketenteraan yang dilakukan von NEumann juga berunding dengan aspek tentera senjata nuklear? || Projek Senjata Khas Angkatan Tentera <> Jawatankuasa apa yang dilakukan von Neumann berkhidmat di dalam Suruhanjaya Tenaga Atom? || Jawatankuasa Penasihat Am", {"context": "In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Weapons Systems Evaluation Group"}], "question": "In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?", "id": "572841842ca10214002da1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Armed Forces Special Weapons Project"}], "question": "What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?", "id": "572841842ca10214002da1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "General Advisory Committee"}], "question": "What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?", "id": "572841842ca10214002da1b0"}]}], ["Sumbangan utama Von Neumann terhadap bom atom adalah dalam konsep dan reka bentuk kanta letupan yang diperlukan untuk memampatkan inti plutonium senjata Manusia Lemak yang kemudiannya jatuh ke Nagasaki. Walaupun von Neumann tidak berasal dari konsep \"implosion\", dia adalah salah seorang penyokong yang paling berterusan, menggalakkan pembangunan berterusan terhadap naluri ramai rakannya yang merasakan reka bentuk itu tidak boleh dilakukan. Dia juga akhirnya membawa idea menggunakan dakwat berbentuk yang lebih kuat dan kurang bahan yang boleh dipisahkan untuk meningkatkan kelajuan \"perhimpunan\". <> Apa sumbangan utama von von Neumann membuat kepada bom atom? || konsep dan reka bentuk kanta letupan yang diperlukan untuk memampatkan teras plutonium <> Did von Nemann berfikir bahawa reka bentuk bom atom tidak dapat dilaksanakan? || dia adalah salah seorang penyokong yang paling berterusan, menggalakkan perkembangannya yang berterusan <> Apa idea tambahan yang diberikan von Neumann menyumbang kepada bom atom? || caj berbentuk yang lebih berkuasa dan kurang bahan yang boleh dipisahkan untuk meningkatkan kelajuan \"perhimpunan\"", {"context": "Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the \"implosion\" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core"}], "question": "What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?", "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development"}], "question": "Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?", "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of \"assembly\""}], "question": "What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?", "id": "57283bbeff5b5019007d9fb0"}]}], ["Apabila ternyata bahawa tidak akan cukup uranium-235 untuk membuat lebih daripada satu bom, projek lensa implosif telah berkembang luas dan idea von Neumann dilaksanakan. Implosion adalah satu-satunya kaedah yang boleh digunakan dengan plutonium-239 yang boleh didapati dari laman Hanford. Dia menubuhkan reka bentuk lensa letupan yang diperlukan, tetapi masih ada kebimbangan tentang \"kesan kelebihan\" dan ketidaksempurnaan dalam bahan letupan. Pengiraannya menunjukkan bahawa letupan akan berfungsi jika ia tidak berlepas lebih dari 5% dari simetri sfera. Selepas satu siri percubaan yang gagal dengan model, ini dicapai oleh George Kistiakowsky, dan pembinaan bom Trinity telah selesai pada bulan Julai 1945. <> apa perubahan dibuat apabila kekurangan uranium 235 jelas? || projek lensa implosif sangat berkembang <> Apakah had toleransi untuk implosion \"kesan kelebihan\"? || tidak berlepas lebih dari 5% dari simetri sfera <> Siapa yang membina Trinity bom? || George Kistiakowsky <> Pada tahun apakah bom Triniti selesai? || 1945", {"context": "When it turned out that there would not be enough uranium-235 to make more than one bomb, the implosive lens project was greatly expanded and von Neumann's idea was implemented. Implosion was the only method that could be used with the plutonium-239 that was available from the Hanford Site. He established the design of the explosive lenses required, but there remained concerns about \"edge effects\" and imperfections in the explosives. His calculations showed that implosion would work if it did not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry. After a series of failed attempts with models, this was achieved by George Kistiakowsky, and the construction of the Trinity bomb was completed in July 1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "implosive lens project was greatly expanded"}], "question": "what change was made when shortage of uranium 235 was apparent?", "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "not depart by more than 5% from spherical symmetry"}], "question": "What was the tolerance limit for implosion \"edge effect\"?", "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df788"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "George Kistiakowsky"}], "question": "Who constructed Trinity bomb?", "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df789"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "1945"}], "question": "In what year was Trinity bomb completed?", "id": "57283cc13acd2414000df78a"}]}], ["Pada 16 Julai 1945, dengan banyak lagi kakitangan Projek Manhattan, von Neumann merupakan saksi mata kepada letupan bom atom pertama, kod yang bernama Trinity, yang dijalankan sebagai ujian alat laras implosion pada jarak pengeboman berhampiran Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 batu (56 km) tenggara Socorro, New Mexico. Berdasarkan pemerhatiannya sendiri, von Neumann menganggarkan ujian itu mengakibatkan letupan setara dengan 5 kiloton TNT (21 TJ) tetapi Enrico Fermi menghasilkan perkiraan yang lebih tepat dari 10 kiloton dengan menjatuhkan sisa kertas yang terkoyak sebagai gelombang kejutan yang dilalui lokasinya dan melihat sejauh mana mereka bertaburan. Kuasa sebenar letupan itu antara 20 dan 22 kiloton. Ia adalah dalam kertas 1944 von Neumann bahawa ungkapan \"kiloton\" muncul buat kali pertama. Selepas perang, Robert Oppenheimer berkata bahawa ahli fizik yang terlibat dalam projek Manhattan telah \"mengenali dosa\". Jawapan Von Neumann ialah \"kadang-kadang seseorang mengaku dosa untuk mengambil kredit untuk itu.\" <> Pada hari apakah letupan atom pertama? || 16 Julai 1945 <> Di manakah ujian letupan atom pertama berlaku? || Alamogordo Army Airfield, <> Apa kuasa letupan atom pertama? || antara 20 hingga 22 kiloton", {"context": "On July 16, 1945, with numerous other Manhattan Project personnel, von Neumann was an eyewitness to the first atomic bomb blast, code named Trinity, conducted as a test of the implosion method device, at the bombing range near Alamogordo Army Airfield, 35 miles (56 km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico. Based on his observation alone, von Neumann estimated the test had resulted in a blast equivalent to 5 kilotons of TNT (21 TJ) but Enrico Fermi produced a more accurate estimate of 10 kilotons by dropping scraps of torn-up paper as the shock wave passed his location and watching how far they scattered. The actual power of the explosion had been between 20 and 22 kilotons. It was in von Neumann's 1944 papers that the expression \"kilotons\" appeared for the first time. After the war, Robert Oppenheimer remarked that the physicists involved in the Manhattan project had \"known sin\". Von Neumann's response was that \"sometimes someone confesses a sin in order to take credit for it.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 16, 1945"}], "question": "On what day was the first atomic blast?", "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Alamogordo Army Airfield,"}], "question": "Where did the first atomic blast test take place?", "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "between 20 and 22 kilotons"}], "question": "What was the power of the first atomic blast?", "id": "57283e8bff5b5019007d9fe4"}]}], ["Tidak lama sebelum kematiannya, apabila dia sudah sakit, von Neumann mengetuai jawatankuasa rahsia ICBM rahsia kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, dan kadang-kadang bertemu di rumahnya. Tujuannya adalah untuk menentukan kelayakan bangunan ICBM yang cukup besar untuk membawa senjata termonuklear. Von Neumann telah lama berhujah bahawa walaupun halangan teknikal adalah besar, mereka dapat diatasi pada waktunya. SM-65 Atlas meluluskan ujian berfungsi sepenuhnya pada 1959, dua tahun selepas kematiannya. Kemungkinan ICBM berhutang banyak untuk membaiki, hulu peledak yang lebih kecil seperti yang terjadi pada perkembangan roket, dan pemahamannya terhadap bekas yang membuat nasihatnya tidak ternilai. <> Apakah tujuan utama ICBM rahsia? || memutuskan kemungkinan untuk membina ICBM cukup besar untuk membawa senjata termonuklear <> Apa argumen yang dilakukan von Neumann tentang ICBMs? || manakala halangan teknikal adalah besar, mereka boleh diatasi dalam masa <> Dalam tahun berapa SM-65 Atlas lulus ujian berfungsi penuh pertama? || 1959", {"context": "Shortly before his death, when he was already quite ill, von Neumann headed the United States government's top secret ICBM committee, and it would sometimes meet in his home. Its purpose was to decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon. Von Neumann had long argued that while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time. The SM-65 Atlas passed its first fully functional test in 1959, two years after his death. The feasibility of an ICBM owed as much to improved, smaller warheads as it did to developments in rocketry, and his understanding of the former made his advice invaluable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "decide on the feasibility of building an ICBM large enough to carry a thermonuclear weapon"}], "question": "What was the purpose of top secret ICBM committee?", "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "while the technical obstacles were sizable, they could be overcome in time"}], "question": "What argument did von Neumann make about ICBMs?", "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year did SM-65 Atlas pass its first fully functional test? ", "id": "572843ce4b864d190016485e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1955, von Neumann menjadi pesuruhjaya AEC. Beliau menerima kedudukan ini dan menggunakannya untuk meningkatkan pengeluaran bom hidrogen kompak yang sesuai untuk penghantaran rudal balistik Intercontinental. Beliau terlibat dalam membetulkan kekurangan tritium dan litium yang teruk yang diperlukan untuk senjata kompak ini, dan beliau berhujah untuk menetap bagi peluru berpandu jarak perantaraan yang dikehendaki oleh Tentera Darat. Dia berkeras bahawa bom H diserahkan ke jantung wilayah musuh oleh ICBM akan menjadi senjata yang paling berkesan, dan bahawa ketidakakuratan relatif rudal tidak akan menjadi masalah dengan bom H. Beliau berkata orang Rusia mungkin akan membina sistem senjata yang serupa, yang menjadi kesnya. Walaupun tidak setuju dengan Oppenheimer mengenai keperluan untuk program kemalangan untuk membangunkan bom hidrogen, dia memberi keterangan mengenai nama mereka pada tahun 1954 pendengaran keselamatan Oppenheimer, di mana dia menegaskan bahawa Oppenheimer adalah setia, dan memuji dia untuk menolongnya apabila program itu pergi depan. <> Dalam apa tahun von Neumann menjadi pesuruhjaya AEC? || 1955 <> Apakah bom hidrogen padat berguna? || Penghantaran rudal balistik Intercontinental <> Apa kebimbangan dengan ICBM yang lebih panjang dengan Hbomb? || ketepatan tidak tepat peluru berpandu <> Von Neumann bersaksi di mana pendengaran tentang kesetiaan dan bantuan? || Oppenheimer", {"context": "In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?", "id": "572842b04b864d190016482c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery"}], "question": "What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?", "id": "572842b04b864d190016482d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "relative inaccuracy of the missile"}], "question": "What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?", "id": "572842b04b864d190016482e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "Oppenheimer"}], "question": "Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?", "id": "572842b04b864d190016482f"}]}], ["Von Neumann membuat sumbangan asas dalam penerokaan masalah dalam hidrodinamik berangka. Contohnya, dengan Robert D. Richtmyer, dia mengembangkan algoritma yang menentukan kelikatan buatan yang meningkatkan pemahaman gelombang kejutan. Masalahnya adalah apabila komputer menyelesaikan masalah hidrodinamik atau aerodinamik, mereka cuba untuk meletakkan terlalu banyak mata grid pengiraan di kawasan-kawasan penentuan tajam (gelombang kejutan). Matematik kelikatan buatan melicinkan peralihan kejutan tanpa mengorbankan fizik asas. Sumbangan lain yang dinamik kepada dinamik bendalir termasuk penyelesaian aliran klasik untuk gelombang letupan, dan penemuan bersama model letupan ZND bahan letupan. <> Algoritma yang menentukan kelikatan tiruan adalah sumbangan asas kepada kawasan apa? || hydrodynamics berangka <> Apa matematik kelikatan buatan lakukan? || melicinkan peralihan kejutan tanpa mengorbankan fizik asas <> Apakah masalah komputer menyelesaikan dinamik bendalir? || mereka cuba untuk meletakkan terlalu banyak mata grid pengiraan di kawasan-kawasan ketiadaan tajam (gelombang kejutan)", {"context": "Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics. Other well known contributions to fluid dynamics included the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery of the ZND detonation model of explosives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "numerical hydrodynamics"}], "question": "The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?", "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics"}], "question": "What did the math of artificial viscosity do?", "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)"}], "question": "What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?", "id": "57283ad62ca10214002da12e"}]}], ["Bersama-sama dengan empat saintis lain dan pelbagai anggota tentera, von Neumann dimasukkan ke dalam jawatankuasa pemilihan sasaran yang bertanggungjawab memilih bandar-bandar Jepun di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki sebagai sasaran pertama bom atom. Von Neumann menyelia perhitungan yang berkaitan dengan saiz yang dijangkakan dari bom letupan, anggaran kematian, dan jarak di atas tanah di mana bom harus diletupkan untuk penyebaran gelombang kejutan yang optimum dan dengan itu kesan maksimum. Ibukota budaya Kyoto, yang telah terhindar dari pengeboman yang ditimbulkan pada bandar-bandar ketara militer, adalah pilihan pertama von Neumann, pemilihan yang dipinjamkan oleh pemimpin Projek Manhattan, General Leslie Groves. Walau bagaimanapun, sasaran ini telah ditolak oleh Setiausaha Perang Henry L. Stimson. <> Apa orang lain bekerja dengan von Neumann pada pemilihan sasaran? || empat saintis lain dan pelbagai anggota tentera <> Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh von Neuman dalam pemilihan sasaran? || mengawasi pengiraan <> Apa pilihan pertama von Neumann untuk bandar sasaran? || Kyoto <> Yang menolak bandar sasaran utama von Neuamann? || Setiausaha Perang Henry L. Stimson.", {"context": "Along with four other scientists and various military personnel, von Neumann was included in the target selection committee responsible for choosing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the first targets of the atomic bomb. Von Neumann oversaw computations related to the expected size of the bomb blasts, estimated death tolls, and the distance above the ground at which the bombs should be detonated for optimum shock wave propagation and thus maximum effect. The cultural capital Kyoto, which had been spared the bombing inflicted upon militarily significant cities, was von Neumann's first choice, a selection seconded by Manhattan Project leader General Leslie Groves. However, this target was dismissed by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "four other scientists and various military personnel"}], "question": "What other people worked with von Neumann on target selection?", "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "oversaw computations"}], "question": "What role did von Neuman play in the selection of targets?", "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Kyoto"}], "question": "What was von Neumann's first choice for target city?", "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson."}], "question": "Who dismissed von Neuamann's primary target city?", "id": "57283dd13acd2414000df7a6"}]}], ["Von Neumann dikreditkan dengan strategi keseimbangan pemusnahan bersama bersama, memberikan singkatan yang sengaja lucu, MAD. (Akronim lain yang dicipta oleh von Neumann termasuk komputernya, Matematik Analyzer, Integrator Berangka, dan Komputer-atau MANIAC). Dia juga \"menggerakkan langit dan bumi\" untuk membawa MAD tentang. Matlamatnya adalah dengan cepat membangunkan ICBMs dan bom hidrogen kompak yang dapat dihantar ke USSR, dan dia tahu bahawa Soviet telah melakukan kerja yang sama kerana CIA menemubual saintis roket Jerman yang dibenarkan pulang ke Jerman, dan von Neumann telah menanam sedozen orang teknikal di CIA. Orang Rusia percaya bahawa pengebom tidak lama lagi akan terdedah, dan mereka berkongsi pendapat von Neumann bahawa bom H di ICBM adalah ne plus ultra senjata, dan mereka percaya bahawa sesiapa yang mempunyai keunggulan dalam senjata ini akan mengambil alih dunia tanpa perlu menggunakannya. Dia takut dengan \"jurang peluru berpandu\" dan mengambil beberapa langkah lagi untuk mencapai matlamatnya untuk menjaga dengan Soviet: <> Apa itu MAD? || kemusnahan bersama bersama <> Apakah matlamat MAD? || cepat membangunkan ICBMs dan bom hidrogen padat yang boleh mereka hantar ke USSR <> Apa pendapat Russia tentang senjata masa depan? || Rusia percaya bahawa pengebom tidak lama lagi akan terdedah, dan mereka berkongsi pendapat von Neumann bahawa sebuah bom H di ICBM adalah ne plus ultra senjata <> Apakah kebimbangan mengenai jurang peluru berpandu? || menjaga dengan Soviet", {"context": "Von Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer\u2014or MANIAC). He also \"moved heaven and earth\" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons, and they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a \"missile gap\" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "mutual assured destruction"}], "question": "What was MAD?", "id": "572845213acd2414000df81f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR"}], "question": "What was the goal of MAD?", "id": "572845213acd2414000df820"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons"}], "question": "What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?", "id": "572845213acd2414000df821"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "keeping up with the Soviets"}], "question": "What was the concern of a missile gap?", "id": "572845213acd2414000df822"}]}], ["Von Neumann terus tidak terancam dalam karyanya dan menjadi, bersama dengan Edward Teller, salah seorang yang mengekalkan projek bom hidrogen. Beliau kemudiannya berkolaborasi dengan Klaus Fuchs dalam perkembangan selanjutnya bom itu, dan pada tahun 1946 kedua-duanya telah memfailkan paten rahsia mengenai \"Peningkatan Kaedah dan Cara untuk Menggunakan Tenaga Nuklear\", yang menggariskan satu skim untuk menggunakan bom pembelahan untuk memampatkan bahan api campuran untuk memulakan perpaduan nuklear. Paten Fuchs-von Neumann menggunakan letupan radiasi, tetapi tidak dengan cara yang sama seperti yang digunakan dalam apa yang menjadi reka bentuk bom hidrogen akhir, reka bentuk Teller-Ulam. Walau bagaimanapun, kerja mereka telah dimasukkan ke dalam tembakan \"Operasi Hijau\" George, yang merupakan instruktif dalam menguji konsep yang masuk ke dalam reka bentuk akhir. Kerja-kerja Fuchs-von Neumann telah diteruskan, oleh Fuchs, kepada Uni Soviet sebagai sebahagian daripada pengintipan nuklearnya, tetapi ia tidak digunakan dalam rancangan pembangunan Teller-Ulam milik sendiri Soviet. Ahli sejarah Jeremy Bernstein menegaskan bahawa ironi, \"John von Neumann dan Klaus Fuchs, menghasilkan ciptaan yang cemerlang pada tahun 1946 yang boleh mengubah keseluruhan perjalanan pembangunan bom hidrogen, tetapi tidak difahami sepenuhnya sehingga selepas bom itu telah berjaya dibuat. \" <> Dengan siapa von von Neumann bekerjasama untuk pembangunan selanjutnya bom hidrogen? || Klaus Fuchs <> Apa peningkatan yang dilakukan von Neumann dalam senjata nuklear? || menggunakan bom fisi untuk memampat bahan api campuran untuk memulakan gabungan nuklear <> Apa negara yang diberikan akses kepada reka bentuk senjata nuklear yang lebih baik melalui pengintipan? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on \"Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy\", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller\u2013Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the \"George\" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs\u2013von Neumann work was passed on, by Fuchs, to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller\u2013Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, \"John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Klaus Fuchs"}], "question": "With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?", "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion"}], "question": "What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?", "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 808, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?", "id": "57283ff9ff5b5019007d9ffe"}]}], ["Von Neumann adalah tokoh pengasas dalam pengkomputeran. Donald Knuth memetik von Neumann sebagai pencipta, pada tahun 1945, dari algoritma sort gabungan, di mana bahagian pertama dan kedua array disusun secara rekursif dan kemudian digabungkan. Von Neumann menulis program pengisihan untuk EDVAC dalam dakwat, yang panjangnya 23 halaman; jejak masih boleh dilihat pada halaman pertama frasa \"SECRET TOP\", yang ditulis dalam pensil dan kemudian dipadamkan. Beliau juga bekerja pada falsafah kecerdasan buatan dengan Alan Turing ketika yang terakhir melawat Princeton pada tahun 1930-an. <> Siapa pencipta algoritma gabungan-jenis? || Von Neumann <> Dengan siapa von von Neumann bekerja pada falsafah kecerdasan buatan? || Alan Turing <> Apa algoritma sort merangkumi? || bahagian pertama dan kedua bagi setiap array disusun secara rekursif dan kemudian digabungkan", {"context": "Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 23 pages long; traces can still be seen on the first page of the phrase \"TOP SECRET\", which was written in pencil and later erased. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Von Neumann"}], "question": "Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm?", "id": "572847273acd2414000df85d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Alan Turing"}], "question": "With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?", "id": "572847273acd2414000df85e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged"}], "question": "What does a merge sort algorithm do?", "id": "572847273acd2414000df85f"}]}], ["John von Neumann juga berunding untuk projek ENIAC. Elektronik ENIAC baru berlari pada kelajuan keenam-enam, tetapi ini sama sekali tidak merosakkan prestasi ENIAC, kerana ia masih sepenuhnya I / O terikat. Program-program yang rumit boleh dibangunkan dan dibahaskan pada hari-hari berbanding minggu-minggu yang diperlukan untuk memasang ENIAC lama. Beberapa program komputer awal von Neumann telah dipelihara. Komputer seterusnya yang direka oleh von Neumann adalah mesin IAS di Institut Kajian Lanjutan di Princeton, New Jersey. Beliau menyusun pembiayaannya, dan komponennya direka dan dibina di Makmal Penyelidikan RCA berdekatan. John von Neumann mengesyorkan bahawa IBM 701, dijuluki komputer pertahanan termasuk drum magnetik. Ia adalah versi yang lebih pantas dari mesin IAS dan membentuk asas bagi IBM 704 yang berjaya secara komersil. <> Apakah perbezaan kelajuan dengan ENIAC baru? || ENIAC baru berlari ke tahap keenam kelajuan <> Apa kelebihan untuk pengaturcaraan ENIAC baru? || program boleh dibangunkan dan dibahaskan dalam beberapa hari berbanding minggu <> Selepas reka bentuk IAS, yang membina komputer? || Makmal Penyelidikan RCA", {"context": "John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved. The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed the defense computer include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed"}], "question": "What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?", "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks"}], "question": "What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?", "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "RCA Research Laboratory"}], "question": "After the design of IAS, who built the computer?", "id": "57284b74ff5b5019007da118"}]}], ["Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim menyifatkan von Neumann sebagai \"fikiran terpantas yang pernah saya jumpai\", dan Jacob Bronowski menulis \"Dia adalah orang paling pandai yang saya kenal, tanpa pengecualian, dia seorang yang jenius.\" George P\u00f3lya, yang ceramahnya di ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann menghadiri sebagai pelajar, berkata \"Johnny adalah satu-satunya pelajar yang pernah saya takut. Jika dalam kuliah saya menyatakan masalah yang tidak dapat diselesaikan, peluangnya akan datang kepada saya pada akhir kuliah dengan penyelesaian lengkap yang ditulis di atas kertas. \" Halmos menceritakan kisah yang diberitahu oleh Nicholas Metropolis, mengenai pengiraan von Neumann, ketika seseorang bertanya von Neumann untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki terbang yang terkenal: <> Bagaimana Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim menggambarkan von Neumann? || \"fikiran terpantas yang saya temui\", <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Jacob Bronowski terhadap von Neumann? || Dia adalah lelaki paling pandai yang saya tahu, tanpa pengecualian. Dia seorang jenius. <> Apa pendapat Pensyarah Polya tentang von Nuemann? || Johnny adalah satu-satunya pelajar yang pernah saya takut.", {"context": "Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim described von Neumann as the \"fastest mind I ever met\", and Jacob Bronowski wrote \"He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius.\" George P\u00f3lya, whose lectures at ETH Z\u00fcrich von Neumann attended as a student, said \"Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of. If in the course of a lecture I stated an unsolved problem, the chances were he'd come to me at the end of the lecture with the complete solution scribbled on a slip of paper.\" Halmos recounts a story told by Nicholas Metropolis, concerning the speed of von Neumann's calculations, when somebody asked von Neumann to solve the famous fly puzzle:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "\"fastest mind I ever met\","}], "question": "How did Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim describe von Neumann? ", "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "He was the cleverest man I ever knew, without exception. He was a genius."}], "question": "What did Jacob Bronowski think of von Neumann?", "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Johnny was the only student I was ever afraid of."}], "question": "What did Lecturer Polya think about von Nuemann?", "id": "57284fc8ff5b5019007da162"}]}], ["Semasa berunding dengan Moore School of Electrical Engineering di University of Pennsylvania pada projek EDVAC, von Neumann menulis Draf Pertama Laporan yang tidak lengkap mengenai EDVAC. Kertas, yang pengedaran pramatang membatalkan tuntutan paten para pereka EDVAC J. Presper Eckert dan John Mauchly, menyifatkan seni bina komputer di mana data dan program tersebut disimpan dalam ingatan komputer dalam ruang alamat yang sama. Seni bina ini adalah untuk hari ini asas reka bentuk komputer moden, tidak seperti komputer terawal yang \"diprogramkan\" menggunakan peranti memori yang berasingan seperti pita kertas atau papan cakera. Walaupun ingatan tunggal, seni bina program yang disimpan biasanya dipanggil seni bina von Neumann hasil karya von Neumann, penerangan seni bina itu berdasarkan karya J. Presper Eckert dan John William Mauchly, pencipta komputer ENIAC di Universiti Pennsylvania. <> Apa tuntutan paten pereka EDVAC yang dibatalkan? || von Neumann menulis Draf Pertama Laporan yang tidak lengkap <> Apa arti EDVAC? || seni bina adalah hingga ke hari ini asas reka bentuk komputer moden, <> Di manakah ENIAC terletak? || Universiti Pennsylvania", {"context": "While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose premature distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space. This architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design, unlike the earliest computers that were \"programmed\" using a separate memory device such as a paper tape or plugboard. Although the single-memory, stored program architecture is commonly called von Neumann architecture as a result of von Neumann's paper, the architecture's description was based on the work of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, inventors of the ENIAC computer at the University of Pennsylvania.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report"}], "question": "What nullified patent claims of EDVAC designers?", "id": "57284a152ca10214002da258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "architecture is to this day the basis of modern computer design,"}], "question": "What was the significance of EDVAC?", "id": "57284a152ca10214002da259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "University of Pennsylvania"}], "question": "Where was ENIAC located?", "id": "57284a152ca10214002da25a"}]}], ["Von Neumann memasuki perkhidmatan kerajaan (Projek Manhattan) terutamanya kerana dia merasakan bahawa, jika kebebasan dan tamadun dapat bertahan hidup, ia perlu kerana Amerika Syarikat akan menang atas totalitarianisme dari Nazisme, Fasisme dan Komunisme Soviet. Semasa pendengaran jawatankuasa Senat, beliau menyifatkan ideologi politiknya sebagai \"anti-komunis yang hebat, dan jauh lebih ketenteraan daripada norma\". Dia dipetik pada tahun 1950, \"Jika anda mengatakan mengapa tidak membom [Soviet] esok, saya katakan, mengapa tidak hari ini? Jika anda katakan hari ini pukul lima, saya katakan mengapa tidak pukul satu?\" <> Mengapa von Neumann menyertai kerja kerajaan? || merasakan bahawa, jika kebebasan dan tamadun terpaksa bertahan, ia perlu kerana Amerika Syarikat akan menang atas totalitarianisme Bagaimana von Neumaan menggambarkan ideologi politiknya? || ganas anti komunis, dan lebih ketenteraan daripada kebiasaan <> Apa projek yang von Neumann mula-mula mengambil bahagian dalam kerajaan? || Projek Manhattan", {"context": "Von Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as \"violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm\". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, \"If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism"}], "question": "Why did von Neumann join government work?", "id": "572846473acd2414000df84d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm"}], "question": "How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?", "id": "572846473acd2414000df84e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Manhattan Project"}], "question": "What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?", "id": "572846473acd2414000df84f"}]}], ["Pasukan Von Neumann melakukan ramalan cuaca berangka pertama di dunia pada komputer ENIAC; von Neumann menerbitkan karya Numerical Integration of the Vorticity Barotropic Paper pada tahun 1950. Kepentingan Von Neumann terhadap sistem cuaca dan ramalan meteorologi menyebabkan beliau mencadangkan memanipulasi alam sekitar dengan menyebarkan pewarna pada topi ais kutub untuk meningkatkan penyerapan radiasi matahari (dengan mengurangkan albedo ). dengan itu mendorong pemanasan global. Menyedari bahawa Bumi adalah hanya 6 \u00b0 F (3.3 \u00b0 C) lebih sejuk semasa tempoh glasier terakhir, beliau menyatakan bahawa pembakaran arang batu dan minyak \"pemanasan umum bumi dengan kira-kira satu darjah Fahrenheit.\" <> Pada komputer apakah ramalan cuaca berangka yang pertama dihasilkan? || ENIAC <> Dalam tahun berapa von Neumann menerbitkan kertas Integrasi Bersepadu Persamaan Vortikitas Barotropik || 1950 <> Berapa sejuk lagi di dunia pada zaman glasier terakhir? || 6 \u00b0 F (3.3 \u00b0 C) lebih sejuk", {"context": "Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil \"a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "ENIAC"}], "question": "On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?", "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation", "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "6 \u00b0F (3.3 \u00b0C) colder"}], "question": "How much colder was world in last glacial age?", "id": "57284db43acd2414000df8e5"}]}], ["Kerja bom hidrogen Von Neumann telah dimainkan di alam pengkomputeran, di mana dia dan Stanislaw Ulam mengembangkan simulasi pada komputer digital von Neumann untuk pengiraan hidrodinamik. Pada masa ini, beliau menyumbang kepada pembangunan kaedah Monte Carlo, yang membolehkan penyelesaian kepada masalah rumit untuk dihitung menggunakan nombor rawak. Algoritmanya untuk mensimulasikan duit syiling adil dengan syiling bias digunakan dalam peringkat \"pemutihan perisian\" beberapa penjana nombor perkakasan perkakasan. Kerana menggunakan senarai \"benar-benar\" nombor rawak adalah sangat perlahan, von Neumann membangunkan bentuk nombor pseudorandom, menggunakan kaedah tengah-persegi. Walaupun kaedah ini telah dikritik sebagai mentah, von Neumann sedar ini: dia membenarkannya sebagai lebih cepat daripada apa-apa kaedah lain yang dilupuskannya, dan juga menyatakan bahawa apabila ia menjadi tergesa-gesa ia begitu jelas, tidak seperti kaedah yang boleh secara halus salah . \"Sesiapa yang menganggap kaedah arithmetical menghasilkan digit rawak tentunya, dalam keadaan dosa.\" <> Di mana pengiraan untuk bom hidrogen dihasilkan? || komputer digital von Neumann <> Apakah kaedah Monte Carlo? || membenarkan penyelesaian kepada masalah rumit untuk dihitung dengan menggunakan nombor rawak <> Oleh kerana penggunaan lambat penggunaan rawak yang telah dibangunkan? || nombor pseudorandom", {"context": "Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. His algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the \"software whitening\" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of \"truly\" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, and also noted that when it went awry it did so obviously, unlike methods which could be subtly incorrect. \"Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "von Neumann's digital computers"}], "question": "Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?", "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers"}], "question": "What was the Monte Carlo method?", "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "pseudorandom numbers"}], "question": "Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?", "id": "5728489dff5b5019007da0da"}]}], ["Pengkomputeran stokastik pertama kali diperkenalkan dalam karya perintis oleh von Neumann pada tahun 1953. Walau bagaimanapun, teori itu tidak dapat dilaksanakan sehingga kemajuan dalam pengkomputeran tahun 1960-an. Beliau juga mencipta bidang automata selular tanpa bantuan komputer, membina automatik mereplikasi pertama dengan pensil dan kertas graf. Konsep pembina sejagat telah terbentuk dalam Teori Self Reproducing Automata yang lahir selepasnya. Von Neumann membuktikan bahawa cara paling berkesan untuk melaksanakan operasi perlombongan berskala besar seperti perlombongan seluruh bulan atau tali pinggang asteroid akan dengan menggunakan kapal angkasa sendiri yang mereplikasi, mengambil kesempatan daripada pertumbuhan eksponen mereka. Analisis matematiknya yang ketat tentang struktur replikasi diri (hubungan semiotik antara pembina, penerangan dan yang dibina), mendahului penemuan struktur DNA. Bermula pada tahun 1949, reka bentuk von Neumann untuk program komputer yang dihasilkan semula dianggap sebagai virus komputer pertama di dunia, dan dia dianggap sebagai bapa teoretik komputer virologi. <> Bilakah pengkomputeran stokastik diperkenalkan? || 1953 <> Berapa lama sebelum pengkomputeran stokastik dapat dilaksanakan? || kemajuan dalam pengkomputeran tahun 1960-an. <> Bilakah von von Neumann membangunkan program komputer yang menghasilkan semula diri sendiri? || 1949 <> Apakah nama lain untuk program komputer semula diri yang pertama? || virus komputer", {"context": "Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1953"}], "question": "When was stochastic computing introduced?", "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da126"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "advances in computing of the 1960s."}], "question": "How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?", "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da127"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?", "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da128"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "computer virus"}], "question": "What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?", "id": "57284cb1ff5b5019007da129"}]}], ["Herman Goldstine menulis: \"Salah satu kebolehannya yang luar biasa ialah kuasa mengingat mutlak. Setakat yang dapat saya katakan, von Neumann mampu sekali membaca buku atau artikel untuk mengutip kata-kata kembali, apalagi dia dapat melakukannya beberapa tahun kemudian tanpa teragak-agak, dia juga boleh menterjemahkannya tanpa pengurangan dengan cepat dari bahasa asalnya ke dalam Bahasa Inggeris.Setelah sekali saya menguji kemampuannya dengan meminta dia memberitahu saya bagaimana A Tale of Two Cities bermula.Di mana, tanpa apa-apa jeda, dia segera mula bacalah bab pertama dan teruskan sampai diminta berhenti selepas kira-kira sepuluh atau lima belas minit. \" Ulam menyatakan bahawa cara pemikiran von Neumann mungkin tidak visual, tetapi lebih daripada satu pendengar. <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Herman Goldstone mengenai von NEumann? || Salah satu kebolehannya yang luar biasa adalah kuasa mengingat mutlaknya. <> Bolehkah von Neumann ingat teks bertulis lebih lama? || dia segera mula membaca bab pertama dan terus sampai diminta berhenti kira-kira sepuluh atau lima belas minit. <> Apakah Ulam memikirkan kebolehan kognitif von Nuemann? || Pemikiran von Neumann mungkin tidak visual, tetapi lebih daripada satu pendengar.", {"context": "Herman Goldstine wrote: \"One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall. As far as I could tell, von Neumann was able on once reading a book or article to quote it back verbatim; moreover, he could do it years later without hesitation. He could also translate it at no diminution in speed from its original language into English. On one occasion I tested his ability by asking him to tell me how A Tale of Two Cities started. Whereupon, without any pause, he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes.\" Ulam noted that von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "One of his remarkable abilities was his power of absolute recall."}], "question": "What did Herman Goldstone write about von NEumann?", "id": "572850984b864d1900164930"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "he immediately began to recite the first chapter and continued until asked to stop after about ten or fifteen minutes."}], "question": "Could von Neumann recall written text much later?", "id": "572850984b864d1900164931"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "von Neumann's way of thinking might not be visual, but more of an aural one."}], "question": "What did Ulam think of von Nuemann's cognitive ability?", "id": "572850984b864d1900164932"}]}], ["Keupayaan Von Neumann untuk melakukan operasi yang kompleks di kepalanya mengejutkan ahli matematik lain. Eugene Wigner menulis bahawa, melihat fikiran von Neumann di tempat kerja, \"seseorang mempunyai gambaran tentang alat yang sempurna yang gearnya dimesin untuk menembus dengan tepat ke seribu inci.\" Paul Halmos menyatakan bahawa \"kelajuan von von Neumann adalah sangat mengagumkan.\" Israel Halperin berkata: \"Menjaga diri dengannya adalah ... mustahil. Perasaan awak ada pada tricycle mengejar kereta perlumbaan.\" Edward Teller menulis bahawa von Neumann dengan mudah melepaskan sesiapa yang pernah ditemuinya, dan berkata \"Saya tidak pernah dapat bersaing dengannya\". Teller juga berkata \"von Neumann akan mengadakan perbualan dengan anak lelaki saya yang berusia 3 tahun, dan mereka berdua akan bercakap sama dengannya, dan saya kadang-kadang tertanya-tanya jika dia menggunakan prinsip yang sama apabila dia bercakap dengan yang lain. Orang ramai mengelakkan berfikir jika mereka boleh, sesetengah daripada kita ketagih berfikir, tetapi von Neumann benar-benar menikmati berfikir, mungkin juga untuk mengecualikan segala-galanya. \" <> Seberapa cepat von Neumann dapat menyelesaikan matematik di kepalanya? || terkejut dengan ahli matematik lain <> Adakah ahli matematik yang lain kagum dengan von Neumann? || Paul Halmos menyatakan bahawa \"kelajuan von von Neumann adalah sangat mengagumkan.\" <> Adakah von Neumann menikmati berfikir? || Neumann sebenarnya suka berfikir, mungkin juga untuk pengecualian segala yang lain.", {"context": "Von Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, \"one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch.\" Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\" Israel Halperin said: \"Keeping up with him was ... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car.\" Edward Teller wrote that von Neumann effortlessly outdid anybody he ever met, and said \"I never could keep up with him\". Teller also said \"von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us. Most people avoid thinking if they can, some of us are addicted to thinking, but von Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "stunned other mathematicians"}], "question": "How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head?", "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Paul Halmos states that \"von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring.\""}], "question": "Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann?", "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 904, "text": "Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else."}], "question": "Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?", "id": "57284ec5ff5b5019007da15c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1955, von Neumann didiagnosis dengan apa yang sama ada kanser tulang atau pankreas. Ibunya, Margaret von Neumann, didiagnosis dengan kanser pada tahun 1956 dan meninggal dunia dalam tempoh dua minggu. John telah lapan belas bulan dari diagnosis sehingga mati. Dalam tempoh ini von Neumann kembali kepada kepercayaan Katolik Roma yang juga penting kepada ibunya selepas penukaran keluarga pada tahun 1929-1930. John sebelum ini berkata kepada ibunya, \"Mungkin ada Tuhan. Banyak perkara yang lebih mudah dijelaskan jika ada daripada jika tidak ada.\" Von Neumann menyelenggarakan pengetahuan teladannya dalam bahasa latin dan dikutip kepada pengunjung yang meninggal dunia yang mendeklamasi \"Judex ergo cum sedebit,\" dan berakhir \"Apa yang terjadi di sini?\" (Ketika hakim tempat duduknya diambil ... Apa yang akan menjadi kejam kemudian saya memohon? Siapa bagi saya akan memberi syafaat ketika orang yang langka itu dibebaskan?) <> Pada tahun apakah von Neumann didiagnosis dengan kanser? || 1955 <> Sejak ibunya didiagnosis dengan kanser, berapa lama dia hidup? || meninggal dalam masa dua minggu <> Berapa lama von Neumann bertahan dengan kanser? || lapan belas bulan", {"context": "In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929\u20131930. John had earlier said to his mother, \"There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.\" Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation \"Judex ergo cum sedebit,\" and ends \"Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?\" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?", "id": "572852073acd2414000df905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "died within two weeks"}], "question": "From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?", "id": "572852073acd2414000df906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "eighteen months"}], "question": "How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?", "id": "572852073acd2414000df907"}]}], ["\"Kadangkala saya tertanya-tanya sama ada otak seperti von Neumann tidak menunjukkan spesies yang lebih baik daripada manusia,\" kata Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe dari Cornell University. \"Seolah-olah adil untuk mengatakan bahawa jika pengaruh saintis ditafsirkan cukup luas untuk memasukkan kesan ke atas bidang yang tidak sesuai sains, maka John von Neumann mungkin matematikawan paling berpengaruh yang pernah hidup,\" tulis Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei dalam \"Surat-surat Terpilih.\" James Glimm menulis: \"dia dianggap sebagai salah satu gergasi matematik moden\". Ahli matematik Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 memanggil von Neumann sebagai \"ahli matematik yang terakhir\", sementara Peter Lax menggambarkannya sebagai memiliki \"intelektual paling menakutkan abad ini\". <> Apa yang dikatakan Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe tentang keupayaan von NEumann? || Saya kadang-kadang tertanya-tanya sama ada otak seperti von Neumann tidak menunjukkan spesies yang lebih baik daripada lelaki <> Apa yang James Glimm katakan mengenai von Nuemann? || dia dianggap sebagai salah satu daripada gergasi matematik moden <> Apa perihalan yang digunakan oleh Peter Lax untuk von Neumann? || akal yang paling menakutkan pada abad ini", {"context": "\"I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man\", said Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe of Cornell University. \"It seems fair to say that if the influence of a scientist is interpreted broadly enough to include impact on fields beyond science proper, then John von Neumann was probably the most influential mathematician who ever lived,\" wrote Mikl\u00f3s R\u00e9dei in \"Selected Letters.\" James Glimm wrote: \"he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics\". The mathematician Jean Dieudonn\u00e9 called von Neumann \"the last of the great mathematicians\", while Peter Lax described him as possessing the \"most scintillating intellect of this century\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man"}], "question": "What did Nobel Laureate Hans Bethe think of von NEumann's ability?", "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da170"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "he is regarded as one of the giants of modern mathematics"}], "question": "What did James Glimm have to say about von Nuemann?", "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da171"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "most scintillating intellect of this century"}], "question": "What description did Peter Lax use for von Neumann?", "id": "57285159ff5b5019007da172"}]}], ["Beliau menjemput imam Katolik Roman, Bapa Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., untuk melawatnya untuk berunding. Von Neumann dilaporkan berkata dalam penjelasan bahawa Pascal mempunyai satu titik, merujuk kepada Pascal's Wager. Bapa Strittmatter mentadbirkan sakramen terakhir kepadanya. Beberapa rakan von von Neumann (seperti Abraham Pais dan Oskar Morgenstern) mengatakan bahawa mereka sentiasa percaya bahawa dia adalah \"sepenuhnya agnostik.\" \"Daripada penukaran kematian ini, Morgenstern memberitahu Heims,\" Dia sudah tentu benar-benar agnostik sepanjang hidupnya, dan kemudian dia tiba-tiba berubah Katolik-ia tidak bersetuju dengan apa-apa jua dalam sikap, pandangan dan pemikirannya ketika dia sihat. \" Strittmatter teringat bahawa von Neumann tidak menerima banyak kedamaian atau keselesaan daripadanya, kerana dia masih tetap ketakutan kematian. <> Siapa yang mentadbir sakramen terakhir von von Neumann? || Father Strittmatter <> Adakah sakramen terakhir von Neumann? || tidak menerima banyak kedamaian atau keselesaan daripadanya, kerana dia masih takut akan kematian <> Adakah konflik iman dan kepercayaan pada akhir kehidupan von NEumann? || dia tiba-tiba berubah Katolik-itu tidak sependapat dengan apa-apa jua dalam sikap, pandangan dan pemikirannya ketika dia sihat <> Apa yang Oskar Morgenstern merasakan kepercayaan von Neumann? || selalu percaya dia menjadi \"sepenuhnya agnostik.\"", {"context": "He invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern) said they had always believed him to be \"completely agnostic.\" \"Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, \"He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy.\" Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Father Strittmatter"}], "question": "Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?", "id": "5728531a4b864d1900164948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death"}], "question": "Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?", "id": "5728531a4b864d1900164949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "he suddenly turned Catholic\u2014it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy"}], "question": "Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?", "id": "5728531a4b864d190016494a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "always believed him to be \"completely agnostic.\""}], "question": "What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?", "id": "5728531a4b864d190016494b"}]}]], [["Dari wilayah Poland yang dicaplok oleh Kesatuan Soviet antara 1939 dan 1940, wilayah sekitar Bia\u0142ystok dan sebahagian kecil dari Galicia di sebelah timur sungai San sekitar Przemy\u015bl dikembalikan ke negara Poland pada akhir Perang Dunia II. Dari semua wilayah lain yang dilampirkan oleh USSR pada tahun 1939-40, orang-orang yang berpisah dari Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Kawasan Ingrian dan Petseri County) dan Latvia (Abrene) kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Persekutuan Rusia, negara pengganti Soviet Kesatuan, selepas 1991. Bukovina Utara, Selatan Bessarabia dan Hertza kekal sebahagian daripada Ukraine. <> Kawasan Bia\u0142ystok, Galicia dan Przemy\u015bl dikembalikan ke negara apa selepas perang dunia II? || Negara Poland <> Kawasan apa yang kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Kesatuan Soviet? || (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Kawasan Ingrian dan Petseri County) dan Latvia (Abrene) kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Persekutuan Rusia Selepas Perang Dunia II, apa rantau yang kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Ukraine? || Utara Bukovina, Selatan Bessarabia dan Hertza", {"context": "Of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union between 1939 and 1940, the region around Bia\u0142ystok and a minor part of Galicia east of the San river around Przemy\u015bl were returned to the Polish state at the end of World War II. Of all other territories annexed by the USSR in 1939\u201340, the ones detached from Finland (Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the Soviet Union, after 1991. Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza remain part of Ukraine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Polish state"}], "question": "The regions of Bia\u0142ystok, Galicia and Przemy\u015bl were returned to what country after world war II?", "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "(Karelia, Petsamo), Estonia (Ingrian area and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remained part of the Russian Federation"}], "question": "What regions remained part of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Northern Bukovina, Southern Bessarabia and Hertza"}], "question": "After World War II, what regions remain part of Ukraine?", "id": "5726d0795951b619008f7ed7"}]}], ["Bagi Jerman, kerana pendekatan ekonomi autokik atau perikatan dengan Britain tidak mungkin, hubungan yang lebih dekat dengan Kesatuan Soviet untuk mendapatkan bahan mentah menjadi perlu, jika bukan hanya untuk alasan ekonomi sahaja. Selain itu, sekatan British dijangka sekiranya berlaku peperangan akan menyebabkan kekurangan besar-besaran untuk Jerman dalam beberapa bahan mentah utama. Selepas perjanjian Munich, kenaikan keperluan bekalan ketenteraan Jerman dan tuntutan Soviet untuk jentera ketenteraan, perbincangan antara kedua-dua negara berlaku dari akhir 1938 hingga Mac 1939. Pelan Lima Tahun Soviet yang ketiga memerlukan peralatan teknologi dan perindustrian baru. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Perancang perang Jerman telah menganggarkan kekurangan bahan-bahan mentah yang serius jika Jerman memasuki perang tanpa bekalan Soviet. <> Semasa konflik, apakah yang akan menghalang pengangkutan bahan? || Sekatan British <> Antara jerman dan kesatuan Soviet yang negara memerlukan jentera ketenteraan? || jentera tentera <> Siapa yang percaya mereka memerlukan garis bekalan dari Kesatuan Soviet untuk mengekalkan perang yang lain? || Jerman", {"context": "For Germany, because an autarkic economic approach or an alliance with Britain were impossible, closer relations with the Soviet Union to obtain raw materials became necessary, if not just for economic reasons alone. Moreover, an expected British blockade in the event of war would create massive shortages for Germany in a number of key raw materials. After the Munich agreement, the resulting increase in German military supply needs and Soviet demands for military machinery, talks between the two countries occurred from late 1938 to March 1939. The third Soviet Five Year Plan required new infusions of technology and industrial equipment.[clarification needed] German war planners had estimated serious shortfalls of raw materials if Germany entered a war without Soviet supply.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "British blockade"}], "question": "During conflict, what would prevent transport of materials?", "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "military machinery"}], "question": "Between german and the soviet union which country needed military machinery? ", "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Who believed they needed a supply line from the Soviet Union to sustain another war? ", "id": "5726d25e5951b619008f7f13"}]}], ["Retorik anti-Soviet Hitler adalah salah satu sebab mengapa Inggeris dan Perancis memutuskan bahawa penyertaan Soviet dalam Persidangan Munich 1938 mengenai Czechoslovakia akan menjadi berbahaya dan tidak berguna. Perjanjian Munich yang menyusul menandakan pencabulan Jerman sebahagian daripada Czechoslovakia pada akhir 1938 diikuti dengan pembubarannya yang lengkap pada bulan Mac 1939, yang sebagai sebahagian daripada pengukuhan Jerman yang dijalankan oleh kabinet Chamberlain dan Daladier. Dasar ini dengan segera menimbulkan persoalan sama ada Kesatuan Soviet boleh mengelakkan perkara seterusnya daripada senarai Hitler. Kepimpinan Soviet percaya bahawa Barat mahu menggalakkan pencerobohan Jerman di Timur dan bahawa Perancis dan Britain mungkin kekal neutral dalam perang yang dimulakan oleh Jerman, dengan harapan bahawa negara-negara yang berperang akan memakai satu sama lain dan menamatkan kedua-dua Kesatuan Soviet dan Nazi Jerman. <> Negara apa yang menghalang Soviet daripada menyertai Persidangan Munich? || UK dan Perancis <> Siapa ahli politik Inggeris yang meraikan Jerman dengan pengambilalihan Czechoslovakia || Chamberlain <> Soviet mengesyaki bahawa konflik Nazi-Soviet akan menghasilkan apa? || menamatkan kedua-dua Kesatuan Soviet dan Jerman Nazi", {"context": "Hitler's fierce anti-Soviet rhetoric was one of the reasons why the UK and France decided that Soviet participation in the 1938 Munich Conference regarding Czechoslovakia would be both dangerous and useless. The Munich Agreement that followed marked a partial German annexation of Czechoslovakia in late 1938 followed by its complete dissolution in March 1939, which as part of the appeasement of Germany conducted by Chamberlain's and Daladier's cabinets. This policy immediately raised the question of whether the Soviet Union could avoid being next on Hitler's list. The Soviet leadership believed that the West wanted to encourage German aggression in the East and that France and Britain might stay neutral in a war initiated by Germany, hoping that the warring states would wear each other out and put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "UK and France"}], "question": "What countries prevented the Soviets from joining the Munich Conference?", "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9144"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Chamberlain"}], "question": "Who was the English politician who appeased Germany with the take over of Czechoslovakia", "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9145"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "put an end to both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany"}], "question": "The soviets suspected that Nazi-Soviet conflicts would result in what?", "id": "5726d198dd62a815002e9146"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, perunding British, Perancis, dan Soviet menjadualkan perbincangan tiga pihak mengenai perkara-perkara ketenteraan yang berlaku di Moscow pada bulan Ogos 1939, yang bertujuan untuk menentukan apa perjanjian itu akan menjadi reaksi tiga kuasa untuk serangan Jerman. Rundingan tentera tiga pihak, bermula pada pertengahan bulan Ogos, memukul titik melekat mengenai laluan tentera Soviet melalui Poland jika Jerman menyerang, dan pihak-pihak menunggu pegawai-pegawai Inggeris dan Perancis di luar negeri yang ditekan pegawai Poland untuk bersetuju dengan terma itu. Pegawai Poland enggan membenarkan pasukan Soviet ke wilayah Poland jika Jerman menyerang; sebagai Menteri Luar Poland J\u00f3zef Beck menegaskan, mereka takut bahawa sebaik sahaja Tentera Merah memasuki wilayah mereka, ia mungkin tidak akan pergi. <> Dalam apa bandar raya telah mengadakan ceramah tripartit yang berlaku pada bulan Ogos? || Moscow <> Mengapa Poland menafikan cadangan Kesatuan Soviet melindungi mereka daripada Serangan Jerman? || apabila Tentera Merah memasuki wilayah mereka, ia mungkin tidak akan pergi. <> Siapa yang tidak mahu negara mereka dilindungi oleh tentera Soviet? || Poland", {"context": "At the same time, British, French, and Soviet negotiators scheduled three-party talks on military matters to occur in Moscow in August 1939, aiming to define what the agreement would specify should be the reaction of the three powers to a German attack. The tripartite military talks, started in mid-August, hit a sticking point regarding the passage of Soviet troops through Poland if Germans attacked, and the parties waited as British and French officials overseas pressured Polish officials to agree to such terms. Polish officials refused to allow Soviet troops into Polish territory if Germany attacked; as Polish foreign minister J\u00f3zef Beck pointed out, they feared that once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Moscow"}], "question": "In what city did the tripartite military talks occur during the month of August?", "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9195"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "once the Red Army entered their territories, it might never leave."}], "question": "Why did Poland deny the proposal of the Soviet Union protecting them from a German Attack?", "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9194"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Poland"}], "question": "Who did not want their country protected by the Soviet military?", "id": "5726d39add62a815002e9196"}]}], ["Hasil Perang Dunia Pertama adalah buruk bagi kedua Reich Jerman dan Republik Sosialis Persekutuan Rusia. Semasa perang, Bolsheviks berjuang untuk bertahan hidup, dan Vladimir Lenin mengiktiraf kebebasan Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania dan Poland. Selain itu, menghadapi pendahuluan tentera Jerman, Lenin dan Trotsky terpaksa memasuki Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk, yang menyerahkan wilayah Rusia barat ke Empayar Jerman. Selepas keruntuhan Jerman, tentera bersekutu multinasional yang campur tangan campur tangan dalam Perang Saudara Rusia (1917-22). <> Lenin mengakui kemerdekaan di mana negara-negara? || Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania dan Poland. <> Persetujuan apa yang memberi Jerman banyak rantau Rusia dalam perang dunia pertama? || Perjanjian Brest-Litovsk <> Bilakah perang saudara rusia berlaku? || 1917-22", {"context": "The outcome of the First World War was disastrous for both the German Reich and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. During the war, the Bolsheviks struggled for survival, and Vladimir Lenin recognised the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Moreover, facing a German military advance, Lenin and Trotsky were forced to enter into the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ceded massive western Russian territories to the German Empire. After Germany's collapse, a multinational Allied-led army intervened in the Russian Civil War (1917\u201322).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland."}], "question": "Lenin acknowledged the independence of which countries?", "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"}], "question": "What agreement gave Germany many regions of Russia in the first world war?", "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "1917\u201322"}], "question": "When did the russian civil war take place?", "id": "5726d0bef1498d1400e8ec1c"}]}], ["Dari April-Julai, para pegawai Soviet dan Jerman membuat kenyataan mengenai potensi permulaan rundingan politik, sementara tidak ada rundingan yang sebenarnya berlaku pada masa itu. Perbincangan berikutnya tentang perjanjian politik yang berpotensi antara Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet perlu disalurkan ke dalam rangka rundingan ekonomi antara kedua negara, kerana hubungan ketenteraan dan diplomatik yang rapat, seperti halnya sebelum pertengahan 1930-an, telah banyak terputus. Pada bulan Mei, Stalin menggantikan Menteri Luar Negerinya Maxim Litvinov, yang dianggap sebagai pro-barat dan juga orang Yahudi, dengan Vyacheslav Molotov, membolehkan Uni Soviet melangkah lebih banyak lagi dalam perbincangan dengan banyak pihak, bukan hanya dengan Britain dan Perancis. <> Yang Menteri Luar Negeri Soviet kehilangan pekerjaannya kerana sikapnya yang menguntungkan ke arah barat? || Maxim Litvinov <> Yang mana dua negara memposisikan diri mereka untuk menandatangani perjanjian yang kembali ke perjanjian pra-1930 dengan satu sama lain? || Soviet dan Jerman <> Yang mana dua negara meletakkan diri mereka untuk menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan baru? || Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "From April\u2013July, Soviet and German officials made statements regarding the potential for the beginning of political negotiations, while no actual negotiations took place during that time period. The ensuing discussion of a potential political deal between Germany and the Soviet Union had to be channeled into the framework of economic negotiations between the two countries, because close military and diplomatic connections, as was the case before the mid-1930s, had afterward been largely severed. In May, Stalin replaced his Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, who was regarded as pro-western and who was also Jewish, with Vyacheslav Molotov, allowing the Soviet Union more latitude in discussions with more parties, not only with Britain and France.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Maxim Litvinov"}], "question": "Which Soviet Foreign Minister lost his job because of his favorable attitude towards the west?", "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Soviet and German"}], "question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker a deal returning to a pre-1930\u2019s treaty with each other?", "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Germany and the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which two countries positioned themselves to broker an new trade agreement?", "id": "5726d35edd62a815002e917e"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1930-an, peningkatan Parti Nazi terhadap kuasa meningkatkan ketegangan antara Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet bersama-sama dengan negara-negara lain dengan etnik Slavs, yang dianggap \"Untermenschen\" (inferior) menurut ideologi kaum Nazi. Lebih-lebih lagi, Nazi anti-Semitik berkaitan etnik Yahudi dengan kedua-dua komunisme dan kapitalisme kewangan, yang kedua-dua mereka menentang. Akibatnya, teori Nazi berpendapat bahawa Slav di Uni Soviet telah diperintah oleh tuan-tuan \"Bolshevik Yahudi\". Pada tahun 1934, Hitler sendiri telah bercakap tentang pertempuran yang tidak dapat dielakkan terhadap Pan-Slavisme dan Neo-Slavisme, kemenangan yang akan membawa kepada \"penguasaan tetap dunia\", walaupun dia menyatakan bahawa mereka akan \"berjalan sebahagian dari jalan dengan Rusia, jika itu akan membantu kita. \" Pengaruh yang mengakibatkan anti-Bolshevism Jerman dan peningkatan hutang luar negeri Soviet menyebabkan perdagangan Jerman-Soviet menurun secara mendadak. [B] Import barang-barang Soviet ke Jerman jatuh kepada 223 juta Reichsmarks pada tahun 1934 sebagai rejim Stalinist yang lebih isolasi menegaskan kuasa dan pengabaian selepas Perang Dunia I Perjanjian kawalan tentera Versailles mengurangkan pergantungan Jerman terhadap import Soviet. [klarifikasi diperlukan] <> Siapa yang harus dipersalahkan untuk komunisme dan kapitalisme? || etnik Yahudi <> Apa yang mengurangkan keperluan Jerman untuk barangan Soviet? || Perjanjian Versailles <> Kumpulan politik mana yang menimbulkan masalah antara kerajaan Soviet dan Jerman? || Parti Nazi", {"context": "At the beginning of the 1930s, the Nazi Party's rise to power increased tensions between Germany and the Soviet Union along with other countries with ethnic Slavs, who were considered \"Untermenschen\" (inferior) according to Nazi racial ideology. Moreover, the anti-Semitic Nazis associated ethnic Jews with both communism and financial capitalism, both of which they opposed. Consequently, Nazi theory held that Slavs in the Soviet Union were being ruled by \"Jewish Bolshevik\" masters. In 1934, Hitler himself had spoken of an inescapable battle against both Pan-Slavism and Neo-Slavism, the victory in which would lead to \"permanent mastery of the world\", though he stated that they would \"walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us.\" The resulting manifestation of German anti-Bolshevism and an increase in Soviet foreign debts caused German\u2013Soviet trade to dramatically decline.[b] Imports of Soviet goods to Germany fell to 223 million Reichsmarks in 1934 as the more isolationist Stalinist regime asserted power and the abandonment of post\u2013World War I Treaty of Versailles military controls decreased Germany's reliance on Soviet imports.[clarification needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "ethnic Jews"}], "question": "Who was to blame for communism and capitalism?", "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7eef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1076, "text": "Treaty of Versailles"}], "question": "What reduced Germany\u2019s need for Soviet goods?", "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7ef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Nazi Party"}], "question": "Which political group created problems between the Soviet and German governments?", "id": "5726d14f5951b619008f7ef1"}]}], ["Menjelang akhir bulan Mei, draf dipersembahkan secara rasmi. Pada pertengahan bulan Jun, perundingan Tripartite utama bermula. Perbincangan difokuskan pada jaminan yang berpotensi untuk negara-negara Eropah tengah dan timur sekiranya timbul pencerobohan Jerman. USSR mencadangkan untuk mempertimbangkan bahawa perpindahan politik ke arah Jerman oleh negara-negara Baltik akan menjadi \"pencerobohan tidak langsung\" terhadap Kesatuan Soviet. Britain menentang cadangan sedemikian, kerana mereka takut bahasa yang dicadangkan oleh Soviet itu dapat membenarkan campur tangan Soviet di Finland dan negara-negara Baltik, atau menolak negara-negara itu untuk mencari hubungan erat dengan Jerman. Perbincangan tentang definisi \"pencerobohan tidak langsung\" menjadi salah satu titik yang melekat antara parti-parti, dan pada pertengahan bulan Julai, rundingan politik tripartit secara efektif terhenti, sementara pihak-pihak bersetuju untuk memulakan perundingan mengenai perjanjian ketenteraan, yang ditegaskan oleh Soviets dimasuki secara serentak dengan apa-apa perjanjian politik. <> Siapa yang meramalkan pencerobohan soviet di rantau Baltik? || Britain <> Berapa bulan perbincangan Tripartite bermula antara Britain, USSR dan Perancis? || pertengahan Juni <> Negara manakah yang dipersalahkan untuk perbincangan Tripartit untuk bertentangan dan gagal? || Soviet", {"context": "By the end of May, drafts were formally presented. In mid-June, the main Tripartite negotiations started. The discussion was focused on potential guarantees to central and east European countries should a German aggression arise. The USSR proposed to consider that a political turn towards Germany by the Baltic states would constitute an \"indirect aggression\" towards the Soviet Union. Britain opposed such proposals, because they feared the Soviets' proposed language could justify a Soviet intervention in Finland and the Baltic states, or push those countries to seek closer relations with Germany. The discussion about a definition of \"indirect aggression\" became one of the sticking points between the parties, and by mid-July, the tripartite political negotiations effectively stalled, while the parties agreed to start negotiations on a military agreement, which the Soviets insisted must be entered into simultaneously with any political agreement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Who predicted soviet aggression in the Baltic region?", "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "mid-June"}], "question": "What month did the Tripartite discussions begin between Britain, USSR and France?", "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "the Soviets"}], "question": "Which country is blamed for the Tripartite discussion to stagnate and fail?", "id": "5726d3275951b619008f7f21"}]}], ["Kesatuan Soviet, yang menakutkan kuasa Barat dan kemungkinan \"ketinggian kapitalis\", tidak percaya sama ada perang boleh dielakkan, atau kepercayaan dalam tentera Polandia, dan tidak mahu lebih daripada sekutu ketenteraan dengan Perancis dan Britain yang akan menyediakan sokongan yang dijamin untuk serangan dua arah ke Jerman; Oleh itu, kepatuhan Stalin terhadap garis keselamatan kolektif adalah semata-mata bersyarat. Britain dan Perancis percaya bahawa perang masih dapat dielakkan, dan Kesatuan Soviet, yang lemah oleh Pembersihan Besar, tidak dapat menjadi peserta ketenteraan utama, satu titik yang banyak sumber ketenteraan berlainan, terutama kemenangan Soviet atas tentera Kwantung Jepun di perbatasan Manchuria. Perancis lebih cenderung untuk mencari persetujuan dengan USSR daripada Britain; sebagai kuasa kontinental, ia lebih bersedia untuk membuat konsesi, lebih takut akan bahaya perjanjian antara USSR dan Jerman. Sikap yang berbeza ini sebahagiannya menjelaskan mengapa USSR sering didakwa dengan bermain dua kali pada tahun 1939: mengadakan rundingan terbuka untuk perikatan dengan Britain dan Perancis ketika diamati menganggap proposisi dari Jerman. <> Mengapa kerajaan Soviet takut kerajaan Perancis dan Britain? || kenegaraan kapitalis <> Mengapa kuasa barat percaya bahawa kerajaan soviet tidak akan mengambil bahagian dalam perang dunia yang lain? || Purge Besar <> Negara mana yang berperang dengan Jepun di China sebelum Perang Dunia II? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa yang takut dengan pakatan antara Jerman dan kerajaan Soviet? || Perancis", {"context": "The Soviet Union, which feared Western powers and the possibility of \"capitalist encirclements\", had little faith either that war could be avoided, or faith in the Polish army, and wanted nothing less than an ironclad military alliance with France and Britain that would provide a guaranteed support for a two-pronged attack on Germany; thus, Stalin's adherence to the collective security line was purely conditional. Britain and France believed that war could still be avoided, and that the Soviet Union, weakened by the Great Purge, could not be a main military participant, a point that many military sources were at variance with, especially Soviet victories over the Japanese Kwantung army on the Manchurian frontier. France was more anxious to find an agreement with the USSR than was Britain; as a continental power, it was more willing to make concessions, more fearful of the dangers of an agreement between the USSR and Germany. These contrasting attitudes partly explain why the USSR has often been charged with playing a double game in 1939: carrying on open negotiations for an alliance with Britain and France while secretly considering propositions from Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "capitalist encirclements"}], "question": "Why did the Soviet government fear the governments of France and Britain?", "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Great Purge"}], "question": "Why did western power believe that the soviet government wouldn\u2019t partake in another world war?", "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9163"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What country was at war with Japan in China prior to World War II?", "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9164"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "France"}], "question": "Who was afraid of a pact between Germany and the Soviet governments?", "id": "5726d2bedd62a815002e9165"}]}], ["Klausa-klausa yang dinyatakan dalam perjanjian non-agresi Nazi-Soviet adalah jaminan tidak bersalah oleh setiap pihak terhadap yang lain, dan komitmen bertulis bahawa tidak ada pihak yang bersekutu dengan, atau membantu, musuh pihak lain. Di samping ketetapan tidak agresif, perjanjian itu termasuk protokol rahsia yang membahagi wilayah-wilayah Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, dan Finland ke dalam \"pengaruh pengaruh\" Jerman dan Soviet, yang mengantisipasi potensi \"penyusunan wilayah dan politik\" yang berpotensi negara-negara ini. Selepas itu, Jerman menyerang Poland pada 1 September 1939. Selepas perjanjian gencatan senjata Soviet-Jepun berkuat kuasa pada 16 September, Stalin memerintahkan pencerobohan sendiri ke Poland pada 17 September. Sebahagian wilayah tenggara tenggara (Karelia) dan Salla di Finland telah dilampirkan oleh Kesatuan Soviet selepas Perang Musim Sejuk. Ini diikuti dengan penggabungan Soviet Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, dan beberapa wilayah Romania (Bessarabia, Bukovina Utara, dan wilayah Hertza). Kebimbangan mengenai etnik Ukraine dan Belarusian telah dilayan sebagai justifikasi untuk pencerobohan Soviet ke Poland. Pencerobohan Stalin terhadap Bukovina pada tahun 1940 melanggar perjanjian itu, karena ia melampaui pengaruh Soviet yang dipersetujui dengan Axis. <> Persetujuan antara Nazi dan Soviet membelah negara apa? || Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, dan Finland <> Siapa yang menyerang Poland selepas Nazi? || Soviet <> Negara mana yang diambil alih oleh Soviet? || Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, dan bahagian-bahagian Romania <> Siapa yang melanggar perjanjian dengan pencerobohan Bukovina? || Stalin <> Salla terletak di negara apa? || Finland", {"context": "The stated clauses of the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact were a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and a written commitment that neither party would ally itself to, or aid, an enemy of the other party. In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol that divided territories of Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\", anticipating potential \"territorial and political rearrangements\" of these countries. Thereafter, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939. After the Soviet\u2013Japanese ceasefire agreement took effect on 16 September, Stalin ordered his own invasion of Poland on 17 September. Part of southeastern (Karelia) and Salla region in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union after the Winter War. This was followed by Soviet annexations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertza region). Concern about ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians had been proffered as justification for the Soviet invasion of Poland. Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Finland"}], "question": "The agreement between the Nazis and the Soviets split what countries up?", "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "Soviet"}], "question": "Who invaded Poland after the Nazi\u2019s?", "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Romania"}], "question": "Which countries were taken over by the Soviets?", "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "Stalin"}], "question": "Who broke the agreement with the invasion of Bukovina?", "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e910f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 775, "text": "Finland"}], "question": "Salla is located in what country?", "id": "5726d013dd62a815002e9110"}]}], ["Propaganda dan wakil Soviet telah berusaha keras untuk meminimumkan kepentingan fakta bahawa mereka telah menentang dan berperang melawan Nazi dalam pelbagai cara selama satu dekad sebelum menandatangani Perjanjian. Setelah menandatangani perjanjian itu, Molotov cuba meyakinkan orang Jerman tentang niat baiknya dengan memberi komentar kepada wartawan bahawa \"fasisme adalah satu perkara rasa\". Untuk bahagian itu, Nazi Jerman juga melakukan muka depan umum mengenai pembangkang yang menawan kepada Kesatuan Soviet, walaupun Hitler masih melihat serangan terhadap Kesatuan Soviet sebagai \"tidak dapat dielakkan\". [Rujukan?] <> Siapa yang merendahkan kontras dan masa lalu baru-baru ini sejarah antara Jerman dan Soviet? || Molotov <> Berapa lama mesin propaganda anti-Nazi dijalankan sebelum menandatangani perjanjian? || satu dekade <> Peperangan dengan USSR dianggap tertentu mengikut siapa? || Hitler", {"context": "Soviet propaganda and representatives went to great lengths to minimize the importance of the fact that they had opposed and fought against the Nazis in various ways for a decade prior to signing the Pact. Upon signing the pact, Molotov tried to reassure the Germans of his good intentions by commenting to journalists that \"fascism is a matter of taste\". For its part, Nazi Germany also did a public volte-face regarding its virulent opposition to the Soviet Union, though Hitler still viewed an attack on the Soviet Union as \"inevitable\".[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Molotov"}], "question": "Who downplayed the contrast and recent past history between German and the Soviets?", "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "a decade"}], "question": "How long did the anti-Nazi propaganda machine run before the pact-signing?", "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "Hitler"}], "question": "A war with the USSR was considered certain according to whom?", "id": "5726d7e25951b619008f7fad"}]}], ["Pada 1 September, Jerman menyerang Poland dari barat. Dalam beberapa hari pertama serangan itu, Jerman mula melakukan pembunuhan beramai-ramai orang awam dan orang awam Poland dan Yahudi. Penghukum ini berlaku di lebih dari 30 bandar dan desa pada bulan pertama pendudukan Jerman. Luftwaffe turut mengambil bahagian dengan melarikan diri pelarian awam yang melarikan diri di jalan raya dan menjalankan kempen pengeboman. Kesatuan Soviet membantu pasukan udara Jerman dengan membenarkan mereka menggunakan isyarat yang disiarkan oleh stesen radio Soviet di Minsk yang didakwa \"untuk eksperimen aeronautik mendesak\". <> Bagaimana orang Rusia berkomunikasi dengan orang Jerman mengenai pengeboman orang awam yang cuba melarikan bandar? || isyarat yang disiarkan oleh radio Soviet <> Hari apakah Jerman menyerang Poland? || 1 September <> Berapa lamakah orang Jerman membunuh orang awam Poland dan Yahudi? || bulan", {"context": "On 1 September, Germany invaded Poland from the west. Within the first few days of the invasion, Germany began conducting massacres of Polish and Jewish civilians and POWs. These executions took place in over 30 towns and villages in the first month of German occupation. The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing fleeing civilian refugees on roads and carrying out a bombing campaign. The Soviet Union assisted German air forces by allowing them to use signals broadcast by the Soviet radio station at Minsk allegedly \"for urgent aeronautical experiments\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "signals broadcast by the Soviet radio"}], "question": "How did the Russians communicate to the Germans in regards to bombing civilians trying to flee cities?", "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e924e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1 September"}], "question": "What day did German invade Poland?", "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e924f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "month"}], "question": "How long did the Germans massacre Polish and Jewish civilians? ", "id": "5726d859dd62a815002e9250"}]}], ["Sebelas hari selepas pencerobohan Soviet terhadap Kresy Poland, protokol rahsia Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop diubahsuai oleh Perjanjian Persahabatan, Kerjasama dan Penandaan Jerman-Soviet, yang merangkumi Jerman sebahagian besar Poland dan memindahkan wilayah Lithuania (dengan kecuali tebing kiri sungai Scheschupe, \"Lithuanian Strip\") dari lingkungan Jerman yang diramalkan ke Soviet. Pada 28 September 1939, Kesatuan Soviet dan Reich Jerman mengeluarkan perisytiharan bersama di mana mereka menyatakan: <> Selepas meminda perjanjian bersama, yang menerima sebahagian besar Lithuania? || Jerman <> Apa perjanjian dipinda yang dipanggil? || Perjanjian Jerman-Soviet Persahabatan, Kerjasama dan Penandaan <> Berapa lama selepas penggabungan Kresy adalah pindaan yang dibuat? || Sebelas hari", {"context": "Eleven days after the Soviet invasion of the Polish Kresy, the secret protocol of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact was modified by the German\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation,) allotting Germany a larger part of Poland and transferring Lithuania's territory (with the exception of left bank of river Scheschupe, the \"Lithuanian Strip\") from the envisioned German sphere to the Soviets. On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and German Reich issued a joint declaration in which they declared:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "After amending the joint agreement, who received the larger portion of Lithuania?", "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "German\u2013Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation"}], "question": "What was the amended joint agreement called?", "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Eleven days"}], "question": "How long after the annexation of Kresy was the amendment made?", "id": "5726d8c75951b619008f7fd5"}]}], ["Sehari selepas Perjanjian ditandatangani, delegasi perundingan tentera Perancis dan British segera meminta pertemuan dengan perunding tentera Soviet Kliment Voroshilov. Pada 25 Ogos, Voroshilov memberitahu mereka \"[i] n pandangan keadaan politik yang berubah, tidak ada tujuan berguna yang dapat disampaikan dalam meneruskan perbualan.\" Pada hari itu, Hitler memberitahu Duta Besar Britain ke Berlin bahawa pakatan dengan Soviet menghalang Jerman daripada menghadapi dua perang hadapan, mengubah keadaan strategik dari itu dalam Perang Dunia I, dan Britain harus menerima tuntutannya mengenai Poland. <> Apakah respons Kliment Voroshilov dalam hal perbualan lanjut dengan Britain dan Perancis? || tiada tujuan berguna <> Siapa yang patut menerima pencapunan Poland? || Britain <> Dengan menerima perjanjian dengan USSR, Hitler mengakui bahawa ia menghalang apa? || menghadapi dua perang hadapan", {"context": "The day after the Pact was signed, the French and British military negotiation delegation urgently requested a meeting with Soviet military negotiator Kliment Voroshilov. On August 25, Voroshilov told them \"[i]n view of the changed political situation, no useful purpose can be served in continuing the conversation.\" That day, Hitler told the British ambassador to Berlin that the pact with the Soviets prevented Germany from facing a two front war, changing the strategic situation from that in World War I, and that Britain should accept his demands regarding Poland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "no useful purpose"}], "question": "What was the response of  Kliment Voroshilov in regards to further conversations with Britain and France?", "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e923e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Britain"}], "question": "Who should accept the annexation of Poland?", "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e923f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "facing a two front war"}], "question": "By accepting the deal with the USSR, Hitler admitted that it prevented what?", "id": "5726d819dd62a815002e9240"}]}], ["Pada 22 Ogos, satu hari selepas rundingan itu pecah dengan Perancis dan Britain, Moscow mendedahkan Ribbentrop akan melawat Stalin keesokan harinya. Ini berlaku ketika Soviet masih berunding dengan misi British dan Perancis di Moscow. Dengan negara-negara Barat yang tidak mahu memenuhi permintaan Soviet, Stalin bukan memasuki pakatan Nazi-Soviet rahsia. Pada 24 Ogos pakatan tidak agresif selama 10 tahun ditandatangani dengan peruntukan yang termasuk: perundingan, timbang tara jika salah satu pihak tidak bersetuju, berkecuali jika sama ada berperang melawan kuasa ketiga, tidak ada keanggotaan suatu kumpulan \"yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung bertujuan yang lain\". <> Yang Menteri Luar Negeri akan bersetuju untuk bertemu dengan Stalin untuk menandatangani perjanjian rahasia? || Ribbentrop <> Berapa lama perjanjian rahsia antara Jerman dan Soviet? || 10-tahun <> Sebahagian daripada perjanjian rahsia antara Jerman dan Soviet termasuk pendekatan diplomatik yang netral ketika? || sama ada berperang melawan kuasa ketiga", {"context": "On 22 August, one day after the talks broke down with France and Britain, Moscow revealed that Ribbentrop would visit Stalin the next day. This happened while the Soviets were still negotiating with the British and French missions in Moscow. With the Western nations unwilling to accede to Soviet demands, Stalin instead entered a secret Nazi\u2013Soviet pact. On 24 August a 10-year non-aggression pact was signed with provisions that included: consultation, arbitration if either party disagreed, neutrality if either went to war against a third power, no membership of a group \"which is directly or indirectly aimed at the other\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Ribbentrop"}], "question": "Which Foreign Minister would agree to meet with Stalin on to sign a secret agreement? ", "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8eca8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "10-year"}], "question": "How long was the secret agreement between Germany and the Soviets?", "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8eca9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "either went to war against a third power"}], "question": "Part of the secret agreement between the Germans and the Soviets included a neutral diplomatic approach when?", "id": "5726d6eaf1498d1400e8ecaa"}]}], ["Pada 21 September, Soviet dan Jerman menandatangani perjanjian rasmi yang menyelaraskan pergerakan tentera di Poland, termasuk \"penyucian\" sabotur. Perarakan Jerman-Soviet bersama diadakan di Lvov dan Brest-Litovsk, sementara komander-komander negara bertemu di lokasi yang kedua. Stalin telah memutuskan pada bulan Ogos bahawa dia akan membubarkan negara Poland, dan mesyuarat Jerman-Soviet pada bulan September menangani struktur masa depan \"wilayah Poland\". Pihak berkuasa Soviet segera memulakan kempen Sovietisasi kawasan yang baru diperoleh. Soviet menganjurkan pemilihan yang diadakan, hasilnya menjadi legitimisasi pengilhakan Soviet di timur Poland. <> Mengapa Soviet membuat pemilihan palsu di Poland? || legitimisasi penggabungan Soviet di timur Poland <> Di mana para pemimpin Nazi dan Rusia bertemu untuk membincangkan apa yang harus dilakukan dengan Poland? || Brest-Litovsk <> Di mana parade tentera koperasi diadakan? || Lvov dan Brest-Litovsk", {"context": "On 21 September, the Soviets and Germans signed a formal agreement coordinating military movements in Poland, including the \"purging\" of saboteurs. A joint German\u2013Soviet parade was held in Lvov and Brest-Litovsk, while the countries commanders met in the latter location. Stalin had decided in August that he was going to liquidate the Polish state, and a German\u2013Soviet meeting in September addressed the future structure of the \"Polish region\". Soviet authorities immediately started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. The Soviets organized staged elections, the result of which was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland"}], "question": "Why did Soviets create fake elections in Poland?", "id": "5726d883708984140094d343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Brest-Litovsk"}], "question": "Where did the Nazi and Russian leaders meet to discuss what to do with Poland?", "id": "5726d883708984140094d344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Lvov and Brest-Litovsk"}], "question": "Where were cooperative military parades held?", "id": "5726d883708984140094d345"}]}], ["Pada 24 Ogos, Pravda dan Izvestia membawa berita mengenai bahagian-bahagian yang tidak rahsia Pact itu, lengkap dengan gambar muka depan kini yang terkenal Molotov menandatangani perjanjian tersebut, dengan Stalin tersenyum melihat. Berita itu terkejut dan terkejut oleh pemimpin kerajaan dan media di seluruh dunia, yang sebahagian besarnya hanya mengetahui rundingan British-French-Soviet yang telah berlangsung selama berbulan-bulan. Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop diterima dengan kejutan oleh sekutu Nazi Jerman, terutamanya Jepun, oleh Komintern dan pihak-pihak komunis asing, dan oleh komuniti Yahudi di seluruh dunia. Pada hari itu, diplomat Jerman, Hans von Herwarth, yang neneknya adalah Yahudi, memaklumkan Guido Relli, seorang diplomat Itali, dan ahli akademik Amerika Charles Bohlen mengenai protokol rahsia mengenai kepentingan penting dalam \"pengaruh pengaruh\" negara, tanpa mendedahkan hak lampiran untuk \"penyusunan wilayah dan politik\". <> Diplomatik mana yang membocorkan maklumat mengenai perjanjian rahsia? || Hans von Herwarth <> Sekutu Jerman yang paling terkejut dengan menandatangani perjanjian itu? || Jepun <> Berapa lama perbincangan tripartit telah berlaku? || tempat untuk bulan", {"context": "On 24 August, Pravda and Izvestia carried news of the non-secret portions of the Pact, complete with the now infamous front-page picture of Molotov signing the treaty, with a smiling Stalin looking on. The news was met with utter shock and surprise by government leaders and media worldwide, most of whom were aware only of the British\u2013French\u2013Soviet negotiations that had taken place for months. The Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact was received with shock by Nazi Germany's allies, notably Japan, by the Comintern and foreign communist parties, and by Jewish communities all around the world. So, that day, German diplomat Hans von Herwarth, whose grandmother was Jewish, informed Guido Relli, an Italian diplomat, and American charg\u00e9 d'affaires Charles Bohlen on the secret protocol regarding vital interests in the countries' allotted \"spheres of influence\", without revealing the annexation rights for \"territorial and political rearrangement\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "Hans von Herwarth"}], "question": "Which diplomat leaked information about the secret agreements?", "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8ecca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Which ally of Germany was most surprised by the signing of the agreement?", "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8eccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "place for months"}], "question": "How long had the tripartite discussions been taking place?", "id": "5726d7aaf1498d1400e8eccc"}]}], ["Pada 19 Ogos 1939 Perjanjian Perdagangan Jerman-Soviet akhirnya ditandatangani. Pada 21 Ogos, Soviet menggantung perbincangan tentera Tripartite, dengan alasan lain. Pada hari yang sama, Stalin menerima jaminan bahawa Jerman akan meluluskan protokol rahsia kepada pakatan bukan agresif yang dicadangkan yang akan menempatkan separuh Poland (sempadan sepanjang sungai Vistula), Latvia, Estonia, Finlandia, dan Bessarabia dalam pengaruh pengaruh Soviets. Malam itu, Stalin menjawab bahawa Soviet bersedia menandatangani perjanjian itu dan dia akan menerima Ribbentrop pada 23 Ogos. <> Apakah garis pemisah Jerman-Soviet berkaitan dengan pencapalan Poland? || Sungai Vistula <> Berapa hari selepas perjanjian Jerman-Soviet adalah perbincangan Tripartite terhenti? || 2 <> Apa negara-negara lain yang membuat kerajaan Soviet bersetuju untuk lampau melalui perjanjian dengan Jerman? || Latvia, Estonia, Finland, dan Bessarabia", {"context": "On August 19, the 1939 German\u2013Soviet Commercial Agreement was finally signed. On 21 August, the Soviets suspended Tripartite military talks, citing other reasons. That same day, Stalin received assurance that Germany would approve secret protocols to the proposed non-aggression pact that would place half of Poland (border along the Vistula river), Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia in the Soviets' sphere of influence. That night, Stalin replied that the Soviets were willing to sign the pact and that he would receive Ribbentrop on 23 August.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Vistula river"}], "question": "What was the German-Soviet dividing line in regards to annexing Poland?", "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many days after the German-Soviet agreement were the Tripartite discussions ceased?", "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Latvia, Estonia, Finland, and Bessarabia"}], "question": "What other countries did the Soviet government agree to annex through the agreement with Germany?", "id": "5726d6b55951b619008f7f8f"}]}], ["Selepas negara-negara Baltik dipaksa menerima perjanjian, Stalin beralih ke Finland, yakin bahawa penalti Finlandia dapat dicapai tanpa usaha keras. Soviet mendesak wilayah di Karelian Isthmus, kepulauan Teluk Finland dan pangkalan tentera dekat ibu kota Finlandia Helsinki, yang ditolak Finlandia. The Soviets mempengerusikan Mainila dan menggunakannya sebagai alasan untuk menarik diri dari perjanjian non-agresi. Tentera Merah menyerang pada bulan November 1939. Pada masa yang sama, Stalin membentuk kerajaan boneka di Republik Demokratik Finland. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Pemimpin Daerah Militer Leningrad Andrei Zhdanov menugaskan sekeping perayaan dari Dmitri Shostakovich, berjudul \"Suite pada Tema Finland\" yang akan dilakukan apabila kumpulan Tentera Merah akan bergerak menuju Helsinki. Selepas pertahanan Finland mengejutkan selama lebih tiga bulan sambil menimbulkan kerugian sengit terhadap pasukan Soviet, Soviet menetap untuk perdamaian sementara. Finland menyerahkan wilayah tenggara Karelia (10% wilayah Finland), yang mengakibatkan kira-kira 422,000 orang Karelians (12% penduduk Finland) kehilangan rumah mereka. Serangan rasmi Soviet di dalam peperangan melebihi 200,000, walaupun Perdana Menteri Soviet Nikita Khrushchev kemudian mendakwa korban mungkin satu juta. <> Soviet mengambil alih dan menubuhkan kerajaan palsu di negara apa? || Republik Demokratik Finland <> Berapa lama tentera Finlandia yang terakhir semasa pencerobohan oleh soviet? || lebih tiga bulan <> Walaupun secara rasmi, jumlah soviet yang cedera semasa pencerobohan di Finlandia adalah sekitar 200,000, yang mengatakan jumlah sebenar mungkin lebih hampir satu juta? || Perdana Menteri Soviet Nikita Khrushchev <> Berapa ramai orang Finlandia kehilangan rumah mereka? || 422,000", {"context": "After the Baltic states were forced to accept treaties, Stalin turned his sights on Finland, confident that Finnish capitulation could be attained without great effort. The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected. The Soviets staged the shelling of Mainila and used it as a pretext to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. The Red Army attacked in November 1939. Simultaneously, Stalin set up a puppet government in the Finnish Democratic Republic.[clarification needed] The leader of the Leningrad Military District Andrei Zhdanov commissioned a celebratory piece from Dmitri Shostakovich, entitled \"Suite on Finnish Themes\" to be performed as the marching bands of the Red Army would be parading through Helsinki. After Finnish defenses surprisingly held out for over three months while inflicting stiff losses on Soviet forces, the Soviets settled for an interim peace. Finland ceded southeastern areas of Karelia (10% of Finnish territory), which resulted in approximately 422,000 Karelians (12% of Finland's population) losing their homes. Soviet official casualty counts in the war exceeded 200,000, although Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev later claimed the casualties may have been one million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Finnish Democratic Republic"}], "question": "The Soviets took over and setup a fake government in what country?", "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 893, "text": "over three months"}], "question": "How long did the Finnish military last during the invasion by the soviets?", "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1243, "text": "Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev"}], "question": "Although officially, the number of soviets wounded during the invasion of finland was around 200,000, who said the real numbers may have been closer to a million?", "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "422,000"}], "question": "How many Finnish people lost their homes?", "id": "5726d90bf1498d1400e8ed09"}]}], ["Terutama, terdapat juga protokol rahsia untuk pakatan, yang diturunkan hanya selepas kekalahan Jerman pada tahun 1945, walaupun petunjuk mengenai peruntukannya telah dibocorkan lebih awal, contohnya, untuk mempengaruhi Lithuania. Menurut protokol itu, Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia dan Finland dibahagikan kepada \"pengaruh pengaruh\" Jerman dan Soviet. Di utara, Finland, Estonia dan Latvia ditugaskan ke kawasan Soviet. Poland akan dibahagikan sekiranya \"penyusunan semula politik \"nya - kawasan timur Pisa, Narev, Vistula dan Sungai San pergi ke Kesatuan Soviet sementara Jerman akan menduduki barat. Lithuania, bersebelahan dengan Prussia Timur, akan berada di pengaruh Jerman, walaupun protokol rahsia kedua bersetuju pada bulan September 1939 yang menugaskan majoriti Lithuania ke USSR. Menurut protokol rahsia, Lithuania akan diberikan bandar Vilnius - modal bersejarahnya, yang berada di bawah kawalan Poland semasa tempoh antara perang. Satu lagi klausa perjanjian adalah bahawa Jerman tidak akan mengganggu tindakan Kesatuan Soviet terhadap Bessarabia, maka sebahagian daripada Romania; sebagai hasilnya, Bessarabia telah bergabung dengan Moldovan ASSR, dan menjadi SSR Moldovan di bawah kawalan Moscow. <> Negara mana yang memegang bandar Vilnius sebelum tempoh antara perang? || Lithuania <> Apa negara akan menuntut semula bandar Vilnius? || Lithuania <> Apa sungai yang akan menjadi tuntutan kesatuan soviet sebagai mereka sendiri semasa serangan Poland? || Pisa, Narev, Vistula dan Sungai San <> Siapa yang akan menuntut Lithuania di bawah payung politik mereka? || Jerman <> Bessarabia akhirnya menjadi di bawah kawalan negara mana? || Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "Most notably, there was also a secret protocol to the pact, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, although hints about its provisions were leaked much earlier, e.g., to influence Lithuania. According to said protocol Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were divided into German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\". In the north, Finland, Estonia and Latvia were assigned to the Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its \"political rearrangement\"\u2014the areas east of the Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania, adjacent to East Prussia, would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed to in September 1939 reassigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. According to the secret protocol, Lithuania would be granted the city of Vilnius \u2013 its historical capital, which was under Polish control during the inter-war period. Another clause of the treaty was that Germany would not interfere with the Soviet Union's actions towards Bessarabia, then part of Romania; as the result, Bessarabia was joined to the Moldovan ASSR, and become the Moldovan SSR under control of Moscow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "Lithuania"}], "question": "What country held the city Vilnius prior to the inter-war period? ", "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "Lithuania"}], "question": "What country would reclaim the city of Vilnius?", "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Pisa, Narev, Vistula and San rivers"}], "question": "What rivers would the soviet union claim as their own during the invasion of poland?", "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "German"}], "question": "Who would claim Lithuania under their political umbrella?", "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1050, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Bessarabia eventually became under the control of which country?", "id": "5726d756f1498d1400e8ecbc"}]}], ["Apabila satu inisiatif damai Jerman-Soviet bersama ditolak oleh Britain dan Perancis pada 28 September 1939, dasar luar negeri Soviet menjadi kritikal terhadap Sekutu dan lebih pro-Jerman pula. Semasa sesi kelima dari Soviet Tertinggi pada 31 Oktober 1939, Molotov menganalisis keadaan antarabangsa dengan itu memberikan arahan untuk propaganda Komunis. Menurut Molotov, Jerman mempunyai kepentingan sah untuk mendapatkan semula kedudukannya sebagai kuasa besar dan Sekutu telah memulakan perang agresif untuk mempertahankan sistem Versailles. <> Siapa yang menolak rancangan perdamaian Jerman-Soviet? || Britain dan Perancis <> Kenapa Barat membuat perang? || untuk mengekalkan sistem Versailles. <> Siapa yang memberikan mata retorik untuk propaganda Soviet? || Molotov", {"context": "When a joint German\u2013Soviet peace initiative was rejected by Britain and France on 28 September 1939, Soviet foreign policy became critical of the Allies and more pro-German in turn. During the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet on 31 October 1939 Molotov analysed the international situation thus giving the direction for Communist propaganda. According to Molotov Germany had a legitimate interest in regaining its position as a great power and the Allies had started an aggressive war in order to maintain the Versailles system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Britain and France"}], "question": "Who refused a German-Soviet peace plan?", "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "to maintain the Versailles system."}], "question": "Why was the west creating a war?", "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Molotov"}], "question": "Who provides rhetoric points for the Soviet propaganda?", "id": "5726dbd5f1498d1400e8ed80"}]}], ["Parti Komunis Jerman memaparkan sikap yang sama. Dalam Die Welt, sebuah akhbar komunis yang diterbitkan di Stockholm [e] pemimpin komunis yang diasingkan Walter Ulbricht menentang sekutu (Britain yang mewakili \"pasukan yang paling reaksioner di dunia\") dan berpendapat: \"Kerajaan Jerman mengisytiharkan dirinya bersedia untuk hubungan persahabatan dengan Kesatuan Soviet, sedangkan blok perang Inggeris-Perancis berhasrat untuk berperang melawan Sosialis Kesatuan Soviet. Orang-orang Soviet dan orang-orang pekerja Jerman berminat untuk menghalang rancangan perang Inggeris. \" <> Siapa yang mahu berperang dengan Kesatuan Soviet? || Blok perang Bahasa Inggeris-Perancis <> Siapa yang secara terbuka menginginkan keamanan dengan Kesatuan Soviet || Kerajaan Jerman <> Tentera British dianggap oleh Walter Ulbricbht? || kuasa yang paling reaksioner di dunia", {"context": "The Communist Party of Germany featured similar attitudes. In Die Welt, a communist newspaper published in Stockholm[e] the exiled communist leader Walter Ulbricht opposed the allies (Britain representing \"the most reactionary force in the world\") and argued: \"The German government declared itself ready for friendly relations with the Soviet Union, whereas the English\u2013French war bloc desires a war against the socialist Soviet Union. The Soviet people and the working people of Germany have an interest in preventing the English war plan.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "English\u2013French war bloc"}], "question": "Who wanted war with the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "German government"}], "question": "Who publicly wanted peace with Soviet Union", "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "the most reactionary force in the world"}], "question": "The British army was considered to be what by Walter Ulbricbht?", "id": "5726db87dd62a815002e92e0"}]}], ["Akhirnya, pada 26 Jun, empat hari selepas Perancis menggugat gencatan senjata dengan Reich Ketiga, Kesatuan Soviet mengeluarkan ultimatum menuntut Bessarabia dan, tanpa diduga, Bukovina Utara dari Romania. Dua hari kemudian, orang Romawi menyerah kepada tuntutan Soviet dan Soviet menduduki wilayah itu. Rantau Hertza pada mulanya tidak diminta oleh USSR tetapi kemudian diduduki secara paksa setelah orang-orang Romawi bersetuju dengan tuntutan Soviet awal. Gelombang pengusiran berikutnya bermula di Bessarabia dan Bukovina Utara. <> Berapa hari selepas Perancis menyaman untuk keamanan, rakyat Romawi memenuhi permintaan USSR? || 6 <> Bulan apakah Perancis menuntut damai? || Jun <> Berapa hari yang diperlukan untuk orang Romania memberikan permintaan Soviet? || Dua hari", {"context": "Finally, on 26 June, four days after France sued for an armistice with the Third Reich, the Soviet Union issued an ultimatum demanding Bessarabia and, unexpectedly, Northern Bukovina from Romania. Two days later, the Romanians caved to the Soviet demands and the Soviets occupied the territory. The Hertza region was initially not requested by the USSR but was later occupied by force after the Romanians agreed to the initial Soviet demands. The subsequent waves of deportations began in Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many days after France sued for peace did the Romanians meet the requests of the USSR?", "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9296"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "June"}], "question": "What month did France sue for peace?", "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "Two days"}], "question": "How many days did it take for the Romanians give into the Soviets requests?", "id": "5726d9dcdd62a815002e9298"}]}], ["Molotov mengisytiharkan dalam laporannya bertajuk \"Mengenai Dasar Asing Kesatuan Soviet\" (31 Oktober 1939) yang diadakan pada sesi kelima (luar biasa) Soviet Tertinggi, bahawa \"kalangan pemerintah\" Barat menyamar maksud mereka dengan dalih mempertahankan demokrasi Hitlerisme, mengisytiharkan \"tujuan mereka dalam peperangan dengan Jerman tidak lain, tidak kurang daripada pemusnahan Hitlerisme [...] Tidak semestinya tidak ada alasan untuk peperangan semacam ini. Ideologi Hitlerisme, sama seperti sistem ideologi lain, boleh diterima atau ditolak, ini adalah pandangan politik, tetapi semua orang memahami, bahawa ideologi tidak dapat dihapuskan secara paksa, tidak boleh diselesaikan dengan perang. \" <> Apakah tajuk laporan Molotov dipanggil? || Mengenai Dasar Luar Negara Uni Soviet <> Menurut Molotov, apakah matlamat barat? || pemusnahan Hitlerisme <> Di bawah apa rupa yang berlaku di barat melakukan policing antarabangsa mereka? || mempertahankan demokrasi", {"context": "Molotov declared in his report entitled \"On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union\" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western \"ruling circles\" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring \"their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What was the title of Molotov\u2019s report called?", "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "extermination of Hitlerism"}], "question": "According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?", "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "defending democracy"}], "question": "Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?", "id": "5726dc09dd62a815002e92fa"}]}], ["Penghapusan elit Poland dan intelligentia adalah sebahagian daripada Generalplan Ost. Pelaksanaan Intelligenzaktion, rancangan untuk menghapuskan inteligensia Poland, 'kelas kepemimpinan' Poland, berlaku tidak lama selepas pencerobohan Jerman ke Poland, bertahan dari musim gugur 1939 hingga musim bunga tahun 1940. Sebagai hasil operasi ini dalam 10 tindakan serantau kira-kira 60,000 orang Poland bangsawan, guru, pekerja sosial, imam, hakim dan aktivis politik terbunuh. Ia dilanjutkan pada bulan Mei 1940 ketika Jerman melancarkan AB-Aktion, Lebih dari 16.000 anggota inteligensia dibunuh di Operasi Tannenberg sahaja. <> Siapa yang \"intelligentia?\" || Bangsawan Polandia, guru, pekerja sosial, imam, hakim dan aktivis politik <> Berapa lamakah pembubaran berlaku? || kejatuhan 1939 hingga musim bunga tahun 1940 <> Berapa banyak orang cerdas terbunuh semasa operasi AB-Akiton? || 16,000 ahli", {"context": "Elimination of Polish elites and intelligentia was part of Generalplan Ost. The Intelligenzaktion, a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia, Poland's 'leadership class', took place soon after the German invasion of Poland, lasting from fall of 1939 till spring of 1940. As the result of this operation in 10 regional actions about 60,000 Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists were killed. It was continued in May 1940 when Germany launched AB-Aktion, More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Polish nobles, teachers, social workers, priests, judges and political activists"}], "question": "Who were the \u201cintelligentia?\u201d ", "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "fall of 1939 till spring of 1940"}], "question": "How long did liquidation occur?", "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "16,000 members"}], "question": " How many intelligentia were killed during operation AB-Akiton?", "id": "5726da10dd62a815002e929e"}]}], ["Sebelum pengumuman pact, Komunis di Barat menafikan bahawa perjanjian itu akan ditandatangani. Anggota masa depan Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman mengecam khabar angin sebagai \"propaganda Fasis\". Earl Browder, ketua Parti Komunis Amerika Syarikat, menyatakan bahawa \"ada banyak kemungkinan perjanjian seperti Earl Browder yang dipilih sebagai presiden Dewan Perniagaan.\" Bermula pada September 1939, Komintern Soviet menggantung semua propaganda anti-Nazi dan anti-fasis, menjelaskan bahawa perang di Eropah adalah masalah negara-negara kapitalis yang menyerang satu sama lain untuk tujuan imperialis. Komunis Barat bertindak dengan sewajarnya; sementara sebelum mereka menyokong keselamatan kolektif, kini mereka mengecam Britain dan Perancis untuk berperang. <> Siapa yang sebahagian daripada Hollywood Ten? || Herbert Biberman <> Siapa pemimpin parti komunis Amerika? || Earl Browder <> Yang memprotes penglibatan Britain dan Perancis dalam peperangan dengan Jerman? || Komunis Barat", {"context": "Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as \"Fascist propaganda\". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that \"there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce.\" Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Herbert Biberman"}], "question": "Who was part of Hollywood Ten?", "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Earl Browder"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the American communist party?", "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Western Communists"}], "question": "Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?", "id": "5726db02dd62a815002e92d0"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan bulan Jun 1940, ketika perhatian antarabangsa difokuskan pada pencerobohan Jerman ke Perancis, pasukan NKVD Soviet menyerbu pos di Lithuania, Estonia dan Latvia. Pentadbiran negeri telah dibubarkan dan digantikan oleh kader Soviet, di mana 34,250 orang Latvia, 75,000 orang Lithuania dan hampir 60,000 orang Estonia dihantar pulang atau dibunuh. Pilihanraya diadakan dengan calon tunggal pro-Soviet yang disenaraikan untuk banyak jawatan, dengan perhimpunan orang yang terhasil segera meminta kemasukan ke USSR, yang diberikan oleh Kesatuan Soviet. USSR melampirkan seluruh Lithuania, termasuk kawasan Scheschupe, yang akan diberikan kepada Jerman. <> Siapa yang menyerang negara-negara Lithuania, Estonia dan Latvia? || Soviet NKVD <> Wilayah Lithuania apa yang akan diserahkan kepada Nazi? || Kawasan Scheschupe <> Daripada ketiga-tiga negara yang menyerang, yang kehilangan paling sedikit orang melalui pengusiran atau kehilangan nyawa? || Latvia <> Bagaimana negara-negara ini menjadi sebahagian daripada USSR? || Pilihan raya diadakan dengan calon tunggal pro-Soviet", {"context": "In mid-June 1940, when international attention was focused on the German invasion of France, Soviet NKVD troops raided border posts in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. State administrations were liquidated and replaced by Soviet cadres, in which 34,250 Latvians, 75,000 Lithuanians and almost 60,000 Estonians were deported or killed. Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions, with resulting peoples assemblies immediately requesting admission into the USSR, which was granted by the Soviet Union. The USSR annexed the whole of Lithuania, including the Scheschupe area, which was to be given to Germany.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Soviet NKVD"}], "question": "Who invaded the countries of Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia? ", "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Scheschupe area"}], "question": "What region of Lithuania was to be turned over to the Nazis?", "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Latvia"}], "question": "Of the three countries invaded, which lost the least amount of people through deportation or loss of life?", "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates"}], "question": "How did these countries become part of the USSR?", "id": "5726d965f1498d1400e8ed11"}]}], ["Pada 10 Januari 1941, Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet menandatangani perjanjian menyelesaikan beberapa isu yang sedang berjalan. Protokol rahsia dalam perjanjian baru mengubah \"Protokol Tambahan Rahsia\" Perjanjian Sempadan dan Persahabatan Jerman-Soviet, menyerahkan Strip Lithuania ke Kesatuan Soviet dengan pertukaran 7.5 juta dolar (31.5 juta Reichsmark). Perjanjian itu secara rasmi menetapkan sempadan antara Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet antara sungai Igorka dan Laut Baltik. Ia juga memperluaskan peraturan perdagangan 1940 Perjanjian Perdagangan Jerman-Soviet sehingga 1 Ogos 1942, peningkatan penghantaran di atas tahap tahun salah satu perjanjian itu, diselesaikan hak perdagangan di Baltik dan Bessarabia, mengira pampasan untuk kepentingan harta Jerman di Baltik Negara-negara kini diduduki oleh Soviet dan isu-isu lain. Ia juga meliputi penghijrahan ke Jerman dalam tempoh dua setengah bulan Jerman etnik dan warga Jerman di wilayah-wilayah Baltik yang dipegang Soviet, dan penghijrahan kepada wilayah Soviet-Baltik dan \"Putih Rusia\" di wilayah Jerman. <> Berapakah pemindahan Lithuania Strip merosakkan Kesatuan Soviet? || 7.5 juta dolar (31.5 juta Reichsmark) <> Berapa lama orang Jerman harus berpindah dari negara-negara baltik selepas pindaan protokol rahsia? || dua setengah bulan <> Berapa lama orang Rusia terpaksa berpindah dari wilayah yang ditakdirkan jerman? || dua setengah bulan <> Berapa lamakah pindaan memperpanjang perjanjian perdagangan? || sehingga 1 Ogos 1942", {"context": "On 10 January 1941, Germany and the Soviet Union signed an agreement settling several ongoing issues. Secret protocols in the new agreement modified the \"Secret Additional Protocols\" of the German\u2013Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty, ceding the Lithuanian Strip to the Soviet Union in exchange for 7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark). The agreement formally set the border between Germany and the Soviet Union between the Igorka river and the Baltic Sea. It also extended trade regulation of the 1940 German\u2013Soviet Commercial Agreement until August 1, 1942, increased deliveries above the levels of year one of that agreement, settled trading rights in the Baltics and Bessarabia, calculated the compensation for German property interests in the Baltic States now occupied by the Soviets and other issues. It also covered the migration to Germany within two and a half months of ethnic Germans and German citizens in Soviet-held Baltic territories, and the migration to the Soviet Union of Baltic and \"White Russian\" \"nationals\" in German-held territories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "7.5 million dollars (31.5 million Reichsmark)"}], "question": "How much did the transfer of the Lithuanian Strip cost the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "two and a half months"}], "question": "How long did germans have to relocate from the baltic states after the amendment of secret protocols?", "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "two and a half months"}], "question": "How long did the Russians have to relocate from the german occupied regions?", "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "until August 1, 1942"}], "question": "How long did the amendment extend the trade agreements?", "id": "5726dad6708984140094d3ae"}]}], ["Walaupun Jerman menggunakan buruh paksa di kebanyakan negara yang diduduki, Poles dan Slavs lain dilihat sebagai lebih rendah oleh propaganda Nazi, oleh itu, lebih sesuai untuk tugas tersebut. Antara 1 dan 2.5 juta rakyat Poland diangkut ke Reich untuk kerja paksa, melawan kehendak mereka. Semua lelaki Poland dikehendaki melakukan kerja paksa. Walaupun poket Etnik tertakluk kepada penganiayaan terpilih, semua etnik Yahudi ditargetkan oleh Reich. Pada musim sejuk tahun 1939-40, kira-kira 100,000 orang Yahudi diusir ke Poland. Mereka mula-mula berkumpul di bandar besar, seperti 380,000 yang diadakan di Ghetto Warsaw, di mana jumlah yang besar mati di bawah keadaan yang keras di dalamnya, termasuk 43,000 di Ghetto Warsaw sahaja. Orang Poland dan etnik Yahudi dipenjarakan di hampir setiap kubu sistem perkampungan yang luas di Poland yang diduduki Jerman dan Reich. Di Auschwitz, yang mula beroperasi pada 14 Jun 1940, 1.1 juta orang meninggal dunia. <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi terpaksa tinggal di Ghetto Warsawa? || 380,000 <> Berapa ramai orang Yahudi mati di Ghetto Warsa? || 43,000 <> Kumpulan mana yang dianggap rendah? || Poland dan Slavs lain <> Berapa banyak orang Poland yang digunakan di kem buruh? || Antara 1 dan 2.5 juta warga Poland <> Berapa banyak orang yang dipercayai mati di Auschwitz? || 1.1 juta orang", {"context": "Although Germany used forced labourers in most occupied countries, Poles and other Slavs were viewed as inferior by Nazi propaganda, thus, better suited for such duties. Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. All Polish males were required to perform forced labour. While ethnic Poles were subject to selective persecution, all ethnic Jews were targeted by the Reich. In the winter of 1939\u201340, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported to Poland. They were initially gathered into massive urban ghettos, such as 380,000 held in the Warsaw Ghetto, where large numbers died under the harsh conditions therein, including 43,000 in the Warsaw Ghetto alone. Poles and ethnic Jews were imprisoned in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. In Auschwitz, which began operating on 14 June 1940, 1.1 million people died.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "380,000"}], "question": "How many Jews were forced to live within the Warsaw Ghetto? ", "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 686, "text": "43,000"}], "question": "How many Jews died in the Warsa Ghetto?", "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Poles and other Slavs"}], "question": "Which group of people were considered inferior?", "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Between 1 and 2.5 million Polish citizens"}], "question": "How many Polish people were used in labor camps?", "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "1.1 million people"}], "question": "How many people are believed to have died in Auschwitz?", "id": "5726da7d708984140094d39f"}]}], ["Apabila demonstrasi anti-Jerman meletus di Prague, Czechoslovakia, Komintern mengarahkan Parti Komunis Czech untuk menggunakan semua kekuatannya untuk melumpuhkan \"unsur-unsur chauvinis.\" Moscow tidak lama lagi memaksa Parti Komunis Perancis dan Great Britain untuk mengamalkan kedudukan anti-perang. Pada 7 September, Stalin memanggil Georgi Dimitrov, [klarifikasi diperlukan] dan yang terakhir melukis garis Comintern baru dalam perang. Barisan baru-yang menyatakan bahawa perang itu tidak adil dan imperialis - telah diluluskan oleh sekretariat Komunis Antarabangsa pada 9 September. Oleh itu, pelbagai parti Komunis Barat kini harus menentang perang, dan untuk mengundi terhadap perang perang. Walaupun Komunis Perancis telah sebulat suara mengundi di Parlimen untuk perang perang pada 2 September dan pada 19 September mengisytiharkan \"kehendak mereka yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan\" untuk mempertahankan negara, pada 27 September Komintern secara rasmi mengarahkan parti itu untuk mengutuk perang sebagai imperialis. Menjelang 1 Oktober, Komunis Perancis menganjurkan untuk mendengar cadangan damai Jerman, dan pemimpin Komunis Maurice Thorez meninggalkan Tentera Perancis pada 4 Oktober dan melarikan diri ke Rusia. Komunis lain juga ditinggalkan dari tentera. <> Komunis barat yang baru retorik adalah perang itu? || perang itu tidak adil dan imperialis <> Komunis barat mendakwa perang itu apa? || perang itu tidak adil dan imperialist <> komunis Perancis memilih apa? || kredit perang <> Di mana Maurice Thorez pergi selepas meninggalkan Tentara? || melarikan diri ke Rusia", {"context": "When anti-German demonstrations erupted in Prague, Czechoslovakia, the Comintern ordered the Czech Communist Party to employ all of its strength to paralyze \"chauvinist elements.\" Moscow soon forced the Communist Parties of France and Great Britain to adopt an anti-war position. On 7 September, Stalin called Georgi Dimitrov,[clarification needed] and the latter sketched a new Comintern line on the war. The new line\u2014which stated that the war was unjust and imperialist\u2014was approved by the secretariat of the Communist International on 9 September. Thus, the various western Communist parties now had to oppose the war, and to vote against war credits. Although the French Communists had unanimously voted in Parliament for war credits on 2 September and on 19 September declared their \"unshakeable will\" to defend the country, on 27 September the Comintern formally instructed the party to condemn the war as imperialist. By 1 October the French Communists advocated listening to German peace proposals, and Communist leader Maurice Thorez deserted from the French Army on 4 October and fled to Russia. Other Communists also deserted from the army.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the war was unjust and imperialist"}], "question": "The western communists new rhetoric was that the war was? ", "id": "5726db50708984140094d3bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the war was unjust and imperialist"}], "question": "The western communists claimed the war was what?", "id": "5726db50708984140094d3be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "war credits"}], "question": "French communists voted for what?", "id": "5726db50708984140094d3bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1090, "text": "fled to Russia"}], "question": "Where did Maurice Thorez go after deserting the Army?", "id": "5726db50708984140094d3c0"}]}], ["Sebagai tindak balas kepada penerbitan protokol rahsia dan dokumen hubungan Jerman-Soviet rahsia yang lain di dalam edisi Jabatan Negara Nazi-Soviet (1948), Stalin menerbitkan Falsifiers of History, yang termasuk tuntutan bahawa, semasa operasi Pact, Stalin menolak Hitler mendakwa untuk berkongsi di bahagian dunia, tanpa menyebut tawaran Soviet untuk menyertai Axis. Versi itu berterusan, tanpa pengecualian, dalam kajian sejarah, akaun rasmi, memoir dan buku teks yang diterbitkan di Kesatuan Soviet sehingga pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet. <> Tahun apa versi perjanjian Joseph Stalin diterbitkan? || 1948 <> Apakah respons Soviet kepada penerbitan Relasi Nazi-Soviet || Falsifiers of History <> Berapa lama versi Stalins tentang apa yang berlaku antara Jerman dan Soviet? || sehingga pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German\u2013Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1948"}], "question": "What year was Joseph Stalin\u2019s version of the pact published?", "id": "5726df215951b619008f80d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Falsifiers of History"}], "question": "What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication", "id": "5726df215951b619008f80da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "until the Soviet Union's dissolution"}], "question": "How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?", "id": "5726df215951b619008f80db"}]}], ["Selepas Jerman memasuki Perjanjian Tripartite dengan Jepun dan Itali, Ribbentrop menulis kepada Stalin, mengundang Molotov ke Berlin untuk rundingan yang bertujuan mewujudkan 'blok kontinental' di Jerman, Itali, Jepun dan USSR yang akan menentang Britain dan Amerika Syarikat. Stalin menghantar Molotov ke Berlin untuk berunding dengan syarat untuk Kesatuan Soviet untuk menyertai Axis dan berpotensi menikmati rampasan perjanjian. Selepas rundingan pada November 1940 di mana untuk memperluaskan pengaruh pengaruh USSR, Hitler memecat rundingan dan terus merancang untuk percubaan akhirnya untuk menyerang Kesatuan Soviet. <> Negara apakah yang bersetuju dengan perjanjian tiga pihak? || Jerman memeterai perjanjian Tripartite dengan Jepun dan Itali <> Yang Menteri Luar Negeri yang mencadangkan bahawa Soviet perlu menyertai perjanjian kuasa paksi ini? || Ribbentrop <> Siapa yang kuasa paksi menentang dalam perjanjian baru? || Britain dan Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy"}], "question": "What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?", "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Ribbentrop"}], "question": "Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?", "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Britain and the USA"}], "question": "Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?", "id": "5726dda0dd62a815002e933c"}]}], ["Soviet juga membantu Jerman untuk mengelakkan blokade laut British dengan menyediakan pangkalan kapal selam, Basis Nord, di utara Kesatuan Soviet berhampiran Murmansk. Ini juga menyediakan lokasi pengisian dan penyelenggaraan, dan titik berlepas untuk serangan dan serangan ke atas penghantaran. Di samping itu, Soviet memberikan Jerman dengan akses ke Laluan Laut Utara untuk kedua-dua kapal kargo dan penyerang (walaupun hanya penggali dagang Komet menggunakan laluan sebelum pencerobohan Jerman), yang memaksa Britain melindungi lorong-lorong laut di Atlantik dan Pasifik . <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Jerman untuk menghalang sekatan British? || pangkalan dasar laut <> Di mana sub bas terletak? || utara Kesatuan Soviet berhampiran Murmansk <> Samudra-samudra yang sub-base menyediakan akses kepada? || kedua-dua Atlantik dan Pasifik", {"context": "The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "a submarine base"}], "question": "What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?", "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "northern Soviet Union near Murmansk"}], "question": "Where was the sub base located?", "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "both the Atlantic and the Pacific"}], "question": "Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?", "id": "5726dc97708984140094d3f7"}]}], ["Dalam usaha untuk menunjukkan niat aman ke Jerman, pada 13 April 1941, Soviet menandatangani pakatan neutral dengan kuasa Axis Jepun. Walaupun Stalin tidak percaya pada komitmen Jepun terhadap berkecuali, beliau merasakan bahawa pakatan itu penting bagi simbolisme politiknya, untuk menguatkan kasih sayang rakyat di Jerman. Stalin merasakan bahawa terdapat perpecahan yang semakin meningkat di kalangan Jerman mengenai sama ada Jerman harus memulakan peperangan dengan Kesatuan Soviet. Stalin tidak tahu bahawa Hitler telah secara rahsia membincangkan pencerobohan Kesatuan Soviet sejak musim panas 1940, dan bahawa Hitler telah memerintahkan tenteranya pada akhir 1940 untuk mempersiapkan perang di timur tanpa menghiraukan perundingan parti yang berpotensi Soviet sebagai Kuasa Axis keempat. <> Siapa yang merancang pencerobohan Kesatuan Soviet? || Hitler <> Siapa yang bersetuju dengan Kesatuan Soviet untuk kekal neutral apabila mereka menandatangani perjanjian pada 13 April? || Jepun <> Mengapa Stalin menandatangani perjanjian itu? || menguatkan kasih sayang publik untuk Jerman", {"context": "In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Hitler"}], "question": "Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8093"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Japan"}], "question": "Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?", "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8094"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "reinforce a public affection for Germany"}], "question": "Why did Stalin sign the pact? ", "id": "5726ddd95951b619008f8095"}]}], ["Pencerobohan Finlandia dan Baltik mula merosot hubungan antara Soviet dan Jerman. Pencerobohan Stalin adalah sangat merengsa ke Berlin, kerana niat untuk mencapai perkara ini tidak dikomunikasikan kepada orang-orang Jerman terlebih dahulu, dan mendorong kebimbangan bahawa Stalin berusaha untuk membentuk blok anti-Jerman. Maklum balas Molotov kepada Jerman, dan ketidakpercayaan orang Jerman, dipergiatkan. Pada 16 Jun, ketika Soviet menyerang Lithuania, tetapi sebelum mereka menyerang Latvia dan Estonia, Ribbentrop mengarahkan stafnya \"untuk menyerahkan laporan secepat mungkin sama ada di Negara Baltik kecenderungan untuk mencari sokongan dari Reich dapat diperhatikan atau adakah percubaan dibuat untuk membentuk satu blok. \" <> Siapa yang ingin tahu seketika blok anti-german adalah untuk membentuk? || Ribbentrop <> Mengapa orang-orang Jerman tidak mempercayai agenda soviet? || Serangan Stalin adalah perengsa yang teruk <> Apa yang menyebabkan ketidakpercayaan antara kerajaan Jerman dan Soviet? || Pencerobohan Stalin adalah sangat merengsa ke Berlin", {"context": "The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff \"to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Ribbentrop"}], "question": "Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?", "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant"}], "question": "Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?", "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin"}], "question": "What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?", "id": "5726dd42f1498d1400e8edca"}]}], ["Pada bulan Ogos 1940, Kesatuan Soviet menggantungkan penghantarannya di bawah perjanjian perdagangan mereka selepas hubungan mereka tegang setelah tidak bersetuju dengan dasar di Romania, perang Soviet dengan Finland, Jerman jatuh di belakang dalam penyerahan barang di bawah perjanjian dan dengan Stalin bimbang bahawa Hitler perang dengan Barat mungkin berakhir dengan cepat selepas Perancis menandatangani gencatan senjata. Penggantungan itu mencetuskan masalah sumber yang penting bagi Jerman. Pada akhir bulan Ogos, hubungan semakin bertambah apabila negara-negara telah melukis semula sempadan Hungary dan Romania, menyelesaikan beberapa tuntutan Bulgaria dan Stalin kembali yakin bahawa Jerman akan menghadapi perang panjang di barat dengan peningkatan Britain dalam pertempuran udara dengan Jerman dan pelaksanaan perjanjian antara Amerika Syarikat dan Britain mengenai pemusnah dan pangkalan. Bagaimanapun, pada akhir Ogos, Jerman menyusun pendudukan sendiri di Romania, yang menargetkan ladang minyak. Tindakan itu menimbulkan ketegangan dengan Soviet, yang bertindak balas bahawa Jerman sepatutnya telah berunding dengan Kesatuan Soviet di bawah Perkara III dari Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop. <> Siapa yang menghentikan perdagangan kerana ketidaksepakatan yang melibatkan Romania? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Daerah apa yang telah direkodkan semula dalam usaha meningkatkan hubungan antara Jerman dan Soviet? || Sempadan Hungary dan Romania <> Siapakah yang mula menyempurnakan minyak Romania? || Jerman", {"context": "In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?", "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Hungarian and Romanian borders"}], "question": "What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?", "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 857, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Who started refining Romanian oil?", "id": "5726dd735951b619008f8085"}]}], ["Perjanjian itu diterbitkan di Amerika Syarikat untuk kali pertama oleh St. Louis Post-Dispatch pada 22 Mei 1946, di Britain oleh Guardian Manchester. Ia juga merupakan sebahagian daripada penerbitan Jabatan Negara rasmi, Hubungan Nazi-Soviet 1939-1941, disunting oleh Raymond J. Sontag dan James S. Beddie pada bulan Januari 1948. Keputusan untuk menerbitkan dokumen penting mengenai hubungan Jerman-Soviet, termasuk perjanjian dan protokol telah diambil pada musim bunga tahun 1947. Sontag dan Beddie menyediakan koleksi itu sepanjang musim panas tahun 1947. Pada bulan November 1947, Presiden Truman secara peribadi meluluskan penerbitan itu tetapi ia ditahan memandangkan Persidangan Menteri Luar Negeri di London yang dijadualkan pada bulan Disember . Oleh kerana rundingan di persidangan itu tidak membuktikan konstruktif dari sudut pandang Amerika, edisi dokumen itu dihantar ke akhbar. Dokumen-dokumen yang menjadi tajuk utama di seluruh dunia. Pegawai-pegawai Jabatan Negara menganggapnya sebagai satu kejayaan: \"Kerajaan Soviet ditangkap rata-rata dalam apa yang pertama tamparan berkesan dari pihak kita dalam perang propaganda yang jelas.\" <> Siapa yang mencetak perjanjian Jerman-Soviet rahsia di Britain? || Guardian Manchester <> Yang mana pemimpin dunia menyukai penerbitan hubungan Nazi-Soviet untuk dicetak? || Presiden Truman <> Di manakah persidangan Menteri-menteri Luar Negeri diadakan? || London <> Siapa yang meletakkan penerbitan Nazi-Soviet bersama-sama? || Raymond J. Sontag dan James S. Beddie <> Apakah perihalan kerajaan Soviet dalam pers dunia mengenai perjanjian dan pembatalan perjanjian itu oleh Jerman? || kaki rata", {"context": "The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi\u2013Soviet Relations 1939\u20131941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German\u2013Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: \"The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "the Manchester Guardian"}], "question": "Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?", "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "President Truman"}], "question": "Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?", "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "London"}], "question": "Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?", "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie"}], "question": "Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?", "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "flat-footed"}], "question": "What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?", "id": "5726dee0f1498d1400e8ee2c"}]}], ["Jerman dan Kesatuan Soviet memeterai perjanjian dagang yang rumit pada 11 Februari 1940, yang lebih dari empat kali lebih besar daripada yang ditandatangani oleh kedua negara pada bulan Ogos 1939. Perjanjian perdagangan itu membantu Jerman mengatasi sekatan Jerman di Jerman. Pada tahun pertama, Jerman menerima satu juta tan bijirin, setengah juta tan gandum, 900,000 tan minyak, 100,000 tan kapas, 500,000 tan fosfat dan sejumlah besar bahan mentah penting lain, bersama dengan satu juta transit ton kacang soya dari Manchuria. Perlengkapan ini dan lain-lain telah diangkut melalui wilayah Soviet dan diduduki Polandia. Soviet akan menerima kapal penjelajah tentera laut, rancangan untuk kapal perang Bismarck, senjata tentera laut berat, peralatan angkatan laut yang lain dan tiga puluh pesawat tempur Jerman terbaru, termasuk pejuang Me-109 dan Me-110 dan pengebom Ju-88. Soviet juga akan menerima peralatan minyak dan elektrik, lokomotif, turbin, penjana, enjin diesel, kapal, alat mesin dan sampel artileri Jerman, kereta kebal, bahan peledak, peralatan peperangan kimia dan barangan lain. <> Berapa lebih luas adalah perjanjian perdagangan terbaru? || lebih dari empat kali lebih besar <> Apakah laluan perdagangan antara jerman dan kesatuan soviet? || wilayah Poland yang diduduki <> Di manakah kacang soya berasal? || Manchuria <> Apa kapal yang terkenal adalah kesatuan Soviet yang merancang? || kapal perang Bismarck <> Berapa banyak pesawat baru yang soviet mendapat perjanjian ini? || tiga puluh", {"context": "Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "was over four times larger"}], "question": "How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?", "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "occupied Polish territories"}], "question": "What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?", "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Manchuria"}], "question": "Where were the soybeans coming from?", "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "the battleship Bismarck"}], "question": " What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?", "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "thirty"}], "question": "How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?", "id": "5726dc6d708984140094d3ef"}]}], ["Nazi Jerman mengakhiri Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop pada 03:15 pada 22 Jun 1941 dengan melancarkan serangan besar-besaran terhadap kedudukan Soviet di timur Poland yang menandakan permulaan serangan terhadap Kesatuan Soviet yang dikenali sebagai Operasi Barbarossa. Stalin tidak menghiraukan beberapa amaran yang mungkin diceroboh oleh Jerman, dan tidak memerintahkan pasukan pemobilisasi 'skala penuh' walaupun pengerahan sedang berjalan. Selepas pelancaran serangan itu, wilayah-wilayah yang diperoleh oleh Kesatuan Soviet sebagai hasil dari Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop telah hilang dalam beberapa minggu. Dalam tempoh enam bulan, tentera Soviet menderita 4.3 juta mangsa, dan Jerman telah menangkap tiga juta tahanan Soviet. Pengeksport bahan-bahan mentah Soviet yang menguntungkan kepada Nazi Jerman sepanjang hubungan ekonomi Nazi-Soviet (1934-41) berterusan tanpa gangguan sehingga berlakunya permusuhan. Eksport Soviet dalam beberapa bidang utama membolehkan Jerman mengekalkan stok getah dan bijirinya dari hari pertama pencerobohan hingga Oktober 1941. <> Di mana serangan Jerman terhadap pasukan Soviet berlaku? || Kedudukan Soviet di Poland Timur <Berapa banyak anggota tentera Soviet meninggal dalam tempoh enam bulan pertama perang antara kedua negara? || 4.3 juta kecederaan <> Berapa ramai tawanan Soviet yang diambil oleh Jerman dalam tempoh enam bulan pertama perang antara kedua negara? || tiga juta tahanan Soviet <> Berapa lamakah masa yang diambil untuk menangkap kawasan-kawasan di dunia yang pernah diduduki oleh soviet ketika serangan awal terjadi? || perkara minggu", {"context": "Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi\u2013Soviet economic relations (1934\u201341) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Soviet positions in eastern Poland"}], "question": "Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?", "id": "5726de31708984140094d419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "4.3 million casualties"}], "question": "How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?", "id": "5726de31708984140094d41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "three million Soviet prisoners"}], "question": "How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?", "id": "5726de31708984140094d41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "matter of weeks"}], "question": "How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?", "id": "5726de31708984140094d41c"}]}], ["Asal-usul protokol rahsia asal Jerman itu mungkin dimusnahkan dalam pengeboman Jerman, tetapi pada akhir 1943, Ribbentrop telah memerintahkan supaya rekod paling rahsia Pejabat Luar Negeri Jerman dari tahun 1933, berjumlah 9,800 muka surat, akan di-microfilmed. Ketika pelbagai jabatan Pejabat Luar Negeri di Berlin dipindahkan ke Thuringia pada akhir perang, Karl von Loesch, seorang pegawai negeri yang bekerja untuk penerjemah utama Paul Otto Schmidt, diamanahkan dengan salinan mikrofilm ini. Dia akhirnya menerima pesanan untuk memusnahkan dokumen rahsia tetapi memutuskan untuk mengebumikan bekas logam itu dengan mikrofilem sebagai insurans peribadi untuk kesejahteraan masa depannya. Pada bulan Mei 1945, von Loesch mendekati British British Col. Robert C. Thomson dengan permintaan untuk menghantar surat peribadi kepada Duncan Sandys, menantu Churchill. Dalam surat itu, von Loesch mendedahkan bahawa dia mempunyai pengetahuan tentang keberadaan dokumen tetapi mengharapkan rawatan keutamaan sebagai balasannya. Kolonel Thomson dan rakan sejawatnya, Ralph Collins bersetuju untuk memindahkan von Loesch ke Marburg di zon Amerika jika dia akan menghasilkan mikrofilem. Mikrofilem mengandungi salinan Perjanjian Bukan Agresor serta Protokol Rahsia. Kedua-dua dokumen itu ditemui sebagai sebahagian daripada rekod mikrofilm pada bulan Ogos 1945 oleh pegawai Jabatan Negara Wendell B. Blancke, ketua unit khas yang dipanggil \"Eksploitasi German Archives\" (EGA). <> Berapa banyak halaman dokumen rahsia yang dimodelkan? || 9,800 halaman <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Wendell B. Blancke pada akhir perang? || Eksploitasi Arsip Jerman <> Berhampiran dengan akhir perang, di mana yang dilakukan oleh beberapa orang jerman melarikan diri? || Thuringia <> Mengapa Karl von Loesch menguburkan mikrofilem itu? || insurans peribadi untuk kesejahteraan masa depannya <> Di mana Karl von L\u00f6esch dipindahkan selepas dia menyerahkan dokumen? || zon Amerika", {"context": "The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called \"Exploitation German Archives\" (EGA).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "9,800 pages"}], "question": "How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?", "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1389, "text": "Exploitation German Archives"}], "question": "What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?", "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Thuringia"}], "question": "Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?", "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "personal insurance for his future well-being"}], "question": "Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?", "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "the American zone"}], "question": "Where was Karl von L\u00f6esch transferred to after he turned over the documents?", "id": "5726de80dd62a815002e9354"}]}], ["Beberapa pengkritik dasar Stalin, seperti penulis terkenal Viktor Suvorov, mendakwa bahawa motif utama Stalin untuk menandatangani perjanjian bukan-agresi Soviet-Jerman adalah pengiraannya bahawa pakatan itu boleh mengakibatkan konflik antara negara-negara kapitalis di Eropah Barat [ [rujukan?] Tuntutan oleh Suvorov bahawa Stalin merancang untuk menyerang Jerman pada tahun 1941 dibahaskan oleh para sejarawan dengan, misalnya, David Glantz menentang tuntutan tersebut, sementara Mikhail Meltyukhov menyokong mereka. [ petikan yang diperlukan] Pengarang The Black Book of Communism menganggap perjanjian itu sebagai jenayah terhadap keamanan dan \"konspirasi untuk melakukan perang pencerobohan.\" <> Siapa yang ragu terhadap dasar Stalin? || Viktor Suvorov <> Apa tuntutan pakatan yang dipromosikan, yang dikatakan oleh The Black Book of Communism? || \"konspirasi untuk melakukan perang agresif.\" <> Siapa yang tidak percaya bahawa Joseph Stalin bercadang untuk menyerang Jerman? || David Glantz", {"context": "Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet\u2013German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Viktor Suvorov"}], "question": "Who was skeptical of Stalin\u2019s policies?", "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "a \"conspiracy to conduct war of aggression.\""}], "question": "What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?", "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "David Glantz"}], "question": "Who doesn\u2019t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?", "id": "5726e0415951b619008f80f7"}]}], ["Selama beberapa dekad, ia adalah dasar rasmi Kesatuan Soviet untuk menafikan kewujudan protokol rahsia kepada Perjanjian Soviet-Jerman. Atas perintah Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev mengetuai sebuah suruhanjaya yang menyiasat kewujudan protokol itu. Pada bulan Disember 1989, suruhanjaya menyimpulkan bahawa protokol itu telah wujud dan mendedahkan penemuannya kepada Kongres Timbalan Rakyat Kesatuan Soviet. Akibatnya, Kongres meluluskan akuan yang mengesahkan adanya protokol rahsia, mengutuk dan mengecamnya. Kedua-dua negara pengganti pihak pakta telah mengisytiharkan protokol rahsia menjadi tidak sah dari saat mereka ditandatangani. Republik Persekutuan Jerman mengisytiharkan ini pada 1 September 1989 dan Kesatuan Soviet pada 24 Disember 1989, berikutan pemeriksaan salinan mikrofilm asal Jerman itu. <> Siapa yang membuat penyiasatan sama ada Pakta Soviet-Jerman berlaku? || Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev <> Negara mana yang telah mendakwa bahawa Perjanjian Soviet-Jerman tidak sah dari permulaan? || Kedua-dua negara pengganti pihak pact <> Agensi kerajaan mana yang menerima berita bahawa Perjanjian Soviet-Jerman telah wujud? || Kongres Timbalan Rakyat Kesatuan Soviet", {"context": "For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet\u2013German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev"}], "question": "Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?", "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Both successor-states of the pact parties"}], "question": "Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?", "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?", "id": "5726df55f1498d1400e8ee3c"}]}], ["Edward Hallett Carr, pengawal dasar Soviet yang kerap menyatakan: \"Sebagai balasan untuk 'tidak campur tangan' Stalin memperolehi ruang pernafasan dari imuniti dari serangan Jerman.\" [Halaman diperlukan] Menurut Carr, \"benteng\" yang dicipta dengan cara Pact, \"dan hanya boleh menjadi garis pertahanan terhadap serangan Jerman yang berpotensi.\" [diperlukan halaman] Menurut Carr, kelebihan penting ialah \"jika Rusia Soviet akhirnya melawan Hitler, kuasa Barat akan terlibat . \"[halaman diperlukan] Walau bagaimanapun, dalam dekad yang lalu, pandangan ini telah dipertikaikan. Ahli sejarah Werner Maser menyatakan bahawa \"dakwaan bahawa Kesatuan Soviet pada masa yang diancam oleh Hitler, sebagaimana Stalin sepatutnya ... adalah legenda, yang penciptanya Stalin sendiri miliknya. Dalam pandangan Maser,\" baik Jerman maupun Jepang tidak dalam keadaan [menyerang] USSR walaupun dengan perspektif yang paling rendah [kejayaan], \"dan ini tidak mungkin diketahui Stalin. Carr selanjutnya menyatakan bahawa, untuk jangka masa yang panjang, motif utama perubahan mendadak kursus Stalin diasumsikan menjadi takut kepada niat agresif Jerman. <> Edward Carr percaya bahawa dalam peperangan antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet, siapakah yang akan mengambil bahagian? || kuasa-kuasa Barat akan sudah terlibat <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa Kesatuan Soviet takut Jerman? || Sejarah Werner Maser <> Perjanjian berdasarkan pandangan Edward Carr adalah untuk memberikan apa antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet? || garis pertahanan terhadap", {"context": "Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: \"In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack.\"[page needed] According to Carr, the \"bastion\" created by means of the Pact, \"was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack.\"[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that \"if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved.\"[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that \"the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, \"neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success,\" and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "the Western Powers would already be involved"}], "question": "Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?", "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Historian Werner Maser"}], "question": "Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?", "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "a line of defense against"}], "question": "The pact according to Edward Carr\u2019s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?", "id": "5726dffd708984140094d45f"}]}], ["Mengenai masa penyesuaian Jerman, banyak ahli sejarah bersetuju bahawa pemecatan Maxim Litvinov, yang etnik Yahudi dilihat tidak baik oleh Nazi Jerman, telah menghapuskan halangan untuk berunding dengan Jerman. Stalin segera mengarahkan Molotov untuk \"membersihkan kementerian orang Yahudi.\" Memandangkan percubaan Litvinov sebelum ini untuk mewujudkan satu gabungan anti-fasis, bersekutu dengan doktrin keselamatan kolektif dengan Perancis dan Britain, dan orientasi pro-Barat oleh piawaian Kremlin, pemecatannya menunjukkan kewujudan pilihan Soviet untuk persetujuan dengan Jerman. [f] Begitu juga, pelantikan Molotov menjadi isyarat kepada Jerman bahawa USSR terbuka untuk menawarkan. Pemecatan itu juga memberi isyarat kepada Perancis dan Britain tentang kemungkinan pilihan rundingan dengan Jerman. Seorang pegawai Inggeris menulis bahawa kehilangan Litvinov juga bermakna kehilangan seorang juruteknik yang mengagumkan atau penyerap kejutan, sementara \"modus operandi\" Molotov adalah \"lebih benar Bolshevik daripada diplomatik atau kosmopolitan.\" Carr berhujah bahawa penggantian Menteri Luar Negeri Soviet Litvinov dengan Molotov pada 3 Mei 1939 menunjukkan tidak ada pergeseran yang tidak dapat ditarik balik ke arah penjajaran dengan Jerman, melainkan cara Stalin untuk terlibat dalam perundingan keras dengan British dan Perancis dengan melantik seorang lelaki keras pepatah , iaitu Molotov, kepada Komisariat Asing. Ahli sejarah Albert Resis menyatakan bahawa pemecatan Litvinov memberikan kebebasan Soviet untuk mengejar rundingan Jerman yang pantas, tetapi mereka tidak meninggalkan ceramah British-Perancis. Derek Watson berhujah bahawa Molotov boleh mendapatkan perjanjian terbaik dengan Britain dan Perancis kerana dia tidak dibebani dengan bagasi keselamatan kolektif dan boleh berunding dengan Jerman. Geoffrey Roberts berhujah bahawa pemecatan Litvinov membantu Soviet dengan ceramah British-Perancis, kerana Litvinov meragui atau mungkin menentang perbincangan sedemikian. <> Siapa yang diperintahkan untuk membuang orang Yahudi dari Kementerian? || Molotov <> Siapa yang memberi perintah untuk membuang orang Yahudi dari Kementerian? || Stalin <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa penembakan Litvinov membenarkan Soviet melakukan rundingan dengan Jerman dengan lebih cepat? || Derek Watson <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa pengambilan Molotov akan menghasilkan perjanjian yang lebih baik dengan negara-negara barat? || Geoffrey Roberts", {"context": "Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to \"purge the ministry of Jews.\" Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's \"modus operandi\" was \"more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan.\" Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British\u2013French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British\u2013French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Molotov"}], "question": "Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?", "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Stalin"}], "question": "Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?", "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1535, "text": "Derek Watson"}], "question": "Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?", "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1720, "text": "Geoffrey Roberts"}], "question": "Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?", "id": "5726dfa9708984140094d44e"}]}]], [["Sejak awal kajian bahan-bahan bukan konduktif elektrik seperti kaca, porselin, kertas dan mika telah digunakan sebagai penebat. Bahan-bahan ini beberapa dekad kemudian juga sesuai untuk kegunaan selanjutnya sebagai dielektrik untuk kapasitor pertama. Kapasitor kertas yang dibuat oleh sandwiching jalur kertas yang dibersihkan antara jalur logam, dan melancarkan hasilnya ke dalam silinder yang biasa digunakan pada akhir 19century; pembuatannya bermula pada tahun 1876, dan mereka telah digunakan sejak awal abad ke-20 sebagai kapasitor decoupling dalam telekomunikasi (teleponi). <> Selain daripada porselin, kertas dan mika, apa bahan bukan konduktif yang lain digunakan sebagai penebat? || kaca <> Untuk kegunaan apa bahan bukan konduktif yang digunakan dalam kapasitor pertama? || sebagai dielektrik <> Apa yang berlapis antara jalur logam untuk membuat kapasitor kertas? || jalur kertas yang diresapi <> Kapan kapasitor kertas dihasilkan terlebih dahulu? || pada tahun 1876 <> Apa kegunaan lain yang digunakan oleh kapasitor kertas dalam industri telekomunikasi? || sebagai kapasitor decoupling", {"context": "Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "glass"}], "question": "Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? ", "id": "5726e48b708984140094d4ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "as the dielectric"}], "question": "For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?", "id": "5726e48b708984140094d500"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "strip of impregnated paper"}], "question": "What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?", "id": "5726e48b708984140094d501"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "in 1876"}], "question": "When were paper capacitors first manufactured?", "id": "5726e48b708984140094d502"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "as decoupling capacitors"}], "question": "What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?", "id": "5726e48b708984140094d503"}]}], ["Last but not least, kapasitor dua lapisan elektrik (sekarang Supercapacitors) dicipta. Pada tahun 1957 H. Becker telah menghasilkan \"kapasitor elektrolitik voltan rendah dengan elektrod karbon berliang\". Dia percaya bahawa tenaga itu disimpan sebagai pertuduhan dalam liang karbon yang digunakan dalam kapasitornya seperti pada liang-liang foil-foil kapasitor elektrolitik. Kerana mekanisme lapisan ganda tidak diketahui olehnya pada masa itu, dia menulis dalam paten: \"Tidak diketahui dengan tepat apa yang berlaku dalam komponen jika ia digunakan untuk penyimpanan tenaga, tetapi ia membawa kepada kapasiti yang sangat tinggi. \". <> Apakah kapasitor dua lapisan elektrik dipanggil hari ini? || Supercapacitors <> Apabila kapasitor elektrolitik voltan rendah dengan elektrod karbon berliang dicipta? || Pada tahun 1957 <> yang mencipta kapasitor elektrolitik voltan rendah dengan elektrod karbon berliang? || H. Becker <> Dalam bahagian kapasitor apakah Becker percaya pertuduhan itu disimpan? || dalam liang karbon <> Dalam komponen kapasitor elektrolitik apa yang Becker percaya adalah sama dengan elektrod karbon berliang? || pori-pori foils yang terukir", {"context": "Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a \"Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes\". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: \"It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Supercapacitors"}], "question": "What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?", "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "In 1957"}], "question": "When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?", "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "H. Becker"}], "question": "Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?", "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f81ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "in the carbon pores"}], "question": "In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?", "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f8200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "the pores of the etched foils"}], "question": "In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?", "id": "5726e7cc5951b619008f8201"}]}], ["Kapasitor model yang paling mudah terdiri daripada dua plat konduktif selari yang dipisahkan yang dipisahkan oleh dielektrik dengan ketelusan \u03b5. Model ini juga boleh digunakan untuk membuat ramalan kualitatif untuk geometri peranti lain. Plat dianggap memperluaskan secara seragam ke atas kawasan A dan ketumpatan cas \u00b1 \u03c1 = \u00b1 Q / A wujud pada permukaannya. Dengan mengandaikan bahawa panjang dan lebar plat lebih besar daripada pemisahan mereka d, medan elektrik berhampiran pusat peranti akan seragam dengan magnitud E = \u03c1 / \u03b5. Voltan itu ditakrifkan sebagai saluran integral medan elektrik di antara plat <> Dalam model ideal kapasitor, apakah nilai yang menggambarkan kepelbagaian dielektrik? || ketelusan \u03b5 <> Persamaan apa yang menerangkan ketumpatan cas untuk model ideal kapasitor? || \u00b1 \u03c1 = \u00b1 Q / A <> Dalam model ideal kapasitor, apa yang harus diandaikan tentang saiz plat? || jauh lebih besar daripada perpisahan mereka d <> Dekat ke tengah kapasitor, apa persamaan menggambarkan magnitud medan elektrik? || E = \u03c1 / \u03b5 <> Apa arti garis integral medan elektrik antara plat kapasitor mewakili? || Voltan", {"context": "The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity \u03b5 . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density \u00b1\u03c1 = \u00b1Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = \u03c1/\u03b5. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "permittivity \u03b5"}], "question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?", "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "\u00b1\u03c1 = \u00b1Q/A"}], "question": "What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?", "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "much greater than their separation d"}], "question": "In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?", "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "E = \u03c1/\u03b5"}], "question": "Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?", "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "The voltage"}], "question": "What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?", "id": "5726fe74708984140094d7fb"}]}], ["Daniel Gralath adalah orang pertama yang menggabungkan beberapa balang secara selari ke dalam \"bateri\" untuk meningkatkan kapasiti storan caj. Benjamin Franklin menyiasat balang Leyden dan sampai pada kesimpulan bahawa pertuduhan itu disimpan di atas kaca, bukan di dalam air seperti yang diandaikan oleh orang lain. Beliau juga mengguna pakai istilah \"bateri\", (menandakan peningkatan kuasa dengan deretan unit serupa seperti dalam bateri meriam), kemudiannya diterapkan pada kelompok sel elektrokimia. Bekas Leyden kemudiannya dibuat dengan melapisi bahagian dalam dan di luar balang dengan kerajang logam, meninggalkan ruang di mulut untuk menghalang arcing di antara foil. [Rujukan?] Unit kapasitans paling awal adalah balang, bersamaan dengan kira-kira 1.11 nanofarad. <> Siapa orang pertama yang menghubungkan beberapa balang Leyden selari? || Daniel Gralath <> Di mana Benjamin Franklin percaya pertuduhan itu disimpan di balang Leyden? || disimpan di kaca <> yang mencipta istilah \"bateri\"? || Benjamin Franklin <> Berapa banyak nanofarad yang membuat unit kapasitansi paling awal sama? || 1.11 nanofarads <> Mengapa jurang ditinggalkan di mulut baldi Leyden? || untuk mengelakkan pembengkakan di antara kerajang", {"context": "Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a \"battery\" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term \"battery\", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Daniel Gralath"}], "question": "Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?", "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "stored on the glass"}], "question": "Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?", "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Benjamin Franklin"}], "question": "Who coined the term \"battery\"?", "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "1.11 nanofarads"}], "question": "How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? ", "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "to prevent arcing between the foils"}], "question": "Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?", "id": "5726e2c1dd62a815002e93ec"}]}], ["Charles Pollak (lahir Karol Pollak), penemu kapasitor elektrolitik pertama, mendapati bahawa lapisan oksida pada anod aluminium kekal stabil dalam elektrolit neutral atau alkali, walaupun kuasa dimatikan. Pada tahun 1896, beliau memfailkan paten untuk \"kapasitor cecair elektrik dengan elektrod aluminium.\" Kapasitor tantalum elektrolit pepejal telah dicipta oleh Bell Laboratories pada awal 1950-an sebagai kapasitor sokongan voltan rendah dan lebih dipercayai untuk melengkapkan transistor mereka yang baru dicipta. <> Siapa yang mencipta kapasitor elektrolitik pertama? || Charles Pollak <> Dalam apa jenis elektrolit apakah lapisan oksida pada anod aluminium kekal stabil? || elektrolit neutral atau alkali <> Dalam tahun berapa paten yang difailkan untuk kapasitor cecair elektrik? || Pada tahun 1896 <> Apa jenis kapasitor yang dicipta oleh Bell Labs pada tahun 1950-an? || Kapasitor tantalum elektrolit pepejal <> Mengapakah makmal Bell mewujudkan kapasitor jenis baru mereka? || untuk melengkapkan transistor mereka yang baru dicipta", {"context": "Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an \"Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes.\" Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Charles Pollak"}], "question": "Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?", "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "a neutral or alkaline electrolyte"}], "question": "In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?", "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "In 1896"}], "question": "In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?", "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors"}], "question": "What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?", "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "to complement their newly invented transistor"}], "question": "Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?", "id": "5726e5c9f1498d1400e8ef3e"}]}], ["I (t) semasa melalui mana-mana komponen dalam litar elektrik ditakrifkan sebagai kadar aliran caj Q (t) yang melaluinya, tetapi caj aktual-elektron-tidak boleh melalui lapisan dielektrik kapasitor. Sebaliknya, satu elektron terakumulasi pada plat negatif bagi setiap satu yang meninggalkan plat positif, mengakibatkan pengurangan elektron dan caj positif yang berlaku pada satu elektrod yang sama dan bertentangan dengan caj negatif terkumpul di pihak yang lain. Oleh itu, caj pada elektrod adalah sama dengan nilai semasa dan sebanding dengan voltan seperti yang dibincangkan di atas. Seperti mana-mana antiderivatif, pemancaran berterusan ditambah untuk mewakili voltan awal V (t0). Ini adalah bentuk integral persamaan kapasitor: <> Apakah takrif semasa I (t) melalui mana-mana komponen dalam litar elektrik? || kadar aliran caj Q (t) yang melaluinya <> Bagi setiap elektron yang meninggalkan plat positif, berapa elektron yang dibina pada plat negatif? || satu elektron terakumulasi pada plat negatif <> Untuk apa caj pada elektrod kapasitor yang sama? || integral semasa <> Untuk apa caj pada elektrod kapasitor yang berkadar dengan? || berkadaran dengan voltan <> Apabila mengira integral untuk menentukan caj pada elektrod kapasitor, apakah pengabungan integrasi yang mesti ditambah? || voltan awal V (t0)", {"context": "The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges\u2014electrons\u2014cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it"}], "question": "What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?", "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "one electron accumulates on the negative plate"}], "question": "For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?", "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "the integral of the current"}], "question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?", "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "proportional to the voltage"}], "question": "To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?", "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "the initial voltage V(t0)"}], "question": "When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?", "id": "5726fca8f1498d1400e8f1c6"}]}], ["Kapasitor terdiri daripada dua konduktor yang dipisahkan oleh kawasan bukan konduktif. Kawasan bukan konduktif dipanggil dielektrik. Dalam istilah yang lebih mudah, dielektrik hanyalah penebat elektrik. Contoh-contoh media dielektrik adalah kaca, udara, kertas, vakum, dan juga suatu kawasan pengurangan semikonduktor yang sama dengan kimia konduktor. Kapasitor dianggap sebagai mandiri dan terpencil, tanpa caj elektrik bersih dan tiada pengaruh dari mana-mana medan elektrik luaran. Konduktor itu memegang caj yang sama dan bertentangan pada permukaan menghadap mereka, dan dielektrik mengembangkan medan elektrik. Dalam unit SI, kapasitans satu farad bermakna satu coulomb caj pada setiap konduktor menyebabkan voltan satu volt merentasi peranti. <> Jenis jenis apa antara dua konduktor dalam kapasitor? || kawasan bukan konduktif <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada kawasan di antara dua konduktor dalam kapasitor? || dielektrik <> Apa caj elektrik bersih yang kapasitor diandaikan? || tiada caj elektrik bersih <> Jenis caj yang dikenakan oleh konduktor pada permukaan menghadap mereka? || caj yang sama dan bertentangan <> Rantau apa dalam kapasitor membangunkan medan elektrik? || dielektrik", {"context": "A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "a non-conductive region"}], "question": "What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?", "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "the dielectric"}], "question": "What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?", "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "no net electric charge"}], "question": "What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?", "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "equal and opposite charges"}], "question": "What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?", "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "the dielectric"}], "question": "What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?", "id": "5726e9badd62a815002e94e8"}]}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist dari Pomerania, Jerman mendapati bahawa pertuduhan boleh disimpan dengan menyambungkan penjana elektrostatik voltan tinggi dengan dawai ke dalam jumlah air dalam balang kaca yang dipegang. Tangan Von Kleist dan air bertindak sebagai konduktor, dan balang sebagai dielektrik (walaupun butiran mekanisma telah dikenal pasti dengan salah pada masa itu). Von Kleist mendapati bahawa menyentuh dawai menyebabkan percikan api yang kuat, jauh lebih menyakitkan daripada yang diperoleh daripada mesin elektrostatik. Pada tahun berikutnya, ahli fizik Belanda, Pieter van Musschenbroek mencipta kapasitor yang sama, yang dinamakan balang Leyden, selepas Universiti Leiden di mana beliau bekerja. Dia juga terkesan dengan kekuatan kejutan yang beliau terima, menulis, \"Saya tidak akan mendapat kejutan kedua untuk kerajaan Perancis.\" <> Siapa yang pertama menemui sifat asas kapasitor? || Ewald Georg von Kleist <> Bilakah sifat asas kapasitor pertama ditemui? || Pada bulan Oktober 1745 <> Dalam percubaan asal di mana sifat kapasitor ditemui, komponen apa yang bertindak sebagai dielektrik? || gelas kaca pegangan tangan <> Selain tangan saintis, apakah komponen eksperimen lain di mana sifat asas kapasitor ditemui bertindak sebagai konduktor kedua? || air itu bertindak sebagai konduktor <> Apa nama ahli fizik Belanda yang mencipta Leyden Jar? || Pieter van Musschenbroek", {"context": "In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, \"I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Ewald Georg von Kleist"}], "question": "Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?", "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In October 1745"}], "question": "When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?", "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "a hand-held glass jar"}], "question": "In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? ", "id": "5726e1755951b619008f813f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the water acted as conductors"}], "question": "Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?", "id": "5726e1755951b619008f8140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Pieter van Musschenbroek"}], "question": "What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?", "id": "5726e1755951b619008f8141"}]}], ["Apabila terdapat perbezaan yang berpotensi merentasi konduktor (contohnya apabila kapasitor dilampirkan di dalam bateri), medan elektrik berkembang di atas dielektrik, menyebabkan cas positif + Q untuk dikumpulkan pada satu plat dan caj negatif -Q untuk mengumpul di sisi lain plat. Sekiranya bateri telah dipasang pada kapasitor untuk jangka masa yang mencukupi, tiada aliran semasa boleh mengalir melalui kapasitor. Walau bagaimanapun, jika voltan yang berbeza-beza masa digunakan di sebalik petunjuk kapasitor, arus anjakan boleh mengalir. <> Bilakah bidang elektrik berkembang di sebalik dielektrik? || Apabila terdapat perbezaan yang berpotensi merentasi konduktor <> Di bawah keadaan apakah aliran arus perpindahan dalam kapasitor? || jika voltan yang berbeza-beza digunakan di antara petunjuk <> Apakah contoh apabila terdapat perbezaan yang berpotensi merentasi konduktor? || apabila kapasitor dilampirkan di bateri <> Apa yang berlaku pada semasa apabila bateri telah dipasang pada kapasitor untuk jumlah masa yang mencukupi? || tiada aliran semasa boleh mengalir melalui kapasitor <> Bagaimana caj terkumpul pada setiap plat kapasitor selepas medan elektrik telah dibangunkan merentasi dielektrik? || caj positif + Q untuk dikutip pada satu plat dan caj negatif -Q untuk mengumpul pada yang lain", {"context": "When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge \u2212Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "When there is a potential difference across the conductors"}], "question": "When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?", "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads"}], "question": "Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?", "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "when a capacitor is attached across a battery"}], "question": "What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? ", "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "no current can flow through the capacitor"}], "question": "What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?", "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge \u2212Q to collect on the other"}], "question": "How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?", "id": "5726dfe9708984140094d457"}]}], ["Kapasitor (yang asalnya dikenali sebagai kondensor) adalah komponen elektrik pasif dua terminal pasif yang digunakan untuk menyimpan tenaga elektrik buat sementara waktu dalam medan elektrik. Bentuk kapasitor praktikal bervariasi, tetapi semuanya mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya dua konduktor elektrik (plat) yang dipisahkan oleh suatu dielektrik (iaitu, penebat yang dapat menyimpan tenaga dengan menjadi terpolarisasi). Konduktor boleh menjadi filem nipis, foil atau manik logam yang disinter atau elektrolit konduktif, dan lain-lain. Dielektrik bertindak tanpa wayar untuk meningkatkan keupayaan cas kapasitor. Bahan-bahan yang biasa digunakan sebagai dielektrik termasuk lapisan kaca, seramik, filem plastik, udara, vakum, kertas, mika, dan lapisan oksida. Kapasitor digunakan secara meluas sebagai bahagian litar elektrik di banyak alat elektrik biasa. Tidak seperti perintang, kapasitor yang ideal tidak menghilangkan tenaga. Sebaliknya, kapasitor menyimpan tenaga dalam bentuk medan elektrostatik antara platnya. <> Apa kapasitor yang pada awalnya dikenali sebagai? || kondensor <> Berapa banyak konduktor elektrik, atau plat, buat semua kapasitor mengandungi sekurang-kurangnya? || dua konduktor elektrik <> Apakah nama penebat dalam semua kapasitor yang boleh menyimpan tenaga dengan menjadi terpolarisasi? || sebuah dielektrik <> Dalam bentuk apakah tenaga penggerak kapasitor? || bentuk medan elektrostatik <> Di mana tenaga yang disimpan oleh kapasitor terletak? || antara platnya", {"context": "A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "a condenser"}], "question": "What was a capacitor originally known as?", "id": "5726d89c708984140094d349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "two electrical conductors"}], "question": "How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?", "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "a dielectric"}], "question": "What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?", "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "the form of an electrostatic field"}], "question": "In what form does a capacitor store energy?", "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "between its plates"}], "question": "Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?", "id": "5726d89c708984140094d34d"}]}], ["Untuk hayat maksimum, kapasitor biasanya perlu dapat mengendalikan jumlah pembalikan maksimum yang akan mengalami sistem. Litar AC akan mengalami pembalikan voltan 100%, manakala litar DC yang lemah dapat mengalami kurang daripada 100%. Pembalikan menimbulkan medan elektrik yang berlebihan di dielektrik, menyebabkan pemanasan berlebihan kedua-dua dielektrik dan konduktor, dan secara mendadak dapat memendekkan jangka hayat kapasitor. Penilaian pembalikan sering akan mempengaruhi pertimbangan reka bentuk untuk kapasitor, dari pilihan bahan dielektrik dan penilaian voltan kepada jenis sambungan dalaman yang digunakan. <> Berapakah peratusan pembalikan voltan yang mengalami pengalaman litar AC? || Pembalikan voltan 100% <> Apa pembalikan voltan dibuat dalam dielektrik kapasitor? || medan elektrik yang berlebihan <> Berapakah peratusan pembalikan voltan yang akan mengalami pengalaman litar DC yang teredam? || kurang daripada 100% <> Apakah kelebihan medan elektrik yang ada di dalam dielektrik menyebabkan? || Pemanasan kedua-dua dielektrik dan konduktor <> Apabila mereka bentuk kapasitor, apakah penarafan penting yang perlu dipertimbangkan? || Penarafan pembalikan", {"context": "For maximum life, capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system will experience. An AC circuit will experience 100% voltage reversal, while under-damped DC circuits will experience less than 100%. Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric, causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors, and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor. Reversal ratings will often affect the design considerations for the capacitor, from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "100% voltage reversal"}], "question": "What percentage of voltage reversal does an AC circuit experience?", "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "excess electric fields"}], "question": "What does voltage reversal create in the dielectric of a capacitor?", "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "less than 100%"}], "question": "What percentage of voltage reversal will an under damped DC circuit experience?", "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "heating of both the dielectric and the conductors"}], "question": "What does excess electric field present in the dielectric lead to?", "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f29f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Reversal ratings"}], "question": "When designing a capacitor, what is an important rating to consider?", "id": "57270c73f1498d1400e8f2a0"}]}], ["Kapasitaran kapasitor tertentu berkurangan apabila umur komponen. Dalam kapasitor seramik, ini disebabkan oleh degradasi dielektrik. Jenis suhu operasi dan penyimpanan dielektrik, ambien adalah faktor penuaan yang paling penting, sementara voltan operasi mempunyai kesan yang lebih kecil. Proses penuaan boleh dibalikkan dengan memanas komponen di atas titik Curie. Penuaan adalah terpantas berhampiran dengan permulaan komponen, dan peranti menstabilkan dari masa ke masa. Kapasitor elektrolitik ketika elektrolit menguap. Berbeza dengan kapasitor seramik, ini berlaku menjelang akhir hayat komponen. <> Apakah nilai beberapa kapasitor berkurangan dengan umur? || Kapasitansi <> Apa yang menyebabkan penurunan capacitance dalam kapasitor seramik kerana mereka berumur? || degradasi dielektrik <> Apakah salah satu faktor penuaan yang paling penting dalam kapasitor? || Jenis dielektrik <> Apakah faktor penting lain yang mengawal bagaimana umur kapasitor? || suhu operasi dan penyimpanan ambien <> Pada titik manakah kesan penuaan kapasitor boleh diterbalikkan jika komponen dipanaskan di luar? || titik Curie", {"context": "The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage has a smaller effect. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over time. Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The capacitance"}], "question": "What value of some capacitors decreases with age?", "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "degradation of the dielectric"}], "question": "What causes the decrease of capacitance in ceramic capacitors as they age?", "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "The type of dielectric"}], "question": "What is one of the most important aging factors in capacitors?", "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "ambient operating and storage temperatures"}], "question": "What is another important factor which governs how a capacitor ages?", "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "the Curie point"}], "question": "At what point can the aging effect of a capacitor be reversed if the component is heated beyond?", "id": "57270870dd62a815002e9826"}]}], ["Arus riak adalah komponen AC bagi sumber yang digunakan (selalunya bekalan kuasa mod bertukar) yang kekerapannya mungkin berterusan atau berbeza-beza. Ripple semasa menyebabkan haba dijana dalam kapasitor disebabkan oleh kehilangan dielektrik yang disebabkan oleh kekuatan medan yang berubah-ubah bersama dengan arus semasa merentasi garis bekalan sedikit rintangan atau elektrolit dalam kapasitor. Rintangan siri bersamaan (ESR) adalah jumlah rintangan siri dalaman yang akan ditambah kepada kapasitor yang sempurna untuk model ini. Sesetengah jenis kapasitor, terutamanya kapasitor elektrolitik tantalum dan aluminium, serta beberapa kapasitor filem mempunyai nilai penarafan tertentu untuk arus riak maksimum. <> Nama apa yang diberikan kepada komponen AC bagi sumber yang digunakan sama ada secara tetap atau frekuensi seli? || Current riot <> Apa salah satu penyebab kerugian dielektrik dalam kapasitor? || menukar kekuatan medan <> Apakah satu lagi sebab kerugian dielektrik dalam kapasitor? || aliran semasa merentasi garis bekalan sedikit rintangan atau elektrolit <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada jumlah rintangan siri dalaman yang perlu ditambah kepada model kapasitor ideal untuk mewakili haba yang dihasilkan oleh kerugian dielektrik? || rintangan siri bersamaan (ESR) <> Apakah satu jenis kapasitor yang mempunyai nilai penarafan yang ditentukan untuk arus riak maksimum? || kapasitor elektrolitik aluminium", {"context": "Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this. Some types of capacitors, primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ripple current"}], "question": "What name is given to the AC component of an applied source having either constant or alternating frequency?", "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "changing field strength"}], "question": "What is one cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?", "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte"}], "question": "What is another cause of dielectric losses in a capacitor?", "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "equivalent series resistance (ESR)"}], "question": "What is the name given to the amount of internal series resistance needed to add to an ideal capacitor model in order to represent the heat generated by dielectric losses?", "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "aluminum electrolytic capacitors"}], "question": "What is one type of capacitor that has a specified rating value for maximum ripple current?", "id": "57270731dd62a815002e97fe"}]}], ["Kapasitor, terutamanya kapasitor seramik, dan reka bentuk yang lebih tua seperti kapasitor kertas, boleh menyerap gelombang bunyi yang menghasilkan kesan mikroponik. Getaran menggerakkan plat, menyebabkan kapasitinya berubah-ubah, seterusnya mendorong arus AC. Sesetengah dielektrik juga menjana piezoelectricity. Interferensi yang dihasilkan adalah sangat bermasalah dalam aplikasi audio, yang berpotensi menyebabkan maklum balas atau rakaman yang tidak diingini. Dalam kesan mikropon yang terbalik, medan elektrik yang berlainan di antara plat kapasitor menimbulkan daya fizikal, memindahkannya sebagai penceramah. Ini boleh menjana bunyi yang boleh didengar, tetapi mengalirkan tenaga dan menekankan dielektrik dan elektrolit, jika ada. <> Apakah kesan yang dipanggil apabila kapasitor menyerap gelombang bunyi? || kesan mikroponik <> Berapakah nilai kapasitor bervariasi apabila getaran menggerakkan plat mengendalikan? || kapasitansi <> Apa jenis semasa yang diinduksi apabila kapasitans kapasitor diubah? || AC semasa <> Dalam apa jenis aplikasi piezeoelectricity terutamanya bermasalah? || aplikasi audio <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila medan elektrik yang berubah di antara plat konduktif kapasitor secara fizikal memindahkannya? || kesan mikropon yang terbalik", {"context": "Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "microphonic effect"}], "question": "What is the effect called when capacitors absorb sound waves?", "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "the capacitance"}], "question": "What value of a capacitor is varied when vibration moves the conducting plates? ", "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "AC current"}], "question": "What sort of current is induced when the capacitance of a capacitor is altered?", "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "audio applications"}], "question": "In what type of applications is piezeoelectricity especially problematic?", "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "the reverse microphonic effect"}], "question": "What is it called when a changing electric field existing between the conductive plates of a capacitor physically moves them?", "id": "57270a05708984140094d8e7"}]}], ["Dalam litar DC dan litar berdenyut, pembalikan semasa dan voltan dipengaruhi oleh redaman sistem. Pembalikan voltan ditemui dalam litar RLC yang kurang teredam. Arahan terbalik semasa dan voltan, membentuk pengayun harmonik antara induktans dan kapasitans. Arus dan voltan akan cenderung berayun dan boleh membalikkan arah beberapa kali, dengan setiap puncaknya lebih rendah daripada sebelumnya, sehingga sistem mencapai keseimbangan. Ini sering dirujuk sebagai nada dering. Sebagai perbandingan, sistem yang secara kritikal yang teredam atau terlalu lembap biasanya tidak mengalami pembalikan voltan. Pembalikan juga ditemui dalam litar AC, di mana arus puncak akan sama di setiap arah. <> Apakah satu jenis litar di mana voltan dan pembalikan semasa dipengaruhi oleh redaman? || Litar DC <> Apakah jenis litar lain di mana pembalikan voltan dan semasa dipengaruhi oleh redaman? || litar berdenyut <> Di bawah keadaan apakah pembalikan voltan berlaku dalam litar RLC? || bawah-lembap <> Apa yang terbentuk antara induktans dan kapasitans apabila arus suis voltan semasa dan suis? || pengayun harmonik <> Apabila sistem terlalu lembap, apa yang biasanya tidak dialami? || pembalikan voltan", {"context": "In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are under-damped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage will tend to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as ringing. In comparison, critically damped or over-damped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current will be equal in each direction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "DC circuits"}], "question": "What is one type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?", "id": "57270b515951b619008f852b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "pulsed circuits"}], "question": "What is another type of circuit in which voltage and current reversal are affected by damping?", "id": "57270b515951b619008f852c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "under-damped"}], "question": "Under what condition does voltage reversal occur in RLC circuits?", "id": "57270b515951b619008f852d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "a harmonic oscillator"}], "question": "What is formed between the inductance and the capacitance when the current and the voltage switch direction?", "id": "57270b515951b619008f852e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "a voltage reversal"}], "question": "When a system is over-damped, what does it typically not experience?", "id": "57270b515951b619008f852f"}]}], ["Kebocoran adalah bersamaan dengan perintang selari dengan kapasitor. Pendedahan berterusan terhadap haba boleh menyebabkan kerosakan dielektrik dan kebocoran berlebihan, masalah yang sering dilihat dalam litar tiub vakum lama, terutamanya di mana kertas minyak dan kapasitor foil digunakan. Dalam banyak litar tiub vakum, kapasitor gandingan interstage digunakan untuk menjalankan isyarat berbeza dari plat satu tiub ke litar grid pada peringkat seterusnya. Kapasitor bocor boleh menyebabkan voltan litar grid akan dibangkitkan daripada tetapan bias yang normal, menyebabkan gangguan semasa atau isyarat yang berlebihan dalam tiub hiliran. Dalam penguat kuasa ini boleh menyebabkan plat menjadi merah, atau perintang menghadang semasa menjadi terlalu panas, bahkan gagal. Pertimbangan serupa berlaku untuk penguat komponen padat komponen (transistor), tetapi disebabkan oleh pengeluaran haba yang lebih rendah dan penggunaan halangan dielektrik poliester moden masalah ini lazimnya menjadi jarang berlaku. <> Dengan apa nilai adalah perintang selari dengan kapasitor sama dengan? || Kebocoran <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kebocoran berlebihan dalam kapasitor? || Pendedahan yang berterusan kepada haba <> Apakah jenis kapasitor yang digunakan untuk membawa isyarat berbeza dari plat konduktif satu tiub ke litar grid pada peringkat seterusnya? || kapasitor gandingan interstage <> Jenis kapasitor apa yang boleh menyebabkan penyelewakan isyarat dalam tiub hiliran? || Kapasiti bocor <> Jika voltan litar grid meningkat di luar tetapan bias tetap, apa yang boleh berlaku kepada plat konduktif dalam penguat kuasa? || menyebabkan pinggan menjadi merah", {"context": "Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage. A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting, causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube. In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red, or current limiting resistors to overheat, even fail. Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid-state (transistor) amplifiers, but owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric barriers this once-common problem has become relatively rare.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Leakage"}], "question": "With what value is a resistor in parallel with a capacitor equal to?", "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Constant exposure to heat"}], "question": "What can cause excessive leakage in a capacitor?", "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "interstage coupling capacitors"}], "question": "What sort of capacitors are used to carry a varying signal from the conductive plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage?", "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "A leaky capacitor"}], "question": "What type of capacitor can cause signal distortion in the downstream tube?", "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "cause the plates to glow red"}], "question": "If the grid circuit voltage is increased beyond its regular bias setting, what can happen to the conductive plates in power amplifiers?", "id": "57270fc9dd62a815002e988e"}]}], ["Untuk kapasitor dielektrik udara, kekuatan medan kerosakan adalah dari 2 hingga 5 MV / m; untuk mika pecahan adalah 100 hingga 300 MV / m; untuk minyak, 15 hingga 25 MV / m; ia boleh menjadi lebih kurang apabila bahan lain digunakan untuk dielektrik. Dielektrik digunakan dalam lapisan yang sangat nipis dan voltan pecahan mutlak kapasitor adalah terhad. Penarafan tipikal bagi kapasitor yang digunakan untuk aplikasi elektronik am terdiri dari beberapa volt hingga 1 kV. Apabila voltan meningkat, dielektrik mestilah lebih tebal, menjadikan kapasitor voltan tinggi yang lebih tinggi setiap kapasitansi daripada yang dinilai untuk voltan yang lebih rendah. Voltan kerosakan amat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti geometri bahagian konduktor kapasitor; Titik tajam atau titik meningkatkan kekuatan medan elektrik pada ketika itu dan boleh membawa kepada kerosakan tempatan. Sebaik sahaja permulaan ini berlaku, pecahan dengan cepat mengalir melalui dielektrik sehingga ia mencapai plat bertentangan, meninggalkan karbon di belakang dan menyebabkan litar yang pendek (atau rintangan yang agak rendah). Hasilnya boleh meledak kerana pendek dalam kapasitor menarik arus dari litar di sekeliling dan menghilangkan tenaga. <> Urutan apa ialah kekuatan medan kerosakan untuk kapasitor dielektrik udara? || dari urutan 2 hingga 5 MV / m <> Daripada urutan apakah kekuatan medan kerosakan untuk kapasitor dielektrik mika? || 100 hingga 300 MV / m <> Dengan cara yang mana dielektrik digunakan untuk menyebabkan voltan kerosakan mutlak kapasitor terhad? || Dielektrik digunakan dalam lapisan yang sangat nipis <> Apa salah satu faktor yang secara kritisnya mempengaruhi voltan pecahan kapasitor? || geometri bahagian konduktor kapasitor <> Apakah perbezaan dalam sifat fizikal dielektrik yang digunakan dalam kapasitor voltan tinggi berbanding kapasitor voltan rendah? || dielektrik mestilah lebih tebal", {"context": "For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV/m; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV/m; for oil, 15 to 25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric. The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 1 kV. As the voltage increases, the dielectric must be thicker, making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages. The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown quickly tracks through the dielectric until it reaches the opposite plate, leaving carbon behind and causing a short (or relatively low resistance) circuit. The results can be explosive as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "of the order 2 to 5 MV/m"}], "question": "What order is the breakdown field strength for air dielectric capacitors of?", "id": "572704df5951b619008f84ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "100 to 300 MV/m"}], "question": "Of what order is the breakdown field strength for mica dielectric capacitors?", "id": "572704df5951b619008f84ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "The dielectric is used in very thin layers"}], "question": "In what way is the dielectric used in order to cause the absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors to be limited?", "id": "572704df5951b619008f84af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts"}], "question": "What is one factor that critically affects the breakdown voltage of the capacitor?", "id": "572704df5951b619008f84b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "the dielectric must be thicker"}], "question": "What is the difference in the physical attributes of the dielectric used in high voltage capacitors compared to low voltage capacitors?", "id": "572704df5951b619008f84b1"}]}], ["Kapasitor yang dibuat dengan apa-apa jenis bahan dielektrik akan menunjukkan beberapa tahap \"penyerapan dielektrik\" atau \"lembaran\". Apabila menunaikan kapasitor dan mencabutnya, selepas masa yang singkat ia boleh menghasilkan voltan disebabkan oleh histerisis dalam dielektrik. Kesan ini boleh ditolak dalam aplikasi seperti sampel ketepatan dan litar atau litar masa. Tahap penyerapan bergantung kepada banyak faktor, dari pertimbangan reka bentuk untuk mengenakan masa, kerana penyerapan adalah proses yang bergantung pada masa. Walau bagaimanapun, faktor utama ialah jenis bahan dielektrik. Kapasitor seperti tantalum elektrolitik atau filem polysulfone mempamerkan penyerapan yang sangat tinggi, manakala polistirena atau Teflon membenarkan penyerapan yang sangat kecil. Dalam sesetengah kapasitor di mana tegangan dan tenaga berbahaya wujud, seperti dalam flashtub, set televisyen, dan defibrillator, penyerapan dielektrik boleh mengecas kapasitor kepada voltan berbahaya selepas ia dipendekkan atau dilepaskan. Mana-mana kapasitor yang mengandungi lebih daripada 10 jus tenaga secara umumnya dianggap berbahaya, manakala 50 joules atau lebih tinggi berpotensi membunuh. Kapasitor boleh kembali ke mana-mana dari 0.01 hingga 20% daripada cas asalnya dalam tempoh beberapa minit, membolehkan kapasitor yang kelihatan selamat untuk menjadi sangat berbahaya. <> Selepas menunaikan dan memutuskan kapasitor, apa yang menyebabkan ia menghasilkan voltan? || histeresis dalam dielektrik <> Apa proses penyerapan dielektrik dalam kapasitor bergantung pada? || bergantung kepada masa <> Tahap penyerapan dielektrik apakah paparan kapasitor elektrolitik tantalum? || penyerapan yang sangat tinggi <> Apakah tahap penyerapan dielektrik akan pameran kapasitor Teflon? || kadar penyerapan yang sangat kecil <> Berapakah jumlah tenaga yang mesti dimuatkan oleh kapasitor untuk dianggap umum berbahaya? || lebih 10 joules tenaga", {"context": "Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material will show some level of \"dielectric absorption\" or \"soakage\". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect can be objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit very high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "hysteresis in the dielectric"}], "question": "After discharging and disconnecting a capacitor, what causes it to develop a voltage?", "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "time-dependent"}], "question": "What does the process of dielectric absorption in a capacitor depend on?", "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "very high absorption"}], "question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a tantalum electrolytic capacitor display? ", "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "very small levels of absorption"}], "question": "What level of dielectric absorption would a Teflon capacitor exhibit?", "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 988, "text": "over 10 joules of energy"}], "question": "What amount of energy must a capacitor contain in order to be generally considered dangerous? ", "id": "57270e2b708984140094d90f"}]}], ["Tenaga maksimum adalah fungsi kelantangan dielektrik, pemalar dan kekuatan dielektrik. Mengubah kawasan plat dan pemisahan antara plat sambil mengekalkan jumlah yang sama menyebabkan tiada perubahan jumlah maksimum tenaga yang kapasitor boleh menyimpan, selagi jarak antara plat masih jauh lebih kecil daripada kedua-dua panjang dan lebar plat. Di samping itu, persamaan ini menganggap bahawa medan elektrik sepenuhnya tertumpu di dielektrik antara plat. Pada hakikatnya terdapat medan fringing di luar dielektrik, contohnya antara sisi plat kapasitor, yang akan meningkatkan kapasitansi kapasitif kapasitor. Ini kadang-kadang dipanggil kapasitans parasit. Bagi sesetengah geometri kapasitor yang mudah, istilah kapasitif tambahan ini dapat dikira secara analitik. Ia menjadi kecil sekali apabila nisbah plat pinggir kepada pemisahan dan panjang pemisahan adalah besar. <> Apakah fungsi jumlah dielektrik, kekuatan dielektrik dan ketelusannya? || Daya maksimum <> Jika kawasan plat dan jarak pemisahan diubah sementara mengekalkan jumlah dielektrik sama, apakah kesannya pada tenaga maksimum kapasitor? || tiada perubahan jumlah maksimum tenaga <> Dalam suatu model kapasitor yang realistis, di mana lagi di antara dielektrik antara konduktor mungkin bidang elektrik dijumpai? || bidang fringing di luar dielektrik <> Apabila medan elektrik wujud antara sisi plat dan juga di dalam dielektrik, apakah kesannya terhadap kapasitansi berkesan kapasitor? || akan meningkatkan kapasitif berkesan <> Apabila rentang panjang plat dan lebar jarak pemisahan adalah besar, saiz apa yang kapasitans parasit? || negligibly kecil", {"context": "The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The maximum energy"}], "question": "What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?", "id": "572700fe708984140094d839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "no change of the maximum amount of energy"}], "question": "If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? ", "id": "572700fe708984140094d83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "fringing fields outside the dielectric"}], "question": "In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?", "id": "572700fe708984140094d83b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "will increase the effective capacitance"}], "question": "When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?", "id": "572700fe708984140094d83c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 839, "text": "negligibly small"}], "question": "When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?", "id": "572700fe708984140094d83d"}]}], ["Kapasitor menyimpang dari persamaan kapasitor yang ideal dalam beberapa cara. Sesetengahnya, seperti kebocoran semasa dan parasit kesan linier, atau boleh dianggap linear, dan boleh ditangani dengan menambah komponen maya ke litar bersamaan kapasitor. Kaedah biasa analisis rangkaian boleh digunakan. Dalam kes-kes lain, seperti dengan voltan pecahan, kesannya tidak boleh digunakan secara linier dan normal (iaitu, linear) analisa rangkaian, kesannya mesti ditangani secara berasingan. Terdapat satu lagi kumpulan, yang mungkin linear tetapi membatalkan anggapan dalam analisa bahawa kapasitansi adalah tetap. Contoh sedemikian adalah pergantungan suhu. Akhirnya, gabungan kesan parasit seperti induktansi, rintangan atau kerugian dielektrik yang wujud dapat menunjukkan tingkah laku yang tidak seragam pada frekuensi berubah operasi. <> Ciri-ciri apa yang boleh kebocoran semasa dan parasit kesan diasumsikan mempunyai dalam persamaan untuk kapasitor yang realistik? || boleh diandaikan linear <> Komponen apa jenis yang boleh ditambah ke litar setara kapasitor untuk menangani kebocoran semasa dan parasit kesan? || komponen maya <> Apabila berhadapan dengan kebocoran arus dan kesan parasit dalam model yang realistik kapasitor, apakah jenis kaedah yang boleh digunakan? || Kaedah biasa analisis rangkaian <> Analisis jenis apa yang tidak boleh digunakan dalam kes kerosakan voltan dalam pemodelan kapasitor? || Analisis rangkaian normal (iaitu, linear) tidak boleh digunakan <> Apa yang menyebabkan andaian pemasukan berterusan gagal walaupun kesannya bersifat linier? || pergantungan suhu", {"context": " Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "can be assumed to be linear"}], "question": "What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?", "id": "572702f4708984140094d879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "virtual components"}], "question": "What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?", "id": "572702f4708984140094d87a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "The usual methods of network analysis"}], "question": "Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?", "id": "572702f4708984140094d87b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used"}], "question": "What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?", "id": "572702f4708984140094d87c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "temperature dependence"}], "question": "What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?", "id": "572702f4708984140094d87d"}]}], ["Kapasitor seramik diskoidal yang kecil dan murah telah wujud semenjak tahun 1930-an, dan terus digunakan secara meluas. Sejak 1980-an, pakej mount surface untuk kapasitor telah digunakan secara meluas. Pakej-pakej ini sangat kecil dan kekurangan sambungan penyambung, membolehkan mereka dipaterikan terus ke permukaan papan litar bercetak. Bahagian pemasangan permukaan mengelakkan kesan frekuensi tinggi yang tidak diingini kerana memimpin dan memudahkan perhimpunan automatik, walaupun pengendalian manual dibuat sukar kerana saiznya yang kecil. <> Sejak bila mempunyai kapasitor cakera seramik yang murah ada? || Sejak tahun 1930-an, sejak bila mempunyai pakej mount surface untuk kapasitor biasa digunakan? || 1980-an <> Apakah kelemahan pakej gunung permukaan yang membolehkan penggunaannya di permukaan papan litar bercetak? || menghubungkan petunjuk <> Apakah salah satu manfaat menggunakan komponen gunung permukaan? || memudahkan perhimpunan automatik <> Apakah satu kesukaran apabila menggunakan komponen gunung permukaan? || pengendalian manual dibuat sukar kerana saiznya yang kecil", {"context": "Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed since the 1930s, and remain in widespread use. Since the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the 1930s"}], "question": "Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?", "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "the 1980s"}], "question": "Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?", "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "connecting leads"}], "question": "What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?", "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "simplify automated assembly"}], "question": "What is one benefit of using surface mount components?", "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e990f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "manual handling is made difficult due to their small size"}], "question": "What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?", "id": "57271a90dd62a815002e9910"}]}], ["Kapasitor pembolehubah yang dikawal secara mekanikal membenarkan jarak plat diselaraskan, contohnya dengan berputar atau meluncurkan satu set plat bergerak ke dalam penjajaran dengan satu set plat pegun. Kapasiti pembolehubah kos rendah memerah bersama-sama seli lapisan aluminium dan plastik dengan skru. Kawalan elektrik bagi kapasitinya boleh dicapai dengan varactors (atau varicaps), yang merupakan diod semikonduktor berprinsip terbalik yang lebar rantau kekurangan berbeza dengan voltan yang digunakan. Ia digunakan dalam gelung fasa terkunci, di antara aplikasi lain. <> Apa kapasitor pemboleh ubah yang dikawal oleh mekanik yang membolehkan diubahsuai? || jarak plat <> Bagaimana kapasitor pembolehubah yang murah mengubah jarak pemisahan antara lapisan plastik dan aluminium? || dengan skru <> Daripada jenis dioda apa varactors atau varicaps terdiri? || diod semikonduktor terbalik terbalik <> Apa yang berubah-ubah sebagai fungsi voltan dalam varactors? || rantau kekurangan <> Apakah aplikasi varactors? || gelung fasa terkunci", {"context": "Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the plate spacing"}], "question": "What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?", "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "with a screw"}], "question": "How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?", "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "reverse-biased semiconductor diodes"}], "question": "Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?", "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "depletion region"}], "question": "What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?", "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "phase-locked loops"}], "question": "What is an application of varactors?", "id": "57271bd3f1498d1400e8f3b4"}]}], ["di mana satu perdana menandakan bahagian sebenar dan perdana dua bahagian khayalan, Z (\u03c9) adalah impedans kompleks dengan dielektrik sekarang, Ccmplx (\u03c9) adalah kapasitif kompleks yang disebut dengan dielektrik sekarang, dan C0 adalah kapasitansi tanpa dielektrik. (Pengukuran \"tanpa dielektrik\" pada asasnya bermakna pengukuran dalam ruang bebas, matlamat yang tidak dapat dicapai walaupun vakum kuantum dijangka menunjukkan tingkah laku nonideal, seperti dichroism.Untuk tujuan praktikal, apabila ralat pengukuran diambil kira, sering pengukuran dalam vakum terestrial, atau hanya pengiraan C0, cukup tepat.) <> Bagaimana impedans kompleks dengan dielektrik diwakili secara matematik? || Z (\u03c9) <> Bagaimana kapasitans kompleks tanpa dielektrik diwakili secara matematik? || C0 <> Mengapa nilai C0 tidak dapat dicapai dalam realiti? || walaupun vakum kuantum dijangka menunjukkan tingkah laku nonideal <> Di bawah keadaan apakah pengiraan C0 yang cukup tepat untuk tujuan pengiraan? || dalam vakum terestrial <> Bagaimana kapasitans kompleks yang diwakili secara matematik dengan hadir dielektrik? || Ccmplx (\u03c9)", {"context": "where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part, Z(\u03c9) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, Ccmplx(\u03c9) is the so-called complex capacitance with the dielectric present, and C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement \"without the dielectric\" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of C0, is sufficiently accurate.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Z(\u03c9)"}], "question": "How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?", "id": "572717315951b619008f85bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "C0"}], "question": "How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?", "id": "572717315951b619008f85be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior"}], "question": "Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?", "id": "572717315951b619008f85bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "in terrestrial vacuum"}], "question": "Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?", "id": "572717315951b619008f85c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Ccmplx(\u03c9)"}], "question": "How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?", "id": "572717315951b619008f85c1"}]}], ["Kapasitor mungkin mempunyai sambungan penyambung mereka yang disusun dalam banyak konfigurasi, contohnya paksi atau radiasi. \"Aksial\" bermaksud membawa di paksi yang sama, biasanya paksi badan silinder kapasitor - petunjuk memanjang dari hujung yang bertentangan. Pendahuluan Radial mungkin lebih tepat dirujuk sebagai tandem; mereka jarang sekali sejajar dengan radii bulatan badan, jadi istilah itu tidak jelas, walaupun sejagat. Para pendahulu (sehingga bengkok) biasanya dalam pesawat selari dengan badan rata kapasitor, dan melanjutkan ke arah yang sama; mereka sering selari seperti yang dihasilkan. <> Apakah satu jenis konfigurasi di mana kapasitor mungkin mempunyai sambungan penyambungan yang teratur? || axially <> Apakah jenis konfigurasi yang lain di mana kapasitor mungkin mempunyai sambungan penyambung yang disusun? || radially <> Yang jenis konfigurasi sering dibuat dengan petunjuk selari dengan badan kapasitor? || Radial <> Bagaimana peneraju kapasitor dikonfigurasi dengan paksi? || pada paksi biasa <> Bagaimana petunjuk jejarian dapat diterangkan dengan lebih tepat? || sebagai tandem", {"context": "Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. \"Axial\" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical body \u2013 the leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads might more accurately be referred to as tandem; they are rarely actually aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is inexact, although universal. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "axially"}], "question": "What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?", "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "radially"}], "question": "What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?", "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Radial"}], "question": "Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?", "id": "572719a45951b619008f85f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "on a common axis"}], "question": "How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?", "id": "572719a45951b619008f85fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "as tandem"}], "question": "How could radial leads be more correctly described?", "id": "572719a45951b619008f85fb"}]}], ["Susunan plat dan dielektrik mempunyai banyak variasi bergantung kepada penarafan yang dikehendaki dari kapasitor. Untuk nilai kapasitans kecil (microfarads dan kurang), cakera seramik menggunakan pelapis logam, dengan dawai membawa terikat kepada salutan. Nilai yang lebih besar boleh dibuat dengan pelbagai susunan plat dan cakera. Kapasitor nilai lebih besar biasanya menggunakan lapisan logam atau lapisan filem logam yang disimpan di atas permukaan filem dielektrik untuk membuat plat, dan filem dielektrik kertas atau plastik yang diresapi - ini digulung untuk menjimatkan ruang. Untuk mengurangkan rintangan siri dan induktansi untuk plat panjang, plat dan dielektrik terhimpit supaya sambungan dibuat di pinggir bersama plat bergulung, bukan pada hujung kertas kerajang atau jalur filem yang diisikan yang terdiri daripada plat. <> Apakah urutan magnitud kapasitansi sesuai untuk kapasitor yang terdiri daripada cakera seramik dengan pelapis logam? || mikrofar dan kurang <> Bagaimana kapasitor nilai yang lebih besar sering dibina? || pelbagai susunan plat dan cakera <> Apa yang digunakan oleh kapasitor nilai yang lebih besar sebagai medium dielektrik? || kertas atau plastik yang diresapi - ini digulung untuk menjimatkan ruang <> Mengapa plat dan dielektrik sering tergelincir dalam kapasitor nilai yang lebih besar? || Untuk mengurangkan rintangan siri dan induktansi <> Bagaimana plat konduktif sering dibuat untuk kapasitor nilai yang lebih besar? || lapisan filem logam yang disimpan di permukaan filem dielektrik", {"context": "The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic \u2013 these are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "microfarads and less"}], "question": "What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?", "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "multiple stacks of plates and disks"}], "question": "How are larger value capacitors often constructed?", "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "impregnated paper or plastic \u2013 these are rolled up to save space"}], "question": "What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?", "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "To reduce the series resistance and inductance"}], "question": "Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?", "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film"}], "question": "How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?", "id": "57271883dd62a815002e98f0"}]}], ["Sekiranya kapasitor didorong dengan voltan masa yang berubah-ubah yang berubah dengan pantas, pada beberapa kekerapan polarisasi dielektrik tidak dapat mengikuti voltan. Sebagai contoh asal-usul mekanisme ini, pencerobohan mikroskopik dalaman yang menyumbang kepada pemalar dielektrik tidak boleh bergerak dengan serta-merta, dan oleh itu, kekerapan voltan selang yang digunakan meningkat, tindak balas dipol adalah terhad dan pemalar dielektrik berkurangan. Perubahan berterusan dielektrik dengan frekuensi disebut sebagai penyebaran dielektrik, dan ditadbir oleh proses relaksasi dielektrik, seperti kelonggaran Debye. Di bawah keadaan sementara, bidang anjakan boleh dinyatakan sebagai (lihat kecenderungan elektrik): <> Di bawah keadaan apa mungkin polarisasi dielektrik tidak dapat mengikuti voltan? || didorong dengan voltan masa yang berbeza-beza yang berubah dengan pantas <> Jenis jenis polimer yang menambah kepada pemalar dielektrik tidak boleh bergerak dengan serta-merta jika voltan yang berubah-ubah yang bervariasi berubah-ubah memacu kapasitor? || dipoles mikroskopik dalaman <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila perubahan berterusan dielektrik dengan kekerapan? || penyebaran dielektrik <> Apa yang mengawal penyebaran dielektrik? || proses relaksasi dielektrik <> Apakah satu contoh proses relaksasi dielektrik? || Debye relaksasi", {"context": "If a capacitor is driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility):", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "driven with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly"}], "question": "Under what condition might the polarization of the dielectric be unable to follow the voltage?", "id": "572715c2708984140094d989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "the internal microscopic dipoles"}], "question": "What type of dipoles which add to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly if a rapidly changing time varying voltage is driving the capacitor?", "id": "572715c2708984140094d98a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "dielectric dispersion"}], "question": "What is it called when a dielectric constant changes with frequency?", "id": "572715c2708984140094d98b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "dielectric relaxation processes"}], "question": "What regulates dielectric dispersion?", "id": "572715c2708984140094d98c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "Debye relaxation"}], "question": "What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?", "id": "572715c2708984140094d98d"}]}], ["Kebanyakan jenis kapasitor termasuk spacer dielektrik, yang meningkatkan kapasitansinya. Dielektrik ini paling sering penebat. Walau bagaimanapun, peranti kapasitansi rendah boleh didapati dengan vakum di antara plat mereka, yang membolehkan operasi voltan yang sangat tinggi dan kerugian yang rendah. Kapasitor berubah-ubah dengan plat mereka terbuka ke atmosfera biasa digunakan dalam rangkaian penalaan radio. Reka bentuk kemudian menggunakan dielektrik foil polimer antara plat bergerak dan pegun, tanpa ruang udara yang penting di antara mereka. <> Apakah kapasitor banyak yang menimbulkan kapasitansi? || spacer dielektrik <> Apakah jenis dielektrik yang digunakan dalam peranti kapasitansi rendah? || vakum <> Apa jenis kapasitor secara tradisional telah digunakan dalam rangkaian penalaan radio? || Kapasitor berubah-ubah <> Bagaimana kapasitor yang digunakan secara tradisional dalam rangkaian penalaan radio berubah dari semasa ke semasa? || gunakan dielektrik foil polimer di antara plat bergerak dan pegun <> Apakah reka bentuk kapasitor yang kemudian digunakan dalam litar penalaan radio tidak lagi mempunyai? || tiada ruang udara penting", {"context": "Most types of capacitor include a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance. These dielectrics are most often insulators. However, low capacitance devices are available with a vacuum between their plates, which allows extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "a dielectric spacer"}], "question": "What do many capacitors contain that raises the capacitance?", "id": "572710e05951b619008f8577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "a vacuum"}], "question": "What sort of dielectric is used in low capacitance devices?", "id": "572710e05951b619008f8578"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Variable capacitors"}], "question": "What sort of capacitors have traditionally been used in radio tuning circuits?", "id": "572710e05951b619008f8579"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates"}], "question": "How did the capacitor traditionally used in radio tuning circuits change over time? ", "id": "572710e05951b619008f857a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "no significant air space"}], "question": "What did the later designs of capacitors used in radio tuning circuits no longer have?", "id": "572710e05951b619008f857b"}]}], ["Beberapa jenis kapasitor lain boleh didapati untuk aplikasi pakar. Supercapacitors menyimpan sejumlah besar tenaga. Supercapacitors yang diperbuat daripada karbon airgel, nanotube karbon, atau bahan elektrod yang sangat berpori, menawarkan kapasitans yang sangat tinggi (sehingga 5 kF pada 2010 [kemas kini]) dan boleh digunakan dalam sesetengah aplikasi dan bukannya bateri yang boleh dicas semula. Kapasitor arus bergantian direka bentuk khusus untuk bekerja pada rangkaian kuasa (voltan) rangkaian kuasa AC. Mereka biasanya digunakan dalam litar motor elektrik dan sering direka untuk mengendalikan arus besar, jadi mereka cenderung menjadi besar secara fizikal. Mereka biasanya dibungkus dengan rapi, selalunya dalam kes-kes logam yang mudah digali / dibumikan. Mereka juga direka bentuk dengan voltan kerosakan semasa langsung sekurang-kurangnya lima kali voltan AC maksimum. <> Apakah ciri utama supercapacitor? || Supercapacitors menyimpan sejumlah besar tenaga <> Apakah satu jenis bahan yang boleh digunakan oleh supercapacitor? || nanotube karbon <> Pada tahun 2010, apakah kapasitansi tertinggi supercapacitor yang telah dicapai? || sehingga 5 kF <> Apa jenis kapasitor yang biasa digunakan dalam litar motor elektrik? || Kapasitor arus bergantian <> Berapa kali voltan AC maksimum adalah kapasitor AC direka untuk bertahan? || sekurang-kurangnya lima kali voltan AC maksimum", {"context": "Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF as of 2010[update]) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries. Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy"}], "question": "What is the main feature of a supercapacitor?", "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "carbon nanotubes"}], "question": "What is one type of material with which a supercapacitor may be constructed?", "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "up to 5 kF"}], "question": "As of 2010, what is the highest capacitance a supercapacitor has achieved?", "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Alternating current capacitors"}], "question": "What type of capacitor is commonly used in electric motor circuits?", "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f34f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 761, "text": "at least five times the maximum AC voltage"}], "question": "How many times the maximum AC voltage are AC capacitors designed to withstand?", "id": "57271452f1498d1400e8f350"}]}], ["Kapasitor elektrolitik menggunakan plat aluminium atau tantalum dengan lapisan dielektrik oksida. Elektroda kedua adalah elektrolit cecair, disambungkan ke litar oleh plat foil yang lain. Kapasitor elektrolitik menawarkan kapasitansi yang sangat tinggi tetapi mengalami toleransi yang lemah, ketidakstabilan yang tinggi, kehilangan kapasiti secara beransur-ansur terutamanya apabila mengalami panas, dan kebocoran arus yang tinggi. Kapasitor berkualiti rendah mungkin bocor elektrolit, yang berbahaya kepada papan litar bercetak. Kekonduksilan elektrolit jatuh pada suhu rendah, yang meningkatkan rintangan siri bersamaan. Walaupun banyak digunakan untuk penyaman bekalan kuasa, ciri-ciri frekuensi tinggi yang lemah menjadikannya tidak sesuai untuk banyak aplikasi. Kapasitor elektrolitik akan merosot sendiri jika tidak digunakan untuk tempoh (sekitar setahun), dan apabila kuasa penuh digunakan litar pintas, merosakkan kapasitor secara kekal dan biasanya meniup sekering atau menyebabkan kegagalan diod penerus (misalnya, peralatan lama, pembajakan dalam tiub penerus). Mereka boleh dipulihkan sebelum digunakan (dan kerosakan) secara beransur-ansur memohon voltan operasi, sering dilakukan pada peralatan tiub vakum antik selama tempoh 30 minit dengan menggunakan pengubah ubah untuk membekalkan kuasa AC. Malangnya, penggunaan teknik ini mungkin kurang memuaskan untuk beberapa peralatan keadaan pepejal, yang mungkin rosak oleh operasi di bawah julat kuasa normalnya, yang memerlukan bekalan kuasa pertama diasingkan daripada litar yang memakan. Rawatan sedemikian mungkin tidak boleh digunakan untuk bekalan kuasa frekuensi tinggi moden kerana ini menghasilkan voltan keluaran penuh walaupun dengan input yang dikurangkan. <> Apakah satu jenis logam yang diperbuat daripada plat kapasitor elektrolitik? || aluminium <> Apa jenis lapisan dielektrik yang digunakan dalam kapasitor elektrolitik? || lapisan oksida oksida <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kekonduksian elektrolit pada suhu rendah? || jatuh pada suhu rendah <> Bagaimana kapasitor elektrolitik dapat digunakan dengan selamat setelah disimpan tidak digunakan untuk jangka masa yang lama? || dengan secara beransur-ansur menerapkan voltan operasi <> Mengapa mungkin kaedah secara perlahan-lahan menggunakan voltan operasi tidak sesuai untuk melindungi kapasitor elektrolitik dalam peranti moden? || ini menghasilkan voltan keluaran penuh walaupun dengan input yang dikurangkan", {"context": "Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors will self-degrade if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes (for instance, in older equipment, arcing in rectifier tubes). They can be restored before use (and damage) by gradually applying the operating voltage, often done on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of 30 minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. Unfortunately, the use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "aluminum"}], "question": "What is one type of metal which the conducting plates in electrolytic capacitors are commonly made of?", "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "an oxide dielectric layer"}], "question": "What type of dielectric layer is used in electrolytic capacitors?", "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "drops at low temperatures"}], "question": "What happens to the conductivity of the electrolyte at low temperatures?", "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1045, "text": "by gradually applying the operating voltage"}], "question": "How can electrolytic capacitors be safely used after having been stored unused for a long time?", "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1534, "text": "these produce full output voltage even with reduced input"}], "question": "Why might the method gradually applying the operating voltage not be suitable to protect electrolytic capacitors in modern devices?", "id": "5727133cdd62a815002e98c0"}]}], ["Beberapa dielektrik pepejal disediakan, termasuk kertas, plastik, kaca, mika dan bahan seramik. Kertas digunakan secara meluas dalam peranti lama dan menawarkan prestasi voltan yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, ia mudah terdedah kepada penyerapan air, dan sebahagian besarnya telah digantikan oleh kapasitor filem plastik. Plastik menawarkan kestabilan dan prestasi penuaan yang lebih baik, yang menjadikannya berguna dalam litar pemasa, walaupun ia mungkin terhad kepada suhu dan frekuensi operasi yang rendah. Kapasitor seramik biasanya kecil, murah dan berguna untuk aplikasi frekuensi tinggi, walaupun kapasitansinya berbeza-beza dengan voltan dan umurnya kurang. Mereka secara luas dikategorikan sebagai dielektrik kelas 1, yang mempunyai kapasitansian variasi yang boleh diprediksi dengan suhu atau kelas 2 dielektrik, yang boleh beroperasi pada voltan yang lebih tinggi. Kapasitor kaca dan mika sangat dipercayai, stabil dan toleran terhadap suhu dan voltan yang tinggi, tetapi terlalu mahal untuk kebanyakan aplikasi arus perdana. Kapasitor elektrolitik dan supercapacitors digunakan untuk menyimpan tenaga yang kecil dan lebih besar, masing-masing, kapasitor seramik sering digunakan dalam resonators, dan kapasitans parasit berlaku di litar di mana struktur mudah konduktor-penebat konduktor terbentuk secara tidak sengaja oleh konfigurasi susunan litar . <> Apakah faedah yang ditawarkan oleh kapasitor kertas pepejal? || prestasi voltan yang agak tinggi <> Apa jenis kapasitor yang kebanyakannya menggantikan kapasitor kertas pepejal? || kapasitor filem plastik <> Apa jenis litar yang kapasitor plastik sangat berguna? || litar pemasa <> Apakah satu jenis kapasitor yang boleh dipercayai yang tahan terhadap perubahan suhu dan voltan? || Kaca <> Apakah jenis kapasitor yang boleh dipercayai yang tahan terhadap perubahan suhu dan voltan? || kapasitor mika", {"context": "Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic materials. Paper was used extensively in older devices and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, it is susceptible to water absorption, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Plastics offer better stability and ageing performance, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to low operating temperatures and frequencies. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and they age poorly. They are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "relatively high voltage performance"}], "question": "What benefit is offered by solid state paper capacitors?", "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "plastic film capacitors"}], "question": "What type of capacitor has mostly replaced solid state paper capacitors?", "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "timer circuits"}], "question": "What sort of circuit are plastic capacitors especially useful for?", "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Glass"}], "question": "What is one type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?", "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "mica capacitors"}], "question": "What is another type of reliable capacitor that is resistant to temperature and voltage changes?", "id": "572711cff1498d1400e8f30e"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kapasitor mempunyai nombor yang dicetak di atas badan mereka untuk menunjukkan ciri-ciri elektrik mereka. Kapasitor yang lebih besar seperti elektrolitik biasanya memaparkan kapasitans sebenar bersama-sama dengan unit (contohnya, 220 \u03bcF). Kapasitor yang lebih kecil seperti seramik, bagaimanapun, menggunakan singkatan yang terdiri daripada tiga digit angka dan satu huruf, di mana digit menunjukkan kapasitansi dalam pF (dikira sebagai XY \u00d7 10Z untuk digit XYZ) dan huruf itu menunjukkan toleransi (J, K atau M untuk \u00b1 5%, \u00b1 10% dan \u00b1 20% masing-masing). <> Bagaimana kapasitor yang lebih besar menyampaikan ciri-ciri elektrik mereka? || memaparkan kapasitans sebenar bersama-sama dengan unit (contohnya, 220 \u03bcF) <> Apakah ciri-ciri elektrik disingkat kapasitor yang lebih kecil terdiri daripada? || tiga digit angka dan satu huruf <> Apa bahagian dari ciri-ciri elektrik kapasitor yang lebih kecil yang menjadikan digit notasi ringkas yang ditandakan? || digit menunjukkan kapasitansi <> Apa huruf notasi disingkat untuk ciri elektrik kapasitor yang lebih kecil? || surat tersebut menunjukkan toleransi <> Dalam unit SI apakah kapasitansi yang dilaporkan pada kapasitor yang lebih kecil? || dalam pF", {"context": "Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 \u03bcF). Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a shorthand consisting of three numeric digits and a letter, where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF (calculated as XY \u00d7 10Z for digits XYZ) and the letter indicates the tolerance (J, K or M for \u00b15%, \u00b110% and \u00b120% respectively).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 \u03bcF)"}], "question": "How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?", "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "three numeric digits and a letter"}], "question": "What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?", "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "the digits indicate the capacitance"}], "question": "What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?", "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "the letter indicates the tolerance"}], "question": "What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?", "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "in pF"}], "question": "In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?", "id": "57271d8b708984140094d9ff"}]}], ["Kapasitor mungkin bencana gagal apabila tertakluk kepada voltan atau arus di luar penarafan mereka, atau ketika mereka mencapai hayat normal mereka. Kegagalan sambungan dielektrik atau logam boleh menyebabkan pembengkokan yang menguapkan cecair dielektrik, menyebabkan kes membonjol, pecah, atau letupan. Kapasitor yang digunakan dalam RF atau aplikasi tinggi semasa yang berterusan boleh menjadi terlalu panas, terutama di pusat gulungan kapasitor. Kapasitor yang digunakan dalam bank kapasitor berkeupayaan tinggi boleh meletup apabila satu kapasitor pendek dalam menyebabkan pembuangan tenaga secara tiba-tiba yang disimpan di seluruh bank ke dalam unit yang gagal. Kapasitor vakum voltan tinggi boleh menjana sinar-X yang lembut walaupun semasa operasi biasa. Pengendalian yang betul, penyambung, dan penyelenggaraan pencegahan dapat membantu meminimumkan bahaya ini. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kegagalan kapasitor? || apabila tertakluk kepada voltan atau arus melebihi penarafan mereka <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada kapasitor yang digunakan dalam aplikasi semasa yang tinggi? || terlalu panas <> Apa yang boleh berlaku kepada kapasitor yang digunakan dalam bank kapasitor tenaga tinggi? || ganas meletup <> Jenis kapasitor apa yang boleh menjana sinar-x lembut? || Kapasitor vakum voltan tinggi <> Apa salah satu cara untuk membantu meminimumkan bahaya kapasitor? || penyelenggaraan pencegahan", {"context": "Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing, and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating"}], "question": "What could cause the failure of a capacitor?", "id": "5727247c5951b619008f8669"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "overheat"}], "question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?", "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "violently explode"}], "question": "What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?", "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "High voltage vacuum capacitors"}], "question": "What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?", "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "preventive maintenance"}], "question": "What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?", "id": "5727247c5951b619008f866d"}]}], ["Dalam pengagihan kuasa elektrik, kapasitor digunakan untuk pembetulan faktor kuasa. Kapasitor sedemikian sering datang sebagai tiga kapasitor disambungkan sebagai beban tiga fasa. Biasanya, nilai-nilai kapasitor ini tidak diberikan di farads tetapi sebagai kuasa reaktif dalam volt-amperes reaktif (var). Tujuannya adalah untuk mengatasi beban induktif dari peranti seperti motor elektrik dan talian penghantaran untuk membuat beban kelihatan kebanyakannya resistif. Beban motor atau lampu individu mungkin mempunyai kapasitor untuk pembetulan faktor kuasa, atau set kapasitor yang lebih besar (biasanya dengan peranti penukaran automatik) boleh dipasang di pusat beban di dalam bangunan atau dalam pencawang utiliti yang besar. <> Dalam senario apa yang kapasitor digunakan untuk pembetulan faktor kuasa? || Dalam pengagihan kuasa elektrik <> Bagaimana kapasitor digunakan untuk pembetulan faktor kuasa yang disediakan? || sebagai tiga kapasitor disambungkan sebagai beban fasa tiga <> Dalam apa unit apa kapasitansi yang dilaporkan untuk kapasitor yang digunakan dalam pembetulan faktor kuasa? || kuasa reaktif dalam volt-ampere reaktif (var) <> Apakah sebabnya untuk menggunakan kapasitor dalam pembetulan faktor kuasa? || untuk mengatasi pemuatan induktif <> Bagaimana kadang-kadang dipasang kapasitor pembetulan faktor kuasa? || di pusat beban di dalam bangunan", {"context": "In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In electric power distribution"}], "question": "In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?", "id": "57272081708984140094da2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "as three capacitors connected as a three phase load"}], "question": "How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?", "id": "57272081708984140094da2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)"}], "question": "In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?", "id": "57272081708984140094da2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "to counteract inductive loading"}], "question": "What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?", "id": "57272081708984140094da2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "at a load center within a building"}], "question": "How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?", "id": "57272081708984140094da2f"}]}], ["Kapasitor disambung selari dengan litar kuasa kebanyakan peranti elektronik dan sistem yang lebih besar (seperti kilang-kilang) untuk menghancurkan dan menyembunyikan turun naik semasa dari sumber kuasa utama untuk menyediakan bekalan kuasa \"bersih\" untuk isyarat atau litar kawalan. Peralatan audio, sebagai contoh, menggunakan beberapa kapasitor dengan cara ini, untuk menghancurkan hibrida tenaga sebelum ia masuk ke dalam litar isyarat. Kapasitor bertindak sebagai rizab tempatan untuk sumber kuasa DC, dan memintas arus AC dari bekalan kuasa. Ini digunakan dalam aplikasi audio kereta, apabila kapasitor menegangkan mengkompensasi induktansi dan rintangan membawa kepada bateri kereta asid plumbum. <> Kenapa kapasitor disambung selari dengan litar kuasa banyak peranti dan sistem besar? || untuk menyediakan bekalan kuasa \"bersih\" untuk isyarat atau litar kawalan <> Bagaimana kapasitor disambungkan dalam tindakan selari dengan arus dari bekalan kuasa? || sebagai rizab tempatan untuk sumber tenaga DC <> Apa satu nilai akaun kapasitor yang mengeras ketika digunakan untuk tujuan audio kereta? || induktansi <> Apakah nilai lain untuk akaun kapasitor yang mengeras apabila digunakan untuk tujuan audio kereta? || rintangan <> Apa yang dilakukan kapasitor selari dengan turun naik semasa untuk menyampaikan kuasa \"bersih\" untuk litar kawalan? || menyembunyikan turun naik semasa", {"context": "Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a \"clean\" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "to provide a \"clean\" power supply for signal or control circuits"}], "question": "Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?", "id": "57271f0a708984140094da0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "as a local reserve for the DC power source"}], "question": "How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?", "id": "57271f0a708984140094da10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "the inductance"}], "question": "What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?", "id": "57271f0a708984140094da11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "resistance"}], "question": "What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?", "id": "57271f0a708984140094da12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "conceal current fluctuations"}], "question": "What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver \"clean\" power for control circuits?", "id": "57271f0a708984140094da13"}]}], ["Kapasitor boleh mengekalkan caj lama selepas kuasa dikeluarkan dari litar; caj ini boleh menyebabkan kejutan berbahaya atau bahkan berpotensi membawa maut atau merosakkan peralatan yang berkaitan. Sebagai contoh, walaupun peranti yang tidak berbahaya seperti unit flash kamera boleh guna, yang dikuasakan oleh bateri 1.5 volt AA, mempunyai kapasitor yang mungkin mengandungi lebih daripada 15 joules tenaga dan akan dikenakan kepada lebih 300 volt. Ini mudah menyampaikan kejutan. Prosedur perkhidmatan untuk peranti elektronik biasanya termasuk arahan untuk menunaikan kapasitor voltan besar atau tinggi, contohnya menggunakan tongkat Brinkley. Kapasitor juga boleh mempunyai perintang pelepasan terbina dalam untuk menghilangkan tenaga tersimpan pada tahap yang selamat dalam beberapa saat selepas kuasa dikeluarkan. Kapasitor voltan tinggi disimpan dengan terminal yang dipintas, sebagai perlindungan daripada voltan yang berbahaya kerana penyerapan dielektrik atau dari voltan sementara kapasitor boleh mengambil dari caj statik atau peristiwa cuaca lulus. <> Berapa banyak tenaga boleh kapasitor dalam kamera pakai mengandungi? || lebih daripada 15 joules tenaga <> Untuk apa voltan boleh kapasitor dari kamera pakai buang dikenakan? || lebih 300 volt <> Alat apa yang boleh digunakan untuk melepaskan kapasitor voltan yang besar? || batang Brinkley <> Bagaimana terminal kapasitor voltan tinggi disimpan? || dengan terminal yang dipintas <> Apa jenis caj yang boleh kapasitor mengambil caj sementara dari? || dari caj statik", {"context": "Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "over 15 joules of energy"}], "question": "How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?", "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "over 300 volts"}], "question": "To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?", "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "a Brinkley stick"}], "question": "What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?", "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "with the terminals shorted"}], "question": "How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?", "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9957"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 923, "text": "from static charges"}], "question": "What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?", "id": "572723b8dd62a815002e9958"}]}], ["Apabila litar induktif dibuka, arus melalui induktansi runtuh dengan cepat, mewujudkan voltan besar di seluruh litar terbuka suis atau geganti. Jika induktansinya cukup besar, tenaga akan menghasilkan percikan api, menyebabkan titik sentuhan untuk mengoksidakan, merosot, atau kadang-kadang dikimpal bersama, atau memusnahkan suis keadaan pepejal. Kapasitor snubber merentasi litar yang baru dibuka mewujudkan jalan untuk impuls ini untuk memintas titik hubungan, dengan itu memelihara kehidupan mereka; ini biasanya dijumpai dalam sistem pemutus penghubung hubungi, contohnya. Begitu juga, dalam litar skala yang lebih kecil, percikan api mungkin tidak mencukupi untuk merosakkan suis tetapi akan tetap memancarkan gangguan frekuensi radio yang tidak diingini (RFI), yang mana kapasitor penapis menyerap. Kapasitor snubber biasanya digunakan dengan penghalang nilai rendah dalam siri, untuk menghilangkan tenaga dan meminimumkan RFI. Kombinasi kapasitif penghalang seperti ini boleh didapati dalam pakej tunggal. <> Apa yang berlaku pada semasa semasa litar induktif dibuka? || semasa melalui induktans runtuh dengan cepat <> Apa yang berlaku kepada voltan apabila litar induktif dibuka? || voltan besar di seluruh litar terbuka suis <> Jenis kapasitor apa yang digunakan untuk membuat jalan untuk memintas mata hubungan? || Kapasitor snubber <> Apakah sistem biasa di mana kapasitor snubber ditemui? || sistem pemutus pemutus kenalan <> Jenis kapasitor apa yang menyerap gangguan frekuensi radio? || sebuah penapis penapis", {"context": "When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy will generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "the current through the inductance collapses quickly"}], "question": "What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?", "id": "572721a4708984140094da49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch"}], "question": "What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?", "id": "572721a4708984140094da4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "A snubber capacitor"}], "question": "What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?", "id": "572721a4708984140094da4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "contact breaker ignition systems"}], "question": "What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?", "id": "572721a4708984140094da4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "a filter capacitor"}], "question": "What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?", "id": "572721a4708984140094da4d"}]}], ["Dalam motosikal sangkar tupai fasa tunggal, penggulungan utama dalam perumahan motor tidak dapat memulakan gerakan putaran pada pemutar, tetapi mampu mengekalkan satu. Untuk memulakan motor, penggilitan \"permulaan\" sekunder mempunyai siri kapasitor yang tidak dipolarisasi untuk memperkenalkan petunjuk dalam arus sinusoidal. Apabila penggulungan sekunder (permulaan) diletakkan pada sudut berkenaan dengan penggulungan utama (berlari), medan elektrik berputar diwujudkan. Kekuatan medan putaran tidak tetap, tetapi cukup untuk memulakan pemutar pemutar. Apabila pemutar mendekati kelajuan operasi, suis sentrifugal (atau relay sensitif semasa dalam siri dengan penggulungan utama) memutuskan kapasitor. Kapasitor mula biasanya dipasang ke bahagian perumahan motor. Ini dipanggil motor permulaan kapasitor, yang mempunyai tork permulaan yang agak tinggi. Biasanya mereka boleh mempunyai empat kali lebih banyak tork bermula daripada motor fasa split dan digunakan pada aplikasi seperti pemampat, mesin pencuci tekanan dan sebarang peranti kecil yang memerlukan tork permulaan yang tinggi. <> Apakah penggulungan utama pada motor sangkar tupai yang mampu menahan? || gerakan putaran pada pemutar <> Jenis kapasitor apa jenis digunakan pada penggulungan kedua motor sangkar tupai? || siri bukan polarisasi mula kapasitor <> Apa kapasitor pada penggulungan kedua motor sangkar tupai lakukan? || memperkenalkan petunjuk dalam sinusoidal current <> Apakah suis sentrifugal melakukan kapasitor apabila rotor mencapai kelajuan operasi? || putuskan kapasitor <> Di manakah kapasitor mula biasanya dipasang? || ke sisi perumahan motor", {"context": "In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary \"start\" winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. When the secondary (start) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary (run) winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque. Typically they can have up-to four times as much starting torque than a split-phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors, pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "a rotational motion on the rotor"}], "question": "What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?", "id": "572722c0708984140094da53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "series non-polarized starting capacitor"}], "question": "What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?", "id": "572722c0708984140094da54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current"}], "question": "What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?", "id": "572722c0708984140094da55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "disconnects the capacitor"}], "question": "What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?", "id": "572722c0708984140094da56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "to the side of the motor housing"}], "question": "Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?", "id": "572722c0708984140094da57"}]}]], [["Dari kurun ke-18 hingga akhir abad ke-20, sejarah sains, terutamanya sains fizikal dan biologi, sering disajikan dalam naratif progresif di mana teori benar menggantikan kepercayaan palsu. Interpretasi sejarah yang lebih baru, seperti Thomas Kuhn, cenderung menggambarkan sejarah sains dalam pelbagai istilah, seperti paradigma yang bersaing atau sistem konseptual dalam matriks yang lebih luas yang merangkumi tema intelektual, budaya, ekonomi dan politik di luar sains. <> Apa yang menggantikan kepercayaan palsu? || teori benar <> Siapa yang menggambarkan sejarah sains dalam matriks yang lebih luas? || Thomas Kuhn <> Berapa tempoh masa sejarah sains mula mengambil naratif progresif? || abad ke-18 <> Thomas Kuhn menggunakan sistem konseptual dan istilah lain untuk menentukan sejarah sains? || paradigma bersaing", {"context": "From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "true theories"}], "question": "What replaced false beliefs?", "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9582"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Thomas Kuhn"}], "question": "Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?", "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9583"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the 18th century"}], "question": "What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?", "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "competing paradigms"}], "question": "Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?", "id": "5726ee62dd62a815002e9585"}]}], ["Dalam Sejarah Lama, siasatan ke atas kerja-kerja alam semesta berlaku dalam siasatan yang bertujuan matlamat praktikal seperti mewujudkan kalendar yang boleh dipercayai atau menentukan bagaimana untuk menyembuhkan pelbagai penyakit dan dalam penyiasatan abstrak yang dikenali sebagai falsafah semulajadi. Orang purba yang dianggap saintis pertama mungkin memikirkan diri mereka sebagai ahli falsafah semulajadi, sebagai pengamal profesion mahir (misalnya, doktor), atau sebagai pengikut tradisi agama (contohnya, pengamal kuil). <> Masa manakah ditandai dengan menyiasat alam semesta? || Antik klasik <> Jenis sains apa yang membuat kalendar dan mencari penawar untuk penyakit sebahagiannya? || falsafah semula jadi <> Apa contoh profesional mahir? || pakar perubatan <> Apakah contoh penyembah agama? || penyembuh kuil <> Apa yang akan dianggap saintis pertama? || ahli falsafah semulajadi", {"context": "In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Classical Antiquity"}], "question": "Which era was marked by investigating the universe?", "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "natural philosophy"}], "question": "What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?", "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "physicians"}], "question": "What is an example of skilled professionals?", "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "temple healers"}], "question": "What is an example of religious devotee?", "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "natural philosophers"}], "question": "What would the first scientists have been considered?", "id": "5726f67cf1498d1400e8f114"}]}], ["Dari permulaan mereka di Sumer (sekarang Iraq) sekitar 3500 SM, orang Mesopotamia mula mencuba untuk merekodkan beberapa pemerhatian dunia dengan data berangka. Tetapi pemerhatian dan pengukurannya dijangkakan untuk tujuan selain untuk menjelaskan undang-undang saintifik. Contoh konkrit undang-undang Pythagoras telah direkodkan, seawal abad ke-18 SM: tablet cuneiform Mesopotamia Plimpton 322 mencatat beberapa kembar tiga Pythagoras (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., bertarikh 1900 SM, mungkin ribuan tahun sebelum Pythagoras, tetapi perumusan abstrak teorem Pythagoras tidak. <> Di manakah orang Mesopotamia berasal? || Sumer <> Seberapa jauh orang-orang Mesopotamia pergi? || 3500 SM <> Apakah kegunaan Mesopotamia untuk merekodkan data tentang dunia di sekitar mereka? || data berangka <> Apakah rekod awal undang-undang Pythagoras? || Abad ke-18 SM <> Tablet mana yang mempunyai triplet Pythagorean di atasnya? || Plimpton 322", {"context": "From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras,  but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Sumer"}], "question": "Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?", "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "3500 BC"}], "question": "How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?", "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "numerical data"}], "question": "What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?", "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "18th century BC"}], "question": "What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?", "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "Plimpton 322"}], "question": "Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?", "id": "5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0ca"}]}], ["Perkembangan penulisan membolehkan pengetahuan disimpan dan disampaikan di seluruh generasi dengan kesetiaan yang lebih besar. Digabungkan dengan pembangunan pertanian, yang membolehkan lebihan makanan, ia menjadi mustahil bagi tamadun awal untuk berkembang, kerana lebih banyak masa dan usaha dapat ditumpukan kepada tugas-tugas (selain dari penghasilan makanan) daripada petani-pengumpul atau petani sara hidup awal telah tersedia . Lebihan ini membenarkan komuniti untuk menyokong individu yang melakukan sesuatu selain daripada bekerja ke arah kelangsungan hidup. Tugas-tugas lain termasuk kajian bersifat sistematik, mengkaji maklumat bertulis yang dikumpulkan dan direkodkan oleh orang lain, dan sering menambah kepada badan maklumat itu. <> Kemajuan pertanian membuat apa yang mungkin? || lebihan makanan <> Mempunyai lebihan makanan yang dibenarkan petani dan pemburu-pemburu untuk menghabiskan lebih sedikit masa bekerja pada apa? || pengeluaran makanan <> Sebelum kemajuan pertanian, apa yang perlu dilakukan petani? || kerja ke arah hidup kosong <> Apa kemajuan yang membantu dalam menyebarkan pengetahuan merentas generasi? || Perkembangan menulis <> Siapa yang mampu menyokong orang-orang yang menambah pengetahuan bertulis alam semulajadi? || komuniti", {"context": "The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "a surplus of food"}], "question": "The advancement of agriculture made what possible?", "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "food production"}], "question": "Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?", "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "work towards bare survival"}], "question": "Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?", "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The development of writing"}], "question": "What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?", "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "community"}], "question": "Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?", "id": "5726f0765951b619008f82df"}]}], ["Sejarah sains adalah kajian perkembangan sains dan pengetahuan saintifik, termasuk sains alam dan sains sosial. (Sejarah seni dan kemanusiaan disebut sebagai sejarah kesarjanaan.) Sains adalah badan empirikal, teoretikal dan pengetahuan praktikal tentang dunia semulajadi, yang dihasilkan oleh saintis yang menekankan pemerhatian, penjelasan, dan ramalan fenomena dunia sebenar . Sebaliknya, historiografi sains, sering membahas kaedah sejarah sejarah intelektual dan sejarah sosial. <> Apakah ilmu semula jadi dan sosial subkategori? || Sejarah sains <> Apakah sejarah seni dan kemanusiaan dipanggil? || sejarah kesarjanaan <> Apakah jenis fenomena kajian sains? || dunia nyata <> Sejarah intelektual dan sejarah sosial digunakan dalam apa? || Historiografi sains", {"context": "The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The history of science"}], "question": "What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?", "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "the history of scholarship"}], "question": "What is the history of arts and humanities called?", "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "real world"}], "question": "What kind of phenomena does science study?", "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Historiography of science"}], "question": "Intellectual history and social history are used in what?", "id": "5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcf"}]}], ["Ahli falsafah Yunani yang paling awal, yang dikenali sebagai pra-Socratik, memberikan jawapan yang bersaing dengan soalan yang terdapat dalam mitos-mitos tetangga mereka: \"Bagaimana kosmos yang dipesan di mana kita hidup?\" Falsafah pra-Sokrat Thales (640-546 SM), yang digelar sebagai \"bapa sains\", adalah yang pertama untuk menguraikan penjelasan bukan supernatural untuk fenomena semulajadi, sebagai contoh, tanah itu mengapung di atas air dan gempa bumi disebabkan oleh pergolakan air di mana tanah mengapung, dan bukannya Poseidon tuhan. Pelajar Thales 'Pythagoras of Samos mengasaskan sekolah Pythagorean, yang menyiasat matematik untuk kepentingannya sendiri, dan merupakan yang pertama untuk meramalkan bahawa Bumi adalah bentuk bola. Leucippus (abad ke-5 SM) memperkenalkan atomisme, teori bahawa semua perkara terbentuk daripada unit yang tidak dapat dipisahkan, yang tidak dapat dipanggil disebut atom. Ini sangat diperkembangkan oleh muridnya Democritus. <> Apakah ahli falsafah Yunani awal yang dikenali sebagai? || pre-Socratics <> Apa soalan yang ahli falsafah Yunani cuba menjawab? || Bagaimana kosmos yang dipesan di mana kita hidup? <> Siapa yang dinamakan \"bapa sains\"? || Thales <> Dewa keagamaan mana yang Thales melemahkan dengan teori ilmiahnya? || Poseidon <> Siapa orang pertama yang menentukan bahawa Bumi adalah bulat? || Samos", {"context": "The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: \"How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?\" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the \"father of science\", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "pre-Socratics"}], "question": "What are early Greek philosophers known as?", "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?"}], "question": "What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?", "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Thales"}], "question": "Who was named \"the father of science\"?", "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Poseidon"}], "question": "Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?", "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Samos"}], "question": "Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?", "id": "5726f75ddd62a815002e9676"}]}], ["Seterusnya, Plato dan Aristotle menghasilkan perbincangan sistematik yang pertama mengenai falsafah semula jadi, yang banyak menghasilkan bentuk penyiasatan alam semula jadi. Pembangunan penalaran deduktif mereka adalah kepentingan dan kegunaan khusus untuk siasatan saintifik kemudian. Plato mengasaskan Akademi Platonik pada tahun 387 SM, yang mottonya adalah \"Biarkan tidak ada yang menyimpang dalam geometri masuk ke sini\", dan ternyata banyak ahli falsafah terkenal. Pelajar Plato Aristotle memperkenalkan empirisisme dan tanggapan bahawa kebenaran sejagat dapat dicapai melalui pemerhatian dan induksi, dengan demikian meletakkan asas-asas kaedah saintifik. Aristotle juga menghasilkan banyak tulisan biologi yang bersifat empirikal, yang menumpukan kepada penyebab biologi dan kepelbagaian kehidupan. Dia membuat pemerhatian terhadap alam semula jadi, terutamanya tabiat dan sifat tumbuhan dan haiwan di dunia di sekelilingnya, mengelaskan lebih daripada 540 spesies haiwan, dan membelah sekurang-kurangnya 50. Tulisan Aristotle sangat memengaruhi beasiswa Islam dan Eropah berikutnya, walaupun akhirnya mereka digantikan dalam Revolusi Saintifik. <> Plato dan Aristotle dikenali untuk membincangkan secara sistematik apa? || falsafah semulajadi <> Teknik diskusi apa yang Plato dan Aristotle bertanggungjawab? || penalaran deduktif <> Tahun apa yang diasaskan oleh Akademi Platonik? || 387 SM <> Aristotle memperkenalkan teori apa? || empiris <> Berapa banyak spesies haiwan dikelaskan oleh Aristotle? || 540", {"context": "Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was \"Let none unversed in geometry enter here\", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "natural philosophy"}], "question": "Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?", "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "deductive reasoning"}], "question": "What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?", "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "387 BC"}], "question": "What year was the Platonic Academy founded?", "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "empiricism"}], "question": "Aristotle introduced what theory?", "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "540"}], "question": "How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?", "id": "5726f8735951b619008f83a5"}]}], ["Dalam astronomi Babilonia, rekod gerakan bintang-bintang, planet-planet dan bulan ditinggalkan pada ribuan tablet tanah liat yang dibuat oleh ahli-ahli Taurat. Malah pada masa ini, tempoh astronomi yang dikenal pasti oleh saintis proto-Mesopotamia masih digunakan secara meluas dalam kalendar Barat seperti tahun solar dan bulan lunar. Dengan menggunakan data ini, mereka membangunkan kaedah aritmetikal untuk mengira panjang perubahan siang hari dalam perjalanan sepanjang tahun dan untuk meramalkan penampilan dan penghilangan Bulan dan planet dan gerhana Matahari dan Bulan. Hanya beberapa nama ahli astronomi yang diketahui, seperti Kidinnu, astronom Chaldean dan ahli matematik. Nilai Kiddinu untuk tahun solar digunakan untuk kalendar hari ini. Astronomi Babylonian adalah \"percubaan pertama dan sangat berjaya untuk memberikan penerangan matematik yang fenomena fenomena astronomi.\" Menurut ahli sejarah A. Aaboe, \"semua jenis astronomi saintifik berikutnya, di dunia Hellenistik, di India, dalam Islam, dan di Barat-jika tidak semestinya semua usaha seterusnya dalam sains yang tepat-bergantung kepada astronomi Babilonia dalam menentukan dan cara asas. \" <> Siapa yang menulis pada tablet tanah liat di astronomi Babilonia? || ahli tafsir <> Di manakah zaman astronomi Mesopotamia masih digunakan? || dalam kalendar Barat <> Siapa Kidinnu? || seorang ahli astronomi Chaldean dan ahli matematik <> Yang percaya bahawa dunia Helenistik bergantung kepada astronomi Babilon? || A. Aaboe <> Di manakah tahun solar Kidinnu dapat digunakan? || kalendar hari ini", {"context": "In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was \"the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena.\" According to the historian A. Aaboe, \"all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West\u2014if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences\u2014depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "scribes"}], "question": "Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?", "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "in Western calendars"}], "question": "Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?", "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician"}], "question": "Who was Kidinnu?", "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 877, "text": "A. Aaboe"}], "question": "Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?", "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "today's calendars"}], "question": "Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?", "id": "5726f50add62a815002e9634"}]}], ["Kata saintis Inggeris adalah relatif baru-baru ini yang dicipta oleh William Whewell pada abad ke-19. Sebelum ini, orang yang menyiasat alam menamakan diri mereka sebagai ahli falsafah semula jadi. Penyiasatan empirikal dunia semula jadi telah digambarkan sejak zaman klasik (contohnya, oleh Thales, Aristotle, dan lain-lain), dan kaedah saintifik telah digunakan sejak Abad Pertengahan (contohnya, oleh Ibn al-Haytham, dan Roger Bacon) , fajar sains moden sering dikesan kembali ke zaman moden dan khususnya kepada revolusi saintifik yang berlaku di Eropah abad ke-16 dan ke-17. Kaedah saintifik dianggap sangat penting untuk sains moden yang beberapa menimbangkan pertanyaan awal ke alam semula jadi untuk menjadi saintifik. Secara tradisinya, ahli sains sains telah menonjolkan sains yang cukup luas untuk memasukkan pertanyaan itu. <> Siapa yang mencipta perkataan \"saintis\"? || William Whewell <> Bilakah perkataan \"saintis\" dibuat? || Abad ke-19 <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh alam semula jadi? || ahli falsafah semulajadi <> Ibn al-Haytham dan Roger Bacon adalah saintis di mana tempoh masa? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Bilakah permulaan ilmu sains moden dianggap? || revolusi saintifik", {"context": "The English word scientist is relatively recent\u2014first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "William Whewell"}], "question": "Who coined the word \"scientist\"?", "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9550"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When was the word \"scientist\" created?", "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9551"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "natural philosophers"}], "question": "What are people who study nature called?", "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9552"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?", "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9553"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "the scientific revolution"}], "question": "When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?", "id": "5726ebefdd62a815002e9554"}]}], ["Mesir purba membuat kemajuan yang signifikan dalam bidang astronomi, matematik dan perubatan. Perkembangan geometri mereka adalah hasil kajian yang lebih baik untuk mengekalkan susun atur dan pemilikan ladang, yang dibanjiri setiap tahun oleh sungai Nil. Segi tiga tepat 3-4-5 dan peraturan lain digunakan untuk membina struktur rectilinear, dan arsitektur pos dan lintel Mesir. Mesir juga merupakan pusat penyelidikan alchemy untuk kebanyakan Mediterranean. Papyrus Edwin Smith adalah salah satu dokumen perubatan pertama yang masih wujud, dan mungkin dokumen terawal yang cuba menggambarkan dan menganalisis otak: ini mungkin dilihat sebagai permulaan yang sangat awal neurosains moden. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara ubat Mesir mempunyai beberapa amalan yang berkesan, ia bukan tanpa amalan yang tidak berkesan dan kadang-kadang berbahaya. Ahli sejarah perubatan percaya bahawa farmakologi Mesir kuno, sebagai contoh, adalah sebahagian besarnya tidak berkesan. Walau bagaimanapun, ia menggunakan komponen berikut untuk merawat penyakit: pemeriksaan, diagnosis, rawatan, dan prognosis, yang memaparkan persamaan yang kukuh dengan kaedah sains asas empirikal dan menurut G. E. R. Lloyd memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan metodologi ini. Papirus Ebers (sekitar 1550 SM) juga mengandungi bukti empirisisme tradisional. <> Tamadun mana yang lebih maju dalam bidang astronomi, matematik, dan perubatan? || Mesir Kuno <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Mesir untuk mengaturkan tanah pertanian mereka? || geometri <> Teori apa yang digunakan oleh orang Mesir untuk membina struktur rectilinear? || Segi tiga tepat 3-4-5 <> Apakah penyelidikan Mesir yang diketahui? || alkimia <> Apakah nama dokumen perubatan terawal? || Papyrus Edwin Smith", {"context": "Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ancient Egypt"}], "question": "Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?", "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "geometry"}], "question": "What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?", "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "The 3-4-5 right triangle"}], "question": "What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?", "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "alchemy"}], "question": "What research was Egypt known for?", "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "The Edwin Smith papyrus"}], "question": "What is the name of the earliest medical document?", "id": "5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ac"}]}], ["Astronomi: Pemerhatian astronomi dari China merupakan urutan berterusan paling lama dari mana-mana tamadun dan termasuk rekod bintik-bintik matahari (112 rekod dari 364 SM), supernovas (1054), bulan dan gerhana matahari. Menjelang abad ke-12, mereka dapat membuat ramalan-ramalan yang cukup tepat, tetapi pengetahuan tentang ini telah hilang semasa dinasti Ming, sehingga Jesuit Matteo Ricci mendapat banyak rasa pada tahun 1601 oleh ramalannya. Oleh 635 ahli astronomi China telah melihat bahawa ekor komet sentiasa menunjuk dari matahari. <> Apakah pemerhatian di astronomi melakukan rekod China? || sunspots <> Apa ramalan yang dibuat pada abad ke-12? || gerhana <> Siapa yang membuat ramalan dalam 1601? || Jesuit Matteo Ricci <> Berapa tahun ahli astronomi Cina mula memerhatikan komet? || 635 <> Berapa banyak rekod sunspots ada di sana? || 112", {"context": "Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty, so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions. By 635 Chinese astronomers had observed that the tails of comets always point away from the sun.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "sunspots"}], "question": "What observations in astronomy did China record?", "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "eclipses"}], "question": "What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?", "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Jesuit Matteo Ricci"}], "question": "Who made predictions in 1601?", "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "635"}], "question": "What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?", "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d962f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "112"}], "question": "How many records of sunspots are there?", "id": "5727d383ff5b5019007d9630"}]}], ["Di Hellenistic Mesir, ahli matematik Euclid meletakkan asas-asas matematik dan memperkenalkan konsep definisi, aksiomi, teorem dan bukti yang masih digunakan hari ini dalam Elemennya, dianggap sebagai buku teks yang paling berpengaruh yang pernah ditulis. Archimedes, yang dianggap sebagai salah seorang ahli matematik terbesar sepanjang masa, dikreditkan dengan menggunakan kaedah keletihan untuk mengira kawasan di bawah arka parabola dengan penjumlahan siri tak terhingga, dan memberikan pengiraan Pi yang sangat tepat. Beliau juga dikenali dalam bidang fizik untuk meletakkan asas-asas hidrostatika, statik, dan penjelasan prinsip tuil. <> Siapa yang menulis buku Elements? || Euclid <> Apa yang terkandung di dalam buku Elements? || asas asas matematik <> Siapa yang dapat menentukan kawasan di bawah parabola? || Archimedes <> Kaedah apa yang Archimedes menggunakan untuk menentukan kawasan di bawah parabola? || keletihan <> Mana angka matematik yang mana Archimedes menghampiri? || Pi", {"context": "In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time, is credited with using the method of exhaustion to calculate the area under the arc of a parabola with the summation of an infinite series, and gave a remarkably accurate approximation of Pi. He is also known in physics for laying the foundations of hydrostatics, statics, and the explanation of the principle of the lever.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Euclid"}], "question": "Who wrote the book Elements?", "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "the foundations of mathematical rigor"}], "question": "What was contained within the book Elements?", "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Archimedes"}], "question": "Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?", "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "exhaustion"}], "question": "What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?", "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Pi"}], "question": "Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?", "id": "5726fb48dd62a815002e96da"}]}], ["Matematik: Pengetahuan matematik yang paling awal di benua kecil India muncul dengan Tamadun Lembah Indus (c. Milenium ke-4 SM ~ milenium SM). Orang-orang peradaban ini membuat batu bata dimensi yang berada dalam perkadaran 4: 2: 1, yang dianggap baik untuk kestabilan struktur bata. Mereka juga cuba menyeragamkan ukuran panjang ke tahap ketepatan yang tinggi. Mereka merancang seorang penguasa-pemerintah Mohenjo-daro-yang unit panjang (kira-kira 1.32 inci atau 3.4 sentimeter) dibahagikan kepada sepuluh bahagian yang sama. Bata yang dihasilkan di zaman purba Mohenjo-daro sering mempunyai dimensi yang merupakan gandaan integral dari unit ini panjang. <> Tamadun Lembah Indus adalah orang pertama yang mempunyai jejak apa? || pengetahuan matematik <> Apa saiz berkadar adalah batu bata yang digunakan oleh tamadun? || 4: 2: 1 <> Ciri-ciri apa yang ditentukan perkadaran batu bata? || kestabilan <> Apa nama penguasa yang mereka buat? || penguasa Mohenjo-daro <> Berapa lama unit dalam inci penguasa Mohenjo-daro? || 1.32 inci", {"context": "Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler\u2014the Mohenjo-daro ruler\u2014whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "mathematical knowledge"}], "question": "The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?", "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8487"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "4:2:1"}], "question": "What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?", "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8488"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "stability"}], "question": "What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?", "id": "5727026e5951b619008f8489"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "the Mohenjo-daro ruler"}], "question": "What was the name of the ruler that they created?", "id": "5727026e5951b619008f848a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "1.32 inches"}], "question": "How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?", "id": "5727026e5951b619008f848b"}]}], ["Matematik: Dari awal, orang Cina menggunakan sistem perpuluhan posisional untuk mengira papan untuk dikira. Untuk menyatakan 10, satu batang diletakkan di dalam kotak kedua dari kanan. Bahasa lisan menggunakan sistem yang serupa dengan bahasa Inggeris: mis. empat ribu dua ratus tujuh. Simbol tidak digunakan untuk sifar. Menjelang abad ke-1 SM, nombor negatif dan pecahan perpuluhan telah digunakan dan Sembilan Bab pada Seni Matematik termasuk kaedah untuk mengekstrak akar pesanan yang lebih tinggi oleh kaedah Horner dan menyelesaikan persamaan linear dan oleh teorem Pythagoras. Persamaan kubik diselesaikan dalam dinasti Tang dan penyelesaian persamaan perintah lebih tinggi dari 3 muncul dalam cetakan pada 1245 AD oleh Ch'in Chiu-shao. Segitiga Pascal untuk koefisien binomial digambarkan sekitar 1100 oleh Jia Xian. <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan oleh ahli matematik Cina awal untuk mengira? || sistem perpuluhan berpusat pada mengira papan <> Satu batang di kotak kedua dari sebelah kanan adalah nombor apa? || 10 <> Bilakah nombor negatif dan perpuluhan mula digunakan? || Abad ke-1 SM <> Teks apa yang termasuk kaedah Horner? || Bab Sembilan pada Seni Matematik <> Apa kaedah matematik maju yang dilakukan oleh dinasti Tang? || Persamaan kubik", {"context": "Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1st century BC, negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras' theorem. Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao. Pascal's triangle for binomial coefficients was described around 1100 by Jia Xian.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "a positional decimal system on counting boards"}], "question": "What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?", "id": "572713ce708984140094d965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "10"}], "question": "One rod in the second box from the right is what number?", "id": "572713ce708984140094d966"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "1st century BC"}], "question": "When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?", "id": "572713ce708984140094d967"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"}], "question": "What text includes Horner's method?", "id": "572713ce708984140094d968"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Cubic equations"}], "question": "What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?", "id": "572713ce708984140094d969"}]}], ["Perubatan: Temuan dari kuburan Neolitik dalam apa yang sekarang Pakistan menunjukkan bukti proto-pergigian di kalangan budaya pertanian awal. Ayurveda adalah sistem perubatan tradisional yang berasal dari India purba sebelum 2500 SM, dan kini diamalkan sebagai satu bentuk ubat alternatif di bahagian lain di dunia. Teks yang paling terkenal ialah Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 Su\u015bruta, yang terkenal kerana menerangkan prosedur-prosedur pada pelbagai bentuk pembedahan, termasuk rhinoplasty, pembaikan lobus telinga yang robek, lithotomi perineal, pembedahan katarak, dan beberapa pengecualian lain dan prosedur pembedahan lain. <> Di manakah kuburan Neolitik? || Pakistan <> Apa hasil penemuan di tanah perkuburan menunjukkan bukti? || proto-pergigian <> Apakah jenis perubatan yang diamalkan di India sebelum 2500 SM? || Ayurveda <> Apakah nama teks yang mempunyai maklumat mengenai Ayurveda? || Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta <> Apakah maklumat dalam Susrutaamhita Susruta? || prosedur pembedahan", {"context": "Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most famous text is the Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta, which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical procedures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Pakistan"}], "question": "Where are the Neolithic graveyards?", "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f31e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "proto-dentistry"}], "question": "What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?", "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f31f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Ayurveda"}], "question": "What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?", "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Su\u015brutasamhit\u0101 of Su\u015bruta"}], "question": "What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?", "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "surgical procedures"}], "question": "What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?", "id": "57271234f1498d1400e8f322"}]}], ["Astronomi: Perkataan pertama mengenai konsep astronomi berasal dari Veda, kesusasteraan agama India. Menurut Sarma (2008): \"Seseorang menemukan dalam spekulasi cerdas Rigveda tentang genesis alam semesta dari tidak wujud, konfigurasi alam semesta, bumi yang menyokong diri sfera, dan tahun 360 hari dibahagikan kepada 12 bahagian yang sama 30 setiap hari dengan bulan interkalari berkala. \". 12 bab pertama Siddhanta Shiromani, yang ditulis oleh Bh\u0101skara pada abad ke-12, meliputi topik-topik seperti: maksud bujur planet; bujur sebenar planet; tiga masalah putaran harian; syzygies; gerhana bulan; gerhana matahari; latitud planet; risikan dan penetapan; bulan sabit; konjungsi planet-planet antara satu sama lain; konjungsi planet dengan bintang tetap; dan patung matahari dan bulan. 13 bab bahagian kedua meliputi sifat sfera, serta pengiraan astronomi dan trigonometri yang penting berdasarkannya. <> Teks manakah yang pertama mempunyai konsep astronomi di dalamnya? || Vedas <> Siapa yang menulis 12 bab pertama dari Siddhanta Shiromani? || Bh\u0101skara <> Dalam apa tempoh masa yang ditulis Siddhanta Shiromani? || Bahagian ke-12 <> Bahagian kedua Siddhanta Shiromani mempunyai berapa bab? || 13 <> Apa topik yang mengandungi bahagian kedua dari Siddhanta Shiromani? || sifat sfera", {"context": "Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): \"One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, and the year of 360 days divided into 12 equal parts of 30 days each with a periodical intercalary month.\". The first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani, written by Bh\u0101skara in the 12th century, cover topics such as: mean longitudes of the planets; true longitudes of the planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of the planets; risings and settings; the moon's crescent; conjunctions of the planets with each other; conjunctions of the planets with the fixed stars; and the patas of the sun and moon. The 13 chapters of the second part cover the nature of the sphere, as well as significant astronomical and trigonometric calculations based on it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "the Vedas"}], "question": "Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?", "id": "572705155951b619008f84b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Bh\u0101skara"}], "question": "Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?", "id": "572705155951b619008f84b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "12th century"}], "question": "In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?", "id": "572705155951b619008f84b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "13"}], "question": "The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?", "id": "572705155951b619008f84ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "the nature of the sphere"}], "question": "What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?", "id": "572705155951b619008f84bb"}]}], ["Ahli astronomi Aristarchus of Samos adalah orang pertama yang dikenali untuk mencadangkan model heliosentrik sistem suria, manakala ahli geografi Eratosthenes dengan tepat mengira lilitan Bumi. Hipparchus (ms 190 - 120 BC) menghasilkan katalog bintang yang pertama. Tahap pencapaian dalam astronomi dan kejuruteraan Helenistik sangat ditunjukkan oleh mekanisme Antikythera (150-100 SM), sebuah komputer analog untuk mengira kedudukan planet. Artefak teknologi kerumitan yang sama tidak muncul semula hingga abad ke-14, ketika jam astronomi mekanikal muncul di Eropah. <> Siapa yang mencipta model solar sistem berpusatkan matahari? || Aristarchus of Samos <> Siapa yang dapat menentukan lilitan Bumi? || Eratosthenes <> Siapa yang membuat katalog bintang pertama? || Hipparchus <> Bilakah mekanisme Antikythera digunakan? || 150-100 SM <> Apa yang digunakan untuk menentukan kedudukan planet dalam sistem solar? || mekanisme Antikythera", {"context": "The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 \u2013 c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150-100 BC), an analog computer for calculating the position of planets. Technological artifacts of similar complexity did not reappear until the 14th century, when mechanical astronomical clocks appeared in Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Aristarchus of Samos"}], "question": "Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?", "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Eratosthenes"}], "question": "Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?", "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Hipparchus"}], "question": "Who made the first catalog of stars?", "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "150-100 BC"}], "question": "When was the Antikythera mechanism used?", "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "the Antikythera mechanism"}], "question": "What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?", "id": "5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bf"}]}], ["Ahli astronomi dan matematikawan Aryabhata (476-550), dalam Aryabhatiya (499) memperkenalkan beberapa fungsi trigonometri (termasuk sinus, ayat, kosina dan sinus), jadual trigonometrik, dan teknik dan algoritma algebra. Pada tahun 628 AD, Brahmagupta mencadangkan graviti adalah daya tarikan. Beliau juga jelas menjelaskan penggunaan sifar sebagai kedua-dua placeholder dan digit desimal, bersama dengan sistem angka numeral Hindu-Arab yang kini digunakan secara universal di seluruh dunia. Terjemahan Arab dari dua teks astronomi tidak lama lagi boleh didapati di dunia Islam, memperkenalkan apa yang akan menjadi angka Arab ke Dunia Islam pada abad ke-9. Semasa abad ke-14 dan ke-16, sekolah astronomi dan matematik Kerala membuat kemajuan yang signifikan dalam bidang astronomi dan terutama matematik, termasuk bidang seperti trigonometri dan analisis. Khususnya, Madhava of Sangamagrama dianggap \"pengasas analisis matematik\". <> Bilakah Aryabhata hidup? || 476-550 <> Apakah fungsi trigonometri yang diketahui oleh Aryabhata? || sine, versine, cosine dan sinus songsang <> Teori apa yang Brahmagupta mencadangkan pada tahun 628 AD? || graviti adalah daya tarikan <> Apa yang Brahmagupta menggunakan angka sifar? || pemegang tempat dan angka perpuluhan <> Bahasa apakah yang dilakukan oleh Brahmagupta dan Aryabhata harus diterjemahkan daripada? || Bahasa Arab", {"context": "Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Arabic translations of the two astronomers' texts were soon available in the Islamic world, introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century. During the 14th\u201316th centuries, the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics made significant advances in astronomy and especially mathematics, including fields such as trigonometry and analysis. In particular, Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered the \"founder of mathematical analysis\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "476-550"}], "question": "When did Aryabhata live?", "id": "572703e65951b619008f849b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine"}], "question": "What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?", "id": "572703e65951b619008f849c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "gravity was a force of attraction"}], "question": "What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?", "id": "572703e65951b619008f849d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "a placeholder and a decimal digit"}], "question": "What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?", "id": "572703e65951b619008f849e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?", "id": "572703e65951b619008f849f"}]}], ["Warisan penting dalam tempoh ini termasuk kemajuan besar dalam pengetahuan faktual, terutama dalam anatomi, zoologi, botani, mineralogi, geografi, matematik dan astronomi; kesedaran mengenai pentingnya masalah saintifik tertentu, terutama yang berkaitan dengan masalah perubahan dan sebab-sebabnya; dan pengiktirafan kepentingan metodologi menerapkan matematik kepada fenomena semulajadi dan menjalankan penyelidikan empirikal. Dalam sarjana-sarjana zaman Helenistik kerap menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang telah dibangunkan dalam pemikiran Yunani terdahulu: penggunaan matematik dan penyelidikan empirikal yang disengajakan, dalam penyelidikan ilmiah mereka. Justeru, jelas garis-garis pengaruhnya yang berpanjangan dari pengaruh filsafat Greek dan Hellenistik purba, kepada ahli falsafah dan saintis Islam zaman pertengahan, ke Renaissance Eropah dan Pencerahan, kepada sains sekular zaman moden. Tidak ada alasan atau pertanyaan yang bermula dengan orang-orang Yunani Purba, tetapi kaedah Socratic telah, bersama dengan idea Borang, kemajuan besar dalam geometri, logik, dan sains semula jadi. Menurut Benjamin Farrington, bekas Profesor Klasik di Swansea University: <> Anatomi, zoologi, geografi, dan kajian seperti mereka dianggap apa? || pengetahuan faktual <> era apa yang digunakan teori-teori Yunani? || the Hellenistic age <> Apa teori sains yang dicipta oleh orang Yunani? || kaedah Socratic <> Siapa yang menggunakan logik, geometri, dan sains semulajadi? || Pemikiran Yunani Purba <> Yunani memainkan peranan utama dengan matematik dan kaedah lain? || penyelidikan empirikal yang disengajakan", {"context": "The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "factual knowledge"}], "question": "Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?", "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "the Hellenistic age"}], "question": "What era utilized Greek theories?", "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 941, "text": "the Socratic method"}], "question": "What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?", "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 917, "text": "the Ancient Greeks"}], "question": "Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?", "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "deliberate empirical research"}], "question": "Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?", "id": "5726f997f1498d1400e8f18c"}]}], ["Theophrastus menulis beberapa penerangan terawal tumbuhan dan haiwan, menubuhkan taksonomi pertama dan melihat mineral dari segi sifat mereka seperti kekerasan. Pliny the Elder menghasilkan apa yang merupakan ensiklopedia terbesar dunia semulajadi pada tahun 77 AD, dan mesti dianggap sebagai pengganti yang sah kepada Theophrastus. Contohnya, dia menerangkan dengan tepat dengan jelas bentuk oktakhedral berlian itu, dan menerangkan bahawa debu berlian digunakan oleh pengukir untuk memotong dan menggilap permata lain kerana kekerasannya yang besar. Pengiktirafannya tentang pentingnya bentuk kristal adalah pendahulunya kepada kristalografi moden, sambil menyebutkan banyak mineral lain yang mengarahkan mineralogi. Beliau juga mengiktiraf bahawa mineral lain mempunyai bentuk kristal ciri, tetapi dalam satu contoh, membingungkan tabiat kristal dengan kerja lapidaries. Beliau juga yang pertama mengenali bahawa amber adalah resin fosil dari pokok pain kerana dia telah melihat sampel dengan serangga yang terperangkap di dalamnya. <> Panduan pengelasan apakah yang dibuat Theophrastus? || taksonomi pertama <> Dalam tahun apakah Pliny the Elder menerbitkan ensiklopedia terbesar? || 77 AD <> Apakah Pliny the Elder memerhatikan berlian? || bentuk octahedral <> Siapa pengukir menggunakan habuk berlian? || untuk memotong dan menggilap permata lain <> Ciri khas apakah Pliny the Elder yang pertama mengenali amber? || adalah resin fosil", {"context": "Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful successor to Theophrastus. For example, he accurately describes the octahedral shape of the diamond, and proceeds to mention that diamond dust is used by engravers to cut and polish other gems owing to its great hardness. His recognition of the importance of crystal shape is a precursor to modern crystallography, while mention of numerous other minerals presages mineralogy. He also recognises that other minerals have characteristic crystal shapes, but in one example, confuses the crystal habit with the work of lapidaries. He was also the first to recognise that amber was a fossilized resin from pine trees because he had seen samples with trapped insects within them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the first taxonomy"}], "question": "What classification guide did Theophrastus create?", "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "77 AD"}], "question": "In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?", "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "the octahedral shape"}], "question": "What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?", "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "to cut and polish other gems"}], "question": "Who do engravers use diamond dust for?", "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 887, "text": "was a fossilized resin"}], "question": "What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?", "id": "5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e2"}]}], ["Dalam astronomi, Al-Battani meningkatkan pengukuran Hipparchus, yang dipelihara dalam terjemahan Ptolemy's H\u00e8 Megal\u00e8 Syntaxis (The great treatise) diterjemahkan sebagai Almagest. Al-Battani juga meningkatkan ketepatan pengukuran presis paksi bumi. Pembetulan yang dibuat kepada model geocentric oleh al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes dan ahli-ahli astronomi Maragha seperti Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi dan Ibn al-Shatir adalah serupa dengan model heliosentrik Copernicus. Teori Heliocentric juga telah dibincangkan oleh beberapa ahli astronomi Islam lain seperti Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, dan Najm al- D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b. <> Pekerjaan siapa yang dilakukan oleh Al-Battani? || Hipparchus <> Apa Artinya Megale Syntaxis? || Rujukan hebat <> Pengukuran yang mana Al-Battani bertambah baik? || paksi bumi <> Model geosentris adalah serupa dengan apa model lain? || Model heliocentric Copernica", {"context": "In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's H\u00e8 Megal\u00e8 Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-Battani, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes and the Maragha astronomers such as Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi and Ibn al-Shatir are similar to Copernican heliocentric model. Heliocentric theories may have also been discussed by several other Muslim astronomers such as Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Abu Said al-Sijzi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, and Najm al-D\u012bn al-Qazw\u012bn\u012b al-K\u0101tib\u012b.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Hipparchus"}], "question": "Whose work did Al-Battani improve?", "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "The great treatise"}], "question": "What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?", "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "the Earth's axis"}], "question": "Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?", "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Copernican heliocentric model"}], "question": "The geocentric model is similar to what other model?", "id": "5727ee784b864d1900164047"}]}], ["Dengan pembahagian Empayar Rom, Empayar Rom Barat kehilangan hubungan dengan masa lalu. Di Timur Tengah, falsafah Yunani dapat mencari sokongan di bawah Empayar Arab yang baru diwujudkan. Dengan penyebaran Islam pada abad ke-7 dan ke-8, satu masa beasiswa Islam, yang dikenali sebagai Zaman Emas Islam, berlangsung hingga abad ke-13. Biasiswa ini dibantu oleh beberapa faktor. Penggunaan bahasa tunggal, bahasa Arab, membenarkan komunikasi tanpa memerlukan penterjemah. Akses kepada teks-teks Yunani dari Empayar Byzantine, bersama dengan sumber-sumber pembelajaran India, menyediakan para sarjana Muslim sebagai asas pengetahuan untuk dibina. <> Apakah akibat dari Kerajaan Romawi yang dibahagikan? || Empayar Rom Barat kehilangan hubungan dengan masa lalu <> Di manakah sokongan yang ditemui untuk falsafah Yunani? || Empayar Arab <> Berapa tempoh masa yang ditandai dengan penyebaran Islam? || abad ke 7 dan ke-8 <> Berapa lamakah Zaman Emas Islam yang terakhir? || hingga abad ke-13 <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan oleh ahli falsafah Islam? || Bahasa Arab", {"context": "With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past"}], "question": "What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?", "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Arab Empire"}], "question": "Where was support found for Greek philosophy?", "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "the 7th and 8th centuries"}], "question": "What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?", "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "until the 13th century"}], "question": "How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?", "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language did Muslim philosophers speak?", "id": "5727e7cdff5b5019007d9808"}]}], ["Para saintis Muslim meletakkan penekanan yang jauh lebih besar terhadap percubaan daripada orang Yunani. Ini membawa kepada kaedah saintifik awal yang dibangunkan di dunia Islam, di mana kemajuan ketara dalam metodologi dibuat, bermula dengan eksperimen Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) pada optik dari c. 1000, dalam bukunya Optik. Undang-undang pembiasan cahaya diketahui oleh Persia. Perkembangan saintifik yang paling penting ialah penggunaan eksperimen untuk membezakan antara teori saintifik yang bersaing yang ditetapkan dalam orientasi empirikal yang umumnya bermula di kalangan saintis Muslim. Ibn al-Haytham juga dianggap sebagai bapa optik, terutamanya untuk bukti empirikal teori intromisi cahaya. Ada juga yang menggambarkan Ibn al-Haytham sebagai \"saintis pertama\" untuk perkembangan kaedah ilmiah modennya. <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan saintis Muslim lebih daripada orang Yunani? || eksperimen <> Buku apa yang ditulis oleh Ibn al-Haytham? || Buku Optik <> Apa undang-undang yang diketahui orang Persia? || Undang-undang pembiasan cahaya <> Apakah nama samaran Ibn al-Haytham itu? || bapa optik <> Teori apa yang Ibn al-Haytham mempunyai bukti untuk? || teori intromisi cahaya", {"context": "Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The law of refraction of light was known to the Persians. The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally empirical orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham is also regarded as the father of optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intromission theory of light. Some have also described Ibn al-Haytham as the \"first scientist\" for his development of the modern scientific method.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "experiment"}], "question": "What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?", "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Book of Optics"}], "question": "What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?", "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "The law of refraction of light"}], "question": "What law did the Persians know of?", "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "the father of optics"}], "question": "What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?", "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "the intromission theory of light"}], "question": "What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?", "id": "5727e88cff5b5019007d9828"}]}], ["Pemulihan intelektual Eropah bermula dengan kelahiran universiti abad pertengahan pada abad ke-12. Hubungan dengan dunia Islam di Sepanyol dan Sicily, dan semasa Reconquista dan Perang Salib, membolehkan orang Eropah mengakses teks Yunani dan Arab saintifik, termasuk karya Aristotle, Ptolemy, J\u0101bir ibn Hayy\u0101n, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, dan Averroes. Para sarjana Eropah mempunyai akses kepada program penterjemahan Raymond Toledo, yang menaja abad ke-12 Toledo School of Translators dari bahasa Arab ke Latin. Kemudian penterjemah seperti Michael Scotus akan belajar bahasa Arab untuk mempelajari teks-teks ini secara langsung. Universiti-universiti Eropah membantu secara material dalam terjemahan dan penyebaran teks-teks ini dan memulakan infrastruktur baru yang diperlukan untuk komuniti saintifik. Malah, universiti Eropah meletakkan banyak karya tentang dunia semulajadi dan kajian alam semula jadi di pusat kurikulumnya, dengan hasilnya \"universiti zaman pertengahan meletakkan penekanan yang jauh lebih besar pada sains daripada rakan sejawatannya yang moden dan keturunannya.\" <> Bilakah universiti zaman pertengahan dibuat? || abad ke-12 <> yang menaja Toledo School of Translators? || Raymond Toledo <> Di Sekolah Toledo Penterjemah, bahasa apa yang diterjemahkan teks bahasa Arab? || Latin <> penterjemah mana yang belajar bahasa Arab untuk dapat belajar teks bahasa Arab secara langsung? || Michael Scotus", {"context": "An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, J\u0101bir ibn Hayy\u0101n, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes. European scholars had access to the translation programs of Raymond of Toledo, who sponsored the 12th century Toledo School of Translators from Arabic to Latin. Later translators like Michael Scotus would learn Arabic in order to study these texts directly. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities. In fact, European university put many works about the natural world and the study of nature at the center of its curriculum, with the result that the \"medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "the 12th century"}], "question": "When were medieval universities created?", "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Raymond of Toledo"}], "question": "Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?", "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?", "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Michael Scotus"}], "question": "Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?", "id": "5727f0a62ca10214002d9a09"}]}], ["Dalam matematik, ahli matematik Persia, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi memberi namanya kepada konsep algoritma, sementara istilah algebra berasal dari al-jabr, permulaan tajuk salah satu penerbitannya. Apa yang sekarang dikenali sebagai angka Arab berasal dari India, tetapi ahli matematik Muslim membuat beberapa perbaikan kepada sistem nombor, seperti pengenalan notasi titik perpuluhan. Ahli matematik Sabian Al-Battani (850-929) menyumbang kepada astronomi dan matematik, manakala sarjana Parsi Al-Razi menyumbang kepada kimia dan perubatan. <> Apakah profesi Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi? || matematikawan <> Di mana perkataan \"algebra\" berasal? || al-jabr <> Di manakah angka Arab berasal? || India <> Apakah ahli matematik Islam menambah angka Arab? || notasi titik perpuluhan <> Apa bidang sains Al-Razi menyumbang? || kimia dan perubatan", {"context": "In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did make several refinements to the number system, such as the introduction of decimal point notation. Sabian mathematician Al-Battani (850-929) contributed to astronomy and mathematics, while Persian scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "mathematician"}], "question": "What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?", "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9994"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "al-jabr"}], "question": "Where does the word \"algebra\" come from?", "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9995"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "India"}], "question": "Where did Arabic numerals originate?", "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "decimal point notation"}], "question": "What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?", "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "chemistry and medicine"}], "question": "What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?", "id": "5727ea142ca10214002d9998"}]}], ["Ibn Sina (Avicenna) dianggap sebagai ahli falsafah Islam paling berpengaruh. Beliau mempelopori sains perubatan eksperimen dan merupakan doktor pertama yang menjalankan ujian klinikal. Dua karya yang paling ketara dalam bidang perubatan ialah Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101' (\"Buku Penyembuhan\") dan The Canon of Medicine, yang kedua-duanya digunakan sebagai teks ubat standard di dunia Islam dan di Eropah dengan baik ke abad ke-17. Di antara sumbangannya adalah penemuan jenis penyakit berjangkit berjangkit, dan pengenalan farmakologi klinikal. <> Siapa yang paling berpengaruh dalam falsafah Islam? || Ibn Sina <> Kaedah apa yang Ibn Sina memperkenalkan? || ujian klinikal <> Apakah maksud Kitab al-shifa? || Kitab penyembuhan <> Kitab al-shifa dan Canon of Medicine dianggap apa? || teks perubatan standard <> Apa ciri yang dilakukan Ibn Sina tentang penyakit berjangkit? || berjangkit", {"context": "Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kit\u0101b al-shif\u0101\u02be (\"Book of Healing\") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century. Amongst his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ibn Sina"}], "question": "Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?", "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "clinical trials"}], "question": "What method did Ibn Sina introduce?", "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Book of Healing"}], "question": "What does Kitab al-shifa mean?", "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "standard medicinal texts"}], "question": "The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?", "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d99ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "contagious"}], "question": "What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?", "id": "5727ef6f2ca10214002d9a00"}]}], ["Misi Jesuit China pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17 \"belajar untuk menghargai pencapaian saintifik budaya kuno ini dan menjadikannya terkenal di Eropah. Melalui korespondensi mereka, saintis-saintis Eropah mula belajar mengenai sains dan budaya China.\" Pemikiran akademik Barat mengenai sejarah teknologi dan sains Cina telah dilancarkan oleh karya Joseph Needham dan Institut Penyelidikan Needham. Antara pencapaian teknologi China, menurut pakar ilmu pengetahuan British, Needham, pengesan seismologi awal (Zhang Heng pada abad ke-2), dunia celestial berkuasa air (Zhang Heng), perlawanan, penciptaan bebas dari sistem perpuluhan, dok kering , kaliper gelongsor, pam omboh berganda tindakan, besi tuang, relau letupan, bajak besi, gerudi biji pelbagai tiub, kereta sorong, jambatan penggantungan, mesin penahan, kipas berputar, payung terjun, gas asli bahan bakar, peta yang dibesarkan, kipas, busak silang, dan roket bahan api pepejal, roket pelbagai jenis, kolar kuda, bersama-sama dengan sumbangan dalam logik, astronomi, perubatan, dan bidang lain. <> Siapa Institut Penyelidikan Needham dinamakan? || Joseph Needham <> Apa jenis jambatan yang berasal dari China? || penggantungan <> Jenis peta apa yang berasal dari China? || dibesarkan <> Apa jenis kipas yang berasal dari China? || rotary <> Apa jenis globe yang dibuat oleh Zhang Heng? || air berkuasa air", {"context": "The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries \"learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture.\" Western academic thought on the history of Chinese technology and science was galvanized by the work of Joseph Needham and the Needham Research Institute. Among the technological accomplishments of China were, according to the British scholar Needham, early seismological detectors (Zhang Heng in the 2nd century), the water-powered celestial globe (Zhang Heng), matches, the independent invention of the decimal system, dry docks, sliding calipers, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the blast furnace, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the winnowing machine, the rotary fan, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, and a solid fuel rocket, the multistage rocket, the horse collar, along with contributions in logic, astronomy, medicine, and other fields.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Joseph Needham"}], "question": "Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?", "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "suspension"}], "question": "What type of bridge originated in China?", "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "raised-relief"}], "question": "What type of map originated in China?", "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "rotary"}], "question": "What type of fan originated in China?", "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "water-powered celestial"}], "question": "What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?", "id": "5727e7003acd2414000def5d"}]}], ["Seismologi: Untuk mempersiapkan lebih baik untuk bencana, Zhang Heng mencipta seismometer pada 132 CE yang memberi amaran segera kepada pihak berkuasa di Luoyang modal bahawa gempa bumi telah berlaku di lokasi yang ditunjukkan oleh arah kardinal atau ordinal tertentu. Walaupun tidak ada gegaran yang boleh dirasakan di ibu negara ketika Zhang memberitahu mahkamah bahawa gempa bumi baru-baru ini berlaku di barat laut, satu mesej datang tidak lama kemudian bahawa gempa bumi telah melanda 400 km (248 mi) hingga 500 km (310 mi) barat laut Luoyang (sekarang Gansu moden). Zhang memanggil alatnya sebagai 'instrumen untuk mengukur angin bermusim dan pergerakan Bumi' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019 \u98ce \u5730\u52a8 \u4eea), yang dinamakan kerana dia dan orang lain berpendapat bahawa gempa bumi kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh pemampatan udara yang terperangkap. Lihat meter seismometer Zhang untuk maklumat lanjut. <> Apa yang dicipta pada tahun 132 CE? || seismometer <> Apakah kejadian yang diukur oleh seismometer? || gempa bumi <> Apakah nama Cina untuk seismometer? || Houfeng didong yi <> Apa yang menyebabkan Cina gempa bumi? || mampatan yang besar terhadap udara terperangkap <> Apa yang dinamakan semula oleh Luoyang? || Gansu", {"context": "Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang told the court that an earthquake had just occurred in the northwest, a message came soon afterwards that an earthquake had indeed struck 400 km (248 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) northwest of Luoyang (in what is now modern Gansu). Zhang called his device the 'instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth' (Houfeng didong yi \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea), so-named because he and others thought that earthquakes were most likely caused by the enormous compression of trapped air. See Zhang's seismometer for further details.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "a seismometer"}], "question": "What was invented in 132 CE?", "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d9658"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "an earthquake"}], "question": "What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?", "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d9659"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Houfeng didong yi"}], "question": "What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?", "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "enormous compression of trapped air"}], "question": "What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?", "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Gansu"}], "question": "What was Luoyang renamed to?", "id": "5727d51bff5b5019007d965c"}]}], ["Pada permulaan abad ke-13, ada terjemahan bahasa Latin yang cukup akurat mengenai karya-karya utama hampir semua penulis kuno yang penting secara intelektual, yang membolehkan perpindahan bunyi idea ilmiah melalui kedua-dua universiti dan biara. Pada masa itu, falsafah semulajadi yang terkandung dalam teks-teks ini mula diperluaskan oleh scholastics yang terkenal seperti Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus dan Duns Scotus. Pendahuluan kaedah saintifik moden, yang dipengaruhi oleh sumbangan awal dunia Islam, dapat dilihat dalam penekanan Grosseteste terhadap matematik sebagai cara untuk memahami sifat, dan pendekatan empirik yang dikagumi oleh Bacon, khususnya dalam Opus Majus. Tesis provokatif Pierre Duhem tentang Pengutuk Gereja Katolik 1277 membawa kepada kajian sains zaman pertengahan sebagai disiplin yang serius, \"tetapi tidak seorang pun dalam bidang itu lagi menyokong pandangannya bahawa sains moden bermula pada tahun 1277\". Walau bagaimanapun, ramai cendekiawan bersetuju dengan pandangan Duhem bahawa Zaman Pertengahan merupakan zaman perkembangan saintifik yang penting. <> Bahasa apakah bahasa kerja penting yang diterjemahkan ke universiti dan biara? || Latin <> Yang suka kaedah empirik? || Bacon <> Yang suka matematik? || Grosseteste <> Siapa yang menulis Kekalahan Gereja Katolik 1277? || Pierre Duhem <> Era apa yang penting untuk kemajuan saintifik? || Zaman Pertengahan", {"context": "At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method, influenced by earlier contributions of the Islamic world, can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus. Pierre Duhem's provocative thesis of the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277 led to the study of medieval science as a serious discipline, \"but no one in the field any longer endorses his view that modern science started in 1277\". However, many scholars agree with Duhem's view that the Middle Ages were a period of important scientific developments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Latin"}], "question": "What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?", "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Bacon"}], "question": "Who favored empirical methods?", "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Grosseteste"}], "question": "Who favored mathematics?", "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Pierre Duhem"}], "question": "Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?", "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 992, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "What era was important for scientific advancements?", "id": "5727f2f53acd2414000df09f"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak penyumbang penting dalam bidang sains Cina sepanjang zaman. Salah satu contoh terbaik ialah Shen Kuo (1031-1095), seorang saintis polymath dan negarawan yang pertama yang menggambarkan kompas jarum magnet yang digunakan untuk navigasi, menemui konsep utara yang sebenar, memperbaiki reka bentuk gnomon astronomi, sfera armilari, tiub penglihatan, dan clepsydra, dan menggambarkan penggunaan drydocks untuk membaiki bot. Selepas memerhatikan proses semula jadi dari lumpur dan penemuan fosil marin di Pergunungan Taihang (ratusan mil dari Lautan Pasifik), Shen Kuo menyusun teori pembentukan tanah, atau geomorfologi. Dia juga mengadopsi teori perubahan iklim beransur-ansur di kawasan-kawasan dari masa ke masa, selepas memerhatikan buluh berbatu yang ditemui di bawah tanah di Yan'an, wilayah Shaanxi. Jika tidak untuk penulisan Shen Kuo, kerja-kerja senibina Yu Hao akan diketahui sedikit, bersama pencipta percetakan jenis alih, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Su Song kontemporari Shen (1020-1101) juga merupakan polymath cemerlang, ahli astronomi yang mencipta atlas langit peta bintang, menulis risalah farmaseutikal dengan subjek berkaitan botani, zoologi, mineralogi, dan metalurgi, dan telah mendirikan sebuah jam tangan astronomi besar di bandar Kaifeng pada tahun 1088. Untuk mengendalikan sfera armillary yang paling berkuasa, clocktowernya menampilkan mekanisme melarikan diri dan penggunaan tertua di dunia menggunakan pemacu rantai pemancar kuasa yang tidak berkesudahan. <> Siapa yang menemui idea utara yang benar? || Shen Kuo <> Bila Shen Kuo hidup? || 1031-1095 <> Apakah kegunaan kering? || untuk membaiki bot <> Apa yang didiami oleh lumpur dan fosil marin Shen Kuo? || geomorfologi <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Shen Kuo untuk mengetahui perubahan iklim? || buluh petik", {"context": "There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031\u20131095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of the astronomical gnomon, armillary sphere, sight tube, and clepsydra, and described the use of drydocks to repair boats. After observing the natural process of the inundation of silt and the find of marine fossils in the Taihang Mountains (hundreds of miles from the Pacific Ocean), Shen Kuo devised a theory of land formation, or geomorphology. He also adopted a theory of gradual climate change in regions over time, after observing petrified bamboo found underground at Yan'an, Shaanxi province. If not for Shen Kuo's writing, the architectural works of Yu Hao would be little known, along with the inventor of movable type printing, Bi Sheng (990-1051). Shen's contemporary Su Song (1020\u20131101) was also a brilliant polymath, an astronomer who created a celestial atlas of star maps, wrote a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy, and had erected a large astronomical clocktower in Kaifeng city in 1088. To operate the crowning armillary sphere, his clocktower featured an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known use of an endless power-transmitting chain drive.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Shen Kuo"}], "question": "Who discovered the idea of true north?", "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "1031\u20131095"}], "question": "When was Shen Kuo alive?", "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "to repair boats"}], "question": "What are drydocks used for?", "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "geomorphology"}], "question": "What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?", "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "petrified bamboo"}], "question": "What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?", "id": "5727e5aa3acd2414000def3d"}]}], ["Pergerakan Romantik abad ke 19 awal sains semula dengan membuka usahan baru yang tidak dijangka dalam pendekatan klasik dari Pencerahan. Penemuan utama datang dalam biologi, terutamanya dalam teori evolusi Darwin, serta fizik (elektromagnetisme), matematik (geometri bukan Euclidean, teori kumpulan) dan kimia (kimia organik). Penurunan Romantisisme berlaku kerana pergerakan baru, Positivisme, mula memegang cita-cita para intelektual selepas tahun 1840 dan bertahan sehingga sekitar 1880. <Pergerakan mana yang berlaku pada abad ke-19? || Pergerakan Romantik <> Teori apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Darwin? || teori evolusi <> Mana-mana subjek fizik terjejas oleh Pergerakan Romantik? || elektromagnetisme <> Apa yang menyebabkan Romantik berakhir? || Positivisme <> Tahun apa berlaku Positivisme? || 1880", {"context": "The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theory) and chemistry (organic chemistry). The decline of Romanticism occurred because a new movement, Positivism, began to take hold of the ideals of the intellectuals after 1840 and lasted until about 1880.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Romantic Movement"}], "question": "Which movement took place during the 19th century?", "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df115"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "theory of evolution"}], "question": "What theory did Darwin introduce?", "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df116"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "electromagnetism"}], "question": "Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?", "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Positivism"}], "question": "What caused Romanticism to end?", "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "1880"}], "question": "What year did Positivism end?", "id": "5727f8783acd2414000df119"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1687, Isaac Newton menerbitkan Principia Mathematica, memperincikan dua teori fizikal yang komprehensif dan berjaya: Hukum gerakan Newton, yang membawa kepada mekanik klasik; dan Hukum Gravitasi Newton, yang menggambarkan daya graviti asas. Tingkah laku elektrik dan daya tarikan dikaji oleh Faraday, Ohm, dan lain-lain pada awal abad ke-19. Kajian-kajian ini membawa kepada penyatuan kedua-dua fenomena itu menjadi satu teori elektromagnetisme, oleh James Clerk Maxwell (dikenali sebagai persamaan Maxwell). <> Apa kerja dicetak oleh Isaac Newton pada tahun 1687? || Principia Mathematica <> Berapa banyak teori dimasukkan ke dalam Principia Mathematica? || Dua <> Konsep apa yang dilakukan oleh Hukum Gravitasi? || kekuatan asas graviti <> Apakah persamaan Maxwell tentang? || elektromagnetisme", {"context": "In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others during the early 19th century. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell's equations).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "the Principia Mathematica"}], "question": "What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?", "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df12f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?", "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df130"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "the fundamental force of gravity"}], "question": "What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?", "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df131"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "electromagnetism"}], "question": "What are Maxwell's equations about?", "id": "5727f9a33acd2414000df132"}]}], ["Separuh pertama abad ke-14 menyaksikan kerja-kerja saintifik penting yang dilakukan, sebahagian besarnya dalam kerangka ulasan akademik mengenai tulisan saintifik Aristoteles. William of Ockham memperkenalkan prinsip parsimony: ahli falsafah semulajadi tidak sepatutnya merapatkan entiti yang tidak perlu, supaya usul itu bukanlah sesuatu yang berbeza tetapi hanya objek yang bergerak dan perantara \"spesies yang masuk akal\" tidak diperlukan untuk menghantar imej objek ke mata. Para ilmuwan seperti Jean Buridan dan Nicole Oresme mula menafsirkan semula unsur-unsur mekanik Aristotle. Khususnya, Buridan mengembangkan teori bahawa dorongan adalah penyebab gerakan projektil, yang merupakan langkah pertama ke arah konsep inersia moden. Kalkulator Oxford mula menganalisis kinematik pergerakan secara matematik, menjadikan analisis ini tanpa mempertimbangkan sebab-sebab gerakan. <> Siapa yang mempelopori pengakuan? || William of Ockham <> Teori apa yang berasaskan gerakan projektil? || dorongan <> Teori apa yang mendorong dorongan membuka jalan? || inersia <> Apa yang dikira oleh Kalkulator Oxford? || kinematik pergerakan", {"context": "The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary \"sensible species\" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "William of Ockham"}], "question": "Who pioneered parsimony?", "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "impetus"}], "question": "What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?", "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "inertia"}], "question": "What theory did impetus pave the way for?", "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "the kinematics of motion"}], "question": "What did the Oxford Calculators measure?", "id": "5727f4004b864d190016408d"}]}], ["Permulaan abad ke-20 membawa permulaan revolusi dalam fizik. Teori-teori Newton yang lama dipertahankan tidak betul dalam semua keadaan. Bermula pada tahun 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr dan lain-lain membangunkan teori kuantum untuk menerangkan pelbagai hasil percubaan anomali, dengan memperkenalkan tahap tenaga diskret. Bukan sahaja mekanik kuantum menunjukkan bahawa undang-undang gerakan tidak memegang skala kecil, tetapi lebih teruk lagi, teori relativiti umum, yang dicadangkan oleh Einstein pada tahun 1915, menunjukkan bahawa latar belakang tetap ruang masa, di mana kedua-dua mekanik Newtonian dan khas relativiti bergantung, tidak dapat wujud. Pada tahun 1925, Werner Heisenberg dan Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger merumuskan mekanik kuantum, yang menerangkan teori kuantum terdahulu. Pemerhatian oleh Edwin Hubble pada tahun 1929 bahawa kelajuan di mana galaksi berkurang positif berkorelasi dengan jarak mereka, membawa kepada pemahaman bahawa alam semesta berkembang, dan perumusan teori Big Bang oleh Georges Lema\u00eetre. <> Apakah subjek sains menerangkan hasil yang tidak dapat dielakkan? || Teori kuantum <> Tahun berapa Einstein menemui teori relativiti umum? || 1915 <> Teori kuantum menjadi subjek pada tahun 1925? || mekanik kuantum <> Yang ahli sains melihat hubungan antara kelajuan dan jarak galaksi? || Edwin Hubble <> Penemuan Edwin Hubble tentang galaksi yang dibenarkan untuk teori oleh Georges Lemaitre? || teori Big Bang", {"context": "The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by introducing discrete energy levels. Not only did quantum mechanics show that the laws of motion did not hold on small scales, but even more disturbingly, the theory of general relativity, proposed by Einstein in 1915, showed that the fixed background of spacetime, on which both Newtonian mechanics and special relativity depended, could not exist. In 1925, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger formulated quantum mechanics, which explained the preceding quantum theories. The observation by Edwin Hubble in 1929 that the speed at which galaxies recede positively correlates with their distance, led to the understanding that the universe is expanding, and the formulation of the Big Bang theory by Georges Lema\u00eetre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "quantum theories"}], "question": "What science subject explains anomalous results?", "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "1915"}], "question": "What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?", "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "quantum mechanics"}], "question": "Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?", "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "Edwin Hubble"}], "question": "Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?", "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 994, "text": "the Big Bang theory"}], "question": "Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?", "id": "5727faabff5b5019007d99ca"}]}], ["Revolusi saintifik adalah sempadan mudah antara pemikiran kuno dan fizik klasik. Nicolaus Copernicus menghidupkan kembali model heliocentric sistem solar yang diterangkan oleh Aristarchus of Samos. Ini diikuti dengan model pergerakan planet pertama yang diketahui oleh Johannes Kepler pada awal abad ke-17, yang mencadangkan planet-planet mengikuti orbit elips, dengan Matahari pada satu fokus elips. Galileo (\"Bapa Fizik Moden\") juga menggunakan eksperimen untuk mengesahkan teori fizikal, elemen penting dalam kaedah saintifik. <> Pergerakan mana yang dianggap sebagai garis pemisah antara pemikiran kuno dan fizik klasik? || Revolusi saintifik <> Siapa yang membuat model heliocentric popular? || Nicolaus Copernicus <> Johannes Kepler mencipta model apa? || gerakan planet <> Apa model Johannes Kepler mencadangkan tentang planet? || planet mengikuti orbit elips <> Apa nama panggilan Galileo? || Bapa Fizik Moden", {"context": "The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, which proposed that the planets follow elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Galileo (\"Father of Modern Physics\") also made use of experiments to validate physical theories, a key element of the scientific method.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The scientific revolution"}], "question": "Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?", "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus"}], "question": "Who made the heliocentric model popular?", "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "planetary motion"}], "question": "Johannes Kepler created a model of what?", "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the planets follow elliptical orbits"}], "question": "What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?", "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Father of Modern Physics"}], "question": "What was Galileo's nickname?", "id": "5727f92b4b864d19001640fc"}]}], ["Zaman Pencerahan adalah urusan Eropah. Abad ke-17 \"Usia Alasan\" membuka jalan menuju langkah-langkah yang menentukan ke arah sains moden, yang berlaku pada abad ke-18 \"Zaman Pencerahan\". Secara langsung berdasarkan karya-karya Newton, Descartes, Pascal dan Leibniz, jalan kini jelas kepada perkembangan matematik, fizik dan teknologi moden oleh generasi Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Leonhard Euler (1707-1783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) dan Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783), melambangkan penampilan Encyclop\u00e9die Denis Diderot antara 1751 dan 1772. Kesan proses ini tidak terhad kepada sains dan teknologi tetapi falsafah terjejas (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), agama (kesan yang semakin ketara dalam sains ke atas agama), dan masyarakat dan politik secara umum (Adam Smith, Voltaire), Revolusi Perancis pada tahun 1789 menetapkan cesura berdarah yang menunjukkan permulaan kemodenan politik [rujukan? . Masa moden awal dilihat sebagai pembungaan Renaissance Eropah, dalam apa yang sering dikenali sebagai Revolusi Saintifik, dilihat sebagai asas sains moden. <> The Age of Reason dibuat cara pergerakan mana? || Zaman Pencerahan <> Apa peristiwa yang dianggap sebagai permulaan zaman moden politik? || Revolusi Perancis 1789 <> Apa buku yang ditulis oleh Denis Diderot? || Encyclop\u00e9die", {"context": "The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century \"Age of Reason\" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century \"Age of Enlightenment\". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the development of modern mathematics, physics and technology by the generation of Benjamin Franklin (1706\u20131790), Leonhard Euler (1707\u20131783), Mikhail Lomonosov (1711\u20131765) and Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717\u20131783), epitomized in the appearance of Denis Diderot's Encyclop\u00e9die between 1751 and 1772. The impact of this process was not limited to science and technology, but affected philosophy (Immanuel Kant, David Hume), religion (the increasingly significant impact of science upon religion), and society and politics in general (Adam Smith, Voltaire), the French Revolution of 1789 setting a bloody cesura indicating the beginning of political modernity[citation needed]. The early modern period is seen as a flowering of the European Renaissance, in what is often known as the Scientific Revolution, viewed as a foundation of modern science.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Age of Enlightenment"}], "question": "The Age of Reason made way for which movement?", "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "the French Revolution of 1789"}], "question": "What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?", "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Encyclop\u00e9die"}], "question": "What book did Denis Diderot write?", "id": "5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1938 Otto Hahn dan Fritz Strassmann mendapati pembelahan nuklear dengan kaedah radiokimia, dan pada tahun 1939 Lise Meitner dan Otto Robert Frisch menulis tafsiran teoritis pertama mengenai proses pembelahan, yang kemudiannya diperbaiki oleh Niels Bohr dan John A. Wheeler. Perkembangan selanjutnya berlaku semasa Perang Dunia II, yang membawa kepada penggunaan praktikal radar dan pembangunan dan penggunaan bom atom. Walaupun proses itu bermula dengan penciptaan siklotron oleh Ernest O. Lawrence pada tahun 1930-an, fizik dalam tempoh pasca perang memasuki fasa sejarah yang dinamakan \"Sains Besar\", memerlukan mesin, belanjawan, dan makmal yang besar untuk menguji teori mereka dan bergerak ke sempadan baru. Penaung utama fizik menjadi kerajaan negeri, yang mengakui bahawa sokongan penyelidikan \"asas\" sering boleh membawa kepada teknologi yang berguna kepada kedua-dua aplikasi ketenteraan dan perindustrian. Pada masa ini, relativiti umum dan mekanik kuantum tidak konsisten antara satu sama lain, dan usaha sedang dijalankan untuk menyatukan kedua-dua mereka. <> Siapa yang mendapati pembelahan nuklear? || Otto Hahn dan Fritz Strassmann <> Siapa yang menyunting kertas pertama mengenai pembelahan nuklear? || Niels Bohr dan John A. Wheeler <> Apakah peristiwa yang berlaku semasa penciptaan bom atom? || Perang Dunia II <> Bom atom adalah sebahagian daripada gerakan mana? || Sains Besar <> Apakah masalah dengan relativiti umum dan mekanik kuantum? || tidak konsisten dengan satu sama lain", {"context": "In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II, which led to the practical application of radar and the development and use of the atomic bomb. Though the process had begun with the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest O. Lawrence in the 1930s, physics in the postwar period entered into a phase of what historians have called \"Big Science\", requiring massive machines, budgets, and laboratories in order to test their theories and move into new frontiers. The primary patron of physics became state governments, who recognized that the support of \"basic\" research could often lead to technologies useful to both military and industrial applications. Currently, general relativity and quantum mechanics are inconsistent with each other, and efforts are underway to unify the two.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann"}], "question": "Who discovered nuclear fission?", "id": "5727fb6b4b864d190016413e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler"}], "question": "Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?", "id": "5727fb6b4b864d190016413f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?", "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Big Science"}], "question": "The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?", "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 981, "text": "inconsistent with each other"}], "question": "What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?", "id": "5727fb6b4b864d1900164142"}]}], ["Kesediaan untuk mempersoalkan kebenaran yang telah diadakan sebelum ini dan mencari jawapan baru mengakibatkan kemajuan saintifik utama yang kini dikenali sebagai Revolusi Saintifik. Revolusi Saintifik secara tradisi dipegang oleh kebanyakan ahli sejarah yang bermula pada tahun 1543, apabila buku-buku De humani corporis fabrica oleh Andreas Vesalius, dan juga De Revolutionibus, oleh ahli astronomi Nicolaus Copernicus, dicetak terlebih dahulu. Tesis buku Copernicus adalah bahawa Bumi bergerak di sekitar Matahari. Tempoh ini memuncak dengan penerbitan Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica pada tahun 1687 oleh Isaac Newton, wakil pertumbuhan penerbitan ilmiah yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini di seluruh Eropah. <> Apa itu Revolusi Saintifik? || tempoh kemajuan saintifik utama <> Tahun berapa dianggap permulaan Revolusi Saintifik? || 1543 <> Apa buku oleh Andreas Vesalius diterbitkan pada tahun 1543? || De humani corporis fabrica (Mengenai Kerja-kerja Tubuh Manusia) <> Apakah tumpuan De Revolutionibus oleh Nicolaus Copernicus? || Bumi bergerak mengelilingi Matahari <> Buku apa yang dicetak oleh Isaac Newton pada tahun 1687? || Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica", {"context": "The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body) by Andreas Vesalius, and also De Revolutionibus, by the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, were first printed. The thesis of Copernicus' book was that the Earth moved around the Sun. The period culminated with the publication of the Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Isaac Newton, representative of the unprecedented growth of scientific publications throughout Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "a period of major scientific advancements"}], "question": "What was the Scientific Revolution?", "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "1543"}], "question": "What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?", "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)"}], "question": "What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?", "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "the Earth moved around the Sun"}], "question": "What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?", "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica"}], "question": "What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?", "id": "5727f6d83acd2414000df0fd"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1348, Kematian Hitam dan bencana lain telah dimeteraikan secara tiba-tiba untuk tempoh pembangunan falsafah dan saintifik secara besar-besaran sebelumnya. Namun, penemuan semula teks kuno telah diperbaiki selepas Kejatuhan Constantinople pada tahun 1453, ketika banyak ulama Byzantine terpaksa mencari perlindungan di Barat. Sementara itu, pengenalan percetakan adalah untuk memberi kesan yang besar kepada masyarakat Eropah. Pelaksanaan penyebaran perkataan yang dicetak secara demokratis dan memudahkan penyebaran ide baru. Idea-idea baru juga membantu mempengaruhi perkembangan sains Eropah pada ketika ini: paling kurang pengenalan Aljabar. Perkembangan ini membuka jalan bagi Revolusi Saintifik, yang mungkin juga difahami sebagai penyambungan semula proses penyelidikan saintifik, yang dihentikan pada permulaan Kematian Hitam. <> Tahun apa Kematian Hitam berlaku? || 1348 <> Apa yang menyebabkan teks-teks kuno ditemui semula oleh ulama Byzantine? || Kejatuhan Constantinople pada 1453 <> Penciptaan percetakan membaik pulih masyarakat? || Eropah <> Bercakap perkataan membolehkan apa? || penyebaran idea-idea baru yang lebih pantas <> Apa jenis matematik yang membantu dalam membangun sains Eropah? || Algebra", {"context": "In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1348"}], "question": "What year did the Black Death occur?", "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "the Fall of Constantinople in 1453"}], "question": "What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?", "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "European"}], "question": "The invention of printing improved which society?", "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "a faster propagation of new ideas"}], "question": "Printed word enabled what?", "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Algebra"}], "question": "What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?", "id": "5727f4f84b864d19001640ae"}]}], ["Pembaharuan pembelajaran di Eropah, yang bermula dengan Scholasticism abad ke-12, berakhir pada masa Kematian Hitam, dan tempoh awal Renaissance Itali yang kemudiannya kadang-kadang dilihat sebagai semangat dalam aktiviti saintifik. Sebaliknya, Renaissance Utara menunjukkan pergeseran tegas dari falsafah semula jadi Aristoteles ke kimia dan sains biologi (botani, anatomi, dan perubatan). Oleh itu sains moden di Eropah telah diteruskan dalam tempoh pergolakan yang hebat: Reformasi Protestan dan Katolik-Reformasi Katolik; penemuan Amerika oleh Christopher Columbus; Kejatuhan Constantinople; tetapi juga penemuan semula Aristotle semasa tempoh Scholastic merangsang perubahan sosial dan politik yang besar. Oleh itu, persekitaran yang sesuai dibuat di mana ia menjadi mungkin untuk mempersoalkan doktrin saintifik, dengan cara yang sama seperti Martin Luther dan John Calvin mempersoalkan doktrin agama. Kerja-kerja Ptolemy (astronomi) dan Galen (ubat-ubatan) didapati tidak selalu sesuai dengan pemerhatian harian. Kerja oleh Vesalius pada mayat manusia mendapati masalah dengan pandangan Anatomi Galen. <> Tumpuan pada pembelajaran pada abad ke-12 dirujuk sebagai apa? || Scholasticism <> Apa yang bermula pada masa yang sama Scholasticism berakhir? || Kematian Hitam <> Masa mana yang datang selepas Scholasticism? || Itali Renaissance <> Apa fokus Renaissance Utara? || kimia dan sains biologi <> Ahli sains mana yang diketahui bekerja di mayat manusia? || Vesalius", {"context": "The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristoteleian natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). Thus modern science in Europe was resumed in a period of great upheaval: the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation; the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus; the Fall of Constantinople; but also the re-discovery of Aristotle during the Scholastic period presaged large social and political changes. Thus, a suitable environment was created in which it became possible to question scientific doctrine, in much the same way that Martin Luther and John Calvin questioned religious doctrine. The works of Ptolemy (astronomy) and Galen (medicine) were found not always to match everyday observations. Work by Vesalius on human cadavers found problems with the Galenic view of anatomy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Scholasticism"}], "question": "The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?", "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "the Black Death"}], "question": "What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?", "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Italian Renaissance"}], "question": "Which era came after Scholasticism?", "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "chemistry and the biological sciences"}], "question": "What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?", "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "Vesalius"}], "question": "Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?", "id": "5727f5f53acd2414000df0db"}]}], ["Sains politik adalah kedatangan lewat dari segi sains sosial [rujukan?]. Walau bagaimanapun, disiplin ini mempunyai set antecedents yang jelas seperti falsafah moral, falsafah politik, ekonomi politik, sejarah, dan bidang-bidang lain yang berkaitan dengan penentuan normatif mengenai apa yang seharusnya dan dengan mengurangkan ciri-ciri dan fungsi bentuk kerajaan yang ideal. Akar politik adalah dalam prasejarah. Dalam setiap tempoh bersejarah dan di hampir setiap kawasan geografi, kita dapat mencari seseorang yang mempelajari politik dan meningkatkan pemahaman politik. <> Apakah kumpulan yang lebih besar mempunyai sains politik? || ilmu sosial <> Di manakah ide-ide sains politik bermula? || prasejarah <> Dalam sejarah, di manakah anda dapat mencari seseorang yang mempelajari politik? || di hampir setiap kawasan geografi", {"context": "Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "social sciences"}], "question": "What larger group does political science belong to?", "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "prehistory"}], "question": "Where did the ideas of political science begin?", "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "in almost every geographic area"}], "question": "In history, where could you find someone studying politics?", "id": "57282d29ff5b5019007d9e9a"}]}], ["Geologi wujud sebagai awan yang terasing, idea-idea yang terputus mengenai batu, mineral, dan bentuk bumi lama sebelum ia menjadi sains yang koheren. Kerja Theophrastus di atas batu, Peri lith\u014dn, tetap berwibawa selama beribu tahun: penafsiran fosilnya tidak terbalik sehingga selepas Revolusi Ilmiah. Polymath Cina Shen Kua (1031-1095) pertama merumuskan hipotesis untuk proses pembentukan tanah. Berdasarkan pemerhatiannya terhadap fosil-fosil dalam lapisan geologi di gunung beratus-ratus batu dari lautan, ia menyimpulkan bahawa tanah itu dibentuk oleh hakisan gunung dan dengan pemendapan lumpur. <> Apakah karya Theophrastus di atas batu dipanggil? || Peri lith\u014dn <> Bila idea Theophrastus mengenai fosil terbukti palsu? || Revolusi Saintifik <> Kapan hidup Shen Kua? || 1031-1095 <> Apa sains yang dilakukan oleh Shen Kua? || pembentukan tanah", {"context": "Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lith\u014dn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polymath Shen Kua (1031\u20131095) first formulated hypotheses for the process of land formation. Based on his observation of fossils in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he deduced that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Peri lith\u014dn"}], "question": "What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?", "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the Scientific Revolution"}], "question": "When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?", "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "1031\u20131095"}], "question": "When did Shen Kua live?", "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "land formation"}], "question": "What science did Shen Kua observe?", "id": "572826eeff5b5019007d9e21"}]}], ["Disiplin ekologi biasanya mengarahkan asalnya kepada sintesis evolusi Darwin dan biogeografi Humboldtian, pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20. Walau bagaimanapun, penting dalam kemunculan ekologi adalah mikrobiologi dan sains tanah-terutamanya konsep kehidupan kitaran, terkenal dalam karya Louis Pasteur dan Ferdinand Cohn. Perkataan ekologi dicipta oleh Ernst Haeckel, yang terutama pandangan alam semulajadi secara umumnya (dan teori Darwin khususnya) adalah penting dalam penyebaran pemikiran ekologi. Pada tahun 1930-an, Arthur Tansley dan lain-lain mula mengembangkan bidang ekologi ekologi, yang menggabungkan sains tanah percubaan dengan konsep tenaga fisiologi dan teknik biologi medan. Sejarah ekologi pada abad ke-20 sangat berkait rapat dengan alam sekitar; hipotesis Gaia, yang pertama kali dirumuskan pada tahun 1960-an, dan merebak pada tahun 1970-an, dan baru-baru ini pergerakan saintifik keagamaan Ekologi Deep telah membawa keduanya lebih dekat bersama-sama. <> Disiplin ekologi adalah kombinasi dari dua subjek? || Evolusi Darwin dan biogeografi Humboldtian <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Louis Pasteur dan Ferdinand Cohn? || konsep kitaran hidup <> Siapa yang datang dengan perkataan \"ekologi\"? || Ernst Haeckel <> Bilakah hipotesis Gaia ditemui? || dalam 1960-an <> Pergerakan apa yang terjadi pada tahun 1970-an? || Ekologi dalam", {"context": "The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science\u2014particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography"}], "question": "The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?", "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "the cycle of life concept"}], "question": "What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?", "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Ernst Haeckel"}], "question": "Who came up with the word \"ecology\"?", "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 868, "text": "in the 1960s"}], "question": "When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?", "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "Deep Ecology"}], "question": "What movement occurred during the 1970s?", "id": "57282cbb2ca10214002d9fea"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1847, pakar perubatan Hungary, Ign\u00e1c F\u00fcl\u00f6p Semmelweis, telah mengurangkan pengaliran demam puerperal dengan semata-mata memerlukan doktor untuk mencuci tangan sebelum menghadiri kelahiran wanita. Penemuan ini meramalkan teori penyakit kuman. Walau bagaimanapun, penemuan Semmelweis tidak dihargai oleh sezamannya dan hanya digunakan dengan penemuan oleh pakar bedah British Joseph Lister, yang pada tahun 1865 membuktikan prinsip-prinsip antisepsis. Kerja-kerja Lister adalah berdasarkan penemuan penting oleh ahli biologi Perancis, Louis Pasteur. Pasteur dapat mengaitkan mikroorganisma dengan penyakit, merevolusikan ubat. Dia juga merancang salah satu kaedah yang paling penting dalam perubatan pencegahan, ketika pada tahun 1880 ia menghasilkan vaksin terhadap rabies. Pasteur mencipta proses pasteurisasi, untuk membantu mencegah penyebaran penyakit melalui susu dan makanan lain. <> Apakah profesion Ignac Fulop Semmelweis? || doktor <> Bagaimana Semmelweis mengurangkan demam lelah? || yang memerlukan doktor untuk mencuci tangan <> Apa yang berlaku selepas kesedaran bahawa doktor sepatutnya tangan mereka sebelum bersalin? || teori kuman penyakit <> Apa yang dibuktikan oleh Joseph Lister? || antisepsis <> Siapa yang Joseph Lister mengasaskan karyanya? || Louis Pasteur", {"context": "In 1847, Hungarian physician Ign\u00e1c F\u00fcl\u00f6p Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporaries and came into use only with discoveries by British surgeon Joseph Lister, who in 1865 proved the principles of antisepsis. Lister's work was based on the important findings by French biologist Louis Pasteur. Pasteur was able to link microorganisms with disease, revolutionizing medicine. He also devised one of the most important methods in preventive medicine, when in 1880 he produced a vaccine against rabies. Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, to help prevent the spread of disease through milk and other foods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "physician"}], "question": "What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?", "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "requiring physicians to wash their hands"}], "question": "How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?", "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the germ theory of disease"}], "question": "What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?", "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "antisepsis"}], "question": "What did Joseph Lister prove?", "id": "57282afc4b864d1900164649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Louis Pasteur"}], "question": "Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?", "id": "57282afc4b864d190016464a"}]}], ["Geologi tidak menjalani penstrukturan semula sistematik semasa Revolusi Saintifik, tetapi ahli teori individu membuat sumbangan penting. Sebagai contoh, Robert Hooke menggubal teori gempa bumi, dan Nicholas Steno mengembangkan teori superposisi dan berpendapat bahawa fosil adalah jenazah makhluk-makhluk yang pernah hidup. Bermula dengan Teori Suci Thomas Burnet di Bumi pada tahun 1681, ahli falsafah semulajadi mula meneroka idea bahawa bumi telah berubah dari masa ke masa. Burnet dan sezamannya menafsirkan masa lalu Bumi dari segi peristiwa yang dijelaskan dalam Alkitab, tetapi karya mereka meletakkan asas intelektual untuk penafsiran sekular tentang sejarah bumi. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada geologi semasa Revolusi Saintifik? || ahli teori individu membuat sumbangan penting <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Robert Hooke? || gempa bumi <> Teori apa yang ditemui Nicholas Steno? || teori superposisi <> Apa buku Thomas Burnet betul pada tahun 1681? || Teori Suci Suci Bumi <> Teks apa yang dilakukan oleh Burnet membantunya? || Alkitab", {"context": "Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatures. Beginning with Thomas Burnet's Sacred Theory of the Earth in 1681, natural philosophers began to explore the idea that the Earth had changed over time. Burnet and his contemporaries interpreted Earth's past in terms of events described in the Bible, but their work laid the intellectual foundations for secular interpretations of Earth history.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "individual theorists made important contributions"}], "question": "What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?", "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "earthquakes"}], "question": "What did Robert Hooke study?", "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "the theory of superposition"}], "question": "What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?", "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Sacred Theory of the Earth"}], "question": "What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?", "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "the Bible"}], "question": "What text did Burnet base his work off of?", "id": "572827c62ca10214002d9f6a"}]}], ["Sepanjang abad ke-19, tumpuan geologi beralih dari penjelasan dan pengelasan ke percubaan untuk memahami bagaimana permukaan bumi telah berubah. Teori komprehensif pertama bangunan gunung dicadangkan dalam tempoh ini, seperti juga teori moden yang pertama mengenai gempa bumi dan gunung berapi. Louis Agassiz dan lain-lain menubuhkan realiti zaman ais yang meliputi benua, dan \"fluvialists\" seperti Andrew Crombie Ramsay berhujah bahawa lembah sungai dibentuk, selama berjuta-juta tahun oleh sungai-sungai yang mengalir melalui mereka. Selepas penemuan radioaktiviti, kaedah dating radiometrik telah dibangunkan, bermula pada abad ke-20. Teori Alfred Wegener tentang \"hanyut kontinental\" secara meluas dibuang ketika dia mencadangkannya pada tahun 1910-an, tetapi data baru yang dikumpulkan pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an membawa teori tektonik plat, yang memberikan mekanisme yang masuk akal untuknya. Plat tektonik juga menyediakan penjelasan bersatu untuk pelbagai fenomena geologi yang tidak berkaitan. Sejak 1970 ia berfungsi sebagai prinsip penyatuan dalam geologi. <> Apa yang berubah tentang cara geologi dilaksanakan pada abad ke-19? || beralih dari keterangan dan klasifikasi kepada percubaan untuk memahami bagaimana permukaan Bumi telah berubah <> Idea umur es yang meliputi seluruh benua telah dicadangkan oleh siapa? || Louis Agassiz <> Apa kumpulan Andrew Crombie Ramsay milik? || fluvialists <> Apa yang Ramsay percaya tentang lembah sungai? || telah terbentuk, selama berjuta-juta tahun oleh sungai-sungai yang mengalir melalui mereka <> Apa yang terjadi setelah radioaktiviti direalisasikan? || Kaedah temu radiometrik telah dibangunkan", {"context": "Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages, and \"fluvialists\" like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them. After the discovery of radioactivity, radiometric dating methods were developed, starting in the 20th century. Alfred Wegener's theory of \"continental drift\" was widely dismissed when he proposed it in the 1910s, but new data gathered in the 1950s and 1960s led to the theory of plate tectonics, which provided a plausible mechanism for it. Plate tectonics also provided a unified explanation for a wide range of seemingly unrelated geological phenomena. Since 1970 it has served as the unifying principle in geology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed"}], "question": "What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?", "id": "57282a294b864d190016462e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Louis Agassiz"}], "question": "The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?", "id": "57282a294b864d190016462f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "fluvialists"}], "question": "What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?", "id": "57282a294b864d1900164630"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them"}], "question": "What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?", "id": "57282a294b864d1900164631"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "radiometric dating methods were developed"}], "question": "What happened after radioactivity was realized?", "id": "57282a294b864d1900164632"}]}], ["Kimia moden muncul dari abad keenam hingga abad kelapan belas melalui amalan bahan dan teori yang dipromosikan oleh alkimia, perubatan, pembuatan dan perlombongan. Masa yang menentukan adalah apabila 'chymistry' dibezakan daripada alkimia oleh Robert Boyle dalam karya The Chymist yang Ragu, pada tahun 1661; walaupun tradisi alchemical berterusan untuk beberapa waktu selepas karyanya. Langkah-langkah penting lain termasuk amalan percubaan gravimetrik kimia perubatan seperti William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman dan Pierre Macquer dan melalui karya Antoine Lavoisier (Bapa Kimia Moden) mengenai oksigen dan undang-undang pemuliharaan massa, yang menafikan teori phlogiston . Teori bahawa semua perkara dibuat daripada atom, yang merupakan unsur-unsur terkecil dari perkara yang tidak dapat dipecahkan tanpa kehilangan bahan kimia dan fizikal asas perkara itu, disediakan oleh John Dalton pada tahun 1803, walaupun persoalan itu mengambil masa seratus tahun untuk menyelesaikan seperti yang terbukti. Dalton juga merumuskan undang-undang hubungan massa. Pada tahun 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev menyusun jadual unsur-unsurnya secara berkala berdasarkan penemuan Dalton. <> Bilakah kimia moden wujud? || yang keenam belas melalui abad kelapan belas <> Yang memutuskan bahawa kimia dan alkimia adalah berbeza? || Robert Boyle <> Buku apa ditulis oleh Robert Boyle pada tahun 1661? || The Chymist Skeptical <> Apa nama panggilan Antoine Lavoisier? || Bapa Kimia Moden <> Teori mana yang undang-undang pemuliharaan massa tidak setuju? || teori phlogiston", {"context": "Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although the alchemical tradition continued for some time after his work. Other important steps included the gravimetric experimental practices of medical chemists like William Cullen, Joseph Black, Torbern Bergman and Pierre Macquer and through the work of Antoine Lavoisier (Father of Modern Chemistry) on oxygen and the law of conservation of mass, which refuted phlogiston theory. The theory that all matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest constituents of matter that cannot be broken down without losing the basic chemical and physical properties of that matter, was provided by John Dalton in 1803, although the question took a hundred years to settle as proven. Dalton also formulated the law of mass relationships. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev composed his periodic table of elements on the basis of Dalton's discoveries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries"}], "question": "When did modern chemistry come into existence?", "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Robert Boyle"}], "question": "Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?", "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "The Sceptical Chymist"}], "question": "What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?", "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Father of Modern Chemistry"}], "question": "What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?", "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "phlogiston theory"}], "question": "Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?", "id": "572803c92ca10214002d9b88"}]}], ["Mungkin teori yang paling menonjol, kontroversial dan luas dalam semua sains telah menjadi teori evolusi oleh pemilihan semulajadi yang dikemukakan oleh naturalis Britain, Charles Darwin dalam bukunya On the Origin of Species pada 1859. Darwin mencadangkan bahawa ciri-ciri semua makhluk hidup, termasuk manusia, dibentuk oleh proses semulajadi dalam tempoh masa yang lama. Teori evolusi dalam bentuk semasa mempengaruhi hampir semua bidang biologi. Implikasi evolusi mengenai bidang di luar sains murni telah membawa kepada pembangkang dan sokongan dari pelbagai bahagian masyarakat, dan sangat mempengaruhi pemahaman popular tentang \"tempat manusia di alam semesta\". Pada awal abad ke-20, kajian keturunan menjadi penyelidikan utama selepas penemuan semula pada 1900 undang-undang warisan yang dibangunkan oleh moyang Moravian Gregor Mendel pada tahun 1866. Undang-undang Mendel memberikan permulaan kajian genetik, yang menjadi medan utama penyelidikan untuk penyelidikan saintifik dan perindustrian. Menjelang 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick dan Maurice Wilkins menjelaskan struktur asas DNA, bahan genetik untuk menyatakan kehidupan dalam semua bentuknya. Pada akhir abad ke-20, kemungkinan kejuruteraan genetik menjadi praktikal untuk kali pertama, dan usaha antarabangsa yang besar bermula pada tahun 1990 untuk memetakan keseluruhan genom manusia (Projek Genom Manusia). <> Yang saintis memperjuangkan idea evolusi? || Charles Darwin <> Apa nama buku yang ditulis oleh Darwin tentang evolusi? || Mengenai Origin of Species <> Apakah penerimaan idea Darwin tentang evolusi? || kedua-dua pembangkang dan sokongan dari berbagai bahagian masyarakat <> yang menemui semula hukum warisan? || Moravian monk Gregor Mendel <> Apa pemecahan utama untuk kajian genetik? || struktur asas DNA", {"context": "Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shaped by natural processes over long periods of time. The theory of evolution in its current form affects almost all areas of biology. Implications of evolution on fields outside of pure science have led to both opposition and support from different parts of society, and profoundly influenced the popular understanding of \"man's place in the universe\". In the early 20th century, the study of heredity became a major investigation after the rediscovery in 1900 of the laws of inheritance developed by the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel in 1866. Mendel's laws provided the beginnings of the study of genetics, which became a major field of research for both scientific and industrial research. By 1953, James D. Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins clarified the basic structure of DNA, the genetic material for expressing life in all its forms. In the late 20th century, the possibilities of genetic engineering became practical for the first time, and a massive international effort began in 1990 to map out an entire human genome (the Human Genome Project).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "Charles Darwin"}], "question": "Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?", "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df61f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "On the Origin of Species"}], "question": "What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?", "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "both opposition and support from different parts of society"}], "question": "What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?", "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 823, "text": "Moravian monk Gregor Mendel"}], "question": "Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?", "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df622"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "the basic structure of DNA"}], "question": "What was the major break through for the study of genetics?", "id": "57282bca3acd2414000df623"}]}], ["Sintesis urea oleh Friedrich W\u00f6hler membuka medan penyelidikan baru, kimia organik, dan pada akhir abad ke-19, saintis dapat mensintesis ratusan sebatian organik. Bahagian terakhir abad ke-19 menyaksikan eksploitasi petrokimia bumi, selepas keletihan bekalan minyak dari ikan paus. Menjelang abad ke-20, pengeluaran bahan-bahan halus yang sistematik menyediakan bekalan produk yang disediakan yang bukan sahaja memberi tenaga, tetapi juga bahan-bahan sintetik untuk pakaian, ubat-ubatan, dan sumber boleh guna sehari-hari. Penggunaan teknik kimia organik untuk organisma hidup menyebabkan kimia fisiologi, pendahulu kepada biokimia. Abad ke-20 juga menyaksikan integrasi fizik dan kimia, dengan sifat kimia dijelaskan sebagai hasil struktur elektronik atom. Buku Linus Pauling mengenai The Nature of the Chemical Bond menggunakan prinsip mekanik kuantum untuk menyimpulkan sudut-sudut ikatan dalam molekul-molekul yang lebih rumit. Kerja Pauling memuncak dalam pemodelan fizikal DNA, rahsia kehidupan (dalam kata Francis Crick, 1953). Pada tahun yang sama, percubaan Miller-Urey ditunjukkan dalam simulasi proses primordial, bahawa unsur-unsur asas protein, asid amino mudah, boleh dibina daripada molekul mudah. <> Apakah akta saintifik yang diketahui oleh Friedrich Wohler? || Sintesis urea <> Apakah bidang sains yang dilakukan Wohler? || kimia organik <> Akhir abad ke-19 ditandai dengan apa acara? || eksploitasi petrokimia Bumi <> Mencampurkan kimia organik dengan organisma hidup mencipta bentuk awal biokimia? || kimia fisiologi <> Siapa yang menulis The Nature of the Chemical Bond? || Linus Pauling", {"context": "The synthesis of urea by Friedrich W\u00f6hler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller\u2013Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The synthesis of urea"}], "question": "What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?", "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "organic chemistry"}], "question": "What scientific field did Wohler discover?", "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals"}], "question": "Late 19th century is marked by what event?", "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "physiological chemistry"}], "question": "Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?", "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "Linus Pauling"}], "question": "Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?", "id": "57282636ff5b5019007d9e0e"}]}], ["Geologi moden, seperti kimia moden, secara beransur-ansur berkembang pada abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19. Benoit de Maillet dan Comte de Buffon melihat Bumi lebih tua daripada 6,000 tahun yang dibayangkan oleh para sarjana alkitabiah. Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard dan Nicolas Desmarest mendaki pusat Perancis dan mencatat pemerhatian mereka pada beberapa peta geologi yang pertama. Dibantu oleh percubaan kimia, naturalis seperti John Walker dari Scotland, Torbern Bergman dari Sweden, dan Abraham Werner dari Jerman mencipta sistem klasifikasi yang komprehensif untuk batu dan mineral-pencapaian kolektif yang mengubah geologi menjadi medan canggih menjelang akhir abad kelapan belas. Ahli-ahli geologi awal ini juga mencadangkan tafsiran umum mengenai sejarah bumi yang diketuai oleh James Hutton, Georges Cuvier dan Alexandre Brongniart, mengikuti langkah-langkah Steno, untuk membantah bahawa lapisan batu boleh dijelaskan oleh fosil-fosil yang terkandung: prinsip yang pertama kali digunakan untuk geologi Lembangan Paris. Penggunaan fosil indeks menjadi alat yang kuat untuk membuat peta geologi, kerana membenarkan para ahli geologi menghubungkan batu-batu di satu tempat dengan usia yang sama di tempat lain yang jauh. Sepanjang separuh pertama abad ke-19, para ahli geologi seperti Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, dan Roderick Murchison menerapkan teknik baru ini untuk melintasi seluruh Eropah dan Amerika Utara timur, menetapkan pentas untuk projek pemetaan yang dibiayai oleh kerajaan pada dekad yang lalu. <> Berapa lama para sarjana alkitabiah memikirkan Bumi? || 6,000 tahun <> Jean-Etienne Guettard dan Nicolas Desmarest pergi ke Perancis dan mencatat apa? || peta geologi pertama <> Pada abad ke-18, apa geologi berubah secara drastik? || sistem klasifikasi yang komprehensif untuk batu dan mineral <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membuat peta geologi? || fosil indeks <> Apakah teori geologi yang digunakan di Lembangan Paris? || Lapisan batu boleh bertarikh dengan fosil yang terkandung di dalamnya", {"context": "Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Beno\u00eet de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-\u00c9tienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations on some of the first geological maps. Aided by chemical experimentation, naturalists such as Scotland's John Walker, Sweden's Torbern Bergman, and Germany's Abraham Werner created comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals\u2014a collective achievement that transformed geology into a cutting edge field by the end of the eighteenth century. These early geologists also proposed a generalized interpretations of Earth history that led James Hutton, Georges Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart, following in the steps of Steno, to argue that layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained: a principle first applied to the geology of the Paris Basin. The use of index fossils became a powerful tool for making geological maps, because it allowed geologists to correlate the rocks in one locality with those of similar age in other, distant localities. Over the first half of the 19th century, geologists such as Charles Lyell, Adam Sedgwick, and Roderick Murchison applied the new technique to rocks throughout Europe and eastern North America, setting the stage for more detailed, government-funded mapping projects in later decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "6,000 years"}], "question": "How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?", "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "the first geological maps"}], "question": "Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?", "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals"}], "question": "In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?", "id": "572829073acd2414000df5d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1002, "text": "index fossils"}], "question": "What are used to create geological maps?", "id": "572829073acd2414000df5da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 869, "text": "layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained"}], "question": "What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?", "id": "572829073acd2414000df5db"}]}], ["Akhir abad ke-19 menandakan permulaan psikologi sebagai perusahaan saintifik. Tahun 1879 biasanya dilihat sebagai permulaan psikologi sebagai bidang pengajian bebas. Pada tahun itu Wilhelm Wundt mengasaskan makmal pertama khusus khusus untuk penyelidikan psikologi (di Leipzig). Penyumbang awal lain yang penting ke lapangan termasuk Hermann Ebbinghaus (perintis dalam pembelajaran ingatan), Ivan Pavlov (yang menemui penyaman klasik), William James, dan Sigmund Freud. Pengaruh Freud telah sangat besar, walaupun lebih ikon budaya daripada gaya psikologi saintifik. <> Apakah permulaan psikologi diklasifikasikan sebagai? || sebuah syarikat saintifik <> Tahun apa yang paling sering dirujuk sebagai permulaan psikologi? || 1879 <> Siapa yang mempunyai makmal pertama yang sepenuhnya dedikasi untuk psikologi? || Wilhelm Wundt <> Apa kajian Hermann Ebbinghaus? || pembelajaran ingatan <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Ivan Pavlov? || penyaman klasik", {"context": "The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "a scientific enterprise"}], "question": "What was the beginning of psychology classified as?", "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1879"}], "question": "What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?", "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Wilhelm Wundt"}], "question": "Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?", "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "memory studies"}], "question": "What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?", "id": "572831f64b864d19001646e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "classical conditioning"}], "question": "What was Ivan Pavlov known for?", "id": "572831f64b864d19001646ea"}]}], ["Dalam budaya Barat, kajian politik pertama kali ditemui di Yunani Kuno. Para pendahulu politik Eropah mengesan akarnya lebih awal daripada Plato dan Aristotle, terutama dalam karya Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, dan Euripides. Kemudian, Plato menganalisis sistem politik, melancarkan analisis mereka dari kajian yang lebih sastera dan berorientasikan sejarah dan menggunakan pendekatan yang akan kita fahami sebagai lebih dekat dengan falsafah. Begitu juga, Aristotle dibina atas analisis Plato untuk memasukkan bukti empirikal sejarah dalam analisisnya. <> Di manakah belajar politik berasal? || Greece Purba <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Plato? || sistem politik <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan oleh Plato untuk memahami sistem politik? || falsafah <> Apa yang Aristotle menambah kepada kerja Plato? || bukti empirikal sejarah", {"context": "In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Ancient Greece"}], "question": "Where did studying politics originate?", "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "political systems"}], "question": "What did Plato study?", "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "philosophy"}], "question": "What method did Plato use to understand political systems?", "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "historical empirical evidence"}], "question": "What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?", "id": "57282ded2ca10214002da003"}]}], ["Asas untuk ekonomi klasik membentuk Pernyataan Adam Smith ke Alam dan Puncak Kekayaan Negara, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1776. Smith mengkritik mercantilism, yang menganjurkan sistem perdagangan bebas dengan pembagian buruh. Dia menamai \"tangan yang tidak kelihatan\" yang mengawal sistem ekonomi yang terdiri daripada pelakon yang dipandu hanya oleh kepentingan diri sendiri. Karl Marx mengembangkan teori ekonomi alternatif, yang dipanggil ekonomi Marxian. Ekonomi Marxian didasarkan pada teori nilai buruh dan menganggap nilai kebaikan berdasarkan jumlah buruh yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkannya. Di bawah anggapan ini, kapitalisme adalah berdasarkan kepada majikan yang tidak membayar nilai penuh buruh pekerja untuk menghasilkan keuntungan. Sekolah Austria bertindak balas kepada ekonomi Marxian dengan melihat keusahawanan sebagai daya penggerak pembangunan ekonomi. Ini menggantikan teori buruh nilai oleh sistem bekalan dan permintaan. <> Siapa yang menulis Siasatan ke Alam dan Sebab-sebab Kekayaan Bangsa? || Adam Smith <> Apa perlindungan Adam Smith? || Asas untuk ekonomi klasik <> Idea apa yang Adam Smith tidak bersetuju? || mercantilism <> Idea apa yang Adam Smith bercadang? || \"tangan yang tidak kelihatan\" <> Siapa ekonomi Marxian dinamakan? || Karl Marx", {"context": "The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Adam Smith"}], "question": "Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?", "id": "572830584b864d19001646b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The basis for classical economics"}], "question": "What did Adam Smith's work cover?", "id": "572830584b864d19001646b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "mercantilism"}], "question": "What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?", "id": "572830584b864d19001646b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "an \"invisible hand\""}], "question": "What idea did Adam Smith propose?", "id": "572830584b864d19001646b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Karl Marx"}], "question": "Who is Marxian economics named after?", "id": "572830584b864d19001646b8"}]}], ["Ibn Khaldun boleh dianggap sebagai sosiologi sistematik saintifik yang terawal. Sosiologi moden, muncul pada awal abad ke-19 sebagai tindak balas akademik terhadap pemodenan dunia. Antara ahli sosiologi awal (contohnya, \u00c9mile Durkheim), matlamat sosiologi adalah dalam struktur, memahami perpaduan kumpulan-kumpulan sosial, dan mengembangkan \"penangkapan\" kepada perpecahan sosial. Max Weber bimbang dengan pemodenan masyarakat melalui konsep rasionalisasi, yang dia percaya akan menjebak individu dalam \"besi sangkar\" pemikiran rasional. Beberapa ahli sosiologi, termasuk Georg Simmel dan W. E. B. Du Bois, menggunakan lebih banyak analisis mikroskopik, kualitatif. Pendekatan microlevel ini memainkan peranan penting dalam sosiologi Amerika, dengan teori-teori George Herbert Mead dan pelajarnya Herbert Blumer menghasilkan penciptaan pendekatan interaksiisme simbolik kepada sosiologi. <> Apakah profesion Ibn Khaldun? || sosiologi sistematik saintifik <> Kapan permukaan sosiologi moden? || awal abad ke-19 <> Apa matlamat utama sosiologi? || memahami perpaduan kumpulan sosial <> Bagaimana Max Weber melihat rasionalisasi? || dia percaya akan menjebak individu dalam \"sangkar besi\"", {"context": "Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., \u00c9mile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an \"antidote\" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "scientific systematic sociologist"}], "question": "What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?", "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "early 19th century"}], "question": "When did modern sociology surface?", "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "understanding the cohesion of social groups"}], "question": "What is the main goal of sociology?", "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\""}], "question": "How did Max Weber view rationalization?", "id": "572832faff5b5019007d9ee9"}]}], ["\"Sejarah ekonomi\" di atas mencerminkan buku teks ekonomi moden dan ini bermakna peringkat terakhir sains diwakili sebagai kemuncak sejarahnya (Kuhn, 1962). \"Tangan yang tidak kelihatan\" yang disebut dalam halaman yang hilang di tengah-tengah bab di tengah-tengah kepada \"Kekayaan Bangsa\", 1776, kemajuan sebagai mesej utama Smith. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] bertindak hanya \"kerap\" dan bahawa ia \"tidak menjadi sebahagian dari niat [si individu] itu\" kerana persaingan membawa kepada harga yang lebih rendah dengan meniru ciptaan \"nya\". Bahawa \"tangan yang tidak kelihatan\" ini lebih suka \"sokongan domestik untuk industri asing\" dibersihkan-sering tanpa menunjukkan bahawa sebahagian daripada petikan dipotong. Laluan pembukaan \"Kekayaan\" yang mengandungi mesej Smith tidak pernah disebut kerana ia tidak dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam teori moden: \"Kekayaan\" bergantung kepada pembahagian tenaga kerja yang berubah dengan volum pasaran dan proporsi produktif kepada buruh yang tidak produktif. <> Bilakah Kekayaan Negara ditulis? || 1776 <> Bagaimana hadir adalah tangan yang tidak kelihatan Smith yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi? || kerap <> Apa yang berlaku di pasaran apabila terdapat persaingan? || harga yang lebih rendah <> Apa bahagian penting dari \"Kekayaan\"? || pembahagian buruh", {"context": "The above \"history of economics\" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The \"invisible hand\" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to \"Wealth of Nations\", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this \"invisible hand\" acts only \"frequently\" and that it is \"no part of his [the individual's] intentions\" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating \"his\" invention. That this \"invisible hand\" prefers \"the support of domestic to foreign industry\" is cleansed\u2014often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the \"Wealth\" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: \"Wealth\" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "1776"}], "question": "When was Wealth of Nations written?", "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "frequently"}], "question": "How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?", "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "lower prices"}], "question": "What happens in a market when there is competition?", "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "the division of labour"}], "question": "What is the most important part of \"Wealth\"?", "id": "57283167ff5b5019007d9ec9"}]}], ["Karya India purba mengenai statecraft, strategi ekonomi dan strategi ketenteraan oleh Kautilya dan Vi\u1e63h\u1e47ugupta, yang secara tradisinya dikenal dengan Ch\u0101\u1e47akya (tahun 350--283 SM). Dalam risalah ini, tingkah laku dan perhubungan orang, Raja, Negeri, Penguasa Kerajaan, Pengadilan, Musuh, Penyerang, dan Korporat dianalisis dan didokumenkan. Roger Boesche menggambarkan Artha\u015b\u0101stra sebagai \"buku realisme politik, sebuah buku yang menganalisis bagaimana dunia politik berfungsi dan tidak sering menyatakan bagaimana ia harus berfungsi, sebuah buku yang sering mendedahkan kepada raja apa yang mengira dan kadangkala langkah-langkah kejam yang mesti dilakukannya untuk mengekalkan keadaan dan kebaikan bersama. \" <> Siapa Kautilya dan Vishnugupta biasanya dikelompokkan dengan? || Ch\u0101\u1e47akya <> Apa yang harus digunakan oleh Arthasastra seorang raja? || langkah-langkah kejam <> Bilakah Chanakya hidup? || 350--283 SM", {"context": "An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Vi\u1e63h\u1e47ugupta, who are traditionally identified with Ch\u0101\u1e47akya (c. 350\u2013-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invaders, and Corporations are analysed and documented. Roger Boesche describes the Artha\u015b\u0101stra as \"a book of political realism, a book analysing how the political world does work and not very often stating how it ought to work, a book that frequently discloses to a king what calculating and sometimes brutal measures he must carry out to preserve the state and the common good.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Ch\u0101\u1e47akya"}], "question": "Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?", "id": "57282e763acd2414000df675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "brutal measures"}], "question": "What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?", "id": "57282e763acd2414000df676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "350\u2013-283 BCE"}], "question": "When was Chanakya alive?", "id": "57282e763acd2414000df677"}]}], ["Dekad terakhir abad ke-20 telah menyaksikan kebangkitan pendekatan interdisipliner yang baru untuk mengkaji psikologi manusia, yang dikenali secara kolektif sebagai sains kognitif. Sains sains kognitif sekali lagi menganggap fikiran sebagai subjek untuk penyiasatan, menggunakan alat psikologi, linguistik, sains komputer, falsafah, dan neurobiologi. Kaedah baru untuk memvisualisasikan aktiviti otak, seperti imbasan PET dan imbasan CAT, mula memberi pengaruh mereka juga, yang mengarahkan beberapa penyelidik untuk menyiasat minda dengan menyiasat otak, bukannya kognisi. Bentuk penyelidikan baru ini menganggap bahawa pemahaman yang luas tentang minda manusia adalah mungkin, dan pemahaman sedemikian boleh digunakan untuk domain penyelidikan lain, seperti kecerdasan buatan. <> Apakah kumpulan yang dimiliki psikologi manusia? || sains kognitif <> Apa yang disiasat dalam sains kognitif? || minda <> Apakah ciptaan yang maju dalam kajian sains kognitif? || Imbasan PET dan imbasan CAT <> Apakah teknologi baru yang boleh dihasilkan akibat belajar sains kognitif? || kecerdasan buatan", {"context": "The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "cognitive science"}], "question": "What is the group that human psychology belongs to?", "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the mind"}], "question": "What is investigated in cognitive science?", "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "PET scans and CAT scans"}], "question": "What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?", "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "artificial intelligence"}], "question": "What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?", "id": "5728327a2ca10214002da069"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1920-an, John Maynard Keynes mendorong pembahagian antara mikroekonomi dan makroekonomi. Di bawah ekonomi Keynesian, trend makroekonomi dapat melampaui pilihan ekonomi yang dibuat oleh individu. Kerajaan harus menggalakkan permintaan agregat untuk barangan sebagai sarana untuk menggalakkan perkembangan ekonomi. Selepas Perang Dunia II, Milton Friedman mencipta konsep monetarisme. Monetarisme memberi tumpuan kepada penggunaan bekalan dan permintaan wang sebagai kaedah untuk mengawal aktiviti ekonomi. Pada tahun 1970-an, monetarisme telah menyesuaikan diri dengan ekonomi sampingan yang menganjurkan mengurangkan cukai sebagai satu cara untuk meningkatkan jumlah wang yang ada untuk pengembangan ekonomi. <> Apa yang hendak dipisahkan oleh John Maynard Keynes? || mikroekonomi dan makroekonomi <> Konsep apa yang dicadangkan oleh Milton Friedman selepas Perang Dunia II? || monetarisme <> Bagaimana monaterisme bertujuan untuk mengawal ekonomi? || menggunakan bekalan dan permintaan wang <> Pada tahun 1970-an, apa yang menjadi monaterisme menjadi? || ekonomi sampingan <<Bagaimana ekonomi penawaran-penawaran cuba meningkatkan jumlah wang di pasaran? || mengurangkan cukai", {"context": "In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "microeconomics and macroeconomics"}], "question": "What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?", "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "monetarism"}], "question": "What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?", "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "using the supply and demand of money"}], "question": "How did monaterism aim to control the economy?", "id": "572830f74b864d19001646ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "supply-side economics"}], "question": "In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?", "id": "572830f74b864d19001646cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "reducing taxes"}], "question": "How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?", "id": "572830f74b864d19001646d0"}]}], ["Dengan kejatuhan Empayar Rom Barat, terdapat arena yang lebih meresap untuk kajian politik. Kebangkitan monoteisme dan, khususnya untuk tradisi Barat, Kekristianan, membawa ruang baru untuk politik dan tindakan politik [rujukan?]. Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, kajian politik telah tersebar luas di gereja-gereja dan mahkamah. Kerja-kerja seperti Augustine of the Hippo The City of God mensintesis falsafah dan tradisi politik dengan orang-orang Kristian, mendefinisikan semula sempadan antara agama dan apa yang politik. Kebanyakan soalan politik yang mengelilingi hubungan antara Gereja dan Negara telah dijelaskan dan dipertandingkan dalam tempoh ini. <> Apa yang membolehkan pendidikan politik disebarkan? || kejatuhan Empayar Rom Barat <> Apa idea baru yang menyebabkan politik menutup spektrum yang lebih besar? || tauhid <> Di mana sentuhan politik pada Abad Pertengahan? || gereja-gereja dan pengadilan <> Siapa yang menulis Kota Tuhan? || Augustine of Hippo <> Apa yang berubah oleh Kota Tuhan? || sempadan antara agama dan apa yang politik", {"context": "With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "the fall of the Western Roman Empire"}], "question": "What allowed political studies to spread?", "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "monotheism"}], "question": "What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?", "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "churches and courts"}], "question": "Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?", "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Augustine of Hippo"}], "question": "Who wrote The City of God?", "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "the borders between what was religious and what was political"}], "question": "What did The City of God change?", "id": "57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb8"}]}], ["Linguistik sejarah muncul sebagai bidang kajian bebas pada akhir abad ke-18. Sir William Jones mencadangkan bahawa bahasa Sanskrit, Persia, Yunani, Latin, Gothic, dan Celtic semua berkongsi pangkalan yang sama. Selepas Jones, usaha untuk mengkatalogkan semua bahasa dunia dibuat sepanjang abad ke-19 dan ke abad ke-20. Penerbitan karya Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique german mencipta perkembangan linguistik deskriptif. Linguistik deskriptif, dan pergerakan struktur yang berkaitan menyebabkan linguistik memberi tumpuan kepada bagaimana bahasa berubah dari masa ke masa, bukan hanya menerangkan perbezaan antara bahasa. Noam Chomsky melanjutkan kepelbagaian linguistik dengan perkembangan linguistik generatif pada tahun 1950-an. Usaha beliau didasarkan pada model bahasa matematik yang membolehkan penerangan dan ramalan sintaks yang sah. Kepakaran tambahan seperti sosiolinguistik, linguistik kognitif, dan linguistik komputasi telah muncul dari kerjasama antara linguistik dan disiplin lain. <> Apakah permukaan subjek baru pada akhir abad ke-18? || Linguistik Sejarah <> Siapa yang menyedari bahawa bahasa seperti Sanskrit, Parsi, dan Yunani berkongsi asas yang sama? || Sir William Jones <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Sir William Jones untuk mendokumentasikan kerjanya? || katalog semua bahasa dunia <> Apa yang dikatakan Noam Chomsky kepada kajian linguistik? || perkembangan linguistik generatif <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan Chomsky untuk mengembangkan linguistik generatif? || model bahasa matematik", {"context": "Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Historical linguistics"}], "question": "What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?", "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da01e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Sir William Jones"}], "question": "Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?", "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da01f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "catalog all languages of the world"}], "question": "What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?", "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da020"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "the development of generative linguistics"}], "question": "What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?", "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "a mathematical model of language"}], "question": "What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?", "id": "57282fda2ca10214002da022"}]}], ["Sains Humboldtian merujuk kepada pendekatan awal abad ke-19 untuk menggabungkan kerja lapangan saintifik dengan zaman kepekaan Romantik, etika dan cita-cita estetik. Ia membantu memasang sejarah semulajadi sebagai medan yang berasingan, memberikan asas kepada ekologi dan didasarkan pada model peranan saintis, naturalis dan penjelajah Alexander von Humboldt. Positif positivisme abad ke-19 menegaskan bahawa semua pengetahuan sahih membenarkan pengesahan dan bahawa semua pengetahuan yang sah menganggap bahawa satu-satunya pengetahuan yang sah adalah saintifik. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh sains Humboldtian? || menggabungkan kerja lapangan saintifik dengan kepekaan sensitiviti, etika dan estetika Romantisisme <> Siapakah model sains Humboldtian? || Alexander von Humboldt <> Idea apa yang diberikan positivisme? || satu-satunya pengetahuan yang sah adalah saintifik", {"context": "Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals"}], "question": "What did Humboldtian science aim to do?", "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Alexander von Humboldt"}], "question": "Who was the model for Humboldtian science?", "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "the only valid knowledge is scientific"}], "question": "What idea did positivism provide?", "id": "572835be2ca10214002da0d8"}]}], ["Sains komputer, dibina berdasarkan asas teori linguistik, matematik diskret, dan kejuruteraan elektrik, mengkaji sifat dan had pengiraan. Subfields termasuk pengkomputeran, kerumitan komputasi, reka bentuk pangkalan data, rangkaian komputer, kecerdasan buatan, dan reka bentuk perkakasan komputer. Satu bidang di mana kemajuan dalam pengkomputeran telah menyumbang kepada pembangunan saintifik yang lebih umum adalah dengan memudahkan pengarkiban data saintifik secara besar-besaran. Sains komputer kontemporari biasanya membezakan dirinya dengan menekankan 'teori' matematik berbanding dengan penekanan praktikal kejuruteraan perisian. <> Apakah sains berdasarkan linguistik, matematik, dan kejuruteraan? || Sains komputer <> Bagaimana sains komputer membantu sains secara keseluruhan? || dengan memudahkan pengarkiban data saintifik secara besar-besaran <> Apakah ciri-ciri yang berbeza dari sains komputer kontemporari? || menekankan teori 'matematik'", {"context": "Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Computer science"}], "question": "What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?", "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9ef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data"}], "question": "How has computer science helped science as a whole?", "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "emphasising mathematical 'theory'"}], "question": "What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?", "id": "57283431ff5b5019007d9efa"}]}], ["Kebanyakan kajian sejarah sains telah dikhaskan untuk menjawab soalan-soalan tentang sains, bagaimana ia berfungsi, dan sama ada ia mempamerkan corak dan trend besar-besaran. Sosiologi sains khususnya telah memberi tumpuan kepada cara-cara di mana para saintis bekerja, melihat dengan teliti cara-cara \"menghasilkan\" dan \"membina\" pengetahuan ilmiah. Sejak 1960-an, trend umum dalam kajian sains (kajian tentang sosiologi dan sejarah sains) telah menekankan \"komponen manusia\" pengetahuan saintifik, dan untuk menekankan pandangan bahawa data saintifik itu jelas, nilai -free, dan bebas konteks. Bidang Pengajian Sains dan Teknologi, kawasan yang bertindih dan sering memberi maklumat sejarah sains, menumpukan pada konteks sosial sains dalam masa-masa kontemporari dan sejarah. <> Apakah soalan besar yang dijawab oleh sejarah sains? || Apa sains <> Apa sosiologi dalam sains diterangkan? || cara-cara saintis berfungsi <> Apakah kaedah yang paling popular dalam tahun 1960-an mengenai kajian sains? || untuk menekankan \"komponen manusia\" pengetahuan saintifik", {"context": "Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they \"produce\" and \"construct\" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "what science is"}], "question": "What is the large question that the history of science answers?", "id": "5728355f4b864d1900164728"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "the ways in which scientists work"}], "question": "What did sociology in science explain?", "id": "5728355f4b864d1900164729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge"}], "question": "What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?", "id": "5728355f4b864d190016472a"}]}], ["Pertengahan abad ke-20 menyaksikan beberapa kajian bergantung kepada peranan sains dalam konteks sosial, bermula dari Struktur Revolusi Saintifik Thomas Kuhn pada tahun 1962. Ia membuka kajian sains untuk disiplin baru dengan mencadangkan bahawa evolusi sains berada di sebahagiannya ditentukan secara sosiologi dan positivisme tidak menerangkan interaksi dan strategi sebenar peserta manusia dalam bidang sains. Seperti yang dikatakan oleh Thomas Kuhn, sejarah sains boleh dilihat dalam istilah yang lebih panjang, seperti paradigma bersaing atau sistem konseptual dalam matriks yang lebih luas yang merangkumi tema intelektual, budaya, ekonomi dan politik di luar sains. \"Sebahagiannya dengan pemilihan dan sebahagiannya oleh penyelewengan, para saintis usia terdahulu secara tersirat dipersembahkan sebagai telah bekerja pada set yang sama masalah tetap dan sesuai dengan set yang sama kanon tetap yang revolusi yang paling baru dalam teori sains dan kaedah yang dibuat kelihatan saintifik . \" <> Di mana aspek sosial sains berasal? || Struktur Semula Ilmiah Thomas Kuhn pada tahun 1962 <> Idea apa yang sains sosial ditambah kepada sains secara keseluruhan? || positivisme tidak menjelaskan interaksi dan strategi sebenar peserta manusia sains <> Bagaimana Kuhn melihat sejarah sains? || paradigma bersaing atau sistem konseptual", {"context": "The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. \"Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962"}], "question": "Where did the social aspect of science originate?", "id": "5728364e4b864d1900164748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science"}], "question": "What idea did social science add to science as a whole?", "id": "5728364e4b864d1900164749"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "competing paradigms or conceptual systems"}], "question": "How did Kuhn view the history of science?", "id": "5728364e4b864d190016474a"}]}], ["Sebagai bidang akademik, sejarah sains bermula dengan penerbitan William Whewell's Sejarah Sains Induktif (pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1837). Kajian yang lebih formal tentang sejarah sains sebagai disiplin bebas dilancarkan oleh penerbitan George Sarton, Pengenalan kepada Sejarah Sains (1927) dan jurnal Isis (ditubuhkan pada tahun 1912). Sarton mencontohkan pandangan abad ke-20 tentang sejarah sains sebagai sejarah orang-orang hebat dan idea-idea hebat. Dia berkongsi dengan banyak orang sezamannya dengan kepercayaan Whiggish dalam sejarah sebagai rekod kemajuan dan kelewatan dalam perarakan kemajuan. Sejarah sains bukan subfield yang diiktiraf dalam sejarah Amerika dalam tempoh ini, dan sebahagian besar karya itu dilakukan oleh saintis dan doktor yang berminat dan bukan ahli sejarah profesional. Dengan kerja-kerja I. Bernard Cohen di Harvard, sejarah sains menjadi subdisiplin subdisiplin sejarah selepas 1945. <> Teks apakah asas kajian sains sejarah? || Sejarah Sains Induktif <> Siapa yang menulis versi Sejarah yang lebih profesional mengenai Sains Induktif? || <Sebelumnya Apakah sejarah sains pada abad ke-20? || sejarah lelaki yang hebat dan idea-idea hebat <> Bagaimana idea Sarton dapat diterangkan? || Whiggish <> Siapa yang mempelajari sejarah sains? || saintis dan doktor yang berminat", {"context": "As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "History of the Inductive Sciences"}], "question": "What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?", "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "George Sarton's"}], "question": "Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?", "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "the history of great men and great ideas"}], "question": "What was the history of science during the 20th century?", "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Whiggish"}], "question": "How could Sarton's ideas be described?", "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "interested scientists and physicians"}], "question": "Who studied the history of science?", "id": "572834e03acd2414000df6f3"}]}], ["Kajian lanjut, mis. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Pengetahuan saintifik dan Masalah Sosialnya merujuk kepada peranan komuniti saintifik, sebagai pembinaan sosial, dalam menerima atau menolak (pengetahuan) pengetahuan saintifik. Peperangan Sains pada tahun 1990 adalah mengenai pengaruh terutama ahli falsafah Perancis, yang menafikan objektiviti sains secara umumnya atau seolah-olah berbuat demikian. Mereka menggambarkan juga perbezaan antara model idealis sains tulen dan amalan saintifik yang sebenar; manakala saintis, kebangkitan semula pendekatan positivisme, menyaksikan pengukuran yang tepat dan pengiraan yang ketat asas untuk akhirnya menyelesaikan kontroversi metafisik dan moral yang berterusan. Walau bagaimanapun, baru-baru ini beberapa ahli teori kritikal terkemuka telah mengiktiraf bahawa dekonstruksi postmodern mereka pada masa itu telah menjadi produktif, dan menyediakan amunisi intelektual untuk kepentingan reaksioner. Bruno Latour menyatakan bahawa \"pelampau berbahaya menggunakan argumen pembinaan sosial yang sama untuk menghancurkan bukti yang dapat menyelamatkan nyawa kita. Adakah saya salah untuk mengambil bahagian dalam bidang ini yang dikenali sebagai kajian sains? Adakah cukup untuk mengatakan bahawa kita tidak bermaksud apa yang kita maksudkan? \" <> Apa Pengetahuan Saintifik dan Masalah Sosialnya menggambarkan komuniti saintifik sebagai? || sebuah pembinaan sosial <> Apa era yang dipanggil ketika saintis menolak pendapat pengertian sains? || Peperangan Sains <> Apakah positivisme dipanggil selepas ia dihidupkan kembali? || sains <> Apa yang patut dilakukan saintis? || menyelesaikan kontroversi metafizik dan moral yang berterusan", {"context": "Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that \"dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "a social construct"}], "question": "What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?", "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The Science wars"}], "question": "What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?", "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "scientism"}], "question": "What was positivism called after it was revived?", "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies"}], "question": "What did scientism aim to do?", "id": "572837282ca10214002da0ef"}]}], ["Sosiologi Amerika pada tahun 1940-an dan 1950-an dikuasai oleh Talcott Parsons, yang berpendapat bahawa aspek masyarakat yang mempromosikan integrasi struktur oleh itu \"berfungsi\". Pendekatan fungsionalisme struktur ini dipersoalkan pada tahun 1960-an, apabila ahli sosiologi melihat pendekatan ini sebagai semata-mata justifikasi ketidaksamaan yang wujud dalam status quo. Sebagai tindak balas, teori konflik telah dibangunkan, yang sebahagiannya berasaskan falsafah Karl Marx. Para ahli teori konflik melihat masyarakat sebagai arena di mana kumpulan yang berlainan bersaing untuk mengawal sumber. Interaksiisme simbolik juga dianggap sebagai pusat pemikiran sosiologi. Erving Goffman melihat interaksi sosial sebagai persembahan pentas, dengan individu yang menyediakan \"belakang pentas\" dan cuba mengawal penonton mereka melalui pengurusan kesan. Walaupun teori-teori ini kini menonjol dalam pemikiran sosiologi, pendekatan lain wujud, termasuk teori feminis, post-structuralism, teori pilihan rasional, dan postmodernisme. <> Siapa penyokong utama sosiologi Amerika? || Talcott Parsons <> Apa yang Parsons percaya menjadikan masyarakat berfungsi? || integrasi struktur <> Apakah masalah dengan pandangan Parsons? || ketidaksamaan yang wujud dalam status quo <> Apa idea dari Karl Marx digunakan untuk memerangi masalah dengan integrasi struktur? || teori konflik <> Apakah kepercayaan utama teori konflik? || kumpulan yang berlainan bersaing untuk mengawal sumber", {"context": "American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing \"backstage\" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Talcott Parsons"}], "question": "Who was the major proponent of American sociology?", "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da096"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "structural integration"}], "question": "What did Parsons believe made a functional society?", "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da097"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "inequalities present in the status quo"}], "question": "What was the problem with the views of Parsons?", "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "conflict theory"}], "question": "What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?", "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "different groups compete for control over resources"}], "question": "What is the main belief of conflict theory?", "id": "5728339a2ca10214002da09a"}]}]], [["Bahasa Czech 'dipisahkan daripada bahasa-bahasa Slavik lain ke dalam apa yang kemudiannya dipanggil Old Czech oleh abad ke-13, klasifikasi yang meluas hingga abad ke-16. Penggunaan kes-kesnya berbeza dari bahasa moden; walaupun Old Czech belum mempunyai kes vokatif atau perbezaan animasi, deklarasi untuk enam kes dan tiga jantina dengan cepat menjadi rumit (sebahagiannya untuk membezakan homophones) dan pola penurunannya menyerupai orang Lithuania (sepupunya Balto-Slavia). <> Bagaimana kes penggunaan Bahasa Ceko Lama berbeza daripada penggunaan moden? || tidak mempunyai kes vokatif atau perbezaan animasi <> Apa bahasa lain yang sama dengan pola penderitaan Old Czech? || Bahasa Lithuania <> Berapa banyak kes yang dilakukan oleh Old Czech? || enam <> Berapa lamakah pendahulu ke Czech diklasifikasikan sebagai Czech Lama? || menjelang abad keenam belas <> Menjelang abad ketiga belas, apa yang dipisahkan oleh bahasa Ceko? || lidah bahasa Slavik yang lain", {"context": "The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction"}], "question": "How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?", "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Lithuanian"}], "question": "What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?", "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many cases did Old Czech have?", "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "through the sixteenth century"}], "question": "How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?", "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "other Slavic tongues"}], "question": "By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?", "id": "572b8668f75d5e190021fe28"}]}], ["Walaupun Old Czech mempunyai abjad asas yang mana satu set umum orthographical correspondences diambil, ia tidak mempunyai orthography standard. Ia juga mengandungi sejumlah kelompok bunyi yang tidak lagi wujud; yang membolehkan \u011b (/ j\u025b /) selepas konsonan lembut, yang telah beralih ke e (/ \u025b /), dan membenarkan kluster konsonan kompleks diucapkan sekali sekaligus bukannya silabus. Fenomena fonologi, undang-undang Havlik (yang bermula di Proto-Slavik dan mengambil pelbagai bentuk dalam bahasa-bahasa Slavia yang lain), muncul di Old Czech; mengira ke belakang dari hujung klausa, setiap nombor bernombor ganjil bersuara sebagai vokal, sementara yang lainnya hilang. <> Jenis ortograif apakah kekurangan Ceko Lama? || standard <> Mengapa tidak ada kluster bunyi yang digunakan dalam Czech moden? || tidak lagi wujud <> Bagaimana cina tua membenarkan beberapa kluster konsonan kompleks untuk diucapkan? || sekaligus <> Jenis fenomena apa yang dikatakan oleh hukum Havlik? || fonologi <> Yang mana \"yer\" bersuara sebagai vokal? || setiap ganjil yang ganjil", {"context": "While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing \u011b (/j\u025b/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/\u025b/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "standard"}], "question": "What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?", "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "no longer exist"}], "question": "Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?", "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "all at once"}], "question": "How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?", "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "phonological"}], "question": "What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?", "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "every odd-numbered"}], "question": "Which \"yer\"s were vocalized as vowels?", "id": "572b87a334ae481900deae75"}]}], ["Bohemia (sebagai peradaban Czech dikenali pada masa itu) meningkat dalam kuasa selama berabad-abad, kerana bahasa itu dilakukan dalam kepentingan serantau. Pertumbuhan ini dipercepat pada abad keempat belas oleh Kaisar Rom Suci Charles IV, yang mengasaskan Charles University di Prague pada 1348. Di sini, kesusasteraan czech awal (terjemahan alkitabiah, pujian dan hagiografi) berkembang. Teks Bahasa Ceko yang lama, termasuk puisi dan buku masakan, dihasilkan di luar universiti juga. Kemudian pada abad Jan Hus menyumbang secara signifikan kepada standardisasi ortografi Czech, yang menyokong literasi yang meluas di kalangan orang awam Ceko (khususnya dalam agama) dan membuat usaha awal untuk memodelkan bahasa Czech yang ditulis selepas bahasa lisan. <> Apakah tamadun Czech dipanggil semula pada hari itu? || Bohemia <> Apa Maharaja Suci Roma mempercepat pertumbuhan Bohemia pada abad ke-14? || Charles IV <> Ketika Charles University diasaskan di Prague? || 1348 <> Siapa yang menyumbang banyak usaha untuk menyeragamkan ortografi Czech? || Jan Hus <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Jan Hus di antara orang awam Ceko? || melek huruf meluas", {"context": "Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bohemia"}], "question": "What was Czech civilization called back in the day?", "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb8419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Charles IV"}], "question": "What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?", "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "1348"}], "question": "When was Charles University founded in Prague?", "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Jan Hus"}], "question": "Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?", "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "widespread literacy"}], "question": "What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?", "id": "572b8885be1ee31400cb841d"}]}], ["Konsensus di kalangan ahli bahasa adalah moden, bahasa Czech yang berasal dari abad kelapan belas. Pada masa itu bahasa itu telah mengembangkan tradisi sastera, dan sejak itu ia telah berubah sedikit; jurnal dari masa itu tidak mempunyai perbezaan besar dari Czech moden yang moden, dan Czech zaman moden dapat memahami mereka dengan sedikit kesukaran. Perubahan termasuk pergeseran morfologi \u00ed untuk ej dan \u00e9 hingga \u00ed (walaupun masih bertahan untuk beberapa kegunaan) dan penggabungan \u00ed dan ej\u00ed mantan. Sekali sebelum abad kelapan belas, bahasa Czech meninggalkan perbezaan antara phonemic / l / dan / \u028e / yang bertahan di Slovak. <> Bilakah ahli-ahli bahasa bersetuju moden Czech berasal? || abad kelapan belas <> Apa yang telah dibangunkan oleh Czech pada abad ke-18? || tradisi sastera <> Jurnal dari abad ke-18 tidak mempunyai perbezaan besar dari apa? || piawaian moden Czech <> Berapa banyak kesukaran yang dilakukan oleh Czech yang kontemporari dalam memahami bahan dari abad ke-18? || sedikit <> Apa yang ditinggalkan oleh bahasa Czech yang bertahan di Slovak? || perbezaan antara fonemik / l / dan / \u028e /", {"context": "The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of \u00ed to ej and \u00e9 to \u00ed (although \u00e9 survives for some uses) and the merging of \u00ed and the former ej\u00ed. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /\u028e/ which survives in Slovak.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "the eighteenth century"}], "question": "When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?", "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "literary tradition"}], "question": "What had Czech developed by the 18th century?", "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "modern standard Czech"}], "question": "Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?", "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "little"}], "question": "How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?", "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /\u028e/"}], "question": "What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?", "id": "572b8a3b34ae481900deae87"}]}], ["Czech terus berkembang dan mendapat kepentingan serantau selama beratus-ratus tahun, dan telah menjadi bahasa sastera di tanah Slovak sejak awal abad kelima belas. Terjemahan alkitabiah, Alkitab Kralice, diterbitkan pada akhir abad keenam belas (sekitar zaman Raja James dan versi Luther) yang lebih konservatif dari bahasa linguistik. Penerbitan Alkitab Kralice menyebarkan nasionalisme yang meluas, dan pada tahun 1615 pemerintah Bohemia memutuskan bahawa hanya penduduk berbahasa Czech yang akan dibenarkan menjadi warganegara penuh atau mewarisi barang atau tanah. Ini, dan penukaran kelas atas dari Katolik Habsburg ke Protestanisme, membangkitkan Habsburgs dan membantu mencetuskan Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun (di mana orang Czech dikalahkan di Pertempuran Gunung Putih). Orang Czech menjadi budak; Industri percetakan Bohemia (dan hak-hak linguistik dan politiknya) dipecat, menghapuskan peraturan rasmi dan sokongan dari bahasa. Bahasa Jerman dengan cepat menjadi bahasa dominan di Bohemia. <> Berapa tahun cecair terus berkembang dan mendapat kepentingan serantau? || beratus-ratus <> Bilakah Kralice Bible diterbitkan? || akhir abad keenam belas <> Apa penerbitan kralice Bible bertajuk? || nasionalisme yang meluas <> Dalam peperangan apakah orang Czech dikalahkan di Pertempuran Gunung Putih? || Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun <> Bahasa apa yang menjadi dominan di Bohemia selepas kekalahan orang Czech? || Jerman", {"context": "Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "hundreds"}], "question": "How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?", "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "late sixteenth century"}], "question": "When was the Kralice Bible published?", "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "widespread nationalism"}], "question": "What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?", "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "Thirty Years' War"}], "question": "In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?", "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "German"}], "question": "What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?", "id": "572b8919f75d5e190021fe3c"}]}], ["Bahasa-bahasa tidak mengalami penonjolan yang jelas tentang perbezaan bahasa minor dalam nama nasionalisme seperti yang telah berlaku dalam bahasa Bosnia, Serbia dan Kroasia Serbo-Croatian. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan bahasa Slavik (termasuk bahasa Czech) telah dipinggirkan dengan cara ini dari pengaruh Rusia kerana kebencian awam yang meluas terhadap bekas Kesatuan Soviet (yang menduduki Czechoslovakia pada tahun 1968). Czech dan Slovak membentuk kontinum dialek, dengan persamaan yang hebat antara dialek Czech dan Slovak yang berdekatan. (Lihat \"Dialek\" di bawah.) <> Bilakah Kesatuan Soviet menduduki Czechoslovakia? || 1968 <> Bahasa apa yang membentuk dialek continuum dengan Czech? || Slovak <> Namakan tiga bahasa Serbo-Kroasia yang telah menjadikan titik identiti linguistik mereka sendiri yang unik. || Bosnia, Serbia dan Kroasia <> Mengapa banyak bahasa Slavia cuba memisahkan diri dari pengaruh Rusia? || kebencian awam yang meluas terhadap bekas Soviet Union <> Apakah tindakan yang sengaja dilakukan terhadap beberapa bahasa atas nama nasionalisme? || menonjolkan perbezaan bahasa minor <> Bahasa keluarga apakah bahasa Czech? || Slavic <> Mengapa banyak bahasa Slavik memisahkan diri dari pengaruh Rusia? || Kebencian terhadap bekas Kesatuan Soviet <> Bilakah Kesatuan Soviet menduduki Czechoslovakia? || 1968 <> Bahasa apa bahasa Czech membentuk kontinum dialek dengan? || Slovak", {"context": "The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union (which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968). Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects. (See \"Dialects\" below.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?", "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Slovak"}], "question": "What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech?", "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian"}], "question": "Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities.", "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union"}], "question": "Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence?", "id": "5726f152f1498d1400e8f0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "highlighting of minor linguistic differences"}], "question": "What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?", "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Slavic"}], "question": "What language family is Czech?", "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "resentment against the former Soviet Union"}], "question": "Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?", "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?", "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "Slovak"}], "question": "What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?", "id": "572b6d5934ae481900deadfb"}]}], ["Satu kajian menunjukkan bahawa leksikon Czech dan Slovakia berbeza dengan 80 peratus, tetapi peratusan ini tinggi didapati terutamanya daripada perbezaan orthography dan sedikit tidak konsisten dalam pembentukan morfologi; Morfologi Slovakia lebih kerap (apabila berubah dari nominatif ke kes lokatif, Praha menjadi Praze dalam bahasa Czech dan Prahe dalam bahasa Slovak). Kedua leksikon pada umumnya dianggap serupa, dengan kebanyakan perbezaan dalam perbendaharaan kata bahasa dan beberapa istilah saintifik. Slovak mempunyai lebih banyak perkataan yang dipinjam daripada bahasa Czech. <> Berapakah jumlah leksikon bahasa Czech dan Slovak berbeza, mengikut kajian? || oleh 80 peratus <> Apakah peratusan yang tinggi dari leksikon yang berbeza didapati dari? || orthography yang berbeza dan tidak konsisten sedikit dalam pembentukan morfologi <> Bilakah morfologi Slovak lebih kerap daripada Czech? || apabila berubah dari nominatif ke kes locative <> Yang paling berbeza antara Czech dan Slovak boleh didapati dalam perbendaharaan kata bahasa sehari-hari dan juga apa? || beberapa istilah saintifik <> Apa bahasa Slovak mempunyai sedikit lebih daripada bahasa Czech? || perkataan yang dipinjam", {"context": "One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "by 80 percent"}], "question": "How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?", "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation"}], "question": "What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?", "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "when changing from the nominative to the locative case"}], "question": "When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?", "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb838f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "some scientific terminology"}], "question": "The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?", "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb8390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "borrowed words"}], "question": "What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?", "id": "572b701cbe1ee31400cb8391"}]}], ["Czech (/ t\u0283\u025bk /; \u010de\u0161tina Pengucapan czech: [t\u0361\u0283\u025b\u0283c\u026ana]), yang dahulu dikenali sebagai Bohemian (/ bo\u028ahi\u02d0mi\u0259n, b\u0259- /; lingua Bohemica dalam bahasa Latin), adalah bahasa Slavia Barat yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Latin dan bahasa Jerman, juta orang dan ia adalah bahasa rasmi Republik Czech. Saudara terdekat Czech ialah Slovak, yang mana ia saling dapat difahami. Ia berkait rapat dengan bahasa-bahasa Slavia Barat yang lain, seperti Silesia dan Poland. Walaupun perbendaharaan kata paling banyak didasarkan pada akar yang dikongsi dengan bahasa Slavik, Romantik, dan bahasa Jerman, banyak kata pinjaman (yang paling berkaitan dengan budaya tinggi) telah diterima pakai pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. <> Berapa ramai orang berbahasa Czech? || 10 juta <> Yang mana dua bahasa yang sangat mempengaruhi Czech? || Latin dan Jerman <> Di negara mana bahasa Czech adalah bahasa rasmi? || Republik Czech <> Bahasa yang paling dekat dengan Czech? || Slovak <> Apa nama bahasa Czech dahulu? || Bohemian <> Apa yang dahulu dikenali sebagai Czech? || Bohemian <> Bahasa apa yang sangat mempengaruhi Czech? || Latin dan Jerman <> Lebih dari berapa juta orang berbahasa Czech? || 10 <> Apa perbendaharaan kata yang dikaitkan dengan budaya kelas yang lebih tinggi telah diterima pakai selama bertahun-tahun? || Kata pinjaman <> Apakah bahasa rasmi Republik Czech? || Czech", {"context": "Czech (/\u02c8t\u0283\u025bk/; \u010de\u0161tina Czech pronunciation: [\u02c8t\u0361\u0283\u025b\u0283c\u026ana]), formerly known as Bohemian (/bo\u028a\u02c8hi\u02d0mi\u0259n, b\u0259-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "10 million"}], "question": "How many people speak Czech?", "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Latin and German"}], "question": "Which two languages strongly influenced Czech?", "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Czech Republic"}], "question": "In which country is Czech the official language?", "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Slovak"}], "question": "Which language is closest to Czech?", "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Bohemian"}], "question": "What name was the Czech language formerly known as?", "id": "5726ed33f1498d1400e8f002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Bohemian"}], "question": "What was Czech formerly known as?", "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Latin and German"}], "question": "What languages strongly influenced Czech?", "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "10"}], "question": "Over how many million people speak Czech?", "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "loanwords"}], "question": "What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?", "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Czech"}], "question": "What is the official language of the Czech republic?", "id": "572b6c54f75d5e190021fdc5"}]}], ["Sekitar abad ke-6 AD, suku Slavs tiba di sebahagian Eropah Tengah. Mengikut legenda mereka dipimpin oleh seorang pahlawan bernama \u010cech, yang berasal dari kata \"Czech\". Abad ke-9 membawa negeri Great Moravia, yang mana penguasa pertama (Rastislav of Moravia) menjemput pemerintah Byzantine Michael III untuk menghantar mubaligh dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan pengaruh Francia Timur terhadap kehidupan agama dan politik di negaranya. Para mubaligh ini, Constantine dan Methodius, membantu mengubah bahasa Czech dari paganisme Slavik tradisional ke agama Kristian dan menubuhkan sebuah sistem gereja. Mereka juga membawa abjad Glagolitik ke Slavia Barat, bahasa yang tidak ditulis sebelumnya. Bahasa ini, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Proto-Czech, mula memisahkan dari sesama pemangsa Slavia Barat Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish dan Proto-Sorbian. Antara ciri-ciri lain, Proto-Czech ditandai dengan penggunaannya yang konsisten dari consonant frarative velar bersuara (/ \u0263 /) dan tekanan konsisten pada suku kata pertama. <> Bilakah suku Slavs tiba di Eropah Tengah? || abad keenam AD <> Siapa pahlawan yang mengetuai Slavs ke rumah baru mereka, menurut legenda? || \u010cech <> Apa yang dibawa oleh abad kesembilan? || state of Great Moravia <> Pengaruh siapa Rastislav yang ingin mengurangi, ketika ia mengundang Michael III untuk mengirim misionaris? || Timur Francia <> Apa abjad yang dibawa oleh mubaligh ke Slavia Barat? || Glagolitik", {"context": "Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named \u010cech, from whom the word \"Czech\" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/\u0263/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "sixth century AD"}], "question": "When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?", "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "\u010cech"}], "question": "Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?", "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "state of Great Moravia"}], "question": "What did the ninth century bring?", "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "East Francia"}], "question": "Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? ", "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Glagolitic"}], "question": "What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?", "id": "572b72e9be1ee31400cb83a5"}]}], ["Persamaan antara Czech dan Slovak membawa kepada bahasa-bahasa yang dianggap satu bahasa tunggal oleh sekumpulan sarjana abad ke-19 yang memanggil diri mereka sebagai \"Czechoslavs\" (\u010cechoslov\u00e1ci), mempercayai bahawa orang-orang itu dihubungkan dengan cara yang tidak termasuk Bohemia Jerman dan kurang sedikit) Hungaria dan Slavs lain. Semasa Republik Czechoslovakia Pertama (1918-1938), walaupun \"Czechoslovak\" telah ditetapkan sebagai bahasa rasmi republik kedua-duanya adalah standard bahasa Czech dan Slovak yang digunakan. Standard bahasa Slovak yang ditulis secara separa adalah model Czech, dan Czech dipilih untuk beberapa fungsi rasmi di separuh Republik Slovakia. Pengaruh Czech ke atas Slovak diprotes oleh sarjana Slovakia, dan apabila Slovakia berpaling dari Czechoslovakia pada tahun 1938 sebagai Negara Slovakia (yang kemudiannya bersatu dengan Nazi Jerman dalam Perang Dunia II) sastera Slovakia sengaja menjauhkan diri dari Czech. Apabila kuasa Axis kehilangan perang dan reformasi Czechoslovakia, Slovakia berkembang dengan sendiri (dengan pengaruh Czech); semasa Prague Spring 1968, Slovakia memperoleh kemerdekaan dari (dan kesamaan dengan) Czech. Sejak itu, \"Czechoslovak\" merujuk kepada pidgin-pidgin yang telah diubahsuai dari bahasa-bahasa yang telah timbul dari pengurangan kejayaan bersama. <> Siapa yang menyebut dirinya \"Czechoslavs\"? || sekumpulan sarjana abad ke-19 <> Mengapa Czechoslavs menganggap Czech dan Slovak menjadi satu bahasa tunggal? || Persamaan <> Ketika Republik Czechoslovak pertama? || 1918-1938 <> Apa sajak yang ditulis oleh Slovak yang sebahagiannya dimodelkan? || sastera Czech <> Bilakah Prague Spring? || 1968", {"context": "The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves \"Czechoslavs\" (\u010cechoslov\u00e1ci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918\u20131938), although \"Czechoslovak\" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, \"Czechoslovak\" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "a group of 19th-century scholars"}], "question": "Who called themselves \"Czechoslavs\"?", "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The similarities"}], "question": "Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?", "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "1918\u20131938"}], "question": "When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?", "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb8399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "literary Czech"}], "question": "What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?", "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb839a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1051, "text": "1968"}], "question": "When was the Prague Spring?", "id": "572b71c2be1ee31400cb839b"}]}], ["Walaupun perkataan pinjaman bahasa Jerman yang lebih lama adalah bahasa sehari-hari, peminjaman baru-baru ini dari bahasa lain dikaitkan dengan budaya yang tinggi. Semasa abad kesembilan belas, kata-kata dengan akar Yunani dan Latin ditolak memihak kepada mereka berdasarkan kata-kata Ceko yang lebih tua dan akar Slavic yang biasa; \"muzik\" adalah muzyka dalam bahasa Poland dan \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (muzyka) dalam bahasa Rusia, tetapi dalam bahasa Czech ia adalah hudba. Sesetengah perkataan Czech telah dipinjam sebagai kata pinjaman kepada bahasa Inggeris dan bahasa lain-contohnya, robot (dari robota, \"buruh\") dan polka (dari polka, \"wanita Poland\" atau dari \"p\u016flka\" \"separuh\"). <> Di Czech, apakah kata pinjaman dari bahasa lain yang berkaitan dengannya? || budaya yang tinggi <> Apa perkataan akar dalam abad ke-19 ditolak memihak kepada kata-kata dengan akar Slavic yang lebih biasa? || Bahasa Yunani dan Bahasa Latin <> Bagaimana seseorang mengatakan perkataan \"muzik\" dalam bahasa Czech? || hudba <> Apakah perkataan Czech yang berasal dari bahasa Inggeris \"robot\" berasal? || robota <> Apa maksud perkataan Czech \"robota\"? || buruh", {"context": "Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; \"music\" is muzyka in Polish and \u043c\u0443\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430 (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages\u2014for example, robot (from robota, \"labor\") and polka (from polka, \"Polish woman\" or from \"p\u016flka\" \"half\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "high culture"}], "question": "In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?", "id": "572b928534ae481900deae9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Greek and Latin"}], "question": "What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?", "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "hudba"}], "question": "How does one say the word \"music\" in Czech?", "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "robota"}], "question": "What Czech word did the English \"robot\" derive from?", "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "labor"}], "question": "What is the meaning of the Czech word \"robota\"?", "id": "572b928534ae481900deaea3"}]}], ["Dialek-dialek Czech yang dituturkan di Moravia dan Silesia dikenali sebagai Moravian (morav\u0161tina). Dalam Empayar Austro-Hungarian, \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak\" adalah warga bahasa yang boleh mendaftar sebagai bercakap (dengan bahasa Jerman, bahasa Poland dan beberapa orang lain). Daripada dialek Bahasa Czech, hanya Moravian dibezakan dalam kaji selidik di seluruh negara oleh Pejabat Statistik Czech. Sehingga 2011, 62,908 warga Czech bercakap Moravian sebagai bahasa pertama mereka dan 45,561 diglosal (bercakap Moravian dan bahasa Czech sebagai bahasa pertama). <> Apakah dialek yang dituturkan di Moravia dan Silesia yang dikenali? || Moravian <> Dimana orang boleh mendaftarkan \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak 'sebagai bahasa lisan mereka? || Empayar Austro-Hungarian <> Yang mana dialek bahasa Czech adalah satu-satunya yang dibezakan dalam kaji selidik di seluruh negara oleh Pejabat Statistik Czech? | Moravian <> Berapa banyak orang Czech bercakap Moravian sebagai bahasa pertama mereka pada tahun 2011? || 62,908 <> Berapa banyak orang Czech bercakap baik Moravian dan bahasa Czech sebagai bahasa pertama pada tahun 2011? || 45,561", {"context": "The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (morav\u0161tina). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak\" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Moravian"}], "question": "What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?", "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "the Austro-Hungarian Empire"}], "question": "Where could citizens register \"Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?", "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Moravian"}], "question": "Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?", "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "62,908"}], "question": "How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?", "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "45,561"}], "question": "How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?", "id": "572b916d111d821400f38f28"}]}], ["Czech mengandungi sepuluh vokal asas vokal, dan tiga lagi hanya terdapat dalam kata-kata pinjaman. Mereka adalah / a /, / \u025b /, / \u026a /, / o /, dan / u /, pasangan mereka yang panjang / \u02d0 /, / \u025b\u02d0 /, / i\u02d0 /, / o\u02d0 / dan / u\u02d0 /, dan tiga diphthongs, / ou\u032f /, / au\u032f / dan / \u025bu\u032f /. Yang kedua adalah diphthongs dan panjang / o\u02d0 / adalah eksklusif untuk kata pinjaman. Vokal tidak pernah dikurangkan kepada bunyi schwa apabila tidak ditekan. Setiap perkataan biasanya mempunyai stres utama pada suku kata yang pertama, kecuali untuk kata-kata kata (minor, monosyllabic, silabus tanpa tekanan). Dalam semua perkataan lebih daripada dua suku kata, setiap suku kata yang bernombor mendapat tekanan sekunder. Tekanan tidak berkaitan dengan panjang vokal, dan kemungkinan vokal pendek yang menekankan dan vokal panjang yang tidak tertekan dapat mengelirukan kepada pelajar yang bahasa ibunda menggabungkan ciri-ciri (seperti bahasa Inggeris). <> Berapa banyak fonem vokal asas yang mengandungi Czech? || sepuluh <> Di mana tiga fonem vokal tambahan yang terdapat dalam bahasa Czech? || Kata pinjaman <> Apa bunyi vokal yang tidak pernah dikurangkan apabila tidak ditekankan? || schwa bunyi <> Apakah tekanan yang tidak berkaitan dengan bahasa Czech? || panjang vokal <> Apa beberapa pengecualian di mana tekanan kata utama dalam bahasa Czech? || suku kata pertama", {"context": "Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /\u025b/, /\u026a/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /a\u02d0/, /\u025b\u02d0/, /i\u02d0/, /o\u02d0/ and /u\u02d0/, and three diphthongs, /ou\u032f/, /au\u032f/ and /\u025bu\u032f/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /o\u02d0/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?", "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "loanwords"}], "question": "Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?", "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "schwa sounds"}], "question": "What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?", "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "vowel length"}], "question": "What is stress unrelated to in Czech?", "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "first syllable"}], "question": "What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?", "id": "572b91e5f75d5e190021fe55"}]}], ["Orang Czech memperoleh kebanggaan nasional yang meluas pada pertengahan abad kelapan belas, diilhamkan oleh Zaman Pencerahan setengah abad sebelumnya. Ahli sejarah Czech mula menekankan pencapaian mereka dari abad ke-15 hingga abad ketujuh belas, memberontak terhadap Counter-Reformation (yang telah menghina bahasa Czech dan lain-lain bahasa Latin). Ahli filologi Czech mempelajari teks abad keenam belas, yang menyokong kembalinya bahasa ke budaya yang tinggi. Tempoh ini dikenali sebagai Kebangkitan Kebangsaan Czech (atau Renascence). <> Apakah czech yang diperoleh rakyat pada pertengahan abad ke-18? || kebanggaan negara yang meluas <> Apa yang menggembirakan kebanggaan negara Czech? || Umur Pencerahan setengah abad lebih awal <> Apa sejarah ahli Czech menegaskan tentang negara mereka? || pencapaian <> Apa yang dikatakan ahli filologi Ceko? || kembalinya bahasa ke budaya yang tinggi <> Apakah tempoh pada pertengahan abad ke-18 juga teringat? || Kebangkitan Kebangsaan Czech", {"context": "The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "widespread national pride"}], "question": "What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?", "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier"}], "question": "What inspired the Czech's national pride?", "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "accomplishments"}], "question": "What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?", "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "the return of the language to high culture"}], "question": "What did Czech philologists advocate?", "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38eff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Czech National Revival"}], "question": "What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?", "id": "572b8b54111d821400f38f00"}]}], ["Czech, bahasa rasmi Republik Czech (ahli Kesatuan Eropah sejak tahun 2004), adalah salah satu bahasa rasmi EU dan kajian Eurobarometer 2012 mendapati bahawa bahasa Czech adalah bahasa asing yang paling sering digunakan di Slovakia. Ahli ekonomi Jonathan van Parys mengumpul data mengenai pengetahuan bahasa di Eropah untuk Hari Bahasa Eropah 2012. Lima negara dengan penggunaan Czech paling banyak ialah Republik Czech (98.77 peratus), Slovakia (24.86 peratus), Portugal (1.93 peratus), Poland (0.98 peratus) dan Jerman (0.47 peratus). <> Apakah bahasa rasmi republik Czech? || Czech <> Berapa lama Republik Czech menjadi ahli Kesatuan Eropah? || sejak tahun 2004 <> Apa perbezaan yang ada di Ceko di Slovakia? || bahasa asing yang paling sering digunakan <> Siapa yang mengumpul data mengenai pengetahuan bahasa di Eropah untuk Hari Bahasa Eropah 2012? || Jonathan van Parys <> Daripada lima negara dengan penggunaan terbesar Czech, negara mana yang mempunyai peratus terendah penggunaan? || Jerman", {"context": "Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Czech"}], "question": "What is the official language of the Czech republic?", "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "since 2004"}], "question": "How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?", "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "foreign language most often used"}], "question": "What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?", "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Jonathan van Parys"}], "question": "Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?", "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?", "id": "572b8f5d111d821400f38f14"}]}], ["Sintaks Bahasa Czech mempunyai struktur kalimat subjek kata kerja subjek. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam amalan, pesanan kata adalah fleksibel dan digunakan untuk topikalisasi dan tumpuan. Walaupun Czech mempunyai pembinaan pasifhrastic pasifhrastic (seperti bahasa Inggeris), perubahan kata-kata kerap lazimnya menghasilkan suara pasif. Sebagai contoh, untuk mengubah \"Peter membunuh Paul\" kepada \"Paul dibunuh oleh Peter\" perintah subjek dan objek terbalik: Petr zabil Pavla (\"Peter membunuh Paul\") menjadi \"Paul, Peter terbunuh\" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla dalam kes tuduhan, objek tatabahasa (dalam kes ini, mangsa) kata kerja. <> Apakah struktur kalimat sintaks Czech? || subjek-kata kerja-objek <> Oleh kerana pesanan kata adalah fleksibel dalam bahasa Czech, apakah ia cenderung untuk digunakan? || topicalization and focus <> Apa jenis pembinaan pasif yang ada di Ceko? || periphrastic <> Apa yang berlaku kepada subjek dan objek untuk menghasilkan suara pasif dalam bahasa Czech? || terbalik <> Apa kes adalah objek gramatikal kata kerja? || akusatif", {"context": "Czech syntax has a subject\u2013verb\u2013object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change \"Peter killed Paul\" to \"Paul was killed by Peter\" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla (\"Peter killed Paul\") becomes \"Paul, Peter killed\" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "subject\u2013verb\u2013object"}], "question": "What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?", "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "topicalization and focus"}], "question": "Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?", "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "periphrastic"}], "question": "What kind of passive construction does Czech have?", "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "inverted"}], "question": "What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?", "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "accusative"}], "question": "What case is the grammatical object of a verb?", "id": "572b9c6fbe1ee31400cb8469"}]}], ["Imigresen Czech dari Eropah ke Amerika Syarikat berlaku terutamanya dari tahun 1848 hingga 1914. Czech adalah bahasa yang kurang dikenali di sekolah A.S., dan diajar di pusat warisan ceko. Komuniti besar warga Czech Czech tinggal di negeri Texas, Nebraska dan Wisconsin. Dalam Banci Amerika Syarikat 2000, bahasa Czech dilaporkan sebagai bahasa yang paling biasa diucapkan di rumah (selain bahasa Inggeris) di Valley, Butler dan Counters Saunders, Nebraska dan County Republic, Kansas. Kecuali Bahasa Sepanyol (bahasa bukan bahasa Inggeris yang paling banyak ditutur di rumah di seluruh negara), bahasa Czech adalah bahasa utama yang paling biasa di lebih daripada selusin daerah tambahan di Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota dan Minnesota. Sehingga tahun 2009, 70,500 orang Amerika bercakap bahasa Czech sebagai bahasa pertamanya (tempat ke-49 di seluruh negara, di belakang Turki dan di hadapan Sweden). <> Czechs berhijrah dari Eropah ke pangkalan A.S. dari tahun 1848 hingga ke mana? || 1914 <> Bahasa jenis apa bahasa Czech di sekolah A.S.? || Bahasa yang Kurang Diutamakan <> Negara apa yang mempunyai komuniti besar orang Czechia? || Texas, Nebraska dan Wisconsin <> Apa bahasa bukan bahasa yang paling biasa digunakan di rumah di seluruh negara di A.S.? || Bahasa Sepanyol <> Berapa ramai rakyat Amerika bercakap bahasa Czech sebagai bahasa pertama mereka pada tahun 2009? || 70,500", {"context": "Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1914"}], "question": "Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?", "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "a Less Commonly Taught Language"}], "question": "What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?", "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin"}], "question": "What states have large communities of Czech Americans?", "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?", "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "70,500"}], "question": "How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?", "id": "572b8fff111d821400f38f1e"}]}], ["Kerana bahasa Czech menggunakan kes tatabahasa untuk menyampaikan fungsi perkataan dalam satu kalimat (bukannya bergantung pada perintah perkataan, seperti bahasa Inggeris), pesanan kata itu fleksibel. Sebagai bahasa pro-drop, dalam bahasa Czech, kalimat intransitif boleh terdiri daripada kata kerja; Maklumat mengenai subjeknya dikodkan dalam kata kerja. Enclitics (terutamanya kata kerja tambahan dan kata ganti) mesti muncul dalam slot sintaksik kedua ayat, selepas unit stres pertama. Slot pertama mesti mengandungi subjek dan objek, bentuk utama kata kerja, kata keterangan atau konjungsi (kecuali konjungsi cahaya, \"dan\", i, \"dan bahkan\" atau ale, \"tetapi\"). <> Pesanan perkataan Czech adalah fleksibel kerana menggunakan apa yang hendak menyampaikan fungsi perkataan dalam satu kalimat? || kes tatabahasa <> Dalam bahasa Czech satu kalimat intransitif mungkin terdiri daripada hanya apa? || kata kerja <> Apa yang dikodkan mengenai subjek dalam kata kerja dalam bahasa Czech? || Maklumat <> Apa yang sukar untuk mengucapkan dan mengingati istilah yang bermakna terutamanya kata kerja tambahan dan kata ganti? || Enclitics <> Di mana mesti enclitics muncul dalam satu kalimat? || slot sintaktik kedua", {"context": "Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, \"and\", i, \"and even\" or ale, \"but\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "grammatical case"}], "question": "Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?", "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "a verb"}], "question": "In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?", "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "information"}], "question": "What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?", "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Enclitics"}], "question": "What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?", "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "second syntactic slot"}], "question": "Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?", "id": "572b9bdef75d5e190021fe68"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada piawaian lisan dan piawai bertulis yang berkait rapat, Czech mempunyai beberapa dialek serantau yang terutamanya digunakan di kawasan luar bandar oleh penutur kurang mahir dalam dialek lain atau bahasa Czech standard. Semasa separuh kedua abad kedua puluh, penggunaan dialek Czech mula melemah. Penggunaan dialek awal tahun 1990an adalah stigma, yang dikaitkan dengan kelas kelas yang lebih rendah dan digunakan dalam kesusasteraan atau media lain untuk kesan komedi. Peningkatan perjalanan dan ketersediaan media kepada penduduk bercakap dialek telah mendorong mereka untuk beralih ke (atau menambah dialek mereka sendiri) Czech yang standard. Walaupun Czech telah menerima minat ilmiah yang cukup untuk bahasa Slavik, minat ini tertumpu terutamanya pada teks bahasa Czech moden dan purba daripada dialek. Standard Czech masih menjadi norma bagi ahli politik, ahli perniagaan dan Czech lain dalam situasi formal, tetapi Common Czech semakin mendapat perhatian dalam kewartawanan dan media massa. <> Berapa banyak dialek serantau yang ada di Ceko? || beberapa <> Di manakah dialek bahasa Czech yang biasa dijumpai? || kawasan luar bandar <> Apakah penggunaan dialek yang dikaitkan dengan dan dengan itu stigmatized kerana? || kelas bawah <> Apa jenis minat ilmiah yang diterima Czech? || agak <> Apakah dialek bahasa Czech yang mendapat tempat dalam kewartawanan dan media massa? || Biasa", {"context": "In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "several"}], "question": "How many regional dialects does Czech have?", "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "rural areas"}], "question": "Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?", "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "lower class"}], "question": "What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?", "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "considerable"}], "question": "What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?", "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 878, "text": "Common"}], "question": "What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?", "id": "572b90bdbe1ee31400cb8447"}]}], ["Semasa kebangkitan, pada tahun 1809 ahli bahasa dan ahli sejarah Josef Dobrovsk\u00fd mengeluarkan tatabahasa bahasa Jerman Lama Czech berjudul Ausf\u00fchrliches Lehrgeb\u00e4ude der b\u00f6hmischen Sprache (Doktrin Komprehensif Bahasa Bohemia). Dobrovsk\u00fd bermaksud buku beliau menjadi deskriptif, dan tidak menganggap Czech mempunyai peluang yang nyata untuk kembali sebagai bahasa utama. Bagaimanapun, Josef Jungmann dan ahli-ahli revivalis lain menggunakan buku Dobrovsk\u00fd untuk menyokong kebangkitan semula bahasa Czech. Perubahan pada masa ini termasuk pembaharuan ejaan (terutamanya, \u00ed di tempat bekas j dan j menggantikan g), penggunaan t (bukan ti) untuk mengakhiri kata kerja infinitif dan bukan huruf besar kata benda (yang telah menjadi pinjaman lewat dari Jerman). Perubahan ini membezakan Czech dari Slovak. Para ulama moden tidak setuju sama ada pemulih revolusi konservatif itu dimotivasi oleh nasionalisme atau dianggap sebagai bahasa Czech kontemporari yang tidak sesuai digunakan secara formal dan meluas. <> Apakah profesi Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd? || ahli bahasa dan ahli sejarah <> Apa yang tidak difikirkan Dobrovsk\u00fd Czech mempunyai peluang untuk kembali sebagai? || bahasa utama <> Tahun berapa Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd membebaskan tatabahasa bahasa Jerman Lama Czech? || 1809 <> Apa yang menyokong Josef Jungmann? || kebangkitan linguistik Czech <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju sama ada pembalik semula itu termotivasi oleh nasionalisme atau jika mereka menganggap Czech yang bercakap kontemporari tidak sesuai digunakan secara formal? || Ulama moden", {"context": "During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovsk\u00fd released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausf\u00fchrliches Lehrgeb\u00e4ude der b\u00f6hmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovsk\u00fd had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovsk\u00fd's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, \u00ed in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "linguist and historian"}], "question": "What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd?", "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "a major language"}], "question": "What didn't Dobrovsk\u00fd think Czech had a chance of returning as?", "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "1809"}], "question": "What year did Joseph Dobrovsk\u00fd release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?", "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "a Czech linguistic revival"}], "question": "What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?", "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "Modern scholars"}], "question": "Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?", "id": "572b8eb4111d821400f38f0a"}]}], ["Nouns juga terlewatkan untuk nombor, membezakan antara tunggal dan jamak. Lazimnya bahasa Slavia, nombor kardinal Czech satu hingga empat membolehkan kata benda dan kata sifat mereka diubahsuai untuk mengambil apa-apa kes, tetapi angka lebih lima tempat kata nama dan kata sifat dalam kes genitif apabila keseluruhan ungkapan dalam kes nominatif atau akusatif. Koruna Czech adalah contoh ciri ini; ia ditunjukkan di sini sebagai subjek ayat hipotesis, dan merosot sebagai genitif untuk nombor lima dan ke atas. <> Apa yang diabaikan untuk nombor dalam bahasa Czech? || Nouns <> Apakah nombor kardinal satu hingga empat di Czech dibenarkan untuk diambil? || mana-mana kes <> Apa kes nombor melebihi lima? || genitif <> Bilakah kes genitif digunakan? || apabila keseluruhan ungkapan berada dalam kes nominatif atau tuduhan <> Apakah pengawasan Czech terhadap nombor kardinal yang tipikal? || bahasa Slavik", {"context": "Nouns are also inflected for number, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case. The Czech koruna is an example of this feature; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence, and declined as genitive for numbers five and up.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Nouns"}], "question": "What are inflected for number in Czech?", "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "any case"}], "question": "What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?", "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "genitive"}], "question": "What case are numbers over five in?", "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case"}], "question": "When is the genitive case used?", "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "a Slavic language"}], "question": "What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?", "id": "572ba616111d821400f38f38"}]}], ["Bentuk infinitif berakhir dengan t (secara purba, ti). Ini adalah bentuk yang terdapat dalam kamus dan bentuk yang mengikuti kata kerja tambahan (contohnya, m\u016f\u017eu t\u011b sly\u0161et- \"Saya dapat mendengar anda\"). Kata kerja bahasa Czech mempunyai tiga suasana tatabahasa: indikatif, imperatif dan bersyarat. Suasana yang penting menambah hujung spesifik untuk setiap kategori tiga orang (atau nombor): -C / -i / -ej untuk orang kedua tunggal, -te / -ete / -ejte untuk orang kedua jamak dan -me / -eme / -ejme untuk jamak orang pertama. Suasana bersyarat terbentuk dengan zarah selepas kata kerja masa lampau. Suasana ini menunjukkan peristiwa yang mungkin, dinyatakan dalam bahasa Inggeris sebagai \"saya akan\" atau \"saya berharap\". Apa bentuk kata kerja yang terdapat dalam kamus Czech? || infinitif <> Berapa banyak ungkapan tatabahasa yang mempunyai kata kerja Czech? || tiga <> Apakah mood tatabahasa bahasa Czech? || indikatif, imperatif dan bersyarat <> Apa perasaan menambah endapan khusus untuk setiap tiga kategori orang atau nombor? || imperatif <> Yang mood perbualan Czech menunjukkan peristiwa yang mungkin? || bersyarat", {"context": "The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, m\u016f\u017eu t\u011b sly\u0161et\u2014\"I can hear you\"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -\u00d8/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as \"I would\" or \"I wish\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "infinitive"}], "question": "What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?", "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?", "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "indicative, imperative and conditional"}], "question": "What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?", "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "imperative"}], "question": "What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?", "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "conditional"}], "question": "Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?", "id": "572baa44f75d5e190021fe8c"}]}], ["Khas bahasa Slavia, Czech menandakan kata kerja untuk salah satu daripada dua aspek tatabahasa: sempurna dan tidak sempurna. Kebanyakan kata kerja adalah sebahagian daripada segi pasangan yang terhingga-contohnya, koupit (sempurna) dan kupovat (tidak sempurna). Walaupun makna kata kerja sama, dalam kata kerja yang sempurna, tindakan itu selesai dan dalam kata kerja yang tidak sempurna itu sedang berlangsung. Ini berbeza dari tegang yang lalu dan sekarang, dan mana-mana kata kerja bahasa Czech boleh jadi konjugasi dalam mana-mana tiga tensesnya. Aspek menggambarkan keadaan tindakan pada masa yang ditetapkan oleh tegang. <> Apa bahasa Slavik cenderung untuk dilakukan dengan kata kerja mereka? || tanda <> Apa yang menggambarkan keadaan tindakan kata kerja pada masa yang ditentukan oleh tegangnya? || Aspek <> Apa dua aspek tatabahasa yang boleh digunakan dalam bahasa Czech? || sempurna dan tidak sempurna <> Dalam kata kerja yang sempurna, apakah keadaan yang diterangkan oleh kata kerja itu? || selesai <> Di mana kata kerja dalam bahasa Czech adalah tindakan yang diterangkan oleh kata kerja masih berlangsung? || tidak sempurna", {"context": "Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs\u2014for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing. This is distinct from past and present tense, and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "marks"}], "question": "What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?", "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Aspect"}], "question": "What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?", "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "perfective and imperfective"}], "question": "What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?", "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "completed"}], "question": "In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?", "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "imperfective"}], "question": "In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?", "id": "572ba75ff75d5e190021fe71"}]}], ["Czech mempunyai salah satu fonemik ortografi paling banyak dalam semua bahasa Eropah. Graphemes tiga puluh satu mewakili tiga puluh bunyi (dalam kebanyakan dialek, i dan y mempunyai bunyi yang sama), dan ia mengandungi hanya satu digraf: ch, yang mengikuti h dalam abjad. Akibatnya, beberapa wataknya telah digunakan oleh ahli fonologi untuk menandakan bunyi yang sepadan dalam bahasa lain. Huruf q, w dan x muncul hanya dalam kata-kata asing. The h\u00e1\u010dek () digunakan dengan huruf tertentu untuk membentuk aksara baru: \u0161, \u017e, dan \u010d, serta \u0148, \u011b, \u0159, \u0165, dan \u010f (lima terakhir yang tidak biasa di luar Czech). Dua huruf terakhir terkadang ditulis dengan koma di atas (', yang disingkat h\u00e1\u010dek) kerana ketinggiannya. Wataknya hanya wujud dalam kata pinjaman dan onomatopoeia. <> Bahasa apa yang mempunyai salah satu fonemik ortografi paling banyak bahasa Eropah? || Czech <> Berapa banyak graphemes yang ada di Ceko? || tiga puluh satu <> Apa yang mempunyai beberapa watak ceko digunakan oleh ahli fonologi untuk menunjukkan? || bunyi yang sepadan dalam bahasa-bahasa lain <> Apa ciri dalam bahasa Czech sahaja yang ada dalam kata pinjaman? || \u00f3 <> Di Czech, jenis kata apa yang aksara \"q\", \"w\" dan \"x\" hanya muncul dalam? || asing", {"context": "Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The h\u00e1\u010dek (\u02c7) is used with certain letters to form new characters: \u0161, \u017e, and \u010d, as well as \u0148, \u011b, \u0159, \u0165, and \u010f (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (\u02bc, an abbreviated h\u00e1\u010dek) because of their height. The character \u00f3 exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Czech"}], "question": "What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?", "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "thirty-one"}], "question": "How many graphemes does Czech have?", "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "corresponding sounds in other languages"}], "question": "What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?", "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "\u00f3"}], "question": "What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?", "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "foreign"}], "question": "In Czech, what type of words do the characters \"q\", \"w\" and \"x\" exclusively appear in?", "id": "572baafbf75d5e190021fe96"}]}], ["Dalam bahasa Czech, kata nama dan kata sifat diturunkan kepada salah satu daripada tujuh kes tatabahasa. Nouns digambarkan untuk menunjukkan penggunaannya dalam satu ayat. Bahasa nominatif-akusatif, bahasa Czech menandakan kata benda subjek dengan kes nominatif dan kata benda objek dengan kes akusatif. Kes genitif menandakan kata nama yang mempunyai kata-kata dan beberapa jenis pergerakan. Kes yang selebihnya (instrumental, locative, vocative dan dative) menunjukkan hubungan semantik, seperti objek sekunder, gerakan atau kedudukan (kes datif) dan iringan (instrumental case). Kes kata sifat bersetuju dengan kata nama yang digambarkan. Apabila kanak-kanak Czech mempelajari corak kemerosotan bahasa mereka, kes-kes disebut dengan nombor: <> Berapa banyak kes tatabahasa yang boleh kata nama dan kata sifat ditolak dalam bahasa Czech? || tujuh <> Bilakah kata nama dalam bahasa Czech dipengaruhi? || untuk menunjukkan penggunaannya dalam ayat <> Bagaimana bahasa Czech menandakan kata benda subjek? || dengan kes nominatif <> Apa kata nama bahasa Czech menggunakan kes tuduhan untuk menandakan? || objek <> Apa yang mesti berlaku dalam kata sifat kata sifat dalam bahasa Czech? || kata nama yang digambarkan", {"context": "In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative\u2013accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?", "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb846f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "to indicate their use in a sentence"}], "question": "When are nouns in Czech inflected?", "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8470"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "with nominative case"}], "question": "How does Czech mark subject nouns?", "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8471"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "object"}], "question": "What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?", "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8472"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "the noun it describes"}], "question": "What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?", "id": "572ba3f1be1ee31400cb8473"}]}], ["Czech membezakan tiga jantina-lelaki, feminin, dan neuter-dan jantina maskulin dibahagikan kepada bernyawa dan tidak bernyawa. Dengan beberapa pengecualian, kata nama feminin dalam kes nominatif berakhir di -a, -e, atau -ost; kata nama neuter dalam kata-kata, -e, atau -\u00ed, dan kata nama maskulin dalam konsonan. Adjektif bersetuju dengan jantina dan animasi (untuk kata nama maskulin dalam akusatif atau genitive singular dan plural nominatif) dengan kata nama yang mereka ubah. Kesan utama jantina dalam bahasa Czech adalah perbezaan kata benda dan pengertian kata sifat, tetapi kesan lain termasuk pengakhiran kata kerja masa lampau: misalnya, d\u011blal (dia lakukan, atau dibuat); d\u011blala (dia lakukan, atau dibuat) dan d\u011blalo (ia lakukan, atau dibuat). <> Berapa banyak jantina yang membezakan Czech? || tiga <> Kategori apa jantina lelaki dalam bahasa Czech dibahagikan? || bernyawa dan tidak bernyawa <> Apa kata adjektif Czech dengan kata benda yang mereka ubah? || jantina dan animasi <> Apa jantina juga mempengaruhi di Czech? || pengakhiran kata kerja masa lampau <> Apakah kesan utama jantina dalam bahasa Czech? || perbezaan dalam kata nama dan pengertian kata sifat", {"context": "Czech distinguishes three genders\u2014masculine, feminine, and neuter\u2014and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -\u00ed, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, d\u011blal (he did, or made); d\u011blala (she did, or made) and d\u011blalo (it did, or made).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many genders does Czech distinguish?", "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb8479"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "animate and inanimate"}], "question": "What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?", "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "gender and animacy"}], "question": "What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?", "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "past-tense verb endings"}], "question": "What does gender also affect in Czech?", "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "difference in noun and adjective declension"}], "question": "What is the main effect of gender in Czech?", "id": "572ba57abe1ee31400cb847c"}]}], ["Ciri tipografi Czech yang tidak dikaitkan dengan fonetik umumnya menyerupai kebanyakan bahasa Eropah Latin, termasuk bahasa Inggeris. Kata nama yang tepat, penghormatan, dan huruf pertama kutipan dipermodalkan, dan tanda baca adalah bahasa Latin yang lain. Penulisan angka ordinal adalah serupa dengan kebanyakan bahasa Eropah. Bahasa Czech menggunakan koma perpuluhan bukan titik perpuluhan. Apabila menulis nombor yang panjang, ruang antara setiap tiga nombor (contohnya antara ratusan dan ribuan) boleh digunakan untuk orientasi yang lebih baik dalam teks tulisan tangan, tetapi bukan dalam tempat perpuluhan, seperti dalam bahasa Inggeris. Nombor 1,234,567.8910 boleh ditulis sebagai 1234567,8910 atau 1 234 567,8910. Nombor Ordinal (1) menggunakan titik seperti dalam bahasa Jerman (1.). Dalam frasa kata nama yang betul (kecuali nama peribadi), hanya perkataan pertama dipermodalkan (Pra\u017esk\u00fd hrad, Istana Prague). <> Apa ciri tipografi bahasa Czech yang tidak dikaitkan dengan fonetik cenderung menyerupai? || kebanyakan bahasa Eropah Latin <> Dalam bahasa Czech, apa yang dilakukan untuk kata nama yang sesuai, penghormatan, dan huruf pertama petikan? || huruf besar <> Apa yang biasa dalam bahasa Czech sebagai bahasa Latin Latin yang lain? || tanda baca <> Bahasa apa bahasa Czech berkongsi pengendalian format ordinal dengan? || Bahasa Jerman <> Kata apa yang dikapitalisasi dalam frasa kata nama yang betul dalam Bahasa Czech? || hanya yang pertama", {"context": "Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pra\u017esk\u00fd hrad, Prague Castle).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "those of most Latin European languages"}], "question": "What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?", "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaecd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "capitalized"}], "question": "In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?", "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaece"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "punctuation"}], "question": "What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?", "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 731, "text": "German"}], "question": "What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?", "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "only the first"}], "question": "What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?", "id": "572bab9334ae481900deaed1"}]}], ["Kata kerja kebanyakan pasangan segi berbeza dalam salah satu daripada dua cara: dengan awalan atau dengan sufiks. Dalam awalan awalan, kata kerja sempurna mempunyai awalan tambahan-contohnya, psikiat tidak sempurna (untuk menulis, untuk menulis) berbanding dengan napsat sempurna (untuk menulis, untuk menyelesaikan penulisan). Awalan yang paling biasa adalah na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- dan za-. Dalam pasangan sufiks, akhir infiniti yang berbeza ditambah ke batang sempurna; Sebagai contoh, kata kerja yang sempurna (koupit) (untuk beli) dan prodat (untuk menjual) mempunyai bentuk yang tidak sempurna kupovat dan prod\u00e1vat. Kata kerja yang tidak sempurna mungkin menjalani morfologi lanjut untuk membuat kata kerja yang tidak sempurna lain (bentuk berulang dan kerap), menandakan tindakan yang berulang atau biasa. Kata kerja j\u00edt (pergi) mempunyai bentuk berulang chodit (pergi berulang) dan bentuk chod\u00edvat kerap (pergi secara teratur). <> Berapa banyak cara untuk kata kerja dalam pasangan aspek berbeza? || dua cara <> Apakah kata kerja yang sempurna dalam pasangan awalan? || awalan tambahan <> Apa yang ditambahkan pada akhir pasangan sufiks? || pelbagai infiniti yang berbeza <> Apa kata kerja yang tidak sempurna untuk menjalani kata kerja lain yang tidak sempurna? || morfologi lagi <> Apakah jenis tindakan yang boleh menonjolkan tahap kedua kata kerja yang tidak sempurna? || tindakan berulang atau biasa", {"context": "The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix\u2014for example, the imperfective ps\u00e1t (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prod\u00e1vat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb j\u00edt (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chod\u00edvat (to go regularly).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "two ways"}], "question": "How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?", "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "an added prefix"}], "question": "What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?", "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "different infinitive ending"}], "question": "What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?", "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "further morphology"}], "question": "What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?", "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "repeated or regular action"}], "question": "What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?", "id": "572ba8fcf75d5e190021fe82"}]}]], [["\"Digimon\" adalah \"Monsters Digital\". Mengikut cerita, mereka adalah penduduk \"DigiWorld\", sebuah manifestasi rangkaian komunikasi Bumi. Cerita-cerita menceritakan sekumpulan kebanyakan remaja, yang mengiringi Digimon khas yang dilahirkan untuk mempertahankan dunia mereka (dan kita) dari pelbagai kekuatan jahat. Untuk membantu mereka mengatasi halangan-halangan yang paling sukar yang terdapat dalam kedua-dua alam, Digimon mempunyai keupayaan untuk berkembang (Digivolve) Dalam proses ini, Digimon berubah penampilan dan menjadi lebih kuat, sering berubah dalam keperibadian juga. Kumpulan kanak-kanak yang bersentuhan dengan perubahan Dunia Digital dari siri hingga siri. <> Apakah dunia di mana digimon itu hidup? || satu manifestasi rangkaian komunikasi bumi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada digimon setelah mereka berkembang? || Digimon berubah penampilan dan menjadi lebih kuat, sering berubah dalam keperibadian juga <> Siapa yang menyertai digimon ketika mereka bekerja untuk menyelamatkan dunia mereka? || sekumpulan kebanyakan kanak-kanak pra-remaja <> Adakah anak-anak yang mengiringi digimon selalu sama? || Kumpulan kanak-kanak yang bersentuhan dengan perubahan Digital World dari siri ke siri <> Apa yang digimon dunia? || DigiWorld <> Dimana penduduk Digimon? || DigiWorld <> Apa kumpulan anak-anak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap Digimons? || kebanyakannya pra-remaja <> Apa proses yang dipanggil ketika Digimon menjadi lebih kuat? || Digivolve", {"context": "\"Digimon\" are \"Digital Monsters\". According to the stories, they are inhabitants of the \"DigiWorld\", a manifestation of Earth's communication network. The stories tell of a group of mostly pre-teens, who accompany special Digimon born to defend their world (and ours) from various evil forces. To help them surmount the most difficult obstacles found within both realms, the Digimon have the ability to evolve (Digivolve) In this process, the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well. The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "a manifestation of Earth's communication network"}], "question": "What is the world in which the digimon live?", "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "the Digimon change appearance and become much stronger, often changing in personality as well"}], "question": "What happens to a digimon after they evolve?", "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "a group of mostly pre-teens"}], "question": "Who accompanies the digimon as they work to save their world?", "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "The group of children who come in contact with the Digital World changes from series to series"}], "question": "Are the children who accompany the digimon always the same?", "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "DigiWorld"}], "question": "What is the world of the digimon called?", "id": "5727a40bff5b5019007d91b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "DigiWorld"}], "question": "Where are Digimon the inhabitants of?", "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "mostly pre-teens"}], "question": "What group of kids are in charge of the Digimons?", "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "Digivolve"}], "question": "What is the process called when Digimon get stronger?", "id": "572a277e1d046914007797ef"}]}], ["Waralaba ini mula-mula diwujudkan pada tahun 1997 sebagai satu siri hewan maya, mirip dengan dan dipengaruhi gaya oleh-mainan Tamagotchi kontemporer atau nano Giga Pet. Makhluk-makhluk itu mula-mula direka untuk kelihatan comel dan ikonik walaupun pada skrin kecil peranti; perkembangan kemudiannya telah dibuat dengan gaya yang lebih keras yang dipengaruhi oleh komik Amerika. Waralaba mendapat momentum dengan penjelmaan anime pertama, Digimon Adventure, dan permainan video awal, Digimon World, kedua-duanya dikeluarkan pada tahun 1999. Beberapa musim anime dan filem berdasarkan mereka telah disiarkan, dan siri permainan video telah berkembang menjadi genre seperti sebagai permainan peranan, perlumbaan, pertempuran, dan MMORPG. Bentuk media lain juga telah dikeluarkan. <> Kapan Digimon mula-mula muncul? || 1997 <> Nama asal anime Digimon. || Digimon Adventure <> Nama permainan video Digimon yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1999. || Digimon World <> Nama dua jenis mainan Digimon yang asli mempunyai persamaan yang hampir sama. || Tamagotchi atau nano Giga Binatang mainan <> Kapan siri Digimon dibuat? || 1997 <> Apa yang mempengaruhi paparan Digimons? || Tamagotchi atau nano Giga Mainan haiwan <> Pada tahun apakah permainan video Digimon dikeluarkan? || 1999", {"context": "The franchise was first created in 1997 as a series of virtual pets, akin to\u2014and influenced in style by\u2014the contemporary Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys. The creatures were first designed to look cute and iconic even on the devices' small screens; later developments had them created with a harder-edged style influenced by American comics. The franchise gained momentum with its first anime incarnation, Digimon Adventure, and an early video game, Digimon World, both released in 1999. Several seasons of the anime and films based on them have aired, and the video game series has expanded into genres such as role-playing, racing, fighting, and MMORPGs. Other media forms have also been released.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Digimon first appear?", "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "Digimon Adventure"}], "question": "Name the original Digimon anime.", "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Digimon World"}], "question": "Name the Digimon video game that was released in 1999.", "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"}], "question": "Name two types of toys the original Digimon bore a close resemblence to.", "id": "5727456add62a815002e9a49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was the Digimon series created?", "id": "572a19286aef05140015526c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Tamagotchi or nano Giga Pet toys"}], "question": "What influenced the look of the Digimons?", "id": "572a19286aef05140015526d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "1999"}], "question": "In what year was the Digimon video game released?", "id": "572a19286aef05140015526e"}]}], ["(Dejimau Monsut\u0101), adalah francais media Jepun yang merangkumi mainan haiwan maya, anime, manga, permainan video, filem dan perdagangan maya (\u30c7 \u30b8 \u30e2 \u30f3 Dejimon, yang dilabel sebagai Digimon: Monsters Digital, yang digelar sebagai DIGIMON) permainan kad. Waralaba memberi tumpuan kepada makhluk-makhluk Digimon, yang merupakan raksasa yang hidup dalam \"Digital World\", alam semesta yang selari yang berasal dari rangkaian komunikasi pelbagai Bumi. Dalam banyak inkarnasi, Digimon dibesarkan oleh manusia yang dipanggil \"Digidestined\" atau \"Tamers\", dan mereka berkumpul untuk mengalahkan kejahatan Digimon dan penjahat manusia yang cuba menghancurkan kain dunia Digital. <> Apa yang digambarkan oleh Digimon? || Monsters Digital <> Apakah bentuk hiburan yang dimiliki oleh francais Digimon? || mainan haiwan maya, anime, manga, permainan video, filem dan permainan kad perdagangan <> Apakah Dunia Digital di mana makhluk-makhluk Digimon hidup? || sebuah alam semesta yang selari yang berasal dari pelbagai rangkaian komunikasi bumi <> Apa orang yang menaikkan Digimon dipanggil? || \"Digidestined\" atau \"Tamers\" <> Apakah matlamat Golim Digimon? || cuba memusnahkan fabrik dunia Digital", {"context": "(\u30c7\u30b8\u30e2\u30f3 Dejimon, branded as Digimon: Digital Monsters, stylized as DIGIMON), short for \"Digital Monsters\" (\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc Dejitaru Monsut\u0101), is a Japanese media franchise encompassing virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game. The franchise focuses on Digimon creatures, which are monsters living in a \"Digital World\", a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks. In many incarnations, Digimon are raised by humans called \"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\", and they team up to defeat evil Digimon and human villains who are trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Digital Monsters"}], "question": "What does Digimon stand for?", "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e960e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "virtual pet toys, anime, manga, video games, films and a trading card game"}], "question": "What forms of entertainment does the Digimon franchise include?", "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e960f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "a parallel universe that originated from Earth's various communication networks"}], "question": "What is the Digital World in which the Digimon creatures live?", "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "\"Digidestined\" or \"Tamers\""}], "question": "What are the people who raise Digimon called?", "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "trying to destroy the fabric of the Digital world"}], "question": "What are the Digimon villians main goals?", "id": "5726f3ccdd62a815002e9612"}]}], ["Digimon mula-mula dipupuk sebagai mainan haiwan kesayangan maya di urat Tamagotchis dan, oleh itu, mengambil pengaruh dari reka bentuk comel dan bulat Tamagotchis. Kawasan kecil skrin (16 hingga 16 piksel) bermakna pereka watak perlu membuat monster yang bentuknya mudah dikenali. Oleh itu, banyak daripada Digimon awal-termasuk Tyrannomon, yang pertama kali dicipta-didasarkan pada dinosaur. Reka bentuk lebih lanjut telah dicipta oleh Kenji Watanabe, yang dibawa masuk untuk membantu makhluk dan seni \"X-Antibody\" untuk permainan kad koleksi Digimon. Watanabe adalah seorang yang dipengaruhi oleh komik Amerika, yang mula mendapat popularitas di Jepun, dan oleh itu mula membuat watak-wataknya kelihatan lebih kuat dan \"sejuk\". Walau bagaimanapun, proses penciptaan watak untuk kebanyakan sejarah francais telah kolaboratif dan bergantung kepada percakapan dan brainstorming. <> Mainan apa jenis yang Digimon asal? || mainan haiwan maya <> Apakah makhluk macam mana digimon awal bercorak? || dinosaur <> Apa sifat-sifat komik american adalah generasi kemudian digimon yang cuba ditangkap? || kuat dan \"sejuk\". <> Siapa pereka yang bertanggungjawab untuk merestrukturisasi reka bentuk watak Digimon? || Kenji Watanabe <> Apa nama watak Digimon asal? || Tyrannomon <> Apakah saiz skrin mainan Digimon? || 16 oleh 16 piksel <> Apa binatang yang digimon berasaskan? || dinosaur <> Siapa pereka permainan kad Digimon? || Kenji Watanabe <> Bagaimana Watanabe mendapat pengaruhnya? || Komik Amerika", {"context": "Digimon was first conceived as a virtual pet toy in the vein of Tamagotchis and, as such, took influence from Tamagotchis' cute and round designs. The small areas of the screens (16 by 16 pixels) meant that character designers had to create monsters whose forms would be easily recognizable. As such, many of the early Digimon\u2014including Tyrannomon, the first one ever created\u2014were based on dinosaurs. Many further designs were created by Kenji Watanabe, who was brought in to help with the \"X-Antibody\" creatures and art for the Digimon collectible card game. Watanabe was one influenced by American comics, which were beginning to gain popularity in Japan, and as such began to make his characters look stronger and \"cool.\" The character creation process, however, has for most of the franchise's history been collaborative and reliant on conversation and brainstorming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "virtual pet toy"}], "question": "What kind of toy were the original Digimon?", "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "dinosaurs"}], "question": "What kind of creatures where the early digimon patterned after?", "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "stronger and \"cool.\""}], "question": "What properties of american comics were the later generations of digimon trying to capture?", "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Kenji Watanabe"}], "question": "Who was the designer responsible for the westernization of Digimon character design?", "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Tyrannomon"}], "question": "What was the name of the original Digimon character?", "id": "57274b1df1498d1400e8f5ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "16 by 16 pixels"}], "question": "What was the screen size of the Digimon toy?", "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "dinosaurs"}], "question": "What animals were the digimon based off of?", "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Kenji Watanabe"}], "question": "Who was the designer of the Digimon card game?", "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "American comics"}], "question": "How did Watanabe get his influence?", "id": "572a1f1c6aef0514001552cb"}]}], ["Sehingga 2011, terdapat enam siri - Digimon Adventure, susulan susulan Digimon Adventure 02, Digimon Tamers, Digimon Frontier, Digimon Data Squad dan Digimon Fusion. Dua siri pertama berlaku dalam alam semesta fiksyen yang sama, tetapi yang ketiga, keempat, kelima dan keenam masing-masing menduduki dunia mereka sendiri yang unik. Setiap siri biasanya berdasarkan kepada alur cerita asal tetapi perkara-perkara ditambah untuk menjadikannya unik. Walau bagaimanapun, di Tamers, alam semesta Petualangan dirujuk sebagai perusahaan komersial - permainan kad dagangan di Jepun, serta pertunjukan dalam pertunjukan dalam dub bahasa Inggeris. Ia juga mempunyai penampilan oleh watak dari Alam Semesta Pengembaraan. Di samping itu, setiap siri telah mencipta pelbagai filem ciri. Digimon masih menunjukkan populariti, kerana siri kad baru, permainan video dan filem masih dihasilkan dan dibebaskan: siri kad baru termasuk Keberanian Abadi, Pahlawan Hybrid, Generasi, dan Operasi X; permainan video, Digimon Rumble Arena 2; dan filem-filem yang sebelumnya tidak dirilis Revenge of Diaboromon, Runaway Locomon, Battle of Adventurers, dan Island of Lost Digimon. Di Jepun, Digital Monster X-Evolution, filem kelapan, dikeluarkan pada 3 Januari 2005, dan pada 23 Disember 2005 di Jump Festa 2006, siri kelima, Digimon Savers diumumkan untuk Jepun untuk disiarkan selepas tiga tahun, hiatus tahun rancangan itu. Siri televisyen keenam, Digimon Xros Wars, mula ditayangkan pada tahun 2010, dan diikuti oleh musim kedua, yang bermula pada 2 Oktober 2011 sebagai sekuel langsung kepada Digimon Xros Wars. <> Berapa banyak siri yang disiarkan sejak 2011? || enam siri <> Apakah nama siri Digimon kedua? || Digimon Adventure 02 <> Bilakah filem Monster Digital X-Evolution dikeluarkan? || 3 Januari 2005 <> Bilakah Digimon Xros Wars mula ditayangkan? || 2010", {"context": "As of 2011, there have been six series \u2014 Digimon Adventure, the follow-up sequel Digimon Adventure 02, Digimon Tamers, Digimon Frontier, Digimon Data Squad and Digimon Fusion. The first two series take place in the same fictional universe, but the third, fourth, fifth and sixth each occupy their own unique world. Each series is commonly based on the original storyline but things are added to make them unique. However, in Tamers, the Adventure universe is referred to as a commercial enterprise \u2014 a trading card game in Japan, plus a show-within-a-show in the English dub. It also features an appearance by a character from the Adventure universe. In addition, each series has spawned assorted feature films. Digimon still shows popularity, as new card series, video games, and movies are still being produced and released: new card series include Eternal Courage, Hybrid Warriors, Generations, and Operation X; the video game, Digimon Rumble Arena 2; and the previously unreleased movies Revenge of Diaboromon, Runaway Locomon, Battle of Adventurers, and Island of Lost Digimon. In Japan, Digital Monster X-Evolution, the eighth TV movie, was released on January 3, 2005, and on December 23, 2005 at Jump Festa 2006, the fifth series, Digimon Savers was announced for Japan to begin airing after a three-year hiatus of the show. A sixth television series, Digimon Xros Wars, began airing in 2010, and was followed by a second season, which started on October 2, 2011 as a direct sequel to Digimon Xros Wars.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "six series"}], "question": "How many series have aired since 2011?", "id": "572a28356aef051400155318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "Digimon Adventure 02"}], "question": "What is the name of the second Digimon series?", "id": "572a28356aef051400155319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1159, "text": "January 3, 2005"}], "question": "When was the movie Digital Monster X-Evolution released?", "id": "572a28356aef05140015531a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1395, "text": "2010"}], "question": "When did Digimon Xros Wars begin airing?", "id": "572a28356aef05140015531b"}]}], ["Siri Digimon kedua adalah kesinambungan terus yang pertama, dan mula ditayangkan pada 2 April 2000. Tiga tahun kemudian, dengan kebanyakan DigiDestined asal sekarang di sekolah menengah pada usia empat belas tahun, Dunia Digital sepatutnya aman dan damai. Walau bagaimanapun, kejahatan baru muncul dalam bentuk Maharaja Digimon (Digimon Kaiser) yang bertentangan dengan musuh terdahulu adalah manusia seperti DigiDestined. Digimon Maharaja telah membebaskan Digimon dengan Cincin Gelap dan Kawalan Gelap dan entah bagaimana menjadikan Digivolution tetap mustahil. Walau bagaimanapun, lima set Digi-Telur dengan lambang terukir telah dilantik ke tiga DigiDestined baru bersama dengan T.K. dan Kari, dua daripada DigiDestined dari siri sebelumnya. Proses evolusi baru ini, yang digelar Armor Digivolution membantu DigiDestined yang baru untuk mengalahkan kejahatan yang mengintai di Dunia Digital. Akhirnya, DigiDestined mengalahkan Maharaja Digimon, yang lebih dikenali sebagai Ken Ichijouji di Bumi, hanya dengan pengorbanan besar Digimon Ken, Wormmon. Apabila sesuatu perkara disangka diselesaikan, musuh baru Digimon yang dibuat dari Spiers Control yang dinyahaktifkan mula muncul dan menyebabkan masalah di Dunia Digital. Untuk menebus kesilapannya yang lalu, Ken bergabung dengan DigiDestined, menjadi DigiDestined sendiri, dengan Rakan Wormmonnya dihidupkan semula untuk melawan mereka. Mereka tidak lama lagi akan menyelamatkan negara-negara termasuk Perancis dan Australia dari pengawalan kawalan dan mengalahkan MaloMyotismon (BelialVamdemon), bentuk pengganti Myotismon (Vamdemon) dari siri sebelumnya. Mereka menghentikan kejahatan daripada memusnahkan kedua dunia, dan pada akhirnya, setiap orang di Bumi memperoleh pasangan Digimon mereka sendiri. <> Bilakah siri kedua Digimon udara? || April 2, 2000 <> Berapa umur DigiDestined asal sekarang bahawa mereka berada di Sekolah Tinggi? || empat belas <> Siapakah pasukan jahat baru yang telah memperbudak orang? || Digimon Kaiser <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Ken untuk menebus kesilapannya? || menyertai DigiDestined", {"context": "The second Digimon series is direct continuation of the first one, and began airing on April 2, 2000. Three years later, with most of the original DigiDestined now in high school at age fourteen, the Digital World was supposedly secure and peaceful. However, a new evil has appeared in the form of the Digimon Emperor (Digimon Kaiser) who as opposed to previous enemies is a human just like the DigiDestined. The Digimon Emperor has been enslaving Digimon with Dark Rings and Control Spires and has somehow made regular Digivolution impossible. However, five set Digi-Eggs with engraved emblems had been appointed to three new DigiDestined along with T.K. and Kari, two of the DigiDestined from the previous series. This new evolutionary process, dubbed Armor Digivolution helps the new DigiDestined to defeat evil lurking in the Digital World. Eventually, the DigiDestined defeat the Digimon Emperor, more commonly known as Ken Ichijouji on Earth, only with the great sacrifice of Ken's own Digimon, Wormmon. Just when things were thought to be settled, new Digimon enemies made from the deactivated Control Spires start to appear and cause trouble in the Digital World. To atone for his past mistakes, Ken joins the DigiDestined, being a DigiDestined himself, with his Partner Wormmon revived to fight against them. They soon save countries including France and Australia from control spires and defeat MaloMyotismon (BelialVamdemon), the digivolved form of Myotismon (Vamdemon) from the previous series. They stop the evil from destroying the two worlds, and at the end, every person on Earth gains their own Digimon partner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "April 2, 2000"}], "question": "When did the second series of Digimon air?", "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478765"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?", "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478766"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Digimon Kaiser"}], "question": "Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?", "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478767"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1208, "text": "joins the DigiDestined"}], "question": "What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?", "id": "572a2a293f37b31900478768"}]}], ["Anime Digimon pertama memperkenalkan kitaran hayat Digimon: Mereka berumur sama dengan organisma sebenar, tetapi tidak mati dalam keadaan biasa kerana mereka terbuat dari data yang dapat dikonfigurasi semula, yang dapat dilihat sepanjang pertunjukan. Mana-mana Digimon yang menerima luka maut akan dibubarkan ke bit data yang kecil. Data itu kemudiannya dirombak semula sebagai Digi-Egg, yang akan menetas ketika digosok perlahan-lahan, dan Digimon akan menjalani siklus hidupnya lagi. Digimon yang dijelmakan dengan cara ini kadang-kadang akan mengekalkan beberapa atau semua kenangan mereka tentang kehidupan terdahulu mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, jika data Digimon dimusnahkan sepenuhnya, mereka akan mati. <> Adakah terdapat sebarang keadaan di mana digimon tidak boleh dilahirkan semula? || jika data Digimon dimusnahkan sepenuhnya, mereka akan mati <> Apa yang biasanya berlaku apabila digimon dibunuh? || Mana-mana Digimon yang menerima luka maut akan dibubarkan ke bit data kecil <> Apa digimon yang dibuat? || data yang boleh dikonfigurasikan <> Bagaimana digimon dilahirkan semula? || Data itu kemudiannya menguraikan semula dirinya sebagai Digi-Egg, yang akan menetas apabila digosok perlahan <> Kapan kitaran hidup digimon digambarkan terlebih dahulu? || Anime Digimon pertama <> Apa yang diperkenalkan semasa anime Digimon pertama? || Digimon life cycle <> Apa yang terjadi pada digimon yang menerima luka yang membawa maut? || larut dalam bit data kecil <> Apa yang berlaku kepada digimon setelah ia larut? || meneruskan kitaran hayatnya lagi <> Apa yang berlaku jika data Digimons benar-benar dimusnahkan? || mereka akan mati", {"context": "The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die"}], "question": "Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?", "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"}], "question": "What typically happens when digimon are killed?", "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "reconfigurable data"}], "question": "What are digimon made of?", "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently"}], "question": "How is a digimon reborn?", "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The first Digimon anime"}], "question": "When was the digimon life cycle first described?", "id": "572798dddd62a815002ea18c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Digimon life cycle"}], "question": "What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?", "id": "572a24fe3f37b3190047873f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data"}], "question": "What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?", "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "goes through its life cycle again"}], "question": "What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?", "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "they will die"}], "question": "What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?", "id": "572a24fe3f37b31900478742"}]}], ["Digimon bermula sebagai haiwan peliharaan digital yang dikenali sebagai \"Monsters Digital\", sama dalam gaya dan konsep kepada Tamagotchi. Ia dirancang oleh WiZ dan dibebaskan oleh Bandai pada 26 Jun 1997. Mainan itu bermula sebagai konsep ringkas Tamagotchi terutamanya untuk kanak-kanak lelaki. V-Pet adalah sama dengan pendahulunya, dengan pengecualian menjadi lebih sukar dan dapat melawan Digimon v-pets lain. Setiap pemilik akan memulakan dengan Baby Digimon, melatihnya, mengembangkannya, mengurusnya, dan kemudian bertarung dengan pemilik Digimon lain untuk melihat siapa yang lebih kuat. Binatang Digimon mempunyai keupayaan dan kebolehan evolusi yang banyak, begitu banyak pemilik mempunyai Digimon yang berbeza. Pada bulan Disember, generasi kedua Digital Monster telah dibebaskan, diikuti oleh edisi ketiga pada tahun 1998. <> Apa syarikat bertanggungjawab untuk penciptaan dan pelepasan berikutnya digimon asal? || yang dirancang oleh WiZ dan dilepaskan oleh Bandai <> Apa yang dibuat digimon berbeza dari haiwan kesayangan digital yang sama? || menjadi lebih sukar dan dapat melawan Digimon v-pets yang lain <> Tahun apa digimon generasi kedua? || 1997 <> Siapa yang menjadi pasaran utama untuk digimon asal? || terutamanya untuk kanak-kanak lelaki <> Apa yang terlibat dalam permainan asal hewan peliharaan digimon maya? || Setiap pemilik akan bermula dengan Baby Digimon, melatih, mengembangkannya, mengurusnya, dan kemudian bertarung dengan pemilik Digimon lain <> Apa asalnya haiwan peliharaan Digimon bermula? || Monsters Digital <> Bilakah Digimon dikeluarkan oleh WiZ? || 26 Jun 1997 <> Pada bulan apakah generasi kedua Raksasa Digital Dikeluarkan? || Disember <> Tahun apakah edisi ketiga yang dikeluarkan? || 1998", {"context": "Digimon started out as digital pets called \"Digital Monsters\", similar in style and concept to the Tamagotchi. It was planned by WiZ and released by Bandai on June 26, 1997. The toy began as the simple concept of a Tamagotchi mainly for boys. The V-Pet is similar to its predecessors, with the exceptions of being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets. Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners to see who was stronger. The Digimon pet had several evolution capabilities and abilities too, so many owners had different Digimon. In December, the second generation of Digital Monster was released, followed by a third edition in 1998.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "planned by WiZ and released by Bandai"}], "question": "What companies were responsible for the creation and subsequent release of the original digimon?", "id": "57279ce7708984140094e245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "being more difficult and being able to fight other Digimon v-pets"}], "question": "What made digimon different from similar digital pets?", "id": "57279ce7708984140094e246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1997"}], "question": "What year was the second generation of digimon released?", "id": "57279ce7708984140094e247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "mainly for boys"}], "question": "Who was the main market for the original digimon?", "id": "57279ce7708984140094e249"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Every owner would start with a Baby Digimon, train it, evolve it, take care of it, and then have battles with other Digimon owners"}], "question": "What was involved in the original digimon virtual pet gameplay?", "id": "57279ce7708984140094e248"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Digital Monsters"}], "question": "What did the Digimon pets originally start out as?", "id": "572a26116aef05140015530a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "June 26, 1997"}], "question": "When was the Digimon released by WiZ?", "id": "572a26116aef05140015530b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "December"}], "question": "In what month was the second generation of the Digital Monsters Released?", "id": "572a26116aef05140015530c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year was the third edition released?", "id": "572a26116aef05140015530d"}]}], ["Siri televisyen Digimon pertama, yang mula ditayangkan pada 7 Mac 1999 di Jepun di Fuji TV dan Kids Station dan pada 14 Ogos 1999 di Amerika Syarikat di Fox Kids yang digelar oleh Saban Entertainment untuk versi Bahasa Inggeris Amerika Utara. Premisnya adalah sekumpulan 7 kanak-kanak yang, ketika berada di kem musim panas, pergi ke Dunia Digital, didiami oleh makhluk-makhluk yang dikenali sebagai Monsters Digital atau Digimon, belajar mereka dipilih untuk menjadi \"DigiDestined\" (\"Anak-Anak Terpilih\" ) untuk menyelamatkan kedua-dua Digital dan Dunia Nyata dari kejahatan. Setiap Kid diberikan Digivice yang memilih mereka untuk dibawa ke DigiWorld dan ditakdirkan untuk dipasangkan dengan Rakan Digimon, seperti Tai yang dipasangkan dengan Agumon dan Matt dengan Gabumon. Kanak-kanak dibantu oleh seorang lelaki / digimon misteri yang bernama Gennai, yang membantu mereka melalui hologram. Digivices membantu sekutu Digimon mereka untuk Digivolve menjadi makhluk yang lebih kuat pada masa-masa bahaya. Digimon biasanya mencapai bentuk yang lebih tinggi apabila pasangan manusia diletakkan dalam keadaan berbahaya, seperti memerangi kuasa jahat Devimon, Etemon dan Myotismon dalam bentuk Juara mereka. Kemudian, setiap watak menemui puncak yang masing-masing milik seseorang; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Persahabatan, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. The Crest of Hope, dan kemudian Kari the Crest of Light yang membolehkan Digimon mereka digivolve ke dalam bentuk Ultimate mereka. Kumpulan ini terdiri daripada tujuh tokoh asal: Taichi \"Tai\" Kamiya, Yamato \"Matt\" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro \"Izzy\" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido dan Takeru \" Takaishi. Kemudian dalam siri ini, watak kelapan diperkenalkan: Hikari \"Kari\" Kamiya (yang adik perempuan Taichi). <> Bilakah siri digimon pertama mula disiarkan di Jepun? || 7 Mac 1999 di Jepun <> Bilakah Digimon mula disiarkan di Amerika? || 14 Ogos 1999 <> Apakah premis Digimon? || perjalanan ke Dunia Digital <> Berapa ramai orang dalam Digimon asal? || tujuh watak asal", {"context": "The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be \"DigiDestined\" (\"Chosen Children\" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi \"Tai\" Kamiya, Yamato \"Matt\" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro \"Izzy\" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru \"T.K.\" Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari \"Kari\" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "March 7, 1999 in Japan"}], "question": "When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?", "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "August 14, 1999"}], "question": "When did Digimon begin airing in America?", "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "travel to the Digital World"}], "question": "What was the premise of Digimon?", "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1508, "text": "seven original characters"}], "question": "How many people are in the original Digimon?", "id": "572a2927af94a219006aa84a"}]}], ["Digimon menetas dari jenis telur yang dipanggil Digi-Egg (\u30c7 \u30b8 \u30bf \u30de, Dejitama?). Dalam lelaran Bahasa Inggeris francais terdapat satu lagi jenis Digi-Telur yang boleh digunakan untuk digivolve, atau mengubah, Digimon. Jenis kedua Digi-Egg ini dipanggil Digimental (\u30c7 \u30b8 \u30e1 \u30f3 \u30bf \u30eb, Dejimentaru?) Dalam bahasa Jepun. (Jenis Digi-Telur ini juga dipaparkan sebagai objek utama sepanjang musim 2 sebagai satu cara Digivolution hanya tersedia untuk watak-watak tertentu pada titik-titik tertentu sepanjang musim.) Mereka berumur melalui proses yang disebut \"Digivolution\" yang mengubah penampilan dan peningkatan mereka kuasa mereka. Kesan Digivolution, bagaimanapun, tidak kekal dalam pasangan Digimon watak-watak utama dalam anime, dan Digimon yang telah digivolved akan kebanyakan masa kembali ke bentuk sebelumnya selepas pertempuran atau jika mereka terlalu lemah untuk meneruskan. Sesetengah Digimon bertindak liar. Kebanyakan, bagaimanapun, mampu perisikan dan ucapan manusia. Mereka dapat digivolve oleh penggunaan Digivices yang mempunyai rakan kongsi manusia mereka. Dalam beberapa kes, seperti dalam siri pertama, DigiDestined (dikenali sebagai 'Kanak-kanak Terpilih' di Jepun asal) terpaksa mencari beberapa barangan istimewa seperti crest dan tag supaya Digimon dapat digivolve ke tahap selanjutnya evolusi yang dikenali sebagai Ultimate dan Mega di dub. <> Bagaimana digimon berevolusi? || Digimental <> Bagaimana digimon dilahirkan? || Digimon menetas dari jenis telur yang dipanggil Digi-Telur <> Apa proses penuaan yang dipanggil untuk digimon? || Digivolution <> Apakah kesan digivolution pada digimon? || mengubah penampilan mereka dan meningkatkan kuasa mereka <> Adakah digimon semua raksasa yang tidak berpikiran? || Sesetengah Digimon bertindak liar. Kebanyakan, bagaimanapun, mampu perisikan dan pidato manusia <> Apa yang disebut telur yang digugurkan oleh Digimon? || Digi-Telur <> Apakah jenis kedua Digi-Telur dipanggil? || Digimental <> Apa proses yang dipanggil bagaimana usia Digi-Telur? || Digivolution <> Item apa yang digunakan untuk membantu Digimon berkembang? || Digivices", {"context": "Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs (\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30de, Dejitama?). In the English iterations of the franchise there is another type of Digi-Egg that can be used to digivolve, or transform, Digimon. This second type of Digi-Egg is called a Digimental (\u30c7\u30b8\u30e1\u30f3\u30bf\u30eb, Dejimentaru?) in Japanese. (This type of Digi-Egg was also featured as a major object throughout season 2 as a way of Digivolution available only to certain characters at certain points throughout the season.) They age via a process called \"Digivolution\" which changes their appearance and increases their powers. The effect of Digivolution, however, is not permanent in the partner Digimon of the main characters in the anime, and Digimon who have digivolved will most of the time revert to their previous form after a battle or if they are too weak to continue. Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech. They are able to digivolve by the use of Digivices that their human partners have. In some cases, as in the first series, the DigiDestined (known as the 'Chosen Children' in the original Japanese) had to find some special items such as crests and tags so the Digimon could digivolve into further stages of evolution known as Ultimate and Mega in the dub.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Digimental"}], "question": "How do digimon evolve?", "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Digimon hatch from types of eggs which are called Digi-Eggs"}], "question": "How are digimon born?", "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Digivolution"}], "question": "What is the process of aging called for digimon?", "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "changes their appearance and increases their powers"}], "question": "What effect does digivolution have on digimon?", "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "Some Digimon act feral. Most, however, are capable of intelligence and human speech"}], "question": "Are digimon all mindless monsters?", "id": "572796f7f1498d1400e8fcf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Digi-Eggs"}], "question": "What were the eggs called that the Digimon were hatched from?", "id": "572a21651d046914007797bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Digimental"}], "question": "What is the second type of Digi-Eggs called?", "id": "572a21651d046914007797bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Digivolution"}], "question": "What is the process called of how Digi-Eggs age?", "id": "572a21651d046914007797bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "Digivices"}], "question": "What items were used to help the Digimon evolve? ", "id": "572a21651d046914007797be"}]}], ["Siri Digimon mempunyai sejumlah besar permainan video yang biasanya mempunyai jalan cerita sendiri yang tersendiri dengan beberapa kadang-kadang mengikat cerita-cerita siri anime atau siri manga. Permainan ini terdiri daripada beberapa genre termasuk simulasi hidup, pengembaraan, permainan kad video, strategi dan permainan perlumbaan, walaupun mereka terutamanya aksi bermain permainan aksi. Permainan yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Utara adalah: Digimon World, Digimon World 2, Digimon World 3, Digimon World 4, Digimon Digital Card Battle, Digimon Rumble Arena, Digimon Rumble Arena 2, Digimon Battle Spirit, Digimon Battle Spirit 2, Digimon Racing, Digimon World DS, Digimon World Data Squad, Digimon World Fajar dan Senja, Kejuaraan Dunia Digimon, dan Digimon Masters. <> Apakah siri Digimon mempunyai banyak semasa siri ini? || permainan video <> Apakah dua permainan Amerika Utara yang pertama dikeluarkan? || Digimon World, Digimon World 2 <> Nama salah satu genre dari mana-mana permainan video Digimon? || strategi", {"context": "The Digimon series has a large number of video games which usually have their own independent storylines with a few sometimes tying into the stories of the anime series or manga series. The games consists of a number of genres including life simulation, adventure, video card game, strategy and racing games, though they are mainly action role-playing games. The games released in North America are: Digimon World, Digimon World 2, Digimon World 3, Digimon World 4, Digimon Digital Card Battle, Digimon Rumble Arena, Digimon Rumble Arena 2, Digimon Battle Spirit, Digimon Battle Spirit 2, Digimon Racing, Digimon World DS, Digimon World Data Squad, Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, Digimon World Championship, and Digimon Masters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "video games"}], "question": "What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?", "id": "572a326f6aef05140015535e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Digimon World, Digimon World 2"}], "question": "What were the first two North American games released?", "id": "572a326f6aef05140015535f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "strategy"}], "question": "Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?", "id": "572a326f6aef051400155360"}]}], ["Siri ini ditetapkan tiga tahun selepas peristiwa Digimon Adventure 02, ketika Digimon yang berubah penyangak oleh jangkitan misteri muncul untuk melumpuhkan malapetaka di Dunia Manusia. Tai dan yang lain DigiDestined dari siri asal bersatu semula dengan rakan-rakan mereka dan mula berjuang kembali dengan sokongan daripada kerajaan Jepun, manakala Davis, Yolei, Cody dan Ken dikalahkan oleh musuh kuat yang dipanggil Alphamon dan hilang tanpa jejak. Tai dan yang lain juga bertemu lagi DigiDestined yang dipanggil Meiko Mochizuki dan rakannya, Meicoomon yang menjadi rakan mereka, sehingga Meicoomon berubah menjadi musuh dan melarikan diri selepas bertemu dengan Ken, yang muncul semula tiba-tiba, sekali lagi sebagai Kaisar Digimon. Siri filem itu juga menampilkan beberapa DigiDestined yang mempunyai rakan kongsi mereka Digivolve sehingga tahap Mega untuk kali pertama, hanya satu kejayaan Tai dan Matt yang pernah dicapai sebelumnya. <> Berapa lama selepas siri lain bermula selepas Digimon Adventure 02? || tiga tahun <> Apa nama kumpulan yang mengalahkan Cody dan Ken? || Alphamon <> Apa yang berlaku buat pertama kalinya ke DigiDestined dalam siri filem? || tahap Mega", {"context": "The series is set three years after the events of Digimon Adventure 02, when Digimon who turn rogue by a mysterious infection appear to wreak havoc in the Human World. Tai and the other DigiDestined from the original series reunite with their partners and start fighting back with support from the Japanese government, while Davis, Yolei, Cody and Ken are defeated by a powerful enemy called Alphamon and disappear without a trace. Tai and the others also meet another DigiDestined called Meiko Mochizuki and her partner Meicoomon who become their friends, until Meicoomon turns hostile as well and flees after an encounter with Ken, who reappears suddenly, once again as the Digimon Emperor. The film series also feature several DigiDestined having their partners Digivolve up to the Mega level for the first time, a feat only Tai and Matt had achieved previously.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "three years"}], "question": "How soon after did another series start after the Digimon Adventure 02?", "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478797"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Alphamon"}], "question": "Whats the name of the group that defeats Cody and Ken?", "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 781, "text": "the Mega level"}], "question": "What happened for the first time to the DigiDestined in the film series?", "id": "572a303f3f37b31900478799"}]}], ["Terdapat sembilan filem Digimon yang dikeluarkan di Jepun. Tujuh yang pertama dihubungkan terus ke siri anime masing-masing; Monster Digital X-Evolution berasal dari baris barang dagangan Digimon Chronicle. Semua filem kecuali X-Evolution dan Ultimate Power! Aktifkan Mod Burst telah dikeluarkan dan diedarkan di peringkat antarabangsa. Digimon: Filem, yang dikeluarkan di wilayah A.S. dan Kanada oleh Fox Kids melalui 20th Century Fox pada 6 Oktober 2000, terdiri daripada kesatuan tiga filem Jepun pertama. <> Berapa banyak filem Digimon telah dikeluarkan di Jepun? || sembilan filem Digimon <> Berapa banyak filem yang disambungkan terus ke siri anime? || tujuh <> tahun berapa Digimon: Filem yang dikeluarkan di Amerika Syarikat / Kanada? || 6 Oktober 2000", {"context": "There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan. The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line. All movies except X-Evolution and Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode have been released and distributed internationally. Digimon: The Movie, released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6, 2000, consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "nine Digimon movies"}], "question": "How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?", "id": "572a31481d0469140077982f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?", "id": "572a31481d04691400779830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "October 6, 2000"}], "question": "What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?", "id": "572a31481d04691400779831"}]}], ["Pada 17 Ogos 2011, majalah V-Jump Shueisha mengumumkan satu set set berikutnya satu tahun kemudian, arka ketiga Xros Wars bertajuk The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, yang disiarkan dari 2 Oktober 2011 hingga 25 Mac 2012, berikutan dari arka terdahulu. Ia memberi tumpuan kepada protagonis baru, Tagiru Akashi dan rakannya Gumdramon yang memulakan perjalanan baru dengan Mikey yang lebih tua, Shoutmon, Ewan yang lebih tua dan Damemon yang dihidupkan semula, bersama rakan-rakan baru yang lain ketika mereka berurusan dengan dimensi tersembunyi yang terletak di antara Dunia Manusia dan Dunia Digital dinamakan DigiQuartz. Akhir siri ini memperkenalkan wira lima musim terdahulu kerana mereka semua bersatu dan membantu para pahlawan semasa dalam pertempuran akhir kerana hakikat bahawa DigiQuartz pada dasarnya adalah air mata di Ruang dan Masa, membolehkan semua alam Digimon berkumpul. <> Bilakah pengumuman sekuel untuk arka ketiga? || 17 Ogos 2011 <> Apakah jalan asal arka ketiga dari Digimon? || 2 Oktober 2011 hingga 25 Mac 2012 <> Siapa watak utama dalam siri arka ketiga? || Tagiru Akashi dan rakannya Gumdramon <> Apakah dimensi yang dipanggil antara dunia manusia dan dunia digital? || DigiQuartz", {"context": "On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "August 17, 2011"}], "question": "When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?", "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012"}], "question": "What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?", "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon"}], "question": "Who was the main character in the third arc series?", "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "DigiQuartz"}], "question": "What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?", "id": "572a2dee6aef051400155345"}]}], ["Siri Digimon baru diumumkan 30 bulan selepas berakhirnya Digimon Fusion pada konsert ulang tahun ke-15 dan acara teater untuk francais pada bulan Ogos 2014. Siri ini mengumumkan pemenang protagonis dari siri pengembaraan Digimon asal, kebanyakannya sekarang tinggi pelajar sekolah. Permainan mengklik undur telah disiarkan di laman web rasmi pertunjukan, yang menawarkan berita apabila klik khusus dipenuhi. Pada 13 Disember 2014 tajuk siri dan visual utama yang menampilkan rekabentuk watak oleh Atsuya Uki didedahkan dengan Keitaro Motonaga diumumkan sebagai pengarah dengan tarikh perdana Spring, 2015. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 6 Mei 2015, diumumkan bahawa tiga. tidak akan menjadi siri televisyen, tetapi sebaliknya siri filem teater 6 bahagian. Filem-filem tersebut sedang disiarkan dalam format episodic di luar Jepun oleh Crunchyroll dan Hulu dari hari yang sama mereka memainkan perdana di teater Jepun. <> Berapa lama selepas Digimon Fusion adalah siri baru yang diumumkan? || 30 bulan <> Bilakah ulang tahun ke-15 yang diadakan untuk Digimon? || Ogos 2014 <> Daripada siri TV, apa jenis siri yang akan menjadi Digimon? || Siri filem teater 6-bahagian <> Di manakah anda dapat menonton siri baru apabila dibebaskan? || Crunchyroll and Hulu", {"context": "A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014. The series announced the return of the protagonists from the original Digimon Adventure series, most of them now as high school students. A countdown clicking game was posted on the show's official website, offering news when specific clicks were met. On December 13, 2014 the series title and a key visual featuring character designs by Atsuya Uki were revealed with Keitaro Motonaga announced as director with a tentative premiere date of Spring, 2015. However, on May 6, 2015, it was announced that tri. would not be a television series, but rather a 6-part theatrical film series. The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "30 months"}], "question": "How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?", "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "August 2014"}], "question": "When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?", "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "6-part theatrical film series"}], "question": "Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?", "id": "572a2eb21d04691400779829"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 809, "text": "Crunchyroll and Hulu"}], "question": "Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?", "id": "572a2eb21d0469140077982a"}]}], ["Syarikat penerbitan Eropah, Panini, mendekati Digimon dengan cara yang berbeza di negara-negara yang berbeza. Walaupun Jerman mencipta adaptasi episod mereka sendiri, United Kingdom (UK) mencetak semula Gelaran Kuda Gelap, kemudian diterjemahkan beberapa adaptasi Jerman dari Adventure 02 episod. Akhirnya komik UK diberi kisah asal mereka sendiri, yang muncul dalam majalah rasmi Digimon UK dan majalah sahabat Inggeris Fox Kids, Wickid. Kisah-kisah asal ini hanya kira-kira meneruskan kesinambungan Pengembaraan 02. Apabila komik beralih ke siri Tamers, cerita-cerita yang diikuti dengan kesinambungan lebih ketat; kadang-kadang ia akan berkembang pada subjek yang tidak diliputi oleh anime Jepun asli (seperti masa lalu Mitsuo Yamaki) atau penyesuaian bahasa Inggeris rancangan televisyen dan filem (seperti cerita Ryo atau filem-filem yang masih undubbed sehingga tahun 2005). Dalam usaha menjimatkan wang, cerita asal kemudian dikeluarkan dari Majalah Digimon, yang kembali mencetak diterjemahkan adaptasi Jerman terhadap episod Tamers. Akhirnya, kedua-dua majalah dibatalkan. <> Apa majalah yang diberikan cerita asli mereka tentang Digimon? || Komik UK <> Apa seri yang mengikuti jalan cerita majalah UK? || Pengembaraan 02 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada majalah selepas berlari mereka Digimon? || kedua-dua majalah dibatalkan", {"context": "The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories, which appeared in both the UK's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine, Wickid. These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02. When the comic switched to the Tamers series the storylines adhered to continuity more strictly; sometimes it would expand on subject matter not covered by the original Japanese anime (such as Mitsuo Yamaki's past) or the English adaptations of the television shows and movies (such as Ryo's story or the movies that remained undubbed until 2005). In a money saving venture, the original stories were later removed from Digimon Magazine, which returned to printing translated German adaptations of Tamers episodes. Eventually, both magazines were cancelled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "UK comics"}], "question": "What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?", "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa87f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Adventure 02"}], "question": "What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?", "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa880"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1072, "text": "both magazines were cancelled"}], "question": "What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?", "id": "572a31ecaf94a219006aa881"}]}], ["Siri Digimon yang keempat, yang mula ditayangkan pada 7 April 2002, secara radikal berlepas dari tiga yang sebelumnya dengan memberi tumpuan kepada evolusi yang baru dan sangat berbeza, Spirit Evolution, di mana watak-watak manusia menggunakan D-Tectors mereka (Digivice siri ini ) untuk mengubah diri mereka menjadi Digimon khas dipanggil Warriors Legenda, merendahkan formula biasa yang mempunyai rakan kongsi digital. Setelah menerima mesej telefon luar biasa dari Ophanimon (salah satu daripada tiga Digimon yang memerintah bersama Seraphimon dan Cherubimon) Takuya Kanbara, Koji Minamoto, Junpei Shibayama, Zoe Orimoto, Tommy Himi, dan Koichi Kimura pergi ke stesen kereta bawah tanah dan naik kereta api ke Dunia Digital . Dipanggil oleh Ophanimon, Digidestined menyadari bahawa mereka harus mencari sepuluh roh legenda dan menghentikan kekuatan Cherubimon dari memusnahkan Dunia Digital. Setelah mencari sepuluh roh Legendary Warriors dan mengalahkan Mercurymon, Grumblemon, Ranamon, dan Arbormone, akhirnya mereka bertempur memerangi Cherubimon dengan harapan dapat memajukan usaha untuk menguasai Dunia Digital. Selepas kekalahan Cherubimon, Digidestined mendapati mereka mesti menghadapi cabaran yang lebih besar kerana mereka cuba untuk menghentikan Royal Knights-Dynasmon dan Crusadermon-daripada memusnahkan Dunia Digital dan menggunakan data yang dikumpulkan untuk menghidupkan semula pemerintah asal Dunia Digital: Luciano yang kejam. Akhirnya Digidestined gagal dalam menghalang Lucemon dari reawakening tetapi mereka berjaya menghalangnya daripada melarikan diri ke Dunia Nyata. Dalam pertempuran akhir, semua semangat legenda yang digidestined telah dikumpulkan setakat ini dan membuat Susanoomon. Dengan bentuk baru ini, digidestined dapat mengalahkan Lucemon dan menyelamatkan Dunia Digital dengan berkesan. Pada umumnya, Frontier mempunyai nada yang lebih ringan daripada Tamers, namun masih lebih gelap daripada Adventure and Adventure 02. <> Bilakah siri keempat Digimon bermula? || 7 April 2002 <> Apakah tumpuan utama yang mengelilingi siri keempat? || Evolusi Roh <> Apa yang digunakan oleh watak-watak untuk mengubah diri menjadi Digimon istimewa? || D-Tectors <> Selepas watak-watak berubah menjadi Digimons khas, apa yang mereka panggil? || Warriors Legenda", {"context": "The fourth Digimon series, which began airing on April 7, 2002, radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution, Spirit Evolution, in which the human characters use their D-Tectors (this series' Digivice) to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors, detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners. After receiving unusual phone messages from Ophanimon (one of the three ruling Digimon alongside Seraphimon and Cherubimon) Takuya Kanbara, Koji Minamoto, Junpei Shibayama, Zoe Orimoto, Tommy Himi, and Koichi Kimura go to a subway station and take a train to the Digital World. Summoned by Ophanimon, the Digidestined realize that they must find the ten legendary spirits and stop the forces of Cherubimon from physically destroying the Digital World. After finding the ten spirits of the Legendary Warriors and defeating Mercurymon, Grumblemon, Ranamon, and Arbormon, they finally end up fighting Cherubimon hoping to foil his effort to dominate the Digital World. After the defeat of Cherubimon, the Digidestined find they must face an even greater challenge as they try to stop the Royal Knights\u2014Dynasmon and Crusadermon\u2014from destroying the Digital World and using the collected data to revive the original ruler of the Digital World: the tyrannical Lucemon. Ultimately the Digidestined fail in preventing Lucemon from reawakening but they do manage to prevent him from escaping into the Real World. In the final battle, all of the legendary spirits the digidestined have collected thus far merge and create Susanoomon. With this new form, the digidestined are able to effectively defeat Lucemon and save the Digital World. In general, Frontier has a much lighter tone than that of Tamers, yet remains darker than Adventure and Adventure 02.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "April 7, 2002"}], "question": "When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?", "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa861"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Spirit Evolution"}], "question": "What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?", "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa862"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "D-Tectors"}], "question": "What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?", "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa863"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Legendary Warriors"}], "question": "After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?", "id": "572a2ba8af94a219006aa864"}]}], ["Siri ketiga Digimon, yang mula ditayangkan pada 1 April 2001, ditetapkan sebahagian besarnya dalam \"dunia nyata\" di mana siri Pengembaraan dan Pengembaraan 02 adalah pameran televisyen, dan di mana barangan permainan Digimon (berdasarkan item sebenar) menjadi kunci untuk menyediakan kuasa meningkatkan kepada Digimon sebenar yang muncul di dunia itu. Plot itu merangkumi tiga Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, dan Henry Wong. Ia bermula dengan Takato mencipta rakannya sendiri Digimon dengan meluncurkan kad biru misterius melalui pembaca kadnya, yang kemudian menjadi D-Power. Guilmon mengambil bentuk dari lakaran Takato dari Digimon baru. (Sambungan manusia hanya Tamers untuk siri Pengembaraan adalah Ryo Akiyama, watak yang dipaparkan dalam beberapa permainan video Digimon dan yang membuat penampilan dalam beberapa kesempatan cerita Kisah Pengembaraan.) Beberapa perubahan dalam siri ini termasuk cara Digimon digivolve dengan pengenalan Biomerge-Digivolution dan cara kerja mereka \"Digivices\". Dalam siri ini, Tamers boleh melancarkan kad permainan melalui \"Digivices\" mereka dan memberikan rakan-rakan Digimon mereka kelebihan tertentu, seperti dalam permainan kad. Tindakan ini dipanggil \"Digi-Modify\" (Slash Kad dalam versi Jepun). Proses yang sama sering digunakan untuk Digivolve Digimon, tetapi seperti biasa, emosi memainkan peranan besar dalam proses penggalian. Berbeza dengan dua musim sebelum ini dan kebanyakan musim yang diikuti, Digimon Tamers mengambil pendekatan yang lebih gelap dan lebih realistis terhadap cerita yang memaparkan Digimon yang tidak menjelmakan semula selepas kematian mereka dan perkembangan watak yang lebih kompleks di Jepun asal. Anime telah menjadi kontroversi sejak sedekad ini, dengan perdebatan tentang betapa sesuai rancangan ini sebenarnya adalah untuk penonton \"target\", terutama disebabkan sifat Lovecraftian arka terakhir. Dub bahasa Inggeris adalah dialog yang lebih ringan, walaupun masih tidak seperti siri sebelumnya. <> Bilakah siri Digimon ketiga bermula? || 1 April 2001 <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan untuk memberikan keuntungan kepada mereka? || kad permainan slaid melalui \"Digivices <> mereka? Apa tindakan yang dipanggil memberikan keuntungan rakan-rakan dalam Digimon? || Digi-Modify", {"context": "The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a \"real world\" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers\u2019 only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their \"Digivices\" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their \"Digivices\" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called \"Digi-Modify\" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its \"target\" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "April 1, 2001"}], "question": "When did the third Digimon series begin?", "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 979, "text": "slide game cards through their \"Digivices"}], "question": "What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?", "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1115, "text": "Digi-Modify"}], "question": "What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?", "id": "572a2b011d046914007797fd"}]}], ["Tiga dan empat tahun selepas tamatnya siri kelima, siri keenam baru telah disahkan oleh Bandai untuk anime Digimon, nama rasmi siri ini yang diterbitkan dalam edisi Jun majalah V Jump Shueisha yang Digimon Xros Wars. Ia mula ditayangkan di Jepun di TV Asahi dari 6 Julai 2010 dan seterusnya. Kembali kepada gaya reka bentuk siri pertama dan plot yang mengambil nada yang lebih muda dan lebih muda dalam siri satu, dua dan empat sepanjang cerita. Cerita ini mengikuti seorang lelaki bernama Mikey Kud\u014d (Taiki Kudo di Jepun) yang, bersama kawan-kawannya, berakhir di Dunia Digital di mana mereka bertemu Shoutmon dan kawan-kawannya Digimon. Dengan menggunakan digivice yang dikenali sebagai Fusion Loader (Xros Loader di Jepun), Mikey dapat menggabungkan Digimon berganda ke satu untuk meningkatkan kekuatannya, Shoutmon menjadi teras kombinasi gabungan, menggunakan teknik yang dikenali sebagai 'DigiFuse' (Digi-Xros di Jepun). Membentuk Pasukan Fusion Fighters (Team Xros Heart di Jepun), Mikey, Shoutmon dan rakan-rakan mereka melalui World Digital untuk membebaskannya dari Tentera Bagra jahat, yang diketuai oleh Bagramon (Lord Bagra dalam bahasa Inggeris), dan Midnight, sebuah kumpulan yang teduh yang diketuai oleh AxeKnightmon dengan Nene sebagai tokoh sebelum menyertai Fusion Fighters. The Fusion Fighters juga mendapati diri mereka bertentangan dengan Blue Flare, yang diketuai oleh Christopher Aonuma (Kiriha Anouma di Jepun). Arka Xros Wars kedua bertajuk subtitle The Generals Evil Death dan Tujuh Kerajaan. Ia melihat pelakon utama yang dirangkul dengan almari pakaian baru manakala Angie (Akari di Jepun) dan Jeremy (Zenjiro di Jepun) tinggal di Dunia Manusia; dengan itu menjadikan Mikey, Christopher dan Nene sebagai protagonis utama ketika mereka berangkat menghadapi Tujuh Kematian Tentera Bagra dan AxeKnightmon's new pawn: abang Nene, Ewan (Yuu di Jepun). Evolusi baru yang dikenali sebagai Super Digivolution diperkenalkan pada akhir arka pertama. The English dub of the series mula ditayangkan di Nickelodeon pada 7 September 2013, yang dihasilkan oleh Saban Brands. <> Berapa lama selepas musim ke-5 bermula? || Tiga dan empat tahun <> Bilakah musim keenam Digimon mula ditayangkan? || 6 Julai 2010 <> Siapa watak utama dalam siri keenam Digimon? || Mikey Kudo <> Siapa yang pejuang Fusion mendapati diri mereka dalam peperangan? || Blue Flare <> Bilakah dub bahasa Inggeris untuk musim keenam mula disiarkan? || 7 September 2013", {"context": "Three and a quarter years after the end of the fifth series, a new sixth series was confirmed by Bandai for the Digimon anime, its official name of the series revealed in the June issue of Shueisha's V Jump magazine being Digimon Xros Wars. It began airing in Japan on TV Asahi from July 6, 2010 onwards. Reverting to the design style of the first four series as well as the plot taking on the younger, lighter tone present in series one, two and four throughout the story. The story follows a boy named Mikey Kud\u014d (Taiki Kudo in Japan) who, along with his friends, ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends. Wielding a digivice known as a Fusion Loader (Xros Loader in Japan), Mikey is able to combine multiple Digimon onto one to enhance his power, Shoutmon being the usual core of the combination, using a technique known as 'DigiFuse' (Digi-Xros in Japan). Forming Team Fusion Fighters (Team Xros Heart in Japan), Mikey, Shoutmon and their friends travel through the Digital World to liberate it from the evil Bagra Army, led by Bagramon(Lord Bagra in English), and Midnight, a shady group led by AxeKnightmon with Nene as a figurehead before joining the Fusion Fighters. The Fusion Fighters also finds themselves at odds with Blue Flare, led by Christopher Aonuma (Kiriha Anouma in Japan). The second arc of Xros Wars was subtitled The Evil Death Generals and the Seven Kingdoms. It saw the main cast reshuffled with a new wardrobe while Angie (Akari in Japan) and Jeremy (Zenjiro in Japan) stay behind in the Human World; thus making Mikey, Christopher and Nene the lead protagonists as they set off to face the Seven Death Generals of the Bagra Army and AxeKnightmon's new pawn: Nene's brother Ewan (Yuu in Japan). A new evolution known as Super Digivolution was introduced at the end of the first arc. The English dub of the series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7, 2013, which is produced by Saban Brands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Three and a quarter years"}], "question": "How long after the 5th season did the next one start?", "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "July 6, 2010"}], "question": "When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?", "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Mikey Kud\u014d"}], "question": "Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?", "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1267, "text": "Blue Flare"}], "question": "Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?", "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1907, "text": "September 7, 2013"}], "question": "When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?", "id": "572a2d423f37b31900478777"}]}], ["Selepas tiga tahun berlalu, siri Digimon yang kelima mula ditayangkan pada 2 April 2006. Seperti Frontier, Savers tidak mempunyai hubungan dengan ansuran sebelumnya, dan juga menandakan permulaan baru untuk francais Digimon, dengan perubahan drastik dalam reka bentuk watak dan cerita-cerita, untuk mencapai khalayak yang lebih luas. Cerita ini memberi tumpuan kepada cabaran yang dihadapi oleh ahli D.A.T.S. (\"Skuad Taktik Digital Kemalangan\"), sebuah organisasi yang diwujudkan untuk menyembunyikan kewujudan World Digital dan Digimon dari seluruh umat manusia, dan diam-diam menyelesaikan sebarang insiden yang berkaitan dengan Digimon yang berlaku di Bumi. Kemudian D.A.T.S. diseret ke dalam konflik besar-besaran antara Bumi dan Dunia Digital, yang dicetuskan oleh seorang saintis manusia yang bernama Akihiro Kurata, bertekad untuk menggunakan Digimon untuk keuntungan sendiri. Versi bahasa Inggeris digelar oleh Studiopolis dan ia ditayangkan di blok Jetix di Toon Disney pada 1 Oktober 2007. Digivolution dalam Data Squad memerlukan DNA rakan kongsi manusia (\"Keupayaan Asli Digital\" dalam versi bahasa Inggeris dan \"Digisoul\" dalam versi Jepun ) untuk mengaktifkan, empati yang kuat dengan Digimon mereka dan kehendak untuk berjaya. 'Digimon Savers' juga memperkenalkan bentuk baru digivolving yang dipanggil Burst Mode yang pada dasarnya adalah tahap di atas Mega (sebelum ini bentuk paling kuat digimon yang boleh diambil). Seperti yang dahulu di Tamers, plot ini mengambil nada gelap sepanjang cerita dan anime itu ditujukan, pada asalnya di Jepun, pada penonton yang lebih tua yang terdiri daripada remaja dan orang dewasa awal usia dua puluhan dari usia 16 hingga 21. Oleh itu, sepanjang dengan reka bentuk, anime yang banyak diedit dan dilokalkan untuk penonton AS barat seperti siri masa lalu, dan dub bahasa Inggeris yang ditujukan terutamanya kepada penonton muda kanak-kanak berumur 6 hingga 10 tahun dan mempunyai penarafan TV-Y7-FV yang lebih rendah seperti drama masa lalu, Studiopolis dijuluki anime di Jetix dengan lebih banyak suntingan, perubahan, penapisan, dan rakaman potongan. Ini termasuk memberikan nama-nama Jepun yang penuh Americanized Amerika dan nama keluarga Amerika serta menerapkan lebih Amerikanisasi (Marcus Damon sebagai bertentangan dengan Daimon Masaru Jepun), penyederhanaan budaya dan pengeditan lebih kepada versi mereka serupa dengan perubahan 4Kids yang sering dibuat (seperti penghapusan teks bahasa Jepun untuk tujuan penyelarasan budaya). Walaupun begitu, persekitaran negara masih di Jepun dan watak-wataknya adalah bahasa Jepun di dub. Siri ini adalah yang pertama untuk menunjukkan apa-apa konsep budaya Jepun yang tidak biasa dengan penonton Amerika (seperti manju), yang tidak diturunkan dan digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris. Juga walaupun penapisan berat dan dub bahasa Inggeris bertujuan untuk kanak-kanak kecil, beberapa serangan Digimon yang dinamakan selepas senjata sebenar seperti Revolusi Tren RizeGreymon tidak diedit dan digunakan dalam bahasa Inggeris. Well Go USA mengeluarkannya di DVD dan bukan Disney. Dub Bahasa Inggeris Amerika Utara disiarkan di Jetix di A.S. dan di Saluran Keluarga di Kanada. <> Berapa lamakah Digimon tinggal di udara sebelum kembali? || tiga tahun hujung <> tahun berapa siri kelima bermula? || April 2, 2006 <> Apakah tumpuan utama musim ke-5? || D.A.T.S. (\"Skuad Taktik Digital Kemalangan\") <> Apa kumpulan umur yang membuat sasaran musim dengan tema yang lebih gelap? || umur 16 hingga 21 <> Apakah usia sasaran asal untuk siri Digimon? || kanak-kanak berumur 6 hingga 10 tahun", {"context": "After a three-year hiatus, a fifth Digimon series began airing on April 2, 2006. Like Frontier, Savers has no connection with the previous installments, and also marks a new start for the Digimon franchise, with a drastic change in character designs and story-line, in order to reach a broader audience. The story focuses on the challenges faced by the members of D.A.T.S. (\"Digital Accident Tactics Squad\"), an organization created to conceal the existence of the Digital World and Digimon from the rest of mankind, and secretly solve any Digimon-related incidents occurring on Earth. Later the D.A.T.S. is dragged into a massive conflict between Earth and the Digital World, triggered by an ambitious human scientist named Akihiro Kurata, determined to make use of the Digimon for his own personal gains. The English version was dubbed by Studiopolis and it premiered on the Jetix block on Toon Disney on October 1, 2007. Digivolution in Data Squad requires the human partner's DNA (\"Digital Natural Ability\" in the English version and \"Digisoul\" in the Japanese version) to activate, a strong empathy with their Digimon and a will to succeed. 'Digimon Savers' also introduces a new form of digivolving called Burst Mode which is essentially the level above Mega (previously the strongest form a digimon could take). Like previously in Tamers, this plot takes on a dark tone throughout the story and the anime was aimed, originally in Japan, at an older audience consisting of late teens and people in their early twenties from ages 16 to 21. Because of that, along with the designs, the anime being heavily edited and localized for western US audiences like past series, and the English dub being aimed mostly toward younger audiences of children aged 6 to 10 and having a lower TV-Y7-FV rating just like past dubs, Studiopolis dubbed the anime on Jetix with far more edits, changes, censorship, and cut footage. This included giving the Japanese characters full Americanized names and American surnames as well as applying far more Americanization (Marcus Damon as opposed to the Japanese Daimon Masaru), cultural streamlining and more edits to their version similar to the changes 4Kids often made (such as removal of Japanese text for the purpose of cultural streamlining). Despite all that, the setting of the country was still in Japan and the characters were Japanese in the dub. This series was the first to show any Japanese cultural concepts that were unfamiliar with American audiences (such as the manju), which were left unedited and used in the English dub. Also despite the heavy censorship and the English dub aimed at young children, some of the Digimon's attacks named after real weapons such as RizeGreymon's Trident Revolver are not edited and used in the English dub. Well Go USA released it on DVD instead of Disney. The North American English dub was televised on Jetix in the U.S. and on the Family Channel in Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "three-year hiatus"}], "question": "How long did Digimon stay off the air before returning?", "id": "572a2c616aef051400155338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "April 2, 2006"}], "question": "What year did the fifth  series start?", "id": "572a2c616aef051400155339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "D.A.T.S. (\"Digital Accident Tactics Squad\")"}], "question": "What was the main focus of the 5th season?", "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1530, "text": "ages 16 to 21"}], "question": "What age group did the season target with its darker theme?", "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1741, "text": "children aged 6 to 10"}], "question": "What was the original target age for the Digimon series?", "id": "572a2c616aef05140015533c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2011, Bandai mencatatkan undur di tapak teaser. Apabila kiraan undur selesai, ia mendedahkan semula semula siri Digimon World berjudul Digimon World Re: Digitize. Versi permainan yang dipertingkatkan yang dikeluarkan pada Nintendo 3DS sebagai Digimon World Re: Digitize Decode pada tahun 2013. Satu lagi permainan peranan yang dimainkan oleh nama Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth ditetapkan untuk dibebaskan pada tahun 2015 untuk PlayStation Vita. Ia adalah sebahagian daripada sub-siri Cerita Digimon, yang pada asalnya pada Nintendo DS dan juga telah dikeluarkan dengan sarikata Bahasa Inggeris di Amerika Utara. <> Dalam tahun apakah Bandai menyiarkan maklumat mengenai reboot di laman webnya? || 2011 <> Tahun berapa adalah permainan video Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth ditetapkan untuk dibebaskan? || 2015 <> Bilakah Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re: Digitize dikeluarkan? || 2013", {"context": "In 2011, Bandai posted a countdown on a teaser site. Once the countdown was finished, it revealed a reboot of the Digimon World series titled Digimon World Re:Digitize. An enhanced version of the game released on Nintendo 3DS as Digimon World Re:Digitize Decode in 2013. Another role-playing game by the name Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth is set for release in 2015 for PlayStation Vita. It is part of the Digimon Story sub-series, originally on Nintendo DS and has also been released with English subtitles in North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?", "id": "572a32e16aef051400155364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "2015"}], "question": "What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?", "id": "572a32e16aef051400155365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?", "id": "572a32e16aef051400155366"}]}]], [["Es glasial adalah takungan air tawar terbesar di Bumi. Banyak glasier dari iklim berpenduduk, alpine dan bermusim bermusim menyimpan air sebagai ais semasa musim sejuk dan melepaskannya kemudian dalam bentuk meltwater sebagai suhu musim panas yang panas menyebabkan glasier mencair, mewujudkan sumber air yang sangat penting untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan, haiwan dan kegunaan manusia apabila sumber lain mungkin kurang. Dalam persekitaran tinggi dan Antartika yang tinggi, perbezaan suhu bermusim sering tidak mencukupi untuk melepaskan air melt. <> Adakah tasik atau glasier bumi memegang air tawar yang paling? || glasier <> Apa yang menyebabkan glasier melepaskan meltwater? || suhu musim panas yang lebih panas <> Di mana kawasannya adalah suhu musim panas yang tidak cukup tinggi untuk melepaskan air melt dari glasier? || Persekitaran Antartik <> Dalam keadaan apa yang diperlukan manusia memerlukan air dari glasier? || apabila sumber lain mungkin kecil", {"context": "Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "glaciers"}], "question": "Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?", "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d76f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "warmer summer temperatures"}], "question": "What causes glaciers to release meltwater?", "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d770"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Antarctic environments"}], "question": "In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?", "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d771"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "when other sources may be scant"}], "question": "Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?", "id": "5726f9ba708984140094d772"}]}], ["Crevasses boleh terbentuk dalam beberapa cara yang berbeza. Crevasses melintang adalah melintang untuk mengalir dan membentuk di mana cerun curam menyebabkan glasier untuk mempercepatkan. Crevass membujur membentuk separuh selari dengan aliran di mana glasier mengembang di sebelahnya. Crevasses marginal terbentuk dari tepi glasier, disebabkan oleh pengurangan kelajuan yang disebabkan oleh geseran dinding lembah. Crevasses marginal biasanya sebahagian besar melintang untuk mengalir. Melangkah ais glasier kadang-kadang boleh dipisahkan dari es yang bertakung di atas, membentuk bergschrund. Bergschrunds menyerupai crevasses tetapi ciri-ciri tunggal pada margin glasier. <> Crevasses mana yang membentuk di tepi glasier? || Crevasses marginal <> Mengapakah crevass marjinal terbentuk di tepi glasier? || pengurangan kelajuan disebabkan oleh geseran dinding lembah <> Apa yang menyerupai bergschrunds? || crevasses <> Bagaimana bergschrunds berbeza daripada crevasses? || ciri-ciri tunggal di margin glasier <> Di mana bentuk cawangan transverse? || di mana cerun curam menyebabkan glasier untuk mempercepatkan", {"context": "Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Marginal crevasses"}], "question": "Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?", "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9772"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls"}], "question": "Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?", "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "crevasses"}], "question": "What do bergschrunds resemble?", "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "singular features at a glacier's margins"}], "question": "How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?", "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate"}], "question": "Where do transverse crevasses form?", "id": "57270105dd62a815002e9776"}]}], ["Atas 50 m (160 kaki) glasier adalah tegar kerana mereka berada di bawah tekanan rendah. Bahagian atas ini dikenali sebagai zon patah dan bergerak kebanyakannya sebagai unit tunggal di atas bahagian bawah plastik yang mengalir rendah. Apabila glasier bergerak melalui medan yang tidak teratur, retakan yang dipanggil crevasses berkembang di zon patah. Crevasses terbentuk kerana perbezaan dalam hal glasier. Sekiranya dua bahagian tegar dari glasier bergerak pada kelajuan dan arah yang berbeza, daya ricih menyebabkan mereka pecah, membuka celah. Crevasses jarang sekali lebih daripada 46 m (150 kaki) tetapi dalam beberapa kes boleh menjadi 300 m (1,000 kaki) atau lebih mendalam. Di bawah titik ini, keplastikan ais terlalu besar untuk retak untuk membentuk. Crevasses bersilang boleh membuat puncak terpencil di dalam ais, dipanggil seracs. <> Kenapa puncak glasier tegar? || mereka berada di bawah tekanan rendah <> Zon mana yang paling atas glasier? || zon patah <> Mengapa celah glasi terbentuk? || perbezaan dalam hal glasier <> Apakah seracs? || puncak terpencil di ais <> Kebanyakan celah tidak lebih mendalam daripada ukuran apa? || 46 m (150 kaki)", {"context": "The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "they are under low pressure"}], "question": "Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?", "id": "57270035708984140094d81b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "fracture zone"}], "question": "Which zone is the top of the glaciers?", "id": "57270035708984140094d81c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "differences in glacier velocity"}], "question": "Why are glacial crevices formed?", "id": "57270035708984140094d81d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "isolated peaks in the ice"}], "question": "What are seracs?", "id": "57270035708984140094d81e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "46 m (150 ft)"}], "question": "Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?", "id": "57270035708984140094d81f"}]}], ["Di Bumi, 99% ais glasium terkandung dalam helai ais yang luas di kawasan kutub, tetapi glasier boleh didapati di pergunungan di setiap benua kecuali Australia, dan di beberapa pulau lautan tinggi latitud. Antara 35 \u00b0 N dan 35 \u00b0 S, glasier hanya berlaku di Himalaya, Andes, Pegunungan Rocky, beberapa gunung tinggi di Afrika Timur, Mexico, New Guinea dan Zard Kuh di Iran. Glasier meliputi kira-kira 10 peratus permukaan bumi. Glasier kontinental meliputi hampir 13,000,000 km2 (5 \u00d7 10 ^ 6 meter persegi) atau kira-kira 98 peratus daripada 13,200,000 km2 Antartika (5.1 \u00d7 10 ^ 6 meter persegi), dengan ketebalan purata 2,100 m (7,000 kaki). Greenland dan Patagonia juga mempunyai banyak glasier benua. <> Berapa banyak ais glasier yang terdapat di sekeliling tiang? || 99% <> Glaciers ditemui di rentang gunung di setiap benua kecuali yang paling luar? || Australia <> Berapa banyak permukaan tanah bumi yang menutupi glasier? || kira-kira 10 peratus <> Apakah ketebalan purata glasier Antartika? || 2,100 m (7,000 kaki) <> Sebanyak peratus kawasan Antartika dilindungi oleh glasier? || 98 peratus", {"context": "On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35\u00b0N and 35\u00b0S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5\u00d710^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1\u00d710^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "99%"}], "question": "How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?", "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?", "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "about 10 percent"}], "question": "How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?", "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "2,100 m (7,000 ft)"}], "question": "What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?", "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "98 percent"}], "question": "What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?", "id": "5726f8e35951b619008f83c1"}]}], ["Badan glasier yang lebih besar daripada 50,000 km2 (19,000 meter persegi) dipanggil ais atau glasier kontinental. Beberapa kilometer mendalam, mereka mengaburkan topografi asas. Hanya nunataks menonjol dari permukaan mereka. Satu-satunya helaian ais adalah dua yang meliputi kebanyakan Antartika dan Greenland. Mereka mengandungi sejumlah besar air tawar, cukup jika kedua-dua cair, paras laut global akan naik lebih dari 70 m (230 kaki). Bahagian lembaran atau penutup ais yang diperluaskan ke dalam air dipanggil rak ais; mereka cenderung menjadi nipis dengan cerun yang terhad dan halaju yang kurang. Bahagian sempit, bergerak pantas dari lembaran ais dipanggil aliran ais. Di Antartika, banyak arus ais mengalir ke dalam rak ais yang besar. Beberapa longkang terus ke dalam laut, sering dengan lidah es, seperti Glacier Mertz. <> Pada dimensi apakah glasier yang dipanggil ais atau glasier kontinental? || 50,000 km2 (19,000 meter persegi) <> Berapa banyak helai ais yang ada? || dua <> Berapakah paras laut global meningkat jika glasier Greenland dan Antartika mencairkan? || 70 m (230 kaki) <> Apakah istilah untuk ais yang menonjol dari permukaan glasier? || nunataks <> Laluan sempit, yang bergerak pantas pada helaian ais dipanggil apa? || arus ais", {"context": "Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)"}], "question": "At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?", "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many extant ice sheets exist?", "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "70 m (230 ft)"}], "question": "How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?", "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "nunataks"}], "question": "What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?", "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "ice streams"}], "question": "Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?", "id": "5726fb79dd62a815002e96e4"}]}], ["Glasier air liur adalah glasier yang ditamatkan di laut, termasuk kebanyakan glasier yang mengalir dari Greenland, Antartika, Baffin dan Kepulauan Ellesmere di Kanada, Alaska Selatan, dan Padang Es Ice Patagonian Utara dan Selatan. Apabila ais sampai ke laut, potongan-potongan terputus, atau bertukar, membentuk gunung es. Sebahagian besar glasier air laut di atas permukaan laut, yang sering menyebabkan kesan besar apabila ais merebak ke air. Glasier air berliku menjalani kitaran awal dan berundur berabad-abad yang kurang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan iklim daripada glasier lain. <> Apakah glasier memanggilnya di laut? || Glasier air liar <> Kebanyakan glasier dari Greenland, Antartika, dan Alaska Tenggara jenisnya? || Glasier air liar <> Adakah glasier air liur lebih kurang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan iklim daripada glasier lain? || lebih kurang <> Adakah glasier air berair di atas atau di bawah paras laut? || di atas <> Bagaimana terbentuknya gunung es? || Apabila ais sampai ke laut, potongan terputus, atau bertukar menjadi", {"context": "Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tidewater glaciers"}], "question": "What are glaciers called that end in the sea?", "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f8419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tidewater glaciers"}], "question": "Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?", "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "much less"}], "question": "Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?", "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "above"}], "question": "Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?", "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve"}], "question": "How are icebergs formed?", "id": "5726fc9f5951b619008f841d"}]}], ["Secara umumnya, glasier sederhana berada pada titik lebur sepanjang tahun, dari permukaan ke dasarnya. Es glasier polar selalu di bawah titik beku dari permukaan ke pangkalannya, walaupun salji salji permukaan mungkin mengalami cair musim. Glasier sub-kutub merangkumi kedua-dua ais sederhana dan kutub, bergantung kepada kedalaman di bawah permukaan dan kedudukan di sepanjang panjang glasier. Dengan cara yang sama, rejim haba glasier sering digambarkan oleh suhu di dasarnya sahaja. Glasier berasaskan sejuk adalah di bawah beku di antara muka bumi ais, dan dengan itu dibekukan ke substrat yang mendasari. Glasier berasaskan panas di atas atau di beku di antara muka, dan boleh meluncur pada kenalan ini. Sebaliknya ini dianggap sebahagian besar untuk mengawal keupayaan glasier untuk mengikis secara berkesan ranjangnya, sebagai gelongsor es menggalakkan memetik batu dari permukaan bawah. Glasier yang sebahagiannya berasaskan sejuk dan sebahagiannya berasaskan panas dikenali sebagai polythermal. <> Dari manakah suhu glasier diukur? || asas sahaja <> Jenis glasier yang mana di atas atau pada pembekuan pada antara muka dan boleh slaid? || glasier berasaskan hangat <> Suhu apa yang membuat polythermal glasier? || sebahagiannya berasaskan sejuk dan sebahagiannya hangat <> Suhu apa yang menentukan glasier kutub? || sentiasa di bawah titik beku dari permukaan ke pangkalannya <> Suhu suhu apa yang menentukan glasier sederhana? || titik lebur sepanjang tahun, dari permukaannya ke pangkalannya", {"context": "Thermally, a temperate glacier is at melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base. The ice of a polar glacier is always below freezing point from the surface to its base, although the surface snowpack may experience seasonal melting. A sub-polar glacier includes both temperate and polar ice, depending on depth beneath the surface and position along the length of the glacier. In a similar way, the thermal regime of a glacier is often described by the temperature at its base alone. A cold-based glacier is below freezing at the ice-ground interface, and is thus frozen to the underlying substrate. A warm-based glacier is above or at freezing at the interface, and is able to slide at this contact. This contrast is thought to a large extent to govern the ability of a glacier to effectively erode its bed, as sliding ice promotes plucking at rock from the surface below. Glaciers which are partly cold-based and partly warm-based are known as polythermal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "base alone"}], "question": "From where is the temperature of a glacier measured?", "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "warm-based glacier"}], "question": "Which type of glacier is above or at freezing at it's interface and is able to slide?", "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 913, "text": "partly cold-based and partly warm-based"}], "question": "What temperature makes a glacier polythermal?", "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "always below freezing point from the surface to its base"}], "question": "What temperature determines a polar glacier?", "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "melting point throughout the year, from its surface to its base"}], "question": "What temperature characteristic determines a temperate glacier?", "id": "5726fdb1f1498d1400e8f1d8"}]}], ["Glasier (US / \u0261le\u026a\u0283\u0259r / atau UK / \u0261l\u00e6si\u0259 /) adalah badan yang berterusan ais yang padat yang sentiasa bergerak di bawah beratnya sendiri; ia membentuk di mana pengumpulan salji melebihi ablation (lebur dan penyejukan) selama bertahun-tahun, sering berabad-abad. Gletser perlahan-lahan berubah dan mengalir disebabkan oleh tekanan yang disebabkan oleh berat badan mereka, membuat ciptaan, seracs, dan ciri-ciri lain yang berbeza. Mereka juga menggali batu dan serpihan dari substrat mereka untuk mencipta bentuk tanah seperti cirque dan moraines. Glasier membentuk hanya di darat dan berbeza dari ais laut yang lebih nipis dan ais tasik yang terbentuk di permukaan badan air. <> Berapa lama ia mengambil glasier untuk membentuk? || bertahun-tahun, selalunya berabad-abad <> Adakah glasier terbentuk di darat, di laut, atau gabungan kedua-duanya? || hanya di darat <> Yang jenis bentuk ais di atas permukaan air? || ais laut dan tasik ais <> Apa yang menyebabkan glasier berubah dan mengalir? || Tekanan disebabkan oleh berat badan mereka <> Apakah ciri-ciri glasier yang berbeza? || crevasses, seracs", {"context": "A glacier (US /\u02c8\u0261le\u026a\u0283\u0259r/ or UK /\u02c8\u0261l\u00e6si\u0259/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "many years, often centuries"}], "question": "How long does it take glaciers to form?", "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "only on land"}], "question": "Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?", "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8398"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "sea ice and lake ice"}], "question": "Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?", "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f8399"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "stresses induced by their weight"}], "question": "What causes glaciers to deform and flow?", "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f839a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "crevasses, seracs"}], "question": "What are some distinguishing glacial features?", "id": "5726f7fe5951b619008f839b"}]}], ["Glasier membentuk di mana pengumpulan salji dan ais melebihi ablation. Kawasan di mana bentuk glasier dipanggil cirque (corrie atau cwm) - ciri geologi yang berbentuk kerusi kerusi (seperti kemurungan di antara gunung yang tertutup oleh ar\u00eates) - yang mengumpul dan memampatkan melalui graviti salji yang jatuh ke dalamnya. Salji ini mengumpul dan dipadatkan oleh berat salji yang jatuh di atasnya membentuk n\u00e9v\u00e9. Kemudian menghancurkan kepingan salji individu dan memerah udara dari salji menjadikannya 'ais glasier'. Es glasier ini akan mengisi cirque sehingga ia 'melimpah' melalui kelemahan geologi atau kekosongan, seperti jurang antara dua gunung. Apabila jisim salji dan ais cukup tebal, ia mula bergerak kerana gabungan lereng permukaan, graviti dan tekanan. Di cerun curam, ini boleh berlaku dengan 15 m (50 kaki) ais salji. <> Di bawah keadaan apa yang membentuk glasier? || di mana pengumpulan salji dan ais melebihi ablasi <> Apakah cirque? || Kawasan di mana glasier bentuk <> Bentuk apa adalah cirque, secara amnya? || berbentuk kerusi berlengan <> Berapa banyak ais dan salji yang minimum diperlukan untuk mula meluncur di glasier curam? || 15 m (50 kaki)", {"context": "Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by ar\u00eates) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming n\u00e9v\u00e9. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation"}], "question": "Under what circumstances do glaciers form?", "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "The area in which a glacier forms"}], "question": "What is a cirque?", "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "armchair-shaped"}], "question": "What shape is a cirque, generally?", "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "15 m (50 ft)"}], "question": "How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?", "id": "5726fec6dd62a815002e973f"}]}], ["Glasier dipecah menjadi zon berdasarkan lapisan salji permukaan dan keadaan leburan. Zon ablasi adalah rantau di mana terdapat kerugian bersih dalam jisim glasier. Garis keseimbangan memisahkan zon ablasi dan zon akumulasi; ia adalah ketinggian di mana jumlah salji baru yang diperolehi oleh pengumpulan adalah sama dengan jumlah ais yang hilang melalui ablation. Bahagian atas glasier, di mana akumulasi melebihi ablasi, dipanggil zon akumulasi. Secara umum, zon akumulasi menyumbang 60-70% dari permukaan permukaan glasier, lebih banyak jika ais gunung berapi ais. Ais di zon akumulasi adalah cukup mendalam untuk mengerahkan daya menurun yang mengikis batuan yang mendasari. Selepas glasier mencair, ia sering meninggalkan kemurungan berbentuk mangkuk atau amfitheater yang berkisar dari lembangan besar seperti Great Lakes hingga ke depresi gunung kecil yang dikenali sebagai cirques. <> Ciri-ciri apa yang menentukan zon glasier? || lapisan salji permukaan dan keadaan cair <> Kawasan zon glasier mana yang melaporkan kerugian dalam jisim glasier? || zon ablasi <> Apakah nama garis memisahkan zon ablasi dari zon pengumpulan? || garis keseimbangan <> Berapa banyak kawasan permukaan glasi biasanya dianggap sebagai zon akumulasi? || 60-70%", {"context": "Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60\u201370% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "surface snowpack and melt conditions"}], "question": "What characteristics determine glacial zones?", "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f844f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "ablation zone"}], "question": "Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?", "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8450"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "equilibrium line"}], "question": "What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?", "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8451"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "60\u201370%"}], "question": "How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?", "id": "5726ffac5951b619008f8452"}]}], ["Walaupun di latitud tinggi, pembentukan glasier tidak dapat dielakkan. Kawasan-kawasan Arktik, seperti Pulau-pulau Bank, dan McMurdo Dry Valleys di Antartika dianggap padang pasir kutub di mana glasier tidak boleh terbentuk kerana mereka menerima sedikit salji walaupun sejuk pahit. Udara sejuk, tidak seperti udara panas, tidak dapat mengangkut banyak wap air. Malah semasa tempoh glasier dari Quaternary, Manchuria, Siberia dataran rendah, dan Alaska tengah dan utara, walaupun luar biasa sejuk, mempunyai salji cahaya sedemikian sehingga glasier tidak dapat membentuk. <> Kawasan mana di Antartika dianggap gurun polar? || Banks Island, dan McMurdo Dry Valleys <> Mengapa tidak boleh glasier di padang pasir kutub? || mereka menerima sedikit salji <> Adakah udara sejuk atau panas memudahkan pengangkutan wap air? || udara panas", {"context": "Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys"}], "question": "Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?", "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "they receive little snowfall"}], "question": "Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?", "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "warm air"}], "question": "Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?", "id": "57277b4c708984140094ded5"}]}], ["Sebelum glasiasi, lembah gunung mempunyai ciri \"V\" yang dihasilkan oleh air yang mengikis. Semasa glasiasi, lembah-lembah ini diperluaskan, diperkemaskan, dan dicairkan, membentuk lembah glasier berbentuk \"U\". Hakisan yang mewujudkan lembah glasius menghilangkan serpihan bumi yang meluas di lembah gunung, mewujudkan tebing segitiga yang dipanggil tudung terpotong. Dalam lembah glasial, lekukan yang dicipta oleh plake dan lelasan boleh diisi oleh tasik, dipanggil tasik paternoster. Sekiranya lembah glasier masuk ke dalam air besar, ia membentuk fjord. <> Bentuk apa yang ada di lembah gunung mempunyai pre-glacation? || ciri \"V\" ciri <> Apa yang menyebabkan gunung vallys bentuk ciri \"V\" mereka sebelum glacation? || mengikis air <> Bagaimana fjord terbentuk? || lembah glasier mengalir ke dalam air yang besar <> Apakah bentuk lembah glasial yang telah dilebar oleh glasiasi? || \"U\" berbentuk", {"context": "Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic \"V\" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a \"U\"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "characteristic \"V\" shape"}], "question": "What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?", "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "eroding water"}], "question": "What gives mountain vallys their characteristic \"V\" shape before glacation?", "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "a glacial valley runs into a large body of water"}], "question": "How is a fjord formed?", "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "\"U\"-shaped"}], "question": "What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?", "id": "57277eb7dd62a815002e9ec1"}]}], ["Lengan glasi biasanya dicirikan oleh stroke glasier. Glasier menghasilkan ini apabila mereka mengandungi batu besar yang mengukir goresan panjang di dasar batu. Dengan pemetaan arah striations, penyelidik dapat menentukan arah pergerakan glasier. Serupa dengan pemberontakan adalah tanda perbualan, lekuk-lekukan bentuk bulan sabit di batu yang mendasari glasier. Mereka dibentuk oleh lelasan apabila batu-batu di glasier berulang kali ditangkap dan dibebaskan kerana mereka diseret di sepanjang dasar batu. <> Apa yang menyebabkan stadium glasier? || batu besar yang mengukir goresan panjang di dasar batu <> Apa yang boleh dipotong oleh saintis dari hala tuju? || arah pergerakan glasier <> Apakah tanda perbualan? || garis lekukan bentuk bulan sabit di batu yang mendasari glasier <> Bagaimana tanda ceramah terbentuk? || Keterlaluan apabila batu di glasier berulang kali ditangkap dan dibebaskan", {"context": "Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock"}], "question": "What cause glacial stiations?", "id": "57277c82708984140094def7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "direction of the glacier's movement"}], "question": "What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?", "id": "57277c82708984140094def8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier"}], "question": "What are chatter marks?", "id": "57277c82708984140094def9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released"}], "question": "How are chatter marks formed?", "id": "57277c82708984140094defa"}]}], ["Di kawasan glasier di mana glasier bergerak lebih cepat daripada satu kilometer setahun, gempa bumi glasier berlaku. Ini adalah tembaga berskala besar yang mempunyai magnitud seismik setinggi 6.1. Bilangan gempa bumi glasial di puncak Greenland setiap tahun pada bulan Julai, Ogos dan September dan meningkat dari masa ke masa. Dalam satu kajian menggunakan data dari Januari 1993 hingga Oktober 2005, lebih banyak peristiwa dikesan setiap tahun sejak tahun 2002, dan dua kali lebih banyak peristiwa telah direkodkan pada tahun 2005 kerana terdapat pada tahun lain. Peningkatan jumlah gempa bumi glasial di Greenland mungkin merupakan tindak balas terhadap pemanasan global. <> Seberapa jauh glasier perlu bergerak untuk menyebabkan gempa bumi glasier? || satu km setahun <> Berapakah magnitud seismik boleh menjadi gempa bumi? || 6.1 <> Adakah gempa bumi glasial Greenland meningkat atau berkurang seiring dengan waktunya? || meningkat <> Selama bulan-bulan gempa glasier puncak di Greenland? || Julai, Ogos dan September <> Pada tahun apakah gempa bumi glasial sebanyak dua kali lebih besar daripada tahun yang lain di Greenland? || 2005", {"context": "In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "one km per year"}], "question": "How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?", "id": "57270585708984140094d88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "6.1"}], "question": "How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?", "id": "57270585708984140094d88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "increasing"}], "question": "Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?", "id": "57270585708984140094d88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "July, August and September"}], "question": "During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?", "id": "57270585708984140094d890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?", "id": "57270585708984140094d891"}]}], ["Moraine glasial dibentuk oleh pemendapan bahan dari glasier dan terdedah selepas glasier telah berundur. Mereka biasanya muncul sebagai gundukan linear sehingga, campuran bukan batu, batu dan batu yang tidak disusun dalam matriks bahan serbuk halus. Terminal atau akhir morain dibentuk di kaki atau terminal terminal glasier. Morena sisi terbentuk di sisi glasier. Morain medial terbentuk apabila dua glasier yang bergabung dan morain sisi masing-masing bergabung menjadi moraine di tengah glasier gabungan. Kurang jelas adalah moraine tanah, juga dikenali sebagai hanyutan glasier, yang selalunya menutupi permukaan di bawah garis glasier dari garis keseimbangan. <> Bilakah moraine yang glasier dapat dilihat? || selepas glasier telah berundur <> Bagaimana moraines glasier terbentuk? || pemendapan bahan dari glasier <> Di mana terdapat morenga sisi? || sisi glasier <> Bagaimana keadaan moragn medial terbentuk? || apabila dua glasier yang berlainan dan morena sisi masing-masing bergabung menjadi moraine di tengah-tengah glasier gabungan <> Apa yang disebut morain tanah? || hanyut glasier", {"context": "Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "after the glacier has retreated"}], "question": "When are glacial moraines visible?", "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "deposition of material from a glacier"}], "question": "How are glacial moraines formed?", "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "sides of the glacier"}], "question": "Where are lateral moraines found?", "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier"}], "question": "How are medial moraines formed?", "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "glacial drift"}], "question": "What are ground moraines also called?", "id": "57277d55f1498d1400e8f99e"}]}], ["Beberapa glasier mempunyai tempoh kemajuan yang sangat pesat yang disebut lonjakan. Gletser ini menunjukkan pergerakan normal sehingga tiba-tiba mereka mempercepat, kemudian kembali ke keadaan sebelumnya. Semasa lonjakan ini, glasier mungkin mencapai halaju yang jauh lebih besar daripada kelajuan biasa. Lonjakan-lonjakan ini mungkin disebabkan oleh kegagalan batuan dasar, penyatuan air melintang di dasar glasier - mungkin disampaikan dari tasik supremasi - atau pengumpulan jisim yang mudah melangkaui kritikal \"titik kritikal\". Kadar sementara sehingga 90 m (300 kaki) sehari berlaku apabila peningkatan suhu atau tekanan pendorong menyebabkan ais bawah menjadi cair dan air dikumpulkan di bawah glasier. <> Apakah lonjakan glasier? || tempoh kemajuan yang sangat pesat <> Kegagalan apa yang menyebabkan lonjakan? || kegagalan dasar batu asas <> Pada kadar apa yang telah dilalui oleh glasi semasa lonjakan? || 90 m (300 kaki) sehari", {"context": "A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier \u2014 perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake \u2014 or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical \"tipping point\". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "periods of very rapid advancement"}], "question": "What is a glacial surge?", "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "failure of the underlying bedrock"}], "question": "What failure causes surges?", "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "90 m (300 ft) per day"}], "question": "At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?", "id": "5727044ef1498d1400e8f248"}]}], ["Perlindungan salji kekal yang diperlukan untuk pembentukan glasier dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor seperti tahap cerun di atas tanah, jumlah salji dan angin. Glasier boleh ditemui di semua latitud kecuali dari 20 \u00b0 hingga 27 \u00b0 utara dan selatan khatulistiwa di mana kehadiran anggota badan menurun dari peredaran Hadley menurunkan curah hujan sehingga dengan garis salji tinggi insolasi mencapai 6,500 m (21,330 kaki). Antara 19\u02daN dan 19\u02daS, bagaimanapun, hujan lebih tinggi dan pergunungan melebihi 5,000 m (16,400 kaki) biasanya mempunyai salji kekal. <> Adakah glasier memerlukan salji kekal atau hanya perlindungan sementara? || penutup salji kekal <> Antara lintang utara yang glasier tidak dijumpai? || 20 \u00b0 hingga 27 \u00b0 utara <> Antara yang latitud ke gunung cenderung mempunyai salji kekal? || 19\u02daN dan 19\u02daS <> Mengapa pergunungan antara 19N dan 19S cenderung mempunyai salji? || hujan lebih tinggi", {"context": "The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20\u00b0 to 27\u00b0 north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19\u02daN and 19\u02daS, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "permanent snow cover"}], "question": "Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?", "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "20\u00b0 to 27\u00b0 north"}], "question": "Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?", "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "19\u02daN and 19\u02daS"}], "question": "Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?", "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "precipitation is higher"}], "question": "Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?", "id": "57276fe9f1498d1400e8f813"}]}], ["Ogihan adalah geganti gelombang dan lembah yang bergantian yang muncul sebagai jalur gelap dan cahaya ais pada permukaan glasier. Mereka dikaitkan dengan gerakan bermusim glasier; lebar satu cahaya dan satu jalur cahaya umumnya sama dengan pergerakan tahunan glasier. Ogin dibentuk apabila es dari aisfall sangat rosak, meningkatkan permukaan permukaan ablasi semasa musim panas. Ini mewujudkan huru-hara dan ruang untuk pengumpulan salji di musim sejuk, yang seterusnya mewujudkan rabung. Kadang-kadang ogives hanya terdiri daripada undulations atau band warna dan digambarkan sebagai raksasa gelombang atau raksasa band. <> Apa itu raksasa? || geganti gelombang dan lembah yang bergantian yang muncul sebagai kumpulan gelap dan cahaya ais pada permukaan glasier <> Apa kelebihan satu ukuran gelap dan satu jalur cahaya? || pergerakan tahunan glasier <> Bagaimana riba dibuat? || apabila ais dari aisfall dipecahkan dengan teruk, meningkatkan permukaan permukaan ablasi pada musim panas <> Di bawah keadaan apa yang disebut ogives dipanggil ombak gelombang atau band? || hanya terdiri daripada undulations atau band warna", {"context": "Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces"}], "question": "What are ogives?", "id": "572765695951b619008f8959"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "annual movement of the glacier"}], "question": "What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?", "id": "572765695951b619008f895a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer"}], "question": "How are ogives formed?", "id": "572765695951b619008f895b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "consist only of undulations or color bands"}], "question": "Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?", "id": "572765695951b619008f895c"}]}], ["Kelajuan rata-rata sangat berbeza, tetapi biasanya sekitar 1 m (3 kaki) setiap hari. Mungkin ada gerak di kawasan yang tidak bermaya; Sebagai contoh, di bahagian Alaska, pokok-pokok boleh menubuhkan diri di atas deposit sedimen permukaan. Dalam kes lain, glasier boleh bergerak secepat 20-30 m (70-100 kaki) sehari, seperti dalam Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6 (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Halaju meningkat dengan peningkatan cerun, meningkatkan ketebalan, meningkatkan salji, meningkatkan pengurangan membujur, meningkatkan suhu basal, meningkatkan pengeluaran lebur dan mengurangkan kekerasan tempat tidur. <> Dalam apa kawasan Greenland boleh glasier bergerak 20-30m sehari? || Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6 <> Meningkatkan cerun, ketebalan, salji, kurungan membujur, suhu basal, dan pengeluaran lebur air menghasilkan peningkatan apa? || Velocity <> Seberapa jauh glasier biasanya bergerak setiap hari? || 1 m (3 kaki) <> Mengapa sesetengah glasier berlanggar di Alaska? || pokok-pokok boleh membina diri di atas deposit sedimen permukaan", {"context": "Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20\u201330 m (70\u2013100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6 (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Jakobshavn Isbr\u00e6"}], "question": "In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?", "id": "572702ec708984140094d871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Velocity"}], "question": "Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?", "id": "572702ec708984140094d872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1 m (3 ft)"}], "question": "How far do glaciers generally move per day?", "id": "572702ec708984140094d873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits"}], "question": "Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?", "id": "572702ec708984140094d874"}]}], ["Glasier hadir di setiap benua dan kira-kira lima puluh negara, tidak termasuk mereka (Australia, Afrika Selatan) yang mempunyai glasier hanya di wilayah pulau subantarctic jauh. Glasier meluas didapati di Antartika, Chile, Kanada, Alaska, Greenland dan Iceland. Glasier gunung meluas, terutama di Andes, Himalaya, Pergunungan Rocky, Caucasus, dan Alps. Tanah air Australia pada masa ini tidak mengandungi glasier, walaupun glasier kecil di Gunung Kosciuszko hadir dalam tempoh glasier terakhir. Di New Guinea, glasier yang kecil dan cepat berkurang terletak di puncak puncak tertinggi Puncak Jaya. Afrika mempunyai glasier di Gunung Kilimanjaro di Tanzania, di Gunung Kenya dan di Rwenzori Mountains. Pulau-pulau lautan dengan glasier berlaku di Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen dan pulau subantarctic Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) dan Bouvet. Semasa tempoh glasier Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii di Mauna Kea dan Tenerife juga mempunyai glasier alpine besar, manakala Kepulauan Faroe dan Crozet sepenuhnya terpinggir. <> Berapa banyak negara yang mengandungi glasier? || lima puluh <> Benua benua yang mengandungi glasier? || setiap benua <> Rentang gunung mana yang mengandungi glasier? || Andes, Himalaya, Pergunungan Rocky, Caucasus, dan Alps <> Di mana glasier di Afrika terletak? || Gunung Kilimanjaro di Tanzania, di Gunung Kenya dan di Pegunungan Rwenzori <> Yang mana pulau sub-antarctic mempunyai glasier? || Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) dan Bouvet", {"context": "Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "fifty"}], "question": "How many countries contain glaciers?", "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "every continent"}], "question": "Which continent contains glaciers?", "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f7ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps"}], "question": "Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?", "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f800"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 666, "text": "Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains"}], "question": "Where are glaciers in Africa located?", "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f801"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet"}], "question": "Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?", "id": "57276ed9f1498d1400e8f802"}]}], ["Pada permulaan glasier lembah klasik adalah cirque berbentuk mangkuk, yang mempunyai escarped dinding pada tiga sisi tetapi terbuka di sisi yang turun ke lembah. Cirques adalah tempat ais mula berkumpul di glasier. Dua cirque glasial boleh membentuk kembali ke belakang dan menghancurkan backwalls mereka sehingga hanya rabung sempit, yang dipanggil ar\u00eate dibiarkan. Struktur ini boleh mengakibatkan lulus gunung. Jika berbilang cirques mengelilingi satu gunung, mereka membuat puncak piramida tajam; Contoh-contoh yang sangat curam dipanggil tanduk. <> Di sebelah mana cirque dibuka? || bahagian yang turun ke lembah <> Di manakah ais mula berakar dalam glasier? || Cirques <> Apakah rabung sempit yang dibentuk oleh dua cirques mengikis kembali ke belakang dipanggil? || ar\u00eate <> Apa yang dipanggil cirques yang sangat curam? || tanduk <> Berapa banyak sisi ditutup dalam cirque tipikal? || tiga pihak", {"context": "At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an ar\u00eate is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the side that descends into the valley"}], "question": "On which side is a cirque opened?", "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Cirques"}], "question": "Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?", "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "ar\u00eate"}], "question": "What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?", "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "horns"}], "question": "What are extremely steep cirques called?", "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "three sides"}], "question": "How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?", "id": "57277f55f1498d1400e8f9ec"}]}], ["Orang ramai yang besar, seperti lembaran ais atau glasier, boleh menekan kerak bumi ke dalam mantel. Kemurungan biasanya berjumlah sepertiga helai ais atau ketebalan glasier. Selepas lembaran ais atau glasier mencair, mantel mula mengalir kembali ke kedudukan asalnya, menolak kerak kembali. Punca pasca glasial ini, yang berlangsung dengan perlahan selepas lebur ais atau glasier, kini berlaku dalam jumlah yang boleh diukur di Scandinavia dan rantau Great Lakes di Amerika Utara. <> Di manakah pemulihan pasca glasial yang paling banyak berlaku? || Scandinavia dan kawasan Great Lakes di Amerika Utara. <> Apakah keupayaan untuk menekan kerak bumi ke dalam mantel? || Orang ramai yang besar, seperti lembaran ais atau glasier <> Dengan apa kelajuan berlaku pemulihan selepas glasier? || sangat perlahan <> Berapakah ketebalan gletser biasanya terlibat semasa kemurungan kerak ke mantel? || satu pertiga daripada lembaran ais atau ketebalan glasier", {"context": "Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers, can depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle. The depression usually totals a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness. After the ice sheet or glacier melts, the mantle begins to flow back to its original position, pushing the crust back up. This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America."}], "question": "Where is post-glacial rebound occuring most?", "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Large masses, such as ice sheets or glaciers"}], "question": "What has the ability to depress the crust of the Earth into the mantle?", "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "very slowly"}], "question": "With what speed does post-glacial rebound occur?", "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "a third of the ice sheet or glacier's thickness"}], "question": "How much of a glacier's thickness is usually involved during crust depression into the mantle?", "id": "572780e8f1498d1400e8fa17"}]}], ["Beberapa formasi batu di laluan glasier diukir menjadi bukit-bukit kecil yang dipanggil roche moutonn\u00e9e, atau \"rehat\". Roche moutonn\u00e9e adalah elokated, bulat, dan asimetris dasar batu knobs yang boleh dihasilkan oleh hakisan glasier. Mereka berukuran panjang dari kurang dari satu meter hingga beberapa ratus meter panjang. Roche moutonn\u00e9e mempunyai cerun yang lembut di tepi glasier mereka dan curam ke muka menegak di sisi glasier mereka. Gletser mengamalkan cerun licin di bahagian hulu apabila ia mengalir, tetapi air mata longgar dan membawa batu keluar dari bahagian hilir melalui plucking. <> Apakah nama lain untuk roche moutonnee? || \"backback\" rock <> Apa roche moutonnee? || memanjang, bulat, dan asimetris dasar batu knobs yang boleh dihasilkan oleh hakisan glasi <> Seberapa besar roche moutonnee? || kurang dari satu meter hingga beberapa ratus meter panjang <> Bentuk apa yang ada pada moutonnee yang ada di sebelah \"up\" mereka? || lereng lembut <> Bentuk apa yang dilakukan oleh roche moutonnee di sebelah \"bawah\" mereka? || curam ke muka menegak", {"context": "Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonn\u00e9e, or \"sheepback\" rock. Roche moutonn\u00e9e are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonn\u00e9e have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "\"sheepback\" rock"}], "question": "What is another name for roche moutonnee?", "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion"}], "question": "What are roche moutonnee?", "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "less than a meter to several hundred meters long"}], "question": "How large are roche moutonnee?", "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "gentle slope"}], "question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"up\" side?", "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "steep to vertical face"}], "question": "What shape do roche moutonnee have on their \"down\" side?", "id": "57277fdcf1498d1400e8f9fc"}]}]], [["Sebelum kertas Einstein, sinaran elektromagnet seperti cahaya yang kelihatan dianggap berperilaku sebagai gelombang: oleh itu penggunaan istilah \"kekerapan\" dan \"panjang gelombang\" untuk mencirikan pelbagai jenis radiasi. Tenaga yang dipindahkan oleh gelombang dalam masa yang tertentu dipanggil intensiti. Cahaya dari sinaran teater lebih sengit daripada cahaya dari bola lampu domestik; yang mengatakan bahawa perhatian memberikan lebih banyak tenaga per unit masa dan ruang per unit (dan oleh itu menggunakan lebih banyak tenaga elektrik) daripada mentol biasa, walaupun warna cahaya mungkin sangat mirip. Gelombang lain, seperti bunyi atau ombak yang menabrak pinggir laut, juga mempunyai keamatan mereka sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, akaun tenaga kesan fotoelektrik nampaknya tidak sesuai dengan keterangan gelombang cahaya. <> Sebelum Einstein, radiasi elektromagnetik dianggap berperilaku seperti apa? || gelombang <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan jenis radiasi yang berlainan? || \"kekerapan\" dan \"panjang gelombang\" <> Apakah jenis gelombang selain cahaya mempunyai keamatan sendiri? || bunyi <> Apakah tenaga yang dipindahkan oleh gelombang dalam masa yang dipanggil? || Keamatan <> Sebelum kerja Einstein, tingkah laku ringan dimodelkan seperti apa? || gelombang <> Apakah nama bagi jumlah tenaga yang dipindahkan oleh gelombang dalam masa yang tertentu? || keamatan <> Apa bahagian kesan fotoelektrik dalam perselisihan dengan pernyataan yang dipercayai tentang kelakuan cahaya? || akaun tenaga <> Apa artinya sumber cahaya menjadi lebih sengit daripada yang lain? || memberikan lebih banyak tenaga per unit masa dan ruang per unit", {"context": "Prior to Einstein's paper, electromagnetic radiation such as visible light was considered to behave as a wave: hence the use of the terms \"frequency\" and \"wavelength\" to characterise different types of radiation. The energy transferred by a wave in a given time is called its intensity. The light from a theatre spotlight is more intense than the light from a domestic lightbulb; that is to say that the spotlight gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space(and hence consumes more electricity) than the ordinary bulb, even though the colour of the light might be very similar. Other waves, such as sound or the waves crashing against a seafront, also have their own intensity. However, the energy account of the photoelectric effect didn't seem to agree with the wave description of light.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "a wave"}], "question": "Before Einstein, electromagnetic radiation was considered to behave as what?", "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "\"frequency\" and \"wavelength\""}], "question": "What terms describe different types of radiation?", "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "sound"}], "question": "What other types of wave besides light has its own intensity?", "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "intensity"}], "question": "What is the energy transferred by a wave in a given time called?", "id": "57292c3b6aef051400154b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "a wave"}], "question": "Prior to Einstein's work, light behavior was modeled as what?", "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "intensity"}], "question": "What is the name for the amount of energy transfered by a wave in a given time?", "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "the energy account"}], "question": "What portion of the photoelectric effect was in disagreement with the believed description of light behavior?", "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "gives out more energy per unit time and per unit space"}], "question": "What does it mean for a light source to be more intense than another?", "id": "5729654daf94a219006aa37e"}]}], ["Kesan fotoelektrik adalah pelepasan elektron (dipanggil \"fotoelektrik\") dari permukaan apabila cahaya bersinar di atasnya. Ia pertama kali diperhatikan oleh Alexandre Edmond Becquerel pada tahun 1839, walaupun kredit biasanya dikhaskan untuk Heinrich Hertz, yang menerbitkan penyiasatan terperinci pertama pada tahun 1887. Satu lagi penyiasatan menyeluruh yang diterbitkan oleh Philipp Lenard pada tahun 1902. Einstein's 1905 membincangkan kesannya dari segi kuanta cahaya akan memperolehnya Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1921, apabila ramalannya telah disahkan oleh karya eksperimen Robert Andrews Millikan. Jawatankuasa Nobel menganugerahkan hadiah untuk kerja-kerjanya atas kesan foto-elektrik, bukannya relativiti, kerana bias terhadap fizik teori semata-mata tidak berasas dalam penemuan atau percubaan, dan membantah di antara anggotanya tentang bukti sebenar bahawa relativiti adalah nyata . <> Siapa yang pertama melihat kesan fotoelektrik? || Alexandre Edmond Becquerel <> Kapan kesan fotoelektrik pertama kali diperhatikan? || 1839 <> Siapa yang menerbitkan penyiasatan menyeluruh mengenai kesan fotoelektrik? || Heinrich Hertz <> Siapa yang menerima Hadiah Nobel pada tahun 1921 untuk kerjanya mengenai kesan fotoelektrik? || Einstein <> Apa Einstein dengan Hadiah Nobel 1921? || kerja di atas kesan foto-elektrik <> Apakah kesan fotoelektrik? || pelepasan elektron (dipanggil \"fotoelektrik\") dari permukaan apabila cahaya bersinar padanya <> Siapa yang pertama melihat kesan fotoelektrik? || Alexandre Edmond Becquerel <> Einstein's paper mengenai kesan fotoelektrik itu menjadikannya Hadiah Nobel dalam tahun berapa? || 1921 <> Kerja kesan fotoelektrik Einstein adalah ganjaran yang bertentangan dengan kerjanya mengenai topik lain? || relativiti", {"context": "The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel"}], "question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "1839"}], "question": "When was the photoelectric effect first observed?", "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Heinrich Hertz"}], "question": "Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "his work on the photo-electric effect"}], "question": "What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?", "id": "57292b05af94a219006aa14f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it"}], "question": "What is the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57296497af94a219006aa373"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Alexandre Edmond Becquerel"}], "question": "Who first observed the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57296497af94a219006aa374"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "1921"}], "question": "Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?", "id": "57296497af94a219006aa375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "relativity"}], "question": "Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?", "id": "57296497af94a219006aa376"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun terakhir abad kesembilan belas, Planck telah menyiasat masalah radiasi badan hitam yang pertama kali ditimbulkan oleh Kirchhoff kira-kira empat puluh tahun yang lalu. Adalah diketahui bahawa benda-benda panas bersinar, dan benda-benda panas lebih terang lebih terang daripada yang lebih sejuk. Medan elektromagnetik mematuhi undang-undang gerakan sama dengan massa pada musim bunga, dan boleh datang kepada keseimbangan termal dengan atom panas. Objek panas dalam keseimbangan dengan cahaya menyerap hanya cahaya kerana ia memancarkan. Sekiranya objek itu hitam, bermakna ia menyerap semua cahaya yang mencecahnya, maka pelepasan cahaya termal dimaksimumkan. <> Jenis radiasi apa yang Planck belajar pada akhir abad ke-19? || hitam-badan <> Berapa tahun sebelum kajian Planck mempunyai komuniti saintifik pertama membahas radiasi badan hitam? || empat puluh <> Apa saintis mula mempelajari radiasi badan hitam? || Kirchhoff <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk medan elektromagnet untuk mendapatkan keseimbangan terma? || atom panas <> Apa objek panas dalam keseimbangan menyerap seberapa banyak ia dikeluarkan? || cahaya <> Apa yang Planck belajar pada bahagian terakhir abad kesembilan belas? || masalah sinaran badan hitam <> Siapa yang menimbulkan masalah radiasi badan hitam? || Kirchhoff <> objek sejuk lebih ringan daripada objek yang apa? || panas <> Apa objek hitam lakukan kepada mana-mana cahaya yang mencecahnya? || ia menyerap semua cahaya <> Apa yang dimaksimumkan sebagai hasil objek hitam menyerap semua cahaya yang mencecahnya? || pelepasan cahaya termal <> Planck meneliti apa masalah yang ditimbulkan semula oleh Kirchhoff? || radiasi badan hitam <> Jika objek menjadi hitam, apakah yang diketahui tentang pelepasan cahaya haba? || pelepasan cahaya termal dimaksimumkan. <> Apa yang diketahui tentang penyerapan cahaya objek panas dalam keseimbangan dengan cahaya? || menyerap hanya cahaya kerana ia memancarkan <> Medan elektromagnet mematuhi undang-undang apa? || undang-undang gerakan", {"context": "In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "black-body"}], "question": "What type of radiation was Planck studying in the late 19th century?", "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "forty"}], "question": "How many years prior to Planck's study had the scientific community first discussed black body radiation?", "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Kirchhoff"}], "question": "What scientist first studied black body radiation?", "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "hot atoms"}], "question": "What is required for the electromagnetic field to come to thermal equilibrium?", "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "light"}], "question": "What does a hot object in equilibrium absorb as much as it emits?", "id": "5726fee55951b619008f8449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "the problem of black-body radiation"}], "question": "What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?", "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Kirchhoff"}], "question": "Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?", "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "hotter"}], "question": "Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?", "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "it absorbs all the light"}], "question": "What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?", "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "thermal light emission"}], "question": "What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?", "id": "572922ae1d0469140077909f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "black-body radiation"}], "question": "Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?", "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "its thermal light emission is maximized."}], "question": "If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?", "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "absorbs just as much light as it emits"}], "question": "What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?", "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "laws of motion"}], "question": "Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?", "id": "572960a8af94a219006aa356"}]}], ["Masalah tubuh hitam ditinjau semula pada tahun 1905, ketika Rayleigh dan Jeans (di satu pihak) dan Einstein (di sisi lain) secara bebas membuktikan bahwa elektromagnetik klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan spektrum yang diperhatikan. Bukti-bukti ini biasanya dikenali sebagai \"bencana ultraviolet\", nama yang dicipta oleh Paul Ehrenfest pada tahun 1911. Mereka menyumbang banyak (bersama-sama dengan kerja Einstein mengenai kesan fotoelektrik) untuk meyakinkan para ahli fizik bahawa planck Planck tahap tenaga berkuantisasi adalah lebih daripada matematik semata formalisme. Persidangan Solvay yang pertama pada tahun 1911 ditujukan kepada \"teori radiasi dan quanta\". Max Planck menerima Hadiah Nobel 1918 dalam Fizik \"sebagai pengiktirafan terhadap perkhidmatan yang diberikannya kepada kemajuan Fizik dengan penemuan kuantum tenaga\". <> Einstein dan apa lagi dua individu yang meninjau semula masalah kulit hitam pada tahun 1905? || Rayleigh dan Jeans <> Siapa yang datang dengan istilah, \"bencana ultraviolet\"? || Paul Ehrenfest <> Ketika Paul Ehrenfest muncul dengan nama \"bencana ultraviolet\"? || 1911 <> Bilakah persidangan Solvay pertama diadakan? || 1911 <> Siapa yang menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1918? || Max Planck <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Rayleigh & Jeans dan Einstein secara bebas pada tahun 1905? || elektromagnetik klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan spektrum yang diperhatikan <> Apa nama Paul Ehrenfest memberikan kepada bukti-bukti dari Einstein dan Rayleigh & Jeans? || \"bencana ultraviolet\" <> Bilakah persidangan Solvay pertama diadakan? || 1911 <> Apakah topik Persidangan Solvay yang pertama? || \"teori radiasi dan quanta\" <> Dalam tahun apakah Planck menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik untuk penemuannya? || 1918", {"context": "The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) to convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"the theory of radiation and quanta\". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Rayleigh and Jeans"}], "question": "Einstein and what other two individuals revisited the black-body problem in 1905?", "id": "572929766aef051400154b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Paul Ehrenfest"}], "question": "Who came up with the term, \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?", "id": "572929766aef051400154b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When did Paul Ehrenfest come up with the name \"ultraviolet catastrophe\"?", "id": "572929766aef051400154b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?", "id": "572929766aef051400154b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Max Planck"}], "question": "Who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918?", "id": "572929766aef051400154b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum"}], "question": "What did Rayleigh & Jeans and Einstein prove independently in 1905?", "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\""}], "question": "What name did Paul Ehrenfest give to the proofs from Einstein and Rayleigh & Jeans?", "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When was the first Solvay Conference held?", "id": "5729636c3f37b31900478309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "\"the theory of radiation and quanta\""}], "question": "What was the topic of the first Solvay Conference?", "id": "5729636c3f37b3190047830a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "1918"}], "question": "In what year did Planck receive the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of energy quanta?", "id": "5729636c3f37b3190047830b"}]}], ["\"Fotoelektron\" yang dipancarkan akibat kesan fotoelektrik mempunyai tenaga kinetik tertentu, yang boleh diukur. Tenaga kinetik ini (untuk setiap fotoelektron) adalah bebas dari intensiti cahaya, tetapi bergantung secara linear pada kekerapan; dan jika kekerapan terlalu rendah (bersamaan dengan tenaga foton yang kurang daripada fungsi kerja bahan), tidak ada fotoelektron yang dipancarkan sama sekali, melainkan pluralitas foton, yang jumlahnya bertenaga lebih besar daripada tenaga fotoelektrik, bertindak secara serentak (kesan multiphoton) Dengan mengandaikan kekerapan adalah cukup tinggi untuk menyebabkan kesan fotoelektrik, kenaikan intensiti sumber cahaya menyebabkan lebih banyak fotoelektron dipancarkan dengan tenaga kinetik yang sama, dan bukannya bilangan fotoelektron yang sama dipancarkan tenaga kinetik yang lebih tinggi. <> Apa yang dipancarkan hasil daripada kesan fotoelektrik? || photoelectron <> Apakah tenaga kinetik dari fotoelektron bergantung pada? || kekerapan <> Apa yang berlaku jika kekerapan fotoelektron terlalu rendah? || tiada fotoelektron dipancarkan sama sekali <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan apabila fotoelektron bertindak hampir pada masa yang sama? || kesan multiphoton <> Apakah jenis tenaga kerana fotoelektron yang dipancarkan disebabkan oleh kesan fotoelektrik? || kinetik <> Apakah faktor sumber cahaya awal yang bergantung kepada tenaga fotoelektrik bergantung? || frekuensi <> Apabila tenaga foton kurang daripada fungsi kerja bahan cahaya itu bersinar, berapa banyak fotoelektron dipancarkan? || tiada fotoelektron dipancarkan sama sekali <> Jika kesan fotoelektrik berlaku, meningkatkan keamatan sumber cahaya menyebabkan apa? || lebih banyak fotoelektron dipancarkan dengan tenaga kinetik yang sama", {"context": "The \"photoelectrons\" emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect have a certain kinetic energy, which can be measured. This kinetic energy (for each photoelectron) is independent of the intensity of the light, but depends linearly on the frequency; and if the frequency is too low (corresponding to a photon energy that is less than the work function of the material), no photoelectrons are emitted at all, unless a plurality of photons, whose energetic sum is greater than the energy of the photoelectrons, acts virtually simultaneously (multiphoton effect)  Assuming the frequency is high enough to cause the photoelectric effect, a rise in intensity of the light source causes more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy, rather than the same number of photoelectrons to be emitted with higher kinetic energy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "photoelectrons"}], "question": "What is emitted as a result of the photoelectric effect?", "id": "57292d756aef051400154b42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "the frequency"}], "question": "What does the kinetic energy of a photoelectron depend on?", "id": "57292d756aef051400154b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"}], "question": "What happens if the photoelectron's frequency is too low?", "id": "57292d756aef051400154b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "multiphoton effect"}], "question": "What is the term used when photoelectrons act virtually at the same time?", "id": "57292d756aef051400154b45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "kinetic"}], "question": "What type of energy due photoelectrons emitted due to the photoelectric effect have?", "id": "572969f03f37b31900478361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "frequency"}], "question": "What factor of the initial light source does the energy of the photoelectrons depend on?", "id": "572969f03f37b31900478362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "no photoelectrons are emitted at all"}], "question": "When the photon energy is less than the work function of the material the light is shone upon, how many photoelectrons are emitted?", "id": "572969f03f37b31900478363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "more photoelectrons to be emitted with the same kinetic energy"}], "question": "If the photoelectric effect is occuring, increasing the intensity of the light source causes what?", "id": "572969f03f37b31900478364"}]}], ["Pertama kali diiktiraf pada tahun 1900 oleh Max Planck, ia pada asalnya adalah persamaan konstan antara kenaikan tenaga minimum, E, dari pengayun yang dikenakan elektrik hypothetical dalam rongga yang mengandungi radiasi badan hitam, dan frekuensi, f, gelombang elektromagnetiknya yang berkaitan. Pada tahun 1905 nilai E, kenaikan tenaga minima daripada pengayun hipotesis, secara teorinya dikaitkan oleh Einstein dengan \"kuantum\" atau unsur minimum tenaga gelombang elektromagnet itu sendiri. Kuantum cahaya berkelakuan dalam beberapa aspek sebagai zarah elektrik yang neutral, yang bertentangan dengan gelombang elektromagnetik. Ia akhirnya dipanggil foton. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai pertambahan tenaga minima pengayun hipotetik? || nilai E <> Dalam tahun apakah nilai E yang dikaitkan oleh Einstein dengan teori kuantum tenaga? || 1905 <> Siapa yang menemui persamaan antara nilai E dan tenaga kuantum? || Einstein <> Apakah kuantum cahaya berkelakuan sama seperti dalam eksperimen makmal? || zarah neutral <> Apakah jenis caj yang dikenakan zarah yang sama dengan tenaga kuantum cahaya? || neutral <> Apakah tenaga disingkat dalam sains? || E <> Apakah kekerapan juga dikenali sebagai sains? || f <> Apakah istilah yang menerangkan elemen kecil? || kuantum <> Apakah kuantum cahaya, dalam beberapa cara, berkelakuan seperti? || zarah elektrik yang neutral <> Apa yang kemudian disebut foton? || Kuantum cahaya <> Bilakah Max Planck pertama mengenali nilai pemalar Planck? || 1900 <> Ahli sains mana yang berkaitan dengan pemalar Planck dengan kuantum lima tahun selepas pengakuan Planck? || Einstein <> Daripada gelombang elektromagnetik, apakah kuantum cahaya berkelakuan seperti dalam sesetengahnya? || zarah elektrik yang neutral <> Apakah nama mudah diberikan kepada kuantum cahaya hari ini? || foton itu", {"context": "First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck, it was originally the proportionality constant between the minimal increment of energy, E, of a hypothetical electrically charged oscillator in a cavity that contained black body radiation, and the frequency, f, of its associated electromagnetic wave. In 1905 the value E, the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator, was theoretically associated by Einstein with a \"quantum\" or minimal element of the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself. The light quantum behaved in some respects as an electrically neutral particle, as opposed to an electromagnetic wave. It was eventually called the photon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "value E"}], "question": "What is considered the minimal energy increment of a hypothetical oscillator?", "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "1905"}], "question": "In what year was the value E associated by Einstein with quantum theories of energy?", "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Who discovered an association between the value E and quantum energy?", "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "neutral particle"}], "question": "What did the light quantum behave the same as in laboratory experiments?", "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "neutral"}], "question": "What type of charge did a particle have that behaved similarly to light quantum energy?", "id": "5726fa61f1498d1400e8f1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "E"}], "question": "What is energy abbreviated to in science?", "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa089"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "f"}], "question": "What is frequency also known as in science?", "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "quantum"}], "question": "What term describes a small amount of element?", "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "an electrically neutral particle"}], "question": "What did the light quantum, in some ways, behave as?", "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "The light quantum"}], "question": "What was later termed the photon?", "id": "57291ce0af94a219006aa08d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "1900"}], "question": "When did Max Planck first recognize the value of the Planck constant?", "id": "57295e056aef051400154d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Einstein"}], "question": "Which scientist associated the Planck constant with a quantum five years after Planck's recognition?", "id": "57295e056aef051400154d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "an electrically neutral particle"}], "question": "Instead of an electromagnetic wave, what did the light quantum behave as in some regards?", "id": "57295e056aef051400154d86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "the photon"}], "question": "What is the simple name given to the light quantum today?", "id": "57295e056aef051400154d87"}]}], ["Mekanik statistik klasik memerlukan kewujudan h (tetapi tidak menentukan nilainya). Akhirnya, setelah penemuan Planck, diakui bahawa tindakan fizikal tidak dapat mengambil nilai sewenang-wenangnya. Sebaliknya, ia mestilah beberapa gandaan kuantiti yang sangat kecil, \"kuantum tindakan\", yang kini dipanggil pemalar Planck. Fizik klasik tidak dapat menerangkan fakta ini. Dalam banyak kes, seperti cahaya monokromatik atau atom, kuantum tindakan ini juga menunjukkan bahawa hanya tahap tenaga tertentu yang dibenarkan, dan nilai di antara yang dilarang. <> Apakah mekanik statistik klasik tidak menentukan nilai? || h <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk wujud dalam mekanik statistik klasik? || h <> Selepas penemuan Planck, apa yang ditentukan tidak dapat mengambil nilai sewenang-wenangnya? || tindakan fizikal <> Apakah \"kuantum tindakan\" dipanggil? || Planck constant <> Apa maksud Planck Constant? || kuantum tindakan <> Mekanik statistik klasik memerlukan kewujudan apa? || h <> Apa yang direalisasikan selepas penemuan Planck? || bahawa tindakan fizikal tidak boleh mengambil nilai sewenang-wenang <> Apakah pemalar Planck yang dahulu dikenali sebagai? || kuantum tindakan <> Mengenai atom, apa yang Planck tetap menyiratkan? || bahawa hanya aras tenaga yang tertentu dibenarkan <> Mengenai atom, apakah nilai di antara tahap tenaga tertentu yang dipertimbangkan oleh pemalar Planck? || Dilarang Selepas penemuan Planck, apa yang telah direalisasikan mengenai nilai-nilai tindakan fizikal? || tindakan fizikal tidak boleh mengambil nilai sewenang-wenang <> Planck malar pada awalnya diberi nama apa? || \"kuantum tindakan\" <> Bagaimana sifat berkadar dari pemalar Planck dijelaskan? || Fizik klasik tidak dapat menjelaskan fakta ini <> Untuk kes-kes tertentu cahaya atau atom, apakah hasil kuantum tindakan? || hanya tahap tenaga tertentu yang dibenarkan, dan nilai di antara yang dilarang.", {"context": "Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of h (but does not define its value). Eventually, following upon Planck's discovery, it was recognized that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value. Instead, it must be some multiple of a very small quantity, the \"quantum of action\", now called the Planck constant. Classical physics cannot explain this fact. In many cases, such as for monochromatic light or for atoms, this quantum of action also implies that only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "h"}], "question": "What does classical statistics mechanics not define the value of?", "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "h"}], "question": "What is required to exist in classical statistics mechanics?", "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "physical action"}], "question": "After Planck's findings, what was determined could not take on an arbitrary value?", "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "the Planck constant"}], "question": "What is the \"quantum of action\" called?", "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum of action"}], "question": "What does the Planck Constant refer to?", "id": "5726fbaedd62a815002e96f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "h"}], "question": "Classical statistical mechanics requires the existence of what?", "id": "57291f276aef051400154a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "that physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"}], "question": "What was realized after Planck's discovery?", "id": "57291f276aef051400154a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "quantum of action"}], "question": "What is the Planck constant formerly known as?", "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "that only certain energy levels are allowed"}], "question": "Regarding atoms, what does the Planck constant imply?", "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "forbidden"}], "question": "Regarding atoms, what are values in between certain energy levels considered by the Planck constant?", "id": "57291f276aef051400154a6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "physical action cannot take on an arbitrary value"}], "question": "Following Planck's discovery, what was realized about values of physical action?", "id": "57295eef6aef051400154d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the \"quantum of action\""}], "question": "The Planck constant initially was given what name?", "id": "57295eef6aef051400154d9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "Classical physics cannot explain this fact"}], "question": "How is the proportional nature of the Planck constant explained?", "id": "57295eef6aef051400154da0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "only certain energy levels are allowed, and values in between are forbidden."}], "question": "For certain cases of light or atoms, what does the quantum of action yield?", "id": "57295eef6aef051400154da1"}]}], ["Sebelum kerja Planck, ia telah dianggap bahawa tenaga badan boleh mengambil apa-apa nilai - bahawa ia adalah pemboleh ubah berterusan. Undang-undang Rayleigh-Jeans membuat ramalan yang dekat untuk julat nilai sempit pada satu had suhu, tetapi keputusannya semakin bertambah dan semakin kuat apabila suhu meningkat. Untuk membuat undang-undang Planck, yang betul meramalkan pelepasan hitam, adalah perlu untuk mendarabkan ungkapan klasik dengan faktor kompleks yang melibatkan h dalam pengangka dan penyebut. Pengaruh h dalam faktor kompleks ini tidak akan hilang jika ia ditetapkan kepada sifar atau nilai lain. Membuat persamaan daripada undang-undang Planck yang akan menghasilkan semula undang-undang Rayleigh-Jeans tidak dapat dilakukan dengan mengubah nilai h, pemalar Boltzmann, atau mana-mana pemalar atau pembolehubah lain dalam persamaan. Dalam kes ini, gambar yang diberikan oleh fizik klasik tidak disalin oleh pelbagai hasil dalam gambar kuantum. <> Sebelum Planck, diandaikan bahawa tenaga tubuh dapat mengambil nilai apa? || mana-mana <> Undang-undang Rayleigh-Jeans membuat ramalan yang hampir dengan apa jumlah nilai? || julat sempit <> Apakah undang-undang Planck betul meramalkan? || pelepasan blackbody <> Dalam membuat undang-undang Planck, apa yang ada dalam pengangka dan penyebut formula yang digunakan? || h <> Kerja Planck menafikan anggapan apa? || bahawa tenaga sesuatu badan boleh mengambil apa-apa nilai sekalipun <> Peraturan apakah yang meramalkan pelbagai nilai tenaga yang rendah pada suhu yang lebih rendah? || The Rayleigh-Jeans <> Hukum Planck melibatkan apa langkah matematik yang diperlukan untuk meramalkan pelepasan hitam? || kalikan ungkapan klasik oleh faktor kompleks yang melibatkan h dalam pengangka dan penyebut <> Menukar nilai n, pemalar Boltzmann, atau pembolehubah lain mengakibatkan pembelajaran tentang hukum Planck? || Membuat persamaan daripada undang-undang Planck yang akan menghasilkan semula undang-undang Rayleigh-Jeans tidak boleh dilakukan <> Ketidaksamaan antara undang-undang Planck dan undang-undang Rayleigh-Jeans menyebabkan kesimpulan apa? || gambar yang diberikan oleh fizik klasik tidak diduplikasi oleh pelbagai hasil dalam gambar kuantum", {"context": "Prior to Planck's work, it had been assumed that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever \u2013 that it was a continuous variable. The Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law makes close predictions for a narrow range of values at one limit of temperatures, but the results diverge more and more strongly as temperatures increase. To make Planck's law, which correctly predicts blackbody emissions, it was necessary to multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator. The influence of h in this complex factor would not disappear if it were set to zero or to any other value. Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law could not be done by changing the values of h, of the Boltzmann constant, or of any other constant or variable in the equation. In this case the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "any"}], "question": "Before Planck, it was assumed that the energy of a body could take on what value?", "id": "572928341d046914007790e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "a narrow range"}], "question": "The Rayleigh-Jeans law makes close predictions for what amount of values?", "id": "572928341d046914007790e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "blackbody emissions"}], "question": "What does Planck's law correctly predict?", "id": "572928341d046914007790e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "h"}], "question": "In making Planck's law, what was in both the numerator and denominator of the formula that was used?", "id": "572928341d046914007790e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "that the energy of a body could take on any value whatsoever"}], "question": "Planck's work disproved what assumption?", "id": "572962c51d04691400779375"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "The Rayleigh\u2013Jeans"}], "question": "What rule predicted narrow range of energy values at lower temperatures?", "id": "572962c51d04691400779376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "multiply the classical expression by a complex factor that involves h in both the numerator and the denominator"}], "question": "Planck's law involved what necessary mathematical step to correctly predict blackbody emission?", "id": "572962c51d04691400779377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Making an equation out of Planck's law that would reproduce the Rayleigh\u2013Jeans law could not be done"}], "question": "Changing values of n, the Boltzmann constant, or other variables resulted in learning what about Planck's law?", "id": "572962c51d04691400779378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "the picture given by classical physics is not duplicated by a range of results in the quantum picture"}], "question": "The disparity between Planck's law and the Rayleigh-Jeans law led to what conclusion?", "id": "572962c51d04691400779379"}]}], ["Andaian bahawa radiasi badan hitam adalah haba membawa kepada ramalan yang tepat: jumlah tenaga yang dipancarkan naik dengan suhu mengikut peraturan yang pasti, undang-undang Stefan-Boltzmann (1879-84). Tetapi juga diketahui bahawa warna cahaya yang diberikan oleh objek panas berubah dengan suhu, supaya \"panas putih\" lebih panas daripada \"panas merah\". Walau bagaimanapun, Wilhelm Wien menemui hubungan matematik di antara puncak lengkung pada suhu yang berbeza, dengan menggunakan prinsip invarians adiabatik. Pada setiap suhu yang berbeza, lengkung itu dipindahkan oleh undang-undang anjakan Wien (1893). Wien juga mencadangkan suatu anggaran untuk spektrum objek, yang betul pada frekuensi tinggi (panjang gelombang pendek) tetapi tidak pada frekuensi rendah (panjang gelombang panjang). Ia masih tidak jelas mengapa spektrum objek panas mempunyai bentuk yang ada (lihat rajah). <> Apakah ahli sains menganggap sinaran badan hitam? || haba <> Apakah jenis ramalan yang anda anggap bahawa radiasi badan hitam adalah petunjuk termal? || tepat <> Apakah jenis perubahan dalam cahaya objek panas memancarkan ketika suhu objek berubah? || warna <> Undang-undang apa yang menggambarkan perubahan dalam cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh objek panas? || Undang-undang Stefan-Boltzmann <> Apa yang anda anggap sebagai radiasi badan hitam yang membawa kepada ramalan yang tepat? || haba <> Apakah undang-undang Stefan-Boltzmann menyatakan? || jumlah tenaga yang dipancarkan naik dengan suhu mengikut peraturan pasti <> Bagaimana dengan perubahan objek panas dengan suhu? || warna cahaya <> Warna apa yang lebih panas daripada \"panas merah\"? || putih panas <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Wilhelm Wien? || hubungan matematik di antara puncak lengkung pada suhu yang berbeza <> Peraturan apa yang meramalkan bahawa tenaga yang dipancarkan bertambah dengan suhu? || undang-undang Stefan-Boltzmann <> Apa ciri cahaya yang dipancarkan oleh perubahan objek panas dengan suhu? || warna cahaya yang diberikan <> Siapa yang menemui hubungan matematik antara puncak dan lengkung cahaya pada suhu yang berbeza? || Wilhelm Wien <> Peraturan yang menyesuaikan lengkung pada suhu yang berbeza dikenali sebagai apa? || Undang-undang perpindahan Wien <> Model spektrum Wien tidak dapat meramalkan tepat pada apa spektrum akhir? || pada frekuensi rendah (panjang gelombang panjang)", {"context": "The assumption that black-body radiation is thermal leads to an accurate prediction: the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule, the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law (1879\u201384). But it was also known that the colour of the light given off by a hot object changes with the temperature, so that \"white hot\" is hotter than \"red hot\". Nevertheless, Wilhelm Wien discovered the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures, by using the principle of adiabatic invariance. At each different temperature, the curve is moved over by Wien's displacement law (1893). Wien also proposed an approximation for the spectrum of the object, which was correct at high frequencies (short wavelength) but not at low frequencies (long wavelength). It still was not clear why the spectrum of a hot object had the form that it has (see diagram).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "thermal"}], "question": "What do scientists assume black body radiation is?", "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "accurate"}], "question": "What kind of prediction does the assumption that black body radiation is thermal lead to?", "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f203"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "colour"}], "question": "What type of changes in the light a hot object emits as the object's temperature changes?", "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f204"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law"}], "question": "What law describes the changes in light emitted by a hot object?", "id": "57270064f1498d1400e8f205"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "thermal"}], "question": "What assumption that black-body radiation is what leads to an accurate prediction?", "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "the total amount of emitted energy goes up with the temperature according to a definite rule"}], "question": "What does the Stefan-Boltzmann law state?", "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "the colour of the light"}], "question": "What about a hot object changes with the temperature?", "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "white hot"}], "question": "What color is hotter than \"red hot\"?", "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "the mathematical relationship between the peaks of the curves at different temperatures"}], "question": "What did Wilhelm Wien discover?", "id": "572925caaf94a219006aa107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "the Stefan\u2013Boltzmann law"}], "question": "What rule predicts that emitted energy increases with temperature?", "id": "57296189af94a219006aa361"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "the colour of the light given off"}], "question": "What characteristic of the light emitted by a hot object changes with temperature?", "id": "57296189af94a219006aa362"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Wilhelm Wien"}], "question": "Who discovered the mathematical relationship between peaks and curves of light at different temperatures?", "id": "57296189af94a219006aa363"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "Wien's displacement law"}], "question": "The rule that adjust the curve at different temperatures is known as what?", "id": "57296189af94a219006aa364"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "at low frequencies (long wavelength)"}], "question": "Wien's spectrum model could not predict accurate at what end of the spectrum?", "id": "57296189af94a219006aa365"}]}], ["Begitu pula, kecilnya pemalar Planck mencerminkan fakta bahwa objek dan sistem sehari-hari dibuat dari sejumlah besar zarah. Sebagai contoh, cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang 555 nanometer (panjang gelombang anggaran yang mata manusia paling sensitif) mempunyai frekuensi 7014540000000000000 \u2660 540 THz (7014540000000000000 \u2660 540 \u00d7 1012 Hz). Setiap foton mempunyai tenaga E = hf = 6981358000000000000 \u2660 3.58 \u00d7 10-19 J. Ini adalah tenaga yang sangat kecil dari segi pengalaman sehari-hari, tetapi pengalaman sehari-hari tidak melibatkan foton individu lebih daripada dengan atom atau molekul individu. Sejumlah cahaya yang serasi dengan pengalaman sehari-hari adalah tenaga satu mol foton; tenaganya boleh dikira dengan mengalikan tenaga foton oleh pemalar Avogadro, NA \u2248 7023602200000000000 \u2660 6.022 \u00d7 1023 mol-1. Hasilnya ialah cahaya hijau panjang gelombang 555 nm mempunyai tenaga 7005216000000000000 \u2660 216 kJ / mol, tenaga tipikal kehidupan seharian. <> Apakah perkara biasa seperti perabot dan objek pegun yang sebenarnya dibuat? || zarah <> Panjang gelombang cahaya mana yang paling sensitif kepada mata manusia? || 555 nanometer <> Apa warna cahaya yang paling sensitif kepada mata manusia? || hijau <> Apakah kelemahan persembahan Planck malar? || hakikat bahawa objek dan sistem setiap hari dibuat sejumlah besar zarah <> Berapa panjang gelombang cahaya adalah mata manusia yang paling sensitif? || 555 nanometer <> Apa kekerapan cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang 555 nanmetres? || 7014540000000000000 \u2660 540 THz <> Bagaimana tenaga dari satu mol foto dikira? || dengan mendarabkan tenaga foton oleh pemalar Avogadro <> Berapakah tenaga yang mempunyai cahaya hijau panjang gelombang 555 nm mengandungi? || 7005216000000000000 \u2660 216 kJ / mol <> Berapa panjang gelombang cahaya yang mata manusia paling sensitif? || 555 nanometer <> Apakah kekerapan cahaya yang mana mata manusia paling sensitif? || 7014540000000000000 \u2660 540 THz <> Apakah tenaga foton? || 6981358000000000000 \u2660 3.58 \u00d7 10-19 J <> Berapa banyak tenaga yang terkandung dalam cahaya yang mata manusia paling sensitif? || 7005216000000000000 \u2660 216 kJ / mol", {"context": "Equivalently, the smallness of the Planck constant reflects the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles. For example, green light with a wavelength of 555 nanometres (the approximate wavelength to which human eyes are most sensitive) has a frequency of 7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz (7014540000000000000\u2660540\u00d71012 Hz). Each photon has an energy E = hf = 6981358000000000000\u26603.58\u00d710\u221219 J. That is a very small amount of energy in terms of everyday experience, but everyday experience is not concerned with individual photons any more than with individual atoms or molecules. An amount of light compatible with everyday experience is the energy of one mole of photons; its energy can be computed by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant, NA \u2248 7023602200000000000\u26606.022\u00d71023 mol\u22121. The result is that green light of wavelength 555 nm has an energy of 7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol, a typical energy of everyday life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "particles"}], "question": "What are common things like furniture and stationary objects actually made of?", "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres"}], "question": "Which light wavelength is the human eye most sensitive to?", "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color of light is the human eye most sensitive to?", "id": "5726fdaf5951b619008f842d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "the fact that everyday objects and systems are made of a large number of particles"}], "question": "What does the smallness of the Planck constant show?", "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres"}], "question": "At about what wavelength of light are human eyes most sensitive?", "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"}], "question": "What frequency does green light with a wavelength of 555 nanmetres have?", "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 730, "text": "by multiplying the photon energy by the Avogadro constant"}], "question": "How is the energy from one mole of photos computed?", "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"}], "question": "How much energy does a green light of wavelength 555 nm contain?", "id": "572920e0af94a219006aa0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "555 nanometres"}], "question": "What is the wavelength of light to which human eyes are most sensitive?", "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "7014540000000000000\u2660540 THz"}], "question": "What is the frequency of the light to which the human eye is most sensitive?", "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "6981358000000000000\u26603.58\u00d710\u221219 J"}], "question": "What is the energy of a photon?", "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 901, "text": "7005216000000000000\u2660216 kJ/mol"}], "question": "How much energy is contained in the light to which human eyes are most sensitive?", "id": "57295f9d1d0469140077933e"}]}], ["Terdapat kesukaran praktikal dan teori dalam menentukan h. Kesukaran praktikal dapat digambarkan oleh fakta bahawa dua kaedah yang paling tepat, keseimbangan watt dan kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X, tidak sepadan dengan satu sama lain. Sebab yang paling mungkin ialah ketidakpastian pengukuran untuk satu (atau kedua) kaedah telah dianggarkan terlalu rendah - ia adalah (atau mereka) tidak tepat seperti yang diyakini sekarang - tetapi pada masa ini tidak ada petunjuk yang mana kaedah bersalah. <> Apakah kesukaran praktikal utama dalam menentukan n? || dua kaedah yang paling tepat, keseimbangan watt dan kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X, tidak sepadan dengan satu sama lain <> Mengapa kesukaran ini berlaku? || ia adalah (atau mereka) tidak tepat seperti yang dipercayai pada masa ini <> Kaedah mana yang bersalah atau percanggahan? || tiada petunjuk kaedah mana yang bersalah", {"context": "There are both practical and theoretical difficulties in determining h. The practical difficulties can be illustrated by the fact that the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another. The most likely reason is that the measurement uncertainty for one (or both) of the methods has been estimated too low \u2013 it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed \u2013 but for the time being there is no indication which method is at fault.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "the two most accurate methods, the watt balance and the X-ray crystal density method, do not appear to agree with one another"}], "question": "What is a main practical difficulty in determining n?", "id": "572971471d0469140077946d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "it is (or they are) not as precise as is currently believed"}], "question": "Why does this difficulty occur?", "id": "572971471d0469140077946e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "there is no indication which method is at fault"}], "question": "Which method is at fault or the discrepancy?", "id": "572971471d0469140077946f"}]}], ["Imbangan watt adalah instrumen untuk membandingkan dua kuasa, salah satunya diukur dalam SI watt dan yang lain diukur dalam unit elektrik konvensional. Dari definisi W90 watt konvensional, ini memberikan ukuran produk KJ2RK dalam unit-unit SI, di mana RK adalah konstanta von Klitzing yang muncul dalam kesan kuantum Hall. Sekiranya rawatan teori kesan Josephson dan kesan kuantum Hall berlaku, dan dengan khususnya mengandaikan bahawa RK = h / e2, pengukuran KJ2RK adalah penentuan langsung pemalar Planck. <> Apakah keseimbangan watt? || satu instrumen untuk membandingkan dua kuasa, salah satunya diukur dalam SI watt dan yang lain diukur dalam unit elektrik konvensional <> Nilai apa yang RK mewakili? || konstanta von Klitzing yang muncul di kesan kuantum Hall <> Jika kesannya sah, untuk RK = n / e2, apakah pengukuran KJ2RK sama dengan? || pemalar Planck", {"context": "A watt balance is an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units. From the definition of the conventional watt W90, this gives a measure of the product KJ2RK in SI units, where RK is the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect. If the theoretical treatments of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect are valid, and in particular assuming that RK = h/e2, the measurement of KJ2RK is a direct determination of the Planck constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "an instrument for comparing two powers, one of which is measured in SI watts and the other of which is measured in conventional electrical units"}], "question": "What is a watt balance?", "id": "5729724c1d04691400779485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "the von Klitzing constant which appears in the quantum Hall effect"}], "question": "What value does RK represent?", "id": "5729724c1d04691400779486"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "the Planck constant"}], "question": "If the effects are valid, for RK = n/e2, what is the measurement of KJ2RK equal to?", "id": "5729724c1d04691400779487"}]}], ["Kesukaran teori timbul dari kenyataan bahawa semua kaedah kecuali kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar X bergantung pada teori teori kesan Josephson dan kesan kuantum Hall. Jika teori-teori ini agak tidak tepat - walaupun tidak ada bukti pada masa ini untuk mencadangkan mereka - kaedah-kaedah tidak akan memberikan nilai yang tepat untuk pemalar Planck. Lebih penting lagi, nilai-nilai pemalar Planck yang diperolehi dengan cara ini tidak boleh digunakan sebagai ujian teori tanpa jatuh ke dalam hujah pekeliling. Nasib baik, ada cara statistik lain untuk menguji teori-teori, dan teori-teori belum dapat disangkal. <> Selain kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X, kaedah lain bergantung pada apa dua kesan? || kesan Josephson dan kesan kuantum Hall <> Mengapa bergantung kepada kesan ini mewujudkan kebimbangan? || Sekiranya teori-teori ini kurang akurat <> Menggunakan nilai tetap Planck dari kesan-kesan ini akan membawa kepada isu logik apa? || hujah pekeliling <> Apakah rahmat menyelamatkan bergantung pada teori-teori ini? || terdapat kaedah statistik lain untuk menguji teori-teori, dan teori-teori belum dapat disangkal.", {"context": "The theoretical difficulties arise from the fact that all of the methods except the X-ray crystal density method rely on the theoretical basis of the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect. If these theories are slightly inaccurate \u2013 though there is no evidence at present to suggest they are \u2013 the methods would not give accurate values for the Planck constant. More importantly, the values of the Planck constant obtained in this way cannot be used as tests of the theories without falling into a circular argument. Fortunately, there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "the Josephson effect and the quantum Hall effect"}], "question": "Other than the X-ray crystal density method, other methods rely on what two effects?", "id": "572971e61d04691400779473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "If these theories are slightly inaccurate"}], "question": "Why does relying on these effects create concern?", "id": "572971e61d04691400779474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "a circular argument"}], "question": "Using Planck constant values from these effects would lead to what logical issue?", "id": "572971e61d04691400779475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "there are other statistical ways of testing the theories, and the theories have yet to be refuted."}], "question": "What is the saving grace of relying on these theories?", "id": "572971e61d04691400779476"}]}], ["Komplikasi lebih lanjut ialah pengukuran \u03b3'p melibatkan pengukuran arus elektrik: ini selalu diukur dalam amper konvensional dan bukannya di amperes SI, jadi faktor penukaran diperlukan. Simbol \u0393'p-90 digunakan untuk nisbah gyromagnetik yang diukur menggunakan unit elektrik konvensional. Di samping itu, terdapat dua kaedah mengukur nilai, kaedah \"rendah\" dan kaedah \"tinggi\", dan faktor penukaran berbeza dalam dua kes. Hanya nilai medan tinggi \u0393'p-90 (hi) yang berminat untuk menentukan pemalar Planck. <> Berapa banyak kaedah mengukur nisbah gyromagnetik di sana? || terdapat dua kaedah mengukur nilai <> Bagaimana faktor penukaran membandingkan dengan kaedah \"medan rendah\" dan \"medan tinggi\" untuk mengukur nisbah gyromagnetik? || faktor penukaran adalah berbeza dalam kedua-dua kes <> Kaedah mana yang menarik untuk menentukan pemalar Planck? || Hanya nilai medan tinggi \u0393'p-90 (hi) yang berminat untuk menentukan pemalar Planck <> Mengapa pengukuran arus elektrik menjadi isu dalam perkiraan nisbah gyromagnetik? || arus elektrik: ini selalu diukur dalam ampere konvensional dan bukannya dalam amperes SI", {"context": "A further complication is that the measurement of \u03b3\u2032p involves the measurement of an electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes, so a conversion factor is required. The symbol \u0393\u2032p-90 is used for the measured gyromagnetic ratio using conventional electrical units. In addition, there are two methods of measuring the value, a \"low-field\" method and a \"high-field\" method, and the conversion factors are different in the two cases. Only the high-field value \u0393\u2032p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "there are two methods of measuring the value"}], "question": "How many methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio are there?", "id": "572973b56aef051400154f02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "the conversion factors are different in the two cases"}], "question": "How do conversion factors compare in \"low-field\" and \"high-field\" methods of measuring the gyromagnetic ratio?", "id": "572973b56aef051400154f03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "Only the high-field value \u0393\u2032p-90(hi) is of interest in determining the Planck constant"}], "question": "Which method is of interest in determining the Planck constant?", "id": "572973b56aef051400154f04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "electric current: this is invariably measured in conventional amperes rather than in SI amperes"}], "question": "Why is the measurement of electric current an issue in the estimate of the gyromagnetic ratio?", "id": "572973b56aef051400154f05"}]}], ["Pada dasarnya, pemalar Planck boleh ditentukan dengan memeriksa spektrum radiator badan hitam atau tenaga kinetik fotoelektron, dan ini adalah bagaimana nilainya dikira dahulu pada awal abad ke-20. Dalam praktiknya, ini bukan lagi kaedah yang paling tepat. Nilai CODATA yang disebutkan di sini adalah berdasarkan pengukuran tiga watt KJ2RK dan satu penentuan makmal antara jumlah silikon molar, tetapi kebanyakannya ditentukan oleh pengukuran saldo watt pada tahun 2007 yang dibuat di Institut Teknologi dan Institut Kebangsaan AS NIST). Lima ukuran lain oleh tiga kaedah yang berbeza pada mulanya dipertimbangkan, tetapi tidak dimasukkan ke dalam penghalusan akhir kerana mereka terlalu tidak tepat untuk mempengaruhi hasilnya. <> Bagaimanakah konstanta Planck dikira pada awal abad ke-20? || pemalar Planck boleh ditentukan dengan memeriksa spektrum radiator badan hitam atau tenaga kinetik fotoelektron <> Nilai yang disebutkan di sini untuk pemalar Planck berdasarkan ukuran pada tahun berapa? || 2007 <> Di manakah ukuran ini dibuat? || Institut Piawaian dan Teknologi Kebangsaan A.S. (NIST) <> Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan pengukuran? || ukuran pengukuran watt <> Satu langkah lain yang melibatkan jumlah molar unsur apa? || silikon", {"context": "In principle, the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons, and this is how its value was first calculated in the early twentieth century. In practice, these are no longer the most accurate methods. The CODATA value quoted here is based on three watt-balance measurements of KJ2RK and one inter-laboratory determination of the molar volume of silicon, but is mostly determined by a 2007 watt-balance measurement made at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Five other measurements by three different methods were initially considered, but not included in the final refinement as they were too imprecise to affect the result.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "the Planck constant could be determined by examining the spectrum of a black-body radiator or the kinetic energy of photoelectrons"}], "question": "How was the Planck constant calculated in the early 20th century?", "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "2007"}], "question": "The value quoted here for the Planck constant is based on a measurement in what year?", "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)"}], "question": "Where was this measurement made?", "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "watt-balance measurement"}], "question": "What method was was used to obtain the measurement?", "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "silicon"}], "question": "One other measure involved the molar volume of what element?", "id": "572970db6aef051400154ec8"}]}], ["Magnet Bohr dan magneton nuklear adalah unit yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan sifat magnetik elektron dan nukleus atom masing-masing. Magnet Bohr adalah momen magnet yang dijangka untuk elektron jika ia bertindak sebagai muatan berputar mengikut elektrodinamika klasik. Ia ditakrifkan dari segi pemalar Planck yang dikurangkan, caj asas dan jisim elektron, yang semuanya bergantung kepada pemalar Planck: kebergantungan akhir pada h1 / 2 (r2> 0.995) boleh didapati dengan memperluaskan pembolehubah. <> Apakah unit sifat magentic elektron? || Bohr magneton <> Apakah unit sifat magentic nukleus atom? || magneton nuklear <> Bohr magneton adalah momen magnetik elektron di bawah apa sekatan? || berkelakuan sebagai tuduhan berputar mengikut elektrodinamik klasik <> Apa tiga istilah yang menentukan nilai magneton Bohr? || pemalar Planck yang berkurangan, caj asas dan jisim elektron", {"context": "The Bohr magneton and the nuclear magneton are units which are used to describe the magnetic properties of the electron and atomic nuclei respectively. The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment which would be expected for an electron if it behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics. It is defined in terms of the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass, all of which depend on the Planck constant: the final dependence on h1/2 (r2 > 0.995) can be found by expanding the variables.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Bohr magneton"}], "question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of the electron?", "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "nuclear magneton"}], "question": "What is the unit of magentic properties of atomic nuclei?", "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "behaved as a spinning charge according to classical electrodynamics"}], "question": "The Bohr magneton is the magnetic moment of an electron under what restriction?", "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "the reduced Planck constant, the elementary charge and the electron mass"}], "question": "What three terms define the Bohr magneton value?", "id": "5729703b1d0469140077945e"}]}], ["di mana ketidakpastian diberikan sebagai sisihan piawai nilai diukur dari nilai yang dijangkakan. Terdapat beberapa pasangan lain nilai fizikal yang boleh diukur yang mematuhi peraturan yang sama. Contohnya ialah masa berbanding tenaga. Sama ada atau sifat ketidakpastian yang memaksa percubaan pengukuran untuk memilih antara pemisahan perdagangan, dan memandangkan mereka adalah quanta, peniaga perdagangan sering mengambil bentuk sama ada - atau (seperti dalam analisis Fourier), bukannya kompromi dan kawasan kelabu masa analisis siri. <> Nilai apa yang boleh diukur mematuhi peraturan momentum sudut yang sama? || masa dan tenaga <> Apa kuasa percubaan pengukuran untuk memilih antara trade-offs, dalam kuantiti? || sama ada-atau sifat ketidakpastian <> Apakah form melakukan pengukuran percubaan untuk quanta mengambil bentuk? || sama ada-atau (seperti dalam analisis Fourier) <> Bagaimana ketidaksamaan diukur dalam pengalaman ini? || sisihan piawai nilai yang diukur dari nilai yang dijangkakan <> Jenis analisis apa yang sesuai sama ada atau sifat ketidakpastian? || Analisis Fourier <> Contoh apa yang diberikan sebagai hubungan berpasangan lain yang tidak pasti berkaitan dengan sisihan piawai? || masa dan tenaga", {"context": "where the uncertainty is given as the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value. There are a number of other such pairs of physically measurable values which obey a similar rule. One example is time vs. energy. The either-or nature of uncertainty forces measurement attempts to choose between trade offs, and given that they are quanta, the trade offs often take the form of either-or (as in Fourier analysis), rather than the compromises and gray areas of time series analysis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "time vs. energy"}], "question": " What measurable value obeys a similar rule of angular momentum?", "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "either-or nature of uncertainty"}], "question": "What forces measurement attempts to choose between trade-offs, in quanta?", "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "either-or (as in Fourier analysis)"}], "question": "What form do measurement attempt trade-offs for quanta take the form of?", "id": "5729317d6aef051400154b60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "the standard deviation of the measured value from its expected value"}], "question": "How is uncertainly measured in this experience?", "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Fourier analysis"}], "question": "What type of analysis fits the either-or nature of the uncertainty?", "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "time vs. energy"}], "question": "What example is given as another paired relationship of uncertainly related to standard deviation?", "id": "57296f9aaf94a219006aa40f"}]}], ["Nisbah gyromagnet \u03b3 adalah persamaan kekerapan antara frekuensi \u03bd resonans magnetik nuklear (atau resonans paramagnetik elektron untuk elektron) dan medan magnet yang digunakan B: \u03bd = \u03b3B. Adalah sukar untuk mengukur nisbah gyromagnet dengan tepat kerana kesukaran dengan tepat mengukur B, tetapi nilai untuk proton di dalam air pada 7002298150000000000 \u2660 25 \u00b0 C diketahui lebih baik daripada satu bahagian per juta. Proton dikatakan \"terlindung\" dari medan magnet yang digunakan oleh elektron dalam molekul air, kesan yang sama yang menimbulkan perubahan kimia dalam spektroskopi NMR, dan ini ditunjukkan oleh perdana pada simbol untuk nisbah gyromagnetik, \u03b3'p. Nisbah gyromagnetik adalah berkaitan dengan moment magnet proton yang dilindungi \u03bc'p, nombor putaran I (I = 1/2 untuk proton) dan pemalar Planck dikurangkan. <> Nisbah gyromagnetik adalah nisbah tetap antara medan magentic dan apa? || frekuensi \u03bd resonans magnet nuklear <> Bagaimana molekul air mempengaruhi kesan medan magnet pada proton? || Proton dikatakan \"terlindung\" dari medan magnet yang digunakan oleh elektron dalam molekul air <> Ketiga faktor yang mempengaruhi nisbah gyromagnetik? || yang berkaitan dengan momen magnet proton yang dilindungi \u03bc'p, nombor putaran I (I = 1/2 untuk proton) dan pemalar Planck dikurangkan. <> Nisbah gyromagnetic sering sukar ditentukan kerana kesukaran menentukan dengan tepat nilai apa? || medan magnet yang digunakan B", {"context": "The gyromagnetic ratio \u03b3 is the constant of proportionality between the frequency \u03bd of nuclear magnetic resonance (or electron paramagnetic resonance for electrons) and the applied magnetic field B: \u03bd = \u03b3B. It is difficult to measure gyromagnetic ratios precisely because of the difficulties in precisely measuring B, but the value for protons in water at 7002298150000000000\u266025 \u00b0C is known to better than one part per million. The protons are said to be \"shielded\" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule, the same effect that gives rise to chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy, and this is indicated by a prime on the symbol for the gyromagnetic ratio, \u03b3\u2032p. The gyromagnetic ratio is related to the shielded proton magnetic moment \u03bc\u2032p, the spin number I (I = 1\u20442 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "the frequency \u03bd of nuclear magnetic resonance"}], "question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is the constant proportion between the magentic field and what?", "id": "572973313f37b319004783f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "The protons are said to be \"shielded\" from the applied magnetic field by the electrons in the water molecule"}], "question": "How does the water molecule impact the effect of magnetic fields on protons?", "id": "572973313f37b319004783f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "related to the shielded proton magnetic moment \u03bc\u2032p, the spin number I (I = 1\u20442 for protons) and the reduced Planck constant."}], "question": "What three factors impact the gyromagnetic ratio?", "id": "572973313f37b319004783f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "the applied magnetic field B"}], "question": "The gyromagnetic ratio is often difficult to determine due to difficulty accurately determining the value of what?", "id": "572973313f37b319004783f6"}]}], ["Niels Bohr memperkenalkan model atom kuantitinya yang pertama pada tahun 1913, dalam usaha untuk mengatasi kekurangan utama model klasik Rutherford. Dalam elektrodinamika klasik, pertuduhan bergerak dalam bulatan harus memancarkan sinaran elektromagnetik. Jika tuduhan itu menjadi elektron yang mengorbit nukleus, radiasi akan menyebabkan kehilangan tenaga dan lingkaran ke dalam nukleus. Bohr memecahkan paradoks ini dengan rujukan eksplisit untuk kerja Planck: satu elektron dalam atom Bohr hanya boleh mempunyai tenaga tertentu yang ditentukan En <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan model kuantiten atom yang pertama? || Niels Bohr <> Kapan model kuantit pertama atom diperkenalkan? || 1913 <> Kenapa model kuantit pertama atom diperkenalkan? || untuk mengatasi kekurangan utama model klasik Rutherford <> Dalam elektrodinamika klasik, pertuduhan bergerak dalam bulatan harus melakukan apa? || memancarkan sinaran elektromagnet <> Siapa yang memodelkan atom pada tahun 1913, mencabar model Rutherford? || Niels Bohr <> Apa yang diramalkan berlaku kepada elektron nukleus-mengorbit di bawah model Rutherford? || radiasi akan menyebabkan kehilangan tenaga dan lingkaran ke dalam nukleus Apa pernyataan yang dibuat oleh Bohr tentang elektron atom, yang memetik kerja Planck? || satu elektron dalam atom Bohr hanya boleh mempunyai tenaga tertentu yang ditakrifkan", {"context": "Niels Bohr introduced the first quantized model of the atom in 1913, in an attempt to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model. In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should radiate electromagnetic radiation. If that charge were to be an electron orbiting a nucleus, the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus. Bohr solved this paradox with explicit reference to Planck's work: an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies En", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Niels Bohr"}], "question": "Who introduced the first quantized model of the atom?", "id": "57292e181d04691400779129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1913"}], "question": "When was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?", "id": "57292e181d0469140077912a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "to overcome a major shortcoming of Rutherford's classical model"}], "question": "Why was the first quantized model of the atom introduced?", "id": "57292e181d0469140077912b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "radiate electromagnetic radiation"}], "question": "In classical electrodynamics, a charge moving in a circle should do what?", "id": "57292e181d0469140077912c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Niels Bohr"}], "question": "Who modeled the atom in 1913, challenging Rutherford's model?", "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "the radiation would cause it to lose energy and spiral down into the nucleus"}], "question": "What was predicted to happen to a nucleus-orbiting electron under Rutherford's model?", "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "an electron in a Bohr atom could only have certain defined energies"}], "question": "What statement did Bohr make about the electron of an atom, citing Planck's work?", "id": "57296aa66aef051400154e48"}]}], ["Bohr juga memperkenalkan kuantiti, yang kini dikenali sebagai pemalar Planck yang dikurangkan, sebagai kuantum momentum sudut. Pada mulanya, Bohr menganggap bahawa ini adalah momentum sudut setiap elektron dalam atom: ini terbukti tidak betul dan, walaupun perkembangan oleh Sommerfeld dan yang lain, gambaran yang tepat mengenai momentum sudut elektron terbukti di luar model Bohr. Kaedah kuantisasi yang betul untuk elektron - di mana tenaga mengurangkan kepada persamaan model Bohr dalam kes atom hidrogen - telah diberikan oleh mekanik matriks Heisenberg pada tahun 1925 dan persamaan gelombang Schr\u00f6dinger pada tahun 1926: pemalar Planck yang berkurangan tetap kuantum asas momentum sudut. Dalam istilah moden, jika J ialah momentum sudut keseluruhan sistem dengan invarian putaran, dan Jz momentum sudut yang diukur sepanjang arah yang diberikan, kuantiti ini hanya boleh diambil pada nilai <> Siapa yang memperkenalkan pemalar Planck yang berkurangan? || Bohr <> Apakah pemalar Planck yang dikurangkan juga dikenali sebagai? || kuantiti <> Siapa yang membantu memberikan peraturan kuantisasi yang betul untuk elektron pada tahun 1925? || Heisenberg <> Siapa yang membantu memberikan peraturan kuantisasi yang betul untuk elektron pada tahun 1926? || Schr\u00f6dinger <> Menurut Heisenberg dan Schr\u00f6dinger, pengurangan Planck yang terus kekal apa? || kuantum asas momentum sudut <> Bohr memperkenalkan apa yang nilai sebagai kuantum momentum sudut? || kepercayaan Planck yang berkurang <> Apa kepercayaan salah yang dilakukan oleh Bohr mengenai pemalar Planck yang berkurangan? || Bohr menganggap bahawa ini adalah momentum sudut setiap elektron dalam atom <> Apa saintis menggunakan mekanik matriks untuk membawa kelakuan elektron sejajar dengan model Bohr? || Heisenberg <> Kapan persamaan gelombang Schr\u00f6dinger dicadangkan? || 1926", {"context": "Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons \u2013 in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom \u2013 were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schr\u00f6dinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if J is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and Jz the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bohr"}], "question": "Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?", "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the quantity"}], "question": "What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?", "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Heisenberg"}], "question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?", "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Schr\u00f6dinger"}], "question": "Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?", "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the fundamental quantum of angular momentum"}], "question": "According to Heisenberg and Schr\u00f6dinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?", "id": "57292ffa3f37b319004780c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the reduced Planck constant"}], "question": "Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?", "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom"}], "question": "What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?", "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "Heisenberg"}], "question": "What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?", "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "1926"}], "question": "When was the Schr\u00f6dinger wave equation proposed?", "id": "57296ef4af94a219006aa3f6"}]}], ["Faraday constant F adalah pertuduhan satu mole elektron, sama dengan konstan Avogadro NA didarab dengan caj asas e. Ia boleh ditentukan oleh eksperimen elektrolisis yang berhati-hati, mengukur jumlah perak yang dibubarkan daripada elektrod pada masa yang diberikan dan bagi arus elektrik yang diberikan. Dalam amalan, ia diukur dalam unit elektrik konvensional, dan dengan itu diberikan simbol F90. Menggantikan takrif NA dan e, dan menukar dari unit elektrik konvensional kepada unit SI, memberikan hubungan dengan pemalar Planck. <> Apa yang berterusan Faraday? || tuduhan satu molek elektron <> Bagaimana fahaman Faraday ditentukan? || dengan eksperimen elektrolisis yang berhati-hati, mengukur jumlah perak yang dibubarkan daripada elektrod pada masa yang diberikan dan bagi arus elektrik yang diberikan. <> Bagaimana Faraday tetap berkaitan dengan pemalar Planck? || Menggantikan takrif NA dan e, dan menukar dari unit elektrik konvensional kepada unit SI, memberikan hubungan dengan pemalar Planck. <> Bagaimana nilai malar Farday cepat dikira? || yang berterusan Avogadro NA didarab dengan caj asas e", {"context": "The Faraday constant F is the charge of one mole of electrons, equal to the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e. It can be determined by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current. In practice, it is measured in conventional electrical units, and so given the symbol F90. Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "the charge of one mole of electrons"}], "question": "What is the Faraday constant?", "id": "572974216aef051400154f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "by careful electrolysis experiments, measuring the amount of silver dissolved from an electrode in a given time and for a given electric current."}], "question": "How is the Faraday constant determined?", "id": "572974216aef051400154f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "Substituting the definitions of NA and e, and converting from conventional electrical units to SI units, gives the relation to the Planck constant."}], "question": "How does the Faraday constant relate to the Planck constant?", "id": "572974216aef051400154f16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Avogadro constant NA multiplied by the elementary charge e"}], "question": "How is the Farday constant value quickly calculated?", "id": "572974216aef051400154f17"}]}], ["Proses perundangan untuk mengubah takrif kilogram sudah dijalankan, tetapi telah diputuskan bahawa tiada keputusan muktamad akan dibuat sebelum mesyuarat Persidangan Umum mengenai Timbang dan Sukat pada tahun 2011. (Untuk maklumat terperinci, lihat definisi kilogram .) Pemalar Planck adalah pesaing utama untuk membentuk asas definisi baru, walaupun bukan satu-satunya. Takrif baru yang mungkin termasuk \"jisim badan di mana tenaga bersamaan setara dengan tenaga foton yang jumlahnya berkisar kepada 7050135639273999999 \u2660 135639274 \u00d7 1042 Hz\", atau hanya \"kilogram ditakrifkan supaya pemalar Planck sama dengan 6966662606895999999 \u2660 6.62606896 \u00d7 10 -34 J \u22c5 \". <> Di manakah keputusan untuk mengubah definisi kilogram telah berlaku pada awalnya? || Persidangan Umum mengenai Berat dan Sukat pada tahun 2011 <> Adakah Planck adalah satu-satunya pilihan untuk mentafsir semula kilogram? || Pemalar Planck adalah pesaing utama untuk membentuk asas definisi baru, walaupun bukan satu-satunya <> Jisim badan berehat dengan tenaga apa yang sama dengan kilogram? || 7050135639273999999 \u2660 135639274 \u00d7 1042 Hz <> Satu kilogram boleh ditakrifkan sebagai mempunyai pemalar Planck dari apa nilai? || 6966662606895999999 \u2660 6.62606896 \u00d7 10-34 J \u22c5", {"context": "The legal process to change the definition of the kilogram is already underway, but it had been decided that no final decision would be made before the next meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011. (For more detailed information, see kilogram definitions.) The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one. Possible new definitions include \"the mass of a body at rest whose equivalent energy equals the energy of photons whose frequencies sum to 7050135639273999999\u2660135639274\u00d71042 Hz\", or simply \"the kilogram is defined so that the Planck constant equals 6966662606895999999\u26606.62606896\u00d710\u221234 J\u22c5s\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 2011"}], "question": "Where would the decision to change the definition of the kilogram have occured at the earliest?", "id": "572976ac3f37b31900478449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "The Planck constant is a leading contender to form the basis of the new definition, although not the only one"}], "question": "Was the Planck constant the only option for redefining the kilogram?", "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "7050135639273999999\u2660135639274\u00d71042 Hz"}], "question": "The mass of a resting body with what energy would be equal to a kilogram?", "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "6966662606895999999\u26606.62606896\u00d710\u221234 J\u22c5s"}], "question": "A kilogram could be definined as having a Planck constant of what value?", "id": "572976ac3f37b3190047844c"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa cadangan untuk mendefefinasikan semula beberapa unit dasar SI dari segi pemalar fizikal asas. Ini telah dilakukan untuk meter, yang ditakrifkan dari segi nilai tetap kelajuan cahaya. Unit yang paling mendesak dalam senarai untuk penamaan semula adalah kilogram, yang nilainya telah ditetapkan untuk semua sains (sejak tahun 1889) oleh jisim silinder kecil aloi platinum-iridium yang disimpan dalam peti besi di luar Paris. Walaupun tiada siapa yang tahu jika jisim Prototaip Antarabangsa Kilogram telah berubah sejak tahun 1889 - nilai 1 kg jisimnya yang dinyatakan dalam kilogram adalah secara definisi tidak berubah dan di dalamnya terdapat salah satu masalah - diketahui bahawa sepanjang masa seperti banyak Pt yang sama Silinder aloi hidro yang disimpan di makmal kebangsaan di seluruh dunia, telah mengubah jisim relatifnya oleh beberapa puluh keping setiap juta, namun dengan berhati-hati mereka disimpan, dan semakin banyak lagi mereka telah diambil dan digunakan sebagai standard massa. Perubahan beberapa puluhan mikrogram dalam satu kilogram bersamaan dengan ketidakpastian semasa dalam nilai pemalar Planck dalam unit SI. <> Pengukuran apa yang dianggap paling penting untuk mentakrifkan semula dari segi pemalar fizikal? || kilogram <> Apakah bentuk objek yang menetapkan unit dasar kilogram? || silinder <> Apakah aloi adalah unit asas kilogram yang terbuat dari? || platinum-iridium <> Di mana unit asas untuk kilogram disimpan? || dalam peti besi di luar Paris", {"context": "There are a number of proposals to redefine certain of the SI base units in terms of fundamental physical constants. This has already been done for the metre, which is defined in terms of a fixed value of the speed of light. The most urgent unit on the list for redefinition is the kilogram, whose value has been fixed for all science (since 1889) by the mass of a small cylinder of platinum\u2013iridium alloy kept in a vault just outside Paris. While nobody knows if the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram has changed since 1889 \u2013 the value 1 kg of its mass expressed in kilograms is by definition unchanged and therein lies one of the problems \u2013 it is known that over such a timescale the many similar Pt\u2013Ir alloy cylinders kept in national laboratories around the world, have changed their relative mass by several tens of parts per million, however carefully they are stored, and the more so the more they have been taken out and used as mass standards. A change of several tens of micrograms in one kilogram is equivalent to the current uncertainty in the value of the Planck constant in SI units.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "the kilogram"}], "question": "What measurement is deemed most important to redefine in terms of physical constants?", "id": "57297608af94a219006aa473"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "cylinder"}], "question": "What is the shape of the object that establishes the base unit of the kilogram?", "id": "57297608af94a219006aa474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "platinum\u2013iridium"}], "question": "What alloy is the base unit of the kilogram made from?", "id": "57297608af94a219006aa475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "in a vault just outside Paris"}], "question": "Where is the base unit for the kilogram kept?", "id": "57297608af94a219006aa476"}]}], ["Kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X adalah terutamanya kaedah untuk menentukan Avogadro malar NA tetapi sebagai pemalar Avogadro berkaitan dengan pemalar Planck ia juga menentukan nilai untuk h. Prinsip di sebalik kaedah ini adalah untuk menentukan NA sebagai nisbah antara volum sel unit kristal, diukur dengan crystallography sinar-X, dan isipadu molar bahan. Kristal silikon digunakan, kerana ia boleh didapati dalam kualiti dan kesucian yang tinggi oleh teknologi yang dibangunkan untuk industri semikonduktor. Jumlah unit sel dikira dari jarak antara dua pesawat kristal yang dirujuk sebagai d220. Volum molar Vm (Si) memerlukan pengetahuan ketumpatan kristal dan berat atom silikon yang digunakan. Pemalar Planck diberikan oleh <> Apakah kaedah utama untuk menentukan pemalar Avogadro? || Kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X <> Konstanta Avogadro ditentukan untuk menjadi nisbah antara dua faktor dalam kaedah ketumpatan kristal sinar-X? || jumlah sel unit kristal yang diukur oleh crystallography sinar-X, dan isipadu molar bahan <> Unsur apa yang biasanya digunakan untuk menubuhkan pemalar Avogadro? || Kristal silikon <> Bagaimana isipadu sel unit dikira? || dari jarak antara dua pesawat kristal yang dirujuk sebagai d220 <> Mengira isipadu molar memerlukan pengetahuan tentang apa dua faktor? || ketumpatan kristal dan berat atom silikon yang digunakan", {"context": "The X-ray crystal density method is primarily a method for determining the Avogadro constant NA but as the Avogadro constant is related to the Planck constant it also determines a value for h. The principle behind the method is to determine NA as the ratio between the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance. Crystals of silicon are used, as they are available in high quality and purity by the technology developed for the semiconductor industry. The unit cell volume is calculated from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220. The molar volume Vm(Si) requires a knowledge of the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used. The Planck constant is given by", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The X-ray crystal density method"}], "question": "What is the primary method for determining the Avogadro constant?", "id": "572975206aef051400154f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "the volume of the unit cell of a crystal, measured by X-ray crystallography, and the molar volume of the substance"}], "question": "The Avogadro constant is determined to be the ratio between what two factors in the X-ray crystal density method?", "id": "572975206aef051400154f2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Crystals of silicon"}], "question": "What element is used typically to establish Avogadro's constant?", "id": "572975206aef051400154f30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "from the spacing between two crystal planes referred to as d220"}], "question": "How is unit cell volume calculated?", "id": "572975206aef051400154f31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "the density of the crystal and the atomic weight of the silicon used"}], "question": "Calculating molar volume requires knowledge of what two factors?", "id": "572975206aef051400154f32"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1963, Ralph J. Roberts bersempena dengan dua rakan perniagaannya, Daniel Aaron dan Julian A. Brodsky, membeli American Cable Systems sebagai syarikat korporat daripada ibu bapa, Jerrold Electronics, dengan harga AS $ 500,000. Pada masa itu, American Cable adalah pengendali kabel kecil di Tupelo, Mississippi, dengan lima saluran dan 12,000 pelanggan. Storecast Corporation of America, sebuah firma pemasaran khusus syarikat penempatan produk, telah dibeli oleh American Cable pada tahun 1965. Dengan Storecast menjadi pelanggan Muzak, American Cable membeli francais Muzak pertama yang banyak di Orlando, Florida. <> Bilakah Ralph Roberts masuk ke dalam perniagaan TV kabel? || 1963 <> Siapa rakan perniagaan Roberts dalam pembelian ini? || Daniel Aaron dan Julian A. Brodsky <> Apa syarikat membeli pembelian perkongsian ini? || Sistem Kabel Amerika <> Apa bandar yang dilakukan American Cable Systems menjalankan perniagaan? || Tupelo, Mississippi <> Berapa ramai pelanggan yang melakukan ACS apabila Roberts dan rakan-rakannya membelinya? || 12,000", {"context": "In 1963, Ralph J. Roberts in conjunction with his two business partners, Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky, purchased American Cable Systems as a corporate spin-off from its parent, Jerrold Electronics, for US $500,000. At the time, American Cable was a small cable operator in Tupelo, Mississippi, with five channels and 12,000 customers. Storecast Corporation of America, a product placement supermarket specialist marketing firm, was purchased by American Cable in 1965. With Storecast being a Muzak client, American Cable purchased its first Muzak franchise of many in Orlando, Florida.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1963"}], "question": "When did Ralph Roberts get into the cable TV business?", "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9846"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Daniel Aaron and Julian A. Brodsky"}], "question": "Who were Roberts' business partners in this purchase?", "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9847"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "American Cable Systems"}], "question": "What company did this partnership purchase?", "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9848"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Tupelo, Mississippi"}], "question": "What city did American Cable Systems do business in?", "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e9849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "12,000"}], "question": "How many customers did ACS have when Roberts and his partners purchased it?", "id": "57270a67dd62a815002e984a"}]}], ["Nilai buku syarikat hampir dua kali ganda daripada $ 8.19 satu saham pada tahun 1999 kepada $ 15 pada tahun 2009. Pendapatan meningkat enam kali ganda daripada 1999 $ 6 bilion kepada hampir $ 36 bilion pada tahun 2009. Margin keuntungan bersih naik dari 4.2% pada tahun 1999 kepada 8.4% pada tahun 2009, dengan margin operasi meningkat 31 peratus dan pulangan atas ekuiti meningkat kepada 6.7 peratus dalam tempoh masa yang sama. Antara 1999 dan 2009, pulangan modal hampir tiga kali ganda kepada 7 peratus. Comcast melaporkan kenaikan keuntungan pada suku pertama 2012 sebanyak 30% disebabkan oleh peningkatan dalam pelanggan internet berkelajuan tinggi. Pada bulan Februari 2014, Comcast menjana pendapatan sebanyak 1.1 bilion pada suku pertama disebabkan oleh Sukan Olimpik Sochi ,. <> Apakah nilai saham Comcast pada tahun 1999? || $ 8.19 <> Apakah nilai saham Comcast pada tahun 2009? || $ 15 <> Pendapatan Comcast pada tahun 2009 adalah berapa banyak? || $ 36 bilion <> Apakah margin keuntungan Comcast pada tahun 2009? || 8.4% <> Apa yang menyebabkan peningkatan 2012 dalam keuntungan Comcast? || peningkatan dalam pelanggan internet berkelajuan tinggi", {"context": "The book value of the company nearly doubled from $8.19 a share in 1999 to $15 a share in 2009. Revenues grew sixfold from 1999's $6 billion to almost $36 billion in 2009. Net profit margin rose from 4.2% in 1999 to 8.4% in 2009, with operating margins improving 31 percent and return on equity doubling to 6.7 percent in the same time span. Between 1999 and 2009, return on capital nearly tripled to 7 percent. Comcast reported first quarter 2012 profit increases of 30% due to increase in high-speed internet customers. In February 2014, Comcast generated 1.1 billion in revenue during the first quarter due to the Sochi Olympics,.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "$8.19"}], "question": "What was Comcast's share value in 1999?", "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "$15"}], "question": "What was Comcast's share value in 2009?", "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "$36 billion"}], "question": "Comcast's revenues in 2009 were how much?", "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "8.4%"}], "question": "What was Comcast's profit margin in 2009?", "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f277"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "increase in high-speed internet customers"}], "question": "What caused a 2012 spike in Comcast profits?", "id": "57270869f1498d1400e8f278"}]}], ["Comcast Corporation, sebelum ini didaftarkan sebagai Comcast Holdings, [note 1] adalah sebuah syarikat media massa multinasional Amerika dan merupakan syarikat penyiaran dan kabel terbesar di dunia berdasarkan pendapatan. Ia adalah syarikat TV berbayar kedua selepas pengambilalihan AT & T-DirecTV, syarikat TV kabel terbesar dan penyedia perkhidmatan Internet rumah terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dan penyedia perkhidmatan telefon rumah ketiga terbesar di negara ini. Perkhidmatan Comcast A.S. kediaman dan pelanggan komersil di 40 negeri dan Daerah Columbia. Ibu pejabat syarikat terletak di Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. <> Apakah syarikat kabel terbesar di dunia dengan pendapatan? || Comcast Corporation <> Apa syarikat yang bergabung adalah entiti TV berbayar terbesar di dunia? || AT & T-DirecTV <> Comcast juga merupakan syarikat media terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dalam apa kawasan jalur lebar? || Pembekal khidmat Internet <> Dalam apa bidang di Amerika Syarikat apakah Comcast beroperasi? || 40 negeri dan Daerah Columbia <> Di manakah ibu pejabat syarikat Comcast? || Philadelphia, Pennsylvania", {"context": "Comcast Corporation, formerly registered as Comcast Holdings,[note 1] is an American multinational mass media company and is the largest broadcasting and largest cable company in the world by revenue. It is the second largest pay-TV company after the AT&T-DirecTV acquisition, largest cable TV company and largest home Internet service provider in the United States, and the nation's third largest home telephone service provider. Comcast services U.S. residential and commercial customers in 40 states and the District of Columbia. The company's headquarters are located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Comcast Corporation"}], "question": "What is the largest cable company in the world by revenue?", "id": "5727009f5951b619008f8469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "AT&T-DirecTV"}], "question": "What merged companies are the largest pay TV entity in the world?", "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Internet service provider"}], "question": "Comcast is also the largest media company in the United States in what broadband area?", "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "40 states and the District of Columbia"}], "question": "In what areas of the US does Comcast operate?", "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}], "question": "Where is Comcast company headquarters?", "id": "5727009f5951b619008f846d"}]}], ["Comcast kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai perniagaan keluarga. Brian L. Roberts, Pengerusi, Presiden, dan Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Comcast, adalah anak pengasas bersama Ralph Roberts. Roberts memiliki atau menguasai lebih dari 1% daripada semua saham Comcast tetapi semua saham yang mengendalikan Kelas B, yang memberikannya \"undian dapat dikalahkan 33% kuasa ke atas syarikat\". Pakar undang-undang Susan P. Crawford mengatakan bahawa ini memberi dia \"kawalan yang berkesan terhadap [Comcast's] setiap langkahnya\". Pada tahun 2010, beliau adalah salah seorang eksekutif tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat, dengan jumlah pampasan sebanyak kira-kira $ 31 juta. <> Siapa kepala Comcast semasa? || Brian L. Roberts <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Comcast? || Ralph Roberts <> Pada tahun apakah Roberts telah disenaraikan sebagai eksekutif tertinggi dibayar negara? || 2010 <> Apakah gaji tahunan Roberts pada tahun itu? || kira-kira $ 31 juta <> Apakah kuasa Roberts di papan Comcast? || \"kuasa pengundian yang tidak dapat dikalahkan 33% ke atas syarikat\"", {"context": "Comcast is sometimes described as a family business. Brian L. Roberts, Chairman, President, and CEO of Comcast, is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts. Roberts owns or controls just over 1% of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares, which gives him an \"undilutable 33% voting power over the company\". Legal expert Susan P. Crawford has said this gives him \"effective control over its [Comcast's] every step\". In 2010, he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States, with total compensation of about $31 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Brian L. Roberts"}], "question": "Who is the current head of Comcast?", "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Ralph Roberts"}], "question": "Who co-founded Comcast?", "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?", "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "about $31 million"}], "question": "What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?", "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f24f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "\"undilutable 33% voting power over the company\""}], "question": "What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?", "id": "57270465f1498d1400e8f250"}]}], ["Comcast mengendalikan pelbagai saluran kabel sahaja (termasuk E! Entertainment Television, Saluran Golf dan NBCSN), saluran rangkaian penyiaran nasional (NBC dan Telemundo), studio produksi filem Universal Pictures, dan Universal Parks & Resorts, dengan jumlah global hampir 200 lokasi hiburan keluarga dan tarikan di AS dan beberapa negara lain termasuk UAE, Korea Selatan, Rusia dan China, dengan beberapa lokasi baru dilaporkan dirancang dan dibangunkan untuk operasi masa depan. Comcast juga mempunyai pegangan yang ketara dalam pengedaran digital (thePlatform). Pada Februari 2014 syarikat itu bersetuju untuk bergabung dengan Time Warner Cable dalam perjanjian pertukaran ekuiti bernilai $ 45.2 bilion. Di bawah terma perjanjian Comcast adalah untuk memperoleh 100% Time Warner Cable. Bagaimanapun, pada 24 April 2015, Comcast menamatkan perjanjian itu. <> Apakah beberapa rangkaian TV kabel yang dimiliki oleh Comcast? || E! Hiburan Televisyen, Saluran Golf, dan NBCSN <> Apa dua entiti siaran udara nasional dimiliki oleh Comcast? || NBC dan Telemundo <> Comcast memiliki studio filem apa? || Universal Pictures <> Apa syarikat Comcast mencadangkan penggabungan dengan? || Time Warner Cable <> Apa tarikh Comcast menggugurkan perjanjian penggabungan yang dicadangkan dengan Time Warner? || 24 April 2015", {"context": "Comcast operates multiple cable-only channels (including E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN), over-the-air national broadcast network channels (NBC and Telemundo), the film production studio Universal Pictures, and Universal Parks & Resorts, with a global total of nearly 200 family entertainment locations and attractions in the U.S. and several other countries including U.A.E., South Korea, Russia and China, with several new locations reportedly planned and being developed for future operation. Comcast also has significant holding in digital distribution (thePlatform). In February 2014 the company agreed to merge with Time Warner Cable in an equity swap deal worth $45.2 billion. Under the terms of the agreement Comcast was to acquire 100% of Time Warner Cable. However, on April 24, 2015, Comcast terminated the agreement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "E! Entertainment Television, the Golf Channel, and NBCSN"}], "question": "What are some of the cable TV networks owned by Comcast?", "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "NBC and Telemundo"}], "question": "What two national over-the-air broadcast entities are owned by Comcast?", "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "Universal Pictures"}], "question": "Comcast owns what movie studio?", "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Time Warner Cable"}], "question": "What company did Comcast propose a merger with?", "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "April 24, 2015"}], "question": "What date did Comcast drop their proposed merger agreement with Time Warner?", "id": "5727017bf1498d1400e8f20e"}]}], ["Comcast juga mendapat reputasi sebagai anti-kesatuan. Menurut salah satu manual latihan syarikat itu, \"Comcast tidak merasakan perwakilan kesatuan adalah kepentingan terbaik para pekerja, pelanggan, atau pemegang sahamnya\". Perselisihan pada tahun 2004 dengan CWA, kesatuan buruh yang mewakili ramai pekerja di kantor Comcast di Beaverton, Oregon, menyebabkan tuduhan pengurusan mengintimidasi pekerja, mengharuskan mereka menghadiri pertemuan anti-kesatuan dan tindakan disiplin yang tidak wajar untuk anggota kesatuan. Pada tahun 2011, Comcast menerima kritikan daripada Penulis Guild of America atas dasarnya mengenai kesatuan. <> Apakah pendirian Comcast mengenai tenaga kerja yang teratur? || anti-kesatuan <> Pertikaian buruh tahun 2004 di kota apa yang menonjolkan sikap anti-buruh Comcast? || Beaverton, Oregon <> Apa salah satu perkara anti-kesatuan yang diperlukan oleh pekerja di Beaverton? || menghadiri mesyuarat anti-kesatuan <> Apa kesatuan kreatif yang menimbulkan keluhan terhadap Comcast pada tahun 2011? || Penulis Guild of America <> Dalam penerbitan dalaman apa yang kedudukan persatuan Comcast secara rasmi disebut? || salah satu manual latihan syarikat", {"context": "Comcast has also earned a reputation for being anti-union. According to one of the company's training manuals, \"Comcast does not feel union representation is in the best interest of its employees, customers, or shareholders\". A dispute in 2004 with CWA, a labor union that represented many employees at Comcast's offices in Beaverton, Oregon, led to allegations of management intimidating workers, requiring them to attend anti-union meetings and unwarranted disciplinary action for union members. In 2011, Comcast received criticism from Writers Guild of America for its policies in regards to unions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "anti-union"}], "question": "What is Comcast's stance on organized labor?", "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Beaverton, Oregon"}], "question": "A 2004 labor dispute in what city highlighted Comcast's anti-labor stance?", "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "attend anti-union meetings"}], "question": "What was one anti-union thing that workers in Beaverton were required to do?", "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Writers Guild of America"}], "question": "What creative union aired grievances against Comcast in 2011?", "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "one of the company's training manuals"}], "question": "In what internal publication was Comcast's union stance formally enumerated?", "id": "572706d9f1498d1400e8f26e"}]}], ["Walaupun kritikan ini, Comcast telah muncul di beberapa senarai \"tempat teratas untuk bekerja\". Pada tahun 2009, ia termasuk dalam \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\" majalah CableFAX, yang menyebutkan \"skala, cerdas dan visi\". Begitu juga, Philadelphia Business Journal menganugerahkan Comcast pingat perak di kalangan syarikat-syarikat besar di Philadelphia, dengan pingat emas yang akan menjadi organisasi rakan kongsi, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe mendapati Comcast sebagai tempat teratas di bandar ini untuk bekerja pada tahun 2009. Kepelbagaian pekerja juga merupakan sifat yang mana Comcast menerima tanda yang kuat. Pada tahun 2008, majalah Black Enterprise menarafkan Comcast di antara 15 syarikat teratas untuk kepelbagaian tenaga kerja. Comcast juga dinamakan \"Tempat Kerja 2014 Terbaik\" oleh Washington Post dalam ciri tahunan mereka. <> Apa majalah yang menyenaraikan Comcast sebagai salah satu tempat teratasnya untuk berfungsi? || CableFAX <> Apakah entiti Gabungan Comcast di Philadelphia? || Comcast-Spectacor <> Apa akhbar yang bernama Comcast itu tempat teratas untuk berfungsi? || The Boston Globe <> Dalam tahun apakah akhbar ini memberikan penghormatan ini pada Comcast? || 2009 <> Mengenai aspek apakah nama Black Enterprise Magazine Comcast sebagai majikan tertinggi 15? || kepelbagaian tenaga kerja", {"context": "Despite these criticisms, Comcast has appeared on multiple \"top places to work\" lists. In 2009, it was included on CableFAX magazine's \"Top 10 Places to Work in Cable\", which cited its \"scale, savvy and vision\". Similarly, the Philadelphia Business Journal awarded Comcast the silver medal among extra-large companies in Philadelphia, with the gold medal going to partner organization, Comcast-Spectacor. The Boston Globe found Comcast to be that city's top place to work in 2009. Employee diversity is also an attribute upon which Comcast receives strong marks. In 2008, Black Enterprise magazine rated Comcast among the top 15 companies for workforce diversity. Comcast was also named a \"Top 2014 Workplace\" by the Washington Post in their annual feature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "CableFAX"}], "question": "What magazine listed Comcast as one of its top places to work?", "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Comcast-Spectacor"}], "question": "What is Comcast's affiliated entity in Philadelphia?", "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "The Boston Globe"}], "question": "What newspaper named Comcast it's top place to work?", "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did this newspaper confer this honor on Comcast?", "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "workforce diversity"}], "question": "On what aspect did Black Enterprise Magazine name Comcast a top 15 employer?", "id": "572707a75951b619008f84e9"}]}], ["Comcast telah dikritik kerana pelbagai sebab. Kepuasan pelanggan syarikat sering berada di antara yang paling rendah dalam industri kabel. Comcast telah melanggar amalan netraliti bersih pada masa lalu; dan walaupun komitmen Comcast untuk definisi sempit netraliti bersih, pengkritik menganjurkan definisi yang menghalangi perbezaan antara layanan rangkaian swasta Comcast dan seluruh Internet. Pengkritik juga menunjukkan kekurangan persaingan di sebahagian besar kawasan perkhidmatan Comcast; terdapat persaingan yang terhad di kalangan penyedia kabel. Memandangkan kuasa rundingan Comcast sebagai ISP yang besar, sesetengah mengesyaki bahawa Comcast boleh memanfaatkan perjanjian peering berbayar untuk mempengaruhi kelajuan sambungan pengguna dengan tidak adil. Pemilikan kedua-dua pengeluaran kandungan (dalam NBCUniversal) dan pengedaran kandungan (sebagai ISP) telah menimbulkan kebimbangan antitrust. Isu-isu ini, sebagai tambahan kepada yang lain, membawa kepada Comcast yang digelar \"Syarikat Terburuk di Amerika\" oleh The Consumerist pada tahun 2014 dan 2010. <> Apakah kritikan terbesar yang ditimbulkan oleh pengguna terhadap Comcast || kepuasan pelanggan <> Telah didakwa bahawa perkhidmatan internet Comcast telah melakukan apa yang dilakukan kepada pelanggan? || telah melanggar amalan neutral net <> Apa amalan monopoli yang mengkritik Comcast? || kekurangan persaingan di sebahagian besar kawasan servis Comcast <> Apa perbezaan yang meragukan yang telah diperoleh Comcast dua kali dari The Consumerist? || \"Syarikat Terburuk di Amerika\" <> Bagaimana perkhidmatan pelanggan Comcast bertumpu terhadap persaingannya? || sering berada di antara yang paling rendah dalam industri kabel", {"context": "Comcast has been criticized for multiple reasons. The company's customer satisfaction often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry. Comcast has violated net neutrality practices in the past; and, despite Comcast's commitment to a narrow definition of net neutrality, critics advocate a definition of which precludes distinction between Comcast's private network services and the rest of the Internet. Critics also point out a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area; there is limited competition among cable providers. Given Comcast's negotiating power as a large ISP, some suspect that Comcast could leverage paid peering agreements to unfairly influence end-user connection speeds. Its ownership of both content production (in NBCUniversal) and content distribution (as an ISP) has raised antitrust concerns. These issues, in addition to others, led to Comcast being dubbed \"The Worst Company in America\" by The Consumerist in 2014 and 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "customer satisfaction"}], "question": "What is the largest criticism leveled by consumers against Comcast", "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f21e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "has violated net neutrality practices"}], "question": "It has been alleged that Comcast's internet service has done what to customers? ", "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f21f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "a lack of competition in the vast majority of Comcast's service area"}], "question": "What monopolistic practice draws criticism of Comcast?", "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f220"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "\"The Worst Company in America\""}], "question": "What dubious distinction has Comcast earned twice from The Consumerist?", "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f221"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "often ranks among the lowest in the cable industry"}], "question": "How does Comcast's customer service stack up against its competition?", "id": "572702fcf1498d1400e8f222"}]}], ["Syarikat itu sering dikritik oleh kedua-dua media dan kakitangannya sendiri untuk dasar yang kurang tegas mengenai hubungan pekerja. Siaran Reddit 2012 yang ditulis oleh pekerja pusat panggilan Comcast tanpa nama yang bersemangat untuk berkongsi pengalaman negatif mereka dengan orang ramai mendapat perhatian dari penerbitan termasuk The Huffington Post. Satu siri penyiasatan 2014 yang diterbitkan oleh The Verge melibatkan temubual dengan 150 pekerja Comcast. Ia berusaha untuk menilai mengapa syarikat itu telah dikritik secara meluas oleh para pelanggannya, media dan juga kakitangannya sendiri. Siri ini mendakwa sebahagian daripada masalah itu adalah dalaman dan kakitangan Comcast bertahan dasar korporat yang tidak munasabah. Menurut laporan itu, \"perkhidmatan pelanggan telah digantikan oleh obsesi dengan jualan; juruteknik adalah kekurangan tenaga manakala sokongan teknikal tidak terlatih dan syarikat itu dipenuhi dengan pemecahan dalaman.\" Artikel yang dibaca secara meluas oleh pekerja pusat panggilan anonim yang bekerja untuk Comcast muncul pada November 2014 pada Retak. Bermula dengan \"Lima Mimpi buruk yang Anda Luangkan Ketika Bekerja Untuk Syarikat Terburuk Amerika,\" artikel itu juga mengklaim bahwa Comcast terobsesi dengan penjualan, tidak melatih karyawannya dengan baik dan menyimpulkan bahwa \"sistem itu membuat layanan pelanggan yang baik tidak mungkin.\" <> Selain daripada masalah pelanggan, apa lagi kawasan Comcast yang sering dikritik? || hubungan pekerja <> Apa saluran media dalam talian menjalankan siri penyiasatan pada Comcast pada tahun 2014? || The Verge <> Berapa banyak pekerja Comcast yang diwawancarai untuk laporan penyiasatan itu? || 150 <> Apakah penerbitan dalam talian yang menjalankan ciri dari pekerja Comcast pada tahun 2014 yang mendapat perhatian? || Cracked <> Apa artikel ini 2014 secara anonim ditulis oleh Pekerja Comcast dipanggil? || \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\"", {"context": "The company is often criticized by both the media and its own staff for its less upstanding policies regarding employee relations. A 2012 Reddit post written by an anonymous Comcast call center employee eager to share their negative experiences with the public received attention from publications including The Huffington Post. A 2014 investigative series published by The Verge involved interviews with 150 of Comcast's employees. It sought to examine why the company has become so widely criticized by its customers, the media and even members of its own staff. The series claimed part of the problem is internal and that Comcast's staff endures unreasonable corporate policies. According to the report: \"customer service has been replaced by an obsession with sales; technicians are understaffed while tech support is poorly trained; and the company is hobbled by internal fragmentation.\" A widely read article penned by an anonymous call center employee working for Comcast appeared in November 2014 on Cracked. Titled \"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\" the article also claimed that Comcast is obsessed with sales, doesn't train its employees properly and concluded that \"the system makes good customer service impossible.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "employee relations"}], "question": "Besides customer problems, what other area is Comcast often criticized over?", "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "The Verge"}], "question": "What online media outlet ran an investigative series on Comcast in 2014?", "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "150"}], "question": "How many Comcast employees were interviewed for that investigative report?", "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1008, "text": "Cracked"}], "question": "What online publication ran a feature from a Comcast employee in 2014 that received attention?", "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1024, "text": "\"Five Nightmares You Live While Working For America's Worst Company,\""}], "question": "What was this 2014 article anonymously penned by a Comcast Employee called?", "id": "5727058fdd62a815002e97d6"}]}], ["Dengan $ 18.8 juta yang dibelanjakan pada tahun 2013, Comcast mempunyai belanjawan lobi ketujuh terbesar bagi mana-mana syarikat atau organisasi individu di Amerika Syarikat. Comcast menggunakan beberapa bekas Anggota Kongres AS sebagai pelobi. Persatuan Kabel & Telekomunikasi Nasional, yang mempunyai beberapa eksekutif Comcast di papannya, juga mewakili Comcast dan syarikat kabel lain sebagai organisasi lobi kelima terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, membelanjakan $ 19.8 juta pada tahun 2013. Comcast adalah antara penyokong utama Presiden Barack Obama Berjalan dengan Naib Presiden Comcast David Cohen menaikkan lebih dari $ 2,2 juta dari tahun 2007 hingga 2012. Cohen telah diuraikan oleh banyak sumber sebagai berpengaruh dalam pemerintahan AS, meskipun ia tidak lagi menjadi pelobi terdaftar, ketika waktu ia menghabiskan lobi melesat 20% yang memerlukan pendaftaran rasmi. PAC Comcast, Comcast Corporation dan Jawatankuasa Tindakan Politik NBCUniversal, adalah antara PAC terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, menaikkan kira-kira $ 3.7 juta dari 2011-2012 untuk kempen pelbagai calon pejabat di Kerajaan Persekutuan Amerika Syarikat. Comcast juga merupakan penyokong utama Jawatankuasa Tindakan Politik Persatuan Kabel dan Telekomunikasi Negara, yang menaikkan $ 2.6 juta dari 2011-2012. Comcast menghabiskan sebahagian besar wang daripada mana-mana organisasi untuk menyokong Pembajakan Stop Online dan PROTECT bil IP, membelanjakan kira-kira $ 5 juta untuk melobi untuk laluan mereka. <> Apakah bajet lobi Comcast pada tahun 2013? || $ 18.8 juta <> Di manakah belanjawan lobi ini menempatkan syarikat di antara semua entiti di negara ini? || Ketujuh terbesar <> Apa nama persatuan industri yang mewakili semua syarikat kabel di Washington? || Persatuan Kabel & Telekomunikasi Nasional <> Apakah nama komiti tindakan politik gabungan Comcast? || Comcast Corporation dan Jawatankuasa Tindakan Politik NBCUniversal <> Berapakah PAC ini meningkat untuk calon dalam pilihan raya AS dari tahun 2011 hingga 2012? || $ 3.7 juta", {"context": "With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "$18.8 million"}], "question": "What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?", "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "seventh largest"}], "question": "Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?", "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "The National Cable & Telecommunications Association"}], "question": "What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?", "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee"}], "question": "What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?", "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e9839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "$3.7 million"}], "question": "How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?", "id": "572709b0dd62a815002e983a"}]}], ["Comcast menjual Comcast Cellular kepada SBC Communications pada tahun 1999 untuk $ 400 juta, melepaskan mereka dari hutang $ 1.27 bilion. Comcast memperoleh Greatervision Cablevision pada tahun 1999. Pada Mac 1999, Comcast menawarkan untuk membeli MediaOne untuk $ 60 bilion. Bagaimanapun, MediaOne memutuskan untuk menerima tawaran AT & T Corporation sebanyak $ 62 bilion. Comcast University bermula pada tahun 1999 serta Comcast Interactive Capital Group untuk membuat teknologi dan pelaburan berkaitan Internet mengambil pelaburan pertamanya di VeriSign. <> Apakah perniagaan telekomunikasi Comcast sebelum tahun 1999? || Comcast Cellular <> Apa syarikat Comcast menjual syarikat telekomunikasi mereka? || SBC Communications <> Berapakah harga ComCast Cellular yang dijual pada tahun 1999? || $ 400 juta <> Apa syarikat dagang internet yang Comcast melabur? || VeriSign <> MediaOne bergabung dengan syarikat telekomunikasi apa? || AT & T Corporation", {"context": "Comcast sold Comcast Cellular to SBC Communications in 1999 for $400 million, releasing them from $1.27 billion in debt. Comcast acquired Greater Philadelphia Cablevision in 1999. In March 1999, Comcast offered to buy MediaOne for $60 billion. However, MediaOne decided to accept AT&T Corporation's offer of $62 billion instead. Comcast University started in 1999 as well as Comcast Interactive Capital Group to make technology and Internet related investments taking its first investment in VeriSign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Comcast Cellular"}], "question": "What was Comcast's telecommunication business prior to 1999?", "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "SBC Communications"}], "question": "What company did Comcast sell their telecommunications company to?", "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "$400 million"}], "question": "How much was ComCast Cellular sold for in 1999?", "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "VeriSign"}], "question": "What internet commerce company did Comcast invest in?", "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "AT&T Corporation"}], "question": "MediaOne merged with what telecommunications company?", "id": "57270cbef1498d1400e8f2aa"}]}], ["Pada 12 Februari 2014, Los Angeles Times melaporkan bahawa Comcast berusaha untuk memperoleh Time Warner Cable dalam urus niaga bernilai $ 45.2 bilion. Pada 13 Februari, dilaporkan bahawa Time Warner Cable bersetuju dengan pemerolehan itu. Ini adalah untuk menambah beberapa kawasan metropolitan ke portfolio Comcast, seperti New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, dan San Antonio. Time Warner Cable dan Comcast bertujuan untuk bergabung menjadi satu syarikat menjelang akhir tahun 2014 dan kedua-duanya telah memuji perjanjian itu, menekankan keupayaan peningkatan rangkaian telekomunikasi gabungan, dan \"mencipta kecekapan operasi dan skala ekonomi\". <> Apakah penerbitan asalnya melaporkan kesepakatan potensial antara Comcast dan Time Warner? || Los Angeles Times <> Apakah nilai kesepakatan yang dilaporkan pada masa itu? || $ 45.2 bilion <> Bilakah Comcast berharap dapat menyelesaikan kesepakatannya untuk Time Warner? || pada penghujung tahun 2014", {"context": "On February 12, 2014, the Los Angeles Times reported that Comcast sought to acquire Time Warner Cable in a deal valued at $45.2 billion. On February 13, it was reported that Time Warner Cable agreed to the acquisition. This was to add several metropolitan areas to the Comcast portfolio, such as New York City, Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Charlotte, San Diego, and San Antonio. Time Warner Cable and Comcast aimed to merge into one company by the end of 2014 and both have praised the deal, emphasizing the increased capabilities of a combined telecommunications network, and to \"create operating efficiencies and economies of scale\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the Los Angeles Times"}], "question": "What publication originally reported a potential deal between Comcast and Time Warner?", "id": "572714a4708984140094d96f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "$45.2 billion"}], "question": "What was the value of the deal reported to be at the time?", "id": "572714a4708984140094d970"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "by the end of 2014"}], "question": "When did Comcast hope to complete its deal for Time Warner?", "id": "572714a4708984140094d971"}]}], ["Berikutan perjanjian sepadu pada 1 Disember, pada 3 Disember 2009, pihak-pihak mengumumkan bahawa Comcast akan membeli kawalan 51% kepentingan dalam NBCUniversal untuk $ 6.5 bilion tunai dan $ 7.3 bilion dalam pengaturcaraan. GE akan mengambil alih baki 49% kepentingan dalam NBCUniversal, menggunakan $ 5.8 bilion untuk membeli kepentingan minoriti Vivendi di NBCUniversal sebanyak 20%. Pada 18 Januari 2011, FCC meluluskan perjanjian itu dengan undi 4 hingga 1. Jualan itu selesai pada 28 Januari 2011. Pada akhir Disember 2012, Comcast menambah simbol merak NBC ke logo barunya. Pada 12 Februari 2013, Comcast mengumumkan niat untuk memperoleh baki 49% kepentingan General Electric di NBCUniversal, yang mana Comcast selesai pada 19 Mac 2013. <> Pada tarikh apakah Comcast membeli kepentingan mengawal dalam laporan NBCUniversal? || 3 Disember 2009 <> Apa yang dibayar Comcast untuk kepentingan mereka dalam NBC? || $ 6.5 bilion dalam bentuk tunai dan $ 7.3 bilion dalam pengaturcaraan <> Bagaimana kelulusan FCC terhadap kesepakatan Comcast-NBC? || 4 hingga 1 <> Pada tarikh apakah penjualan akhirnya selesai? || 28 Januari 2011 <> Pada tarikh apa Comcast membeli baki kepentingan General Electric di NBC? || 19 Mac 2013", {"context": "Following a tentative agreement on by December 1, on December 3, 2009, the parties announced that Comcast would buy a controlling 51% stake in NBCUniversal for $6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming. GE would take over the remaining 49% stake in NBCUniversal, using $5.8 billion to buy out Vivendi's 20% minority stake in NBCUniversal. On January 18, 2011, the FCC approved the deal by a vote of 4 to 1. The sale was completed on January 28, 2011. In late December 2012, Comcast added the NBC peacock symbol to their new logo. On February 12, 2013, Comcast announced an intention to acquire the remaining 49% of General Electric's interest in NBCUniversal, which Comcast completed on March 19, 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "December 3, 2009"}], "question": "On what date was Comcast's purchase of controlling interest in NBCUniversal reported?", "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "$6.5 billion in cash and $7.3 billion in programming"}], "question": "What did Comcast pay for their stake in NBC?", "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "4 to 1"}], "question": "How did the FCC vote approval of the Comcast-NBC deal?", "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f344"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "January 28, 2011"}], "question": "On what date was the sale finally completed?", "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f345"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "March 19, 2013"}], "question": "On what date did Comcast buy out the remaining stake of General Electric in NBC?", "id": "572713e6f1498d1400e8f346"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2001, Comcast mengumumkan akan memperoleh aset pengendali televisyen kabel terbesar pada masa itu, AT & T Broadband, dengan harga AS $ 44.5 bilion. Nama yang dicadangkan bagi syarikat yang digabungkan ialah \"AT & T Comcast\", tetapi syarikat akhirnya memutuskan untuk menyimpan nama Comcast sahaja. Pada tahun 2002, Comcast memperoleh semua aset AT & T Broadband, dengan itu menjadikan Comcast syarikat televisyen kabel terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dengan lebih 22 juta pelanggan. Ini juga mendorong permulaan Jualan Iklan Comcast (menggunakan asas AT & T) yang kemudiannya dinamakan semula sebagai Comcast Spotlight. Sebagai sebahagian daripada pemerolehan ini, Comcast juga memperoleh Pusat Televisyen Digital Nasional di Centennial, Colorado sebagai anak syarikat milik penuh, yang kini dikenali sebagai Pusat Media Comcast. <> Bilakah Comcast memperoleh aset kabel AT & T Broadband? || 2001 <> Apa yang Comcast bayar bagi anak syarikat ini? || $ 44.5 bilion <> Apa nama asal AT & T Broadband dan Comcast akan menjadi? || AT & T Comcast <> Apabila Comcast membeli AT & T Broadband, berapa pelanggan yang mereka lakukan? || 22 juta <> Pengiklanan dan cawangan pengeluaran komersial dipanggil apa? || Comcast Spotlight", {"context": "In 2001, Comcast announced it would acquire the assets of the largest cable television operator at the time, AT&T Broadband, for US$44.5 billion. The proposed name for the merged company was \"AT&T Comcast\", but the companies ultimately decided to keep only the Comcast name. In 2002, Comcast acquired all assets of AT&T Broadband, thus making Comcast the largest cable television company in the United States with over 22 million subscribers. This also spurred the start of Comcast Advertising Sales (using AT&T's groundwork) which would later be renamed Comcast Spotlight. As part of this acquisition, Comcast also acquired the National Digital Television Center in Centennial, Colorado as a wholly owned subsidiary, which is today known as the Comcast Media Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did Comcast acquire the cable assets of AT&T Broadband?", "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "$44.5 billion"}], "question": "What did Comcast pay for this subsidiary?", "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "AT&T Comcast"}], "question": "What was the original name of AT&T Broadband and Comcast going to be?", "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "22 million"}], "question": "When Comcast purchased AT&T Broadband, how many customers did they service?", "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "Comcast Spotlight"}], "question": "Comcast's advertising and commercial production branch was called what?", "id": "57270deaf1498d1400e8f2b4"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1994, Comcast menjadi pengendali kabel ketiga terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dengan sekitar 3.5 juta pelanggan berikutan pembelian bahagian Maclean-Hunter di Amerika untuk $ 1.27 bilion. Cawangan syarikat UK, Comcast UK Cable Partners, pergi awam semasa membina rangkaian telekomunikasi kabel. Dengan lima syarikat media lain, syarikat itu menjadi pelabur asal di The Golf Channel. Berikutan tawaran pada tahun 1994 untuk $ 2.1 bilion, Comcast meningkatkan pemilikan QVC daripada 15.5% saham kepada majoriti, dalam usaha untuk menghalang QVC daripada bergabung dengan CBS. Comcast kemudiannya menjual saham QVC pada tahun 2004 kepada Liberty Media untuk $ 7.9 bilion. <> Berapa banyak pelanggan berbayar yang telah dimiliki oleh Comcast pada tahun 1994? || 3.5 juta <> Pelanggan pelanggan Comcast pada tahun 1994 cukup baik untuk ranking negara di kalangan pesaingnya? || ketiga terbesar <> Apa rangkaian sukan Comcast seorang pelabur pengasas? || The Golf Channel <> Dalam tahun apakah Comcast mengambil alih kepentingan majoriti dalam QVC? || 1994 <> Apa syarikat Comcast menjual kepentingannya dalam QVC pada tahun 2004? || Liberty Media", {"context": "In 1994, Comcast became the third largest cable operator in the United States with around 3.5 million subscribers following its purchase of Maclean-Hunter's American division for $1.27 billion. The company's UK branch, Comcast UK Cable Partners, goes public while constructing a cable telecommunications network. With five other media companies, the corporation becomes an original investor in The Golf Channel. Following a bid in 1994 for $2.1 billion, Comcast increased its ownership of QVC from 15.5% of stock to a majority, in a move to prevent QVC from merging with CBS. Comcast later sold its QVC shares in 2004 to Liberty Media for $7.9 billion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "3.5 million"}], "question": "How many paying customers did Comcast have in 1994?", "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "third largest"}], "question": "Comcast's customer base in 1994 was good enough for what national ranking among its competition?", "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "The Golf Channel"}], "question": "What sports network was Comcast a founding investor of?", "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "1994"}], "question": "In what year did Comcast take over a majority interest in QVC?", "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Liberty Media"}], "question": "What company did Comcast sell its interest in QVC to in 2004?", "id": "57270bb5f1498d1400e8f28c"}]}], ["Pada bulan April 2005, Comcast dan Time Warner Cable mengumumkan rancangan untuk membeli aset Adelphia Cable yang muflis. Kedua-dua syarikat itu membayar sejumlah $ 17.6 bilion dalam perjanjian yang telah dimuktamadkan pada suku kedua 2006-selepas Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan (FCC) A.S. menyelesaikan penyiasatan tujuh bulan tanpa menimbulkan bantahan. Time Warner Cable menjadi penyedia kabel kedua terbesar di A.S., kedudukan di belakang Comcast. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian tersebut, Time Warner dan Comcast mengurus pelanggan sedia ada untuk menyatukan mereka ke dalam kelompok geografi yang lebih besar. <> Apa syarikat muflis melakukan rakan Comcast dengan penyedia jalur lebar lain untuk memperoleh pada tahun 2005? || Adelphia Cable <> Siapa rakan Comcast dalam perjanjian untuk Adelphia? || Time Warner Cable <> Apakah harga untuk mengambil alih Adelphia? || $ 17.6 bilion <> Apa organisasi kerajaan menyiasat butiran pengambilalihan ini? || Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan A.S. <> Bilakah perjanjian ini dimuktamadkan? || suku kedua tahun 2006", {"context": "In April 2005, Comcast and Time Warner Cable announced plans to buy the assets of bankrupted Adelphia Cable. The two companies paid a total of $17.6 billion in the deal that was finalized in the second quarter of 2006\u2014after the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) completed a seven-month investigation without raising an objection. Time Warner Cable became the second largest cable provider in the U.S., ranking behind Comcast. As part of the deal, Time Warner and Comcast traded existing subscribers in order to consolidate them into larger geographic clusters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "Adelphia Cable"}], "question": "What bankrupt company did Comcast partner with another broadband provider to acquire in 2005?", "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f314"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Time Warner Cable"}], "question": "Who was Comcast's partner in the deal for Adelphia?", "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f315"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "$17.6 billion"}], "question": "What was the price to take over Adelphia?", "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "the U.S. Federal Communications Commission"}], "question": "What government organization investigated details of this acquisition?", "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "second quarter of 2006"}], "question": "When was this deal finalized?", "id": "572711e9f1498d1400e8f318"}]}], ["Comcast diumumkan pada bulan Mei 2007 dan dilancarkan pada September 2008 papan pemuka yang dikenali sebagai SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard mengetuai \"reka bentuk, penciptaan dan pengurusan\". Kerjasama dan teknologi pesanan bersatu datang dari vendor sumber terbuka Zimbra. \"Pengguna SmartZone akan dapat menghantar dan menerima e-mel, mendengar mesej mel suara mereka dalam talian dan meneruskan maklumat tersebut melalui e-mel kepada orang lain, menghantar mesej segera dan mesej segera video dan menggabungkan kenalan mereka ke dalam satu buku alamat\". Terdapat juga protokol Cloudmark dan phishing dan antivirus Trend Micro. Buku alamat adalah perisian Comcast Plaxo. <> Apakah nama depan muka antaramuka yang diperkenalkan oleh Comcast pada tahun 2007? || papan pemuka dipanggil SmartZone <> Apa syarikat yang merancang antara muka ini? || Hewlett-Packard <> Smartzone menggunakan perlindungan antivirus syarikat apa? || Trend Micro <> Kenalan dan buku alamat untuk Smartzone dipanggil apa? || Perisian Comcast Plaxo <> Bilakah Smartzone dilancarkan kepada pelanggan? || September 2008", {"context": "Comcast announced in May 2007 and launched in September 2008 a dashboard called SmartZone. Hewlett-Packard led \"design, creation and management\". Collaboration and unified messaging technology came from open-source vendor Zimbra. \"SmartZone users will be able to send and receive e-mail, listen to their voicemail messages online and forward that information via e-mail to others, send instant messages and video instant messages and merge their contacts into one address book\". There is also Cloudmark spam and phishing protection and Trend Micro antivirus. The address book is Comcast Plaxo software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "a dashboard called SmartZone"}], "question": "What was the name of the interface front-end introduced by Comcast in 2007?", "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Hewlett-Packard"}], "question": "What company designed this interface?", "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Trend Micro"}], "question": "Smartzone used what company's antivirus protection?", "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "Comcast Plaxo software"}], "question": "The contacts and address book for Smartzone was called what?", "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "September 2008"}], "question": "When was Smartzone rolled out to customers?", "id": "572710e9f1498d1400e8f2fa"}]}], ["Pada 11 Februari 2004, Comcast mengumumkan tawaran $ 54 bilion untuk The Walt Disney Company, serta mengambil alih $ 12 bilion hutang Disney. Perjanjian itu akan menjadikan Comcast sebagai konglomerat media terbesar di dunia. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas penolakan oleh Disney dan tindak balas tidak pasti dari pelabur, tawaran itu ditinggalkan pada bulan April. Sebab utama percubaan pembelian adalah supaya Comcast dapat memperoleh 80 peratus saham Disney dalam ESPN, yang mana seorang eksekutif Comcast memanggil \"aset yang paling penting dan berharga\" yang dimiliki oleh Disney. <> Apa konglomerat media yang Comcast cuba beli pada tahun 2004? || Syarikat Walt Disney <> Berapa banyak wang yang ditawarkan Comcast untuk syarikat ini? || $ 54 bilion <> Berapa bulan pada tahun 2004 apakah Comcast jatuh tawaran untuk syarikat ini? || April <> Comcast menurunkan tawaran mereka untuk memberi tumpuan kepada memperoleh rangkaian sukan apa? || ESPN <> Selain menawarkan wang, apa lagi yang Comcast termasuk dalam cadangan mereka untuk membeli Disney? || mengambil alih $ 12 bilion hutang Disney", {"context": "On February 11, 2004, Comcast announced a $54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company, as well as taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt. The deal would have made Comcast the largest media conglomerate in the world. However, after rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors, the bid was abandoned in April. The main reason for the buyout attempt was so that Comcast could acquire Disney's 80 percent stake in ESPN, which a Comcast executive called \"the most important and valuable asset\" that Disney owned.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "The Walt Disney Company"}], "question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast try to buy in 2004?", "id": "57270eb35951b619008f8549"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "$54 billion"}], "question": "How much money did Comcast offer for this company?", "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "April"}], "question": "What month in 2004 did Comcast drop it's bid for this company?", "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "ESPN"}], "question": "Comcast dropped their bid to focus on acquiring what sports network?", "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt"}], "question": "Besides offering money, what else did Comcast include in their proposal to buy Disney?", "id": "57270eb35951b619008f854d"}]}], ["Kedai media mula melaporkan pada akhir September 2009 bahawa Comcast sedang berbincang untuk membeli NBCUniversal. Comcast menafikan khabar angin pada mulanya, manakala NBC tidak akan memberi komen kepada mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, CNBC sendiri melaporkan pada 1 Oktober bahawa General Electric sedang mempertimbangkan untuk memusingkan NBCUniversal ke dalam sebuah syarikat berasingan yang akan menggabungkan rangkaian televisyen NBC dan hartanah kabelnya seperti USA Network, Syfy dan MSNBC dengan aset kandungan Comcast. GE akan mengekalkan 49% kawalan syarikat baru, sementara Comcast dimiliki 51%. Vivendi, yang memiliki 20%, mesti menjual sahamnya kepada GE. Dilaporkan bahawa di bawah perjanjian semasa dengan GE bahawa ia akan berlaku pada November atau Disember. Ia juga melaporkan bahawa Time Warner akan berminat untuk membuat tawaran, sehingga Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Jeffrey L. Bewkes secara langsung menafikan minat, meninggalkan Comcast sebagai penawar tunggal. Pada 1 November 2009, The New York Times melaporkan bahawa Comcast telah semakin dekat dengan perjanjian untuk membeli NBCUniversal dan bahawa pengumuman formal boleh dibuat pada minggu berikutnya. <> Apakah konglomerat media apakah Comcast memulakan perbincangan awal untuk dibeli pada tahun 2009? || NBCUniversal <> Apakah syarikat induk NBC pada tahun 2009? || General Electric <> Kepentingan apa yang dimiliki oleh Ccomcast dalam kesepakatan ini? || 51% <> Apa syarikat terpaksa menjual minatnya dalam NBCUniversal sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian pembelian? || Vivendi <> Apa syarikat kabel lain yang terkenal dengan minat terhadap NBCUniversal? || Time Warner", {"context": "Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "NBCUniversal"}], "question": "What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?", "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f32e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "General Electric"}], "question": "What was NBC's parent company in 2009?", "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f32f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "51%"}], "question": "What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?", "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Vivendi"}], "question": "What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?", "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "Time Warner"}], "question": "What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?", "id": "57271305f1498d1400e8f332"}]}], ["Pada 8 April 2005, perkongsian yang diketuai oleh Comcast dan Sony Pictures Entertainment memuktamadkan perjanjian untuk memperoleh MGM dan studio gabungannya, Artis Amerika, dan mencipta saluran tambahan untuk membawa bahan MGM / UA untuk kabel dan pengedaran Internet. Pada 31 Oktober 2005, Comcast secara rasmi mengumumkan bahawa ia telah memperoleh Susquehanna Communications sebuah Pennsylvania Central, pembekal perkhidmatan televisyen dan penyedia jalur lebar berasaskan kabel dan unit bekas syarikat Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff, dengan bayaran $ 775 juta. Dalam perjanjian ini, Comcast memperoleh kira-kira 230,000 pelanggan kabel asas, 71,000 pelanggan kabel digital dan 86,000 pelanggan Internet berkelajuan tinggi. Comcast sebelum ini memilikinya kira-kira 30 peratus daripada Susquehanna Communications melalui syarikat afiliasi Lenfest. Pada Disember 2005, Comcast mengumumkan penciptaan Comcast Interactive Media, sebuah bahagian baru yang memberi tumpuan kepada media dalam talian. <> Comcast menyertai syarikat media apa yang membeli studio filem pada tahun 2005? || Sony Pictures Entertainment <> Apa studio filem apakah Comcast dan rakan kongsi mereka membeli? || MGM dan studio afiliasinya, United Artists <> Apa pembekal kabel Pennsylvania yang Comcast membeli kepentingan mengawal pada tahun 2005? || Susquehanna Communications <> Bilakah Comcast secara rasmi mengumumkan pembelian pembekal kabel ini? || Oktober 31, 2005 <> Berapakah bayaran Comcast untuk pembekal kabel TV ini? || $ 775 juta tunai", {"context": "On April 8, 2005, a partnership led by Comcast and Sony Pictures Entertainment finalized a deal to acquire MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists, and create an additional outlet to carry MGM/UA's material for cable and Internet distribution. On October 31, 2005, Comcast officially announced that it had acquired Susquehanna Communications a South Central Pennsylvania, -based cable television and broadband services provider and unit of the former Susquehanna Pfaltzgraff company, for $775 million cash. In this deal Comcast acquired approximately 230,000 basic cable customers, 71,000 digital cable customers, and 86,000 high-speed Internet customers. Comcast previously owned approximately 30 percent of Susquehanna Communications through affiliate company Lenfest. In December 2005, Comcast announced the creation of Comcast Interactive Media, a new division focused on online media.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}], "question": "Comcast joined with what media company to acquire a movie studio in 2005?", "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8565"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "MGM and its affiliate studio, United Artists"}], "question": "What movie studios did Comcast and their partner buy?", "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8566"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Susquehanna Communications"}], "question": "What Pennsylvania cable provider did Comcast buy controlling interest in during 2005?", "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8567"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "October 31, 2005"}], "question": "When did Comcast formally announce its purchase of this cable provider?", "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8568"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "$775 million cash"}], "question": "How much did Comcast pay for this cable tv provider?", "id": "57270fc85951b619008f8569"}]}], ["Comcast diberi \"F\" untuk amalan tadbir urus korporatnya pada tahun 2010, oleh Perpustakaan Korporat, sebuah organisasi penyelidikan pemegang saham bebas. Menurut Perpustakaan Korporat, kemampuan lembaga pengarah Comcast untuk mengawasi dan mengawal pengurusan terancam teruk (sekurang-kurangnya pada tahun 2010) oleh fakta bahawa beberapa pengarah sama ada bekerja untuk syarikat itu atau mempunyai hubungan bisnis dengannya (membuatnya rentan terhadap tekanan manajemen ), dan satu pertiga daripada para pengarah berusia lebih 70 tahun. Menurut Wall Street Journal hampir dua pertiga daripada penerbangan jet korporat Comcast yang $ 40 juta yang dibeli untuk perjalanan perniagaan yang berkaitan dengan pengambilan NBCU, adalah untuk rumah peribadi CEO Brian Roberts atau resort. <> Organisasi apa yang memberi Comcast penilaian \"F\" pada tahun 2010? || Perpustakaan Korporat <> Dalam menerbitkan gred, Perpustakaan Korporat mendapati bahawa sepertiga dari papan Comcast adalah berapa umurnya? || berumur lebih daripada 70 tahun <> Berapakah yang dibayar Comcast untuk penerbangan jet syarikatnya pada tahun 2010? || $ 40 juta <> Apa konflik yang dibuat oleh nota Perpustakaan Syarikat dengan Papan Comcast? || beberapa pengarah sama ada bekerja dengan syarikat atau mempunyai hubungan perniagaan dengannya", {"context": "Comcast was given an \"F\" for its corporate governance practices in 2010, by Corporate Library, an independent shareholder-research organization. According to Corporate Library, Comcast's board of directors ability to oversee and control management was severely compromised (at least in 2010) by the fact that several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it (making them susceptible to management pressure), and a third of the directors were over 70 years of age. According to the Wall Street Journal nearly two-thirds of the flights of Comcast's $40 million corporate jet purchased for business travel related to the NBCU acquisition, were to CEO Brian Roberts' private homes or to resorts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Corporate Library"}], "question": "What organization gave Comcast an \"F\" rating in 2010?", "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9916"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "over 70 years of age"}], "question": "In issuing the grade, the Corporate Library found that a third of Comcast's board was how old?", "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "$40 million"}], "question": "How much did Comcast pay for flights of its company jet in 2010?", "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "several of the directors either worked for the company or had business ties to it"}], "question": "What conflict did Corporate Library note with Comcast's Board?", "id": "57271bf2dd62a815002e9919"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1996, Comcast membeli saham kawalan di Spectacor daripada pengasas syarikat, Ed Snider. Kepelbagaian Comcast-Spectacor kini termasuk pasukan hoki Philadelphia Flyers NHL, pasukan bola keranjang Persatuan Bola Keranjang Philadelphia 76ers dan dua arena pelbagai guna besar di Philadelphia. Selama beberapa tahun, Comcast menjadi pemilik majoriti Comcast SportsNet, serta Golf Channel dan NBCSN (dahulunya Rangkaian Hidup Luar, kemudian Versus). Pada tahun 2002, Comcast membayar University of Maryland $ 25 juta untuk hak penamaan arena bola keranjang baru yang dibina di kampus College Park, Pusat XFINITY. Sebelum ia dinamakan semula sebagai anak syarikat kabel Comcast, XFINITY Centre dipanggil Comcast Center dari pembukaannya pada tahun 2002 hingga Julai 2014. <> Siapa pengasas syarikat penonton sukan Philadelphia? || Ed Snider <> pembelian Spectator Comcast memberi mereka apa pasukan sukan di Philadelphia? || pasukan hoki Philadelphia Flyers NHL, pasukan bola keranjang Persatuan Bola Keranjang Philadelphia 76ers <> Apa nama asal NBCSN? || Rangkaian Kehidupan Luar <> Comcast membeli hak penamaan untuk arena bola keranjang perguruan tinggi? || University of Maryland <> Apakah nama kedua NBCSN dikenali sebagai? || Lawan", {"context": "In 1996, Comcast bought a controlling stake in Spectacor from the company's founder, Ed Snider. Comcast-Spectacor holdings now include the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team and two large multipurpose arenas in Philadelphia. Over a number of years, Comcast became majority owner of Comcast SportsNet, as well as Golf Channel and NBCSN (formerly the Outdoor Life Network, then Versus). In 2002, Comcast paid the University of Maryland $25 million for naming rights to the new basketball arena built on the College Park campus, the XFINITY Center. Before it was renamed for Comcast's cable subsidiary, XFINITY Center was called Comcast Center from its opening in 2002 through July 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Ed Snider"}], "question": "Who was the founder of Philadelphia sports corporation Spectator?", "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "the Philadelphia Flyers NHL hockey team, the Philadelphia 76ers National Basketball Association basketball team"}], "question": "Comcast's purchase of Spectator gave them what sports teams in Philadelphia?", "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Outdoor Life Network"}], "question": "What was the original name of NBCSN?", "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "the University of Maryland"}], "question": "Comcast bought naming rights for what college's basketball arena?", "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Versus"}], "question": "What was the second name NBCSN was known as?", "id": "57271a2e708984140094d9c4"}]}], ["Comcast menyampaikan kandungan pengaturcaraan televisyen pihak ketiga kepada pelanggannya sendiri, dan juga menghasilkan kandungan pihak pertama mereka sendiri untuk pelanggan dan pelanggan perkhidmatan televisyen bersaing yang lain. Pengaturcaraan Comcast yang sepenuhnya atau sebahagiannya termasuk Comcast Newsmakers, Rangkaian Comcast, Comcast SportsNet, SportsNet New York, Rangkaian MLB, Comcast Sports Tenggara / Piagam Sukan Tenggara, Rangkaian Sukan NBC, Saluran Golf, AZN Television, dan FEARnet. Pada 19 Mei 2009, Disney dan ESPN mengumumkan satu perjanjian untuk membolehkan Comcast Corporation membawa saluran ESPNU dan ESPN3. Jawatankuasa Olimpik A.S. dan Comcast bertujuan untuk bekerjasama untuk mencipta Rangkaian Olimpik A.S., yang dijadualkan untuk dilancarkan selepas Sukan Olimpik Vancouver 2010. Rancangan ini kemudiannya dipegang oleh Jawatankuasa Olimpik A.S.. Jawatankuasa Olimpik A.S. dan Comcast telah menamatkan rancangan untuk mewujudkan Rangkaian Olimpik A.S.. <> Disney dan Comcast bergabung untuk membolehkan Comcast mengudara apa rangkaian sukan? || ESPNU dan ESPN3 <> Rangkaian apa yang dicadangkan oleh Comcast dan Jawatankuasa Olimpik AS? || Rangkaian Olimpik A.S. <> Apa bandar yang menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk 2010? || Vancouver <> Apa yang berlaku pada Rangkaian Olimpik A.S.? || Jawatankuasa Olimpik A.S. dan Comcast telah menamatkan rancangan", {"context": "Comcast delivers third-party television programming content to its own customers, and also produces its own first-party content both for subscribers and customers of other competing television services. Fully or partially owned Comcast programming includes Comcast Newsmakers, Comcast Network, Comcast SportsNet, SportsNet New York, MLB Network, Comcast Sports Southeast/Charter Sports Southeast, NBC Sports Network, The Golf Channel, AZN Television, and FEARnet. On May 19, 2009, Disney and ESPN announced an agreement to allow Comcast Corporation to carry the channels ESPNU and ESPN3. The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast intended to team up to create The U.S. Olympic Network, which was slated to launch after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games. These plans were then put on hold by the U.S. Olympic Committee. The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans to create The U.S. Olympic Network.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "ESPNU and ESPN3"}], "question": "Disney and Comcast joined forces to allow Comcast to air what sports networks?", "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 657, "text": "The U.S. Olympic Network"}], "question": "What network was proposed by Comcast and the US Olympic Committee?", "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "Vancouver"}], "question": "What city hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics?", "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "The U.S. Olympic Committee and Comcast have ended the plans"}], "question": "What happened to the U.S. Olympic Network?", "id": "572717be5951b619008f85d4"}]}], ["Comcast juga memiliki banyak saluran tempatan. Comcast juga mempunyai rangkaian pelbagai yang dikenali sebagai Comcast Network, tersedia secara eksklusif untuk pelanggan Comcast dan Cablevision. Saluran ini menunjukkan berita, sukan, dan hiburan dan penekanan di Philadelphia dan kawasan Baltimore / Washington, D.C, walaupun saluran ini juga terdapat di New York, Pittsburgh, dan Richmond. Pada bulan Ogos 2004, Comcast memulakan saluran yang dipanggil Comcast Entertainment Television, untuk pelanggan Colorado Comcast, dan memberi tumpuan kepada kehidupan di Colorado. Ia juga membawa beberapa pertandingan Liga Hoki Kebangsaan dan Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan apabila Altitude Sports & Entertainment membawa NHL atau NBA. Pada bulan Januari 2006, CET menjadi saluran utama untuk Sistem Peringatan Kecemasan Colorado di Denver Metro Area. Pada tahun 2006, Comcast membantu menemui saluran SportsNet New York, memperoleh kepentingan minoriti. Rakan kongsi lain dalam projek itu ialah New York Mets dan Time Warner Cable. <> Apakah nama saluran Comcast yang tersedia untuk pelanggan di pasaran pantai timur? || Rangkaian Comcast <> Apakah nama saluran pelanggan Comcast di Colorado? || Comcast Entertainment Television <> Pada tahun apakah Comcast Entertainment mengambil alih operasi Sistem Peringatan Kecemasan Colorado? || 2006 <> Apa saluran sukan kawasan New York yang membantu Comcast ditemui pada tahun 2006 || SportsNet New York <> Pasukan besbol apa yang menjadi rakan kongsi Comcast dalam rangkaian sukan New York mereka? || New York Mets", {"context": "Comcast also owns many local channels. Comcast also has a variety network known as Comcast Network, available exclusively to Comcast and Cablevision subscribers. The channel shows news, sports, and entertainment and places emphasis in Philadelphia and the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. areas, though the channel is also available in New York, Pittsburgh, and Richmond. In August 2004, Comcast started a channel called Comcast Entertainment Television, for Colorado Comcast subscribers, and focusing on life in Colorado. It also carries some National Hockey League and National Basketball Association games when Altitude Sports & Entertainment is carrying the NHL or NBA. In January 2006, CET became the primary channel for Colorado's Emergency Alert System in the Denver Metro Area. In 2006, Comcast helped found the channel SportsNet New York, acquiring a minority stake. The other partners in the project were New York Mets and Time Warner Cable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "Comcast Network"}], "question": "What is the name of Comcast's channel available to subscribers in east coast markets?", "id": "572719235951b619008f85e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "Comcast Entertainment Television"}], "question": "What is the name of Comcast's subscriber channel in Colorado?", "id": "572719235951b619008f85e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Comcast Entertainment take over operation of Colorado's Emergency Alert System?", "id": "572719235951b619008f85e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "SportsNet New York"}], "question": "What New York area sports channel did Comcast help found in 2006", "id": "572719235951b619008f85ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "New York Mets"}], "question": "What baseball team was Comcast's partner in their New York sports network?", "id": "572719235951b619008f85eb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004 dan 2007, tinjauan Kepuasan Pelanggan Kepuasan Amerika Syarikat (ACSI) mendapati bahawa Comcast mempunyai penarafan kepuasan pelanggan yang terburuk bagi mana-mana syarikat atau agensi kerajaan di negara ini, termasuk Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalam Negeri. ACSI menunjukkan bahawa hampir separuh daripada semua pelanggan kabel (tidak kira syarikat) mempunyai aduan berdaftar, dan kabel itu adalah satu-satunya industri yang mendapat skor di bawah 60 dalam ACSI. Rating Perkhidmatan Pelanggan Comcast oleh kaji selidik ACSI menunjukkan bahawa perkhidmatan pelanggan syarikat tidak bertambah baik sejak tinjauan bermula pada tahun 2001. Analisis tinjauan menyatakan bahawa \"Comcast adalah salah satu syarikat pemarkahan terendah di ACSI. Oleh kerana kepuasan pelanggannya terkikis oleh 7% sepanjang tahun lalu, pendapatan meningkat sebanyak 12%. \" Analisis ACSI juga menangani percanggahan ini, menyatakan bahawa \"Kuasa harga seperti itu biasanya datang dengan beberapa tahap perlindungan monopoli dan kebanyakan syarikat kabel mempunyai sedikit persaingan di peringkat tempatan. Ini juga bermaksud bahawa sebuah syarikat kabel dapat melakukan kewangan secara finansial walaupun pelanggannya tidak puas hati. \" <> Apa organisasi menilai perkhidmatan pelanggan Comcast yang paling buruk di negara ini pada tahun 2004 dan 2007? || Indeks Kepuasan Pelanggan Amerika (ACSI) <> Perkhidmatan pelanggan Comcast dinilai lebih buruk daripada organisasi kerajaan? || Perkhidmatan Hasil Dalaman <> Bilakah ACSI mula melakukan tinjauan kepuasan pelanggan? || 2001 <> Apabila penarafan perkhidmatan pelanggan Comcast jatuh 7%, apa yang terjadi pada pendapatannya? || meningkat sebanyak 12% <> Apakah faktor utama yang digunakan oleh ACSI untuk menjelaskan anomali ini? || kebanyakan syarikat kabel mempunyai sedikit persaingan di peringkat tempatan", {"context": "In 2004 and 2007, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) survey found that Comcast had the worst customer satisfaction rating of any company or government agency in the country, including the Internal Revenue Service. The ACSI indicates that almost half of all cable customers (regardless of company) have registered complaints, and that cable is the only industry to score below 60 in the ACSI. Comcast's Customer Service Rating by the ACSI surveys indicate that the company's customer service has not improved since the surveys began in 2001. Analysis of the surveys states that \"Comcast is one of the lowest scoring companies in ACSI. As its customer satisfaction eroded by 7% over the past year, revenue increased by 12%.\" The ACSI analysis also addresses this contradiction, stating that \"Such pricing power usually comes with some level of monopoly protection and most cable companies have little competition at the local level. This also means that a cable company can do well financially even though its customers are not particularly satisfied.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI)"}], "question": "What organization rated Comcast's customer service the worst in the country in 2004 and 2007?", "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "the Internal Revenue Service"}], "question": "Comcast's customer service was rated worse than what government organization?", "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "2001"}], "question": "When did the ACSI begin doing customer satisfaction surveys?", "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "increased by 12%"}], "question": "When Comcast's customer service rating fell 7%, what happened to its revenues?", "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "most cable companies have little competition at the local level"}], "question": "What prime factor did the ACSI use to explain this anomaly?", "id": "57271b17708984140094d9d9"}]}], ["Pengkritik menyatakan pada 2013 bahawa Tom Wheeler, ketua FCC, yang perlu meluluskan perjanjian itu, adalah bekas ketua organisasi lobi lobi terbesar, Persatuan Kabel & Telekomunikasi Negara, dan sebagai lobi tanpa wayar terbesar, CTIA - The Wireless Persatuan. Menurut Politico, Comcast \"disumbangkan kepada hampir setiap anggota Kongres yang mempunyai tangan dalam mengaturnya.\" Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Senat AS mengadakan perbicaraan mengenai perjanjian itu pada 9 April 2014. Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Dewan merancang pendengarannya sendiri. Pada 6 Mac 2014 Bahagian Antitrust Jabatan Keadilan Amerika Syarikat mengesahkan ia menyiasat perjanjian itu. Pada bulan Mac 2014, pengerusi bahagian itu, William Baer, mengundurkan diri kerana terlibat dalam pengambilalihan Comcast NBCUniversal sebelum ini. Beberapa peguam negara menyatakan telah mengumumkan sokongan untuk siasatan persekutuan. Pada 24 April 2015, Jonathan Sallet, penasihat umum F.C.C., berkata bahawa dia akan mencadangkan satu pendengaran sebelum hakim undang-undang pentadbiran, bersamaan dengan kejatuhan perjanjian itu. <> Siapa ketua FCC pada masa pembelian Comcast's Time Warner Cable yang dicadangkan? || Tom Wheeler <> Apa dua organisasi telah Wheeler menuju sebelum menyertai FCC? || Persatuan Kabel & Telekomunikasi Negara, dan sebagai lobi tanpa wayar terbesar, CTIA - Persatuan Tanpa Wayar <> Kumpulan apa yang cuba menyiasat pembelian atas alasan anti-amanah? || Bahagian Keadilan Antitrust Keadilan Amerika Syarikat <> Apakah kumpulan Senat yang mengadakan perbincangan mengenai pembelian? || Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Senat AS <> Siapa nasihat umum FCC pada tahun 2015? || Jonathan Sallet", {"context": "Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast \"donated to almost every member of Congress who has a hand in regulating it.\" The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9, 2014. The House Judiciary Committee planned its own hearing. On March 6, 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal. In March 2014, the division's chairman, William Baer, recused himself because he was involved in a prior Comcast NBCUniversal acquisition. Several states' attorneys general have announced support for the federal investigation. On April 24, 2015, Jonathan Sallet, general counsel of the F.C.C., said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge, equivalent to a collapse of the deal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Tom Wheeler"}], "question": "Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable?", "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association"}], "question": "What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC?", "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division"}], "question": "What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds?", "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "US Senate Judiciary Committee"}], "question": "What Senate group held hearings on the purchase?", "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f37e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "Jonathan Sallet"}], "question": "Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015?", "id": "572716baf1498d1400e8f380"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2015, seorang pelanggan bernama Ricardo Brown menerima tagihan dari Comcast dengan namanya berubah menjadi \"Asshole Brown\". Isteri Brown, Lisa, percaya seorang pekerja Comcast menukar nama sebagai tindak balas kepada permintaan Browns untuk membatalkan perkhidmatan kabel mereka, sebuah insiden di mana dia telah menolak pembatalan melainkan dia membayar yuran $ 60 dan sebaliknya ditolak ke pakar pengekalan. Comcast enggan membetulkan nama pada rang undang-undang mereka selepas membawanya ke perhatian banyak kedai khidmat pelanggan untuk syarikat itu dengan menjelaskan bahawa Ricardo adalah nama pelanggan undang-undang, jadi Brown berpaling kepada penyokong pengguna Christopher Elliott. Elliott menyiarkan fakta insiden itu, bersama dengan satu salinan rang undang-undang, di blognya. Tidak lama selepas itu, Elliott menghubungi Comcast dan Comcast menawarkan Browns permintaan maaf, pengembalian $ 60, dan janji untuk mengesan dan membakar pekerja yang bertanggungjawab. The Browns sebaliknya meminta bayaran balik sepenuhnya untuk pengalaman negatif mereka dan Comcast bersetuju untuk membayar balik keluarga dua tahun terakhir perkhidmatan dan menyediakan perkhidmatan dua tahun akan datang tanpa bayaran. Comcast mengeluarkan kenyataan yang menjelaskan: \"Kami telah bercakap dengan pelanggan kami dan memohon maaf atas perubahan nama yang tidak dapat diterima dan tidak tepat ini. Kami mempunyai toleransi nol untuk jenis tingkah laku yang tidak sopan dan melakukan siasatan menyeluruh untuk menentukan apa yang berlaku. pelanggan untuk membuat hak ini dan akan mengambil langkah yang sesuai untuk mengelakkan perkara ini berlaku lagi. \" <> Nama apa yang disenaraikan pada invois pelanggan Comcast Ricardo Brown pada bulan Januari, 2015? || \"Asshole Brown\" <> Apa penyokong pengguna mengambil alih kes Brown? || Christopher Elliott <> Berapakah jumlah wang yang dipertikaikan yang Comcast akhirnya kembali ke Browns? || $ 60 <> Comcast akhirnya memulangkan berapa banyak masa perkhidmatan kepada Browns? || dua tahun <> Comcast juga memberitahu Brown bahawa mereka akan melakukan apa yang harus dibetulkan keadaan dengan perubahan nama? || berjanji untuk mengesan dan membakar pekerja yang bertanggungjawab", {"context": "In January 2015, a customer named Ricardo Brown received a bill from Comcast with his name changed to \"Asshole Brown\". Brown's wife, Lisa, believed a Comcast employee changed the name in response to the Browns' request to cancel their cable service, an incident in which she was refused a cancellation unless she paid a $60 fee and instead was routed to a retention specialist. Comcast refused to correct the name on their bill after bringing it to the attention of numerous customer service outlets for the company by explaining that Ricardo is the legal name of the customer, so the Browns turned to consumer advocate Christopher Elliott. Elliott posted the facts of the incident, along with a copy of the bill, on his blog. Shortly thereafter, Elliott contacted Comcast and Comcast offered the Browns an apology, a $60 refund, and a promise to track down and fire the responsible employee. The Browns instead requested a full refund for their negative experience and Comcast agreed to refund the family the last two years of service and provide the next two years of service at no charge. Comcast released a statement explaining: \"We have spoken with our customer and apologized for this completely unacceptable and inappropriate name change. We have zero tolerance for this type of disrespectful behavior and are conducting a thorough investigation to determine what happened. We are working with our customer to make this right and will take appropriate steps to prevent this from happening again.\" ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "\"Asshole Brown\""}], "question": "What name was listed on Comcast customer Ricardo Brown's invoice in January, 2015?", "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Christopher Elliott"}], "question": "What consumer advocate took over the Brown's case?", "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 818, "text": "$60"}], "question": "What was the amount of disputed money that Comcast eventually returned to the Browns?", "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1015, "text": "two years"}], "question": "Comcast eventually refunded how much service time to the Browns?", "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 836, "text": "promise to track down and fire the responsible employee"}], "question": "Comcast also told the Browns they would do what to correct the situation with the name change?", "id": "57271d57708984140094d9f5"}]}]], [["Kompleks M. tuberculosis (MTBC) termasuk empat mikobakteria yang menyebabkan TB: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, dan M. microti. M. africanum tidak meluas, tetapi ia adalah penyebab utama tuberkulosis di bahagian Afrika. M. bovis pernah menjadi penyebab utama tuberkulosis, tetapi pengenalan susu pasteurisasi telah hampir dihapuskan sebagai masalah kesihatan awam di negara maju. M. canetti jarang berlaku dan tampaknya terhad kepada Tanduk Afrika, walaupun beberapa kes telah dilihat di kalangan pendatang Afrika. M. microti juga jarang berlaku dan dilihat hampir hanya pada orang yang immunodeficient, walaupun kelazimannya mungkin terlalu rendah. <> Yang mycobacterium yang menyebabkan TB sering dijumpai dalam susu tidak dipasteurisasi? || M. bovis <> Yang mana satu daripada mycobacteria tuberkulosis dikaitkan dengan Horn of Africa? || M. canetti <> Yang mana antara empat bakteria penyebab TB yang difikirkan oleh saintis mungkin lebih biasa daripada yang kita ketahui? || M. microti <> Apakah bakteria mempunyai nama negara yang paling banyak mempengaruhi namanya? || M. africanum", {"context": "The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "M. bovis"}], "question": "Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?", "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f754"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "M. canetti"}], "question": "Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?", "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f755"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "M. microti"}], "question": "Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?", "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f756"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "M. africanum"}], "question": "What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?", "id": "572764c9f1498d1400e8f757"}]}], ["Jangkitan TB bermula apabila mikobakteria mencapai alveoli pulmonari, di mana mereka menyerang dan meniru dalam endosom makrofaj alveolar. Makropha mengenal pasti bakteria sebagai asing dan cubaan untuk menghapuskannya melalui fagositosis. Semasa proses ini, bakteria dibungkus oleh makrofaj dan disimpan secara sementara dalam vesicle yang membran yang dipanggil phagosome. Phagosome kemudian digabungkan dengan lisosom untuk mencipta phagolysosome. Dalam phagolysosome, sel cuba menggunakan spesies oksigen reaktif dan asid untuk membunuh bakteria. Walau bagaimanapun, M. tuberculosis mempunyai kapsul asid mycolic yang tebal, lilin yang melindunginya daripada bahan toksik ini. M. tuberculosis mampu membiak di dalam makrofaj dan akhirnya akan membunuh sel imun. <> Apakah bahagian tertentu dari paru-paru menandakan permulaan jangkitan tuberkulosis? || alveoli pulmonari <> Apa proses yang mana makrofag cuba menghilangkan bakteria TB? || phagocytosis <> Apa yang anda dapat apabila anda menggabungkan lysosome dan phagosome? || a phagolysosome <> Apa bakteria M. tuberculosis yang melindunginya daripada terjejas oleh toksin? || kapsul asid mycolic <> Apakah vesicle ialah ruang pegangan sementara untuk bakteria M. tuberculosis semasa fagositosis? || phagosome", {"context": "TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "pulmonary alveoli"}], "question": "What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?", "id": "57276d92708984140094dd47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "phagocytosis"}], "question": "What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?", "id": "57276d92708984140094dd48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "a phagolysosome"}], "question": "What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?", "id": "57276d92708984140094dd49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "mycolic acid capsule"}], "question": "What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?", "id": "57276d92708984140094dd4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "phagosome"}], "question": "What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?", "id": "57276d92708984140094dd4b"}]}], ["Penyebab utama TB adalah Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacillus kecil, aerobik, nonmotil. Kandungan lipid tinggi akaun patogen ini untuk banyak ciri klinikalnya yang unik. Ia membahagikan setiap 16 hingga 20 jam, yang merupakan kadar yang sangat lambat berbanding dengan bakteria lain, yang biasanya membahagikan dalam masa kurang daripada satu jam. Mycobacteria mempunyai membran bilayer membran luar. Jika noda Gram dilakukan, MTB sama ada noda sangat lemah \"Gram-positif\" atau tidak mengekalkan pewarna akibat kandungan lipid dan asid mycolic dinding sel. MTB boleh menahan pembasmian kuman yang lemah dan bertahan dalam keadaan kering selama berminggu-minggu. Secara semula jadi, bakteria boleh tumbuh hanya dalam sel-sel organisma tuan rumah, tetapi M. tuberculosis boleh dibiakkan di makmal. <> Keistimewaan Mycobacterium tuberculosis disebabkan oleh tahap yang tinggi dari jenis molekulnya? || lipid <> Adakah kadar pembahagian bakteria TB cepat atau lambat berbanding bakteria lain? || lambat <> Secara semula jadi, apa \"pembantu\" yang diperlukan bakteria MTB untuk berkembang? || organisma tuan rumah <> Berapa lama tempoh antara pembahagian sel MTB? || 16 hingga 20 jam <> Berapa banyak masa yang diperlukan kebanyakan bakteria untuk dibahagikan? || kurang daripada satu jam", {"context": "The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly \"Gram-positive\" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "lipid"}], "question": "The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?", "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "slow"}], "question": "Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?", "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "a host organism"}], "question": "In nature, what \"helper\" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?", "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f302"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "16 to 20 hours"}], "question": "How long is the period between division of MTB cells?", "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f303"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "less than an hour"}], "question": "How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?", "id": "57271144f1498d1400e8f304"}]}], ["Menggunakan noda histologi pada sampel yang dieksploitasi dari kahak (juga dikenali sebagai \"dahak\"), saintis boleh mengenal pasti MTB di bawah mikroskop. Memandangkan MTB mengekalkan kesan tertentu walaupun selepas dirawat dengan penyelesaian berasid, ia dikelaskan sebagai bacillus asid cepat. Teknik pewarnaan asid cepat yang paling biasa ialah noda Ziehl-Neelsen dan noda Kinyoun, yang merupakan bahan bacaan asid cepat yang berwarna merah terang yang menonjol terhadap latar belakang biru. Mikroskopi pengawetan dan pendarfluor Auramine-rhodamine juga digunakan. <> Apa perkataan lain untuk \"dahak\"? || kahak <> Salah satu daripada dua teknik pewarnaan asid cepat yang cepat ialah noda Kinyoun; apa yang lain? || Ziehl-Neelsen noda <> Warna apa bahan bakar asid-cepat menjadi ketika berwarna? || merah terang <> Apakah istilah untuk bacillus yang boleh terdedah kepada penyelesaian berasid tanpa kehilangan kesannya? || asam-cepat <> Jika seorang saintis tidak mahu menggunakan teknik pewarnaan asid cepat, apa jenis mikroskopi yang boleh mereka gunakan? || pendarfluor", {"context": "Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called \"sputum\"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "phlegm"}], "question": "What's another word for \"sputum\"?", "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Ziehl\u2013Neelsen stain"}], "question": "One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?", "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9beb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "bright red"}], "question": "What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?", "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "acid-fast"}], "question": "What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?", "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "fluorescence"}], "question": "If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?", "id": "5727629fdd62a815002e9bee"}]}], ["Sekiranya jangkitan tuberkulosis menjadi aktif, ia biasanya melibatkan paru-paru (kira-kira 90% kes). Gejala mungkin termasuk sakit dada dan batuk yang berpanjangan yang menghasilkan sputum. Kira-kira 25% orang mungkin tidak mempunyai sebarang gejala (iaitu mereka tetap \"asimptomatik\"). Kadang-kadang, orang mungkin batuk darah dalam jumlah yang kecil, dan dalam kes-kes yang jarang berlaku, jangkitan itu boleh mengalir ke arteri pulmonari atau aneurisma Rasmussen, mengakibatkan pendarahan besar-besaran. Tuberkulosis mungkin menjadi penyakit kronik dan menyebabkan parut yang luas di bahagian atas paru-paru. Lobak paru-paru atas lebih kerap dipengaruhi oleh tuberkulosis daripada yang lebih rendah. Sebab perbezaan ini tidak jelas. Ia mungkin disebabkan oleh aliran udara yang lebih baik, atau kepada saliran limfa yang lemah di dalam paru-paru atas. <> Yang lobus paru-paru lebih kerap dipengaruhi oleh TB? || lobak paru-paru atas <> Gejala apa yang akan berlaku jika jangkitan TB menyebabkan aneurisme Rasmussen? || Pendarahan besar-besaran <> Berapa peratuskah jangkitan tuberkulosis tidak pernah berlaku dalam gejala penyakit ini? || 25% <> Jika TB menjadi kronik, apakah kesan yang berkekalan pada lobus di atas paru-paru? || parut <> Kira-kira berapa peratus daripada kes TB aktif mempengaruhi paru-paru? || 90%", {"context": "If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain \"asymptomatic\"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "upper lung lobes"}], "question": "Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?", "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "massive bleeding"}], "question": "What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?", "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "25%"}], "question": "What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?", "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "scarring"}], "question": "If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?", "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "90%"}], "question": "Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?", "id": "57270d33dd62a815002e985e"}]}], ["Tapak utama jangkitan di paru-paru, yang dikenali sebagai \"fokus Ghon\", biasanya terletak di bahagian atas lobus bawah, atau bahagian bawah lobus atas. Tuberkulosis paru-paru juga boleh berlaku melalui jangkitan dari aliran darah. Ini dikenali sebagai tumpuan Simon dan biasanya dijumpai di bahagian atas paru-paru. Penyebaran hematogen ini juga boleh menyebarkan jangkitan ke tapak yang lebih jauh, seperti nodus limfa perifer, buah pinggang, otak, dan tulang. Semua bahagian badan dapat dipengaruhi oleh penyakit ini, walaupun untuk sebab-sebab yang tidak diketahui ia jarang mempengaruhi jantung, otot rangka, pankreas, atau tiroid. <> Ungkapan apa kata dua digunakan untuk bahagian utama paru-paru yang dijangkiti oleh TB? || Gon fokus <> Jika paru-paru dijangkiti TB melalui saluran darah, apakah jenis tumpuan? || Simon berfokus <> Di kawasan umum paru-paru adalah tumpuan SImon yang biasanya terletak? || bahagian atas <> Apakah istilah yang menggambarkan jangkitan bawaan darah, seperti TB ketika mengembara melalui darah ke ginjal atau otak? || hematogenous <> Empat bidang badan biasanya selamat dari jangkitan TB, termasuk otot rangka, jantung, dan tiroid; apa yang keempat? || pankreas", {"context": "The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the \"Ghon focus\", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Ghon focus"}], "question": "What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?", "id": "5727713d708984140094dda9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Simon focus"}], "question": "If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?", "id": "5727713d708984140094ddaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "the top"}], "question": "In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?", "id": "5727713d708984140094ddab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "hematogenous"}], "question": "What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?", "id": "5727713d708984140094ddac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "pancreas"}], "question": "Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?", "id": "5727713d708984140094ddad"}]}], ["Satu pertiga daripada penduduk dunia dikatakan dijangkiti TB. Jangkitan baru berlaku pada kira-kira 1% daripada penduduk setiap tahun. Pada tahun 2014, terdapat 9.6 juta kes TB aktif yang mengakibatkan 1.5 juta kematian. Lebih daripada 95% kematian berlaku di negara-negara membangun. Jumlah kes baru setiap tahun telah menurun sejak 2000. Kira-kira 80% orang di kebanyakan negara Asia dan Afrika menguji positif manakala 5-10% penduduk di Amerika Syarikat menguji positif dengan ujian tuberculin. Tuberculosis telah wujud pada manusia sejak zaman purba. <> Berapa banyak penduduk di seluruh dunia dianggarkan membawa batuk kering? || Satu pertiga <> Berapa banyak kasus tuberkulosis yang aktif sepanjang tahun 2014? || 9.6 juta <> Pada tahun 2014, berapa orang yang mati akibat TB? || 1.5 juta <> Adakah kebanyakan kematian dari TB berlaku di negara-negara membangun atau negara-negara perindustrian? || negara-negara membangun <> Adakah jangkitan TB meningkat atau turun di seluruh dunia sejak permulaan abad ke-21? || menurun", {"context": "One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5\u201310% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "One-third"}], "question": "How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?", "id": "57270b235951b619008f8521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "9.6 million"}], "question": "How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?", "id": "57270b235951b619008f8522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "1.5 million"}], "question": "In 2014, how many people died from TB?", "id": "57270b235951b619008f8523"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "developing countries"}], "question": "Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?", "id": "57270b235951b619008f8524"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "decreased"}], "question": "Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?", "id": "57270b235951b619008f8525"}]}], ["Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit berjangkit yang biasanya disebabkan oleh bakteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberkulosis secara amnya menjejaskan paru-paru, tetapi juga boleh menjejaskan bahagian-bahagian badan yang lain. Kebanyakan jangkitan tidak mempunyai gejala, yang dikenali sebagai tuberkulosis laten. Kira-kira 10% daripada jangkitan laten kemajuan kepada penyakit aktif yang, jika tidak dirawat, membunuh kira-kira separuh daripada mereka yang dijangkiti. Gejala klasik TB aktif adalah batuk kronik dengan kuman berdarah darah, demam, berpeluh malam, dan penurunan berat badan. Istilah \"penggunaan\" bersejarah disebabkan oleh penurunan berat badan. Jangkitan organ lain boleh menyebabkan pelbagai gejala. <> Apakah bakteria menyebabkan jangkitan tuberkulosis? || Mycobacterium tuberculosis <> Apakah bahagian tubuh utama yang dipengaruhi oleh tuberkulosis? || paru-paru <> Secara kasar, berapa peratus jangkitan tuberkulosis laten menyebabkan batuk kering aktif? || 10% <> Bersama batuk, penurunan berat badan, dan berpeluh malam, apakah gejala klasik keempat penyakit ini? || demam <> Nama apa yang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada tuberkulosis kerana kehilangan berat badan yang berkaitan? || penggunaan", {"context": "Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term \"consumption\" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis"}], "question": "What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?", "id": "572709795951b619008f850d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "lungs"}], "question": "What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?", "id": "572709795951b619008f850e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "10%"}], "question": "Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?", "id": "572709795951b619008f850f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "fever"}], "question": "Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?", "id": "572709795951b619008f8511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "consumption"}], "question": "What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?", "id": "572709795951b619008f8510"}]}], ["Orang yang mempunyai hubungan yang berpanjangan, kerap, atau rapat dengan orang yang mempunyai TB adalah sangat berisiko tinggi dijangkiti, dengan kadar jangkaan 22%. Seseorang yang mempunyai tuberculosis yang aktif tetapi tidak diubati mungkin menjangkiti 10-15 (atau lebih) orang lain setiap tahun. Transmisi harus berlaku dari hanya orang yang aktif TB - mereka yang mempunyai jangkitan laten tidak dianggap berjangkit. Kebarangkalian penghantaran dari satu orang ke yang lain bergantung kepada beberapa faktor, termasuk jumlah titisan infeksi yang diusir oleh pembawa, keberkesanan pengudaraan, tempoh pendedahan, ketahanan ketegangan M. tuberculosis, tahap imuniti dalam orang yang tidak dijangkiti, dan lain-lain. Lantai penyebaran orang-orang boleh diasingkan dengan mengasingkan mereka yang aktif (\"terang-terangan\") TB dan meletakkannya pada rejimen ubat anti-TB. Selepas kira-kira dua minggu rawatan berkesan, subjek dengan jangkitan aktif yang tidak tahan secara umumnya tidak kekal menular kepada orang lain. Sekiranya seseorang dijangkiti, ia biasanya mengambil masa tiga hingga empat minggu sebelum orang yang baru dijangkiti menjadi cukup menular untuk menyebarkan penyakit ini kepada orang lain. <> Jika anda berada di sekitar seseorang dengan TB aktif, apakah peluang anda akan mengecapnya sebagai peratusan? || 22% <> Kiri yang tidak dirawat, berapa banyak orang yang boleh mengubati tuberkulosis daripada pesakit TB yang aktif dalam setahun? || 10-15 <> Berapa lamakah pesakit TB yang mendapat rawatan yang efektif tetap menular? || dua minggu <> Jika anda mengidap tuberkulosis hari ini, berapa jangka masa kehamilan sebelum anda dapat menyebarkan jangkitan kepada orang lain? || tiga hingga empat minggu <> Istilah apa yang boleh ditukar ganti dengan \"aktif\" apabila bercakap tentang jangkitan tuberkulosis? || terang-terangan", {"context": "People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10\u201315 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB \u2013 those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active (\"overt\") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "22%"}], "question": "If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?", "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "10\u201315"}], "question": "Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?", "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 863, "text": "two weeks"}], "question": "About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?", "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1040, "text": "three to four weeks"}], "question": "If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?", "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 797, "text": "overt"}], "question": "What term is interchangeable with \"active\" when talking about tuberculosis infection?", "id": "5727691df1498d1400e8f78e"}]}], ["Dalam 15-20% daripada kes-kes yang aktif, jangkitan itu tersebar di luar paru-paru, menyebabkan jenis TB lain. Ini secara kolektif dinamakan sebagai \"tuberkulosis extrapulmonary\". TB ekstrapulmonari lebih kerap berlaku di kalangan orang immunosupresi dan kanak-kanak. Bagi mereka yang mempunyai HIV, ini berlaku di lebih daripada 50% kes. Tapak jangkitan ekstrapulmonari yang terkenal termasuk pleura (dalam pleurisy berlebihan), sistem saraf pusat (dalam meningitis berbahaya), sistem limfa (di scrofula leher), sistem genitourinary (dalam batuk kering urogenital), dan tulang dan sendi (dalam Pott penyakit tulang belakang), antara lain. Apabila ia menyebar ke tulang, ia juga dikenali sebagai \"osseous tuberculosis\", sejenis osteomyelitis. Kadang-kadang, pecahan abses tubercula melalui kulit mengakibatkan ulser yang berair. Ulser yang berasal dari nodus limfa yang dijangkiti berhampiran tidak menyakitkan, perlahan-lahan membesar dan mempunyai rupa \"kulit basuh\". Bentuk TB yang lebih serius dan serius dipanggil \"tuberkulosis yang disebarkan\", juga dikenali sebagai tuberkulosis miliary. TB miliary membentuk kira-kira 10% kes ekstrapulmonari. <> Apakah istilah perubatan untuk TB apabila ia menyebar dari paru-paru ke bahagian lain badan? || batuk kering ekstrapulmonari <> Sekurang-kurangnya berapa peratus pesakit HIV-positif yang mengesahkan TB akan mengalami jangkitan ekstrapulmonari? || 50% <> Apa nama lain untuk \"tuberkulosis yang disebarkan\"? || Tuberkulosis miliary <> Bersama dengan orang yang mempunyai fungsi imun yang berkurangan, seperti pesakit HIV, apa kumpulan orang yang lebih cenderung untuk membangunkan TB ekstrapulmonari? || kanak-kanak <> Jika jangkitan TB merebak ke sistem saraf pusat, apa yang dipanggil? || meningitis berbahaya", {"context": "In 15\u201320% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as \"extrapulmonary tuberculosis\". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as \"osseous tuberculosis\", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of \"wash leather\". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called \"disseminated tuberculosis\", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "extrapulmonary tuberculosis"}], "question": "What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?", "id": "57270f27708984140094d929"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "50%"}], "question": "At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?", "id": "57270f27708984140094d92a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1034, "text": "miliary tuberculosis"}], "question": "What's the other name for \"disseminated tuberculosis\"?", "id": "57270f27708984140094d92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "young children"}], "question": "Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?", "id": "57270f27708984140094d92b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "tuberculous meningitis"}], "question": "If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?", "id": "57270f27708984140094d92c"}]}], ["Kira-kira satu pertiga penduduk dunia telah dijangkiti M. tuberculosis, dengan jangkitan baru terjadi pada sekitar 1% penduduk setiap tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan jangkitan dengan M. tuberculosis tidak menyebabkan penyakit TB, dan 90-95% daripada jangkitan kekal tanpa gejala. Pada tahun 2012, kira-kira 8.6 juta kes kronik aktif. Pada tahun 2010, 8.8 juta kes TB baru didiagnosis, dan 1.20-1.45 juta kematian berlaku, kebanyakannya berlaku di negara-negara membangun. Dari 1.45 juta kematian, kira-kira 0.35 juta berlaku pada mereka yang juga dijangkiti HIV. <> Pada bila-bila masa, berapa banyak orang di dunia mempunyai M. tuberculosis? || satu pertiga <> Kira-kira berapa banyak kes TB aktif yang ada pada tahun 2012? || 8.6 juta <> Berapa banyak pesakit yang didiagnosis dengan tuberkulosis pada tahun 2010? || 8.8 juta <> Berapa banyak orang yang meninggal pada tahun 2010 yang membawa HIV dan TB? || 0.35 juta <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk dunia yang dijangkiti oleh tuberkulosis setiap tahun? || 1%", {"context": "Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90\u201395% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20\u20131.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?", "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "8.6 million"}], "question": "Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?", "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "8.8 million"}], "question": "How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?", "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "0.35 million"}], "question": "About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?", "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "1%"}], "question": "What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?", "id": "5727b4f53acd2414000dea41"}]}], ["Ia adalah vaksin yang paling banyak digunakan di seluruh dunia, dengan lebih daripada 90% daripada semua kanak-kanak yang diberi vaksin. Imuniti ini menyebabkan penurunan selepas kira-kira sepuluh tahun. Oleh kerana tuberkulosis tidak biasa di kebanyakan Kanada, United Kingdom, dan Amerika Syarikat, BCG hanya diberikan kepada mereka yang berisiko tinggi. Sebahagian daripada penalaran terhadap penggunaan vaksin adalah bahawa ia membuat ujian kulit tuberculin palsu secara positif, mengurangkan penggunaan ujian dalam pemeriksaan. Sejumlah vaksin baru sedang dalam pembangunan. <> Berapa lama imuniti penuh dari vaksin TB yang terakhir? || sepuluh tahun <> Berapa peratus anak-anak di seluruh dunia mendapat vaksin BCG? || 90% <> Adakah TB biasa atau tidak biasa di Amerika Syarikat? || tidak biasa <> Sebagai tambahan kepada A.S. dan Kanada, apa negara Eropah melihat jangkitan tuberkulosis yang sangat sedikit? || United Kingdom <> Segmen apa yang mendapat vaksin TB di negara-negara seperti Kanada dengan kejadian jangkitan yang sangat rendah? || berisiko tinggi", {"context": "It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's use in screening. A number of new vaccines are currently in development.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "ten years"}], "question": "For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?", "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "90%"}], "question": "What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?", "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "uncommon"}], "question": "Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?", "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "the United Kingdom"}], "question": "In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?", "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "high risk"}], "question": "What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?", "id": "57277c575951b619008f8b17"}]}], ["Pertubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia mengisytiharkan TB sebagai \"kecemasan kesihatan global\" pada tahun 1993, dan pada tahun 2006, Partnership Stop TB telah membangunkan Rancangan Global untuk Menghentikan Tuberkulosis yang bertujuan menyelamatkan 14 juta nyawa di antara pelancarannya dan 2015. Sejumlah sasaran yang mereka tetapkan tidak mungkin dapat dicapai menjelang tahun 2015, kebanyakannya disebabkan oleh peningkatan dalam tuberkulosis yang berkaitan dengan HIV dan kemunculan tuberculosis yang banyak ubat-ubatan. Sistem klasifikasi tuberkulosis yang dibangunkan oleh Persatuan Thoracic Amerika digunakan terutamanya dalam program kesihatan awam. <> Kumpulan apa yang mengetuai Rancangan Global untuk Menghentikan Tuberkulosis? || Stop TB Partnership <> Dalam tahun apakah WHO mengatakan tuberkulosis adalah \"kecemasan kesihatan global\"? || 1993 <> Berapa banyak nyawa yang dilakukan Partnership Stop TB untuk menyelamatkan dalam sembilan tahun antara permulaan dan 2015? || 14 juta TB ubat tahan darah adalah salah satu halangan bagi kejayaan inisiatif Stop TB Partnership; apa yang lain? || Tuberkulosis yang berkaitan dengan HIV <> Organisasi apa yang membentuk sistem untuk mengelaskan pelbagai jenis TB? || American Thoracic Society", {"context": "The World Health Organization declared TB a \"global health emergency\" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Stop TB Partnership"}], "question": "What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?", "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d920e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "1993"}], "question": "In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a \"global health emergency\"?", "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d920f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "14 million"}], "question": "How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?", "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "HIV-associated tuberculosis"}], "question": "Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?", "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "American Thoracic Society"}], "question": "What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?", "id": "5727a85fff5b5019007d9212"}]}], ["Mendiagnosis tuberkulosis aktif hanya berdasarkan tanda-tanda dan gejala-gejala yang sukar, seperti mendiagnosis penyakit pada mereka yang mengalami imunosupresi. Namun, diagnosis TB harus dipertimbangkan pada mereka yang mempunyai tanda-tanda penyakit paru-paru atau gejala perlembagaan yang berlangsung lebih lama dari dua minggu. Satu sinar-X dada dan pelbagai budaya dahak untuk bacaan asid-cepat biasanya sebahagian daripada penilaian awal. Pemeriksaan pelepasan Interferon-\u03b3 dan ujian kulit tuberculin adalah tidak banyak digunakan di negara membangun. IGRA mempunyai batasan yang sama pada mereka yang mempunyai HIV. <> Adakah TB aktif sukar atau mudah didiagnosis oleh gejala pesakit sahaja? || sukar <> Jika pesakit mempunyai gejala-gejala yang berkaitan dengan TB, selepas tempoh masa apa yang perlu diiagnosis oleh tuberkulosis? || dua minggu <> Apa bahagian badannya akan sinar-X untuk memeriksa TB? || dada <> Apakah tanda jangkitan TB yang akan dicari oleh makmal dalam budaya dahak? || bacilli asid cepat <> Bersama dengan esai pelepasan interferon-y, apakah ujian lain yang tidak berguna dalam diagnosis TB di negara-negara membangun? || ujian kulit tuberkulin", {"context": "Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-\u03b3 release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "difficult"}], "question": "Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?", "id": "572777ca708984140094de67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "two weeks"}], "question": "If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?", "id": "572777ca708984140094de68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "chest"}], "question": "What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?", "id": "572777ca708984140094de69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "acid-fast bacilli"}], "question": "What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?", "id": "572777ca708984140094de6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "tuberculin skin tests"}], "question": "Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?", "id": "572777ca708984140094de6b"}]}], ["Dalam banyak orang, jangkitan itu berlilin dan semakin lemah. Kemusnahan tisu dan nekrosis sering diimbangi oleh penyembuhan dan fibrosis. Tisu yang terjejas digantikan dengan parut dan rongga yang dipenuhi dengan bahan nekrotik kes. Semasa penyakit aktif, beberapa rongga ini disambungkan ke saluran udara bronchi dan bahan ini boleh terbatuk. Ia mengandungi bakteria hidup, jadi boleh menyebarkan jangkitan. Rawatan dengan antibiotik yang sesuai membunuh bakteria dan membolehkan penyembuhan berlaku. Selepas menyembuhkan, kawasan yang terjejas akhirnya digantikan dengan tisu parut. <> Proses apa yang menggantikan tisu yang rosak oleh TB? || parut <> Apa bahan yang kadang-kadang boleh diusir oleh batuk jika rongga itu disimpan dalam bersambung ke bronchi? || bahan nekrotik kes <> Apa jenis ubat-ubatan yang menyerang bakteria akan merawat batuk kering? || antibiotik <> Adakah bakteria dalam bahan nekrotik yang bersifat hidup atau mati? || hidup", {"context": "In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "scarring"}], "question": "What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?", "id": "57277506708984140094de19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "caseous necrotic material"}], "question": "What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?", "id": "57277506708984140094de1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "antibiotics"}], "question": "What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?", "id": "57277506708984140094de1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "living"}], "question": "Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?", "id": "57277506708984140094de1c"}]}], ["Risiko peningkatan pengaktifan dengan imunosupresi, seperti yang disebabkan oleh jangkitan HIV. Pada orang yang dijangkiti dengan M. tuberculosis dan HIV, risiko pengaktifan semula meningkat kepada 10% setahun. Kajian yang menggunakan cap jari DNA strain M. tuberculosis telah menunjukkan reinfection menyumbang lebih banyak kepada TB yang berulang daripada yang difikirkan sebelum ini, dengan anggaran bahawa ia mungkin mencakupi lebih daripada 50% kes yang diaktifkan semula di kawasan di mana TB adalah biasa. Kemungkinan kematian dari kes batuk kering adalah kira-kira 4% pada tahun 2008, turun dari 8% pada tahun 1995. <> Apabila kekurangan imunosupresi dalam kes tuberkulosis, apakah risiko yang timbul dengannya? || pengaktifan semula>> Apa penyakit mempunyai hubungan yang sama seperti TB yang dilakukan antara reaktifasi dan imunosupresi? || HIV <> Jika anda telah didiagnosis dengan batuk kering pada tahun 1995, berapa peluang yang anda akan hadapi daripada mati? || 8% <> Dalam tahun apakah risiko kematian dari TB mencapai separuh daripada apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1995? || 2008 <> Kajian baru telah mendapati bahawa separuh daripada kes-kes pengaktifan semula tuberkulosis mungkin disebabkan oleh apa kata \"semula\" yang lain? || reinfeksi", {"context": "The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "reactivation"}], "question": "As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? ", "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "HIV"}], "question": "What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?", "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "8%"}], "question": "If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?", "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?", "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "reinfection"}], "question": "New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other \"re-\" word?", "id": "5727b2e53acd2414000dea19"}]}], ["Rawatan TB menggunakan antibiotik untuk membunuh bakteria. Rawatan TB yang berkesan adalah sukar, kerana struktur dan komposisi kimia dinding sel mycobacterial yang luar biasa, yang menghalang kemasukan dadah dan membuat banyak antibiotik tidak berkesan. Kedua-dua antibiotik yang paling biasa digunakan ialah isoniazid dan rifampicin, dan rawatan boleh dipanjangkan, mengambil beberapa bulan. Rawatan TB laten biasanya menggunakan antibiotik tunggal, sementara penyakit TB yang aktif diobati dengan kombinasi beberapa antibiotik untuk mengurangkan risiko bakteria yang mengalami rintangan antibiotik. Orang yang mengalami jangkitan laten juga dirawat untuk mencegahnya daripada berkembang menjadi penyakit TB aktif di kemudian hari. Terapi teramati secara langsung, iaitu, yang mempunyai pembekal penjagaan kesihatan menonton orang mengambil ubat mereka, disyorkan oleh WHO dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan bilangan orang yang tidak mengambil antibiotik dengan sewajarnya. Bukti untuk menyokong amalan ini terhadap orang yang hanya mengambil ubat mereka secara bebas adalah miskin. Kaedah-kaedah untuk mengingatkan orang penting tentang rawatan, bagaimanapun, kelihatan berkesan. <> Apa bahagian sel mikobakteri membuat tuberkulosis lebih sukar untuk dirawat? || dinding <> Isoniazid adalah salah satu daripada dua ubat yang paling popular untuk rawatan TB; apa yang lain? || rifampicin <> Apakah komplikasi penggunaan gabungan antibiotik untuk mencegah TB aktif? || rintangan antibiotik <> Apakah nama tiga-kata untuk kaedah di mana pekerja penjagaan kesihatan menonton pesakit mereka mengambil ubat mereka? || Terapi teramati langsung <> Organisasi apa yang mencadangkan terapi secara langsung diperhatikan untuk memastikan orang mengambil antibiotik mereka dengan betul? || WHO", {"context": "Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "wall"}], "question": "What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?", "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9270"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "rifampicin"}], "question": "Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?", "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9271"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "antibiotic resistance"}], "question": "What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?", "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9272"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Directly observed therapy"}], "question": "What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?", "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9273"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "WHO"}], "question": "What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?", "id": "5727ae4dff5b5019007d9274"}]}], ["Uji kulit tuberkulin Mantoux sering digunakan untuk menyaring orang berisiko tinggi untuk TB. Mereka yang pernah diimunisasi mungkin mempunyai hasil ujian positif palsu. Ujian ini mungkin negatif pada mereka yang mempunyai sarcoidosis, limfoma Hodgkin, kekurangan zat makanan, dan paling penting, batuk kering aktif. Pemeriksaan pelepasan gamma interferon (IGRAs), pada sampel darah, disyorkan kepada mereka yang positif kepada ujian Mantoux. Ini tidak terjejas oleh imunisasi atau kebanyakan mikrob bakteria alam sekitar, jadi ia menghasilkan lebih sedikit hasil positif palsu. Walau bagaimanapun, ia dipengaruhi oleh M. szulgai, M. marinum, dan M. kansasii. IGRA boleh meningkatkan kepekaan apabila digunakan sebagai tambahan kepada ujian kulit, tetapi mungkin kurang sensitif daripada ujian kulit apabila digunakan sendirian. <> Apa akibatnya seseorang yang telah menerima suntikan TB mendapat dari ujian Mantoux? || palsu-palsu <> Cecair apa yang anda perlukan daripada pesakit untuk melaksanakan IGRA? || darah <> Dalam kombinasi dengan ujian kulit, apakah IGRA dikaitkan dengan peningkatan atau penurunan kepekaan? || tambah <> Ujian mana yang mempunyai kurang positif palsu: IGRAs atau ujian kulit Mantoux? || IGRAs <> Apa maksud \"IGRAs\"? || Pelepasan gamma interferon", {"context": "The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "false-positive"}], "question": "What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?", "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "blood"}], "question": "What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?", "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f93a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "increase"}], "question": "In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?", "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "IGRAs"}], "question": "Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?", "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Interferon gamma release assays"}], "question": "What does \"IGRAs\" stand for?", "id": "57277a72f1498d1400e8f937"}]}], ["Tuberculosis dikelaskan sebagai salah satu penyakit radang granulomatous. Makrofag, limfosit T, limfosit B, dan agregat fibroblas untuk membentuk granuloma, dengan limfosit mengelilingi makrofaj yang dijangkiti. Apabila makrofag lain menyerang makrofaj yang dijangkiti, mereka bersatu untuk membentuk sel multinucleated gergasi dalam lumen alveolar. Granuloma boleh menghalang penyebaran mikobakteri dan menyediakan persekitaran tempatan untuk interaksi sel-sel sistem imun. Walau bagaimanapun, bukti yang lebih terkini menunjukkan bahawa bakteria menggunakan granuloma untuk mengelakkan pemusnahan oleh sistem kekebalan tuan rumah. Macrophages dan sel dendritik dalam granuloma tidak dapat menyampaikan antigen kepada limfosit; dengan itu tindak balas imun ditindas. Bakteria di dalam granuloma boleh menjadi tidak aktif, menyebabkan jangkitan laten. Satu lagi ciri granuloma adalah perkembangan kematian sel yang tidak normal (nekrosis) di pusat tubercles. Untuk mata kasar, ini mempunyai tekstur lembut, keju putih dan dipanggil necrosis caseous. <> Apakah jenis penyakit yang spesifik ialah TB? || radang granulomatosa <> Apa jenis sel mengumpul sekitar makrofaj yang dijangkiti pada seseorang yang dijangkiti dengan TB? || limfosit <> Apakah jenis sel bentuk apabila makrofag berkumpul bersama cuba membunuh jangkitan TB? || Multinucleated <> Apakah tindak balas pertahanan semulajadi terhalang oleh sel-sel dalam granuloma yang tidak dapat menghantar antigen ke limfosit? || tindak balas imun <> Apakah istilah teknikal untuk kematian sel yang tidak normal? || nekrosis", {"context": "Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "granulomatous inflammatory"}], "question": "What specific type of disease is TB?", "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f882"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "lymphocytes"}], "question": "What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?", "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f883"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "multinucleated"}], "question": "What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?", "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f884"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 725, "text": "immune response"}], "question": "What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?", "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "necrosis"}], "question": "What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?", "id": "572773e9f1498d1400e8f885"}]}], ["Rintangan utama berlaku apabila seseorang menjadi terinfeksi dengan ketegangan TB yang tahan. Seseorang yang mempunyai MTB yang mudah terpengaruh boleh mengalami rintangan menengah (diperolehi) semasa terapi kerana rawatan yang tidak mencukupi, tidak mengambil rejimen yang ditetapkan dengan sewajarnya (kurang pematuhan), atau menggunakan ubat yang berkualiti rendah. TB tahan ubat adalah masalah kesihatan awam yang serius di banyak negara sedang membangun, kerana rawatannya lebih lama dan memerlukan ubat yang lebih mahal. TB MDR ditakrifkan sebagai penentangan terhadap dua ubat TB lini pertama yang paling berkesan: rifampicin dan isoniazid. TB yang melawan ubat secara meluas juga tahan terhadap tiga atau lebih daripada enam kelas ubat barisan kedua. TB yang benar-benar tahan terhadap dadah adalah tahan terhadap semua ubat yang digunakan sekarang. Ia mula diperhatikan pada tahun 2003 di Itali, tetapi tidak dilaporkan secara meluas sehingga 2012, dan juga ditemui di Iran dan India. Bedaquiline disokong secara sementara untuk digunakan dalam pelbagai TB yang tahan dadah. <> Jika seseorang mempunyai TB yang tahan terhadap rifampicin dan isoniazid, jenis penyakit yang mereka miliki? || MDR-TB <> Apakah jumlah minimum kelas ubat barisan kedua yang perlu ditangguhkan oleh TB anda untuk membuatnya dikira sebagai \"tahan api yang meluas\"? || tiga <> Di negara apakah kes pertama tuberkulosis yang benar-benar tahan terhadap dadah? || Itali <> Apa satu-satunya antibiotik yang mungkin berkesan terhadap TB yang benar-benar dadah? || Bedaquiline <> Kes-kes TB yang benar-benar menentang dadah telah dijumpai di negara apa selain Itali dan India? || Iran", {"context": "Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "MDR-TB"}], "question": "If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?", "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "three"}], "question": "What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as \"extensively drug-resistant\"?", "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "Italy"}], "question": "In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?", "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "Bedaquiline"}], "question": "What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?", "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 844, "text": "Iran"}], "question": "Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?", "id": "5727b0c23acd2414000de9df"}]}], ["Di Eropah, kadar tuberkulosis mula meningkat pada awal tahun 1600-an hingga tahap puncak pada tahun 1800-an, ketika ia menyebabkan hampir 25% daripada semua kematian. Menjelang tahun 1950-an, kematian menurun hampir 90%. Penambahbaikan kesihatan awam mula dengan ketara mengurangkan kadar tuberkulosis walaupun sebelum ketibaan streptomycin dan antibiotik lain, walaupun penyakit itu kekal sebagai ancaman yang ketara kepada kesihatan awam seperti apabila Majlis Penyelidikan Perubatan ditubuhkan di Britain pada tahun 1913, tumpuan awalnya adalah penyelidikan tuberkulosis . <> Bilakah kejadian TB di Eropah mencapai titik tertinggi? || 1800s <> Apabila tuberkulosis adalah yang paling teruk di Eropah, berapa peratus kematian yang berkaitan dengan TB? || 25% <> Apakah organisasi kesihatan British membuat tuberkulosis keutamaannya pada permulaannya? || Majlis Penyelidikan Perubatan <> Berapa tahunkah Majlis Penyelidikan Perubatan dibuat? || 1913 <> Berapa banyakkah kadar kematian akibat TB dikurangkan di Eropah pada pertengahan abad ke-20? || 90%", {"context": "In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913, its initial focus was tuberculosis research.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1800s"}], "question": "When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?", "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dede9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "25%"}], "question": "When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?", "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Medical Research Council"}], "question": "What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?", "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "1913"}], "question": "What year was the Medical Research Council created?", "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000dedec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "90%"}], "question": "About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?", "id": "5727d82a3acd2414000deded"}]}], ["Vaksin BCG mempunyai batasan, dan penyelidikan untuk membangunkan vaksin TB baru sedang dijalankan. Sejumlah calon yang berpotensi sedang dalam ujian klinikal fasa I dan II. Dua pendekatan utama digunakan untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan vaksin yang ada. Satu pendekatan melibatkan penambahan vaksin subunit kepada BCG, sementara strategi lain cuba mewujudkan vaksin hidup yang baru dan lebih baik. MVA85A, contoh vaksin subunit, yang sedang dalam ujian di Afrika Selatan, adalah berdasarkan virus vaksin yang diubah suai secara genetik. Vaksin dijangka memainkan peranan penting dalam rawatan kedua-dua penyakit laten dan aktif. <> Apa vaksin yang penyelidik cuba memperbaiki? || BCG <> Apakah fasa percubaan klinikal mempunyai beberapa pilihan vaksin baru? || I dan II <> Apakah satu pilihan mencadangkan untuk menambah vaksin BCG yang ada? || vaksin subunit <> Apakah nama vaksin subunit yang dipelajari di Afrika Selatan? || MVA85A <> Apakah virus diubah suai genetik yang digunakan untuk membangunkan MVA85A? || vaccinia", {"context": "The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, currently in trials in South Africa, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "BCG"}], "question": "What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?", "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "I and II"}], "question": "What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?", "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "subunit vaccine"}], "question": "What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? ", "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "MVA85A"}], "question": "What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?", "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "vaccinia"}], "question": "What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?", "id": "5727ec2c3acd2414000deffb"}]}], ["Untuk menggalakkan penemuan lanjut, penyelidik dan penggubal dasar mempromosikan model ekonomi baru pembangunan vaksin, termasuk hadiah, insentif cukai, dan komitmen pasaran terlebih dahulu. Beberapa kumpulan, termasuk Perkongsian Stop TB, Inisiatif Vaksin Tuberkulosis Afrika Selatan, dan Yayasan Vaksin TB Global Aeras, terlibat dengan penyelidikan. Di antara ini, Yayasan Vaksin TB Global Aeras menerima hadiah lebih daripada $ 280 juta (AS) daripada Yayasan Rang Undang-Undang dan Melinda Gates untuk membangun dan meluluskan vaksin yang lebih baik terhadap tuberkulosis untuk digunakan di negara-negara beban tinggi. <> Organisasi apa yang dilakukan Yayasan Bill dan Melinda Gates menyumbangkan $ 280 juta kepada? || Yayasan Vaksin TB Global Aeras <> Para penggubal dasar percaya insentif cukai, komitmen pasaran, dan insentif apa yang ketiga akan mempercepat pembangunan vaksin? || hadiah <> Apa kumpulan dengan inisial SATVI sedang meneliti vaksin TB? || Inisiatif Vaksin Tuberkulosis Afrika Selatan <> Apakah asas penyelidikan tuberkulosis bukan profesion mempunyai kata kerja dalam namanya? || Berhenti Perkongsian TB", {"context": "To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation"}], "question": "What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?", "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "prizes"}], "question": "Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?", "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative"}], "question": "What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?", "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Stop TB Partnership"}], "question": "What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?", "id": "5727edd32ca10214002d99df"}]}], ["Tuberculosis telah wujud pada manusia sejak zaman dahulu. Pengesanan M. tuberculosis yang paling awal melibatkan bukti penyakit di mayat bison di Wyoming bertarikh sekitar 17,000 tahun yang lalu. Walau bagaimanapun, sama ada tuberkulosis berasal dari bovine, kemudian dipindahkan kepada manusia, atau sama ada ia tersebar dari nenek moyang yang sama, kini tidak jelas. Perbandingan gen kompleks M. tuberculosis (MTBC) pada manusia kepada MTBC pada haiwan menunjukkan manusia tidak memperoleh MTBC daripada haiwan semasa pengambilan haiwan, seperti yang diyakini sebelumnya. Kedua-dua strain bakteria tuberkulosis berkongsi nenek moyang yang sama, yang boleh menjangkiti manusia seawal Revolusi Neolitik. <> Apakah binatang yang ditemui dengan kerosakan 17,000 tahun dari tuberkulosis? || bison <> Apakah MTBC berdiri? || M. tuberculosis complex <> Dalam tempoh masa apa yang dilakukan beberapa saintis percaya manusia pertama dapat mengatasi TB dari nenek moyang yang mereka kongsi dengan haiwan? || Revolusi Neolitik <> Di mana negara A.S. adalah bukti TB yang paling lama tertua yang dijumpai? || Wyoming", {"context": "Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "bison"}], "question": "What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?", "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "M. tuberculosis complex"}], "question": "What does MTBC stand for?", "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Neolithic Revolution"}], "question": "During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?", "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Wyoming"}], "question": "In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?", "id": "5727c461ff5b5019007d94b1"}]}], ["Bakterus yang menyebabkan tuberkulosis, M. tuberculosis, telah dikenal pasti dan diterangkan pada 24 Mac 1882 oleh Robert Koch. Beliau menerima Hadiah Nobel dalam fisiologi atau perubatan pada tahun 1905 untuk penemuan ini. Koch tidak mempercayai penyakit lembu (baka) dan penyakit tuberkulosis manusia yang sama, yang menangguhkan pengiktirafan susu yang dijangkiti sebagai sumber jangkitan. Kemudian, risiko penghantaran dari sumber ini secara mendadak dikurangkan dengan penemuan proses pasteurisasi. Koch mengumumkan ekstrak gliserin bacilli tubercle sebagai \"ubat\" untuk tuberkulosis pada tahun 1890, memanggilnya \"tuberculin\". Walaupun ia tidak berkesan, ia kemudian berjaya diadaptasi sebagai ujian pemeriksaan untuk kehadiran tuberkulosis pra-simptomatik. Hari Tuberkulosis Sedunia ditubuhkan pada 24 Mac atas sebab ini. <> Siapa yang menemui M. tuberculosis? || Robert Koch <> Berapa tahun Koch menganugerahkan Hadiah Nobel? || 1905 <> Keyakinan Koch bahawa strain manusia dan lembu TB tidak berkaitan bermakna lebih ramai orang terdedah dengan minum apa? || susu <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Koch rawatan tidak berkesan untuk TB yang dia datang pada tahun 1890? || tuberculin <> Apa acara yang disambut pada 24 Mac untuk mengenali ujian untuk TB laten? || Hari Tuberkulosis Sedunia", {"context": "The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Later, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced by the invention of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a \"remedy\" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it \"tuberculin\". While it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Robert Koch"}], "question": "Who discovered M. tuberculosis?", "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "1905"}], "question": "What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?", "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "milk"}], "question": "Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?", "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "tuberculin"}], "question": "What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?", "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "World Tuberculosis Day"}], "question": "What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?", "id": "5727c7343acd2414000dec27"}]}], ["Tuberculosis menyebabkan kebimbangan awam yang paling meluas pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20 sebagai penyakit endemik golongan miskin bandar. Pada tahun 1815, satu daripada empat kematian di England disebabkan oleh \"penggunaan\". Menjelang 1918, satu daripada enam kematian di Perancis masih disebabkan oleh TB. Selepas TB ditentukan untuk berjangkit, pada tahun 1880-an, ia telah dimasukkan ke dalam senarai penyakit yang diketahui di Britain; kempen telah mula menghalang orang meludah di tempat awam, dan golongan miskin yang dijangkiti telah \"digalakkan\" untuk memasuki sanatoria yang menyerupai penjara (sanatoria untuk kelas pertengahan dan kelas atas menawarkan penjagaan yang sangat baik dan perhatian perubatan yang berterusan). Apa sahaja faedah \"udara segar\" dan buruh di sanatoria, walaupun di bawah keadaan terbaik, 50% daripada mereka yang masuk meninggal dalam tempoh lima tahun (sekitar 1916). <> Apakah batuk kering yang dipanggil pada abad ke-19 Inggeris? || penggunaan <> Berapa banyak kematian daripada setiap enam di Perancis pada tahun 1918 disebabkan oleh tuberkulosis? || satu <> Dalam sedekadakah kesabaran TB akhirnya menyedari? || 1880-an <> Apa yang Britain cuba untuk membuat orang berhenti melakukan untuk mengurangkan penyebaran TB di khalayak umum? || meludah <> Apakah kemudahan \"rawatan\" bagi orang miskin dengan TB pada awal tahun 1900? || sanatoria", {"context": "Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to \"consumption\". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were \"encouraged\" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the \"fresh air\" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "consumption"}], "question": "What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?", "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?", "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?", "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "spitting"}], "question": "What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?", "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "sanatoria"}], "question": "What were the \"treatment\" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?", "id": "5727cbf64b864d1900163d48"}]}], ["Tuberculosis adalah penyebab kematian kedua yang paling biasa daripada penyakit berjangkit (selepas yang disebabkan oleh HIV / AIDS). Jumlah kes tuberculosis telah berkurang sejak tahun 2005, sementara kes baru telah menurun sejak tahun 2002. China telah mencapai kemajuan dramatik, dengan kira-kira 80% pengurangan kadar kematian TB antara tahun 1990 dan 2010. Jumlah kes baru telah menurun oleh 17% antara 2004-2014. Tuberkulosis lebih kerap berlaku di negara-negara membangun; kira-kira 80% penduduk di banyak negara Asia dan Afrika menguji positif dalam ujian tuberculin, sementara hanya 5-10% penduduk AS menguji positif. Harapan untuk mengawal sepenuhnya penyakit ini telah secara mendadak dilembabkan kerana beberapa faktor, termasuk kesukaran untuk membangunkan vaksin yang berkesan, proses diagnostik yang mahal dan memakan masa, keperluan banyak bulan rawatan, peningkatan dalam tuberkulosis yang berkaitan dengan HIV , dan kemunculan kes tahan dadah pada tahun 1980-an. <> Apakah penyakit berjangkit menyebabkan lebih banyak kematian daripada batuk kering? || HIV / AIDS <> Bilakah kes-kes baru jangkitan TB mula turun? || 2002 <> Negara mana yang paling berjaya mengurangkan kadar kematian TB? || China <> Dalam apa dekad apakah beberapa jenis TB tahan ubat mula muncul? || 1980-an <> Berapa banyaknya China mengurangkan kadar kematiannya daripada TB dalam 20 tahun hingga 2010? || 80%", {"context": "Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004\u20132014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5\u201310% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "HIV/AIDS"}], "question": "What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?", "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "2002"}], "question": "When did new cases of TB infection start going down?", "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "China"}], "question": "What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?", "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?", "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "80%"}], "question": "How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?", "id": "5727b8ad2ca10214002d94c6"}]}], ["Satu cara untuk mengurangkan stigma mungkin melalui promosi \"kelab TB\", di mana mereka yang dijangkiti mungkin berkongsi pengalaman dan menawarkan sokongan, atau melalui kaunseling. Sesetengah kajian telah menunjukkan program pendidikan TB menjadi berkesan dalam mengurangkan stigma, dan dengan itu mungkin berkesan dalam meningkatkan kepatuhan rawatan. Walaupun demikian, kajian mengenai hubungan antara stigma dan mortaliti yang berkurang tidak mencukupi pada 2010, dan usaha sama untuk mengurangkan stigma di sekeliling AIDS sememangnya berkesan. Ada yang mendakwa stigma menjadi lebih buruk daripada penyakit ini, dan penyedia penjagaan kesihatan secara tidak sengaja dapat mengukuhkan stigma, kerana mereka yang mempunyai TB sering dianggap sukar atau tidak diingini. Pemahaman yang lebih besar mengenai dimensi sosial dan budaya tuberkulosis juga boleh membantu pengurangan stigma. <> Kumpulan apa yang boleh membantu pesakit tuberkulosis berkongsi dan saling menyokong? || Kelab TB <> Pendidikan mengenai TB seolah-olah mengurangkan stigma penyakit dan membawa kepada apa yang positif kesannya? || Meningkatkan kepatuhan rawatan <> Apa yang dikatakan sesetengah orang lebih teruk daripada kesan tuberkulosis itu sendiri? || stigma <> Apa kumpulan orang boleh menambah stigma TB dengan merawat pesakit sebagai menyusahkan atau tidak diingini? || penyedia penjagaan kesihatan <> Sebaik sahaja tahun apa terdapat kajian tentang bagaimana kematian TB dikaitkan dengan stigma? || 2010", {"context": "One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of \"TB clubs\", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studies on relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "TB clubs"}], "question": "What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?", "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "increasing treatment adherence"}], "question": "Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?", "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d984f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "the stigma"}], "question": "What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?", "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "healthcare providers"}], "question": "What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?", "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "2010"}], "question": "As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?", "id": "5727e9e0ff5b5019007d9852"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2007, negara dengan kadar jangkaan tertinggi TB ialah Swaziland, dengan 1,200 kes bagi setiap 100,000 orang. India mempunyai jumlah kejadian terbesar, dengan anggaran 2.0 juta kes baru. Di negara-negara maju, tuberkulosis kurang biasa dan didapati terutamanya di kawasan bandar. Kadar setiap 100,000 orang di kawasan yang berbeza di dunia ialah: di peringkat global 178, Afrika 332, Amerika 36, Mediterranean Timur 173, Eropah 63, Asia Tenggara 278, dan Pasifik Barat 139 pada tahun 2010. Di Kanada dan Australia, tuberkulosis banyak kali biasa di kalangan orang-orang asli, terutamanya di kawasan terpencil. Di Amerika Syarikat Native Americans mempunyai kematian lima kali ganda lebih besar daripada TB, dan kaum dan etnik minoriti menyumbang 84% daripada semua kes TB yang dilaporkan. <> Daripada setiap 100,000 orang di Swaziland pada tahun 2007, berapa ramai yang dijangkiti tuberkulosis? || 1,200 <> Negara apa yang mempunyai rekod penubuhan 2 juta TB baru pada tahun 2007? || India <> Orang di Australia dan Kanada mempunyai risiko jangkitan TB yang lebih tinggi daripada penduduk lain? || Orang asli <> Orang pribumi di A.S. adalah lima kali lebih besar kemungkinan untuk mati akibat TB? || Orang Asli Amerika <> Sebanyak peratus kes TB di Amerika Syarikat didiagnosis dalam kumpulan minoriti? || 84%", {"context": "In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139 in 2010. In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "1,200"}], "question": "Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis?", "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "India"}], "question": "What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007?", "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "aboriginal"}], "question": "What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents?", "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "Native Americans"}], "question": "What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB?", "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "84%"}], "question": "What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?", "id": "5727bd804b864d1900163c1c"}]}], ["Kemajuan yang perlahan telah menyebabkan kekecewaan, yang diutarakan oleh pengarah eksekutif Global Fund untuk Melawan AIDS, Tuberkulosis dan Malaria - Mark Dybul: \"Kami mempunyai alat untuk menamatkan TB sebagai ancaman kesihatan manusia dan wabak di planet ini, tetapi kita tidak melakukan ia. \" Beberapa organisasi antarabangsa mendorong lebih banyak ketelusan dalam rawatan, dan lebih banyak negara melaksanakan pelaporan mandatori kes kepada kerajaan, walaupun kepatuhan sering samar. Penyedia rawatan komersil kadang-kadang boleh melukiskan ubat barisan kedua dan juga rawatan tambahan, menggalakkan tuntutan untuk peraturan lanjut. Kerajaan Brazil menyediakan penjagaan TB sejagat, yang mengurangkan masalah ini. Sebaliknya, kadar jangkitan jangkitan TB mungkin tidak berkaitan dengan bilangan program yang diarahkan untuk mengurangkan kadar jangkitan, tetapi mungkin terikat pada tahap peningkatan pendidikan, pendapatan dan kesihatan penduduk. Kos penyakit seperti yang dikira oleh Bank Dunia pada tahun 2009 mungkin melebihi 150 bilion USD setiap tahun di negara \"beban tinggi\". Kekurangan kemajuan yang membasmi penyakit ini mungkin juga disebabkan oleh kekurangan pesakit susulan - sebagai antara pendatang luar bandar 250 juta di China. <> Apa ahli kepimpinan di Dana Global untuk Berjuang AIDS, Tuberkulosis dan Malaria menamakan TB sebagai \"pandemik\"? || Mark Dybul <> Negara apakah yang merawat penyakit tuberkulosis bagi warganya? || Brazil <> Organisasi apa yang mengatakan beberapa negara mungkin membelanjakan sebanyak $ 150 bilion setiap tahun untuk TB? || Bank Dunia <> Apakah segmen penduduk di China berjuang untuk mendapatkan penjagaan susulan terhadap jangkitan TB? || pendatang luar bandar <> Apa yang difikirkan sesetengah orang yang kita perlukan lebih banyak untuk menghalang penyedia ubat TB daripada teratur? || peraturan", {"context": "Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria \u2013 Mark Dybul: \"we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it.\" Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in \"high burden\" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up \u2013 as among the 250M rural migrants in China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Mark Dybul"}], "question": "What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a \"pandemic\"?", "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "Brazil"}], "question": "What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?", "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 943, "text": "World Bank"}], "question": "What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?", "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1132, "text": "rural migrants"}], "question": "What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?", "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d981f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "regulations"}], "question": "What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?", "id": "5727dae42ca10214002d9820"}]}], ["Sejumlah ubat sedang dikaji untuk ubat-ubatan tahan pelbagai ubat termasuk: bedaquiline dan delamanid. Bedaquiline menerima kelulusan Pentadbiran Makanan dan Dadah A.S. (FDA) pada akhir 2012. Keselamatan dan keberkesanan agen-agen baru ini masih belum pasti, kerana ia berdasarkan hasil kajian yang relatif kecil. Walau bagaimanapun, data yang ada mencadangkan bahawa pesakit yang mengambil diferquiline sebagai tambahan kepada terapi TB standard adalah lima kali lebih besar daripada mati tanpa ubat baru, yang menyebabkan artikel jurnal perubatan menimbulkan persoalan dasar kesihatan tentang mengapa FDA meluluskan ubat dan sama ada kewangan hubungan dengan syarikat yang membuat bedaquiline mempengaruhi sokongan pakar perubatan untuk kegunaannya <> Apa ubat yang sedang berjalan untuk merawat pelbagai ubat tahan ubat telah mendapat kelulusan FDA? || Bedaquiline <> Tahun berapakah Pentadbiran Makanan dan Ubat A.S. meluluskan beda? || 2012 <> Walaupun kelulusan FDA, berapa yang lebih besar kemungkinan kematian ialah pesakit yang mengambil differentquiline sebagai tambahan kepada rejimen TB standard? || lima kali <> Pembangkang untuk penggunaan differentquiline fikir pembekal apa yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan dengan syarikat narkoba? || pakar perubatan <> Apakah jenis penerbitan yang telah memadamkan artikel yang mempersoalkan keselamatan beda? || jurnal perubatan", {"context": "A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relatively small studies. However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug, which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Bedaquiline"}], "question": "What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?", "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?", "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "five times"}], "question": "Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?", "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "physicians"}], "question": "Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?", "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "medical journal"}], "question": "What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?", "id": "5727f3a63acd2414000df0bd"}]}]], [["Apabila Eisenhower terpilih sebagai Presiden pada tahun 1952, beliau percaya pengambilan amalan dan undang-undang anti diskriminasi perlu diputuskan oleh negeri-negeri, walaupun pentadbiran secara beransur-ansur terus menghalangi Angkatan Tentera dan kerajaan persekutuan. 50 Presiden juga menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Kontrak Kerajaan 1953, yang \"menjalankan tinjauan komposisi kaum pekerja persekutuan dan kontraktor yang disokong cukai\".: 50-51 Jawatankuasa yang dipengerusikan oleh Naib Presiden Richard Nixon, mempunyai hasil yang minimum kerana mereka memaksakan kontraktor dengan tanggungjawab utama desegregasi dalam syarikat dan korporat mereka sendiri. 51 <Yang mana tahun yang dipilih Presiden Eisenhower? || 1952 <> Siapa yang percaya Eisenhower patut dibenarkan untuk menentukan sifat undang-undang diskriminasi? || negeri-negeri <> Apa yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1953? || Jawatankuasa Kontrak Kerajaan <> Apakah tujuan utama Jawatankuasa Kontrak Kerajaan? || menjalankan tinjauan komposisi kaum pekerja persekutuan dan kontraktor yang disokong cukai <> Siapa pengerusi jawatankuasa yang baru ditubuhkan? || Naib Presiden Richard Nixon", {"context": "When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953, which \"conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors\".:50\u201351 The committee, chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon, had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations.:51", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "1952"}], "question": "Which year was Eisenhower elected President?", "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "the states"}], "question": "Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?", "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Government Contract Committee"}], "question": "What was established in 1953?", "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors"}], "question": "What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?", "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Vice President Richard Nixon"}], "question": "Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?", "id": "57272f7e708984140094dab7"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun, Truman menjadi presiden pertama untuk menangani NAACP. Pidatonya adalah pemergian penting dari hubungan bangsa tradisional di Amerika Syarikat. Di hadapan 10,000 orang di Memorial Lincoln, presiden tidak membantah di mana dia berdiri di atas hak-hak sivil. Menurut ucapannya, Amerika telah \"mencapai titik balik dalam sejarah panjang usaha negara kita untuk menjamin kebebasan dan kesamaan kepada semua warganegara kita ... Setiap lelaki mesti dijamin kesamaan peluang.\" Beliau mencadangkan apa yang dipanggil warga kulit hitam - peranan yang dipertingkatkan oleh pihak berkuasa persekutuan melalui negeri-negeri. \"Kita mesti membuat kerajaan persekutuan menjadi pembela yang ramah dan berhati-hati terhadap hak dan kesamaan semua rakyat Amerika. Dan sekali lagi saya maksudkan semua orang Amerika.\": 40 <> Siapa yang Presiden pertama untuk menangani NAACP? || Truman <> Berapa ramai orang hadir dalam ucapan yang dibuat oleh Truman? || 10,000 <> Di manakah ucapan bersejarah Truman berlaku? || Memorial Lincoln <> Semasa ucapannya, Truman membuat kenyataan bahawa setiap lelaki harus dijamin apa? || kesamaan peluang <> Siapakah pihak berkuasa yang Truman mahu meningkat di seluruh negeri? || persekutuan", {"context": "In June, Truman became the first president to address the NAACP. His speech was a significant departure from traditional race relations in the United States. In front of 10,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial, the president left no doubt where he stood on civil rights. According to his speech, America had \"reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens\u2026Each man must be guaranteed equality of opportunity.\" He proposed what black citizens had been calling for - an enhanced role of federal authority through the states. \"We must make the Federal government a friendly, vigilant defender of the rights and equalities of all Americans. And again I mean all Americans.\":40", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Truman"}], "question": "Who was the first President to address the NAACP?", "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "10,000"}], "question": "How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?", "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Lincoln Memorial"}], "question": "Where did Truman's historic speech take place?", "id": "57272cf65951b619008f868f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "equality of opportunity"}], "question": "During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?", "id": "57272cf65951b619008f8690"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "federal"}], "question": "Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?", "id": "57272cf65951b619008f8691"}]}], ["Pada 26 Julai, Truman mengarahkan penghapusan dan diskriminasi pekerjaan di kerajaan persekutuan, mengesahkan perintah FDR tahun 1941.:40 Dia mengeluarkan dua perintah eksekutif pada 26 Julai 1948: Perintah Eksekutif 9980 dan Perintah Eksekutif 9981. Perintah Eksekutif 9980, bernama Peraturan Mengawal Amalan Pekerjaan di dalam Pertubuhan Persekutuan, telah memulakan amalan pekerjaan yang saksama di agensi-agensi awam kerajaan persekutuan. Perintah itu mewujudkan kedudukan Pegawai Pekerjaan Adil. Perintah \"yang ditubuhkan di Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam Lembaga Kerja Adil yang tidak kurang daripada tujuh orang.\" Perintah Eksekutif 9981, dinamakan Penubuhan Jawatankuasa Presiden mengenai Kesamaan Rawatan dan Peluang dalam Perkhidmatan Bersenjata, menyerukan integrasi Angkatan Bersenjata dan penciptaan Pertubuhan Ketenteraan Negara untuk menjalankan perintah eksekutif. <> Pada hari apakah Truman mandat berakhirnya diskriminasi dalam kerajaan persekutuan? || 26 Julai <> Berapa banyak arahan eksekutif dikeluarkan untuk membantu mengelakkan diskriminasi? || dua <> Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada Perintah Eksekutif 9980? || Peraturan-Peraturan Mengawal Amalan Pekerjaan dalam Pertubuhan Persekutuan <> Kedudukan mana yang dirumuskan sebagai akibat daripada Perintah Eksekutif 9980? || Pegawai Pekerjaan yang Adil <> Apa nama diberikan kepada Perintah Eksekutif 9981? || Mewujudkan Jawatankuasa Presiden mengenai Kesaksamaan Rawatan dan Peluang dalam Perkhidmatan Bersenjata", {"context": "On July 26, Truman mandated the end of hiring and employment discrimination in the federal government, reaffirming FDR's order of 1941.:40 He issued two executive orders on July 26, 1948: Executive Order 9980 and Executive Order 9981. Executive Order 9980, named Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment, instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government. The order created the position of Fair Employment Officer. The order \"established in the Civil Service Commission a Fair Employment Board of not less than seven persons.\" Executive Order 9981, named Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, called for the integration of the Armed Forces and the creation of the National Military Establishment to carry out the executive order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 26"}], "question": "What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?", "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f444"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?", "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f445"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment"}], "question": "What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?", "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f446"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Fair Employment Officer"}], "question": "Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?", "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f447"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services"}], "question": "What name was given to Executive Order 9981?", "id": "57272e44f1498d1400e8f448"}]}], ["Untuk menjamin hak-hak ini juga dipanggil untuk desegregasi Angkatan Tentera. \"Prasangka di mana-mana kawasan adalah fenomena yang tidak baik dan demokratik, tetapi dalam perkhidmatan bersenjata, di mana semua lelaki menjalankan risiko kematian, ia sangat menjijikkan.\" Rasional adalah keadilan: \"Apabila seorang individu memasuki perkhidmatan negara, dia semestinya menyerahkan beberapa hak dan keistimewaan yang bersifat kewarganegaraan Amerika.\" Sebagai balasan, kerajaan \"berjanji untuk melindungi keutuhannya sebagai individu.\" Tetapi itu tidak mungkin dalam Tentera yang terasing, kerana \"apa-apa diskriminasi yang ... menghalang ahli-ahli kumpulan minoriti daripada memberikan perkhidmatan ketenteraan penuh untuk mempertahankan negara mereka adalah bagi mereka lencana merendahkan rendah diri.\" Laporan itu menuntut penamatan \"semua diskriminasi dan pengasingan berdasarkan bangsa, warna, kredo, atau asal-usul kebangsaan di ... semua cabang Perkhidmatan Bersenjata.\": 38-39 <> Penemuan \"Untuk Mengamankan Hak-Hak Ini\" menghendaki desegregasi institusi mana? || Angkatan Bersenjata <> Risiko yang berkaitan dengan penyajian khusus ditonjolkan oleh penemuan? || kematian <> Apa kata penemuan yang berlaku pada individu ketika dia memasuki perkhidmatan bersenjata? || menyerahkan beberapa hak dan keistimewaan <> Diskriminasi yang menghalang kaum minoriti daripada berkhidmat negara mereka dengan sebaik mungkin kemampuannya dilihat sebagai apa? || lencana merendah diri yang rendah", {"context": "To Secure These Rights also called for desegregation of the Armed Forces. \"Prejudice in any area is an ugly, undemocratic phenomenon, but in the armed services, where all men run the risk of death, it is especially repugnant.\" The rationale was fairness: \"When an individual enters the service of the country, he necessarily surrenders some of the rights and privileges which are inherent in American citizenship.\" In return, the government \"undertakes to protect his integrity as an individual.\" Yet that was not possible in the segregated Army, since \"any discrimination which\u2026prevents members of the minority groups from rendering full military service in defense of their country is for them a humiliating badge of inferiority.\" The report called for an end to \"all discrimination and segregation based on race, color, creed, or national origins in\u2026all branches of the Armed Services.\":38\u201339", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Armed Forces"}], "question": "The \"To Secure These Rights\" findings wanted desegregation of which institution?", "id": "57272c57708984140094daa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "death"}], "question": "Which risk associated with serving was specifically highlighted by the findings?", "id": "57272c57708984140094daa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "surrenders some of the rights and privileges"}], "question": "What did the findings say occurred to an individual when he enters the armed services?", "id": "57272c57708984140094daa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "a humiliating badge of inferiority"}], "question": "Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?", "id": "57272c57708984140094daa4"}]}], ["Tindakan afirmatif adalah subjek kontroversi. Sesetengah polisi yang diterima pakai sebagai tindakan afirmatif, seperti kuota perkauman atau kuota jantina untuk kemasukan kolej, telah dikritik sebagai satu bentuk diskriminasi terbalik, dan pelaksanaan tindakan afirmatif sedemikian telah diperintah tidak mengikut perlembagaan oleh pendapat majoriti Gratz v. Bollinger. Tindakan afirmatif sebagai suatu amalan ditegakkan oleh keputusan Mahkamah Agung di Grutter v. Bollinger pada tahun 2003. Kebijakan tindakan afirmatif telah dikembangkan untuk membetulkan beberapa dekad diskriminasi yang berpunca dari Era Rekonstruksi dengan memberikan kesempatan minoritas yang kurang beruntung. Ramai yang percaya bahawa kepelbagaian masyarakat Amerika sekarang menunjukkan bahawa dasar tindakan afirmatif berjaya dan tidak lagi diperlukan. Penentang tindakan afirmatif berpendapat bahawa dasar-dasar ini sudah ketinggalan zaman dan membawa kepada diskriminasi terbalik yang memihak kepada satu kumpulan yang lain berdasarkan keutamaan kaum daripada pencapaian. <> Apakah satu lagi contoh selain sebut harga perkauman tindakan afirmatif untuk kemasukan kolej? || kuota jantina <> Mempunyai kuota mengenai kemasukan atau pekerjaan telah dikritik dan dikatakan sebagai jenis diskriminasi? || terbalik <> Apa kes yang menentukan bahawa beberapa pelaksanaan tindakan afirmatif adalah tidak berperlembagaan? || Gratz v. Bollinger <> Dalam tempoh masa apakah dasar diskriminasi berasal? || Era Rekonstruksi <> Apa pengkritik tindakan afirmatif percaya harus menjadi faktor utama dalam menyewa? || pencapaian", {"context": "Affirmative action is a subject of controversy. Some policies adopted as affirmative action, such as racial quotas or gender quotas for collegiate admission, have been criticized as a form of reverse discrimination, and such implementation of affirmative action has been ruled unconstitutional by the majority opinion of Gratz v. Bollinger. Affirmative action as a practice was upheld by the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger in 2003. Affirmative action policies were developed in order to correct decades of discrimination stemming from the Reconstruction Era by granting disadvantaged minorities opportunities. Many believe that the diversity of current American society suggests that affirmative action policies succeeded and are no longer required. Opponents of affirmative action argue that these policies are outdated and lead to reverse discrimination which entails favoring one group over another based upon racial preference rather than achievement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "gender quotas"}], "question": "What is another example aside from racial quotes of affirmative action for collegiate admissions?", "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e995e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "reverse"}], "question": "Having quotas regarding admissions or employment has been criticized and said to be what kind of discrimination?", "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e995f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Gratz v. Bollinger"}], "question": "What case determined that some implementation of affirmative action was unconstitutional?", "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Reconstruction Era"}], "question": "In which time period did discrimination policies originate from?", "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "achievement"}], "question": "What do critics of affirmative action believe should be the main factor in hiring?", "id": "572725fbdd62a815002e9962"}]}], ["Tindakan tegas di Amerika Syarikat cenderung untuk memberi tumpuan kepada isu-isu seperti pendidikan dan pekerjaan, khususnya memberi pertimbangan khusus kepada kaum minoriti kaum, Orang Asli Amerika, dan wanita yang telah dikecualikan sejarah di Amerika. Laporan telah menunjukkan bahawa minoriti dan wanita telah mengalami diskriminasi di sekolah dan perniagaan selama bertahun-tahun dan diskriminasi ini menghasilkan kelebihan yang tidak adil bagi orang kulit putih dan lelaki dalam pendidikan dan pekerjaan. Dorongan terhadap tindakan afirmatif adalah memperbaharui keburukan yang berkaitan dengan diskriminasi masa lalu dan sekarang. Derma lebih lanjut adalah keinginan untuk memastikan institusi awam, seperti universiti, hospital, dan pasukan polis, lebih mewakili populasi yang mereka layani. <> Di luar pekerjaan, apakah isu utama lain yang memberi tumpuan kepada tindakan afirmatif? || pendidikan <> tindakan tegas cuba menanyakan institusi untuk memberi pertimbangan tambahan kepada apa kumpulan orang di luar penduduk asli Amerika dan wanita? || minoriti kaum <> Kajian menunjukkan bahawa diskriminasi dalam kedua-dua sektor perniagaan dan pendidikan menghasilkan kelebihan untuk apa kumpulan orang? || putih dan lelaki <> Tindakan afirmatif bukan sahaja cuba menghilangkan kelemahan, tetapi juga untuk memastikan berapa jumlah orang dalam bidang? || lebih mewakili populasi yang mereka layani", {"context": "Affirmative action in the United States tends to focus on issues such as education and employment, specifically granting special consideration to racial minorities, Native Americans, and women who have been historically excluded groups in America. Reports have shown that minorities and women have faced discrimination in schools and businesses for many years and this discrimination produced unfair advantages for whites and males in education and employment. The impetus toward affirmative action is redressing the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Further impetus is a desire to ensure public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "education"}], "question": "Outside of employment, what is the other main issue that affirmative action focuses on?", "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "racial minorities"}], "question": "Affirmative action attempts to ask institutions to grant extra consideration to what group of people outside of Native Americans and women?", "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "whites and males"}], "question": "Studies showed that discrimination in both business sectors and education resulted in advantages for what group of people?", "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 691, "text": "are more representative of the populations they serve"}], "question": "Affirmative action does not only attempt to remove disadvantages, but also to ensure what about the number of people in a field?", "id": "572724fef1498d1400e8f3fd"}]}], ["Program Cepat Baru FDR sering mengandungi klausa peluang yang sama yang menyatakan \"tidak ada diskriminasi yang dibuat berdasarkan bangsa, warna atau kepercayaan\": 11 tetapi pelopor yang benar untuk tindakan afirmatif adalah Setiausaha Dalam Negeri pada masa itu, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes melarang diskriminasi dalam mengupah projek-projek yang dibiayai oleh Pentadbiran Kerja Raya dan menyelia bukan sahaja institusi sistem kuota, di mana kontraktor dikehendaki menggunakan peratusan tetap Pekerja hitam, oleh Robert C. Weaver dan Clark Foreman,: 12 tetapi juga sama bayar perempuan yang dicadangkan oleh sumbangan Harry Hopkins. 14FDR yang paling besar untuk tindakan afirmatif, bagaimanapun, terdapat dalam Ordo Eksekutifnya 8802 yang melarang diskriminasi dalam industri pertahanan atau pemerintah. 22 Tuntutan eksekutif mempromosikan idea bahawa jika dana pembayar cukai diterima melalui kontrak kerajaan, maka semua pembayar cukai harus mempunyai peluang yang sama untuk bekerja melalui kontraktor. 23-4 Untuk menguatkan idea ini, Roosevelt mencipta Jawatankuasa Amalan Pekerjaan yang Adil (FEPC) dengan kuasa untuk menyiasat amalan menyewa oleh kontraktor kerajaan. 22 < > Siapa penyokong sebenar penyebab tindakan afirmatif? || Harold L. Ickes <> Apakah kedudukan kuasa Harold L. Ickes? || Setiausaha Dalam Negeri <> Pengenalan pertama sistem kuota mandat bahawa kontraktor perlu melakukan apa? || menggunakan peratusan tetap Black workers <> Pernyataan undang-undang mana yang menghalang sebarang diskriminasi dalam industri pertahanan dan kerajaan? || Perintah Eksekutif 8802 <> Apakah FEPC berdiri? || Jawatankuasa Amalan Pekerjaan yang Adil", {"context": "FDR's New Deal programs often contained equal opportunity clauses stating \"no discrimination shall be made on account of race, color or creed\",:11 but the true forerunner to affirmative action was the Interior Secretary of the time, Harold L. Ickes. Ickes prohibited discrimination in hiring for Public Works Administration funded projects and oversaw not only the institution of a quota system, where contractors were required to employ a fixed percentage of Black workers, by Robert C. Weaver and Clark Foreman,:12 but also the equal pay of women proposed by Harry Hopkins.:14FDR's largest contribution to affirmative action, however, lay in his Executive Order 8802 which prohibited discrimination in the defense industry or government.:22 The executive order promoted the idea that if taxpayer funds were accepted through a government contract, then all taxpayers should have an equal opportunity to work through the contractor.:23\u20134 To enforce this idea, Roosevelt created the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) with the power to investigate hiring practices by government contractors.:22", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "Harold L. Ickes"}], "question": "Who was the true backer of the cause of affirmative action?", "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "Interior Secretary"}], "question": "What position of power did Harold L. Ickes hold?", "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "employ a fixed percentage of Black workers"}], "question": "The first introduction of a quota system mandated that contractors had to do what?", "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f432"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 648, "text": "Executive Order 8802"}], "question": "Which piece of legislation prevented any discrimination in the defense industry and government?", "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 982, "text": "Fair Employment Practices Committee"}], "question": "What does the FEPC stand for?", "id": "572728d1f1498d1400e8f434"}]}], ["Penampilan pertama istilah 'tindakan afirmatif' adalah dalam Akta Hubungan Tenaga Nasional, yang lebih dikenali sebagai Akta Wagner, 1935. 15 Dicadangkan dan diperjuangkan oleh Senator AS Robert F. Wagner dari New York, Akta Wagner adalah selaras dengan tujuan Presiden Roosevelt untuk menyediakan keselamatan ekonomi kepada pekerja dan kumpulan berpendapatan rendah yang lain. Sepanjang tempoh masa ini, ia tidak biasa bagi majikan untuk menyenaraihitamkan atau membakar pekerja yang berkaitan dengan kesatuan. Akta Wagner membenarkan pekerja untuk bersatu tanpa rasa takut diskriminasi, dan memberi kuasa kepada Badan Hubungan Perburuhan Nasional untuk mengkaji kemungkinan kes diskriminasi pekerja. Sekiranya berlaku diskriminasi, pekerja akan dipulihkan kepada status yang sesuai di dalam syarikat melalui tindakan 'afirmatif'. Walaupun Akta Wagner melindungi pekerja dan kesatuan, ia tidak melindungi minoriti, yang, yang mengecualikan Kongres Industri Perindustrian, sering dihalang daripada pangkat kesatuan. 11 Oleh itu, pengubahan asal istilah ini tidak ada hubungannya dengan dasar tindakan afirmatif kerana ia dilihat pada hari ini, tetapi membantu menetapkan peringkat untuk semua dasar yang dimaksudkan untuk mengimbangi atau mengatasi rawatan yang tidak adil individu. [rujukan?] <> Di mana dokumen itu muncul istilah \"tindakan afirmatif\" muncul? || Akta Hubungan Perburuhan Nasional <> Siapakah pengarang Akta Hubungan Perburuhan Nasional? || Senator Robert F. Wagner <> Siapa yang membuat majikan secara rawak menyenaraikan kebakaran? || pekerja yang berkaitan dengan kesatuan <> Siapa yang dapat mengkaji aduan tentang kemungkinan diskriminasi pekerja? || Badan Hubungan Perburuhan Nasional <> Kumpulan mana yang membuat Akta Wagner gagal untuk melindungi? || minoriti", {"context": "The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups. During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions. The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against, and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination. In the event of discrimination, employees were to be restored to an appropriate status in the company through 'affirmative action'. While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities, who, exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, were often barred from union ranks.:11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today, but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual's unjust treatment.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "National Labor Relations Act"}], "question": "In which document did the term \"affirmative action\" first appear?", "id": "572727b8708984140094da83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Senator Robert F. Wagner"}], "question": "Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?", "id": "572727b8708984140094da84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "employees associated with unions"}], "question": "Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?", "id": "572727b8708984140094da85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "National Labor Relations Board"}], "question": "Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?", "id": "572727b8708984140094da86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "minorities"}], "question": "Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?", "id": "572727b8708984140094da87"}]}], ["Idea untuk tindakan afirmatif datang seawal Era Rekonstruksi (1865-1877) di mana bekas penduduk hamba tidak mempunyai kemahiran dan sumber untuk kehidupan yang mampan. Pada tahun 1865, Jeneral William Tecumseh Sherman mencadangkan untuk membahagikan tanah dan barangan dari Georgia dan memberikannya kepada keluarga warna yang menjadi dasar \"Empat puluh ekar dan keldai\". Cadangan itu tidak pernah diterima secara meluas kerana pembangkang politik yang kuat. Hampir satu abad kemudian (1950-an-1960an), dasar-dasar untuk membantu kelas individu muncul semula semasa Pergerakan Hak Sivil. Jaminan hak sivil datang melalui tafsiran Fasal Perlindungan yang Sihat dari Pindaan ke-14. Keputusan itu dikenali sebagai tindakan afirmatif di mana wajib, serta program sukarela, mengesahkan hak orang awam warna. Tambahan pula, program tindakan afirmatif ini melindungi manusia warna dari kesan-kesan ini yang berpunca dari diskriminasi masa lalu. Pada tahun 1961, Presiden John F. Kennedy menjadi yang pertama menggunakan istilah \"tindakan afirmatif\" dalam Perintah Eksekutif 10925 untuk memastikan bahawa kontraktor kerajaan \"mengambil tindakan afirmatif untuk memastikan bahawa pemohon bekerja, dan pekerja diperlakukan semasa pekerjaan, tanpa mengambil kira mereka bangsa, agama, warna, atau negara asal. \" Perintah eksekutif ini menyedari hasrat kerajaan untuk mewujudkan peluang yang sama bagi semua orang yang berkelayakan. Pesanan eksekutif ini akhirnya dipinda dan digantikan oleh Perintah Eksekutif Lyndon B. Johnson 11246 yang menghalang diskriminasi berdasarkan bangsa, warna, agama, dan asal negara oleh organisasi yang menerima kontrak dan subkontrak persekutuan. Pada tahun 1967, perintah itu dipinda untuk memasukkan seks juga. Pentadbiran Reagan bertentangan dengan keperluan tindakan afirmatif dari Perintah Eksekutif 11246, tetapi perubahan yang dimaksudkan itu [yang mana] menghadapi pembangkang dua parti di Kongres. <> Bilakah berakhirnya Era Rekonstruksi? || 1877 <> Siapakah yang mencadangkan tanah itu dibahagikan dan dipisahkan di kalangan keluarga warna? || Jeneral William Tecumseh Sherman <> Apakah dasar membahagikan tanah di kalangan keluarga warna yang disebut? || Empat puluh ekar dan keldai <> Mana bahagian perlembagaan yang menjadi asas bagi dasar yang dibangunkan semasa Pergerakan Hak Sivil? || Fasal Perlindungan yang Sama dengan Pindaan Ke-14 <> Siapa orang pertama yang menggunakan istilah \"tindakan afirmatif\"? || Presiden John F. Kennedy", {"context": "Ideas for affirmative action came as early as the Reconstruction Era (1865-1877) in which a former slave population lacked the skills and resources for sustainable living. In 1865, General William Tecumseh Sherman proposed to divide the land and goods from Georgia and grant it to families of color which became the \"Forty acres and a mule\" policy. The proposal was never widely adopted due to strong political opposition. Nearly a century later (1950s-1960s), policies to assist classes of individuals reemerged during the Civil Rights Movement. The civil rights guarantees came through the interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decisions came to be known as affirmative action in which mandatory, as well as voluntary programs, affirmed the civil rights of people of color. Furthermore, these affirmative action programs protected people of color from the present effects stemming from past discrimination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy became the first to utilize the term \"affirmative action\" in Executive Order 10925 to ensure that government contractors \"take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin.\" This executive order realized the government's intent to create equal opportunities for all qualified people. This executive order was eventually amended and superseded by Lyndon B. Johnson's Executive Order 11246 which prevented discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin by organizations which received federal contracts and subcontracts. In 1967, the order was amended to include sex as well. The Reagan administration was opposed to the affirmative action requirements of Executive Order 11246, but these contemplated changes[which?] faced bi-partisan opposition in Congress.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "1877"}], "question": "When did the Reconstruction Era end?", "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"}], "question": "Who proposed that land be divided and split up among families of color?", "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Forty acres and a mule"}], "question": "What was the policy of dividing land among families of color referred to as?", "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"}], "question": "Which part of the constitution was the basis for policies that were developed during the Civil Rights Movement?", "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f41f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 953, "text": "President John F. Kennedy"}], "question": "Who was the first person to utilize the term \"affirmative action\"?", "id": "572726a2f1498d1400e8f420"}]}], ["Berikutan kejadian Sarjan Isaac Woodard, Presiden Harry S. Truman, dirinya seorang veteran tempur Perang Dunia I, mengeluarkan Perintah Eksekutif 9808 yang menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Presiden Hak Sivil untuk memeriksa keganasan dan mengesyorkan undang-undang persekutuan yang sesuai. Mendengar kejadian itu, Truman berpaling kepada pemimpin NAACP Walter Francis White dan menyatakan, \"Ya TuhanKu, saya tidak tahu ia adalah seperti yang dahsyat seperti itu. Pada tahun 1947 jawatankuasa itu menerbitkan penemuannya, Untuk Menjaga Hak-Hak Ini. Buku ini dibaca secara meluas, berpengaruh, dan dianggap utopian untuk zaman: \"Dalam lelaki tanah kita adalah sama, tetapi mereka bebas untuk menjadi berbeza. Dari perbezaan ini di kalangan rakyat kita telah mencapai kekuatan manusia dan nasional yang besar di Amerika.\" Laporan ini membincangkan dan membuktikan diskriminasi kaum dalam kebebasan dasar, pendidikan, kemudahan awam, keselamatan diri, dan peluang pekerjaan. Jawatankuasa ini terganggu oleh keadaan hubungan kaum, dan termasuk pemindahan orang-orang keturunan Jepun semasa perang \"dibuat tanpa perbicaraan atau apa-apa jenis pendengaran ... Asas sistem undang-undang kita adalah kepercayaan bahawa bersalah adalah peribadi dan tidak suatu masalah keturunan atau persatuan. \" Cadangan itu adalah radikal, menyeru dasar dan undang-undang persekutuan untuk menamatkan diskriminasi kaum dan membawa kesaksamaan: \"Kita boleh bertolak ansur dengan tiada sekatan terhadap individu yang bergantung kepada faktor yang tidak relevan seperti bangsa, warna, agamanya, atau kedudukan sosial untuk yang dia dilahirkan. \" Untuk Mengamankan Hak-Hak Ini menetapkan agenda perundangan liberal untuk generasi akan datang yang akhirnya akan ditandatangani ke dalam undang-undang oleh Lyndon B. Johnson. 35-36 <> Apakah kumpulan yang ditubuhkan sebagai tindak balas kepada Perintah Eksekutif 9808? || Jawatankuasa Presiden mengenai Hak-hak Sivil <> Apakah Perintah Eksekutif 9808 yang dikeluarkan sebagai tindak balas kepada? || Kejadian sarjan Isaac Woodard <> Di mana tahun itu penemuan \"Untuk Mengamankan Hak-Hak Ini\" diterbitkan? || 1947 <> Apakah jawatankuasa itu terutamanya terganggu oleh seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam laporan mereka? || keadaan hubungan kaum <> Siapa dalam generasi berikut \"Untuk Mengamankan Hak-Hak Ini\" penemuan menandakan perundangan untuk tindakan afirmatif ke dalam undang-undang? || Lyndon B. Johnson", {"context": "Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, \"My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something.\" In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: \"In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America.\" The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war \"made without a trial or any sort of hearing\u2026Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association.\" The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: \"We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born.\" To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35\u201336", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "President's Committee on Civil Rights"}], "question": "What group was established in response to Executive Order 9808?", "id": "57272aa45951b619008f8679"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident"}], "question": "What was the Executive Order 9808 issued in response to?", "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "1947"}], "question": "In which year were the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings published?", "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "the state of race relations"}], "question": "What was the committee especially disturbed by as indicated in their report?", "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1643, "text": "Lyndon B. Johnson"}], "question": "Who in the generation following the \"To Secure These Rights\" findings sign legislation for affirmative action into law?", "id": "57272aa45951b619008f867d"}]}], ["Selepas pentadbiran Nixon, kemajuan dalam tindakan afirmatif menjadi kurang berleluasa. \"Semasa pentadbiran Ford singkat, tindakan afirmatif mengambil tempat duduk belakang, sementara penguatkuasaan telah tersandung.\": 145 Hak-hak yang sama masih menjadi subjek penting kepada banyak rakyat Amerika, namun dunia berubah dan isu-isu baru sedang dinaikkan. Orang ramai mula melihat tindakan afirmatif sebagai isu yang dipuji masa lampau dan kini terdapat kawasan lain yang memerlukan tumpuan. \"Daripada semua kejayaan yang telah menandakan ini sebagai Century Amerika ... tidak ada yang lebih menginspirasi, jika tidak lengkap, daripada mengejar keadilan kaum kita.\" <> Dari segi kemajuan, apa yang berlaku kepada perkembangan tindakan afirmatif selepas pentadbiran Nixon? || menjadi kurang lazim <> Apakah salah satu sebab utama isu isu tindakan afirmatif hilang momentumnya? || terdapat kawasan lain yang memerlukan tumpuan <> Mana pentadbiran membenarkan tindakan afirmatif untuk mengambil bahagian belakang untuk isu-isu lain? || Ford", {"context": "After the Nixon administration, advancements in affirmative action became less prevalent. \"During the brief Ford administration, affirmative action took a back seat, while enforcement stumbled along.\":145 Equal rights was still an important subject to many Americans, yet the world was changing and new issues were being raised. People began to look at affirmative action as a glorified issue of the past and now there were other areas that needed focus. \"Of all the triumphs that have marked this as America's Century \u2013...none is more inspiring, if incomplete, than our pursuit of racial justice.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "became less prevalent"}], "question": "In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?", "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "there were other areas that needed focus"}], "question": "What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?", "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Ford"}], "question": "Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?", "id": "57273936dd62a815002e99b6"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1963, Presiden Kennedy meneruskan dasar tindakan afirmatifnya dengan mengeluarkan mandat lain, Perintah Eksekutif 11114. Perintah ini ditambah dengan arahan eksekutifnya pada tahun 1961 yang mengisytiharkan ia adalah \"dasar Amerika Syarikat untuk menggalakkan dengan tindakan afirmatif penghapusan diskriminasi dalam \"72 Melalui perintah ini, semua dana persekutuan, seperti\" geran, pinjaman, kesatuan dan majikan yang menerima dana pembayar cukai, dan bentuk bantuan kewangan lain kepada kerajaan negeri dan daerah, \"terpaksa mematuhi dasar-dasar pemerintah tindakan afirmatif dalam amalan pekerjaan .:72 <> Bilakah Presiden Kennedy mengeluarkan Aturan Eksekutif 11114? || Jun 1963 <> Apa maksud utama Perintah Eksekutif 11114? || penghapusan diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan <> Apakah yang menerima pembiayaan persekutuan apa-apa yang perlu dilakukan di bawah Perintah Eksekutif? || mematuhi dasar kerajaan mengenai tindakan afirmatif", {"context": "In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the \"policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment\".:72 Through this order, all federal funds, such as \"grants, loans, unions and employers who accepted taxpayer funds, and other forms of financial assistance to state and local governments,\" were forced to comply to the government's policies on affirmative action in employment practices.:72", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 1963"}], "question": "When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?", "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "elimination of discrimination in employment"}], "question": "What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?", "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "comply to the government's policies on affirmative action"}], "question": "What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?", "id": "57273326f1498d1400e8f47e"}]}], ["Tajuk VII mungkin adalah yang paling kontroversi keseluruhan rang undang-undang. Ramai konservatif menuduh ia menganjurkan sistem kuota de facto, dan mendakwa ketidakststitiiti kerana ia cuba mengawal selia tempat kerja. Senator Minnesota Hubert Humphrey membetulkan tanggapan ini: \"tidak ada apa-apa dalam [Tajuk VII] yang akan memberikan kuasa kepada Suruhanjaya untuk menghendaki pengambilan, penembakan, dan promosi untuk memenuhi kuota kaum '. [...] Tajuk VII direka untuk menggalakkan pengambilan berdasarkan keupayaan dan kelayakan, bukan bangsa atau agama. \" Tajuk VII melarang diskriminasi. Humphrey adalah wira senyap bil yang melalui Kongres. Dia berjanji bahawa rang undang-undang tidak memerlukan kuota, hanya tidak boleh diskriminasi. Melakukannya, beliau meyakinkan banyak Republikan pro-perniagaan, termasuk Pemimpin Minoriti Senat Everett Dirksen (IL) untuk menyokong Tajuk VII.:78-80 <> Bahagian mana yang undang-undang itu dianggap paling kontroversial? || Tajuk VII <> Apakah pengkritik yang mendakwa bahawa peguambela Title VII? || sistem kuota de facto <> Yang Senator bangkit melawan kritikan Title VII? || Hubert Humphrey <> Siapa ahli utama yang Humphrey berjaya meyakinkan untuk menyokong rang undang-undang itu? || Everett Dirksen <> Apa kedudukan penting selain daripada Senator yang pernah dipegang oleh Everett Dirksen? || Pemimpin Minoriti Senat", {"context": "Title VII was perhaps the most controversial of the entire bill. Many conservatives accused it of advocating a de facto quota system, and claimed unconstitutionality as it attempts to regulate the workplace. Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey corrected this notion: \"there is nothing in [Title VII] that will give power to the Commission to require hiring, firing, and promotion to meet a racial 'quota.' [. . .] Title VII is designed to encourage the hiring on basis of ability and qualifications, not race or religion.\" Title VII prohibits discrimination. Humphrey was the silent hero of the bill's passing through Congress. He pledged that the bill required no quotas, just nondiscrimination. Doing so, he convinced many pro-business Republicans, including Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen (IL) to support Title VII.:78\u201380", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Title VII"}], "question": "Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?", "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e9998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "a de facto quota system"}], "question": "What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?", "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e9999"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Hubert Humphrey"}], "question": "Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?", "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "Everett Dirksen"}], "question": "Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?", "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "Senate Minority Leader"}], "question": "What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?", "id": "572736f0dd62a815002e999c"}]}], ["Langkah-langkah yang dibuat oleh jawatan presiden Johnson dalam memastikan peluang yang sama dalam tenaga kerja terus diambil oleh pengganti Nixon. Pada tahun 1969 pentadbiran Nixon memulakan \"Perintah Philadelphia\". Ia dianggap sebagai pelan yang paling kuat setakat ini untuk memastikan amalan pengambilan pekerja yang adil dalam pekerjaan pembinaan. Philadelphia dipilih sebagai kes ujian kerana, sebagai Penolong Setiausaha Buruh Arthur Fletcher menjelaskan, \"Kesatuan kraf dan industri pembinaan adalah salah satu pelanggar yang paling berat terhadap undang-undang peluang yang sama ... secara terbuka bermusuhan ke arah membiarkan orang kulit hitam menjadi lingkaran tertutup mereka.\" Perintah itu termasuk \"matlamat dan jadual waktu yang pasti.\" Sebagai Presiden Nixon menegaskan, \"Kami tidak akan mengenakan kuota, tetapi memerlukan kontraktor persekutuan untuk menunjukkan 'tindakan afirmatif' untuk memenuhi matlamat peningkatan pekerjaan minoriti.\" <> Siapa yang mengikuti jejak Johnson dari segi memastikan peluang yang sama? || penggantinya Nixon <> Perikatan mana yang dimulakan pada tahun 1969? || Perintah Philadelphia <> Industri pekerjaan apa yang telah ditetapkan undang-undang? || pembinaan <> Selain daripada industri pembinaan, yang mana kumpulan lain adalah salah satu pelanggar utama terhadap undang-undang peluang yang sama? || kesatuan kraf <> Siapa yang memegang jawatan Penolong Setiausaha Buruh? || Arthur Fletcher", {"context": "The strides that the Johnson presidency made in ensuring equal opportunity in the workforce were further picked up by his successor Nixon. In 1969 the Nixon administration initiated the \"Philadelphia Order\". It was regarded as the most forceful plan thus far to guarantee fair hiring practices in construction jobs. Philadelphia was selected as the test case because, as Assistant Secretary of Labor Arthur Fletcher explained, \"The craft unions and the construction industry are among the most egregious offenders against equal opportunity laws . . . openly hostile toward letting blacks into their closed circle.\" The order included definite \"goals and timetables.\" As President Nixon asserted, \"We would not impose quotas, but would require federal contractors to show 'affirmative action' to meet the goals of increasing minority employment.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "his successor Nixon"}], "question": "Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?", "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Philadelphia Order"}], "question": "Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?", "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "construction"}], "question": "Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?", "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "craft unions"}], "question": "Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?", "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Arthur Fletcher"}], "question": "Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?", "id": "572738b0dd62a815002e99ae"}]}], ["Pada permulaannya, klasifikasi kaum yang mengenalpasti bangsa sememangnya disyaki dan tertakluk kepada pengawasan ketat. Klasifikasi ini hanya akan dipertahankan jika perlu untuk menggalakkan kepentingan kerajaan yang menarik. Kemudian Mahkamah Agung A.S. memutuskan bahawa klasifikasi kaum yang memberi manfaat kepada minoriti yang tidak diwakili hanya akan dipertahankan jika perlu dan mempromosikan tujuan kerajaan yang menarik. (Lihat Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.) Tidak ada panduan yang jelas tentang apabila tindakan kerajaan tidak \"menarik\", dan keputusan seperti itu jarang berlaku. <> Jenis klasifikasi apa yang tertakluk kepada penelitian yang ketat? || kaum <> Apa satu-satunya keadaan di mana klasifikasi kaum boleh dianggap boleh diterima? || perlu untuk menggalakkan kepentingan kerajaan yang menarik <> Siapa kemudian kemudian mengesahkan bahawa klasifikasi kaum hanya perlu dipertahankan jika mereka perlu? || Mahkamah Agung A.S. <> Apakah contoh kes yang dapat membantu memaparkan di mana menegakkan klasifikasi kaum adalah bermanfaat? || Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.", {"context": "In the beginning, racial classifications that identified race were inherently suspect and subject to strict scrutiny. These classifications would only be upheld if necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest. Later the U.S. Supreme Court decided that racial classifications that benefited underrepresented minorities were to only be upheld if necessary and promoted a compelling governmental purpose. (See Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.) There is no clear guidance about when government action is not \"compelling\", and such rulings are rare.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "racial"}], "question": "What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?", "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest"}], "question": "What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?", "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "U.S. Supreme Court"}], "question": "Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?", "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co."}], "question": "What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?", "id": "572739b6dd62a815002e99bd"}]}], ["Ricci v. DeStefano telah didengar oleh Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2009. Kes berkenaan dengan ahli bomba Putih dan Hispanik di New Haven, Connecticut, yang setelah lulus ujian mereka untuk promosi kepada pengurusan ditolak promosi, didakwa kerana diskriminasi atau sekurang-kurangnya ujian yang dipersoalkan. Ujian itu memberikan 17 orang kulit putih dan dua orang Hispanik kemungkinan promosi segera. Walaupun 23% daripada mereka yang mengambil ujian itu adalah Amerika Afrika, tiada yang mencetak gol cukup tinggi untuk melayakkan diri. Kerana kemungkinan ujian itu berat sebelah melanggar Title VII Akta Hak Sivil, tiada calon digalakkan untuk menunggu keputusan kontroversi. Dalam pecahan 5-4 undi, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan bahawa New Haven telah terlibat dalam diskriminasi kaum yang tidak dibenarkan terhadap majoriti Putih dan Hispanik. <> Kes yang mana mengenai ahli bomba Putih dan Hispanik didengar oleh Mahkamah Agung pada tahun 2009? || Ricci v. DeStefano <> Di mana isu pemadam kebakaran Putih dan Hispanik didengar dalam kes yang berasaskan? || New Haven, Connecticut <> Berapa banyak kulit putih yang diberi kemungkinan promosi segera akibat mengambil ujian kontroversial? || 17 <> Sebanyak peratus orang yang mengambil ujian itu adalah Amerika Afrika? || 23 <> Apakah undi terakhir untuk Mahkamah Agung mengenai isu ini? || 5-4", {"context": "Ricci v. DeStefano was heard by the United States Supreme Court in 2009. The case concerns White and Hispanic firefighters in New Haven, Connecticut, who upon passing their test for promotions to management were denied the promotions, allegedly because of a discriminatory or at least questionable test. The test gave 17 whites and two Hispanics the possibility of immediate promotion. Although 23% of those taking the test were African American, none scored high enough to qualify. Because of the possibility the tests were biased in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, no candidates were promoted pending outcome of the controversy. In a split 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled that New Haven had engaged in impermissible racial discrimination against the White and Hispanic majority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ricci v. DeStefano"}], "question": "Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?", "id": "57273a5e708984140094db15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "New Haven, Connecticut"}], "question": "Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?", "id": "57273a5e708984140094db16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "17"}], "question": "How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?", "id": "57273a5e708984140094db17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "23"}], "question": "What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?", "id": "57273a5e708984140094db18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "5-4"}], "question": "What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?", "id": "57273a5e708984140094db19"}]}], ["NAACP mempunyai banyak masalah dengan cadangan \"token\" JFK. Mereka mahukan pekerjaan. Sehari selepas perintah itu berkuatkuasa, Setiausaha Buruh NAACP Herbert Hill memfailkan aduan terhadap pengambilan dan mempromosikan amalan Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed sedang menjalankan perniagaan dengan Jabatan Pertahanan pada kontrak bilion dolar pertama. Oleh sebab pendanaan pembayar cukai 90% daripada perniagaan Lockheed, bersama-sama dengan amalan menyewa yang tidak seimbang, pekerja hitam dikenakan Lockheed dengan \"diskriminasi terang-terangan.\" Lockheed menandatangani perjanjian dengan Naib Presiden Johnson yang menjanjikan \"agresif mencari calon lebih minoriti yang berkelayakan untuk jawatan teknikal dan kemahiran.\" 63-64 Perjanjian ini adalah model pentadbiran untuk \"rancangan kemajuan.\" Johnson dan pembantunya segera ditekan Kontraktor pertahanan lain, termasuk Boeing dan General Electric, menandatangani perjanjian sukarela yang sama yang menandakan rancangan untuk kemajuan Namun, rancangan-rancangan itu hanya begitu, secara sukarela. Banyak syarikat di Selatan, yang masih tertindas dengan undang-undang Jim Crow, sebahagian besarnya tidak menghiraukan cadangan persekutuan: 63-64 <> Siapa yang mempunyai masalah dengan cadangan JFK? || NAACP <> Siapa yang mengemukakan aduan dengan cepat selepas Perintah Eksekutif dilaksanakan? || Setiausaha Buruh NAACP Herbert Hill <> Syarikat mana yang disasarkan oleh NAACP kerana tidak mempunyai amalan yang adil? || Syarikat Penerbangan Lockheed <> Siapa yang Lockheed menandatangani perjanjian dengan mencari lebih ramai pekerja minoriti? || Naib Presiden Johnson <> Undang-undang yang melakukan perbadanan ns di South associate dengan untuk mengabaikan cadangan persekutuan? || Jim Crow", {"context": "NAACP had many problem's with JFK's \"token\" proposal. They wanted jobs. One day after the order took effect, NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill filed complaints against the hiring and promoting practices of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. Lockheed was doing business with the Defense Department on the first billion-dollar contract. Due to taxpayer-funding being 90% of Lockheed's business, along with disproportionate hiring practices, black workers charged Lockheed with \"overt discrimination.\" Lockheed signed an agreement with Vice President Johnson that pledged an \"aggressive seeking out for more qualified minority candidates for technical and skill positions.:63\u201364 This agreement was the administration's model for a \"plan of progress.\" Johnson and his assistants soon pressured other defense contractors, including Boeing and General Electric, to sign similar voluntary agreements indicating plans for progress. However, these plans were just that, voluntary. Many corporations in the South, still afflicted with Jim Crow laws, largely ignored the federal recommendations.:63\u201364", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "NAACP"}], "question": "Who had issues with JFK's proposal?", "id": "57273572dd62a815002e998e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill"}], "question": "Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?", "id": "57273572dd62a815002e998f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Lockheed Aircraft Corporation"}], "question": "Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?", "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Vice President Johnson"}], "question": "Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?", "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1022, "text": "Jim Crow"}], "question": "Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?", "id": "57273572dd62a815002e9992"}]}], ["Pertama kali \"tindakan afirmatif\" digunakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan mengenai kaum adalah dalam Perintah Eksekutif Presiden John F. Kennedy 10925, yang dipengerusikan oleh Naib Presiden Johnson. Pada bola sulung Johnson di Texas, dia bertemu dengan seorang peguam muda muda, Hobart Taylor Jr., dan memberinya tugas untuk mengarang perintah eksekutif. Beliau menginginkan frasa yang \"memberikan rasa positif kepada prestasi di bawah perintah itu.\" Dia dipecahkan antara perkataan \"tindakan positif\" dan \"tindakan afirmatif,\" dan memilih yang kemudian disebabkan oleh kualiti aliterinya. Istilah \"pengambilan aktif\" mula digunakan juga. Perintah ini, walaupun banyak bekerja sebagai undang-undang yang penting, sebenarnya membawa sedikit kuasa sebenar. Skop ini terhad kepada beberapa ratus kontraktor pertahanan, yang menyebabkan hampir $ 7.5 bilion dalam geran persekutuan dan pinjaman yang tidak terjejas .:60 <> Perintah Eksekutif mana yang pertama mengandungi frasa \"tindakan afirmatif\"? || Perintah Eksekutif 10925 <> Siapa yang mengarang perintah eksekutif? || Hobart Taylor Jr. <Siapa yang mempengerusikan jawatankuasa yang dibuat oleh Perintah Eksekutif 10925? || Naib Presiden Johnson <> Apakah frasa alternatif kepada \"tindakan afirmatif\" yang dipertimbangkan? || tindakan positif <> Apakah sebab utama \"tindakan afirmatif\" dipilih daripada \"tindakan positif\"? || kualiti alliteratif", {"context": "The first time \"affirmative action\" is used by the federal government concerning race is in President John F. Kennedy's Executive Order 10925, which was chaired by Vice President Johnson. At Johnson's inaugural ball in Texas, he met with a young black lawyer, Hobart Taylor Jr., and gave him the task to co-author the executive order. He wanted a phrase that \"gave a sense of positivity to performance under the order.\" He was torn between the words \"positive action\" and \"affirmative action,\" and selected the later due to its alliterative quality. The term \"active recruitment\" started to be used as well. This order, albeit heavily worked up as a significant piece of legislation, in reality carried little actual power. The scope was limited to a couple hundred defense contractors, leaving nearly $7.5 billion in federal grants and loans unsupervised.:60", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Executive Order 10925"}], "question": "Which Executive Order first contained the phrase \"affirmative action\"?", "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Hobart Taylor Jr."}], "question": "Who co - authored the executive order?", "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Vice President Johnson"}], "question": "Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?", "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "positive action"}], "question": "What was the alternative phrase to \"affirmative action\" that was being considered?", "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "alliterative quality"}], "question": "What was the main reason that \"affirmative action\" was chosen over \"positive action\"?", "id": "572733c0dd62a815002e9988"}]}], ["Ini akhirnya membawa kepada Akta Hak Sivil LBJ, yang berlaku sejurus selepas pembunuhan Presiden Kennedy. Dokumen ini lebih holistik daripada apa yang ditawarkan oleh Presiden Kennedy, dan oleh itu lebih kontroversi. Ia bertujuan bukan sahaja untuk mengintegrasikan kemudahan awam, tetapi juga perniagaan swasta yang dijual kepada orang ramai, seperti motel, restoran, teater, dan stesen minyak. Sekolah-sekolah awam, hospital, perpustakaan, taman, antara lain, termasuk dalam rang undang-undang juga. Ia juga bekerja dengan perintah eksekutif JFK 11114 dengan melarang diskriminasi dalam pemberian kontrak persekutuan dan memegang kuasa kerajaan untuk menolak kontrak kepada perniagaan yang mendiskriminasi. Mungkin yang paling penting, Tajuk VII Akta Hak Sivil bertujuan untuk menamatkan diskriminasi di semua firma dengan 25 atau lebih pekerja. Peruntukan yang lain menubuhkan Suruhanjaya Peluang Pekerjaan yang sama sebagai agensi yang bertanggungjawab menamatkan diskriminasi di tempat kerja negara .:74 <> Undang-undang yang mana dengan cepat mengikuti pembunuhan Presiden Kennedy? || Akta Hak Sivil <> Di luar peraturan perniagaan swasta, apakah matlamat lain Akta Hak Sivil? || mengintegrasikan kemudahan awam <> Perintah Eksekutif mana yang mana Akta Hak Sivil berfungsi dengan baik? || 11114 <> Apakah tujuan Title VII Akta Hak Sivil? || untuk menamatkan diskriminasi di semua firma dengan 25 atau lebih pekerja <> Apa tujuan Pelepasan Peluang Pekerjaan yang Sama? || menamatkan diskriminasi di tempat kerja negara", {"context": "This eventually led to LBJ's Civil Rights Act, which came shortly after President Kennedy's assassination. This document was more holistic than any President Kennedy had offered, and therefore more controversial. It aimed not only to integrate public facilities, but also private businesses that sold to the public, such as motels, restaurants, theaters, and gas stations. Public schools, hospitals, libraries, parks, among other things, were included in the bill as well. It also worked with JFK's executive order 11114 by prohibiting discrimination in the awarding of federal contracts and holding the authority of the government to deny contracts to businesses who discriminate. Maybe most significant of all, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act aimed to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees. Another provision established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission as the agency charged with ending discrimination in the nation's workplace.:74", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Civil Rights Act"}], "question": "Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?", "id": "5727364f708984140094daf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "integrate public facilities"}], "question": "Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?", "id": "5727364f708984140094daf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "11114"}], "question": "Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?", "id": "5727364f708984140094daf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees"}], "question": "What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?", "id": "5727364f708984140094daf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 916, "text": "ending discrimination in the nation's workplace"}], "question": "What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?", "id": "5727364f708984140094daf7"}]}], ["Pada pilihan raya presiden tahun 1960, calon Demokratik dan presiden masa depan John F. Kennedy \"mengkritik Presiden Eisenhower untuk tidak menamatkan diskriminasi dalam perumahan yang didukung oleh federasi\" dan \"menganjurkan Suruhanjaya Amalan Pekerjaan yang Pantas tetap\": 59 Tidak lama selepas mengambil alih, Kennedy mengeluarkan Perintah Eksekutif 10925 pada bulan Mac 1961, yang memerlukan kontraktor-kontraktor kerajaan untuk \"mempertimbangkan dan mengesyorkan langkah-langkah afirmatif tambahan yang perlu diambil oleh jabatan-jabatan eksekutif dan agensi-agensi untuk merealisasikan lebih banyak dasar kebangsaan yang tidak boleh diskriminasi .... Kontraktor akan mengambil tindakan afirmatif untuk memastikan bahawa pemohon bekerja, dan bahawa pekerja diperlakukan semasa pekerjaan, tanpa mengambil kira ras, kepercayaan, warna, atau asal negara mereka. \": 60 Perintah ini juga menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Presiden mengenai Peluang Kerja Sama (PCEEO), yang dipimpin oleh Wakil Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson. Kontraktor persekutuan yang gagal mematuhi atau melanggar perintah eksekutif telah dihukum oleh pembatalan kontrak dan kemungkinan pembatalan dari kontrak kerajaan masa depan. Pentadbiran \"tidak menuntut sebarang pilihan atau rawatan khusus atau kuota untuk kaum minoriti\" tetapi sebaliknya \"menganjurkan pengambilan neutral perkauman untuk mengakhiri diskriminasi pekerjaan\". 61 Beralih kepada isu-isu hak wanita, Kennedy memulakan Suruhanjaya mengenai Status Wanita pada bulan Disember 1961. Suruhanjaya itu didakwa dengan \"memeriksa dasar dan amalan pekerjaan kerajaan dan kontraktor\" berhubung dengan seks .:66 <> Siapa yang mengkritik Presiden Eisenhower semasa pilihan raya presiden tahun 1960? || John F. Kennedy <> Apakah kritikan John F. Kennedy tentang Presiden berdasarkan? || tidak menamatkan diskriminasi dalam perumahan yang disokong federal <> Perintah mana yang dikeluarkan selepas Kennedy mengambil alih? || Perintah Eksekutif 10925 <> Apakah PCEEO berdiri? || Jawatankuasa Presiden mengenai Kesempatan Kerja Sama <> Apakah hukuman segera bagi kontraktor persekutuan untuk tidak mematuhi perintah eksekutif? || pembatalan kontrak", {"context": "In the 1960 presidential election, Democratic candidate and future President John F. Kennedy \"criticized President Eisenhower for not ending discrimination in federally supported housing\" and \"advocated a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission\".:59 Shortly after taking office, Kennedy issued Executive Order 10925 in March 1961, requiring government contractors to \"consider and recommend additional affirmative steps which should be taken by executive departments and agencies to realize more fully the national policy of nondiscrimination\u2026. The contractor will take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin\".:60 The order also established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity (PCEEO), chaired by Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson. Federal contractors who failed to comply or violated the executive order were punished by contract cancellation and the possible debarment from future government contracts. The administration was \"not demanding any special preference or treatment or quotas for minorities\" but was rather \"advocating racially neutral hiring to end job discrimination\".:61 Turning to issues of women's rights, Kennedy initiated a Commission on the Status of Women in December 1961. The commission was charged with \"examining employment policies and practices of the government and of contractors\" with regard to sex.:66", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "John F. Kennedy"}], "question": "Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?", "id": "5727324f708984140094dad9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "not ending discrimination in federally supported housing"}], "question": "What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?", "id": "5727324f708984140094dada"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Executive Order 10925"}], "question": "Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?", "id": "5727324f708984140094dadb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity"}], "question": "What does PCEEO stand for?", "id": "5727324f708984140094dadc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "contract cancellation"}], "question": "What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?", "id": "5727324f708984140094dadd"}]}], ["Penyokong tindakan afirmatif mengakui bahawa dasarnya adalah tidak seimbang; Walau bagaimanapun, memikirkan fakta yang tidak dapat dielakkan bahawa ketidaksamaan bersejarah yang ada di Amerika, mereka percaya dasar itu lebih adil daripada yang mana keadaan ini tidak diambil kira. Lebih-lebih lagi, mereka yang menyokong tindakan afirmatif melihatnya sebagai usaha ke arah penyertaan dan bukannya suatu amalan diskriminasi. \"Diskriminasi kerja didasarkan pada prasangka dan pengecualian, sedangkan tindakan afirmatif adalah usaha untuk mengatasi masalah pemisahan melalui penyertaan. Cara yang paling berkesan untuk menyembuhkan masyarakat daripada amalan exclusionary adalah melakukan usaha khusus di dalam inklusi, yang sebenarnya tindakan afirmatif.\" <> Apakah salah satu isu dengan tindakan afirmatif? || inherently unequal <> Bagaimana orang-orang yang memihak kepada tindakan afirmatif memandangnya? || satu usaha ke arah penyertaan dan bukannya suatu praktik diskriminasi <> Apakah tindakan afirmatif yang bertujuan hendak dilakukan? || mengatasi rawatan prejudis melalui penyertaan <> Apa penyokong tindakan afirmatif percaya cara terbaik untuk memerangi amalan pengecualian? || membuat usaha khas pada kemasukan", {"context": "Proponents of affirmative action recognize that the policy is inherently unequal; however, minding the inescapable fact that historic inequalities exist in America, they believe the policy is much more fair than one in which these circumstances are not taken into account. Furthermore, those in favor of affirmative action see it as an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice. \"Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion, whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion. The most effective way to cure society of exclusionary practices is to make special efforts at inclusion, which is exactly what affirmative action does.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "inherently unequal"}], "question": "What is one of the issues with affirmative action?", "id": "57274163708984140094db6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "an effort towards inclusion rather than a discriminatory practice"}], "question": "How do people who are in favor of affirmative action view it?", "id": "57274163708984140094db6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "overcome prejudicial treatment through inclusion"}], "question": "What does affirmative action supposedly aim to do?", "id": "57274163708984140094db6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "make special efforts at inclusion"}], "question": "What do proponents of affirmative action believe is the best way to combat exclusionary practices?", "id": "57274163708984140094db70"}]}], ["Berikutan penghujung Perang Dunia II, jurang pendidikan antara White and Black Americans diperluaskan oleh Bill GI Dwight D. Eisenhower. Sekeping undang-undang ini membuka jalan untuk GI putih untuk menghadiri kolej. Walaupun status veteran mereka yang kembali menjadi askar hitam tidak mendapat pinjaman pada kadar yang sama seperti kulit putih. Lebih-lebih lagi, pada masa pengenalannya, pemisahan masih menjadi undang-undang tanah hitam yang melarang dari institusi terbaik. Secara keseluruhannya, \"Hampir 8 juta anggota kerahan dan pegawai wanita dididik di bawah peruntukan Rang Undang-Undang GI selepas Perang Dunia II. Tetapi bagi orang kulit hitam, peluang pendidikan yang lebih tinggi sangat sedikit sehingga janji GI Bill sebahagian besarnya tidak terpenuhi.\" <> Apakah acara utama sebelum pertumbuhan pembahagian dalam pendidikan antara Putih dan Hitam Amerika? || akhir Perang Dunia II <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai punca utama peningkatan jurang pendidikan? || Bill GI Dwight D. Eisenhower <> Apakah veteran hitam yang kembali tidak terima? || pinjaman pada kadar yang sama dengan putih <> Berapa ramai anggota kerahan dan wanita dididik sebagai hasil dari GI Bill? || Hampir 8 juta <> Apa peluang yang sedikit untuk veteran hitam? || pendidikan tinggi", {"context": "Following the end of World War II the educational gap between White and Black Americans was widened by Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill. This piece of legislation paved the way for white GIs to attend college. Despite their veteran status returning black servicemen were not afforded loans at the same rate as whites. Furthermore, at the time of its introduction, segregation was still the law of the land barring blacks from the best institutions. Overall, \"Nearly 8 million servicemen and servicewomen were educated under the provisions of the GI Bill after World War II. But for blacks, higher educational opportunities were so few that the promise of the GI Bill went largely unfulfilled.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "end of World War II"}], "question": "What major event preceded the growth of the divide in education between White and Black Americans?", "id": "57273da05951b619008f8733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Dwight D. Eisenhower's GI Bill"}], "question": "What was considered to be a major cause of the increase in educational gap?", "id": "57273da15951b619008f8734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "loans at the same rate as whites"}], "question": "What did returning black veterans not receive?", "id": "57273da15951b619008f8735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Nearly 8 million"}], "question": "How many servicemen and women were educated as a result of the GI Bill?", "id": "57273da15951b619008f8736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "higher educational"}], "question": "What opportunities were few for black veterans?", "id": "57273da15951b619008f8737"}]}], ["Presiden Kennedy menyatakan dalam Perintah Eksekutif 10925 bahawa \"diskriminasi kerana ras, kepercayaan, warna, atau asal kebangsaan bertentangan dengan prinsip dan dasar Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat\"; bahawa \"adalah obligasi yang jelas dan positif bagi Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat untuk mempromosikan dan memastikan peluang yang sama bagi semua orang yang berkelayakan, tanpa mengira bangsa, kepercayaan, warna, atau asal kebangsaan, yang bekerja atau mencari pekerjaan dengan Kerajaan Persekutuan dan kontrak kerajaan \"; bahawa \"adalah dasar cawangan eksekutif Kerajaan untuk menggalakkan langkah-langkah positif peluang yang sama untuk semua orang yang berkelayakan di dalam Kerajaan\"; dan bahawa \"ia adalah kepentingan umum dan kebajikan Amerika Syarikat untuk mempromosikan ekonomi, keselamatan, dan pertahanan negara melalui pemanfaatan tenaga manusia yang paling efisien dan berkesan\". <> Yang mana Presiden mengisytiharkan bahawa diskriminasi bertentangan dengan prinsip Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat? || Kennedy <> Undang-undang yang pernah digunakan oleh Presiden Kennedy untuk mendakwa bahawa diskriminasi adalah pelanggaran Perlembagaan? || Perintah Eksekutif 10925 <> Apakah industri-industri yang terkawal dari segi peraturan sebagai akibat daripada Perintah Eksekutif 10925? || Kerajaan Persekutuan dan kontrak kerajaan", {"context": "President Kennedy stated in Executive Order 10925 that \"discrimination because of race, creed, color, or national origin is contrary to the Constitutional principles and policies of the United States\"; that \"it is the plain and positive obligation of the United States Government to promote and ensure equal opportunity for all qualified persons, without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin, employed or seeking employment with the Federal Government and on government contracts\"; that \"it is the policy of the executive branch of the Government to encourage by positive measures equal opportunity for all qualified persons within the Government\"; and that \"it is in the general interest and welfare of the United States to promote its economy, security, and national defense through the most efficient and effective utilization of all available manpower\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Kennedy"}], "question": "Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?", "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Executive Order 10925"}], "question": "Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?", "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Federal Government and on government contracts"}], "question": "What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?", "id": "57273bf15951b619008f871d"}]}], ["Kategori Native American berlaku untuk pelbagai kumpulan orang yang tinggal di Amerika Utara sebelum penyelesaian Eropah. Semasa pembesaran barat dari kerajaan A.S., penduduk asli Amerika telah melarikan diri dari tanah mereka yang telah menjadi rumah mereka selama berabad-abad. Sebaliknya, mereka dipaksa untuk membuat tempahan yang jauh lebih kecil dan kurang produktif. Menurut Brest, tanah milik Orang Asli Amerika dikurangkan daripada 138 juta ekar pada tahun 1887 kepada 52 juta ekar pada tahun 1934. Pada tahun 1990, kadar kemiskinan untuk penduduk asli Amerika lebih dari tiga kali ganda daripada orang kulit putih dan hanya 9.4% penduduk asli Amerika telah selesai ijazah sarjana muda berbanding dengan 25.2% orang kulit putih dan 12.2% orang Afrika Amerika. <> Kumpulan mana yang boleh dikategorikan sebagai Orang Asli Amerika? || orang yang tinggal di Amerika Utara sebelum penempatan Eropah <> Bilakah penduduk asli Amerika kehilangan tanah mereka? || Semasa pembesaran barat dari kerajaan A.S. <> Di mana penduduk asli Amerika terpaksa hidup selepas mereka kehilangan tanah mereka? || tempahan <> Berapa banyak tanah yang dimiliki oleh penduduk asli Amerika pada tahun 1934? || 52 juta ekar <> Berkenaan dengan orang kulit putih, apakah kadar kemiskinan untuk penduduk asli Amerika pada tahun 1990? || lebih daripada tiga kali ganda", {"context": "The category of Native American applies to the diverse group of people who lived in North America before European settlement. During the U.S. government's westward expansion, Native Americans were displaced from their land which had been their home for centuries. Instead, they were forced onto reservations which were far smaller and less productive. According to Brest, land belonging to Native Americans was reduced from 138 million acres in 1887 to 52 million acres in 1934. In 1990, the poverty rate for Native Americans was more than triple that of the whites and only 9.4% of Native Americans have completed a bachelor's degree as opposed to 25.2% of whites and 12.2% of African Americans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "people who lived in North America before European settlement"}], "question": "Which groups can be categorized as Native Americans?", "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "During the U.S. government's westward expansion"}], "question": "When did the Native Americans lose their land?", "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "reservations"}], "question": "Where were Native Americans forced to live after they lost their land?", "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8763"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "52 million acres"}], "question": "How much land did the Native Americans own in 1934?", "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8764"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "more than triple"}], "question": "In relation to whites, what was the poverty rate for Native Americans in 1990?", "id": "57273f6b5951b619008f8765"}]}], ["Persidangan Kebangsaan Dewan Undangan Negeri yang diadakan di Washington D.C. menyatakan dalam tinjauan pada tahun 2014 bahawa banyak penyokong untuk tindakan afirmatif berpendapat bahawa dasar-dasar yang berpunca daripada tindakan afirmatif membantu membuka pintu untuk kumpulan yang dikecualikan sejarah di tempat kerja dan pendidikan tinggi. Kepelbagaian tempat kerja telah menjadi konsep pengurusan perniagaan di mana majikan secara aktif berusaha untuk mempromosikan tempat kerja yang inklusif. Dengan menilai kepelbagaian, majikan mempunyai keupayaan untuk mewujudkan persekitaran di mana terdapat kebudayaan menghormati perbezaan individu serta keupayaan untuk menarik bakat dan idea dari semua segmen penduduk. Dengan mewujudkan tenaga kerja yang pelbagai, majikan dan syarikat ini mendapat kelebihan bersaingan dalam ekonomi global yang semakin meningkat. Menurut Suruhanjaya Peluang Kerja Sama Sama A.S., banyak majikan sektor swasta telah menyimpulkan bahawa tenaga kerja yang beragam menjadikan \"syarikat lebih kuat, lebih menguntungkan, dan tempat yang lebih baik untuk bekerja.\" Oleh itu, kepelbagaian yang mempromosikan dasar-dasar ini dilaksanakan untuk alasan yang kompetitif dan bukannya sebagai tindak balas kepada diskriminasi tetapi telah menunjukkan nilai dalam kepelbagaian. <> Di mana Persidangan Kebangsaan Dewan Undangan Negeri diadakan pada tahun 2014? || Washington D.C. <> Apa penyokong tindakan afirmatif menuntut beberapa kesan dasar yang menyokong tindakan afirmatif? || membantu membuka pintu bagi kumpulan yang dikecualikan dari segi sejarah di tempat kerja dan pendidikan tinggi <> Apakah konsep kepelbagaian tempat kerja yang menyebabkan majikan lakukan? || aktif berusaha untuk mempromosikan tempat kerja yang inklusif <> Memiliki tempat kerja yang beragam membolehkan majikan melakukan apa? || menarik bakat dan idea dari semua segmen penduduk <> Organisasi mana yang mendakwa bahawa majikan sektor swasta percaya mempunyai tempat kerja yang berfaedah bermanfaat? || Suruhanjaya Peluang Pekerjaan Saksama A.S.", {"context": "The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace. By valuing diversity, employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population. By creating this diverse workforce, these employers and companies gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly global economy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a \"company stronger, more profitable, and a better place to work.\" Therefore, these diversity promoting policies are implemented for competitive reasons rather than as a response to discrimination, but have shown the value in having diversity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Washington D.C."}], "question": "Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?", "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f590"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education"}], "question": "What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?", "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f591"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace"}], "question": "What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?", "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population"}], "question": "Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?", "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 794, "text": "U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"}], "question": "Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?", "id": "572745d8f1498d1400e8f594"}]}], ["Terdapat banyak penyokong serta penentang kepada dasar tindakan afirmatif. Ramai presiden sepanjang abad yang lalu gagal mengambil sikap tegas terhadap dasar itu, dan orang ramai terpaksa mengenali pandangan presiden untuk diri mereka sendiri. Bill Clinton, bagaimanapun, membuat pendiriannya atas tindakan afirmatif yang sangat jelas dalam ucapannya pada 19 Julai 1995, hampir dua setengah tahun selepas perasmiannya. Dalam ucapannya, beliau membincangkan sejarah di Amerika Syarikat yang membawa dasar itu menjadi kebangkitan: perhambaan, Jim Crow, dan pemisahan. Clinton juga menyebut satu titik yang sama dengan ucapan \"Kebebasan tidak Cukup\" Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson, dan menyatakan bahawa hanya mengharamkan diskriminasi di negara ini tidak akan cukup untuk memberikan kesamaan semua orang di Amerika. Beliau menyampaikan hujah bahawa tindakan afirmatif menyakiti kelas menengah putih dan mengatakan bahawa dasar itu bukanlah sumber masalah mereka. Clinton dengan jelas menggariskan pendiriannya atas tindakan afirmatif, berkata: <> Yang mana presiden yang membuat pendirian mereka atas tindakan afirmatif jelas pada tahun 1995? || Bill Clinton <> Berapa lama selepas perasmiannya adalah ucapan Bill Clinton? || dua setengah tahun <> Yang mana ucapan Bill Clinton menggambarkan persamaan? || Presiden Lyndon B. Johnson \"Kebebasan tidak Cukup\" <> Apa tuntutan Presiden Clinton tidak akan cukup untuk memberi semua orang dalam persamaan Amerika? || hanya mengharamkan diskriminasi <> Apa respon Presiden Clinton terhadap tuntutan bahawa tindakan afirmatif menyakiti kelas menengah putih. || dasar itu bukanlah punca masalah mereka", {"context": "There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19, 1995, nearly two and a half years after his inauguration. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\" speech, and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality. He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems. Clinton plainly outlined his stance on affirmative action, saying:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "Bill Clinton"}], "question": "Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?", "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f560"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "two and a half years"}], "question": "How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?", "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f561"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "President Lyndon B. Johnson's \"Freedom is not Enough\""}], "question": "Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?", "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f562"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "just outlawing discrimination"}], "question": "What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?", "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f563"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 874, "text": "the policy was not the source of their problems"}], "question": "What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.", "id": "57274387f1498d1400e8f564"}]}], ["Penyokong tindakan afirmatif berhujah bahawa secara semula jadi sistem bukan sahaja berasaskan kaum, tetapi juga berdasarkan kelas dan jantina. Untuk menghapuskan dua komponen pentingnya akan menjejaskan tujuan keseluruhan sistem. Forum Dasar Amerika Afrika percaya bahawa hujah berasaskan kelas adalah berdasarkan idea bahawa kaum minoriti yang tidak miskin tidak mengalami diskriminasi berasaskan kaum dan jantina. AAPF percaya bahawa \"Tindakan afirmatif yang bersifat perlumbaan tetap perlu untuk menangani halangan berasaskan kaum yang menghalang jalan menuju kejayaan orang yang tidak terhingga warna semua kelas\". Kumpulan terus mengatakan bahawa tindakan afirmatif bertanggungjawab untuk mewujudkan kelas menengah Afrika Amerika, jadi tidak masuk akal untuk mengatakan bahawa sistem hanya memberi manfaat kepada kelas pertengahan dan kelas atas. <> Selain daripada berlainan bangsa dan jantina, apakah yang percaya kepada tindakan afirmatif juga merasakan sistem diskriminasi? || kelas <> Organisasi mana yang dipercayai dalam hujah berasaskan kelas? || Forum Dasar Amerika Afrika <> Apakah kumpulan orang yang membuat tindakan afirmatif tuntutan AAPF dibuat? || Kelas menengah Afrika Amerika <> Apa yang AAPF percaya asas bagi hujah berasaskan kelas? || minoriti yang tidak miskin tidak mengalami diskriminasi berasaskan kaum dan jantina <> Apa yang AAPF percaya matlamat tindakan afirmatif sepatutnya? || untuk menangani halangan berasaskan kaum yang menghalang jalan menuju kejayaan", {"context": "Proponents of affirmative action argue that by nature the system is not only race based, but also class and gender based. To eliminate two of its key components would undermine the purpose of the entire system. The African American Policy Forum believes that the class based argument is based on the idea that non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination. The AAPF believes that \"Race-conscious affirmative action remains necessary to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success of countless people of color of all classes\". The groups goes on to say that affirmative action is responsible for creating the African American middle class, so it does not make sense to say that the system only benefits the middle and upper classes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "class"}], "question": "Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?", "id": "57273ce15951b619008f8729"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "African American Policy Forum"}], "question": "Which organization believed in the class based argument?", "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "African American middle class"}], "question": "What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?", "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "non-poor minorities do not experience racial and gender based discrimination"}], "question": "What does the AAPF believe the foundation for the class based argument is?", "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "to address race-based obstacles that block the path to success"}], "question": "What does the AAPF believe the goal of affirmative action should be?", "id": "57273ce15951b619008f872d"}]}], ["Menurut satu kajian oleh Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanik atau \"Latin\" termasuk para pendatang yang keturunan pendatang dari negara-negara yang terdiri dari Amerika Tengah dan Selatan. Pada tahun 1991, orang Mexico, Puerto Ricans, dan Kuba Amerika terdiri daripada 80% penduduk Latin di Amerika Syarikat. Bahasa Latin adalah kurang bernasib baik berbanding dengan orang Amerika Putih dan lebih cenderung hidup dalam kemiskinan. Mereka adalah kumpulan etnik utama yang paling kurang berpendidikan dan mengalami penurunan 3% dalam kadar penyelesaian sekolah tinggi manakala Amerika Afrika mengalami kenaikan 12% antara 1975-1990. Pada tahun 1990, mereka membentuk 9% daripada penduduk, tetapi hanya menerima 3.1% darjah bachelor yang diberikan. Pada masa-masa yang sesuai dengan penggubal undang-undang, orang Latin dianggap \"putih\" oleh undang-undang Jim Crow semasa Rekonstruksi. Dalam kes lain, menurut Paul Brest, orang Latin telah diklasifikasikan sebagai bangsa yang rendah dan mengancam kemurnian putih. Bahasa Latin telah mengalami diskriminasi yang besar dalam bidang seperti pekerjaan, perumahan, dan pendidikan. Brest mendapati bahawa stereotaip terus menjadi negatif dan ramai yang menganggap Latin sebagai \"malas, tidak produktif, dan pada dole.\" Tambahan pula, orang Latin dan orang Amerika yang baru lahir dan pendatang baru-baru ini dilihat sebagai identik kerana orang luar cenderung tidak membezakan antara kumpulan Latino. <> Siapa yang menjalankan kajian mengenai asal-usul \"Latin\"? || Dr. Paul Brest <> Berapa banyak penduduk Latin yang Mexico Amerika, Puerto Ricans dan Kuba Amerika terdiri pada tahun 1991? || 80% <> Berkaitan dengan kumpulan etnik utama yang lain, apakah tahap pendidikan bahasa Latin? || kurang berpendidikan <> Berapakah peningkatan peratusan kadar penyelesaian sekolah tinggi untuk warga Amerika Afrika antara 1975 dan 1990? || 12% <> Berapa banyak daripada ijazah sarjana muda yang dianugerahkan pada tahun 1990 ke Latinos? || 3.1%", {"context": "According to a study by Dr. Paul Brest, Hispanics or \"Latinos\" include immigrants who are descendants of immigrants from the countries comprising Central and South America. In 1991, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban Americans made up 80% of the Latino population in the United States. Latinos are disadvantaged compared to White Americans and are more likely to live in poverty. They are the least well educated major ethnic group and suffered a 3% drop in high school completion rate while African Americans experienced a 12% increase between 1975-1990. In 1990, they constituted 9% of the population, but only received 3.1% of the bachelors's degrees awarded. At times when it is favorable to lawmakers, Latinos were considered \"white\" by the Jim Crow laws during the Reconstruction. In other cases, according to Paul Brest, Latinos have been classified as an inferior race and a threat to white purity. Latinos have encountered considerable discrimination in areas such as employment, housing, and education. Brest finds that stereotypes continue to be largely negative and many perceive Latinos as \"lazy, unproductive, and on the dole.\" Furthermore, native-born Latino-Americans and recent immigrants are seen as identical since outsiders tend not to differentiate between Latino groups.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Dr. Paul Brest"}], "question": "Who conducted a study about the origins of \"Latinos\"?", "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "80%"}], "question": "How much of the Latino population did Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cuban Americans make up in 1991?", "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "least well educated"}], "question": "In relation to other major ethnic groups, what is the education level of Latinos?", "id": "57273ea85951b619008f873f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "12%"}], "question": "What was the percentage increase of the high school completion rate for African Americans between 1975 and 1990?", "id": "57273ea85951b619008f8740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "3.1%"}], "question": "How many of the total bachelor degrees awarded in 1990 went to Latinos?", "id": "57273ea85951b619008f8741"}]}], ["Pendatang awal Asia mengalami prasangka dan diskriminasi dalam bentuk tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk menjadi warganegara. Mereka juga bergelut dengan banyak undang-undang pemisahan sekolah yang sama yang dihadapi oleh orang-orang Afrika Amerika. Khususnya, semasa Perang Dunia II, orang-orang Amerika Jepun dibenamkan di kem-kem dan kehilangan hartanya, rumah, dan perniagaan mereka. Diskriminasi terhadap orang Asia bermula dengan Akta Pengecualian Cina 1882 dan kemudian diteruskan dengan Akta Scott 1888 dan Akta Geary 1892. Pada awal abad ke-20, Amerika Syarikat meluluskan Akta Imigresen 1924 untuk menghalang imigresen Asia daripada bimbang orang Asia mencuri kerja putih dan menurunkan piawai gaji. Di samping itu, orang kulit putih dan bukan Asia tidak membezakan antara kumpulan Asia yang berbeza dan mengekalkan stereotaip \"model minoriti\". Menurut artikel 2010 oleh Profesor Qin Zhang dari Universiti Fairfield, orang Asia dicirikan sebagai satu dimensi dalam mempunyai etika kerja yang baik dan menghargai pendidikan, tetapi kurang berkomunikasi dan keperibadian. Hasil negatif dari stereotaip ini adalah bahawa Asia digambarkan sebagai mempunyai kepimpinan yang lemah dan kemahiran interpersonal. Ini telah menyumbang kepada fenomena \"siling kaca\" di mana walaupun terdapat banyak orang Asia yang berkelayakan, mereka menduduki kedudukan yang tidak seimbang dalam kedudukan eksekutif dalam perniagaan. Selain itu, model stereotaip minoriti telah menyebabkan kebencian kejayaan Asia dan beberapa universiti dan kolej telah terhad atau telah dituduh mengehadkan matrikulasi Asia. <> Apakah bentuk diskriminasi yang dilakukan oleh pendatang awal Asia? || tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk menjadi rakyat semula jadi <> Apakah jenis undang-undang yang dilakukan oleh pendatang Asia? || pemisahan sekolah <> Yang mana seksyen perundangan menandakan permulaan diskriminasi terhadap orang Asia? || Undang-undang Pengecualian Cina 1882 <> Rang undang-undang yang mana telah diluluskan dalam usaha untuk mengehadkan atau menghalang imigresen Asia? || Akta Imigresen 1924 <> Menurut kajian, apakah yang dianggap Asia kurang? || kemahiran komunikasi dan keperibadian", {"context": "Early Asian immigrants experienced prejudice and discrimination in the forms of not having the ability to become naturalized citizens. They also struggled with many of the same school segregation laws that African Americans faced. Particularly, during World War II, Japanese Americans were interned in camps and lost their property, homes, and businesses. Discrimination against Asians began with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and then continued with the Scott Act of 1888 and the Geary Act of 1892. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States passed the Immigration Act of 1924 to prevent Asian immigration out of fear that Asians were stealing white jobs and lowering the standard for wages. In addition, whites and non-Asians do not differentiate among the different Asian groups and perpetuate the \"model minority\" stereotype. According to a 2010 article by Professor Qin Zhang of Fairfield University, Asians are characterized as one dimensional in having great work ethic and valuing education, but lacking in communication skills and personality. A negative outcome of this stereotype is that Asians have been portrayed as having poor leadership and interpersonal skills. This has contributing to the \"glass ceiling\" phenomenon in which although there are many qualified Asian Americans, they occupy a disproportionately small number of executive positions in businesses. Furthermore, the model minority stereotype has led to resentment of Asian success and several universities and colleges have limited or have been accused of limiting Asian matriculation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "not having the ability to become naturalized citizens"}], "question": "What form of discrimination did early Asian immigrants experience?", "id": "572740665951b619008f876b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "school segregation"}], "question": "What law type did Asian immigrants struggle with?", "id": "572740665951b619008f876c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882"}], "question": "Which piece of legislature marked the start of discrimination against Asians?", "id": "572740665951b619008f876d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Immigration Act of 1924"}], "question": "Which bill was passed in an attempt to limit or prevent Asian immigration?", "id": "572740665951b619008f876e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1032, "text": "communication skills and personality"}], "question": "According to studies, what are Asians perceived to be lacking?", "id": "572740665951b619008f876f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2000, menurut kajian oleh Persatuan Universiti Amerika Profesor (AAUP), tindakan afirmatif mempromosikan kepelbagaian dalam kolej dan universiti. Ini telah terbukti mempunyai kesan positif terhadap hasil pendidikan dan pengalaman pelajar kolej serta pengajaran ahli fakulti. Menurut kajian oleh Geoffrey Maruyama dan Jos\u00e9 F. Moreno, hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa ahli fakulti percaya kepelbagaian membantu pelajar mencapai matlamat penting pendidikan kolej, pelajar Kaukasia tidak mengalami kesan buruk dari kepelbagaian kelas, dan perhatian terhadap pembelajaran multikultural semakin bertambah keupayaan kolej dan universiti untuk mencapai misi mereka. Selain itu, populasi pelajar yang pelbagai menawarkan perspektif yang unik untuk mencabar tanggapan yang dipertontonkan melalui pendedahan kepada pengalaman dan idea orang lain. Menurut Profesor Gurin dari University of Michigan, kemahiran seperti \"pengambilan perspektif, penerimaan perbezaan, kesediaan dan keupayaan untuk mencari persamaan di antara perbezaan, penerimaan konflik seperti resolusi konflik yang normal, penyertaan dalam demokrasi, dan kepentingan dalam lebih luas dunia sosial \"boleh berpotensi dibangunkan di kolej semasa terdedah kepada kumpulan pelajar yang heterogen. Di samping itu, perspektif yang lebih luas membantu pelajar menghadapi stereotaip peribadi dan substantif dan memupuk perbincangan mengenai isu perkauman dan etnik dalam suasana kelas. Selain itu, kajian AAUP 2000 menyatakan bahawa mempunyai kepelbagaian pandangan membawa kepada perbincangan yang lebih baik dan pemahaman yang lebih baik di kalangan pelajar mengenai isu-isu kaum, toleransi, keadilan, dan sebagainya. || Persatuan Universiti Profesor Amerika <> Apa kesan tindakan afirmatif di universiti mengikut kajian yang dilakukan oleh AAUP? || kesan positif ke atas hasil pendidikan dan pengalaman pelajar kolej <> Apa tuntutan kajian mengenai kepercayaan ahli fakulti mengenai peningkatan kepelbagaian? || membantu pelajar untuk mencapai matlamat penting pendidikan kolej <> Yang kononnya tidak mempunyai kesan buruk dari kepelbagaian kelas? || Pelajar Kaukasia <> Di manakah tahun AAUP melepaskan kajian mereka? || 2000", {"context": "In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and Jos\u00e9 F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as \"perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world\" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "American Association of University Professors"}], "question": "What does AAUP stand for?", "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students"}], "question": "What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?", "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education"}], "question": "What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?", "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Caucasian students"}], "question": "Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?", "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In which year did the AAUP release their study?", "id": "572747fddd62a815002e9a7c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1976, sekumpulan profesor Itali di City University of New York meminta untuk ditambah sebagai kategori tindakan afirmatif untuk promosi dan pengambilan pekerja. Orang-orang Itali biasanya dianggap putih di Amerika Syarikat dan tidak akan dilindungi di bawah dasar tindakan afirmatif, tetapi para profesor percaya mereka kurang bernasib baik. Ahli ekonomi Libertarian Thomas Sowell menulis di dalam bukunya, Tindakan Penguatkuasaan di Sekitar Dunia: Kajian Empirikal, bahawa dasar tindakan afirmatif menggalakkan kumpulan yang tidak dipilih untuk menunjuk diri sebagai ahli kumpulan pilihan [iaitu, penerima utama tindakan afirmatif] untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada kumpulan dasar pilihan. <> Di manakah profesor-profesor Itali Amerika yang bekerja yang diminta ditambah sebagai kategori tindakan afirmatif? || City University of New York <> Tahun manakah para Profesor Amerika Latin membuat permintaan mereka? || 1976 <> Apakah kategori perlumbaan yang dilakukan oleh orang Itali Amerika biasanya jatuh ke bawah? || putih <> Apakah tajuk buku yang ditulis oleh Thomas Sowell? || Tindakan Yang Menguatkan Di Sekeliling Dunia: Kajian Empiris <> Mengapa orang-orang Itali ingin mendapatkan diri mereka sebagai anggota kumpulan pilihan? || untuk memanfaatkan dasar pilihan kumpulan", {"context": "In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "City University of New York"}], "question": "Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?", "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1976"}], "question": "Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?", "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "white"}], "question": "What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?", "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study"}], "question": "What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?", "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "to take advantage of group preference policies"}], "question": "Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?", "id": "57274c69f1498d1400e8f5f0"}]}], ["Perdebatan keutamaan kaum berkaitan dengan kemasukan ke kolej dan universiti AS mencerminkan tanggapan misi perguruan tinggi: \"Sejauh mana mereka harus meneruskan kecemerlangan ilmiah, sejauh mana barang-barang sivik, dan bagaimana seharusnya tujuan ini seimbang?\". Para sarjana seperti Ronald Dworkin telah menegaskan bahawa tiada pemohon kolej mempunyai hak untuk mengharapkan bahawa sebuah universiti akan merancang dasar kemasukannya dengan cara yang memenangi sebarang set ciri-ciri tertentu. Dalam pandangan ini, pengakuan bukan penghormatan yang diberikan untuk memberi ganjaran yang lebih baik melainkan satu cara untuk memajukan misi itu kerana setiap universiti mentakrifkannya. Sekiranya kepelbagaian adalah matlamat universiti dan keutamaan kaum mereka tidak mendiskriminasi pemohon berdasarkan kebencian atau penghinaan, maka tindakan afirmatif boleh dinilai dapat diterima berdasarkan kriteria yang berkaitan dengan misi yang ditetapkan oleh universiti itu sendiri. <> Apa perdebatan pilihan perkauman menunjukkan tentang universiti dan kolej? || tanggapan misi kolej <> Apa tuntutan yang dilakukan Ronald Dworkin mengenai jangkaan bahawa permohonan kolej tidak seharusnya? || hak untuk mengharapkan sebuah universiti akan merekabentuk dasar kemasukannya dengan cara yang mempamerkan apa-apa set ciri-ciri tertentu <> Apa yang mesti diandaikan oleh Ronald Dworkin? || cara untuk memajukan misi itu sebagai setiap universiti mentakrifkannya <> Bilakah tindakan afirmatif boleh dinilai sebagai diterima dari segi kemasukan? || Sekiranya kepelbagaian merupakan matlamat universiti dan keutamaan kaum mereka tidak mendiskriminasi", {"context": "The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: \"To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?\". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "competing notions of the mission of colleges"}], "question": "What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?", "id": "57276006708984140094dcb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities"}], "question": "What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?", "id": "57276006708984140094dcb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "a way to advance the mission as each university defines it"}], "question": "What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?", "id": "57276006708984140094dcb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate"}], "question": "When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?", "id": "57276006708984140094dcb8"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, satu bentuk keutamaan kaum yang berkaitan dengan akses kepada pendidikan, terutama kemasukan ke universiti dan bentuk pendidikan tinggi lain. Bangsa, etnik, bahasa ibunda, kelas sosial, asal-usul geografi, kehadiran ibu bapa universiti yang dipersoalkan (kemasukan warisan), dan / atau jantina kadang-kadang diambil kira apabila universiti menilai gred dan skor ujian pemohon. Individu juga boleh dianugerahkan biasiswa dan mempunyai yuran yang dibayar berdasarkan kriteria yang disenaraikan di atas. Pada tahun 1978, Mahkamah Agung memutuskan di Bakke v Bupati bahawa universiti awam (dan lembaga pemerintah lain) tidak dapat menetapkan sasaran berangka tertentu berdasarkan bangsa untuk kemasukan atau pekerjaan. Mahkamah berkata bahawa \"matlamat\" dan \"jadual waktu\" untuk kepelbagaian boleh ditetapkan sebaliknya. <> Di manakah keutamaan kaum yang paling disorot di Amerika Syarikat? || Kemasukan ke universiti dan lain-lain bentuk pendidikan tinggi <> Apakah istilah lain untuk kanak-kanak yang mendapat rawatan istimewa kerana ibu bapa mereka menghadiri universiti yang sama? || pendatang warisan <> Kes yang mana yang pergi ke Mahkamah Agung menyebabkan keputusan mengenai universiti awam dan tindakan afirmatif? || Bakke v. Regents <> Apakah universiti awam tidak dibenarkan? || menetapkan sasaran berangka tertentu berdasarkan bangsa untuk kemasukan atau pekerjaan <> Daripada dibenarkan untuk menetapkan sasaran berangka, apakah aturan Mahkamah yang dibenarkan oleh universiti? || \"matlamat\" dan \"jadual waktu\" untuk kepelbagaian boleh ditetapkan", {"context": "In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that \"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set instead.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "admission to universities and other forms of higher education"}], "question": "Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?", "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "legacy admissions"}], "question": "What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?", "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Bakke v. Regents"}], "question": "Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?", "id": "57275cf15951b619008f88c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment"}], "question": "What are public universities not allowed to do?", "id": "57275d295951b619008f88c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "\"goals\" and \"timetables\" for diversity could be set"}], "question": "Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?", "id": "57275d295951b619008f88ca"}]}], ["Frederick Lynch, pengarang Mangsa Tak Dapat: Lelaki Putih dan Krisis Tindakan Yang Menguatkan, melakukan kajian terhadap lelaki putih yang mengatakan mereka menjadi mangsa diskriminasi terbalik. Lynch menjelaskan bahawa lelaki putih ini berasa kecewa dan tidak adil yang menjadi mangsa tindakan afirmatif. Shelby Steele, pengarang lain terhadap tindakan afirmatif, mahu melihat tindakan afirmatif kembali kepada makna asalnya untuk menguatkuasakan peluang yang sama. Beliau berpendapat bahawa orang kulit hitam harus bertanggungjawab sepenuhnya dalam pendidikan mereka dan dalam menjaga pekerjaan. Steele percaya masih ada jalan panjang untuk pergi ke Amerika untuk mencapai matlamat kita untuk membasmi diskriminasi. <> Apa buku penulis Frederick Lynch? || Mangsa yang tidak kelihatan: Lelaki Putih dan Krisis Tindakan Yang Menguatkan <> Apa yang dirasakan oleh lelaki putih yang berlaku kepada mereka akibat tindakan afirmatif? || diskriminasi terbalik <> Apakah kedudukan moral yang dimiliki Shelby Steele? || terhadap tindakan afirmatif <> Apa yang Shelby Steele percaya bahawa konsep tindakan afirmatif sebenarnya? || menguatkuasakan peluang yang sama", {"context": "Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action"}], "question": "What book did Frederick Lynch author?", "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "reverse discrimination"}], "question": "What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?", "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "against affirmative action"}], "question": "What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?", "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "enforcing equal opportunity"}], "question": "What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?", "id": "572750baf1498d1400e8f635"}]}], ["Satu lagi hujah popular untuk tindakan afirmatif ialah hujah pampasan. Orang kulit hitam telah dianiaya pada masa lalu kerana sifat yang tidak relevan secara moral menjadi hitam sehingga masyarakat hari ini harus mengimbangi kecederaan. Ini menyebabkan diskriminasi terbalik dalam bentuk penyerahan, kontrak, dan biasiswa keutamaan sebagai cara untuk memperbaiki kesalahan lalu. Banyak penentang berpendapat bahawa bentuk pembetulan ini tidak dapat dipertahankan secara moral kerana jika orang kulit hitam telah dirugikan kerana menjadi hitam pada masa lalu, maka rawatan istimewa untuk sifat yang sama adalah tidak masuk akal. Di samping itu, hujah-hujah yang dibuat bahawa orang kulit putih hari ini yang tidak mendapat faedah dari ketidakadilan masa lalu tidak boleh dihukum kerana sesuatu yang mereka tidak mempunyai kawalan. Oleh itu, mereka sedang dibezakan dengan mendiskriminasi kerana mereka menerima hukuman yang harus diberikan kepada orang yang secara sukarela dan disedari menerima manfaat dari praktik-praktik diskriminasi <> Apakah argumen khas yang memihak kepada tindakan afirmatif? || hujah pampasan <> Dalam hujah pampasan, siapa yang sepatutnya harus membuat keputusan untuk diskriminasi masa lalu terhadap orang kulit hitam? || masyarakat hari ini harus mengimbangi kecederaan <> yang mana argumen yang dibuat oleh mereka yang menentang tindakan afirmatif berkaitan dengan hujah pampasan? || Rawatan keutamaan untuk sifat yang sama adalah tidak logik <> Dari segi putih, apakah argumen yang digunakan untuk mencuba dan menafikan manfaat tindakan afirmatif kerana ia berkaitan dengan hujah pampasan? || putih hari ini yang tidak mendapat faedah daripada ketidakadilan masa lalu tidak boleh dihukum kerana sesuatu yang mereka tidak mempunyai kawalan ke atas <> Menurut orang percaya pembangkang, yang patut dihukum kerana diskriminasi? || orang yang secara sukarela dan dengan sengaja mendapat manfaat daripada amalan diskriminasi", {"context": "Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "compensation argument"}], "question": "What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?", "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "society today should compensate for the injuries"}], "question": "In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?", "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical"}], "question": "Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?", "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over"}], "question": "In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?", "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices"}], "question": "According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?", "id": "57275571dd62a815002e9b4e"}]}], ["Kontroversi yang berkaitan dengan keberkesanan tindakan afirmatif adalah berdasarkan idea ketidaksamaan kelas. Penentangan tindakan afirmatif kaum berpendapat bahawa program itu sebenarnya memberi faedah kepada rakyat Afrika dan Amerika Latin kelas menengah dan kelas atas dan Amerika Syarikat dengan mengorbankan golongan Eropah dan Asia Amerika yang lebih rendah. Hujah ini menyokong idea tindakan afirmatif berasaskan kelas. Orang miskin Amerika tidak seimbang dengan orang-orang yang berwarna, sehingga tindakan afirmatif yang berasaskan kelas tidak akan seimbang dengan orang-orang warna. Ini akan menghapuskan keperluan untuk tindakan afirmatif berasaskan kaum serta mengurangkan apa-apa faedah yang tidak seimbang bagi orang tengah dan kelas atas warna. <> Idea yang manakah kontroversi akuan afirmatif berdasarkan? || kelas ketidaksamaan <> Selain Amerika Afrika, yang mengkritik tuntutan tindakan afirmatif mendapat manfaat paling banyak daripada tindakan afirmatif? || Hispanik Amerika <> Pada siapa yang membelanjakan selain Amerika Asia adalah golongan Afrika Amerika Latin dan Hispanik Amerika yang seharusnya mendapat keuntungan? || Rakyat Eropah yang lebih rendah <> Apa yang orang percaya harus menjadi asas untuk tindakan afirmatif dan bukan undang-undang berasaskan kaum? || tindakan afirmatif berasaskan kelas <> Siapa yang terutamanya membentuk kumpulan miskin Amerika? || orang warna", {"context": "The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "class inequality"}], "question": "Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?", "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Hispanic Americans"}], "question": "Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?", "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "lower-class European Americans"}], "question": "At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?", "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "class-based affirmative action"}], "question": "What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?", "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "people of color"}], "question": "Who primarily makes up America's poor group?", "id": "57274a8c5951b619008f87c7"}]}], ["Sesetengah pihak lawan mendakwa bahawa tindakan afirmatif mempunyai kesan sampingan yang tidak diingini dan ia gagal mencapai matlamatnya. Mereka berpendapat bahawa ia menghalang perdamaian, menggantikan kesalahan lama dengan kesalahan baru, melemahkan pencapaian minoriti, dan menggalakkan kumpulan untuk mengenal pasti diri mereka sebagai yang kurang bernasib baik, walaupun mereka tidak. Ia boleh meningkatkan ketegangan kaum dan memberi manfaat kepada orang-orang yang lebih istimewa dalam kumpulan minoriti dengan mengorbankan golongan yang tidak disengajakan dalam kumpulan yang lebih baik (seperti golongan kulit putih rendah dan orang Asia). Terdapat baru-baru ini usaha keras di kalangan negara-negara Amerika untuk mengharamkan kaum atau keutamaan jantina dalam kemasukan universiti, sebagai tindak balas terhadap keputusan kontroversi dan tidak pernah berlaku sebelumnya dalam Grutter v. Bollinger. Pada tahun 2006, hampir 60% pengundi Michigan memutuskan untuk mengharamkan tindakan afirmatif dalam kemasukan universiti. Michigan menyertai California, Florida, Texas, dan Washington dalam mengharamkan penggunaan bangsa atau seks dalam pertimbangan kemasukan. Sesetengah pihak lawan percaya, antara lain, tindakan afirmatif merosakkan pencapaian orang-orang yang tergolong dalam kumpulan yang sepatutnya membantu, oleh itu membuat tindakan afirmatif bertentangan-produktif. Selain itu, lawan tindakan afirmatif mendakwa bahawa dasar-dasar ini yang menghalang individu dan pemohon untuk pekerjaan atau sekolah dihakimi sebagai anggota kumpulan tanpa pertimbangan untuk individu itu. <> Selain daripada gagal untuk mencapai matlamatnya, apa lagi yang menentang tindakan menegaskan tindakan afirmatif? || kesan sampingan yang tidak diingini <> Selain memberi manfaat kepada orang yang lebih istimewa dalam kumpulan minoriti, apakah hujah lain terhadap tindakan afirmatif? || boleh meningkatkan ketegangan kaum <> Bilakah ada undi mengenai tindakan afirmatif di Michigan? || 2006 <> Berapa ramai pengundi Michigan dipilih untuk melarang tindakan afirmatif untuk kemasukan universiti? || 60% <> Kes mahkamah mana yang memaparkan keputusan yang tidak pernah berlaku dan kontroversi? || Grutter v. Bollinger", {"context": "Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "undesirable side-effects"}], "question": "Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?", "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "may increase racial tension"}], "question": "Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?", "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "2006"}], "question": "When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?", "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "60%"}], "question": "How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?", "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Grutter v. Bollinger"}], "question": "Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?", "id": "57275c29dd62a815002e9bb4"}]}], ["Beberapa pengulas telah menafikan diskriminasi terbalik sebagai dasar atau amalan di mana ahli-ahli majoriti didiskriminasi memihak kepada kumpulan yang kurang bernasib baik atau minoriti. [Bukan sumber utama diperlukan] Banyak yang berpendapat bahawa diskriminasi terbalik hasil daripada dasar tindakan afirmatif dan ini dasar adalah satu lagi bentuk diskriminasi yang tidak berbeza dengan contoh di masa lalu. Orang seperti Ward Connerly menegaskan bahawa tindakan afirmatif memerlukan diskriminasi yang sangat ia cuba untuk menghapuskan. Mengikut lawan-lawan ini, percanggahan ini mungkin membuat tindakan afirmatif tidak produktif. Satu hujah untuk diskriminasi terbalik adalah idea bahawa tindakan afirmatif menggalakkan kesederhanaan dan ketidakcekapan. Jawatan pekerjaan tidak akan ditawarkan kepada pemohon yang paling berkelayakan, tetapi kepada pemohon yang mempunyai ciri khas seperti kaum, etnik, atau jantina tertentu. Sebagai contoh, pihak lawan mengatakan tindakan afirmatif menyebabkan pemohon tidak bersedia diterima dalam institusi pendidikan yang sangat menuntut atau pekerjaan yang mengakibatkan kegagalan akhirnya (lihat, misalnya, kajian tindakan Richard Sander tentang tindakan afirmatif di Sekolah Undang-undang, ujian bar dan prestasi akhirnya di firma undang-undang) . Penentang lain mengatakan bahawa tindakan afirmatif merendahkan bar dan sebaliknya menafikan mereka yang berusaha mencapai kecemerlangan atas merit mereka sendiri dan rasa pencapaian sebenar. Penentang tindakan afirmatif menunjukkan bahawa merit harus menjadi faktor utama yang dipertimbangkan dalam memohon jawatan, kolej, sekolah siswazah, dll. <> Apakah definisi diskriminasi terbalik? || dasar atau amalan di mana ahli majoriti diskriminasi terhadap kepentingan kumpulan atau minoriti yang kurang bernasib baik sejarah <> Apa yang dikomentari oleh beberapa pengulas bahawa ironi dasar akibat daripada tindakan afirmatif? || dasar-dasar ini adalah satu lagi bentuk diskriminasi <> Siapakah contoh seseorang yang menyatakan bahawa tindakan afirmatif adalah satu lagi bentuk diskriminasi? || Ward Connerly <> Apa pembangkang tindakan afirmatif percaya harus menjadi kunci utama dalam menentukan penerimaan dalam pekerjaan atau pendidikan? || merit <> Argumen terhadap tindakan afirmatif ialah ia menggalakkan apa? || kesederhanaan dan ketidakcekapan", {"context": "Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority"}], "question": "What is a definition of reverse discrimination?", "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "these policies are just another form of discrimination"}], "question": "What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?", "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "Ward Connerly"}], "question": "Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?", "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1413, "text": "merit"}], "question": "What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?", "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f64f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "mediocrity and incompetence"}], "question": "An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?", "id": "5727547df1498d1400e8f650"}]}], ["Richard Sander mendakwa bahawa dengan menaikkan pelajar minoriti secara buatan ke sekolah yang mereka tidak dapat hadir, ini tidak menggalakkan mereka dan cenderung menyebabkan kegagalan dan kadar keciciran yang tinggi untuk pelajar-pelajar ini. Sebagai contoh, kira-kira separuh daripada pelajar kolej hitam berpangkat di bawah 20 peratus daripada kelas mereka, graduan sekolah undang-undang hitam adalah empat kali berkemungkinan untuk gagal ujian bar seperti putih, dan persahabatan antara kaum lebih cenderung untuk membentuk di kalangan pelajar dengan tahap yang agak sama penyediaan akademik; oleh itu, orang kulit hitam dan Hispanik lebih terintegrasi secara sosial di kampus di mana mereka kurang akademik. Dia mendakwa bahawa \"benefisiari\" tindakan afirmatif - minoriti - tidak benar-benar memberi faedah dan sebaliknya dirugikan oleh dasar itu. Tuntutan Sander telah dipertikaikan, dan analisis empirikalnya telah tertakluk kepada kritikan yang besar. Satu kumpulan termasuk beberapa metodologi statistik utama negara memberitahu Mahkamah Agung bahawa analisis Sander cukup cacat bahawa Mahkamah akan bijak untuk mengabaikannya sepenuhnya. Pada masa yang sama banyak ulama telah mendapati bahawa minoriti mendapat banyak dari tindakan afirmatif. <> Siapa yang mendakwa bahawa secara artifik menaikkan pelajar minoriti ke sekolah mempunyai kesan negatif terhadap mereka? || Richard Sander <> Apa kesan negatif tindakan afirmatif menurut Richard Sander? || kadar putus sekolah yang tinggi <> Di manakah separuh daripada pelajar kolej hitam berpangkat dari segi prestasi mereka berbanding dengan kelas mereka? || bawah 20 peratus <> Berapakah kadar kegagalan untuk graduan sekolah undang-undang hitam berbanding dengan putih untuk peperiksaan bar? || empat kali", {"context": "Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes, black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites, and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation; thus, blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched. He claims that the supposed \"beneficiaries\" of affirmative action \u2013 minorities \u2013 do not actually benefit and rather are harmed by the policy. Sander's claims have been disputed, and his empirical analyses have been subject to substantial criticism. A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely. At the same time many scholars have found that minorities gain substantially from affirmative action.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Sander"}], "question": "Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?", "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "high dropout rates"}], "question": "What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?", "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "bottom 20 percent"}], "question": "Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?", "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "four times"}], "question": "What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?", "id": "572749b4708984140094dbc6"}]}], ["Terry Eastland, penulis yang menulis Dari Ending Action Affirmative: Kes untuk Justice Colorblind menyatakan, \"Kebanyakan hujah untuk tindakan afirmatif tergolong dalam dua kategori: memperbaiki diskriminasi masa lalu dan mempromosikan kepelbagaian\". Eastland percaya bahawa pengasas tindakan afirmatif tidak menjangkakan bagaimana faedah tindakan afirmatif akan pergi kepada mereka yang tidak memerlukannya, sebahagian besar golongan minoriti kelas menengah. Di samping itu, beliau berpendapat bahawa tindakan afirmatif membawa stigma yang boleh mewujudkan perasaan ragu-ragu dan kelayakan minoriti. Eastland percaya tindakan afirmatif adalah satu risiko besar yang hanya kadang-kadang terbayar, dan tanpa itu kita dapat bersaing dengan lebih bebas. Ahli ekonomi Libertarian Thomas Sowell mengenal pasti apa yang dikatakannya sebagai akibat negatif tindakan afirmatif dalam bukunya, Tindakan Yang Menguatkan Sekitar Dunia: Kajian Empirikal. Sowell menulis bahawa dasar tindakan afirmatif menggalakkan kumpulan yang tidak dipilih untuk menonjolkan dirinya sebagai ahli kumpulan pilihan [iaitu, penerima utama tindakan afirmatif] untuk memanfaatkan dasar preferensi kumpulan; bahawa mereka cenderung untuk memanfaatkan terutamanya yang paling beruntung di kalangan kumpulan pilihan (mis., hitam putih kelas atas dan menengah), sering merugikan yang paling kurang bernasib baik di kalangan kumpulan yang tidak disukai (mis., putih atau Asia miskin); bahawa mereka mengurangkan insentif kedua-dua pilihan dan tidak memilih untuk melakukan yang terbaik - yang pertama kerana berbuat demikian tidak perlu dan yang terakhir kerana ia dapat membuktikan sia-sia - sehingga mengakibatkan kerugian bersih untuk masyarakat secara keseluruhan; dan bahawa mereka menimbulkan permusuhan terhadap kumpulan pilihan. </ p> Buku mana yang ditulis oleh Terry Eastland? || Dari Mengakhiri Tindakan Yang Menguatkan: Kes Keadilan Pencurian Warna <> Apa yang Eastland percaya pengasas tindakan afirmatif tidak dipertimbangkan? || bagaimana faedah tindakan afirmatif akan pergi kepada mereka yang tidak memerlukannya <> Di luar mempromosikan kepelbagaian, adakah Eastland percaya sebab lain untuk menyokong tindakan afirmatif? || mengatasi diskriminasi masa lalu <> Mengapa Sowell percaya bahawa tidak ada sedikit insentif untuk kumpulan minoriti pilihan untuk melakukan yang terbaik? || kerana berbuat demikian tidak perlu <> Apa argumen yang dilakukan oleh Sowell dalam tuntutannya bahawa minoriti yang tidak disukai mempunyai insentif yang kurang untuk melakukan yang terbaik? || kerana ia boleh membuktikan sia-sia", {"context": "Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, \"Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity\". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best \u2013 the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile \u2013 thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115\u2013147", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice"}], "question": "Which book did Terry Eastland write?", "id": "572751dc5951b619008f8849"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it"}], "question": "What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?", "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "remedying past discrimination"}], "question": "Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?", "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1469, "text": "because doing so is unnecessary"}], "question": "Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?", "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1516, "text": "because it can prove futile"}], "question": "What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?", "id": "572751dc5951b619008f884d"}]}], ["Pada 17 November 2014, Pelajar untuk Pengakuan Adil, cabang dari Projek Perwakilan Sempadan, memfailkan tuntutan mahkamah di mahkamah daerah persekutuan mencabar amalan kemasukan Harvard University dan University of North Carolina di Chapel Hill. Tuntutan UNC-Chapel Hill mendakwa diskriminasi terhadap pelajar putih dan Asia, sementara tuntutan Harvard menumpukan diskriminasi terhadap pemohon Asia. Kedua-dua universiti meminta mahkamah untuk menghentikan tindakan undang-undang sehingga Mahkamah Agung A.S. memberikan penjelasan undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan keputusan di Fisher v. University of Texas di Austin untuk kali kedua. Kes Mahkamah Agung ini mungkin akan diputuskan pada bulan Jun 2016 atau sedikit lebih awal. <> Pada tarikh mana undang-undang yang difailkan terhadap Harvard dan Chapel Hill? || 17 November 2014 <> Siapa yang memfailkan tindakan undang-undang terhadap Universiti? || Pelajar untuk Pengakuan Adil <> Selain daripada pelajar Asia, siapa lagi yang didakwa diskriminasi? || putih <> Apakah Pelajar untuk Pengakuan Adil sebagai cabang? || Projek Perwakilan Sempurna <> Apakah universiti yang menunggu sebelum meneruskan tuntutan itu? || sehingga Mahkamah Agung A.S. memberikan penjelasan tentang undang-undang yang relevan", {"context": "On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "November 17, 2014"}], "question": "On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?", "id": "572772165951b619008f8a11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Students for Fair Admissions"}], "question": "Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?", "id": "572772165951b619008f8a12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "white"}], "question": "Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?", "id": "572772165951b619008f8a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Project on Fair Representation"}], "question": "What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?", "id": "572772165951b619008f8a14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law"}], "question": "What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?", "id": "572772165951b619008f8a15"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 2015, gabungan lebih daripada 60 organisasi Asia-Amerika memfailkan aduan persekutuan dengan Jabatan Pendidikan dan Keadilan melawan Universiti Harvard. Gabungan itu meminta siasatan hak sivil terhadap apa yang mereka nyatakan sebagai amalan kemasukan diskriminasi Harvard terhadap pemohon Asia-Amerika. Aduan tersebut menegaskan bahawa kajian terbaru menunjukkan bahawa Harvard telah terlibat dalam diskriminasi sistematik dan berterusan terhadap warga Amerika Asia dalam proses kemasukan \"holistik\". Pemohon Asia-Amerika dengan skor ujian yang hampir sempurna, skor purata gred atas satu peratus, penghargaan akademik, dan kedudukan kepimpinan didakwa ditolak oleh Harvard kerana universiti menggunakan stereotaip perkauman, piawai perkauman, dan kuota ras de facto. Aduan persekutuan ini telah dibuang pada bulan Julai 2015 kerana Mahkamah untuk tuntutan Adil Fair mengajukan tuduhan yang sama. <> Berapa banyak organisasi Asia yang terlibat dalam memfailkan aduan persekutuan? || lebih daripada 60 <> Siapakah organisasi memfailkan aduan dengan? || Jabatan Pendidikan dan Keadilan <> Siapa sasaran pemfailan? || Harvard University <> Apakah purata gred yang ada di kalangan pelajar yang ditolak? || Purata mata gred atas satu peratus <> Mengapa kes tuntutan akhirnya ditolak? || Mahkamah untuk membuat tuntutan adil membuat dakwaan yang sama", {"context": "In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its \"holistic\" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "more than 60"}], "question": "How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?", "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Education and Justice Departments"}], "question": "Who did the organizations file the complaints with?", "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Harvard University"}], "question": "Who was the target of the filing?", "id": "572772ab708984140094ddc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "top-one-percent grade point averages"}], "question": "What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?", "id": "572772ab708984140094ddca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations"}], "question": "Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?", "id": "572772ab708984140094ddcb"}]}], ["Satu kajian pada tahun 2007 oleh Mark Long, seorang profesor ekonomi di University of Washington, menunjukkan bahawa alternatif tindakan afirmatif terbukti tidak berkesan dalam memulihkan pendaftaran minoriti di universiti perdana awam di California, Texas, dan Washington. Lebih penting lagi, rebound pendatang kecil yang jelas dapat dijelaskan dengan meningkatkan pendaftaran minoriti di sekolah tinggi di negeri-negeri tersebut, dan para penerima manfaat akademik berasaskan kelas (bukan bangsa) adalah pelajar putih. Pada masa yang sama, tindakan afirmatif itu sendiri adalah baik dari segi moral dan mahal: 52 peratus daripada penduduk kulit putih (berbanding dengan 14 peratus daripada hitam) menganggapnya harus dimansuhkan, menyiratkan kebencian putih menggunakan identiti kaum, dan semakan penuh fail dijangka kos universiti tambahan $ 1.5 juta hingga $ 2 juta setahun, tidak termasuk biaya litigasi yang mungkin. <> Apa bidang pengajian yang dilakukan profesor Mark Long mempunyai ijazah? || ekonomi <> Pada tahun apakah Long menerbitkan kajiannya? || 2007 <> Bagaimana rebound pendaftaran minoriti dijelaskan dalam laporan Long? || Meningkatkan pendaftaran minoriti di sekolah tinggi <> Siapa yang sepatutnya menjadi benefisiari tindakan afirmatif gaya berasaskan kelas? || pelajar putih <> Berapa peratus daripada penduduk hitam yang memikirkan tindakan afirmatif harus dihapuskan? || 14", {"context": "A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "economics"}], "question": "What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?", "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In which year did Long publish his study?", "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "increasing minority enrollment in high schools"}], "question": "How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?", "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "white students"}], "question": "Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?", "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "14"}], "question": "What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?", "id": "572769c2dd62a815002e9c7a"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2006, Jian Li, seorang sarjana Cina di Yale University, memfailkan aduan hak sivil dengan Pejabat Hak Sivil terhadap Universiti Princeton, mendakwa bahawa perlumbaannya memainkan peranan dalam keputusan mereka untuk menolak permohonannya untuk masuk dan mencari penggantungan persekutuan bantuan kewangan kepada universiti sehingga ia \"menghalang diskriminasi terhadap rakyat Asia Amerika dalam segala bentuk\" dengan menghapuskan keutamaan bangsa dan warisan. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye bertindak balas terhadap tuntutan dalam edisi November 30, 2006, Princetonian Daily dengan menyatakan bahawa \"nombor tidak menunjukkan [diskriminasi].\" Dia mengatakan bahawa Li tidak diterima kerana \"banyak yang lain mempunyai kelayakan yang jauh lebih baik.\" Kegiatan ekstrakurikuler Li digambarkan sebagai \"tidak semua yang luar biasa\". Li membalas dalam e-mel, mengatakan bahawa penempatannya pada senarai menunggu melemahkan tuntutan Rapelye. \"Princeton pada mulanya menunggu senarai permohonan saya,\" kata Li. \"Jadi, jika bukan untuk hasil yang lebih tinggi dari yang dijangkakan, pejabat kemasukan dengan baik mungkin telah mengakui calon yang\" kegiatan luarnya tidak semua yang luar biasa \". <> Dengan organisasi mana yang telah memfailkan aduan hak sivil? | Pejabat untuk Hak-hak Sivil <> Universiti yang mana Li mendakwa diskriminasi kaum terhadap? || Princeton University <> Siapa Dekan Pengakuan di Universiti Princeton pada masa aduan? || Janet Rapelye <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Princeton sebab-sebab penolakan permohonan Li adalah? || banyak yang lain mempunyai kelayakan jauh lebih baik <> Walaupun Li tidak diterima, apa yang dilakukan bukan penolakan lurus? || penempatan pada waitlist", {"context": "In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it \"discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms\" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that \"the numbers don't indicate [discrimination].\" She said that Li was not admitted because \"many others had far better qualifications.\" Li's extracurricular activities were described as \"not all that outstanding\". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. \"Princeton had initially waitlisted my application,\" Li said. \"So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose \"outside activities were not all that outstanding\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Office for Civil Rights"}], "question": "With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?", "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Princeton University"}], "question": "Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?", "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Janet Rapelye"}], "question": "Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?", "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "many others had far better qualifications"}], "question": "What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?", "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 843, "text": "placement on the waitlist"}], "question": "Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?", "id": "57276ad1dd62a815002e9c8e"}]}], ["Semasa perbincangan panel di reuni Universiti Harvard untuk alumni Afrika Amerika semasa tahun akademik 2003-04, dua profesor hitam terkemuka di institusi itu-Lani Guinier dan Henry Louis Gates-menegaskan kesan tindakan afirmatif di Harvard. Mereka menyatakan bahawa hanya kira-kira satu pertiga daripada pelajar hitam Harvard berasal dari keluarga di mana semua empat datuk nenek melahirkan masyarakat Afrika Amerika. Majoriti pelajar hitam di Harvard adalah imigran Caribbean dan Afrika atau anak-anak mereka, dan beberapa orang lain adalah anak-anak campuran campuran pasangan biracial. Seorang pelajar Harvard, yang dilahirkan di Bronx Selatan kepada keluarga kulit hitam yang nenek moyangnya berada di Amerika Syarikat untuk berbilang generasi, mengatakan bahawa terdapat sedikit pelajar Harvard dari komuniti Afrika Amerika bersejarah yang mereka panggil \"keturunan\" iaitu keturunan budak Amerika). Sebab-sebab yang kurang jelas ini tentang Amerika Afrika yang bersejarah, dan kemungkinan remedi, tetap menjadi subjek perdebatan. <> Apa yang berlaku di Harvard University pada tahun akademik 2003 - 04? || perbincangan panel <> Apa dua profesor hitam terkenal menunjukkan pada perbincangan panel? || kesan tindakan afirmatif yang tidak diingini di Harvard <> Apa bahagian hitam pelajar Harvard berasal dari keluarga di mana semua empat datuk nenek melahirkan masyarakat Afrika Amerika? || yang ketiga <> Apa yang pelajar Amerika Afrika di Harvard yang dapat menjejaki keturunan mereka beberapa generasi mula memanggil diri mereka? || keturunan <> Selain daripada alasan untuk mewakili orang Afrika Amerika, apa lagi yang masih ada untuk perdebatan? || ubat yang mungkin", {"context": "During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003\u201304 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution\u2014Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates\u2014pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves \"the descendants\" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "a panel discussion"}], "question": "What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?", "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8961"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard"}], "question": "What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?", "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "a third"}], "question": "What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?", "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "the descendants"}], "question": "What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?", "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1004, "text": "possible remedies"}], "question": "Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?", "id": "5727659a5951b619008f8965"}]}], ["Untuk menampung keputusan di Hopwood v. Texas yang mengharamkan sebarang penggunaan kaum di kemasukan sekolah, Negeri Texas meluluskan kemasukan undang-undang ke universiti negeri jika seorang pelajar selesai dalam 10% teratas kelas mereka. Florida dan California juga telah menggantikan kuota perkauman dengan peringkat kelas dan kriteria lain. Kedudukan kelas cenderung untuk memberi manfaat kepada pelajar terbaik di sekolah rendah yang kurang kompetitif, sehingga menjejaskan pelajar di sekolah tinggi yang lebih kompetitif. Walau bagaimanapun, kesan ini mungkin disengajakan kerana kurang dibiayai, kurang kompetitif sekolah lebih cenderung menjadi sekolah di mana pendaftaran minoriti adalah tinggi. Pengkritik berpendapat bahawa pangkat kelas lebih banyak ukuran rakan sebaya daripada diri sendiri. Peraturan 10% teratas menambah kepelbagaian kaum sahaja kerana sekolah masih sangat dipisahkan dari segi perkauman kerana corak kediaman. Peraturan pangkat kelas mempunyai akibat yang sama seperti tindakan afirmatif tradisional: membuka sekolah kepada pelajar yang tidak boleh diterima jika sekolah yang diberikan menggunakan pendekatan yang berasaskan merit dan menyeluruh. Dari tahun 1996 hingga 1998, Texas mempunyai kemasukan berasaskan merit ke universiti negeri, dan pendaftaran minoriti menurun. Penerimaan negara \"10 peratus\" aturan mengembalikan pendaftaran minoriti ke tahap pra-1996. <> Apakah keputusan di Hopwood v Texas menetapkan sebagai contoh untuk polisi kemasukan? || melarang penggunaan mana-mana kaum di sekolah kemasukan <> Apa undang-undang yang diluluskan oleh Negeri Texas menjamin? || kemasukan ke mana-mana universiti negeri jika seorang pelajar selesai dalam 10% teratas kelas lulus mereka <> Selain Texas dan Florida, yang mana negeri lain menggantikan kuota perkauman? || California <> Apa salah satu contoh kuota perkauman diganti dengan? || pangkat kelas <> Setelah negara meluluskan peraturan 10% teratas, apa yang terjadi pada pendaftaran minoritas? || memulangkan pendaftaran minoriti ke tahap pra-1996", {"context": "To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the \"top 10 percent\" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "banning any use of race in school admissions"}], "question": "What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?", "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class"}], "question": "What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?", "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "California"}], "question": "Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?", "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f724"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "class rank"}], "question": "What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?", "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f725"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1189, "text": "returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels"}], "question": "After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?", "id": "57276203f1498d1400e8f726"}]}], ["Profesor UCLA Richard H. Sander menerbitkan sebuah artikel dalam edisi November 2004 edisi Undang-Undang Stanford yang mempersoalkan keberkesanan keutamaan kaum di sekolah undang-undang. Beliau berkata, sebelum artikelnya, tidak ada kajian komprehensif tentang kesan tindakan afirmatif. Artikel ini membentangkan kajian yang menunjukkan bahawa separuh daripada semua pelajar hukum hitam berada di peringkat bawah kelas mereka selepas tahun pertama sekolah undang-undang dan pelajar-pelajar hukum hitam lebih cenderung untuk keluar dari sekolah undang-undang dan gagal dalam ujian bar. Artikel itu menawarkan perkiraan tentatif bahawa pengeluaran pengacara hitam baru di Amerika Syarikat akan berkembang sebanyak lapan peratus jika program tindakan afirmatif di semua sekolah undang-undang berakhir. Pelajar yang kurang berkemahiran tinggi akan menghadiri sekolah yang kurang berprestij di mana mereka akan lebih rapat dengan kebolehannya dengan rakan sekelas mereka dan dengan itu melakukan lebih baik. Sander membantu membangunkan pelan tindakan affirmatif berasaskan sosioekonomi untuk UCLA School of Law selepas laluan Proposisi 209 pada tahun 1996, yang melarang penggunaan pilihan kaum oleh universiti awam di California. Perubahan ini berlaku selepas kajian menunjukkan bahawa kadar pengijazahan kulit hitam di UCLA adalah 41%, berbanding 73% untuk kulit putih. <> Kepada universiti mana yang dimiliki oleh Richard H. Sander? || UCLA <> Dalam penerbitannya Sander menerbitkan sebuah artikel yang mempersoalkan keutamaan kaum di sekolah undang-undang? || Kajian Undang-undang Stanford <> Apa yang ditunjukkan oleh kajian Sander dari segi kedudukan pelajar undang-undang hitam? || separuh daripada semua pelajar undang-undang hitam berpangkat berhampiran bahagian bawah kelas mereka selepas tahun pertama sekolah undang-undang <> Berapakah artikel yang menganggarkan penduduk peguam hitam akan berpotensi tumbuh jika tindakan afirmatif berakhir? || lapan peratus <> Kerja perundangan mana yang melarang penggunaan keutamaan kaum untuk penerimaan di negeri California? || Cadangan 209", {"context": "UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "UCLA"}], "question": "To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?", "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Stanford Law Review"}], "question": "In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?", "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school"}], "question": "What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?", "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "eight percent"}], "question": "How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?", "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "Proposition 209"}], "question": "Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?", "id": "57276815dd62a815002e9c5c"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, Abigail Fisher, seorang pelajar sarjana di Louisiana State University, dan Rachel Multer Michalewicz, pelajar undang-undang di Southern Methodist University, memfailkan tuntutan undang-undang untuk mencabar dasar kemasukan University of Texas, menegaskan ia mempunyai \"dasar yang menyedari bangsa\" \"melanggar hak sivil dan perlembagaan mereka\". Universiti Texas menggunakan \"Sepuluh Peratus Undang-Undang\", di mana kemasukan ke kolej atau universiti awam di Texas dijamin kepada pelajar sekolah menengah yang menamatkan pengajian dalam sepuluh peratus kelas sekolah menengah atas mereka. Fisher telah mengemukakan dasar kemasukan ke mahkamah kerana dia percaya bahawa dia dinafikan penerimaan kepada University of Texas berdasarkan perlumbaannya, dan dengan itu, haknya untuk perlindungan sama menurut Pindaan ke-14 telah dilanggar. Mahkamah Agung mendengar hujah-hujah lisan di Fisher pada 10 Oktober 2012, dan memberikan keputusan yang samar-samar pada tahun 2013 yang menghantar kes itu kembali ke mahkamah rendah, hanya menyatakan bahawa Universiti mesti menunjukkan bahawa ia tidak dapat mencapai kepelbagaian melalui bangsa lain, bukan bangsa cara yang sensitif. Pada bulan Julai 2014, Mahkamah Rayuan AS untuk Litar Kelima membuat kesimpulan bahawa U of T mengekalkan pendekatan \"holistik\" dalam penerapan tindakan afirmatif, dan dapat meneruskan amalan tersebut. Pada 10 Februari 2015, peguam untuk Fisher mengemukakan kes baru di Mahkamah Agung. Adalah satu aduan yang diperbaharui bahawa Mahkamah Rayuan A.S. untuk Litar Kelima mendapat masalah yang salah - pada percubaan kedua dan pada yang pertama. Mahkamah Agung bersetuju pada bulan Jun 2015 untuk mendengar kes kedua kali. Ia mungkin akan diputuskan pada bulan Jun 2016. <> Universiti mana yang mempunyai tuntutan undang-undang yang difailkan terhadapnya? || University of Texas <> Apakah plaintif mendakwa universiti itu mempunyai dasar kemasukan? || dasar pemahaman kaum <> Apakah dasar kemasukan universiti Texas dianggap melanggar? || hak sivil dan perlembagaan mereka <> Siapa menyimpulkan bahawa Universiti mengekalkan pendekatan \"holistik\" untuk tindakan afirmatif? || Mahkamah Rayuan AS untuk Litar Kelima <> Bilakah Mahkamah Agung mungkin mendengar kes itu buat kali kedua? || Jun 2016", {"context": "In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a \"race-conscious policy\" that \"violated their civil and constitutional rights\". The University of Texas employs the \"Top Ten Percent Law\", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a \"holistic\" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong \u2014 on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "University of Texas"}], "question": "Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?", "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "race-conscious policy"}], "question": "What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?", "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "their civil and constitutional rights"}], "question": "What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?", "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1096, "text": "US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit"}], "question": "Who concluded that the University maintained a \"holistic\" approach to affirmative action?", "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1591, "text": "June 2016"}], "question": "When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?", "id": "57276e8cf1498d1400e8f7f8"}]}]], [["Pemenang menerima trofi Piala FA, yang mana terdapat dua reka bentuk dan lima cawan sebenar; yang terbaru adalah replika semula tahun 2014, yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1911. Pemenang juga layak untuk bola sepak Eropah dan tempat dalam pertandingan Komuniti FA. Arsenal adalah pemegang semasa, setelah mengalahkan Aston Villa 4-0 pada akhir 2015 untuk memenangi piala untuk tahun kedua berturut-turut. Ia adalah kejuaraan Piala FA ke-12 mereka, menjadikan Arsenal menjadi kelab paling berjaya dalam Piala FA di hadapan Manchester United pada pukul 11. <> Apa yang diterima oleh pemenang? || trofi Piala FA <> Berapa rama FA reka bentuk telah ada? || dua <> Berapa banyak cawan FA yang ada? || lima cawan sebenar <> Bilakah reka bentuk terkini dicetuskan? || 2014 replika reka bentuk kedua, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1911", {"context": "Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4\u20130 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the FA Cup trophy"}], "question": "What do winners receive? ", "id": "5727323c708984140094dacf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many FA cup designs have there been?", "id": "5727323c708984140094dad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "five actual cups"}], "question": "How many FA cups have there been?", "id": "5727323c708984140094dad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911"}], "question": "When was the latest design intoduced?", "id": "5727323c708984140094dad2"}]}], ["Bilangan peserta telah bertambah banyak dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini. Pada musim 2004-05, 660 kelab memasuki pertandingan, mengalahkan rekod sepanjang 656 dari musim 1921-22. Pada tahun 2005-06, ini meningkat kepada 674 peserta, pada 2006-07 hingga 687, pada 2007-08 hingga 731 kelab, dan untuk pertandingan 2008-09 dan 2009-10 ia mencapai 762. Nombor ini telah berubah sedikit tetapi kekal stabil sejak kemudian, dengan 759 kelab yang menyertai 2010-11, rekod 763 pada 2011-12, 758 untuk 2012-13, 737 untuk 2013-14 dan 736 untuk 2014-15. Sebagai perbandingan, cawan domestik utama Inggeris yang lain, Piala Liga, hanya melibatkan 92 ahli Liga Perdana dan Liga Bola Sepak. <> Adakah bilangan peserta tetap sama? || Bilangan peserta telah bertambah banyak dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan <> Berapa banyak kelab yang dimasukkan pada 2004-05? || 660 kelab memasuki pertandingan <> Berapa banyak kelab yang masuk pada 2005-06? || 674 <> Berapa banyak kelab yang dimasukkan pada tahun 2006-07? || 687 <> Berapa banyak kelab yang dimasukkan pada 2007-08? || 731", {"context": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years. In the 2004\u201305 season, 660 clubs entered the competition, beating the long-standing record of 656 from the 1921\u201322 season. In 2005\u201306 this increased to 674 entrants, in 2006\u201307 to 687, in 2007\u201308 to 731 clubs, and for the 2008\u201309 and 2009\u201310 competitions it reached 762. The number has varied slightly but remained roughly stable since then, with 759 clubs participating in 2010\u201311, a record 763 in 2011\u201312, 758 for 2012\u201313, 737 for 2013\u201314 and 736 for 2014\u201315. By comparison, the other major English domestic cup, the League Cup, involves only the 92 members of the Premier League and Football League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The number of entrants has increased greatly in recent years"}], "question": "Has the number of entrants stayed the same? ", "id": "57274f575951b619008f8809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "660 clubs entered the competition"}], "question": "How many clubs entered in 2004-05?", "id": "57274f575951b619008f880a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "674"}], "question": "How many clubs entered in 2005-06?", "id": "57274f575951b619008f880b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "687"}], "question": "How many clubs entered in 2006-07?", "id": "57274f575951b619008f880c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "731"}], "question": "How many clubs entered in 2007-08?", "id": "57274f575951b619008f880d"}]}], ["Enam pusingan pertama adalah Pertandingan Kelayakan, dari mana 32 pasukan maju ke pusingan pertama Pertandingan Proper, memenuhi pertama dari 92 pasukan profesional. Peserta terakhir adalah kelab Liga Perdana dan Kejuaraan, ke dalam seri untuk Round Ketiga. Dalam era moden, pasukan bukan liga tidak pernah mencapai peringkat suku akhir, dan pasukan di bawah Tahap 2 tidak pernah mencapai tahap akhir. [Nota 1] Hasilnya, dan juga yang menang, tumpuan penting diberikan kepada mereka yang \" (pasukan yang lebih kecil) yang paling maju, terutamanya jika mereka mencapai kemenangan \"pembunuhan besar-besaran\" yang tidak mungkin. <> Apa pusingan kelayakan? || enam pusingan pertama <> Berapa banyak pasukan dalam pusingan pertama? || 92 pasukan profesional. <> Apa liga masuk dalam pusingan ketiga? || Kelab-kelab Liga Perdana dan Kelab Kejuaraan <> Dalam era moden, adakah pasukan non-liga mencapai tahap suku akhir ?? || tidak pernah sampai ke suku akhir <> Pernahkah kelab peringkat 2 sampai ke peringkat akhir? || Tahap 2 tidak pernah mencapai tahap akhir.", {"context": "The first six rounds are the Qualifying Competition, from which 32 teams progress to the first round of the Competition Proper, meeting the first of the 92 professional teams. The last entrants are the Premier League and Championship clubs, into the draw for the Third Round Proper. In the modern era, non-league teams have never reached the quarter finals, and teams below Level 2 have never reached the final.[note 1] As a result, as well as who wins, significant focus is given to those \"minnows\" (smaller teams) who progress furthest, especially if they achieve an unlikely \"giant-killing\" victory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "first six rounds"}], "question": "What rounds are the qualifiers?", "id": "57273164708984140094dac5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "92 professional teams."}], "question": "How many teams in the first round? ", "id": "57273164708984140094dac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Premier League and Championship clubs"}], "question": "What league enters in the third round?", "id": "57273164708984140094dac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "never reached the quarter finals"}], "question": "In the modern era, has any non-league team reached the quarter finals??", "id": "57273164708984140094dac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "Level 2 have never reached the final."}], "question": "Has a level 2 club reached the finals ever?", "id": "57273164708984140094dac9"}]}], ["Bermula pada bulan Ogos, pertandingan ini berlangsung sebagai kejohanan kalah mati di seluruh, yang terdiri daripada dua belas pusingan, separuh akhir dan kemudian muktamad, pada bulan Mei. Satu sistem selamat tinggal memastikan kelab di atas Aras 9 dan 10 memasuki pertandingan pada peringkat seterusnya. Tidak ada pembibitan, lekapan di setiap pusingan ditentukan oleh seri rawak. Sebelum perlawanan separuh akhir, perlawanan yang berakhir dengan seri diulangi sekali sahaja. Enam pusingan pertama adalah kelayakan, dengan cabutan yang dianjurkan secara serantau. Enam pusingan seterusnya adalah pusingan \"betul\" di mana semua kelab berada dalam satu seri. <> Bilakah akhir? || May <> Bilakah kelab di atas 9 masuk? || kelab di atas Aras 9 dan 10 masukkan pertandingan pada peringkat seterusnya <> Adakah terdapat pembenihan? || Tidak ada pembiakan, <> Apa yang berlaku sekiranya berlaku ikat? || lekapan yang berakhir dengan tali leher diulang sekali sahaja <> Apa 6 pusingan pertama? || Enam putaran pertama adalah kelayakan", {"context": "Beginning in August, the competition proceeds as a knockout tournament throughout, consisting of twelve rounds, a semi-final and then a final, in May. A system of byes ensures clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages. There is no seeding, the fixtures in each round being determined by a random draw. Prior to the semi-finals, fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only. The first six rounds are qualifiers, with the draws organised on a regional basis. The next six rounds are the \"proper\" rounds where all clubs are in one draw.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "May"}], "question": "When is the final?", "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "clubs above Level 9 and 10 enter the competition at later stages"}], "question": "When do clubs above 9 enter? ", "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "There is no seeding,"}], "question": "Is there seeding?", "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "fixtures ending in a tie are replayed once only"}], "question": "What happens in the event of a tie?", "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "The first six rounds are qualifiers"}], "question": "What are the first 6 rounds? ", "id": "57275002dd62a815002e9ae0"}]}], ["Sisi Welsh yang bermain dalam liga Inggeris layak, walaupun sejak penciptaan Liga Wales hanya terdapat enam kelab: Cardiff City (satu-satunya pasukan bukan Inggeris untuk memenangi kejohanan pada 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town dan Colwyn Bay. Pada tahun-tahun awal, pasukan lain dari Wales, Ireland dan Scotland turut mengambil bahagian dalam pertandingan ini, dengan gelaran Park Queen yang kalah final kepada Blackburn Rovers pada tahun 1884 dan 1885 sebelum dilarang masuk oleh Persatuan Bola Sepak Skotlandia. Dalam musim 2013-14, Kelab Island Channel yang pertama memasuki pertandingan apabila Guernsey F.C. bersaing untuk kali pertama. <> May Kelab Welsh memasuki pertandingan? || Sisi Welsh yang bermain dalam liga Inggeris layak, <> Adakah pasukan Welsh pernah memenangi pertandingan? || Cardiff City (satu-satunya pasukan bukan Inggeris untuk memenangi kejohanan itu, pada tahun 1927) <> Adakah negara lain pernah bersaing? || Pasukan lain dari Wales, Ireland dan Scotland turut mengambil bahagian dalam pertandingan itu, <> Mengapa negara-negara tidak dapat bersaing? || dihalang daripada memasuki Persatuan Bola Sepak Scotland. <> Adakah mana-mana negara lain dibenarkan memasuki pertandingan sejak? || Kelab Island Channel memasuki pertandingan ketika Guernsey F.C. bersaing untuk kali pertama.", {"context": "Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible, although since the creation of the League of Wales there are only six clubs remaining: Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927), Swansea City, Newport County, Wrexham, Merthyr Town and Colwyn Bay. In the early years other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition, with Glasgow side Queen's Park losing the final to Blackburn Rovers in 1884 and 1885 before being barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association. In the 2013\u201314 season the first Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Welsh sides that play in English leagues are eligible,"}], "question": "May Welsh clubs enter the competition? ", "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Cardiff City (the only non-English team to win the tournament, in 1927)"}], "question": "Has a Welsh team ever won a competition? ", "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "other teams from Wales, Ireland and Scotland also took part in the competition,"}], "question": "Have any other countries ever competed? ", "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "barred from entering by the Scottish Football Association."}], "question": "Why can't those countries compete? ", "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Channel Island club entered the competition when Guernsey F.C. competed for the first time."}], "question": "Has any other  country been allowed to enter the competition since? ", "id": "57273cd8f1498d1400e8f4f0"}]}], ["Pertandingan ini terbuka kepada mana-mana kelab yang layak ke Tahap 10 dalam liga bola sepak Inggeris - semua 92 kelab profesional dalam Liga Perdana dan Liga Bola Sepak (Tahap 1 hingga 4), dan beberapa ratus pasukan \"bukan liga\" dalam Langkah 1 hingga 6 Sistem Liga Kebangsaan (Tahap 5 hingga 10). Rekod 763 kelab bertanding pada 2011-12. Kejohanan ini terdiri daripada 12 pusingan rawak yang diikuti oleh separuh akhir dan final. Peserta tidak mendapat pilihan, walaupun sistem jalinan gol berdasarkan peringkat liga memastikan pasukan peringkat tinggi memasuki pusingan seterusnya - jumlah permainan minimum yang diperlukan untuk memenangi pertandingan antara enam hingga empat belas. <> Siapa persaingan yang terbuka juga? || mana-mana kelab yang layak <> Berapa banyak kelab bersaing dalam 20011-12? || 763 kelab <> Berapa pusingan dalam kejohanan? || 12 <> Berapa banyak permainan yang diperlukan untuk menang? || enam hingga empat belas <> Apa liga boleh bersaing? || Liga Perdana dan Liga Bola Sepak", {"context": "The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred \"non-league\" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011\u201312. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "any eligible club"}], "question": "Who is the competition open too?", "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "763 clubs"}], "question": "How many clubs competed in 20011-12?", "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f457"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many rounds in the tournament?", "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f458"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "six to fourteen"}], "question": "How many games are needed to win?", "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f459"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Premier League and Football League"}], "question": "What league can compete?", "id": "57273039f1498d1400e8f45a"}]}], ["Berikutan edisi 1914-15, pertandingan digantung kerana Perang Dunia Pertama, dan tidak disambung semula sehingga 1919-20. Pertandingan 1922-23 menyaksikan perlawanan pertama yang dimainkan di Stadium Wembley yang baru dibuka (dikenali pada masa itu sebagai Stadium Empire). Oleh kerana pecahnya Perang Dunia II, persaingan tidak dimainkan antara edisi 1938-39 dan 1945-46. Kerana rehat perang, pertandingan tidak merayakan tahun seratus tahunnya hingga 1980-81; Sesuai dengan matlamat akhir, gol oleh Ricky Villa yang kemudiannya mengundi gol paling besar yang pernah menjaringkan gol di Stadium Wembley, tetapi telah digantikan oleh Steven Gerrard. <> Adakah persaingan digantung kerana perang dunia pertama? || persaingan digantung kerana Perang Dunia Pertama <> tahun berapa persaingan disambung semula selepas perang dunia 1? || 1919-20. <> Bilakah stadium Wembly dibuka? || 1922-23 <> Apakah stadium Webly dipanggil pada masa itu? || Empire Stadium <> Bilakah persaingan merayakan centennialnya? || tidak merayakan tahun seratus tahunnya hingga 1980-81", {"context": "Following the 1914\u201315 edition, the competition was suspended due to the First World War, and didn't resume until 1919\u201320. The 1922\u201323 competition saw the first final to be played in the newly opened Wembley Stadium (known at the time as the Empire Stadium). Due to the outbreak of World War II, the competition wasn't played between the 1938\u201339 and 1945\u201346 editions. Due to the wartime breaks, the competition didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980\u201381; fittingly the final featured a goal by Ricky Villa which was later voted the greatest goal ever scored at Wembley Stadium, but has since been replaced by Steven Gerrard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "competition was suspended due to the First World War"}], "question": "Was competition suspended due to the first world war? ", "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1919\u201320."}], "question": "what year did competition resume after world war 1?", "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1922\u201323"}], "question": "When did Wembly stadium open? ", "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "Empire Stadium"}], "question": "What was Webly stadium called at that time? ", "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "didn't celebrate its centenary year until 1980\u201381"}], "question": "When did the competition celebrate its centennial? ", "id": "572734eb5951b619008f86b9"}]}], ["Pertandingan ini terbuka kepada mana-mana kelab ke tahap 10 dalam liga bola sepak Inggeris yang memenuhi kriteria kelayakan. Semua kelab dalam empat peringkat teratas (Liga Perdana dan tiga bahagian Liga Bola Sepak) layak secara automatik. Kelab dalam enam peringkat seterusnya (bola sepak bukan liga) juga layak apabila mereka bermain dalam pertandingan Piala FA, FA Trophy atau FA Vase pada musim sebelumnya. Kelab baru yang terbentuk, seperti F.C. United dari Manchester pada 2005-06 dan juga 2006-07, mungkin tidak bermain di Piala FA pada musim pertama mereka. Semua kelab yang memasuki pertandingan juga mesti mempunyai stadium yang sesuai. <> Adakah persaingan terbuka kepada sesiapa? || Pertandingan ini terbuka kepada mana-mana kelab ke Tahap 10 sistem liga bola sepak Inggeris <> Adakah sesiapa yang layak secara automatik? || . Semua kelab dalam empat peringkat teratas (Liga Perdana dan tiga bahagian Liga Bola Sepak) secara automatik layak <> Siapa lagi yang boleh bermain? || Kelab-kelab dalam enam peringkat seterusnya (bola sepak bukan liga) juga layak apabila mereka bermain di Piala FA, FA Trophy atau FA Vase competitions <> Bolehkah kelab baru bermain juga? || Kelab baru yang terbentuk, seperti F.C. United dari Manchester pada 2005-06 dan juga 2006-07, mungkin tidak bermain di Piala FA pada musim pertama mereka. <> Adakah saya memerlukan stadium untuk bersaing? || Semua kelab yang memasuki pertandingan juga mesti mempunyai stadium yang sesuai.", {"context": "The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system which meets the eligibility criteria. All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible. Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions in the previous season. Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season. All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The competition is open to any club down to Level 10 of the English football league system"}], "question": "Is the competition open to anyone? ", "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": ". All clubs in the top four levels (the Premier League and the three divisions of the Football League) are automatically eligible"}], "question": "Is there anyone automatically eligible? ", "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Clubs in the next six levels (non-league football) are also eligible provided they have played in either the FA Cup, FA Trophy or FA Vase competitions"}], "question": "Who else can play? ", "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Newly formed clubs, such as F.C. United of Manchester in 2005\u201306 and also 2006\u201307, may not therefore play in the FA Cup in their first season."}], "question": "Can new clubs play too? ", "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "All clubs entering the competition must also have a suitable stadium."}], "question": "Do I need a stadium to compete? ", "id": "57273647f1498d1400e8f4ae"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1863, Persatuan Bola Sepak yang baru ditubuhkan (FA) menerbitkan Undang-Undang Pertandingan Persatuan Bola Sepak, menyatukan berbagai peraturan yang digunakan sebelum itu. Pada 20 Julai 1871, di pejabat akhbar The Sportsman, Setiausaha FA CW Alcock mencadangkan kepada jawatankuasa FA bahawa \"adalah wajar bahawa Piala Cabaran harus diwujudkan berkaitan dengan Persatuan yang mana semua kelab milik Persatuan itu harus dijemput untuk bersaing \". Kejohanan Piala FA pertama kali bermula pada November 1871. Selepas tiga belas perlawanan, Wanderers dinobatkan sebagai pemenang pada perlawanan akhir, pada 16 Mac 1872. Wanderers mengekalkan trofi pada tahun berikutnya. Cawan moden mula ditubuhkan oleh musim 1888-89, apabila pusingan kelayakan diperkenalkan. <> Bilakah undang-undang Permainan Bola Sepak Asosiasi diterbitkan? || 1863 <> Siapa setiausaha FA pada tahun 1871? || C. W. Alcock <> Bilakah kejohanan Piala FA pertama kali berlaku? || November 1871 <> Yang memenangi cawan pertama dan kedua? || Wanderers dimahkotai pemenang <> Bilakah cawan moden ditubuhkan? || cawan moden mula ditubuhkan oleh musim 1888-89,", {"context": "In 1863, the newly founded Football Association (the FA) published the Laws of the Game of Association Football, unifying the various different rules in use before then. On 20 July 1871, in the offices of The Sportsman newspaper, the FA Secretary C. W. Alcock proposed to the FA committee that \"it is desirable that a Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Association for which all clubs belonging to the Association should be invited to compete\". The inaugural FA Cup tournament kicked off in November 1871. After thirteen games in all, Wanderers were crowned the winners in the final, on 16 March 1872. Wanderers retained the trophy the following year. The modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888\u201389 season, when qualifying rounds were introduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1863"}], "question": "When was the laws of the Game of Asscociation Football published?", "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f482"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "C. W. Alcock"}], "question": "Who was the FA secretary in 1871?", "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f483"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "November 1871"}], "question": "When did the inaugural  FA cup tournament take place?", "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f484"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Wanderers were crowned the winners"}], "question": "Who won the first and second cups? ", "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f485"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "modern cup was beginning to be established by the 1888\u201389 season,"}], "question": "When was the modern cup established? ", "id": "572733abf1498d1400e8f486"}]}], ["Ia amat jarang berlaku untuk kelab-kelab teratas untuk terlepas pertandingan, walaupun ia boleh berlaku dalam keadaan luar biasa. Pemegang bertahan Manchester United tidak memasuki Piala FA 1999-2000, kerana mereka sudah berada di Kejohanan Dunia Kelab sulung, dengan kelab menyatakan bahawa memasuki kedua-dua kejohanan akan membebani jadual perlawanan mereka dan menjadikannya lebih sukar untuk mempertahankan Liga Juara-Juara dan Liga Perdana tajuk. Kelab itu mendakwa mereka tidak mahu mendedahkan Piala FA dengan meletakkan pasukan yang lemah. Langkah itu memberi manfaat kepada United ketika mereka menerima rehat dua minggu dan memenangi gelar liga 1999-2000 dengan margin 18 poin, meskipun mereka tidak maju melewati peringkat klub Kejohanan Kelab Dunia. Pengunduran dari Piala FA bagaimanapun menarik kritikan kerana ini melemahkan prestij kejohanan dan Sir Alex Ferguson kemudian mengakui penyesalannya mengenai pengendalian situasi mereka. <> Adakah sesiapa pernah terlepas kejohanan? || Sangat jarang bagi kelab-kelab teratas untuk terlepas pertandingan <> Apa kelab-kelab yang terlepas pertandingan? || Manchester United tidak memasuki Piala FA 1999-2000, Mengapa mereka terlepas pertandingan itu? || Kelab itu mendakwa mereka tidak mahu mendedahkan Piala FA dengan meletakkan pasukan yang lemah. <> Bagaimana perasaan orang terhadap keputusan Manchester? || menarik kritikan kerana ini melemahkan prestij kejohanan <> Adakah kelab kemudian menyesal pilihan mereka? || Sir Alex Ferguson kemudian mengakui penyesalannya mengenai pengendalian situasi mereka.", {"context": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition, although it can happen in exceptional circumstances. Defending holders Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup, as they were already in the inaugural Club World Championship, with the club stating that entering both tournaments would overload their fixture schedule and make it more difficult to defend their Champions League and Premiership titles. The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side. The move benefited United as they received a two-week break and won the 1999\u20132000 league title by an 18-point margin, although they did not progress past the group stage of the Club World Championship. The withdrawal from the FA Cup, however, drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige and Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "It is very rare for top clubs to miss the competition"}], "question": "Does anyone ever miss a tournament? ", "id": "57273b78708984140094db1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Manchester United did not enter the 1999\u20132000 FA Cup,"}], "question": "What clubs have missed the competition? ", "id": "57273b78708984140094db20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "The club claimed that they did not want to devalue the FA Cup by fielding a weaker side."}], "question": "Why did they miss that competition? ", "id": "57273b78708984140094db21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "drew considerable criticism as this weakened the tournament's prestige"}], "question": "How did people feel about Manchester's decision? ", "id": "57273b78708984140094db22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "Sir Alex Ferguson later admitted his regret regarding their handling of the situation."}], "question": "Did the club later regret their choice? ", "id": "57273b78708984140094db23"}]}], ["Perlawanan terakhir itu diadakan Sabtu ini selepas musim Liga Perdana selesai pada bulan Mei. Satu-satunya musim baru-baru ini apabila pola ini tidak diikuti adalah 1999-2000, ketika kebanyakan pusingan dimainkan beberapa minggu lebih awal daripada biasa sebagai eksperimen, dan 2010-11 dan 2012-13 ketika Final Piala FA dimainkan sebelum Premier Musim Liga telah selesai, untuk membolehkan Stadium Wembley bersedia untuk final Liga Juara-Juara UEFA, dan juga pada 2011-12 untuk membolehkan masa England untuk mempersiapkan Kejohanan Eropah musim panas ini. <> Bilakah akhir berlaku? || Perlawanan terakhir itu diadakan Sabtu ini selepas musim Liga Perdana selesai pada bulan Mei. <> Adakah terdapat masa yang tidak demikian? || dalam masa-masa terkini apabila corak ini tidak diikuti adalah 1999-2000 <> Mengapa itu? || kebanyakan pusingan dimainkan beberapa minggu lebih awal daripada biasa sebagai percubaan <> Adakah itu pernah terjadi lagi? || 2010-11 dan 2012-13 <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun-tahun itu? || Final Piala FA telah dimainkan sebelum musim Liga Perdana selesai, untuk membolehkan Stadium Wembley bersedia untuk perlawanan akhir Liga Juara-Juara", {"context": "The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May. The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999\u20132000, when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment, and 2010\u201311 and 2012\u201313 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final, as well as in 2011\u201312 to allow England time to prepare for that summer's European Championships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The final is normally held the Saturday after the Premier League season finishes in May."}], "question": "When does the final take place? ", "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8835"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999\u20132000"}], "question": "Was there a time this was not the case? ", "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment"}], "question": "Why was that? ", "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "2010\u201311 and 2012\u201313"}], "question": "Did that ever happen again? ", "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, to allow Wembley Stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final"}], "question": "What happened during those years? ", "id": "5727512f5951b619008f8839"}]}], ["Perlawanan akhir telah dimainkan di Stadium Wembley yang dibina sejak ia dibuka, pada tahun 2007. Proses pembangunan kembali bermakna antara tahun 2001 dan 2006 mereka dihoskan di Stadium Millennium di Cardiff di Wales. Sebelum membina semula, perlawanan akhir telah dianjurkan oleh Stadium Wembley yang asal sejak dibuka pada tahun 1923 (yang pada asalnya dinamakan Stadium Empire). Satu pengecualian untuk siri 78 tahun Empire Stadium ini (termasuk lima replay) adalah ulang tahun 1970 antara Leeds dan Chelsea, yang diadakan di Old Trafford di Manchester. <> Di manakah perlawanan akhir dimainkan sekarang? || Perlawanan akhir telah dimainkan di Stadium Wembley yang dibina semula <> Bilakah stadium ini dibuka? || ia dibuka, pada tahun 2007. <> Di mana cawan FA diadakan semasa stadium ini dibina? || antara 2001 dan 2006 mereka dihoskan di Stadium Millennium <> Di mana Stadium Millennium terletak? || Cardiff di Wales <> Adakah ia sentiasa diadakan di Stadium Millennium? || Sebelum membina semula, perlawanan akhir telah dihoskan oleh Stadium Wembley yang asal", {"context": "The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since it opened, in 2007. The rebuilding process meant that between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff in Wales. Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium since it opened in 1923 (being originally named the Empire Stadium). One exception to this 78 year series of Empire Stadium finals (including five replays) was the 1970 replay between Leeds and Chelsea, held at Old Trafford in Manchester.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The final has been played at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Where is the final played now? ", "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "it opened, in 2007."}], "question": "When did this stadium open? ", "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "between 2001 and 2006 they were hosted at the Millennium Stadium"}], "question": "Where was the FA cup held while this stadium was built? ", "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Cardiff in Wales"}], "question": "Where is Millennium Stadium located? ", "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Prior to rebuilding, the final was hosted by the original Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Was it always held in Millennium Stadium? ", "id": "5727855e5951b619008f8c35"}]}], ["Trofi itu terdapat dalam tiga bahagian - cawan itu sendiri, ditambah tudung dan pangkalan. Terdapat dua rekaan trofi yang digunakan, tetapi lima piala fizikal telah dibentangkan. Trofi asal, yang dikenali sebagai \"idola timah kecil\", adalah 18 inci tinggi dan dibuat oleh Martin, Hall & Co. Ia dicuri pada tahun 1895 dan tidak pernah pulih, dan ia digantikan dengan replika yang tepat, yang digunakan sehingga tahun 1910. FA memutuskan untuk menukar reka bentuk selepas pemenang 1909, Manchester United, membuat replika mereka sendiri, mengetuai FA untuk menyedari mereka tidak memiliki hak cipta. Reka bentuk baru yang lebih besar ini adalah oleh Messers Fattorini dan Anak-Anak, dan telah digunakan sejak tahun 1911. Untuk mengekalkan asal ini, dari tahun 1992 ia digantikan dengan replika yang tepat, walaupun ini harus diganti setelah lebih dari dua dekad, setelah menunjukkan memakai dan lusuh daripada ditangani lebih daripada pada zaman dahulu. Replika ketiga, yang pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 2014, dibina lebih berat untuk menahan pengendalian yang meningkat. Daripada empat trofi yang masih hidup, hanya replika 1895 yang telah memasuki pemilikan persendirian. <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang memasuki trofi? || Trofi itu datang dalam tiga bahagian <> Apa bahagian trofi? || - cawan itu sendiri, ditambah tudung dan asas <> Berapa banyak reka bentuk trofi ada di sana? || Terdapat dua reka bentuk trofi yang digunakan <> Berapa banyak piala fisik telah dibentangkan? || lima piala fizikal telah dibentangkan <> Kapan reka bentuk pertama berubah? || . FA memutuskan untuk menukar reka bentuk selepas pemenang 1909, Manchester United, membuat replika mereka sendiri,", {"context": "The trophy comes in three parts - the cup itself, plus a lid and a base. There have been two designs of trophy in use, but five physical trophies have been presented. The original trophy, known as the \"little tin idol\", was 18 inches high and made by Martin, Hall & Co. It was stolen in 1895 and never recovered, and so was replaced by an exact replica, used until 1910. The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica, leading the FA to realise they did not own the copyright. This new, larger design was by Messers Fattorini and Sons, and was used from 1911. In order to preserve this original, from 1992 it was replaced by an exact replica, although this had to be replaced after just over two decades, after showing wear and tear from being handled more than in previous eras. This third replica, first used in 2014, was built heavier to withstand the increased handling. Of the four surviving trophies, only the 1895 replica has entered private ownership.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The trophy comes in three parts"}], "question": "How many parts does the trophy come in? ", "id": "57278a24708984140094e04d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "- the cup itself, plus a lid and a base"}], "question": "What is the  parts of the trophy? ", "id": "57278a24708984140094e04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "There have been two designs of trophy in use"}], "question": "How many trophy designs have there bee? ", "id": "57278a24708984140094e04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "five physical trophies have been presented"}], "question": "How many physical trophies have been presented? ", "id": "57278a24708984140094e050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": ". The FA decided to change the design after the 1909 winners, Manchester United, made their own replica,"}], "question": "When was the first design changed? ", "id": "57278a24708984140094e051"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2003 FA mengambil keputusan untuk menggunakan Wembley yang baru untuk separuh akhir untuk mendapatkan hutang dalam pembiayaan stadium baru. Ini adalah kontroversi, dengan langkah yang dilihat sebagai tidak adil kepada peminat pasukan yang terletak jauh dari London, serta mengambil beberapa prestij jauh dari final Wembley. Dalam mempertahankan langkah itu, FA juga memetik tawaran tambahan Wembley, walaupun perlawanan 2013 antara Millwall dan Wigan membawa kepada langkah yang belum pernah dilakukan sebelum meletakkan 6,000 tiket dijual kepada peminat neutral selepas permainan gagal dijual. Pungutan peminat oleh The Guardian pada tahun 2013 mendapati penentangan 86% kepada Wembley separuh akhir. <> Di mana cawan FA diadakan hari ini? || Pada tahun 2003, FA mengambil keputusan untuk menggunakan Wembley yang baru untuk separuh akhir. Mengapa ia diadakan di Stadium Webly? || untuk mendapatkan hutang dalam pembiayaan stadium baru. <> Adakah orang-orang London bersetuju dengan tindakan ini? || langkah itu dilihat sebagai tidak adil kepada peminat pasukan yang terletak jauh dari London <> Adakah permainan itu pernah gagal untuk dijual? || pertandingan 2013 antara Millwall dan Wigan membawa kepada langkah yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum meletakkan 6,000 tiket dijual kepada peminat neutral selepas permainan gagal dijual. <> Adakah orang menentang menggunakan Stadium Webly yang baru? || 86% menentang semangat Wembley.", {"context": "In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals to recoup debts in financing the new stadium. This was controversial, with the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London, as well as taking some of the prestige away from a Wembley final. In defending the move, the FA has also cited the extra capacity Wembley offers, although the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out. A fan poll by The Guardian in 2013 found 86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In 2003 the FA took the decision to permanently use the new Wembley for semi-finals"}], "question": "Where is the FA cup held today?", "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "to recoup debts in financing the new stadium."}], "question": "Why is it held at Webly Stadium? ", "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "the move seen as both unfair to fans of teams located far from London"}], "question": "Do the people of London agree with this action?", "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "the 2013 fixture between Millwall and Wigan led to the unprecedented step of placing 6,000 tickets on sale to neutral fans after the game failed to sell out."}], "question": "Has the game ever fail to sell out? ", "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "86% opposition to Wembley semi-finals."}], "question": "Do people oppose of using the new Webly Stadium?", "id": "5727849df1498d1400e8fa8a"}]}], ["Dalam 51 tahun sebelum pembukaan Stadium Empire, final (termasuk 8 replay) diadakan di pelbagai lokasi, kebanyakannya di London, dan terutamanya di Kennington Oval dan kemudian Crystal Palace. Ia dimainkan 22 kali di Oval (pertandingan perdana pada tahun 1872, dan kemudian tetapi dua kali hingga 1892). Selepas Oval, Crystal Palace menjadi tuan rumah 21 final dari 1895 hingga 1914, dipecahkan oleh 4 empat replay di tempat lain. Tempat London yang lain adalah Stamford Bridge dari 1920 hingga 1922 (tiga final terakhir sebelum perpindahan ke Stadium Empire); dan Lillie Bridge di Universiti Oxford di Fulham untuk kali kedua yang terakhir, pada tahun 1873. Tempat-tempat lain yang digunakan dengan jimat dalam tempoh ini adalah di luar London, seperti berikut: <> Di mana majoriti Piala FA dimulakan? || kebanyakannya di London, dan terutamanya di Kennington Oval dan kemudian Crystal Palace. <> Berapa kali Piala FA bermain di Oval? || . Ia telah dimainkan 22 kali di Oval <> Apa tahun pertama Oval menjadi tuan rumah Piala FA? || 1872 <> Berapa kali Crystal Palce menjadi tuan rumah Piala FA? || 21 <> Berapa banyak replay berlaku di Oval? || 8 replay", {"context": "In the 51 years prior to the Empire Stadium opening, the final (including 8 replays) was held in a variety of locations, predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace. It was played 22 times in the Oval (the inaugural competition in 1872, and then all but two times until 1892). After the Oval, Crystal Palace hosted 21 finals from 1895 to 1914, broken up by 4 four replays elsewhere. The other London venues were Stamford Bridge from 1920 to 1922 (the last three finals before the move to Empire Stadium); and Oxford University's Lillie Bridge in Fulham for the second ever final, in 1873. The other venues used sparingly in this period were all outside of London, as follows:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "predominantly in London, and mainly at the Kennington Oval and then Crystal Palace."}], "question": "Where do the majority of FA cup finals take place? ", "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": ". It was played 22 times in the Oval"}], "question": "How many times was the FA cup playing in the Oval ?", "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "1872"}], "question": "What was the first year the Oval hosted the FA cup? ", "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "21"}], "question": "How many times has Crystal Palce hosted the FA cup? ", "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "8 replays"}], "question": "How many replays took place at the Oval? ", "id": "5727862f5951b619008f8c53"}]}], ["Sehingga tahun 1990-an lagi tayangan ulang akan dimainkan sehingga satu pasukan berjaya. Sesetengah ikatan mengambil sebanyak enam perlawanan untuk diselesaikan; dalam kempen 1975 mereka, Fulham memainkan sejumlah 12 perlawanan sepanjang enam pusingan, yang merupakan permainan paling banyak dimainkan oleh pasukan untuk mencapai final. Replays secara tradisinya dimainkan tiga atau empat hari selepas permainan asal, tetapi dari 1991-92 mereka dipentaskan sekurang-kurangnya 10 hari kemudian atas nasihat polis. Ini membawa kepada penalti penalti yang diperkenalkan, yang pertama diturunkan pada 26 November 1991 ketika Rotherham United menghilangkan Scunthorpe United. <> Adakah kelab-kelab bergilir-gilir antara satu sama lain? || Sehingga tahun 1990-an lagi tayangan ulang akan dimainkan sehingga satu pasukan berjaya. <> Apa permainan paling memainkan pasukan untuk mencapai perlawanan akhir? || 12 permainan dalam enam pusingan, yang paling banyak permainan yang dimainkan oleh pasukan untuk mencapai akhir <> Bilakah replika dimainkan? || . Replays secara tradisinya dimainkan tiga atau empat hari selepas permainan asal, tetapi dari 1991-92 mereka dipentaskan sekurang-kurangnya 10 hari kemudian atas nasihat polis. <> Bilakah sepakan penalti pertama? || penalti penalti yang diperkenalkan, yang pertama di mana pada 26 November 1991 <> Apa kelab yang bermain semasa penalti pertama? || Rotherham United menghilangkan Scunthorpe United.", {"context": "Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious. Some ties took as many as six matches to settle; in their 1975 campaign, Fulham played a total of 12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final. Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991\u201392 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice. This led to penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991 when Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Until the 1990s further replays would be played until one team was victorious."}], "question": "Do clubs replay each other?", "id": "5727597d708984140094dc79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "12 games over six rounds, which remains the most games played by a team to reach a final"}], "question": "What is the most games played a team to reach the final?", "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": ". Replays were traditionally played three or four days after the original game, but from 1991\u201392 they were staged at least 10 days later on police advice."}], "question": "When are replays played?", "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "penalty shoot-outs being introduced, the first of which came on 26 November 1991"}], "question": "When was the first penalty kick?", "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Rotherham United eliminated Scunthorpe United."}], "question": "What clubs were playing during the first penalty?", "id": "5727597d708984140094dc7d"}]}], ["FA membenarkan padang rumput buatan (3G) tiruan dalam semua pusingan pertandingan dari edisi 2014-15 dan seterusnya. Di bawah peraturan 2015-16, padang mestilah kualiti One Star FIFA, atau Dua Bintang untuk hubungan jika mereka melibatkan salah satu daripada 92 kelab profesional. Ini berikutan kelulusan dua tahun sebelum ini untuk kegunaannya dalam pusingan kelayakan sahaja - sekiranya pasukan dengan padang 3G maju ke persaingan yang betul, mereka terpaksa menukar tali leher mereka dengan alasan pemain lain yang layak dengan padang rumput semulajadi. Setelah menjadi penyokong kuat permukaan, perlawanan pertama dalam pusingan yang betul untuk dimainkan di permukaan 3G adalah ulang-ulang pusingan pertama di televisyen di Stadium Gallagher Maidstone United pada 20 November 2015. <> Adakah penggunaan turf tiruan dibenarkan? || FA membenarkan padang rumput buatan (3G) tiruan dalam semua pusingan pertandingan dari edisi 2014-15 dan seterusnya. <> Apakah kualiti padang yang diperlukan? || padang mestilah kualiti One Star FIFA, atau Dua Bintang untuk hubungan jika mereka melibatkan salah satu daripada 92 kelab profesional. <> Berapa banyak kelab profesional yang ada di sana? || 92 <> Apa yang berlaku jika padang tidak setanding? || mereka terpaksa menukar tali leher mereka ke tanah peserta lain yang layak dengan padang rumput semulajadi. <> Di manakah permainan permukaan #G yang pertama dimainkan? || Perlawanan pertama dalam pusingan yang betul untuk dimainkan di permukaan 3G adalah ulang-ulang pusingan pertama di televisyen di Stadium Gallagher Maidstone United pada 20 November 2015.", {"context": "The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014\u201315 edition and beyond. Under the 2015-16 rules, the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs. This followed approval two years previously for their use in the qualifying rounds only - if a team with a 3G pitch progressed to the competition proper, they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch. Having been strong proponents of the surface, the first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The FA permitted artificial turf (3G) pitches in all rounds of the competition from the 2014\u201315 edition and beyond."}], "question": "Is the use of artificial turf allowed? ", "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8fae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "the pitch must be of FIFA One Star quality, or Two Star for ties if they involve one of the 92 professional clubs."}], "question": "What is the required quality of the pitch? ", "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8fae9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "92"}], "question": "How many professional clubs are there? ", "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "they had to switch their tie to the ground of another eligible entrant with a natural grass pitch."}], "question": "What happens if the pitch is not up to par? ", "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "first match in the proper rounds to be played on a 3G surface was a televised first round replay at Maidstone United's Gallagher Stadium on 20 November 2015."}], "question": "Where was the first #G surface game played? ", "id": "57278730f1498d1400e8faec"}]}], ["Separuh akhir telah dimainkan secara eksklusif di Stadium Wembley yang telah dibina sejak 2008, satu tahun selepas ia dibuka dan selepas itu telah menjadi tuan rumah akhir (pada tahun 2007). Untuk dekad pertama pertandingan, Kennington Oval digunakan sebagai tempat semifinal. Dalam tempoh antara dekad pertama ini dan pembukaan semula Wembley, separuh akhir dimainkan di tempat neutral berkapasiti tinggi di sekitar England; biasanya alasan utama pasukan yang tidak terlibat dalam perlawanan separuh akhir itu, dipilih untuk menjadi hampir sama antara kedua-dua pasukan untuk keadilan perjalanan. Tiga tempat paling banyak digunakan dalam tempoh ini ialah Villa Park di Birmingham (55 kali), Hillsborough di Sheffield (34 kali) dan Old Trafford di Manchester (23 kali). Stadium Wembley yang asal juga digunakan tujuh kali untuk separuh akhir, antara 1991 dan 2000 (yang terakhir diadakan di sana), tetapi tidak semestinya untuk perlawanan yang memaparkan pasukan London. Pada tahun 2005, kedua-duanya diadakan di Stadium Millennium. <> Di mana separuh akhir dimainkan? || e semi-final telah dimainkan secara eksklusif di Stadium Wembley yang telah dibina semula <> Adakah terdapat nama untuk tempat tertentu? || Kennington Oval digunakan sebagai tempat semifinal <> Di mana separuh akhir berlaku sebelum itu? || separuh akhir dimainkan di tempat neutral berkapasiti tinggi di sekitar England <> Apakah tempat yang paling banyak digunakan? || Villa Park di Birmingham (55 kali) <> Di manakah cawan yang diadakan pada tahun 2005? || Pada tahun 2005, kedua-duanya diadakan di Stadium Millennium.", {"context": "The semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium since 2008, one year after it opened and after it had already hosted a final (in 2007). For the first decade of the competition, the Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue. In the period between this first decade and the reopening of Wembley, semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England; usually the home grounds of teams not involved in that semi-final, chosen to be roughly equidistant between the two teams for fairness of travel. The top three most used venues in this period were Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times), Hillsborough in Sheffield (34 times) and Old Trafford in Manchester (23 times). The original Wembley Stadium was also used seven times for semi-final, between 1991 and 2000 (the last held there), but not always for fixtures featuring London teams. In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "e semi-finals have been played exclusively at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium"}], "question": "Where are the semi finals played?", "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Kennington Oval was used as the semi-final venue"}], "question": "Is there a name for the specific venue? ", "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "semi-finals were played at high-capacity neutral venues around England"}], "question": "Where did the semi finals take place before then? ", "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Villa Park in Birmingham (55 times)"}], "question": "What was the top most used venue?", "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 883, "text": "In 2005, both were held at the Millennium Stadium."}], "question": "Where was the cup held in 2005?", "id": "572783c7f1498d1400e8fa64"}]}], ["Pemenang Piala FA layak ke UEFA Europa League musim berikut (sebelum ini menamakan Piala UEFA, sehingga 1998 mereka memasuki Piala Pemenang Piala). Tempat Eropah ini terpakai walaupun pasukan itu diturunkan atau tidak berada di dalam penerbangan atas Inggeris. Di masa lalu, jika pasukan pemenang Piala FA juga layak untuk Liga Juara-Juara atau Liga Europa musim depan melalui kedudukan liga mereka, maka finalis kalah Piala FA diberikan tempat Liga Europa. Pemenang FA memasuki Liga Europa di peringkat kumpulan. Kehilangan finalis, jika mereka memasuki Liga Europa, bermula sebelum ini, di peringkat pusingan kalah mati atau ketiga. Dari musim 2015-16 Liga Europa UEFA, bagaimanapun, UEFA tidak akan membenarkan pelari-pelari untuk layak ke Liga Europa melalui pertandingan itu. <> Apa cawan yang dipanggil sekarang? || Piala Pemenang Piala <> Adakah penenang piala itu mendapat apa-apa? || finalis kalah Piala FA telah diberikan tempat Liga Europa <> Adakah yang pernah mempunyai nama yang berbeza? || yang sebelum ini menamakan Piala UEFA; sehingga tahun 1998 <<bagaimana pula dengan pemenang Piala FA? || Pemenang FA memasuki Liga Europa di peringkat kumpulan. <> Adakah pemenang Piala FA layak untuk apa-apa? || Pemenang Piala FA layak ke UEFA Europa League musim berikut", {"context": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League (formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998 they entered the Cup Winners' Cup instead). This European place applies even if the team is relegated or is not in the English top flight. In the past, if the FA Cup winning team also qualified for the following season's Champions League or Europa League through their league position, then the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place instead. FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage. Losing finalists, if they entered the Europa League, began earlier, at the play-off or third qualifying round stage. From the 2015\u201316 UEFA Europa League season, however, UEFA will not allow the runners-up to qualify for the Europa League through the competition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Cup Winners' Cup"}], "question": "What is the cup called now?", "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "the losing FA Cup finalist was given the Europa League place"}], "question": "Does the loser of the cup gain anything?", "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "formerly named the UEFA Cup; until 1998"}], "question": "Did that used to have a different name?", "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "FA Cup winners enter the Europa League at the group stage."}], "question": "what about the FA Cup winner?", "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The FA Cup winners qualify for the following season's UEFA Europa League"}], "question": "Do the FA Cup winners qualify for anything?", "id": "572782d45951b619008f8bb7"}]}], ["Nama pasukan yang menang itu terukir pada tali perak di sekeliling pangkalan sebaik sahaja akhir telah selesai, agar siap pada waktu untuk upacara penyampaian. Ini bermakna pengukir hanya mempunyai lima minit untuk melaksanakan tugas yang memerlukan dua puluh dalam keadaan normal, walaupun masa disimpan dengan mengukir tahun semasa perlawanan, dan melukis pemenang yang disangka. Semasa perlawanan akhir, trofi memakai dihiasi dengan pita dalam warna kedua-dua finalis, dengan pita pecundang dikeluarkan pada akhir permainan. Secara tradisinya, pada peringkat Wembley, persembahan dibuat di Royal Box, dengan pemain, yang dipimpin oleh kapten, memasang tangga ke gangway di depan kotak dan kembali dengan tangga kedua di sisi lain kotak. Di Cardiff persembahan itu dibuat di podium di padang. <> Adakah cawan yang diukir untuk pemenang? || Nama pasukan yang menang itu terukir pada tali perak di sekitar pangkalan <> Bilakah ukiran berlaku? || sebaik sahaja akhir telah selesai, untuk bersiap sedia dalam masa untuk upacara persembahan. <> Berapa lamakah terukir dari awal hingga akhir? || pengukir hanya mempunyai lima minit untuk melakukan tugas yang akan mengambil dua puluh dalam keadaan normal, <> Adakah trofi dihiasi? || memakai trofi dihiasi dengan reben dalam warna kedua-dua finalis, dengan reben yang hilang yang dikeluarkan pada akhir permainan. <> Di manakah dia membuat persembahan cawan? || , pembentangan dibuat di Kotak Diraja", {"context": "The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony. This means the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions, although time is saved by engraving the year on during the match, and sketching the presumed winner. During the final, the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game. Traditionally, at Wembley finals, the presentation is made at the Royal Box, with players, led by the captain, mounting a staircase to a gangway in front of the box and returning by a second staircase on the other side of the box. At Cardiff the presentation was made on a podium on the pitch.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The name of the winning team is engraved on the silver band around the base"}], "question": "Is the cup engraved for the winner? ", "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "as soon as the final has finished, in order to be ready in time for the presentation ceremony."}], "question": "When does the engraving take place? ", "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "the engraver has just five minutes to perform a task which would take twenty under normal conditions,"}], "question": "how long does the engraved have from start to finish? ", "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "the trophy wears is decorated with ribbons in the colours of both finalists, with the loser's ribbons being removed at the end of the game."}], "question": "Is the trophy decorated? ", "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": ", the presentation is made at the Royal Box"}], "question": "Where is he cup presentation made? ", "id": "57278af2dd62a815002e9fd0"}]}], ["Chasetown, ketika bermain di Aras 8 bola sepak Inggeris semasa pertandingan 2007-08, adalah pasukan terendah peringkat untuk bermain di Third Round Proper (64 terakhir, daripada 731 pasukan memasuki musim itu). Chasetown kemudian menjadi ahli Bahagian Liga Selatan One Midlands (tahap yang lebih rendah dalam Liga Bola Sepak Selatan), ketika mereka kalah dalam Liga Kejuaraan Liga (Tahap 2) Cardiff City, yang akhirnya menjadi juara Piala FA pada tahun itu. Kejayaan mereka memperolehi organisasi yang kurang daripada \u00a3 60,000 dalam hadiah wang tunai. <> Siapa yang paling rendah untuk bermain dalam pusingan ketiga? || Chasetown <> Tahap di mana mereka? || bermain di Aras 8 bola sepak Inggeris <> Berapa banyak pasukan bertanding tahun itu? || 731 pasukan memasuki musim itu <> Apa tempat yang dilakukan Chasetown? || akhir 64 <> Apa musim Piala FA buat ini? || Pertandingan 2007-08", {"context": "Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007\u201308 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over \u00a360,000 in prize money.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Chasetown"}], "question": "Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?", "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "playing at Level 8 of English football"}], "question": "What level where they? ", "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "731 teams entered that season"}], "question": "How many teams competed that year? ", "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "final 64"}], "question": "What place did Chasetown come in?", "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "2007\u201308 competition"}], "question": "What FA cup season did this take place in? ", "id": "57279147f1498d1400e8fc56"}]}], ["Sejak permulaan musim 1994-95, Piala FA telah ditaja. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk melindungi identiti pertandingan, nama yang ditaja itu selalu termasuk 'Piala FA' di samping nama penaja, tidak seperti tawaran tajaan untuk Piala Liga di mana perkataan 'cup' didahului oleh hanya nama penaja. Perjanjian penajaan berlangsung selama empat tahun, walaupun - seperti dalam hal E.ON - sambungan satu tahun boleh dipersetujui. Syarikat penerbangan Emirates adalah penaja dari 2015 hingga 2018, menamakan semula pertandingan sebagai 'The Emirates FA Cup', tidak seperti edisi terdahulu, yang termasuk 'Piala FA bersekutu dengan E.ON' dan 'Piala FA dengan Budweiser'. <> Adakah piala Fa ditaja? || Sejak permulaan musim 1994-95, Piala FA telah ditaja. <> Berapa lama penaja kekal? || Tawaran penajaan berjalan selama empat tahun <> Bolehkah mereka melanjutkan perjanjian mereka? || sambungan satu tahun boleh dipersetujui <> Siapakah penaja semasa? || Syarikat penerbangan Emirates adalah penaja dari 2015 hingga 2018 <> Apa persaingan yang dipanggil sekarang? || The Emirates FA Cup", {"context": "Since the start of the 1994\u201395 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though \u2013 as in the case of E.ON \u2013 one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Since the start of the 1994\u201395 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored."}], "question": "is the Fa cup sponsered? ", "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Sponsorship deals run for four years"}], "question": "How long does the sponsor remain? ", "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "one-year extensions may be agreed"}], "question": "Can they extend their deal? ", "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018"}], "question": "Who is the current sponsor? ", "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "The Emirates FA Cup"}], "question": "What is the competition called now? ", "id": "57278e8f708984140094e0c9"}]}], ["Perlawanan akhir itu tidak pernah ditandingi oleh dua pasukan dari luar bahagian atas dan hanya ada lapan pemenang yang tidak berada dalam penerbangan teratas: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) dan West Ham United (1980). Kecuali Tottenham, kelab-kelab ini bermain di peringkat kedua (Bahagian Kedua) - Tottenham bermain di Liga Selatan dan hanya dipilih ke Liga Bola Sepak pada tahun 1908, yang bermaksud mereka adalah satu-satunya pemenang bukan liga Piala FA. Selain daripada kemenangan Tottenham, hanya 24 finalis yang datang dari luar pasukan bola sepak Inggeris, dengan catatan 7 kemenangan dan 17 pelari: dan tidak sekali pun dari peringkat ketiga atau lebih rendah, Southampton (1902) menjadi finalis terakhir dari luar dua peringkat teratas. <> Adakah perlawanan terakhir dimainkan oleh dua kelab di luar bahagian atas? || Perlawanan akhir tidak pernah ditandingi oleh dua pasukan dari luar bahagian atas. Apakah muktamad dimenangkan oleh sebuah kelab di luar bahagian teratas? || terdapat hanya lapan pemenang yang tidak berada di dalam penerbangan teratas <> Siapa kelab luar pertama yang menang? || Notts County <> Tahun apakah yang berlaku? || 1894 <> Berapa banyak tahap kedua telah membuat peringkat akhir? || hanya 24 finalis yang datang dari luar kelas atas bola sepak Inggeris", {"context": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division and there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight: Notts County (1894); Tottenham Hotspur (1901); Wolverhampton Wanderers (1908); Barnsley (1912); West Bromwich Albion (1931); Sunderland (1973), Southampton (1976) and West Ham United (1980). With the exception of Tottenham, these clubs were all playing in the second tier (the old Second Division) - Tottenham were playing in the Southern League and were only elected to the Football League in 1908, meaning they are the only non-league winners of the FA Cup. Other than Tottenham's victory, only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier, with a record of 7 wins and 17 runners-up: and none at all from the third tier or lower, Southampton (1902) being the last finalist from outside the top two tiers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The final has never been contested by two teams from outside the top division"}], "question": "Has the final been played by a two clubs outside of the top divisions? ", "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "there have only been eight winners who weren't in the top flight"}], "question": "Has the final been won by a club outside of the top divisions? ", "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Notts County"}], "question": "Who was the first outside club to win? ", "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "1894"}], "question": "What year did that take place? ", "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "only 24 finalists have come from outside English football's top tier"}], "question": "How many second tier have made the finals? ", "id": "572792fdf1498d1400e8fc9a"}]}], ["Tradisi mempersembahkan trofi segera selepas permainan tidak bermula sehingga akhir tahun 1882; selepas perlawanan akhir pertama pada tahun 1872 trofi itu tidak dikemukakan kepada para pemenang, Wanderers, sehingga resepsi diadakan empat minggu kemudian di Restoran Pall Mall di London. Di bawah peraturan asal, trofi itu akan dibentangkan secara kekal kepada mana-mana kelab yang memenangi pertandingan tiga kali, walaupun ketika pemenang perdana Wanderers mencapai prestasi ini pada akhir 1876, peraturan itu diubah oleh Setiausaha FA CW Alcock (yang juga kapten Wanderers dalam kemenangan pertama mereka). <> Bilakah orang mula mempamerkan trofi selepas permainan? || Tradisi mempersembahkan trofi segera selepas permainan tidak bermula sehingga 1882 akhir <> ketika trofi pertama dibentangkan? || trofi itu tidak dikemukakan kepada para pemenang, Wanderers, sehingga majlis diadakan empat minggu kemudian <> Di mana trofi pertama disampaikan? || Restoran Pall Mall di London <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pemenang pelbagai piala? || trofi itu akan disampaikan secara kekal kepada mana-mana kelab yang memenangi pertandingan tiga kali, <> Adakah itu pernah terjadi? || Pemenang perdana Wanderers mencapai prestasi ini dengan final 1876", {"context": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final; after the first final in 1872 the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later in the Pall Mall Restaurant in London. Under the original rules, the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times, although when inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final, the rules were changed by FA Secretary CW Alcock (who was also captain of Wanderers in their first victory).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The tradition of presenting the trophy immediately after the game did not start until the 1882 final"}], "question": "When did people start presenting the trophy after the game? ", "id": "57278c17708984140094e071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the trophy was not presented to the winners, Wanderers, until a reception held four weeks later"}], "question": "when was the first trophy presented? ", "id": "57278c17708984140094e072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the Pall Mall Restaurant in London"}], "question": "Where was the first trophy presented? ", "id": "57278c17708984140094e073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "the trophy was to be permanently presented to any club which won the competition three times,"}], "question": "What happens to multiple cup winners? ", "id": "57278c17708984140094e074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "inaugural winners Wanderers achieved this feat by the 1876 final"}], "question": "Did that ever happen? ", "id": "57278c17708984140094e075"}]}], ["Tujuh kelab telah memenangi Piala FA sebagai sebahagian daripada Liga dan Piala dua, iaitu Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986) Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) dan Chelsea (2010). Pada tahun 1993, Arsenal menjadi pasukan pertama untuk memenangi Piala FA dan Piala Liga pada musim yang sama ketika mereka mengalahkan Sheffield Rabu 2-1 dalam kedua-dua final. Liverpool (pada tahun 2001) dan Chelsea (pada tahun 2007) telah mengulangi pencapaian ini. Pada tahun 2012, Chelsea mencatatkan dua piala yang berbeza yang terdiri daripada Piala FA dan Liga Juara-Juara 2012. Pada 1998-99, Manchester United telah menambah gelaran Liga Juara-Juara 1999 kepada liga dan cawan mereka untuk melengkapkan Treble yang unik. Dua tahun kemudian, pada 2000-01, Liverpool memenangi Piala FA, Piala Liga dan Piala UEFA untuk menyempurnakan tiga piala. Treble Bahasa Inggeris tidak pernah dicapai. <> Berapa banyak kelab telah memenangi piala fa sebagai sebahagian daripada piala liga ganda? || Tujuh kelab telah memenangi Piala FA sebagai sebahagian daripada Liga dan Piala dua <> Siapa kelab pertama telah memenangi piala fa sebagai sebahagian daripada cawan liga ganda? || Preston North End (1889) <> Siapa kelab terkini telah memenangi piala fa sebagai sebahagian daripada piala liga ganda? || Chelsea (2010) <> Adakah mana-mana kelab memenangi kedua-duanya dalam musim yang sama? || Arsenal menjadi pasukan pertama untuk memenangi Piala FA dan Piala Liga pada musim yang sama <> Tahun apakah yang berlaku? || 1993", {"context": "Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double, namely Preston North End (1889), Aston Villa (1897), Tottenham Hotspur (1961), Arsenal (1971, 1998, 2002), Liverpool (1986), Manchester United (1994, 1996, 1999) and Chelsea (2010). In 1993, Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season when they beat Sheffield Wednesday 2\u20131 in both finals. Liverpool (in 2001) and Chelsea (in 2007) have since repeated this feat. In 2012, Chelsea accomplished a different cup double consisting of the FA Cup and the 2012 Champions League. In 1998\u201399, Manchester United added the 1999 Champions League title to their league and cup double to complete a unique Treble. Two years later, in 2000\u201301, Liverpool won the FA Cup, League Cup and UEFA Cup to complete a cup treble. An English Treble has never been achieved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Seven clubs have won the FA Cup as part of a League and Cup double"}], "question": "How many clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Preston North End (1889)"}], "question": "Who was the first clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "Chelsea (2010)"}], "question": "Who was the latest clubs have won the fa cup as part of a league cup double? ", "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Arsenal became the first side to win both the FA Cup and the League Cup in the same season"}], "question": "Has any club won both in a same season? ", "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "1993"}], "question": "What year did that take place? ", "id": "57279202dd62a815002ea0b6"}]}], ["Liga Bola Sepak telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1888, 16 tahun selepas pertandingan Piala FA pertama. Sejak penciptaan Liga Bola Sepak, Tottenham Hotspur merupakan satu-satunya \"pembunuh gergasi\" bukan liga untuk memenangi Piala, dengan mengambil Piala FA 1901 dengan kemenangan ke atas pelari liga yang memerintah Sheffield United: walaupun ketika itu, hanya dua bahagian dan 36 kelab di Liga Bola Sepak, dan Spurs adalah juara dari peringkat sepak bola terendah terendah - Liga Selatan dan mungkin sudah cukup baik untuk Divisi Pertama (sebagaimana ditunjukkan ketika mereka bergabung dengan Divisi Kedua pada tahun 1908 dan segera memenangi promosi kepada yang pertama.) Hanya dua kelab bukan liga yang sebenarnya telah sampai di final sejak penubuhan Liga: Sheffield Wednesday pada tahun 1890 (juara Perikatan Football, sebuah liga saingan yang sudah efektif Divisi Kedua, yang secara formal menjadi 1892 - Rabu dibiarkan terus ke Divisyen Pertama), dan Southampton pada tahun 1900 dan 1902 (di mana mereka juga juara Liga Selatan, membuktikan kekuatan liga itu: sekali lagi, mereka e Mungkin piawai yang setara dengan kelab Divisyen Pertama pada masa itu, tetapi borang Southampton kemudiannya pudar dan mereka tidak menyertai Liga sehingga 1920 dan pembentukan Divisi Ketiga.) <> Bilakah liga bola sepak diasaskan? || Liga Bola Sepak telah diasaskan pada tahun 1888 <> Siapa sahaja pembunuh gergasi bukan liga untuk memenangi cawan? || Tottenham Hotspur adalah satu-satunya \"liga pembunuh\" bukan liga untuk memenangi Piala <> Apa tahun mereka memenangi Piala? || 1901 <> Siapa yang mereka hapus untuk cawan? || Sheffield United <> Berapa banyak kelab di mana dalam liga bola sepak? || 36 kelab di Liga Bola Sepak", {"context": "The Football League was founded in 1888, 16 years after the first FA Cup competition. Since the creation of The Football League, Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league \"giant-killer\" to win the Cup, taking the 1901 FA Cup with a victory over reigning league runners-up Sheffield United: although at that time, there were only two divisions and 36 clubs in the Football League, and Spurs were champions of the next lowest football tier - the Southern League and probably already good enough for the First Division (as was shown when they joined the Second Division in 1908 and immediately won promotion to the First.) Only two other actual non-League clubs have even reached the final since the founding of the League: Sheffield Wednesday in 1890 (champions of the Football Alliance, a rival league which was already effectively the Second Division, which it formally became in 1892 \u2013 Wednesday being let straight into the First Division), and Southampton in 1900 and 1902 (in which years they were also Southern League champions, proving the strength of that league: again, they were probably of equivalent standard to a First Division club at the time, but Southampton's form subsequently faded and they did not join the League till 1920 and the formation of the Third Division.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Football League was founded in 1888"}], "question": "When was the football league founded? ", "id": "5727907c708984140094e103"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Tottenham Hotspur is the only non-league \"giant-killer\" to win the Cup"}], "question": "Who is the only non league giant killer to win a cup?", "id": "5727907c708984140094e104"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1901"}], "question": "What year did they win the cup? ", "id": "5727907c708984140094e105"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Sheffield United"}], "question": "Who did they delete for the cup? ", "id": "5727907c708984140094e106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "36 clubs in the Football League"}], "question": "How many clubs where in the football league? ", "id": "5727907c708984140094e107"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun awal liputan BBC mempunyai liputan radio eksklusif dengan gambar padang yang ditandakan di Radio Times dengan dataran bernombor untuk membantu pendengar mengikuti perlawanan di radio. Final Piala FA pertama di Radio adalah pada tahun 1926 antara Bolton Wanderers dan Manchester City tetapi ini hanya disiarkan di Manchester, final nasional pertama di BBC Radio antara Arsenal dan Cardiff pada tahun 1927. Final pertama di BBC Television pada tahun 1937 perlawanan yang menampilkan Sunderland dan Preston North End tetapi ini tidak disiarkan secara penuh. Akhir musim berikut antara Preston dan Huddersfield diliputi sepenuhnya oleh BBC. Apabila ITV ditubuhkan pada tahun 1955, mereka berkongsi liputan akhir dengan BBC dalam salah satu perlawanan kelab sahaja yang ditunjukkan secara langsung di televisyen, semasa liputan 1970-an dan 1980-an menjadi lebih terperinci dengan BBC dan ITV cuba mencuri penonton daripada yang lain dengan memulakan liputan lebih awal dan lebih awal bermula pada awal pagi yang enam jam sebelum memulakan. Pada masa kini, ini berterusan dengan Setanta dan ESPN yang mempunyai siaran sepanjang hari dari Wembley, tetapi liputan TV terestrial biasanya bermula dua jam sebelum memulakan. Perkongsian hak antara BBC dan ITV terus dari 1955 hingga 1988, ketika ITV kehilangan liputan ke Saluran Sukan baru yang kemudian menjadi Sky Sports. <> Siapa yang pernah mencuba perlawanan di radio? || BBC <> Apakah siaran radio piala Fa pertama? || Final Piala FA pertama di Radio pada 1926 <> Apakah kelab-kelab bertanding dalam perlawanan? || Bolton Wanderers dan Manchester City <> Wa permainan yang disiarkan di kedua-dua bandar? || ini hanya disiarkan di Manchester. || final kebangsaan pertama di BBC Radio antara Arsenal dan Cardiff pada tahun 1927", {"context": "In the early years of coverage the BBC had exclusive radio coverage with a picture of the pitch marked in the Radio Times with numbered squares to help the listener follow the match on the radio. The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926 between Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City but this was only broadcast in Manchester, the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927. The first final on BBC Television was in 1937 in a match which featured Sunderland and Preston North End but this was not televised in full. The following season's final between Preston and Huddersfield was covered in full by the BBC. When ITV was formed in 1955 they shared final coverage with the BBC in one of the only club matches shown live on television, during the 1970s and 1980s coverage became more elaborate with BBC and ITV trying to steal viewers from the others by starting coverage earlier and earlier some starting as early as 9 a.m. which was six hours before kick off. Nowadays, this continues with Setanta and ESPN having all-day broadcasts from Wembley, but terrestrial TV coverage usually begins two hours before kick off. The sharing of rights between BBC and ITV continued from 1955 to 1988, when ITV lost coverage to the new Sports Channel which later became Sky Sports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "the BBC"}], "question": "Who used to brodcast the matches on the radio? ", "id": "572793995951b619008f8df7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "The first FA Cup Final on Radio was in 1926"}], "question": "What was the first Fa cup radio broadcast? ", "id": "572793995951b619008f8df8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Bolton Wanderers and Manchester City"}], "question": "What clubs competed in the match? ", "id": "572793995951b619008f8df9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "this was only broadcast in Manchester"}], "question": "Wa the game broadcast in both cities? ", "id": "572793995951b619008f8dfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "the first national final on BBC Radio was between Arsenal and Cardiff in 1927"}], "question": "So when was the firs national broadcast? ", "id": "572793995951b619008f8dfb"}]}], ["Kemungkinan kemenangan yang tidak mungkin dalam pusingan awal pertandingan, di mana pasukan yang berpangkat rendah mengalahkan pembangkang yang lebih tinggi, yang dikenali sebagai \"pembunuhan besar-besaran\", banyak dijangka oleh orang awam, dan dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada tradisi dan prestij persaingan , bersama yang diperoleh oleh pasukan memenangi pertandingan. Hampir setiap kelab dalam Piramid Liga mempunyai aksi pembunuhan besar-besaran dalam sejarahnya. Ia dianggap sebagai berita baru apabila pasukan Liga Perdana teratas mengalami kekalahan, atau di mana pembunuh gergasi adalah kelab bukan liga, iaitu dari luar tahap profesional Liga Bola Sepak. <> Adakah orang berharap untuk perlawanan Cinderella? || di mana pasukan yang berpangkat rendah mengalahkan pembangkang yang lebih tinggi, yang dikenali sebagai \"pembunuhan besar-besaran\", dijangkakan oleh orang ramai <> Apa pendapat orang tentang pembunuh gergasi? || dianggap sebahagian daripada tradisi dan prestij persaingan <> Apakah pembunuhan gergasi sering terjadi? || Hampir setiap kelab dalam Liga Pyramid mempunyai perbuatan yang membunuh gergasi dalam sejarahnya. <> Adakah media mempamerkan pembunuh gergasi? || . Ia dianggap sebagai berita baru apabila pasukan Liga Perdana teratas mengalami kekalahan, atau di mana pembunuh gergasi adalah kelab bukan liga <> Apakah pembunuh gergasi? || tidak mungkin kemenangan dalam pusingan awal pertandingan, di mana pasukan peringkat rendah mengalahkan pembangkang yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "The possibility of unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as \"giant killings\", is much anticipated by the public, and is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition, alongside that gained by teams winning the competition. Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history. It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club, i.e. from outside the professional levels of The Football League.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition, known as \"giant killings\", is much anticipated by the public"}], "question": "Do people look forward to Cinderella matches? ", "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "is considered an integral part of the tradition and prestige of the competition"}], "question": "What do people think about giant killers? ", "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Almost every club in the League Pyramid has a fondly remembered giant-killing act in its history"}], "question": "Does giant killing happen often? ", "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": ". It is considered particularly newsworthy when a top Premier League team suffers an upset defeat, or where the giant-killer is a non-league club"}], "question": "Does the media showcase giant killers? ", "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "unlikely victories in the earlier rounds of the competition, where lower ranked teams beat higher placed opposition"}], "question": "What is a giant killer? ", "id": "57278f77f1498d1400e8fc20"}]}], ["Selepas menjadi usang oleh reka bentuk semula, replika 1895 telah dibentangkan pada tahun 1910 kepada presiden lama yang berkhidmat di FA Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird meninggal dunia pada tahun 1923, dan keluarganya menyimpannya sebagai milik mereka, sehingga ia meletakkannya untuk lelongan pada tahun 2005. Ia dijual dengan sepatutnya di rumah lelongan Christie pada 19 Mei 2005 untuk \u00a3 420,000 (\u00a3 478,400 termasuk yuran dan cukai lelongan ). Harga jualan menetapkan rekod dunia baru untuk sekeping memorabilia bola sepak, melebihi \u00a3 254,000 yang dibayar untuk Piala Jules Rimet Piala Dunia pada tahun 1997. Pembida yang berjaya adalah David Gold, pengerusi bersama Birmingham City; mendakwa FA dan kerajaan tidak melakukan apa-apa proaktif untuk memastikan trofi kekal di negara ini, Gold menyatakan pembeliannya didorong oleh usaha untuk menyelamatkannya untuk negara. Oleh itu, Gold menyampaikan trofi ke Muzium Bola Sepak Kebangsaan di Preston pada 20 April 2006, di mana ia dipamerkan secara langsung. Ia kemudian berpindah dengan muzium ke lokasi baru di Manchester. Pada bulan November 2012, ia diserahkan kepada Jurutera Diraja, selepas mereka mengalahkan Wanderers 7-1 dalam perlawanan amal Piala FA pertama. <> Siapa presiden jangka panjang Piala FA? || Lord Kinnaird <> Tahun apa Lord Kinnard mati? || Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird meninggal pada tahun 1923, <> Adakah cawan hilang pada masa itu? || keluarganya menyimpannya dalam simpanan mereka, dari pandangan, sehingga meletakkannya untuk lelongan pada tahun 2005 <> Di mana ia menjual? || Rumah lelongan Christie pada 19 Mei 2005 untuk \u00a3 420,000 (\u00a3 478,400 termasuk yuran lelong dan cukai) <> Siapa yang memenangi bida? || David Gold", {"context": "After being rendered obsolete by the redesign, the 1895 replica was presented in 1910 to the FA's long-serving president Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923, and his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005. It was duly sold at Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for \u00a3420,000 (\u00a3478,400 including auction fees and taxes). The sale price set a new world record for a piece of football memorabilia, surpassing the \u00a3254,000 paid for the Jules Rimet World Cup Trophy in 1997. The successful bidder was David Gold, the then joint chairman of Birmingham City; claiming the FA and government were doing nothing proactive to ensure the trophy remained in the country, Gold stated his purchase was motivated by wanting to save it for the nation. Accordingly, Gold presented the trophy to the National Football Museum in Preston on 20 April 2006, where it went on immediate public display. It later moved with the museum to its new location in Manchester. In November 2012, it was ceremonially presented to Royal Engineers, after they beat Wanderers 7\u20131 in a charity replay of the first FA Cup final.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Kinnaird"}], "question": "Who was the long-serving president of the FA cup?", "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "Lord Kinnaird. Kinnaird died in 1923,"}], "question": "What year did Lord Kinnard die? ", "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "his family kept it in their possession, out of view, until putting it up for auction in 2005"}], "question": "Was the cup lost during that time? ", "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Christie's auction house on 19 May 2005 for \u00a3420,000 (\u00a3478,400 including auction fees and taxes)"}], "question": "Where did it sell? ", "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "David Gold"}], "question": "Who won the bid? ", "id": "57278df3f1498d1400e8fbe6"}]}], ["Hampir 60 tahun kemudian, jenayah kerjaya 80 tahun Henry (Harry) James Burge mendakwa telah melakukan kecurian tersebut, mengaku akhbar, dengan kisah itu diterbitkan dalam akhbar Sunday Pictorial pada 23 Februari 1958. Dia mendakwa telah melaksanakan rompakan dengan dua orang lelaki lain, walaupun apabila terdapat percanggahan dengan laporan sezaman di akhbar Birmingham Post (laporan polis bertulis sebelum jenayah) dalam akaunnya mengenai cara kemasukan dan barangan lain yang dicuri, detektif memutuskan tidak ada kemungkinan realistik sabitan dan kes itu ditutup. Burge mendakwa cawan itu telah dicairkan untuk membuat duit syiling separuh mahkota palsu, yang dipadankan dengan kecerdasan yang diketahui pada masa itu, di mana duit perak yang dicuri digunakan untuk menjalin duit syiling yang kemudiannya dibasuh melalui kedai-kedai pertaruhan di litar perlumbaan tempatan, walaupun Burge tidak mempunyai sejarah pemalsuan masa lalu dalam rekod 42 kepercayaan sebelumnya yang dia telah menghabiskan 42 tahun penjara. Dia telah dipenjarakan pada tahun 1957 selama tujuh tahun kerana kecurian dari kereta. Dikeluarkan pada tahun 1961, dia meninggal dunia pada tahun 1964. <> Bagaimana tuntutan mencuri Piala FA? || Jenayah kerjaya 80 tahun Henry (Harry) James Burge mendakwa telah melakukan kecurian <> Adakah dia bertindak sendirian? || Dia mendakwa telah melakukan rompakan dengan dua lelaki lain <> Berapa lamakah tindak kejahatan ini berlaku? || 60 tahun <> Apa yang Burge lakukan dengan cawan? || cawan telah dicairkan untuk membuat duit syiling separuh mahkota palsu <> Apa yang mereka lakukan dengan duit syiling itu? || Perak dicuri digunakan untuk menjalin duit syiling yang kemudiannya dibasuh melalui kedai-kedai pertaruhan di litar perlumbaan tempatan", {"context": "Almost 60 years later, 80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft, confessing to a newspaper, with the story being published in the Sunday Pictorial newspaper on 23 February 1958. He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men, although when discrepancies with a contemporaneous report in the Birmingham Post newspaper (the crime pre-dated written police reports) in his account of the means of entry and other items stolen, detectives decided there was no realistic possibility of a conviction and the case was closed. Burge claimed the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins, which matched known intelligence of the time, in which stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse, although Burge had no past history of forgery in a record of 42 previous convictions for which he had spent 42 years in prison. He had been further imprisoned in 1957 for seven years for theft from cars. Released in 1961, he died in 1964.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "80 year old career criminal Henry (Harry) James Burge claimed to have committed the theft"}], "question": "How claims to have stolen the FA cup? ", "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea030"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "He claimed to have carried out the robbery with two other men"}], "question": "Did he act alone? ", "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "60 years"}], "question": "How long go did this crime take place? ", "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "the cup had been melted down to make counterfeit half-crown coins"}], "question": "What did Burge do with the cup? ", "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "stolen silver was being used to forge coins which were then laundered through betting shops at a local racecourse"}], "question": "What did they do with those coins? ", "id": "57278d03dd62a815002ea034"}]}], ["Ramai [yang?] Menjangka BSkyB untuk membuat tawaran untuk menunjukkan beberapa baki perlawanan Piala FA untuk sisa musim 2009-10 yang akan merangkumi hak separuh akhir dan berkongsi kepada final. ESPN mengambil alih pakeanta Setanta yang diadakan untuk Piala FA dari musim 2010-11. Pertunjukan 2011 juga ditunjukkan secara langsung di Sky 3D sebagai tambahan kepada ESPN (yang menyediakan liputan 3D untuk Sky 3D) dan ITV. Berikutan penjualan saluran UK dan Ireland ESPN ke BT, pakej hak ESPN dipindahkan ke BT Sport dari musim 2013-14. <> Siapa yang mengambil alih pakej dari Sentana? || ESPN mengambil alih pakej Setanta <> Siapa yang menunjukkan akhir 2011? || Pertunjukan 2011 juga dipaparkan secara langsung di Sky 3D sebagai tambahan kepada ESPN <> Adakah ESPN masih memegang kontrak? || Berikutan penjualan saluran UK dan Ireland ESPN ke BT, pakej hak ESPN dipindahkan ke BT Sport <> Tahun apakah ini berlaku? || musim 2013-14 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih selepas ESPN? || BT Sport", {"context": "Many[who?] expected BSkyB to make a bid to show some of the remaining FA Cup games for the remainder of the 2009\u201310 season which would include a semi-final and shared rights to the final. ESPN took over the package Setanta held for the FA Cup from the 2010\u201311 season. The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN (who provided the 3D coverage for Sky 3D) and ITV. Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport from the 2013\u201314 season.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "ESPN took over the package Setanta"}], "question": "Who took over the package from Sentana?", "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "The 2011 final was also shown live on Sky 3D in addition to ESPN"}], "question": "Who show the 2011 final? ", "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Following the sale of ESPN's UK and Ireland channels to BT, ESPN's rights package transferred to BT Sport"}], "question": "Does ESPN still hold the contract? ", "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "the 2013\u201314 season"}], "question": "What year did this take place? ", "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "BT Sport"}], "question": "Who took over after ESPN? ", "id": "5727955bf1498d1400e8fcd4"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1988 hingga 1997, BBC dan Sky Sports mempunyai liputan Piala FA, BBC telah menyoroti Match of the Day dan biasanya satu perlawanan setiap pusingan sementara Sky mempunyai perjanjian yang sama. Dari tahun 1997 hingga 2001, ITV dan Sky berkongsi liputan secara langsung dengan kedua-dua mempunyai dua perlawanan setiap pusingan dan BBC meneruskan sorotan pada Match of the Day. Dari tahun 2002 hingga 2008, BBC dan Sky sekali lagi berkongsi liputan dengan BBC yang mempunyai dua atau tiga perlawanan setiap pusingan dan Sky mempunyai satu atau dua. Dari 2008-09 hingga 2013-14, perlawanan FA Cup ditunjukkan langsung oleh ITV di seluruh England dan Wales, dengan penyiaran UTV ke Ireland Utara tetapi STV enggan menunjukkan kepada mereka. ITV menunjukkan 16 perlawanan Piala FA setiap musim, termasuk pilihan pertama perlawanan langsung dari setiap pusingan keenam pertandingan, ditambah satu semifinal secara eksklusif. Perlawanan akhir juga ditunjukkan secara langsung di ITV. Di bawah kontrak 2008 yang sama, Setanta Sports mempamerkan tiga perlawanan dan satu lagi perlawanan dalam setiap pusingan dari tiga hingga lima, dua suku akhir, satu separuh akhir dan final. Saluran itu juga menyiarkan perlawanan ITV secara eksklusif ke Scotland, selepas pemegang francais ITV di Scotland, STV, memutuskan untuk tidak menyiarkan perlawanan Piala FA. Setanta memasuki pentadbiran pada bulan Jun 2009 dan sebagai hasilnya, FA menamatkan perjanjian Setanta untuk menyiarkan pertandingan yang diiktiraf FA dan antarabangsa antarabangsa England. Akibat Setanta keluar dari perniagaan ITV menunjukkan persaingan secara eksklusif di musim 2009-10 dengan antara tiga dan empat perlawanan setiap pusingan, semua peringkat suku akhir, separuh akhir dan final sebagai FA tidak dapat mencari penyiar TV berbayar di masa. ESPN membeli pertandingan untuk musim 2010-11 hingga 2012-13 dan pada masa ini Rebecca Lowe menjadi wanita pertama yang menjadi tuan rumah Piala FA Akhir di UK. <> Siapa yang mempunyai liputan Piala FA dari 1988-1997? || Dari 1988 hingga 1997, BBC dan Sky Sports mempunyai liputan Piala FA <> Bagaimana permainan disiarkan sekarang? || , Perlawanan Piala FA ditunjukkan secara langsung oleh ITV di seluruh England dan Wales, dengan penyiaran UTV ke Ireland Utara <> Adakah sesiapa enggan menunjukkan kepada mereka? || STV enggan menunjukkan kepada mereka <> Adakah wanita pernah menyiarkan perlawanan? || Rebecca Lowe menjadi wanita pertama yang menjadi tuan rumah Piala FA Akhir di UK. <> Tahun apa rebecca tuan rumah perlawanan? || untuk musim 2010-11 hingga 2012-13", {"context": "From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup, the BBC had highlights on Match of the Day and usually one match per round while Sky had the same deal. From 1997 to 2001, ITV and Sky shared live coverage with both having two matches per round and BBC continuing with highlights on Match of the Day. From 2002 to 2008, BBC and Sky again shared coverage with BBC having two or three matches per round and Sky having one or two. From 2008\u201309 to 2013\u201314, FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland but STV refusing to show them. ITV shows 16 FA Cup games per season, including the first pick of live matches from each of the first to sixth rounds of the competition, plus one semi-final exclusively live. The final is also shown live on ITV. Under the same 2008 contract, Setanta Sports showed three games and one replay in each round from round three to five, two quarter-finals, one semi-final and the final. The channel also broadcast ITV's matches exclusively to Scotland, after the ITV franchise holder in Scotland, STV, decided not to broadcast FA Cup games. Setanta entered administration in June 2009 and as a result the FA terminated Setanta's deal to broadcast FA-sanctioned competitions and England internationals. As a result of Setanta going out of business ITV showed the competition exclusively in the 2009\u201310 season with between three and four matches per round, all quarter finals, semi-finals and final live as the FA could not find a pay TV broadcaster in time. ESPN bought the competition for the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 season and during this time Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "From 1988 to 1997, the BBC and Sky Sports had coverage of the FA Cup"}], "question": "Who had FA cup coverage from 1988-1997?", "id": "572794a8708984140094e173"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": ", FA Cup matches are shown live by ITV across England and Wales, with UTV broadcasting to Northern Ireland"}], "question": "How are the games broadcast now? ", "id": "572794a8708984140094e174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "STV refusing to show them"}], "question": "Does anyone refuse to show them? ", "id": "572794a8708984140094e175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1644, "text": "Rebecca Lowe became the first woman to host the FA Cup Final in the UK."}], "question": "Has a woman ever broadcast a match? ", "id": "572794a8708984140094e176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1589, "text": "for the 2010\u201311 to 2012\u201313 season"}], "question": "What year did rebecca host the match? ", "id": "572794a8708984140094e177"}]}]], [["Pada masa Reformasi Protestan pada abad ke-16, Strasbourg adalah komuniti yang makmur, dan penduduknya menerima Protestantisme pada tahun 1523. Martin Bucer adalah seorang pembaharu Protestan terkemuka di rantau ini. Upaya-upayanya ditentang oleh Habsburgs Katolik Roma yang cuba membasmi bidaah di Upper Alsace. Akibatnya, Alsace telah diubah menjadi mosaik wilayah Katolik dan Protestan. Sebaliknya, M\u00f6mpelgard (Montb\u00e9liard) ke barat daya Alsace, yang dimiliki oleh Count of W\u00fcrttemberg sejak 1397, kekal sebagai wilayah Protestan di Perancis sehingga 1793. <> Bilakah Strasbourg menerima Protestan? || 1523 <> Siapa yang dikenali sebagai pembaharu di Strasbourg? || Martin Bucer <> Apakah nama-nama yang diberikan untuk kedua-dua kumpulan yang menguasai Alsace pada masa ini? || Katolik dan Protestan", {"context": "By the time of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Strasbourg was a prosperous community, and its inhabitants accepted Protestantism in 1523. Martin Bucer was a prominent Protestant reformer in the region. His efforts were countered by the Roman Catholic Habsburgs who tried to eradicate heresy in Upper Alsace. As a result, Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. On the other hand, M\u00f6mpelgard (Montb\u00e9liard) to the southwest of Alsace, belonging to the Counts of W\u00fcrttemberg since 1397, remained a Protestant enclave in France until 1793.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "1523"}], "question": "When did Strasbourg accept Protestantism?", "id": "572786705951b619008f8c59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Martin Bucer"}], "question": "Who was known as a reformer in Strasbourg?", "id": "572786705951b619008f8c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Catholic and Protestant"}], "question": "What were the names given for the two groups that heavily dominated Alsace during this time?", "id": "572786705951b619008f8c5b"}]}], ["Pada 1469, berikutan Perjanjian St. Omer, Upper Alsace telah dijual oleh Archduke Sigismund dari Austria kepada Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Walaupun Charles adalah tuan tanah nominal, cukai telah dibayar kepada Frederick III, Kaisar Rom Suci. Yang terakhir ini dapat menggunakan cukai ini dan perkahwinan dinasti untuk kelebihannya untuk mendapatkan kawalan penuh atas Alsace Atas (selain dari bandar-bandar bebas, tetapi termasuk Belfort) pada tahun 1477 ketika menjadi bagian dari keluarga Habsburg, yang juga penguasa kerajaan. Bandar Mulhouse menyertai Gabungan Swiss pada tahun 1515, di mana ia kekal sehingga tahun 1798. <> Pada tahun apakah Upper Alsace dijual kepada Archduke Sigismund? || 1469 <> Mengapa Frederick III menggunakan cukai dan perkahwinan di Upper Alsace? || untuk mendapatkan kembali kawalan penuh Alsace Atas <> Bilakah Mulhouse menyertai Gabungan Swiss? || 1515", {"context": "In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1469"}], "question": "In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?", "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "to gain back full control of Upper Alsace"}], "question": "Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?", "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "1515"}], "question": "When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?", "id": "572783a4f1498d1400e8fa5c"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, sesetengah orang Alsatians bertentangan dengan Jacobin dan bersimpati dengan pasukan penyerang Austria dan Prussia yang cuba menghancurkan republik revolusi yang baru. Kebanyakan penduduk Sundgau membuat \"ziarah\" ke tempat-tempat seperti Mariastein Abbey, berhampiran Basel, di Switzerland, untuk pembaptisan dan majlis perkahwinan. Apabila Tentera Revolusi Perancis di Rhine menang, puluhan ribu melarikan diri ke timur sebelum itu. Apabila mereka kemudiannya dibenarkan kembali (dalam beberapa kes tidak sehingga 1799), sering kali mendapati bahawa tanah dan rumah mereka telah dirampas. Keadaan ini menyebabkan penghijrahan oleh beratus-ratus keluarga ke tanah baru kosong di Empayar Rusia pada tahun 1803-4 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 1808. Pengumuman semula peristiwa ini berdasarkan apa yang dilihat oleh Goethe secara peribadi dapat ditemukan dalam puisi panjang Hermann dan Dorothea. <> Yang mana dua negara yang cuba menghancurkan republik yang baru muncul? || Austria dan Prusia <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kebanyakan orang yang melarikan diri Sungau semasa perang ketika mereka dibenarkan pulang? || tanah dan rumah telah dirampas <> Apa nama puisi oleh Goethe? || Hermann dan Dorothea", {"context": "At the same time, some Alsatians were in opposition to the Jacobins and sympathetic to the invading forces of Austria and Prussia who sought to crush the nascent revolutionary republic. Many of the residents of the Sundgau made \"pilgrimages\" to places like Mariastein Abbey, near Basel, in Switzerland, for baptisms and weddings. When the French Revolutionary Army of the Rhine was victorious, tens of thousands fled east before it. When they were later permitted to return (in some cases not until 1799), it was often to find that their lands and homes had been confiscated. These conditions led to emigration by hundreds of families to newly vacant lands in the Russian Empire in 1803\u20134 and again in 1808. A poignant retelling of this event based on what Goethe had personally witnessed can be found in his long poem Hermann and Dorothea.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Austria and Prussia"}], "question": "Which two countries sought to crush the nascent republic?", "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "lands and homes had been confiscated"}], "question": "What had happened to most of the people who fled Sungau during the war when they were allowed to return home?", "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Hermann and Dorothea"}], "question": "What was the name of the poem by Goethe?", "id": "57278cbd5951b619008f8d37"}]}], ["Seperti kebanyakan di Eropah, kemakmuran Alsace telah berakhir pada abad ke-14 oleh satu siri musim hujan yang keras, penuaian yang buruk, dan Kematian Hitam. Kesulitan ini disalahkan oleh orang Yahudi, yang membawa kepada pogrom 1336 dan 1339. Pada tahun 1349, orang-orang Yahudi Alsace dituduh meracuni telaga dengan wabak, menyebabkan pembunuhan beribu-ribu orang Yahudi semasa pogrom Strasbourg. Orang Yahudi kemudiannya dilarang untuk menetap di bandar. Satu lagi bencana alam tambahan ialah gempa bumi Rhine rusuk 1356, salah satu yang terburuk di Eropah yang membuat runtuhan Basel. Kemakmuran kembali ke Alsace di bawah pentadbiran Habsburg semasa Renaissance. <> Kira-kira ketika Alsace kehilangan kemakmurannya? || Abad ke-14 <> Mengapa penurunan Alsace mempunyai wilayah yang makmur? || musim sejuk yang keras, penuaian yang buruk, dan Kematian Hitam <> Kumpulan mana yang salah dipersalahkan kerana semua bencana yang melanda rantau ini? || menyalahkan orang Yahudi <> Apakah orang-orang Yahudi yang dituduh di Alsace? || dituduh meracuni telaga dengan wabah <> Bilakah gempa bumi Rhine Rift berlaku? || 1356,", {"context": "As in much of Europe, the prosperity of Alsace came to an end in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death. These hardships were blamed on Jews, leading to the pogroms of 1336 and 1339. In 1349, Jews of Alsace were accused of poisoning the wells with plague, leading to the massacre of thousands of Jews during the Strasbourg pogrom. Jews were subsequently forbidden to settle in the town. An additional natural disaster was the Rhine rift earthquake of 1356, one of Europe's worst which made ruins of Basel. Prosperity returned to Alsace under Habsburg administration during the Renaissance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "14th century"}], "question": "About when did Alsace lose its prosperity?", "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death"}], "question": "Why did Alsace decline has a prospering territory?", "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "blamed on Jews"}], "question": "Which group of people were wrongly blamed for all the disasters that struck the region?", "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "accused of poisoning the wells with plague"}], "question": "What were the jewish people accused of in Alsace?", "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "1356,"}], "question": "When did the Rhine Rift earthquake occur?", "id": "57277e9df1498d1400e8f9c8"}]}], ["Rantau ini, sebagai sebahagian daripada Lorraine, adalah sebahagian daripada Empayar Rom Suci, dan kemudian secara beransur-ansur dilampirkan oleh Perancis pada abad ke-17, dan diformalkan sebagai salah satu wilayah di Perancis. Republika pembuatan Calvinist, Mulhouse, yang dikenal sebagai Stadtrepublik M\u00fclhausen, menjadi bagian dari Alsace setelah suara oleh rakyatnya pada 4 Januari 1798. Alsace sering disebut dengan dan sebagai bagian dari Lorraine dan bekas dukun Lorraine, karena itu adalah penting sebahagian daripada duchy, dan kemudian kerana kepemilikan Jerman sebagai wilayah imperialis (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871-1918) dipertandingkan pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20; Perancis dan Jerman menukar kawalan bahagian-bahagian Lorraine (termasuk Alsace) empat kali dalam 75 tahun. <> Bilakah Stadtrepublik menjadi sebahagian daripada Alsace? || 4 Januari 1798 <> Berapa tahun Jerman memegang Lorrain-Alscace? || 1871-1918 <> Di mana negara lain mempunyai kawalan ke atas Alsace? || Perancis <> Berapa banyak kali Jerman dan Perancis bertukar dan mempunyai kawalan terhadap Alscace? || empat kali", {"context": "The region, as part of Lorraine, was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and then was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century, and formalized as one of the provinces of France. The Calvinist manufacturing republic of Mulhouse, known as Stadtrepublik M\u00fclhausen, became a part of Alsace after a vote by its citizens on 4 January 1798. Alsace is frequently mentioned with and as part of Lorraine and the former duchy of Lorraine, since it was a vital part of the duchy, and later because German possession as the imperial province (Alsace-Lorraine, 1871\u20131918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries; France and Germany exchanged control of parts of Lorraine (including Alsace) four times in 75 years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "4 January 1798"}], "question": "When did Stadtrepublik become a part of Alsace?", "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "1871\u20131918"}], "question": "What years did Germany hold possession over Lorrain-Alscace?", "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "France"}], "question": "Which other country had control over Alsace?", "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 683, "text": "four times"}], "question": "How many times did Germany and France switched and had control of Alscace?", "id": "5727570ddd62a815002e9b57"}]}], ["Tahun 1789 membawa Revolusi Perancis dan dengan itu bahagian pertama Alsace ke d\u00e9partement Haut- dan Bas-Rhin. Alsatian memainkan peranan aktif dalam Revolusi Perancis. Pada 21 Julai 1789, selepas menerima berita tentang Storming Bastille di Paris, ramai orang menyerbu dewan bandar Strasbourg, memaksa pentadbir bandar melarikan diri dan meletakkan simboliknya mengakhiri sistem feudal di Alsace. Pada tahun 1792, Rouget de Lisle terdiri daripada lagu \"La Marseillaise\" (seperti lagu Maring untuk Tentera Rhine) di Strasbourg, yang kemudian menjadi lagu kebangsaan Perancis. \"La Marseillaise\" dimainkan untuk kali pertama pada April tahun itu di hadapan Datuk Bandar Strasbourg Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich. Beberapa jeneral Revolusi Perancis yang paling terkenal juga berasal dari Alsace, terutamanya Kellermann, pemenang Valmy, Kl\u00e9ber, yang mengetuai tentera Republik Perancis di Vend\u00e9e dan Westermann, yang juga berperang di Vend\u00e9e. <> Dalam tahun apakah pembahagian Alsace berlaku? || 1789 <> Lagu mana yang pertama kali dimainkan di Strasbourg yang kemudian menjadi lagu kebangsaan Perancis? || La Marseillaise <> Yang mengetuai tentera Republik Perancis di Vendee dan Westermann? || Kellermann", {"context": "The year 1789 brought the French Revolution and with it the first division of Alsace into the d\u00e9partements of Haut- and Bas-Rhin. Alsatians played an active role in the French Revolution. On 21 July 1789, after receiving news of the Storming of the Bastille in Paris, a crowd of people stormed the Strasbourg city hall, forcing the city administrators to flee and putting symbolically an end to the feudal system in Alsace. In 1792, Rouget de Lisle composed in Strasbourg the Revolutionary marching song \"La Marseillaise\" (as Marching song for the Army of the Rhine), which later became the anthem of France. \"La Marseillaise\" was played for the first time in April of that year in front of the mayor of Strasbourg Philippe-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric de Dietrich. Some of the most famous generals of the French Revolution also came from Alsace, notably Kellermann, the victor of Valmy, Kl\u00e9ber, who led the armies of the French Republic in Vend\u00e9e and Westermann, who also fought in the Vend\u00e9e.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1789"}], "question": "In what year did the division of Alsace take place?", "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "La Marseillaise"}], "question": "Which song was played for the first time in Strasbourg that would later become the French national anthem?", "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 835, "text": "Kellermann"}], "question": "Who led the armies of the French Republic in Vendee and Westermann?", "id": "57278bb15951b619008f8d09"}]}], ["Keadaan ini berlaku sehingga 1639, ketika kebanyakan Alsace ditakluki oleh Perancis untuk menghalangnya dari tangan Habsburgs Sepanyol, yang ingin jalan yang jelas untuk harta benda berharga dan pemberontak mereka di Belanda Belanda. Disebut oleh musuh-musuh dan berusaha mendapatkan tangan bebas di Hungary, Habsburgs menjual wilayah Sundgau mereka (kebanyakannya di Upper Alsace) ke Perancis pada tahun 1646, yang telah mendudukinya, dengan jumlah 1.2 juta Thalers. Apabila permusuhan diselesaikan pada 1648 dengan Perjanjian Westphalia, kebanyakan Alsace diiktiraf sebagai sebahagian dari Perancis, walaupun beberapa bandar tetap bebas. Ketetapan perjanjian mengenai Alsace adalah rumit; walaupun raja Perancis memperoleh kedaulatan, hak-hak dan adat istiadat yang ada pada penduduk kebanyakannya dipelihara. Perancis terus mengekalkan sempadan kastamnya di sepanjang pergunungan Vosges di mana ia telah meninggalkan Alsace lebih berorientasikan ekonomi ke tanah-tanah berbahasa Jerman yang berdekatan. Bahasa Jerman masih digunakan dalam pentadbiran tempatan, di sekolah, dan di (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, yang terus menarik pelajar dari tanah berbahasa lain Jerman. Perintah 1685 Fontainebleau, yang mana raja Perancis memerintahkan penindasan Protestantisme Perancis, tidak digunakan di Alsace. Perancis berusaha untuk mempromosikan Katolik; Katedral Strasbourg, sebagai contoh, yang telah menjadi Lutheran dari tahun 1524 hingga 1681, telah dikembalikan kepada Gereja Katolik. Bagaimanapun, berbanding dengan Perancis yang lain, Alsace menikmati iklim toleransi agama. <> Bilakah habsburgs menjual wilayah Sundgau ke Perancis? || 1646 <> Berapa banyak bayaran Perancis untuk Sundgau? || 1.2 juta Thalers <> Pada 1685 Edict Fontainebleau dengan cara Raja Perancis memerintahkan apa yang harus dilakukan? || penindasan Protestantisme Perancis", {"context": "This situation prevailed until 1639, when most of Alsace was conquered by France so as to keep it out of the hands of the Spanish Habsburgs, who wanted a clear road to their valuable and rebellious possessions in the Spanish Netherlands. Beset by enemies and seeking to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers. When hostilities were concluded in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, most of Alsace was recognized as part of France, although some towns remained independent. The treaty stipulations regarding Alsace were complex; although the French king gained sovereignty, existing rights and customs of the inhabitants were largely preserved. France continued to maintain its customs border along the Vosges mountains where it had been, leaving Alsace more economically oriented to neighbouring German-speaking lands. The German language remained in use in local administration, in schools, and at the (Lutheran) University of Strasbourg, which continued to draw students from other German-speaking lands. The 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau, by which the French king ordered the suppression of French Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism; Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1646"}], "question": "When did the Habsburgs  sell the Sundgau territory to France?", "id": "572787eb708984140094e021"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "1.2 million Thalers"}], "question": "How much did France pay for Sundgau?", "id": "572787eb708984140094e022"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1207, "text": "the suppression of French Protestantism"}], "question": "In 1685 Edict Fontainebleau by way of the French King ordered what to be done?", "id": "572787eb708984140094e023"}]}], ["Empayar Holy Roman Empayar pusat telah mula menurun beberapa tahun pengembaraan imperialis di tanah Itali, sering menyerang hegemoni di Eropah Barat ke Perancis, yang sejak lama berpusat. Perancis memulakan dasar agresif untuk berkembang ke timur, pertama ke sungai-sungai Rh\u00f4ne dan Meuse, dan apabila sempadan itu dicapai, bertujuan untuk Rhine. Pada tahun 1299, Perancis mencadangkan perikatan perkahwinan antara Philip IV dari kakak Perancis Blanche dan Albert I dari anak lelaki Jerman Rudolf, dengan Alsace menjadi mas kahwin; bagaimanapun, perjanjian itu tidak pernah berlaku. Pada tahun 1307, bandar Belfort pertama kali disewa oleh Counts of Montb\u00e9liard. Pada abad yang akan datang, Perancis akan menjadi tentera yang hancur oleh Perang Seratus Tahun, yang menghalang kecenderungan selanjutnya dalam arah ini. Selepas tamatnya perang, Perancis sekali lagi bebas untuk meneruskan keinginannya untuk sampai ke Rhine dan pada 1444 tentera Perancis muncul di Lorraine dan Alsace. Ia mengambil tempat musim sejuk, menuntut penyerahan Metz dan Strasbourg dan melancarkan serangan terhadap Basel. <> Apakah nama-nama dua sungai pertama Perancis yang agresif pergi ke sementara berkembang ke timur? || Rh\u00f4ne dan Meuse <> Perancis mencadangkan perkahwinan antara dua orang? || Blanche dan Albert <> Apa nama tempoh ketika Perancis dihancurkan tentera? || Perang Seratus Tahun <> Pada tahun apakah Perancis mencapai Alsace? || 1444", {"context": "Holy Roman Empire central power had begun to decline following years of imperial adventures in Italian lands, often ceding hegemony in Western Europe to France, which had long since centralized power. France began an aggressive policy of expanding eastward, first to the rivers Rh\u00f4ne and Meuse, and when those borders were reached, aiming for the Rhine. In 1299, the French proposed a marriage alliance between Philip IV of France's sister Blanche and Albert I of Germany's son Rudolf, with Alsace to be the dowry; however, the deal never came off. In 1307, the town of Belfort was first chartered by the Counts of Montb\u00e9liard. During the next century, France was to be militarily shattered by the Hundred Years' War, which prevented for a time any further tendencies in this direction. After the conclusion of the war, France was again free to pursue its desire to reach the Rhine and in 1444 a French army appeared in Lorraine and Alsace. It took up winter quarters, demanded the submission of Metz and Strasbourg and launched an attack on Basel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Rh\u00f4ne and Meuse"}], "question": "What were the names of the first two rivers France aggressively went to while expanding eastward?", "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Blanche and Albert"}], "question": "The French proposed a marriage between which two people?", "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "the Hundred Years' War"}], "question": "What was the name of the period when France was crushed military?", "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 889, "text": "1444"}], "question": "In what year did the French reach Alsace?", "id": "572780475951b619008f8b7e"}]}], ["Pada masa ini kawasan sekitarnya mengalami pemecahan dan penggabungan semula berulang di kalangan beberapa kekuasaan fahaman sekular dan gereja yang feudal, proses biasa di Empayar Rom Suci. Alsace mengalami kemakmuran yang hebat pada abad ke-12 dan ke-13 di bawah maharaja Hohenstaufen. Frederick Saya menubuhkan Alsace sebagai sebuah wilayah (sebuah wilayah, bukan sebuah wilayah) yang diperintah oleh menteri, kelas awam yang tidak mulia. Idea ini adalah lelaki sedemikian akan menjadi lebih tractable dan kurang cenderung untuk mengasingkan pencuri dari mahkota dari ketamakan mereka sendiri. Wilayah ini mempunyai satu mahkamah wilayah (Landgericht) dan sebuah pusat pentadbiran dengan tempat duduknya di Hagenau. Frederick II menunjuk Uskup Strasbourg untuk mentadbir Alsace, tetapi kuasa uskup itu dicabar oleh Count Rudolf dari Habsburg, yang menerima haknya dari anak Frederick II, Conrad IV. Strasbourg mula berkembang menjadi bandar terpenting dan komersial yang penting di rantau ini. Pada tahun 1262, selepas perjuangan panjang dengan uskup pemerintah, rakyatnya memperoleh status kota kekaisaran bebas. Berhenti di laluan perdagangan Paris-Vienna-Orient, serta pelabuhan di laluan Rhine yang menghubungkan selatan Jerman dan Switzerland ke Belanda, England dan Scandinavia, ia menjadi pusat politik dan ekonomi rantau ini. Bandar-bandar seperti Colmar dan Hagenau juga mula berkembang dengan kepentingan ekonomi dan mendapat semangat autonomi dalam \"Decapole\" atau \"Dekapolis\", persekutuan sepuluh bandar percuma. <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai amalan biasa semasa Empayar Rom Suci? || pemecahan dan reincorporations di kalangan beberapa kepercayaan fahaman sekular dan gereja yang feudal <> Di bawah pemerintahan yang Alsace berkembang maju di bawah? || Hohenstaufen emperors <> Adakah nama yang diberikan kepada mahkamah wilayah Alsace? || Landgericht <> Apa nama laluan yang menghubungkan Jerman, Switzerland, Belanda, dan England || Laluan perdagangan Paris-Vienna-Orient <> Yang dua bandar lain juga mula berkembang secara ekonomi? || Colmar dan Hagenau", {"context": "At about this time the surrounding areas experienced recurring fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships, a common process in the Holy Roman Empire. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors. Frederick I set up Alsace as a province (a procuratio, not a provincia) to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants. The idea was that such men would be more tractable and less likely to alienate the fief from the crown out of their own greed. The province had a single provincial court (Landgericht) and a central administration with its seat at Hagenau. Frederick II designated the Bishop of Strasbourg to administer Alsace, but the authority of the bishop was challenged by Count Rudolf of Habsburg, who received his rights from Frederick II's son Conrad IV. Strasbourg began to grow to become the most populous and commercially important town in the region. In 1262, after a long struggle with the ruling bishops, its citizens gained the status of free imperial city. A stop on the Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route, as well as a port on the Rhine route linking southern Germany and Switzerland to the Netherlands, England and Scandinavia, it became the political and economic center of the region. Cities such as Colmar and Hagenau also began to grow in economic importance and gained a kind of autonomy within the \"Decapole\" or \"Dekapolis\", a federation of ten free towns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "fragmentation and reincorporations among a number of feudal secular and ecclesiastical lordships"}], "question": "What was considered a common practice in during the Holy Roman Empire?", "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Hohenstaufen emperors"}], "question": "Under who's rule did Alsace thrive under?", "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "Landgericht"}], "question": "Was was the name given to the Alsace provincinal court?", "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1112, "text": "Paris-Vienna-Orient trade route"}], "question": "What was the name of the route that linked Germany,Switzerland , Netherlands, and England", "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1342, "text": "Colmar and Hagenau"}], "question": "Which other two cities also started to grow economically?", "id": "57275caa5951b619008f88bd"}]}], ["Dengan kemerosotan Empayar Rom, Alsace menjadi wilayah Jerman Alemanni. Alemanni adalah orang-orang pertanian, dan bahasa Jerman mereka membentuk asas dialek moden yang dituturkan di sepanjang Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Switzerland). Clovis dan Franks mengalahkan Alemanni pada abad ke-5 AD, yang berakhir dengan Pertempuran Tolbiac, dan Alsace menjadi sebahagian daripada Kerajaan Austrasia. Di bawah pengganti Covvis 'Merovingian, penduduk telah menjadi Kristian. Alsace kekal di bawah kawalan Frank sehingga wilayah Frank, mengikuti Sumpah Strasbourg dari 842, secara rasmi dibubarkan pada tahun 843 di Perjanjian Verdun; cucu-cucu Charlemagne membahagi alam menjadi tiga bahagian. Alsace merupakan sebahagian daripada Francia Tengah, yang diperintah oleh cucu termuda, Lothar I. Lothar meninggal pada awal tahun 855 dan alamnya dibahagikan kepada tiga bahagian. Bahagian yang dikenali sebagai Lotharingia, atau Lorraine, diberikan kepada anak Lothar. Selebihnya dikongsi antara saudara-saudara Lothar Charles the Bald (penguasa dunia Barat Frankish) dan Louis Jerman (penguasa dunia Timur Frankish). Kerajaan Lotharingia tidak lama, bagaimanapun, menjadi dukun batang Lorraine di Francia Timur selepas Perjanjian Ribemont pada tahun 880. Alsace telah bersatu dengan Alemanni sebelah timur Rhine ke dalam duchy batang Swabia. <> Antara tiga wilayah yang membentuk Upper Rhine? || Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss <> Siapa yang memaksa Kristian pada orang Alsace? || Clovis 'Merovingian <> Apa yang berlaku pada perjanjian Verdun? || Sumpah Strasbourg dari 842, secara rasmi dibubarkan dalam 843 <> Dalam tahun apakah Lothar melewatinya? || 855", {"context": "With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss"}], "question": "Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?", "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8897"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Clovis' Merovingian"}], "question": "Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?", "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8898"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843"}], "question": "What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?", "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f8899"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 845, "text": "855"}], "question": "In what year did Lothar past away?", "id": "57275a0f5951b619008f889a"}]}], ["Dari penggabungan Alsace oleh Perancis pada abad ke-17 dan dasar bahasa Revolusi Perancis hingga 1870, pengetahuan bahasa Perancis di Alsace meningkat dengan ketara. Dengan pembaharuan pendidikan abad ke-19, kelas pertengahan mula bercakap dan menulis bahasa Perancis dengan baik. Walau bagaimanapun, bahasa Perancis tidak pernah berjaya diuruskan untuk memenangi rakyat jelata, sebahagian besar daripada mereka terus berbahasa dialek Jerman dan menulis dalam bahasa Jerman (yang kini kita panggil \"bahasa Jerman standard\"). Adakah penyempurnaan Alsace berlaku? || Abad ke-17 <> Dengan pembaharuan pendidikan pada abad ke-19 apa yang berlaku di Alsace? || kelas menengah mula bercakap dan menulis bahasa Perancis <> Apa yang kini disebut dialek bahasa Jerman yang dirujuk sebagai? || Jerman standard", {"context": "From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call \"standard German\").[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "17th century"}], "question": "Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?", "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "middle classes began to speak and write French"}], "question": "With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?", "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "standard German"}], "question": "What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?", "id": "5727a5fe4b864d1900163966"}]}], ["Alsace adalah salah satu wilayah yang paling konservatif di Perancis. Ia adalah salah satu daripada dua wilayah di metropolitan Perancis di mana hak konservatif memenangi pemilihan wilayah pada tahun 2004 dan dengan itu mengawal Majlis Daerah Alsace. Pemimpin konservatif Nicolas Sarkozy mendapat skor terbaiknya di Alsace (lebih 65%) pada pusingan kedua pemilihan presiden Perancis tahun 2007. Presiden Majlis Daerah adalah Philippe Richert, anggota Kesatuan untuk Pergerakan Popular, yang dipilih dalam Pilihan raya serantau 2010. Status kerap menukar wilayah sepanjang sejarah telah meninggalkan tanda pada politik moden dalam hal kepentingan tertentu dalam isu identiti negara. Alsace juga merupakan salah satu wilayah yang paling pro-EU di Perancis. Ia adalah salah satu daripada beberapa wilayah Perancis yang mengundi 'ya' kepada Perlembagaan Eropah pada 2005. <> Yang pemimpin konservatif pada 2007 menerima skor terbaik semasa pusingan kedua pemilihan? || Nicolas Sarkozy <> Siapa presiden peguam daerah itu? || Philippe Richert <> Alsace adalah salah seorang yang mengundi untuk langkah ini dari Perancis, apa itu? || Perlembagaan Eropah pada tahun 2005", {"context": "Alsace is one of the most conservative r\u00e9gions of France. It is one of just two r\u00e9gions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 r\u00e9gion elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the r\u00e9gion throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Nicolas Sarkozy"}], "question": "Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?", "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9154"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Philippe Richert"}], "question": "Who is the president of the regional counsel?", "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9155"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 789, "text": "European Constitution in 2005"}], "question": "Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?", "id": "5727a11cff5b5019007d9156"}]}], ["Berikutan Reformasi Protestan, dipromosikan oleh pembaharu tempatan Martin Bucer, prinsip cuius regio, eius religio membawa kepada kepelbagaian agama tertentu di dataran tinggi Alsace utara. Pemilik tanah, yang sebagai \"tuan-tuan tempatan\" mempunyai hak untuk memutuskan agama mana yang dibenarkan di tanah mereka, bersemangat untuk menarik penduduk dari dataran rendah yang lebih menarik untuk menetap dan mengembangkan harta mereka. Banyak yang diterima tanpa diskriminasi Katolik, Lutheran, Calvinis, Yahudi dan Anabaptis. Kampung Multiconfessional muncul, terutama di rantau Alsace bossue. Alsace menjadi salah satu wilayah Perancis yang memperlihatkan komuniti Yahudi yang berkembang maju, dan satu-satunya wilayah yang mempunyai populasi Anabaptis yang ketara. Pembahagian Amish di bawah pimpinan Jacob Amman dari Mennonites berlaku pada tahun 1693 di Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. Louis XIV yang keras Katolik cuba sia-sia untuk memandu mereka dari Alsace. Apabila Napoleon mengenakan konvensyen tentera tanpa pengecualian agama, kebanyakan berpindah ke benua Amerika. <> Apa yang pemilik tanah juga dikenali sebagai hak untuk memutuskan agama mana yang dibenarkan pada harta mereka? || tuan-tuan tempatan <> Mana-mana kumpulan atau agama yang sangat diterima di Alsace? || Katolik, Lutheran, Calvinists, Yahudi dan Anabaptists <> Kumpulan mana yang Louis XIV cuba menolak daripada Alsace? || Amish", {"context": "Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as \"local lords\" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "local lords"}], "question": "What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?", "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists"}], "question": "Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?", "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "Amish"}], "question": "Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?", "id": "5727a3e23acd2414000de8a9"}]}], ["Kebanyakan penduduk Alsatian adalah Katolik Rom, tetapi, sebahagian besarnya kerana warisan Jerman di rantau ini, masyarakat Protestan yang penting juga wujud: hari ini, EPCAAL (gereja Lutheran) adalah gereja Protestan kedua terbesar di Perancis, juga membentuk kesatuan pentadbiran (UEPAL) dengan EPRAL Calvinis yang lebih kecil. Tidak seperti seluruh Perancis, undang-undang Tempatan di Alsace-Moselle masih memperuntukkan kepada Napoleonic Concordat 1801 dan artikel-artikel organik, yang menyediakan subsidi orang ramai kepada gereja Rom Katolik, Lutheran, dan Calvinis, dan juga untuk sinagog Yahudi; kelas agama di salah satu agama ini wajib di sekolah awam. Divergensi ini dalam dasar dari majoriti Perancis adalah kerana rantau ini telah menjadi sebahagian daripada Imperial Jerman apabila undang-undang 1905 yang memisahkan gereja Perancis dan negara dimulakan (untuk sejarah yang lebih lengkap, lihat: Alsace-Lorraine). Kontroversi meletus secara berkala berdasarkan kesesuaian pelupusan undang-undang ini, serta pengecualian agama-agama lain dari susunan ini. <> Kumpulan atau agama mana yang menguasai populasi Aslatia? || Roman Katolik <> Yang lain agama besar juga wujud di Alsace kerana kehadiran Jerman sekali? || Protestan <> Apa nama Kesatuan yang dicipta oleh gereja Protestan kedua terbesar di Perancis? || UEPAL", {"context": "Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?", "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Protestant"}], "question": "Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?", "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "UEPAL"}], "question": "What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?", "id": "5727a226ff5b5019007d916c"}]}], ["Terdapat kontroversi di sekitar pengiktirafan bendera Alsacian. Bendera sejarah yang asli adalah Rot-un-Wiss; Merah dan Putih biasanya ditemui di kot tangan bandar Alsacian (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, S\u00e9lestat ...) dan banyak kutub Switzerland, terutamanya di rantau Basel. Wilayah Jerman Hesse menggunakan bendera yang serupa dengan Rot-un-Wiss. Kerana ia menggariskan akar Jerman di rantau ini, ia digantikan pada tahun 1949 oleh bendera \"Union jack-like\" yang baru yang mewakili kesatuan kedua-dua depresi. Walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak mempunyai kaitan sejarah yang sebenar. Sejak itu ia telah diganti dengan sedikit berbeza, juga mewakili dua d\u00e9partement. Dengan tujuan \"Frenchizing\" rantau ini, Rot-un-Wiss tidak diiktiraf oleh Paris. Beberapa ahli negarawan yang gila memanggilnya sebagai ciptaan Nazi - sementara asalnya bermula pada abad XIth dan spanduk Merah dan Putih G\u00e9rard de Lorraine (alias d'Alsace). Bendera Rot-un-Wiss masih dikenali sebagai simbol sejarah sebenar rantau ini oleh kebanyakan penduduk dan parlimen-jabatan tersebut dan telah digunakan secara meluas semasa protes terhadap penciptaan \"super-wilayah\" baru yang mengumpul Champagne-Ardennes , Lorraine dan Alsace, iaitu pada patung kebebasan Colmar. <> Apakah nama bendera sejarah Alsace? || Rot-un-Wiss <> Apakah bendera Jerman yang serupa dengan Rot-un-Wiss diganti? || Bendera Union seperti \"bendera\"> Apakah bendera \"Union jack-like\" mewakili? || kesatuan dua peralihan <> Bandar manakah Perancis yang tidak mengenali bendera Rot-un-Wiss? || Paris", {"context": "There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, S\u00e9lestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new \"Union jack-like\" flag representing the union of the two d\u00e9prtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two d\u00e9partements. With the purpose of \"Frenchizing\" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of G\u00e9rard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new \"super-region\" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Rot-un-Wiss"}], "question": "What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?", "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Union jack-like\" flag"}], "question": "What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?", "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "the union of the two d\u00e9prtements"}], "question": "What does the \"Union jack-like\" flag represent?", "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?", "id": "5727a539ff5b5019007d91dd"}]}], ["Alsace-Lorraine diduduki oleh Jerman pada tahun 1940 semasa Perang Dunia Kedua. Walaupun Jerman tidak pernah secara rasmi menggabungkan Alsace-Lorraine, ia dimasukkan ke dalam Reichs Jerman Besar, yang telah disusun semula ke Reichsgaue. Alsace digabungkan dengan Baden, dan Lorraine dengan Saarland, menjadi sebahagian daripada Westmark yang dirancang. Semasa peperangan, 130,000 pemuda dari Alsace dan Lorraine telah dimasukkan ke dalam tentera Jerman terhadap kehendak mereka (malgr\u00e9-nous) dan dalam beberapa kes, Waffen SS. Beberapa yang terlibat terlibat dalam jenayah perang seperti pembunuhan Oradour-sur-Glane. Kebanyakan mereka mati di bahagian timur. Beberapa yang boleh melarikan diri ke Switzerland atau menyertai perlawanan. Pada bulan Julai 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous telah dibebaskan dari penangkapan Soviet dan dihantar ke Algiers, di mana mereka menyertai Angkatan Perancis Bebas. <> Tahun apa Alsace-Lorraine diduduki oleh Jerman? || 1940 <> Berapa banyaknya lelaki Alsace dan Lorraine dipaksa masuk ke tentera Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II? || 130,000 <> Kumpulan mana yang dikeluarkan oleh orang Rusia ke Algiers? || malgr\u00e9-nous", {"context": "Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although Germany never formally annexed Alsace-Lorraine, it was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgr\u00e9-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most of them perished on the eastern front. The few that could escape fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgr\u00e9-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "1940"}], "question": "What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?", "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "130,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?", "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "malgr\u00e9-nous"}], "question": "Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?", "id": "57279ec2ff5b5019007d9136"}]}], ["Perancis memulakan Perang Franco-Prusia (1870-71), dan dikalahkan oleh Kerajaan Prusia dan negara-negara Jerman lainnya. Akhir perang menyebabkan penyatuan Jerman. Otto von Bismarck menggabungkan Alsace dan utara Lorraine ke Empayar Jerman baru pada tahun 1871; tidak seperti negara-negara anggota persekutuan Jerman yang mempunyai kerajaan sendiri, wilayah Imperial baru Alsace-Lorraine berada di bawah kuasa tunggal Kaiser, yang ditadbirkan secara langsung oleh kerajaan kerajaan di Berlin. Antara 100,000 dan 130,000 orang Alsatian (dari jumlah penduduk kira-kira satu juta setengah) memilih untuk kekal sebagai warganegara Perancis dan meninggalkan Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen, kebanyakan mereka berpindah di Perancis Algeria sebagai Pieds-Noirs. Hanya pada tahun 1911, Alsace-Lorraine memberikan beberapa langkah autonomi, yang juga ditunjukkan dalam bendera dan lagu (Els\u00e4ssisches Fahnenlied). Pada tahun 1913, bagaimanapun, Saverne Affair (Perancis: Incident de Saverne) menunjukkan had toleransi baru ini terhadap identiti Alsace. <> Negara mana yang mengalahkan Perancis pada tahun 1871? || Kerajaan Prusia <> Akhir perang menyebabkan penyatuan syarikat mana? || Jerman <> Yang menggabungkan Alsace kepada Empayar Jerman baru pada tahun 1871? || Otto von Bismarck", {"context": "France started the Franco-Prussian War (1870\u201371), and was defeated by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871; unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total population of about a million and a half) chose to remain French citizens and leave Reichsland Elsa\u00df-Lothringen, many of them resettling in French Algeria as Pieds-Noirs. Only in 1911 was Alsace-Lorraine granted some measure of autonomy, which was manifested also in a flag and an anthem (Els\u00e4ssisches Fahnenlied). In 1913, however, the Saverne Affair (French: Incident de Saverne) showed the limits of this new tolerance of the Alsatian identity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Kingdom of Prussia"}], "question": "Which country defeated the French in 1871?", "id": "57279021708984140094e0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "The end of the war led to which companies unification?", "id": "57279021708984140094e0f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Otto von Bismarck"}], "question": "Who annexed Alsace to the new German Empire in 1871?", "id": "57279021708984140094e0f5"}]}], ["Menjelang 1790, populasi Yahudi Alsace adalah kira-kira 22,500, kira-kira 3% daripada populasi wilayah. Mereka sangat dipisahkan dan tertakluk kepada peraturan anti-Yahudi yang lama. Mereka mengekalkan kastam mereka sendiri, bahasa Yiddish, dan tradisi bersejarah dalam ghettos ketat; mereka mematuhi hukum Talmud yang dikuatkuasakan oleh para rabbi mereka. Orang Yahudi dihalang dari kebanyakan bandar dan tinggal di kampung. Mereka tertumpu dalam perdagangan, perkhidmatan, dan terutama dalam pinjaman wang. Mereka membiayai kira-kira satu pertiga daripada gadai janji di Alsace. Toleransi rasmi berkembang semasa Revolusi Perancis, dengan pembebasan sepenuhnya pada tahun 1791. Walau bagaimanapun, antisemitisme tempatan juga meningkat dan Napoleon berubah menjadi bermusuhan pada tahun 1806, memaksakan moratorium satu tahun atas semua hutang yang terhutang kepada orang Yahudi. [Rujukan?] Dalam era 1830-1870 kebanyakan orang Yahudi berpindah ke bandar-bandar, di mana mereka terintegrasi dan diakreditasi, kerana antisemitisme semakin merosot. Menjelang tahun 1831, kerajaan mula membayar gaji kepada rabbi rasmi, dan pada 1846 sumpah undang-undang khusus untuk orang Yahudi telah dihentikan. Rusuhan tempatan antisemitik kadang-kadang berlaku, terutamanya semasa Revolusi 1848. Penggabungan Alsace ke Jerman pada 1871-1918 keganasan antisemit berkurang. <> Apakah populasi Alsace pada tahun 1790? || 22,500 <> Yahudi diharamkan dari bandar-bandar di Alsace, di mana mereka terpaksa menetap? || di kampung-kampung <> pada tahun 1791 orang Yahudi diberikan apa oleh orang Perancis? || emansipasi penuh <> Negara mana yang Alsace bergabung pada 1871-1918 || Jerman", {"context": "By 1790, the Jewish population of Alsace was approximately 22,500, about 3% of the provincial population. They were highly segregated and subject to long-standing anti-Jewish regulations. They maintained their own customs, Yiddish language, and historic traditions within the tightly-knit ghettos; they adhered to Talmudic law enforced by their rabbis. Jews were barred from most cities and instead lived in villages. They concentrated in trade, services, and especially in money lending. They financed about a third of the mortgages in Alsace. Official tolerance grew during the French Revolution, with full emancipation in 1791. However, local antisemitism also increased and Napoleon turned hostile in 1806, imposing a one-year moratorium on all debts owed to Jews.[citation needed] In the 1830-1870 era most Jews moved to the cities, where they integrated and acculturated, as antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. Merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "22,500"}], "question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1790?", "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "in villages"}], "question": "Jews were banned from cities in Alsace, where were they forced to settle?", "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "full emancipation"}], "question": "in 1791 Jews were granted what by the French?", "id": "57278f23708984140094e0d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1144, "text": "Germany"}], "question": "Which country was Alsace merged into during  1871-1918", "id": "57278f23708984140094e0da"}]}], ["Penduduk tumbuh dengan pesat, dari 800,000 pada tahun 1814 menjadi 914,000 pada tahun 1830 dan 1,067,000 pada tahun 1846. Gabungan faktor ekonomi dan demografi menyebabkan kelaparan, kekurangan perumahan dan kekurangan pekerjaan bagi kaum muda. Oleh itu, tidak hairanlah bahawa orang meninggalkan Alsace, bukan sahaja untuk Paris - di mana komuniti Alsatian bertambah banyak, dengan ahli terkenal seperti Baron Haussmann - tetapi juga untuk tempat yang lebih jauh seperti Rusia dan Empayar Austria, untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada peluang baru yang ditawarkan di sana: Austria telah menakluki tanah di Eropah Timur dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah dan menawarkan istilah yang bermurah hati kepada penjajah sebagai satu cara mengukuhkan kedudukannya di wilayah-wilayah baru. Ramai warga Alsatian juga mula berlayar ke Amerika Syarikat, menetap di banyak kawasan dari tahun 1820 hingga 1850. Pada tahun 1843 dan 1844, kapal-kapal berlayar membawa keluarga imigran dari Alsace tiba di pelabuhan New York. Sesetengah menetap di Illinois, ramai yang bertani atau mencari kejayaan dalam usaha komersil: contohnya kapal Sully (Mei 1843) dan Iowa (pada bulan Jun 1844) membawa keluarga yang menubuhkan rumah di utara Illinois dan utara Indiana. Sesetengah pendatang Alsatian telah diperhatikan kerana peranan mereka dalam pembangunan ekonomi Amerika abad ke-19. Lain-lain meneroka Kanada untuk menyelesaikan di barat daya Ontario, terutamanya Waterloo County. <> Apakah penduduk Alsace pada tahun 1846? || 1,067,000 <> Apakah sebabnya orang mula meninggalkan Alsace? || kelaparan, kekurangan perumahan dan kekurangan kerja untuk golongan muda <> Antara tahun berapa Alatari mula berlayar menuju Amerika Syarikat? || 1820 hingga 1850", {"context": "The population grew rapidly, from 800,000 in 1814 to 914,000 in 1830 and 1,067,000 in 1846. The combination of economic and demographic factors led to hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people. Thus, it is not surprising that people left Alsace, not only for Paris \u2013 where the Alsatian community grew in numbers, with famous members such as Baron Haussmann \u2013 but also for more distant places like Russia and the Austrian Empire, to take advantage of the new opportunities offered there: Austria had conquered lands in Eastern Europe from the Ottoman Empire and offered generous terms to colonists as a way of consolidating its hold on the new territories. Many Alsatians also began to sail to the United States, settling in many areas from 1820 to 1850. In 1843 and 1844, sailing ships bringing immigrant families from Alsace arrived at the port of New York. Some settled in Illinois, many to farm or to seek success in commercial ventures: for example, the sailing ships Sully (in May 1843) and Iowa (in June 1844) brought families who set up homes in northern Illinois and northern Indiana. Some Alsatian immigrants were noted for their roles in 19th-century American economic development. Others ventured to Canada to settle in southwestern Ontario, notably Waterloo County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "1,067,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Alsace in 1846?", "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "hunger, housing shortages and a lack of work for young people"}], "question": "What were the reasons for people to begin leaving Alsace?", "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 760, "text": "1820 to 1850"}], "question": "Between what years did Alatians begin to sail towards the United States?", "id": "57278dcf708984140094e0b9"}]}], ["Semasa Perang Dunia Pertama, untuk mengelakkan pergaduhan antara adik-beradik, ramai orang Alsatians berkhidmat sebagai kelasi di Kaiserliche Marine dan mengambil bahagian dalam mutasi-mutasi Naval yang membawa kepada penolakan Kaiser pada bulan November 1918, yang meninggalkan Alsace-Lorraine tanpa kepala nominal negeri. Para pelaut pulang ke rumah dan cuba mencari republik. Semasa Jacques Peirotes, pada masa ini timbalan di Landrat Elsass-Lothringen dan hanya menjadi walikota Strasbourg, mengisytiharkan pelucutan Empayar Jerman dan kedatangan Republik Perancis, pemerintahan Alsace-Lorraine sendiri yang mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan sebagai \" Republik Alsace-Lorraine \". Tentera Perancis memasuki Alsace kurang dari dua minggu kemudian untuk menghancurkan mogok pekerja dan mengeluarkan Soviet yang baru ditubuhkan dan revolusioner dari kuasa. Pada ketibaan tentera Perancis, ramai orang Alsatians dan pentadbir dan pentadbir Prusia / Jerman tempatan menyambut pembentukan semula pesanan (yang dapat dilihat dan diterangkan secara terperinci dalam video rujukan di bawah). Walaupun Presiden AS Woodrow Wilson telah menegaskan bahawa wilayah itu sendiri berkuasa berdasarkan status undang-undang, kerana perlembagaannya telah menyatakan ia terikat kepada kuasa tunggal Kaiser dan bukannya kepada negara Jerman, Perancis tidak dapat menolak plebisit, sebagaimana yang diberikan oleh Liga Bangsa-Bangsa ke beberapa wilayah Jerman timur pada masa ini, kerana orang Alsatian dianggap oleh orang Perancis sebagai orang Perancis yang dibebaskan dari pemerintahan Jerman. Jerman menyerahkan rantau itu ke Perancis di bawah Perjanjian Versailles. <> Apa yang dilakukan Aslasi untuk mengelakkan konflik di kalangan mereka semasa Perang Dunia pertama? || berkhidmat sebagai pelaut <> Siapa Datuk Bandar yang mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan dari Empayar Jerman untuk Alsace-Lorraine? || Jacques Peirotes <> Siapa yang masuk Alsace hanya dua minggu selepas mereka mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan? || Perancis <> Apakah nama perjanjian yang membolehkan Jerman menyerahkan tanah itu ke Perancis? || Perjanjian Versailles", {"context": "During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the \"Republic of Alsace-Lorraine\". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the r\u00e9gion was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "served as sailors"}], "question": "What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?", "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "Jacques Peirotes"}], "question": "Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?", "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "French"}], "question": "Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? ", "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1506, "text": "Treaty of Versailles"}], "question": "What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?", "id": "57279d0aff5b5019007d9109"}]}], ["Semasa reannexation oleh Jerman (1940-1945), High German telah dikembalikan semula sebagai bahasa pendidikan. Penduduk terpaksa bercakap bahasa Jerman dan 'keluarga' Perancis adalah Jerman. Berikutan Perang Dunia Kedua, peraturan 1927 tidak dipulihkan dan pengajaran Jerman di sekolah rendah digantung oleh perintah rektorial sementara, yang sepatutnya membolehkan Perancis untuk mendapatkan kembali tanah yang hilang. Pengajaran bahasa Jerman menjadi isu utama, namun, seawal tahun 1946. Berikutan Perang Dunia II, kerajaan Perancis mengejar, sejajar dengan dasar bahasa tradisionalnya, sebuah kempen untuk menekan penggunaan bahasa Jerman sebagai sebahagian daripada kempen Francis yang lebih luas. <> Antara tempoh masa apakah reaneksaan Jerman berlaku? || 1940-1945 <> Apa yang dipaksa keluarga Perancis semasa reannexation Jerman? || nama-nama adalah Germanized. <> Bilakah penggantungan pengajaran Jerman di sekolah berlaku? || 1927", {"context": "During a reannexation by Germany (1940\u20131945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1940\u20131945"}], "question": "Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?", "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "names were Germanized."}], "question": "What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?", "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "1927"}], "question": "When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?", "id": "5727a7132ca10214002d92f0"}]}], ["Perlembagaan Republik Kelima menyatakan bahawa Perancis sahaja adalah bahasa rasmi Republik. Bagaimanapun, Alsatian, bersama dengan bahasa-bahasa serantau yang lain, diiktiraf oleh kerajaan Perancis dalam senarai rasmi bahasa Perancis. Suruhanjaya INSEE 1999 mengira 548,000 penceramah dewasa Alsatian di Perancis, menjadikannya bahasa serantau yang paling banyak digunakan di negara ini (selepas Occitan). Seperti semua bahasa serantau di Perancis, bagaimanapun, penghantaran Alsatian sedang menurun. Walaupun 39% daripada penduduk dewasa Alsace bercakap Alsatian, hanya satu dari empat kanak-kanak bercakap, dan hanya satu dari sepuluh kanak-kanak menggunakannya secara teratur. <> Apakah perlembagaan Perancis menyatakan bahasa di Aslace? || Bahasa Perancis sahaja ialah bahasa rasmi <> Berapa banyak penutur dewasa bercakap Alsatian menurut kajian INSEE tahun 1999? || 548,000 <> Dengan bahasa Alsatian pada kemerosotan, apakah pengiraan kanak-kanak menggunakan bahasa ini secara teratur hari ini? || satu daripada sepuluh kanak-kanak", {"context": "The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "French alone is the official language"}], "question": "What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?", "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d9338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "548,000"}], "question": "How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?", "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d9339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "one in ten children"}], "question": "With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?", "id": "5727aa682ca10214002d933a"}]}], ["Tidak sampai 9 Jun 1982, dengan Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace (Memorandum mengenai bahasa dan budaya serantau di Alsace) yang dikeluarkan oleh Naib Canselor Acad\u00e9mie Pierre Deyon, bahawa pengajaran bahasa Jerman di sekolah rendah di Alsace benar-benar mula diberi status lebih rasmi. Memorandum Menteri pada 21 Jun 1982, yang dikenali sebagai Savaris Circulaire, memperkenalkan sokongan kewangan, selama tiga tahun, untuk mengajar bahasa serantau di sekolah-sekolah dan universiti. Walau bagaimanapun, memorandum ini dilaksanakan dengan cara yang agak lengang. <> Apakah nama Memorandum yang membenarkan pengajaran Jerman di sekolah Alsace menjadi lebih rasmi? || Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace <> Apakah nama memorandum yang berlalu pada 21 Jun 1982? || Circulaire Savary <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh Circulair Savary? || memperkenalkan sokongan kewangan, selama tiga tahun, untuk pengajaran bahasa serantau di sekolah-sekolah dan universiti", {"context": "It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Acad\u00e9mie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Circulaire sur la langue et la culture r\u00e9gionales en Alsace"}], "question": "What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?", "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Circulaire Savary"}], "question": "What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?", "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities"}], "question": "What did the Circulair Savary introduce?", "id": "5727a82f4b864d19001639aa"}]}], ["Simbol gastronomi wilayah ini sudah pasti Choucroute, pelbagai jenis Sauerkraut. Perkataan Sauerkraut di Alsatian mempunyai bentuk s\u00fbrkr\u00fbt, sama seperti dialek Jerman barat daya yang lain, dan bermaksud \"kubis masam\" sebagai setara dengan Standard German. Perkataan ini dimasukkan ke dalam bahasa Perancis sebagai choucroute. Untuk membuatnya, kubisnya dibalut dengan halus, berlapis garam dan juniper dan ditinggalkan untuk ditapai dalam tong kayu. Sauerkraut boleh dihidangkan dengan ayam, daging babi, sosej atau ikan. Secara tradisi ia dihidangkan dengan sosej Strasbourg atau frankfurters, daging babi, daging babi asap atau sosej Morteau atau Montb\u00e9liard, atau pilihan produk daging babi yang lain. Dihidangkan bersama sering dipanggang atau dikukus kentang atau ladu. <> Di Alsatian, apakah maksud Sauerkraut? || kubis masam <> Apa yang boleh dihidangkan dengan Sauerkraut? || ayam, daging babi, sosej atau bahkan ikan <> Apakah Sauerkraut biasanya dihidangkan bersama di Alsace? || Strasbourg sosej atau frankfurters, daging babi, daging babi asap atau sosej Morteau atau Montb\u00e9liard", {"context": "The gastronomic symbol of the r\u00e9gion is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form s\u00fbrkr\u00fbt, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means \"sour cabbage\" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montb\u00e9liard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "sour cabbage"}], "question": "In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?", "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d9348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "poultry, pork, sausage or even fish"}], "question": "What can Sauerkraut be served with?", "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d9349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montb\u00e9liard sausages"}], "question": "What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?", "id": "5727ab472ca10214002d934a"}]}], ["\"Alsatia\", bentuk Latin nama Alsace, telah lama memasuki bahasa Inggeris dengan makna khusus \"tempat yang tidak sah\" atau \"tempat di bawah bidang kuasa tidak\" - sejak Alsace dipahami oleh orang Inggeris untuk menjadi seperti itu. Ia digunakan pada abad ke-20 sebagai istilah untuk pasaran ramshackle, \"dilindungi oleh adat purba dan kebebasan pelanggan mereka\". Sehingga tahun 2007, perkataan itu masih digunakan di kalangan pengadilan Inggeris dan Australia dengan pengertian tempat di mana undang-undang tidak dapat dicapai: \"Dalam menubuhkan Agensi Jenayah Berorganisir Yang Serius, negara telah menetapkan untuk mewujudkan sebuah Alsatia - rantau tindakan eksekutif yang bebas daripada pengawasan kehakiman, \"Lord Justice Sedley di UMBS v SOCA 2007. <> Apa arti nama Aslatia dalam bahasa Inggeris? || tempat yang tidak berperikemanusiaan \"atau\" tempat di bawah bidang kuasa <> Apakah makna atau istilah yang digunakan untuk Aslace yang digunakan oleh orang inggeris pada abad ke-20? || pasar ramshackle <> Yang warganegara masih merujuknya kepada Alslace \"ramshackle marketplace\" pada tahun 2007? || Bahasa Inggeris dan Australia", {"context": "\"Alsatia\", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of \"a lawless place\" or \"a place under no jurisdiction\" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, \"protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons\". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: \"In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight,\" Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "a lawless place\" or \"a place under no jurisdiction"}], "question": "What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?", "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "ramshackle marketplace"}], "question": "What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?", "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "English and Australian"}], "question": "Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace \"ramshackle marketplace\" as of 2007?", "id": "5727acde3acd2414000de95f"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, rancangan sedang dipertimbangkan untuk membina sebuah kereta dwi baru di barat Strasbourg, yang akan mengurangkan penumpukan lalu lintas di kawasan itu dengan memungut kenderaan utara dan selatan dan menyingkirkan pembinaan di luar Strasbourg. Barisan ini merancang untuk menghubungkan pertukaran H\u0153rdt ke utara Strasbourg, dengan Innenheim di barat daya. Pembukaan ini dijangka pada akhir tahun 2011, dengan penggunaan purata 41,000 kenderaan setiap hari. Anggaran Pesuruhjaya Kerja Perancis bagaimanapun menimbulkan beberapa keraguan atas kepentingan projek itu, kerana ia akan mengambil hanya kira-kira 10% daripada lalu lintas A35 di Strasbourg. Secara paradoks, ini membalikkan keadaan tahun 1950-an. Pada masa itu, laluan trunk Perancis yang meninggalkan Rhine tidak dibina, sehingga lalu lintas akan menyeberang ke Jerman untuk menggunakan Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn. <> Apa yang sedang direncanakan di barat Strasbourg? || Jalan dwi baru <> Apakah kegunaan jalan raya baru di Alsace? || mengurangkan penumpukan lalu lintas di kawasan itu <> Berapa nama Lebuhraya Jerman yang akan diseberang dengan jalan lori Perancis? || Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn <> Baris baru (kereta kebal) akan menghubungkan mana persimpangan lain? || H\u0153rdt di utara Strasbourg, dengan Innenheim di barat daya", {"context": "At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of H\u0153rdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "new dual carriageway"}], "question": "What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? ", "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "reduce the buildup of traffic in that area"}], "question": "What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?", "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn"}], "question": "What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?", "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "H\u0153rdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest"}], "question": "The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?", "id": "5727ae744b864d1900163a45"}]}], ["Kedua-dua Alsatian dan Standard German telah lama diharamkan dari kehidupan awam (termasuk nama jalan dan bandar, pentadbiran rasmi, dan sistem pendidikan). Walaupun larangan itu telah lama diangkat dan tanda jalanan hari ini sering dwibahasa, Alsace-Lorraine kini sangat Perancis dalam bahasa dan budaya. Beberapa orang muda bercakap Alsatian hari ini, walaupun terdapat masih ada satu atau dua kantong di rantau Sundgau di mana beberapa penduduk yang lebih tua tidak dapat berbahasa Perancis, dan di mana Alsatian masih digunakan sebagai bahasa ibunda. Jerman Alemannic yang berkaitan bertahan di tebing Rhine, di Baden, dan terutama di Switzerland. Walau bagaimanapun, sementara bahasa Perancis adalah bahasa utama rantau ini, dialek Alsatian Perancis sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Jerman dan bahasa-bahasa lain seperti Yiddish dalam fonologi dan perbendaharaan kata. <> Yang dua dialek dilarang daripada kehidupan awam? || Alsatian dan Standard German <> Apa yang menghalang kedua-dua dialek ini? || nama jalan dan bandar, pentadbiran rasmi, dan sistem pendidikan <> Walaupun Aslation jarang digunakan hari ini, wilayah mana yang masih menggunakan bahasa ibunya Aslasi? || Kawasan Sundgau <> Apa bahasa lain selain bahasa Perancis dan Jerman adalah sebahagian daripada dialek Aslation-Perancis hari ini? || Yiddish", {"context": "Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Alsatian and Standard German"}], "question": "Which two dialects were banned from public life?", "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d9318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "street and city names, official administration, and educational system"}], "question": "What did the banning of the two dialects  include?", "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d9319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Sundgau region"}], "question": "Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?", "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d931a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 777, "text": "Yiddish"}], "question": "What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?", "id": "5727a9562ca10214002d931b"}]}]], [["Smyth, yakin bahawa pembaptisan sendiri tidak sah, digunakan dengan keanggotaan Mennonites. Dia meninggal semasa menunggu keanggotaan, dan beberapa pengikutnya menjadi Mennonites. Thomas Helwys dan yang lain menyimpan baptisan dan komitmen Baptis mereka. Denominasi Baptis moden adalah hasil gerakan Smyth. Pembaptis menolak nama Anabaptist apabila mereka dipanggil oleh lawan sebagai dendam. McBeth menulis bahawa pada akhir abad ke-18, ramai Baptis merujuk diri mereka sebagai \"orang Kristian yang lazim-walaupun disebut-sebut sebagai Anabaptis.\" <> Siapa yang menyangka pembaptisan diri mereka tidak sah? || Smyth <> Smyth memohon keahlian dengan siapa? || kaum Mennonites <> Apa hasil gerakan Smyth? || Denominasi Baptis moden <> Apa nama yang ditolak oleh Baptis? || Anabaptist <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa Baptis merujuk diri mereka sebagai \"orang-orang Kristian yang lazim-walaupun disebut-sebut sebagai Anabaptis?\" || McBeth", {"context": "Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly\u2014though falsely\u2014called Anabaptists.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Smyth"}], "question": "Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?", "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "the Mennonites"}], "question": "Smyth applied for membership with who?", "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "The modern Baptist denomination"}], "question": "What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?", "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Anabaptist"}], "question": "What name did Baptists reject?", "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9815"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "McBeth"}], "question": "Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly\u2014though falsely\u2014called Anabaptists?\"", "id": "5727da802ca10214002d9816"}]}], ["Satu lagi peristiwa penting dalam perkembangan awal doktrin Baptis adalah pada tahun 1638 dengan John Spilsbury, seorang menteri Calvinistik yang membantu mempromosikan amalan yang ketat dari pembaptisan orang percaya dengan rendaman. Menurut Tom Nettles, profesor teologi bersejarah di Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, \"argumen-argumen Spilsbury yang berkhianat untuk berkumpul, sidang jemaah yang berdisiplin yang dibaptis oleh rendaman sebagai membentuk gereja Perjanjian Baru memberi ekspresi dan membina pada pandangan yang muncul dalam separatisme, maju dalam kehidupan John Smyth dan jemaat penderitaan Thomas Helwys, dan matang dalam Pembaptis Khusus. \" <> Bilakah John Spilsbury mempromosikan amalan ketat rendaman? || 1638 <> Siapa yang mempromosikan pembaptisan ketat yang ketat? || John Spilsbury <> Tom Nettles seorang profesor di mana seminari? || Seminari Teologi Baptis Selatan <> Apakah Tom Nettles seorang profesor? || teologi sejarah", {"context": "Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, \"Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "1638"}], "question": "When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?", "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "John Spilsbury"}], "question": "Who promoted strict immersion baptism?", "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Southern Baptist Theological Seminary"}], "question": "Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?", "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "historical theology"}], "question": "What was Tom Nettles a professor of?", "id": "5727db044b864d1900163ea7"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah Baptis Bruce Gourley menggariskan empat pandangan utama dari asal-usul Baptis: (1) Konsensus ilmiah moden bahawa pergerakan itu mengesan asalnya pada abad ke-17 melalui Separatis Bahasa Inggeris, (2) pandangan bahawa ia adalah hasil dari tradisi Anabaptis, (3 ) pandangan kekal yang mengandaikan bahawa iman dan amalan Baptis telah wujud sejak zaman Kristus, dan (4) pandangan pengganti, atau \"penggantian Baptis\", yang berpendapat bahawa gereja-gereja Baptis sebenarnya wujud dalam rantai tak terputus sejak zaman Kristus . <> Siapa yang menggariskan empat pandangan utama dari asal-usul Baptis? || Bruce Gourley <> Pembaptis dianggap sebagai hasil daripada apa? || Tradisi Anabaptis <> Apa pandangan yang berterusan? || bahawa iman dan amalan Baptis telah wujud sejak zaman Kristus <> Apa pandangan pewarisnya? || bahawa gereja-gereja Baptis sebenarnya wujud dalam rantai yang tidak terputus sejak zaman Kristus.", {"context": "Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or \"Baptist successionism\", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Bruce Gourley"}], "question": "Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?", "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Anabaptist traditions"}], "question": "Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?", "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ"}], "question": "What does the perpetuity view assume?", "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ."}], "question": "What does the successionist view assume?", "id": "57278cd2dd62a815002ea02b"}]}], ["Baptis adalah individu yang terdiri daripada kumpulan denominasi dan gereja Kristian yang melanggan doktrin bahawa baptisan harus dilakukan hanya untuk menganggap orang yang beriman (baptisan orang percaya, yang bertentangan dengan baptisan bayi), dan itu harus dilakukan dengan rendang lengkap (yang bertentangan dengan kejutan atau percikan). Prinsip lain dari gereja-gereja Baptis termasuk kompetensi jiwa (kebebasan), keselamatan melalui iman saja, Kitab Suci saja sebagai peraturan iman dan amalan, dan otonomi jemaah setempat. Baptis mengiktiraf dua pejabat menteri, penatua dan diakon. Gereja-gereja Baptis secara luas dianggap sebagai gereja-gereja Protestan, walaupun beberapa orang Baptis melepaskan identiti ini. <> Individu apa yang berlangganan doktrin bahawa baptisan harus dilakukan hanya untuk orang yang beriman? || Pembaptis <> Kecekapan jiwa (kebebasan), keselamatan melalui iman saja, Kitab Suci semata-mata sebagai peraturan iman dan amalan, dan otonomi jemaah tempatan contoh apa? || ajaran gereja Baptis <> Apa dua pejabat menteri yang mengiktiraf Baptis? || penatua dan diakon <> gereja-gereja Baptis dianggap secara meluas? || Gereja Protestan", {"context": "Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Baptists"}], "question": "What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?", "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "tenets of Baptist churches"}], "question": "Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?", "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "elders and deacons"}], "question": "What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?", "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Protestant churches"}], "question": "Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?", "id": "572759d8f1498d1400e8f6d5"}]}], ["Semasa Reformasi Protestan, Gereja England (Anglicans) dipisahkan dari Gereja Roman Katolik. Terdapat beberapa orang Kristian yang tidak berpuas hati dengan pencapaian Reformasi Protestan arus perdana. Terdapat juga orang Kristian yang kecewa bahawa Gereja England tidak membuat pembetulan tentang apa yang dianggap sebagai kesalahan dan penyalahgunaan. Daripada mereka yang paling kritikal terhadap hala tuju Gereja, ada yang memilih tinggal dan cuba membuat perubahan yang membina dari dalam Gereja Anglikan. Mereka dikenali sebagai \"Puritans\" dan digambarkan oleh Gourley sebagai sepupu dari Separatis Bahasa Inggeris. Yang lain memutuskan bahawa mereka harus meninggalkan Gereja kerana ketidakpuasan mereka dan dikenali sebagai Pemisah. <> Bilakah Gereja England terpisah daripada Gereja Katolik Roman? || Semasa Reformasi Protestan <> Siapa yang berpisah daripada Gereja Katolik Roma semasa Reformasi Protestan? || Gereja England <> Semasa Reformasi Protestan, Gereja England (Anglicans) dipisahkan dari siapa? || Gereja Roman Katolik <> Puritans digambarkan oleh Gourley sebagai apa? || sepupu Orang Separatis Bahasa Inggeris <> Orang lain memutuskan bahawa mereka harus meninggalkan Gereja kerana rasa tidak puas hati mereka dan dikenal sebagai apa? || Separatis", {"context": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as \"Puritans\" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "During the Protestant Reformation"}], "question": "When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?", "id": "57279112708984140094e117"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "the Church of England"}], "question": "Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?", "id": "57279112708984140094e118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "the Roman Catholic Church"}], "question": "During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?", "id": "57279112708984140094e119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "cousins of the English Separatists"}], "question": "Puritans are described by Gourley as what?", "id": "57279112708984140094e11a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 711, "text": "Separatists"}], "question": "Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?", "id": "57279112708984140094e11b"}]}], ["Gereja-gereja Baptis moden mengesan sejarah mereka dengan pergerakan Separatis Inggeris pada abad selepas munculnya denominasi Protestan yang asal. Pandangan dari asal-usul Baptis ini mempunyai sokongan yang paling bersejarah dan adalah yang paling banyak diterima. Penganut kepada kedudukan ini menganggap pengaruh Anabaptist pada awal Baptis menjadi minimum. Ia adalah masa yang agak kegawatan politik dan keagamaan. Kedua-dua individu dan gereja sanggup melepaskan akar teologi mereka jika mereka menjadi yakin bahawa \"kebenaran\" yang lebih alkitabiah telah ditemui. [Halaman yang diperlukan] <> Gereja-gereja Baptis Moden mengesan sejarah mereka dengan pergerakan apa? || Pergerakan Separatis Bahasa Inggeris <> Penganut kepada kedudukan ini menganggap pengaruh Anabaptis pada awal Baptis menjadi apa? || gereja-gereja Baptis Moden yang minimum mengesan sejarah mereka dengan gerakan Separatis Bahasa Inggeris pada abad selepas kebangkitan apa? || denominasi Protestan asal", {"context": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical \"truth\" had been discovered.[page needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "English Separatist movement"}], "question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?", "id": "57278f89708984140094e0df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "minimal"}], "question": "Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?", "id": "57278f89708984140094e0e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "original Protestant denominations"}], "question": "Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?", "id": "57278f89708984140094e0e1"}]}], ["Pandangan minoriti adalah bahawa Baptis abad ke-17 awal dipengaruhi oleh (tetapi tidak secara langsung berkaitan dengan) benua Anabaptis. Menurut pandangan ini, Ketua Pembaptis berkongsi persamaan dengan Mennonite Belanda Waterlander (salah satu daripada banyak kumpulan Anabaptist) termasuk pembaptisan hanya orang percaya, kebebasan beragama, pemisahan gereja dan negara, dan pandangan keselamatan Arminian, penentuan dan dosa asal. Penulis perwakilan termasuk A.C. Underwood dan William R. Estep. Gourley menulis bahawa di antara beberapa cendekiawan Baptis kontemporer yang menekankan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap kebebasan jiwa, teori pengaruh Anabaptist membuat kemunculan kembali. <> Siapa yang dianggap terpengaruh oleh benua Anabaptis? || Baptis awal abad ke-17 <> Awal abad ke-17 Baptis dianggap dipengaruhi oleh siapa? || benua Anabaptis <> General Baptists berkongsi persamaan dengan siapa? || Dutch Waterlander Mennonites <> Siapa dua penulis wakil? || A.C. Underwood dan William R. Estep. Gourley <> Apa itu Mennonites Belanda Waterlander? || salah satu daripada kumpulan Anabaptist", {"context": "A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "early seventeenth-century Baptists"}], "question": "Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?", "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "continental Anabaptists"}], "question": "Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?", "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Dutch Waterlander Mennonites"}], "question": "General Baptists shared similarities with who?", "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley"}], "question": "Who are two representative writers?", "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "one of many Anabaptist groups"}], "question": "What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?", "id": "5727dbdf3acd2414000dee3d"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah mengesan gereja terawal yang bertuliskan \"Baptis\" kembali ke 1609 di Amsterdam, dengan Pemisah Inggeris John Smyth sebagai paderiya. Selaras dengan pembacaan Perjanjian Baru, dia menolak baptisan bayi dan memulakan pembaptisan hanya dengan orang dewasa yang percaya. Amalan pembaptis merebak ke England, di mana para Pembaptis Umum menganggap pendamaian Kristus untuk memanjangkan kepada semua orang, sementara Baptis Khusus percaya bahawa ia hanya diperluaskan kepada umat pilihan. Pada tahun 1638, Roger Williams menubuhkan jemaat Baptis pertama di jajahan Amerika Utara. Pada pertengahan abad ke-18, Kebangkitan Pertama Pertama meningkatkan pertumbuhan Baptis di New England dan Selatan. Kebangkitan Besar Kedua di Selatan pada awal abad ke-19 meningkatkan keanggotaan gereja, begitu juga dengan pengurangan pendeta terhadap sokongan untuk penghapusan dan pembubaran perhambaan, yang menjadi bagian dari ajaran abad ke-18. Para mubaligh baptis telah menyebarkan gereja mereka ke setiap benua. <> Bilakah gereja terawal yang dilabel \"Baptis\" dikesan? || 1609 <> Di mana jemaat terawal berlabel \"Pembaptis\" dikesan? || Amsterdam <> Siapa paderi gereja terawal berlabel \"Baptis\"? || John Smyth <> Siapa percaya penebusan Kristus hanya diperluaskan kepada umat pilihan? || Pembaptis Tertentu <> Bilakah Roger Williams menubuhkan jemaat Baptis pertama di jajahan Amerika Utara? || 1638", {"context": "Historians trace the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1609"}], "question": "When was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?", "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Amsterdam"}], "question": "Where was the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\" traced to?", "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "John Smyth"}], "question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled \"Baptist\"?", "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Particular Baptists"}], "question": "Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?", "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "1638"}], "question": "When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?", "id": "57278bfcf1498d1400e8fb92"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1609, semasa masih ada, Smyth menulis sebuah saluran berjudul \"Karakter Binatang,\" atau \"Perlembagaan Palsu Gereja.\" Di dalamnya dia menyatakan dua cadangan: pertama, bayi tidak dibaptiskan; dan yang kedua, \"Orang-orang Antikristus yang ditukar harus dimasukkan ke dalam Gereja sejati melalui pembaptisan.\" Justeru, keyakinannya adalah bahawa gereja kitab suci hanya harus terdiri daripada orang yang beriman yang telah dibaptiskan atas pengakuan iman peribadi. Dia menolak doktrin gerakan Separatis mengenai pembaptisan bayi (paedobaptism). Tidak lama selepas itu, Smyth meninggalkan kumpulan itu, dan orang awam Thomas Helwys mengambil alih kepimpinan, mengetuai gereja itu kembali ke England pada tahun 1611. Pada akhirnya, Smyth menjadi komited kepada pembaptisan sebagai pembaptisan alkitabiah. Dia yakin atas asas tafsirannya tentang Kitab Suci bahawa bayi tidak akan dikutuk jika mereka mati ketika bayi. <> Smyth menulis sebuah saluran bertajuk apa? || \"Karakter Binatang,\" atau \"Perlembagaan Palsu Gereja.\" <> Apakah proposisi pertamanya? || bayi tidak boleh dibaptis <> Apakah cadangan kedua? || Orang-orang Antikristus yang ditukar hendaklah dimasukkan ke dalam Gereja sejati dengan pembaptisan <> Smyth percaya gereja tulisan suci harus terdiri hanya daripada orang-orang percaya yang menumbuhkan semula yang telah menjadi apa? || dibaptiskan atas pengakuan kepercayaan diri <> Apa itu paedobaptism? || pembaptisan bayi", {"context": "In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled \"The Character of the Beast,\" or \"The False Constitution of the Church.\" In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, \"Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism.\" Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "\"The Character of the Beast,\" or \"The False Constitution of the Church.\""}], "question": "Smyth wrote a tract titled what?", "id": "57279338708984140094e14f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "infants are not to be baptized"}], "question": "What was his first proposition?", "id": "57279338708984140094e150"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism"}], "question": "What was his second proposition?", "id": "57279338708984140094e151"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "baptized on a personal confession of faith"}], "question": "Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?", "id": "57279338708984140094e152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "infant baptism"}], "question": "What is paedobaptism?", "id": "57279338708984140094e153"}]}], ["Ahli sejarah menjejaki gereja Baptis paling awal kembali ke 1609 di Amsterdam, dengan John Smyth sebagai paderiya. Tiga tahun yang lalu, sementara Felo Kolej Kristus, Cambridge, dia telah memecahkan hubungannya dengan Gereja England. Dibina di Gereja England, dia menjadi \"Puritan, Separatis Bahasa Inggeris, dan kemudian Pembaptis Pembaptis,\" dan mengakhiri zamannya bekerja dengan kaum Mennonites. Beliau mula berkumpul di England dengan 60-70 orang Pemisah Inggeris, dalam menghadapi \"bahaya besar.\" Penganiayaan kaum nonconformis agama di England mengetuai Smyth untuk pergi ke pengasingan di Amsterdam bersama sesama Separatis dari jemaat yang dikumpulkannya di Lincolnshire, terpisah dari gereja yang telah ditubuhkan (Anglikan). Smyth dan penyokongnya, Thomas Helwys, bersama-sama dengan mereka yang mengetuai, berpecah dengan pengasingan Inggeris yang lain kerana Smyth dan Helwys yakin mereka perlu dibaptis sebagai orang yang beriman. Pada tahun 1609 Smyth pertama kali membaptiskan dirinya dan kemudian membaptis yang lain. <> Ahli sejarah mengesan kembali gereja Baptis paling awal ketika? || 1609 <> Ahli sejarah mengesan kembali gereja Baptis paling awal ke mana? || Amsterdam <> Siapa paderi gereja Baptis terawal? || John Smyth <> John Smyth memecah hubungannya dengan gereja apa? || Gereja England <> Di mana John Smyth pergi ke pengasingan? || Amsterdam", {"context": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became \"Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist,\" and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60\u201370 English Separatists, in the face of \"great danger.\" The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "1609"}], "question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?", "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Amsterdam"}], "question": "Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?", "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "John Smyth"}], "question": "Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?", "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Church of England"}], "question": "John Smyth broke his ties with what church?", "id": "572792345951b619008f8dde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Amsterdam"}], "question": "Where did John Smyth go into exile?", "id": "572792345951b619008f8ddf"}]}], ["Baptis telah menghadapi banyak kontroversi dalam sejarah 400 tahun mereka, kontroversi tahap krisis. Ahli sejarah Baptist Walter Shurden mengatakan perkataan \"krisis\" berasal dari perkataan Yunani yang bermaksud \"untuk memutuskan.\" Shurden menulis bahawa bertentangan dengan pandangan negatif krisis yang diandaikan, beberapa kontroversi yang mencapai tahap krisis sebenarnya mungkin \"positif dan sangat produktif.\" Dia mendakwa bahawa walaupun perpecahan, walaupun tidak sesuai, sering menghasilkan hasil yang positif. Pada pendapatnya krisis antara Baptis setiap telah menjadi detik-detik keputusan yang membentuk masa depan mereka. Beberapa kontroversi yang membentuk Baptis termasuk \"krisis misi\", \"krisis perhambaan\", \"krisis mercu tanda\", dan \"krisis modenis\". <> \"Krisis\" berasal dari perkataan Yunani yang bermaksud apa? || untuk memutuskan <> Siapa yang menulis bahawa beberapa kontroversi mencapai tahap krisis sebenarnya mungkin \"positif dan sangat produktif?\" || Walter Shurden <> Apa yang dikatakan Shurden tidak pernah ideal, sering menghasilkan hasil yang positif? || kontroversi yang telah membentuk Baptis <> Apakah beberapa kontroversi yang membentuk Baptis? || \"krisis misi\", \"krisis perhambaan\", \"krisis mercu tanda\", dan \"krisis moden\"", {"context": "Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word \"crisis\" comes from the Greek word meaning \"to decide.\" Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be \"positive and highly productive.\" He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the \"missions crisis\", the \"slavery crisis\", the \"landmark crisis\", and the \"modernist crisis\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "to decide"}], "question": "\"Crisis\" comes from a Greek word meaning what?", "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deebf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Walter Shurden"}], "question": "Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be \"positive and highly productive?\"", "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "controversies that have shaped Baptists"}], "question": "What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?", "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "\"missions crisis\", the \"slavery crisis\", the \"landmark crisis\", and the \"modernist crisis\""}], "question": "What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?", "id": "5727e0d93acd2414000deec2"}]}], ["Banyak gereja Baptis memilih untuk bergabung dengan kumpulan organisasi yang menyediakan persaudaraan tanpa kawalan. Kumpulan terbesar itu adalah Konvensyen Southern Baptist. Terdapat juga sejumlah besar kumpulan koperasi yang lebih kecil. Akhirnya, terdapat gereja-gereja Baptis yang memilih untuk kekal autonomi dan bebas daripada sebarang denominasi, organisasi, atau persatuan. Adalah dicadangkan bahawa prinsip Pembaptis utama adalah bahawa Jemaat-jemaat Baptis tempatan adalah bebas dan mengawal diri sendiri, dan jika demikian istilah 'denominasi Baptis' boleh dianggap agak tidak sesuai. <> Apa persaingan terbesar tanpa kawalan? || Konvensyen Southern Baptist <> Telah dicadangkan bahawa prinsip Baptis utama adalah bahawa Jemaat-jemaat Baptis setempat adalah apa? || bebas dan mengawal diri <> Istilah apa yang dianggap agak tidak masuk akal adalah gereja sendiri? || Denominasi pembaptis", {"context": "Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Southern Baptist Convention"}], "question": "What is the largest fellowship without control?", "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "independent and self-governing"}], "question": "It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?", "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "Baptist denomination"}], "question": "What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?", "id": "5727ded9ff5b5019007d9734"}]}], ["Kedua-dua Roger Williams dan John Clarke, rakan senegara dan rakan sekerjanya untuk kebebasan beragama, dikreditkan dengan pelbagai cara sebagai penubuhan gereja Baptis paling awal di Amerika Utara. Pada tahun 1639, Williams menubuhkan gereja Baptis di Providence, Rhode Island, dan Clarke memulakan gereja Baptis di Newport, Rhode Island. Menurut seorang ahli sejarah Baptis yang telah meneliti perkara itu secara meluas, \"Terdapat banyak perdebatan selama berabad-abad tentang apakah gereja Providence atau Newport layak tempat 'jemaat Baptis pertama' di Amerika. Rekod yang tepat untuk kedua-dua jemaat kurang.\" <> Yang mengasaskan gereja Baptis awal di Amerika Utara? || Roger Williams dan John Clarke <> Bilakah gereja Baptis Amerika pertama ditubuhkan? || 1639 <> Di manakah Roger Williams menubuhkan gereja Baptis? || Providence, Rhode Island <> Di manakah John Clarke menubuhkan gereja Baptis? || Newport, Rhode Island <> Clarke adalah apa yang Williams? || rakan senegara dan rakan sekerjanya untuk kebebasan beragama", {"context": "Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, \"There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "Roger Williams and John Clarke"}], "question": "Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?", "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "1639"}], "question": "When was the first American Baptist church established?", "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Providence, Rhode Island"}], "question": "Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?", "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Newport, Rhode Island"}], "question": "Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?", "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom"}], "question": "Clarke was what to Williams?", "id": "5727dcc53acd2414000dee4d"}]}], ["Doktrin yang dikongsi termasuk kepercayaan mengenai satu Tuhan; kelahiran perawan; keajaiban; penebusan untuk dosa melalui kematian, penguburan, dan kebangkitan tubuh Yesus; Trinity; keperluan untuk keselamatan (melalui kepercayaan kepada Yesus Kristus sebagai anak Tuhan, kematian dan kebangkitannya, dan pengakuan Kristus sebagai Tuhan); rahmat; Kerajaan Tuhan; perkara terakhir (eskatologi) (Yesus Kristus akan kembali secara peribadi dan kelihatan dalam kemuliaan ke bumi, orang mati akan dibangkitkan, dan Kristus akan menghakimi semua orang dalam kebenaran); dan penginjilan dan misi. Beberapa doktrin doktrin doktrin yang terdapat di dalam sejarah termasuk 1689 London Confession Confession, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, Faith Baptist Confirmation Southern Baptist dan Message, dan perjanjian gereja bertulis yang beberapa gereja Baptis individu mengadopsi sebagai penyataan kepercayaan dan kepercayaan mereka. <> Kepercayaan tentang satu Tuhan; kelahiran perawan; keajaiban; penebusan untuk dosa melalui kematian, penguburan, dan kebangkitan tubuh Yesus adalah contoh dari apa? || Doktrin-doktrin yang dikongsi <> Kapan Pembaptisan Iman Pembaptis London dibuat? || 1689 <> Bilakah Confession Philadelphia Baptist dibuat? || 1742 <> Bilakah penyataan New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith dibuat? || 1833", {"context": "Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Shared doctrines"}], "question": "Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?", "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "1689"}], "question": "When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?", "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "1742"}], "question": "When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?", "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9892"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "1833"}], "question": "When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?", "id": "5727e0212ca10214002d9893"}]}], ["Di tempat lain di Amerika, di Caribbean khususnya, para mubaligh Baptis mengambil peranan aktif dalam pergerakan anti-perbudakan. Di Jamaica, sebagai contoh, William Knibb, seorang mubaligh British Baptist terkemuka, bekerja ke arah pembebasan budak di Hindia Barat Britania (yang berlaku pada tahun 1838). Knibb juga memperjuangkan penciptaan \"Kampung Percuma\"; komuniti luar bandar berpusat di sekitar gereja Baptis di mana budak yang dibebaskan boleh menanam tanah mereka sendiri. Baptis juga aktif dalam mempromosikan pendidikan bekas hamba; sebagai contoh, Sekolah Tinggi Calabar Jamaica, dinamakan sempena pelabuhan budak Calabar, dibentuk oleh para mubaligh Baptis. Pada masa yang sama, semasa dan selepas perhambaan, budak dan bebas membentuk gerakan Pembaptis Rohani mereka sendiri - memisahkan pergerakan rohani yang sering menyatakan perlawanan terhadap penindasan. <> Di mana para mubaligh Baptis mengambil peranan aktif dalam pergerakan anti-perbudakan? || Caribbean <> Siapa seorang mubaligh Baptis terkemuka di Jamaica? || William Knibb <> Di mana William Knibb bekerja ke arah pembebasan budak-budak? || Hindia Barat Britania <> Knibb juga protagonised penciptaan apa? || Kampung Percuma <> Apa yang dinamakan selepas pelabuhan budak Calabar? || Sekolah Tinggi Calabar di Jamaica", {"context": "Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of \"Free Villages\"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "the Caribbean"}], "question": "Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?", "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "William Knibb"}], "question": "Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?", "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "the British West Indies"}], "question": "Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?", "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Free Villages"}], "question": "Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?", "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Jamaica's Calabar High School"}], "question": "What was named after the slave port of Calabar?", "id": "5727e36dff5b5019007d97b0"}]}], ["Kerja misionaris Baptis di Kanada bermula di koloni British Nova Scotia (sekarang Nova Scotia dan New Brunswick) pada tahun 1760-an. Rekod rasmi pertama gereja Baptis di Kanada adalah dari Horton Baptist Church (sekarang Wolfville) di Wolfville, Nova Scotia pada 29 Oktober 1778. Gereja itu ditubuhkan dengan bantuan penginjil Light New Henry Henry. Banyak pengikut Alline, selepas kematiannya, akan menukar dan memperkuat kehadiran Baptis di rantau Atlantik. [Halaman diperlukan] Dua kumpulan utama Baptis membentuk asas gereja-gereja di Maritimes. Ini dirujuk sebagai Regular Baptist (Calvinistic dalam doktrin mereka) dan Free Will Baptists. <> Kerja misi bermula di koloni Kanada? || Nova Scotia <> Bilakah kerja misi bermula di Kanada? || 1760s <> Apa gereja Baptis pertama di Kanada? || Horton Baptist Church <> Di manakah gereja Baptis pertama yang terletak di Kanada? || Wolfville, Nova Scotia <> Bilakah gereja Baptis Kanada pertama ditubuhkan? || 29 Oktober 1778", {"context": "Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Nova Scotia"}], "question": "Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?", "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "1760s"}], "question": "When did missionary work begin in Canada?", "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Horton Baptist Church"}], "question": "What was the first Baptist church in Canada?", "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Wolfville, Nova Scotia"}], "question": "Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?", "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "29 October 1778"}], "question": "When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?", "id": "5727dd584b864d1900163ec6"}]}], ["Mengetuai Perang Saudara Amerika, Baptis menjadi terlibat dalam kontroversi berhubung perhambaan di Amerika Syarikat. Sedangkan dalam Kebangkitan Pertama Pertama, para pengkhotbah Methodist dan Pembaptis telah menentang perbudakan dan mendesak pengumuman, selama beberapa dekad mereka membuat lebih banyak akomodasi dengan institusi itu. Mereka bekerja dengan pemegang hamba di Selatan untuk mendesak institusi paternalistik. Kedua-dua denominasi ini membuat rayuan langsung kepada hamba dan kulit hitam percuma untuk penukaran. Para Baptis terutamanya membenarkan mereka berperanan aktif dalam jemaat. Menjelang pertengahan abad ke-19, Baptis utara cenderung untuk menentang perhambaan. Apabila ketegangan meningkat, pada tahun 1844, Masyarakat Misi Rumah menolak untuk melantik pemegang hamba sebagai mubaligh yang telah dicadangkan oleh Georgia. Ia menyatakan bahawa para mubaligh tidak dapat mengambil pelayan dengan mereka, dan juga bahawa Lembaga tidak mahu kelihatan menghormati perbudakan. <> Bilakah Baptis menjadi terlibat dalam kontroversi berhubung perhambaan di Amerika Syarikat? || Mengetuai Perang Saudara Amerika <> Bilakah pengkhotbah Methodist dan Baptist menentang perhambaan dan mendesak pembubaran? || Great Awakening Pertama <> Mereka bekerja dengan pemegang hamba di Selatan untuk mendesak apa? || institusi paternalistik <> Apa denominasi yang membolehkan orang kulit hitam berperanan aktif dalam sidang? || Para Baptis <> Apa yang menolak untuk menunjuk seorang pemegang hamba sebagai mubaligh? || Persatuan Misi Rumah", {"context": "Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Leading up to the American Civil War"}], "question": "When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?", "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the First Great Awakening"}], "question": "When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?", "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "paternalistic institution"}], "question": "They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?", "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "The Baptists"}], "question": "What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?", "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "the Home Mission Society"}], "question": "What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?", "id": "5727e2263acd2414000deee7"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1845, jemaat-jemaat Baptis di Amerika Syarikat berpecah kepada perhambaan dan misi. Masyarakat Misi Rumah menghalang para pemegang hamba dilantik sebagai mubaligh. Perpecahan itu membentuk Konvensyen Southern Baptist, sementara jemaat utara membentuk organisasi payung sendiri yang kini dikenali sebagai American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South baru-baru ini memisahkan mengenai isu perhambaan, dan Presbyterians selatan akan melakukannya tidak lama kemudian. <> Bilakah jemaah Baptis berpecah-pecah? || Mei 1845 <> Mengapa jemaat-jemaat Amerika Baptis berpecah? || lebih daripada perhambaan dan misi <> Slaveholders telah dicegah daripada dilantik sebagai apa? || mubaligh <> yang menghalang para pemegang hamba dari menjadi mubaligh yang dilantik? || Home Mission Society <> Kongregasi Utara membentuk organisasi apa? || American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)", {"context": "In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1845"}], "question": "When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?", "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9716"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "over slavery and missions"}], "question": "Why did American Baptist congregations split?", "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9717"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "missionaries"}], "question": "Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?", "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9718"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "Home Mission Society"}], "question": "Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?", "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d9719"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)"}], "question": "Northern congregations formed what organization?", "id": "5727de03ff5b5019007d971a"}]}], ["Baptis, seperti orang Kristian lain, ditakrifkan oleh doktrin-sebahagiannya biasa kepada semua kumpulan ortodoks dan evangelis dan sebahagiannya tersendiri kepada Baptis. Selama bertahun-tahun, kumpulan Baptis yang berbeza telah mengeluarkan pengakuan iman-tanpa mempertimbangkan mereka untuk menjadi kepercayaan - untuk menyatakan perbezaan doktrin tertentu mereka berbanding dengan orang Kristian lain serta dibandingkan dengan Baptis yang lain. Kebanyakan Baptis adalah evangelis dalam doktrin, tetapi kepercayaan Baptis boleh berbeza-beza kerana sistem tadbir urus jemaah yang memberikan autonomi kepada gereja-gereja Baptis setempat. Secara sejarah, Baptis memainkan peranan penting dalam menggalakkan kebebasan beragama dan pemisahan gereja dan negara. <> Baptis ditakrifkan oleh apa? || doktrin <> Baptis telah mengeluarkan apa yang tanpa mempertimbangkan mereka untuk menjadi kepercayaan? || Pengakuan iman <> Kebanyakan Baptis adalah apa yang dalam doktrin? || evangelis <> Baptis telah memainkan peranan utama dalam apa? || menggalakkan kebebasan beragama dan pemisahan gereja dan negara.", {"context": "Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine\u2014some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith\u2014without considering them to be creeds\u2014to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "doctrine"}], "question": "Baptists are defined by what?", "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d9738"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "confessions of faith"}], "question": "Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?", "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d9739"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "evangelical"}], "question": "Most Baptists are what in doctrine?", "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d973a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state."}], "question": "Baptists have played a key role in what?", "id": "5727df9eff5b5019007d973b"}]}], ["Seawal lewat abad ke-18, para Baptis hitam mula menyusun gereja-gereja, persatuan dan agensi-agensi misi yang berasingan, terutama di negeri utara. Bukan sahaja orang kulit hitam menubuhkan beberapa jemaah bebas di Selatan sebelum Perang Saudara Amerika, orang yang bebas dibebaskan dengan cepat daripada jemaah putih dan persatuan selepas perang. Mereka mahu bebas daripada pengawasan putih. Pada tahun 1866 Konvensyen American Consolidated Baptist, dibentuk dari Baptist hitam di Selatan dan Barat, membantu persatuan selatan membentuk konvensyen negara hitam, yang mereka lakukan di Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, dan Kentucky. Pada 1880 konvensyen negeri hitam bersatu dalam Konvensyen Misi Luar Negara, untuk menyokong kerja mubaligh hitam Baptis. Dua konvensyen hitam nasional yang lain dibentuk, dan pada tahun 1895 mereka bersatu sebagai Konvensyen Baptis Kebangsaan. Organisasi ini kemudiannya melalui perubahannya sendiri, berputar dari konvensyen lain. Ia adalah organisasi agama hitam terbesar dan organisasi Baptis kedua terbesar di dunia. Baptis adalah secara numerik paling dominan di Tenggara. Pada tahun 2007, Kajian Landskap Keagamaan Pusat Penyelidikan Pew mendapati bahawa 45% daripada semua orang Amerika Afrika mengenal pasti dengan denominasi Baptis, dengan majoriti mereka yang berada dalam tradisi hitam sejarah. <> Bilakah Black Baptists mula menyusun gereja, persatuan dan agensi misi yang berasingan? || Seawal lewat abad ke-18 <> Siapa yang berpisah daripada jemaah putih dan persatuan selepas perang? || orang yang dibebaskan <> yang ingin bebas dari penyerahan putih? || orang yang dibebaskan <> Apa yang menyatakan konvensi hitam persediaan? || Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, dan Kentucky <> Berapa peratus daripada semua orang Afrika-Amerika mengenal pasti dengan denominasi Baptis? || 45%", {"context": "As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war. They wanted to be free of white supervision. In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "As early as the late 18th century"}], "question": "When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?", "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d978e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "freedmen"}], "question": "Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?", "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d978f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "freedmen"}], "question": "Who wanted to be free from white submission?", "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9790"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky"}], "question": "What states setup black conventions?", "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9791"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1186, "text": "45%"}], "question": "What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?", "id": "5727e2e5ff5b5019007d9792"}]}], ["Berikutan konflik serupa terhadap modenisme, Konvensyen Southern Baptist mematuhi teologi konservatif sebagai kedudukan rasminya. Dua kumpulan Baptis baru dibentuk oleh Baptis Selatan moderat yang tidak setuju dengan arahan di mana Konvensyen Southern Baptist sedang menuju: Aliansi Pembaptis pada tahun 1987 dan Koperasi Pembaptis Fellowship pada tahun 1991. Ahli-ahli kedua-dua kumpulan yang pada asalnya dikenal sebagai Southern Baptist, tetapi lebih masa kumpulan \"menjadi keluarga baru kekal Baptis.\" <> Konvensyen Southern Baptist mematuhi kedudukan rasminya? || teologi konservatif <> Apakah kumpulan-kumpulan yang dibentuk oleh Baptis Southern moderat? || Perikatan Baptis pada tahun 1987 dan Koperasi Pembaptis Fellowship pada tahun 1991 <> Bilakah Perikatan Pembaptis dibentuk? || 1987 <> Bilakah pembentukan Koperatif Baptis Fellowship? || 1991 <> Teologi konservatif adalah kedudukan rasmi apa? || Konvensyen Southern Baptist", {"context": "Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position. Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991. Members of both groups originally identified as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups \"became permanent new families of Baptists.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "conservative theology"}], "question": "The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?", "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991"}], "question": "What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?", "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "1987"}], "question": "When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?", "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?", "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Southern Baptist Convention"}], "question": "Conservative theology was the official position of what?", "id": "5727e4f42ca10214002d98e4"}]}], ["Landmarkisme Southern Baptist berusaha untuk menetapkan semula pemisahan gereja yang telah mencirikan gereja-gereja Baptis lama, dalam era ketika pertemuan kesatuan antar-denominasi adalah urutan hari itu. James Robinson Graves adalah Baptis yang berpengaruh pada abad ke-19 dan pemimpin utama gerakan ini. Walaupun sesetengah Landmark telah dipisahkan dari Konvensyen Southern Baptist, pengaruh pergerakan Konvensyen terus ke abad ke-20. Pengaruhnya terus mempengaruhi dasar konvensyen. Pada tahun 2005, Lembaga Misi Antarabangsa Southern Baptist melarang para mubalighnya menerima pengalihan alien untuk pembaptisan. <> Apa yang cuba menetapkan semula pemisahan gereja yang telah mencirikan gereja-gereja Baptis lama? || Southern Baptist Landmark <> Who was Baptist berpengaruh abad ke-19 dan pemimpin utama pergerakan ini? || James Robinson Graves <> Bilakah Lembaga Misi Antarabangsa Southern Baptist melarang para mubalighnya menerima pencerobohan asing untuk pembaptisan? || Pada tahun 2005", {"context": "Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the influence of the movement on the Convention continued into the 20th century. Its influence continues to affect convention policies. In 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Southern Baptist Landmarkism"}], "question": "What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?", "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "James Robinson Graves"}], "question": "Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?", "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "In 2005"}], "question": "When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?", "id": "5727e4514b864d1900163f6c"}]}], ["Pada 20 Jun 1995, Konvensyen Southern Baptist mengundi untuk mengadopsi resolusi yang menafikan akar perkaumannya dan meminta maaf atas pertahanan perbudakan yang lalu. Lebih daripada 20,000 Baptist Selatan berdaftar untuk mesyuarat di Atlanta. Resolusi itu mengisytiharkan bahawa para utusan, seperti perwakilan SBC dipanggil, \"dengan tegas mengutuk perkauman, dalam semua bentuknya, sebagai dosa yang menyedihkan\" dan \"meratapi dan menolak tindakan bersejarah kejahatan seperti perhambaan yang mana kita terus menuai hasil tuaian pahit.\" Ia menawarkan maaf kepada semua orang Afrika-Amerika untuk \"mengesahkan dan / atau mengekalkan perkauman individu dan sistemik dalam hidup kita\" dan pertobatan untuk \"perkauman yang kita telah bersalah, sama ada secara sedar atau tidak sedar.\" Walaupun Baptis Selatan telah mengutuk perkauman pada masa lalu, ini adalah kali pertama konvensyen yang kebanyakannya putih telah ditangani secara khusus dengan isu perhambaan. <> Bilakah Konvensyen Southern Baptist mengundi untuk mengadopsi resolusi yang menafikan akar rasisnya? || 20 Jun 1995 <> Berapa ramai orang Baptis berdaftar untuk mesyuarat di Atlanta? || Lebih daripada 20,000 <> perwakilan SBC dipanggil apa? || utusan", {"context": "On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, \"unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin\" and \"lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest.\" It offered an apology to all African-Americans for \"condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime\" and repentance for \"racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously.\" Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the predominantly white convention had dealt specifically with the issue of slavery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "20 June 1995"}], "question": "When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?", "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "More than 20,000"}], "question": "How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?", "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "messengers"}], "question": "SBC delegates are called what?", "id": "5727e3d54b864d1900163f60"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1910, lebih 2 juta kanak-kanak dalam kumpulan umur yang sama telah bekerja di Amerika Syarikat. Ini termasuk kanak-kanak yang melancarkan rokok, yang terlibat dalam kerja kilang, bekerja sebagai tukang bulu di kilang-kilang tekstil, bekerja di lombong arang batu dan bekerja di kilang-kilang. Gambar Lewis Hine buruh kanak-kanak pada tahun 1910-an dengan kuat menimbulkan kesulitan pekerja kanak-kanak di selatan Amerika. Hines mengambil gambar-gambar ini antara 1908 dan 1917 sebagai jurugambar kakitangan Jawatankuasa Tenaga Kerja Kebangsaan. <> Di manakah jurugambar Lewis Hine bekerja? || Jawatankuasa Tenaga Kerja Kebangsaan <> Tahun berapa lebih 2 juta kanak-kanak yang bekerja di Amerika Syarikat? || 1910 <> Apa yang kanak-kanak melancarkan di sebuah kilang? || rokok <> Apa yang dilakukan anak dalam kilang tekstil di Amerika Syarikat? || pelekat bobbin", {"context": "In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "National Child Labor Committee"}], "question": "Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?", "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f782"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1910"}], "question": "What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?", "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f783"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "cigarettes"}], "question": "What did children roll in a factory?", "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "bobbin doffers"}], "question": "What did child do in textile mills in the US?", "id": "5727672bf1498d1400e8f785"}]}], ["Buruh kanak-kanak memainkan peranan penting dalam Revolusi Perindustrian dari permulaannya, yang sering dibawa oleh kesusahan ekonomi. Anak-anak golongan miskin dijangka menyumbang kepada pendapatan keluarga mereka. Pada abad ke-19 Inggeris, satu pertiga daripada keluarga miskin tidak mempunyai pencari nafkah, akibat kematian atau pengabaian, yang menyebabkan banyak anak bekerja dari usia muda. Di England dan Scotland pada 1788, dua pertiga daripada pekerja di 143 kilang kapas bertenaga air digambarkan sebagai kanak-kanak. Sejumlah besar anak juga bekerja sebagai pelacur. Penulis Charles Dickens bekerja pada usia 12 tahun di sebuah kilang hitam, bersama keluarganya di penjara penghutang. <> Berapa banyak keluarga tanpa pemenang roti? || satu pertiga <> Berapa banyak kilang kapas berkuasa air menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak di 1788 England dan Skotlandia? || 143 <> Adakah jumlah yang rendah atau jumlah kanak-kanak yang tinggi yang juga bekerja dalam pelacuran? || nombor yang tinggi <> Di mana Charles Dickens bekerja sebagai seorang kanak-kanak? || kilang hitam <> Semasa Revolusi Perindustrian apakah daya penggerak utama di sebalik buruh kanak-kanak? || kesukaran ekonomi", {"context": "Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "How many families were without a bread winner?", "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "143"}], "question": "How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?", "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "high number"}], "question": "Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? ", "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "blacking factory"}], "question": "Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?", "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "economic hardship"}], "question": "During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?", "id": "57276019dd62a815002e9bc8"}]}], ["Di negara-negara membangun, dengan kemiskinan yang tinggi dan peluang persekolahan yang lemah, buruh kanak-kanak masih banyak berlaku. Pada tahun 2010, Afrika sub-saharan mempunyai kadar insiden tertinggi buruh kanak-kanak, dengan beberapa negara Afrika menyaksikan lebih 50 peratus kanak-kanak berusia 5-14 tahun bekerja. Pertanian di seluruh dunia adalah majikan terbesar buruh kanak-kanak. Majoriti pekerja kanak-kanak didapati di kawasan luar bandar dan ekonomi bandar tidak rasmi; kanak-kanak kebanyakannya dipekerjakan oleh orang tua mereka, bukannya kilang. Kemiskinan dan kekurangan sekolah dianggap sebagai penyebab utama buruh kanak-kanak. <> Berapa tahun sub-saharan Afrika mempunyai kadar tertinggi pekerja kanak-kanak? || 2010 <> Apakah majikan terbesar buruh kanak-kanak? || pertanian <> Siapa anak yang kebanyakannya bekerja? || ibu bapa mereka <> Kurangnya sekolah dan ini adalah penyebab utama buruh kanak-kanak || Kemiskinan", {"context": "In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5\u201314 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "2010"}], "question": "What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?", "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "What is the largest employer of child labour?", "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "their parents"}], "question": "Who are children predominantly employed by?", "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Poverty"}], "question": "Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour", "id": "57275c0c5951b619008f88b4"}]}], ["Kilang-kilang dan lombong bukanlah satu-satunya tempat di mana buruh kanak-kanak lazim pada awal abad ke-20. Perkilangan berasaskan rumah di seluruh Amerika Syarikat dan Eropah juga mempekerjakan kanak-kanak. Kerajaan dan pembaharu berpendapat bahawa buruh di kilang-kilang mesti diatur dan negara mempunyai kewajiban untuk memberikan kebajikan bagi golongan miskin. Perundangan yang diikuti mempunyai kesan kerja yang bergerak dari kilang ke rumah bandar. Keluarga dan wanita, khususnya, memilihnya kerana ia membolehkan mereka menjana pendapatan semasa menjaga tugas rumah tangga. <> Kenapakah keluarga membebankan buruh di rumah yang bertentangan dengan kilang? || kerana ia membenarkan mereka menjana pendapatan semasa menjaga tugas rumah tangga. <> Awal abad ke-20 negeri mula mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk menjaga siapa? || miskin <> Kanak-kanak bekerja di rumah, kilang dan lain-lain di abad ke-20? || lombong", {"context": "Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties."}], "question": "Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?", "id": "57276917708984140094dd1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "poor"}], "question": "Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?", "id": "57276917708984140094dd1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "mines"}], "question": "Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?", "id": "57276917708984140094dd1d"}]}], ["Masa zaman Victoria khususnya menjadi terkenal kerana keadaan di mana anak-anak bekerja. Kanak-kanak berumur empat tahun bekerja di kilang pengeluaran dan lombong bekerja berjam-jam dalam keadaan berbahaya, sering membawa maut, bekerja. Di dalam lombong arang batu, kanak-kanak akan merangkak melalui terowong yang terlalu sempit dan rendah untuk orang dewasa. Kanak-kanak juga bekerja sebagai anak lelaki, menyeberang penyapu, kulit hitam, atau menjual padanan, bunga dan barangan murah lainnya. Sesetengah kanak-kanak bekerja sebagai pelatih untuk perdagangan yang dihormati, seperti bangunan atau sebagai pembantu rumah (terdapat lebih daripada 120,000 kakitangan domestik di London pada pertengahan abad ke-18). Waktu kerja panjang: pembina bekerja 64 jam seminggu pada musim panas dan 52 pada musim sejuk, manakala pekerja domestik bekerja selama 80 jam seminggu. <> Rata-rata berapa jam mingguan dilakukan seorang pembantu rumah tangga? || 80 <> Pertengahan abad ke-18 London mempunyai bilangan pembantu rumah tangga? || Lebih dari 120,000 <> Berapa usia paling muda seorang kanak-kanak bekerja di kilang? || empat <> Berapa jamkah pembina bekerja pada musim sejuk? || 52 <> Adakah kanak-kanak boleh mengambil kursus perantisan? || Sesetengah kanak-kanak bekerja sebagai perantis untuk perdagangan yang dihormati", {"context": "The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "80"}], "question": "On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?", "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "over 120,000"}], "question": "Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?", "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "four"}], "question": "What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?", "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "52"}], "question": "How many hours did builders work in the winter?", "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades"}], "question": "Were children able to take on apprenticeships?", "id": "57275ec9dd62a815002e9bbe"}]}], ["Buruh kanak-kanak merujuk kepada penggajian kanak-kanak dalam apa-apa kerja yang menghalang kanak-kanak zaman kanak-kanak, mengganggu keupayaan mereka untuk menghadiri sekolah biasa, dan itu berbahaya, berbahaya, secara fizikal, sosial atau moral. Amalan ini dianggap eksploitatif oleh banyak pertubuhan antarabangsa. Perundangan di seluruh dunia melarang buruh kanak-kanak. Undang-undang ini tidak menganggap semua kerja oleh kanak-kanak sebagai buruh kanak-kanak; pengecualian termasuk kerja oleh seniman kanak-kanak, tugas keluarga, latihan yang diselia, kategori kerja tertentu seperti yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak Amish, beberapa bentuk kerja kanak-kanak yang lazim di kalangan anak-anak Amerika asli, dan yang lain-lain. <> Apakah buruh kanak-kanak menghalang kanak-kanak? || menafikan kanak-kanak zaman kanak-kanak <> Adakah artis kanak-kanak pengecualian kepada undang-undang berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || pengecualian termasuk kerja oleh artis kanak-kanak <> Adakah kerja yang dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak Amish terkecuali? || Kerja seperti kanak-kanak Amish <> Di manakah undang-undang yang melarang pekerja kanak-kanak? || Perundangan di seluruh dunia <> Adakah semua kerja yang dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak dianggap sebagai buruh kanak-kanak? || Undang-undang ini tidak menganggap semua kerja oleh kanak-kanak sebagai buruh kanak-kanak", {"context": "Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "deprives children of their childhood"}], "question": "What does child labour deprive children of?", "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "exceptions include work by child artists"}], "question": "Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?", "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "work such as those by Amish children"}], "question": "Is work done by Amish children an exception?", "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Legislation across the world"}], "question": "Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?", "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour"}], "question": "Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?", "id": "57275b0a5951b619008f88ab"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, ribuan lelaki bekerja di industri pembuatan kaca. Pembuatan kaca adalah pekerjaan yang berbahaya dan sukar terutama tanpa teknologi semasa. Proses membuat kaca termasuk haba yang kuat untuk mencairkan kaca (3133 \u00b0 F). Apabila budak lelaki sedang bekerja, mereka terdedah kepada haba ini. Ini boleh menyebabkan masalah mata, penyakit paru-paru, keletihan haba, potong, dan luka bakar. Oleh kerana pekerja telah dibayar oleh mereka, mereka terpaksa bekerja secara produktif selama berjam-jam tanpa rehat. Oleh kerana relau perlu dibakar, terdapat peralihan malam dari jam 5:00 hingga 3:00 pagi. Ramai pemilik kilang memilih budak lelaki berumur bawah 16 tahun. <> Bilakah lelaki muda bekerja di industri pembuatan kaca? || Awal abad ke-20 <> Di bawah syarat membuat kaca adalah kanak-kanak yang terdedah kepada unsur pemanasan? || mereka terdedah kepada haba ini <> Adakah anak-anak dalam industri membuat kaca terbayar sejam? || dibayar oleh sekeping <> Adakah industri kaca mempunyai keutamaan untuk lelaki kerja yang lebih tua? || Pemilik kilang memilih budak lelaki berumur bawah 16 tahun", {"context": "In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 \u00b0F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "early 20th century"}], "question": "When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?", "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "they are exposed to this heat"}], "question": "Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?", "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "paid by the piece"}], "question": "Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?", "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age"}], "question": "Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?", "id": "57276683dd62a815002e9c37"}]}], ["Kerja-kerja kanak-kanak adalah penting dalam masyarakat pra-perindustrian, seperti kanak-kanak yang diperlukan untuk menyediakan tenaga kerja mereka untuk kelangsungan hidup mereka dan kumpulan mereka. Masyarakat sebelum perindustrian dicirikan oleh produktiviti yang rendah dan jangka hayat jangka pendek, menghalang kanak-kanak daripada mengambil bahagian dalam kerja produktif akan lebih berbahaya kepada kebajikan mereka dan kumpulan mereka dalam jangka masa panjang. Dalam masyarakat pra-perindustrian, terdapat sedikit keperluan bagi kanak-kanak untuk bersekolah. Ini terutamanya berlaku dalam masyarakat yang tidak melek huruf. Kebanyakan kemahiran dan pengetahuan pra-industri dapat diterima melalui bimbingan langsung atau perantis oleh orang dewasa yang kompeten. <> Adakah terdapat tempoh ketika pekerja anak penting? || masyarakat pra-perindustrian <> Adakah terdapat keperluan untuk pendidikan zaman kanak-kanak dalam masyarakat pra-perindustrian? || sedikit keperluan untuk kanak-kanak menghadiri sekolah <> yang mengajar kemahiran yang diperlukan untuk kanak-kanak bekerja? || orang yang berwibawa <> Adakah orang dalam masyarakat pra-perindustrian dianggap mempunyai jangka hayat yang panjang atau pendek? || jangka hayat pendek", {"context": "The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "pre-industrial societies"}], "question": "Was there a period when child labour was essential?", "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "little need for children to attend school"}], "question": "Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?", "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "competent adults"}], "question": "Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?", "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "short life expectancy"}], "question": "Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?", "id": "57275cfcf1498d1400e8f6ef"}]}], ["Sepanjang separuh kedua abad ke-19, buruh kanak-kanak mula merosot dalam masyarakat industri disebabkan peraturan dan faktor ekonomi. Peraturan buruh kanak-kanak bermula dari zaman awal revolusi Perindustrian. Perbuatan pertama untuk mengawal buruh kanak-kanak di Britain telah disahkan pada 1803. Seawal 1802 dan 1819 Kilang Kilang telah diluluskan untuk mengawal selia jam kerja anak-anak pekerja di kilang-kilang dan kilang kapas hingga 12 jam sehari. Tindakan-tindakan ini sebahagian besarnya tidak berkesan dan selepas agitasi radikal, misalnya \"Jawatankuasa Masa Pendek\" pada tahun 1831, sebuah Suruhanjaya Diraja yang disyorkan pada tahun 1833 bahawa kanak-kanak berumur 11-18 harus bekerja maksimal 12 jam sehari, kanak-kanak berusia 9-11 tahun maksimum lapan jam, dan kanak-kanak di bawah umur sembilan tidak lagi dibenarkan bekerja. Tindakan ini bagaimanapun hanya digunakan untuk industri tekstil, dan pergolakan lanjut menyebabkan tindakan lain pada tahun 1847 mengehadkan kedua-dua orang dewasa dan kanak-kanak hingga 10 hari bekerja. Lord Shaftesbury adalah seorang peguam bela yang mengawal buruh kanak-kanak. <> Sepanjang abad ke-19 apakah ada peguam bela untuk anak-anak yang bekerja? || Lord Shaftesbury <> Pada tahun 1833 berapa usia adalah batas untuk bekerja di sebuah kilang industri tekstil? || kanak-kanak di bawah sembilan tahun <> tahun berapa orang dewasa dan kanak-kanak hanya boleh bekerja 10 jam sehari? || 1847 <> Pada abad ke-19 terdapat kenaikan atau penurunan keperluan untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || buruh kanak-kanak mula merosot <> Berapa tahun pertama Britain tidak melaksanakan undang-undang berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || 1803", {"context": "Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the \"Short Time Committees\" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11\u201318 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9\u201311 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 961, "text": "Lord Shaftesbury"}], "question": "During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?", "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "children under the age of nine"}], "question": "In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?", "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "1847"}], "question": "What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?", "id": "572761fe5951b619008f8919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "child labour began to decline"}], "question": "In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?", "id": "572761fe5951b619008f891a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "1803"}], "question": "What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?", "id": "572761fe5951b619008f891b"}]}], ["Operasi pembuatan berasaskan rumah adalah tahun aktif. Keluarga-keluarga rela mengerahkan anak-anak mereka dalam syarikat-syarikat rumah yang menghasilkan pendapatan ini. Dalam banyak kes, lelaki bekerja dari rumah. Di Perancis, lebih daripada 58 peratus pekerja pakaian dikendalikan dari rumah mereka; di Jerman, bilangan operasi rumah sepenuh masa hampir dua kali ganda antara 1882 dan 1907; dan di Amerika Syarikat, berjuta-juta keluarga yang dikendalikan keluar dari rumah tujuh hari seminggu, sepanjang tahun untuk menghasilkan pakaian, kasut, bunga buatan, bulu, kotak padanan, mainan, payung dan produk lain. Kanak-kanak berumur 5-14 bekerja bersama ibu bapa. Operasi berasaskan rumah dan buruh kanak-kanak di Australia, Britain, Austria dan bahagian lain di dunia adalah perkara biasa. Kawasan luar bandar juga menyaksikan keluarga menggerakkan anak-anak mereka dalam bidang pertanian. Pada tahun 1946, Frieda Miller - Pengarah Jabatan Tenaga Kerja Amerika Syarikat - memberitahu Organisasi Buruh Antarabangsa bahawa operasi rumah ini ditawarkan, \"upah rendah, jam kerja yang panjang, buruh kanak-kanak, keadaan kerja yang tidak sihat dan tidak baik.\" <> Berapa masa adalah aktiviti pengilangan rumah untuk kanak-kanak yang mengambil tempat? || Tahun lalu <> Siapa anak-anak yang bekerja di sebelahnya? || ibu bapa <> Di manakah kanak-kanak luar bandar bekerja? || pertanian <> Apakah keadaan kerja yang digambarkan seperti untuk kanak-kanak yang bekerja di rumah? || tidak sihat dan tidak waras <> Pada tahun 1946 yang merupakan Pengarah Jabatan Tenaga Kerja Amerika Syarikat? || Frieda Miller", {"context": "Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5\u201314 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, \"low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "year round"}], "question": "What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?", "id": "57276a47708984140094dd21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "parents"}], "question": "Who did the children work beside?", "id": "57276a47708984140094dd22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "Where were rural children employed?", "id": "57276a47708984140094dd23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "unhealthy and insanitary"}], "question": "What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?", "id": "57276a47708984140094dd24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Frieda Miller"}], "question": "In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?", "id": "57276a47708984140094dd25"}]}], ["Kekurangan alternatif yang bermakna, seperti sekolah yang berpatutan dan pendidikan berkualiti, menurut ILO, merupakan satu lagi faktor utama yang mendorong kanak-kanak untuk buruh berbahaya. Kanak-kanak bekerja kerana mereka tidak mempunyai apa-apa yang lebih baik untuk dilakukan. Banyak komuniti, terutamanya kawasan luar bandar di mana antara 60-70% buruh kanak-kanak adalah lazim, tidak mempunyai kemudahan sekolah yang mencukupi. Walaupun sekolah kadang-kadang boleh didapati, mereka terlalu jauh, sukar untuk dicapai, tidak mampu atau kualiti pendidikan sangat miskin yang ibu bapa tertanya-tanya jika pergi ke sekolah benar-benar berbaloi. <> Apakah sebab utama kanak-kanak hari ini berada di dalam tenaga kerja? || tiada yang lebih baik untuk dilakukan <> Adakah keluarga miskin memberi nilai kepada pendidikan? || Ibu bapa tertanya-tanya jika pergi ke sekolah benar-benar berbaloi. <> Apakah komuniti mana yang paling kerap untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || kawasan luar bandar", {"context": "Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education, according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour. Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities, particularly rural areas where between 60\u201370% of child labour is prevalent, do not possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available, they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "nothing better to do"}], "question": "What is the main reason for children today to be in the work force?", "id": "572772395951b619008f8a25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "parents wonder if going to school is really worth it."}], "question": "Do the poor families put a value on education?", "id": "572772395951b619008f8a26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "rural areas"}], "question": "What community has the most prevalency for child labour?", "id": "572772395951b619008f8a27"}]}], ["Kanak-kanak yang bekerja pada usia muda telah menjadi tema yang konsisten di seluruh Afrika. Ramai kanak-kanak mula mula bekerja di rumah untuk membantu ibu bapa menjalankan ladang keluarga. Kanak-kanak di Afrika hari ini sering dipaksa menjadi pekerja eksploitatif kerana hutang keluarga dan faktor kewangan lain, yang membawa kepada kemiskinan yang berterusan. Buruh kanak-kanak lain jenis lain termasuk bekerja di ladang komersial, mengemis, dan jualan lain seperti boot bersinar. Secara keseluruhan, terdapat kira-kira lima juta kanak-kanak yang sedang bekerja di bidang pertanian yang semakin meningkat pada masa panen. Bersama dengan 30 peratus kanak-kanak yang memilih kopi, terdapat kira-kira 25,000 anak usia sekolah yang bekerja sepanjang tahun. <> Di manakah anak-anak Afrika mencari pekerjaan pertama mereka? || rumah <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh kanak-kanak Afrika terutamanya ketika bekerja di rumah? || membantu ibu bapa mereka menjalankan ladang keluarga <> Berapa ramai kanak-kanak di Afrika bekerja di sektor arigucultural? || anggaran lima juta <> Berapa banyak kanak-kanak di Afrika memilih kopi? || 30 peratus <> Berapa banyak anak bekerja sepanjang tahun di Afrika? || dianggarkan 25,000", {"context": "Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "home"}], "question": "Where do African children find their first jobs?", "id": "57277c3a708984140094deed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "help their parents run the family farm"}], "question": "What do African children do primarily while working at home?", "id": "57277c3a708984140094deee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "estimated five million"}], "question": "How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?", "id": "57277c3a708984140094deef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "30 percent"}], "question": "How many children in Africa pick coffee?", "id": "57277c3a708984140094def0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 670, "text": "estimated 25,000"}], "question": "How many children work year round in Africa?", "id": "57277c3a708984140094def1"}]}], ["Dalam sejarah Eropah apabila buruh kanak-kanak adalah biasa, serta dalam buruh kanak-kanak zaman moden di dunia moden, kepercayaan budaya tertentu telah merasionalisasi buruh kanak-kanak dan dengan itu menggalakkannya. Sesetengah berpendapat bahawa kerja adalah baik untuk pembangunan watak dan kemahiran kanak-kanak. Dalam banyak budaya, khususnya di mana ekonomi tidak formal dan perniagaan isi rumah kecil berkembang, tradisi kebudayaan adalah bahawa kanak-kanak mengikut jejak langkah ibu bapa mereka; Buruh kanak-kanak kemudian adalah cara untuk belajar dan mengamalkan perdagangan dari usia yang sangat awal. Demikian pula, dalam banyak budaya pendidikan anak perempuan kurang dihargai atau perempuan tidak semestinya memerlukan sekolah formal, dan gadis-gadis ini mendorong pekerja anak seperti menyediakan layanan domestik. <> Sepanjang sejarah Eropah adalah buruh kanak-kanak dilihat sebagai positif? || Sesetengah berpendapat bahawa kerja adalah baik untuk pembangunan watak dan kemahiran kanak-kanak <> Adakah kanak-kanak lelaki atau perempuan lebih mungkin dalam sesetengah budaya untuk dilemparkan ke dalam buruh kanak-kanak? || kanak-kanak perempuan <> Untuk ibu bapa yang bekerja apakah nilai mempunyai anak-anak mereka bekerja di pihak mereka? || belajar dan berlatih perdagangan dari usia yang sangat awal <> Adakah banyak budaya nilai tempat pendidikan seorang gadis muda? || pendidikan kanak-kanak perempuan kurang dihargai", {"context": "In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children"}], "question": "Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?", "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "girls"}], "question": "Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?", "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "learn and practice that trade from a very early age"}], "question": "For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?", "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "education of girls is less valued"}], "question": "Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?", "id": "572774cedd62a815002e9d3b"}]}], ["Maplecroft Child Labor Index 2012 laporan tinjauan 76 negara menimbulkan risiko keterlibatan buruh kanak-kanak yang melampau bagi syarikat yang beroperasi di seluruh dunia. Sepuluh negara berisiko tertinggi pada tahun 2012, disenaraikan dalam urutan yang menurun, ialah: Myanmar, Korea Utara, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan dan Ethiopia. Daripada pertumbuhan ekonomi utama, Maplecroft menduduki tangga ke-25 Filipina, India ke-27, China ke-36, Vietnam ke-37, ke-46, dan Brazil ke-54 - semuanya menilai risiko melampau ketidakpastian buruh kanak-kanak, dan produk import dari pasaran baru muncul. <> Menurut Indeks Buruh Kanak-kanak Maplecroft berapa banyak negara mencadangkan risiko untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || 76 <> Negara apakah yang kedua dalam senarai untuk buruh kanak-kanak mengikut Indeks Pekerja Kanak-kanak Maplecroft? || Korea Utara <> Apa yang Phillipines kedudukan? || 25 <Adakah Brazil dalam senarai? || Brazil ke-54", {"context": "Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "76"}], "question": "According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?", "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "North Korea"}], "question": "What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?", "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "25th"}], "question": "What was the Phillipines ranked as?", "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Brazil 54th"}], "question": "Was Brazil on the list?", "id": "5727708f708984140094dd9e"}]}], ["Di jajahan Asia tenggara, seperti Hong Kong, buruh kanak-kanak seperti Mui Tsai (\u59b9 \u4ed4), dirasionalisasikan sebagai tradisi budaya dan diabaikan oleh pihak berkuasa British. Para pegawai Syarikat Timur Belanda India merasionalisasi pelanggaran buruh anak mereka dengan, \"ini adalah cara untuk menyelamatkan anak-anak ini dari nasib yang lebih buruk.\" Sekolah mubaligh Kristian di rantau yang membentang dari Zambia ke Nigeria juga memerlukan kerja daripada kanak-kanak, dan pertukaran dengan pendidikan agama, bukan pendidikan sekular. Di tempat lain, Statuta Dominion Kanada dalam bentuk pelanggaran Akta Kontrak yang disebutkan, istilah penjara yang ditetapkan untuk pekerja anak yang tidak beroperasi. <> Di manakah British memusingkan mata pekerja kanak-kanak? || Hong Kong <> Sekolah apa yang diperlukan oleh pekerja kanak-kanak? || Sekolah misi Kristian <> Adakah pekerja kanak-kanak menerima apa-apa daripada sekolah misi kristian? || menyediakan pendidikan agama <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh orang Kanada kepada kanak-kanak yang tidak mahu bekerja? || syarat penjara yang ditetapkan", {"context": "In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (\u59b9\u4ed4), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, \"it is a way to save these children from a worse fate.\" Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?", "id": "57277af45951b619008f8aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Christian mission schools"}], "question": "What schools required child labour?", "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "provided religious education"}], "question": "Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?", "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "stipulated jail terms"}], "question": "What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?", "id": "57277af45951b619008f8af2"}]}], ["Biggeri dan Mehrotra telah mengkaji faktor makroekonomi yang menggalakkan pekerja kanak-kanak. Mereka menumpukan kajian mereka ke lima negara Asia termasuk India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand dan Filipina. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa buruh kanak-kanak adalah masalah serius dalam kesemua lima, tetapi bukan masalah baru. Penyebab makroekonomi menggalakkan buruh kanak-kanak yang meluas di seluruh dunia, berbanding kebanyakan sejarah manusia. Mereka mencadangkan bahawa sebab-sebab untuk buruh kanak-kanak termasuk kedua-dua permintaan dan bekalan. Walaupun kemiskinan dan ketiadaan sekolah-sekolah yang baik menerangkan aspek bekalan tenaga kanak-kanak, mereka menyarankan bahawa pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak formal yang membayar lebih rendah daripada ekonomi formal yang lebih tinggi adalah antara sebab-sebab permintaan. Para ulama lain juga mencadangkan pasaran tenaga kerja yang tidak fleksibel, ekonomi ekonomi tidak formal, ketidakupayaan industri untuk meningkatkan dan kekurangan teknologi pembuatan moden adalah faktor makroekonomi utama yang mempengaruhi permintaan dan penerimaan pekerja kanak-kanak. <> Biggeri dan Mehrotra dikaji terutama negara-negara Asia termasuk India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Filipina dan apa negara lain? || Thailand <> Adakah anak buruh isu baru di negara-negara Asia? || bukan masalah baru <> Bekalan dan apa lagi yang menyebabkan buruh kanak-kanak masih wujud hari ini? || permintaan <> Apa yang menggalakkan buruh kanak-kanak di seluruh dunia? || Makroekonomi", {"context": "Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Thailand"}], "question": "Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?", "id": "57277611708984140094de3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "not a new problem"}], "question": "Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?", "id": "57277611708984140094de40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "demand"}], "question": "Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?", "id": "57277611708984140094de41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Macroeconomic"}], "question": "What encourages child labour across the globe?", "id": "57277611708984140094de42"}]}], ["Keterangan maklumat buruh kanak-kanak hari ini sukar diperolehi kerana perselisihan di antara sumber-sumber data tentang apa yang menjadi buruh kanak-kanak. Di sesetengah negara, dasar kerajaan menyumbang kepada kesukaran ini. Contohnya, tahap keseluruhan buruh kanak-kanak di China tidak jelas kerana kerajaan mengkategorikan data buruh kanak-kanak sebagai \"rahsia\". China telah membuat peraturan untuk mencegah pekerja kanak-kanak; Namun, amalan buruh kanak-kanak dilaporkan menjadi masalah yang berterusan di China, umumnya dalam bidang pertanian dan sektor perkhidmatan kemahiran rendah serta bengkel kecil dan perusahaan pembuatan.\nPada tahun 2014, Jabatan Buruh A.S. mengeluarkan Senarai Barang yang Diproduksikan oleh Buruh Kanak-Kanak atau Buruh Paksa di mana China adalah disebabkan oleh 12 barang yang kebanyakannya dihasilkan oleh kedua-dua kanak-kanak di bawah umur dan buruh yang tidak bekerja. Laporan itu menyenaraikan elektronik, pakaian, mainan dan arang batu di antara barangan lain. <> Di manakah statistik pekerja anak hari ini tidak jelas? || China <> Bilakah A.S. menghasilkan senarai barang yang dibuat oleh buruh kanak-kanak di China? || 2014 <> Apakah penyebab perbezaan di dalam buruh kanak-kanak nombor untuk hari ini? || sumber data <> Anak-anak Cina telah diketahui membuat elektronik, mainan dan apa lagi? || pakaian", {"context": "Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as \u201chighly secret\u201d. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.\nIn 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "China"}], "question": "Where is present day child labour stats unclear?", "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "2014"}], "question": "When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?", "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "data sources"}], "question": "What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?", "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 875, "text": "garments"}], "question": "Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?", "id": "57276fdb5951b619008f89da"}]}], ["Buruh kanak-kanak menyumbang 22% tenaga kerja di Asia, 32% di Afrika, 17% di Amerika Latin, 1% di Amerika Syarikat, Kanada, Eropah dan negara kaya lain. Perkadaran buruh kanak-kanak sangat berbeza di antara negara-negara dan juga wilayah di dalam negara-negara tersebut. Afrika mempunyai peratusan tertinggi kanak-kanak berumur 5-17 yang bekerja sebagai buruh kanak-kanak, dan sejumlah 65 juta. Asia, dengan penduduknya yang lebih besar, mempunyai jumlah terbesar kanak-kanak yang bekerja sebagai pekerja kanak-kanak di sekitar 114 juta orang. Rantau Amerika Latin dan Caribbean mempunyai kepadatan penduduk keseluruhan yang lebih rendah, tetapi pada 14 juta buruh kanak-kanak juga mempunyai kadar insiden yang tinggi. <> Negara manakah mempunyai peratusan tertinggi buruh kanak-kanak? || Afrika <> Di Asia berapa jutaan kanak-kanak bekerja? || 114 <> Sekarang apa peratusan kanak-kanak yang bekerja di Amerika Syarikat? || 1% <> Caribean dan di mana lagi terdapat penduduk pekerja kanak-kanak yang rendah? || Amerika Latin", {"context": "Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5\u201317 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "What country has the highest percentage of child labour?", "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "114"}], "question": "In Asia how many millions of children are employed?", "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "1%"}], "question": "Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?", "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "Latin America"}], "question": "Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?", "id": "57276ed9708984140094dd68"}]}], ["Buruh kanak-kanak masih biasa di banyak tempat di dunia. Anggaran untuk buruh kanak-kanak berbeza-beza. Ia berkisar antara 250 dan 304 juta, jika kanak-kanak berumur 5-17 yang terlibat dalam apa-apa aktiviti ekonomi dikira. Sekiranya kerja-kerja kadang-kadang ringan dikecualikan, ILO menganggarkan terdapat 153 juta buruh kanak-kanak berusia 5-14 di seluruh dunia pada tahun 2008. Ini adalah kira-kira 20 juta kurang daripada anggaran ILO untuk buruh kanak-kanak pada tahun 2004. Sebanyak 60 peratus buruh kanak-kanak terlibat dalam aktiviti pertanian seperti pertanian, tenusu, perikanan dan perhutanan. Satu lagi 25 peratus buruh kanak-kanak adalah dalam aktiviti perkhidmatan seperti runcit, barangan borong, restoran, beban dan pemindahan barangan, menyimpan, memetik dan mengitar semula sampah, kasut polishing, bantuan dalam negeri dan perkhidmatan lain. Baki 15 peratus bekerja dalam perhimpunan dan pembuatan dalam ekonomi tidak formal, perusahaan berasaskan rumah, kilang, lombong, garam pembungkusan, jentera operasi, dan operasi sedemikian. Dua dari tiga pekerja kanak-kanak bekerja bersama ibu bapa mereka, dalam situasi kerja keluarga yang tidak dibayar. Sesetengah kanak-kanak bekerja sebagai pemandu untuk pelancong, kadang-kadang digabungkan dengan membawa perniagaan untuk kedai-kedai dan restoran. Buruh kanak-kanak kebanyakannya berlaku di kawasan luar bandar (70%) dan sektor bandar tidak formal (26%). <> Adakah buruh kanak-kanak wujud pada abad ke-21? || Buruh kanak-kanak masih biasa <> Di manakah buruh kanak-kanak sekarang paling banyak berlaku? || kawasan luar bandar <> Berapa ramai kanak-kanak di dunia hari ini bekerja di samping ibu bapa mereka? || Dua daripada tiga kanak-kanak <> Sesetengah kanak-kanak bekerja sebagai panduan untuk siapa? || pelancong", {"context": "Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5\u201317 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5\u201314 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Child labour is still common"}], "question": "Does child labour exist in the 21st century?", "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1182, "text": "rural areas"}], "question": "Where does child labour currently occur the most?", "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "Two out of three child"}], "question": "How many children in today's world work beside their parents?", "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1059, "text": "tourists"}], "question": "Some child work as guides for whom?", "id": "57276ccff1498d1400e8f7c7"}]}], ["Penggunaan sistematik buruh kanak-kanak adalah tempat yang biasa di jajahan kuasa-kuasa Eropah antara 1650 dan 1950. Di Afrika, pentadbir kolonial menggalakkan cara pengeluaran tradisional yang diperintahkan oleh kaum kerabat, yang mempekerjakan rumah untuk kerja bukan hanya orang dewasa. Berjuta-juta kanak-kanak bekerja di ladang pertanian, lombong dan industri perkhidmatan domestik. Skim canggih telah diisytiharkan di mana kanak-kanak di koloni-koloni ini di antara umur 5-14 telah diupah sebagai pelatih tanpa gaji sebagai pertukaran untuk belajar kraf. Sistem Perantisan Pauper telah diamalkan pada abad ke-19 di mana tuan tanah kolonial tidak memerlukan persetujuan orang tua atau anak-anak untuk memberi anak kepada buruh, jauh dari ibu bapa, di ladang jauh yang dimiliki oleh tuan penjajah yang berbeza. Skim lain termasuk program 'mendapatkan-dan-belajar' di mana kanak-kanak akan bekerja dan dengan itu belajar. Britain misalnya meluluskan undang-undang, yang dipanggil Akta Masters dan Servis 1899, diikuti oleh Undang-undang Cukai dan Pas, untuk menggalakkan pekerja kanak-kanak di jajahan terutamanya di Afrika. Undang-undang ini menawarkan orang asli pemilikan undang-undang ke beberapa tanah asli sebagai pertukaran untuk membuat buruh isteri dan anak-anak yang tersedia untuk keperluan penjajah kerajaan seperti di ladang dan sebagai picannin. <> Adakah perantis muda diupah untuk bayar? || tanpa gaji <> Adakah buruh kanak-kanak biasa di koloni Eropah? || buruh kanak-kanak adalah tempat yang biasa di jajahan Eropah <> Apakah umur pekerja penjajah kanak-kanak? || 5-14 <> Berapa abad lamanya perjumpaan bermula? || 19 <<Berapa banyak anak yang bekerja di ladang penjajah? || Berjuta-juta", {"context": "Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5\u201314 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "without pay"}], "question": "Were young apprentices hired for pay?", "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "child labour was common place in the colonies of European"}], "question": "Was child labour common in European colonies?", "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "5\u201314"}], "question": "What was the age range of colonial child workers?", "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "19th"}], "question": "What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?", "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f926"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "Millions"}], "question": "How many children were employed on colonial plantations?", "id": "57277a21f1498d1400e8f922"}]}], ["Langkah-langkah undang-undang yang pertama yang diambil untuk menamatkan berlakunya buruh kanak-kanak telah diberlakukan lebih daripada lima puluh tahun lalu. Pada tahun 1966, negara mengamalkan Perhimpunan Agung PBB Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan. Tindakan ini mengehadkan undang-undang umur minimum untuk ketika kanak-kanak boleh mula bekerja pada usia 14 tahun. Tetapi 23 tahun kemudian pada tahun 1989 Konvensyen tentang Hak Kanak-kanak diadopsi dan membantu mengurangkan eksploitasi anak-anak dan menuntut persekitaran kerja yang aman. Mereka semua berusaha ke arah matlamat untuk mengakhiri bentuk buruh kanak-kanak yang paling bermasalah. <> Bilakah Perhimpunan Agung PBB Perjanjian Antarabangsa mengenai Hak Ekonomi, Sosial dan Kebudayaan digubal? || 1966 <> Apakah perbuatan ini patut? || undang-undang terhad umur minimum untuk apabila kanak-kanak boleh mula bekerja pada usia 14 <> Bilakah undang-undang persekitaran kerja yang selamat digunakan untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || 1989 <> Apa yang boleh membantu? || membantu mengurangkan eksploitasi kanak-kanak", {"context": "The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1966"}], "question": "When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?", "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14"}], "question": "What did this act due?", "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?", "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "helped to reduce the exploitation of children"}], "question": "What did it help do to?", "id": "57278a02f1498d1400e8fb4b"}]}], ["Dengan begitu banyak peratusan kanak-kanak bekerja, meningkatnya buta huruf, dan kekurangan pendidikan formal menjadi isu yang meluas bagi banyak kanak-kanak yang bekerja untuk menyediakan untuk keluarga mereka. Oleh kerana trend ini bermasalah, ramai ibu bapa membuat perubahan pendapat apabila memutuskan sama ada atau tidak untuk menghantar anak mereka bekerja. Faktor lain yang membawa kepada kemerosotan buruh kanak-kanak termasuk perubahan kewangan dalam ekonomi, perubahan dalam pembangunan teknologi, upah yang dibangkitkan, dan peraturan berterusan mengenai perundangan kilang. <> Apa yang menjadi isu untuk anak bekerja? || buta huruf <> Adakah buta huruf merupakan faktor dalam mengubah fikiran orang tua buruh kanak-kanak? || ramai ibu bapa mengalami perubahan pendapat <> Apakah sebab-sebab yang menyebabkan penurunan pekerja kanak-kanak? || perubahan kewangan dalam ekonomi, perubahan dalam pembangunan teknologi, upah yang dibangkitkan, dan peraturan berterusan mengenai perundangan kilang", {"context": "With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "illiteracy"}], "question": "What became an issue for the working child?", "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9faa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "many parents developed a change of opinion"}], "question": "Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?", "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9fab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation"}], "question": "What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?", "id": "57278848dd62a815002e9fac"}]}], ["Di samping kewajipan, ramai kanak-kanak perlu membantu keluarga mereka secara kewangan; faktor lain yang mempengaruhi pekerja kanak-kanak ialah perubahan demografi yang berlaku pada abad kelapan belas. Pada akhir abad kelapan belas, 20 peratus penduduk terdiri daripada kanak-kanak berumur antara 5 hingga 14 tahun. Oleh kerana pergeseran substansial pekerja sedia ada dan pembangunan revolusi perindustrian, kanak-kanak mula bekerja awal dalam kehidupan di syarikat-syarikat di luar rumah. Walau bagaimanapun, walaupun ada peningkatan buruh kanak-kanak di kilang-kilang seperti tekstil kapas, terdapat secara konsisten terdapat banyak anak-anak yang bekerja di bidang pertanian dan pengeluaran dalam negeri. <> Apakah jenis sokongan yang diberikan anak kepada keluarga mereka dengan bekerja? || secara kewangan <> Apa jenis kilang melihat peningkatan keperluan untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || tekstil kapas <> Adakah terdapat peningkatan atau penurunan dalam bidang pertanian? || ramai kanak-kanak yang bekerja di bidang pertanian", {"context": "Besides the obligation, many children had to help support their families financially; another factor that influenced child labour was the demographic changes that occurred in the eighteenth century. By the end of the eighteenth century, 20 percent of the population was made up of children between the ages of 5 and 14. Due to this substantial shift in available workers, and the development of the industrial revolution, children began to work earlier in life in companies outside of the home. Yet, even though there was an increase of child labour in factories such as cotton textiles, there consistently was large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture and domestic production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "financially"}], "question": "What type of support did child give to their families by working?", "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "cotton textiles"}], "question": "What type of factories saw an increased need for child labour?", "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "large numbers of children working in the field of agriculture"}], "question": "Was there an increase or decrease in the field of agriculture?", "id": "5727877df1498d1400e8fb08"}]}], ["Dari penempatan Eropah pada tahun 1888, kanak-kanak banduan kadang-kadang dihantar ke Australia di mana mereka telah bekerja. Buruh kanak-kanak tidak berlebihan di Australia seperti di Britain. Dengan populasi yang rendah, produktiviti pertanian lebih tinggi dan keluarga tidak menghadapi kelaparan seperti di negara maju. Australia juga tidak mempunyai industri yang signifikan sehingga hujung abad ke-20 ketika undang-undang buruh kanak-kanak, dan sekolah wajib diwujudkan di bawah pengaruh Britain. Dari tahun 1870-an buruh Kanak-kanak dibatasi oleh persekolahan wajib. <> Pada tahun 1888, negara apa yang menjadi tahanan kanak-kanak paling banyak dihantar? || Australia <> Apa yang menyekat buruh kanak-kanak 1870 di Australia? || bersekolah wajib <> Adakah rampagnt buruh kanak-kanak di Australia? || Buruh kanak-kanak tidak berlebihan di Australia <> Bilakah industrailization berlepas di Australia? || abad ke-20", {"context": "From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Australia"}], "question": "In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?", "id": "57278094708984140094df53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "compulsorry schooling"}], "question": "What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?", "id": "57278094708984140094df54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Child labour was not as excessive in Australia"}], "question": "Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?", "id": "57278094708984140094df55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "When did industrailization take off in Australia?", "id": "57278094708984140094df56"}]}], ["Apa yang anak-anak industri berfungsi bergantung kepada jika mereka membesar di kawasan luar bandar atau kawasan bandar. Kanak-kanak yang dilahirkan di kawasan bandar sering mendapati diri mereka bekerja untuk penjual jalanan, membasuh kereta, membantu di tapak pembinaan, menenun pakaian, dan kadang-kadang bekerja sebagai penari eksotik. Walaupun kanak-kanak yang dibesarkan di kawasan luar bandar akan bekerja di ladang yang melakukan kerja fizikal, bekerja dengan haiwan, dan menjual tanaman. Daripada semua pekerja kanak-kanak, kes-kes yang paling serius melibatkan kanak-kanak jalanan dan anak-anak yang diperdagangkan disebabkan oleh penderaan fizikal dan emosi yang mereka alami oleh majikan mereka. Untuk menangani isu buruh kanak-kanak, Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Akta Hak Kanak-Kanak telah dilaksanakan pada tahun 1959. Namun disebabkan kemiskinan, kekurangan pendidikan dan kejahilan, tindakan undang-undang tidak / tidak dikuatkuasakan sepenuhnya atau diterima di Afrika. <> Di manakah kanak-kanak dari kawasan bandar terutamanya bekerja? || penjual jalan, basuh kereta, membantu di tapak pembinaan, pakaian tenunan, dan kadang-kadang bekerja sebagai penari eksotik <> Di mana anak-anak dari kawasan luar bandar bekerja? || ladang <> Bilakah Konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu mengenai Hak-hak Kanak-Kanak dilaksanakan? || 1959 <> Apakah kesan sampingan yang paling serius terhadap buruh kanak-kanak? || penderaan fizikal dan emosi", {"context": "What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers"}], "question": "Where did children from urban areas primarily work?", "id": "57277eae708984140094df25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "farms"}], "question": "Where did children from rural areas work?", "id": "57277eae708984140094df26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?", "id": "57277eae708984140094df27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "physical and emotional abuse"}], "question": "What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?", "id": "57277eae708984140094df28"}]}], ["Banyak faktor memainkan peranan dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang Britain, seperti revolusi perindustrian pada lewat 1700-an dan kehadiran pekerja kanak-kanak yang menonjol semasa zaman perindustrian. Kanak-kanak yang bekerja pada usia dini sering tidak dipaksa; tetapi berbuat demikian kerana mereka perlu membantu keluarga mereka bertahan dari segi kewangan. Oleh kerana peluang pekerjaan yang kurang baik untuk ibu bapa banyak, menghantar anak-anak mereka untuk bekerja di ladang dan di kilang-kilang adalah satu cara untuk membantu memberi makan dan menyokong keluarga. Buruh Kanak-kanak mula-mula mula berlaku di England apabila perniagaan isi rumah berubah menjadi pasaran buruh tempatan yang membuat barang-barang buatan sendiri sekali. Kerana kanak-kanak sering membantu menghasilkan barang-barang di luar rumah mereka, bekerja di sebuah kilang untuk membuat barang-barang yang sama adalah satu perubahan yang mudah untuk kebanyakan belia-belia ini. Walaupun terdapat banyak tuduhan kanak-kanak di bawah usia sepuluh bekerja untuk kilang-kilang, majoriti pekerja kanak-kanak adalah antara umur sepuluh dan empat belas. Rentang umur ini adalah masa yang penting untuk banyak belia kerana mereka mula-mula membantu menyediakan untuk keluarga mereka; sementara juga beralih untuk menyelamatkan keluarga masa depan mereka sendiri. <> Jika tidak dipaksa kenapa anak bekerja? || untuk membantu memberi makan dan menyokong keluarga <> Berapa umur majoriti pekerja kanak-kanak di Britain? || antara umur sepuluh dan empat belas <> Mengapa umur ini penting? || mereka mula-mula membantu menyediakan untuk keluarga mereka; sementara juga beralih untuk menyelamatkan untuk keluarga masa depan mereka sendiri <> Bagaimana kerja-kerja oppurtunies untuk ibu bapa dalam tempoh masa ini? || miskin", {"context": "Many factors played a role in Britain\u2019s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "to help feed and support the family"}], "question": "If not forced why did children work?", "id": "57278650708984140094dfed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 920, "text": "between the ages of ten and fourteen"}], "question": "What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?", "id": "57278650708984140094dfee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1014, "text": "they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families"}], "question": "Why was this age range important?", "id": "57278650708984140094dfef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "poor"}], "question": "How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?", "id": "57278650708984140094dff0"}]}], ["Di Brazil, umur minimum kerja telah dikenalpasti sebagai empat belas disebabkan oleh pindaan perlembagaan yang berterusan yang berlaku pada tahun 1934, 1937, dan 1946. Namun disebabkan oleh perubahan diktator oleh tentera pada tahun 80-an, sekatan umur minimum dikurangkan kepada umur dua belas tetapi dikaji semula kerana laporan tentang keadaan kerja berbahaya dan berbahaya pada tahun 1988. Ini membawa kepada usia minimum yang dibangkitkan sekali lagi kepada 14. Satu lagi sekatan telah diluluskan pada tahun 1998 yang membataskan jenis belia kerja yang boleh mengambil bahagian, seperti kerja yang dianggap berbahaya seperti menjalankan peralatan pembinaan, atau jenis kerja kilang tertentu. Walaupun banyak langkah diambil untuk mengurangkan risiko dan berlakunya buruh kanak-kanak, masih terdapat banyak anak dan remaja yang bekerja di bawah usia empat belas di Brazil. Tidak sampai baru-baru ini pada tahun 80-an bahawa didapati hampir sembilan juta kanak-kanak di Brazil bekerja secara tidak sah dan tidak mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti zaman kanak-kanak tradisional yang membantu mengembangkan pengalaman hidup yang penting. <> Berapa umur min bekerja di Brazil? || empat belas <> Tahun apakah keadaan kerja berbahaya terhad kepada kanak-kanak di Brazil? || 1998 <> Adakah kanak-kanak bawah umur bekerja di Brazil? || masih terdapat bilangan kanak-kanak dan remaja yang berumur di bawah umur empat belas tahun di Brazil <> Dalam 80-an berapa ramai kanak-kanak yang bekerja secara haram di Brazil? || hampir sembilan juta", {"context": "In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80\u2019s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80\u2019s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "fourteen"}], "question": "What is the min working age in Brazil?", "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "1998"}], "question": "What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?", "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil"}], "question": "Is there underage children working in Brazil?", "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 895, "text": "almost nine million"}], "question": "In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?", "id": "572783acdd62a815002e9f4d"}]}], ["Data banci Brazil (PNAD, 1999) menunjukkan bahawa 2.55 juta kanak-kanak berusia 10-14 tahun secara haram memegang pekerjaan. Mereka disertai oleh 3.7 juta 15-17 tahun dan kira-kira 375,000 orang berumur 5-9 tahun. Oleh kerana sekatan umur yang dibangkitkan sebanyak 14, sekurang-kurangnya separuh daripada pekerja muda yang direkodkan telah digunakan secara haram yang membawa kepada banyak yang tidak dilindungi oleh undang-undang buruh yang penting. Walaupun masa yang banyak telah berlalu sejak masa buruh kanak-kanak yang dikawal selia, masih terdapat sejumlah besar kanak-kanak yang bekerja secara haram di Brazil. Ramai kanak-kanak digunakan oleh kartel dadah untuk menjual dan membawa dadah, senjata api, dan bahan haram lain kerana persepsi mereka tidak bersalah. Jenis pekerjaan yang dimainkan oleh belia sangat berbahaya kerana implikasi fizikal dan psikologi yang datang dengan pekerjaan ini. Namun walaupun terdapat bahaya yang datang dengan bekerja dengan peniaga dadah, terdapat peningkatan dalam bidang pekerjaan di seluruh negara. <> Pada tahun 1999 berapa ramai kanak-kanak bekerja secara haram di Brazil? || 2.55 juta <> Apakah kartel narkoba dengan pekerja kanak-kanak? || menjual dan membawa dadah, senapang, dan bahan haram lain <> Apakah risiko buruh kanak-kanak dalam kartel dadah? || implikasi fizikal dan psikologi <> Adakah bahaya ini menyebabkan dan meningkatkan atau menurunkan buruh kanak-kanak dengan kartel dadah? || peningkatan", {"context": "Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "2.55 million"}], "question": "In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?", "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances"}], "question": "What do drug cartels do with child workers?", "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "physical and psychological implications"}], "question": "What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?", "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "an increase"}], "question": "Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?", "id": "572785c8dd62a815002e9f6f"}]}], ["Faktor undang-undang lain yang telah dilaksanakan untuk mengakhiri dan mengurangkan buruh kanak-kanak termasuk respons global yang berkuatkuasa pada tahun 1979 dengan pengisytiharan Tahun Antarabangsa Kanak-kanak. Bersama dengan Jawatankuasa Hak Asasi Manusia Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, kedua-dua deklarasi ini telah banyak bekerja untuk menghapuskan buruh kanak-kanak. Walaupun banyak tindakan telah diambil untuk menamatkan wabak ini, buruh kanak-kanak di Afrika masih menjadi isu hari ini disebabkan oleh takrif jelas tentang masa remaja dan berapa banyak masa yang diperlukan bagi kanak-kanak untuk melibatkan diri dalam aktiviti-aktiviti yang penting untuk pembangunan mereka. Satu lagi isu yang sering berlaku ialah hubungan antara apa yang dianggap sebagai buruh kanak-kanak di dalam rumah kerana penerimaan budaya kanak-kanak membantu menjalankan perniagaan keluarga. Pada akhirnya, terdapat cabaran yang konsisten bagi kerajaan negara untuk menguatkan cengkamannya secara politik ke atas buruh kanak-kanak, dan meningkatkan pendidikan dan kesedaran mengenai masalah kanak-kanak yang bekerja di bawah batas usia undang-undang. Dengan kanak-kanak memainkan peranan penting dalam ekonomi Afrika, buruh kanak-kanak masih memainkan peranan yang penting bagi ramai di abad ke-20. <> Negara apakah yang masih menjadi isu hari ini berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || Afrika <> Apakah isu di Afrika dengan definisi buruh kanak-kanak? || definisi yang jelas mengenai remaja <> Di Afrika apa penerimaan budaya berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || kanak-kanak membantu menjalankan perniagaan keluarga.", {"context": "Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Africa"}], "question": "What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?", "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "unclear definition of adolescence"}], "question": "What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?", "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 734, "text": "children helping run the family business."}], "question": "In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?", "id": "57277fbedd62a815002e9ed2"}]}], ["Buruh kanak-kanak telah menjadi perjuangan yang konsisten untuk kanak-kanak di Brazil sejak negara itu dijajah pada 22 April 1550 oleh Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral. Bekerja yang banyak kanak-kanak mengambil bahagian tidak selalu kelihatan, sah, atau dibayar. Buruh percuma atau hamba adalah kejadian biasa bagi banyak belia dan merupakan sebahagian daripada kehidupan seharian mereka ketika mereka dewasa. Namun, kerana tidak ada definisi yang jelas tentang cara mengklasifikasikan apa yang ada pada anak atau remaja, terdapat sedikit dokumentasi sejarah buruh kanak-kanak selama masa penjajahan. Oleh kerana kekurangan dokumentasi ini, sukar untuk menentukan berapa banyak kanak-kanak yang digunakan untuk apa jenis kerja sebelum abad kesembilan belas. Dokumentasi pertama buruh kanak-kanak di Brazil berlaku pada masa masyarakat pribumi dan buruh hamba di mana didapati bahawa kanak-kanak secara paksa bekerja pada tugas yang melebihi had emosi dan fizikal mereka. Sebagai contoh, Armando Dias meninggal dunia pada bulan November 1913 sementara masih sangat muda, menjadi mangsa kejutan elektrik ketika memasuki industri tekstil di mana ia bekerja. Anak lelaki dan perempuan menjadi mangsa kemalangan industri setiap hari. <> Bilakah Brazil dijajah? || April 22, 1550 <> Siapa yang menjajah Brazil? || Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral <> Siapa yang menjadi mangsa kemalangan industri? || Anak lelaki dan perempuan <> Bilakah buruh kanak-kanak pertama didokumentasikan di Brazil? || semasa zaman masyarakat pribumi <> Bagaimana Armando Dias mati? || kejutan elektrik", {"context": "Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "April 22, 1550"}], "question": "When was Brazil colonized?", "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral"}], "question": "Who colonized Brazil?", "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1065, "text": "Boys and girls"}], "question": "Who were the victims of industrial accidents?", "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 737, "text": "during the time of indigenous societies"}], "question": "When was child labour first documented in Brazil?", "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 998, "text": "electric shock"}], "question": "How did Armando Dias die?", "id": "57278262dd62a815002e9f20"}]}], ["Daripada bekas republik Soviet Union Uzbekistan terus dan memperluas program buruh kanak-kanak pada skala perindustrian untuk meningkatkan keuntungan atas sumber utama pendapatan Karimov Islam, penuaian kapas. Pada bulan September, apabila sekolah biasanya bermula, kelas-kelas digantung dan anak-anak dihantar ke bidang kapas untuk bekerja, di mana mereka diberikan kuota harian 20 hingga 60 kg kapas mentah yang mereka harus kumpulkan. Proses ini diulangi pada musim bunga, apabila kapas dikumpulkan perlu ditarik dan ditenun. Pada 2006, dianggarkan 2.7 juta kanak-kanak dipaksa bekerja dengan cara ini. <> Apa bekas bekas Kesatuan Soviet meneruskan program buruh kanak-kanak? || Uzbekistan <> Apa sumber pendapatan utama bagi Islam Karimov? || penuaian kapas <> Adakah mereka mempunyai kuota harian untuk kapas? || kuota harian 20 hingga 60 kg kapas mentah <> Apa anggaran tahun 2016 untuk buruh kanak-kanak berkaitan dengan pemilihan kapas? || 2.7 juta", {"context": "Out of former Soviet Union republics Uzbekistan continued and expanded the program of child labour on industrial scale to increase profits on the main source of Islam Karimov's income, cotton harvesting. In September, when school normally starts, the classes are suspended and children are sent to cotton fields for work, where they are assigned daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton they have to collect. This process is repeated in spring, when collected cotton needs to be hoed and weeded. In 2006 it is estimated that 2.7 million children were forced to work this way.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Uzbekistan"}], "question": "What former Soviet Union continued child labour programs?", "id": "572792e1708984140094e13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "cotton harvesting"}], "question": "What was the main source of income for Islam Karimov?", "id": "572792e1708984140094e140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "daily quotas of 20 to 60 kg of raw cotton"}], "question": "Did they have daily quotas for cotton?", "id": "572792e1708984140094e141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "2.7 million"}], "question": "What are the 2016 estimates for child labour in regards to cotton picking?", "id": "572792e1708984140094e142"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1999, ILO membantu mengetuai Konvensyen Borang Terburuk 182 (C182), yang setakat ini telah ditandatangani dan di dalam negara disatukan oleh 151 negara termasuk Amerika Syarikat. Undang-undang antarabangsa ini melarang bentuk buruh kanak-kanak yang terburuk, yang ditakrifkan sebagai semua bentuk perbudakan dan amalan seperti perbudakan, seperti perdagangan kanak-kanak, perhambaan hutang, dan buruh paksa, termasuk pengambilan anak-anak paksa menjadi konflik bersenjata. Undang-undang juga melarang penggunaan kanak-kanak untuk pelacuran atau pengeluaran pornografi, buruh kanak-kanak dalam aktiviti haram seperti pengeluaran dadah dan perdagangan manusia; dan dalam kerja yang berbahaya. Kedua-dua Konvensyen Bentuk Terburuk (C182) dan Konvensyen Umur Minimum (C138) adalah contoh piawaian buruh antarabangsa yang dilaksanakan melalui ILO yang menangani buruh kanak-kanak. <> Berapa banyak negara telah menandatangani Konvensyen Borang Terburuk 183 (C182)? || 151 <> Apakah jenis buruh kanak-kanak ini melarangnya? || semua bentuk perhambaan <> Apa undang-undang antarabangsa yang lain berurusan dengan pekerja anak? || Konvensyen Umur Minimum (C138)", {"context": "In 1999, ILO helped lead the Worst Forms Convention 182 (C182), which has so far been signed upon and domestically ratified by 151 countries including the United States. This international law prohibits worst forms of child labour, defined as all forms of slavery and slavery-like practices, such as child trafficking, debt bondage, and forced labour, including forced recruitment of children into armed conflict. The law also prohibits the use of a child for prostitution or the production of pornography, child labour in illicit activities such as drug production and trafficking; and in hazardous work. Both the Worst Forms Convention (C182) and the Minimum Age Convention (C138) are examples of international labour standards implemented through the ILO that deal with child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "151"}], "question": "How many countries have signed the Worst Forms Convention 183 (C182)?", "id": "5727965f708984140094e197"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "all forms of slavery"}], "question": "What types of child labour does this prohibit?", "id": "5727965f708984140094e198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 653, "text": "Minimum Age Convention (C138)"}], "question": "What other international laws deal with child labour?", "id": "5727965f708984140094e199"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1950-an, para pelajar juga digunakan untuk kerja-kerja yang tidak dibayar di sekolah, di mana mereka dibersihkan dan melakukan pembaikan. Amalan ini diteruskan di Persekutuan Rusia, di mana sehingga 21 hari cuti musim panas kadangkala diketepikan untuk kerja-kerja sekolah. Secara undang-undang, ini hanya dibenarkan sebagai sebahagian daripada latihan pekerjaan khusus dan dengan izin para pelajar dan ibu bapa, tetapi peruntukan tersebut diabaikan secara meluas. Pada tahun 2012 terdapat kemalangan berhampiran bandar Nalchik di mana kereta membunuh beberapa murid membersihkan bahu lebuh raya semasa \"kerja cuti\" mereka serta guru mereka yang menyelia mereka. <> Bilakah pelajar digunakan sebagai pekerja? || 1950-an <> Bagi pekerja pelajar Rusia berapa hari musim panas dikhaskan untuk bekerja? || 21 hari <> Adakah mereka memerlukan persetujuan ibu bapa? || ini hanya dibenarkan sebagai sebahagian daripada latihan pekerjaan khusus dan dengan izin pelajar dan ibu bapa <> Tahun berapa pelajar dibunuh sebagai sebahagian daripada projek pembersihan jalan? || 2012", {"context": "From the 1950s on, the students were also used for unpaid work at schools, where they cleaned and performed repairs. This practice has continued in the Russian Federation, where up to 21 days of the summer holidays is sometimes set aside for school works. By law, this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission, but those provisions are widely ignored. In 2012 there was an accident near city of Nalchik where a car killed several pupils cleaning up a highway shoulder during their \"holiday work\" as well as their teacher who was supervising them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When were students used as workers?", "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "21 days"}], "question": "For Russian student workers how many summer days were devoted to work?", "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "this is only allowed as part of specialized occupational training and with the students' and parents' permission"}], "question": "Did they need parental consent?", "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year were students killed as part of a road cleanup project?", "id": "57278e045951b619008f8d6e"}]}], ["Pengaruh antarabangsa membantu menggalakkan tindakan undang-undang yang akan diambil di India, seperti Akta Pengisytiharan Hak Kanak-kanak Geneva yang diluluskan pada tahun 1924. Tindakan ini diikuti oleh Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia Sejagat pada tahun 1948 yang merangkumi hak asasi manusia asas dan keperluan kanak-kanak untuk perkembangan dan pertumbuhan yang betul pada tahun-tahun mereka yang lebih muda. Tindakan antarabangsa ini menggalakkan perubahan besar kepada tenaga kerja di India yang berlaku pada tahun 1986 apabila Akta Buruh Kanak-kanak (Larangan dan Peraturan) dimasukkan ke dalam tempatnya. Tindakan ini melarang menyewa kanak-kanak lebih muda dari usia 14 tahun, dan daripada bekerja dalam keadaan berbahaya. <> Bilakah Deklarasi Geneva Akta Hak Kanak-kanak lulus? || 1924 <> Apa tindakan antarabangsa? || menggalakkan perubahan besar kepada tenaga kerja <> Apakah batasan usia sekarang di India untuk pekerja kanak-kanak? || 14 <> Keadaan kanak-kanak apa yang dilindungi? || keadaan berbahaya", {"context": "International influences help to encourage legal actions to be taken in India, such as the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act was passed in 1924. This act was followed by The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to which incorporated the basic human rights and needs of children for proper progression and growth in their younger years. These international acts encouraged major changes to the workforce in India which occurred in 1986 when the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act was put into place. This act prohibited hiring children younger than the age of 14, and from working in hazardous conditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "1924"}], "question": "When did the Geneva Declaration of the Right of Children Act pass?", "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "encouraged major changes to the workforce"}], "question": "What did the international acts do?", "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "14"}], "question": "What is the age limit now in India for child workers?", "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "hazardous conditions"}], "question": "What child working conditions are they protected from?", "id": "57278c79dd62a815002ea00f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2004, Amerika Syarikat meluluskan pindaan kepada Akta Piawaian Buruh yang Adil 1938. Pindaan itu membenarkan beberapa kanak-kanak berusia 14-18 untuk bekerja di dalam atau di luar perniagaan di mana jentera digunakan untuk memproses kayu. Undang-undang ini bertujuan untuk menghormati keperluan agama dan budaya masyarakat Amish di Amerika Syarikat. Amish percaya bahawa satu cara yang berkesan untuk mendidik kanak-kanak adalah di tempat kerja. Undang-undang baru ini membenarkan kanak-kanak Amish berupaya bekerja dengan keluarga mereka, apabila mereka lulus kelas lapan di sekolah. <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 2004? || pindaan kepada Akta Piawaian Buruh yang Adil 1938 <> Berapa umur anak AS dibenarkan bekerja di luar rumah? || berumur 14-18 <> Apakah kebudayaan di Amerika Syarikat yang mendapat manfaat daripada Akta ini? || Amish <> Tahap apa yang perlu dilalui anak-anak Amish untuk dapat bekerja untuk keluarga mereka? || gred kelapan", {"context": "In 2004, the United States passed an amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938. The amendment allows certain children aged 14\u201318 to work in or outside a business where machinery is used to process wood. The law aims to respect the religious and cultural needs of the Amish community of the United States. The Amish believe that one effective way to educate children is on the job. The new law allows Amish children the ability to work with their families, once they are passed eighth grade in school.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "amendment to the Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938"}], "question": "What did the United States pass in 2004?", "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "aged 14\u201318"}], "question": "What is the age of US children allowed to work outside of the home?", "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Amish"}], "question": "What culture in the US benefits from this Act?", "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "eighth grade"}], "question": "What grade do Amish children need to pass in order to be able to work for their families?", "id": "57279793dd62a815002ea15b"}]}], ["Seperti di banyak negara lain, buruh kanak-kanak di Switzerland terjejas di kalangan yang disebut Kaminfegerkinder (\"anak-anak menyapu cerobong\") dan anak-anak bekerja sama dalam kilang-kilang berputar, kilang-kilang dan pertanian di Switzerland pada abad ke-19, tetapi juga pada tahun 1960 yang dikenali sebagai Verdingkinder (secara literal: \"anak kontrak\" atau \"pekerja buruh kanak-kanak\") adalah anak-anak yang diambil dari ibu bapa mereka, atau alasan moral - biasanya ibu-ibu yang belum berkahwin, warganegara yang sangat miskin, berasal dari Gipsi-Yeniche, yang dipanggil Kinder der Landstrasse, dan sebagainya - dan dihantar untuk hidup dengan keluarga baru, sering petani miskin yang memerlukan buruh murah. <> Apa itu Kaminfegerkinder? || anak-anak menyapu cerobong <> Apakah jenis buruh kanak-kanak yang bekerja Switzerland? || kilang berputar, kilang dan pertanian <> Di manakah anak-anak bekerja terutamanya di Switzerland? || petani miskin yang memerlukan buruh murah", {"context": "As in many other countries, child labour in Switzerland affected among the so-called Kaminfegerkinder (\"chimney sweep children\") and chidren working p.e. in spinning mills, factories and in agriculture in 19th-century Switzerland, but also to the 1960s so-called Verdingkinder (literally: \"contract children\" or \"indentured child laborers\") were children who were taken from their parents, often due to poverty or moral reasons \u2013 usually mothers being unmarried, very poor citizens, of Gypsy\u2013Yeniche origin, so-called Kinder der Landstrasse, etc. \u2013 and sent to live with new families, often poor farmers who needed cheap labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "chimney sweep children"}], "question": "What is Kaminfegerkinder?", "id": "5727934b708984140094e159"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "spinning mills, factories and in agriculture"}], "question": "What types of child labour did Switzerland employ?", "id": "5727934b708984140094e15a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "poor farmers who needed cheap labour"}], "question": "Where did the children go to work primarily in Switzerland?", "id": "5727934b708984140094e15b"}]}], ["Terdapat juga lelong Verdingkinder di mana kanak-kanak diserahkan kepada petani yang meminta sedikit jumlah wang dari pihak berkuasa, dengan itu mendapatkan buruh murah untuk ladangnya dan melegakan kuasa dari beban kewangan menjaga anak-anak. Pada tahun 1930-an, 20% daripada semua buruh pertanian di Kanton Bern adalah kanak-kanak di bawah umur 15 tahun. Pihak berkuasa perbandaran Switzerland bertindak demikian, biasanya diterima oleh pihak berkuasa persekutuan, hingga tahun 1960-an, tidak semuanya tentu saja, daripada cukai yang rendah di sesetengah Swiss kanton sejarawan Swiss Marco Leuenberger menyiasat, bahawa pada tahun 1930 terdapat kira-kira 35,000 kanak-kanak yang tidak dipertanggungjawabkan, dan antara 1920 dan 1970 lebih 100,000 dipercayai telah ditempatkan bersama keluarga atau rumah. 10,000 Verdingkinder masih hidup. Oleh itu, Wiedergutmachungsinitiative yang dipanggil bermula pada bulan April 2014. Pada bulan April 2014 koleksi sasaran sekurang-kurangnya disahkan 100,000 tandatangan warga Switzerland telah dimulakan, dan masih perlu dikumpulkan hingga Oktober 2015. <> Apa yang berlaku di lelong Verdingkinder? || kanak-kanak diserahkan kepada petani yang meminta jumlah paling sedikit wang <> Pada tahun 1930-an berapa banyak anak-anak yang tidak dipertanggungjawabkan di sana? || 35,000 <> Berapa banyak tandatangan warga Switzerland yang dikumpulkan? || 100,000", {"context": "There were even Verdingkinder auctions where children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money from the authorities, thus securing cheap labour for his farm and relieving the authority from the financial burden of looking after the children. In the 1930s 20% of all agricultural labourers in the Canton of Bern were children below the age of 15. Swiss municipality guardianship authorities acted so, commonly tolerated by federal authorities, to the 1960s, not all of them of course, but usually communities affected of low taxes in some Swiss cantons Swiss historian Marco Leuenberger investigated, that in 1930 there were some 35,000 indentured children, and between 1920 and 1970 more than 100,000 are believed to have been placed with families or homes. 10,000 Verdingkinder are still alive. Therefore, the so-called Wiedergutmachungsinitiative was started in April 2014. In April 2014 the collection of targeted at least authenticated 100,000 signatures of Swiss citizens has started, and still have to be collected to October 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "children were handed over to the farmer asking the least amount of money"}], "question": "What happened at Verdingkinder auctions?", "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "35,000"}], "question": "In 1930s how many indentured children were there?", "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea12f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 963, "text": "100,000"}], "question": "How many Swiss citizen signatures were collected?", "id": "572795a6dd62a815002ea130"}]}], ["Pelbagai saintis sosial India serta Pertubuhan Bukan Kerajaan (NGO) telah melakukan penyelidikan yang mendalam tentang angka-angka numerik buruh kanak-kanak yang terdapat di India dan menentukan India menyumbangkan kepada satu pertiga buruh kanak-kanak Asia dan satu perempat daripada buruh kanak-kanak di dunia. Oleh kerana sejumlah besar kanak-kanak yang bekerja secara haram, kerajaan India mula mengambil tindakan yang meluas untuk mengurangkan bilangan anak yang bekerja, dan memberi tumpuan kepada kepentingan memudahcarakan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak-anak yang sesuai. <> Berapa banyak pekerja anak di dunia yang menyumbang pekerja India? || satu perempat <> Berapa ramai pekerja kanak-kanak Asia berasal dari India? || satu per tiga <> Apakah pemerintah India mengambil tindakan terhadap pekerja anak? || tindakan yang meluas untuk mengurangkan bilangan kanak-kanak yang bekerja, dan memberi tumpuan kepada kepentingan memudahcarakan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak-anak yang sesuai.", {"context": "A variety of Indian social scientists as well as the Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs) have done extensive research on the numeric figures of child labour found in India and determined that India contributes to one-third of Asia\u2019s child labour and one-fourth of the world's child labour. Due to a large number of children being illegally employed, the Indian government began to take extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "one-fourth"}], "question": "How much of the world's child labour does India's workers contribute to?", "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "How many Asian child workers are from India?", "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "extensive actions to reduce the number of children working, and to focus on the importance of facilitating the proper growth and development of children."}], "question": "Did the India goverment take any actions against child labour?", "id": "57278c04f1498d1400e8fb9a"}]}], ["Pada 23 Jun 1757, Syarikat India Timur India mengalahkan Siraj-ud-Daula, Nawab of Bengal, dalam Pertempuran Plassey. Oleh itu, British menjadi tuan timur India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) - sebuah wilayah yang makmur dengan pertanian, industri dan perdagangan yang berkembang pesat. Ini menyebabkan sejumlah besar kanak-kanak dipaksa bekerja kerana peningkatan keperluan buruh murah untuk menghasilkan sejumlah besar barangan. Banyak syarikat multinasional sering menggaji kanak-kanak kerana mereka boleh direkrut untuk membayar kurang, dan mempunyai lebih banyak daya tahan untuk digunakan dalam persekitaran kilang. Satu lagi sebab ramai kanak-kanak India yang diupah adalah kerana mereka kurang mengetahui hak asas mereka, mereka tidak menimbulkan masalah atau mengadu, dan mereka sering lebih dapat dipercayai. Tidak bersalah yang datang dengan zaman kanak-kanak digunakan untuk membuat keuntungan oleh ramai orang dan digalakkan oleh keperluan untuk pendapatan keluarga. <> Bilakah Syarikat Inggeris India Timur mengalahkan Siraj-ud-Daula? || 23 Jun 1757 <> Siapa tuan timur India? || British <> Mengapa ramai kanak-kanak bekerja? || Meningkatkan keperluan tenaga kerja murah <> Apakah sebab utama kanak-kanak India bekerja? || kurang pengetahuan hak asas mereka <> Bagaimana pekerja kanak-kanak India bertindak? || mereka tidak menimbulkan masalah atau mengadu", {"context": "On 23 June 1757, the English East India Company defeated Siraj-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Bengal, in the Battle of Plassey. The British thus became masters of east India (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa) \u2013 a prosperous region with a flourishing agriculture, industry and trade. This led to a large amount of children being forced into labour due to the increasing need of cheap labour to produce large numbers of goods. Many multinationals often employed children because that they can be recruited for less pay, and have more endurance to utilise in factory environments. Another reason many Indian children were hired was because they lack knowledge of their basic rights, they did not cause trouble or complain, and they were often more trustworthy. The innocence that comes with childhood was utilised to make a profit by many and was encouraged by the need for family income.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "23 June 1757"}], "question": "When did the English East India Company defeat Siraj-ud-Daula?", "id": "57278b525951b619008f8ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "British"}], "question": "Who was the master of the east of India?", "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "increasing need of cheap labour"}], "question": "Why were many children employed?", "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "lack knowledge of their basic rights"}], "question": "What was the primary reason for India children being employed?", "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "they did not cause trouble or complain"}], "question": "How did India child workers act?", "id": "57278b525951b619008f8cf1"}]}], ["Di samping menetapkan undang-undang antarabangsa, Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu telah memulakan Program Antarabangsa Penghapusan Buruh Kanak-kanak (IPEC) pada tahun 1992. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk secara progresif menghapuskan buruh kanak-kanak melalui pengukuhan kapasiti kebangsaan untuk menangani beberapa punca buruh kanak-kanak. Di antara inisiatif utama adalah negara program yang diperuntukkan masa yang dipanggil, di mana buruh kanak-kanak yang paling lazim dan peluang persekolahan kurang. Inisiatif ini bertujuan untuk mencapai antara lain, ketersediaan sekolah rendah sejagat. IPEC telah berkembang menjadi sekurang-kurangnya negara sasaran berikut: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Mesir, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Republik Demokratik Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Republik Dominika, Costa Rica, Senegal, Afrika Selatan dan Turki. <> Apa yang Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu bertanggungjawab terhadap buruh kanak-kanak? || Program Antarabangsa mengenai Penghapusan Buruh Kanak-kanak (IPEC) <> Apa tujuannya? || secara berperingkat menghapuskan pekerja kanak-kanak <> Apakah beberapa negara sasaran? || Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Mesir <> Apa yang mereka mahu lakukan berkaitan dengan pendidikan anak-anak kecil? || sekolah rendah sejagat", {"context": "In addition to setting the international law, the United Nations initiated International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) in 1992. This initiative aims to progressively eliminate child labour through strengthening national capacities to address some of the causes of child labour. Amongst the key initiative is the so-called time-bounded programme countries, where child labour is most prevalent and schooling opportunities lacking. The initiative seeks to achieve amongst other things, universal primary school availability. The IPEC has expanded to at least the following target countries: Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Nepal, Tanzania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Philippines, Senegal, South Africa and Turkey.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)"}], "question": "What did the United Nations take charge of with regards to child labour?", "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "progressively eliminate child labour"}], "question": "What is the aim of this?", "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt"}], "question": "What are some of the target countries?", "id": "5727972a708984140094e1a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "universal primary school"}], "question": "What do they want to do with regards to schooling of young children?", "id": "5727972a708984140094e1aa"}]}], ["BBC, pada tahun 2012, menuduh Glencore menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak dalam operasi perlombongan dan peleburannya di Afrika. Glencore dinafikan ia menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak, dan mengatakan ia mempunyai dasar yang ketat untuk tidak menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak. Syarikat itu mendakwa ia mempunyai dasar yang ketat di mana semua tembaga dilombong dengan betul, diletakkan di dalam beg dengan anjing-anjing berjumlah dan kemudian dihantar ke smelter. Glencore yang disebut sedar pelombong kanak-kanak yang merupakan sebahagian daripada sekumpulan pelombong artisanal yang tanpa kebenaran menyerbu konsesi yang diberikan kepada syarikat itu sejak 2010; Glencore telah merayu dengan kerajaan untuk mengeluarkan pelombong artisanal dari konsesi itu. <> Apa yang BBC mengatakan bahawa Glencore menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak pada tahun 2012? || perlombongan dan operasi peleburan Afrika <> Apa yang dikatakan Glencore mengenai tuduhan itu? || ditolak <> Apa yang Glencore mengakui berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || menyedari pelombong kanak-kanak", {"context": "BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "mining and smelting operations of Africa"}], "question": "What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?", "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9252"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "denied"}], "question": "What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?", "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9253"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "being aware of child miners"}], "question": "What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?", "id": "5727a0b22ca10214002d9254"}]}], ["Industri koko dituduh menguntungkan dari perbudakan dan pemerdagangan kanak-kanak. Persatuan Koko Eropah menolak tuduhan ini sebagai \"palsu dan berlebihan\" dan industri berkata laporan itu tidak mewakili semua bidang. Kemudian industri mengakui keadaan kerja untuk kanak-kanak tidak memuaskan dan hak kanak-kanak kadang-kadang dilanggar dan mengakui tuntutan itu tidak boleh diabaikan. Dalam wawancara BBC, duta untuk Ivory Coast ke United Kingdom memanggil laporan penggunaan penggunaan buruh kanak-kanak yang meluas oleh 700,000 petani koko sebagai tidak masuk akal dan tidak tepat. <> Industri apa yang dituduh menguntungkan dari buruh kanak-kanak? || industri koko <> Yang menafikan tuduhan itu? || Persatuan Koko Eropah <> Apakah angka untuk petani koko menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak? || 700,000 <> Siapa yang mendakwa laporan ini tidak tepat? || duta untuk Ivory Coast ke United Kingdom", {"context": "The cocoa industry was accused of profiting from child slavery and trafficking. The European Cocoa Association dismissed these accusations as \"false and excessive\" and the industry said the reports were not representative of all areas. Later the industry acknowledged the working conditions for children were unsatisfactory and children's rights were sometimes violated and acknowledged the claims could not be ignored. In a BBC interview, the ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom called these reports of widespread use of slave child labour by 700,000 cocoa farmers as absurd and inaccurate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "cocoa industry"}], "question": "What industry was accused of profiting from child labour?", "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "European Cocoa Association"}], "question": "Who dismissed the allegations?", "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "700,000"}], "question": "What are the figures for cocoa farmers using child labour?", "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "ambassador for Ivory Coast to the United Kingdom"}], "question": "Who claimed these reports as being inaccurate?", "id": "57279dae4b864d19001638a9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1998, UNICEF melaporkan bahawa petani Ivory Coast menggunakan budak yang diperbudak - banyak dari negara-negara sekitarnya. Pada akhir tahun 2000 dokumentari BBC melaporkan penggunaan anak-anak yang diperbudak dalam pengeluaran koko-bahan utamanya dalam coklat-di Afrika Barat. Media lain diikuti dengan melaporkan perhambaan kanak-kanak yang meluas dan penyeludupan kanak-kanak dalam pengeluaran koko. Pada tahun 2001, Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat menganggarkan terdapat 15,000 budak budak kokoa, kapas dan kopi di Ivory Coast, dan Persatuan Pengilang Chocolate mengakui bahawa perhambaan kanak-kanak digunakan dalam panen koko [tidak dalam kutipan diberikan] [sumber yang lebih baik diperlukan ] <> Siapa yang melaporkan penggunaan petani kanak-kanak Ivory Coast kepada buruh kanak-kanak? || UNICEF <> Apa yang dilakukan buruh kanak-kanak di Afrika Barat? || pengeluaran koko <> Berapa banyak budak budak dilaporkan di ladang koko, kopi dan kapas? || 15,000", {"context": "In 1998, UNICEF reported that Ivory Coast farmers used enslaved children \u2013 many from surrounding countries. In late 2000 a BBC documentary reported the use of enslaved children in the production of cocoa\u2014the main ingredient in chocolate\u2014 in West Africa. Other media followed by reporting widespread child slavery and child trafficking in the production of cocoa. In 2001, the US State Department estimated there were 15,000 child slaves cocoa, cotton and coffee farms in the Ivory Coast, and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association acknowledged that child slavery is used in the cocoa harvest.[not in citation given][better source needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "UNICEF"}], "question": "Who reported Ivory Coast farmers usage of child labour?", "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "production of cocoa"}], "question": "What do child labourers work on in West Africa?", "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "15,000"}], "question": "How many child slaves were reported in cocoa, coffee and cotton farms?", "id": "57279c323acd2414000de7c7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2001, perjanjian sukarela yang dipanggil Protokol Harkin-Engel, diterima oleh industri koko dan coklat antarabangsa untuk menghapuskan bentuk-bentuk buruh kanak-kanak yang paling teruk, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh Konvensyen ILO 182, di Afrika Barat. Perjanjian ini mewujudkan asas yang dinamakan Inisiatif Koko Antarabangsa pada tahun 2002. Yayasan itu mendakwa ia telah, pada tahun 2011, program aktif dalam 290 komuniti berkembang koko di C\u00f4te d'Ivoire dan Ghana, mencapai jumlah penduduk sebanyak 689,000 orang untuk membantu menghapuskan bentuk terburuk buruh kanak-kanak dalam industri koko. Organisasi lain menuntut kemajuan telah dibuat, tetapi tarikh akhir protokol 2005 belum dipenuhi. <> Apa jenis perjanjian yang merupakan Protokol Harkin-Engel 2001? || sukarela <> Apakah asas yang menjadi hasil langsung perjanjian? || Inisiatif Koko Antarabangsa <> Berapa banyak program aktif yang mempunyai asas? || 290 <> Apa yang berlaku pada tarikh akhir 2005? || belum dipenuhi", {"context": "In 2001, a voluntary agreement called the Harkin-Engel Protocol, was accepted by the international cocoa and chocolate industry to eliminate the worst forms of child labour, as defined by ILO's Convention 182, in West Africa. This agreement created a foundation named International Cocoa Initiative in 2002. The foundation claims it has, as of 2011, active programs in 290 cocoa growing communities in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire and Ghana, reaching a total population of 689,000 people to help eliminate the worst forms of child labour in cocoa industry. Other organisations claim progress has been made, but the protocol's 2005 deadlines have not yet been met.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "voluntary"}], "question": "What type of agreement was the 2001 Harkin-Engel Protocol?", "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "International Cocoa Initiative"}], "question": "What was the foundation that was the direct result of the agreement?", "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "290"}], "question": "How many active programs does the foundation have? ", "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "have not yet been met"}], "question": "What happened to the 2005 deadlines?", "id": "57279e5bff5b5019007d912f"}]}], ["Pendatang Malian telah lama bekerja di ladang-ladang koko di Pantai Gading, tetapi pada tahun 2000 harga koko telah menurun hingga 10 tahun dan beberapa petani berhenti membayar pekerja mereka. Penasihat Malian telah menyelamatkan beberapa lelaki yang tidak dibayar selama lima tahun dan yang dipukul jika mereka cuba melarikan diri. Para pegawai Malian percaya bahawa 15,000 kanak-kanak, yang berumur serumah yang berumur 11 tahun, bekerja di Pantai Gading pada tahun 2001. Anak-anak ini sering dari keluarga miskin atau di kawasan kumuh dan dijual untuk bekerja di negara lain. Ibu bapa diberitahu anak-anak akan mencari kerja dan menghantar wang ke rumah, tetapi sebaik sahaja anak-anak meninggalkan rumah, mereka sering bekerja dalam keadaan yang menyerupai perbudakan. Dalam kes-kes lain, kanak-kanak yang memohon makanan ditangkap dari stesen bas dan dijual sebagai budak. Pada tahun 2002, Pantai Ivory mempunyai 12,000 kanak-kanak tanpa saudara terdekat, yang mencadangkan mereka diperdagangkan, mungkin dari jiran Mali, Burkina Faso dan Togo. <> Apa migran yang bekerja di Pantai Gading? || Malian <> Selepas 10 tahun harga rendah apa yang dilakukan oleh beberapa petani? || berhenti membayar pekerja mereka <> Di manakah anak-anak datang dari? || * Di mana memohon kanak-kanak sering disasarkan untuk dijual kepada perhambaan? || stesen bas", {"context": "Malian migrants have long worked on cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast, but in 2000 cocoa prices had dropped to a 10-year low and some farmers stopped paying their employees. The Malian counsel had to rescue some boys who had not been paid for five years and who were beaten if they tried to run away. Malian officials believed that 15,000 children, some as young as 11 years old, were working in the Ivory Coast in 2001. These children were often from poor families or the slums and were sold to work in other countries. Parents were told the children would find work and send money home, but once the children left home, they often worked in conditions resembling slavery. In other cases, children begging for food were lured from bus stations and sold as slaves. In 2002, the Ivory Coast had 12,000 children with no relatives nearby, which suggested they were trafficked, likely from neighboring Mali, Burkina Faso and Togo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Malian"}], "question": "What migrants worked on the Ivory Coast?", "id": "57279cf2708984140094e24f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "stopped paying their employees"}], "question": "After a 10 year low in prices what did some farmers resort to?", "id": "57279cf2708984140094e250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "slums"}], "question": "Where did the children mainly come from?", "id": "57279cf2708984140094e251"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "bus stations"}], "question": "Where were begging children often targeted for being sold into slavery?", "id": "57279cf2708984140094e252"}]}], ["Ulama lain [yang?] Mencadangkan bahawa hujah-hujah ini adalah cacat, mengabaikan sejarah dan lebih banyak undang-undang akan melakukan lebih banyak kemudaratan daripada kebaikan. Menurut mereka, buruh kanak-kanak adalah semata-mata gejala penyakit yang lebih besar yang dinamakan kemiskinan. Jika undang-undang mengharamkan semua kerja yang sah yang membolehkan orang miskin bertahan, ekonomi tidak formal, operasi haram dan perniagaan bawah tanah akan berkembang. Ini akan meningkatkan penyalahgunaan kanak-kanak. Di negara-negara miskin dengan kadar insiden yang sangat tinggi buruh kanak-kanak - seperti Ethiopia, Chad, Niger dan Nepal - sekolah tidak tersedia, dan beberapa sekolah yang wujud menawarkan pendidikan berkualiti rendah atau tidak mampu. Alternatif untuk kanak-kanak yang kini bekerja, menuntut kajian-kajian ini, adalah lebih teruk: penggilingan pertanian, militia atau pelacuran. Buruh kanak-kanak bukan pilihan, ia adalah satu keperluan, satu-satunya pilihan untuk terus hidup. Ia pada masa ini tidak sesuai dengan pilihan pilihan yang sangat tidak menyenangkan. <> Apa yang ada di kalangan ulama adalah \"penyakit\" buruh kanak-kanak? || kemiskinan <> Adakah para ulama ini membantah atau menentang buruh kanak-kanak yang berakhir? || Ini akan meningkatkan penyalahgunaan kanak-kanak. Di negara-negara miskin dengan kadar insiden yang sangat tinggi pekerja kanak-kanak <> Apa yang dikatakan para sarjana ini untuk menjaga buruh kanak-kanak sebagai amalan? || hanya pilihan untuk terus hidup", {"context": "Other scholars[who?] suggest that these arguments are flawed, ignores history and more laws will do more harm than good. According to them, child labour is merely the symptom of a greater disease named poverty. If laws ban all lawful work that enables the poor to survive, informal economy, illicit operations and underground businesses will thrive. These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour - such as Ethiopia, Chad, Niger and Nepal - schools are not available, and the few schools that exist offer poor quality education or are unaffordable. The alternatives for children who currently work, claim these studies, are worse: grinding subsistence farming, militia or prostitution. Child labour is not a choice, it is a necessity, the only option for survival. It is currently the least undesirable of a set of very bad choices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "poverty"}], "question": "What do some scholars agress is the \"disease\" of child labour?", "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "These will increase abuse of the children. In poor countries with very high incidence rates of child labour"}], "question": "Do these scholars argue for or against ending child labour?", "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "only option for survival"}], "question": "What do these scholars argue for keeping child labour as a practice?", "id": "57279b10ff5b5019007d90d6"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2008, Bloomberg mendakwa buruh kanak-kanak di lombong tembaga dan kobalt yang membekalkan syarikat Cina di Congo. Kanak-kanak adalah creuseurs, iaitu mereka menggali bijih dengan tangan, membawa karung bijih di belakang mereka, dan ini kemudian dibeli oleh syarikat-syarikat ini. Lebih 60 kilang pemprosesan 75 Katanga dimiliki oleh syarikat China dan 90 peratus daripada mineral rantau ini pergi ke China. Laporan NGO Afrika mendakwa 80,000 buruh kanak-kanak di bawah umur 15 tahun, atau sekitar 40% daripada semua pelombong, telah membekalkan bijih kepada syarikat-syarikat Cina di rantau Afrika ini. Amnesty International didakwa pada tahun 2016 bahawa beberapa kobalt yang dijual oleh Kongo Dongfang Perlombongan dihasilkan oleh buruh kanak-kanak, dan ia digunakan dalam bateri lithium-ion yang menggerakkan kereta elektrik dan peranti mudah alih di seluruh dunia. <> Siapa pembekal tembaga dan kobalt ke China? || Congo <> Apa gunanya kanak-kanak? || mereka menggali bijih dengan tangan, membawa karung bijih di belakang mereka <> Berapa peratus bahan pergi ke China? || 90 peratus <> Apakah kobalt digunakan? || bateri lithium-ion yang menggerakkan kereta elektrik dan peranti mudah alih di seluruh dunia", {"context": "In 2008, Bloomberg claimed child labour in copper and cobalt mines that supplied Chinese companies in Congo. The children are creuseurs, that is they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs, and these are then purchased by these companies. Over 60 of Katanga's 75 processing plants are owned by Chinese companies and 90 percent of the region's minerals go to China. An African NGO report claimed 80,000 child labourers under the age of 15, or about 40% of all miners, were supplying ore to Chinese companies in this African region. Amnesty International alleged in 2016 that some cobalt sold by Congo Dongfang Mining was produced by child labor, and that it was being used in lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Congo"}], "question": "Who was the supplier of copper and cobalt to China?", "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "they dig the ore by hand, carry sacks of ores on their backs"}], "question": "What are child creuseurs?", "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "90 percent"}], "question": "What percent of materials go to China?", "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 692, "text": "lithium-ion batteries powering electric cars and mobile devices worldwide"}], "question": "What is the cobalt used for?", "id": "57279ecd4b864d19001638bb"}]}], ["Para ulama ini mencadangkan, dari kajian mereka mengenai data ekonomi dan sosial, buruh kanak-kanak awal abad ke-20 di Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat berakhir secara besar-besaran akibat pembangunan ekonomi ekonomi yang diatur secara formal, pembangunan teknologi dan kemakmuran umum. Undang-undang buruh kanak-kanak dan konvensyen ILO datang kemudian. Edmonds mencadangkan, walaupun pada zaman semasa, kejadian buruh kanak-kanak di Vietnam telah berkurang dengan cepat berikutan pembaharuan ekonomi dan pertumbuhan KDNK. Para ilmuwan ini mencadangkan penglibatan ekonomi, penekanan terhadap pembukaan sekolah-sekolah berkualiti daripada lebih banyak undang-undang dan mengembangkan peluang pembangunan kemahiran yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi di dunia ketiga. Tindakan undang-undang antarabangsa, seperti sekatan perdagangan meningkatkan buruh kanak-kanak. <> Apa yang menyebabkan buruh kanak-kanak menurun pada abad ke-20? || pembangunan ekonomi <> Apa yang menyebabkan buruh kanak-kanak berkurangan di Vietnam? || pembaharuan ekonomi <> Apa yang dicadangkan para ulama berkenaan dengan pengurangan tenaga kerja kanak-kanak? || penekanan terhadap pembukaan sekolah-sekolah berkualiti dan bukannya lebih banyak undang-undang dan mengembangkan peluang pembangunan kemahiran yang berkaitan dengan ekonomi di dunia ketiga. || meningkatkan buruh kanak-kanak", {"context": "These scholars suggest, from their studies of economic and social data, that early 20th-century child labour in Europe and the United States ended in large part as a result of the economic development of the formal regulated economy, technology development and general prosperity. Child labour laws and ILO conventions came later. Edmonds suggests, even in contemporary times, the incidence of child labour in Vietnam has rapidly reduced following economic reforms and GDP growth. These scholars suggest economic engagement, emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world. International legal actions, such as trade sanctions increase child labour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "economic development"}], "question": "What caused child labour to decrease in the 20th century?", "id": "57279bc6708984140094e20f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "economic reforms"}], "question": "What caused child labour to decrease in Vietnam?", "id": "57279bc6708984140094e210"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "emphasis on opening quality schools rather than more laws and expanding economically relevant skill development opportunities in the third world"}], "question": "What do these scholars suggest with regards to child labour reductions?", "id": "57279bc6708984140094e211"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "increase child labour"}], "question": "What do international actions do according to these scholars?", "id": "57279bc6708984140094e212"}]}], ["Sesetengah ulama [yang] mencadangkan apa-apa buruh oleh kanak-kanak berusia 18 tahun atau kurang adalah salah kerana ini menggalakkan buta huruf, kerja tidak berperikemanusiaan dan pelaburan yang lebih rendah dalam modal insan. Buruh kanak-kanak, mendakwa para aktivis ini, juga membawa kepada standard buruh yang kurang baik untuk orang dewasa, merosot upah orang dewasa di negara-negara membangun serta negara-negara maju, dan dunia ekonomi ketiga untuk pekerjaan rendah kemahiran hanya mampu menghasilkan eksport murah berkualiti rendah . Lebih banyak kanak-kanak yang bekerja di negara-negara miskin, kurang dan lebih teruk adalah pekerjaan untuk orang dewasa di negara-negara ini. Dengan kata lain, terdapat sebab-sebab moral dan ekonomi yang membenarkan pengharaman selimut pada pekerja dari kanak-kanak berusia 18 tahun atau kurang, di mana-mana di dunia. <> Apakah buruh kanak-kanak lakukan untuk orang dewasa? || membawa kepada standard buruh yang buruk <> Apa yang berlaku kepada upah orang dewasa? || merendahkan upah orang dewasa di negara-negara berkembang serta negara-negara maju <> Apakah implikasinya untuk negara-negara dunia ketiga berkaitan dengan buruh kanak-kanak? || pekerjaan berkemahiran rendah hanya mampu menghasilkan eksport murah berkualiti rendah <> Adakah pekerja akhir kanak-kanak mempunyai nilai global? || terdapat alasan moral dan ekonomi yang membenarkan larangan selimut pada tenaga kerja", {"context": "Some scholars[who?] suggest any labour by children aged 18 years or less is wrong since this encourages illiteracy, inhumane work and lower investment in human capital. Child labour, claim these activists, also leads to poor labour standards for adults, depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries, and dooms the third world economies to low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports. More children that work in poor countries, the fewer and worse-paid are the jobs for adults in these countries. In other words, there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour from children aged 18 years or less, everywhere in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "leads to poor labour standards"}], "question": "What does child labour do for adults?", "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "depresses the wages of adults in developing countries as well as the developed countries"}], "question": "What happens to the wages of adults?", "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "low-skill jobs only capable of producing poor quality cheap exports"}], "question": "What are the implications for third world countries with regards to child labour?", "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "there are moral and economic reasons that justify a blanket ban on labour"}], "question": "Does ending child labour have a global value?", "id": "57279aacdd62a815002ea1c5"}]}], ["Begitu juga, pada tahun 1996, negara-negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah, menurut Arahan 94/33 / EC, bersetuju untuk beberapa pengecualian untuk orang muda dalam undang-undang buruh kanak-kanaknya. Di bawah peraturan ini, kanak-kanak dari pelbagai peringkat umur boleh bekerja dalam aktiviti kebudayaan, seni, sukan atau pengiklanan jika dibenarkan oleh pihak berkuasa yang berwibawa. Kanak-kanak di atas umur 13 tahun boleh melakukan kerja ringan untuk bilangan jam yang terhad setiap minggu dalam aktiviti ekonomi lain seperti yang ditakrifkan mengikut budi bicara setiap negara. Di samping itu, pengecualian undang-undang Eropah membenarkan kanak-kanak berumur 14 tahun ke atas bekerja sebagai sebahagian daripada skim kerja / latihan. Arahan EU menjelaskan bahawa pengecualian ini tidak membenarkan buruh kanak-kanak di mana kanak-kanak mungkin mengalami pendedahan berbahaya kepada bahan berbahaya. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak kanak-kanak di bawah usia 13 tahun bekerja, walaupun di negara-negara yang paling maju di EU. Sebagai contoh, satu kajian baru-baru ini menunjukkan lebih sepertiga dari Belanda berusia dua belas tahun mempunyai pekerjaan, yang paling biasa adalah menjaga anak. <> Apa yang berlaku di Kesatuan Eropah pada tahun 1996? || bersetuju untuk beberapa pengecualian untuk anak-anak muda dalam undang-undang buruh kanak-kanak <> Berapa umur anak-anak dibenarkan melakukan kerja ringan? || 13 <> Berapa umur kanak-kanak yang dapat mengambil bahagian dalam program latihan Eropah? || berumur 14 tahun ke atas <> Apakah pekerjaan yang paling biasa untuk belia Belanda? || penjagaan bayi", {"context": "Similarly, in 1996, member countries of the European Union, per Directive 94/33/EC, agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws. Under these rules, children of various ages may work in cultural, artistic, sporting or advertising activities if authorised by the competent authority. Children above the age of 13 may perform light work for a limited number of hours per week in other economic activities as defined at the discretion of each country. Additionally, the European law exception allows children aged 14 years or over to work as part of a work/training scheme. The EU Directive clarified that these exceptions do not allow child labour where the children may experience harmful exposure to dangerous substances. Nonetheless, many children under the age of 13 do work, even in the most developed countries of the EU. For instance, a recent study showed over a third of Dutch twelve-year-old kids had a job, the most common being babysitting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "agreed to a number of exceptions for young people in its child labour laws"}], "question": "What happened in the European Union in 1996?", "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "13"}], "question": "What age were children allowed to do light labour?", "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "aged 14 years or over"}], "question": "What age were children able to take part in European training programs?", "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 968, "text": "babysitting"}], "question": "What is the most common occupation for Dutch youth to have?", "id": "5727985b708984140094e1c4"}]}], ["Primark terus menyiasat tuduhan selama tiga tahun, menyimpulkan bahawa laporan BBC adalah palsu. Pada tahun 2011, selepas siasatan oleh Jawatankuasa Piawaian Editorial BBC, BBC mengumumkan, \"Setelah meneliti dengan teliti semua bukti yang relevan, jawatankuasa itu menyimpulkan bahawa, pada keseimbangan kebarangkalian, ia lebih cenderung daripada rakaman Bangalore itu tidak sahih. \" BBC kemudian memohon maaf atas rakaman rakaman, dan mengembalikan penganugerahan televisyen untuk laporan siasatan. <> Berapa tahun yang disiasat oleh Primark? || tiga tahun <> Apa yang mereka katakan mengenai laporan BBC? || palsu <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh BBC? || memohon maaf atas rakaman rakaman <> Apa yang berlaku kepada ganjaran yang diterima oleh BBC? || memulangkan anugerah televisyen", {"context": "Primark continued to investigate the allegations for three years, concluding that BBC report was a fake. In 2011, following an investigation by the BBC Trust\u2019s Editorial Standards Committee, the BBC announced, \"Having carefully scrutinised all of the relevant evidence, the committee concluded that, on the balance of probabilities, it was more likely than not that the Bangalore footage was not authentic.\" BBC subsequently apologised for faking footage, and returned the television award for investigative reporting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "three years"}], "question": "How many years was Primark investigated for?", "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "fake"}], "question": "What did they claim about the BBC report?", "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "apologised for faking footage"}], "question": "What did the BBC do?", "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "returned the television award"}], "question": "What happened to the reward the BBC received?", "id": "5727a35c3acd2414000de890"}]}], ["Menurut Thomas DeGregori, seorang profesor ekonomi di University of Houston, dalam sebuah artikel yang diterbitkan oleh Institut Cato, sebuah ahli pemikir libertarian yang beroperasi di Washington DC, \"jelas bahwa perubahan teknologi dan ekonomi adalah bahan penting dalam mendapatkan anak-anak dari di tempat kerja dan ke sekolah, maka mereka boleh berkembang menjadi dewasa yang produktif dan hidup lebih lama dan lebih sihat.Namun, di negara-negara miskin seperti Bangladesh, kanak-kanak yang bekerja adalah penting untuk bertahan hidup di banyak keluarga, kerana mereka berada dalam warisan kita sendiri hingga akhir 19 Jadi, ketika perjuangan untuk mengakhiri perburuhan anak-anak adalah perlu, ke sana sering memerlukan jalan yang berbeda-dan, sayangnya, ada banyak halangan politik. <> Di mana Thomas DeGregori dari? Dia berhujah memerlukan buruh kanak-kanak untuk terus hidup? || Bangladesh Apa rintangan yang dia katakan adalah untuk menamatkan buruh kanak-kanak?", {"context": "According to Thomas DeGregori, an economics professor at the University of Houston, in an article published by the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank operating in Washington D.C., \"it is clear that technological and economic change are vital ingredients in getting children out of the workplace and into schools. Then they can grow to become productive adults and live longer, healthier lives. However, in poor countries like Bangladesh, working children are essential for survival in many families, as they were in our own heritage until the late 19th century. So, while the struggle to end child labour is necessary, getting there often requires taking different routes\u2014and, sadly, there are many political obstacles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "University of Houston"}], "question": "Where is Thomas DeGregori from?", "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Bangladesh"}], "question": "What country does he argue needs child labor to survive?", "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "political obstacles"}], "question": "What are the obstacles he claims are to ending child labor?", "id": "5727a4f1ff5b5019007d91cc"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2008, BBC melaporkan bahawa syarikat Primark menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak dalam pembuatan pakaian. Khususnya, baju tangan bersulam \u00a3 4 adalah titik permulaan dokumentari yang dihasilkan oleh program Panorama BBC. Program ini meminta para pengguna bertanya kepada diri sendiri, \"Mengapa saya hanya membayar \u00a3 4 untuk tangan sulaman tangan? Item ini kelihatan buatan tangan, siapa yang membuatnya untuk kos yang rendah?\", Sebagai tambahan kepada mendedahkan industri kekerasan buruh kanak-kanak di negara di mana eksploitasi kanak-kanaknya berleluasa. <> Siapa yang BBC pada tahun 2008 melaporkan menggunakan buruh kanak-kanak? || Primark <> Apa yang dihasilkan oleh Primark? || pakaian <> Apa program BBC membuat penonton mereka bertanya? || \"Kenapa saya hanya membayar \u00a3 4 untuk tangan sulaman tangan? <> Apa lagi yang dibentangkan oleh BBC? || bahagian kekerasan industri buruh kanak-kanak", {"context": "In 2008, the BBC reported that the company Primark was using child labor in the manufacture of clothing. In particular, a \u00a34 hand-embroidered shirt was the starting point of a documentary produced by BBC's Panorama programme. The programme asks consumers to ask themselves, \"Why am I only paying \u00a34 for a hand embroidered top? This item looks handmade. Who made it for such little cost?\", in addition to exposing the violent side of the child labour industry in countries where child exploitation is prevalent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Primark"}], "question": "Who did the BBC in 2008 report as using child labor?", "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de885"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "clothing"}], "question": "What does Primark produce?", "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de886"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "\"Why am I only paying \u00a34 for a hand embroidered top?"}], "question": "What did the BBC program make their viewers question?", "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "the violent side of the child labour industry"}], "question": "What else did the BBC expose?", "id": "5727a3013acd2414000de888"}]}], ["Istilah pekerja kanak-kanak boleh mengelirukan ketika membingungkan kerja berbahaya dengan pekerjaan yang mungkin bermanfaat bagi anak-anak. Ia juga boleh mengabaikan kerja-kerja yang berbahaya di luar pekerjaan dan apa-apa faedah kanak-kanak biasanya berasal dari pekerjaan mereka. Kerja rumah tangga adalah contoh: semua keluarga tetapi orang kaya harus bekerja untuk membersihkan, memasak, menjaga, dan banyak lagi untuk menjaga rumah mereka. Di kebanyakan keluarga di dunia, proses ini meliputi aktiviti-aktiviti produktif, terutamanya penggembalaan dan pelbagai jenis pertanian, dan pelbagai perniagaan keluarga kecil. Di mana perdagangan adalah ciri penting dalam kehidupan sosial, kanak-kanak boleh mula berdagang dengan barangan kecil pada usia awal, sering di dalam syarikat ahli keluarga atau rakan sebaya. <> Apakah kerja bermanfaat untuk kanak-kanak? || Kerja rumah tangga <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan oleh anak-anak di negara-negara yang terlibat dalam perdagangan? || kanak-kanak boleh mula berdagang dengan barang-barang kecil pada usia awal, sering di dalam syarikat ahli keluarga atau rakan sebaya <> Semua tetapi apa jenis kanak-kanak perlu belajar untuk membersihkan? || kaya", {"context": "The term child labour can be misleading when it confuses harmful work with employment that may be beneficial to children. It can also ignore harmful work outside employment and any benefits children normally derive from their work. Domestic work is an example: all families but the rich must work at cleaning, cooking, caring, and more to maintain their homes. In most families in the world, this process extends to productive activities, especially herding and various types of agriculture, and to a variety of small family businesses. Where trading is a significant feature of social life, children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Domestic work"}], "question": "What is benefical work for children?", "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "children can start trading in small items at an early age, often in the company of family members or of peers"}], "question": "What can children do in countries were trading is involved?", "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "rich"}], "question": "All but what type of children must learn to clean?", "id": "5727a7103acd2414000de8e5"}]}], ["Kerja dilakukan dari usia muda oleh sejumlah besar kanak-kanak di dunia dan mungkin mempunyai tempat semula jadi dalam membesar. Kerja boleh menyumbang kepada kesejahteraan kanak-kanak dalam pelbagai cara; Kanak-kanak sering memilih untuk bekerja untuk memperbaiki kehidupan mereka, baik dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Di peringkat material, kerja anak sering menyumbang untuk menghasilkan pendapatan makanan atau pendapatan yang memberi manfaat kepada diri sendiri dan keluarga mereka; dan pendapatan sedemikian adalah sangat penting apabila keluarga miskin. Kerja dapat memberikan kelegaan dari kemiskinan yang melemahkan, kadang-kadang dengan membiarkan seorang anak muda beralih dari persekitaran yang miskin. Orang muda sering menikmati kerja mereka, terutamanya kerja berbayar, atau apabila kerja melibatkan syarikat rakan sebaya. Walaupun kerja intensif dan dikuatkuasakan, kanak-kanak sering mencari jalan untuk menggabungkan kerja mereka dengan bermain. <> Apakah proses perkembangan kanak-kanak semula jadi? || Bekerja <> Apa pelarian bagi golongan muda yang hidup dalam kemiskinan? || Bekerja <> Apa yang boleh dilakukan kanak-kanak semasa situasi kerja yang sengit? || Kanak-kanak sering mencari cara untuk menggabungkan kerja mereka dengan bermain", {"context": "Work is undertaken from an early age by vast numbers of children in the world and may have a natural place in growing up. Work can contribute to the well-being of children in a variety of ways; children often choose to work to improve their lives, both in the short- and long-term. At the material level, children\u2019s work often contributes to producing food or earning income that benefits themselves and their families; and such income is especially important when the families are poor. Work can provide an escape from debilitating poverty, sometimes by allowing a young person to move away from an impoverished environment. Young people often enjoy their work, especially paid work, or when work involves the company of peers. Even when work is intensive and enforced, children often find ways to combine their work with play.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Work"}], "question": "What is a natural process of child development?", "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Work"}], "question": "What is an escape for the young that live in poverty?", "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 771, "text": "children often find ways to combine their work with play"}], "question": "What are children able to do during intense work situations?", "id": "5727a766ff5b5019007d91f8"}]}], ["Menurut Milton Friedman, sebelum Revolusi Perindustrian hampir semua anak bekerja di bidang pertanian. Semasa Revolusi Perindustrian ramai kanak-kanak ini bergerak dari kerja ladang ke kerja kilang. Dari masa ke masa, apabila gaji riil meningkat, ibu bapa menjadi mampu untuk menghantar anak-anak mereka ke sekolah dan bukan kerja dan akibatnya pekerja kanak-kanak merosot, sebelum dan selepas undang-undang. Ahli ekonomi Austria, Murray Rothbard, berkata, anak-anak Amerika dan British dalam Revolusi sebelum dan pasca-Industri hidup dan mengalami keadaan yang jauh lebih parah di mana pekerjaan tidak tersedia untuk mereka dan \"secara sukarela dan senang\" bekerja di kilang-kilang. <> Di mana anak bekerja sebelum Revolusi Perindustrian? || pertanian <> Berapa banyak anak bekerja? || hampir semua <> Di manakah anak-anak pergi kerja setelah melakukan kerja ladang begitu lama? || kerja kilang <> Apa yang dilakukan orang tua apabila upah akhirnya dibangkitkan? || hantar anak ke sekolah dan bukan kerja", {"context": "According to Milton Friedman, before the Industrial Revolution virtually all children worked in agriculture. During the Industrial Revolution many of these children moved from farm work to factory work. Over time, as real wages rose, parents became able to afford to send their children to school instead of work and as a result child labour declined, both before and after legislation. Austrian School economist Murray Rothbard said that British and American children of the pre- and post-Industrial Revolution lived and suffered in infinitely worse conditions where jobs were not available for them and went \"voluntarily and gladly\" to work in factories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "agriculture"}], "question": "Where did children work prior to the Industrial Revolution?", "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "virtually all"}], "question": "How many children worked?", "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "factory work"}], "question": "Where did children go to work after doing farm work for so long?", "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "send their children to school instead of work"}], "question": "What did parents do when the wages were finally raised?", "id": "5727a440ff5b5019007d91bb"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 2009, kempen di UK menyeru dua peruncit jalan utama yang terkemuka untuk berhenti menjual pakaian yang dibuat dengan kapas yang mungkin dipilih oleh anak-anak. Anti-Perhambaan Antarabangsa dan Yayasan Keadilan Alam Sekitar (EJF) menuduh H & M dan Zara menggunakan pembekal kapas di Bangladesh. Ia juga disyaki bahawa banyak bahan mentah mereka berasal dari Uzbekistan, di mana kanak-kanak berusia 10 tahun terpaksa bekerja di ladang. Aktivis memanggil untuk mengharamkan penggunaan kapas Uzbek dan melaksanakan sistem \"jejak dan jejak\" untuk menjamin sumber bertanggungjawab etika bahan tersebut. <> Siapa yang menuduh H & M menggunakan produk yang dibuat oleh pekerja kanak-kanak? || Anti-Perhambaan Antarabangsa dan Yayasan Keadilan Alam Sekitar (EJF) <> Siapa lagi yang mereka tuduh menggunakan produk buruh kanak-kanak? || Zara <> Negara apa kapas yang berasal dari yang dipilih oleh anak-anak? || Bangladesh <> Apa aktivis cuba untuk dilaksanakan? || \"jejak dan jejak\" sistem", {"context": "In December 2009, campaigners in the UK called on two leading high street retailers to stop selling clothes made with cotton which may have been picked by children. Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) accused H&M and Zara of using cotton suppliers in Bangladesh. It is also suspected that many of their raw materials originates from Uzbekistan, where children aged 10 are forced to work in the fields. The activists were calling to ban the use of Uzbek cotton and implement a \"track and trace\" systems to guarantee an ethical responsible source of the material.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Anti-Slavery International and the Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF)"}], "question": "Who accused H&M of using products made by child labours?", "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Zara"}], "question": "Who else did they accuse of using child labor products?", "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "Bangladesh"}], "question": "What country did the cotton come from that was picked by children?", "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "\"track and trace\" systems"}], "question": "What are activists trying to get implemented?", "id": "5727a29e4b864d1900163903"}]}], ["Kebimbangan sering diketengahkan kerana keterlibatan moral awam membeli dalam membeli produk yang dipasang atau dihasilkan di negara-negara membangun dengan buruh kanak-kanak. Walau bagaimanapun, yang lain menimbulkan kebimbangan bahawa memboikot produk yang dihasilkan melalui buruh kanak-kanak boleh memaksa anak-anak ini untuk beralih kepada profesion yang lebih berbahaya atau berat, seperti pelacuran atau pertanian. Sebagai contoh, kajian UNICEF mendapati bahawa selepas Akta Ketahanan Pekerja Kanak-kanak diperkenalkan di Amerika Syarikat, kira-kira 50,000 kanak-kanak telah dipecat daripada pekerjaan industri pakaian mereka di Bangladesh, menyebabkan ramai yang menggunakan pekerjaan seperti \"menghancurkan batu, hustling jalanan, dan pelacuran \", pekerjaan yang\" lebih berbahaya dan eksploitatif daripada pengeluaran pakaian \". Kajian itu menunjukkan bahawa boikot adalah \"instrumen tumpul dengan akibat jangka panjang, yang sebenarnya boleh membahayakan daripada membantu kanak-kanak yang terlibat.\" <> Apa yang ada rasa boleh berlaku jika produk buruh kanak-kanak telah ditolak sepenuhnya oleh masyarakat secara keseluruhannya? || boleh memaksa anak-anak ini beralih kepada profesion yang lebih berbahaya atau berat, seperti pelacuran <> Apa yang berlaku kepada 50,000 kanak-kanak dalam kajian UNICEF? || Apa yang dikatakan oleh kajian mengenai boikot? || yang sebenarnya boleh membahayakan dan bukannya membantu kanak-kanak yang terlibat. \"", {"context": "Concerns have often been raised over the buying public's moral complicity in purchasing products assembled or otherwise manufactured in developing countries with child labour. However, others have raised concerns that boycotting products manufactured through child labour may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution or agriculture. For example, a UNICEF study found that after the Child Labour Deterrence Act was introduced in the US, an estimated 50,000 children were dismissed from their garment industry jobs in Bangladesh, leaving many to resort to jobs such as \"stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution\", jobs that are \"more hazardous and exploitative than garment production\". The study suggests that boycotts are \"blunt instruments with long-term consequences, that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "may force these children to turn to more dangerous or strenuous professions, such as prostitution"}], "question": "What do some feel may happen if child labour products were completely rejected by society as a whole?", "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d919e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "stone-crushing, street hustling, and prostitution\""}], "question": "What happened to the 50,000 children in the UNICEF study?", "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d919f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 831, "text": "that can actually harm rather than help the children involved.\""}], "question": "What does the study say in regards to boycotts?", "id": "5727a3d0ff5b5019007d91a0"}]}], ["Pada awal bulan Ogos 2008, Pesuruhjaya Buruh Iowa, David Neil mengumumkan bahawa jabatannya telah mendapati bahawa Agriprocessors, sebuah syarikat pemampatan daging halus di Postville yang baru-baru ini diserbu oleh Imigresen dan Penguatkuasaan Kastam, telah menggunakan 57 orang anak kecil, ada yang berusia 14 tahun, yang melanggar undang negeri melarang sesiapa yang berusia bawah 18 tahun bekerja di kilang pengepakan daging. Neil mengumumkan bahawa dia telah mengubah kes itu kepada Peguam Negara untuk pendakwaan, mendakwa bahawa siasatan jabatannya telah menemui \"pelanggaran yang mengerikan hampir setiap aspek undang-undang buruh kanak-kanak Iowa.\" Agriprocessors mendakwa bahawa ia tidak dapat memahami dakwaan tersebut. Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif Agriprocessors telah dibicarakan atas tuduhan-tuduhan ini di mahkamah negeri pada 4 Mei 2010. Selepas percubaan selama lima minggu, dia didapati tidak bersalah atas semua 57 tuduhan pelanggaran buruh kanak-kanak oleh juri Mahkamah Daerah Black Hawk County di Waterloo, Iowa, pada 7 Jun 2010. <> Berapa ramai anak kecil yang bekerja dengan Agriprocessors? || 57 <> Apa yang dikatakan Agriprocessors mengenai tuduhan itu? || mendakwa bahawa ia berada dalam kerugian untuk memahami dakwaan <> Bilakah CEO pergi ke percubaan? || 4 Mei 2010 <> Apakah keputusan itu? || tidak bersalah atas semua 57 tuduhan pelanggaran buruh kanak-kanak oleh juri Mahkamah Daerah Black Hawk County di Waterloo, Iowa, pada 7 Jun 2010.", {"context": "In early August 2008, Iowa Labour Commissioner David Neil announced that his department had found that Agriprocessors, a kosher meatpacking company in Postville which had recently been raided by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, had employed 57 minors, some as young as 14, in violation of state law prohibiting anyone under 18 from working in a meatpacking plant. Neil announced that he was turning the case over to the state Attorney General for prosecution, claiming that his department's inquiry had discovered \"egregious violations of virtually every aspect of Iowa's child labour laws.\" Agriprocessors claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations. Agriprocessors' CEO went to trial on these charges in state court on 4 May 2010. After a five-week trial he was found not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "57"}], "question": "How many minors did Agriprocessors employ?", "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "claimed that it was at a loss to understand the allegations"}], "question": "What did Agriprocessors say in regards to the allegations?", "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "4 May 2010"}], "question": "When did the CEO go on trial?", "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 790, "text": "not guilty of all 57 charges of child labour violations by the Black Hawk County District Court jury in Waterloo, Iowa, on 7 June 2010."}], "question": "What was the verdict?", "id": "5727a1a64b864d19001638e3"}]}], ["Perlombongan artisanal berskala kecil emas adalah satu lagi sumber buruh kanak-kanak berbahaya di kawasan luar bandar yang miskin di bahagian-bahagian tertentu di dunia. Bentuk perlombongan ini menggunakan kaedah intensif buruh dan berteknologi rendah. Ia adalah sektor ekonomi yang tidak formal. Kumpulan Human Rights Watch menganggarkan bahawa kira-kira 12 peratus pengeluaran emas global berasal dari lombong artisanal. Di Afrika Barat, di negara-negara seperti Mali - pengeksport emas ketiga terbesar di Afrika - di antara 20,000 dan 40,000 kanak-kanak bekerja dalam perlombongan artisanal. Secara tempatan dikenali sebagai orpaillage, kanak-kanak berumur 6 tahun bekerja dengan keluarga mereka. Kanak-kanak dan keluarga ini menderita pendedahan kronik kepada bahan kimia toksik termasuk raksa, dan melakukan kerja-kerja berbahaya seperti menggali aci dan bekerja di bawah tanah, menarik, membawa dan menghancurkan bijih. Amalan kerja yang buruk membahayakan kesihatan jangka panjang kanak-kanak, serta melepaskan ratusan tan merkuri setiap tahun ke dalam sungai, air bawah tanah dan tasik. Emas adalah penting kepada ekonomi Mali dan Ghana. Bagi Mali, ia merupakan penghasilan hasil eksport kedua terbesar. Bagi kebanyakan keluarga miskin dengan anak-anak, ia adalah utama dan kadang-kadang satu-satunya sumber pendapatan. <> Apakah sumber perlombongan yang lain berbahaya kepada pekerja kanak-kanak? || emas <> Apakah pengeksport emas ketiga terbesar di Afrika? || Mali <> Mengapa emas penting bagi rakyat Mali? || ia merupakan pendapatan kedua terbesar dalam pendapatan eksportnya. <> Apakah pendapatan pengeluaran emas keluarga miskin di Mali? || utama dan kadang-kadang satu-satunya sumber pendapatan", {"context": "Small-scale artisanal mining of gold is another source of dangerous child labour in poor rural areas in certain parts of the world. This form of mining uses labour-intensive and low-tech methods. It is informal sector of the economy. Human Rights Watch group estimates that about 12 percent of global gold production comes from artisanal mines. In west Africa, in countries such as Mali - the third largest exporter of gold in Africa - between 20,000 and 40,000 children work in artisanal mining. Locally known as orpaillage, children as young as 6 years old work with their families. These children and families suffer chronic exposure to toxic chemicals including mercury, and do hazardous work such as digging shafts and working underground, pulling up, carrying and crushing the ore. The poor work practices harm the long term health of children, as well as release hundreds of tons of mercury every year into local rivers, ground water and lakes. Gold is important to the economy of Mali and Ghana. For Mali, it is the second largest earner of its export revenue. For many poor families with children, it is the primary and sometimes the only source of income.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "gold"}], "question": "What is another source of mining dangerous to children workers?", "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Mali"}], "question": "What is the third largest exporter of gold in Africa?", "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1014, "text": "it is the second largest earner of its export revenue"}], "question": "Why is gold vital to the people of Mali?", "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1117, "text": "primary and sometimes the only source of income"}], "question": "What is the gold production income of poor families in Mali?", "id": "5727a1343acd2414000de854"}]}], ["Walaupun kerja sepenuh masa menghalang persekolahan, bukti empirikal bervariasi pada hubungan antara kerja sambilan dan sekolah. Kadang-kadang kerja sambilan boleh menghalang kehadiran atau prestasi sekolah. Sebaliknya, banyak kanak-kanak miskin bekerja untuk sumber untuk bersekolah. Kanak-kanak yang tidak berfungsi dengan baik di sekolah kadang-kadang mencari pengalaman yang lebih memuaskan dalam kerja. Hubungan baik dengan penyelia di tempat kerja dapat memberikan kelegaan dari ketegangan yang dirasakan oleh anak-anak di sekolah dan di rumah. Di dunia moden, pendidikan sekolah telah menjadi sangat penting kepada masyarakat bahawa kerja sekolah telah menjadi pekerjaan dominan bagi kebanyakan kanak-kanak, sering menggantikan penyertaan dalam kerja yang produktif. Sekiranya kurikulum atau kualiti sekolah tidak menyediakan kanak-kanak dengan kemahiran yang sesuai untuk pekerjaan yang ada atau jika kanak-kanak tidak mempunyai bakat untuk kerja sekolah, sekolah mungkin menghalang pembelajaran kemahiran, seperti pertanian, yang akan menjadi keperluan untuk kehidupan masa depan. <> Apa yang menghalang persekolahan untuk buruh kanak-kanak? || kerja sepenuh masa <> Apa yang boleh mengurangkan ketegangan untuk kanak-kanak di tempat kerja? || Hubungan baik dengan penyelia <> Apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh sekolah untuk membantu kanak-kanak membawa kehidupan kerja yang lebih baik? || sekolah boleh menghalang pembelajaran kemahiran", {"context": "While full-time work hinders schooling, empirical evidence is varied on the relationship between part-time work and school. Sometimes even part-time work may hinder school attendance or performance. On the other hand, many poor children work for resources to attend school. Children who are not doing well at school sometimes seek more satisfactory experience in work. Good relations with a supervisor at work can provide relief from tensions that children feel at school and home. In the modern world, school education has become so central to society that schoolwork has become the dominant work for most children, often replacing participation in productive work. If school curricula or quality do not provide children with appropriate skills for available jobs or if children do nor have the aptitude for schoolwork, school may impede the learning of skills, such as agriculture, which will become necessary for future livelihood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "full-time work"}], "question": "What hinders schooling for child labourers?", "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "Good relations with a supervisor"}], "question": "What can relieve tension for children at work?", "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9313"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "school may impede the learning of skills"}], "question": "What can schools do to help children led to better work lives?", "id": "5727a8aa2ca10214002d9314"}]}]], [["Lautan Atlantik mempunyai kurang pengaruh terhadap iklim rantau Piedmont, yang mempunyai musim panas yang lebih panas dan musim sejuk yang lebih sejuk daripada di pantai. Puncak hari siang di Piedmont sering kali mencapai lebih dari 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada musim panas. Walaupun tidak biasa untuk suhu mencapai lebih dari 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) di negeri ini, suhu sedemikian, apabila ia berlaku, biasanya hanya terdapat di kawasan rendah di Piedmont dan kawasan pedalaman dataran pantai. Pengaruh yang lebih lemah di Lautan Atlantik juga bermakna suhu di Piedmont sering berubah secara mendadak daripada di pantai. <> Apakah kawasan di Carolina Utara yang mempunyai musim panas yang lebih panas dan musim sejuk yang lebih sejuk daripada pantai? || Piedmont <> Pada musim panas, puncak waktu siang sering mencapai suhu apa di rantau Piedmont? || 90 \u00b0 F <> Suhu melebihi 100 darjah biasanya akan dijumpai dalam apa yang tinggi di Piedmont? || . <> Apakah jenis pengaruh Lautan Atlantik yang membuat suhu turun naik lebih daripada di pantai? || lemah", {"context": "The Atlantic Ocean has less influence on the climate of the Piedmont region, which has hotter summers and colder winters than in the coast. Daytime highs in the Piedmont often reach over 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) in the summer. While it is not common for the temperature to reach over 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) in the state, such temperatures, when they occur, typically are found only in the lower-elevation areas of the Piedmont and far-inland areas of the coastal plain. The weaker influence of the Atlantic Ocean also means that temperatures in the Piedmont often fluctuate more widely than in the coast.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "Piedmont"}], "question": "What region of North Carolina has hotter summers and colder winters than the coast?", "id": "572765a95951b619008f896b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "90 \u00b0F"}], "question": "In summer, daytime highs often reach what temperature in the Piedmont region?", "id": "572765a95951b619008f896c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "."}], "question": "Temperatures over 100 degrees will typically be found in what elevation of the Piedmont?", "id": "572765a95951b619008f896d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "weaker"}], "question": "What type of influence of the Atlantic Ocean makes the temperatures fluctuate more than on the coast?", "id": "572765a95951b619008f896e"}]}], ["Pergunungan Appalachian adalah kawasan paling sejuk di negeri ini, dengan purata suhu di 40s rendah dan 30s \u00b0 F (6-3 \u00b0 C) untuk tinggi pada musim sejuk dan jatuh ke bawah 20 \u00b0 C (-5 \u00b0 C) atau lebih rendah pada malam musim sejuk. Musim panas yang agak sejuk mempunyai suhu yang jarang meningkat melebihi 80 \u00b0 F (27 \u00b0 C). Salji purata di banyak kawasan melebihi 30 dalam (76 cm) setahun, dan boleh menjadi berat di ketinggian yang lebih tinggi; contohnya, semasa Blizzard tahun 1993 lebih daripada 60 dalam (152 cm) salji jatuh di Gunung Mitchell dalam tempoh tiga hari. Gunung Mitchell telah menerima salji setiap bulan sepanjang tahun. <> Rentang gunung apa yang membentuk bahagian paling sejuk di North Carolina? || Pergunungan Appalachian <> Apakah suhu musim sejuk purata di Appalachians? || rendah 40-an dan 30-an ke atas \u00b0 F <> Apakah suhu musim sejuk yang rendah di Appalachians? || rendah 20s \u00b0 F (-5 \u00b0 C) atau rendah <> Suhu jarang pergi lebih tinggi daripada apa suhu di Appalachians? || 80 \u00b0 F <> Salji purata di Appalachians boleh melebihi berapa inci? || 30", {"context": "The Appalachian Mountains are the coolest area of the state, with temperatures averaging in the low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F (6\u20133 \u00b0C) for highs in the winter and falling into the low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower on winter nights. Relatively cool summers have temperatures rarely rising above 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C). Average snowfall in many areas exceeds 30 in (76 cm) per year, and can be heavy at the higher elevations; for example, during the Blizzard of 1993 more than 60 in (152 cm) of snow fell on Mount Mitchell over a period of three days. Mount Mitchell has received snow in every month of the year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Appalachian Mountains"}], "question": "What mountain range makes up the coolest part of North Carolina?", "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "low 40s and upper 30s \u00b0F"}], "question": "What are the average high winter temperatures in the Appalachians?", "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "low 20s \u00b0F (\u22125 \u00b0C) or lower"}], "question": "What are the low winter temperatures in the Appalachians?", "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "80 \u00b0F"}], "question": "Temperatures rarely go higher than what temperature in the Appalachians?", "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "30"}], "question": "Average snowfall in the Appalachians can exceed how many inches?", "id": "57276b0a708984140094dd2f"}]}], ["Pada musim sejuk, Piedmont lebih sejuk daripada pantai, dengan suhu biasanya rata-rata di atas 40 -50 \u00b0 C (8-12 \u00b0 C) pada siang hari dan sering jatuh di bawah titik beku pada waktu malam. Wilayah ini rata-rata sekitar 3-5 dalam (8-13 cm) salji setiap tahun di kawasan Charlotte, dan sedikit lebih utara ke arah sempadan Virginia. Piedmont amat terkenal kerana hujan hujan dan hujan beku. Hujan beku boleh menjadi cukup berat untuk menenggak lalu lintas dan memecahkan pokok-pokok dan garisan kuasa. Pemendakan dan kelembapan tahunan lebih rendah di Piedmont daripada di pergunungan atau pantai, tetapi walaupun paling rendah, purata adalah 40 (1,020 mm) setahun. <> Piedmont lebih sejuk daripada pantai pada musim apa? || musim sejuk <> Apakah purata suhu siang hari musim sejuk di Piedmont? || atas 40-an 50-an \u00b0 F <> Apa suhu sering jatuh ke malam di rantau piedmont pada musim sejuk? || di bawah titik beku <> Apakah salji purata setahun di Charlotte? || 3-5 dalam <> Apa jenis curah hujan yang diketahui oleh Piedmont? || hujan lebat dan hujan beku", {"context": "In winter, the Piedmont is colder than the coast, with temperatures usually averaging in the upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F (8\u201312 \u00b0C) during the day and often dropping below the freezing point at night. The region averages around 3\u20135 in (8\u201313 cm) of snowfall annually in the Charlotte area, and slightly more north toward the Virginia border. The Piedmont is especially notorious for sleet and freezing rain. Freezing rain can be heavy enough to snarl traffic and break down trees and power lines. Annual precipitation and humidity are lower in the Piedmont than in the mountains or the coast, but even at its lowest, the average is 40 in (1,020 mm) per year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "winter"}], "question": "The Piedmont is colder than the coast in what season?", "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "upper 40s\u2013lower 50s \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the average winter daytime temperature in the Piedmont?", "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "below the freezing point"}], "question": "What do the temperatures often drop to at night in the piedmont region in the winter?", "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "3\u20135 in"}], "question": "What is the average snowfall per year in Charlotte?", "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "sleet and freezing rain"}], "question": "What type of precipitation is the Piedmont known for?", "id": "572766c4dd62a815002e9c40"}]}], ["North Carolina terdiri daripada tiga bahagian geografi utama: Dataran Pantai Atlantik, yang menduduki 45% timur negara; rantau Piedmont, yang mengandungi 35% pertengahan; dan Pergunungan Appalachian dan kaki bukit. Bahagian Timur yang melampau di negeri ini mengandungi Bank Luar, serangkaian pulau-pulau penghalang yang berpasir, sempit antara Lautan Atlantik dan dua jalan air pedalaman atau \"bunyi\": Albemarle Sound di utara dan Pamlico Sound di selatan. Mereka adalah dua bunyi terkunci di Amerika Syarikat. <> Berapa banyak bahagian geografi utama yang membentuk North Carolina? || tiga <> Apa bahagian utara Carolina membentuk 45% daripada negeri ini? || Plain Pesisir Atlantik <> Apa bahagian dalam pertengahan 35% daripada North Carolina dipanggil? || rantau Piedmont <> Tha Appalacian dan kaki bukit membentuk kawasan apa negeri? || North Carolina <> Bahagian Timur yang teruk di North Carolina dipanggil apa? || Bank Luar", {"context": "North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the eastern 45% of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains the middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills. The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or \"sounds\": Albemarle Sound in the north and Pamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largest landlocked sounds in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?", "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Atlantic Coastal Plain"}], "question": "What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?", "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "the Piedmont region"}], "question": "What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?", "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?", "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Outer Banks"}], "question": "The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?", "id": "5727605b5951b619008f88ed"}]}], ["Carolina Utara purata kurang daripada 20 tornado setiap tahun, kebanyakannya dihasilkan oleh taufan atau ribut tropika sepanjang dataran pantai. Tornado dari ribut petir adalah risiko, terutamanya di bahagian timur negara. Piedmont barat sering dilindungi oleh gunung, yang cenderung memecahkan ribut ketika mereka cuba menyeberang; ribut akan sering membentuk semula timur. Juga fenomena cuaca yang dikenali sebagai \"air sejuk damming\" sering berlaku di bahagian barat laut negeri ini, yang juga boleh melemahkan ribut tetapi juga boleh membawa kepada peristiwa-peristiwa ais utama di musim sejuk. <> Berapa banyak tornado yang terdapat di North Carolina setiap tahun? || kurang daripada 20 <> Houuricanes dan stesen tropika boleh menghasilkan apa yang melintasi dataran pantai? || tornado <> Apa bahagian negara memegang risiko tertinggi untuk tornado? || timur <> Apa yang melindungi piedmont barat dari tornado? || gunung <> Apa fenomena cuaca boleh melemahkan ribut tetapi menyebabkan peristiwa-peristiwa es utama di NW North Carolina? || air sejuk damming", {"context": "North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state. The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a weather phenomenon known as \"cold air damming\" often occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "fewer than 20"}], "question": "How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?", "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "tornadoes"}], "question": "Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?", "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?", "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "mountains"}], "question": "What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?", "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "cold air damming"}], "question": "What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?", "id": "57276d2ff1498d1400e8f7da"}]}], ["Iklim di dataran pantai dipengaruhi oleh Lautan Atlantik, yang memelihara keadaan yang ringan pada musim sejuk dan sederhana, walaupun lembab, pada musim panas. Purata pesisiran pantai, suhu siang hari purata kurang daripada 89 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) semasa musim panas. Pantai ini mempunyai suhu yang ringan pada musim sejuk, dengan paras siang hari jarang di bawah 40 \u00b0 F (4 \u00b0 C). Suhu siang hari rata-rata di dataran pantai biasanya pada pertengahan 50 \u00b0 C (11-14 \u00b0 C) pada musim sejuk. Suhu di dataran pantai hanya kadang-kadang jatuh di bawah titik beku pada waktu malam. Dataran pantai rata-rata hanya sekitar 1 inci (2.5 cm) salji atau ais setiap tahun, dan dalam beberapa tahun, mungkin tidak ada salji atau ais sama sekali. <> Apa lautan yang mempengaruhi iklim dataran pantai North Carolinas? || Atlantik <> Apakah iklim dataran pantai di musim sejuk? || ringan <> Apakah iklim dataran pantai North Carolinas pada musim panas? || sederhana, walaupun lembab <> Apa purata suhu pantai utara Carolina Utara di dataran pada musim panas? || 89 \u00b0 F <> Berapa kerap suhu di dataran pantai NC menurun di bawah beku pada waktu malam? || kadang-kadang", {"context": "The climate of the coastal plain is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, which keeps conditions mild in winter and moderate, although humid, in summer. The highest coastal, daytime temperature averages less than 89 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) during summer months. The coast has mild temperatures in winter, with daytime highs rarely below 40 \u00b0F (4 \u00b0C). The average daytime temperature in the coastal plain is usually in the mid-50s \u00b0F (11\u201314 \u00b0C) in winter. Temperatures in the coastal plain only occasionally drop below the freezing point at night. The coastal plain averages only around 1 inch (2.5 cm) of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Atlantic"}], "question": "What ocean influinces the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain?", "id": "57276456708984140094dced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "mild"}], "question": "What is the climate of the coastal plain in the winter?", "id": "57276456708984140094dcee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "moderate, although humid"}], "question": "What is the climate of North Carolinas coastal plain in the summer?", "id": "57276456708984140094dcef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "89 \u00b0F"}], "question": "What is the average high North Carolina coastal temperature on the plains in the summer?", "id": "57276456708984140094dcf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "occasionally"}], "question": "How often do temperatures on the coastal plain of NC drop below freezing at night?", "id": "57276456708984140094dcf1"}]}], ["Bahagian barat negeri ini adalah sebahagian daripada gunung Appalachian. Antara subales Appalachians yang terletak di negeri ini adalah Pergunungan Great Smoky, Pegunungan Blue Ridge, Pergunungan Great Balsam, dan Pegunungan Hitam. Pegunungan Hitam adalah yang tertinggi di timur Amerika Syarikat, dan puncaknya di Gunung Mitchell pada 6,684 kaki (2,037 m) titik tertinggi di timur Sungai Mississippi. Walaupun pertanian masih penting, pelancongan telah menjadi industri dominan di pergunungan. Tumbuh pokok Krismas baru-baru ini menjadi industri penting juga. Oleh kerana ketinggian yang lebih tinggi, iklim di pergunungan sering berbeza dengan keadaan negara lain. Musim sejuk di barat North Carolina biasanya mempunyai salji yang tinggi dan suhu subfreezing lebih mirip dengan negara-negara barat daya daripada negara selatan. <> Bahagian pemisah dari North Carolina adalah sebahagian daripada apa gunung? || Gunung Appalachian <> Pergunungan Great Smokey dan Black Moutains adalah subranges dari gunung apa? || Appalachians <> Apa gunung yang paling tinggi di timur Amerika Syarikat? || The Black Mountains <> Apa nama titik tertinggi di timur sungai Mississippi? || Gunung Mitchell <> Seberapa tinggi Gunung Mt. Mitchell? || 6,684 kaki", {"context": "The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, and Black Mountains. The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m) the highest point east of the Mississippi River. Although agriculture still remains important, tourism has become a dominant industry in the mountains. Growing Christmas trees has recently become an important industry as well. Because of the higher altitude, the climate in the mountains often differs markedly from that of the rest of the state. Winter in western North Carolina typically features high snowfall and subfreezing temperatures more akin to those of a midwestern state than of a southern state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Appalachian Mountain range"}], "question": "The weatern part of North Carolina is part of what mountain range?", "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8933"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Appalachians"}], "question": "The Great Smokey Mountains and the Black Moutains are subranges of what mountains?", "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "The Black Mountains"}], "question": "What mountains are the highest in the eastern United States?", "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Mount Mitchell"}], "question": "What is the name of the highest point east of the Mississippi river?", "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8936"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "6,684 feet"}], "question": "How high is Mt. Mitchell?", "id": "5727634f5951b619008f8937"}]}], ["Sebelum A.D 200, penduduk telah membina gundukan tanah, yang digunakan untuk tujuan upacara dan keagamaan. Orang-orang yang berjaya, termasuk budaya kuno Mississippian yang ditubuhkan oleh A.D 1000 di Piedmont, terus membina atau menambah ke dalam gundukan itu. Dalam hubungan 500-700 tahun sebelum hubungan Eropah, budaya Mississippian membina bandar-bandar besar dan kompleks dan mengekalkan rangkaian dagangan serantau yang jauh. Puak-puak yang didokumenkan sejarah di rantau North Carolina termasuk puak-puak yang berbahasa Carolina Algonquian di kawasan pantai, seperti Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Orang Indian Cape, dan lain-lain, yang merupakan orang pertama yang menemui bahasa Inggeris; Meherrin yang bercakap Iroquoian, Cherokee dan Tuscarora pedalaman; dan suku-suku Southeastern Siouan, seperti Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, dan Catawba. Selama tempoh berapa orang-orang menimbulkan gundukan bumi yang digunakan untuk tujuan keagamaan dan upacara? || Sebelum A.D. 200 <> Menjelang tahun 1000 AD, apa budaya orang yang menetap di Piedmont? || budaya kuno Mississippian <> Berapa tahun sebelum hubungan Eropah budaya kuno Mississippian membina bandar-bandar besar? || 500-700 tahun <> Pamlico dan Cape takut india adalah contoh apa? || Suku-suku berbahasa Algonquian <> Di mana suku-suku berbahasa Algonquin berbahasa North Carolina hidup? || kawasan pesisiran pantai", {"context": "Before A.D. 200, residents were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000 in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such mounds. In the 500\u2013700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Before A.D. 200"}], "question": "During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?", "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "ancient Mississippian culture"}], "question": "By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?", "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "500\u2013700 years"}], "question": "About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?", "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Algonquian-speaking tribes"}], "question": "Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?", "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "the coastal areas"}], "question": "Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?", "id": "57276f4e708984140094dd7b"}]}], ["Cuaca yang teruk berlaku secara teratur di North Carolina. Rata-rata, taufan menyerang negeri itu sekali satu dekad. Badai merosakkan yang menyerang negeri itu termasuk Badai Fran, Hurricane Floyd, dan Badai Hazel, ribut terkuat untuk membuat tanah di negeri itu, sebagai Kategori 4 pada tahun 1954. Hurricane Isabel menonjol sebagai yang paling merosakkan abad ke-21. Ribut tropika tiba setiap 3 atau 4 tahun. Di samping itu, banyak taufan dan ribut tropika meragut keadaan. Dalam beberapa tahun, beberapa taufan atau ribut tropika boleh terus menyerang negeri atau berus di seluruh kawasan pantai. Hanya Florida dan Louisiana yang dilanda taufan lebih kerap. Walaupun ramai orang percaya bahawa ribut taufan hanya kawasan pantai, taufan jarang yang bergerak ke pedalaman dengan cepat dapat menyebabkan kerosakan teruk; Sebagai contoh, pada tahun 1989, Hurricane Hugo menyebabkan kerosakan berat di Charlotte dan juga di pedalaman sebagai Pergunungan Blue Ridge di bahagian barat laut negara. Secara purata, North Carolina mempunyai 50 hari aktiviti ribut petir setiap tahun, dengan beberapa badai menjadi cukup parah untuk menghasilkan hujan es, banjir kilat, dan angin yang merosakkan. <> Hoe sering melakukan taufan melanda North Carolina? || Sekali satu dekade <> Floyd, Fran, dan Hazel adalah contoh dari apa yang melanda negara Carolina Utara? || taufan <> Apakah ribut terkuat untuk membuat daratan di North Carolina? || Badai Hazel <> Apakah kategori taufannya Hazel? || 4 <> Tahun berapa Hurrican Hazel melanda North Carolina? || 1954", {"context": "Severe weather occurs regularly in North Carolina. On the average, a hurricane hits the state once a decade. Destructive hurricanes that have struck the state include Hurricane Fran, Hurricane Floyd, and Hurricane Hazel, the strongest storm to make landfall in the state, as a Category 4 in 1954. Hurricane Isabel stands out as the most damaging of the 21st century. Tropical storms arrive every 3 or 4 years. In addition, many hurricanes and tropical storms graze the state. In some years, several hurricanes or tropical storms can directly strike the state or brush across the coastal areas. Only Florida and Louisiana are hit by hurricanes more often. Although many people believe that hurricanes menace only coastal areas, the rare hurricane which moves inland quickly enough can cause severe damage; for example, in 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused heavy damage in Charlotte and even as far inland as the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northwestern part of the state. On the average, North Carolina has 50 days of thunderstorm activity per year, with some storms becoming severe enough to produce hail, flash floods, and damaging winds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "once a decade"}], "question": "Hoe often do hurricanes hit North Carolina?", "id": "57276c415951b619008f899d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "hurricanes"}], "question": "Floyd, Fran, and Hazel are examples of what that hit the state of North Carolina?", "id": "57276c415951b619008f899e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Hurricane Hazel"}], "question": "What was the strongest storm to make landfall in North Carolina?", "id": "57276c415951b619008f899f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "4"}], "question": "What category of hurricane was Hazel?", "id": "57276c415951b619008f89a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "1954"}], "question": "What year did Hurrican Hazel hit North Carolina?", "id": "57276c415951b619008f89a1"}]}], ["Peralihan pesisir pantai ke rantau Piedmont sepanjang garis kejatuhan Atlantic Seaboard, garis yang menandakan ketinggian di mana air terjun pertama kali muncul di sungai dan sungai. Wilayah Piedmont di pusat North Carolina adalah bahagian paling berkemauan dan padat penduduk di negeri ini. Ia terdiri daripada desa-desa yang perlahan-lahan berguling kerap dipecahkan oleh bukit-bukit atau pegunungan yang rendah. Gunung kecil dan puncak gunung yang terkikis dan terpencil terletak di Piedmont, termasuk Pegunungan Sauratown, Pilot Mountain, Pergunungan Uwharrie, Gunung Crowder, King's Pinnacle, Pegunungan Brushy, dan Pergunungan Selatan. Piedmont berkisar antara 300 hingga 400 kaki (91 hingga 122 m) di ketinggian di timur hingga lebih kurang 1000 kaki (300 m) di barat. Kerana pertumbuhan penduduk yang pesat di Piedmont, sebahagian besar kawasan pedalaman di rantau ini sedang berubah menjadi pinggiran bandar dengan pusat perbelanjaan, perumahan, dan pejabat korporat. Pertanian semakin menurun. Sungai-sungai utama di Piedmont, seperti Yadkin dan Catawba, cenderung cepat mengalir, cetek dan sempit. <> Pegunungan Pilot dan Pegunungan Selatan terletak di kawasan utara Carolina? || Piedmont <> Apakah bahagian utara Carolina Utara mempunyai populasi yang paling padat? || Kawasan Piedmont <> Apakah ketinggian purata di rantau Piedmont barat? || 1,000 kaki <> Apa yang anda panggil garis yang menandakan ketinggian air terjun yang pertama muncul di sungai? || Talian kejatuhan Atlantik Seaboard <> Pada titik apakah peralihan pesisir pantai ke rantau Piedmont? || sepanjang garis kejatuhan Atlantic Seaboard", {"context": "The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section. It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "Piedmont"}], "question": "Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?", "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "The Piedmont region"}], "question": "What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?", "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 724, "text": "1,000 feet"}], "question": "What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?", "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f730"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Atlantic Seaboard fall line"}], "question": "What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?", "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line"}], "question": "At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?", "id": "5727623ef1498d1400e8f72d"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1718, Blackbeard, aka Edward Teach, mengetuai perdana menteri, Revenge Queen Anne, ditembak di Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, di Carteret County sekarang ini. Selepas pembakaran kru dan bekalannya dipindahkan ke kapal yang lebih kecil. Pada tahun 1996 Intersal, Inc., firma swasta, menemui mayat sebuah kapal yang mungkin menjadi Revenge Permaisuri Anne, yang telah ditambahkan ke Daftar Tempat Kebangsaan Amerika Syarikat. Pada bulan November, selepas kehilangan kapal dan merayu kepada gabenor North Carolina yang menjanjikan selamat dan pengampunan, lanun terkenal, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) terbunuh dalam serangan hendap oleh tentera dari Virginia. <> Apa nama lain untuk Blackbeard? || Edward Teach <> Apa nama kapal hitam? || Dendam Queen Anne <> Di mana di North Carolina melakukan kemalangan kapal Blackbeards? || Beaufort Inlet <> Tahun berapa Blackbeard menjalankan kapalnya di North Carolina? || 1718 <> Tahun berapakah jenazah Revenge Queen Anne ditemui? || 1996", {"context": "In June 1718 Blackbeard, aka Edward Teach, ran his flagship, the Queen Anne's Revenge, aground at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, in present-day Carteret County. After the grounding her crew and supplies were transferred to smaller ships. In 1996 Intersal, Inc., a private firm, discovered the remains of a vessel likely to be the Queen Anne's Revenge, which was added to the US National Register of Historic Places. In November, after losing his ship and appealing to the governor of North Carolina who promised safe-haven and a pardon, the notorious pirate, Blackbeard (Edward Teach) was killed in an ambush by troops from Virginia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Edward Teach"}], "question": "What was another name for Blackbeard?", "id": "572770475951b619008f89e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "the Queen Anne's Revenge"}], "question": "What was the name of blackbeards ship?", "id": "572770475951b619008f89ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Beaufort Inlet"}], "question": "Where in North Carolina did Blackbeards ship crash?", "id": "572770475951b619008f89eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1718"}], "question": "What year did Blackbeard run his ship aground in North Carolina?", "id": "572770475951b619008f89ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "1996"}], "question": "What year were the remains of the Queen Anne's Revenge discovered?", "id": "572770475951b619008f89ed"}]}], ["North Carolina telah dilanda keras oleh Kemelesetan Besar, tetapi program New Deal dari Franklin D. Roosevelt untuk kapas dan tembakau sangat membantu petani. Selepas Perang Dunia II, ekonomi negara berkembang pesat, diserlah oleh pertumbuhan bandar-bandar seperti Charlotte, Raleigh, dan Durham di Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, dan Chapel Hill membentuk Segitiga Penyelidikan, satu bidang utama universiti dan penyelidikan saintifik dan teknikal yang maju. Pada tahun 1990-an, Charlotte menjadi pusat perbankan serantau dan nasional yang utama. Pelancongan juga menjadi kebanggaan bagi ekonomi North Carolina sebagai orang berkumpul ke kawasan pantai Outer Banks dan Mount Appalachian berlabuh oleh Asheville. <> Program apa yang dicipta oleh FDR membantu North Carolina semasa Kemelesetan Besar? || Program Deal Baru <> Siapa yang membuat program perjanjian baru mendapat faedah? || petani <> Tanaman apa program New Deal dibuat? || kapas dan tembakau <> Selepas perang apa yang diperbaiki ekonomi negara? || Perang Dunia II <> Pada tahun 1990 apa bandar NC menjadi pusat perbankan nasional? || Charlotte", {"context": "North Carolina was hard hit by the Great Depression, but the New Deal programs of Franklin D. Roosevelt for cotton and tobacco significantly helped the farmers. After World War II, the state's economy grew rapidly, highlighted by the growth of such cities as Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham in the Piedmont. Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill form the Research Triangle, a major area of universities and advanced scientific and technical research. In the 1990s, Charlotte became a major regional and national banking center. Tourism has also been a boon for the North Carolina economy as people flock to the Outer Banks coastal area and the Appalachian Mountains anchored by Asheville.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "New Deal programs"}], "question": "What programs created by FDR helped North Carolina during the Great Depression?", "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8aff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "farmers"}], "question": "Who did the new deal programs benefit?", "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "cotton and tobacco"}], "question": "What crops was the New Deal Program made for?", "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "After what war did the states economy improve?", "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "In the 1990's what NC city became a national banking center?", "id": "57277bce5951b619008f8b03"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1899, badan perundangan negeri meluluskan perlembagaan baru, dengan keperluan untuk cukai undian dan ujian literasi untuk pendaftaran pengundi yang meremehkan kebanyakan rakyat Amerika hitam di negeri ini. Pengecualian daripada pengundian mempunyai kesan yang meluas: ia bermaksud bahawa orang Amerika hitam tidak dapat berkhidmat di juri atau di mana-mana pejabat tempatan. Selepas satu dekad ketuanan putih, ramai orang lupa bahawa North Carolina pernah memajukan kelas hitam Amerika kelas menengah. Warganegara hitam tidak mempunyai suara politik di negeri itu sehingga selepas Akta Hak Sivil Persekutuan 1964 dan Akta Hak Vokasional 1965 telah diluluskan untuk menguatkuasakan hak perlembagaan mereka. Tidak sampai 1992 bahawa seorang lagi Afrika Amerika terpilih sebagai Wakil AS dari North Carolina. <> Apakah undang-undang negeri NC meluluskan pada tahun 1899? || perlembagaan baru <> Apakah jenis cukai yang diperlukan oleh perlembagaan baru NC? || cukai pengundian <> Apakah perlembagaan baru memerlukan pendaftaran pengundi? || Ujian celik huruf <> Dikecualikan dari melakukan apa, menjadikannya orang hitam tidak dapat berkhidmat di juri atau di pejabat awam? || Mengundi <> Tahun apakah Akta Hak Sivil Persekutuan? || 1964", {"context": "In 1899 the state legislature passed a new constitution, with requirements for poll taxes and literacy tests for voter registration which disfranchised most black Americans in the state. Exclusion from voting had wide effects: it meant that black Americans could not serve on juries or in any local office. After a decade of white supremacy, many people forgot that North Carolina had ever had thriving middle-class black Americans. Black citizens had no political voice in the state until after the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed to enforce their constitutional rights. It was not until 1992 that another African American was elected as a US Representative from North Carolina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "a new constitution"}], "question": "What did the NC state legislature pass in 1899?", "id": "5727796c708984140094de9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "poll taxes"}], "question": "What type of taxes were required by the new NC constitution?", "id": "5727796c708984140094de9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "literacy tests"}], "question": "What did the new constitution require for voter registration?", "id": "5727796c708984140094de9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "voting"}], "question": "Being excluded from doing what, made it so that black people could not serve on juries or in public office?", "id": "5727796c708984140094dea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "1964"}], "question": "What year was the Federal Civil Rights Act?", "id": "5727796c708984140094dea1"}]}], ["North Carolina membuat sumbangan per kapita terkecil kepada perang di mana-mana negara, kerana hanya 7,800 lelaki menyertai Tentara Kontinental di bawah Jeneral George Washington; 10,000 tambahan berkhidmat di unit-unit milisi tempatan di bawah pemimpin-pemimpin seperti Ketua Nathanael Greene. Terdapat beberapa tindakan ketenteraan, terutama pada tahun 1780-81. Banyak perbatasan Carolinian telah berpindah ke barat ke pergunungan, ke Daerah Washington (kemudian dikenali sebagai Tennessee), tetapi pada tahun 1789, setelah Revolusi, negara itu dipujuk untuk melepaskan tuntutannya ke tanah-tanah barat. Ia menyerahkan mereka kepada kerajaan negara supaya Wilayah Utara Barat dapat diurus dan diurus secara nasional. <> Apa negeri yang membuat sumbangan terkecil kepada perang revolusioner di mana-mana negeri? || North Carolina <> Berapa ramai lelaki dari NC menyertai tentera benua? || 7,800 <> Berapa tahun kepekatan tertinggi tindakan ketenteraan di NC semasa perang revolusioner? || 1780-81 <> Yang mengetuai tentera benua? || Jeneral George Washington <> Frontiersmen dari Carolinas berpindah ke barat ke kawasan apa yang sekarang dikenali sebagai Tennessee? || Daerah Washington", {"context": "North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state, as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene. There was some military action, especially in 1780\u201381. Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains, into the Washington District (later known as Tennessee), but in 1789, following the Revolution, the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands. It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state made the smallest contribution to the revolutionary war of any state?", "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "7,800"}], "question": "How many men from NC joined the continental army?", "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "1780\u201381"}], "question": "What years were the highest concentration of military action in NC during the revolutionary war?", "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "General George Washington"}], "question": "Who led the continental army?", "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "Washington District"}], "question": "Frontiersmen from the Carolinas moved west into what area that is now known as Tennessee?", "id": "572773b65951b619008f8a35"}]}], ["Selepas tahun 1800, kapas dan tembakau menjadi tanaman eksport penting. Separuh timur negara, terutama rantau Tidewater, mengembangkan masyarakat hamba berdasarkan sistem perladangan dan buruh hamba. Ramai orang yang bebas warna berpindah ke sempadan bersama dengan jiran-jiran Eropah-Amerika mereka, di mana sistem sosial lebih longgar. Menjelang 1810, hampir 3 peratus daripada populasi bebas terdiri daripada orang-orang bebas warna, yang berjumlah sedikit lebih daripada 10,000 orang. Kawasan barat didominasi oleh keluarga putih, terutama Scots-Irish, yang mengusahakan ladang sara hidup yang kecil. Pada awal zaman kebangsaan, negeri ini menjadi pusat demokrasi Jeffersonian dan Jackson, dengan kehadiran Whig yang kuat, terutama di Barat. Selepas pemberontakan hamba Nat Turner pada 1831, North Carolina dan negara-negara selatan yang lain mengurangkan hak-hak kulit hitam percuma. Pada tahun 1835, badan perundangan menarik balik hak mereka untuk mengundi. <> Selepas apa tahun kapas dan tembakau menjadi tanaman penting di North Carolina? || Selepas 1800 <> Wilayah Tidewater berada dalam apa yang separuh daripada North Carolina? || timur <> Apa rantau North Carolina yang digunakan buruh hamba dan membangunkan masyarakat hamba? || rantau Tidewater <> Di mana orang-orang kulit hitam bebas berhijrah kerana sistem sosial yang lebih lemah? || perbatasan <> Menjelang tahun 1810, berapa peratus penduduk yang bebas itu hitam? || 3", {"context": "After 1800, cotton and tobacco became important export crops. The eastern half of the state, especially the Tidewater region, developed a slave society based on a plantation system and slave labor. Many free people of color migrated to the frontier along with their European-American neighbors, where the social system was looser. By 1810, nearly 3 percent of the free population consisted of free people of color, who numbered slightly more than 10,000. The western areas were dominated by white families, especially Scots-Irish, who operated small subsistence farms. In the early national period, the state became a center of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy, with a strong Whig presence, especially in the West. After Nat Turner's slave uprising in 1831, North Carolina and other southern states reduced the rights of free blacks. In 1835 the legislature withdrew their right to vote.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "After 1800"}], "question": "After what year did cotton and tobacco become important crops in North Carolina?", "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "The Tidewater region was in what half of North Carolina?", "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "the Tidewater region"}], "question": "What region of North Carolina used slave labor and developed a slave society?", "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "the frontier"}], "question": "Where did free black people migrate to because of the looser social system?", "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "3"}], "question": "By 1810, what percentage of the free population was black?", "id": "57277607f1498d1400e8f8be"}]}], ["North Carolina menjadi salah satu daripada Tanah Melayu Tiga belas dan dengan wilayah South Carolina pada asalnya dikenali sebagai Provinsi Carolina. Bahagian utara dan selatan wilayah asal dipisahkan pada tahun 1729. Awalnya diselesaikan oleh petani kecil, kadang-kadang mempunyai beberapa budak, yang berorientasi ke arah pertanian subsisten, koloni itu kekurangan bandar atau bandar. Pirates menyerang penempatan pesisir, tetapi pada 1718, lanun telah ditangkap dan dibunuh. Pertumbuhan adalah kukuh pada pertengahan abad ke-18, ketika ekonomi menarik orang-orang Scots-Irish, Quaker, Inggeris dan Jerman. Penjajah umumnya menyokong Revolusi Amerika, kerana bilangan Loyalists lebih kecil daripada di beberapa koloni lain. <> North carolina dan Sounth Carolina bersama-sama dikenali sebagai apa? || Province of Carolina <> Tahun berapa carolinas utara dan selatan dipisahkan? || 1729 <> Apa profesi kebanyakan peneroka di Wilayah Carolina? || petani kecil <> Apa orang-orang yang menjejaskan kawasan pesisir Provinsi Carolina? || Pirates <> Pada tahun apakah semua lanun di Provinsi NC telah ditangkap atau dibunuh? || 1718", {"context": "North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements, but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed. Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants. The colonists generally supported the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "the Province of Carolina"}], "question": "North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?", "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "1729"}], "question": "What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?", "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "small farmers"}], "question": "What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?", "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "Pirates"}], "question": "What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?", "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "1718"}], "question": "By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?", "id": "5727716bdd62a815002e9cf6"}]}], ["Demokrat terpilih ke pejabat perundangan dan gabenor, tetapi Populis menarik para pengundi yang tidak suka dengan mereka. Pada tahun 1896 sebuah pakatan gabungan Fusionistus Populis-Republikan yang merdeka memperoleh pejabat gabenor. Demokrat kembali menguasai perundangan pada 1896 dan meluluskan undang-undang untuk mengenakan Jim Crow dan pengasingan kaum terhadap kemudahan awam. Pengundi daerah kongres ke-2 North Carolina memilih sejumlah empat kongres Afrika-Amerika melalui tahun-tahun akhir abad ke-19. <> Apa parti politik yang dipilih kepada badan perundangan dan pejabat Gubernur? || Demokrat <> Apa kumpulan politik yang menarik pengundi tidak suka dengan Demokrat? || Populists <> Tahun berapakah campuran Populis yang berkuasa untuk mendapatkan pejabat Gubernur? || 1896 <> Berapa tahunkah Demokrat mendapat kawalan pejabat gubernur dari Populis biracial? || 1896 <> Pada abad ke-19, berapa ramai kongres amerika Afrika dipilih? || empat", {"context": "Democrats were elected to the legislature and governor's office, but the Populists attracted voters displeased with them. In 1896 a biracial, Populist-Republican Fusionist coalition gained the governor's office. The Democrats regained control of the legislature in 1896 and passed laws to impose Jim Crow and racial segregation of public facilities. Voters of North Carolina's 2nd congressional district elected a total of four African-American congressmen through these years of the late 19th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Democrats"}], "question": "What political party was elected to the legislature and Governors office?", "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f900"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Populists"}], "question": "What political group attracted voters displeased with Democrats?", "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f901"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "1896"}], "question": "What year did a biracial Populist fusion gain the Governors office?", "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f902"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1896"}], "question": "What year did the Democrats regain control of the governors office from the biracial Populists?", "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "four"}], "question": "In the 19th century, how many african american congressmen were elected?", "id": "5727784ff1498d1400e8f904"}]}], ["Semasa zaman kolonial, Edenton berkhidmat sebagai ibu negeri bermula pada tahun 1722, dan New Bern dipilih sebagai ibu kota pada tahun 1766. Pembinaan Istana Tryon, yang berfungsi sebagai kediaman dan pejabat gubernur provinsi William Tryon, dimulai pada tahun 1767 dan telah selesai pada tahun 1771. Pada tahun 1788 Raleigh dipilih sebagai tapak modal baru, kerana lokasi pusatnya melindunginya dari serangan dari pantai. Secara rasmi ditubuhkan pada 1792 sebagai kedua-dua kerusi daerah dan ibu negara, bandar itu dinamakan sempena nama Sir Walter Raleigh, penaja Roanoke, \"koloni yang hilang\" di Pulau Roanoke. <> Apakah ibu negeri Carolina Utara pada tahun 1722? || Edenton <> Apa bandar menjadi ibu kota North Carolina pada tahun 1766? || New Bern <> Siapa gubernur North carolina pada tahun 1767? || William Tryon <> Apa nama pejabat dan kediaman yang dibina untuk William Tryon? || Istana Tryon <> Apa pemilihan carolina Utara tengah dipilih untuk ibu kota pada tahun 1788? || Raleigh", {"context": "During colonial times, Edenton served as the state capital beginning in 1722, and New Bern was selected as the capital in 1766. Construction of Tryon Palace, which served as the residence and offices of the provincial governor William Tryon, began in 1767 and was completed in 1771. In 1788 Raleigh was chosen as the site of the new capital, as its central location protected it from attacks from the coast. Officially established in 1792 as both county seat and state capital, the city was named after Sir Walter Raleigh, sponsor of Roanoke, the \"lost colony\" on Roanoke Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Edenton"}], "question": "What was the state capital of North Carolina in 1722?", "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "New Bern"}], "question": "What city became the capital of North Carolina in 1766?", "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "William Tryon"}], "question": "Who was the governor of North carolina in 1767?", "id": "5727728e708984140094ddbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Tryon Palace"}], "question": "What was the name of the offices and residence built for William Tryon?", "id": "5727728e708984140094ddc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Raleigh"}], "question": "What central North carolina cuty was chosen for the capital in 1788?", "id": "5727728e708984140094ddc1"}]}], ["Dengan kekalahan Konfederasi pada tahun 1865, Era Rekonstrasi bermula. Amerika Syarikat menghapuskan perhambaan tanpa ganti rugi kepada pemegang hamba atau ganti rugi kepada orang yang dibebaskan. Gabungan partai Republik yang bebas dari pembebasan hitam, pembuat karpet utara dan pemerintahan setempat yang dikuasai kerajaan negeri selama tiga tahun. Demokrat konservatif putih kembali mengawal perundangan negeri pada tahun 1870, sebahagiannya oleh keganasan dan keganasan Ku Klux Klan pada pemilihan, untuk menyekat pengundian hitam. Parti Republik telah dipilih menjadi gabenor sehingga 1876, ketika Baju Merah, sebuah organisasi paramiliter yang muncul pada tahun 1874 dan bersekutu dengan Partai Demokratik, membantu menghalang pemilihan hitam. Lebih dari 150 orang kulit hitam Amerika telah dibunuh dalam keganasan pemilih pada tahun 1876. <> Tahun apakah konflik dikalahkan? || 1865 <> Apa Era bermula berikutan kekalahan konfederasi? || Era Rekonstruksi <> Amerika Syarikat menghapuskan perbudakan tanpa memberi apa yang kepada pemilik hamba? || pampasan <> Bilakah putih Demokrat mendapat kawalan semula badan perundangan negeri? || 1870 <> Apakah sasaran KKK dengan keganasan dan keganasan semasa pemilihan? || pengundian hitam", {"context": "With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "1865"}], "question": "What year was the confederacy defeated?", "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Reconstruction Era"}], "question": "What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?", "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "compensation"}], "question": "The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?", "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "1870"}], "question": "When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?", "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "black voting"}], "question": "What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?", "id": "5727772ff1498d1400e8f8e0"}]}], ["Sama seperti yang lain dalam Konfederasi bekas, North Carolina telah menjadi satu-satu negeri yang dikuasai oleh Parti Demokratik. Dikurangi oleh Perang Saudara, negara terus menerus dengan ekonomi berdasarkan tembakau, kapas dan pertanian. Bandar dan bandar kekal sedikit di timur. Pangkalan perindustrian utama muncul pada akhir abad ke-19 di daerah-daerah barat Piedmont, berdasarkan kilang-kilang kapas yang ditubuhkan pada baris jatuh. Keretapi dibina untuk menghubungkan bandar perindustrian yang baru. Negeri ini adalah tempat pertama yang berjaya dikawal, berkuasa dan berkekuatan lebih berat dari udara, oleh saudara-saudara Wright, dekat Kitty Hawk pada 17 Disember 1903. Pada separuh pertama abad ke-20, banyak orang Afrika Amerika meninggalkan negara untuk pergi Utara untuk peluang yang lebih baik, dalam Migrasi Besar. Pemergian mereka mengubah ciri demografi banyak bidang. <> Apa parti politik Mengawal NC selepas konflik? || Demokratik <> Apakah ekonomi North Carolina berdasarkan selepas konflik? || tembakau, kapas dan pertanian <> Bilakah pangkalan industri utama muncul di North Carolina? || akhir abad ke-19 <> Di manakah asas perindustrian utama muncul di North Carolina? || daerah barat Piedmont <> Apakah kemunculan asas perindustrian North carolina berdasarkan? || kilang kapas", {"context": "As in the rest of the former Confederacy, North Carolina had become a one-party state, dominated by the Democratic Party. Impoverished by the Civil War, the state continued with an economy based on tobacco, cotton and agriculture. Towns and cities remained few in the east. A major industrial base emerged in the late 19th century in the western counties of the Piedmont, based on cotton mills established at the fall line. Railroads were built to connect the new industrializing cities. The state was the site of the first successful controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air flight, by the Wright brothers, near Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903. In the first half of the 20th century, many African Americans left the state to go North for better opportunities, in the Great Migration. Their departure changed the demographic characteristics of many areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Democratic"}], "question": "What political party Dominated NC after the confederacy?", "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "tobacco, cotton and agriculture"}], "question": "What was the economy of North Carolina based on after the confederacy?", "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "When did a major industrial base appear in North Carolina?", "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "western counties of the Piedmont"}], "question": "Where did the major industrial base appear in North Carolina?", "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "cotton mills"}], "question": "What was the emergence of the industrial base of North carolina based on?", "id": "57277abc5951b619008f8ae9"}]}], ["Jalan ke Yorktown dan kemerdekaan Amerika dari Great Britain menerusi North Carolina. Ketika Tentera British bergerak ke utara dari kemenangan di Charleston dan Camden, Carolina Selatan, Bahagian Selatan Tentara Kontinental dan milisi tempatan bersedia bertemu dengan mereka. Berikutan kemenangan General Daniel Morgan terhadap Komandan Cavalry British Banastre Tarleton pada Pertempuran Cowpens pada 17 Januari 1781, komander selatan Nathanael Greene memimpin British Lord Cornwallis di seberang jantung North Carolina dan jauh dari pangkalan bekalan di Charleston, Carolina Selatan. Kempen ini dikenali sebagai \"The Race to the Dan\" atau \"The Race for the River.\" <> Siapa yang bertemu tentera British ketika mereka bergerak ke utara? || Bahagian Selatan Tentara Benua dan milisi tempatan <> Siapa yang kalah dalam pertempuran Cowpens? || British Cavalry <> Yang mengetuai jambatan British di Cowpen? || Komandan Banastre Tarleton <> Apakah tarikh peperangan Cowpens? || 17 Januari 1781 <> Apa nama lain untuk perlumbaan ke Dan? || Perlumbaan untuk Sungai", {"context": "The road to Yorktown and America's independence from Great Britain led through North Carolina. As the British Army moved north from victories in Charleston and Camden, South Carolina, the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia prepared to meet them. Following General Daniel Morgan's victory over the British Cavalry Commander Banastre Tarleton at the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, southern commander Nathanael Greene led British Lord Charles Cornwallis across the heartland of North Carolina, and away from the latter's base of supply in Charleston, South Carolina. This campaign is known as \"The Race to the Dan\" or \"The Race for the River.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the Southern Division of the Continental Army and local militia"}], "question": "Who met the British army as they moved north?", "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "the British Cavalry"}], "question": "Who lost the battle of Cowpens?", "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Commander Banastre Tarleton"}], "question": "Who led the British calvary at Cowpen?", "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "January 17, 1781"}], "question": "What was the date of the battle of Cowpens?", "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "The Race for the River"}], "question": "What is another name for the race to the Dan?", "id": "57278955dd62a815002e9fbc"}]}], ["Seawal tahun 1650, peneroka dari tanah jajahan Virginia berpindah ke kawasan Albemarle Sound. Menjelang 1663, Raja Charles II dari England memberikan piagam untuk memulakan koloni baru di benua Amerika Utara; ia secara umumnya menubuhkan sempadan North Carolina. Dia menamakan Carolina sebagai penghormatan kepada bapanya Charles I. Menjelang 1665, piagam kedua dikeluarkan untuk cuba menyelesaikan soalan-soalan teritorial. Pada tahun 1710, kerana pertikaian mengenai pentadbiran, koloni Carolina mula berpecah kepada North Carolina dan South Carolina. Yang terakhir menjadi koloni mahkota pada tahun 1729. <> Pada tahun 1650, peneroka dari koloni apa yang berpindah ke Albemarie Sound? || Virginia <> Tahun berapakah Raja Charles II memberikan piagam kepada Amerika Utara? || 1663 <> Apakah piagam Raja Charles II menubuhkan? || Carolina Utara sempadan <> Carolina dinamakan sempena nama bapa Raja Charles, apa namanya? || Charles I <> Apa tahun piagam yang dibuat untuk menubuhkan sempadan Carolina? || 1665", {"context": "As early as 1650, settlers from the Virginia colony moved into the area of Albemarle Sound. By 1663, King Charles II of England granted a charter to start a new colony on the North American continent; it generally established North Carolina's borders. He named it Carolina in honor of his father Charles I. By 1665, a second charter was issued to attempt to resolve territorial questions. In 1710, owing to disputes over governance, the Carolina colony began to split into North Carolina and South Carolina. The latter became a crown colony in 1729.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Virginia"}], "question": "In 1650, settlers from what colony moved in to Albemarie Sound?", "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "1663"}], "question": "What year did King Charles II grant a charter to North America?", "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "North Carolina's borders"}], "question": "What did King Charles II's charter establish?", "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Charles I"}], "question": "Carolina was named after King Charles iI's father, what was his name?", "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "1665"}], "question": "What year was a second charter made to establish the borders of Carolina?", "id": "572783b05951b619008f8bf3"}]}], ["North Carolina didiami selama beribu-ribu tahun dengan budaya kebudayaan prasejarah prasejarah. Sebelum tahun 200 Masihi, mereka membina gundukan tanah, yang digunakan untuk tujuan upacara dan keagamaan. Orang-orang yang berjaya, termasuk budaya kuno Mississippian yang ditubuhkan oleh 1000 AD di Piedmont, terus membina atau menambah ke dalam gundukan itu. Dalam hubungan 500-700 tahun sebelum hubungan Eropah, budaya Mississippian membina bandar-bandar besar dan kompleks dan mengekalkan rangkaian dagangan serantau yang jauh. Bandar terbesarnya adalah Cahokia, yang terletak di Illinois sekarang berhampiran dengan Sungai Mississippi. <> Apa yang menghalang North Carolina selama ribuan tahun? || budaya asli prasejarah <> Sebelum tahun 200 Masehi, orang-orang membina apa-apa gundukan untuk tujuan keagamaan? || kerja tanah <> Siapa yang terus membina gundukan agama? || Orang-orang yang berjaya <sebelum kenalan Eropah, yang membina bandar-bandar besar dan rangkaian perdagangan serantau? || Budaya Mississippian <> Apa bandar terbesar di Piedmont sebelum hubungan Eropah? || Cahokia", {"context": "North Carolina was inhabited for thousands of years by succeeding cultures of prehistoric indigenous cultures. Before 200 AD, they were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by 1000 AD in the Piedmont, continued to build or add on to such mounds. In the 500\u2013700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Its largest city was Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "prehistoric indigenous cultures"}], "question": "What inhibited North Carolina for thousands of years?", "id": "57277cf8708984140094deff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "earthwork"}], "question": "Before 200 AD, people built what kind of mounds for religious purposes?", "id": "57277cf9708984140094df00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Succeeding peoples"}], "question": "Who continued to build on to the religious mounds?", "id": "57277cf9708984140094df01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "Mississippian culture"}], "question": "Before European contact, who built large cities and regional trading networks?", "id": "57277cf9708984140094df02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "Cahokia"}], "question": "What was the largest city in the Piedmont before European contact?", "id": "57277cf9708984140094df03"}]}], ["Dalam Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis bertemu rintangan di sepanjang tebing Sungai Catawba di Cowan's Ford pada 1 Februari 1781, dalam usaha untuk melibatkan pasukan General Morgan semasa penarikan taktikal. Morgan telah berpindah ke bahagian utara negeri ini untuk bergabung dengan pasukan baru yang ditugaskan oleh General Greene. Jeneral Greene dan Cornwallis akhirnya bertemu di Pertempuran Guilford Courthouse di Greensboro hari ini pada 15 Mac 1781. Walaupun tentera British memegang padang pada akhir pertempuran, kecelakaan mereka di tangan Tentara Benua yang bertaraf unggul dari Benjolan telah melumpuhkan . Berikutan \"kemenangan Piramida\" ini, Cornwallis memilih untuk berpindah ke pantai Virginia untuk mendapatkan bala bantuan, dan membenarkan Tentera Laut Diraja untuk melindungi tenteranya yang telah dipukul. Keputusan ini akan mengakibatkan kekalahan Cornwallis pada akhirnya di Yorktown, Virginia, kemudian pada tahun 1781. Kemenangan Patriot di sana menjamin kebebasan Amerika. <> Pertempuran Cowan Ford telah bertempur di tebing sungai apa? || Catawba <> Tahun apa pertempuran Cowans Ford? || 1781 <> Apakah nama bandar hari ini bahawa Pertempuran Guilford Courthouse telah bertempur? || Greensboro <> Selepas kehilangan pertempuran di Mahkamah Guilford, Cornawallis menggerakkan tenteranya di mana? || Pantai Virginia <> Apa Cornwallis berpindah ke pantai selepas kehilangan pertempuran Guilford Courthouse? || untuk mendapatkan bala bantuan", {"context": "In the Battle of Cowan's Ford, Cornwallis met resistance along the banks of the Catawba River at Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, in an attempt to engage General Morgan's forces during a tactical withdrawal. Morgan had moved to the northern part of the state to combine with General Greene's newly recruited forces. Generals Greene and Cornwallis finally met at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in present-day Greensboro on March 15, 1781. Although the British troops held the field at the end of the battle, their casualties at the hands of the numerically superior Continental Army were crippling. Following this \"Pyrrhic victory\", Cornwallis chose to move to the Virginia coastline to get reinforcements, and to allow the Royal Navy to protect his battered army. This decision would result in Cornwallis' eventual defeat at Yorktown, Virginia, later in 1781. The Patriots' victory there guaranteed American independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "Catawba"}], "question": "The Battle of Cowan's Ford was fought on the banks of what river?", "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "1781"}], "question": "What year was the battle of Cowans Ford?", "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Greensboro"}], "question": "What is the present day name of the city that the Battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought at?", "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "Virginia coastline"}], "question": "After losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse, Cornawallis moved his troops where?", "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "to get reinforcements"}], "question": "What did Cornwallis move to the coastline after losing the battle of Guilford Courthouse?", "id": "57278aa6f1498d1400e8fb66"}]}], ["Pada 12 April 1776, jajahan itu menjadi yang pertama untuk mengarahkan perwakilannya ke Kongres Continental untuk mengundi kemerdekaan dari Mahkota British, menerusi Halifax Resolves yang diluluskan oleh Kongres Wilayah Carolina Utara. Tarikh kedua-dua acara ini diporialkan pada bendera negeri dan meterai negeri. Sepanjang Perang Revolusi, peperangan gerilya sengit meletus antara kumpulan pro-kemerdekaan dan penjajah pro-Inggris. Dalam beberapa kes, peperangan juga merupakan alasan untuk menyelesaikan dendam peribadi dan persaingan. Kemenangan besar Amerika dalam peperangan berlaku di King's Mountain di sepanjang sempadan Carolina-South Carolina; pada 7 Oktober 1780, kuasa 1000 orang lelaki gunung dari barat North Carolina (termasuk hari ini keadaan Tennessee) dan Southwest Virginia menguasai sekumpulan 1000 askar British yang diketuai oleh Major Patrick Ferguson. Kebanyakan tentera yang berjuang untuk pasukan British dalam pertempuran ini adalah Carolinians yang tetap setia kepada Mahkota (mereka dipanggil \"Tories\" atau Loyalists). Kemenangan Amerika di Kings Mountain memberikan kelebihan kepada kolonis yang memihak kepada kemerdekaan Amerika, dan ia menghalang Tentera British daripada merekrut tentera baru dari Tories. <> Berapa tahun North Carolina mengarahkan perwakilannya untuk mengundi untuk merdeka? || 1776 <> Siapa carolina utara mencari kemerdekaan dari tahun 1776? || Mahkota British <> Tahun apakah Amerika Kemenangan di King's Mountain? || 1780 <> Berapa ramai lelaki gunung Carolina Utara bertempur di Gunung Raja? || 1000 <> Berapa ramai askar British yang berperang di Gunung Raja? || 1000", {"context": "On April 12, 1776, the colony became the first to instruct its delegates to the Continental Congress to vote for independence from the British Crown, through the Halifax Resolves passed by the North Carolina Provincial Congress. The dates of both of these events are memorialized on the state flag and state seal. Throughout the Revolutionary War, fierce guerrilla warfare erupted between bands of pro-independence and pro-British colonists. In some cases the war was also an excuse to settle private grudges and rivalries. A major American victory in the war took place at King's Mountain along the North Carolina\u2013South Carolina border; on October 7, 1780, a force of 1000 mountain men from western North Carolina (including what is today the state of Tennessee)and Southwest Virginia overwhelmed a force of some 1000 British troops led by Major Patrick Ferguson. Most of the soldiers fighting for the British side in this battle were Carolinians who had remained loyal to the Crown (they were called \"Tories\" or Loyalists). The American victory at Kings Mountain gave the advantage to colonists who favored American independence, and it prevented the British Army from recruiting new soldiers from the Tories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1776"}], "question": "What year did North Carolina instruct its delegates to vote for independence?", "id": "5727884e708984140094e027"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "the British Crown"}], "question": "Who was north carolina seeking independence from in 1776?", "id": "5727884e708984140094e028"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "1780"}], "question": "What year was Americas Victory at King's Mountain?", "id": "5727884e708984140094e029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "1000"}], "question": "How many North Carolina mountain men fought at King's Mountain?", "id": "5727884e708984140094e02a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "1000"}], "question": "How many British troops fought at king's Mountain?", "id": "5727884e708984140094e02b"}]}], ["Selepas Sepanyol pada abad ke-16, peneroka Eropah pertama yang kekal di North Carolina adalah penjajah Inggeris yang berpindah ke selatan dari Virginia. Yang terakhir telah berkembang pesat dan tanah kurang disediakan. Nathaniel Batts didokumentasikan sebagai salah seorang pendatang pertama dari Virginian ini. Dia menetap di selatan Sungai Chowan dan di sebelah timur Paya Besar Menipu pada tahun 1655. Menjelang 1663, kawasan timur laut wilayah Carolina, yang dikenali sebagai Albemarle Settlements, sedang menjalani penyelesaian penuh bahasa Inggris. Dalam tempoh yang sama, raja Inggeris Charles II memberikan wilayah itu kepada Pemilik Tuan, satu kumpulan orang bangsawan yang telah membantu memulihkan Charles ke takhta pada 1660. Wilayah baru \"Carolina\" dinamakan sebagai penghormatan dan kenangan Raja Charles I (Latin: Carolus). Pada tahun 1712, North Carolina menjadi koloni yang berasingan. Kecuali untuk pegangan Earl Granville, ia menjadi jajahan kerajaan tujuh belas tahun kemudian. Pemberontakan besar terjadi di negeri ini pada 1711 yang dikenal sebagai Pemberontakan Cary. <> Selepas Sepanyol, yang merupakan orang Eropah pertama yang menetap di North Carolina? || Penjajah Inggeris <> Di manakah penjajah Inggeris yang menetap North carolina berasal? || Virginia <> Penjajah Inggeris meninggalkan virginia kerana apa isu dengan tanah di sana? || kurang tersedia <> Siapa yang merupakan pendatang pertama Virginian untuk mencapai carolinas? || Nathaniel Batts <> Tahun berapa Nathaniel Battes menetap di North Carolina? || 1655", {"context": "After the Spanish in the 16th century, the first permanent European settlers of North Carolina were English colonists who migrated south from Virginia. The latter had grown rapidly and land was less available. Nathaniel Batts was documented as one of the first of these Virginian migrants. He settled south of the Chowan River and east of the Great Dismal Swamp in 1655. By 1663, this northeastern area of the Province of Carolina, known as the Albemarle Settlements, was undergoing full-scale English settlement. During the same period, the English monarch Charles II gave the province to the Lords Proprietors, a group of noblemen who had helped restore Charles to the throne in 1660. The new province of \"Carolina\" was named in honor and memory of King Charles I (Latin: Carolus). In 1712, North Carolina became a separate colony. Except for the Earl Granville holdings, it became a royal colony seventeen years later. A large revolt happened in the state in 1711 known as Cary's Rebellion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "English colonists"}], "question": "After the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle North Carolina?", "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Virginia"}], "question": "Where did the English colonists that settle North carolina come from?", "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "less available"}], "question": "The English colonist  left virginia because of what issue with the land there?", "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "Nathaniel Batts"}], "question": "Who was one of the first Virginian migrants to reach the carolinas?", "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "1655"}], "question": "What year did Nathaniel Battes settle in North Carolina?", "id": "5727849e5951b619008f8c21"}]}], ["Perbezaan corak penempatan di North Carolina timur dan barat, atau Tanah Rendah dan dataran tinggi, menjejaskan kehidupan politik, ekonomi, dan sosial negara dari 18 hingga abad ke-20. The Tidewater di timur Carolina Utara diselesaikan terutamanya oleh pendatang dari luar bandar England dan Dataran Tinggi Scotland. The uplandry barat North Carolina diselesaikan terutamanya oleh Protestan Scots-Irish, Inggeris, dan Jerman, yang disebut \"cohee\". Tiba pada pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, Scots-Irish dari apa yang kini Ireland Utara adalah kumpulan imigran bukan Inggeris yang terbesar sebelum Revolusi; Penjaga bahasa Inggeris yang terdahulu adalah kumpulan imigran terbesar sebelum Revolusi. Semasa Perang Revolusi Amerika, Skotlandia dan Tanah Tinggi di utara North Carolina cenderung untuk kekal setia kepada Mahkota British, kerana perniagaan dan hubungan peribadi dengan Britain. Penduduk Inggeris, Welsh, Scots-Irish, dan Jerman barat dari Carolina Utara cenderung untuk memihak kepada kemerdekaan Amerika dari Britain. <> Timur North Carolina juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Negara Rendah <> Western North carolina juga dikenali sebagai apa? || dataran tinggi <> Di manakah The Tidewater terletak? || timur utara Carolina <> Di manakah pendatang dari England dan Dataran Tinggi Scotland menetap? || The Tidewater <> Siapa yang peneroka Tidewater tetap setia pada masa revolusi Amerika? || Mahkota British", {"context": "Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the Low Country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the 18th until the 20th century. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English, and German Protestants, the so-called \"cohee\". Arriving during the mid- to late 18th century, the Scots-Irish from what is today Northern Ireland were the largest non-English immigrant group before the Revolution; English indentured servants were overwhelmingly the largest immigrant group before the Revolution. During the American Revolutionary War, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the British Crown, because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence from Britain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Low Country"}], "question": "Eastern North Carolina is also known as what?", "id": "57278604708984140094dfe3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "uplands"}], "question": "Western North carolina is also known as what?", "id": "57278604708984140094dfe4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "eastern North Carolina"}], "question": "Where was The Tidewater located?", "id": "57278604708984140094dfe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "The Tidewater"}], "question": "Where did immigrants from England and the Scottish Highlands settle?", "id": "57278604708984140094dfe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 852, "text": "the British Crown"}], "question": "Who did the Tidewater settlers remain loyal to during the American revolution?", "id": "57278604708984140094dfe7"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1584, Elizabeth I telah memberikan piagam kepada Sir Walter Raleigh, yang mana ibu kota negara itu dinamakan, untuk tanah di Carolina Utara sekarang (kemudian bahagian wilayah Virginia). Ia adalah wilayah Amerika kedua yang dituntut oleh orang Inggeris untuk menjajah. Raleigh menubuhkan dua koloni di pantai pada akhir 1580-an, tetapi keduanya gagal. Nasib \"Colony yang Hilang\" Pulau Roanoke kekal sebagai salah satu misteri sejarah Amerika yang paling banyak diperdebatkan. Virginia Dare, anak Inggeris pertama yang dilahirkan di Amerika Utara, dilahirkan di Pulau Roanoke pada 18 Ogos 1587; Dare County dinamakan untuknya. <> Siapa modal negara Carolina Utara dinamakan? || Sir Walter Raleigh <> Siapa yang memberikan piagam untuk Sir Walter Raleigh untuk pergi ke Amerika Syarikat hari ini? || Elizabeth I <> Tahun berapa Elizabeth saya memberikan piagam ke Raleigh untuk pergi ke North Carolina? || 1584 <> Apa wilayah amerika kedua yang cuba dicela oleh orang Inggeris? || North Carolina <> Berapa banyak koloni yang dibuat Raleigh di pantai carolina pada 1580? || dua", {"context": "In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia). It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed. The fate of the \"Lost Colony\" of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Sir Walter Raleigh"}], "question": "Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?", "id": "572782705951b619008f8bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Elizabeth I"}], "question": "Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?", "id": "572782705951b619008f8bae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1584"}], "question": "What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?", "id": "572782705951b619008f8baf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?", "id": "572782705951b619008f8bb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?", "id": "572782705951b619008f8bb1"}]}], ["Kebanyakan penjajah Inggeris telah tiba sebagai penjawat yang tidak diingini, menyewa diri sebagai buruh untuk tempoh yang tetap untuk membayar laluan mereka. Pada tahun-tahun awal barisan antara hamba yang tidak bertanggungjawab dan hamba atau buruh Afrika adalah cecair. Sesetengah orang Afrika dibenarkan untuk mendapatkan kebebasan mereka sebelum perhambaan menjadi status seumur hidup. Kebanyakan keluarga berwarna bebas yang terbentuk di North Carolina sebelum Revolusi diturunkan dari kesatuan atau perkahwinan antara wanita putih percuma dan lelaki Afrika atau Afrika-Amerika yang diperbudak atau bebas. Kerana ibu-ibu bebas, anak-anak mereka dilahirkan secara percuma. Ramai yang telah berhijrah atau keturunan pendatang dari Virginia kolonial. Oleh kerana aliran buruh indentured ke tanah jajahan berkurangan dengan keadaan ekonomi yang lebih baik di Great Britain, para penanam mengimport lebih banyak budak, dan undang-undang negeri delineasi antara status bebas dan hamba diperketatkan, dengan berkesan mengeraskan mereka menjadi kasta kaum. Pertumbuhan ekonomi dan kesejahteraan adalah berdasarkan buruh hamba, yang pertama ditumpukan kepada pengeluaran tembakau. <> Kebanyakan orang penjajah Inggeris datang sebagai apa? || hamba yang ditugaskan <> Pekerja yang tidak dipekerjakan mengupah diri mereka sebagai apa? || buruh <> Apakah peneroka bahasa Inggeris sebagai balasannya? || laluan <> Penjaga yang tidak diarahkan sama dengan orang pada zaman dahulu? || Hamba-hamba Afrika <> Sebagai hamba-hambaan yang telah indentured memperbaiki ekonomi, ada keperluan yang lebih besar untuk mengimport lebih banyak apa? || hamba", {"context": "Most of the English colonists had arrived as indentured servants, hiring themselves out as laborers for a fixed period to pay for their passage. In the early years the line between indentured servants and African slaves or laborers was fluid. Some Africans were allowed to earn their freedom before slavery became a lifelong status. Most of the free colored families formed in North Carolina before the Revolution were descended from unions or marriages between free white women and enslaved or free African or African-American men. Because the mothers were free, their children were born free. Many had migrated or were descendants of migrants from colonial Virginia. As the flow of indentured laborers to the colony decreased with improving economic conditions in Great Britain, planters imported more slaves, and the state's legal delineations between free and slave status tightened, effectively hardening the latter into a racial caste. The economy's growth and prosperity was based on slave labor, devoted first to the production of tobacco.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "indentured servants"}], "question": "Most English colonists arrived as what?", "id": "5727871b708984140094dfff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "laborers"}], "question": "Indentured servants hired theirselves out as what?", "id": "5727871b708984140094e000"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "passage"}], "question": "What did the English settlers get in return for their labor?", "id": "5727871b708984140094e001"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "African slaves"}], "question": "Indentured servants were similar to what people in the early days?", "id": "5727871b708984140094e002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 804, "text": "slaves"}], "question": "As indentured servants improved the economy, there became a greater need to import more what?", "id": "5727871b708984140094e003"}]}], ["Penjelajah Sepanyol yang melancong ke pedalaman pada abad ke-16 bertemu dengan orang-orang kebudayaan Mississippian di Joara, ketua wilayah serantau berhampiran Morganton sekarang ini. Rekod-rekod Hernando de Soto membuktikan pertemuannya dengan mereka pada tahun 1540. Pada 1567 Kapten Juan Pardo mengetuai ekspedisi untuk menuntut kawasan itu untuk jajahan Sepanyol dan untuk mewujudkan satu lagi laluan untuk melindungi lombong-lombong perak di Mexico. Pardo membuat pangkalan musim sejuk di Joara, yang dipanggil semula sebagai Cuenca. Ekspedisi beliau membina Fort San Juan dan meninggalkan seramai 30 orang di sana, sementara Pardo melangkah lebih jauh, dan membina dan memenjarakan lima kubu lain. Dia kembali dengan laluan yang berbeza ke Santa Elena di Pulau Parris, Carolina Selatan, kemudian menjadi pusat Florida Florida. Pada musim bunga tahun 1568, penduduk asli membunuh semua tetapi satu daripada askar dan membakar enam kubu di kawasan pedalaman, termasuk yang ada di Fort San Juan. Walaupun orang Sepanyol tidak pernah kembali ke kawasan pedalaman, usaha ini menandakan percubaan Eropah pertama di penjajahan pedalaman yang menjadi Amerika Serikat. Jurnal abad ke-16 oleh juru tulis Pardo Bandera dan penemuan arkeologi sejak tahun 1986 di Joara telah mengesahkan penyelesaian itu. <> Pada abad ke-16, di mana para penjelajah Sepanyol bertemu dengan orang-orang kebudayaan Mississipian? || Joara <> Apa itu Joara? || seorang ketua daerah <> Di manakah hari ini Joara menjadi? || berhampiran Morganton sekarang <> Apa nama lelaki Sepanyol yang bertemu dengan orang-orang di Joara? || Hernando de Soto <> Tahun apa hernando de Soto tiba di Joara? || 1540", {"context": "Spanish explorers traveling inland in the 16th century met Mississippian culture people at Joara, a regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. Records of Hernando de Soto attested to his meeting with them in 1540. In 1567 Captain Juan Pardo led an expedition to claim the area for the Spanish colony and to establish another route to protect silver mines in Mexico. Pardo made a winter base at Joara, which he renamed Cuenca. His expedition built Fort San Juan and left a contingent of 30 men there, while Pardo traveled further, and built and garrisoned five other forts. He returned by a different route to Santa Elena on Parris Island, South Carolina, then a center of Spanish Florida. In the spring of 1568, natives killed all but one of the soldiers and burned the six forts in the interior, including the one at Fort San Juan. Although the Spanish never returned to the interior, this effort marked the first European attempt at colonization of the interior of what became the United States. A 16th-century journal by Pardo's scribe Bandera and archaeological findings since 1986 at Joara have confirmed the settlement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Joara"}], "question": "In the 16th century, where did Spanish explorers meet Mississipian cultureal people?", "id": "57278177708984140094df6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "a regional chiefdom"}], "question": "What is Joara?", "id": "57278177708984140094df70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "near present-day Morganton"}], "question": "Where would present day Joara be?", "id": "57278177708984140094df71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Hernando de Soto"}], "question": "What was the name of the Spanish man that met the people in Joara?", "id": "57278177708984140094df72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "1540"}], "question": "What year did hernando de Soto arrive in Joara?", "id": "57278177708984140094df73"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1860, North Carolina adalah negara hamba, di mana satu pertiga daripada penduduknya telah diperhambakan. Ini adalah bahagian yang lebih kecil daripada di banyak negeri di Selatan. Negara itu tidak mengundi untuk bergabung dengan Konfederasi sehingga Presiden Abraham Lincoln memanggilnya untuk menyerang negara kakaknya, Carolina Selatan, menjadi negara terakhir atau kedua terakhir untuk secara resmi bergabung dengan Konfederasi. Tajuk \"yang terakhir untuk menyertai Konfederasi\" telah dipertikaikan; walaupun pemisahan tidak rasmi Tennessee pada 7 Mei 1861, mendahului pemisahan rasmi North Carolina pada 20 Mei, badan perundangan Tennessee tidak mengundi secara rasmi sehingga 8 Jun 1861. <> Seberapa kecil penduduk North Carolina telah diperbudak pada tahun 1860? || satu pertiga <> North Carolina tidak memilih untuk bergabung dengan konfederasi sehingga mereka diperintahkan untuk menyerang negara apa? || South Carolina <> Bilakah pengasingan rasmi North Carolinas? || 20 Mei <> Bilakah Tennessees pengasingan tidak rasmi? || 7 Mei 1861 <> Bilakah Tennessee secara rasmi mengundi? || 8 Jun 1861", {"context": "In 1860, North Carolina was a slave state, in which one-third of the population was enslaved. This was a smaller proportion than in many Southern states. The state did not vote to join the Confederacy until President Abraham Lincoln called on it to invade its sister state, South Carolina, becoming the last or second-to-last state to officially join the Confederacy. The title of \"last to join the Confederacy\" has been disputed; although Tennessee's informal secession on May 7, 1861, preceded North Carolina's official secession on May 20, the Tennessee legislature did not formally vote to secede until June 8, 1861.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "one-third"}], "question": "What fraction of the population of North Carolina was enslaved in 1860?", "id": "572793615951b619008f8ded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "South Carolina"}], "question": "North Carolina did not vote to join the confederacy until they were ordered to invade what state?", "id": "572793615951b619008f8dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "May 20"}], "question": "When was North Carolinas official secession?", "id": "572793615951b619008f8def"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "May 7, 1861"}], "question": "When was Tennessees informal secession?", "id": "572793615951b619008f8df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "June 8, 1861"}], "question": "When did Tennessee officially vote to secede?", "id": "572793615951b619008f8df1"}]}], ["Tentera Konfederasi yang pertama yang dibunuh dalam Perang Saudara itu adalah Henry Wyatt Swasta dari North Carolina, di Battle of Big Bethel pada bulan Jun 1861. Pada Pertempuran Gettysburg pada bulan Julai 1863, Resimen North Carolina 26 telah mengambil bahagian dalam Charge Pickett / Pettigrew dan maju paling jauh ke dalam garis utara rejimen Konfederasi. Semasa Pertempuran Chickamauga, Regiment Utara Carolina ke-58 lebih maju daripada rejimen lain di Snodgrass Hill untuk menolak pasukan Kesatuan yang tersisa dari medan perang. Di Appomattox Court House di Virginia pada bulan April 1865, Rejimen North Carolina yang ke-75, unit berkuda, melancarkan tembakan terakhir Tentera Gabungan Virginia Utara dalam Perang Saudara. Selama bertahun-tahun, Carolinians dengan bangga berbangga bahawa mereka telah \"Pertama di Bethel, Terjauh di Gettysburg dan Chickamauga, dan Terakhir di Appomattox.\" <> Siapa yang menjadi askar pertama yang dibunuh dalam perang saudara? || Henry Wyatt peribadi <> Di manakah henry Wyatt dari? || North Carolina <> Peperangan apa yang dilakukan oleh Henry Wyatt Swasta? || di Battle of Big Bethel <> Ketika Henry Wyatt mati? || Jun 1861 <> Kapan peperangan Gettysburg? || Julai 1863", {"context": "The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War. For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been \"First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Private Henry Wyatt"}], "question": "Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?", "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Where was henry Wyatt from?", "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "in the Battle of Big Bethel"}], "question": "What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?", "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "June 1861"}], "question": "When did Henry Wyatt die?", "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "July 1863"}], "question": "When was the battle of Gettysburg?", "id": "572798e7708984140094e1d7"}]}], ["Selepas pemisahan, beberapa orang Carolinians Utara enggan menyokong Konfederasi. Beberapa petani yeoman di pergunungan negeri dan rantau Piedmont barat kekal neutral semasa Perang Saudara, sementara beberapa rahsia menyokong penyatuan Kesatuan semasa konflik. Kira-kira 2,000 orang Carolinians Utara dari barat North Carolina mendaftarkan diri dalam Tentera Kesatuan dan berjuang untuk Utara dalam perang. Dua lagi rejimen Tentara Kesatuan telah dibesarkan di kawasan pantai negeri ini, yang diduduki oleh pasukan Kesatuan pada tahun 1862 dan 1863. Banyak budak melarikan diri ke jalur Union, di mana mereka menjadi bebas. <> Beberapa Carolinians Utara masih enggan menyokong apa yang selepas pemisahan? || Konfederasi <> Beberapa petani apa yang kekal neutral semasa perang saudara? || yeoman <> Di manakah petani yoeman yang kekal neutral ketika perang saudara berada? || di pergunungan negeri dan rantau Piedmont barat <> Berapa banyak penduduk North Carolinians dari Barat berjuang untuk Tentera kesatuan? || 2,000 <> Bilakah angkatan bersatu menduduki kawasan pantai North carolina? || 1862 dan 1863", {"context": "After secession, some North Carolinians refused to support the Confederacy. Some of the yeoman farmers in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region remained neutral during the Civil War, while some covertly supported the Union cause during the conflict. Approximately 2,000 North Carolinians from western North Carolina enlisted in the Union Army and fought for the North in the war. Two additional Union Army regiments were raised in the coastal areas of the state, which were occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Numerous slaves escaped to Union lines, where they became essentially free.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the Confederacy"}], "question": "Some North Carolinians still refused to support what after secession?", "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "yeoman"}], "question": "Some of what farmers remained neutral during the civil war?", "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "in the state's mountains and western Piedmont region"}], "question": "Where were the yoeman farmers that remained neutral during the civil war located?", "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many North Carolinians from the west fought for the union Army?", "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "1862 and 1863"}], "question": "When did union forces occupy coastal areas of North carolina?", "id": "5727948af1498d1400e8fcb6"}]}], ["Pada masa ini, kemasukan pesat utara dan pendatang dari Amerika Latin terus meningkatkan kepelbagaian etnik dan agama: bilangan Katolik Roma dan Yahudi di negeri ini telah meningkat, serta kepelbagaian agama umum. Yang kedua terbesar Protestan di Carolina Utara selepas tradisi Baptis adalah Methodisme, yang kuat di utara Piedmont, terutama di pedalaman Guilford County. Terdapat juga sejumlah Quakers di Guilford County dan timur laut North Carolina. Banyak universiti dan kolej di negeri ini telah ditubuhkan berdasarkan tradisi keagamaan, dan ada yang mengekalkan gabungan tersebut, termasuk: <> Imigran dari Latin Amerika yang datang ke North Carolina meningkatkan apa? || kepelbagaian etnik dan agama <> Apa yang telah berlaku kepada bilangan Katolik Roma dan Yahudi di North Carolina? || meningkat <> Kepelbagaian agama di North Carolina umumnya? || meningkat <> Apakah denominasi Protestan kedua terbesar di North Carolina? || Methodism <> Apa daerah di Piedmont adalah kaedah yang sangat kuat? || Guilford", {"context": "Currently, the rapid influx of northerners and immigrants from Latin America is steadily increasing ethnic and religious diversity: the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in the state has increased, as well as general religious diversity. The second-largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina after Baptist traditions is Methodism, which is strong in the northern Piedmont, especially in populous Guilford County. There are also a substantial number of Quakers in Guilford County and northeastern North Carolina. Many universities and colleges in the state have been founded on religious traditions, and some currently maintain that affiliation, including:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "ethnic and religious diversity"}], "question": "Immigrants from latin America coming to North Carolina is increasing what?", "id": "57279d804b864d190016389c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "increased"}], "question": "What has happened to the number of Roman Catholics and Jews in North Carolina?", "id": "57279d804b864d190016389d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "increased"}], "question": "Religious diversity in North Carolina has generally what?", "id": "57279d804b864d190016389e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Methodism"}], "question": "What is the second largest Protestant denomination in North Carolina?", "id": "57279d804b864d190016389f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Guilford"}], "question": "What county in Piedmont is methodism especially strong in?", "id": "57279d804b864d19001638a0"}]}], ["Walaupun pegangan hamba sedikit kurang tertumpu daripada di beberapa negeri Selatan, menurut bancian tahun 1860, lebih daripada 330,000 orang, atau 33% daripada penduduk 992,622, telah menjadi budak Afrika Amerika. Mereka tinggal dan bekerja terutamanya di ladang di Tidewater timur. Di samping itu, 30,463 orang warna percuma tinggal di negeri ini. Mereka juga tertumpu di dataran pantai timur, terutamanya di bandar-bandar pelabuhan seperti Wilmington dan New Bern, di mana terdapat pelbagai pekerjaan. Orang-orang Afrika Percuma dibenarkan untuk mengundi sehingga 1835, ketika negara membatalkan hak pilih mereka dalam larangan setelah pemberontakan hamba 1831 yang diketuai oleh Nat Turner. Kod budak huru hara membunuh seorang hamba dalam kebanyakan kes. <> Pada tahun 1860, berapa peratus penduduk North Carolina adalah budak? || 33 <> Di manakah kebanyakan hamba di North Carolina terletak? || timur Tidewater <> Apa jenis tanah yang hamba hidup? || perkebunan <> Berapa banyak orang warna hidup yang tinggal di NC pada tahun 1860? || 30,463 <> Di manakah orang-orang warna percuma yang terletak di utara carolina pada tahun 1860? || dataran pantai timur", {"context": "While slaveholding was slightly less concentrated than in some Southern states, according to the 1860 census, more than 330,000 people, or 33% of the population of 992,622, were enslaved African Americans. They lived and worked chiefly on plantations in the eastern Tidewater. In addition, 30,463 free people of color lived in the state. They were also concentrated in the eastern coastal plain, especially at port cities such as Wilmington and New Bern, where a variety of jobs were available. Free African Americans were allowed to vote until 1835, when the state revoked their suffrage in restrictions following the slave rebellion of 1831 led by Nat Turner. Southern slave codes criminalized willful killing of a slave in most cases.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "33"}], "question": "In 1860, what percent of the North Carolina population were slaves?", "id": "5727921f708984140094e135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "eastern Tidewater"}], "question": "Where were most of the slaves in North Carolina located?", "id": "5727921f708984140094e136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "plantations"}], "question": "What type of land did the slaves live on?", "id": "5727921f708984140094e137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "30,463"}], "question": "How many free people of color lived in NC in 1860?", "id": "5727921f708984140094e138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "eastern coastal plain"}], "question": "Where were the free people of color located in north carolina in 1860?", "id": "5727921f708984140094e139"}]}], ["Selain hamba, terdapat beberapa orang warna percuma di negeri ini. Kebanyakannya berasal dari orang Amerika Afrika percuma yang telah berhijrah bersama dengan negara-negara jiran dari Virginia pada abad ke-18. Majoriti adalah keturunan kesatuan dalam kelas kerja antara wanita kulit putih, hamba yang tidak diingini atau orang bebas, dan lelaki Afrika, yang dipertanggungjawabkan, hamba atau bebas. Selepas Revolusi, Quaker dan Mennonite bekerja untuk memujuk pemegang hamba untuk membebaskan budak mereka. Ada yang diilhamkan oleh usaha mereka dan bahasa Revolusi untuk mengatur pengasingan budak mereka. Bilangan orang bebas warna meningkat dengan ketara dalam beberapa dekad pertama selepas Revolusi. <> Beberapa orang warna percuma yang berhijrah dari negara apa yang berlaku pada abad ke-18? || Virginia <> Selepas revolusi Quaker dan mennonited menggalakkan pemegang hamba untuk melakukan apa? || membebaskan budak-budak mereka <> Apa yang berlaku kepada bilangan orang kulit berwarna selama beberapa dekade pertama selepas peperangan? || meningkat", {"context": "Besides slaves, there were a number of free people of color in the state. Most were descended from free African Americans who had migrated along with neighbors from Virginia during the 18th century. The majority were the descendants of unions in the working classes between white women, indentured servants or free, and African men, indentured, slave or free. After the Revolution, Quakers and Mennonites worked to persuade slaveholders to free their slaves. Some were inspired by their efforts and the language of the Revolution to arrange for manumission of their slaves. The number of free people of color rose markedly in the first couple of decades after the Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Virginia"}], "question": "Some of the free people of color migrated from what state during the 18th century?", "id": "572790105951b619008f8d97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "free their slaves"}], "question": "After the revolution Quakers and mennonited encouraged slaveholders to do what?", "id": "572790105951b619008f8d98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "rose"}], "question": "What happened to the number of free colored people for the first few decades after the war?", "id": "572790105951b619008f8d99"}]}], ["Pada 25 Oktober 1836, pembinaan bermula di Wilmington dan Raleigh Railroad untuk menghubungkan bandar pelabuhan Wilmington dengan ibu negeri Raleigh. Pada tahun 1849, North Carolina Railroad telah diwujudkan oleh perbuatan badan perundangan untuk memperluaskan kereta api barat ke Greensboro, High Point, dan Charlotte. Semasa Perang Saudara, pergerakan kereta api Wilmington-to-Raleigh akan menjadi penting kepada usaha perang Konfederasi; bekalan yang dihantar ke Wilmington akan dipindahkan melalui kereta api melalui Raleigh ke ibu kota Confederate Richmond, Virginia. <> Apakah nama kereta api yang memulakan pembinaan pada tahun 1836? || Wilmington dan Raleigh Railroad <> The Wilmington dan Raleigh Railroad akan menghubungkan Wilmington ke bandar apa? || Raleigh <> Pada 1849, apakah kereta api yang dicipta? || North Carolina Railroad <> Apakah arahan kereta api carolina Utara yang dilanjutkan? || barat <> Apa perbatasan kereta api adalah penting kepada pihak yang bersekutu dalam perang saudara? || Rintangan Wilmington-to-Raleigh", {"context": "On October 25, 1836, construction began on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad to connect the port city of Wilmington with the state capital of Raleigh. In 1849 the North Carolina Railroad was created by act of the legislature to extend that railroad west to Greensboro, High Point, and Charlotte. During the Civil War, the Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch of the railroad would be vital to the Confederate war effort; supplies shipped into Wilmington would be moved by rail through Raleigh to the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad"}], "question": "What was the name of the railroad that began construction in 1836?", "id": "572791415951b619008f8db7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Raleigh"}], "question": "The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad was going to connect Wilmington to what city?", "id": "572791415951b619008f8db8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "North Carolina Railroad"}], "question": "In 1849, what railroad was created?", "id": "572791415951b619008f8db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "west"}], "question": "What direction did the North carolina railroad extend?", "id": "572791415951b619008f8dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Wilmington-to-Raleigh stretch"}], "question": "What stretch of the railroad was vital to the confederates in the civil war?", "id": "572791415951b619008f8dbb"}]}], ["Walaupun Baptis secara total (menghitung kedua-dua orang kulit hitam dan putih) telah mengekalkan majoriti di bahagian negara ini (dikenali sebagai Belt Alkitab), penduduk di Carolina Utara menjalankan pelbagai agama, termasuk Yudaisme, Islam, Baha'i , Buddhisme, dan Hindu. Pada tahun 2010, Gereja Baptis Southern adalah nama terbesar, dengan 4,241 gereja dan 1,513,000 ahli; yang kedua terbesar adalah United Methodist Church, dengan 660,000 ahli dan 1,923 gereja. Yang ketiga adalah Gereja Katolik Roman, dengan 428,000 ahli dalam 190 jemaat. Keempat terbesar ialah Gereja Presbyterian (USA), dengan 186,000 ahli dan 710 jemaah; denominasi ini dibawa oleh pendatang Scots-Irish yang menetap di kawasan pedalaman di zaman kolonial. <> Apakah nama agama yang diberikan kepada bahagian negara yang termasuk Carolinas? || Belt Alkitab <> Agama apa yang memegang majoriti di Belt Alkitab? || Baptis <> Apakah denominasi terbesar di North Carolina pada tahun 2010? || Southern Baptist <> Apakah denominasi kedua terbesar di North carolina pada tahun 2010? || United Methodist Church <> Apakah denominasi ketiga terbesar di North carolina pada tahun 2010? || Roman Katolik", {"context": "While the Baptists in total (counting both blacks and whites) have maintained the majority in this part of the country (known as the Bible Belt), the population in North Carolina practices a wide variety of faiths, including Judaism, Islam, Baha'i, Buddhism, and Hinduism. As of 2010 the Southern Baptist Church was the biggest denomination, with 4,241 churches and 1,513,000 members; the second largest was the United Methodist Church, with 660,000 members and 1,923 churches. The third was the Roman Catholic Church, with 428,000 members in 190 congregations. The fourth greatest was the Presbyterian Church (USA), with 186,000 members and 710 congregations; this denomination was brought by Scots-Irish immigrants who settled the backcountry in the colonial era.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Bible Belt"}], "question": "What is the religious name given to the part of the country that includes the Carolinas?", "id": "57279c29708984140094e22b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Baptists"}], "question": "What religion holds the majority in the Bible Belt?", "id": "57279c29708984140094e22c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Southern Baptist"}], "question": "What was the largest denomination in North Carolina in 2010?", "id": "57279c29708984140094e22d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "United Methodist Church"}], "question": "What was the second largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?", "id": "57279c29708984140094e22e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What was the third largest denomination in North carolina in 2010?", "id": "57279c29708984140094e22f"}]}], ["Pasukan bersekutu dari semua bahagian Carolina Utara berkhidmat dalam hampir semua pertempuran besar Tentera Utara Virginia, tentera yang paling terkenal di Confederacy. Pertempuran terbesar di North Carolina adalah di Bentonville, yang merupakan cubaan sia-sia oleh Gabungan Jeneral Joseph Johnston untuk melambatkan kemajuan Kesatuan Umum William Tecumseh Sherman menerusi Carolinas pada musim bunga tahun 1865. Pada April 1865, selepas kehilangan Pertempuran Morrisville, Johnston menyerahkan diri kepada Sherman di Bennett Place, di mana hari ini Durham. Bandar pelabuhan North Carolina di Wilmington adalah pelabuhan Konfederasi terakhir yang jatuh ke Kesatuan, pada bulan Februari 1865, selepas Kesatuan memenangi Pertempuran Kedua Fort Fisher yang berdekatan, di bawah aliran pertahanan utama. <> Apa nama tentera Confederacys yang paling terkenal? || Tentera Utara Virginia <> Berapa banyak pertarungan tentera Virginia Utara yang melakukan tentera bersekutu dari perjuangan utara Carolina? || hampir semua <> Apa nama pertempuran terbesar yang berperang di North Carolina? || Bentonville <> Apakah nama umum yang bertempur di Bentonville? || Jeneral Joseph Johnston <> Apa nama Kesatuan Umum yang bertempur di Bentonville? || Ketua William Tecumseh Sherman", {"context": "Confederate troops from all parts of North Carolina served in virtually all the major battles of the Army of Northern Virginia, the Confederacy's most famous army. The largest battle fought in North Carolina was at Bentonville, which was a futile attempt by Confederate General Joseph Johnston to slow Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's advance through the Carolinas in the spring of 1865. In April 1865, after losing the Battle of Morrisville, Johnston surrendered to Sherman at Bennett Place, in what is today Durham. North Carolina's port city of Wilmington was the last Confederate port to fall to the Union, in February 1865, after the Union won the nearby Second Battle of Fort Fisher, its major defense downriver.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "Army of Northern Virginia"}], "question": "What was the name of the Confederacys most famous army?", "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea13e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "virtually all"}], "question": "How many battles of the army of Northern Virginia did confederate troops from north Carolina fight in?", "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Bentonville"}], "question": "What was the name of the largest battle fought in North Carolina?", "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "General Joseph Johnston"}], "question": "What was the name of the confederate general that fought in Bentonville?", "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "General William Tecumseh Sherman"}], "question": "What was the name of the Union General that fought in Bentonville?", "id": "572796f5dd62a815002ea142"}]}], ["Pada 21 November 1789, North Carolina menjadi negara ke-12 untuk meratifikasi Perlembagaan. Pada tahun 1840, ia menyelesaikan bangunan kapitol negeri di Raleigh, yang masih berdiri hari ini. Kebanyakan pemilik hamba dan ladang besar di Carolina Utara terletak di bahagian timur negeri ini. Walaupun sistem perladangan di Carolina Utara lebih kecil dan kurang padu daripada Virginia, Georgia, atau South Carolina, sejumlah besar penanam tertumpu di daerah-daerah di sekitar bandar pelabuhan Wilmington dan Edenton, serta penanam di pinggir bandar sekitar bandar-bandar Raleigh, Charlotte, dan Durham di Piedmont. Penanam yang memiliki estet-estet besar mempunyai kekuatan politik dan sosio-ekonomi yang signifikan di antebellum North Carolina, yang merupakan masyarakat hamba. Mereka meletakkan kepentingan mereka di atas petani \"yeoman\" yang tidak memegang hamba dari barat North Carolina. Pada pertengahan abad, kawasan luar bandar dan komersil negeri telah dihubungkan dengan pembinaan jalan kayu kayu 129 batu (208 km) yang dikenali sebagai \"kereta api petani\", dari Fayetteville di timur ke Bethania (barat laut Winston-Salem ). <> North Carolina adalah negeri ke dua untuk meratifikasi dokumen apa? || Perlembagaan <> Apa tarikh North Carolina mengesahkan perlembagaan? || 21 November 1789 <> Tahun apakah bangunan kapitol negeri North Carolina selesai? || 1840 <> Di manakah bangunan capitol siap pada tahun 1840? || Raleigh <> Apa bahagian negeri ini yang paling ramai pemilik hamba dan perladangan? || timur", {"context": "On November 21, 1789, North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution. In 1840, it completed the state capitol building in Raleigh, still standing today. Most of North Carolina's slave owners and large plantations were located in the eastern portion of the state. Although North Carolina's plantation system was smaller and less cohesive than that of Virginia, Georgia, or South Carolina, significant numbers of planters were concentrated in the counties around the port cities of Wilmington and Edenton, as well as suburban planters around the cities of Raleigh, Charlotte, and Durham in the Piedmont. Planters owning large estates wielded significant political and socio-economic power in antebellum North Carolina, which was a slave society. They placed their interests above those of the generally non-slave-holding \"yeoman\" farmers of western North Carolina. In mid-century, the state's rural and commercial areas were connected by the construction of a 129-mile (208 km) wooden plank road, known as a \"farmer's railroad\", from Fayetteville in the east to Bethania (northwest of Winston-Salem).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "North Carolina was the twelth state to ratify what document?", "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "November 21, 1789"}], "question": "What date did North Carolina ratify the constitution?", "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "1840"}], "question": "What year was the state capitol building of North Carolina completed?", "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Raleigh"}], "question": "Where was the capitol building completed in 1840?", "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "What part of the state were most slave and plantation owners concentrated in?", "id": "57278f03f1498d1400e8fc16"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2012, negara memilih Gabenor Republik (Pat McCrory) dan Leftenan Gabenor (Dan Forest) untuk pertama kalinya dalam lebih dari dua dekad, sementara juga memberikan majoriti hakim veto Parti Republik di Dewan Perwakilan Negeri dan Senat Negeri . Beberapa kerusi Dewan Perwakilan A.S. juga mengendalikan kawalan, dengan Republik yang memegang sembilan kerusi ke empat Demokrat. Dalam pilihan raya jangka pendek 2014, Republikan David Rouzer memenangi kerusi Daerah Kongres Ketujuh negeri, meningkatkan parti delegasi kongres berpecah kepada 10-3 memihak kepada GOP. <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai Gabenor North Carolina pada tahun 2012? || Pat McCrory <> Apa parti politik yang dimiliki oleh Pat McCrory? || Republikan <> Siapa yang dipilih oleh Leftenan Gabenor North Carolina pada tahun 2012? || Dan Forest <> Apa parti politik yang dimiliki Dan Forest? || Republikan <> Yang memenangi kerusi daerah kongres Utara Utara Carolinas pada tahun 2014? || David Rouzer", {"context": "In 2012, the state elected a Republican Governor (Pat McCrory) and Lieutenant Governor (Dan Forest) for the first time in more than two decades, while also giving the Republicans veto-proof majorities in both the State House of Representatives and the State Senate. Several U.S. House of Representatives seats also flipped control, with the Republicans holding nine seats to the Democrats' four. In the 2014 mid-term elections, Republican David Rouzer won the state's Seventh Congressional District seat, increasing the congressional delegation party split to 10-3 in favor of the GOP.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Pat McCrory"}], "question": "Who was elected Governor of North Carolina in 2012?", "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party does Pat McCrory belong to?", "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Dan Forest"}], "question": "Who ws elected Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina in 2012?", "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Republican"}], "question": "What political party does Dan Forest belong to?", "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "David Rouzer"}], "question": "Who won North Carolinas 7th congressional district seat in 2014?", "id": "5727a5473acd2414000de8cf"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada sukan pasukan profesional, North Carolina mempunyai hubungan kuat dengan NASCAR dan perlumbaan kereta saham, dengan Charlotte Motor Speedway di Concord menganjurkan dua perlumbaan Piala Seri Sprint setiap tahun. Charlotte juga menjadi tuan rumah Dewan Kemasyhuran NASCAR, sementara Concord adalah rumah beberapa pasukan lumba teratas, termasuk Hendrick Motorsports, Roush Fenway Racing, Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, dan Chip Ganassi Racing. Banyak trek lain di sekitar perlumbaan tuan rumah North Carolina dari litar NASCAR yang rendah. <> Apa Speedway di North Carolina menjadi tuan rumah dua perlumbaan Piala Cuplikan setiap tahun? || Charlotte Motor Speedway <> Di mana Charlotte motor Speedway terletak? || Concord <> Apa bandar North Carolina menjadi tuan rumah Dewan Kemasyhuran NASCAR? || Charlotte <> Apa bandar carolina Utara adalah rumah kepada beberapa pasukan lumba teratas? || Concord", {"context": "In addition to professional team sports, North Carolina has a strong affiliation with NASCAR and stock-car racing, with Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord hosting two Sprint Cup Series races every year. Charlotte also hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame, while Concord is the home of several top-flight racing teams, including Hendrick Motorsports, Roush Fenway Racing, Richard Petty Motorsports, Stewart-Haas Racing, and Chip Ganassi Racing. Numerous other tracks around North Carolina host races from low-tier NASCAR circuits as well.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Charlotte Motor Speedway"}], "question": "What Speedway in North Carolina hosts two Sprint cupseries races each year?", "id": "5727aba14b864d19001639fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Concord"}], "question": "Where is Charlotte motor Speedway located?", "id": "5727aba14b864d19001639ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "What North Carolina city hosts the NASCAR Hall of Fame?", "id": "5727aba14b864d1900163a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Concord"}], "question": "What North carolina city is home to several top racing teams?", "id": "5727aba14b864d1900163a01"}]}], ["North Carolina juga mempunyai banyak kolej dan universiti swasta yang terkenal, termasuk Universiti Duke, Universiti Wake Forest, Universiti Pfeiffer, Kolej Lees-McRae, Kolej Davidson, Kolej Barton, Kolej Wesleyan North Carolina, Universiti Elon, Kolej Guilford, Kolej Livingstone , Kolej Salem, Universiti Shaw (kolej hitam atau universiti pertama di Selatan), Laurel University, Kolej Meredith, Universiti Methodist, Belmont Abbey College (satu-satunya kolej Katolik di Carolinas), Universiti Campbell, Universiti Gunung Olive, Montreat Kolej, High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (satu-satunya universiti Lutheran di North Carolina) dan Universiti Wingate. <> Duke University dan Shaw University adalah contoh dari jenis kolej yang ada di North Carolina? || swasta <> Apakah kolej hitam pertama di selatan? || Shaw University <> Apakah nama satu-satunya kolej Katolik di Carolinas? || Belmont Abbey College <> Apakah nama satu-satunya Universiti Lutheran di North Carolina? || Universiti Lenoir-Rhyne", {"context": "North Carolina is also home to many well-known private colleges and universities, including Duke University, Wake Forest University, Pfeiffer University, Lees-McRae College, Davidson College, Barton College, North Carolina Wesleyan College, Elon University, Guilford College, Livingstone College, Salem College, Shaw University (the first historically black college or university in the South), Laurel University, Meredith College, Methodist University, Belmont Abbey College (the only Catholic college in the Carolinas), Campbell University, University of Mount Olive, Montreat College, High Point University, Lenoir-Rhyne University (the only Lutheran university in North Carolina) and Wingate University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "private"}], "question": "Duke University and Shaw University are examples of what type of colleges that are in North Carolina?", "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Shaw University"}], "question": "What was the first black college in the south?", "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "Belmont Abbey College"}], "question": "What is the name of the only Catholic college in the Carolinas?", "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Lenoir-Rhyne University"}], "question": "What is the name of the only Lutheran University in North Carolina?", "id": "5727a9b94b864d19001639df"}]}], ["Sukan kolej juga popular di North Carolina, dengan 18 sekolah bersaing di peringkat Bahagian I. Persidangan Pantai Atlantik (ACC) beribu pejabat di Greensboro, dan kedua-dua ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) dan Kejohanan Bola Keranjang ACC Men (Greensboro) yang paling baru-baru ini diadakan di North Carolina. Bola keranjang kolej khususnya sangat popular, disokong oleh persaingan Tembakau Jalan antara Duke, Carolina Utara, Negeri Carolina Utara, dan Wake Forest. Permainan ACC Championship dan The Belk Bowl diadakan setiap tahun di Stadium Bank of America di Charlotte, yang menampilkan pasukan dari ACC dan Persidangan Southeastern. Selain itu, negeri ini telah menjadi tuan rumah Kejohanan Bola Keranjang Lelaki NCAA Empat Kali di dua kali, di Greensboro pada tahun 1974 dan di Charlotte pada tahun 1994. Berapa banyak kolej bersaing di peringkat Bahagian 1 di North Carolina? || 18 <> Di manakah ibu pejabat ACC? || Greensboro <> Di manakah kejohanan bola sepak dan bola keranjang ACC yang baru diadakan? || North Carolina <> Apa stadium yang menjadi tuan rumah kejohanan ACC dan Belk Bowl setiap tahun? || Stadium Bank of America Charlotte <> Berapa kali North Carolina menjadi tuan rumah NCAA akhir empat? || dua", {"context": "College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina. College basketball in particular is very popular, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest. The ACC Championship Game and The Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium, featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "18"}], "question": "How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?", "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9256"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Greensboro"}], "question": "Where is the ACC headquarters?", "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9257"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?", "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium"}], "question": "What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?", "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d9259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?", "id": "5727acd3ff5b5019007d925a"}]}], ["Setiap tahun, Pegunungan Appalachian menarik beberapa juta pelancong ke bahagian barat negara, termasuk Ladang Biltmore bersejarah. Blue Ridge Parkway yang indah dan Taman Negara Great Smoky Mountains adalah dua taman negara dan unit paling banyak dikunjungi di Amerika Syarikat dengan lebih 25 juta pelawat pada tahun 2013. Bandar Asheville secara konsisten mengundi sebagai salah satu tempat teratas untuk melawat dan hidup di Amerika Syarikat, yang terkenal dengan senibina seni deco yang kaya, pemandangan gunung dan aktiviti luar, dan penduduk yang liberal dan gembira. <> Berapa ramai orang pergi melihat Pergunungan Appalachian setiap tahun? || beberapa juta <> Apa bahagian negeri ini adalah Pergunungan Appalachian? || Barat <> gunung Great Smoky dan Blue Ridge Parkway terletak di kawasan gunung apa? || Appalachian <> Berapa ramai pelancong melawat taman Smoky Mountains dan Blue Ridge parkway pada tahun 2013? || lebih 25 juta <> Apa North Carolina City secara konsisten mengundi salah satu tempat teratas untuk tinggal di Amerika Syarikat? || Asheville", {"context": "Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013. The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "several million"}], "question": "How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?", "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Western"}], "question": "What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?", "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Appalachian"}], "question": "Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range?", "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "over 25 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013?", "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Asheville"}], "question": "What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States?", "id": "5727ae422ca10214002d938e"}]}], ["North Carolina adalah rumah kepada tiga francais sukan liga utama: Carolina Panthers dari Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan dan Charlotte Hornets Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan berpangkalan di Charlotte, sementara Carolina Hurricanes yang berpusat di Raleigh bermain di Liga Hoki Kebangsaan. The Panthers and the Hurricanes adalah hanya dua pasukan sukan profesional yang mempunyai kedudukan geografi yang sama ketika bermain di berbagai daerah metropolitan. The Hurricanes adalah satu-satunya pasukan profesional utama dari North Carolina yang telah memenangi kejuaraan liga, setelah menawan Piala Stanley pada tahun 2006. North Carolina juga menjadi rumah kepada Charlotte Hounds dari Liga Utama Lacrosse. <> Berapa banyak francais sukan liga utama membuat rumah carolina Utara? || tiga <> Apa satu-satunya pasukan profesional dari North carolina yang telah memenangi kejuaraan liga? || The Hurricanes <> The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what liga? || Liga Hoki Kebangsaan <> The Charlotte Hornets tergolong dalam liga apa? || Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan <> The Panthers Caroli8na tergolong dalam liga apa? || Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan", {"context": "North Carolina is home to three major league sports franchises: the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League and the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association are based in Charlotte, while the Raleigh-based Carolina Hurricanes play in the National Hockey League. The Panthers and Hurricanes are the only two major professional sports teams that have the same geographical designation while playing in different metropolitan areas. The Hurricanes are the only major professional team from North Carolina to have won a league championship, having captured the Stanley Cup in 2006. North Carolina is also home to Charlotte Hounds of the Major League Lacrosse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many major league sports franchises make North carolina home?", "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "The Hurricanes"}], "question": "What is the only professional team from North carolina to have won a league championship?", "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de939"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "National Hockey League"}], "question": "The Carolina Hurricanes belong to what league?", "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de938"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "National Basketball Association"}], "question": "The Charlotte Hornets belong to what league?", "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de937"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "National Football League"}], "question": "The Caroli8na panthers belong to what league?", "id": "5727aabd3acd2414000de936"}]}], ["Menurut artikel Forbes yang ditulis pada tahun 2013 Pekerjaan dalam \"Negeri Utara Lama\" telah mendapat banyak sektor industri yang berbeza. Lihat ringkasan artikel berikut: sains, teknologi, tenaga dan matematik, atau STEM, industri di sekitar ibu negara Carolina Utara telah meningkat 17.9 peratus sejak 2001, meletakkan Raleigh-Cary di No. 5 di antara 51 kawasan metro terbesar di negara ini teknologi berkembang pesat. Pada tahun 2010 jumlah keseluruhan produk negara kasar Carolina adalah $ 424.9 bilion, manakala hutang negara pada bulan November 2012, menurut satu sumber, berjumlah AS $ 2.4bn, sementara menurut yang lain, pada tahun 2012 US $ 57.8bn. Pada tahun 2011 tenaga buruh awam berada di sekitar 4.5 juta dengan pekerjaan berhampiran 4.1 juta. Penduduk bekerja bekerja di sektor pekerjaan utama. Ekonomi North Carolina meliputi 15 kawasan metropolitan. Pada tahun 2010, North Carolina dipilih sebagai negeri ketiga terbaik untuk perniagaan oleh Majalah Forbes, dan negeri kedua terbaik oleh Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif. <> Apakah nama samaran yang diberikan kepada North Carolina? || Negeri Utara Lama <> Sains, Teknologi, tenaga, dan industri matematik telah meningkat berapa peratus sejak tahun 2001? || 17.9 <> Apakah raleigh-Cary berada di antara 51 kawasan metro terbesar di negara ini? || 5 <> Apa produk negara kasar North Carolinas pada tahun 2010? || $ 424.9 bilion <> Apakah hutang negeri North Carolinas pada tahun 2012? || $ 2.4bn", {"context": "According to a Forbes article written in 2013 Employment in the \"Old North State\" has gained many different industry sectors. See the following article summary: science, technology, energy and math, or STEM, industries in the area surrounding North Carolina's capital have grown 17.9 percent since 2001, placing Raleigh-Cary at No. 5 among the 51 largest metro areas in the country where technology is booming. In 2010 North Carolina's total gross state product was $424.9 billion, while the state debt in November 2012, according to one source, totalled US$2.4bn, while according to another, was in 2012 US$57.8bn. In 2011 the civilian labor force was at around 4.5 million with employment near 4.1 million. The working population is employed across the major employment sectors. The economy of North Carolina covers 15 metropolitan areas. In 2010, North Carolina was chosen as the third-best state for business by Forbes Magazine, and the second-best state by Chief Executive Officer Magazine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Old North State"}], "question": "What is the Nickname given to North Carolina?", "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de871"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "17.9"}], "question": "Science, Technology, energy, and math industries have risen what percent since 2001?", "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de872"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "5"}], "question": "What is raleigh-Cary ranked among the 51 largest metro areas in the country?", "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de873"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "$424.9 billion"}], "question": "What was North Carolinas gross state product in 2010?", "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de874"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "$2.4bn"}], "question": "What was North Carolinas state debt in 2012?", "id": "5727a28c3acd2414000de875"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1795, North Carolina membuka universiti awam pertama di Amerika Syarikat-Universiti North Carolina (kini menamakan Universiti North Carolina di Chapel Hill). Lebih dari 200 tahun kemudian, sistem University of North Carolina merangkumi 17 universiti awam termasuk North Carolina State University, North Carolina A & T State University, North Carolina Central University, University of North Carolina di Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina di Greensboro, Universiti Carolina Utara, Universiti Carolina Barat, Universiti Negeri Winston-Salem, Universiti North Carolina di Asheville, Universiti North Carolina di Charlotte, Universiti North Carolina di Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Universiti Negeri Elizabeth City, Universiti Negeri Appalachian, Universiti Negeri Fayetteville, dan Sekolah Seni UNC, dan. Bersama universiti awamnya, North Carolina mempunyai 58 kolej komuniti awam dalam sistem kolej komuniti. Universiti terbesar di North Carolina kini adalah Universiti Negeri Carolina Utara, dengan lebih daripada 34,000 pelajar. North Carolina adalah rumah kepada banyak universiti yang cemerlang serta berpuluh-puluh kolej komuniti dan universiti swasta. <> Apa negeri membuka universiti awam pertama di Amerika Syarikat? || North Carolina <> Tahun apa universiti awam pertama dibuka di Amerika Syarikat? || 1795 <> Apa nama universiti awam pertama yang dibuka di AS? || University of North Carolina <> Apa yang Universiti terbesar di North Carolina? || North Carolina State University <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang mendaftar di North Carolina State University? || 34,000", {"context": "In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States\u2014the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, East Carolina University, Western Carolina University, Winston-Salem State University, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State University, Appalachian State University, Fayetteville State University, and UNC School of the Arts, and . Along with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University, with more than 34,000 students. North Carolina is home to many excellent universities as well as dozens of community colleges and private universities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "North Carolina"}], "question": "What state opened the first public university in the United States?", "id": "5727a7f84b864d190016399e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1795"}], "question": "What year was the first public university opened in the United States?", "id": "5727a7f84b864d190016399f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "University of North Carolina"}], "question": "What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?", "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1029, "text": "North Carolina State University"}], "question": "What is the largest University in North Carolina?", "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "34,000"}], "question": "How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?", "id": "5727a7f84b864d19001639a2"}]}], ["Sekolah awam yang menengah dan menengah diawasi oleh Jabatan Pengajian Awam Utara Carolina. Superintenden Arahan Awam Carolina Utara adalah setiausaha Lembaga Pendidikan Negeri Carolina Utara, tetapi lembaga, dan bukannya penguasa, memegang sebagian besar kuasa undang-undang untuk membuat dasar pendidikan awam. Pada tahun 2009, pengerusi lembaga itu juga menjadi \"ketua pegawai eksekutif\" untuk sistem sekolah negeri. North Carolina mempunyai 115 sistem sekolah awam, setiap satu diawasi oleh lembaga sekolah tempatan. Sebuah daerah mungkin mempunyai satu atau lebih sistem di dalamnya. Sistem sekolah terbesar di North Carolina adalah Sistem Sekolah Awam Wake County, Sekolah-sekolah Charlotte-Mecklenburg, Sekolah Guilford County, Sekolah Winston-Salem / Forsyth County, dan Sekolah-sekolah Daerah Cumberland. Secara keseluruhan terdapat 2,425 sekolah negeri di negeri ini, termasuk 99 sekolah piagam. Sekolah Carolina Utara telah dipisahkan sehingga perbicaraan Lembaga Pengarah Brown dan pelepasan Pelan Pearsall. <> Agensi apa yang mengawasi sekolah-sekolah awam di North Carolina? || North Carolina Department of Public Instruction <> Siapa yang memegang kuasa paling sah untuk membuat dasar pendidikan? || papan <> Tahun berapakah pengerusi papan menjadi Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif sekolah-sekolah awam? || 2009 <> Berapa banyak sistem sekolah awam yang ada di North Carolina? || 115 <> Apakah sistem sekolah terbesar di North Carolina? || Sistem Sekolah Awam Wake County", {"context": "Elementary and secondary public schools are overseen by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. The North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction is the secretary of the North Carolina State Board of Education, but the board, rather than the superintendent, holds most of the legal authority for making public education policy. In 2009, the board's chairman also became the \"chief executive officer\" for the state's school system. North Carolina has 115 public school systems, each of which is overseen by a local school board. A county may have one or more systems within it. The largest school systems in North Carolina are the Wake County Public School System, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Guilford County Schools, Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools, and Cumberland County Schools. In total there are 2,425 public schools in the state, including 99 charter schools. North Carolina Schools were segregated until the Brown v. Board of Education trial and the release of the Pearsall Plan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "North Carolina Department of Public Instruction"}], "question": "What agency oversees public schools in North Carolina?", "id": "5727a70e4b864d190016397e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "the board"}], "question": "Who holds most legal authority for making education policy?", "id": "5727a70e4b864d190016397f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "2009"}], "question": "What year did the boards chairman become the Chief Executive officer of public schools?", "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "115"}], "question": "How many public school systems does North Carolina have?", "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Wake County Public School System"}], "question": "What is the largest school system in North Carolina?", "id": "5727a70e4b864d1900163982"}]}], ["Kesetiaan parti North Carolina telah menjalani satu siri perubahan penting dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan: Walaupun tahun-tahun pertengahan 2010 menyaksikan pengundi Tar Heel memilih legislasi majoriti republikan Republikan untuk kali pertama dalam lebih dari satu abad, North Carolina juga menjadi negeri ayunan Selatan di perlumbaan presiden. Sejak kemenangan Selatan Demokrat Selatan, Jimmy Carter yang selesa di negeri itu pada tahun 1976, negara itu secara konsisten membungkus Republik pada pemilihan presiden sehingga Demokrat Barack Obama sempat memenangi negeri itu pada tahun 2008. Pada 1990-an, Bill Demokrat datang dalam satu titik kemenangan negara pada tahun 1992 Pada tahun 2000-an, Republikan George W. Bush mudah memenangi negeri itu dengan lebih daripada 12 mata, tetapi pada tahun 2008, perubahan demografi, pertumbuhan penduduk, dan peningkatan liberalisasi di kawasan yang ramai penduduk seperti Penyelidikan Barisan Obama, Triumph, Charlotte, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, dan Asheville, mendorong Barack Obama untuk menang di North Carolina, Demokrat pertama yang memenangi negeri itu sejak tahun 1976. Pada tahun 2012, North Carolina sekali lagi dianggap sebagai negara yang kompetitif, dengan Demokrat bahkan mengadakan Konvensyen Nasional Demokratik 2012 mereka di Charlotte. Walau bagaimanapun, Republikan Mitt Romney akhirnya mengeluarkan kemenangan dua mata di North Carolina, satu-satunya keadaan swing 2012 yang Obama kalah, dan satu daripada hanya dua negeri (bersama-sama dengan Indiana) untuk membalikkan diri dari Obama pada tahun 2008 kepada GOP pada tahun 2012. < > Pengundi carolina Utara telah mencondongkan republik sejak tahun berapa? || 1976 <> Tahun apa pengundi North Carolina sekali lagi mengundi Demokrat? || 2008 <> Tahun berapakah Bill Clinton menang North Carolina? || 1992 <> Apa tahun Bill Clinton kehilangan North Carolina? || 1996 <> Di mana Konvensyen Nasional demokrasi 2012 diadakan? || Charlotte", {"context": "North Carolina's party loyalties have undergone a series of important shifts in the last few years: While the 2010 midterms saw Tar Heel voters elect a bicameral Republican majority legislature for the first time in over a century, North Carolina has also become a Southern swing state in presidential races. Since Southern Democrat Jimmy Carter's comfortable victory in the state in 1976, the state had consistently leaned Republican in presidential elections until Democrat Barack Obama narrowly won the state in 2008. In the 1990s, Democrat Bill Clinton came within a point of winning the state in 1992 and also only narrowly lost the state in 1996. In the early 2000s, Republican George W. Bush easily won the state by over 12 points, but by 2008, demographic shifts, population growth, and increased liberalization in heavily populated areas such as the Research Triangle, Charlotte, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, and Asheville, propelled Barack Obama to victory in North Carolina, the first Democrat to win the state since 1976. In 2012, North Carolina was again considered a competitive swing state, with the Democrats even holding their 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte. However, Republican Mitt Romney ultimately eked out a 2-point win in North Carolina, the only 2012 swing state that Obama lost, and one of only two states (along with Indiana) to flip from Obama in 2008 to the GOP in 2012.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "1976"}], "question": "North carolina voters have leaned republican since what year?", "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9290"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "2008"}], "question": "What year did North Carolina voters once again vote for a Democrat?", "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9291"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "1992"}], "question": "What year did Bill Clinton win North Carolina?", "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "1996"}], "question": "What year did Bill Clinton lose North Carolina?", "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1195, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "Where was the 2012 democratic national Convention held?", "id": "5727a3f62ca10214002d9294"}]}], ["Tembakau adalah salah satu industri utama yang pertama yang dibangunkan selepas Perang Saudara. Ramai petani menanam beberapa tembakau, dan penciptaan rokok membuat produk itu sangat popular. Winston-Salem adalah tempat kelahiran R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), yang diasaskan oleh R. J. Reynolds pada tahun 1874 sebagai salah satu daripada 16 syarikat tembakau di bandar ini. Menjelang tahun 1914 ia menjual 425 juta pek Camels setahun. Hari ini ia adalah syarikat tembakau kedua terbesar di A.S. (di belakang Altria Group). RJR adalah anak syarikat milik penuh Reynolds American Inc., yang pada gilirannya adalah 42% dimiliki oleh British American Tobacco. <> Winston Salem adalah ibu pejabat Syarikat tembakau apa? || R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company <> Penciptaan rokok membuat apa yang popular? || Tembakau <> Tahun apakah RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company diasaskan? || 1874 <> Berapa banyak pek unta rokok dijual setiap tahun pada tahun 1914? || 425 juta <> Apa salah satu industri pertama yang berkembang selepas perang saudara? || Tembakau", {"context": "Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in turn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company"}], "question": "Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?", "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tobacco"}], "question": "The invention of cigarettes made what popular?", "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "1874"}], "question": "What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?", "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "425 million"}], "question": "How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?", "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tobacco"}], "question": "What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?", "id": "5727b70a2ca10214002d94a4"}]}], ["North Carolina mempunyai pelbagai pilihan membeli-belah. SouthPark Mall di Charlotte kini menjadi yang terbesar di Carolinas, dengan hampir 2.0 juta kaki persegi. Pusat-pusat utama lain di Charlotte termasuk Northlake Mall dan Carolina Place Mall di pinggir bandar Pineville. Pusat-pusat utama lain di seluruh negeri termasuk Hanes Mall di Winston-Salem; Pusat Beli-belah Crabtree Valley, North Hills Mall, dan Pusat Bandar Segitiga di Raleigh; Friendly Friendly dan Four Seasons Town Centre di Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall di High Point; Concord Mills di Concord; Valley Hills Mall di Hickory; dan The Streets di Southpoint dan Northgate Mall di Durham dan Independence Mall di Wilmington, NC, dan Tanger Outlets di Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, dan Mebane, NC. <> Di mana terdapat SouthPark Mall? || Charlotte <> Apa mall terbesar di carolinas? || SouthPark Mall <> Seberapa besar SouthPark Mall? || 2.0 juta kaki persegi <> Di mana pangkalan hanes terletak? || Winston-Salem <> Di mana Four Seasons Town Centre terletak? || Greensboro", {"context": "North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington, NC, and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, and Mebane, NC.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Charlotte"}], "question": "Where is SouthPark Mall located?", "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "SouthPark Mall"}], "question": "What is the largest mall in the carolinas?", "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "2.0 million square feet"}], "question": "How big is SouthPark Mall?", "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "Winston-Salem"}], "question": "Where is the hanes Mall located?", "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Greensboro"}], "question": "Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?", "id": "5727b3883acd2414000dea23"}]}], ["North Carolina mempunyai tradisi kaya dalam seni, muzik, dan masakan. Industri seni dan kebudayaan bukan keuntungan menjana $ 1.2 bilion dalam aktiviti ekonomi langsung di North Carolina, menyokong lebih daripada 43,600 pekerjaan bersamaan sepenuh masa dan menjana pendapatan $ 119 juta bagi kerajaan tempatan dan negeri North Carolina. North Carolina menubuhkan Muzium Seni North Carolina sebagai koleksi muzium utama pertama di negara ini yang akan dibentuk oleh undang-undang dan pembiayaan negeri dan terus membawa berjuta-juta ke dalam ekonomi NC. Juga lihat senarai muzium ini di North Carolina. <> Industri apa yang menghasilkan 1.2 bilion aktiviti ekonomi setiap tahun untuk carolina Utara? || seni dan budaya bukan untung <> Berapa banyak pekerjaan sepenuh masa yang dipegang oleh industri seni dan kebudayaan yang bukan keuntungan? || 43,600 <> Berapa banyak wang yang dihasilkan oleh industri seni dan budaya bukan keuntungan untuk kerajaan? || $ 119 juta <> Apakah muzium pertama di negara ini dibentuk oleh badan perundangan? || North Carolina Museum of Art <> Berapa banyak wang yang dihasilkan oleh North Carolina Museum of Art? || berjuta-juta", {"context": "North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina. North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy. Also see this list of museums in North Carolina.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "nonprofit arts and culture"}], "question": "What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?", "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "43,600"}], "question": "How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?", "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "$119 million"}], "question": "How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government?", "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "North Carolina Museum of Art"}], "question": "What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature?", "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "millions"}], "question": "How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate?", "id": "5727b2d43acd2414000dea0f"}]}], ["Piedmont Triad, atau pusat negara, adalah rumah kepada Krispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, Festival Barbeku Lexington, dan kue Moravian. Zoo North Carolina yang terkenal di dunia di Asheboro menarik pengunjung ke haiwan, tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan koleksi seni 57-potong di sepanjang lima batu dengan jalur berlorek di taman habitat semula jadi yang terbesar di dunia. Seagrove, di bahagian tengah negara, menarik ramai pelancong di sepanjang Pottery Highway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest di Wilkesboro menarik lebih daripada 80,000 orang untuk festival muzik selama empat hari; dan Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe taman air di Greensboro adalah tarikan lain. <> Apakah pusat North Carolina dipanggil? || The Piedmont Triad <> Di mana ibu pejabat Krispy kreme terletak? || The Piedmont Triad <> Apa bandar di Zoo North Carolina? || Asheboro <> Berapa batu dari jalur yang berlorek tidak mempunyai Kebun Binatang Nort Carolina? || lima <> Apa yang North Carolina City menjadi tuan rumah Merlefest? || Wilkesboro", {"context": "The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home to Krispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Barbecue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world's largest-land-area natural-habitat park. Seagrove, in the central portion of the state, attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music festival; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Piedmont Triad"}], "question": "What is the center of North Carolina called?", "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Piedmont Triad"}], "question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?", "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "Asheboro"}], "question": "What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?", "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have?", "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Wilkesboro"}], "question": "What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest?", "id": "5727b0493acd2414000de9c5"}]}], ["Rokok masakan dari North Carolina adalah barbeku daging babi. Terdapat perbezaan serantau yang kuat dan persaingan terhadap sos dan kaedah yang digunakan untuk membuat barbeku. Trend yang sama di barat North Carolina adalah penggunaan kelas premium gred Boston. Barbeku daging babi North Carolina Barat menggunakan sos berasaskan tomato, dan hanya bahu daging babi (daging gelap) digunakan. Barbeku Barat Utara Carolina biasanya dirujuk sebagai barbeku Lexington selepas bandar Piedmont Triad di Lexington, rumah Festival Lexington Barbecue, yang menarik lebih dari 100,000 pengunjung setiap Oktober. Barbeku daging babi North Carolina Utara menggunakan sos berasaskan cuka-dan-merah-lada dan \"babi keseluruhan\" dimasak, sekali gus menggabungkan daging putih dan gelap. <> Apakah rutin masakan dari North Carolina? || barbeku daging babi <> Apa potongan daging babi yang di North carolina barat lebih suka BBQ? || Boston butt <> Apakah nama lain untuk Barbeku Barat North Carolina? || Barbekyu Lexington <> Apa potongan daging babi yang di Western North Carolina lebih suka BBQ? || bahu daging babi <> Berapa ramai orang melawat perayaan barbeku lexington setiap tahun? || lebih 100,000", {"context": "A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the \"whole hog\" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "pork barbecue"}], "question": "What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?", "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Boston butt"}], "question": "What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?", "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Lexington barbecue"}], "question": "What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?", "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "pork shoulder"}], "question": "What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?", "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "over 100,000"}], "question": "How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?", "id": "5727b47d2ca10214002d945e"}]}], ["North Carolina menyediakan pelbagai jenis aktiviti rekreasi, dari berenang di pantai untuk bermain ski di pergunungan. North Carolina menawarkan warna-warna jatuh, air tawar dan memancing air masin, memburu, memerhati burung, agritourism, laluan ATV, belon, pendakian batu, berbasikal, mendaki, bermain ski, berperahu dan belayar, berkhemah, berkanu, caving (spelunking), taman, dan arboretum. North Carolina mempunyai taman tema, akuarium, muzium, tapak bersejarah, rumah api, teater elegan, dewan konsert, dan santapan. <> Memancing, memburu, dan memerhati burung adalah jenis kegiatan yang disediakan di North Carolina? || rekreasi <> Pada Kejatuhan, orang pergi ke North Carolina untuk melihat apa? || jatuh warna <> Apakah nama lain untuk caving? || spelunking", {"context": "North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism, ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking, skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving (spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolina has theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites, lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dining.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "recreational"}], "question": "Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?", "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "fall colors"}], "question": "In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?", "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "spelunking"}], "question": "What is another name for caving?", "id": "5727b0e53acd2414000de9e7"}]}], ["Di Raleigh banyak pelancong melawat Capital, Kompleks Budaya Afrika Amerika, Muzium Seni Kontemporari Raleigh, Muzium Seni & Rekabentuk Gregg di NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Muzium Kanak-kanak Marbles, Muzium Seni North Carolina, Muzium Sejarah Carolina Utara, Muzium Sains Semula Jadi Carolina Utara, Dewan Kemasyhuran Sukan North Carolina, Muzium Bandar Raya Raleigh, Arboretum JC Raulston, Rumah Joel Lane, Rumah Mordecai, Dewan Montfort dan Muzium Pope House. Pasukan hoki NHL Hurricane NHL juga terletak di bandar. <> Apa pasukan Hoki terletak di Raleigh? || Carolina Hurricanes <> Apa liga yang dilakukan oleh Carolina Hurricanes? || NHL <> Apa Dewan Kemasyhuran terletak di Raleigh? || Dewan Sukan Sukan North Carolina <> Apa arboretum terletak di Raleigh? || J. C. Raulston Arboretum", {"context": "In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh City Museum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House, Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Museum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Carolina Hurricanes"}], "question": "What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?", "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "NHL"}], "question": "What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?", "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame"}], "question": "What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?", "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "J. C. Raulston Arboretum"}], "question": "What arboretum is located in Raleigh?", "id": "5727af682ca10214002d93bd"}]}], ["Krispy Kreme, rangkaian kedai donat antarabangsa, bermula di North Carolina; ibu pejabat syarikat berada di Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola pertama kali dihasilkan pada tahun 1898 di New Bern. Minuman ringan serantau, Cheerwine, telah diwujudkan dan masih berpusat di bandar Salisbury. Walaupun namanya, sos panas Texas Pete dicipta di North Carolina; ibu pejabatnya juga berada di Winston-Salem. Rantai makanan cepat-risa di Hardee bermula di Rocky Mount. Satu lagi rantaian makanan segera, Bojangles ', dimulakan di Charlotte, dan mempunyai ibu pejabat korporat di sana. Rangkaian restoran Carolina Utara yang popular adalah Golden Corral. Bermula pada tahun 1973, rangkaian itu diasaskan di Fayetteville, dengan ibu pejabatnya terletak di Raleigh. Jenama jeruk popular Gunung Olive Pickle Company telah diasaskan di Gunung Olive pada tahun 1926. Rantai burger santai Hwy 55 Burger, Shakes & Fries juga menjadikan rumahnya di Gunung Olive. Cook Out, sebuah rantaian makanan cepat saji yang memaparkan burger, anjing panas, dan minuman keras dalam pelbagai perisa, diasaskan di Greensboro pada tahun 1989 dan telah mula berkembang di luar North Carolina. Pada tahun 2013, Southern Living menamakan Durham - Chapel Hill sebagai \"Bandar Tastiest Selatan\". <> Krispy kreme adalah rangkaian apa jenis kedai? || donut <> Di manakah ibu pejabat Krispy kreme? || Winston-Salem <> Bilakah pepsi-Cola pertama dihasilkan? || 1898 <> Di manakah pepsi pertama dihasilkan? || New Bern <> Apa bandar Cheerwine dibuat dan berpusat di? || Salisbury", {"context": "Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company's headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink, Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters are also in Winston-Salem. The Hardee's fast-food chain was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain, Bojangles', was started in Charlotte, and has its corporate headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chain was founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located in Raleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-food chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina. In 2013, Southern Living named Durham - Chapel Hill the South's \"Tastiest City.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "doughnut"}], "question": "Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?", "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9474"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Winston-Salem"}], "question": "Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?", "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9475"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "1898"}], "question": "When was pepsi-Cola first produced?", "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9476"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "New Bern"}], "question": "Where was pepsi first produced?", "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9477"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Salisbury"}], "question": "What city was Cheerwine created and based in?", "id": "5727b52d2ca10214002d9478"}]}], ["Sepanjang dekad yang lalu, North Carolina telah menjadi pusat tumpuan kebudayaan dan penghormatan untuk wain pemenang hadiah antarabangsa (Noni Bacca Winery), keju antarabangsa yang berharga (Ashe County), \"L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, Januari 15, 2010 \"hub antarabangsa untuk truffle (Garland Truffles), dan membuat bir, kerana tanah tembakau telah ditukar kepada kebun anggur manakala undang-undang negeri mengawal kandungan alkohol dalam bir membenarkan melompat di ABV dari 6% hingga 15%. Lembah Yadkin khususnya telah menjadi pasaran pengukuhan pengeluaran anggur, sementara Asheville baru-baru ini memenangi pengiktirafan bernama 'Beer City USA.' Asheville mempunyai kilang bir terbesar per kapita di mana-mana bandar di Amerika Syarikat. Tanda-tanda bir yang diiktiraf dan dipasarkan di North Carolina termasuk Brewing Highland, Krew Arnab Duck, Brewery Mother Earth, Brewing Radish Brewing, Brewing Brewing Besar, Brewing Brewing, Syarikat Brewing Carolina, Brewing Lonerider, dan Syarikat Brewing Putih Arnab. <> Apakah kilang pemenang hadiah antarabangsa terletak di North Carolina? || Noni Bacca Winery <> Apa keju yang berharga dibuat di North Carolina? || Ashe County <> Banyak tembakau telah berubah menjadi jenis kebun apa? || anggur <> Undang-undang negeri carolina Utara membenarkan lonjakan dalam jumlah alkohol dari 6% hingga peratus? || 15%. <> Apa bandar bernama Beer City USA? || Asheville", {"context": "Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), \"L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010\" international hub for truffles (Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named 'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing, Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Noni Bacca Winery"}], "question": "What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?", "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Ashe County"}], "question": "What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?", "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "grape"}], "question": "Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?", "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "15%."}], "question": "North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?", "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Asheville"}], "question": "What city was named Beer City USA?", "id": "5727b6423acd2414000dea5d"}]}], ["Carolinians Utara menikmati rekreasi luar menggunakan pelbagai laluan basikal tempatan, 34 taman negara, dan 14 taman negara. Unit Perkhidmatan Taman Negara termasuk Scenic National Scenic Trail, Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Tapak Bersejarah Kebangsaan Carl Sandburg di Flat Rock, Tapak Bersejarah Kebangsaan Fort Raleigh di Manteo, Taman Negara Great Smoky Mountains, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park di Greensboro, Battlefield National Moores Creek berhampiran Currie di Pender County, Traj Sejarah Bersejarah Victory Overmountain, Tapak Bersejarah Nasional Old Salem di Winston-Salem, Laluan Bersejarah Negara Trail of Tears dan Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills. Hutan Nasional termasuk Hutan Nasional Uwharrie di tengah Carolina Utara, Hutan Nasional Croatan di Timur Utara Carolina, Hutan Nasional Pisgah di pergunungan utara, dan Hutan Nasional Nantahala di bahagian barat daya negara. <> Howmany taman negara berada di North Carolina? || 34 <> Berapa banyak taman negara di North Carolina? || 14 <> Di mana Hutan Negara Uwharrie terletak? || tengah Carolina Utara <> Di mana Hutan Nasional Croatan terletak? || North Carolina Utara <> Di mana Mahkamah Guilford Courthouse National Military Park? || Greensboro", {"context": "North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks. National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills. National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "34"}], "question": "Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?", "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many national parks are in North Carolina?", "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 802, "text": "central North Carolina"}], "question": "Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?", "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 853, "text": "Eastern North Carolina"}], "question": "Where is Croatan National Forest located?", "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Greensboro"}], "question": "Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park?", "id": "5727b1c23acd2414000de9f1"}]}], ["Terletak di Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, yang digabungkan dengan pangkalan berdekatan Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay dan Courthouse Bay, membentuk kepekatan terbesar Marin dan pelaut di dunia. MCAS Cherry Point adalah rumah dari Wing Aircraft Marine Wing. Terletak di Goldsboro, Pangkalan Tentera Udara Seymour Johnson adalah rumah dari Pejuang Ke-4 dan 916th Air Refueling Wing. Salah satu stesen udara tersibuk di Pengawal Pantai Amerika Syarikat terletak di Stesen Pengawal Pantai Coast di Elizabeth City. Juga ditempatkan di North Carolina ialah Terminal Lautan Tentera Sunny Point di Southport. <> Di mana terletak Camp Lejeune? || Jacksonville <> Apa itu Camp Lejeune? || Pangkalan Bas Kor Marin <> Pangkalan membentuk kepekatan marin dan kelasi di dunia terletak di bandar NC apa? || Jacksonville <> Di mana Seymour johnson pangkalan udara terletak? || Goldsboro <> Di manakah Terminal Lautan tentera Sunny Point ditempatkan? || Southport", {"context": "Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay, makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. Located in Goldsboro, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Jacksonville"}], "question": "Where is Camp Lejeune located?", "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Marine Corps Base Camp"}], "question": "What is Camp Lejeune?", "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Jacksonville"}], "question": "Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?", "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Goldsboro"}], "question": "Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?", "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 654, "text": "Southport"}], "question": "Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?", "id": "5727b8033acd2414000dea81"}]}]], [["Ketika klan Soga menguasai takhta pada abad keenam, Fujiwara pada abad kesembilan telah berkahwin dengan keluarga imperialis, dan salah satu daripada mereka adalah ketua pertama Pejabat Maharaja. Satu lagi Fujiwara menjadi bupati, Sessh\u014d untuk cucunya, kemudian maharaja kecil, dan satu lagi telah dilantik sebagai Kampaku. Menjelang akhir abad kesembilan, beberapa maharaja cuba, tetapi gagal, untuk memeriksa Fujiwara. Walau bagaimanapun, selama masa pemerintahan Maharaja Daigo (897-930), kabupaten Fujiwara telah digantung ketika ia memerintah secara langsung. <> Dalam abad apa keluarga Soga mengambil tahta? || keenam <> Seorang anggota puak apa yang menjadi ketua Pejabat Persendirian Maharaja? || Fujiwara <> Maharaja mana yang menggantung kuasa klan Fujiwara? || Daigo <> Maharaja Daigo memerintah pada tahun berapa? || 897-930", {"context": "As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sessh\u014d for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "sixth"}], "question": "In what century did the Soga family take the throne?", "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9cea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Fujiwara"}], "question": "A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?", "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9ceb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "Daigo"}], "question": "Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?", "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "897-930"}], "question": "Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?", "id": "572770c1dd62a815002e9ced"}]}], ["Tempoh Heian didahului oleh tempoh Nara dan bermula pada 794 A.D selepas pergerakan ibu kota Jepun ke Heian-ky\u014d (sekarang Ky\u014dto \u4eac\u90fd), oleh kaisar ke-50, Maharaja Kanmu. Kanmu pertama kali cuba memindahkan ibu kota ke Nagaoka-ky\u014d, tetapi serangkaian bencana menimpa kota itu, menyebabkan maharaja memindahkan ibukota kali kedua ke Heian. Tempoh Heian dianggap sebagai titik tinggi dalam budaya Jepun yang kemudiannya dikagumi oleh generasi-generasi sebelumnya. Tempoh ini juga diperhatikan untuk kebangkitan kelas samurai, yang akhirnya akan mengambil alih kuasa dan memulakan tempoh feudal Jepun. <> Apakah nama tempoh sebelum zaman Heian? || Nara <> Tempoh Heian bermula pada tahun berapa? || 794 A.D <> Apa kelas pahlawan yang meningkat semasa era Heian? || samurai <> Heian-kyo sekarang apa bandar hari ini? || Ky\u014dto <> Apakah nama maharaja yang memindahkan ibu kota Jepun ke Heian? || Kanmu", {"context": "The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-ky\u014d (present day Ky\u014dto\u4eac\u90fd), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-ky\u014d, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Nara"}], "question": "What was the name of the period before the Heian era?", "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "794 A.D"}], "question": "The Heian period began in what year?", "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "samurai"}], "question": "What warrior class rose during the Heian era?", "id": "57276c565951b619008f89a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Ky\u014dto"}], "question": "Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?", "id": "57276c565951b619008f89aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Kanmu"}], "question": "What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?", "id": "57276c565951b619008f89ab"}]}], ["Tempoh Heian (\u5e73\u5b89 \u6642\u4ee3, Heian jidai?) Ialah pembahagian terakhir sejarah Jepun klasik, yang berlari dari 794 hingga 1185. Tempoh ini dinamakan sempena ibu kota Heian-ky\u014d, atau Ky\u014dto moden. Ia adalah tempoh dalam sejarah Jepun apabila Buddhisme, Taoisme dan pengaruh China lain berada pada tahap tinggi. Tempoh Heian juga dianggap sebagai puncak mahkamah kekaisaran Jepun dan terkenal dengan seninya, terutamanya puisi dan kesusasteraan. Walaupun Imperial House of Japan mempunyai kuasa di permukaan, kuasa sebenar berada di tangan klan Fujiwara, keluarga bangsawan yang kuat yang telah berkahwin dengan keluarga imperialis. Ramai maharaja sebenarnya mempunyai ibu dari keluarga Fujiwara. Heian (\u5e73\u5b89?) Bermaksud \"damai\" dalam bahasa Jepun. <> Apakah nama sejarah Jepun klasik yang terakhir? || Heian <> Tempoh Heian dinamakan selepas bandar apa? || Heian-ky\u014d <> Apa maksud heian dalam bahasa Jepun? || keamanan <> Apakah nama klan yang terkenal semasa tempoh Heian? || Fujiwara <> Tempoh Heian dikenali dengan apa jenis seni? || puisi dan kesusasteraan", {"context": "The Heian period (\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-ky\u014d, or modern Ky\u014dto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (\u5e73\u5b89?) means \"peace\" in Japanese.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Heian"}], "question": "What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?", "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Heian-ky\u014d"}], "question": "The Heian period is named after what city?", "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "peace"}], "question": "What does heian mean in Japanese?", "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Fujiwara"}], "question": "What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?", "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "poetry and literature"}], "question": "The Heian period was known for what types of art?", "id": "57276b5b708984140094dd39"}]}], ["Walaupun Kammu telah melepaskan pengikraran sejagat pada tahun 792, dia masih melancarkan serangan ketenteraan utama untuk menundukkan Emishi, keturunan yang mungkin dari J\u014dmon yang berpindah, tinggal di utara dan timur Jepun. Selepas membuat keuntungan sementara pada tahun 794, pada tahun 797 Kammu melantik seorang komandan baru, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, di bawah tajuk Sei-i Taish\u014dgun (Generalissimo yang menentang Barbarian). Menjelang 801 shogun telah mengalahkan Emishi dan telah memperluaskan domain imperialis ke hujung timur Honsh\u016b. Walau bagaimanapun, kawalan ke atas wilayah kerajaan adalah lemah. Pada abad kesembilan dan kesepuluh, banyak kuasa hilang kepada keluarga besar, yang mengabaikan tanah gaya Cina dan sistem cukai yang dikenakan oleh kerajaan di Kyoto. Kestabilan datang ke Jepun, tetapi, walaupun penggantian telah dipastikan untuk keluarga imperialis melalui keturunan, kuasa sekali lagi tertumpu di tangan seorang keluarga bangsawan, Fujiwara yang juga membantu Jepun mengembangkan lebih banyak. <> Apakah nama keturunan J\u014dmon mungkin? || Emishi <> Apa nama komander baru Kanmu yang dilantik pada tahun 797? || Sakanoue no Tamuramaro <> Apakah tajuk ketenteraan Tamuramaro? || Sei-i Taish\u014dgun <> The Emishi telah dikalahkan dalam tahun berapa? || 801 <> Ibukota empayar dilanjutkan ke pinggir timur di mana pulau Jepun? || Honsh\u016b", {"context": "Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced J\u014dmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taish\u014dgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honsh\u016b. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Emishi"}], "question": "What was the name of the possible descendants of J\u014dmon?", "id": "57276f50708984140094dd81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Sakanoue no Tamuramaro"}], "question": "What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?", "id": "57276f50708984140094dd82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Sei-i Taish\u014dgun"}], "question": "What was Tamuramaro's military title?", "id": "57276f50708984140094dd83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "801"}], "question": "The Emishi were defeated in what year?", "id": "57276f50708984140094dd84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Honsh\u016b"}], "question": "The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?", "id": "57276f50708984140094dd85"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, Fujiwara tidak diturunkan oleh Daigo tetapi sebenarnya menjadi lebih kuat semasa pemerintahannya. Kawalan pusat Jepun terus menurun, dan Fujiwara, bersama dengan keluarga besar dan asas agama lain, memperoleh sh\u014den yang lebih besar dan kekayaan yang lebih besar pada awal abad kesepuluh. Pada masa awal Heian, sh\u014den telah memperoleh status undang-undang, dan pertubuhan keagamaan yang besar mencari gelaran yang jelas selama-lamanya, pengecualian cukai, dan kekebalan dari pemeriksaan pemerintahan sh\u014den yang mereka pegang. Orang-orang yang bekerja di tanah itu mendapati ia berupaya untuk memindahkan tajuk kepada pemegang sh\u014den sebagai balasan bagi bahagian tuaian. Orang ramai dan tanah semakin melampaui kawalan dan perpajakan pusat, suatu keadaan kembali ke keadaan sebelum Reformasi Taika. <> Jenis harta yang diperoleh status undang-undang semasa tempoh Heian awal? || sh\u014den <> Buruh ladang menjual tajuk untuk pemegang saham sebagai pertukaran untuk apa? || bahagian tuaian <> Fujiwara dan keluarga bangsawan lain menjadi kaya selama abad ini? || awal abad kesepuluh", {"context": "Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger sh\u014den and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early Heian period, the sh\u014den had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the sh\u014den they held. Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to sh\u014den holders in return for a share of the harvest. People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation, a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "sh\u014den"}], "question": "What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?", "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "a share of the harvest"}], "question": "Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?", "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "early tenth century"}], "question": "The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?", "id": "5727728edd62a815002e9d10"}]}], ["Apabila budaya berkembang, begitu juga dengan desentralisasi. Sedangkan fase pertama sh\u014den pembangunan pada awal tempoh Heian telah melihat pembukaan tanah-tanah baru dan pemberian penggunaan tanah untuk aristokrat dan institusi keagamaan, fase kedua menyaksikan pertumbuhan \"rumah kerajaan\" patrimonial seperti sistem klan. (Sebenarnya, bentuk sistem klan lama masih utuh di dalam kerajaan berpusat lama yang lama.) Institusi baru kini diperlukan dalam menghadapi perubahan sosial, ekonomi, dan politik. Kod Taih\u014d berlalu, institusinya diturunkan kepada fungsi upacara. Pentadbiran keluarga kini menjadi institusi awam. Sebagai keluarga yang paling berkuasa, Fujiwara memerintah Jepun dan menentukan hal ehwal umum negara, seperti penggantian takhta. Keluarga dan hal ehwal negara telah digabungkan secara menyeluruh, pola yang diikuti antara keluarga-keluarga lain, biara-biara, dan juga keluarga imperialis. Pengurusan tanah menjadi pendudukan utama kaum bangsawan, tidak banyak kerana kawalan langsung oleh keluarga kerajaan atau kerajaan pusat telah merosot tetapi lebih banyak daripada perpaduan keluarga yang kuat dan kekurangan rasa sebagai negara Jepun. <> Apa yang menjadi pendudukan utama bangsawan? || Pengurusan tanah <> Apa yang berlaku semasa fasa kedua perkembangan shoen? || \"kerajaan rumah,\" <> Apa penyusunan semula kerajaan yang luput dalam tempoh perkembangan shoen? || Taih\u014d Code <> Penggantian takhta ditentukan oleh puak apa? || Fujiwara", {"context": "As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of sh\u014den development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial \"house governments,\" as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taih\u014d Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 936, "text": "Land management"}], "question": "What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?", "id": "572774bf708984140094de11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "\"house governments,\""}], "question": "What grew during the second phase of shoen development?", "id": "572774bf708984140094de12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "Taih\u014d Code"}], "question": "What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?", "id": "572774bf708984140094de13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 696, "text": "Fujiwara"}], "question": "Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?", "id": "572774bf708984140094de14"}]}], ["Secara kebetulan, kedaulatan terletak pada maharaja tetapi pada hakikatnya kuasa telah digerakkan oleh bangsawan Fujiwara. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk melindungi kepentingan mereka di wilayah-wilayah, Fujiwara dan keluarga bangsawan lain memerlukan pengawal, polis dan askar. Kelas pahlawan membuat keuntungan politik mantap sepanjang tempoh Heian. Seawal 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado mengancam kuasa kerajaan pusat, yang membawa pemberontakan di wilayah Hitachi timur, dan hampir serentak, Fujiwara no Sumitomo memberontak di barat. Namun, pengambilalihan tentera sejati kerajaan Jepun telah berabad-abad lamanya, apabila banyak kekuatan kerajaan akan terletak di dalam tentera swasta syogun. <> Apa keluarga bangsawan yang menggunakan kuasa semasa tempoh Heian? || Fujiwara <> Yang mengancam pihak berkuasa kerajaan pusat Jepun? || Taira no Masakado <> Masakado membawa pemberontakan di wilayah apa? || Hitachi <> Apakah ahli keluarga Fujiwara memberontak di barat Jepun? || Fujiwara no Sumitomo <> Pada tahun apakah Masakado memulakan pemberontakannya? || 939 A.D", {"context": "Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Fujiwara"}], "question": "What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?", "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Taira no Masakado"}], "question": "Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?", "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9c9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Hitachi"}], "question": "Masakado led an uprising in what province?", "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "Fujiwara no Sumitomo"}], "question": "What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?", "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "939 A.D"}], "question": "In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?", "id": "57276d6add62a815002e9ca2"}]}], ["Berikutan kematian Kammu pada tahun 806 dan perjuangan penggantian di antara anak-anaknya, dua pejabat baru ditubuhkan dalam usaha menyesuaikan struktur pentadbiran Taika-Taih\u014d. Melalui Pejabat Persendirian Maharaja yang baru, maharaja boleh mengeluarkan perintah pentadbiran secara lebih langsung dan dengan jaminan lebih banyak daripada sebelumnya. Lembaga Polis Metropolitan yang baru menggantikan unit penjaga imperial yang paling seronok. Walaupun kedua-dua pejabat ini memperkuat kedudukan maharaja buat sementara waktu, tidak lama kemudian mereka dan struktur gaya Cina yang lain telah dilalui di negara membangun. Pada tahun 838, misi imperial yang disahkan kepada Tang China, yang bermula pada 630, menandakan berakhirnya pengaruh pengaruh China. Tang China berada dalam keadaan penurunan, dan Buddha Buddha telah dianiaya dengan teruk, merendahkan kehormatan Jepun untuk institusi Cina. Jepun mula masuk ke dalam. <> Pada tahun apakah Maharaja Kanmu mati? || 806 <> Pejabat apa yang menggantikan pengawal imperialis? || Lembaga Polis Metropolitan <> Pejabat baru apa yang membenarkan kerajaan mengeluarkan perintah pentadbiran lebih cepat? || Pejabat Persendirian Maharaja <> Tang pengaruh China terhadap Jepun berakhir pada tahun apa? || 838", {"context": "Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taih\u014d administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units. While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state. In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. Japan began to turn inward.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "806"}], "question": "In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?", "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Metropolitan Police Board"}], "question": "What office replaced the imperial guards?", "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Emperor's Private Office"}], "question": "What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?", "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "838"}], "question": "Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?", "id": "57277029dd62a815002e9ce5"}]}], ["Apabila Maharaja Kammu memindahkan ibu kota ke Heian-ky\u014d (Ky\u014dto), yang kekal sebagai ibu kota kerajaan untuk 1,000 tahun yang akan datang, beliau tidak hanya menguatkan kekuasaan empayar tetapi juga memperbaiki kerusi pemerintahannya secara geopolitik. Nara ditinggalkan selepas hanya 70 tahun sebahagiannya disebabkan oleh pencapaian D\u014dky\u014d dan kekuatan sekular institusi-institusi Buddhis di sana. Ky\u014dto mempunyai akses sungai yang baik ke laut dan boleh dicapai melalui laluan darat dari wilayah timur. Tempoh Heian awal (784-967) meneruskan budaya Nara; ibukota Heian dipolitasikan di ibukota Tang China di Chang'an, seperti Nara, tetapi pada skala yang lebih besar daripada Nara. Kammu berusaha untuk memperbaiki sistem pentadbiran gaya Tang yang sedang digunakan. Dikenali sebagai ritsury\u014d, sistem ini cuba mencipta semula imperium Tang di Jepun, walaupun \"perbezaan yang besar dalam tahap pembangunan di antara kedua-dua negara\". Walaupun kemerosotan pembaharuan Taika-Taih\u014d, kerajaan kerajaan sangat kuat semasa tempoh Heian awal. Sesungguhnya, penyingkiran Kammu terhadap pembaharuan drastik menurunkan kekuatan perjuangan politik, dan dia diiktiraf sebagai salah satu maharaja yang paling kuat di Jepun. <> Heian adalah modal Jepun selama berapa tahun? || 1,000 <> Nara adalah mantan modal untuk berapa tahun? || 70 <> Agama apakah yang popular di Nara? || Buddha <> Apa tempoh waktu adalah era awal Heian? || 784-967 <> Kanmu memodelkan kerajaannya selepas apa modal Cina? || Tang", {"context": "When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-ky\u014d (Ky\u014dto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of D\u014dky\u014d and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. Ky\u014dto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. The early Heian period (784\u2013967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. Kammu endeavoured to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. Known as the ritsury\u014d, this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan, despite the \"tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries\". Despite the decline of the Taika-Taih\u014d reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "1,000"}], "question": "Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?", "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "70"}], "question": "Nara was the former capital for how many years?", "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Buddhist"}], "question": "What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?", "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "784\u2013967"}], "question": "What time period was the early Heian era?", "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Tang"}], "question": "Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?", "id": "57276e51708984140094dd5f"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat perampasan kuasa empayar, Fujiwara memimpin masa berbunga budaya dan artistik di mahkamah kekaisaran dan di kalangan bangsawan. Terdapat minat yang besar dalam sastera anggun dan sastera vernakular. Dua jenis skrip Jepun fonetik: katakana, skrip ringkas yang dibangunkan dengan menggunakan bahagian-bahagian aksara Cina, disingkat hiragana, silabik kursif dengan kaedah penulisan yang unik yang unik Jepun. Hiragana memberikan ekspresi tertulis kepada kata-kata yang dituturkan dan, dengan itu, dengan peningkatan kesusasteraan vernakular yang terkenal di Jepun, sebahagian besarnya ditulis oleh wanita pengadilan yang tidak dilatih dalam bahasa Cina seperti orang-orang lelaki mereka. Tiga wanita abad ke-10 dan awal abad kesebelas menyampaikan pandangan hidup dan romantik mereka di mahkamah Heian di Kager\u014d Nikki oleh \"ibu Fujiwara Michitsuna\", Buku Bantal oleh Sei Sh\u014dnagon dan The Tale of Genji oleh Murasaki Shikibu. Seni pribumi juga berkembang di bawah Fujiwara selepas berabad-abad meniru bentuk Cina. Lukisan gaya yamato-e yang terang, lukisan gaya Jepun kehidupan mahkamah dan cerita mengenai kuil dan kuil menjadi biasa pada zaman Heian pertengahan dan lewat, menetapkan corak seni Jepun hingga ke hari ini. <> Skrip apa yang dibangunkan dengan bahagian-bahagian aksara Cina? || katakana <> Apa nama skrip kursif yang memberi ungkapan kepada kata-kata yang diucapkan? || hiragana <> Siapakah pengarang The The Pillow Book? || Sei Sh\u014dnagon <> Siapakah pengarang The Tale of Genji? || Murasaki Shikibu <> Apa nama lukisan berwarna terang yang menggambarkan kehidupan mahkamah? || yamato-e", {"context": "Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters, was abbreviated to hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese. Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and, with it, to the rise in Japan's famous vernacular literature, much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts. Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kager\u014d Nikki by \"the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna\", The Pillow Book by Sei Sh\u014dnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid- and late Heian periods, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "katakana"}], "question": "What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?", "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "hiragana"}], "question": "What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?", "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon"}], "question": "Who is the author of The Pillow Book?", "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 926, "text": "Murasaki Shikibu"}], "question": "Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?", "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1054, "text": "yamato-e"}], "question": "What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?", "id": "5727738edd62a815002e9d32"}]}], ["Pemegang Sh\u014den mempunyai akses kepada tenaga manusia dan, kerana mereka memperoleh teknologi tentera yang lebih baik (seperti kaedah latihan baru, busur yang lebih kuat, perisai, kuda, dan pedang unggul) dan menghadapi keadaan tempatan yang semakin buruk pada abad kesembilan, perkhidmatan ketenteraan menjadi sebahagian daripada kehidupan sh\u014den . Bukan hanya sh\u014den tetapi juga institusi sivil dan agama membentuk unit pengawal peribadi untuk melindungi diri mereka sendiri. Secara beransur-ansur, kelas atas provinsi diubah menjadi elit ketenteraan baru berdasarkan cita-cita bushi (prajurit) atau samurai (secara harfiah, yang melayani). <> Siapa yang telah meningkatkan akses kepada teknologi ketenteraan yang lebih baik? || Pemegang Sh\u014den <> Institusi mana yang juga mengupah pengawal peribadi untuk perlindungan? || sivil dan agama <> Kelas mana yang menjadi elit tentera baru? || kelas atas wilayah <> Apa maksud perkataan \"bushi\"? || pahlawan", {"context": "Sh\u014den holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of sh\u014den life. Not only the sh\u014den but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sh\u014den holders"}], "question": "Who had increased access to better military technology?", "id": "572777c4708984140094de5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "civil and religious"}], "question": "Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?", "id": "572777c4708984140094de60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "provincial upper class"}], "question": "Which class became a new military elite?", "id": "572777c4708984140094de61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "warrior"}], "question": "What does the word \"bushi\" mean?", "id": "572777c4708984140094de62"}]}], ["Kepentingan Bushi adalah pelbagai, memotong struktur kuasa lama untuk membentuk persatuan baru pada abad kesepuluh. Kepentingan bersama, hubungan keluarga dan persaudaraan disatukan dalam kumpulan ketenteraan yang menjadi sebahagian daripada pentadbiran keluarga. Pada waktunya, keluarga ketenteraan serantau yang besar dibentuk di sekitar ahli bangsawan mahkamah yang telah menjadi tokoh provinsi yang terkenal. Keluarga ketenteraan ini mendapat prestij dari sambungan ke mahkamah kekaisaran dan hak milik tentera yang diberi kuasa dan akses kepada tenaga manusia. Keluarga Fujiwara, klan Taira, dan klan Minamoto adalah antara keluarga yang paling menonjol yang disokong oleh kelas tentera baru. <> Bushi membentuk persatuan baru dalam abad apa? || kesepuluh <> Bagaimana keluarga ketenteraan mendapat prestij? || sambungan ke mahkamah kekaisaran <> Siapa tiga keluarga terkemuka ketika bangkitnya kelas pahlawan? || Keluarga Fujiwara, klan Taira, dan klan Minamoto", {"context": "Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "tenth"}], "question": "Bushi formed new associations in what century?", "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "connections to the imperial court"}], "question": "How did military families gain prestige?", "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan"}], "question": "Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?", "id": "572778285951b619008f8aa9"}]}], ["Perjuangan untuk berturut-turut pada pertengahan abad ke-12 memberi Fujiwara peluang untuk mendapatkan semula kuasa bekas mereka. Fujiwara no Yorinaga memihak kepada maharaja bersara dalam pertempuran yang ganas pada tahun 1156 terhadap penyair yang disokong oleh Taira dan Minamoto (Pemberontakan H\u014dgen). Akhirnya, Fujiwara dimusnahkan, sistem pemerintahan yang lama digantikan, dan sistem insei meninggalkan kuasa tanpa bushi mengambil alih urusan mahkamah, menandakan titik perubahan dalam sejarah Jepun. Pada tahun 1159, Taira dan Minamoto bertarung (Pemberontakan Heiji), dan tempoh dua puluh tahun keaslian Taira bermula. <> Apakah ahli Fujiwara cuba memberontak pada pertengahan abad ke-12? || Fujiwara no Yorinaga <> Pertempuran apa yang menyebabkan kemusnahan Fujiwara? || H\u014dgen Pemberontakan <> Klan apa yang berperang semasa Pemberontakan Heiji? || Taira dan Minamoto <> Pada tahun apakah terjadi Pemberontakan Heiji? || 1159 <> Selepas pemberontakan Heiji, apa klan yang bertambah kuat? || Taira", {"context": "A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (H\u014dgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Fujiwara no Yorinaga"}], "question": "What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?", "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f962"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "H\u014dgen Rebellion"}], "question": "What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?", "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Taira and Minamoto"}], "question": "What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?", "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "1159"}], "question": "In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?", "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Taira"}], "question": "After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?", "id": "57277bc0f1498d1400e8f966"}]}], ["The In-no-cho memenuhi kekosongan yang ditinggalkan oleh penurunan kuasa Fujiwara. Daripada dibuang, Fujiwara kebanyakannya ditahan dalam jawatan lama diktator dan menteri pusat mereka ketika sedang dilewati dalam membuat keputusan. Pada waktunya, banyak Fujiwara diganti, kebanyakannya oleh anggota keluarga Minamoto yang semakin meningkat. Walaupun Fujiwara jatuh ke dalam perselisihan di antara mereka dan membentuk puak-puak utara dan selatan, sistem insei membenarkan garis keturunan keluarga imperialis untuk mempengaruhi pengaruh tahta. Tempoh dari 1086 hingga 1156 adalah zaman keunggulan In-no-cho dan kebangkitan kelas ketenteraan di seluruh negara. Tentera mungkin bukannya pihak berkuasa sivil yang menguasai kerajaan. <> Penurunan kuasa kerajaan Fujiwara telah dipenuhi oleh apa? || In-no-cho <> Ahli-ahli puak mana secara beransur-ansur menggantikan Fujiwaras? || Minamoto <> Apa yang membenarkan garis keturunan keluarga imperial mendapat pengaruh ke atas keturunan diraja? || sistem insei <> In-no-cho menonjol semasa tahun-tahun? || 1086 hingga 1156", {"context": "The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "In-no-cho"}], "question": "The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?", "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Minamoto"}], "question": "The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?", "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "insei system"}], "question": "What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?", "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "1086 to 1156"}], "question": "The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?", "id": "57277a50dd62a815002e9e03"}]}], ["Dengan Yoritomo tegas, sistem bakufu yang akan mengawal Jepun selama tujuh abad akan datang. Dia melantik gabenor tentera, atau daimyos, untuk memerintah wilayah, dan pelayan, atau jito untuk mengawasi ladang-ladang awam dan swasta. Yoritomo kemudian mengalihkan perhatiannya kepada penghapusan keluarga Fujiwara yang berkuasa, yang melindungi saudara lelakinya Yoshitsune. Tiga tahun kemudian, beliau telah dilantik sebagai shogun di Kyoto. Satu tahun sebelum kematiannya pada tahun 1199, Yoritomo mengusir maharaja remaja Go-Toba dari takhta. Dua anak lelaki Go-Toba berjaya menggantikannya, tetapi mereka juga akan dikeluarkan oleh pengganti Yoritomo kepada shogunate. <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan gabenor ketenteraan? || daimyos <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan penyelia ladang? || jito <> Apakah nama maharaja yang dikeluarkan Yoritomo dari takhta? || Go-Toba", {"context": "With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "daimyos"}], "question": "What was the term used to describe military governors?", "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "jito"}], "question": "What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?", "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "Go-Toba"}], "question": "What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?", "id": "57277d9df1498d1400e8f9a6"}]}], ["Puisi, khususnya, adalah ruji kehidupan mahkamah. Nobles dan wanita dalam menunggu dijangka menjadi mahir dalam seni menulis puisi sebagai tanda status mereka. Setiap kesempatan boleh memanggil penulisan ayat, dari kelahiran seorang anak kepada penobatan seorang maharaja, atau adegan alam semula jadi yang cantik. Puisi yang ditulis dengan baik atau haiku dengan mudah boleh membuat atau memecahkan reputasi seseorang, dan sering merupakan bahagian utama interaksi sosial. Paling penting adalah pilihan kaligrafi, atau tulisan tangan, digunakan. Orang Jepun zaman ini percaya tulisan tangan dapat mencerminkan keadaan jiwa seseorang: oleh sebab itu, penulisan yang buruk atau tergesa-gesa dapat dianggap sebagai tanda pembiakan yang buruk. Sama ada skrip itu adalah bahasa Cina atau Jepun, penulisan yang baik dan kemahiran artistik sangat penting untuk reputasi sosial apabila ia datang kepada puisi. Sei Shonagon menyebut dalam Buku Bantal bahawa ketika seorang mahkamah tertentu cuba meminta nasihatnya tentang cara menulis puisi ke permaisuri Sadako, dia harus sopan menegurnya kerana tulisannya sangat miskin. <> Apa artform menjadi tanda status di mahkamah? || puisi <> Semasa zaman Heian, apa yang orang Jepun fikir dapat mencerminkan jiwa seseorang? || tulisan tangan <> Apa yang dikatakan menunjukkan status rendah atau \"pembiakan miskin\"? || tulisan miskin atau terburu-buru", {"context": "Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "poetry"}], "question": "What artform became a mark of status in the courts?", "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "handwriting"}], "question": "During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?", "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "poor or hasty writing"}], "question": "What was said to show low status or \"poor breeding\"?", "id": "57277f26f1498d1400e8f9e4"}]}], ["Taira Kiyomori muncul sebagai kuasa sebenar di Jepun berikutan kemusnahan Minamoto, dan dia akan tetap berkuasa selama 20 tahun ke depan. Dia memberi anak perempuannya Tokuko dalam perkahwinan dengan maharaja muda, Takakura, yang meninggal dunia pada 19 tahun, meninggalkan anak lelaki mereka, Antoku untuk berjaya menjadi takhta. Kiyomori mengisi tidak kurang dari 50 jawatan kerajaan dengan saudara-saudaranya, membina semula Laut Dalam, dan menggalakkan perdagangan dengan Sung China. Dia juga mengambil tindakan agresif untuk menjaga kekuatannya apabila perlu, termasuk penghapusan dan pengasingan 45 pegawai pengadilan dan penghinaan dua kuil yang menyusahkan, Todai-ji dan Kofuku-ji. <> Apa komander tentera mendapat kuasa selepas kejatuhan klan Minamoto? || Taira Kiyomori <> Berapa Lama Kaisar Takakura ketika dia meninggal? || 19 <> Apa nama pengganti Takakura? || Antoku <> Kiyomori menghapuskan berapa ramai pegawai istana untuk melindungi kekuasaannya? || 45 <> Apa nama-nama kuil yang dibinasakan Kiyomori? || Todai-ji dan Kofuku-ji", {"context": "Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Taira Kiyomori"}], "question": "What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?", "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "19"}], "question": "How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?", "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "Antoku"}], "question": "What was the name of Takakura's successor?", "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "45"}], "question": "Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?", "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji"}], "question": "What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?", "id": "57277d075951b619008f8b3d"}]}], ["Fujiwara menguasai tahta hingga pemerintahan Maharaja Go-Sanj\u014d (1068-1073), kaisar pertama yang tidak dilahirkan dari ibu Fujiwara sejak abad kesembilan. Go-Sanjo, bertekad untuk memulihkan kawalan empayar melalui peraturan peribadi yang kuat, melaksanakan pembaharuan untuk mengekang pengaruh Fujiwara. Beliau juga menubuhkan sebuah pejabat untuk menyusun dan mengesahkan rekod estet dengan tujuan menegaskan kawalan pusat. Banyak sh\u014den tidak diperakui dengan betul, dan pemilik tanah besar, seperti Fujiwara, merasa terancam kehilangan tanah mereka. Go-Sanjo juga menubuhkan In-no-cho (jawatan: \u9662 \u5e81 Pejabat Kaisar Terpencar), yang dipegang oleh pengganti maharaja yang menyerahkan diri kepada pentadbiran di belakang, atau insei. <> Siapa yang pertama bukan Maharaja Fujiwara sejak abad kesembilan? || Go-Sanj\u014d <> Siapa yang melaksanakan pembaharuan untuk mengurangkan pengaruh Fujiwara ke atas kerajaan? || Go-Sanj\u014d <> Istilah apa yang digunakan di belakang pentadbiran adegan? || insei", {"context": "The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanj\u014d (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many sh\u014den were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:\u9662\u5e81 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Go-Sanj\u014d"}], "question": "Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?", "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f912"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Go-Sanj\u014d"}], "question": "Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?", "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f913"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 722, "text": "insei"}], "question": "What term was used for behind the scenes governance?", "id": "572779a3f1498d1400e8f914"}]}], ["Di bawah pengadilan awal, ketika pengunduran militer telah dikendalikan secara terpusat, urusan militer telah diambil dari tangan bangsawan provinsi. Tetapi apabila sistem itu runtuh selepas 792, pemegang kuasa tempatan sekali lagi menjadi sumber kekuatan ketenteraan. Penubuhan semula sistem ketenteraan yang cekap dibuat secara beransur-ansur melalui proses percubaan dan kesilapan. Pada masa itu mahkamah empayar tidak mempunyai tentera tetapi bergantung kepada organisasi pahlawan profesional yang terdiri terutamanya dari oryoshi, yang dilantik ke wilayah individu dan tsuibushi, yang dilantik di atas litar imperial atau untuk tugas-tugas tertentu. Ini menimbulkan kelas ketenteraan Jepun. Walau bagaimanapun, pihak berkuasa akhir bersara dengan mahkamah kekaisaran. <> Pengadilan ketenteraan awal telah runtuh sekitar tahun apa? || 792 <> Warriors dilantik ke sebuah wilayah dipanggil apa? || oryoshi <> Warriors yang dilantik untuk tugas tertentu dipanggil apa? || tsuibushi <> Di manakah kuasa akhir atas kebohongan tentera? || mahkamah kekaisaran", {"context": "Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "792"}], "question": "The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?", "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "oryoshi"}], "question": "Warriors appointed to a province were called what?", "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 583, "text": "tsuibushi"}], "question": "Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?", "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 752, "text": "imperial court"}], "question": "Where did final authority over the military lie?", "id": "5727756af1498d1400e8f8a5"}]}], ["Buddhisme mula menyebar ke seluruh Jepun semasa zaman Heian, terutama melalui dua mazhab golongan utama, Tendai dan Shingon. Tendai berasal dari China dan berasaskan Lotus Sutra, salah satu sutra terpenting dari Buddhisme Mahayana; Saich\u014d adalah kunci penghantaran ke Jepun. Shingon adalah penghantaran Jepun dari sekolah Cina Chen Yen. Shingon, dibawa ke Jepun oleh sami K\u016bkai, menekankan Buddhisme Esoterik. Kedua-dua K\u016bkai dan Saich\u014d bertujuan untuk menghubungkan negara dan agama dan menegakkan sokongan dari bangsawan, yang membawa kepada pengertian 'Buddhisme bangsawan'. Elemen penting doktrin Tendai adalah cadangan bahawa pencerahan dapat diakses oleh \"setiap makhluk\". Saich\u014d juga memohon pentahbisan secara bebas untuk para biarawan Tendai. Hubungan erat dibangun di antara kompleks biara Tendai di Gunung Hiei dan mahkamah empayar di ibu negara baru di kaki gunung. Akibatnya, Tendai menekankan penghormatan yang besar kepada maharaja dan negara. Kammu sendiri adalah penaung yang terkenal dari mazhab Tendai yang lain, yang meningkat menjadi kuasa besar sejak berabad-abad lamanya. K\u016bkai sangat kagum kepada maharaja yang berjaya Maharaja Kammu, dan juga generasi Jepun, bukan hanya dengan kesuciannya tetapi juga dengan puisi, kaligrafi, lukisan, dan patungnya. Shingon, melalui penggunaannya \"simbol kaya, ritual dan mandalas\" mengadakan rayuan yang luas. <> Apa agama tersebar semasa tempoh Heian? || Buddhisme <> Apakah dua agama Buddha Buddha? || Tendai dan Shingon <> Siapa yang membawa Shingon Buddhisme ke Jepun? || K\u016bkai <> Buddhisme Tendai mencadangkan bahawa pencerahan dapat diakses oleh siapa? || setiap makhluk", {"context": "Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saich\u014d was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk K\u016bkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both K\u016bkai and Saich\u014d aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to \"every creature\". Saich\u014d also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. K\u016bkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of \"rich symbols, rituals and mandalas\" held a wide-ranging appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Buddhism"}], "question": "What religion spread during the Heian period?", "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Tendai and Shingon"}], "question": "What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?", "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "K\u016bkai"}], "question": "Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?", "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "every creature"}], "question": "Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?", "id": "57277e54f1498d1400e8f9bf"}]}], ["Permainan Perang Jumlah: Shogun 2 mempunyai kemuncak pek pengembangan Samurai sebagai kempen yang boleh dimuat turun. Ia membolehkan pemain untuk membuat versi sendiri Perang Gempei yang berlaku semasa tempoh Heian. Pemain ini mampu memilih salah satu keluarga paling kuat di Jepun pada masa itu, Taira, Minamoto atau Fujiwara; setiap keluarga meletakkan dua cawangan untuk sejumlah enam puak dimainkan. Pek pengembangan mempunyai satu set unit tanah, kapal dan bangunan yang berbeza dan juga dimainkan dalam mod berbilang pemain. <> Permainan Jumlah Perang mana yang telah ditetapkan dalam tempoh Heian? || Shogun 2 <> Keluarga apa yang dapat dimainkan dalam Perang Jumlah: Shogun 2? || Taira, Minamoto atau Fujiwara <> Kebangkitan ekspansi Samurai untuk Perang Jumlah: Shogun 2 menggambarkan peperangan semasa tempoh Heian? || Perang Gempei", {"context": "The game Total War: Shogun 2 has the Rise of the Samurai expansion pack as downloadable campaign. It allows the player to make their own version of the Gempei War which happened during the Heian period. The player is able to choose one of the most powerful families of Japan at the time, the Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara; each family fielding two branches for a total of six playable clans. The expansion pack features a different set of land units, ships and buildings and is also playable in the multiplayer modes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Shogun 2"}], "question": "Which Total War game has an expansion set during the Heian period?", "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Taira, Minamoto or Fujiwara"}], "question": "What families are playable characters in Total War: Shogun 2?", "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Gempei War"}], "question": "The Rise of the Samurai expansion for Total War: Shogun 2 depicts which war during the Heian period?", "id": "572784b4f1498d1400e8fa92"}]}], ["Para penguasa Fujiwara gagal mempertahankan pasukan polis yang mencukupi, yang menyebabkan perompak bebas untuk menjadi mangsa kepada pelancong. Ini secara tersirat digambarkan dalam novel oleh keganasan bahawa perjalanan malam diilhami dalam watak-watak utama. Sistem sh\u014den membolehkan pengumpulan kekayaan oleh elit bangsawan; Lebihan ekonomi boleh dikaitkan dengan perkembangan budaya zaman Heian dan \"mengejar kesenian\". Kuil Buddha utama di Heian-ky\u014d dan Nara juga menggunakan sh\u014den. Penubuhan cawangan rapi dan integrasi sesetengah kuil Shinto dalam rangkaian kuil ini mencerminkan \"dinamik organisasional\" yang lebih besar. <> Kuil-kuil Buddha di mana dua bandar menggunakan sistem shoen? || Heian-ky\u014d dan Nara <> Mengapa pelancong sering dirompak di bawah peraturan Fujiwara? || Para penguasa Fujiwara gagal mempertahankan pasukan polis yang mencukupi <> Pengintegrasian kuil Shinto ke cawangan kerajaan mencerminkan apa yang lebih besar? || dinamisme organisasi", {"context": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The sh\u014den system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the \"pursuit of arts\". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-ky\u014d and Nara also made use of the sh\u014den. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater \"organizational dynamism\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Heian-ky\u014d and Nara"}], "question": "Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?", "id": "57278381708984140094dfb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces"}], "question": "Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?", "id": "57278381708984140094dfb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "organizational dynamism"}], "question": "The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?", "id": "57278381708984140094dfb9"}]}], ["Lirik lagu kebangsaan Jepun moden, Kimi ga Yo, ditulis dalam tempoh Heian, seperti The Tale of Genji oleh Murasaki Shikibu, salah satu novel pertama yang pernah ditulis. Pemerhatian Murasaki Shikibu dan saingan kontemporari dan saingan Murasaki Shikibu sebagai pembantu di mahkamah Empress telah direkodkan secara kolektif sebagai Buku Bantal pada tahun 990, yang menunjukkan gaya hidup modal yang mencukupi. Tempoh Heian menghasilkan bunga puisi termasuk karya Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigy\u014d dan Fujiwara no Teika. Puisi Jepun terkenal yang dikenali sebagai Iroha (\u3044 \u308d \u306f), pengarang tidak pasti, juga ditulis semasa tempoh Heian. <> Apakah nama lagu kebangsaan Jepun? || Kimi ga Yo <> Apa sajak yang terkenal dengan penulis yang tidak diketahui ditulis pada tempoh Heian? || Iroha <> The Pillow Book adalah koleksi yang mengamati pengadilan istana? || Sei Sh\u014dnagon", {"context": "The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Sh\u014dnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigy\u014d and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (\u3044\u308d\u306f), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Kimi ga Yo"}], "question": "What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?", "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Iroha"}], "question": "What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?", "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Sei Sh\u014dnagon"}], "question": "The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?", "id": "572781abf1498d1400e8fa28"}]}], ["Walaupun di satu pihak tempoh Heian adalah tempoh perdamaian yang luar biasa, ia juga boleh dikatakan bahawa tempoh itu melemahkan Jepun secara ekonomi dan menyebabkan kemiskinan untuk semua tetapi sedikit penduduknya. Kawalan sawah memberi sumber pendapatan utama untuk keluarga seperti Fujiwara dan merupakan asas asas untuk kuasa mereka. Penerima aristokrat budaya Heian, Ry\u014dmin (\u826f\u6c11 \"Orang Baik\") berjumlah kira-kira lima ribu di tanah yang mungkin lima juta. Satu sebab samurai dapat mengambil kuasa adalah bahawa golongan bangsawan berkuasa tidak cekap mengurus Jepun dan wilayahnya. Menjelang tahun 1000 kerajaan tidak lagi mengetahui cara mengeluarkan mata wang dan wang secara beransur-ansur hilang. Daripada sistem peredaran wang yang sepenuhnya direalisasikan, beras adalah unit utama pertukaran. Kekurangan padat pertukaran ekonomi secara tegas digambarkan secara gamblang dalam novel-novel masa itu. Contohnya, utusan diberi ganjaran dengan objek yang berguna, mis., Kimono sutera lama, dan bukannya membayar bayaran. <> Apa tanaman utama sumber pendapatan semasa tempoh Heian? || beras <> Apakah nama benefisiari budaya Heian? || Ry\u014dmin <> Mata wang secara beransur-ansur hilang sekitar tahun berapa? || 1000 <> Apa tanaman menjadi unit utama pertukaran? || beras", {"context": "While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ry\u014dmin (\u826f\u6c11 \"Good People\") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?", "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Ry\u014dmin"}], "question": "What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?", "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "1000"}], "question": "Currency gradually disappeared around what year?", "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "rice"}], "question": "What crop became the primary unit of exchange?", "id": "5727824bdd62a815002e9f17"}]}]], [["Darwin pergi ke Edinburgh University pada tahun 1825 untuk belajar perubatan. Pada tahun ke dua, beliau mengabaikan pengajian perubatannya untuk sejarah semula jadi dan menghabiskan empat bulan untuk membantu penyelidikan Robert Grant ke invertebrata laut. Grant mendedahkan semangatnya untuk transmutasi spesies, tetapi Darwin menolaknya. Bermula pada tahun 1827, di Cambridge University, Darwin belajar sains sebagai teologi semula jadi dari ahli botani John Stevens Henslow, dan membaca Paley, John Herschel dan Alexander von Humboldt. Diisi dengan semangat untuk sains, beliau mempelajari geologi bencana dengan Adam Sedgwick. <> Bilakah Darwin mula menghadiri universiti? || 1825 <> Apa universiti yang didatangi oleh Darwin? || Universiti Edinburgh <> Apa yang Darwin belajar pada universiti? || perubatan <> Siapa yang membantu Darwin dalam menyelidik invertebrata laut? || Robert Grant <> Dengan siapa Darwin belajar tentang geologi bencana? || Adam Sedgwick", {"context": "Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "1825"}], "question": "When did Darwin begin attending university?", "id": "572777f5708984140094de71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Edinburgh University"}], "question": "What university did Darwin attend?", "id": "572777f5708984140094de72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "medicine"}], "question": "What was Darwin originally studying at university?", "id": "572777f5708984140094de73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Robert Grant"}], "question": "Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?", "id": "572777f5708984140094de74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "Adam Sedgwick"}], "question": "With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?", "id": "572777f5708984140094de75"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 1831, beliau menyertai ekspedisi Beagle sebagai ahli naturalis dan ahli geologi. Dia membaca Prinsip-prinsip Geologi Charles Lyell dan dari tempat pertama berhenti di St. Jago, mendapati kesamaan uniformitarianisme Lyell menjadi kunci kepada sejarah landskap geologi. Darwin menemui fosil yang menyerupai armadillos yang besar, dan memperhatikan pengagihan geografi spesies moden dengan harapan mencari \"pusat penciptaan\" mereka. Tiga mubaligh Fuegian ekspedisi itu kembali ke Tierra del Fuego yang mesra dan bertamadun, namun kepada Darwin saudara-saudara mereka di pulau itu kelihatan \"makhluk buruk, makhluk yang terdegradasi\", dan dia tidak lagi melihat jurang yang tidak dapat dikerjakan di antara manusia dan binatang. Ketika Beagle mendekati England pada tahun 1836, beliau menyatakan bahawa spesies mungkin tidak dapat diperbaiki. <> Apa ekspedisi Darwin menyertai pada tahun 1831? || Ekspedisi Beagle <> Siapa yang menulis Prinsip-prinsip Geologi? || Charles Lyell <> Di mana perhentian pertama Beagle Expedition? || St. Jago <> Apa fosil Darwin yang terdapat pada St. Jago menyerupai? || armadillos besar <> Apa yang menyebabkan Darwin mengubah fikirannya tentang jurang yang tidak dapat dikawal antara binatang dan manusia? || saudara-mara mereka di pulau itu nampaknya \"orang jahat,", {"context": "In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their \"centre of creation\". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "Beagle expedition"}], "question": "What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?", "id": "5727790a708984140094de93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Charles Lyell"}], "question": "Who wrote The Principles of Geology?", "id": "5727790a708984140094de94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "St. Jago"}], "question": "Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?", "id": "5727790a708984140094de95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "huge armadillos"}], "question": "What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?", "id": "5727790a708984140094de96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""}], "question": "What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?", "id": "5727790a708984140094de97"}]}], ["Pada Asal-usul Spesies, yang diterbitkan pada 24 November 1859, adalah karya kesusasteraan saintifik oleh Charles Darwin yang dianggap sebagai asas biologi evolusi. Buku Darwin memperkenalkan teori saintifik bahawa populasi berkembang sepanjang hayat melalui proses pemilihan semula jadi. Ia membentangkan satu bukti bahawa kepelbagaian kehidupan timbul oleh keturunan yang sama melalui corak evolusi. Darwin memasukkan bukti bahawa dia telah berkumpul pada ekspedisi Beagle pada tahun 1830-an dan penemuan seterusnya dari penyelidikan, surat-menyurat, dan eksperimen. <> Bilakah Asal-usul Spesies diterbitkan? || 24 November 1859 <> Siapa yang menulis Asal-usul Spesies? || Charles Darwin <> Apa cabang biologi adalah Asal-usul Spesies yang ditubuhkan? || biologi evolusi <> Apa ekspedisi yang disebut bahawa Charles Darwin menemui beberapa buktinya? || Ekspedisi Beagle <> Bagaimana populasi berkembang mengikut teori Charles Darwin? || melalui proses pemilihan semulajadi", {"context": "On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "24 November 1859"}], "question": "When was the Origin of Species published?", "id": "57276da85951b619008f89b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Charles Darwin"}], "question": "Who wrote The Origin of Species?", "id": "57276da85951b619008f89ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "evolutionary biology"}], "question": "What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?", "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Beagle expedition"}], "question": "What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?", "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "through a process of natural selection"}], "question": "How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?", "id": "57276da85951b619008f89bd"}]}], ["Pelbagai idea evolusi telah dicadangkan untuk menerangkan penemuan baru dalam biologi. Terdapat sokongan yang semakin meningkat untuk gagasan-gagasan semacam itu di kalangan ahli anatomi yang menentang dan masyarakat umum, tetapi pada pertengahan pertama abad ke-19, penubuhan ilmiah Inggeris sangat berkait dengan Gereja England, sementara sains adalah sebahagian daripada teologi semula jadi. Idea tentang transmutasi spesies adalah kontroversi kerana mereka bercanggah dengan kepercayaan bahawa spesies tidak berubah bahagian hierarki yang direka dan manusia adalah unik, tidak berkaitan dengan haiwan lain. Implikasi politik dan teologi sangat diperdebatkan, tetapi transmutasi tidak diterima oleh arus utama sains. <> Kumpulan saintis mana yang mula menyokong idea-idea evolusi? || anatomi pembangkang <> Institusi keagamaan mana yang paling kuat adalah sebahagian besar kajian saintifik pada abad ke-19? || Gereja England <> Apakah pandangan umum mengenai pemuliharaan spesies pada abad ke-19? || Idea tentang transmutasi spesies adalah kontroversi <> Bagaimana majoriti sains melihat manusia berhubung dengan haiwan pada abad ke-19? || bahawa manusia adalah unik, tidak berkaitan dengan haiwan lain. <> Teologi mana yang membuat semua orang bersetuju sains adalah sebahagian dari abad ke-19? || teologi semulajadi", {"context": "Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "dissident anatomists"}], "question": "Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?", "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "the Church of England"}], "question": "Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?", "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"}], "question": "What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?", "id": "57276f32708984140094dd6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."}], "question": "How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?", "id": "57276f32708984140094dd70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "natural theology"}], "question": "Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?", "id": "57276f32708984140094dd71"}]}], ["Richard Owen menunjukkan bahawa fosil spesies pupus Darwin yang terdapat di Amerika Selatan bersekutu dengan spesies hidup di benua yang sama. Pada bulan Mac 1837, pakar ornitologi John Gould mengumumkan bahawa rhea Darwin adalah spesies yang berasingan dari rhea yang terdahulu (walaupun wilayah mereka bertindih), bahawa burung-burung mockingbird yang dikumpulkan di Kepulauan Gal\u00e1pagos mewakili tiga spesies berasingan yang unik ke pulau tertentu dan beberapa burung berbeza dari pulau-pulau itu semuanya diklasifikasikan sebagai burung hantu. Darwin mula berspekulasi, dalam satu siri buku nota, mengenai kemungkinan \"satu spesies berubah menjadi yang lain\" untuk menjelaskan penemuan ini, dan sekitar Julai melukiskan cawangan silsilah satu pokok evolusi, membuang garis keturunan bebas Lamarck yang maju ke bentuk yang lebih tinggi. Secara tidak konklusif, Darwin menyoal soalan merpati dan binatang peliharaan serta ahli sains. Di kebun binatang itu dia melihat monyet pertama, dan sangat terkesan dengan bagaimana manusia orangutan itu kelihatan. <> Siapa yang menunjukkan bahawa fosil Amerika Selatan yang telah pupus dikaitkan dengan spesies hidup? || Richard Owen <> Apa yang John Gould mengumumkan pada tahun 1837? || Rhea Darwin adalah spesies yang berasingan dari rhea yang terdahulu yang terdahulu. Berapa banyak spesies burung jantan yang ditemukan di Kepulauan Galapagos? || tiga spesies berasingan <> Apa jenis ahli sains John Gould? || ahli ornitologi <> Haiwan apa yang Darwin lihat pada kebun binatang yang menjadikannya lebih lanjut mempertimbangkan evolusi? || sebuah kera", {"context": "Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that \"one species does change into another\" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Richard Owen"}], "question": "Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?", "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"}], "question": "What did John Gould announce in 1837?", "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "three separate species"}], "question": "How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?", "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "ornithologist"}], "question": "What type of scientist was John Gould?", "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "an ape"}], "question": "Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?", "id": "57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c"}]}], ["Dalam edisi kemudian buku ini, Darwin menelusuri idea evolusi sejauh Aristotle; teks yang dia kutip adalah ringkasan oleh Aristotle idea-idea ahli falsafah Yunani Empedocles yang terdahulu. Bapa-bapa Gereja Kristian Awal dan Ulama zaman pertengahan Eropah menafsirkan cerita penciptaan Kejadian secara alegori dan bukannya sebagai akaun sejarah yang harfiah; organisma digambarkan dengan makna mitologi dan heraldik serta bentuk fizikal mereka. Alam semulajadi dipercayai tidak stabil dan tidak menentu, dengan kelahiran hebat dari kesatuan antara spesies, dan generasi hidup spontan. <> Kepada ahli falsafah kuno apakah Darwin mengesan beberapa idea evolusinya? || Aristotle <> Kira-kira idea yang diringkaskan oleh Aristotle dalam karya Darwin yang dikaji? || Ahli falsafah Yunani Empedocles <> Bagaimana ulama zaman pertengahan melihat kisah penciptaan Kejadian? || allegorically <> Apa kelahiran yang dilakukan oleh bapa-bapa Gereja Kristian yang berlaku di alam semula jadi? || kelahiran hebat dari kesatuan antara spesies, dan generasi kehidupan spontan.", {"context": "In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?", "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Greek philosopher Empedocles"}], "question": "Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?", "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "allegorically"}], "question": "How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?", "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."}], "question": "What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?", "id": "572771fcdd62a815002e9cff"}]}], ["Datuk Charles Darwin, Erasmus Darwin menggariskan hipotesis transmutasi spesies pada tahun 1790-an, dan Jean-Baptiste Lamarck menerbitkan satu teori yang lebih maju pada tahun 1809. Kedua-duanya membayangkan bahawa generasi spontan menghasilkan bentuk kehidupan yang semakin berkembang secara progresif yang semakin rumit, beradaptasi dengan alam sekitar mewarisi perubahan pada orang dewasa yang disebabkan oleh penggunaan atau penggunaan. Proses ini kemudiannya dipanggil Lamarckism. Lamarck menyangka terdapat kecenderungan progresif yang melekatkan organisme secara terus menerus ke arah kerumitan yang lebih besar, selari tetapi garis keturunan yang terpisah tanpa kepupusan. Geoffroy berpendapat bahawa pembangunan embrionik menyerupai transformasi organisma sejak zaman dahulu apabila alam sekitar bertindak pada embrio, dan struktur haiwan itu ditentukan oleh rancangan tetap seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh homologi. Georges Cuvier sangat membantah gagasan-gagasan itu, memegang spesies tetap yang tidak berkaitan, menunjukkan persamaan yang mencerminkan reka bentuk untuk keperluan fungsional. Kerja palaeontologinya pada tahun 1790-an telah mewujudkan realiti kepupusan, yang dijelaskan oleh malapetaka setempat, diikuti oleh repopulasi kawasan-kawasan yang terjejas oleh spesies lain. <> Apa nama datuk Charles Darwin? || Erasmus Darwin <> Teori apa yang dilakukan oleh Erasmus Darwin pada tahun 1790-an? || hipotesis transmutasi spesies <> Apakah nama saintis yang mengembangkan dan menerbitkan versi yang lebih kompleks mengenai teori Erasmus Darwin pada tahun 1809? || Jean-Baptiste Lamarck <> Apakah proses menyesuaikan diri dengan alam sekitar dan mewarisi perubahan melalui penggunaan atau penggunaan yang dipanggil? || Lamarckism <> Yang paleontologi yang bekerja pada tahun 1790-an menubuhkan realiti kepupusan? || Georges Cuvier", {"context": "Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His pal\u00e6ontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Erasmus Darwin"}], "question": "What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?", "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "hypothesis of transmutation of species"}], "question": "What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?", "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"}], "question": "What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?", "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "Lamarckism"}], "question": "What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?", "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "Georges Cuvier"}], "question": "Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?", "id": "5727758f5951b619008f8a69"}]}], ["Di Britain, Teologi Asli William Paley melihat penyesuaian sebagai bukti \"reka bentuk\" yang bermanfaat oleh Pencipta yang bertindak melalui undang-undang semula jadi. Semua naturalis di dua universiti Inggeris (Oxford dan Cambridge) adalah penganut Gereja-gereja England, dan sains menjadi pencarian undang-undang ini. Ahli geologi menyesuaikan bencana untuk menunjukkan penghapusan seluruh dunia dan penciptaan spesies tetap baru yang disesuaikan dengan persekitaran yang berubah, pada mulanya mengenal pasti bencana terbaru sebagai banjir alkitabiah. Beberapa ahli anatomi seperti Robert Grant dipengaruhi oleh Lamarck dan Geoffroy, tetapi kebanyakan naturalis menganggap gagasan mereka sebagai transmutasi sebagai ancaman kepada perintah sosial yang dilantik. <> Pekerjaan yang menganggap adaptasi menjadi bukti reka bentuk Tuhan? || William Paley's <> Apa nama buku William Paley yang mendakwa reka bentuk berfaedah ilahi? || Teologi Semulajadi <> Agama apakah yang semua naturalis bekerja di dua universiti Inggeris? || Gereja England <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan ahli naturalis memandang konsep transmutasi spesies? || ancaman kepada perintah sosial yang dilantik. <> Bagaimana ahli geologi menerangkan penciptaan spesies baru sesuai dengan kepercayaan mereka dalam penciptaan ilahi? || bencana yang disesuaikan untuk menunjukkan pembasmian berulang di seluruh dunia dan penciptaan spesies tetap baru yang disesuaikan dengan persekitaran yang berubah", {"context": "In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial \"design\" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "William Paley's"}], "question": "Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?", "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "Natural Theology"}], "question": "What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? ", "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Church of England"}], "question": "What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?", "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "a threat to divinely appointed social order."}], "question": "How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?", "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"}], "question": "How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?", "id": "5727774b5951b619008f8a8d"}]}], ["Buku itu ditulis untuk pembaca bukan pakar dan menarik minat yang meluas dalam penerbitannya. Memandangkan Darwin adalah seorang saintis terkenal, penemuannya diambil dengan serius dan bukti yang dibentangkannya membincangkan perbincangan saintifik, falsafah, dan agama. Perdebatan mengenai buku itu menyumbang kepada kempen oleh T. H. Huxley dan rekan-rekannya dari X Club untuk sekularisasi sains dengan mempromosikan alamisme ilmiah. Dalam dua dekad terdapat perjanjian saintifik yang luas bahawa evolusi, dengan corak cawangan keturunan yang sama, telah berlaku, tetapi saintis lambat memberikan pemilihan semulajadi yang penting yang difikirkan sesuai oleh Darwin. Semasa \"gerhana Darwinisme\" dari tahun 1880-an hingga 1930-an, pelbagai mekanisme evolusi lain diberikan lebih banyak kredit. Dengan perkembangan sintesis evolusi moden pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, konsep penyesuaian evolusi Darwin melalui pemilihan semulajadi menjadi pusat kepada teori evolusi moden, dan kini telah menjadi konsep penyatuan sains hayat. <> Apa bahagian populasi yang ditulis oleh buku Darwin? || pembaca yang tidak pakar <> Siapa yang cuba memecah sains semasa perdebatan mengenai buku Darwin? || T. H. Huxley <> Apa T.H. Huxley mempromosikan? || naturalism saintifik <> Apa perubahan yang berkembang dalam pendapat mengenai evolusi yang dipanggil? || \"Gerhana Darwinisme\" <> Bilakah konsep evolusi Darwin menjadi luas dan percaya kepada teori evolusi moden? || pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an", {"context": "The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "non-specialist readers"}], "question": "What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?", "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f822"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "T. H. Huxley"}], "question": "Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?", "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f823"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "scientific naturalism"}], "question": "What was T.H. Huxley promoting?", "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f824"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "\"the eclipse of Darwinism\""}], "question": "What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?", "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "in the 1930s and 1940s"}], "question": "When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?", "id": "5727707df1498d1400e8f826"}]}], ["Reformasi Protestan mengilhami penafsiran literal Alkitab, dengan konsep penciptaan yang bertentangan dengan penemuan sains yang sedang berkembang yang mencari penjelasan yang bersesuaian dengan falsafah mekanikal Ren\u00e9 Descartes dan empirisisme kaedah Baconian. Selepas keganasan Perang Saudara Inggeris, Royal Society mahu menunjukkan bahawa sains tidak mengancam kestabilan agama dan politik. John Ray membangunkan teologi semulajadi yang berpengaruh dalam perintah rasional; dalam taksonominya, spesies adalah statik dan tetap, penyesuaian dan kerumitan mereka yang direka oleh Tuhan, dan varietas menunjukkan perbezaan kecil yang disebabkan oleh keadaan setempat. Dalam reka bentuk yang baik hati Tuhan, karnivora menyebabkan kematian dengan sabar dengan cepat, tetapi penderitaan yang disebabkan oleh parasitisme adalah masalah yang membingungkan. Klasifikasi biologi yang diperkenalkan oleh Carl Linnaeus pada tahun 1735 juga melihat spesies sebagai tetap sesuai dengan rencana ilahi. Pada tahun 1766, Georges Buffon mencadangkan beberapa spesies yang serupa, seperti kuda dan keldai, atau singa, harimau, dan harimau, mungkin jenis diturunkan dari nenek moyang yang sama. Kronologi Ussher dari tahun 1650-an telah menghitung penciptaan pada tahun 4004 SM, tetapi oleh ahli geologi tahun 1780-an menganggap dunia yang lebih tua. Wernerians menganggap strata adalah deposit dari laut yang mengecut, tetapi James Hutton mencadangkan kitaran tak terhingga diri sendiri, menjangka seragamitarianisme. <> Kumpulan mana yang ingin menjejaskan ketakutan bahawa sains mengancam kestabilan agama? || The Royal Society <> Teori siapa yang mendakwa bahawa spesies tidak berubah dan direka oleh Tuhan? || John Ray <> Siapa yang membuat klasifikasi biologi pada tahun 1735? || Carl Linnaeus <> Bilakah kronologi Ussher menyatakan bahawa penciptaan bermula? || 4004 SM <> Siapa yang mencadangkan bahawa kehidupan adalah kitaran kendiri yang tidak terhingga? || James Hutton", {"context": "The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of Ren\u00e9 Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "the Royal Society"}], "question": "Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?", "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "John Ray"}], "question": "Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?", "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 834, "text": "Carl Linnaeus"}], "question": "Who created a biological classification in 1735?", "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1149, "text": "4004 BC"}], "question": "When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?", "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1279, "text": "James Hutton"}], "question": "Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?", "id": "5727740ff1498d1400e8f890"}]}], ["Selepas mesyuarat itu, Darwin memutuskan untuk menulis \"abstrak keseluruhan kerja saya\". Dia mula bekerja pada 20 Julai 1858, semasa bercuti di Sandown, dan menulis sebahagian daripadanya dari ingatan. Lyell membincangkan perjanjian dengan penerbit John Murray III, rumah penerbitan John Murray, yang memberi respons segera kepada surat Darwin pada 31 Mac 1859 dengan persetujuan untuk menerbitkan buku itu tanpa melihat manuskrip, dan tawaran kepada Darwin 2/3 dari keuntungan. (akhirnya Murray membayar \u00a3 180 untuk Darwin untuk edisi pertama dan oleh kematian Darwin pada tahun 1882 buku itu dalam edisi ke-6nya, memperoleh Darwin hampir \u00a3 3000.) <> Apa yang Darwin memutuskan untuk menulis pada bulan Julai, 1858? || \"abstrak keseluruhan kerja saya\". <> Penerbit mana Lyell meyakinkan untuk mengatur penerbitan karya Darwin? || John Murray III <> Apakah penerbit menawarkan Darwin dalam pembayaran buku itu? || 2/3 daripada keuntungan <> Apakah edisi buku ini pada saat kematian Darwin? || Edisi ke-6 <> Berapa banyak buku yang diperoleh Darwin pada masa kematiannya? || hampir \u00a3 3000", {"context": "After the meeting, Darwin decided to write \"an abstract of my whole work\". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2\u20443 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid \u00a3180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly \u00a33000.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "\"an abstract of my whole work\"."}], "question": "What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?", "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "John Murray III"}], "question": "Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?", "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "2\u20443 of the profits"}], "question": "What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?", "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 561, "text": "6th edition"}], "question": "What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?", "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "nearly \u00a33000"}], "question": "How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?", "id": "5727842bdd62a815002e9f56"}]}], ["Darwin pada mulanya telah memutuskan untuk memanggil bukunya. Abstrak Essay pada Asal-Usul Spesies dan Varietas Melalui pemilihan semulajadi, tetapi dengan pujukan Murray ia akhirnya berubah menjadi tajuk yang lebih menarik: Pada Asal-usul Spesies, dengan halaman tajuk yang menambah Sarana Pemilihan Semulajadi, atau Pemeliharaan Perlombaan Terpilih dalam Perjuangan untuk Kehidupan. Di sini istilah \"kaum\" digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk \"jenis\" dan tidak membawa konotasi moden kaum manusia-penggunaan pertama dalam buku itu merujuk kepada \"beberapa kaum, contohnya kubis\" dan meneruskan perbincangan tentang \"jenis keturunan atau kaum haiwan dan tumbuhan domestik kita\". <> Gelaran apa yang dimiliki oleh buku Darwin pada akhirnya? || Mengenai Asal-usul Spesies <> Apa yang ingin dinamakan Darwin? || Abstrak Essay mengenai Asal-usul Spesies dan Varietas Melalui pemilihan semulajadi <> Siapa yang meyakinkan Darwin bahawa bukunya memerlukan tajuk yang lebih pendek, lebih menarik? || Murray <> Apa maksud perkataan \"kaum\" seperti yang dirujuk dalam buku Darwin? || alternatif untuk \"jenis\" dan tidak membawa konotasi moden kaum manusia <> Apakah nama yang diperluas The Origin of Species yang ditulis di halaman tajuk? || dengan Cara Pemilihan Semula Alam, atau Pemeliharaan Perlombaan Terpilih dalam Perjuangan untuk Kehidupan", {"context": "Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term \"races\" is used as an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races\u2014the first use in the book refers to \"the several races, for instance, of the cabbage\" and proceeds to a discussion of \"the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "On the Origin of Species"}], "question": "What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?", "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection"}], "question": "What had Darwin wanted to name his book?", "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Murray"}], "question": "Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?", "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "an alternative for \"varieties\" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races"}], "question": "What does the word \"races\" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?", "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"}], "question": "What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?", "id": "572784e7f1498d1400e8faa4"}]}], ["Darwin mempunyai teori asas pemilihan semulajadi \"yang akan bekerja\" pada Disember 1838, namun hampir dua puluh tahun kemudian, ketika surat Wallace tiba pada 18 Jun 1858, Darwin masih belum siap menerbitkan teorinya. Ia telah lama difikirkan bahawa Darwin mengelak atau menangguhkan membuat idea-ideanya awam atas alasan peribadi. Sebab-sebab yang dicadangkan termasuk ketakutan terhadap penganiayaan agama atau kehinaan sosial jika pandangannya diturunkan, dan keprihatinan tentang menjejaskan rakan-rakan naturalisnya atau teman isterinya Emma. Penyakit Charles Darwin menyebabkan kelewatan berulang. Kertasnya di Glen Roy telah terbukti memalukan, dan dia mungkin ingin memastikan dia betul. David Quammen mencadangkan semua faktor ini mungkin menyumbang, dan mencatat keluaran buku Darwin yang besar dan kehidupan keluarga yang sibuk pada masa itu. <> Pada tahun apakah Darwin mempunyai premis asas teori pemilihan semulajadinya? || 1838 <> Mengapa Darwin telah ditangguhkan menerbitkan teori evolusinya selama lebih dari 20 tahun? || takut terhadap penganiayaan agama atau kehinaan sosial <> Kertas kerja yang ditulis oleh Darwin itu salah? || Glen Roy <> Siapa yang mungkin Darwin takut dikalahkan dengan menerbitkan karya-karyanya? || sahabat karibnya sahabat atau isterinya yang beragama Emma.", {"context": "Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection \"by which to work\" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "1838"}], "question": "By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?", "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "fear of religious persecution or social disgrace"}], "question": "Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?", "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Glen Roy"}], "question": "Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?", "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma."}], "question": "Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?", "id": "572785c5f1498d1400e8fab7"}]}], ["Kajian yang lebih baru oleh ahli sains sains John van Wyhe telah menentukan bahawa idea Darwin yang ditangguhkan penerbitan hanya bermula pada tahun 1940-an, dan sezaman Darwin menyangka masa yang diambilnya adalah munasabah. Darwin selalu selesai satu buku sebelum memulakan satu lagi. Ketika sedang meneliti, dia memberitahu banyak orang tentang minatnya dalam transmutasi tanpa menyebabkan kemarahan. Dia tegas untuk menerbitkan, tetapi tidak sampai September 1854 bahawa dia boleh bekerja sepenuh masa. Anggapannya bahawa menulis \"buku besar\" beliau akan mengambil masa lima tahun optimis. <> Apa yang sezaman Darwin memikirkan penangguhan yang panjang mengenai penerbitannya? || Sezaman Darwin fikir masa yang diambilnya adalah munasabah <> Apa proses Darwin dalam menulis buku-buku beliau? || Darwin sentiasa selesai satu buku sebelum memulakan lagi <> Apakah anggaran awal Darwin untuk jumlah masa yang diperlukan oleh buku beliau untuk menulis? || lima tahun <> Kajian saintis yang manakah bertajuk bahawa idea kerja Darwin telah ditangguhkan pada tahun 1940-an? || John van Wyhe", {"context": "A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s, and Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable. Darwin always finished one book before starting another. While he was researching, he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage. He firmly intended to publish, but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full-time. His estimate that writing his \"big book\" would take five years was optimistic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Darwin's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable"}], "question": "What did Darwin's contemporaries think of the long delays on his publishing?", "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "Darwin always finished one book before starting another"}], "question": "What was Darwin's process on writing his books?", "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "five years"}], "question": "What was Darwin's original estimate for the amount of time his book would take to write?", "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "John van Wyhe"}], "question": "Which scientist's study theorized that the idea of Darwin's work being delayed dates to the 1940s?", "id": "572786b5dd62a815002e9f8b"}]}], ["Pada akhir September 1838, dia mula membaca Essay of Thomas Malthus mengenai Prinsip Penduduk dengan hujah statistik bahawa populasi manusia, jika tidak terkawal, membiak di luar cara dan perjuangan untuk bertahan hidup. Darwin mengaitkannya dengan perjuangan kewujudan di kalangan \"hidupan spesies\" liar dan ahli botani de Candolle dalam tumbuhan; dia dengan segera membayangkan \"gaya seperti seratus ribu baji\" mendorong variasi yang disesuaikan dengan baik menjadi \"jurang dalam ekonomi alam\", supaya mereka yang selamat akan menyampaikan bentuk dan kebolehan mereka, dan variasi yang tidak menyenangkan akan dimusnahkan. Menjelang Disember 1838, beliau telah menceritakan persamaan antara perbuatan pemilihan baka dan sifat Malthusian di kalangan varian yang dibuang oleh \"peluang\" supaya \"setiap bahagian struktur yang baru diperolehi adalah praktikal dan sempurna\". <> Buku manakah Darwin mula membaca pada tahun 1838? || Satu Essay mengenai Prinsip Penduduk <> Apakah teori Thomas Malthus 'akan berlaku kepada populasi manusia jika mereka tidak terkawal? || baka melebihi cara dan perjuangan mereka untuk bertahan <> Spesies mana yang Darwin berbanding dengan perjuangan manusia untuk bertahan hidup? || tumbuhan <> Konsep apa yang dikatakan oleh Candolle ketika ia mengkaji tumbuhan? || \"berperang dengan spesies\"", {"context": "In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's \"warring of the species\" in plants; he immediately envisioned \"a force like a hundred thousand wedges\" pushing well-adapted variations into \"gaps in the economy of nature\", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by \"chance\" so that \"every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "An Essay on the Principle of Population"}], "question": "Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?", "id": "57277dec708984140094df1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"}], "question": "What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?", "id": "57277dec708984140094df1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "plants"}], "question": "Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?", "id": "57277dec708984140094df1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "\"warring of the species\""}], "question": "What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?", "id": "57277dec708984140094df20"}]}], ["Darwin terus menyelidik dan memperluas teorinya secara meluas sambil memberi tumpuan kepada tugas utamanya untuk menerbitkan hasil saintifik pelayaran Beagle. Beliau secara bersurat menulis idea-ideanya kepada Lyell pada Januari 1842; maka pada bulan Jun dia mengetuk sebuah \"Sketch Pencil\" 35-halaman teorinya. Darwin memulakan koresponden mengenai teorinya dengan ahli botani, Joseph Dalton Hooker pada bulan Januari 1844, dan pada bulan Julai telah melengkapkan \"lakaran \"nya ke dalam 230 halaman\" Esei \", yang akan diperluaskan dengan hasil penyelidikannya dan diterbitkan jika dia meninggal dunia secara beransur-ansur. <> Siapa yang membuat Darwin menulis ideanya pada tahun 1842? || Lyell <> Apakah nama 35-halaman Darwin menulis teorinya? || \"Sket Pensil\" <> Ahli botani mana yang membuat Darwin memulakan koresponden dengan teori-teorinya? || Joseph Dalton Hooker <> Maklumat apa yang ditulis oleh Darwin? || hasil saintifik dari pelayaran Beagle <> Berapa banyak halaman telah lakaran Darwin berkembang pada tahun 1844? || 230 halaman", {"context": "Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page \"Pencil Sketch\" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his \"sketch\" into a 230-page \"Essay\", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Lyell"}], "question": "Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?", "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "\"Pencil Sketch\""}], "question": "What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?", "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Joseph Dalton Hooker"}], "question": "Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?", "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "scientific results of the Beagle voyage"}], "question": "What information was Darwin's essay based on?", "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "230-page"}], "question": "How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?", "id": "57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0"}]}], ["Kajian terperinci Darwin meyakinkannya bahawa variasi timbul sentiasa dan bukan hanya sebagai tindak balas kepada keadaan yang berubah. Pada tahun 1854, beliau menyelesaikan bahagian terakhir tulisannya Beagle yang berkaitan dan mula bekerja sepenuh masa mengenai evolusi. Pemikirannya berubah dari pandangan bahawa spesies terbentuk dalam populasi terpencil sahaja, seperti di pulau-pulau, untuk penekanan pada spesiasi tanpa pengasingan; iaitu, beliau menyaksikan peningkatan pengkhususan dalam populasi besar yang stabil sebagai mengeksploitasi niche ekologi baru. Beliau menjalankan penyelidikan empirikal yang menumpukan kepada kesukaran dengan teorinya. Beliau mengkaji perbezaan perkembangan dan anatomi antara baka yang berbeza dari banyak haiwan domestik, menjadi aktif terlibat dalam pembiakan merpati mewah, dan bereksperimen (dengan bantuan anaknya Francis) mengenai cara-cara yang menanam benih dan haiwan mungkin menyeberang lautan untuk menjajah pulau-pulau yang jauh. Menjelang tahun 1856, teorinya lebih canggih, dengan banyak bukti sokongan. <> Apa makhluk yang belajar Darwin yang membuatnya percaya variasi muncul terus-menerus? || barnacle <> Pada tahun apakah Darwin mula bekerja pada teori evolusinya sepenuh masa? || 1854 <> Pada tahun apakah teori Darwin menjadi lebih rumit dan disokong oleh banyak bukti? || 1856 <> Yang spesies burung yang Darwin menjadi sangat berminat untuk belajar? || burung merpati mewah <> Apa spesies Darwin belajar untuk penyebaran merentas lautan> || benih tumbuhan dan haiwan", {"context": "Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "barnacle"}], "question": "What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?", "id": "57278126708984140094df5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "1854"}], "question": "In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?", "id": "57278126708984140094df5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "1856"}], "question": "By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?", "id": "57278126708984140094df5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 712, "text": "fancy pigeon"}], "question": "Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?", "id": "57278126708984140094df5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "plant seeds and animals"}], "question": "What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>", "id": "57278127708984140094df5f"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 1844, buku Sains saintifik yang disiarkan tanpa nama yang disiarkan oleh Sejarah Alam Penciptaan, yang ditulis oleh wartawan Scotland, Robert Chambers, meluaskan minat awam dalam konsep transmutasi spesies. Memeriksa bukti yang digunakan dari rekod fosil dan embriologi untuk menyokong tuntutan bahawa benda hidup telah berkembang dari yang sederhana ke yang lebih kompleks dari masa ke masa. Tetapi ia mencadangkan perkembangan linier dan bukannya teori keturunan cawangan bersama di sebalik kerja Darwin yang sedang berlangsung, dan ia tidak menghiraukan adaptasi. Darwin membacanya tidak lama selepas penerbitan, dan menghina geologi dan zoologi amatir, tetapi dia meneliti dengan teliti hujahnya sendiri selepas saintis terkemuka, termasuk Adam Sedgwick, menyerang kesilapan akhlak dan ilmiahnya. Vestiges mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pendapat umum, dan perdebatan sengit membantu untuk membuka jalan bagi penerimaan Asal yang lebih saintifik secara canggih dengan memindahkan spekulasi evolusi ke arus perdana. Walaupun beberapa naturalis bersedia untuk mempertimbangkan transmutasi, Herbert Spencer menjadi penyokong aktif Lamarckism dan pembangunan progresif pada tahun 1850-an. <> Apa nama buku sains yang disiarkan tanpa nama? || Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation <> Apa jenis kemajuan yang dilakukan Vestiges tentang Sejarah Alam Penciptaan mencadangkan? || perkembangan linear <> Siapa yang menulis Vestiges Sejarah Alam Penciptaan? || Robert Chambers <> Apakah bukti dalam Vestiges Sejarah Alam Penciptaan yang digunakan untuk menyokong? || bahawa makhluk hidup telah berkembang dari yang sederhana menjadi lebih kompleks dari masa ke masa. <> Ahli sains mana yang menyokong Lamarckism pada tahun 1850-an? || Herbert Spencer", {"context": "In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"}], "question": "What was the name of the anonymously published science book?", "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "a linear progression"}], "question": "What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?", "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "Robert Chambers"}], "question": "Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?", "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."}], "question": "What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?", "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "Herbert Spencer"}], "question": "Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?", "id": "57277fec5951b619008f8b75"}]}], ["Kertas 1855 tentang \"pengenalan\" spesies, yang ditulis oleh Alfred Russel Wallace, mendakwa bahawa corak dalam taburan geografi spesies hidup dan fosil dapat dijelaskan jika setiap spesies baru selalu wujud di dekat spesies yang sudah ada, yang berkait rapat. Charles Lyell mengiktiraf implikasi kertas Wallace dan kemungkinan hubungannya dengan kerja Darwin, walaupun Darwin tidak, dan dalam surat yang ditulis pada 1-2 Mei 1856 Lyell mendesak Darwin untuk menerbitkan teorinya untuk menetapkan keutamaan. Darwin telah koyak di antara keinginan untuk mengeluarkan akaun penuh dan meyakinkan dan tekanan untuk menghasilkan kertas pendek dengan cepat. Dia bertemu dengan Lyell, dan dalam koresponden dengan Joseph Dalton Hooker mengesahkan bahawa dia tidak mahu mendedahkan ideanya untuk disemak oleh seorang editor seperti yang diperlukan untuk menerbitkan dalam jurnal akademik. Dia memulakan akaun \"sketsa\" pada 14 Mei 1856, dan pada bulan Julai telah memutuskan untuk menghasilkan risalah teknikal penuh mengenai spesies. Teori beliau termasuk prinsip pemisahan telah selesai pada 5 September 1857 ketika dia menghantar Asa Gray abstrak ringkas tetapi terperinci mengenai idea-ideanya. <> Bilakah tulisan \"Pengenalan Spesies\" ditulis? || 1855 <> Siapa yang menulis kertas \"Pengenalan Spesies\"? || Alfred Russel Wallace <> Bagaimana Wallace mendakwa bahawa corak dalam taburan spesies boleh dijelaskan? || jika setiap spesies baru selalu wujud berhampiran spesies yang sudah sedia ada, berkait rapat <> Ahli sains mana yang mengiktiraf kesahan dan implikasi kemungkinan kertas Wallace? || Charles Lyell <> Bilakah Lyell meminta Darwin menerbitkan teorinya untuk memberi keutamaan? || 1-2 Mei 1856", {"context": "An 1855 paper on the \"introduction\" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1\u20132 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a \"sketch\" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1855"}], "question": "When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?", "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Alfred Russel Wallace"}], "question": "Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?", "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"}], "question": "How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?", "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Charles Lyell"}], "question": "Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?", "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "1\u20132 May 1856"}], "question": "When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?", "id": "5727825e5951b619008f8ba7"}]}], ["Darwin sukar bekerja di \"buku besar\" pada Pemilihan Semula Alam, pada 18 Jun 1858 ia menerima sebutan dari Wallace, yang tinggal di Kepulauan Maluku (Ternate dan Gilolo). Ia melengkapkan dua puluh halaman yang menggambarkan mekanisme evolusi, suatu respons kepada dorongan Darwin baru-baru ini, dengan permintaan untuk menghantarnya kepada Lyell jika Darwin menganggapnya berbaloi. Mekanisme ini sama dengan teori Darwin sendiri. Darwin menulis kepada Lyell bahawa \"kata-kata anda telah menjadi kenyataan dengan membalas dendam, ... dihalangi\" dan dia \"tentu saja, sekali gus menulis dan menawarkan untuk menghantarnya kepada jurnal\" yang dipilih oleh Wallace, sambil menambah bahawa \"semua saya keaslian, apa sahaja yang mungkin, akan dihancurkan \". Lyell dan Hooker bersetuju bahawa penerbitan bersama meletakkan halaman Wallace dengan ekstrak dari Essay Darwin 1844 dan 1857 hurufnya kepada Grey harus dipersembahkan di Persatuan Linnean, dan pada 1 Julai 1858, karya-karya bertajuk On the Cendence of Species untuk membentuk Varieties; dan pada Pengekalan Varieties dan Spesies oleh Pemilihan Sifat Alam, oleh Wallace dan Darwin masing-masing, telah dibaca tetapi menarik sedikit reaksi. Walaupun Darwin menganggap idea Wallace sebagai identik dengan konsep pemilihan semulajadi, para sejarawan telah menunjukkan perbezaan. Darwin menyifatkan pemilihan semulajadi sebagai analogi dengan pemilihan tiruan yang diamalkan oleh peternak haiwan, dan menekankan persaingan antara individu; Wallace tidak membezakan pembiakan selektif, dan memberi tumpuan kepada tekanan ekologi yang menyimpan pelbagai jenis yang disesuaikan dengan keadaan tempatan. Sesetengah ahli sejarah telah mencadangkan bahawa Wallace sebenarnya membincangkan pemilihan kumpulan dan bukan pemilihan yang bertindak pada variasi individu. <> Buku mana yang digunakan oleh Darwin ketika dia menerima pakej dari Wallace? || \"buku besar\" pada Pilihan Semulajadi, <> Apa yang ada dalam pakej Darwin diterima daripada Wallace? || dua puluh halaman yang menggambarkan mekanisme evolusi <> Siapa yang menulis karya itu, Mengenai Kekurangan Spesies untuk membentuk Varieti? || Wallace <> Siapa yang menulis karya ini, Mengenai Kekurangan Spesies untuk membentuk Varieti? || Darwin <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh sesetengah ahli sejarah menjadikan pemilihan semula jadi Wallace daripada Darwin? || Sesetengah ahli sejarah telah mencadangkan bahawa Wallace sebenarnya membincangkan pemilihan kumpulan dan bukan pemilihan yang bertindak pada variasi individu.", {"context": "Darwin was hard at work on his \"big book\" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that \"your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled\" and he would \"of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal\" that Wallace chose, adding that \"all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed\". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"}], "question": "Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?", "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"}], "question": "What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?", "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "Wallace"}], "question": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?", "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1043, "text": "Darwin"}], "question": "Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?", "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1542, "text": "Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."}], "question": "What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?", "id": "5727839a5951b619008f8be9"}]}], ["Bab I meliputi penternakan haiwan dan tumbuhan tumbuhan, kembali ke Mesir purba. Darwin membincangkan pendapat kontemporari tentang asal-usul baka yang berbeza di bawah penanaman untuk berhujah bahawa banyak telah dihasilkan dari nenek moyang yang sama dengan pembiakan selektif. Sebagai ilustrasi pilihan tiruan, beliau menggambarkan pembiakan burung merpati yang mewah, dengan menyatakan bahawa \"kepelbagaian baka itu adalah sesuatu yang menakjubkan\", tetapi semuanya berasal dari satu spesies burung merpati batu. Darwin melihat dua jenis variasi yang berbeza: (1) perubahan jarang berlaku yang disebut \"sukan\" atau \"monstrosities\" (contoh: domba ancon dengan kaki pendek), dan (2) perbezaan kecil di mana-mana (misalnya: ). Kedua-dua jenis perubahan keturunan boleh digunakan oleh penternak. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi Darwin, perubahan kecil adalah yang paling penting dalam evolusi. <> Sejauh mana Bab Satu dari Asal-usul Spesies pergi dalam liputan spesies haiwan dan tumbuhan? || Mesir kuno <> Apa yang digunakan Darwin untuk menggambarkan kesan pemilihan tiruan? || pembiakan merpati mewah <> Dari apa yang Darwin menegaskan merpati semua turun? || satu spesies merpati batu <> Perubahan evolusi mana yang paling penting untuk Darwin? || perubahan kecil", {"context": "Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that \"[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing\", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called \"sports\" or \"monstrosities\" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "ancient Egypt"}], "question": "How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?", "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea08e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "fancy pigeon breeding"}], "question": "What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?", "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea08f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "one species of rock pigeon"}], "question": "From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?", "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea090"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "the small changes"}], "question": "Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?", "id": "57279071dd62a815002ea091"}]}], ["Pada Januari 1871, George Jackson Mivart mengenai Kejadian Spesies menyenaraikan hujah terperinci terhadap pemilihan semula jadi, dan mendakwa ia termasuk metafizik palsu. Darwin membuat semakan yang lebih luas untuk edisi keenam Asal (ini adalah edisi pertama di mana dia menggunakan perkataan \"evolusi\" yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan perkembangan embriologi, walaupun semua edisi menyimpulkan dengan perkataan \"evolved\"), dan menambahkan Bab VII baru, Penolakan yang berlainan, untuk menangani hujah-hujah Mivart. <> Apakah Kejadian Spesies berhujah terhadap pemilihan semulajadi? || mendakwa ia termasuk metafizik palsu <> Siapa yang menulis Pada Kejadian Spesies? || George Jackson Mivart <> Kapan pertama Charles Darwin menggunakan perkataan \"evolusi\" dalam Pada Asal-usul Spesies? || edisi keenam <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Charles Darwin untuk menangani hujah-hujah Mivart? || tambah bab VII baru, <> Apakah bab VII berhak? || Pelbagai bantahan", {"context": "In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection, and claimed it included false metaphysics. Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin (this was the first edition in which he used the word \"evolution\" which had commonly been associated with embryological development, though all editions concluded with the word \"evolved\"), and added a new chapter VII, Miscellaneous objections, to address Mivart's arguments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "claimed it included false metaphysics"}], "question": "What did On the Genesis of Species argue against natural selection?", "id": "57278c42708984140094e07b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "George Jackson Mivart"}], "question": "Who wrote On the Genesis of Species?", "id": "57278c42708984140094e07c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the sixth edition"}], "question": "When did Charles Darwin first use the word \"evolution\" in On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278c42708984140094e07d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "added a new chapter VII,"}], "question": "What did Charles Darwin do to address Mivart's arguments?", "id": "57278c42708984140094e07e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "Miscellaneous objections"}], "question": "What was chapter VII entitled?", "id": "57278c42708984140094e07f"}]}], ["Page ii mengandungi petikan oleh William Whewell dan Francis Bacon mengenai teologi undang-undang semula jadi, mengharmonikan sains dan agama mengikut kepercayaan Isaac Newton dalam Tuhan yang rasional yang menubuhkan kosmos yang mematuhi undang-undang. Dalam edisi kedua, Darwin menambahkan satu huruf dari Joseph Butler yang mengesahkan bahawa Tuhan boleh bekerja melalui undang-undang saintifik seperti melalui mukjizat, dengan mengangguk kebimbangan agama kawan-kawannya yang tertua. Pengenalan ini membuktikan kelayakan Darwin sebagai seorang naturalis dan pengarang, kemudian merujuk kepada surat John Herschel yang menyatakan bahawa asal-usul spesies \"akan menjadi semulajadi yang bertentangan dengan proses yang ajaib\": <> Apakah kepercayaan Isaac Newton tentang Tuhan pada teori undang-undang semula jadi? || Tuhan yang rasional yang menubuhkan kosmos yang mematuhi undang-undang <> Yang epigraph telah membuat Darwin menambah kepada Pada Asal-usul Spesies mengharmonikan Tuhan dengan sains dan mukjizat bersama-sama? || Yusuf Butler <> Surat yang manakah pengenalan kepada Asal-usul Spesies? || John Herschel <> Dalam edisi On The Origin of Species adalah epigraph dari Joseph Butler? || edisi kedua", {"context": "Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species \"would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process\":", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos"}], "question": "What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?", "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Joseph Butler"}], "question": "Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?", "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "John Herschel"}], "question": "Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?", "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "the second edition"}], "question": "In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?", "id": "57278fa6708984140094e0e8"}]}], ["Beliau menyatakan bahawa kedua-dua A. P. de Candolle dan Charles Lyell menyatakan bahawa semua organisma terdedah kepada persaingan yang teruk. Darwin menekankan bahawa dia menggunakan frasa \"perjuangan untuk kewujudan\" dalam \"erti yang besar dan metafora, termasuk ketergantungan seseorang yang lain\"; dia memberikan contoh-contoh dari tumbuhan yang bergelut terhadap kemarau untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan bersaing dengan burung untuk memakan buahnya dan menyebarkan benih mereka. Dia menggambarkan perjuangan yang terhasil daripada pertumbuhan penduduk: \"Ini adalah doktrin Malthus yang diterapkan dengan kekuatan berlipat ganda kepada seluruh binatang dan kerajaan sayuran.\" Beliau membincangkan pemeriksaan terhadap kenaikan tersebut termasuk saling ketergantungan ekologi yang kompleks, dan menyatakan bahawa persaingan adalah yang paling teruk antara bentuk yang berkait rapat \"yang mengisi hampir sama tempat dalam ekonomi alam\". <> Apakah perjuangan yang diterangkan oleh Darwin mengenai penduduk yang disamakan? || doktrin Malthus <> Di dalam kerangka rujukan apakah Darwin menggunakan frasa \"Perjuangan untuk Kewujudan?\" || \"pengertian yang besar dan metafora <> Apa persepsi Charles Lyell terhadap organisme apa yang terdedah dalam perjuangan mereka untuk terus hidup? || Semua organisma terdedah kepada persaingan yang parah <> Kapan persaingan paling kuat di dunia semula jadi? teruk di antara bentuk yang berkait rapat <> Mengapa persaingan sengit antara spesies yang berkaitan? || mengisi hampir tempat yang sama dalam ekonomi alam semula jadi \".", {"context": "He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase \"struggle for existence\" in \"a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another\"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: \"It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms.\" He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms \"which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "doctrine of Malthus"}], "question": "What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?", "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "\"a large and metaphorical sense"}], "question": "Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase \"Struggle for Existence?\"", "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "all organisms are exposed to severe competition"}], "question": "What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?", "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 677, "text": "competition is most severe between closely related forms"}], "question": "When is competition strongest in the natural world?", "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 741, "text": "fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature\"."}], "question": "Why is competition so fierce between related species?", "id": "5727a5574b864d1900163944"}]}], ["Bab IV memperincikan pemilihan semulajadi di bawah \"hubungan yang saling kompleks dan dekat ... hubungan antara semua makhluk organik antara satu sama lain dan keadaan fizikal kehidupan mereka\". Darwin mengambil sebagai contoh sebuah negara di mana perubahan keadaan menyebabkan kepupusan beberapa spesies, imigresen orang lain dan, di mana variasi yang sesuai berlaku, keturunan beberapa spesies menjadi disesuaikan dengan keadaan baru. Beliau menyatakan bahawa pemilihan tiruan yang diamalkan oleh peternak haiwan sering menghasilkan perbezaan yang tajam dalam watak antara baka, dan menunjukkan bahawa pemilihan semulajadi mungkin melakukan perkara yang sama, dengan mengatakan: <> Apa yang Darwin katakan bahawa pemilihan tiruan oleh peternak haiwan sering menyebabkan? || Divergence tajam dalam watak antara baka, <> Apa yang dikatakan Darwin boleh berlaku di suatu tempat jika terdapat perubahan dalam keadaan? || kepupusan sesetengah spesies <> Apa yang boleh berlaku jika spesies berhijrah ke lokasi baru? || keturunan beberapa spesies telah disesuaikan dengan keadaan baru", {"context": "Chapter IV details natural selection under the \"infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life\". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "sharp divergence in character between breeds,"}], "question": "What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?", "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "extinction of some species"}], "question": "What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?", "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions"}], "question": "What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?", "id": "5727af44ff5b5019007d928c"}]}], ["Darwin mencadangkan pemilihan seksual, didorong oleh persaingan antara lelaki untuk pasangan, untuk menjelaskan ciri-ciri seksual dimorphic seperti singa singa, rusa rusa, ekor merak, lagu burung, dan bulu cerah dari beberapa burung lelaki. Beliau menganalisis pilihan seksual lebih lengkap di The Descent of Man, dan Seleksi dalam Hubungan Seks (1871). Pemilihan semulajadi dijangka bekerja dengan sangat perlahan dalam membentuk spesies baru, tetapi berdasarkan keberkesanan pemilihan buatan, ia dapat \"tidak melihat batas pada jumlah perubahan, keindahan dan kerumitan yang tak terbatas dari koadaptasi antara semua makhluk organik, satu sama lain dan dengan keadaan fizikal kehidupan mereka, yang mungkin dapat dilaksanakan dalam jangka masa yang lama dengan daya pemilihan alam semula jadi \". Menggunakan gambarajah pokok dan pengiraan, dia menunjukkan \"perbezaan karakter\" dari spesies asal menjadi spesies baru dan genera. Dia menerangkan cawangan yang jatuh apabila kepupusan berlaku, sementara cawangan-cawangan baru terbentuk dalam \"Pohon kehidupan yang hebat ... dengan ramalan yang cerah dan indah\". <> Apa yang dikatakan Darwin dapat menjelaskan ciri-ciri yang pelbagai seperti tanduk rusa dan bulu terang pada burung-burung lelaki tertentu? || pemilihan seksual, didorong oleh persaingan antara lelaki untuk pasangan <> Antara kerja bertulis Darwin yang mempunyai maklumat lebih mendalam mengenai pemilihan seksual? || The Descent of Man, dan Seleksi Hubungan dengan Seks <> Apa yang Darwin harapkan untuk melihat antara spesies dengan penambahan pilihan tiruan? || tidak ada batasan kepada jumlah perubahan, keindahan dan kerumitan yang tidak terhad antara koadaptasi antara semua makhluk organik <> Apa yang digunakan Darwin untuk menggambarkan cara spesies asal berubah dan menyesuaikan diri dengan yang baru? || gambarajah pokok dan pengiraan", {"context": "Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could \"see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection\". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the \"divergence of character\" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in \"the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates"}], "question": "What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?", "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"}], "question": "Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?", "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings"}], "question": "What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?", "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "a tree diagram and calculations"}], "question": "What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?", "id": "5727b0412ca10214002d93e3"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, ahli botani, Asa Grey, seorang rakan sejawat Darwin Amerika yang berunding dengan penerbit Boston untuk menerbitkan versi Amerika yang diberi kuasa, tetapi mengetahui bahawa dua firma penerbitan New York telah merancang untuk mengeksploitasi hak cipta antarabangsa untuk mencetak Asal. Darwin gembira dengan populariti buku itu, dan meminta Gray untuk menyimpan apa-apa keuntungan. Grey berjaya merundingkan royalti 5% dengan Appleton's New York, yang mendapat edisi mereka pada pertengahan Januari 1860, dan dua yang lain menarik diri. Dalam satu surat Mei, Darwin menyebutkan cetakan sebanyak 2,500 salinan, tetapi tidak jelas jika ini merujuk kepada percetakan pertama hanya kerana terdapat empat tahun itu. <> Mengapa tidak boleh menggunakan Gray Grey menggunakan penerbit Boston untuk versi Amerika On The Origin of Species? || dua firma penerbitan New York telah merancang untuk mengeksploitasi tidak adanya hak cipta antarabangsa untuk mencetak Asal <> Berapa banyak royalti Gray boleh berunding dengan penerbit New York untuk On the Origin of Species? || satu royalti 5% <> Bilakah edisi pertama Amerika mengenai On the Origin of Species diterbitkan? || pertengahan Januari 1860 <> Apa yang Darwin memutuskan untuk melakukan dengan keuntungan versi Amerika On The Origin of Species? || bertanya Gray untuk menyimpan apa-apa keuntungan <> Apakah cetakan yang Darwin disebutkan mengenai On the Origin of Species? || 2,500 salinan", {"context": "In the United States, botanist Asa Gray an American colleague of Darwin negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version, but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin. Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book, and asked Gray to keep any profits. Gray managed to negotiate a 5% royalty with Appleton's of New York, who got their edition out in mid January 1860, and the other two withdrew. In a May letter, Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies, but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin"}], "question": "Why couldn't Asa Gray use a Boston publisher for an American version of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "a 5% royalty"}], "question": "How much of a royalty was Gray able to negotiate with a New York publisher for On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "mid January 1860"}], "question": "When was the first American edition of On the Origin of Species published?", "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "asked Gray to keep any profits"}], "question": "What did Darwin decide to do with the profits of the American version of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "2,500 copies"}], "question": "What was the print run that Darwin mentioned for On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278d495951b619008f8d49"}]}], ["Dalam Bab II, Darwin menspesifikasikan bahawa perbezaan antara spesies dan jenis adalah sewenang-wenangnya, dengan para ahli tidak setuju dan mengubah keputusan mereka apabila bentuk-bentuk baru ditemui. Beliau menyimpulkan bahawa \"pelbagai yang jelas dapat disebut sebagai spesies baru\" dan bahawa \"spesies hanya sangat bertanda dan jenis tetap\". Dia berhujah untuk kebiasaan variasi dalam alam semula jadi. Ahli-ahli sejarah telah menyatakan bahawa alam semula jadi telah lama menyedari bahawa individu-individu dari satu spesies berbeza dari satu sama lain, tetapi secara amnya menganggap variasi-variasi ini untuk menjadi penyimpangan terhad dan tidak penting dari asas setiap spesies, bahawa asas yang menjadi ideal tetap dalam minda Tuhan . Darwin dan Wallace membuat variasi di kalangan individu spesies yang sama penting untuk memahami dunia semula jadi. <> Apa yang Darwin percaya tentang perbezaan antara spesies dan jenis? || adalah sewenang-wenang <> Apa teori Darwin tentang spesies yang berbeza berkenaan dengan varietas? || \"spesies hanya bertanda banyak dan jenis tetap\" <> Apa yang Darwin dan Wallace menjadi pusat untuk memahami dunia semula jadi? || variasi di antara individu-individu dari spesies yang sama <> Apa yang Darwin katakan bahawa \"pelbagai bertanda baik\" boleh dipanggil? || Spesies baru \"<> Apa yang dikatakan ahli sejarah bahawa para ahli alam biasanya berfikir tentang perbezaan variasi dalam spesies? || secara amnya dianggap variasi untuk menjadi penyimpangan terhad dan tidak penting dari asas setiap spesies", {"context": "In Chapter II, Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary, with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found. He concludes that \"a well-marked variety may be justly called an incipient species\" and that \"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\". He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature. Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another, but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species, that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God. Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "is arbitrary"}], "question": "What does Darwin believe about the differences between species and varieties?", "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "\"species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties\""}], "question": "What does Darwin theorize about different species with regard to variety?", "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "variation among individuals of the same species"}], "question": "What did Darwin and Wallace make central to understanding the natural world?", "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "incipient species\""}], "question": "What did Darwin say that a \"well marked variety\" could be called?", "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species"}], "question": "What did historians say that naturalists generally thought about the differences in variations in a species?", "id": "57279206f1498d1400e8fc74"}]}], ["Pada Asal-usul Species pertama kali diterbitkan pada hari Khamis 24 November 1859, dengan harga lima belas shillings dengan percetakan pertama sebanyak 1250 salinan. Buku itu telah ditawarkan kepada penjual buku pada jualan luruh Murray pada hari Selasa 22 November, dan semua salinan yang tersedia telah diambil segera. Secara keseluruhannya, 1,250 salinan dicetak tetapi selepas ditolak persembahan dan salinan kajian, dan lima untuk hak cipta Dewan Stationers, sekitar 1,170 salinan boleh dijual. Secara ketara, 500 telah diambil oleh Perpustakaan Mudie, memastikan bahawa buku itu segera sampai kepada sejumlah besar pelanggan ke perpustakaan. Edisi 3,000 salinan edisi kedua dikeluarkan pada 7 Januari 1860, dan memasukkan banyak pembetulan serta tindak balas terhadap bantahan agama dengan penambahan epigraph baru pada halaman ii, sebutan dari Charles Kingsley, dan frasa \"oleh Pencipta \"ditambahkan pada ayat penutup. Semasa hayat Darwin, buku itu melalui enam edisi, dengan perubahan kumulatif dan semakan untuk menangani pertentangan-pertentangan yang dibangkitkan. Edisi ketiga muncul pada tahun 1861, dengan beberapa ayat yang ditulis semula atau ditambah dan lampiran pengantar, Latar Belakang Sejarah Pendapat Pendapat Terkini mengenai Asal-usul Spesies, manakala keempat pada tahun 1866 mempunyai semakan lanjut. Edisi kelima, yang diterbitkan pada 10 Februari 1869, memasukkan lebih banyak perubahan dan buat kali pertama termasuk frasa \"survival the fittest\", yang dicipta oleh ahli falsafah Herbert Spencer dalam Prinsip-prinsip Biologi (1864). <> Apakah kos untuk salinan yang diterbitkan pertama mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || lima belas shillings <> Berapa banyak salinan mengenai Origin of Species yang dicipta dalam percetakan pertama? || 1250 salinan <> Di manakah buku, Di Asal-usul Spesies yang pertama ditawarkan untuk dijual? || Jualan musim luruh Murray <> Berapa banyak edisi mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies yang berlaku sepanjang hayat Darwin? || enam edisi <> Institusi mana yang membeli 500 naskhah buku itu, memastikan bahawa sebilangan besar orang akan mempunyai akses kepadanya? || Perpustakaan Mudie", {"context": "On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859, priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies. The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November, and all available copies had been taken up immediately. In total, 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies, and five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology (1864).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "fifteen shillings"}], "question": "What was the cost for the first published copies of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "1250 copies"}], "question": "How many copies of On the Origin of Species were created in the first printing?", "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Murray's autumn sale"}], "question": "Where was the book, On the Origin of Species first offered for sale?", "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 949, "text": "six editions"}], "question": "How many editions did On the Origin of Species go through during Darwin's lifetime?", "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Mudie's Library"}], "question": "Which institution bought 500 copies of the book, ensuring that a large number of people would have access to it?", "id": "572788c6f1498d1400e8fb2e"}]}], ["Buku ini diterjemahkan secara meluas dalam kehidupan Darwin, tetapi masalah timbul dengan menterjemahkan konsep dan metafora, dan beberapa terjemahan telah berat sebelah oleh agenda sendiri penterjemah. Darwin mengagihkan salinan persembahan di Perancis dan Jerman, dengan harapan bahawa pemohon yang sesuai akan tampil ke depan, kerana penterjemah dijangka membuat pengaturan mereka sendiri dengan penerbit tempatan. Beliau mengalu-alukan pakar naturalis dan ahli geologi tua Heinrich Georg Bronn, tetapi terjemahan Jerman yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1860 mengenakan idea Bronn sendiri, menambah tema kontroversial yang Darwin sengaja ditinggalkan. Bronn menerjemahkan \"kaum yang disukai\" sebagai \"kaum yang disempurnakan\", dan menambah esai mengenai isu-isu termasuk asal usul kehidupan, serta bab akhir mengenai implikasi agama yang sebahagiannya diilhamkan oleh kepatuhan Bronn terhadap Naturphilosophie. Pada tahun 1862, Bronn mengeluarkan edisi kedua berdasarkan edisi bahasa Inggeris ketiga dan penambahan Darwin yang dicadangkan, tetapi kemudiannya meninggal akibat serangan jantung. Darwin berkait rapat dengan Julius Victor Carus, yang menerbitkan penterjemahan yang lebih baik pada tahun 1867. Percubaan Darwin untuk mencari penerjemah di Perancis jatuh, dan penterjemahan oleh Cl\u00e9mence Royer yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1862 menambahkan pengenalan memuji idea Darwin sebagai alternatif kepada wahyu agama dan mempromosikan idea-idea yang menjangkakan Darwinisme dan eugenik sosial, serta pelbagai nota penjelasan yang memberikan jawapannya sendiri kepada keraguan yang dinyatakan Darwin. Darwin bersesuaian dengan Royer mengenai edisi kedua yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1866 dan satu pertiga pada tahun 1870, tetapi dia mengalami kesukaran untuk memansuhkan nota beliau dan terganggu oleh edisi ini. Beliau kekal tidak puas sehingga penterjemahan oleh Edmond Barbier diterbitkan pada tahun 1876. Terjemahan Belanda oleh Tiberius Cornelis Winkler diterbitkan pada tahun 1860. Menjelang tahun 1864, terjemahan tambahan telah muncul dalam bahasa Itali dan Rusia. Dalam kehidupan Darwin, Origin diterbitkan dalam bahasa Sweden pada tahun 1871, Denmark pada tahun 1872, Poland pada tahun 1873, Hungary pada tahun 1873-1874, Sepanyol pada tahun 1877 dan Serbia pada tahun 1878. Menjelang tahun 1977, ia telah muncul dalam 18 bahasa tambahan. <> Siapakah penterjemah Jerman yang Darwin disambut baik untuk On the Origin of Species? || Heinrich Georg Bronn, <> Apa yang Bronn lakukan dalam terjemahannya yang benar-benar melawan apa yang Darwin inginkan dalam Tentang Asal-usul Spesies? || terjemahan Jerman yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1860 telah mengenakan idea-idea Bronn sendiri, sambil menambah tema kontroversial yang Darwin sengaja ditinggalkan. <> Apakah Bronn telah mengubah \"Karunia yang Diutamakan\" ke dalam edisi terjemahannya Tentang Asal-usul Spesies? || \"bangsa yang disempurnakan\" <> Siapa yang menerbitkan terjemahan yang lebih baik mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies pada tahun 1867? || Julius Victor Carus <> Mengapa Darwin tidak berpuas hati dengan terjemahan bahasa Perancis pertama mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || banyak catatan penjelasan yang memberikan jawapannya sendiri kepada keraguan yang dinyatakan Darwin", {"context": "The book was widely translated in Darwin's lifetime, but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors, and some translations were biased by the translator's own agenda. Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany, hoping that suitable applicants would come forward, as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher. He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn, but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted. Bronn translated \"favoured races\" as \"perfected races\", and added essays on issues including the origin of life, as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn's adherence to Naturphilosophie. In 1862, Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin's suggested additions, but then died of a heart attack. Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus, who published an improved translation in 1867. Darwin's attempts to find a translator in France fell through, and the translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics, as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed. Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870, but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions. He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, Origin was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873\u20131874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Heinrich Georg Bronn,"}], "question": "Who was the German translator that Darwin welcomed for On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn's own ideas, adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted."}], "question": "What did Bronn do in his translation that went completely against what Darwin wanted in On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "\"perfected races\""}], "question": "What did Bronn change \"Favoured Races\" to in his translated edition of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1000, "text": "Julius Victor Carus"}], "question": "Who published an improved translation of On the Origin of Species in 1867?", "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1350, "text": "numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed"}], "question": "Why was Darwin unhappy with the first French translation of On the Origins of Species?", "id": "57278e79f1498d1400e8fc0c"}]}], ["Bab VIII membahas idea bahawa spesies mempunyai ciri khas yang menghalang hibrida dari subur untuk memelihara spesies yang dicipta secara berasingan. Darwin berkata, jauh daripada menjadi malar, kesukaran menghasilkan hibrida spesies yang berkaitan, dan daya maju dan kesuburan hibrida, amat berbeza, terutama di kalangan tumbuhan. Kadang-kadang apa yang dianggap secara luas sebagai spesies berasingan menghasilkan anak-anak hibrid subur secara bebas, dan dalam hal-hal lain, apa yang dianggap jenis semacam spesies yang sama hanya dapat diseberang dengan kesulitan. Darwin menyimpulkan: \"Akhirnya, fakta-fakta yang diberikan secara ringkas dalam bab ini tidak seolah-olah saya bertentangan, tetapi sebaliknya untuk menyokong pandangan bahawa tiada perbezaan asas antara spesies dan jenis.\" <> Mengapa hibrida mempunyai ciri-ciri yang membuat mereka tidak subur? || untuk mengekalkan spesies yang dicipta secara berasingan <> Apakah pemikiran Darwin tentang menghasilkan kacukan spesies yang berkaitan? || kebolehan dan kesuburan hibrida, sangat berbeza, terutamanya di kalangan tumbuhan <> Apakah kesimpulan yang dilakukan oleh Darwin setelah menyedari bahawa beberapa spesies yang beragam mampu membuat variasi dengan mudah, sedangkan spesies lain yang dianggap berkait rapat mempunyai kesulitan? || menyokong pandangan, bahawa tidak ada perbezaan asas antara spesies dan jenis", {"context": "Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: \"Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "in order to preserve separately created species"}], "question": "Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?", "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaa9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants"}], "question": "What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?", "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties"}], "question": "What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?", "id": "5727b9d23acd2414000deaab"}]}], ["Bab VII (edisi pertama) membahas evolusi naluri. Contoh-contohnya termasuk dua dia telah menyelidiki secara eksperimen: semut membuat hantu dan pembinaan sel-sel heksagonal oleh lebah madu. Darwin menyatakan bahawa beberapa spesies semut buatan hamba lebih bergantung kepada budak daripada yang lain, dan dia melihat bahawa banyak spesies semut akan mengumpulkan dan menyimpan pupae spesies lain sebagai makanan. Beliau berpendapat bahawa spesies yang mempunyai ketergantungan yang melampau terhadap pekerja hamba telah berevolusi dalam langkah-langkah tambahan. Beliau mencadangkan bahawa lebah yang membuat sel-sel heksagonal berevolusi dalam langkah-langkah dari lebah yang membuat sel bulat, di bawah tekanan dari pemilihan semula jadi untuk mengukur lilin. Darwin membuat kesimpulan: <> Bagaimana Darwin berteori bahawa naluri telah berkembang dalam semut membuat hamba? || Beliau berpendapat bahawa spesies yang mempunyai ketergantungan yang melampau terhadap pekerja hamba telah berevolusi dalam langkah-langkah tambahan. <> Bagaimana Darwin memeori naluri yang telah berkembang di lebah? || Beliau mencadangkan bahawa lebah yang membuat sel-sel heksagon berkembang dalam langkah-langkah dari lebah yang membuat sel-sel bulat, di bawah tekanan dari pemilihan semula jadi untuk mengukur lilin <> Apa yang diperhatikan Darwin secara spesifik tentang semut membuat hamba? || beberapa spesies semut buatan hamba lebih bergantung kepada budak daripada yang lain", {"context": "Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps."}], "question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?", "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax"}], "question": "How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?", "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others"}], "question": "What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?", "id": "5727b8b3ff5b5019007d936c"}]}], ["Bab VI bermula dengan mengatakan tiga bab yang akan datang akan menangani keberatan yang mungkin kepada teori, yang pertama yang sering tidak ada bentuk perantaraan antara spesies yang berkaitan erat ditemukan, walaupun teori itu menunjukkan bentuk-bentuk tersebut mestilah ada. Seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Darwin, \"Pertama, mengapa, jika spesies berasal dari spesies lain oleh penggredan yang baik, tidakkah kita melihat di mana-mana bentuk peralihan yang tidak terhitung banyaknya? Kenapa tidak semua alam kekeliruan, bukan spesies itu, seperti yang kita lihat, baik didefinisikan? \" Darwin menyumbangkan ini kepada persaingan antara bentuk yang berbeza, digabungkan dengan bilangan kecil individu bentuk perantaraan, yang sering menyebabkan kepupusan bentuk sedemikian. Kesukaran ini boleh dirujuk sebagai ketiadaan atau jarangnya jenis peralihan dalam ruang habitat. <> Apakah salah satu kemungkinan keberatan terhadap teori variasi terintegrasi? || seringkali tiada bentuk perantaraan antara spesies yang berkaitan erat ditemui <> Mengapa Darwin tertanya-tanya mengapa semua sifat tidak kacau dan rawak? || Kenapa, jika spesies berasal dari spesies lain oleh pengamatan yang tidak baik, tidakkah kita melihat di mana-mana bentuk peralihan yang tak terhitung jumlahnya? <> Apa yang akhirnya memutuskan Darwin adalah alasan bahawa sifat bukan huru-hara variasi? || persaingan di antara bentuk yang berbeza, digabungkan dengan bilangan kecil individu bentuk perantaraan, yang sering menyebabkan kepupusan bentuk sedemikian.", {"context": "Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, \"Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?\" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found"}], "question": "What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?", "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9338"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?"}], "question": "Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?", "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d9339"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms."}], "question": "What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?", "id": "5727b6e5ff5b5019007d933a"}]}], ["Jawapannya adalah bahawa dalam banyak kes haiwan wujud dengan struktur pertengahan yang berfungsi. Dia menyampaikan tupai terbang, dan lemur terbang sebagai contoh bagaimana kelawar boleh berkembang daripada nenek moyang bukan terbang. Dia membincangkan pelbagai mata mudah yang terdapat dalam invertebrata, bermula dengan tidak lebih daripada saraf optik yang disalut dengan pigmen, sebagai contoh bagaimana mata vertebrata dapat berkembang. Darwin menyimpulkan: \"Sekiranya dapat ditunjukkan bahawa setiap organ kompleks yang ada, yang mungkin tidak dapat dibentuk oleh perubahan yang banyak, berturut-turut, sedikit demi sedikit, teori saya benar-benar akan merosot. <> Apakah beberapa haiwan terbang yang dianggap Darwin berevolusi dari kelelawar? || tupai terbang, dan lemur terbang <> Contoh apakah Darwin memberi mata berubah? || mata mudah dijumpai dalam invertebrata, bermula dengan apa-apa yang lebih daripada saraf optik yang disalut dengan pigmen <> Bagaimana Darwin membenarkan teorinya tidak pecah? || mana-mana kompleks organ wujud, yang tidak mungkin telah dibentuk oleh banyak, berturut-turut, sedikit pengubahsuaian, teori saya akan benar-benar memecah.", {"context": "His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional. He presented flying squirrels, and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors. He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment, as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved. Darwin concludes: \"If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down. But I can find out no such case.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "flying squirrels, and flying lemurs"}], "question": "What are some flying animals that Darwin thought might have evolved from bats?", "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "simple eyes found in invertebrates, starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment"}], "question": "What example did Darwin give of eyes evolving?", "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down."}], "question": "How did Darwin justify his theory not breaking down?", "id": "5727b7e24b864d1900163b54"}]}], ["Lebih terperinci telah diberikan dalam buku Darwin pada 1868 tentang Variasi Haiwan dan Tanaman di bawah Domestik, yang cuba menjelaskan keturunan melalui hipotesis pangenesisnya. Walaupun Darwin secara peribadi mempersoalkan pewarisan penggabungan, dia berjuang dengan kesukaran teoretis bahawa variasi individu baru akan cenderung menyatu menjadi penduduk. Walau bagaimanapun, variasi yang diwariskan dapat dilihat, dan konsep pemilihan Darwin yang bekerja pada populasi dengan pelbagai variasi kecil dapat dilaksanakan. Tidak sampai sintesis evolusi moden pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an bahawa model keturunan menjadi sepenuhnya bersepadu dengan model variasi. Sintesis evolusi moden ini telah digelar Neo Darwinian Evolution kerana ia merangkumi teori-teori evolusi Charles Darwin dengan teori Gregor Mendel tentang warisan genetik. <> Bilakah Variasi Haiwan dan Tanaman di bawah Domestik oleh Charles Darwin diterbitkan? || 1868 <> Apakah hipotesis yang cuba menjelaskan keturunan? || hipotesis pangenesis. <> Walaupun Darwin tidak pasti tentang pengadunan sifat yang diwarisi, apakah pendapatnya mengenai penggunaan variasi warisan? || Konsep pemilihan Darwin yang bekerja pada populasi dengan pelbagai variasi kecil boleh dilaksanakan <> Bilakah model keturunan mula diintegrasikan dengan variasi? || pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an <> Apakah sintesis evolusi moden yang dinamakan? || Evolusi Neo Darwinian", {"context": "More detail was given in Darwin's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis. Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance, he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population. However, inherited variation could be seen, and Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable. It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation. This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel's theories of genetic inheritance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "1868"}], "question": "When was The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication by Charles Darwin published?", "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "hypothesis of pangenesis."}], "question": "What was the hypothesis that attempted to explain heredity?", "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Darwin's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable"}], "question": "While Darwin wasn't sure about blending inherited traits, what was his opinion about utilizing inherited variation?", "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "in the 1930s and 1940s"}], "question": "When did a model of heredity begin to be integrated with that of variation?", "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 709, "text": "Neo Darwinian Evolution"}], "question": "What was the modern evolutionary synthesis named?", "id": "5727b63c3acd2414000dea53"}]}], ["Bab XI memperkatakan bukti dari biogeografi, bermula dengan pengamatan bahwa perbedaan flora dan fauna dari wilayah yang terpisah tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh perbezaan persekitaran saja; Amerika Selatan, Afrika, dan Australia semuanya mempunyai kawasan yang mempunyai iklim serupa di latitud yang sama, tetapi kawasan tersebut mempunyai tumbuhan dan haiwan yang sangat berbeza. Spesies yang ditemui di satu kawasan di benua lebih rapat dengan spesies yang terdapat di kawasan lain di benua yang sama daripada spesies yang terdapat di benua lain. Darwin menyatakan bahawa halangan penghijrahan memainkan peranan penting dalam perbezaan antara spesies di kawasan yang berbeza. Kehidupan laut pesisir Atlantik dan Pasifik di Amerika Tengah hampir tidak ada spesies yang sama walaupun Isthmus of Panama hanya beberapa batu lebar. Penjelasannya adalah gabungan migrasi dan keturunan dengan pengubahsuaian. Dia terus berkata: \"Mengenai prinsip warisan ini dengan pengubahsuaian, kita dapat memahami bagaimana bahagian-bahagian genus, genera keseluruhan, dan bahkan keluarga terkurung di kawasan-kawasan yang sama, seperti biasa dan terkenal.\" Darwin menjelaskan bagaimana sebuah pulau gunung berapi yang dibentuk beberapa ratus batu dari benua mungkin dijajah oleh beberapa spesies dari benua itu. Spesies ini akan diubah suai dari masa ke masa, tetapi masih berkaitan dengan spesies yang terdapat di benua itu, dan Darwin mendapati bahawa ini adalah corak yang sama. Darwin membincangkan cara spesies boleh disebarkan merentasi lautan untuk menjajah pulau-pulau, yang kebanyakannya dia telah menyelidiki secara eksperimen. <> Mengapa tidak ada perbezaan dalam flora dan fauna yang dijelaskan oleh perbezaan di rantau sahaja? || Amerika Selatan, Afrika dan Australia semuanya mempunyai kawasan yang mempunyai iklim yang serupa di latitud yang sama, tetapi kawasan tersebut mempunyai tumbuhan dan haiwan yang sangat berbeza <> Apa yang diperkatakan oleh Darwin yang dapat menjelaskan mengapa wilayah yang berlainan mungkin mempunyai spesies yang berbeza ketika mereka rapat? || halangan kepada penghijrahan memainkan peranan penting dalam perbezaan antara spesies di kawasan yang berbeza. <> Apakah gabungan kesan Darwin yang dianggap paling penting dalam menentukan perbezaan spesies yang berkembang secara berasingan dalam persekitaran yang serupa? || Penjelasannya adalah gabungan migrasi dan keturunan dengan pengubahsuaian.", {"context": "Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: \"On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case.\" Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals"}], "question": "Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?", "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d955e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions."}], "question": "What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?", "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d955f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 814, "text": "His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification."}], "question": "What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?", "id": "5727bfec2ca10214002d9560"}]}], ["Dalam edisi keenam Darwin memasukkan bab VII baru (renumering bab berikutnya) untuk bertindak balas terhadap kritikan edisi terdahulu, termasuk bantahan bahawa banyak ciri organisma tidak menyesuaikan diri dan tidak dapat dihasilkan oleh pemilihan semulajadi. Beliau berkata sesetengah ciri tersebut boleh menjadi produk sampingan dari perubahan adaptif kepada ciri-ciri lain, dan ciri-ciri yang sering kali seolah-olah tidak menyesuaikan diri kerana fungsi mereka tidak diketahui, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh bukunya mengenai Pemupukan Anggrek yang menerangkan bagaimana struktur rumit mereka memudahkan pendebungaan oleh serangga. Kebanyakan bab ini bertindak balas kepada kritikan George Jackson Mivart, termasuk dakwaannya bahawa ciri-ciri seperti penapis baleen dalam ikan paus, ikan paus dengan kedua-dua mata di satu sisi dan penyamaran serangga batang tidak dapat berkembang melalui pemilihan semulajadi kerana peringkat perantaraan tidak mungkin penyesuaian. Darwin mencadangkan senario untuk evolusi tambahan setiap ciri. <> Mengapa Darwin memperkenalkan bab baru dalam Mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies dalam edisi keenam? || untuk bertindak balas terhadap kritikan edisi terdahulu <> Apakah salah satu bantahan yang ditujukan Darwin dalam bab barunya dalam Tentang Asal-usul Spesies? || bahawa banyak ciri-ciri organisma tidak menyesuaikan diri dan tidak dapat dihasilkan oleh pemilihan semula jadi. <> Antara buku Darwin yang menonjolkan tumbuhan yang struktur rumitnya dibantu dengan persenyawaan oleh serangga? || Persenyawaan Orkid <> Ahli sains mana yang paling banyak ditangani dalam bab baru mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || George Jackson Mivart <> Apakah tindak balas Darwin terhadap tuntutan bahawa haiwan tertentu tidak dapat berkembang melalui pemilihan semulajadi? || Darwin mencadangkan senario untuk evolusi tambahan setiap ciri.", {"context": "In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII (renumbering the subsequent chapters) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions, including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection. He said some such features could have been by-products of adaptive changes to other features, and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown, as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects. Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart's criticisms, including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales, flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive. Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "to respond to criticisms of earlier editions"}], "question": "Why did Darwin introduce a new chapter in On the Origin of Species in the sixth edition?", "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection"}], "question": "What was one of the objections that Darwin addressed in his new chapter in On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "Fertilisation of Orchids"}], "question": "Which of Darwin's books featured a plant whose elaborate structure aided with fertilization by insects?", "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "George Jackson Mivart"}], "question": "Which scientist was addressed the most often in the new chapter of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 888, "text": "Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature."}], "question": "What was Darwin's response to the claims that certain animals could not have evolved through natural selection?", "id": "5727bb0e4b864d1900163bbe"}]}], ["Bab IX membahas fakta bahawa rekod geologi muncul untuk menunjukkan bentuk kehidupan tiba-tiba timbul, tanpa fosil peralihan yang tidak terhitung yang diharapkan dari perubahan secara beransur-ansur. Darwin meminjam hujah Charles Lyell dalam Prinsip-prinsip Geologi bahawa rekodnya sangat tidak sempurna kerana fusilisasi adalah kejadian yang sangat jarang berlaku, yang tersebar di dalam masa yang luas; kerana beberapa kawasan telah diterokai secara geologi, hanya ada pengetahuan fragmen tentang pembentukan geologi, dan koleksi fosil sangat miskin. Varieti tempatan yang berpindah ke kawasan yang lebih luas akan menjadi penampilan mendadak spesies baru. Darwin tidak mengharapkan untuk dapat membina semula sejarah evolusi, tetapi penemuan berterusan memberikannya harapan yang baik bahawa penemuan baru kadang-kadang akan menunjukkan bentuk peralihan. Untuk menunjukkan bahawa terdapat masa yang cukup untuk pemilihan semula jadi untuk bekerja dengan perlahan, beliau sekali lagi memetik Prinsip Geologi dan pemerhatian lain berdasarkan pemendapan dan hakisan, termasuk anggaran bahawa hakisan The Weald telah mengambil 300 juta tahun. Penampilan awal seluruh kumpulan organisma yang maju di lapisan tertutup fosil tertua, sekarang dikenali sebagai letupan Kambrium, menimbulkan masalah. Darwin tidak ragu-ragu bahawa laut terdahulu telah menyerupai makhluk hidup, tetapi menyatakan bahawa dia tidak mempunyai penjelasan memuaskan tentang kekurangan fosil. Bukti fosil kehidupan pra-Kambrian sejak itu telah dijumpai, memanjangkan sejarah kehidupan kembali untuk berbilion tahun. <> Hujah siapa Darwin meminjam rekod geologi itu sangat tidak sempurna, kerana fosilisasi jarang berlaku? || Charles Lyell <> Buku mana yang ditulis oleh Charles Lyell mengandungi hujah bahawa fosil terlalu jarang digunakan sebagai bukti kehidupan tiba-tiba timbul? || Prinsip-prinsip Geologi <> Apa yang Darwin berharap untuk mencari ketika dia terus meneroka penemuan geologi baru? || bahawa penemuan baru sekali-sekala akan mendedahkan bentuk peralihan <> Berapa lama Darwin menganggarkan hakisan Weald untuk menjadi? || 300 juta tahun <> Apa nama kumpulan organisma yang maju yang ditemui dalam lapisan fosil? || letupan kambrium", {"context": "Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Charles Lyell"}], "question": "Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?", "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Principles of Geology"}], "question": "Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?", "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 756, "text": "that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms"}], "question": "What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?", "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1049, "text": "300 million years"}], "question": "How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?", "id": "5727bd4c2ca10214002d951f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1186, "text": "the Cambrian explosion"}], "question": "What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?", "id": "5727bd4d2ca10214002d9520"}]}], ["Bab X meneliti sama ada corak dalam rekod fosil lebih baik dijelaskan oleh keturunan bersama dan evolusi cawangan melalui pemilihan semulajadi, daripada penciptaan spesies tetap. Darwin menjangkakan spesies berubah perlahan, tetapi tidak pada kadar yang sama - sesetengah organisma seperti Lingula tidak berubah sejak fosil terawal. Kadar pemilihan semula jadi bergantung kepada kebolehubahan dan perubahan persekitaran. Ini menjauhkan teorinya dari undang-undang Lamarckian mengenai kemajuan yang tidak dapat dielakkan. Telah dipertikaikan bahawa ini menjangkakan hipotesis keseimbangan bersalut, tetapi para ulama lain lebih suka menekankan komitmen Darwin untuk berangsur-angsur. Beliau memetik hasil penemuan Richard Owen bahawa ahli-ahli terawal kelas adalah beberapa spesies yang mudah dan umum dengan ciri-ciri antara kedua-dua bentuk moden, dan diikuti oleh bentuk-bentuk yang semakin pelbagai dan khusus, sepadan dengan cawangan keturunan bersama dari leluhur. Corak kepupusan sepadan dengan teorinya, dengan kumpulan spesies yang berkaitan yang mempunyai kewujudan berterusan sehingga kepupusan, maka tidak muncul lagi. Spesies baru-baru ini pupus lebih mirip dengan spesies hidup daripada zaman dahulu, dan seperti yang pernah dilihatnya di Amerika Selatan, dan William Clift telah ditunjukkan di Australia, fosil dari zaman geologi baru menyerupai spesies masih hidup di kawasan yang sama. <> Bagaimana Darwin mengharapkan spesies berubah dan berkembang? || perlahan, tetapi tidak pada kadar yang sama <> Apa yang dipercayai Darwin adalah perkara utama yang diperlukan untuk variasi spesies untuk dibentuk? || kepelbagaian dan perubahan dalam alam sekitar <> Ahli sains yang mana teori bahawa ahli-ahli kelas yang terawal dalam spesies mudah dan umum? || Richard Owen <> Apa yang Darwin ketahui tentang spesies yang baru saja pupus? || Spesies baru-baru ini pupus lebih mirip dengan spesies hidup berbanding dengan zaman dahulu", {"context": "Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate \u2013 some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "slowly, but not at the same rate"}], "question": "How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?", "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "variability and change in the environment"}], "question": "What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?", "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Richard Owen"}], "question": "Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?", "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1097, "text": "Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras"}], "question": "What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?", "id": "5727be744b864d1900163c51"}]}], ["Dalam masa Darwin tidak ada model keturunan yang dipersetujui; dalam Bab I Darwin mengakui, \"Undang-undang yang mengawal warisan agak tidak diketahui.\" Beliau menerima versi warisan ciri-ciri yang diperoleh (yang selepas kematian Darwin disebut Lamarckism), dan Bab V membincangkan apa yang dia panggil kesan penggunaan dan penggunaannya; dia menulis bahawa dia fikir \"ada keraguan bahawa penggunaan dalam haiwan domestik kita menguatkan dan membesarkan bahagian-bahagian tertentu, dan tidak digunakan mengurangkannya dan pengubahsuaian itu diwariskan\", dan ini juga berlaku. Darwin menyatakan bahawa beberapa perubahan yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan penggunaan dan penggunaannya, seperti kehilangan sayap berfungsi di beberapa pulau serangga kediaman, mungkin dihasilkan oleh pemilihan semula jadi. Dalam edisi kemudian Asal, Darwin memperluaskan peranan yang dikaitkan dengan warisan ciri yang diperoleh. Darwin juga mengakui kebodohan sumber variasi yang boleh diwariskan, tetapi spekulasi bahawa ia mungkin dihasilkan oleh faktor persekitaran. Walau bagaimanapun, satu perkara yang jelas: apa pun sifat dan punca perubahan yang baru, Darwin tahu dari pemerhatian dan percubaan bahawa penternak dapat memilih variasi tersebut dan menghasilkan perbezaan yang besar dalam banyak generasi pemilihan. Pemerhatian bahawa pemilihan kerja-kerja dalam haiwan peliharaan tidak dimusnahkan oleh kurangnya pemahaman mekanisme keturunan yang mendasari. <> Apakah teori yang berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang diperoleh dalam spesies? || Lamarckism <> Apa yang Darwin belajar tentang ciri-ciri binatang peliharaan? || digunakan dalam haiwan domestik kita menguatkan dan memperbesar bahagian tertentu, dan tidak digunakan mengurangkannya <> Apa yang diperkirakan oleh Darwin mungkin bagaimana variasi yang diwariskan mungkin berlaku dalam spesies? || faktor alam sekitar <> Apa yang Darwin mengakui tentang ciri-ciri yang diperolehi dalam bab satu daripada Asal-usul Spesies? || \"Undang-undang yang mengawal warisan agak tidak diketahui.\" <> Apa yang Darwin belajar tentang variasi dengan memerhatikan peternak? || penternak dapat memilih variasi dan menghasilkan perbezaan yang besar dalam banyak generasi pemilihan", {"context": "In Darwin's time there was no agreed-upon model of heredity; in Chapter I Darwin admitted, \"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\" He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics (which after Darwin's death came to be called Lamarckism), and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse; he wrote that he thought \"there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them; and that such modifications are inherited\", and that this also applied in nature. Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse, such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects, might be produced by natural selection. In later editions of Origin, Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations, but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors. However, one thing was clear: whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations, Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection. The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Lamarckism"}], "question": "What is the theory that is based on acquired characteristics within a species?", "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts, and disuse diminishes them"}], "question": "What did Darwin learn about about the characteristics of domestic animals?", "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 993, "text": "environmental factors"}], "question": "What did Darwin speculate might be how inheritable variations might come about in a species?", "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "\"The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown.\""}], "question": "What did Darwin admit about acquired characteristics in chapter one of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1151, "text": "breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection"}], "question": "What did Darwin learn about variations by observing breeders?", "id": "5727b1adff5b5019007d92c4"}]}], ["Bab akhir mengkaji mata dari bab-bab sebelumnya, dan Darwin menyimpulkan dengan berharap teori itu dapat menghasilkan perubahan revolusioner dalam banyak bidang sejarah alam. Walaupun dia menghindari topik kontroversi asal-usul manusia di seluruh buku supaya tidak menjejaskan pembaca terhadap teorinya, di sini dia menerangkan petunjuk berhati-hati bahawa psikologi akan diletakkan pada asas baru dan \"Cahaya akan dilemparkan ke asal manusia \". Darwin berakhir dengan satu petikan yang menjadi terkenal dan banyak disebutkan: <> Harapan apa yang Darwin mempunyai untuk teorinya dalam bidang sejarah semula jadi? || bahawa teorinya mungkin menghasilkan perubahan revolusioner <> Mengapa Darwin mengelakkan topik asal-usul manusia dalam kebanyakan bukunya? || supaya tidak menjejaskan pembaca terhadap teorinya <> Apa yang Darwin bercadang untuk berharap pada bab akhir Mengenai Asal-usul Spesies tentang manusia? || bahawa psikologi akan diletakkan pada asas baru dan \"Cahaya akan dilemparkan ke asal manusia\"", {"context": "The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "that his theory might produce revolutionary changes"}], "question": "What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?", "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "so as not to prejudice readers against his theory"}], "question": "Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?", "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9481"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\""}], "question": "What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?", "id": "5727c1aeff5b5019007d9482"}]}], ["Matlamat Darwin adalah dua: untuk menunjukkan bahawa spesies itu tidak dicipta secara berasingan, dan menunjukkan bahawa pemilihan semula jadi telah menjadi agen utama perubahan. Dia tahu bahawa pembacanya sudah biasa dengan konsep transmutasi spesies dari Vestiges, dan pengucapannya yang menggagalkan yang berfungsi sebagai gagal menyediakan mekanisme yang layak. Oleh itu, empat bab pertama menyatakan kesnya bahawa seleksi, yang disebabkan oleh perjuangan untuk kewujudan, adalah sama dengan pemilihan variasi di bawah pembahagian rumah tangga, dan pengumpulan variasi penyesuaian menyediakan mekanisme yang boleh diuji secara saintifik untuk spesiasi evolusi. <> Apa tujuan dua Darwin tentang evolusi? || untuk menunjukkan bahawa spesies itu tidak dicipta secara berasingan, dan untuk menunjukkan bahawa pemilihan semulajadi telah menjadi agen utama perubahan <> Apa yang dia ketahui para pembaca sudah biasa dengan Vestiges? || konsep pemancaran spesies <> Bagaimana pandangan Darwin Vestiges dalam pengenalan kepada Asal-usul Spesies? || pengucapan pengucapannya yang berfungsi sebagai gagal menyediakan mekanisme yang sesuai. <> Apakah kepercayaan Darwin mengenai pengumpulan variasi adaptif? || pengumpulan variasi penyesuaian menyediakan mekanisme yang boleh diuji secara saintifik untuk spesiasi evolusi.", {"context": "Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change"}], "question": "What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?", "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "the concept of transmutation of species"}], "question": "What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?", "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism."}], "question": "How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation."}], "question": "What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?", "id": "5727c29e2ca10214002d959f"}]}], ["Darwin membincangkan morfologi, termasuk kepentingan struktur homolog. Beliau berkata, \"Apa yang lebih ingin tahu daripada tangan manusia, terbentuk untuk menggenggam, tahi lalat untuk menggali, kaki kuda, dayung porpoise, dan sayap kelawar, semuanya harus dibina pada corak yang sama, dan harus memasukkan tulang yang sama, dalam kedudukan relatif yang sama? \" Dia menyatakan bahawa haiwan dari kelas yang sama sering mempunyai embrio yang sangat serupa. Darwin membincangkan organ-organ asas, seperti sayap burung tanpa penerbangan dan asas-asas pelvis dan tulang kaki yang terdapat pada beberapa ular. Beliau menyatakan bahawa beberapa organ asas, seperti gigi dalam paus balin, hanya terdapat di peringkat embrio. <> Teori apa yang Darwin membincangkan yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan struktur homolog? || morfologi <> Apakah beberapa contoh yang diberikan oleh Darwin kepada spesies yang bentuk asas anggota badannya sama, tetapi yang mempunyai kegunaan yang sangat berbeza bagi mereka? || tangan seorang lelaki, yang terbentuk untuk menggenggam, tahi lalat untuk menggali, kaki kuda, paddle of porpoise, dan sayap kelawar <> Apa yang Darwin perhatikan tentang embrio banyak spesies yang berlainan dalam Sama kelas? || haiwan dari kelas yang sama sering mempunyai embrio yang sangat serupa <> Apa beberapa contoh organ-organ asas yang dibahas Darwin dalam bab ini? || sayap burung tanpa penerbangan dan asas-asas pelvis dan tulang kaki yang terdapat pada beberapa ular", {"context": "Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, \"What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?\" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "morphology"}], "question": "What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?", "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat"}], "question": "What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?", "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos"}], "question": "What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?", "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes"}], "question": "What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?", "id": "5727c1064b864d1900163c87"}]}], ["Bab-bab kemudian menyediakan bukti bahawa evolusi telah berlaku, menyokong idea cawangan, evolusi adaptif tanpa membuktikan secara langsung bahawa pemilihan adalah mekanisme. Darwin membentangkan fakta-fakta sokongan yang diperolehi dari banyak bidang, menunjukkan bahawa teorinya dapat menerangkan pelbagai pemerhatian dari banyak bidang sejarah semula jadi yang tidak dapat diterangkan di bawah konsep alternatif yang spesies telah dibentuk secara individu. Struktur hujah Darwin menunjukkan pengaruh John Herschel, yang falsafah sains mempertahankan bahawa mekanisme boleh dipanggil vera causa (sebab sebenar) jika tiga perkara dapat ditunjukkan: kewujudannya, keupayaan untuk menghasilkan kesan kepentingan , dan keupayaannya untuk menjelaskan pelbagai pemerhatian. <> Apa yang dilakukan Darwin untuk menunjukkan bahawa teorinya dapat menyokong banyak teori yang tidak dapat dijelaskan oleh spesies individu? || Darwin membentangkan fakta-fakta sokongan yang diperolehi dari pelbagai bidang. Falsafah ilmiah yang mengatakan bahawa satu mekanisme boleh dipanggil vera causa jika tiga perkara dapat ditunjukkan sebagai benar? || John Herschel <> Apa tiga perkara yang John Herschel mempertahankan perlu ditunjukkan untuk membenarkan mekanisme dipanggil sebab yang benar? || kewujudannya, keupayaannya untuk menghasilkan kesan minat, dan keupayaannya untuk menjelaskan pelbagai pemerhatian", {"context": "Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines"}], "question": "What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?", "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163cec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "John Herschel"}], "question": "Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?", "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163ced"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations"}], "question": "What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?", "id": "5727c69b4b864d1900163cee"}]}], ["Ide-ide evolusi, walaupun tidak pemilihan semulajadi, diterima oleh ahli biologi Jerman yang terbiasa dengan ide-ide homologi dalam morfologi dari Metamorfosis Tanaman Goethe dan dari tradisi anatomi komparatif yang panjang. Perubahan Bronn dalam terjemahan bahasa Jermannya ditambah dengan kekeliruan konservatif, tetapi digemari radikal politik. Ernst Haeckel sangat bersemangat, bertujuan untuk mensintesis idea Darwin dengan orang-orang dari Lamarck dan Goethe sambil masih mencerminkan semangat Naturphilosophie. Program bercita-cita mereka untuk membina semula sejarah evolusi kehidupan disertai oleh Huxley dan disokong oleh penemuan dalam palaeontologi. Haeckel menggunakan embriologi secara meluas dalam teori rekapitulasinya, yang merangkumi model evolusi progresif, hampir linier. Darwin berhati-hati tentang sejarah seperti itu, dan telah menyatakan bahawa undang-undang embriologi von Baer menyokong idea cawangan yang kompleks. <> Walaupun idea-idea evolusi diterima oleh ahli biologi Jerman, apa yang tidak? || Pilihan semulajadi <> Apa yang menyebabkan lebih banyak rasa tidak puas hati saintis konservatif apabila terjemahan Jerman Bronn mengenai Asal-usul Spesies telah diterbitkan? || Perubahan Bronn dalam terjemahan bahasa Jermannya ditambah kepada kekacauan konservatif <> Kumpulan mana yang teruja oleh terjemahan Jerman Mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || radikal politik <> Kenapa radikal politik seperti Ernst Haekel sangat berminat terhadap Asal-usul Spesies? || bertujuan untuk mensintesis ide Darwin dengan orang-orang dari Lamarck dan Goethe sambil masih mencerminkan semangat Naturphilosophie", {"context": "Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "natural selection"}], "question": "While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?", "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"}], "question": "What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?", "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9735"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "political radicals"}], "question": "Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9736"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie"}], "question": "Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727d08a2ca10214002d9737"}]}], ["Ahli alam semula jadi terkemuka di Britain ialah ahli anatomi Richard Owen, seorang idealis yang telah beralih ke pandangan pada tahun 1850-an bahawa sejarah kehidupan adalah secara beransur-ansur berleluasa rancangan ilahi. Kajian Owen tentang Asal pada April 1860 Kajian Edinburgh menyerang Huxley, Hooker dan Darwin, tetapi juga menandakan penerimaan sejenis evolusi sebagai rancangan teleologi dalam \"menjadi ditahbiskan\" terus menerus, dengan spesies baru muncul oleh kelahiran semula jadi. Lain-lain yang menolak pemilihan semulajadi, tetapi menyokong \"penciptaan melalui kelahiran\", termasuk Duke of Argyll yang menjelaskan kecantikan di bulu dengan reka bentuk. Sejak tahun 1858, Huxley menegaskan persamaan anatomi antara kera dan manusia, bertanding dengan pandangan Owen bahawa manusia adalah subkelas yang berasingan. Perselisihan mereka terhadap asal-usul manusia datang ke hadapan di Persatuan British untuk pertemuan Kemajuan Sains yang memperlihatkan perdebatan evolusi Oxford 1860 yang legenda. Dalam dua tahun perselisihan umum yang menggambarkan Charles Kingsley sebagai \"Masalah Hippocampus Besar\" dan parodi dalam The Water-Babies sebagai \"ujian hipopotamus yang hebat\", Huxley menunjukkan bahawa Owen tidak betul dalam menegaskan bahawa otak kera tidak mempunyai struktur yang terdapat di dalam manusia otak. Lain-lain, termasuk Charles Lyell dan Alfred Russel Wallace, berpendapat bahawa manusia berkongsi nenek moyang bersama dengan kera, tetapi fakulti mental yang lebih tinggi tidak dapat berkembang melalui proses murni. Darwin menerbitkan penjelasannya sendiri dalam Descent of Man (1871). <> Siapa pun naturalis terkemuka di Britain? || Richard Owen, <> Bagaimana Owen bertindak balas terhadap On the Origin of Species dengan ulasannya? || Huxley, Hooker dan Darwin dengan keras menyerang Huxley, Hooker dan Darwin, tetapi juga menandakan penerimaan sejenis evolusi sebagai rancangan teleologi dalam \"menjadi ditahbiskan berterusan\" <> Apa perdebatan antara Huxley dan Owen mengenai manusia dan kera? || Huxley telah menekankan persamaan anatomi antara kera dan manusia, bertanding dengan pandangan Owen bahawa manusia adalah subkelas yang berasingan <> Apa perdebatan utama di Persatuan British untuk Kemajuan Sains pertemuan 1860? || legenda 1860 perdebatan evolusi Oxford <> Bilakah Darwin menerbitkan penjelasannya sendiri tentang persoalan evolusi manusia dan kera? || Darwin menerbitkan penjelasannya sendiri dalam Descent of Man (1871)", {"context": "The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported \"creation by birth\", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the \"Great Hippocampus Question\" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the \"great hippopotamus test\", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Richard Owen,"}], "question": "Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?", "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163dae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\""}], "question": "How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?", "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163daf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class"}], "question": "What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?", "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate"}], "question": "What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?", "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1410, "text": "Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)"}], "question": "When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?", "id": "5727cf924b864d1900163db2"}]}], ["Evolusi mempunyai aplikasi kurang jelas untuk anatomi dan morfologi, dan pada mulanya mempunyai kesan yang sedikit terhadap penyelidikan anatomi Thomas Henry Huxley. Walaupun demikian, Huxley sangat menyokong Darwin mengenai evolusi; walaupun dia menyeru percubaan untuk menunjukkan sama ada pemilihan semula jadi boleh membentuk spesies baru, dan mempersoalkan jika gradualisme Darwin mencukupi tanpa lompatan secara tiba-tiba untuk menyebabkan spesiasi. Huxley menginginkan sains bersifat sekuler, tanpa campur tangan agama, dan artikelnya pada Tinjauan Westminster pada 1860 pada April 1860 mempromosikan naturisme saintifik ke atas teologi semulajadi, memuji Darwin kerana \"memperluaskan penguasaan Sains ke atas bidang pemikiran yang dia telah, belum lagi ditebuk \"dan menyusun istilah\" Darwinisme \"sebagai sebahagian daripada usahanya untuk sekularisasi dan mengasah ilmu pengetahuan. Huxley mendapat pengaruh, dan memulakan Kelab X, yang menggunakan jurnal Nature untuk mempromosikan evolusi dan naturalisme, membentuk banyak sains zaman purba Victoria. Kemudian, ahli morfologi Jerman Ernst Haeckel akan meyakinkan Huxley bahawa anatomi perbandingan dan palaeontologi dapat digunakan untuk membina semula genealogi evolusi. <> Siapa yang menyokong teori Darwin tentang evolusi walaupun ia mempunyai sedikit impak terhadap penyelidikannya sendiri? || Thomas Henry Huxley <> Apa artikel Huxley 1860 dalam kajian Westminster mempromosikan? || naturalisme saintifik ke atas teologi semula jadi <> Mengapa Huxley mengecam nama \"Darwinisme?\" || sebagai sebahagian daripada usahanya untuk sekular dan profesionalkan sains <> Apakah morfologi Ernst Haeckel meyakinkan Huxley tentang anatomi dan paleontologi perbandingan? || bahawa anatomi perbandingan dan palaeontologi boleh digunakan untuk membina semula genealogi evolusi", {"context": "Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for \"extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated\" and coining the term \"Darwinism\" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Thomas Henry Huxley"}], "question": "Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?", "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "scientific naturalism over natural theology"}], "question": "What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?", "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science"}], "question": "Why did Huxley coin the name \"Darwinism?\"", "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1027, "text": "that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies"}], "question": "What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?", "id": "5727ce204b864d1900163d8b"}]}], ["Pembaca saintifik sudah mengetahui hujah-hujah bahawa spesies berubah melalui proses yang tertakluk kepada undang-undang alam, tetapi idea-idea transmutasi Lamarck dan \"undang-undang pembangunan\" samar-samar Vestiges tidak mendapat sokongan saintifik. Darwin membentangkan pemilihan semulajadi sebagai mekanisme yang boleh diuji secara saintifik semasa menerima mekanisme lain seperti warisan watak yang diperolehi adalah mungkin. Strateginya menegaskan bahawa evolusi melalui undang-undang semula jadi adalah kajian saintifik, dan pada tahun 1875, kebanyakan saintis menerima bahawa evolusi berlaku tetapi sedikit pemikiran pemilihan semulajadi adalah penting. Kaedah saintifik Darwin juga dipertikaikan, dengan penyokongnya memihak kepada empirisisme Sistem Logik John Stuart Mill, sementara penentang berpegang kepada sekolah idealis dari William Whewell's Philosophy of Inductive Sciences, di mana penyiasatan dapat bermula dengan kebenaran intuitif bahawa spesies itu objek tetap yang dicipta oleh reka bentuk. Sokongan awal untuk idea-idea Darwin berasal dari penemuan ahli-ahli alam bidang yang mengkaji biogeografi dan ekologi, termasuk Joseph Dalton Hooker pada tahun 1860, dan Asa Gray pada tahun 1862. Henry Walter Bates menyampaikan penyelidikan pada tahun 1861 yang menerangkan meniru serangga menggunakan pemilihan semula jadi. Alfred Russel Wallace membincangkan bukti dari penyelidikan kepulauan Melayunya, termasuk sebuah karya 1864 dengan penjelasan evolusi untuk garis Wallace. <> Apakah tindak balas umum daripada pembaca saintifik untuk kerja bertulis Lamarck? || idea-idea transmutasi Lamarck dan \"undang-undang pembangunan\" samar-samar Vestiges tidak menemui saintifik saintifik <> Apa sebabnya mengapa idea Darwin diterima lebih mudah daripada Lamarck? || pemilihan semulajadi sebagai mekanisme yang boleh diuji secara saintifik semasa menerima mekanisme lain seperti warisan watak yang diperolehi adalah mungkin. <> Sekolah manakah yang melakukan lawan terhadap sokongan kaedah Darwin? || sekolah idealis William Whewell yang Falsafah Sains Induktif <> Di mana sokongan awal untuk penemuan Darwin berasal? || penemuan ahli alam padang yang mengkaji biogeografi dan ekologi, termasuk Joseph Dalton Hooker pada tahun 1860, dan Asa Grey pada 1862 <> Siapa yang menulis penyelidikan meniru serangga yang menggunakan penyelidikan semulajadi? || Henry Walter Bates", {"context": "Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour"}], "question": "What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?", "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible."}], "question": "What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?", "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 780, "text": "the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences"}], "question": "Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?", "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"}], "question": "Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?", "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1144, "text": "Henry Walter Bates"}], "question": "Who authored research supporting insect mimicry  using natural selection?", "id": "5727ccc72ca10214002d96ac"}]}], ["Buku ini menimbulkan minat antarabangsa dan perdebatan yang meluas, tanpa garis tajam antara isu saintifik dan implikasi ideologi, sosial dan agama. Banyak tindak balas awal adalah bermusuhan, tetapi Darwin perlu diambil serius sebagai nama yang terkenal dan dihormati dalam sains. Terdapat banyak kontroversi daripada menyambut penerbitan 1844 Vestiges of Creation, yang telah ditolak oleh saintis, tetapi telah mempengaruhi pembaca awam yang luas untuk mempercayai sifat dan masyarakat manusia ditadbir oleh undang-undang semula jadi. Asal-usul Spesies sebagai buku umum kepentingan umum dikaitkan dengan ide-ide pembaharuan sosial. Penyokongnya menggunakan sepenuhnya lonjakan dalam penerbitan jurnal ulasan, dan ia mendapat perhatian yang lebih popular daripada hampir semua karya saintifik lain, walaupun ia tidak sepadan dengan penjualan berterusan Vestiges. Buku Darwin membahaskan saintifik saintifik tentang mekanisme evolusi, dan istilah Darwinisme yang baru dicipta digunakan untuk menampung pelbagai evolusi, bukan sekadar ideanya sendiri. Pada pertengahan tahun 1870-an, evolusi telah berjaya. <> Kenapa Di Asal-usul Spesies mungkin menimbulkan banyak minat dan perdebatan? || tidak ada garis tajam antara isu saintifik dan implikasi ideologi, sosial dan agama <> Mengapa buku itu diambil dengan serius walaupun banyak tindak balas itu bermusuhan? || Darwin perlu dipertimbangkan dengan serius sebagai nama yang terkenal dan dihormati dalam bidang sains <> Bidang-bidang idea apa yang dicelup ke On the Origin of Species apabila ia menjadi satu kejayaan yang meluas? || pembaharuan sosial <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh buku Darwin untuk bidang kajian saintifik evolusi? || Buku Darwin mengesahkan perbincangan saintifik mengenai mekanisme evolusi <> Apa istilah yang digunakan untuk tidak hanya menggambarkan teori Darwin, tetapi keseluruhan spektrum evolusi-ism selepas buku beliau bertemu dengan kejayaan? || Darwinisme", {"context": "The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications"}], "question": "Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?", "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science"}], "question": "Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?", "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "social reform"}], "question": "What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?", "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 860, "text": "Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms"}], "question": "What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?", "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "Darwinism"}], "question": "What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?", "id": "5727c9733acd2414000dec65"}]}], ["Walaupun buku ini boleh dibaca untuk dijual, kekeringannya memastikan bahawa ia dilihat sebagai pakar saintis pakar dan tidak dapat dipecat sebagai kewartawanan atau fiksyen imajinatif semata-mata. Tidak seperti Vestiges yang masih popular, ia mengelakkan gaya naratif novel bersejarah dan spekulasi kosmologi, walaupun ayat penutup jelas membayangkan perkembangan kosmik. Darwin telah lama tenggelam dalam bentuk sastera dan amalan sains pakar, dan memanfaatkan kemahirannya dengan berkesan dalam penstrukturan hujah. David Quammen telah menggambarkan buku itu seperti yang ditulis dalam bahasa sehari-hari untuk khalayak yang luas, tetapi menyatakan bahawa gaya kesusasteraan Darwin tidak sama rata: di beberapa tempat dia menggunakan kalimat-kalimat yang berbelit-belit yang sukar dibaca, sedangkan di tempat lain penulisannya cantik. Quammen menasihatkan bahawa edisi kemudiannya dilemahkan oleh Darwin membuat konsesi dan menambah butiran untuk menangani pengkritiknya, dan mencadangkan edisi pertama. James T. Costa berkata, kerana buku ini merupakan satu abstrak yang dihasilkan dengan tergesa-gesa sebagai tindak balas kepada esei Wallace, ia lebih mudah didekati daripada buku besar mengenai pemilihan semula jadi Darwin yang telah dijalankan, yang akan dibebani oleh nota kaki ilmiah dan lebih teknikal terperinci. Beliau menambah bahawa beberapa bahagian Asal adalah padat, tetapi bahagian-bahagian lain hampir lirik, dan kajian kes dan pemerhatian dibentangkan dalam gaya naratif yang tidak biasa dalam buku-buku ilmiah yang serius, yang meluaskan penontonnya. <> Apakah sebabnya David Quammen percaya bahawa Pada Asal-usul Spesies telah lemah dalam edisi yang lebih lama? || Darwin membuat konsesi dan menambah butiran untuk menangani pengkritiknya <> Mengapa James T. Costa berfikir bahawa Mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies lebih cenderung untuk menarik minat daripada buku yang lebih besar yang Darwin telah bekerja? || kerana buku ini adalah abstrak yang dihasilkan secara tergesa-gesa sebagai tindak balas kepada esei Wallace <> Apa yang telah dielakkan pada Asal-usul Spesies untuk meningkatkan kemungkinannya diambil serius? || ia mengelakkan gaya naratif dari novel sejarah dan spekulasi kosmologi <> Unsur Unsur Tentang Asal-usul Spesies memastikan bahawa buku itu akan dianggap serius oleh saintis? || kekeringannya memastikan bahawa ia dilihat sebagai bertujuan ahli sains pakar dan tidak dapat dipecat sebagai kewartawanan atau fiksyen imajinatif semata-mata. <> Mengapa James T. Costa menganggap buku yang lebih besar dan terbengkalai itu tidak akan berhasil? || akan dibebani oleh nota kaki ilmiah dan terperinci teknikal", {"context": "While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 838, "text": "Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics"}], "question": "What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?", "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay"}], "question": "Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?", "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation"}], "question": "What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?", "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction."}], "question": "What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?", "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1148, "text": "would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail"}], "question": "Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?", "id": "5727c82c3acd2414000dec43"}]}], ["Teori evolusi moden terus berkembang. Teori evolusi Darwin oleh pemilihan semulajadi, dengan model pokok seperti cawangan yang bercabang bersama, telah menjadi teori menyatukan sains hayat. Teori ini menerangkan kepelbagaian organisma hidup dan penyesuaian mereka kepada alam sekitar. Ia masuk akal rekod geologi, biogeografi, paralel dalam perkembangan embrio, homologi biologi, kekosongan, kladistik, filogenetik dan bidang-bidang lain, dengan kuasa penjelasan yang tiada tandingan; ia juga menjadi penting kepada sains gunaan seperti perubatan dan pertanian. Walaupun persetujuan saintifik, kontroversi politik yang berasaskan agama telah membangunkan bagaimana evolusi diajar di sekolah, terutama di Amerika Syarikat. <> Apa teori keturunan yang bercabang yang menjadi salah satu ilmu kehidupan yang paling menyatukan? || Teori evolusi Darwin <> Apa teori evolusi menjelaskan mengenai organisma hidup? || Teori ini menerangkan kepelbagaian organisma hidup dan penyesuaian mereka kepada alam sekitar. <> Dalam bidang apa teori evolusi Darwin menjadi sangat penting? || perubatan dan pertanian <> Apa jenis kontroversi yang bermula dalam sistem sekolah mengenai teori Darwin? || kontroversi politik berasaskan agama", {"context": "Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Darwin's theory of evolution"}], "question": "What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?", "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment."}], "question": "What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?", "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "medicine and agriculture"}], "question": "In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?", "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163ede"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "a religion-based political controversy"}], "question": "What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?", "id": "5727de2c4b864d1900163edf"}]}], ["Kepentingan dalam tulisan Darwin terus berlanjut, dan para ulama telah menghasilkan kesusasteraan yang luas, Industri Darwin, tentang kehidupan dan pekerjaannya. Teks Asal sendiri telah tertakluk kepada analisis banyak termasuk variorum, memperincikan perubahan yang dibuat dalam setiap edisi, yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1959, dan konkordans, indeks luaran yang lengkap yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1981. Perayaan di seluruh dunia pada ulang tahun ke-150 penerbitan Mengenai Asal-usul Spesies dan bicentenary kelahiran Darwin dijadualkan pada tahun 2009. Mereka meraikan idea-idea yang \"selama 150 tahun yang lalu telah merevolusikan pemahaman kita tentang alam dan tempat kita di dalamnya\". <> Apa jenis perkara yang telah dilakukan oleh para sarjana yang berminat dengan kerja Darwin? || ulama telah menghasilkan kesusasteraan yang luas, Industri Darwin, mengenai kehidupannya dan kerja. <> Apa yang telah dibuat pada tahun 1959 dan dipenuhi dengan maklumat mengenai perubahan dalam setiap edisi On the Origin of Species? || a variorum <> Apa yang telah dilakukan pada ulang tahun ke-150 penerbitan On The Origin of Species? || Perayaan di seluruh dunia <> Apakah perayaan yang menghormati dengan peringatan mereka? || Mereka meraikan idea-idea yang \"selama 150 tahun yang lalu telah merevolusikan pemahaman kita tentang alam dan tempat kita di dalamnya\".", {"context": "Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work."}], "question": "What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?", "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "a variorum"}], "question": "What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "Worldwide commemorations"}], "question": "What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 519, "text": "They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."}], "question": "What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?", "id": "5727df293acd2414000dee94"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan tahun 1870-an, kebanyakan ahli sains menerima evolusi, tetapi menolak pemilihan semulajadi kepada peranan kecil kerana mereka percaya evolusi adalah sengaja dan progresif. Pelbagai teori evolusi semasa \"gerhana Darwinisme\" termasuk bentuk \"saltationism\" di mana spesies baru dianggap muncul melalui \"melompat\" daripada penyesuaian secara beransur-ansur, bentuk ortogenesis yang mendakwa bahawa spesies mempunyai kecenderungan untuk berubah dalam sesuatu arah, dan bentuk neo-Lamarckism di mana warisan ciri yang diperolehi telah membawa kepada kemajuan. Pandangan minoriti August Weismann, pemilihan semulajadi adalah satu-satunya mekanisme, dipanggil neo-Darwinisme. Adalah difikirkan bahawa penemuan semula pewarisan Mendelian membatalkan pandangan Darwin. <> Mengapa kebanyakan ahli sains menerima kesahihan evolusi pada tahun 1870-an, tetapi menganggap pemilihan semulajadi sebahagian kecil daripadanya? || mereka percaya evolusi itu adalah tujuan dan progresif. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah saltationism? || Spesies baru dianggap timbul melalui \"melompat\" daripada adaptasi secara beransur-ansur <> Apa istilah untuk kepercayaan bahawa spesies mempunyai kecenderungan untuk berubah dan menyesuaikan diri dengan arah tertentu? || orthogenesis <> Apa pandangan minoriti mengenai evolusi yang dipercayai oleh August Weismann? || neo-Darwinism <> Apa warisan yang ditemui semula dianggap sebagai membatalkan pandangan Darwin tentang evolusi? || Warisan Mendelian", {"context": "By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during \"the eclipse of Darwinism\" included forms of \"saltationism\" in which new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive."}], "question": "Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?", "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation"}], "question": "What was meant by the term saltationism?", "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 363, "text": "orthogenesis"}], "question": "What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?", "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "neo-Darwinism"}], "question": "What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?", "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d967f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "Mendelian inheritance"}], "question": "What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?", "id": "5727d633ff5b5019007d9680"}]}], ["Baden Powell memuji \"kelantangan Encik Darwin [menyokong] prinsip utama kuasa alam yang berubah-ubah\". Di Amerika, Asa Grey berpendapat bahawa evolusi adalah kesan sekunder, atau modus operandi, sebab pertama, reka bentuk, dan menerbitkan sebuah risalah yang mempertahankan buku dari segi evolusi teistik, Pemilihan Alam tidak konsisten dengan Teologi Semula Jadi. Evolusi teistik menjadi kompromi yang popular, dan St. George Jackson Mivart adalah antara mereka yang menerima evolusi tetapi menyerang mekanisme naturalis Darwin. Akhirnya ia sedar bahawa campur tangan ghaib tidak boleh dijadikan penjelasan saintifik, dan mekanisme naturalistik seperti neo-Lamarckism disukai lebih daripada pemilihan semulajadi sebagai lebih serasi dengan tujuan. <> Apa pendapat Baden Powell mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || Baden Powell memuji \"kelantangan Encik Darwin [menyokong] prinsip utama kuasa alam yang berkembang sendiri\" <> Apa risalah yang diterbitkan oleh Asa Gray membela? || mempertahankan buku dari segi evolusi teistik, Pemilihan Alam tidak konsisten dengan Teologi Semula Jadi. <> Apa cara ahli-ahli teologi berkompromi dengan maklumat di dalam buku Darwin? || Evolusi teistik menjadi kompromi yang popular <> Apa yang kemudian disedari yang menyebabkan mekanisme naturalistik seperti neo-Lamarckism dipeluk? || Campur tangan ghaib tidak dapat dijelaskan secara ilmiah", {"context": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\""}], "question": "What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d982e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology."}], "question": "What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?", "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d982f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "Theistic evolution became a popular compromise"}], "question": "What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?", "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d9830"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"}], "question": "What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?", "id": "5727dc042ca10214002d9831"}]}], ["Teologi semulajadi bukanlah satu doktrin yang bersatu, dan sementara beberapa seperti Louis Agassiz sangat menentang idea-idea di dalam buku ini, yang lain mencari perdamaian di mana evolusi dilihat sebagai tujuan. Di Gereja England, beberapa pensyarah liberal menafsirkan pemilihan semulajadi sebagai alat reka bentuk Tuhan, dengan ulama Charles Kingsley melihatnya sebagai \"sama seperti konsep Dewa yang mulia\". Dalam edisi kedua bulan Januari 1860, Darwin memetik Kingsley sebagai \"seorang ulama yang terkenal\", dan menambah frasa \"oleh Pencipta\" kepada ayat penutup, yang sejak itu dibaca \"kehidupan, dengan beberapa kuasa, yang pada asalnya dihirup oleh Pencipta ke dalam beberapa bentuk atau menjadi satu \". Walaupun beberapa pengulas telah mengambil ini sebagai konsesi kepada agama yang Darwin kemudian menyesali, pandangan Darwin pada masa itu adalah Tuhan yang menciptakan kehidupan melalui undang-undang alam, dan walaupun dalam edisi pertama terdapat beberapa rujukan kepada \"penciptaan\". <> Pandangan apa yang dilakukan oleh Louis Agassiz mengenai Asal-usul Spesies? || sangat menentang idea-idea dalam buku <> Pandangan apa yang dilakukan oleh sesetengah pastor di Gereja England mengambil teori pemilihan semulajadi? || ditafsirkan pilihan semula jadi sebagai alat reka bentuk Tuhan <> Apa yang dilakukan Darwin untuk menunjukkan bahawa dia mengagumi ulama Charles Kingsley? || Darwin memetik Kingsley sebagai \"seorang ulama yang terkenal\", dan menambah frasa \"oleh Pencipta\" kepada ayat penutup, <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh beberapa pengulas mengenai Darwin mengubah ungkapan di dalam bukunya? || beberapa pengulas telah mengambil ini sebagai konsesi kepada agama yang Darwin kemudian menyesal <> Apa pendapat Darwin mengenai bahagian Tuhan dalam teorinya? || Pandangan Darwin pada masa itu adalah Tuhan yang menciptakan kehidupan melalui undang-undang alam", {"context": "Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as \"just as noble a conception of Deity\". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence, which from then on read \"life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one\". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to \"creation\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "strongly opposed to the ideas in the book"}], "question": "What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?", "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design"}], "question": "What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?", "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence,"}], "question": "What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? ", "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted"}], "question": "What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?", "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature"}], "question": "What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?", "id": "5727db08ff5b5019007d96f6"}]}], ["Naturalis berbahasa Perancis di beberapa negara menunjukkan penghargaan terhadap terjemahan Perancis yang diubahsuai oleh Cl\u00e9mence Royer, tetapi idea Darwin tidak memberi kesan sedikit di Perancis, di mana mana-mana saintis menyokong idea-idea evolusi memilih bentuk Lamarckism. Para inteligensia di Rusia telah menerima fenomena umum evolusi selama beberapa tahun sebelum Darwin telah menerbitkan teorinya, dan saintis cepat mengambil kira, walaupun aspek Malthusian dirasakan tidak begitu penting. Ekonomi perjuangan politik dikritik sebagai stereotaip British oleh Karl Marx dan oleh Leo Tolstoy, yang mempunyai watak Levin dalam novel Anna Karenina yang menyuarakan kritikan tajam terhadap pandangan moral Darwin. <> Apakah perasaan umum terhadap idea Darwin di Perancis? || Idea Darwin mempunyai sedikit kesan di Perancis, di mana mana-mana ahli sains yang menyokong idea-idea evolusi memilih bentuk Lamarckism. Apa orang di negara mana yang telah memeluk idea evolusi selama bertahun-tahun sebelum Darwin menerbitkan teorinya? || Para inteligensia di Rusia <> Aspek teori evolusi mana yang dianggap tidak penting oleh banyak orang yang membaca karya Darwin? || aspek Malthusian <> Penulis mana yang menyuarakan ketidakpuasannya terhadap pandangan moral Darwin dalam novel? || Leo Tolstoy", {"context": "French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism"}], "question": "What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?", "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "The intelligentsia in Russia"}], "question": "What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?", "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "the Malthusian aspects"}], "question": "Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?", "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Leo Tolstoy"}], "question": "Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?", "id": "5727d1caff5b5019007d960d"}]}], ["Terdapat bantahan saintifik yang serius terhadap proses pemilihan semulajadi sebagai mekanisme utama evolusi, termasuk desakan Karl von N\u00e4geli bahawa ciri-ciri remeh tanpa kelebihan penyesuaian tidak dapat dibangunkan dengan pemilihan. Darwin mengakui bahawa ini boleh dikaitkan dengan ciri-ciri penyesuaian. Anggapannya bahawa umur bumi yang membenarkan evolusi secara beransur-ansur dipertikaikan oleh William Thomson (kemudian dianugerahkan gelaran Lord Kelvin), yang mengira ia telah menyejukkan dalam kurang daripada 100 juta tahun. Darwin menerima pewarisan penggabungan, tetapi Fleeming Jenkin mengira bahawa kerana ia bercampur sifat, pemilihan semula jadi tidak dapat mengumpul ciri-ciri yang berguna. Darwin cuba menemui bantahan ini dalam edisi ke-5. Mivart menyokong evolusi yang diarahkan, dan menyusun bantahan saintifik dan agama kepada pemilihan semulajadi. Sebagai tindak balas, Darwin membuat perubahan besar kepada edisi keenam. Masalah usia Bumi dan keturunan hanya dapat diselesaikan pada abad ke-20. <> Apa alasan untuk bantahan beliau terhadap proses pemilihan semula jadi yang diberikan Karl von N\u00e4gel? || desakan bahawa ciri-ciri remeh tanpa kelebihan penyesuaian tidak dapat dibangunkan dengan pemilihan <> Apakah konsesi Darwin terhadap bantahan Karl von N\u00e4gel? || Darwin mengakui bahawa ini boleh dikaitkan dengan ciri-ciri adaptif <> Siapa yang mempertikaikan perkiraan Darwin bahawa umur bumi membenarkan evolusi secara beransur-ansur spesies? || William Thomson <> Apa alasan William Thomson untuk mempertikaikan perkiraan Darwin? || mengira bahawa ia telah disejukkan dalam kurang daripada 100 juta tahun <> Bilakah masalah-masalah bumi dan keturunan diselesaikan? || pada abad ke-20", {"context": "There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von N\u00e4geli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection"}], "question": "What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von N\u00e4gel give?", "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics"}], "question": "What was Darwin's concession to Karl von N\u00e4gel's objections?", "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "William Thomson"}], "question": "Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?", "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years"}], "question": "What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?", "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "in the 20th century"}], "question": "When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?", "id": "5727d5053acd2414000ded9b"}]}], ["Meskipun buku itu nyaris tidak membayangkan evolusi manusia, ia menjadi pusat perdebatan sebagai sifat mental dan moral dilihat sebagai aspek rohani jiwa rohani, dan dipercayai bahawa hewan tidak memiliki sifat rohani. Konflik ini dapat diselaraskan dengan mengandaikan terdapat campur tangan ghaib pada jalan yang membawa kepada manusia, atau melihat evolusi sebagai pendirian yang bertujuan dan progresif kepada kedudukan manusia di kepala alam. Walaupun banyak ahli teologi konservatif menerima evolusi, Charles Hodge berhujah dalam kritikannya 1874 \"Apa itu Darwinisme?\" bahawa \"Darwinisme\", yang ditakrifkan dengan sempit termasuk penolakan reka bentuk, adalah ateisme walaupun dia menerima bahawa Asa Grey tidak menolak reka bentuk. Asa Grey menjawab bahawa tuduhan ini salah menafsirkan teks Darwin. Pada awal abad ke-20, empat penulis terkenal The Fundamentals secara terbuka terbuka kepada kemungkinan bahawa Tuhan menciptakan melalui evolusi, tetapi fundamentalisme mengilhami kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi Amerika yang bermula pada tahun 1920-an. Beberapa penulis Roman Katolik yang konservatif dan Jesuit yang berpengaruh menentang evolusi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20, tetapi penulis-penulis Katolik lain, bermula dengan Mivart, menunjukkan bahawa Bapa-bapa Gereja awal tidak menafsirkan Kejadian secara harfiah dalam bidang ini. Vatican menyatakan kedudukan rasminya dalam ensiklik paus 1950, yang menyatakan bahawa evolusi tidak konsisten dengan ajaran Katolik. <> Bagaimana orang cuba merasionalisasi atau mendamaikan konsep pemilihan semulajadi? || dengan mengandaikan terdapat campur tangan ghaib pada jalan menuju manusia <> Ahli sains mana yang berpendapat bahawa Darwinisme adalah ateisme? || Charles Hodge <> Apa kontroversi mengenai buku Darwin bermula pada tahun 1920-an? || kontroversi penciptaan-evolusi Amerika <> Apakah kedudukan rasmi apakah Vatican mengambil subjek evolusi pada tahun 1950? || Vatican menyatakan kedudukan rasminya dalam ensiklik paus 1950, yang menyatakan bahawa evolusi tidak konsisten dengan ajaran Katolik.", {"context": "Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique \"What is Darwinism?\" that \"Darwinism\", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation\u2013evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans"}], "question": "How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?", "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Charles Hodge"}], "question": "Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?", "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "the American creation\u2013evolution controversy"}], "question": "What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?", "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1300, "text": "The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching."}], "question": "What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?", "id": "5727dd4d3acd2414000dee60"}]}], ["Seperti sesetengah orang, seperti Spencer, menggunakan analogi daripada pemilihan semulajadi sebagai hujah terhadap campur tangan kerajaan dalam ekonomi untuk memberi faedah kepada golongan miskin, yang lain, termasuk Alfred Russel Wallace, berpendapat bahawa tindakan diperlukan untuk membetulkan ketidakadilan sosial dan ekonomi untuk mengatasi lapangan bermain sebelum alam semula jadi pilihan boleh meningkatkan lagi kemanusiaan. Beberapa ulasan politik, termasuk Fizik dan Politik Walter Bagehot (1872), cuba memperluaskan idea pemilihan semulajadi kepada persaingan antara negara dan antara kaum manusia. Idea sedemikian telah dimasukkan ke dalam apa yang sudah menjadi usaha berterusan oleh beberapa yang bekerja di antropologi untuk memberikan bukti ilmiah untuk keunggulan orang Kaukasia atas kaum non-putih dan membenarkan imperialisme Eropah. Ahli-ahli sejarah menulis bahawa kebanyakan pengulas politik dan ekonomi hanya mempunyai pemahaman yang cetek mengenai teori sains Darwin, dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh konsep-konsep lain mengenai kemajuan sosial dan evolusi, seperti idea-idea Lamarckian Spencer dan Haeckel, sebagaimana karya Darwin. Darwin membantah idea-ideanya yang digunakan untuk mewajarkan serangan ketenteraan dan amalan perniagaan yang tidak beretika kerana beliau percaya akhlak adalah sebahagian daripada kecergasan pada manusia, dan dia menentang polygenism, idea bahawa kaum manusia pada asasnya berbeza dan tidak berkongsi keturunan yang sama baru-baru ini. <> Siapa yang percaya bahawa tindakan perlu diambil untuk mengatasi medan bermain sosial dan ekonomi sebelum pilihan semula jadi dapat terjadi untuk meningkatkan kemanusiaan? || Alfred Russel Wallace <> Komentar politik mana yang cuba memperluaskan idea pemilihan semulajadi untuk memasukkan persaingan antara kaum dan negara yang berlainan? || Fizik dan Politik Walter Bagehot (1872) <> Mengapa beberapa ulasan politik cuba melampirkan pemilihan semula jadi kepada kaum manusia? || untuk memberikan keterangan saintifik untuk keunggulan orang kulit putih terhadap kaum bukan putih dan membenarkan imperialisme Eropah <> Apa kegunaan ideologinya yang menjadikan objek Darwin digunakan? || untuk membenarkan pencabulan ketenteraan dan amalan perniagaan yang tidak beretika <> Teori apa mengenai kemanusiaan yang ditentang oleh Darwin? || dia menentang polygenism, idea bahawa kaum manusia secara asasnya berbeza dan tidak berkongsi keturunan yang sama.", {"context": "While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "Alfred Russel Wallace"}], "question": "Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?", "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)"}], "question": "Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?", "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism"}], "question": "Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?", "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1101, "text": "to justify military aggression and unethical business practices"}], "question": "What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?", "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1224, "text": "he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry."}], "question": "What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?", "id": "5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96ba"}]}]], [["Gorbachev juga secara radikal memperluaskan skop Glasnost, menyatakan bahawa tiada subjek adalah had luar untuk perbincangan terbuka di media. Walau bagaimanapun, inteligensia Soviet berhati-hati mengambil hampir setahun untuk mula menolak sempadan untuk melihat sama ada dia maksudkan apa yang dikatakannya. Untuk pertama kalinya, pemimpin Parti Komunis telah merayu kepada ketua-ketua anggota Jawatankuasa Pusat untuk sokongan rakyat dalam pertukaran untuk pengembangan kebebasan. Taktik terbukti berjaya: Dalam tempoh dua tahun pembaharuan politik tidak lagi dapat dikendalikan oleh Partai \"konservatif.\" Akibat yang tidak diingini adalah bahawa setelah pembaharuan yang disimpan, langkah Gorbachev akhirnya membunuh sistem yang sangat dirancang untuk menyelamatkannya. <> Sokongan siapa yang dilakukan Gorbachev untuk meningkatkan kebebasan? || rakyat <> Parti apa yang Gorbachev bertanggungjawab? || Komunis <> Apa kumpulan mahu menghentikan pembaharuan? || \"konservatif.\"", {"context": "Gorbachev also radically expanded the scope of Glasnost, stating that no subject was off-limits for open discussion in the media. Even so, the cautious Soviet intelligentsia took almost a year to begin pushing the boundaries to see if he meant what he said. For the first time, the Communist Party leader had appealed over the heads of Central Committee members for the people's support in exchange for expansion of liberties. The tactic proved successful: Within two years political reform could no longer be sidetracked by Party \"conservatives.\" An unintended consequence was that having saved reform, Gorbachev's move ultimately killed the very system it was designed to save.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "the people's"}], "question": "Whose support did Gorbachev seek in order to increase liberties?", "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Communist"}], "question": "What party was Gorbachev in charge of?", "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "\"conservatives.\""}], "question": "What group wanted to stop reforms?", "id": "57278b875951b619008f8d03"}]}], ["CTAG (Bahasa Latvia: Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu aizst\u0101v\u012bbas grupa, Kumpulan Hak Asasi Manusia) Helsinki-86 diasaskan pada bulan Julai 1986 di bandar pelabuhan Liep\u0101ja di Latvia oleh tiga pekerja: Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, dan M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss. Namanya merujuk kepada kenyataan hak asasi manusia Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 adalah organisasi anti-Komunis yang pertama secara terbuka di USSR, dan pembangkang pertama yang ditubuhkan secara terbuka terhadap rejim Soviet, menetapkan contoh gerakan gerakan pro-kemerdekaan etnik minoriti lain. [Partai apa yang Helsinki- 86 dalam perselisihan? || Komunis <> Apa kumpulan pertama yang menentang kerajaan Soviet secara terbuka? || Helsinki-86 <> Siapa yang membuat CTAG? || Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, dan M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss.", {"context": "The CTAG (Latvian: Cilv\u0113kties\u012bbu aizst\u0101v\u012bbas grupa, Human Rights Defense Group) Helsinki-86 was founded in July 1986 in the Latvian port town of Liep\u0101ja by three workers: Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss. Its name refers to the human-rights statements of the Helsinki Accords. Helsinki-86 was the first openly anti-Communist organization in the U.S.S.R., and the first openly organized opposition to the Soviet regime, setting an example for other ethnic minorities' pro-independence movements.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Communist"}], "question": "What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?", "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Helsinki-86"}], "question": "What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?", "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Linards Granti\u0146\u0161, Raimonds Bitenieks, and M\u0101rti\u0146\u0161 Bariss."}], "question": "Who created the CTAG?", "id": "57278722dd62a815002e9f90"}]}], ["Liberalisasi ini bagaimanapun menimbulkan pergerakan nasionalis dan pertikaian etnik di dalam Kesatuan Soviet. Ia juga membawa secara tidak langsung kepada revolusi 1989, di mana rejim komunis yang dipaksakan oleh Soviet Warsaw Pact secara damai terpesong (Romania terkecuali), yang kemudiannya menimbulkan tekanan terhadap Gorbachev untuk memperkenalkan demokrasi dan autonomi yang lebih besar untuk republik konstitusional Soviet Union. Di bawah kepimpinan Gorbachev, Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1989 telah memperkenalkan pilihan raya yang kompetitif yang terhad kepada perundangan pusat baru, Kongres Timbalan Rakyat (walaupun larangan terhadap partai politik lain tidak diangkat hingga tahun 1990). <> Parti apa yang dimiliki Gorbachev? || Parti Komunis <> Apakah nama badan perundangan yang dibawa ke dalam eksistensi pada tahun 1989? || Kongres Timbalan Rakyat <> Bilakah parti-parti pembangkang pertama kali dibenarkan di Uni Soviet? || 1990 <> Di negara manakah rejim Pakta Warsawa tetap berlaku? || Romania <> Apa beberapa kemelesetan Uni Soviet yang lebih liberal? || pergerakan nasionalis dan pertikaian etnik", {"context": "This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Communist Party"}], "question": "What party did Gorbachev belong to?", "id": "57277a72708984140094deb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "Congress of People's Deputies"}], "question": "What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?", "id": "57277a72708984140094deb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "1990"}], "question": "When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?", "id": "57277a72708984140094deb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "Romania"}], "question": "In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?", "id": "57277a72708984140094deb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "nationalist movements and ethnic disputes"}], "question": "What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?", "id": "57277a72708984140094deb1"}]}], ["Pada 1 Julai 1985, Gorbachev mempromosikan Eduard Shevardnadze, Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Georgia, kepada ahli penuh Politburo, dan hari berikutnya melantiknya sebagai menteri urusan luar negeri, menggantikan Menteri Luar Negeri Andrei Gromyko yang lama. Yang terakhir, yang disaged sebagai \"Mr Nyet\" di Barat, telah berkhidmat selama 28 tahun sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri. Gromyko diturunkan ke kedudukan yang paling seronok Pengerusi Presidium Tertinggi Soviet (rasmi Ketua Negara Soviet), kerana dia dianggap sebagai \"pemikir lama.\" Juga pada 1 Julai, Gorbachev mengambil peluang untuk melupuskan saingan utamanya dengan membuang Grigory Romanov dari Politburo, dan membawa Boris Yeltsin dan Lev Zaikov ke Sekretariat Jawatankuasa Pusat CPSU. <> Bilakah Eduard Shevardnadze mendapat keahlian penuh di Politburo? || 1 Julai 1985 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab keahlian Shevardnadze? || Gorbachev <> Siapa menteri urusan luar negara sebelum Shevardnadze? || Andrei Gromyko <> Apa nama panggilan Gromyko barat? || \"Mr Nyet\" <> Manakah yang dilakukan Gorbachev keluar dari Politburo pada bulan pertama bulan Julai? || Grigory Romanov", {"context": "On July 1, 1985, Gorbachev promoted Eduard Shevardnadze, First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party, to full member of the Politburo, and the following day appointed him minister of foreign affairs, replacing longtime Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko. The latter, disparaged as \"Mr Nyet\" in the West, had served for 28 years as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gromyko was relegated to the largely ceremonial position of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (officially Soviet Head of State), as he was considered an \"old thinker.\" Also on July 1, Gorbachev took the opportunity to dispose of his main rival by removing Grigory Romanov from the Politburo, and brought Boris Yeltsin and Lev Zaikov into the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1, 1985"}], "question": "When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?", "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Gorbachev"}], "question": "Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?", "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Andrei Gromyko"}], "question": "Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?", "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f978"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "\"Mr Nyet\""}], "question": "What was Gromyko's western nickname?", "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f979"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Grigory Romanov"}], "question": "Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?", "id": "57277c5ef1498d1400e8f97a"}]}], ["Pada musim luruh 1985, Gorbachev terus membawa lelaki yang lebih muda dan lebih bertenaga ke dalam kerajaan. Pada 27 September, Nikolai Ryzhkov menggantikan Nikolai Tikhonov yang berusia 79 tahun sebagai Pengerusi Majlis Menteri-menteri, secara berkesan perdana menteri Soviet, dan pada 14 Oktober Nikolai Talyzin menggantikan Nikolai Baibakov sebagai pengerusi Jawatankuasa Perancang Negeri (GOSPLAN). Pada mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Pusat yang akan datang pada 15 Oktober, Tikhonov bersara dari Politburo dan Talyzin menjadi calon. Akhirnya, pada 23 Disember 1985, Gorbachev melantik Setiausaha Pertama Yeltsin Parti Komunis Moscow yang menggantikan Viktor Grishin. <> Siapa yang menjadi Pengerusi Majlis Menteri pada tahun 1985? || Nikolai Ryzhkov <> Siapa Pengerusi Majlis Menteri sebelum Ryzhkov? || Nikolai Tikhonov <> Berapa lama Tikhonov ketika dia berhenti menjadi Pengerusi? || Yang berusia 79 tahun <> Siapa pengerusi baru Jawatankuasa Perancang Negeri pada tahun 1985? || Nikolai Talyzin <> Apakah pejabat yang serupa dengan Pengerusi Majlis Menteri-Menteri? || pengerusi Jawatankuasa Perancang Negeri", {"context": "In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Nikolai Ryzhkov"}], "question": "Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?", "id": "572786a8708984140094dff5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Nikolai Tikhonov"}], "question": "Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?", "id": "572786a8708984140094dff6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "79-year-old"}], "question": "How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?", "id": "572786a8708984140094dff7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Nikolai Talyzin"}], "question": "Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?", "id": "572786a8708984140094dff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "chairman of the State Planning Committee"}], "question": "What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?", "id": "572786a8708984140094dff8"}]}], ["Mikhail Gorbachev dipilih sebagai Setiausaha Agung oleh Politburo pada 11 Mac 1985, tiga jam selepas kematian pendahulu Konstantin Chernenko pada usia 73 tahun. Gorbachev, 54 tahun, adalah ahli termuda dari Politbiro. Matlamat awalnya sebagai setiausaha umum adalah untuk memulihkan ekonomi Soviet, dan dia sedar bahawa berbuat demikian akan memerlukan pembaharuan struktur politik dan sosial yang mendasari. Pembaharuan bermula dengan perubahan kakitangan pegawai era Brezhnev yang lama yang akan menghalang perubahan politik dan ekonomi. Pada 23 April 1985, Gorbachev membawa dua prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Yegor Ligachev dan Nikolai Ryzhkov, ke Politbiro sebagai ahli penuh. Dia memelihara kementerian \"kekuasaan\" dengan senang dengan mempromosikan Ketua KGB Viktor Chebrikov dari calon kepada anggota penuh dan melantik Menteri Pertahanan Marshal Sergei Sokolov sebagai calon Politburo. <> Siapa Setiausaha Agung sebelum Mikhail Gorbachev? || Konstantin Chernenko <> Apa yang menyebabkan Chernenko meninggalkan pejabat? || kematian <> Berapa lama Gorbachev ketika dia dipilih sebagai Setiausaha Agung? || 54 <> Apakah entiti mana yang bertanggungjawab untuk dipilih Gorbachev? || Politburo <> Kepada yang mana dua orang Gorbachev memberikan keanggotaan kepada Politburo atas alasannya sendiri? || Yegor Ligachev dan Nikolai Ryzhkov,", {"context": "Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the \"power\" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Konstantin Chernenko"}], "question": "Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?", "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "death"}], "question": "What caused Chernenko to leave office?", "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "54"}], "question": "How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? ", "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "Politburo"}], "question": "What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?", "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,"}], "question": "To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? ", "id": "57276ef15951b619008f89c7"}]}], ["Pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet secara rasmi diberlakukan pada 26 Disember 1991, sebagai akibat dari deklarasi no. 142-N dari Soviet Republik Soviet Tertinggi Soviet Union. Perisytiharan ini mengakui kebebasan bekas republik Soviet dan mewujudkan Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka (CIS), walaupun lima penandatangan telah mengesahkannya kemudian atau tidak sama sekali. Pada hari sebelumnya, Presiden Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev, pemimpin Soviet yang terakhir dan terakhir, meletak jawatan, mengumumkan pejabatnya telah pupus, dan menyerahkan kuasanya - termasuk kawalan kod peluru berpandu nuklear Soviet - kepada Presiden Rusia Boris Yeltsin. Malam itu pukul 7:32 pagi, bendera Soviet diturunkan dari Kremlin untuk kali terakhir dan digantikan dengan bendera pra-revolusi Rusia. <> Pada tarikh apa kesatuan Soviet dibubarkan? || 26 Disember 1991 <> Apa entiti dicipta di tempat Uni Soviet? || Komanwel Negara-Negara Bebas <> Siapa presiden Kesatuan Soviet apabila ia berakhir? || Mikhail Gorbachev, <> Siapa yang menjadi presiden Rusia selepas Gorbachev meninggalkan pejabat? || Boris Yeltsin <> Bendera mana yang menggantikan bendera Soviet di Kremlin? || bendera pra-revolusi Rusia.", {"context": "The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-\u041d of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all. On the previous day, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers \u2013 including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes \u2013 to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "December 26, 1991"}], "question": "On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?", "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "Commonwealth of Independent States"}], "question": "What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?", "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Mikhail Gorbachev,"}], "question": "Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?", "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?", "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 787, "text": "pre-revolutionary Russian flag."}], "question": "Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?", "id": "57276dd7708984140094dd55"}]}], ["Pada keesokan harinya, 18 Disember, protes berubah menjadi kerusuhan awam kerana pertembungan antara tentera, sukarelawan, unit militia, dan pelajar Kazakh menjadi konfrontasi berskala besar. Bentrokan hanya dapat dikawal pada hari ketiga. Acara Almaty diikuti dengan protes dan demonstrasi yang lebih kecil di Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, dan Taldykorgan. Laporan dari pihak berkuasa Kazakh SSR menganggarkan bahawa rusuhan menarik 3,000 orang. Anggaran lain adalah sekurang-kurangnya 30,000 hingga 40,000 penunjuk perasaan dengan 5,000 ditangkap dan dipenjara, dan bilangan mangsa yang tidak diketahui. Pemimpin Jeltoqsan mengatakan lebih 60,000 orang Kazakh menyertai parti protes. Menurut kerajaan SSR Kazakh, terdapat dua kematian semasa rusuhan, termasuk pekerja polis sukarela dan pelajar. Kedua-duanya telah mati akibat pukulan ke kepala. Kira-kira 100 orang lagi ditahan dan beberapa lagi dijatuhi hukuman dalam kem buruh. Sumber-sumber yang dikutip oleh Perpustakaan Kongres mendakwa bahawa sekurang-kurangnya 200 orang mati atau secara tidak sengaja dilaksanakan tidak lama kemudian; beberapa akaun menganggarkan korban di lebih daripada 1,000 orang. Penulis Mukhtar Shakhanov mendakwa bahawa seorang pegawai KGB memberi keterangan bahawa 168 penunjuk perasaan terbunuh, tetapi angka itu masih belum disahkan. <> Siapa yang menunjukkan? || Pelajar Kazakh <> Berapa ramai orang yang dianggarkan oleh pihak berkuasa untuk menghadiri rusuhan? || 3,000 <> Bagaimana kerajaan SSR Kazakh mengatakan kedua pengunjuk rasa terbunuh? || pukulan ke kepala <> Apakah anggaran kehadiran dari kelompok non pemerintah? || 30,000 hingga 40,000 <> Siapa yang menulis tentang keterangan pegawai KGB? || Mukhtar Shakhanov", {"context": "On the next day, December 18, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes between troops, volunteers, militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale confrontation. The clashes could only be controlled on the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in Shymkent, Pavlodar, Karaganda, and Taldykorgan. Reports from Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people. Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protestors with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties. Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 Kazakhs participated in the protests. According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died due to blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps. Sources cited by the Library of Congress claimed that at least 200 people died or were summarily executed soon thereafter; some accounts estimate casualties at more than 1,000. The writer Mukhtar Shakhanov claimed that a KGB officer testified that 168 protesters were killed, but that figure remains unconfirmed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Kazakh students"}], "question": "Who was demonstrating?", "id": "5727891b708984140094e031"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?", "id": "5727891b708984140094e032"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 796, "text": "blows to the head"}], "question": "How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?", "id": "5727891b708984140094e034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "30,000 to 40,000"}], "question": "What were the attendance estimates from non governmental groups?", "id": "5727891b708984140094e033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1093, "text": "Mukhtar Shakhanov"}], "question": "Who wrote about the KGB officer's testimony?", "id": "5727891b708984140094e035"}]}], ["\"Jeltoqsan\" (Kazakh untuk \"Disember\") pada tahun 1986 adalah rusuhan di Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, yang dicetuskan oleh pemecatan Gorbachev Dinmukhamed Konayev, Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Kazakhstan dan etnis Kazakh, yang digantikan dengan Gennady Kolbin , orang luar dari SFSR Rusia. Demonstrasi bermula pada pagi 17 Disember 1986, dengan 200 hingga 300 orang pelajar di hadapan bangunan Jawatankuasa Pusat di Brezhnev Square yang membantah pemecatan dan penggantian Konayev oleh Rusia. Penunjuk perasaan membesar menjadi 1,000 hingga 5,000 kerana pelajar lain menyertai orang ramai. Jawatankuasa Pusat CPK mengarahkan tentera dari Kementerian Hal Ehwal Dalam Negeri, druzhiniki (sukarelawan), kadet, polis, dan KGB untuk mengetengahkan persegi dan rekaman video peserta. Keadaan itu meningkat kira-kira 5 petang, kerana tentera telah diperintahkan untuk membubarkan penunjuk perasaan. Pertengkaran di antara pasukan keselamatan dan para penunjuk perasaan berterusan sepanjang malam di Almaty. <> Apa terjemahan perkataan Inggeris Jeltoqsan? || Disember <> Siapa yang dipecat oleh Gorbachev menyebabkan rusuhan? || Dinmukhamed Konayev <> Apakah kedudukan Konayev yang berlaku di Kazakhstan sebelum penghapusannya? || Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis <> Siapa yang mengambil tempat Konayev? || Gennady Kolbin <> Ketika demonstrasi pertama di Kazakhstan memprotes penyingkiran dan penggantian Konayev? || 17 Disember 1986", {"context": "The \"Jeltoqsan\" (Kazakh for \"December\") of 1986 were riots in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, sparked by Gorbachev's dismissal of Dinmukhamed Konayev, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan and an ethnic Kazakh, who was replaced with Gennady Kolbin, an outsider from the Russian SFSR. Demonstrations started in the morning of December 17, 1986, with 200 to 300 students in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square protesting Konayev's dismissal and replacement by a Russian. Protesters swelled to 1,000 to 5,000 as other students joined the crowd. The CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, druzhiniki (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in Almaty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "December"}], "question": "What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?", "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Dinmukhamed Konayev"}], "question": "Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?", "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "First Secretary of the Communist Party"}], "question": "What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?", "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Gennady Kolbin"}], "question": "Who took the place of Konayev?", "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "December 17, 1986"}], "question": "When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?", "id": "57278815f1498d1400e8fb1a"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mei 1985, Gorbachev menyampaikan ucapan dalam Leningrad yang menganjurkan pembaharuan dan kempen anti-alkohol untuk mengatasi ketagihan alkohol. Harga vodka, wain, dan bir dinaikkan untuk menjadikan minuman ini lebih mahal dan tidak disengajakan kepada pengguna, dan pengenalan catuan. Tidak seperti kebanyakan catuan yang bertujuan untuk memulihara barangan langka, ini dilakukan untuk menyekat jualan dengan matlamat yang cerah untuk mengurangkan kekejaman. Pelan Gorbachev juga termasuk papan iklan yang mempromosikan ketenangan, meningkatkan penalti untuk mabuk awam, dan menapis pemandangan minum dari filem lama. Walaupun program ini bukan merupakan larangan langsung dari larangan Tsar Nicholas II secara langsung semasa Perang Dunia I, Gorbachev menghadapi reaksi ekonomi yang sama seperti Tsar yang terakhir. Penghentian penggunaan alkohol adalah tamparan serius kepada bajet negeri menurut Alexander Yakovlev, yang menyatakan kutipan tahunan cukai alkohol menurun sebanyak 100 bilion rubel. Pengeluaran alkohol berhijrah ke pasar gelap, atau melalui pengambilan makanan seperti beberapa \"vodka tabung\" dengan kentang tempatan. Orang-orang yang kurang berpendidikan, kurang berpendidikan memaksa pengganti minuman yang tidak sihat seperti menggilap kuku, menggosok alkohol atau cologne lelaki, yang hanya menjadi beban tambahan kepada sektor penjagaan kesihatan Rusia kerana kes-kes keracunan berikutnya. Walau bagaimanapun, tujuan pembaharuan ini adalah untuk menaikkan ekonomi yang dirancang di tengah-tengah, tidak seperti pembaharuan yang kemudian, yang cenderung ke arah sosialisme pasaran. <> Bilakah ucapan Gorbachev menangani penyalahgunaan alkohol? || Mei 1985 <> Selain meningkatkan harga apakah satu lagi langkah yang diperkenalkan untuk mengurangkan penggunaan alkohol? || catuan <> Apa yang ditapis? || minum adegan dari filem lama <> Program anti-alkohol yang dilakukan oleh Gorbachev mengingatkan orang ramai? || Tsar Nicholas II <> Bilakah Tsar Nicholas II mengharamkan alkohol? || semasa Perang Dunia I,", {"context": "In May 1985, Gorbachev delivered a speech in Leningrad advocating reforms and an anti-alcohol campaign to tackle widespread alcoholism. Prices on vodka, wine, and beer were raised in order to make these drinks more expensive and a disincentive to consumers, and the introduction of rationing. Unlike most forms of rationing intended to conserve scarce goods, this was done to restrict sales with the overt goal of curtailing drunkenness. Gorbachev's plan also included billboards promoting sobriety, increased penalties for public drunkenness, and to censor drinking scenes from old movies. Although this program was not a direct copycat of Tsar Nicholas II's outright prohibition during World War I, Gorbachev faced the same adverse economic reaction as did the last Tsar. The disincentivization of alcohol consumption was a serious blow to the state budget according to Alexander Yakovlev, who noted annual collections of alcohol taxes decreased by 100 billion rubles. Alcohol production migrated to the black market, or through moonshining as some made \"bathtub vodka\" with homegrown potatoes. Poorer, less educated Russians resorted to drinking unhealthy substitutes such as nail polish, rubbing alcohol or men's cologne, which only served to be an additional burden on Russia's healthcare sector due to the subsequent poisoning cases. The purpose of these reforms, however, was to prop up the existing centrally planned economy, unlike later reforms, which tended toward market socialism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "May 1985"}], "question": "When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?", "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "rationing"}], "question": "Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?", "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "drinking scenes from old movies"}], "question": "What was censored?", "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Tsar Nicholas II"}], "question": "Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?", "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "during World War I,"}], "question": "When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?", "id": "57277b69dd62a815002e9e2c"}]}], ["Pada 2 Oktober, Front Popular secara rasmi melancarkan platform politiknya dalam kongres selama dua hari. V\u00e4ljas menghadiri, perjudian bahawa bahagian depan dapat membantu Estonia menjadi model kebangkitan ekonomi dan politik, sambil menyederhanakan pemisah dan kecenderungan radikal yang lain. Pada 16 November 1988, Soviet Soviet SSR Estonian mengguna pakai perisytiharan kedaulatan negara di mana undang-undang Estonia akan mendahului ke atas orang-orang Kesatuan Soviet. Parlimen Estonia juga menuntut sumber semula jadi republik termasuk tanah, perairan pedalaman, hutan, deposit mineral, dan cara pengeluaran industri, pertanian, pembinaan, bank negeri, pengangkutan, dan perkhidmatan perbandaran dalam wilayah sempadan Estonia. <> Undang-undang manakah yang akan diutamakan menurut deklarasi kedaulatan negara? || Estonia <> Yang menuntut sumber negara Estonia? || Parlimen Estonia <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang membuat platform diketahui pada 2 Oktober? || Barisan Popular", {"context": "On October 2, the Popular Front formally launched its political platform at a two-day congress. V\u00e4ljas attended, gambling that the front could help Estonia become a model of economic and political revival, while moderating separatist and other radical tendencies. On November 16, 1988, the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopted a declaration of national sovereignty under which Estonian laws would take precedence over those of the Soviet Union. Estonia's parliament also laid claim to the republic's natural resources including land, inland waters, forests, mineral deposits, and to the means of industrial production, agriculture, construction, state banks, transportation, and municipal services within the territory of Estonia's borders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "Estonian"}], "question": "Whose laws would take precedence according to the declaration of national sovereignty?", "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Estonia's parliament"}], "question": "Who claimed Estonia's national resources?", "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "the Popular Front"}], "question": "What was the name of the group that made its platform known on October 2?", "id": "5727965bf1498d1400e8fce6"}]}], ["Pada 1 Julai 1988, hari keempat dan hari terakhir Persidangan Parti ke-19 yang lebam, Gorbachev memenangi sokongan perwakilan yang letih untuk cadangan terakhirnya untuk mencipta badan perundangan tertinggi baru yang dipanggil Kongres Timbalan Rakyat. Frustrasi oleh pengawal keselamatan lama, Gorbachev memulakan satu set perubahan perlembagaan untuk cuba memisahkan parti dan negeri, dan dengan itu mengasingkan lawan Parti konservatifnya. Cadangan terperinci bagi Kongres Rakyat Perwakilan Rakyat baru diterbitkan pada 2 Oktober 1988, dan untuk membolehkan penciptaan badan perundangan baru Soviet Tertinggi, semasa sesi 29 November-1 Disember 1988, melaksanakan pindaan kepada 1977 Perlembagaan Soviet, menggubal undang-undang mengenai reformasi pilihan raya, dan menetapkan tarikh pilihan raya untuk 26 Mac, 1989. <> Apa yang berlaku pada hari terakhir Persidangan Parti Ke-19? || 1 Julai 1988 <> Apa yang Gorbachev berharap untuk mencipta? || badan perundangan tertinggi baru <> Apa yang Gorbachev cuba untuk memisahkan? || parti dan negeri <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh badan perundangan yang dicadangkan? || Kongres Timbalan Rakyat <> Apakah ideologi penentang Gorbachev? || konservatif", {"context": "On July 1, 1988, the fourth and last day of a bruising 19th Party Conference, Gorbachev won the backing of the tired delegates for his last-minute proposal to create a new supreme legislative body called the Congress of People's Deputies. Frustrated by the old guard's resistance, Gorbachev embarked on a set of constitutional changes to try to separate party and state, and thereby isolate his conservative Party opponents. Detailed proposals for the new Congress of People's Deputies were published on October 2, 1988, and to enable the creation of the new legislature the Supreme Soviet, during its November 29\u2013December 1, 1988, session, implemented amendments to the 1977 Soviet Constitution, enacted a law on electoral reform, and set the date of the election for March 26, 1989.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 1, 1988"}], "question": "What ws the final day of the 19th Party Conference?", "id": "57279587708984140094e18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "new supreme legislative body"}], "question": "What did Gorbachev hope to create?", "id": "57279587708984140094e18e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "party and state"}], "question": "What was Gorbachev trying to separate?", "id": "57279587708984140094e18f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Congress of People's Deputies"}], "question": "What was the proposed legislative body called?", "id": "57279587708984140094e190"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "conservative"}], "question": "What was the ideology of Gorbachev's opponents?", "id": "57279587708984140094e191"}]}], ["Pada 17 Oktober 1987, kira-kira 3,000 rakyat Armenia menunjukkan di Yerevan yang mengadu tentang keadaan Tasik Sevan, kilang kimia Nairit, dan Loji Kuasa Nuklear Metsamor, dan pencemaran udara di Yerevan. Polis cuba menghalang protes itu tetapi tidak mengambil tindakan untuk menghentikannya sebaik sahaja perarakan sedang dijalankan. Demonstrasi ini diketuai oleh penulis-penulis Armenia seperti Silva Kaputikian, Zori Balayan, dan Maro Margarian dan pemimpin dari organisasi Survival Kebangsaan. Perarakan itu bermula di Opera Plaza selepas pembesar suara, terutamanya golongan intelektual, yang ditujukan kepada orang ramai. <> Bilakah demonstrasi Yerevan? || 17 Oktober 1987 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menunjukkan? || kira-kira 3,000 <> Apa kebangsaan penunjuk perasaan? || Orang Armenia <> Penunjuk perasaan tidak senang dengan pencemaran di dalam badan air mana? || Lake Sevan <> Di manakah permulaan majlis protes? || Opera Plaza", {"context": "On October 17, 1987, about 3,000 Armenians demonstrated in Yerevan complaining about the condition of Lake Sevan, the Nairit chemicals plant, and the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, and air pollution in Yerevan. Police tried to prevent the protest but took no action to stop it once the march was underway. The demonstration was led by Armenian writers such as Silva Kaputikian, Zori Balayan, and Maro Margarian and leaders from the National Survival organization. The march originated at the Opera Plaza after speakers, mainly intellectuals, addressed the crowd.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 17, 1987"}], "question": "When was the Yerevan demonstration?", "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "about 3,000"}], "question": "How many people demonstrated?", "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "Armenians"}], "question": "What was the demonstrators' nationality?", "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea112"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Lake Sevan"}], "question": "The protesters were unhappy with the pollution in what body of water?", "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea113"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Opera Plaza"}], "question": "Where did the protest march start?", "id": "572794d5dd62a815002ea114"}]}], ["Pemberontakan sesama orang Armenia di Nagorno-Karabakh mempunyai pengaruh segera di Armenia sendiri. Demonstrasi harian, yang dimulai di ibukota Armenia Yerevan pada 18 Februari, pada awalnya menarik beberapa orang, tetapi setiap hari masalah Nagorno-Karabakh menjadi semakin menonjol dan jumlahnya membesar. Pada 20 Februari, kira-kira 30,000 orang ramai menunjukkan di Dataran Teater, pada 22 Februari, terdapat 100,000, pada hari berikutnya 300,000, dan mogok pengangkutan telah diisytiharkan, pada 25 Februari, terdapat hampir 1 juta penunjuk perasaan - kira-kira satu perempat daripada Penduduk Armenia. Ini adalah yang pertama daripada demonstrasi awam yang besar dan damai yang akan menjadi ciri pemergian komunis di Prague, Berlin, dan, akhirnya, Moscow. Cendekiawan Armenia dan nasionalis, termasuk Presiden pertama Armenia yang independen, Levon Ter-Petrosian, membentuk Jawatankuasa sebelas ahli Karabakh untuk mengetuai dan mengatur gerakan baru. <> Di mana demonstrasi pertama di Armenia? || Yerevan <> Apa capitol Armenia? || Yerevan <> Berapa banyak orang yang membantah pada 23 Februari? || 300,000, <> Apa jenis mogok dipanggil? || pengangkutan <> Berapa peratus jumlah penduduk Armenia membantah pada 25 Februari? || kira-kira satu perempat", {"context": "The rebellion of fellow Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh had an immediate effect in Armenia itself. Daily demonstrations, which began in the Armenian capital Yerevan on February 18, initially attracted few people, but each day the Nagorno-Karabakh issue became increasingly prominent and numbers swelled. On February 20, a 30,000-strong crowd demonstrated in Theater Square, by February 22, there were 100,000, the next day 300,000, and a transport strike was declared, by February 25, there were close to 1 million demonstrators \u2013 about a quarter of Armenia's population. This was the first of the large, peaceful public demonstrations that would become a feature of communism's overthrow in Prague, Berlin, and, ultimately, Moscow. Leading Armenian intellectuals and nationalists, including future first President of independent Armenia Levon Ter-Petrossian, formed the eleven-member Karabakh Committee to lead and organize the new movement.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Yerevan"}], "question": "Where were the first demonstrations in Armenia?", "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Yerevan"}], "question": "What is the capitol of Armenia?", "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "300,000,"}], "question": "How many people protested on February 23?", "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "transport"}], "question": "What sort of strike was called?", "id": "57279a47708984140094e1fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "about a quarter"}], "question": "What percentage of Armenia's total population protested on February 25?", "id": "57279a47708984140094e1ff"}]}], ["Pada 7 Februari 1987, berpuluh-puluh banduan politik dibebaskan dalam pelepasan kumpulan pertama sejak \"cair\" Khrushchev pada pertengahan 1950-an. Pada 6 Mei 1987, Pamyat, kumpulan nasionalis Rusia, mengadakan demonstrasi tanpa disaran di Moscow. Pihak berkuasa tidak memecahkan demonstrasi itu dan juga mengekalkan trafik keluar dari cara para demonstran ketika mereka berunding dengan pertemuan Boris Yeltsin, ketua Partai Komunis Moscow dan pada masa itu sekutu terdekat Gorbachev. Pada 25 Julai 1987, 300 Tatar Krimea mengadakan demonstrasi yang bising berhampiran Tembok Kremlin selama beberapa jam, memanggil hak untuk kembali ke tanah air mereka, yang mana mereka dideportasi pada tahun 1944; polis dan tentera hanya memandang. <> Bilakah banduan dibebaskan? || 7 Februari 1987, <> Siapa yang membebaskan banduan pada tahun 1950-an? || Khrushchev <> Apa jenis tawanan yang dibebaskan? || politik <> Yang menunjukkan dekat dengan Kremlin pada bulan Julai 1978? || Tatar Krimea <> Sebelum tahun 1987 ketika pembebasan besar terakhir tahanan? || pertengahan tahun 1950-an.", {"context": "On February 7, 1987, dozens of political prisoners were freed in the first group release since Khrushchev's \"thaw\" in the mid-1950s. On May 6, 1987, Pamyat, a Russian nationalist group, held an unsanctioned demonstration in Moscow. The authorities did not break up the demonstration and even kept traffic out of the demonstrators' way while they marched to an impromptu meeting with Boris Yeltsin, head of the Moscow Communist Party and at the time one of Gorbachev's closest allies. On July 25, 1987, 300 Crimean Tatars staged a noisy demonstration near the Kremlin Wall for several hours, calling for the right to return to their homeland, from which they were deported in 1944; police and soldiers merely looked on.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "February 7, 1987,"}], "question": "When were the prisoners set free?", "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "Khrushchev's"}], "question": "Who released the prisoners in the 1950s?", "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "political"}], "question": "What sort of prisoners were released?", "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Crimean Tatars"}], "question": "Who demonstrated close to the Kremlin in July of 1978?", "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "mid-1950s."}], "question": "Prior to 1987 when was the last large release of prisoners?", "id": "57278c7b5951b619008f8d24"}]}], ["Pada 10 September 1987, selepas ceramah dari Yegor Ligachev di Politbiro yang membenarkan kedua-dua demonstrasi tanpa disaran di Moscow, Boris Yeltsin menulis surat peletakan jawatan kepada Gorbachev, yang telah bercuti di Laut Hitam. Gorbachev terkejut - tiada siapa yang secara sukarela meletak jawatan dari Politburo. Pada 27 Oktober 1987, mesyuarat pleno Jawatankuasa Pusat, Yeltsin, mengecewakan bahawa Gorbachev tidak membahas mana-mana isu yang digariskan dalam surat peletakan jawatannya, mengkritik lambat pembaharuan, penyekelan kepada setiausaha umum, dan pembangkang dari Ligachev itu telah membawa kepada peletakan jawatannya (Yeltsin). Tiada siapa yang pernah membincangkan pemimpin Parti dengan begitu bangga di hadapan Jawatankuasa Pusat sejak Leon Trotsky pada tahun 1920-an. Dalam jawapannya, Gorbachev menuduh Yeltsin \"ketidakmampuan politik\" dan \"tidak bertanggungjawab mutlak.\" Tiada siapa yang menyokong Yeltsin. <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju secara terang-terangan mengenai demonstrasi yang dibenarkan? || Yegor Ligachev <> Siapa yang meletak jawatan pada bulan September 1987? || Boris Yeltsin <> Apakah reaksi Gorbachev terhadap peletakan jawatan Yeltsin? || terkejut <> Apa yang Yeltsin tidak menyukai pembaharuan? || lambat perlahan <> Siapa yang mengambil bahagian Yeltsin? || Tiada sesiapa", {"context": "On September 10, 1987, after a lecture from hardliner Yegor Ligachev at the Politburo for allowing these two unsanctioned demonstrations in Moscow, Boris Yeltsin wrote a letter of resignation to Gorbachev, who had been holidaying on the Black Sea. Gorbachev was stunned \u2013 no one had ever voluntarily resigned from the Politburo. At the October 27, 1987, plenary meeting of the Central Committee, Yeltsin, frustrated that Gorbachev had not addressed any of the issues outlined in his resignation letter, criticized the slow pace of reform, servility to the general secretary, and opposition from Ligachev that had led to his (Yeltsin's) resignation. No one had ever addressed the Party leader so brazenly in front of the Central Committee since Leon Trotsky in the 1920s. In his reply, Gorbachev accused Yeltsin of \"political immaturity\" and \"absolute irresponsibility.\" No one backed Yeltsin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Yegor Ligachev"}], "question": "Who disagreed vocally about the demonstrations being permitted?", "id": "572790d55951b619008f8dad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who resigned in September of 1987?", "id": "572790d55951b619008f8dae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "stunned"}], "question": "What was Gorbachev's reaction to Yeltsin's resignation?", "id": "572790d55951b619008f8daf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "slow pace"}], "question": "What did Yeltsin dislike about the reforms?", "id": "572790d55951b619008f8db0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 870, "text": "No one"}], "question": "Who took Yeltsin's side?", "id": "572790d55951b619008f8db1"}]}], ["Pada 14 Jun 1987, kira-kira 5,000 orang berkumpul sekali lagi di Monumen Kebebasan di Riga, dan meletakkan bunga untuk memperingati ulang tahun pengasingan massa orang Latvia di 1941. Ini adalah demonstrasi besar pertama di republik-republik Baltik untuk memperingati ulang tahun acara bertentangan dengan sejarah Soviet yang rasmi. Pihak berkuasa tidak melancarkan demonstrasi, yang menggalakkan demonstrasi yang lebih besar dan lebih besar di seluruh Negara Baltik. Ulang tahun utama yang akan datang selepas demonstrasi 23 Ogos Molotov Pact adalah pada 18 November, tarikh kemerdekaan Latvia pada tahun 1918. Pada 18 November 1987, beratus-ratus pasukan militia dan awam awam mengepung di dataran tengah untuk mengelakkan demonstrasi di Tugu Kebebasan, tetapi ribuan berbaris di jalan-jalan di Riga dalam protes diam tanpa mengira. <> Di manakah para penunjuk perasaan bertemu pada bulan Jun 1987? || Tugu Kebebasan <> Di mana Tugu Kebebasan? || Riga <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh penunjuk perasaan? || bunga yang diletakkan <> Di manakah protes berlaku? || Baltic States <> Siapa pengunjuk rasa ingat? || Latvians", {"context": "On June 14, 1987, about 5,000 people gathered again at Freedom Monument in Riga, and laid flowers to commemorate the anniversary of Stalin's mass deportation of Latvians in 1941. This was the first large demonstration in the Baltic republics to commemorate the anniversary of an event contrary to official Soviet history. The authorities did not crack down on demonstrators, which encouraged more and larger demonstrations throughout the Baltic States. The next major anniversary after the August 23 Molotov Pact demonstration was on November 18, the date of Latvia\u2019s independence in 1918. On November 18, 1987, hundreds of police and civilian militiamen cordoned off the central square to prevent any demonstration at Freedom Monument, but thousands lined the streets of Riga in silent protest regardless.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "Freedom Monument"}], "question": "Where did the demonstrators meet in June of 1987?", "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "Riga"}], "question": "Where is Freedom Monument?", "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "laid flowers"}], "question": "What did the protesters do?", "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Baltic States"}], "question": "Where did further protests take place?", "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Latvians"}], "question": "Who were the protesters remembering?", "id": "572791e9dd62a815002ea0ab"}]}], ["Pada 20 Februari 1988, selepas demonstrasi yang semakin berkembang di Stepanakert, ibu kota Wilayah Autonomi Nagorno-Karabakh (wilayah majoriti Armenia di dalam Republik Sosialis Soviet Azerbaijan), Soviet Wilayah mengundi untuk mengosongkan dan bergabung dengan Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia . Undian lokal ini di bahagian kecil, jauh dari Kesatuan Soviet menjadi berita utama di seluruh dunia; ia adalah satu pembangkang yang tidak pernah berlaku sebelum ini oleh republik dan pihak berkuasa kebangsaan. Pada 22 Februari 1988, dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai \"Askeran pertembungan\", dua orang Azerbaijan dibunuh oleh polis Karabakh. Kematian-kematian ini, yang diumumkan di radio negeri, membawa kepada Pogrom Sumgait. Antara 26 Februari dan 1 Mac, bandar Sumgait (Azerbaijan) menyaksikan rusuhan anti-Armenia ganas di mana 32 orang terbunuh. Pihak berkuasa benar-benar kehilangan kawalan dan menduduki kota dengan pasukan payung dan tangki; hampir kesemua 14,000 penduduk Armenia dari Sumgait melarikan diri. <> Berapa ramai warga Azerbaijan yang mati dalam pertempuran Askeran? || dua <> Bila pertikaian Askeran? || 22 Februari 1988 <> Siapa yang membunuh dua orang Azerbaijan? || Polis Karabakh. <> Apakah yang dicetuskan oleh siaran radio mengenai kematian? || Sumgait Pogrom <> Berapa banyak yang terbunuh dalam rusuhan yang berlaku? || 32", {"context": "In February 20, 1988, after a week of growing demonstrations in Stepanakert, capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (the Armenian majority area within Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic), the Regional Soviet voted to secede and join with the Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia. This local vote in a small, remote part of the Soviet Union made headlines around the world; it was an unprecedented defiance of republic and national authorities. On February 22, 1988, in what became known as the \"Askeran clash\", two Azerbaijanis were killed by Karabakh police. These deaths, announced on state radio, led to the Sumgait Pogrom. Between February 26 and March 1, the city of Sumgait (Azerbaijan) saw violent anti-Armenian rioting during which 32 people were killed. The authorities totally lost control and occupied the city with paratroopers and tanks; nearly all of the 14,000 Armenian residents of Sumgait fled.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many Azerbaijanis died in the Askeran clash?", "id": "572798b8708984140094e1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "February 22, 1988"}], "question": "When was the Askeran clash?", "id": "572798b8708984140094e1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Karabakh police."}], "question": "Who killed the two Azerbaijanis?", "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Sumgait Pogrom"}], "question": "What was triggered by the radio broadcast of the deaths?", "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "32"}], "question": "How many were killed in the ensuing riots?", "id": "572798b8708984140094e1cd"}]}], ["Pada musim bunga 1987, satu gerakan protes berlaku terhadap lombong fosfat baru di Estonia. Tanda tangan dikumpulkan di Tartu, dan para pelajar berkumpul di dewan utama universiti untuk menyatakan kekurangan keyakinan terhadap kerajaan. Pada demonstrasi pada 1 Mei 1987, golongan muda muncul dengan sepanduk dan slogan walaupun larangan rasmi. Pada 15 Ogos 1987, bekas tahanan politik membentuk kumpulan MRP-AEG (Estonians for Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), yang diketuai oleh Tiit Madisson. Pada bulan September 1987, akhbar Edasi menyiarkan cadangan Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made, dan Mikk Titma memanggil peralihan Estonia kepada autonomi. Pada mulanya ditujukan kepada kemerdekaan ekonomi, maka ke arah sejumlah autonomi politik, projek itu, Isemajandav Eesti (\"A Self Managing Estonia\") dikenali dengan singkatan bahasa Estonia, IME, yang bermaksud \"keajaiban\". Pada 21 Oktober, demonstrasi yang didedikasikan kepada mereka yang memberikan nyawa mereka dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Estonia 1918-1920 berlaku di V\u00f5ru, yang berakhir dengan konflik dengan milisi. Buat pertama kalinya dalam tahun-tahun, tricolor negara biru, hitam, putih dipamerkan secara terbuka. <> Apa yang sedang dibantah di Estonia? || lombong fosfat baru <> Bilakah prototaip lombong fosfat bermula? || musim semi 1987 <> Kumpulan apa yang dimulakan oleh bekas tahanan politik? || Kumpulan MRP-AEG <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab bagi kumpulan MRP-AEG? || Tiit Madisson <> Apa yang diminta untuk Estonia dalam cadangan yang dicetak oleh akhbar Edasi pada tahun 1987? || otonomi", {"context": "In spring 1987, a protest movement arose against new phosphate mines in Estonia. Signatures were collected in Tartu, and students assembled in the university's main hall to express lack of confidence in the government. At a demonstration on May 1, 1987, young people showed up with banners and slogans despite an official ban. On August 15, 1987, former political prisoners formed the MRP-AEG group (Estonians for the Public Disclosure of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact), which was headed by Tiit Madisson. In September 1987, the Edasi newspaper published a proposal by Edgar Savisaar, Siim Kallas, Tiit Made, and Mikk Titma calling for Estonia's transition to autonomy. Initially geared toward economic independence, then toward a certain amount of political autonomy, the project, Isemajandav Eesti (\"A Self-Managing Estonia\") became known according to its Estonian acronym, IME, which means \"miracle\". On October 21, a demonstration dedicated to those who gave their lives in the 1918\u20131920 Estonian War of Independence took place in V\u00f5ru, which culminated in a conflict with the militia. For the first time in years, the blue, black, and white national tricolor was publicly displayed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "new phosphate mines"}], "question": "What was being protested in Estonia?", "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "spring 1987"}], "question": "When did the phosphate mine protests begin?", "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "MRP-AEG group"}], "question": "What group was started by ex-political prisoners?", "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "Tiit Madisson"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the MRP-AEG group?", "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "autonomy"}], "question": "What was requested for Estonia in the proposal printed by the Edasi newspaper in 1987?", "id": "572792e6dd62a815002ea0d4"}]}], ["Gorbachev enggan membuat sebarang perubahan pada status Nagorno Karabakh, yang kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Azerbaijan. Dia bukannya memecat Pemimpin Parti Komunis di kedua Republika - pada 21 Mei 1988, Kamran Baghirov digantikan oleh Abdulrahman Vezirov sebagai Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Azerbaijan. Dari 23 Julai hingga September 1988, sekumpulan cendekiawan Azerbaijan mula bekerja untuk sebuah organisasi baru yang dikenali sebagai Front Popular of Azerbaijan, longgar berdasarkan Barisan Popular Estonia. Pada 17 September, ketika pertempuran senjata antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan di dekat Stepanakert, dua tentera terbunuh dan lebih daripada dua belas cedera. Ini membawa kepada hampir polarisasi etnik di bandar-bandar utama Nagorno-Karabakh: minoriti Azerbaijan diusir dari Stepanakert, dan minoriti Armenia diusir dari Shusha. Pada 17 November 1988, sebagai tindak balas kepada penghijrahan puluhan ribu orang Azerbaijan dari Armenia, satu siri demonstrasi besar-besaran bermula di Lenin Square Baku, yang berlangsung selama 18 hari dan menarik setengah juta penunjuk perasaan. Pada 5 Disember 1988, milisi Soviet akhirnya berpindah, membersihkan alun-alun dengan paksa, dan mengenakan perintah berkurung yang berlangsung selama sepuluh bulan. <> Siapa yang membuat Gorbachev membuat Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Azerbaijan pada tahun 1988? || Abdulrahman Vezirov <> Siapa Setia Pertama sebelum Vezirov? || Kamran Baghirov <> Berapa banyak tentera yang mati pada 17 September? || dua <> orang dari kaum etnik yang dilemparkan dari Shusha? || Armenian <> Berapa lama protes Lenin Square yang terakhir? || 18 hari", {"context": "Gorbachev refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. He instead sacked the Communist Party Leaders in both Republics \u2013 on May 21, 1988, Kamran Baghirov was replaced by Abdulrahman Vezirov as First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party. From July 23 to September 1988, a group of Azerbaijani intellectuals began working for a new organization called the Popular Front of Azerbaijan, loosely based on the Estonian Popular Front. On September 17, when gun battles broke out between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis near Stepanakert, two soldiers were killed and more than two dozen injured. This led to almost tit-for-tat ethnic polarization in Nagorno-Karabakh's two main towns: The Azerbaijani minority was expelled from Stepanakert, and the Armenian minority was expelled from Shusha. On November 17, 1988, in response to the exodus of tens of thousands of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, a series of mass demonstrations began in Baku's Lenin Square, lasting 18 days and attracting half a million demonstrators. On December 5, 1988, the Soviet militia finally moved in, cleared the square by force, and imposed a curfew that lasted ten months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Abdulrahman Vezirov"}], "question": "Who did Gorbachev make First Secretary of the Azerbaijan Communist Party in 1988?", "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Kamran Baghirov"}], "question": "Who was First Secretary prior to Vezirov?", "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many soldiers died on September 17?", "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "Armenian"}], "question": "People of what ethnicity were thrown out of Shusha?", "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1013, "text": "18 days"}], "question": "How long did the Lenin Square protest last?", "id": "57279998dd62a815002ea1a8"}]}], ["Dalam pilihanraya umum pada 26 Mac, penyertaan pengundi adalah 89.8% yang mengagumkan, dan 1,958 (termasuk 1,225 kerusi daerah) daripada 2,250 kerusi CPD dipenuhi. Di dalam perlumbaan daerah, pilihan raya dijalankan pada 76 kawasan pilihan raya pada 2 dan 9 April dan pilihan raya baru telah diadakan pada 20 April dan 14 hingga 23 Mei, di 199 kawasan di mana majoriti mutlak yang diperlukan tidak tercapai. Walaupun kebanyakan calon yang disokong oleh CPSU dipilih, lebih daripada 300 kalah kepada calon bebas seperti Yeltsin, ahli fizikal Andrei Sakharov dan peguam Anatoly Sobchak. <> Sebanyak peratus orang mengundi pada 26 Mac? || 89.8% <> Berapa banyak pemilih mempunyai pilihan raya? || 76 <> Berapa banyak sokongan CPSU yang hilang calon ke calon bebas? || lebih daripada 300", {"context": "In the March 26 general elections, voter participation was an impressive 89.8%, and 1,958 (including 1,225 district seats) of the 2,250 CPD seats were filled. In district races, run-off elections were held in 76 constituencies on April 2 and 9 and fresh elections were organized on April 20 and 14 to May 23, in the 199 remaining constituencies where the required absolute majority was not attained. While most CPSU-endorsed candidates were elected, more than 300 lost to independent candidates such as Yeltsin, physicist Andrei Sakharov and lawyer Anatoly Sobchak.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "89.8%"}], "question": "What percentage of people voted on March 26?", "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "76"}], "question": "How many constituencies had run-off elections?", "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "more than 300"}], "question": "How many CPSU endorsement having candidates lost to independents?", "id": "5727e58b4b864d1900163f86"}]}], ["The Partyja BPF (Barisan Popular Belarusia) telah ditubuhkan pada tahun 1988 sebagai sebuah parti politik dan pergerakan budaya untuk demokrasi dan kemerdekaan, yang merupakan kawasan popular republik Baltik. Penemuan kubur massa di Kurapaty di luar Minsk oleh sejarawan Zianon Pazniak, pemimpin pertama Barisan Popular Barisan Belia, memberi momentum tambahan kepada pergerakan pro-demokrasi dan pro-kemerdekaan di Belarus. Ia mendakwa bahawa NKVD melakukan pembunuhan rahsia di Kurapaty. Pada mulanya Barisan mempunyai keterlihatan yang ketara kerana banyak tindakan awam hampir selalu berakhir dalam pertempuran dengan pihak polis dan KGB. <> Bilakah Parti BDF bermula? || 1988 <> Siapa yang menemui kubur massa? || Zianon Pazniak <> Apa pekerjaan Pazniak? || ahli sejarah <> Di manakah kubur yang terdapat? || Kurapaty <> Sebagai tambahan kepada polis yang sering melakukan konflik dengan BDF? || KGB", {"context": "The Partyja BPF (Belarusian Popular Front) was established in 1988 as a political party and cultural movement for democracy and independence, \u00e0 la the Baltic republics\u2019 popular fronts. The discovery of mass graves in Kurapaty outside Minsk by historian Zianon Pazniak, the Belarusian Popular Front\u2019s first leader, gave additional momentum to the pro-democracy and pro-independence movement in Belarus. It claimed that the NKVD performed secret killings in Kurapaty. Initially the Front had significant visibility because its numerous public actions almost always ended in clashes with the police and the KGB.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When did The Partyja BDF start?", "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "Zianon Pazniak"}], "question": "Who found mass graves?", "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "historian"}], "question": "What is Pazniak's occupation?", "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "Kurapaty"}], "question": "Where were the graves found?", "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "KGB"}], "question": "In addition to the police who did the BDF often have conflicts with?", "id": "5727e3e82ca10214002d98ba"}]}], ["Pada sesi pertama Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat yang baru, mulai 25 Mei hingga 9 Jun, pihak berkuasa tetap mengekalkan kawalan tetapi reformis menggunakan badan perundangan itu sebagai platform untuk perdebatan dan kritikan - yang disiarkan secara langsung dan tidak diperiksa. Ini menyesuaikan penduduk; tiada perdebatan seperti ini yang pernah disaksikan di USSR Pada 29 Mei, Yeltsin berjaya mendapatkan kerusi di Soviet Tertinggi, dan pada musim panas dia membentuk pembangkang pertama, Kumpulan Pertahanan Antara-Serantau, yang terdiri daripada nasionalis Rusia dan liberal . Mengarang kumpulan perundangan terakhir di Kesatuan Soviet, yang dipilih pada tahun 1989 memainkan peranan penting dalam pembaharuan dan pemisahan Uni Soviet dalam masa dua tahun akan datang. <> Siapa yang menggunakan sesi perundangan untuk berdebat dan mengkritik? || pembaharuan <> Siapakah yang membentuk Kumpulan Perwakilan Antara-Serantau? || Nasionalis Rusia dan liberal. <> Bilakah Yeltsin memperoleh tempat duduk di Soviet Tertinggi? || 29 Mei", {"context": "In the first session of the new Congress of People's Deputies, from May 25 to June 9, hardliners retained control but reformers used the legislature as a platform for debate and criticism \u2013 which was broadcast live and uncensored. This transfixed the population; nothing like this freewheeling debate had ever been witnessed in the U.S.S.R. On May 29, Yeltsin managed to secure a seat on the Supreme Soviet, and in the summer he formed the first opposition, the Inter-Regional Deputies Group, composed of Russian nationalists and liberals. Composing the final legislative group in the Soviet Union, those elected in 1989 played a vital part in reforms and the eventual breakup of the Soviet Union during the next two years.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "reformers"}], "question": "Who used the legislative session to debate and criticize?", "id": "57280f144b864d190016435a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Russian nationalists and liberals."}], "question": "Who made up the Inter-Regional Deputies Group?", "id": "57280f144b864d190016435b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "May 29"}], "question": "When did Yeltsin acquire a seat on the Supreme Soviet?", "id": "57280f144b864d190016435c"}]}], ["Pada 25 Oktober 1989, Tertinggi Soviet mengundi untuk menghilangkan kerusi khas untuk Parti Komunis dan organisasi rasmi lain dalam pilihan raya kebangsaan dan tempatan, menjawab kritikan tajam popular bahawa slot simpanan itu tidak demokratik. Selepas perdebatan yang kuat, 542-ahli Tertinggi Soviet meluluskan langkah 254-85 (dengan 36 abstensi). Keputusan itu memerlukan pindaan perlembagaan, yang disahkan oleh kongres penuh, yang bertemu 12-25 Disember. Ia juga meluluskan langkah-langkah yang akan membolehkan pilihan raya terus bagi presiden setiap 15 republik konstituen. Gorbachev sangat menentang langkah itu semasa perdebatan tetapi dikalahkan. <> Apa yang telah kalah Parti Komunis pada 25 Oktober 1989 berkaitan dengan pilihan raya? || kerusi khas <> Siapa yang mengundi untuk menghilangkan kerusi khas? || Soviet Tertinggi <> Bilakah kongres bertemu untuk meratifikasi pindaan untuk menghapuskan kerusi pilihan raya? || 12-25 Disember", {"context": "On October 25, 1989, the Supreme Soviet voted to eliminate special seats for the Communist Party and other official organizations in national and local elections, responding to sharp popular criticism that such reserved slots were undemocratic. After vigorous debate, the 542-member Supreme Soviet passed the measure 254-85 (with 36 abstentions). The decision required a constitutional amendment, ratified by the full congress, which met December 12\u201325. It also passed measures that would allow direct elections for presidents of each of the 15 constituent republics. Gorbachev strongly opposed such a move during debate but was defeated.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "special seats"}], "question": "What did the Communist Party lose on October 25, 1989 with regards to elections?", "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the Supreme Soviet"}], "question": "Who voted to get rid of the special seats?", "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "December 12\u201325"}], "question": "When did congress meet to ratify the amendment to remove special election seats?", "id": "57280fdc3acd2414000df36f"}]}], ["Musim semi 1989 menyaksikan rakyat Kesatuan Soviet melaksanakan pilihan demokrasi, walaupun terhad, buat kali pertama sejak 1917, ketika mereka memilih Kongres Rakyat Perwakilan Rakyat yang baru. Sama pentingnya adalah liputan televisyen hidup yang tidak dipertimbangkan mengenai perbincangan badan perundangan, di mana orang menyaksikan kepimpinan Komunis yang sebelum ini ditakuti dipersoalkan dan dipertanggungjawabkan. Contoh ini memicu percubaan terhad dengan demokrasi di Poland, yang dengan cepat membawa kepada penggulingan kerajaan Komunis di Warsaw pada musim panas - yang seterusnya mencetuskan kebangkitan yang menggulingkan komunisme di lima negara lain di negara-negara Pakatan Warsawa sebelum penghujung tahun 1989, tahun Tembok Berlin jatuh. Peristiwa-peristiwa ini menunjukkan bahawa rakyat Eropah Timur dan Kesatuan Soviet tidak menyokong usaha Gorbachev untuk memodenkan Komunisme; Sebaliknya, mereka lebih suka meninggalkannya sama sekali. <> Apa yang terpilih pada tahun 1989? || Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat yang baru <> Siapa yang dipersoalkan di TV live? || Kepimpinan komunis <> Di manakah kerajaan Komunis terlebih dahulu digulingkan? || Warsaw <> Bilakah Tembok Berlin runtuh? || 1989 <> Apa yang hendak dilakukan oleh orang Eropah Timur dengan komunisme? || meninggalkannya", {"context": "Spring 1989 saw the people of the Soviet Union exercising a democratic choice, albeit limited, for the first time since 1917, when they elected the new Congress of People's Deputies. Just as important was the uncensored live TV coverage of the legislature's deliberations, where people witnessed the previously feared Communist leadership being questioned and held accountable. This example fueled a limited experiment with democracy in Poland, which quickly led to the toppling of the Communist government in Warsaw that summer \u2013 which in turn sparked uprisings that overthrew communism in the other five Warsaw Pact countries before the end of 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell. These events showed that the people of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union did not support Gorbachev's drive to modernize Communism; rather, they preferred to abandon it altogether.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "new Congress of People's Deputies"}], "question": "What was elected in 1989?", "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Communist leadership"}], "question": "Who was questioned on live TV?", "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "Warsaw"}], "question": "Where was the Communist government overthrown first?", "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "1989"}], "question": "When did the Berlin Wall get torn down?", "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 842, "text": "abandon it"}], "question": "What did Eastern European people want to do with communism?", "id": "5727e4a64b864d1900163f74"}]}], ["Pada 13 November 1988, kira-kira 10,000 orang menghadiri mesyuarat rasmi yang diselenggarakan oleh organisasi warisan kebudayaan Spadschyna, kelab pelajar Universiti Kyiv Hromada, dan kumpulan alam sekitar Zelenyi Svit (\"Green World\") dan Noosfera, untuk memberi tumpuan kepada isu-isu ekologi. Dari 14-18 November, 15 aktivis Ukraine adalah antara 100 penyokong hak asasi manusia, nasional dan agama yang dijemput untuk membincangkan hak asasi manusia dengan pegawai Soviet dan delegasi lawatan Suruhanjaya Keselamatan dan Kerjasama AS di Eropah (juga dikenali sebagai Suruhanjaya Helsinki). Pada 10 Disember, beratus-ratus orang berkumpul di Kiev untuk memerhatikan Hari Hak Asasi Manusia Antarabangsa di perhimpunan yang dianjurkan oleh Kesatuan Demokratik. Perhimpunan tidak sah menyebabkan penahanan aktivis tempatan. <> Apakah terjemahan bahasa Inggeris Zelenyi Svit? || Dunia Hijau <> Masalah apa saja yang Zenlenyi Svit dan Noosfera bimbang? || ekologi <> Apakah organisasi seperti Spadschnyna? || warisan budaya <> Apa yang dikumpulkan orang untuk diperhatikan pada 10 Disember? || Hari Hak Asasi Manusia Antarabangsa", {"context": "On November 13, 1988, approximately 10,000 people attended an officially sanctioned meeting organized by the cultural heritage organization Spadschyna, the Kyiv University student club Hromada, and the environmental groups Zelenyi Svit (\"Green World\") and Noosfera, to focus on ecological issues. From November 14\u201318, 15 Ukrainian activists were among the 100 human-, national- and religious-rights advocates invited to discuss human rights with Soviet officials and a visiting delegation of the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission). On December 10, hundreds gathered in Kiev to observe International Human Rights Day at a rally organized by the Democratic Union. The unauthorized gathering resulted in the detention of local activists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Green World"}], "question": "What is the English translation of Zelenyi Svit?", "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d9768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "ecological"}], "question": "What sort of issues were Zenlenyi Svit and Noosfera concerned with?", "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d9769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "cultural heritage"}], "question": "What sort of organization is Spadschnyna? ", "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d976a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "International Human Rights Day"}], "question": "What did people gather to observe on December 10th?", "id": "5727e149ff5b5019007d976b"}]}], ["Pada 26 April 1988, kira-kira 500 orang menyertai perarakan yang dianjurkan oleh Kelab Kebudayaan Ukraine di Khreschatyk Street Kiev untuk menandakan ulang tahun kedua bencana nuklear Chernobyl, membawa plakat dengan slogan seperti \"Keterbukaan dan Demokrasi hingga Akhir.\" Antara Mei dan Jun 1988, Katolik Ukraine di barat Ukraine merayakan Milenium Kekristianan di Kievan Rus 'secara rahsia dengan mengadakan perkhidmatan di hutan Buniv, Kalush, Hoshiv, dan Zarvanytsia. Pada 5 Jun 1988, sebagai perayaan rasmi Milenium telah diadakan di Moscow, Kelab Kebudayaan Ukraine menganjurkan khidmatnya sendiri di Kiev di monumen St. Volodymyr the Great, putera besar Kievan Rus '. <> Kumpulan apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk bantahan April 25, 1988? || Kelab Kebudayaan Ukraine <> Di mana perarakan berlaku? || Jalan Khreschatyk Kiev <> Apa yang ingin diperingati para perarakan? || Bencana nuklear Chernobyl, <> Kumpulan mana yang mengadakan rahsia Millenium dari perayaan Kristian? || Katolik Ukraine <> Di bandar apakah yang dilakukan Kelab Kebudayaan Ukraine mempunyai perayaan Millennium? || Kiev", {"context": "On April 26, 1988, about 500 people participated in a march organized by the Ukrainian Cultural Club on Kiev's Khreschatyk Street to mark the second anniversary of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, carrying placards with slogans like \"Openness and Democracy to the End.\" Between May and June 1988, Ukrainian Catholics in western Ukraine celebrated the Millennium of Christianity in Kievan Rus' in secret by holding services in the forests of Buniv, Kalush, Hoshiv, and Zarvanytsia. On June 5, 1988, as the official celebrations of the Millennium were held in Moscow, the Ukrainian Cultural Club hosted its own observances in Kiev at the monument to St. Volodymyr the Great, the grand prince of Kievan Rus'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Ukrainian Cultural Club"}], "question": "What group was responsible for the April 25, 1988 protest?", "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Kiev's Khreschatyk Street"}], "question": "Where did the march happen?", "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Chernobyl nuclear disaster,"}], "question": "What did the marchers wish to commemorate? ", "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Ukrainian Catholics"}], "question": "Which group held secret Milleneum of Christianity celebrations?", "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Kiev"}], "question": "In what city did the Ukrainian Cultural Club have its Millennium celebration?", "id": "5727ce414b864d1900163d94"}]}], ["Bermula pada bulan Februari 1988, Pergerakan Demokratik Moldova (dahulu Moldavia) menganjurkan mesyuarat awam, demonstrasi, dan festival lagu, yang secara beransur-ansur berkembang dengan saiz dan keamatan. Di jalan-jalan, pusat manifestasi awam adalah Monumen Stefanus Besar di Chi\u015fin\u0103u, dan taman bersebelahan yang memelihara Aleea Clasicilor (The \"Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]\"). Pada 15 Januari 1988, dalam penghormatan kepada Mihai Eminescu pada dada beliau di Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol \u015ealaru telah mengemukakan cadangan untuk meneruskan mesyuarat. Dalam wacana umum, pergerakan itu meminta kebangkitan kebangsaan, kebebasan bersuara, kebangkitan tradisi Moldavia, dan untuk mencapai status rasmi untuk bahasa Romania dan kembali ke abjad Latin. Peralihan dari \"pergerakan\" (persatuan tidak formal) ke \"depan\" (persatuan rasmi) dilihat sebagai \"naik taraf\" semulajadi apabila pergerakan mendapat momentum dengan orang ramai, dan pihak berkuasa Soviet tidak lagi berani menentangnya. <> Bilakah Gerakan Demokratik Moldova mula beroperasi? || Februari 1988 <> Monumen mana yang menjadi tempat pertemuan popular? || Stephen the Great Monument <> Dimana Monumen Stephen the Great terletak? || Chi\u015fin\u0103u <> Apa pergerakan itu berusaha menjadikan bahasa rasmi Moldova? || Romania <> Apakah nama depan Moldova? || Moldavia", {"context": "Beginning in February 1988, the Democratic Movement of Moldova (formerly Moldavia) organized public meetings, demonstrations, and song festivals, which gradually grew in size and intensity. In the streets, the center of public manifestations was the Stephen the Great Monument in Chi\u015fin\u0103u, and the adjacent park harboring Aleea Clasicilor (The \"Alee of the Classics [of the Literature]\"). On January 15, 1988, in a tribute to Mihai Eminescu at his bust on the Aleea Clasicilor, Anatol \u015ealaru submitted a proposal to continue the meetings. In the public discourse, the movement called for national awakening, freedom of speech, revival of Moldavian traditions, and for attainment of official status for the Romanian language and return to the Latin alphabet. The transition from \"movement\" (an informal association) to \"front\" (a formal association) was seen as a natural \"upgrade\" once a movement gained momentum with the public, and the Soviet authorities no longer dared to crack down on it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "February 1988"}], "question": "When did the Democratic Movement of Moldova start operating?", "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Stephen the Great Monument"}], "question": "Which monument was a popular meeting place?", "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "Chi\u015fin\u0103u"}], "question": "Where was the Stephen the Great Monument located?", "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "Romanian"}], "question": "What did the movement seek to make the official language of Moldova?", "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Moldavia"}], "question": "What was Moldova's previous name?", "id": "5727ccf12ca10214002d96b6"}]}], ["Pada 16 Jun 1988, 6,000 hingga 8,000 orang berkumpul di Lviv untuk mendengar pembesar suara menyatakan tidak percaya pada senarai perwakilan setempat ke persidangan Parti Komunis ke-19, bermula pada 29 Jun. Pada 21 Jun, perhimpunan di Lviv menarik 50,000 orang telah mendengar mengenai senarai perwakilan yang disemak semula. Pihak berkuasa cuba menyuraikan perhimpunan itu di hadapan Stadium Druzhba. Pada 7 Julai, 10,000 hingga 20,000 orang menyaksikan pelancaran Front Demokratik untuk Mempromosikan Perestroika. Pada 17 Julai, sekumpulan 10,000 berkumpul di kampung Zarvanytsia untuk perkhidmatan Milenium yang disambut oleh Uskup Yunani-Katolik Ukraine Pavlo Vasylyk. Militia cuba menyebarkan para hadirin, tetapi ia merupakan perhimpunan terbesar Katolik Ukraine sejak Stalin melarang Gereja pada tahun 1946. Pada 4 Ogos, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai \"Berdarah Khamis,\" pihak berkuasa tempatan dengan keras menindas demonstrasi yang dianjurkan oleh Front Demokratik untuk Mempromosikan Perestroika. Empat puluh satu orang telah ditahan, didenda, atau dihukum 15 hari penangkapan pentadbiran. Pada 1 September, pihak berkuasa tempatan dengan keras melukai 5,000 pelajar dalam mesyuarat awam yang kurang mendapat kebenaran rasmi di Universiti Negeri Ivan Franko. <> Berapa ramai orang yang menghadiri perhimpunan Lviv? || 50,000 <> Di mana percubaan penyebaran dibuat? || di hadapan Stadium Druzhba <> Siapa yang cuba menghentikan perhimpunan itu? || Pihak Berkuasa <> Yang mengetuai perayaan Milenium di Zarvanytsia? || Pavlo Vasylyk <> Siapa yang mahu memecah perayaan? || militia", {"context": "On June 16, 1988, 6,000 to 8,000 people gathered in Lviv to hear speakers declare no confidence in the local list of delegates to the 19th Communist Party conference, to begin on June 29. On June 21, a rally in Lviv attracted 50,000 people who had heard about a revised delegate list. Authorities attempted to disperse the rally in front of Druzhba Stadium. On July 7, 10,000 to 20,000 people witnessed the launch of the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. On July 17, a group of 10,000 gathered in the village Zarvanytsia for Millennium services celebrated by Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Bishop Pavlo Vasylyk. The militia tried to disperse attendees, but it turned out to be the largest gathering of Ukrainian Catholics since Stalin outlawed the Church in 1946. On August 4, which came to be known as \"Bloody Thursday,\" local authorities violently suppressed a demonstration organized by the Democratic Front to Promote Perestroika. Forty-one people were detained, fined, or sentenced to 15 days of administrative arrest. On September 1, local authorities violently displaced 5,000 students at a public meeting lacking official permission at Ivan Franko State University.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the Lviv rally?", "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "in front of Druzhba Stadium"}], "question": "Where was the dispersal attempt made?", "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "Authorities"}], "question": "Who tried to stop the rally?", "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Pavlo Vasylyk"}], "question": "Who led the Millennium celebration in Zarvanytsia?", "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "militia"}], "question": "Who wanted to break up the celebration?", "id": "5727cf6dff5b5019007d95b4"}]}], ["Gorbachev sekali lagi enggan membuat apa-apa perubahan kepada status Nagorno Karabakh, yang kekal sebagai sebahagian daripada Azerbaijan. Sebaliknya dia memecat kedua-dua Pemimpin Parti Komunis Republikan: Pada 21 Mei 1988, Karen Demirchian digantikan oleh Suren Harutyunyan sebagai Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Armenia. Walau bagaimanapun, Harutyunyan dengan cepat memutuskan untuk berjalan sebelum angin nasionalis dan pada 28 Mei, membenarkan orang Armenia melancarkan bendera Republik Pertama Armenia merah-biru untuk kali pertama dalam hampir 70 tahun. Pada 15 Jun 1988, Soviet Tertinggi Armenia mengadopsi resolusi secara rasmi meluluskan idea Nagorno Karabakh menyertai Armenia. Armenia, yang sebelum ini merupakan salah sebuah Republika yang paling setia, tiba-tiba bertukar menjadi republik terkemuka pemberontak. Pada 5 Julai 1988, apabila pasukan kontinjen dihantar untuk menghalau penunjuk perasaan dengan kekerasan dari Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Zvartnots Yerevan, tembakan ditembak dan seorang penunjuk perasaan dibunuh. Pada bulan September, demonstrasi besar lagi di Yerevan membawa kepada penggunaan kenderaan perisai. Pada musim luruh tahun 1988 hampir semua 200,000 minoriti Azerbaijan di Armenia telah diusir oleh Nationalists Armenia, dengan lebih dari 100 terbunuh dalam proses - ini, selepas pogrom Sumgait pada awal tahun yang dilakukan oleh Azerbaijan terhadap kaum Armenia etnik dan pengusiran berikutnya semua orang Armenia Azerbaijan. Pada 25 November 1988, seorang komander tentera mengawal Yerevan kerana kerajaan Soviet berpindah untuk menghalang keganasan etnik lebih lanjut. <> Siapa yang mengharamkan orang Azerbaijan dari Armenia? || Nationalists <> Berapa ramai penunjuk perasaan mati dalam keganasan lapangan terbang? || satu <> Siapa yang sebelum ini telah dikeluarkan dari Azerbaijan? || Armenian <> Yang mengambil alih Yerevan pada November 1988? || seorang komander tentera", {"context": "Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process \u2013 this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1124, "text": "Nationalists"}], "question": "Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?", "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 891, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many protesters died in the airport violence?", "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1310, "text": "Armenians"}], "question": "Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?", "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1359, "text": "a military commandant"}], "question": "Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?", "id": "57279dfb2ca10214002d922d"}]}], ["Pada 16 Julai 1989, Barisan Popular Azerbaijan mengadakan kongres pertamanya dan memilih Abulfaz Elchibey, yang akan menjadi Presiden, sebagai Pengerusi. Pada 19 Ogos, 600,000 penunjuk perasaan menafikan Lenin Square Baku (sekarang Azadliq Square) untuk menuntut pembebasan tahanan politik. Pada separuh kedua tahun 1989, senjata diserahkan di Nagorno-Karabakh. Apabila Karabakhis mendapat senjata kecil untuk menggantikan senapang dan busur silang, mangsa mula melompat; jambatan ditiup, jalan raya diblokir, dan tebusan telah diambil. <> Bilakah Abulfaz Elchibey dipilih kepada Pengerusi Barisan Popular? || 16 Julai 1989 <> Berapa ramai pengunjuk rasa diisi Lenin Square pada 19 Ogos? || 600,000 <> Apa yang dikehendaki oleh penunjuk perasaan? || pembebasan tahanan politik", {"context": "On July 16, 1989, the Popular Front of Azerbaijan held its first congress and elected Abulfaz Elchibey, who would become President, as its Chairman. On August 19, 600,000 protesters jammed Baku\u2019s Lenin Square (now Azadliq Square) to demand the release of political prisoners. In the second half of 1989, weapons were handed out in Nagorno-Karabakh. When Karabakhis got hold of small arms to replace hunting rifles and crossbows, casualties began to mount; bridges were blown up, roads were blockaded, and hostages were taken.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 16, 1989"}], "question": "When was Abulfaz Elchibey elected to Chairman of the Popular Front?", "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "600,000"}], "question": "How many protesters filled Lenin Square on August 19th?", "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "release of political prisoners"}], "question": "What did the protesters want?", "id": "572813b63acd2414000df3df"}]}], ["Dari 20 hingga 20 April 1989, mesyuarat pra-pilihan raya diadakan di Lviv selama empat hari berturut-turut, menarik ramai orang sehingga 25,000. Tindakan itu termasuk mogok amaran selama sejam di lapan kilang dan institusi tempatan. Ia merupakan mogok buruh pertama di Lviv sejak tahun 1944. Pada 3 Mei, perhimpunan pra-pemilihan menarik 30,000 di Lviv. Pada 7 Mei, Persatuan Memorial menganjurkan satu mesyuarat besar-besaran di Bykivnia, tapak kubur massal mangsa Ukraine dan Poland keganasan Stalinis. Selepas berarak dari Kiev ke tapak tersebut, perkhidmatan peringatan dipentaskan. <> Berapa ramai yang menghadiri mesyuarat pilihan raya Lviv? || 25,000 <> Berapa lamakah peringatan amaran terakhir? || satu jam <> Dimana mogok berlaku? || lapan buah kilang tempatan dan institusi <> Sebelum mogok amaran ketika mogok buruh terakhir di Lviv? || 1944 <> Pada pandangan apa yang diadakan oleh mesyuarat Bykivnia? || kubur massa", {"context": "From April 20\u201323, 1989, pre-election meetings were held in Lviv for four consecutive days, drawing crowds of up to 25,000. The action included an one-hour warning strike at eight local factories and institutions. It was the first labor strike in Lviv since 1944. On May 3, a pre-election rally attracted 30,000 in Lviv. On May 7, The Memorial Society organized a mass meeting at Bykivnia, site of a mass grave of Ukrainian and Polish victims of Stalinist terror. After a march from Kiev to the site, a memorial service was staged.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "25,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the Lviv pre-election meetings?", "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "one-hour"}], "question": "How long did the warning strike last?", "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "eight local factories and institutions"}], "question": "Where did the strike take place?", "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "1944"}], "question": "Prior to the warning strike when was the last labor strike in Lviv?", "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "mass grave"}], "question": "At what sight was the Bykivnia meeting held?", "id": "572818a9ff5b5019007d9d24"}]}], ["Di Ukraine, Lviv dan Kiev merayakan Hari Kemerdekaan Ukraine pada 22 Januari 1989. Beribu-ribu berkumpul di Lviv untuk berkhidmat tanpa izin (perkhidmatan keagamaan) di hadapan Katedral St. George. Di Kiev, 60 aktivis bertemu di sebuah apartmen Kiev untuk memperingati pengisytiharan Republik Rakyat Ukraine pada tahun 1918. Pada 11-12 Februari 1989, Persatuan Bahasa Ukrainia mengadakan kongres pengasasnya. Pada 15 Februari 1989, pembentukan Jawatankuasa Inisiatif untuk Pembaharuan Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine diumumkan. Program dan statut pergerakan itu dicadangkan oleh Persatuan Penulis Ukraine dan telah diterbitkan dalam jurnal Literaturna Ukraina pada 16 Februari 1989. Organisasi ini mengumumkan penentang Ukraine seperti Vyacheslav Chornovil. <> Apa yang diperingati pada 22 Januari di Ukraine? || Hari Kemerdekaan Ukraine <> Apa yang berlaku? || perkhidmatan keagamaan <> Di manakah yang diadakan? || di hadapan Katedral St. George.", {"context": "In Ukraine, Lviv and Kiev celebrated Ukrainian Independence Day on January 22, 1989. Thousands gathered in Lviv for an unauthorized moleben (religious service) in front of St. George's Cathedral. In Kiev, 60 activists met in a Kiev apartment to commemorate the proclamation of the Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918. On February 11\u201312, 1989, the Ukrainian Language Society held its founding congress. On February 15, 1989, the formation of the Initiative Committee for the Renewal of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church was announced. The program and statutes of the movement were proposed by the Writers Association of Ukraine and were published in the journal Literaturna Ukraina on February 16, 1989. The organization heralded Ukrainian dissidents such as Vyacheslav Chornovil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Ukrainian Independence Day"}], "question": "What is commemorated on January 22 in Ukraine?", "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "religious service"}], "question": "What is a moleben?", "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "in front of St. George's Cathedral."}], "question": "Where was the moleben held?", "id": "572816302ca10214002d9d9a"}]}], ["Pada akhir Februari, perhimpunan awam besar berlaku di Kiev untuk membantah undang-undang pilihan raya, pada malam pilihan raya pada 26 Mac ke Kongres Timbalan Rakyat AS, dan memanggil untuk peletakan jawatan setiausaha pertama Parti Komunis Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, dilahirkan sebagai \"mastodon stagnation.\" Demonstrasi itu bertepatan dengan kunjungan ke Ukraina oleh Presiden Soviet Gorbachev. Pada 26 Februari 1989, antara 20,000 dan 30,000 orang mengambil bahagian dalam perkhidmatan peringatan ekumenikal yang tidak dianjurkan di Lviv, menandakan ulang tahun kematian artis abad ke-19 dan nasionalis Taras Shevchenko. <> Apakah orang yang memprotes di Kiev pada bulan Februari lalu? || undang-undang pilihan raya <> Siapa yang penunjuk perasaan mahu meletakkan jawatan? || Volodymyr Scherbytsky <> Apa nama panggilan Scherbytsky? || mastodon stagnation <> Siapa yang melawat Ukraine ketika protes berlaku? || Gorbachev <> Berapa ramai orang yang menghadiri khidmat di Lviv? || antara 20,000 dan 30,000", {"context": "In late February, large public rallies took place in Kiev to protest the election laws, on the eve of the March 26 elections to the USSR Congress of People's Deputies, and to call for the resignation of the first secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Scherbytsky, lampooned as \"the mastodon of stagnation.\" The demonstrations coincided with a visit to Ukraine by Soviet President Gorbachev. On February 26, 1989, between 20,000 and 30,000 people participated in an unsanctioned ecumenical memorial service in Lviv, marking the anniversary of the death of 19th Century Ukrainian artist and nationalist Taras Shevchenko.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "election laws"}], "question": "What were people protesting in Kiev during the last part of February?", "id": "572816e43acd2414000df439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Volodymyr Scherbytsky"}], "question": "Who did the protesters want to resign? ", "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "the mastodon of stagnation"}], "question": "What was Scherbytsky's nickname?", "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "Gorbachev"}], "question": "Who visited the Ukraine while the protests were taking place?", "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "between 20,000 and 30,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the service in Lviv?", "id": "572816e43acd2414000df43d"}]}], ["Dalam taktik yang baru dan berkesan, Front Popular melancarkan sekatan kereta api Armenia, yang mengakibatkan petrol dan kekurangan makanan kerana 85 peratus daripada pengangkutan Armenia berasal dari Azerbaijan. Di bawah tekanan dari Front Popular pihak berkuasa Komunis di Azerbaijan mula membuat konsesi. Pada 25 September, mereka meluluskan undang-undang kedaulatan yang memberi keutamaan kepada undang-undang Azerbaijan, dan pada 4 Oktober, Front Popular dibenarkan untuk mendaftar sebagai organisasi undang-undang selagi mengangkat sekatan itu. Komunikasi pengangkutan antara Azerbaijan dan Armenia tidak pernah pulih sepenuhnya. Ketegangan terus meningkat dan pada 29 Disember, aktivis Front Popular merampas pejabat parti tempatan di Jalilabad, mencederakan lusinan. <> Apa yang dilakukan Front Popular terhadap kereta api Armenia? || sekat <> Kekurangan apa yang disebabkan oleh sekatan? || petrol dan makanan <> Berapa banyak kargo ke Armenia berasal di Azerbaijan? || 85 peratus <> Bilakah undang-undang kedaulatan diluluskan? || 25 September <> Apa di Jalilibad diambil alih oleh Front Popular? || pejabat parti tempatan", {"context": "In a new and effective tactic, the Popular Front launched a rail blockade of Armenia, which caused petrol and food shortages because 85 percent of Armenia's freight came from Azerbaijan. Under pressure from the Popular Front the Communist authorities in Azerbaijan started making concessions. On September 25, they passed a sovereignty law that gave precedence to Azerbaijani law, and on October 4, the Popular Front was permitted to register as a legal organization as long as it lifted the blockade. Transport communications between Azerbaijan and Armenia never fully recovered. Tensions continued to escalate and on December 29, Popular Front activists seized local party offices in Jalilabad, wounding dozens.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "blockade"}], "question": "What did the Popular Front do to Armenian railways?", "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df407"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "petrol and food"}], "question": "What shortages were caused by the blockade?", "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "85 percent"}], "question": "How much freight into Armenia originated in Azerbaijan? ", "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "September 25"}], "question": "When was the sovereignty law passed?", "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df40a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "local party offices"}], "question": "What in Jalilibad was taken over by the Popular Front?", "id": "572814fa3acd2414000df40b"}]}], ["Pada 4 Mac 1989, Persatuan Memorial, yang komited untuk menghormati mangsa Stalinisme dan membersihkan masyarakat amalan Soviet, ditubuhkan di Kiev. Perhimpunan awam diadakan pada hari berikutnya. Pada 12 Mac, satu mesyuarat sebelum pilihan raya yang dianjurkan di Lviv oleh Kesatuan Helsinki Ukraine dan Masyarakat Marian Myloserdia (Compassion) telah dilancarkan secara ganas, dan hampir 300 orang ditahan. Pada 26 Mac, pilihan raya diadakan kepada Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat; pilihan raya kecil telah diadakan pada 9 April, 14 Mei, dan 21 Mei. Antara 225 timbalan Ukraine, kebanyakannya adalah konservatif, walaupun segelintir progresif membuat pemotongan. <> Apakah korban ideologi yang dihormati oleh Persatuan Memorial? || Stalinism <> Berapa ramai orang dari mesyuarat sebelum pilihan raya di Lviv ditahan? || hampir 300 <> Ahli apa ideologi yang lebih banyak dipilih untuk kesatuan Kongres Rakyat Perwakilan? || konservatif <> Berapa banyak timbalan menteri dipilih? || 225", {"context": "On March 4, 1989, the Memorial Society, committed to honoring the victims of Stalinism and cleansing society of Soviet practices, was founded in Kiev. A public rally was held the next day. On March 12, A pre-election meeting organized in Lviv by the Ukrainian Helsinki Union and the Marian Society Myloserdia (Compassion) was violently dispersed, and nearly 300 people were detained. On March 26, elections were held to the union Congress of People's Deputies; by-elections were held on April 9, May 14, and May 21. Among the 225 Ukrainian deputies, most were conservatives, though a handful of progressives made the cut.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Stalinism"}], "question": "What ideology's victims were being honored by the Memorial Society?", "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "nearly 300"}], "question": "How many people from the pre-election meeting in Lviv were detained?", "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "conservatives"}], "question": "Members of what ideology were more heavily elected to the union Congress of People's Deputies?", "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "225"}], "question": "How many deputies were elected?", "id": "572817dbff5b5019007d9d13"}]}], ["Enam negara-negara Pakatan Warsaw di Eropah Timur, sementara secara mandiri bebas, diiktiraf secara meluas dalam masyarakat antarabangsa sebagai negara satelit Soviet. Semua telah diduduki oleh Tentera Merah Soviet pada tahun 1945, mempunyai negara-negara sosialis gaya Soviet yang dikenakan ke atas mereka, dan mempunyai kebebasan tindakan yang sangat terbatas dalam urusan domestik atau antarabangsa. Mana-mana langkah ke arah kemerdekaan sebenar ditindas oleh tentera - dalam Revolusi Hungaria 1956 dan Spring Prague pada tahun 1968. Gorbachev meninggalkan Brezhnev Doctrine yang menindas dan mahal, yang mengarahkan campur tangan dalam negara-negara Pact Warsawa, memihak kepada tidak campur tangan dalam hal ehwal dalaman sekutu - bercanda dengan menyebut Sinatra Doctrine sebagai rujukan kepada lagu Frank Sinatra \"My Way\". <> Tahun apakah musim bunga Prague berlaku? || 1968 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada percubaan Prague dan Hungary pada kemerdekaan? || ditindas oleh angkatan tentera <> Di bawah doktrin apa yang diperlukan oleh Soviet Union untuk campur tangan dalam negara-negara Pact Warsawa? || Brezhnev Doctrine <> Selain mahal apa yang salah dengan Doktrin Brezhnev? || penindasan <> Apa nama panggilan untuk doktrin baru Gorbachev? || Doktrin Sinatra", {"context": "The six Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, while nominally independent, were widely recognized in the international community as the Soviet satellite states. All had been occupied by the Soviet Red Army in 1945, had Soviet-style socialist states imposed upon them, and had very restricted freedom of action in either domestic or international affairs. Any moves towards real independence were suppressed by military force \u2013 in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring in 1968. Gorbachev abandoned the oppressive and expensive Brezhnev Doctrine, which mandated intervention in the Warsaw Pact states, in favor of non-intervention in the internal affairs of allies \u2013 jokingly termed the Sinatra Doctrine in a reference to the Frank Sinatra song \"My Way\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "1968"}], "question": "What year did the Prague Spring take place?", "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "suppressed by military force"}], "question": "What happened to Prague and Hungary's attempts at independence?", "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Brezhnev Doctrine"}], "question": "Under what doctrine was the Soviet Union required to intervene in the Warsaw Pact states?", "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "oppressive"}], "question": "Other than being expensive what was wrong with the Brezhnev Doctrine?", "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Sinatra Doctrine"}], "question": "What is the nickname for Gorbachev's new doctrine?", "id": "572811a7ff5b5019007d9c54"}]}], ["Pada 7 April 1989, tentera Soviet dan kapal angkatan bersenjata dihantar ke Tbilisi selepas lebih daripada 100,000 orang membantah di hadapan ibu pejabat Parti Komunis dengan sepanduk memanggil Georgia untuk menyekat dari Kesatuan Soviet dan untuk Abkhazia akan disatukan sepenuhnya ke Georgia. Pada 9 April 1989, tentera menyerang penunjuk perasaan; kira-kira 20 orang terbunuh dan lebih daripada 200 cedera. Acara ini radikalisasi politik Georgia, mendorong ramai untuk menyimpulkan bahawa kemerdekaan lebih baik untuk meneruskan pemerintahan Soviet. Pada 14 April, Gorbachev mengalihkan Jumber Patiashvili sebagai Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Georgia dan menggantikannya dengan bekas ketua KGB Georgia, Givi Gumbaridze. <> Apa yang mahu para penunjuk perasaan mahu Georgia meninggalkan? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh para penunjuk perasaan untuk menjadi sebahagian dari Georgia? || Abkhazia <> Siapa yang menyerang protes itu? || tentera <> Berapa ramai orang yang mati dalam serangan 9 April? || 20 <> Apa yang berlaku kepada politik Georgia akibat serangan itu? || radikal", {"context": "On April 7, 1989, Soviet troops and armored personnel carriers were sent to Tbilisi after more than 100,000 people protested in front of Communist Party headquarters with banners calling for Georgia to secede from the Soviet Union and for Abkhazia to be fully integrated into Georgia. On April 9, 1989, troops attacked the demonstrators; some 20 people were killed and more than 200 wounded. This event radicalized Georgian politics, prompting many to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet rule. On April 14, Gorbachev removed Jumber Patiashvili as First Secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and replaced him with former Georgian KGB chief Givi Gumbaridze.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What did the protesters want Georgia to leave?", "id": "572815a13acd2414000df419"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Abkhazia"}], "question": "What did the protesters hope to see become a part of Georgia?", "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "troops"}], "question": "Who attacked the protest?", "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many people died in the April 9 attack?", "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "radicalized"}], "question": "What happened to Georgian politics as a result of the attack?", "id": "572815a13acd2414000df41d"}]}], ["The Baltic Way atau Baltic Chain (juga Rantaian Kebebasan Estonia: Balti kett, Bahasa Latvia: Baltijas ce\u013c\u0161, Lithuania: Baltijos kelias, Rusia: Baltikas Rusia) adalah demonstrasi politik damai pada 23 Ogos 1989. Dianggarkan 2 juta orang bergabung tangan membentuk rantaian manusia yang memanjangkan 600 kilometer (370 mi) di seluruh Estonia, Latvia dan Lithuania, yang telah diperteguhkan semula ke Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1944. Demonstrasi kolosal menandakan ulang tahun ke-50 Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop yang membelah Eropah Timur ke dalam bidang pengaruh dan membawa kepada pendudukan negara-negara Baltik pada tahun 1940. <> Berapa ramai orang yang terlibat dalam Rantai Baltik? || dianggarkan 2 juta <> Berapa lama rantaian itu? || 600 kilometer <> Apa negeri-negeri yang rantaian itu dilanjutkan? || Estonia, Latvia dan Lithuania <> Apa ulang tahun apakah rantaian itu berlaku? || Ulang tahun ke-50 Perjanjian Molotov-Ribbentrop <> Apa bahagian Eropah dipecah oleh perjanjian? || Timur", {"context": "The Baltic Way or Baltic Chain (also Chain of Freedom Estonian: Balti kett, Latvian: Baltijas ce\u013c\u0161, Lithuanian: Baltijos kelias, Russian: \u0411\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c) was a peaceful political demonstration on August 23, 1989. An estimated 2 million people joined hands to form a human chain extending 600 kilometres (370 mi) across Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which had been forcibly reincorporated into the Soviet Union in 1944. The colossal demonstration marked the 50th anniversary of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact that divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence and led to the occupation of the Baltic states in 1940.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "estimated 2 million"}], "question": "How many people were involved in the Baltic Chain?", "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "600 kilometres"}], "question": "How long was the chain?", "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania"}], "question": "What states did the chain extend over?", "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "50th anniversary of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact"}], "question": "What anniversary did the chain take place on?", "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "Eastern"}], "question": "What part of Europe was split up by the pact?", "id": "57281249ff5b5019007d9c70"}]}], ["Pada 7 Disember 1989, Parti Komunis Lithuania di bawah pimpinan Algirdas Brazauskas, berpecah daripada Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet dan meninggalkan tuntutannya untuk mempunyai \"peranan utama\" berperlembagaan dalam politik. Sebuah puak loyalistis yang lebih kecil dari Parti Komunis, yang diketuai oleh keras kepala Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, ditubuhkan dan masih bergabung dengan CPSU. Walau bagaimanapun, Parti Komunis yang mengawal Lithuania secara rasmi bebas daripada kawalan Moscow - yang pertama untuk Republikan Soviet dan gempa politik yang menggesa Gorbachev untuk mengatur lawatan ke Lithuania pada bulan berikutnya dalam usaha yang sia-sia untuk membawa masuk semula parti tempatan. <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab ke atas Parti Komunis Lithuania pada 1989 || Algirdas Brazauskas <> Parti apa yang dilakukan oleh Parti Komunis Lithuania selain? || Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab terhadap puak loyalistis? || Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, <> Kawalan tempat apakah Parti Komunis Lithuania keluar dari bawah selepas perpecahan? || Moscow <> Yang melawat dengan harapan untuk membawa balik Parti Komunis Lithuania ke Parti Soviet? || Gorbachev", {"context": "On December 7, 1989, the Communist Party of Lithuania under the leadership of Algirdas Brazauskas, split from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and abandoned its claim to have a constitutional \"leading role\" in politics. A smaller loyalist faction of the Communist Party, headed by hardliner Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius, was established and remained affiliated with the CPSU. However, Lithuania\u2019s governing Communist Party was formally independent from Moscow's control \u2013 a first for Soviet Republics and a political earthquake that prompted Gorbachev to arrange a visit to Lithuania the following month in a futile attempt to bring the local party back under control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Algirdas Brazauskas"}], "question": "Who was in charge of Lithuania's Communist Party in 1989", "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Communist Party of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What party did  Lithuania's Communist Party break apart from?", "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Mykolas Burokevi\u010dius,"}], "question": "Who was in charge of the loyalist faction?", "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Moscow's"}], "question": "What place's control was the Communist Party of Lithuania out from under after the split?", "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "Gorbachev"}], "question": "Who visited with the hope of bringing back the Communist Party of Lithuania to the Soviet Party?", "id": "57281338ff5b5019007d9c8e"}]}], ["Pada 30 September 1989, ribuan orang Belorusia, yang mengecam pemimpin tempatan, melancarkan melalui Minsk untuk meminta pembersihan tambahan pada tapak bencana Chernobyl 1986 di Ukraine. Sehingga 15,000 penunjuk perasaan memakai simbol radioaktif yang memakai armband dan membawa bendera kebangsaan Belorussian berwarna merah dan putih yang dilarang memfailkan hujan lebat dengan menentang larangan oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. Kemudian, mereka berkumpul di pusat bandar berhampiran ibu pejabat kerajaan, di mana penceramah menuntut peletakan jawatan Yefrem Sokolov, ketua Parti Komunis republik itu, dan menyeru pemindahan setengah juta penduduk dari zon yang tercemar. <> Apa yang ingin dibersihkan oleh orang Belorusia? || Laman bencana Chernobyl <> Di manakah Bencana Chernobyl berlaku? || Ukraine <> Bilakah bencana Chernobyl berlaku? || 1986 <> Apakah simbol yang dipakai para penunjuk perasaan di tangan mereka? || simbol radioaktif <> Bagaimana cuaca semasa protes? || hujan lebat", {"context": "On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Chernobyl disaster site"}], "question": "What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?", "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Ukraine"}], "question": "Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?", "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1986"}], "question": "When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?", "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "radioactivity symbols"}], "question": "What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?", "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "torrential rain"}], "question": "How was the weather during the protest?", "id": "572827feff5b5019007d9e3e"}]}], ["Ribuan tentera Soviet dihantar ke Lembah Fergana, tenggara Tashkent, Uzbekistan, untuk menubuhkan semula perintah selepas bentrokan di mana orang-orang Uzbekistan memburu ahli minoriti Meskhetian dalam beberapa hari rusuhan antara 4 hingga 11 Jun 1989; kira-kira 100 orang terbunuh. Pada 23 Jun 1989, Gorbachev menyingkirkan Rafiq Nishonov sebagai Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Uzbek SSR dan menggantikannya dengan Karimov, yang mengetuai Uzbekistan sebagai Republik Soviet dan seterusnya sebagai negara merdeka. <> Siapa yang pergi ke Lembah Fergana untuk memulihkan pesanan? || Tentera Soviet <> Di mana Lembah Fergana terletak? || tenggara ibukota Uzbekistan <> Siapa yang ditargetkan oleh orang-orang Uzbekistan? || ahli minoriti Meskhetian <> Siapa yang dipecat dari kedudukan Setiausaha Pertama oleh Gorbachev? || Rafiq Nishonov <> Siapa yang menggantikan Nishonov? || Karimov", {"context": "Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4\u201311, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Soviet troops"}], "question": "Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?", "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "southeast of the Uzbek capital"}], "question": "Where is the Fergana Valley located?", "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "members of the Meskhetian minority"}], "question": "Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?", "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Rafiq Nishonov"}], "question": "Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? ", "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Karimov"}], "question": "Who replaced Nishonov?", "id": "57282967ff5b5019007d9e52"}]}], ["Pada 1 Oktober 1989, demonstrasi damai 10,000 hingga 15,000 orang diserang secara sukarela oleh militia di depan Stadium Druzhba Lviv, di mana konsert merayakan \"penyatuan semula\" Soviet tanah Ukraine telah diadakan. Pada 10 Oktober, Ivano-Frankivsk adalah tapak bantahan pra-pemilihan yang dihadiri oleh 30,000 orang. Pada 15 Oktober, beberapa ribu orang berkumpul di Chervonohrad, Chernivtsi, Rivne, dan Zhytomyr; 500 di Dnipropetrovsk; dan 30,000 di Lviv untuk membantah undang-undang pilihan raya. Pada 20 Oktober, setia dan paderi gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine menyertai sinod di Lviv, yang pertama sejak pembubaran paksa pada tahun 1930-an. <> Berapa banyak orang yang menunjukkan pada 1 Oktober? || 10,000 hingga 15,000 <> Siapa yang menyerang protes itu? || militia <> Dimana serangan berlaku? || di hadapan Stadium Druzhba Lviv <> Apa yang berlaku di stadium pada masa itu? || konsert <> Sebelum sinode 20 Oktober, kapan yang terakhir diadakan di Lviv? || 1930-an", {"context": "On October 1, 1989, a peaceful demonstration of 10,000 to 15,000 people was violently dispersed by the militia in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium, where a concert celebrating the Soviet \"reunification\" of Ukrainian lands was being held. On October 10, Ivano-Frankivsk was the site of a pre-election protest attended by 30,000 people. On October 15, several thousand people gathered in Chervonohrad, Chernivtsi, Rivne, and Zhytomyr; 500 in Dnipropetrovsk; and 30,000 in Lviv to protest the election law. On October 20, faithful and clergy of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church participated in a synod in Lviv, the first since its forced liquidation in the 1930s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "10,000 to 15,000"}], "question": "How many people demonstrated on October 1?", "id": "572821923acd2414000df531"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "militia"}], "question": "Who attacked the protest?", "id": "572821923acd2414000df532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "in front of Lviv's Druzhba Stadium"}], "question": "Where did the attack occur?", "id": "572821923acd2414000df533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "concert"}], "question": "What was happening in the stadium at the time?", "id": "572821923acd2414000df534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "Prior to the October 20 synod, when was the last one held in Lviv?", "id": "572821923acd2414000df535"}]}], ["Di Kazakhstan pada 19 Jun 1989, lelaki muda yang membawa senjata api, bom api, besi dan batu didera di Zhanaozen, menyebabkan beberapa kematian. Para belia cuba merampas sebuah balai polis dan stesen bekalan air. Mereka membawa pengangkutan awam berhenti dan menutup pelbagai kedai dan industri. Menjelang 25 Jun, rusuhan telah merebak ke lima bandar lain berhampiran Laut Caspian. Seramai 150 orang yang bersenjatakan tongkat, batu dan batang logam menyerang balai polis di Mangishlak, kira-kira 90 batu dari Zhanaozen, sebelum mereka disebarkan oleh tentera kerajaan yang diterbangkan oleh helikopter. Gempa-gumpalan anak-anak muda juga mengamuk melalui Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko dan Kulsary, di mana mereka menuangkan cecair mudah terbakar di kereta api pekerja perumahan sementara dan membakarnya. <> Di manakah rusuhan 19th yang maut? || Zhanaozen <> Siapa perusuh? || lelaki muda <> Apa yang cuba diambil oleh perusuh? || balai polis dan stesen bekalan air <> Berapa banyak bandar telah rusuhan mereka sendiri selepas rusuhan awal? || lima <> Apa yang diserang di Mangishlak? || Balai Polis", {"context": "In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Zhanaozen"}], "question": "Where was the fatal June 19th riots?", "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "young men"}], "question": "Who were the rioters?", "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "police station and a water-supply station"}], "question": "What did the rioters try to take over?", "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?", "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "police station"}], "question": "What was attacked in Mangishlak?", "id": "57282a062ca10214002d9fb0"}]}], ["Dari pertengahan Mei hingga September 1989, penyerang lapar Greek-Katolik Ukraine mengadakan demonstrasi di Arbat Moscow untuk memberi perhatian kepada nasib Gereja mereka. Mereka sangat aktif semasa sesi Julai Majlis Gereja Dunia yang diadakan di Moscow. Protes itu berakhir dengan penangkapan kumpulan pada 18 September. Pada 27 Mei 1989, persidangan pengasas Pertubuhan Memorial serantau Lviv diadakan. Pada 18 Jun 1989, kira-kira 100,000 setia mengambil bahagian dalam perkhidmatan keagamaan awam di Ivano-Frankivsk di barat Ukraine, menanggapi panggilan Kardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky untuk solat hari antarabangsa. <> Apa penyerang lapar yang ingin menarik perhatian? || nasib Gereja mereka. <> Bilakah persidangan Memorial serantau Lviv mempunyai persidangan pertamanya? || 27 Mei 1989 <> Berapa ramai orang yang menghadiri perkhidmatan di barat Ukraine? || anggaran 100,000", {"context": "From mid-May to September 1989, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hunger strikers staged protests on Moscow's Arbat to call attention to the plight of their Church. They were especially active during the July session of the World Council of Churches held in Moscow. The protest ended with the arrests of the group on September 18. On May 27, 1989, the founding conference of the Lviv regional Memorial Society was held. On June 18, 1989, an estimated 100,000 faithful participated in public religious services in Ivano-Frankivsk in western Ukraine, responding to Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky's call for an international day of prayer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "plight of their Church."}], "question": "What were the hunger strikers hoping to draw attention to?", "id": "572819323acd2414000df47f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "May 27, 1989"}], "question": "When did the Lviv regional Memorial Society have its first conference?", "id": "572819323acd2414000df480"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "an estimated 100,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the services in western Ukraine?", "id": "572819323acd2414000df481"}]}], ["Pada 24 Oktober, Kesatuan Soviet menyerahkan undang-undang menghapuskan kerusi khas untuk Parti Komunis dan wakil-wakil organisasi rasmi lain. Pada 26 Oktober, dua puluh kilang di Lviv mengadakan mogok dan pertemuan untuk membantah kekejaman polis pada 1 Oktober dan keengganan pihak berkuasa untuk mendakwa mereka yang bertanggungjawab. Dari 26-28 Oktober, Persatuan Alam Sekitar Zelenyi Svit (Persahabatan Bumi - Ukraine) mengadakan kongres pengasasnya, dan pada 27 Oktober Soviet Tertinggi Ukraine meluluskan undang-undang yang menghapuskan status khas parti dan organisasi rasmi lain. <> Di manakah serangan? || Lviv <> Apakah serangan terhadap protes? || kekejaman polis <> Berapa banyak kilang telah memukul pada 26 Oktober? || dua puluh", {"context": "On October 24, the union Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating special seats for Communist Party and other official organizations' representatives. On October 26, twenty factories in Lviv held strikes and meetings to protest the police brutality of October 1 and the authorities' unwillingness to prosecute those responsible. From October 26\u201328, the Zelenyi Svit (Friends of the Earth \u2013 Ukraine) environmental association held its founding congress, and on October 27 the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet passed a law eliminating the special status of party and other official organizations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Lviv"}], "question": "Where were the strikes?", "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9e9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "police brutality"}], "question": "What were the strikes in protest against?", "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9ea0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "twenty"}], "question": "How many factories had strikes on October 26?", "id": "572821f52ca10214002d9e9e"}]}], ["Pada 28 Oktober 1989, Soviet Tertinggi Ukraine memutuskan bahawa berkuatkuasa 1 Januari 1990, Ukraine akan menjadi bahasa rasmi Ukraine, sementara Rusia akan digunakan untuk komunikasi antara kumpulan etnik. Pada hari yang sama Jemaat Pertukaran Transfigurasi di Lviv meninggalkan Gereja Ortodoks Rusia dan mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai Gereja Katolik Greek Ukraine. Pada keesokan harinya, beribu-ribu menghadiri majlis peringatan di Demianiv Laz, dan penanda sementara diletakkan untuk menunjukkan bahawa monumen kepada \"mangsa-mangsa penindasan 1939-1941\" akan didirikan tidak lama lagi. <> Apa yang telah dibuat bahasa rasmi Ukraine pada tahun 1990? || Ukraine <> Siapa yang memutuskan bahasa rasmi Ukraine? || Ukraine Tertinggi Soviet <> Atas sebab apa yang Rusia akan bercakap? || komunikasi antara kumpulan etnik <> Di mana perkhidmatan memorial 2 Januari? || Demianiv Laz", {"context": "On October 28, 1989, the Ukrainian Supreme Soviet decreed that effective January 1, 1990, Ukrainian would be the official language of Ukraine, while Russian would be used for communication between ethnic groups. On the same day The Congregation of the Church of the Transfiguration in Lviv left the Russian Orthodox Church and proclaimed itself the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The following day, thousands attended a memorial service at Demianiv Laz, and a temporary marker was placed to indicate that a monument to the \"victims of the repressions of 1939\u20131941\" soon would be erected.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Ukrainian"}], "question": "What was made Ukraine's official language in 1990?", "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Ukrainian Supreme Soviet"}], "question": "Who decided Ukraine's official language?", "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "communication between ethnic groups"}], "question": "For what reason would the Russian be spoken?", "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Demianiv Laz"}], "question": "Where was the January 2 memorial service?", "id": "572822be2ca10214002d9ea7"}]}], ["Ketegangan etnik telah meningkat antara Armenia dan Azerbaijan pada musim bunga dan musim panas 1988. Pada 9 Januari 1990, selepas parlimen Armenia mengundi untuk menyertakan Nagorno-Karabakh dalam anggarannya, pertempuran baru diperbaiki, sandera diambil, dan empat tentera Soviet terbunuh . Pada 11 Januari, radikal-radikal Front Popular menyerang gedung-gedung parti dan dengan berkesan menggulingkan kuasa-kuasa komunis di bandar Lenkoran di selatan. Gorbachev memutuskan untuk menguasai semula Azerbaijan; peristiwa-peristiwa yang berlaku dikenali sebagai \"Black January.\" Lewat pada 19 Januari 1990, selepas meniup stesen televisyen pusat dan memotong saluran telefon dan radio, seramai 26,000 tentera Soviet memasuki ibukota Azerbaijan, Baku, menghancurkan barikade, menyerang penunjuk perasaan, dan menembak orang ramai. Pada malam itu dan semasa konfrontasi berikutnya (yang berlangsung sehingga Februari), lebih daripada 130 orang mati - sebahagian besarnya adalah orang awam. Lebih 700 orang awam cedera, beratus-ratus orang ditahan, tetapi hanya sedikit yang cuba dibicarakan kerana dakwaan jenayah. <> Dua kumpulan mana yang menyaksikan peningkatan konflik etnik pada tahun 1988? || Armenia dan Azerbaijan <> Siapa yang terbunuh dalam rusuhan 9 Januari? || empat askar Soviet <> Berapa banyak orang mati dalam respon Soviet terhadap pertempuran? || lebih daripada 130 <> Apakah insiden Januari dipanggil? || Hitam Januari <> Berapa ramai askar Soviet menduduki Baku? || 26,000", {"context": "Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as \"Black January.\" Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died \u2013 the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "Armenians and Azerbaijanis"}], "question": "Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?", "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "four Soviet soldiers"}], "question": "Who was killed in the January 9 riots?", "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "more than 130"}], "question": "How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?", "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Black January"}], "question": "What were the January incidents called?", "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "26,000"}], "question": "How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?", "id": "57282af42ca10214002d9fce"}]}], ["Pada 19 Ogos 1989, Paroki Ortodoks Russia Saints Peter dan Paul mengumumkan bahawa ia akan beralih ke Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine. Pada 2 September 1989, puluhan ribu di seluruh Ukraine membantah draf undang-undang pilihan raya yang dipertahankan kerusi khas untuk Parti Komunis dan organisasi rasmi lain: 50,000 di Lviv, 40,000 di Kiev, 10,000 di Zhytomyr, 5,000 setiap di Dniprodzerzhynsk dan Chervonohrad, dan 2,000 di Kharkiv. Dari 8-10 September 1989, penulis Ivan Drach telah dipilih untuk mengetuai Rukh, Gerakan Rakyat Ukraine, pada kongres pengasasnya di Kiev. Pada 17 September, antara 150,000 dan 200,000 orang berarak di Lviv, menuntut pengesahan Gereja Katolik Greek Ukraine. Pada 21 September 1989, penggalian kubur massa bermula di Demianiv Laz, sebuah alam memelihara selatan Ivano-Frankivsk. Pada 28 September, Setiausaha Pertama Parti Komunis Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, penahanan dari era Brezhnev, digantikan oleh Vladimir Ivashko. <> Apakah penunjuk perasaan pada 2 September menentang? || draf undang-undang pilihan raya <> Berapa ramai penunjuk perasaan yang ada di Lviv? || 50,000 <> Siapa yang ditugaskan untuk Gerakan Rakyat Ukraine? || Ivan Drach <> Di manakah Pergerakan Rakyat memegang kongres pengasasnya? || Kiev", {"context": "On August 19, 1989, the Russian Orthodox Parish of Saints Peter and Paul announced it would be switching to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. On September 2, 1989, tens of thousands across Ukraine protested a draft election law that reserved special seats for the Communist Party and for other official organizations: 50,000 in Lviv, 40,000 in Kiev, 10,000 in Zhytomyr, 5,000 each in Dniprodzerzhynsk and Chervonohrad, and 2,000 in Kharkiv. From September 8\u201310, 1989, writer Ivan Drach was elected to head Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine, at its founding congress in Kiev. On September 17, between 150,000 and 200,000 people marched in Lviv, demanding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. On September 21, 1989, exhumation of a mass grave begins in Demianiv Laz, a nature preserve south of Ivano-Frankivsk. On September 28, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukraine Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, a holdover from the Brezhnev era, was replaced by Vladimir Ivashko.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "draft election law"}], "question": "What were the protesters on September 2 demonstrating against?", "id": "572820d23acd2414000df517"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How many protesters were there in Lviv?", "id": "572820d23acd2414000df518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Ivan Drach"}], "question": "Who was put in charge of the People's Movement of Ukraine?", "id": "572820d23acd2414000df519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Kiev"}], "question": "Where did the People's Movement hold its founding congress?", "id": "572820d23acd2414000df51a"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan November Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society secara rasmi didaftarkan. Pada 19 November 1989, perhimpunan awam di Kiev menarik beribu-ribu penyembah, kawan dan keluarga kepada pemberontakan di Ukraine tiga penghuni Gulag Kem No. 36 di Perm di Pegunungan Ural: aktivis hak asasi manusia Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, dan Yuriy Lytvyn. Sisa-sisa mereka dikembalikan semula ke Pemakaman Baikove. Pada 26 November 1989, satu hari doa dan puasa telah diumumkan oleh Kardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, beribu-ribu orang yang beriman di barat Ukraine mengambil bahagian dalam perkhidmatan keagamaan pada malam pertemuan antara Paus Yohanes Paulus II dan Presiden Soviet Gorbachev. Pada 28 November 1989, Majlis SSR Ukraine untuk Hal Ehwal Agama mengeluarkan perintah yang membolehkan jemaat Katolik Ukraine mendaftar sebagai organisasi undang-undang. Keputusan itu diisytiharkan pada 1 Disember, bersamaan dengan pertemuan di Vatican antara pope dan presiden Soviet. <> Bilakah Shevchenko Ukraine Language Society dibuat rasmi? || pertengahan November <> Tiga aktivis hak asasi manusia yang disusun semula pada 19 November adalah banduan di mana? || Gulag Camp No. 36 <> Dimana Kem Gulag No. 36 terletak? || Perm di Pergunungan Ural <> Dimana aktivis reburied? || Perkuburan Baikove. <> Siapa yang bertemu dengan Gorbachev pada 22 November? || Pope John Paul II", {"context": "In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "mid-November"}], "question": "When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?", "id": "572826324b864d19001645aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Gulag Camp No. 36"}], "question": "The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?", "id": "572826324b864d19001645ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Perm in the Ural Mountains"}], "question": "Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?", "id": "572826324b864d19001645ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Baikove Cemetery."}], "question": "Where were the activists reburied?", "id": "572826324b864d19001645ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?", "id": "572826324b864d19001645ae"}]}], ["Pada 13 Januari 1991, tentera Soviet, bersama dengan KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, menyerang Menara TV Vilnius di Lithuania untuk menindas gerakan kemerdekaan. Empat belas orang awam yang tidak bersenjata terbunuh dan ratusan lagi cedera. Pada malam 31 Julai 1991, OMON Rusia dari Riga, ibu pejabat tentera Soviet di Baltik, menyerang jawatan sempadan Lithuania di Medininkai dan membunuh tujuh askar Lithuania. Acara ini semakin melemahkan kedudukan Kesatuan Soviet di peringkat antarabangsa dan dalam negeri, dan menentang perlawanan Lithuania. <> Apa yang diserang oleh pasukan Soviet pada 13 Januari? || Menara TV Vilnius <> Dimana Menara TV terletak? || Lithuania <> Apa yang Soviet ingin berhenti? || pergerakan kemerdekaan <> Berapa ramai orang awam mati dalam serangan itu? || Empat belas <> Apa yang diserang oleh Rusia pada 31 Julai? || Pos sempadan Lithuania di Medininkai", {"context": "On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Vilnius TV Tower"}], "question": "What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?", "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Lithuania"}], "question": "Where was the TV Tower located?", "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "independence movement"}], "question": "What were the Soviets hoping to stop?", "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df77f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "Fourteen"}], "question": "How many civilians died in the attack?", "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df780"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Lithuanian border post in Medininkai"}], "question": "What was attacked by Russians on July 31?", "id": "57283caa3acd2414000df781"}]}], ["Lebih banyak pembaharuan radikal semakin yakin bahawa peralihan pesat ke ekonomi pasaran diperlukan, walaupun hasilnya akhirnya bermakna perpecahan Kesatuan Soviet ke beberapa negara merdeka. Kemerdekaan juga diberikan keinginan Yeltsin sebagai presiden Persekutuan Rusia, serta pihak berkuasa serantau dan tempatan untuk menyingkirkan kawalan Moscow yang luas. Berbeza dengan sambutan hangat reformis terhadap perjanjian itu, para konservatif, \"patriot\", dan nasionalis Rusia dari USSR - masih kuat dalam CPSU dan tentera - menentang melemahkan negara Soviet dan struktur kuasa terpusatnya. <> Apakah radikal mahu mengubah ekonomi? || ekonomi pasaran <> Apa yang mereka bersedia untuk berlaku kepada Kesatuan Soviet untuk mendapatkan ekonomi pasaran? || perpecahan <> Apakah presiden Yeltsin? || Persekutuan Rusia, <> Kawalan siapa pihak berkuasa serantau yang berharap dapat menghapuskannya? || Moscow", {"context": "More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow\u2019s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, \"patriots,\" and Russian nationalists of the USSR \u2013 still strong within the CPSU and the military \u2013 were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "market economy"}], "question": "What did radicals want to change the economy to?", "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "disintegration"}], "question": "What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?", "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "the Russian Federation,"}], "question": "What was Yeltsin president of?", "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Moscow\u2019s"}], "question": "Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?", "id": "57283dd4ff5b5019007d9fd3"}]}], ["Beribu-ribu Muscovite keluar untuk mempertahankan Gedung Putih (parlimen Persekutuan Rusia dan kantor Yeltsin), kerusi simbolik kedaulatan Rusia pada waktu itu. Pihak penganjur cuba tetapi akhirnya gagal menangkap Yeltsin, yang menentang penentangan rampasan kuasa dengan ucapan di atas tangki. Tentera khas yang dihantar oleh pemimpin kudeta mengambil kedudukan berhampiran Gedung Putih, tetapi ahli-ahli enggan menyerang bangunan yang dibongkar. Para pemimpin rampasan juga tidak menghiraukan penyiaran berita asing, begitu banyak Muscovite melihat ia dibentangkan secara langsung di CNN. Malah Gorbachev yang terpencil dapat mengikuti perkembangan dengan menyambung ke BBC World Service pada radio transistor kecil. <> Siapa yang tiba untuk melindungi Rumah Putih? || Muscovites <> Siapa yang penganjur mahu menangkap? || Yeltsin <> Di mana Yeltsin semasa rampasan kuasa? || di atas tangki <> Apa yang Yeltsin lakukan pada tangki? || membuat ucapan <> Saluran TV apa yang menyiarkan siaran rampasan kuasa? || CNN", {"context": "Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Muscovites"}], "question": "Who arrived to protect the White House?", "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who did the organizers want to arrest?", "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "atop a tank"}], "question": "Where was Yeltsin during the coup?", "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "speech-making"}], "question": "What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?", "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "CNN"}], "question": "What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?", "id": "57283e793acd2414000df7af"}]}], ["Pada 25-28 Oktober 1990, Rukh mengadakan kongres kedua dan mengumumkan bahawa matlamat utamanya adalah \"pembaharuan kebebasan bebas untuk Ukraine\". Pada 28 Oktober UAOC setia, disokong oleh Katolik Ukraine, menunjukkan berhampiran Katedral St. Sophia sebagai Gereja Ortodoks Rusia yang baru dipilih Patriarch Aleksei dan Metropolitan Filaret meraikan liturgi di kuil. Pada 1 November, pemimpin-pemimpin Gereja Katolik Greek Ukraine dan Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine, masing-masing, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk dan Patriarch Mstyslav, bertemu di Lviv semasa peringatan ulang tahun pengisytiharan 1918 Republik Ukraine Negara Barat. <> Di mana protes UAOC diadakan? || berhampiran Katedral St. Sophia <> Siapa yang berada di katedral pada masa protes itu? || Gereja Ortodoks Rusia Patriarch Aleksei dan Metropolitan Filaret <> Apa yang ada pada Aleksei dan Filaret pada masa protes itu? || liturgi", {"context": "On October 25\u201328, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the \"renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine\". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "near St. Sophia\u2019s Cathedral"}], "question": "Where was the UAOC protest held?", "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9f9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret"}], "question": "Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?", "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9f9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "liturgy"}], "question": "What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?", "id": "57283b36ff5b5019007d9fa0"}]}], ["Berikutan pengambilalihan tegar, pilihan raya 30 September 1990 (runoff pada 14 Oktober) dicirikan oleh intimidasi; beberapa calon Barisan Popular dipenjarakan, dua orang dibunuh, dan pemilihan undi tanpa henti berlaku walaupun di hadapan pemerhati Barat. Keputusan pilihan raya mencerminkan persekitaran yang mengancam; Daripada 350 ahli, 280 adalah Komunis, dengan hanya 45 calon pembangkang dari Front Popular dan kumpulan bukan komunis yang bersama-sama membentuk blok Demokratik (\"Dembloc\"). Pada bulan Mei 1990 Mutalibov dipilih sebagai Pengerusi Tertinggi Soviet yang tidak dapat dipertahankan. <> Apa calon parti dibunuh dalam pilihan raya 30 September? || Front Popular <> Berapa ramai ahli dari pihak pembangkang? || 45 <> Berapakah jumlah ahli yang hadir? || 350 <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai Pengerusi pada bulan Mei? || Mutalibov", {"context": "Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc (\"Dembloc\"). In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Popular Front"}], "question": "What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?", "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ff8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "45"}], "question": "How many members were from opposition parties?", "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ff9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "350"}], "question": "How many total members were there?", "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ffa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "Mutalibov"}], "question": "Who was elected to be Chairman in May?", "id": "57282dc02ca10214002d9ffb"}]}], ["Berhadapan dengan perpecahan yang semakin meningkat, Gorbachev berusaha menyusun semula Kesatuan Soviet ke dalam keadaan yang kurang berpusat. Pada 20 Ogos 1991, SFSR Rusia dijadualkan menandatangani Perjanjian Kesatuan Baru yang akan mengubah Kesatuan Soviet menjadi sebuah persekutuan republik bebas dengan presiden biasa, dasar dan tentera asing. Ia amat disokong oleh republik Asia Tengah, yang memerlukan kelebihan ekonomi pasaran biasa untuk makmur. Bagaimanapun, ini bermakna beberapa tahap kawalan Parti Komunis yang berterusan terhadap kehidupan ekonomi dan sosial. <> Apa yang Gorbachev cuba untuk mendesentralkan? || Kesatuan Soviet <> Apa yang sepatutnya ditandatangani pada 20 Ogos? || Perjanjian Kesatuan Baru <> Yang menyokong perjanjian itu? || Republika Asia Tengah, <> Apa yang akan mengekalkan kuasa jika perjanjian ditandatangani? || parti Komunis", {"context": "Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? ", "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da156"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "New Union Treaty"}], "question": "What was supposed to be signed on August 20?", "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da157"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "Central Asian republics,"}], "question": "Who supported the treaty?", "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da158"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "Communist Party"}], "question": "What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?", "id": "57283d0e2ca10214002da159"}]}], ["Pada 22 Jun 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko menarik pencalonannya untuk menjadi ketua Parti Komunis Ukraine memandangkan kedudukan barunya di parlimen. Stanislav Hurenko dipilih sebagai setiausaha pertama CPU. Pada 11 Julai, Ivashko meletak jawatan dari jawatannya sebagai pengerusi Parlimen Ukraine selepas beliau dipilih sebagai timbalan setiausaha agung Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet. Parlimen menerima peletakan jawatan itu seminggu kemudian, pada 18 Julai. Pada 16 Julai Parlimen melampaui meluluskan Deklarasi Kedaulatan Negeri Ukraine - dengan undi 355 yang memihak dan empat menentang. Timbalan rakyat mengundi 339 hingga 5 untuk mengumumkan 16 Julai cuti kebangsaan Ukraine. <> Berapa lama ia mengambil Parlimen untuk menerima peletakan jawatan Ivashko? || seminggu <> Siapa yang dipilih sebagai timbalan setiausaha baru Parti Komunis Kesatuan Soviet pada bulan Julai? || Volodymyr Ivashko <> Berapa ramai ahli Parlimen mengundi terhadap Deklarasi Kedaulatan Negeri Ukraine? || empat", {"context": "On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "a week"}], "question": "How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?", "id": "572839322ca10214002da10b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Volodymyr Ivashko"}], "question": "Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?", "id": "572839322ca10214002da10a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?", "id": "572839322ca10214002da10c"}]}], ["Pada 6 April 1990, Majlis Bandaraya Lviv mengundi untuk kembali St. George Cathedral ke Gereja Katolik Greek Ukraine. Gereja Ortodoks Rusia menolak untuk menghasilkan. Pada 29-30 April 1990, Kesatuan Helsinki Ukraine dibubarkan untuk membentuk Parti Republik Republikan. Pada 15 Mei, parlimen baru diadakan. Blok komunis konservatif memegang 239 kerusi; Blok Demokrat, yang telah berkembang menjadi Majlis Kebangsaan, mempunyai 125 timbalan. Pada 4 Jun 1990, dua calon kekal dalam perlumbaan berlarutan untuk kerusi parlimen. Pemimpin Partai Komunis Ukraina (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, dipilih dengan 60 persen suara karena lebih dari 100 wakil pembangkang memboikot pemilihan. Pada 5-6 Jun 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav dari Gereja Ortodoks Ukraine yang berpangkalan di A.S. dipilih sebagai bapa kepada Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine (UAOC) semasa sinode pertama Gereja itu. UAOC mengisytiharkan kemerdekaannya sepenuhnya dari Patriarkat Moscow Gereja Ortodoks Rusia, yang pada bulan Mac telah memberikan autonomi kepada gereja Ortodoks Ukraine yang diketuai oleh Metropolitan Filaret. <> Siapa yang telah dipilih untuk mendapatkan katedral mereka pada tahun 1990? || Gereja Katolik Greek Ukraine <> Parti apa yang dibentuk daripada Kesatuan Helsinki Ukraine yang dibubarkan? || Parti Republikan Ukraine <> Apa hari pertama yang parlimen baru bertemu? || 15 Mei <> Yang menjadi patriark baru UAOC pada tahun 1990? || Metropolitan Mstyslav", {"context": "On April 6, 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield. On April 29\u201330, 1990, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party. On May 15 the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On June 4, 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On June 5\u20136, 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by Metropolitan Filaret.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"}], "question": "Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?", "id": "572838743acd2414000df741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "Ukrainian Republican Party"}], "question": "What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?", "id": "572838743acd2414000df742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "May 15"}], "question": "What was the first day that the new parliament met?", "id": "572838743acd2414000df743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Metropolitan Mstyslav"}], "question": "Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?", "id": "572838743acd2414000df744"}]}], ["Pada 23 Julai 1990, Leonid Kravchuk dipilih untuk menggantikan Ivashko sebagai pengerusi parlimen. Pada 30 Julai, Parlimen menggunakan resolusi mengenai perkhidmatan tentera yang memerintahkan tentera Ukraine \"di kawasan konflik negara seperti Armenia dan Azerbaijan\" untuk kembali ke wilayah Ukraine. Pada 1 Ogos, Parlimen mengundi terlalu banyak untuk menutup Loji Kuasa Nuklear Chernobyl. Pada 3 Ogos, ia mengambil undang-undang mengenai kedaulatan ekonomi republik Ukraine. Pada 19 Ogos, liturgi Katolik Ukraine pertama dalam 44 tahun disambut di St. George Cathedral. Pada 5-7 September, Simposium Antarabangsa mengenai Kebuluran Besar pada tahun 1932-1933 telah diadakan di Kiev. Pada 8 September, perhimpunan pertama \"Belia untuk Kristus\" sejak 1933 berlaku di Lviv, dengan 40,000 peserta. Pada 28-30 September, Parti Hijau Ukraine mengadakan kongres pengasasnya. Pada 30 September, hampir 100,000 orang berarak di Kiev untuk membantah perjanjian kesatuan baru yang dicadangkan oleh Gorbachev. <> Siapa yang akan berjaya Ivashko sebagai pengerusi Parlimen? || Leonid Kravchuk <> Apakah undi Parlimen ditutup pada bulan Ogos? || Chernobyl Plant Power Nuclear <> Di manakah liturgi 9 Ogos? || Katedral St. George. <> Sebelum perhimpunan pada 8 September ketika pemuda terakhir untuk perhimpunan Kristus diadakan? || 1933 <> Berapa ramai orang menghadiri perhimpunan Pemuda untuk Kristus? || 40,000", {"context": "On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers \"in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan\" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5\u20137, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932\u20131933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first \"Youth for Christ\" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28\u201330, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Leonid Kravchuk"}], "question": "Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?", "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant"}], "question": "What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?", "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "St. George Cathedral."}], "question": "Where was the August 9 liturgy held?", "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "1933"}], "question": "Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?", "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "40,000"}], "question": "How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?", "id": "57283abb4b864d19001647b2"}]}], ["Pada 21 Januari 1990, Rukh menganjurkan rantaian manusia sejauh 300 batu (480 km) antara Kiev, Lviv, dan Ivano-Frankivsk. Ratusan ribu bergabung tangan untuk memperingati pengisytiharan kemerdekaan Ukraina pada tahun 1918 dan penyatuan tanah Ukraine satu tahun kemudian (1919 Unification Act). Pada 23 Januari 1990, Gereja Greek-Katolik Ukraine mengadakan sinode pertamanya sejak pembubarannya oleh Soviet pada tahun 1946 (satu perbuatan yang mengaku tidak sah). Pada 9 Februari 1990, Kementerian Keadilan Ukraine secara rasmi mendaftarkan Rukh. Walau bagaimanapun, pendaftaran itu terlambat untuk Rukh untuk berdiri sendiri calon untuk pilihan raya parlimen dan tempatan pada 4 Mac. Pada pilihan raya 1990 timbalan rakyat kepada Majlis Tertinggi (Verkhovna Rada), calon dari Blok Demokratik memenangi kemenangan tanah runtuh di barat Oblast Ukraine. Majoriti kerusi perlu mengadakan pilihan raya. Pada 18 Mac, calon Demokrat menjaringkan kemenangan lebih jauh dalam larian. Blok Demokrat memperoleh kira-kira 90 daripada 450 kerusi di parlimen baru. <> Berapa batu panjang adalah rantaian manusia? || 300 <> Siapa yang menganjurkan rantaian ini? || Rukh <> Apa kemerdekaan negara apakah rantaian meraikan? || Ukraine <> Bilakah Gereja Yunani-Katolik Ukraine dipecah oleh Soviet? || 1946 <> Pada tahun 1990 mana parti mempunyai kebanyakan kemenangan pilihan raya? || Blok Demokratik", {"context": "On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "300"}], "question": "How many miles long was the human chain?", "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Rukh"}], "question": "Who organized this chain?", "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Ukrainian"}], "question": "What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?", "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "1946"}], "question": "When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?", "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 774, "text": "the Democratic Bloc"}], "question": "In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?", "id": "57282ec23acd2414000df67f"}]}], ["Protokol Alma-Ata juga menangani isu-isu lain, termasuk keahlian PBB. Terutama, Russia telah diberi kuasa untuk menganggotai keanggotaan PBB PBB, termasuk kerusi tetapnya di Majlis Keselamatan. Duta Soviet ke PBB menghantar surat yang ditandatangani oleh Presiden Rusia Yeltsin kepada Setiausaha Agung PBB bertarikh 24 Disember 1991, memberitahunya bahawa berdasarkan Protokol Alma-Ata, Rusia adalah negara pengganti kepada USSR. Setelah diedarkan di kalangan negara anggota PBB yang lain, dengan tidak ada bantahan yang dibangkitkan, kenyataan itu diumumkan diterima pada hari terakhir tahun ini, 31 Disember 1991. <> Negara mana yang mengambil alih keanggotaan PBB Uni Soviet? || Rusia <> Apa yang membuat Rusia pengganti negeri ke USSR? || Protokol Alma-Ata <> Siapa yang menulis surat itu kepada Setiausaha Agung PBB yang memaklumkan mereka bahawa Rusia akan menggantikan USSR? || Yeltsin <> Apa tarikh surat Yeltsin? || 24 Disember 1991 <> Bilakah PBB menerima kenyataan itu? || 31 Disember 1991", {"context": "The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24, 1991, informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol, Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, with no objection raised, the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year, December 31, 1991.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "Russia"}], "question": "Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?", "id": "5728431b4b864d190016483e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Alma-Ata Protocol"}], "question": "What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?", "id": "5728431b4b864d190016483f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?", "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "December 24, 1991"}], "question": "What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?", "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164841"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "December 31, 1991"}], "question": "When did the UN accept the statement?", "id": "5728431b4b864d1900164842"}]}], ["Keraguan kekal di atas kuasa Perjanjian Belavezha untuk membubarkan Kesatuan Soviet, kerana mereka telah ditandatangani oleh hanya tiga republik. Walau bagaimanapun, pada 21 Disember 1991, wakil daripada 11 daripada 12 bekas republik - kecuali Georgia - menandatangani Protokol Alma-Ata, yang mengesahkan pembubaran Kesatuan dan secara rasmi menubuhkan CIS. Mereka juga \"menerima\" peletakan jawatan Gorbachev. Walaupun Gorbachev tidak membuat apa-apa rancangan rasmi untuk meninggalkan tempat kejadian, dia memberitahu CBS News bahawa dia akan meletak jawatan sebaik sahaja dia melihat bahawa CIS memang realiti. <> Republik mana yang tidak menandatangani Protokol Alma-Ata? || Georgia <> Berapa banyak bekas republik mempunyai perwakilan menandatangani Protokol? || 11 <> Apa yang ditubuhkan oleh Protokol? || CIS <> Apa yang dibubarkan oleh Protokol? || Union <> Organisasi berita mana yang membuat Gorbachev bercakap mengenai peletakan jawatannya? || CBS", {"context": "Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics \u2013 all except Georgia \u2013 signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also \"accepted\" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "Georgia"}], "question": "Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?", "id": "572840282ca10214002da18a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "11"}], "question": "How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?", "id": "572840282ca10214002da18b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "CIS"}], "question": "What did the Protocol establish?", "id": "572840282ca10214002da18c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "Union"}], "question": "What was dissolved by the Protocol?", "id": "572840282ca10214002da18d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "CBS"}], "question": "Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? ", "id": "572840282ca10214002da18e"}]}], ["Pada 18 November 1990, Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine berkuasa Mstyslav sebagai Patriarch Kiev dan semua Ukraine semasa upacara di Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Juga pada 18 November, Kanada mengumumkan bahawa konsulnya kepada Kiev akan menjadi Ukraine-Kanada Nestor Gayowsky. Pada 19 November, Amerika Syarikat mengumumkan bahawa konsulnya kepada Kiev akan menjadi Ukraine-Amerika John Stepanchuk. Pada 19 November, pengerusi parlimen Ukraine dan Rusia, masing-masing, Kravchuk dan Yeltsin, menandatangani pakatan dua hala selama 10 tahun. Pada awal bulan Disember 1990, Parti Demokratik Kelahiran Semula Ukraine telah diasaskan; pada 15 Disember, Parti Demokratik Ukraine ditubuhkan. <> Siapa yang ditubuhkan sebagai Patriark Kiev dan semua Ukraine pada 18 November? || Mstyslav <> Siapa yang memberi Mstyslav gelaran ini? || Gereja Ortodoks Autocephalous Ukraine <> Siapa konsul umum Kanada ke Kiev? || Nestor Gayowsky <> Negara mana yang membuat John Stepanchuk konsul-umumnya ke Kiev? || Amerika Syarikat <> Berapa lama abadi adalah perjanjian antara Kravchuk dan Yeltsin? || 10 tahun", {"context": "On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk. On November 19, the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments, respectively, Kravchuk and Yeltsin, signed a 10-year bilateral pact. In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded; on December 15, the Democratic Party of Ukraine was founded.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "Mstyslav"}], "question": "Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?", "id": "572843344b864d1900164852"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church"}], "question": "Who gave Mstyslav this title?", "id": "572843344b864d1900164853"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Nestor Gayowsky"}], "question": "Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?", "id": "572843344b864d1900164854"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "United States"}], "question": "What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?", "id": "572843344b864d1900164855"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 513, "text": "10-year"}], "question": "How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?", "id": "572843344b864d1900164856"}]}], ["Pada 8 Disember, pemimpin Rusia, Ukraine, dan Belarus diam-diam bertemu di Belavezhskaya Pushcha, di barat Belarus, dan menandatangani Perjanjian Belavezha, yang menyatakan Kesatuan Soviet tidak lagi wujud dan mengumumkan pembentukan Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka (CIS) sebagai persatuan yang lebih longgar untuk mengambil tempatnya. Mereka juga menjemput republik lain untuk menyertai CIS. Gorbachev memanggilnya rampasan kuasa tidak konstitusional. Bagaimanapun, pada masa ini tidak ada lagi keraguan yang munasabah bahawa, sebagai pengantar Perjanjian itu, \"USSR, sebagai subjek undang-undang antarabangsa dan realiti geopolitik, telah menghentikan kewujudannya.\" <> Di manakah pertemuan rahsia para pemimpin? || Belarus <> Apa yang ditandatangani di mesyuarat rahsia di Balarus? || Perjanjian Belavezha <> Bilakah mesyuarat diadakan? || 8 Disember <> Apa yang telah dibentuk untuk menggantikan Kesatuan Soviet? || Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka <> Apa yang akan berakhir? || USSR", {"context": "On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, \"the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Belarus"}], "question": "Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?", "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Belavezha Accords"}], "question": "What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?", "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 8"}], "question": "When was the meeting held?", "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "the Commonwealth of Independent States"}], "question": "What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?", "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9feb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "the USSR"}], "question": "What was coming to an end?", "id": "57283ef9ff5b5019007d9fec"}]}], ["Dalam ucapan yang disiarkan secara televisyen pada awal 25 Disember 1991, Gorbachev meletak jawatan sebagai presiden USSR - atau, seperti yang dia katakan, \"Saya dengan ini menghentikan kegiatan saya di jawatan Presiden Kesatuan Republik Sosialis Soviet.\" Dia mengisytiharkan pejabat itu telah pupus, dan semua kuasanya (seperti kawalan senjata nuklear) diserahkan kepada Yeltsin. Seminggu yang lalu, Gorbachev telah bertemu dengan Yeltsin dan menerima fait accompli pembubaran Kesatuan Soviet. Pada hari yang sama, Soviet Tertinggi Rusia SFSR mengadopsi undang-undang untuk mengubah nama undang-undang Rusia dari \"Persekutuan Rusia Sosialis Federasi Republik\" ke \"Persekutuan Rusia,\" menunjukkan bahawa ia kini merupakan sebuah negara berdaulat. <> Bilakah Gorbachev meletak jawatan? || 25 Disember 1991 <> Siapa yang diberi kawalan setelah meninggalkan Gorbachev? || Yeltsin <> Apa nama undang-undang baru Rusia? || Persekutuan Rusia <> Apakah Persekutuan Persekutuan sebelumnya nama undang-undang? || Republik Sosialis Persekutuan Rusia", {"context": "In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR \u2013 or, as he put it, \"I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.\" He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from \"Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic\" to \"Russian Federation,\" showing that it was now a sovereign state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "December 25, 1991"}], "question": "When did Gorbachev resign?", "id": "572840c42ca10214002da198"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who was given control after Gorbachev left?", "id": "572840c42ca10214002da199"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Russian Federation"}], "question": "What was Russia's new legal name?", "id": "572840c42ca10214002da19a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"}], "question": "What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?", "id": "572840c42ca10214002da19b"}]}], ["Pada 12 Disember, Soviet Tertinggi Rusia SFSR secara rasmi mengesahkan perjanjian Belavezha dan melepaskan Perjanjian Kesatuan 1922. Timbalan-timbalan Rusia juga ditarik balik dari Soviet Soviet USSR. Kesahihan tindakan ini tidak dapat dipertikaikan, kerana undang-undang Soviet tidak membenarkan republik untuk secara sepihak memanggil semula timbalannya. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada seorangpun di Russia atau Kremlin membantah. Apa-apa bantahan dari pihak yang berkemungkinan besar akan berkemungkinan tidak berkuat kuasa, kerana kerajaan Soviet telah berkuatkuasa lama sebelum bulan Disember. Sebenarnya, republik terbesar dan paling kuat telah dicabut dari Kesatuan. Kemudian pada hari itu, Gorbachev mengisyaratkan untuk pertama kalinya bahawa dia sedang mempertimbangkan untuk melangkah ke bawah. <> Bilakah Perjanjian Belavezha telah disahkan? || 12 Disember <> Siapa yang mengesahkan Perjanjian? || Soviet Tertinggi Rusia SFSR <> Yang telah dipanggil semula? || Timbalan Rusia <> Siapa yang menunjukkan tanda-tanda bahawa dia sedang mempertimbangkan meletakkan jawatannya? || Gorbachev", {"context": "On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. In effect, the largest and most powerful republic had seceded from the Union. Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 12"}], "question": "When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?", "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR"}], "question": "Who ratified the Accords?", "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "Russian deputies"}], "question": "Who was recalled?", "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Gorbachev"}], "question": "Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?", "id": "57283f713acd2414000df7b8"}]}], ["Pada malam 25 Disember 1991, pukul 7:32 pagi. Masa Moscow, selepas Gorbachev meninggalkan Kremlin, bendera Soviet diturunkan untuk kali terakhir, dan tiga tricolor Rusia diangkat, dengan simbol menandakan berakhirnya Kesatuan Soviet. Pada hari berikutnya, 26 Disember 1991, Majlis Republika, ruang atas Soviet Union Agung, mengeluarkan Deklarasi rasmi yang mengakui bahawa Kesatuan Soviet telah tidak lagi wujud sebagai negara dan subjek undang-undang antarabangsa, dan mengundi kedua-duanya sendiri dan Kesatuan Soviet tidak wujud (kebuk lain Soviet Tertinggi, Majlis Kesatuan, tidak dapat bekerja sejak 12 Disember 1991, ketika penarikan balik timbalan Rusia meninggalkan kuorum itu). Hari berikutnya Yeltsin berpindah ke bekas pejabat Gorbachev, walaupun pihak berkuasa Rusia mengambil alih suite dua hari sebelum itu. Menjelang 31 Disember 1991, beberapa institusi Soviet yang tidak diambil alih oleh Rusia telah berhenti beroperasi, dan republik masing-masing menganggap peranan kerajaan pusat. <> Apa yang berlaku selepas Gorbachev berlepas dari Kremlin? || Bendera Soviet <> Apa yang menggantikan bendera Soviet? || Tiga truk Rusia <> Bilakah Gorbachev membuat Kremlin terakhir keluar? || 25 Disember 1991, jam 7:32 pagi. Waktu Moscow <> Apa yang diisytiharkan sebagai tidak lagi wujud? || Soviet Union <> Badan apa yang berhenti juga wujud berikutan undi dengan sendirinya untuk mengakhiri dirinya sendiri? || Dewan Tertinggi Soviet Union,", {"context": "On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Soviet flag"}], "question": "What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?", "id": "572841874b864d1900164818"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Russian tricolor"}], "question": "What replaced the Soviet flag?", "id": "572841874b864d1900164819"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time"}], "question": "When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?", "id": "572841874b864d190016481a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "the Soviet Union"}], "question": "What was declared as having ceased to exist?", "id": "572841874b864d190016481b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,"}], "question": "What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?", "id": "572841874b864d190016481c"}]}]], [["Rujukan awal yang bukan Kristian kepada penyaliban Yesus mungkin adalah surat Mara Bar-Serapion kepada anaknya, ditulis beberapa waktu selepas AD 73 tetapi sebelum abad ke-3 AD. Surat itu tidak termasuk tema Kristian dan penulis dianggap sebagai orang kafir. Surat itu merujuk kepada retribusi yang mengikuti perlakuan tidak adil terhadap tiga orang bijak: Socrates, Pythagoras, dan \"raja bijak\" orang Yahudi. Sesetengah ulama melihat sedikit keraguan bahawa sebutan mengenai pelaksanaan \"raja orang Yahudi\" adalah mengenai penyaliban Yesus, sementara yang lain meletakkan nilai kurang dalam surat itu, memandangkan kemungkinan kekaburan dalam rujukan. <> Di manakah rujukan awal bukan Kristian boleh dijumpai kepada Penyaliban? || Surat Mara Bar-Serapion kepada anaknya <> Apakah pengarang surat itu dianggap? || Pagan <> Apakah rujukan surat? || balasan yang mengikuti perlakuan tidak adil dari tiga orang bijak <> Selain Yesus, yang merupakan salah seorang yang bijak? || Socrates <> Adakah semua orang bersetuju dengan kandungan surat itu? || yang lain meletakkan kurang nilai dalam surat itu", {"context": "An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and \"the wise king\" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the \"king of the Jews\" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son"}], "question": "Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?", "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9dda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "pagan"}], "question": "What is the author of the letter assumed to be?", "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men"}], "question": "What does the letter reference?", "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Socrates"}], "question": "Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?", "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9ddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "others place less value in the letter"}], "question": "Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?", "id": "57277938dd62a815002e9dde"}]}], ["Menurut Surat Pertama kepada orang-orang Korintus (1 Korintus 15: 4), Yesus dibangkitkan dari antara orang mati (\"pada hari ketiga\" menghitung hari penyaliban sebagai yang pertama) dan menurut Injil kanonik, pada masa yang berlainan sebelum naik ke syurga. Akaun yang diberikan dalam Acts of the Apostles, yang mengatakan bahawa Yesus tetap bersama para rasul selama empat puluh hari, nampaknya berbeza dari akaun dalam Injil Lukas, yang tidak membedakan perbezaan antara peristiwa Ahad Paskah dan Kenaikan. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan cendekiawan alkitabiah bersetuju bahawa St Luke juga menulis Kisah Para Rasul sebagai jilid susulan ke dalam akaun Injilnya, dan kedua-dua karya itu harus dipertimbangkan secara keseluruhan. <> Epist yang mana perincian penjanaan Yesus? || Surat Pertama kepada orang-orang Korintus <> Yang menulis penampilan Yesus yang terperinci sebelum kenaikan? || Injil kanonik <> Berapa lamakah Yesus tinggal bersama para Rasul menurut Akta Para Rasul? || empat puluh hari <> hari apa yang disebut dalam Injil Lukas sebagai kenaikan? || Paskah Ahad <> Siapa yang menulis kedua-dua akaun tentang Penyaliban dan kenaikan? || St Luke", {"context": "According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead (\"on the third day\" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "First Epistle to the Corinthians"}], "question": "Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?", "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "canonical Gospels"}], "question": "Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?", "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "forty days"}], "question": "How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?", "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "Easter Sunday"}], "question": "What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?", "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9d9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "St. Luke"}], "question": "Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?", "id": "57277778dd62a815002e9da0"}]}], ["Akaun terdahulu terawal tentang kematian Yesus terkandung dalam empat injil kanonik. Ada rujukan rujukan yang lebih tersirat dalam surat-surat Perjanjian Baru. Dalam Injil sinoptik, Yesus meramalkan kematiannya dalam tiga episod yang berasingan. Keempat Injil menyimpulkan dengan narasi lanjutan tentang penangkapan, pengadilan, penyaliban, penguburan, dan kebangkitan Yesus. Dalam setiap Injil, lima peristiwa di dalam kehidupan Yesus diperlakukan dengan lebih terperinci daripada mana-mana bahagian naratif Injil yang lain. Ulama sedar bahawa pembaca menerima kira-kira hampir jam demi jam mengenai apa yang sedang berlaku.:.9.9 <> Apa yang memegang rekod kematian Yesus? || empat injil kanonik <> Sebarang bahagian Bible yang merujuk kematian Yesus? || Surat-surat Perjanjian Baru <> Berapa kali Yesus meramalkan kematiannya sendiri? || tiga <> Apa bahagian kehidupan Yesus terperinci dalam injil-injil ini? || Yesus ditangkap, dibicarakan, disalibkan, dikebumikan, dan dibangkitkan tentang kebangkitan <> Betapa terperinci adalah keterangan kematian Yesus? || akaun jam demi jam", {"context": "The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "four canonical gospels"}], "question": "What holds the records of the death of Jesus?", "id": "57277195708984140094ddb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "New Testament epistles"}], "question": "What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?", "id": "57277195708984140094ddb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many times did Jesus predict his own death?", "id": "57277195708984140094ddb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection"}], "question": "What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?", "id": "57277195708984140094ddb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "hour-by-hour account"}], "question": "How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?", "id": "57277195708984140094ddb7"}]}], ["Terdapat beberapa butiran yang hanya terdapat dalam salah satu akaun injil. Sebagai contoh, hanya Injil Matius yang menyebutkan gempa bumi, orang-orang kudus yang bangkit yang pergi ke kota dan para tentera Rom ditugaskan untuk menjaga kubur, sementara Mark adalah satu-satunya yang menyatakan masa sebenar penyaliban (jam ketiga, atau 9 pagi ) dan laporan perwira kematian Yesus. Injil sumbangan unik Lukas terhadap naratif itu termasuk kata-kata Yesus kepada wanita yang berkabung, satu penegasan jenayah yang lain, tindak balas orang ramai yang meninggalkan \"mengalahkan payudara mereka\", dan para wanita menyediakan rempah dan salap sebelum berehat hari Sabat. John juga merupakan satu-satunya untuk merujuk kepada permintaan bahawa kaki dipecahkan dan menusuk sebelah pihak askar Yesus (sebagai memenuhi nubuatan Perjanjian Lama), serta Nicodemus membantu Joseph dengan pengebumian. <> Apakah perincian penyaliban Yesus hanya terdapat dalam Injil Matius? || gempa bumi <> Yang manakah Injil menyebutkan masa Penyucian? || Markus <> Siapa yang Yesus berbicara dalam Injil Lukas? || Kata-kata kepada perempuan-perempuan yang sedang berkabung <> Apa ceramah Injil tentang melanggar kaki Yesus? || Yohanes <> Apa nubuat yang telah dipenuhi dengan menindikkan sisi Yesus? || Nubuatan Perjanjian Lama", {"context": "There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left \"beating their breasts\", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "an earthquake"}], "question": "What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?", "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Mark"}], "question": "Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?", "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "words to the women who were mourning"}], "question": "Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?", "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "John"}], "question": "What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?", "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 810, "text": "Old Testament prophecy"}], "question": "What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?", "id": "57277589dd62a815002e9d5e"}]}], ["Di Mark, Yesus disalib bersama dua pemberontak, dan hari itu menjadi gelap selama tiga jam. Yesus berseru kepada Tuhan, kemudian memberikan jeritan dan mati. Tirai Bait Suci terbelah dua. Matius mengikuti Mark, menambah gempa bumi dan kebangkitan orang-orang kudus. Lukas juga mengikuti Mark, walaupun dia menggambarkan pemberontak sebagai penjenayah biasa, salah seorang daripada mereka mempertahankan Yesus, yang pada akhirnya berjanji bahawa dia (Yesus) dan penjahat akan bersama di syurga. Lukas menggambarkan Yesus sebagai penderitaan dalam menghadapi penyalibannya. John termasuk beberapa elemen yang sama seperti yang terdapat dalam Mark, walaupun mereka diperlakukan secara berbeza. <> Siapa yang disalibkan dengan Yesus per Markus? || dua pemberontak <> Bagaimana Mark mengatakan kehidupan Yesus berakhir? || Yesus berseru kepada Tuhan, kemudian memberikan jeritan dan mati <> apakah bencana alam yang dinyatakan ketika Yesus mati? || gempa bumi <> Apa yang dikatakan Lukas salah seorang pemberontak? || berjanji bahawa dia (Yesus) dan penjahat akan bersama di syurga <> Bagaimana Lukas membuat Yesus kelihatan pada Penyalibannya? || tidak sabar", {"context": "In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "two rebels"}], "question": "Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?", "id": "5727784d708984140094de7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies"}], "question": "How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?", "id": "5727784d708984140094de7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "an earthquake"}], "question": "what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?", "id": "5727784d708984140094de7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise"}], "question": "What does Luke say one of the rebels does?", "id": "5727784d708984140094de7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "impassive"}], "question": "How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?", "id": "5727784d708984140094de7f"}]}], ["Walaupun hampir semua sumber purba yang berkaitan dengan penyaliban adalah sastera, penemuan arkeologi pada tahun 1968 hanya timur laut Yerusalem dari tubuh seorang lelaki yang disalibkan pada abad ke-1 yang menyediakan bukti pengesahan yang baik bahawa penyaliban berlaku pada zaman Rom secara kasar mengikut cara di mana penyaliban Yesus digambarkan dalam Injil. Orang yang disalib itu dikenalpasti sebagai Yehohanan ben Hagkol dan mungkin meninggal sekitar 70 AD, sekitar zaman pemberontakan Yahudi melawan Rom. Analisis di Sekolah Perubatan Hadassah menganggarkan bahawa dia meninggal dunia pada lewat 20-an. Satu lagi penemuan arkeologi yang relevan, yang juga bermula pada abad ke-1 Masihi, adalah tulang belakang yang tidak dikenal dengan spike yang ditemui di kubur Yerusalem, yang kini dipegang oleh Pihak Berkuasa Antikuiti Israel dan dipamerkan di Muzium Israel. <> Adakah semua sumber literatur salib? || hampir semua sumber purba yang berkaitan dengan penyaliban adalah sastera <> Bukti apa yang didapati bahawa Penyaliban telah berlaku? || 1968 penemuan arkeologi <> Siapa lelaki yang disalibkan yang ditemui dalam pencarian arkeologi? || Ben Hagkol <> Bilakah Ben Hagkol disalibkan? || kira-kira 70 AD <> Institusi apa yang memegang tulang tumit dengan sapukan dimasukkan? || Muzium Israel", {"context": "Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary"}], "question": "Are all sources of the crucification literary?", "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "the 1968 archeological discovery"}], "question": "What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?", "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "ben Hagkol"}], "question": "Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?", "id": "572770dd5951b619008f89ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "about 70 AD"}], "question": "When was Ben Hagkol crucified?", "id": "572770dd5951b619008f8a00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Israel Museum"}], "question": "What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?", "id": "572770dd5951b619008f8a01"}]}], ["Menggabungkan pernyataan-pernyataan dalam Injil kanunik menghasilkan laporan berikut: Yesus telah ditangkap di Gethsemane berikutan Perjumpaan Terakhir dengan Dua Belas Rasul, dan kemudian dihadapkan ke Mahkamah Sanhedrin (badan kehakiman Yahudi), Pontius Pilate (kuasa Rom di Yudea), dan Herod Antipas (raja Yudea, yang dilantik oleh Rom), sebelum diserahkan untuk disalibkan oleh para imam kepala kaum Yahudi. Selepas ditimbulkan, Yesus disiksa oleh tentera Rom sebagai \"Raja orang Yahudi\", berpakaian jubah ungu, dinobatkan dengan duri, dipukul dan diludah. Yesus kemudian terpaksa pergi ke tempat penyalibannya. <> Di mana Yesus ditangkap? || Gethsemane <> Apa yang dilakukan Yesus sebelum dia ditangkap? || Perjamuan Terakhir <> Berapa banyak rasul yang ada di Perjamuan Terakhir? || Dua belas Rasul <> Bagaimana Yesus disiksa sebelum disalibkan? || dihancurkan <> Apa yang diletakkan di atas kepala Yesus? || dinobatkan dengan duri", {"context": "Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the \"King of the Jews\", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "Gethsemane"}], "question": "Where was Jesus arrested?", "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f84e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "the Last Supper"}], "question": "What did Jesus do before he was arrested?", "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "Twelve Apostles"}], "question": "How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?", "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "flogged"}], "question": "How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?", "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "crowned with thorns"}], "question": "What was placed on Jesus' head?", "id": "5727721ef1498d1400e8f852"}]}], ["Sekali di Golgotha, Yesus ditawarkan anggur yang dicampur dengan hempedu untuk diminum. Rekod Matthew dan Markus Injil bahawa dia menolaknya. Dia kemudian disalibkan dan digantung di antara dua pencuri yang disabitkan. Menurut beberapa terjemahan dari bahasa Yunani asal, pencuri mungkin menjadi penyamun atau pemberontak Yahudi. Menurut Injil Mark, dia mengalami siksaan penyaliban selama enam jam dari jam tiga, sekitar pukul 9 pagi, hingga kematiannya pada jam kesembilan, sesuai dengan sekitar pukul 3 malam. Tentera itu melekatkan tanda di atas kepalanya yang menyatakan \"Yesus dari Nazaret, Raja orang Yahudi\" dalam tiga bahasa, membagi pakaiannya dan membuang lot untuk jubah mulusnya. Tentera Roma tidak memecahkan kaki Yesus, seperti yang mereka lakukan kepada dua orang lelaki yang telah disalibkan (memecah kaki mempercepat proses penyaliban), kerana Yesus telah mati. Setiap Injil mempunyai kisah sendiri tentang kata-kata terakhir Yesus, tujuh pernyataan sama sekali. Di dalam Injil Sinoptik, pelbagai peristiwa ghaib menemani penyaliban, termasuk kegelapan, gempa bumi, dan (dalam Matius) kebangkitan orang-orang kudus. Berikutan kematian Yesus, mayatnya dikeluarkan dari salib oleh Yusuf Arimathea dan dikebumikan di sebuah makam batu, dengan bantuan Nicodemus. <> Apakah Yesus yang ditawarkan untuk minum selepas penangkapannya? || wain bercampur dengan empedu <> Di mana Yesus disalibkan? || digantung di antara dua pencuri yang dijatuhkan <> Berapa jam Yesus menahan Penyaliban? || enam jam <> Berapa banyak akaun yang terdapat pada kata-kata terakhir Yesus? || tujuh pernyataan sama sekali <> Siapa yang menghilangkan Yesus dari salib? || Joseph of Arimathea", {"context": "Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "wine mixed with gall"}], "question": "What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?", "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f866"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "hung between two convicted thieves"}], "question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?", "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f867"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "six hours"}], "question": "How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?", "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "seven statements altogether"}], "question": "How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?", "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1131, "text": "Joseph of Arimathea"}], "question": "Who removed Jesus from the cross?", "id": "572772c2f1498d1400e8f86a"}]}], ["Menurut Injil kanonik, Yesus, yang percaya kepada Kristian sebagai Anak Tuhan serta Mesias (Kristus), ditangkap, dicoba, dan dihukum oleh Pontius Pilatus untuk disiksa, dan akhirnya disalibkan oleh orang Rom. Yesus dilucutkan pakaiannya dan menawarkan anggur yang dicampur dengan empedu untuk diminum, sebelum disalibkan. Dia kemudian digantung selama enam jam (mengikut Injil Mark) antara dua pencuri yang disabitkan. Pada masa ini, askar melekatkan tanda ke puncak salib yang menyatakan \"Yesus dari Nazaret, Raja orang Yahudi\" dalam tiga bahasa. Mereka kemudian membagi pakaiannya di antara mereka, tetapi membuang lot untuk jubah mulusnya. Selepas kematian Yesus, mereka menikam sampulnya dengan tombak untuk memastikan bahawa dia telah mati. Alkitab mencatatkan tujuh pernyataan yang dibuat Yesus semasa dia berada di salib, serta beberapa peristiwa ghaib yang berlaku. <> Siapa yang mencuba Yesus? || Pontius Pilate <> Berapa lamakah Yesus digantung? || enam jam <> Apa kata tanda di atas salib Yesus? || Yesus dari Nazaret, Raja orang Yahudi <> Apa yang dilakukan untuk memastikan Yesus mati? || mereka menikam sampulnya dengan tombak <> Berapa banyak kenyataan yang dibuat Yesus di salib? || tujuh kenyataan", {"context": "According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating \"Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews\" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Pontius Pilate"}], "question": "Who was the person that tried Jesus?", "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "six hours"}], "question": "How long was Jesus hung for?", "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"}], "question": "What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?", "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "they pierced his side with a spear"}], "question": "What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?", "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "seven statements"}], "question": "How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?", "id": "57276e1af1498d1400e8f7ee"}]}], ["Pembaptisan Yesus dan penyalibannya dianggap sebagai dua fakta fakta sejarah tentang Yesus. James Dunn menyatakan bahawa \"dua fakta dalam kehidupan Yesus mengutamakan persetujuan hampir universal\" dan \"berpangkat sangat tinggi pada 'hampir mustahil untuk meragui atau menafikan' skala fakta sejarah\" bahawa mereka sering menjadi titik permulaan untuk kajian Yesus bersejarah. Bart Ehrman menyatakan bahawa penyaliban Yesus atas perintah Pontius Pilate adalah unsur yang paling pasti mengenai dia. John Dominic Crossan menyatakan bahawa penyaliban Yesus adalah sama seperti mana fakta sejarah boleh. Eddy dan Boyd menyatakan bahawa ia sekarang \"tegas\" bahawa ada pengakuan bukan Kristian penyaliban Yesus. Craig Blomberg menyatakan bahawa kebanyakan ulama dalam pencarian ketiga untuk sejarah Yesus menganggap penyaliban itu tidak dapat dipertikaikan. Christopher M. Tuckett menyatakan bahawa, walaupun alasan yang tepat untuk kematian Yesus sukar untuk ditentukan, salah satu fakta yang tidak dapat dipertikaikan tentang dirinya adalah bahawa dia telah disalibkan. <> Apakah salah satu fakta sejarah yang bersejarah mengenai Yesus? || pembaptisan Yesus <> Adakah orang Kristian setuju bahawa penyaliban berlaku? || penyaliban Yesus adalah sama seperti mana fakta sejarah boleh <> Adakah alasan yang tepat diketahui bahawa Yesus telah disalibkan? || sebab yang tepat untuk kematian Yesus sukar untuk ditentukan <> Siapa kata Penyaliban Yesus tegas. || Eddy <> Siapa kata Pembaptisan Yesus adalah Persetujuan Univeral? || James Dunn", {"context": "The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these \"two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent\" and \"rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts\" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now \"firmly established\" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "baptism of Jesus"}], "question": "What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?", "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be"}], "question": "Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?", "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine"}], "question": "Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?", "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "Eddy"}], "question": "Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.", "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "James Dunn"}], "question": "Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?", "id": "57276ff85951b619008f89e3"}]}], ["Injil Lukas juga menggambarkan interaksi antara Yesus dan para wanita di kalangan orang ramai yang berkabung yang mengikuti dia, dengan memetik Yesus sebagai berkata, \"Hai anak-anak perempuan Yerusalem, janganlah menangis untukku, tetapi menangislah dirimu dan anak-anakmu! apabila mereka berkata, 'Berbahagialah orang yang mandul dan rahim yang tidak pernah melahirkan dan payudara yang tidak pernah menyusui!' Kemudian mereka akan berkata kepada gunung-ganang, \"Tunduklah kami,\" dan kepada bukit-bukit, 'Tutupilah kami.' Kerana jika mereka melakukan hal-hal ini ketika kayu itu hijau, apa yang akan terjadi ketika kering? \"[Lk. 23: 28-31] <> Siapa yang menggambarkan interaksi antara Yesus di atas salib dan wanita? || Injil Lukas <> Apa yang Yesus katakan kepada wanita di tengah-tengah orang banyak? || jangan menangis untuk saya <> Di mana kata-kata yang terdapat dalam Injil? || Lk. 23: 28-31 <> Apa yang mengikuti Yesus di sekeliling? || orang ramai yang berkabung", {"context": "Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying \"Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?\"[Lk. 23:28-31]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Luke's gospel"}], "question": "Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?", "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "do not weep for me"}], "question": "What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?", "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "Lk. 23:28-31"}], "question": "Where are the words found in the Gospel?", "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "crowd of mourners"}], "question": "What followed Jesus around?", "id": "572781c65951b619008f8b8c"}]}], ["Satu lagi masalah ialah penggunaan hypopodium sebagai platform berdiri untuk menyokong kaki, memandangkan tangan mungkin tidak dapat menyokong berat badan. Pada abad ke-17 Rasmus Bartholin menganggap beberapa senario analisis mengenai topik itu. Pada abad ke-20, ahli patologi forensik Frederick Zugibe melakukan beberapa percubaan percubaan dengan menggunakan tali untuk menggantung subjek manusia di pelbagai sudut dan kedudukan tangan. Eksperimen-eksperimennya menyokong penggantungan berselerak, dan salib dua berayun, dan mungkin beberapa bentuk sokongan kaki, memandangkan dalam bentuk penggantungan Aufbinden dari pegangan lurus (seperti yang digunakan oleh Nazi di kamp konsentrasi Dachau semasa Perang Dunia II) , kematian agak cepat. <> Apa yang dikatakan digunakan sebagai platform penyaliban? || hipopodium <> Mengapa platform digunakan? || tangan mungkin tidak dapat menyokong berat <> Yang menganggap topik ini pada abad ke-17? || Rasmus Bartholin <> Siapa yang melakukan eksperimen penyaliban pada abad ke-20 untuk menguji teori-teori? || Frederick Zugibe <> Siapa yang juga menggunakan penggantungan sebagai bentuk hukuman? || Nazi", {"context": "Another issue has been the use of a hypopodium as a standing platform to support the feet, given that the hands may not have been able to support the weight. In the 17th century Rasmus Bartholin considered a number of analytical scenarios of that topic. In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. His experiments support an angled suspension, and a two-beamed cross, and perhaps some form of foot support, given that in an Aufbinden form of suspension from a straight stake (as used by the Nazis in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II), death comes rather quickly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "a hypopodium"}], "question": "What was said to be used as a platform for crucifixion?", "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "the hands may not have been able to support the weight"}], "question": "Why was a platform used?", "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Rasmus Bartholin"}], "question": "Who considered this topic in the 17th century?", "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Frederick Zugibe"}], "question": "Who performed crucifixion experiments in the 20th century to test theories?", "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "Nazis"}], "question": "Who also used suspension as a form of punishment?", "id": "57278a8b5951b619008f8cdf"}]}], ["Manakala kebanyakan orang Kristian percaya bahawa gibbet di mana Yesus dibunuh adalah salib dua beruk tradisional, Saksi-Saksi Yehuwa berpendapat bahawa satu pegangan tegak digunakan. Perkataan Yunani dan Latin yang digunakan dalam tulisan-tulisan Kristian terawal adalah samar-samar. Istilah Koine Yunani yang digunakan dalam Perjanjian Baru adalah stauros (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2) dan xylon (\u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd). Yang kedua bermaksud kayu (pokok hidup, kayu atau benda yang dibina dari kayu); dalam bentuk bahasa Yunani terdahulu, istilah yang dahulu bermaksud pegangan atau tiang tegak, tetapi dalam bahasa Yunani Koine ia juga digunakan untuk bermaksud salib. Perkataan kata Latin juga digunakan untuk objek selain salib. <> Salib jenis apa yang umumnya percaya bahawa Yesus telah disalibkan? || Salib dua berayun tradisional <> Apa salib yang Yehuwa Saksi mendakwa Yesus telah disalibkan? || pegangan tegak tunggal <> Apa yang menyebabkan akaun berlainan salib digunakan? || Kata-kata Yunani dan Latin yang digunakan dalam tulisan-tulisan Kristian terawal adalah samar-samar <> Apakah perkataan latin digunakan untuk menggambarkan salib yang digunakan? || Crux <> Mengapa ada keraguan tentang perkataan Latin? || Crux juga digunakan untuk objek selain salib", {"context": "Whereas most Christians believe the gibbet on which Jesus was executed was the traditional two-beamed cross, the Jehovah's Witnesses hold the view that a single upright stake was used. The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament are stauros (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2) and xylon (\u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd). The latter means wood (a live tree, timber or an object constructed of wood); in earlier forms of Greek, the former term meant an upright stake or pole, but in Koine Greek it was used also to mean a cross. The Latin word crux was also applied to objects other than a cross.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "traditional two-beamed cross"}], "question": "What kind of cross is generally believed that Jesus was crucified on?", "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "single upright stake"}], "question": "What cross do Jehovah Witnesses claim Jesus was crucified on?", "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "The Greek and Latin words used in the earliest Christian writings are ambiguous"}], "question": "What causes the different accounts of the cross used?", "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "crux"}], "question": "What latin word was used to describe the cross used?", "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "crux was also applied to objects other than a cross"}], "question": "Why was there doubt about the Latin word?", "id": "5727846ef1498d1400e8fa78"}]}], ["Injil Matius menggambarkan banyak wanita pada penyaliban, beberapa di antaranya dinamai dalam Injil. Selain daripada wanita-wanita ini, ketiga Injil Sinoptik membicarakan kehadiran orang lain: \"ketua imam, dengan para ahli taurat dan penatua\"; dua orang perompak yang disalibkan, satu di sebelah kanan Yesus dan satu di sebelah kirinya, yang Injil Lukas membentangkan sebagai pencuri yang menyesal dan pencuri yang tidak bersalah; \"tentera\", \"perwira dan orang-orang yang bersamanya, menjaga pengawasan Yesus\"; orang yang lewat; \"penonton\", \"orang ramai yang berkumpul untuk tontonan ini\"; dan \"kenalan-kenalannya\" <> Matthew menggambarkan bahawa siapa yang hadir di Penyaliban? || ramai wanita <> Tiga injil yang membicarakan kehadiran imam mana? || para imam kepala <> berapa orang disalibkan dengan Yesus? || dua perompak yang disalibkan, satu di sebelah kanan Yesus dan satu di sebelah kirinya <> Siapa yang terus mengawasi Yesus? || para askar <> Namakan satu kumpulan lain yang hadir di Penyaliban? || kenalan", {"context": "The Gospel of Matthew describes many women at the crucifixion, some of whom are named in the Gospels. Apart from these women, the three Synoptic Gospels speak of the presence of others: \"the chief priests, with the scribes and elders\"; two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left, whom the Gospel of Luke presents as the penitent thief and the impenitent thief; \"the soldiers\", \"the centurion and those who were with him, keeping watch over Jesus\"; passers-by; \"bystanders\", \"the crowds that had assembled for this spectacle\"; and \"his acquaintances\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "many women"}], "question": "Matthew described that who was present at the Crucifixion?", "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "the chief priests"}], "question": "The three gospels speak of the presence of which priests?", "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "two robbers crucified, one on Jesus' right and one on his left"}], "question": "How many people were crucified with Jesus?", "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "the soldiers"}], "question": "Who kept watch over Jesus?", "id": "572783925951b619008f8bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "acquaintances"}], "question": "Name one other group present at the Crucifixion?", "id": "572783925951b619008f8bdf"}]}], ["Letakkan kuku di tangan, atau pergelangan tangan juga tidak pasti. Beberapa teori mencadangkan bahawa perkataan Yunani cheir (\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1) untuk tangan termasuk pergelangan tangan dan bahawa orang-orang Rom pada umumnya dilatih untuk menempatkan kuku melalui ruang Destot (antara tulang beranak dan gila) tanpa memecahkan sebarang tulang. Teori lain menunjukkan bahawa perkataan Yunani untuk tangan juga termasuk lengan bawah dan kuku diletakkan di dekat jejari dan ulna lengan bawah. Tali mungkin juga digunakan untuk mengikat tangan selain penggunaan kuku. <> Di manakah kuku diletakkan? || tangan, atau pergelangan tangan <> Siapa yang mendakwa tangannya telah ditembusi? || orang Yunani <> orang Rom cuba mencampuri dengan mengelakkan apa? || tanpa patah apa-apa tulang <> Apakah lokasi lain yang ditawarkan oleh bahasa Yunani? || lengan <> Apa cara lain untuk melekat di salib ada? || Tali", {"context": "The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "the hands, or the wrists"}], "question": "Where were the nails placed?", "id": "572787275951b619008f8c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "the Greek"}], "question": "Who claims the hands were pierced?", "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "without fracturing any bones"}], "question": "The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?", "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "forearm"}], "question": "What other location is offered by the Greek?", "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Ropes"}], "question": "What other way to affix to the cross is there?", "id": "572787275951b619008f8c6d"}]}], ["Anggapan penggunaan silang salib dua tidak menentukan jumlah kuku yang digunakan dalam penyaliban dan beberapa teori mencadangkan tiga kuku manakala yang lain mencadangkan empat kuku. Walau bagaimanapun, sepanjang sejarah lebih banyak kuku telah dihipotesiskan, pada masa setinggi 14 kuku. Variasi ini juga terdapat dalam gambaran artistik penyaliban. Di Gereja Barat, sebelum Renaissance biasanya empat kuku akan digambarkan, dengan kaki berdampingan. Selepas penggambaran Renaissance kebanyakan menggunakan tiga kuku, dengan satu kaki diletakkan di atas yang lain. Kuku hampir selalu digambarkan dalam seni, walaupun Roma kadang-kadang hanya mengikat mangsa ke salib. Tradisi ini juga membawa kepada simbol Kristian, mis. Jesuit menggunakan tiga kuku di bawah monogram IHS dan salib untuk melambangkan penyaliban. <> Berapa banyak kuku yang dicadangkan mereka digunakan untuk penyaliban? || Tiga kuku <> Menurut beberapa sumber, apa yang ditakrifkan menjadi kuku maksimum yang digunakan? || 14 kuku <> Apa yang menambah kekeliruan terhadap jumlah kuku yang digunakan? || gambaran artistik penyaliban <> Apa semua karya seni mempunyai persamaan mengenai penyaliban? || Kuku hampir selalu digambarkan <> Jesuit menuntut berapa banyak kuku digunakan? || tiga kuku", {"context": "The assumption of the use of a two-beamed cross does not determine the number of nails used in the crucifixion and some theories suggest three nails while others suggest four nails. However, throughout history larger numbers of nails have been hypothesized, at times as high as 14 nails. These variations are also present in the artistic depictions of the crucifixion. In the Western Church, before the Renaissance usually four nails would be depicted, with the feet side by side. After the Renaissance most depictions use three nails, with one foot placed on the other. Nails are almost always depicted in art, although Romans sometimes just tied the victims to the cross. The tradition also carries to Christian emblems, e.g. the Jesuits use three nails under the IHS monogram and a cross to symbolize the crucifixion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "three nails"}], "question": "How many nails were suggested they used for the crucifixion?", "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "14 nails"}], "question": "According to some sources, what is theorized to be the maximum nails used?", "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "artistic depictions of the crucifixion"}], "question": "What adds to the confusion of the number of nails used?", "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Nails are almost always depicted"}], "question": "What do all artworks have in common regarding the crucifixion?", "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8fac9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "three nails"}], "question": "Jesuits claim how many nails were used?", "id": "57278649f1498d1400e8faca"}]}], ["Dalam Markus 15:25 penyaliban dilakukan pada jam tiga (9 pagi) dan kematian Yesus pada jam kesembilan (3 pg). Walau bagaimanapun, dalam Yohanes 19:14 Yesus masih berada di hadapan Pilatus pada jam keenam. Para ilmuwan telah mengemukakan beberapa argumen untuk menangani isu ini, yang menunjukkan perdamaian, mis., Berdasarkan penggunaan waktu berjaga Rom di John tetapi tidak di Mark, namun yang lain menolak argumen tersebut. Beberapa ulama terkenal berpendapat bahawa ketepatan moden menandakan masa siang tidak boleh dibaca semula ke dalam akaun injil, yang ditulis pada masa yang tidak ada standardisasi jam tangan, atau rakaman tepat jam dan minit yang tersedia, dan masa sering dianggarkan kepada tempoh tiga jam terdekat. <> Apa masa penyaliban bagi Mark? || 9 a.m. <> Apa waktu Yesus mati setiap Mark? || 3 p.m. <> Kenapa para ulama mengatakan masa berlainan bergantung pada Injil yang ditulis dalamnya? || berdasarkan kepada penggunaan masa kiamat Rom di John tetapi tidak dalam Mark <> Apa sebab lain masa berbeza begitu banyak? || tidak ada standardisasi jam tangan, atau rakaman tepat jam dan minit tersedia <> Seberapa dekat waktu yang ditebak pada hari Injil? || hampir kepada tempoh tiga jam terdekat", {"context": "In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "9 a.m."}], "question": "What time was the crucifiction per Mark?", "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "3 p.m."}], "question": "What time did Jesus die per Mark?", "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark"}], "question": "Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?", "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available"}], "question": "What is another reason the times differ so much?", "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "approximated to the closest three-hour period"}], "question": "How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?", "id": "57277e3cf1498d1400e8f9b6"}]}], ["Konsensus biasiswa moden adalah bahawa akaun Perjanjian Baru mewakili penyaliban yang berlaku pada hari Jumaat, tetapi penyaliban hari Khamis atau Rabu juga telah dicadangkan. Sesetengah ulama menerangkan penyaliban hari Khamis berdasarkan \"sabat berganda\" yang disebabkan oleh hari Sabat tambahan Paskah yang jatuh pada petang Khamis hingga petang Jumaat, menjelang Sabat mingguan biasa. Ada yang berpendapat bahawa Yesus telah disalibkan pada hari Rabu, bukan hari Jumaat, dengan alasan menyebut \"tiga hari dan tiga malam\" dalam Matius sebelum kebangkitannya, dirayakan pada hari Ahad. Orang lain telah menentang dengan mengatakan bahawa ini mengabaikan ungkapan bahasa Yahudi yang mana \"hari dan malam\" boleh merujuk kepada mana-mana bahagian dalam tempoh 24 jam, bahawa ungkapan dalam Matius adalah bahasa idiomatik, bukan kenyataan bahawa Yesus adalah 72 jam di dalam kubur , dan bahawa banyak rujukan mengenai kebangkitan pada hari ketiga tidak memerlukan tiga malam harfiah. <> Hari apa yang dianggap Penyaliban berlaku? || Jumaat <> Mengapa sesetengah ulama mencadangkan Khamis mungkin? || \"sabat berganda\" yang disebabkan oleh hari Sabat tambahan Paskah <> Mengapa beberapa ulama lain berpendapat bahawa ia berlaku pada hari Rabu? || dengan alasan menyebut \"tiga hari dan tiga malam\" dalam Matius <> Berapa lama yang dikatakan Yesus di dalam kubur? || tiga hari tiga malam <> Adakah Yesus di dalam kubur betul-betul 72 jam? || rujukan kepada kebangkitan pada hari ketiga tidak memerlukan tiga malam harfiah", {"context": "The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a \"day and night\" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Friday"}], "question": "What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?", "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "a \"double sabbath\" caused by an extra Passover sabbath"}], "question": "Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?", "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "on the grounds of the mention of \"three days and three nights\" in Matthew"}], "question": "Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?", "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "three days and three nights"}], "question": "How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?", "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 816, "text": "references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights"}], "question": "Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?", "id": "57277c0add62a815002e9e52"}]}], ["Calvary sebagai nama bahasa Inggeris untuk tempat tersebut berasal dari kata Latin untuk tengkorak (calvaria), yang digunakan dalam terjemahan Vulgate \"tempat tengkorak\", penjelasan yang diberikan dalam keempat Injil perkataan Aramaik G\u00fblgalt\u00e2 yang nama tempat Yesus disalibkan. Teks itu tidak menunjukkan mengapa ia ditakrifkan, tetapi beberapa teori telah dikemukakan. Salah satunya ialah sebagai tempat pelaksanaan awam, Calvary mungkin telah berselerak dengan tengkorak mangsa yang ditinggalkan (yang akan bertentangan dengan tradisi penguburan Yahudi, tetapi bukan Rom). Satu lagi ialah Calvary dinamakan sempena kuburan yang berdekatan (yang selaras dengan kedua-dua tapak moden yang dicadangkan). Satu pertiga adalah nama itu berasal dari kontur fizikal, yang akan lebih konsisten dengan penggunaan tunggal perkataan, iaitu, tempat \"tengkorak\". Walaupun sering dirujuk sebagai \"Gunung Calvary\", ia lebih berkemungkinan bukit kecil atau bukit batu. <> Di mana Yesus disalibkan? || Calvary <> Di manakah letak penyaliban? || keempat Injil <> Apa salah satu alasan Calvary dipilih? || tempat pelaksanaan awam <> Apa khabar yang ditemui di Calvary? || tengkorak mangsa terbengkalai <> Apa sebabnya tempat itu disebut Calvary? || nama itu berasal dari kontur fizikal", {"context": "Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of \"place of a skull\", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word G\u00fblgalt\u00e2 which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of \"a skull\". While often referred to as \"Mount Calvary\", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Calvary"}], "question": "Where was Jesus Crucified?", "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f40"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "all four Gospels"}], "question": "Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?", "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "a place of public execution"}], "question": "What was one reason Calvary was chosen?", "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "skulls of abandoned victims"}], "question": "What is rumored to be found in Calvary?", "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "the name was derived from the physical contour"}], "question": "What is a reason the place was called Calvary?", "id": "572782fadd62a815002e9f44"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, penulis-penulis Kristian awal yang bercakap tentang bentuk gibbet tertentu di mana Yesus mati selalu menggambarkannya sebagai mempunyai balok silang. Sebagai contoh, Surat Barnabas, yang sudah tentu lebih awal daripada 135, dan mungkin telah berlaku pada abad ke-1 M, ketika Injil tentang kematian Yesus ditulis, disamakan dengan huruf T (huruf Yunani tau , yang mempunyai nilai angka 300), dan kedudukan yang diandaikan oleh Musa dalam Keluaran 17: 11-12. Justin Martyr (100-165) secara eksplisit mengatakan salib Kristus adalah bentuk dua-rasuk: \"Anak domba yang diperintahkan supaya dipanggang sepenuhnya adalah simbol penderitaan salib yang akan diperlakukan oleh Kristus. panggang, panggang dan berpakaian dalam bentuk salib, kerana satu spit ditransformasi dari bahagian bawah ke kepala, dan satu di belakang, yang dipasang pada kaki anak domba. \" Irenaeus, yang meninggal dunia sekitar akhir abad ke-2, bercakap tentang salib sebagai \"lima kaki, dua panjang, dua lebar, dan satu di tengah, di mana [terakhir] orang itu terletak yang ditetapkan oleh paku . \" <> Apa yang ditulis oleh Epistle salib? || Surat Barnabas <> Siapa yang mengatakan dengan pasti bahawa salib itu terbuat dari dua balok? || Justin Martyr <> Mengapa salib itu penting? || simbol kesengsaraan <> Berapakah bilangan hujung salib yang kononnya ada? || lima ekstrem <> Bagaimana seseorang melekat pada salib? || ditetapkan oleh kuku", {"context": "However, early Christian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in Exodus 17:11\u201312. Justin Martyr (100\u2013165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: \"That lamb which was commanded to be wholly roasted was a symbol of the suffering of the cross which Christ would undergo. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. For one spit is transfixed right through from the lower parts up to the head, and one across the back, to which are attached the legs of the lamb.\" Irenaeus, who died around the end of the 2nd century, speaks of the cross as having \"five extremities, two in length, two in breadth, and one in the middle, on which [last] the person rests who is fixed by the nails.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "Epistle of Barnabas"}], "question": "What Epistle described the cross?", "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Justin Martyr"}], "question": "Who says with certainty that the cross was made out of two beams?", "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "a symbol of the suffering"}], "question": "Why was that type of cross important?", "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1003, "text": "five extremities"}], "question": "How many ends did the cross supposedly have?", "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1115, "text": "fixed by the nails"}], "question": "How is one attached to the cross?", "id": "57278529f1498d1400e8faae"}]}], ["Dalam Johannine \"agen Kristusologi\" penyerahan Yesus untuk penyaliban adalah korban yang dibuat sebagai agen Tuhan atau hamba Tuhan, demi kemenangan akhirnya. Ini dibina pada tema salvific Injil Yohanes yang bermula dalam Yohanes 1:29 dengan pengisytiharan Yohanes Pembaptis: \"Anak Domba Allah yang menghapus dosa-dosa dunia\". Penguatkuasaan lanjut konsep ini disediakan dalam Wahyu 21:14 di mana \"domba yang dibunuh tetapi berdiri\" adalah satu-satunya yang layak untuk mengendalikan tatal (iaitu buku) yang mengandungi nama-nama orang yang akan diselamatkan. <> Apakah buku yang terperinci mengenai penyerahan Yesus untuk disalibkan? || ejen Christology <> Kenapa Yesus menerima penyaliban. || demi kemenangan akhirnya <> Tema apakah yang paling penting adalah Injil Yohanes dalam kebangkitan? || tema salvific <> Bagaimana kebangkitan terperinci dalam kitab Wahyu? || domba yang dibunuh tetapi berdiri <> Apakah nama lain yang diberikan oleh Yesus? || Anak Domba Allah", {"context": "In Johannine \"agent Christology\" the submission of Jesus to crucifixion is a sacrifice made as an agent of God or servant of God, for the sake of eventual victory. This builds on the salvific theme of the Gospel of John which begins in John 1:29 with John the Baptist's proclamation: \"The Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world\". Further reinforcement of the concept is provided in Revelation 21:14 where the \"lamb slain but standing\" is the only one worthy of handling the scroll (i.e. the book) containing the names of those who are to be saved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "agent Christology"}], "question": "What book details the submission of Jesus to being crucified?", "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "sake of eventual victory"}], "question": "Why did Jesus accept Crucifixion.", "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "salvific theme"}], "question": "What theme is central is the Gospel of John in resurrection?", "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "lamb slain but standing"}], "question": "How is Resurrection detailed in the book of Revelations?", "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "The Lamb of God"}], "question": "What is another name for Jesus given?", "id": "5727a584ff5b5019007d91e6"}]}], ["Dalam bukunya The Crucifixion of Jesus, pakar perubatan dan ahli patologi forensik Frederick Zugibe mengkaji kemungkinan keadaan kematian Yesus secara terperinci. Zugibe melakukan beberapa eksperimen selama beberapa tahun untuk menguji teorinya semasa dia seorang pemeriksa perubatan. Kajian-kajian ini termasuk eksperimen di mana sukarelawan dengan berat tertentu digantung pada sudut tertentu dan jumlah tarikan pada setiap tangan diukur, dalam kes di mana kaki juga dijamin atau tidak. Dalam kes ini jumlah tarik dan kesakitan yang sama didapati signifikan. <> Siapa yang menulis Penyalihan Yesus? || Frederick Zugibe <> Apa yang Frederick Zugibe belajar secara terperinci untuk buku ini? || kemungkinan keadaan kematian Yesus <> Bagaimana Zugibe cuba membuktikan teori-teorinya? || melakukan beberapa eksperimen selama beberapa tahun <> Apa percubaan yang dilakukan oleh Zugibe? || eksperimen di mana sukarelawan dengan berat tertentu tergantung <> Apa yang spesifik dicatatkan dalam eksperimennya? || jumlah tarikan dan kesakitan yang sepadan", {"context": "In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "Frederick Zugibe"}], "question": "Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?", "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus"}], "question": "What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?", "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "carried out a number of experiments over several years"}], "question": "How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?", "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging"}], "question": "What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?", "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "amount of pull and the corresponding pain"}], "question": "What specifics were recorded in his experiments?", "id": "5727a3fcff5b5019007d91a8"}]}], ["Kristologi Paulus mempunyai fokus khusus mengenai kematian dan kebangkitan Yesus. Bagi Paulus, penyaliban Yesus secara langsung berkaitan dengan kebangkitannya dan istilah \"salib Kristus\" yang digunakan dalam Galatia 6:12 boleh dilihat sebagai singkatannya mengenai mesej Injil. Bagi Paulus, penyaliban Yesus bukan peristiwa terpencil dalam sejarah, tetapi peristiwa kosmik dengan akibat eschatologis yang ketara, seperti dalam 1 Korintus 2: 8. Dalam pandangan Pauline, Yesus, patuh kepada titik kematian (Filipi 2: 8) meninggal \"pada waktu yang tepat\" (Roma 4:25) berdasarkan rencana Tuhan. Bagi Paulus \"kuasa salib\" tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada Kebangkitan Yesus. <> Siapa Christology berfokus pada kematian dan Kebangkitan? || Paul's Christology <> Bagaimana penyaliban yang berkaitan dengan kebangkitan setiap Paul? || berkaitan langsung <> Istilah apa yang digunakan oleh Paul untuk Injil? || salib Kristus <> Paul menyatakan bahawa Kebangkitan itu diperlukan untuk alasan apa? || berdasarkan rancangan Tuhan <> Bagaimana Paul melihat Kebangkitan Yesus? || kuasa salib", {"context": "Paul's Christology has a specific focus on the death and resurrection of Jesus. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus is directly related to his resurrection and the term \"the cross of Christ\" used in Galatians 6:12 may be viewed as his abbreviation of the message of the gospels. For Paul, the crucifixion of Jesus was not an isolated event in history, but a cosmic event with significant eschatological consequences, as in 1 Corinthians 2:8. In the Pauline view, Jesus, obedient to the point of death (Philippians 2:8) died \"at the right time\" (Romans 4:25) based on the plan of God. For Paul the \"power of the cross\" is not separable from the Resurrection of Jesus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Paul's Christology"}], "question": "Who's Christology focuses on the death and Resurrection?", "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "directly related"}], "question": "How is the crucifixion related to the resurrection per Paul?", "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "the cross of Christ"}], "question": "What term does Paul use for the Gospels?", "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163976"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "based on the plan of God"}], "question": "Paul claims the Resurrection was needed for what reason?", "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163977"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "power of the cross"}], "question": "How does Paul view the Resurrection of Jesus?", "id": "5727a6e64b864d1900163978"}]}], ["Sesetengah penulis Kristian menganggap kemungkinan bahawa pengulas pagan mungkin telah menyebut peristiwa ini, mengandaikannya untuk gerhana matahari - walaupun ini tidak mustahil semasa Paskah, yang berlaku pada bulan purnama. Pengembara Kristian dan ahli sejarah Sextus Julius Africanus dan ahli teologi Kristian Origen merujuk kepada ahli sejarah Yunani, Phlegon, yang hidup pada abad ke-2 Masehi, yang menulis \"berkenaan dengan gerhana pada masa Tiberius Caesar, yang dalam pemerintahannya Yesus tampaknya telah disalibkan , dan gempa bumi besar yang kemudian berlaku \"<> Seperti apakah peristiwa yang disalah anggap oleh beberapa orang kafir? || gerhana matahari <> Kenapa gerhana matahari mustahil? || bulan purnama <> Yang sejarawan Yunani menulis tentang kejadian semula jadi ini? || Ahli sejarah Greek Phlegon <> Siapa yang memerintah Rom semasa Penyalihan Yesus? || Tiberius Caesar <> Apa peristiwa lain yang kononnya berlaku yang menggoncang orang? || gempa bumi", {"context": "Some Christian writers considered the possibility that pagan commentators may have mentioned this event, mistaking it for a solar eclipse - although this would have been impossible during the Passover, which takes place at the full moon. Christian traveller and historian Sextus Julius Africanus and Christian theologian Origen refer to Greek historian Phlegon, who lived in the 2nd century AD, as having written \"with regard to the eclipse in the time of Tiberius Caesar, in whose reign Jesus appears to have been crucified, and the great earthquakes which then took place\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "a solar eclipse"}], "question": "As what was the event mistaken by some pagans?", "id": "57279471708984140094e169"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the full moon"}], "question": "Why was a solar eclipse impossible?", "id": "57279471708984140094e16a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Greek historian Phlegon"}], "question": "Which Greek historian wrote about these natural occurrences?", "id": "57279471708984140094e16b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "Tiberius Caesar"}], "question": "Who reigned Rome during the Crucifixion of Jesus?", "id": "57279471708984140094e16c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "earthquakes"}], "question": "What other event supposedly took place that shook people?", "id": "57279471708984140094e16d"}]}], ["Biasiswa alkitabiah moden merangkumi akaun dalam Injil sinoptik sebagai penciptaan sastera oleh penulis Mark Injil, yang dipinda dalam lukas dan akaun Matthew, bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepentingan apa yang mereka lihat sebagai peristiwa yang secara teologis penting, dan tidak bertujuan untuk menjadi diambil secara literal. Imej kegelapan di atas tanah itu akan difahami oleh para pembaca purba, unsur khas dalam perihalan kematian raja-raja dan tokoh utama lain oleh para penulis seperti Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch dan Josephus. G\u00e9za Vermes menggambarkan kegelapan sebagai tipikal \"imaginasi eskematologi Yahudi pada hari Tuhan\", dan mengatakan bahawa mereka menafsirkannya sebagai gerhana yang dapat dinikmati adalah \"menyalak pokok yang salah\". <> Siapa yang menciptakan akaun Yesus? || pengarang Mark Injil <> Siapa yang telah meminda akaun tersebut pada suatu masa nanti? || Lukas <> Apa yang menyebabkan kegelapan di atas tanah dalam karya sastra lama? || kematian raja-raja dan tokoh-tokoh utama lain <> Apa etnik yang kebanyakannya karya sastera ini? || Yahudi <> Siapa yang menggambarkan idea gerhana sebagai benar-benar salah? || G\u00e9za Vermes", {"context": "Modern biblical scholarship treats the account in the synoptic gospels as a literary creation by the author of the Mark Gospel, amended in the Luke and Matthew accounts, intended to heighten the importance of what they saw as a theologically significant event, and not intended to be taken literally. This image of darkness over the land would have been understood by ancient readers, a typical element in the description of the death of kings and other major figures by writers such as Philo, Dio Cassius, Virgil, Plutarch and Josephus. G\u00e9za Vermes describes the darkness account as typical of \"Jewish eschatological imagery of the day of the Lord\", and says that those interpreting it as a datable eclipse are \"barking up the wrong tree\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "author of the Mark Gospel"}], "question": "Who created the account of Jesus?", "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9286"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Luke"}], "question": "Who amended the account at a later date?", "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9287"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "the death of kings and other major figures"}], "question": "What prompts darkness over the land in old literary works?", "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9288"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "Jewish"}], "question": "What ethnicity are these literary works mostly?", "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d9289"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "G\u00e9za Vermes"}], "question": "Who describes the idea of an eclipse as totally wrong?", "id": "5727a3762ca10214002d928a"}]}], ["Kristian percaya bahawa kematian Yesus memainkan peranan penting dalam memulihkan manusia kepada hubungan dengan Tuhan. Orang Kristian percaya bahawa melalui iman dalam kematian pengganti Yesus dan kebangkitan yang menang, manusia akan bersatu kembali dengan Tuhan dan menerima kegembiraan dan kekuatan baru dalam kehidupan ini serta kehidupan kekal di surga setelah kematian tubuh. Oleh itu, penyaliban Yesus bersama dengan kebangkitannya mengembalikan akses kepada pengalaman yang penuh kehadiran Allah, kasih dan rahmat serta keyakinan hidup kekal. <> Apa yang orang Kristian percaya tentang kematian Yesus? || berperanan dalam memulihkan manusia kepada hubungan dengan Allah <> Bagaimana manusia bersatu dengan Tuhan? || melalui iman kepada kematian pengganti Yesus <> Apa fakta tertentu yang orang Kristian percaya tentang kematian? || Kehidupan kekal di syurga selepas kematian badan <> Kebangkitan Yesus memenuhi orang percaya dengan apa? || keyakinan hidup abadi <> Apa perasaan yang biasanya memaksa orang percaya tentang kebangkitan? || kegembiraan", {"context": "Christians believe that Jesus\u2019 death was instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God. Christians believe that through faith in Jesus\u2019 substitutionary death and triumphant resurrection people are reunited with God and receive new joy and power in this life as well as eternal life in heaven after the body\u2019s death. Thus the crucifixion of Jesus along with his resurrection restores access to a vibrant experience of God\u2019s presence, love and grace as well as the confidence of eternal life.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "instrumental in restoring humankind to relationship with God"}], "question": "What do Christians believe regarding Jesus' death?", "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "through faith in Jesus\u2019 substitutionary death"}], "question": "How are people united with God?", "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "eternal life in heaven after the body\u2019s death"}], "question": "What specific fact do Christians believe about death?", "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "confidence of eternal life"}], "question": "Jesus's Resurrection fills believer with what?", "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "joy"}], "question": "What feeling usually fills a believer regarding the resurrection?", "id": "5727a4ee3acd2414000de8bb"}]}], ["Sextus Julius Africanus selanjutnya merujuk kepada tulisan-tulisan sejarawan Thallus: \"Kegelapan ini Thallus, dalam buku ketiga Sejarahnya, memanggil, seperti yang kelihatan kepada saya tanpa alasan, gerhana matahari. Bagi orang Ibrani merayakan paskah pada hari ke-14 mengikut bulan, dan semangat Juruselamat kita jatuh pada hari sebelum Paskah, tetapi gerhana matahari hanya berlaku ketika bulan berada di bawah matahari. \" Pendusta Kristian Tertullian percaya acara tersebut didokumentasikan dalam arkib Rom. <> Ahli sejarah mana yang dirujuk untuk laporan? || Thallus <> Apa peristiwa yang diterangkan oleh Thallus? || gerhana matahari <> Pada hari apakah orang Ibrani merayakan Paskah? || Hari ke-14 <> Bilakah keghairahan Yesus jatuh? || hari sebelum Paskah <> Di mana peristiwa-peristiwa ini didokumentasikan? || arkib Rom", {"context": "Sextus Julius Africanus further refers to the writings of historian Thallus: \"This darkness Thallus, in the third book of his History, calls, as appears to me without reason, an eclipse of the sun. For the Hebrews celebrate the passover on the 14th day according to the moon, and the passion of our Saviour falls on the day before the passover; but an eclipse of the sun takes place only when the moon comes under the sun.\" Christian apologist Tertullian believed the event was documented in the Roman archives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Thallus"}], "question": "Which historian was referenced for the reports?", "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "an eclipse of the sun"}], "question": "What event did Thallus describe?", "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "the 14th day"}], "question": "What day do Hebrews celebrate Passover?", "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "the day before the passover"}], "question": "When does the passion of Jesus fall?", "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "the Roman archives"}], "question": "Where were these events documented?", "id": "572794e2dd62a815002ea11e"}]}], ["John Calvin menyokong Christology \"ejen Tuhan\" dan mendakwa bahawa dalam perbicaraannya di Mahkamah Pilatus, Yesus dapat berjaya membantah kerana tidak bersalah, tetapi diserahkan kepada penyaliban dalam ketaatan kepada Bapa. Tema kekristenan terus berlanjut ke abad ke-20, baik di Jemaat Timur dan Barat. Di Gereja Timur Sergei Bulgakov berhujah bahawa penyaliban Yesus adalah \"pra-kekal\" yang ditentukan oleh Bapa sebelum penciptaan dunia, untuk menebus umat manusia dari kehinaan yang disebabkan oleh kejatuhan Adam. Di dalam Gereja Barat, Karl Rahner menghuraikan analogi bahawa darah Anak Domba Tuhan (dan air dari sisi Yesus) yang ditumpahkan pada penyaliban mempunyai sifat pembersihan, sama dengan air pembaptisan. <> Apa yang John Calvin mendakwa bahawa Yesus boleh lakukan? || berjaya berhujah kerana dia tidak bersalah <> Mengapa Yesus menyerah kepada penyaliban? || ketaatan kepada Bapa <> Gereja Timur percaya apa mengenai kematian dan ressurection? || \"pra-kekal\" ditentukan oleh Bapa <> Apa yang telah dilakukan oleh kematian Yesus di Gereja Timur? || menebus manusia dari kehinaan yang disebabkan oleh kejatuhan Adam <> Apakah darah anak domba itu? || mempunyai sifat pembersihan, sama seperti air baptis", {"context": "John Calvin supported the \"agent of God\" Christology and argued that in his trial in Pilate's Court Jesus could have successfully argued for his innocence, but instead submitted to crucifixion in obedience to the Father. This Christological theme continued into the 20th century, both in the Eastern and Western Churches. In the Eastern Church Sergei Bulgakov argued that the crucifixion of Jesus was \"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father before the creation of the world, to redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam. In the Western Church, Karl Rahner elaborated on the analogy that the blood of the Lamb of God (and the water from the side of Jesus) shed at the crucifixion had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "successfully argued for his innocence"}], "question": "What did John Calvin claim Jesus could have done?", "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "obedience to the Father"}], "question": "Why did Jesus submit to crucifixion?", "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "\"pre-eternally\" determined by the Father"}], "question": "The Eastern Church believes what regarding the death and ressurection?", "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "redeem humanity from the disgrace caused by the fall of Adam"}], "question": "What did Jesus's death accomplish per the Eastern Church?", "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "had a cleansing nature, similar to baptismal water"}], "question": "What is the blood of the lamb?", "id": "5727a8684b864d19001639b2"}]}], ["Colin Humphreys dan W. G. Waddington dari Oxford University menganggap kemungkinan bahawa bulan, bukan solar, gerhana mungkin berlaku. Mereka membuat kesimpulan bahawa gerhana semacam ini dapat dilihat, selama tiga puluh minit, dari Yerusalem dan mencadangkan rujukan injil kepada gerhana matahari adalah hasil dari seorang penulis yang tidak sengaja mengubah teks. Ahli sejarah David Henige menolak penjelasan ini sebagai 'tidak dapat dipertahankan' dan ahli astronomi Bradley Schaefer menegaskan bahawa gerhana bulan tidak akan dapat dilihat pada waktu siang hari. <> Apa yang baru dilihat sebagai jenis gerhana yang berlaku? || lunar <> Berapa lamakah gerhana bulan dapat dilihat? || tiga puluh minit <> Apa yang orang mungkin membuat kesilapan semasa menyalin teks? || seorang ahli tulis yang salah meminda teks <> Ahli sejarah mana yang mengatakan pendapat ini tidak dapat dipertahankan? || David Henige <> Apa ketidakkonsistenan yang akan dijumpai dalam penjelasan ini? || Gerhana bulan tidak dapat dilihat pada waktu siang hari", {"context": "Colin Humphreys and W. G. Waddington of Oxford University considered the possibility that a lunar, rather than solar, eclipse might have taken place. They concluded that such an eclipse would have been visible, for thirty minutes, from Jerusalem and suggested the gospel reference to a solar eclipse was the result of a scribe wrongly amending a text. Historian David Henige dismisses this explanation as 'indefensible' and astronomer Bradley Schaefer points out that the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "lunar"}], "question": "What is recently considered the type of eclipse that occurred?", "id": "572795755951b619008f8e1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "thirty minutes"}], "question": "How long would a lunar eclipse be visible?", "id": "572795755951b619008f8e20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "a scribe wrongly amending a text"}], "question": "What person possibly made a mistake while copying text?", "id": "572795755951b619008f8e21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "David Henige"}], "question": "Which historian says this opinion is indefensible?", "id": "572795755951b619008f8e22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "the lunar eclipse would not have been visible during daylight hours"}], "question": "What inconsistency would be found in this explanation?", "id": "572795755951b619008f8e23"}]}], ["Satu-satunya perkataan Yesus di salib dalam akaun Mark dan Matthew, ini adalah sebutan Mazmur 22. Oleh kerana ayat-ayat lain dari Mazmur yang sama disebut dalam akaun penyaliban, ia sering dianggap sebagai karya sastera dan teologi. Geza Vermes, bagaimanapun, menegaskan bahawa ayat itu disebut dalam bahasa Aram daripada bahasa Ibrani di mana ia biasanya akan dibacakan, dan mencadangkan bahawa pada masa Yesus, frasa ini telah menjadi kata-kata pepatah dalam kegunaan umum. Berbanding dengan akaun-akaun dalam Injil lain, yang mana ia menggambarkan sebagai 'secara teologis betul dan menenangkan', dia menganggap frasa ini 'tak terduga, merisaukan dan akibatnya lebih mungkin'. Dia menggambarkannya sebagai 'semua penampilan yang menangis sejati'. Raymond Brown juga mengulas bahawa dia mendapati 'tidak ada argumen yang persuasif terhadap mengaitkan dengan Yesus Mark / Matt perasaan sentimen perasaan yang ditinggalkan dinyatakan dalam kutipan Mazmur'. <> Apakah Mazmur memberikan kata-kata Yesus di kayu salib? || Mazmur 22 <> Apakah percanggahan yang terdapat dalam Mazmur ini? || ayat itu dinamakan dalam bahasa Aram daripada bahasa Ibrani <> Apakah mazmur disebut dalam masa Yesus? || kata pepatah dalam penggunaan biasa <> Bagaimana Injil lain menerangkan kata-kata terakhir Yesus? || teologi betul dan meyakinkan <> Bagaimanakah hukuman itu muncul kepada sejarawan? || menangis sejati", {"context": "The only words of Jesus on the cross in the Mark and Matthew accounts, this is a quotation of Psalm 22. Since other verses of the same Psalm are cited in the crucifixion accounts, it is often considered a literary and theological creation. Geza Vermes, however, points out that the verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew in which it usually would have been recited, and suggests that by the time of Jesus, this phrase had become a proverbial saying in common usage. Compared to the accounts in the other Gospels, which he describes as 'theologically correct and reassuring', he considers this phrase 'unexpected, disquieting and in consequence more probable'. He describes it as bearing 'all the appearances of a genuine cry'. Raymond Brown likewise comments that he finds 'no persuasive argument against attributing to the Jesus of Mark/Matt the literal sentiment of feeling forsaken expressed in the Psalm quote'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Psalm 22"}], "question": "What Psalm gives the words of Jesus on the cross?", "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "verse is cited in Aramaic rather than the Hebrew"}], "question": "What contradiction is found in this Psalm?", "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "a proverbial saying in common usage"}], "question": "What was the psalm said to be in Jesus' time?", "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "theologically correct and reassuring"}], "question": "How do the other gospels describe Jesus' last words?", "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "a genuine cry"}], "question": "How does the sentence appear to historians?", "id": "57278b4fdd62a815002e9fda"}]}], ["Kehadiran Perawan Maria di bawah salib [Jn. 19: 26-27] telah menjadi subjek seni Marian, dan simbolisme Katolik yang terkenal seperti Pahlawan Miral dan Paus John Paul II yang membawa Marian Cross. Dan sejumlah devosi Marian juga melibatkan kehadiran Perawan Maria di Calvary, mis., Paus Yohanes Paulus II menyatakan bahawa \"Maria bersatu dengan Yesus di Salib\". Karya-karya seni Kristian yang terkenal oleh para tuan seperti Raphael (contohnya, Penyembahan Mond), dan Caravaggio (mis., Entombinya) menggambarkan Perawan Maria sebagai bagian dari kejadian penyaliban. <> Siapa yang hadir di bawah salib? || Virgin Mary <> Simbol apa yang popular di Marian Art? || Marian Cross <> Paus mana yang mendakwa Mary hadir di Penyalihan Yesus? || Paus Yohanes Paulus II <> Siapa yang melukis Penyalihan Mond. || Raphael <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab atas nama-nama seni \"His Entombment\"? || Caravaggio", {"context": "The presence of the Virgin Mary under the cross[Jn. 19:26-27] has in itself been the subject of Marian art, and well known Catholic symbolism such as the Miraculous Medal and Pope John Paul II's Coat of Arms bearing a Marian Cross. And a number of Marian devotions also involve the presence of the Virgin Mary in Calvary, e.g., Pope John Paul II stated that \"Mary was united to Jesus on the Cross\". Well known works of Christian art by masters such as Raphael (e.g., the Mond Crucifixion), and Caravaggio (e.g., his Entombment) depict the Virgin Mary as part of the crucifixion scene.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Virgin Mary"}], "question": "Who was present under the cross?", "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d932e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Marian Cross"}], "question": "What symbol is popular in Marian Art?", "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d932f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Pope John Paul II"}], "question": "Which pope claims Mary was present at Jesus' Crucifixion?", "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9330"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "Raphael"}], "question": "Who painted the Mond Crucifixion.", "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9331"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Caravaggio"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the art names \"His Entombment\"?", "id": "5727aa092ca10214002d9332"}]}], ["Kematian dan kebangkitan Yesus menyokong pelbagai tafsiran teologi tentang bagaimana keselamatan diberikan kepada manusia. Tafsiran ini berbeza-beza dengan banyak penekanan yang mereka letakkan pada kematian Yesus dibandingkan dengan kata-kata beliau. Menurut pandangan penebusan penggantian, kematian Yesus adalah sangat penting, dan Yesus sengaja mengorbankan dirinya sebagai tindakan ketaatan yang sempurna sebagai pengorbanan cinta yang menyenangkan Tuhan. Sebaliknya teori pengaruh moral penebusan memfokuskan lebih banyak pada kandungan moral ajaran Yesus, dan melihat kematian Yesus sebagai syahid. Sejak Abad Pertengahan ada konflik antara kedua pandangan ini dalam Kekristianan Barat. Protestan Evangelikal biasanya memegang pandangan penggantian dan khususnya memegang teori penggantian hukuman. Protestan Liberal biasanya menolak penebusan penggantian dan berpegang kepada teori pengaruh moral penebusan. Kedua-dua pandangan itu popular di dalam gereja Roman Katolik, dengan doktrin kepuasan yang dimasukkan ke dalam idea penebusan. <> Apakah kematian dan kebangkitan Yesus? || bagaimana keselamatan diberikan kepada manusia <> Seberapa penting kematian Yesus terhadap teologi moden? || kepentingan utama <> Adakah Yesus mengorbankan dirinya tanpa berjuang? || Yesus rela mengorbankan dirinya <> Mengapa Yesus mengorbankan dirinya? || suatu tindakan ketaatan yang sempurna <> Apa gereja adalah pengorbanan yang penting? || gereja Katolik Roma", {"context": "Jesus' death and resurrection underpin a variety of theological interpretations as to how salvation is granted to humanity. These interpretations vary widely in how much emphasis they place on the death of Jesus as compared to his words. According to the substitutionary atonement view, Jesus' death is of central importance, and Jesus willingly sacrificed himself as an act of perfect obedience as a sacrifice of love which pleased God. By contrast the moral influence theory of atonement focuses much more on the moral content of Jesus' teaching, and sees Jesus' death as a martyrdom. Since the Middle Ages there has been conflict between these two views within Western Christianity. Evangelical Protestants typically hold a substitutionary view and in particular hold to the theory of penal substitution. Liberal Protestants typically reject substitutionary atonement and hold to the moral influence theory of atonement. Both views are popular within the Roman Catholic church, with the satisfaction doctrine incorporated into the idea of penance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "how salvation is granted to humanity"}], "question": "What does Jesus' death and Resurrection support?", "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "central importance"}], "question": "How important is Jesus' death to modern theology?", "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Jesus willingly sacrificed himself"}], "question": "Did Jesus sacrifice himself without fighting?", "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "an act of perfect obedience"}], "question": "Why did Jesus sacrifice himself?", "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "the Roman Catholic church"}], "question": "What church is the sacrifice important to?", "id": "5727a9314b864d19001639c6"}]}]], [["Buruh hitam memainkan peranan penting dalam pembangunan awal Miami. Semasa permulaan abad ke-20, pendatang dari Bahamas dan Afrika-Amerika membentuk 40 peratus daripada penduduk bandar ini. Apa pun peranan mereka dalam pertumbuhan bandar, pertumbuhan komuniti mereka terhad kepada ruang kecil. Apabila tuan-tuan tanah mula menyewa rumah ke Afrika-Amerika di kawasan kejiranan berhampiran Avenue J (yang kemudian menjadi NW Fifth Avenue), sekumpulan lelaki kulit putih dengan obor melawat keluarga menyewa dan memberi amaran kepada mereka untuk bergerak atau dibom. <> Pada awal 1900an, berapa peratus penduduk Miami berasal dari Afrika? || 40 <> Apa yang sebelum ini dipanggil NW Fifth Avenue? || Avenue J <> Di manakah sebahagian penduduk hitam Miami berpindah dari awal tahun 1900-an? || Bahamas", {"context": "Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "40"}], "question": "In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?", "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Avenue J"}], "question": "What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?", "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Bahamas"}], "question": "Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?", "id": "572a710827b69114009ef5c2"}]}], ["Di bawah datarannya terletak di Lembah Biscayne, sumber air bawah tanah semulajadi semulajadi yang meluas dari selatan Palm Beach County ke Florida Bay, dengan titik tertinggi di sekitar bandar Miami Springs dan Hialeah. Kebanyakan kawasan metropolitan Miami mendapat air minuman dari akuifer ini. Hasil daripada akuifer, tidak mungkin untuk menggali lebih dari 15 hingga 20 kaki (5 hingga 6 m) di bawah bandar tanpa memukul air, yang menghalang pembinaan bawah tanah, walaupun beberapa garasi tempat letak kereta bawah tanah wujud. Atas sebab ini, sistem transit massa di dalam dan di sekitar Miami dinaikkan atau di gred. Bersama dengan Miami Springs, di manakah titik paling tinggi dari Aquifer Biscayne? || Hialeah <> Aquifer Biscayne membentang dari Palm Beach County ke mana? || Florida Bay <> Setelah menggali berapa meter yang salah pasti akan menjangkau air di Miami? || 5 hingga 6 <> Apa yang dibatasi oleh jadual air tinggi Miami? || pembinaan bawah tanah", {"context": "Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay, with its highest point peaking around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah. Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from this aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "Hialeah"}], "question": "Along with Miami Springs, where is the highest point of the Biscayne Aquifer?", "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "Florida Bay"}], "question": "The Biscayne Aquifer stretches from Palm Beach County to where?", "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "5 to 6"}], "question": "After digging how many meters is one sure to reach running water in Miami?", "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "underground construction"}], "question": "What is limited by Miami's high water table?", "id": "572a7388fed8de19000d5c22"}]}], ["Selepas Fidel Castro bangkit menjadi kuasa di Cuba pada tahun 1959, banyak orang Kuba yang kaya berlindung di Miami, semakin meningkatkan populasi. Bandar ini membangunkan perniagaan dan kemudahan budaya sebagai sebahagian daripada New South. Pada tahun 1980-an dan 1990-an, Florida Selatan mengalami masalah sosial yang berkaitan dengan peperangan dadah, imigresen dari Haiti dan Amerika Latin, dan kemusnahan Badai Andrew yang meluas. Ketegangan kaum dan budaya kadang-kadang memunculkan, tetapi bandar ini berkembang pada separuh akhir abad ke-20 sebagai pusat antarabangsa, kewangan, dan kebudayaan. Ia adalah bandaraya A.S. terbesar kedua (selepas El Paso, Texas) dengan majoriti berbahasa Sepanyol, dan bandar terbesar dengan pluralidad Kuba-Amerika. <> Dalam tahun apakah Fidel Castro mengambil alih Cuba? || 1959 <> Dari negara manakah orang-orang yang berpindah ke selatan Florida pada tahun 1980-an dan 90-an? || Haiti <> Apa taufan yang ketara berlaku antara 1980-an dan 1990-an? || Andrew <> Apa bandar terbesar di Amerika Syarikat di mana majoriti penduduk bercakap bahasa Sepanyol? || El Paso, Texas <> Miami adalah bandar Amerika Syarikat dengan populasi terbesar dalam kumpulan etnik? || Cuba-Amerika", {"context": "After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the population. The city developed businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South. In the 1980s and 1990s, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew. Racial and cultural tensions were sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city (after El Paso, Texas) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "1959"}], "question": "In what year did Fidel Castro take over Cuba?", "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Haiti"}], "question": "From what country did people notably emigrate to southern Florida in the 1980s and 90s?", "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Andrew"}], "question": "What notable hurricane occurred between the 1980s and 1990s?", "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "El Paso, Texas"}], "question": "What is the largest city in the United States where a majority of the population speaks Spanish?", "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 681, "text": "Cuban-American"}], "question": "Miami is the US city with the largest population of what ethnic group?", "id": "572a71fe7a1753140016af80"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20, utara telah tertarik ke bandar, dan Miami makmur pada tahun 1920-an dengan peningkatan penduduk dan infrastruktur. Warisan Jim Crow tertanam dalam perkembangan ini. Ketua polis Miami, H. Leslie Quigg, tidak menyembunyikan fakta bahawa dia, seperti pegawai polis putih Miami lain, adalah ahli Ku Klux Klan. Tidak mengejutkan, pegawai-pegawai ini menguatkuasakan kod sosial jauh melebihi undang-undang bertulis. Sebagai contoh, Quigg, \"secara peribadi dan awam mengalahkan seorang peluru berwarna mati untuk bercakap terus kepada wanita putih.\" <> Siapa yang ketua polis Miami terkenal? || H. Leslie Quigg <> Untuk organisasi kontroversial apa yang kepunyaan ketua kepolisian Miami? || Ku Klux Klan <> Sebab mengapa H. Leslie Quigg membunuh seorang lelaki kulit hitam? || bercakap terus kepada wanita putih <> Apa pekerjaan orang Afrika-Amerika yang dibunuh oleh Quigg? || koboi", {"context": "During the early 20th century, northerners were attracted to the city, and Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, \"personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "H. Leslie Quigg"}], "question": "Who was a notable chief of the Miami police?", "id": "572a71897a1753140016af74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Ku Klux Klan"}], "question": "To what controversial organization did a Miami chief of police belong?", "id": "572a71897a1753140016af75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "speaking directly to a white woman"}], "question": "For what reason did H. Leslie Quigg kill a black man?", "id": "572a71897a1753140016af76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "bellboy"}], "question": "What was the occupation of the African-American man killed by Quigg?", "id": "572a71897a1753140016af77"}]}], ["Miami dikenali sebagai \"satu-satunya bandar utama di Amerika Syarikat yang diilhamkan oleh seorang wanita, Julia Tuttle\", penanam sitrus tempatan dan orang asli Cleveland yang kaya. Kawasan Miami lebih dikenali sebagai \"Biscayne Bay Country\" pada tahun-tahun awal pertumbuhannya. Pada akhir abad ke-19, laporan menyifatkan kawasan tersebut sebagai padang pasir yang menjanjikan. Kawasan ini juga dicirikan sebagai \"salah satu tapak bangunan terbaik di Florida.\" Pembekuan Besar 1894-95 mempercepat pertumbuhan Miami, kerana tanaman di kawasan Miami adalah satu-satunya di Florida yang terselamat. Julia Tuttle kemudiannya meyakinkan Henry Flagler, seorang hartawan kereta api, untuk mengembangkan Kereta Api Timur Laut Floridanya ke rantau ini, yang mana dia dikenali sebagai \"ibu Miami.\" Miami secara rasmi digabungkan sebagai sebuah bandar pada 28 Julai 1896 dengan populasi lebih daripada 300. Ia dinamakan untuk Sungai Miami yang terletak berdekatan, yang berasal dari Mayaimi, nama bersejarah Lake Okeechobee. <> Dimana dilahirkan Julia Tuttle? || Cleveland <> Sebelum penamaan Miami, apa kawasan sekitar Miami dipanggil? || Biscayne Bay Country <> Bilakah berlaku Pembekuan Besar? || 1894-95 <> Apa kereta api dimiliki oleh Henry Flagler? || Florida East Coast Railway <> Siapa \"ibu Miami\"? || Julia Tuttle", {"context": "Miami is noted as \"the only major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle\", a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native. The Miami area was better known as \"Biscayne Bay Country\" in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness. The area was also characterized as \"one of the finest building sites in Florida.\" The Great Freeze of 1894\u201395 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a railroad tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as \"the mother of Miami.\" Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896 with a population of just over 300. It was named for the nearby Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "Cleveland"}], "question": "Where was Julia Tuttle born?", "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Biscayne Bay Country"}], "question": "Prior to the naming of Miami, what was the area around Miami called?", "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "1894\u201395"}], "question": "When did the Great Freeze occur?", "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 618, "text": "Florida East Coast Railway"}], "question": "What railroad was owned by Henry Flagler?", "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Julia Tuttle"}], "question": "Who was \"the mother of Miami\"?", "id": "572a70a327b69114009ef5ba"}]}], ["Miami dan pinggirannya terletak di dataran luas antara Florida Everglades di barat dan Biscayne Bay di timur, yang juga meliputi dari Florida Bay utara ke Lake Okeechobee. Ketinggian kawasan tersebut tidak pernah naik melebihi 40 kaki (12 m) dan purata di sekitar 6 kaki (1.8 m) di atas paras laut min di kebanyakan kawasan, terutamanya berhampiran pantai. Undulations tertinggi dijumpai di sepanjang pantai Miami Rock Ridge, yang substratnya mendasari sebahagian besar kawasan metropolitan Miami timur. Bahagian utama bandar terletak di tepi Teluk Biscayne yang mengandungi beberapa ratus pulau penghalang yang asli dan artifisial, yang terbesar diantaranya mengandungi Miami Beach dan South Beach. Teluk Stream, arus laut yang panas, berjalan ke utara hanya sejauh 15 batu (24 km) dari pantai, yang membolehkan iklim bandar tetap hangat dan ringan sepanjang tahun. <> Di manakah Everglades berhubung dengan Miami? || timur <> Untuk perjalanan dari Biscayne Bay ke Miami, ke manakah arah yang akan bergerak? || barat <> Apa terminal utara Biscayne Bay? || Lake Okeechobee <> Berapa kilometer, sejauh mana Teluk Stream dari pantai Miami? || 24 <> Dalam meter, apakah ketinggian purata di atas paras laut di kawasan Miami? || 1.8", {"context": "Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Florida Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which also extends from Florida Bay north to Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of the area never rises above 40 ft (12 m) and averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m) above mean sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest undulations are found along the coastal Miami Rock Ridge, whose substrate underlies most of the eastern Miami metropolitan region. The main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "east"}], "question": "Where are the Everglades in relation to Miami?", "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "west"}], "question": "To travel from Biscayne Bay to Miami, in what direction would one move?", "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Lake Okeechobee"}], "question": "What is the northern terminus of Biscayne Bay?", "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "24"}], "question": "In kilometers, how far is the Gulf Stream from Miami's coast?", "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1.8"}], "question": "In meters, what is the average height above sea level of the Miami area?", "id": "572a727274f2e11900503fa7"}]}], ["Downtown Miami adalah tempat tumpuan terbesar bank-bank antarabangsa di Amerika Syarikat, dan banyak syarikat nasional dan antarabangsa yang besar. Pusat Sivik adalah pusat utama untuk hospital, institut penyelidikan, pusat perubatan, dan industri bioteknologi. Selama lebih dari dua dekad, Pelabuhan Miami, yang dikenali sebagai \"Cruise Capital of the World\", telah menjadi pelabuhan penumpang pelayaran nombor satu di dunia. Ia menampung beberapa kapal pesiar dan operasi terbesar di dunia, dan merupakan pelabuhan paling sibuk di kedua-dua laluan penumpang dan pelayaran. <> Apa bandar Miami mempunyai lebih daripada apa-apa bandar AS yang lain? || bank antarabangsa <> Bersama-sama dengan laluan pelayaran, dalam apa yang lalu lintas kedudukan pelabuhan Miami pertama? || penumpang <> Apa yang dipanggil \"Kapal Pesiar Dunia\"? || Pelabuhan Miami <> Berapa lamakah Miami menjadi pelabuhan penumpang pelayaran terbaik di dunia? || dua dekad <> Bersama dengan hospital, pusat perubatan dan industri bioteknologi, apa yang terdapat di Pusat Sivik? || institut penyelidikan", {"context": "Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a major center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers, and biotechnology industries. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the \"Cruise Capital of the World\", has been the number one cruise passenger port in the world. It accommodates some of the world's largest cruise ships and operations, and is the busiest port in both passenger traffic and cruise lines.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "international banks"}], "question": "What does downtown Miami possess more of than any other US city?", "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "passenger"}], "question": "Along with cruise lines, in what traffic does Miami's port rank first?", "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Port of Miami"}], "question": "What is called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\"?", "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "two decades"}], "question": "How long has Miami been the world's top cruise passenger port?", "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "research institutes"}], "question": "Along with hospitals, medical centers and biotechnology industries, what is notably present in the Civic Center?", "id": "572a7048fed8de19000d5c10"}]}], ["Pangkalan dasar permukaan di bawah kawasan Miami dipanggil Miami oolite atau batu kapur Miami. Pangkalan dasar ini diliputi oleh lapisan nipis tanah, dan tidak lebih daripada 50 kaki (15 m) tebal. Batu kapur Miami terbentuk akibat perubahan drastik di laut yang dikaitkan dengan glasiasi atau zaman ais baru-baru ini. Bermula sekitar 130,000 tahun yang lalu, Peringkat Sangamonia menaikkan paras laut kira-kira 25 kaki (8 m) di atas paras semasa. Semua selatan Florida diliputi oleh laut yang cetek. Beberapa garisan terumbu yang terbentuk di sepanjang pinggir dataran Florida yang tenggelam, meregangkan dari kawasan Miami sekarang menjadi yang sekarang menjadi Dry Tortugas. Kawasan di belakang garis terumbu ini berlaku lagun besar, dan batu kapur Miami terbentuk di seluruh kawasan itu dari pemendapan oolit dan kerang bryozoans. Bermula kira-kira 100,000 tahun yang lalu, glasiasi Wisconsin mula menurunkan paras laut, mendedahkan lantai laguna. Menjelang 15,000 tahun yang lalu, paras laut menurun kepada 300 hingga 350 kaki (90 hingga 110 m) di bawah paras kontemporari. Tahap laut meningkat dengan cepat selepas itu, menstabilkan paras semasa sekitar 4000 tahun yang lalu, meninggalkan tanah besar Florida Selatan tepat di atas paras laut. <> Apakah nama lain untuk batu kapur Miami? || Miami oolite <> Berapa meter tebal adalah batu runcing bawah Miami maksimum? || 15 <> Apa Tahap berlaku sekitar 130,000 tahun yang lalu? || Sangamonian <> Berapa meterkah Peringkat Sangamonian menaikkan paras laut berbanding tahap sekarang? || 8 <> Apakah peristiwa yang menyebabkan paras laut menurun kira-kira 100,000 tahun dahulu? || Glasiasi Wisconsin", {"context": "The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Miami oolite"}], "question": "What is another name for Miami limestone?", "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "15"}], "question": "How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?", "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Sangamonian"}], "question": "What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?", "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?", "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "Wisconsin glaciation"}], "question": "What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?", "id": "572a72f97a1753140016af8a"}]}], ["Miami adalah pusat utama, dan pemimpin dalam kewangan, perdagangan, budaya, media, hiburan, seni, dan perdagangan antarabangsa. Pada tahun 2012, Miami diklasifikasikan sebagai Dunia Dunia Alfa di inventori Kumpulan Kajian Dunia Dunia. Pada tahun 2010, Miami menduduki tempat ketujuh di Amerika Syarikat dari segi kewangan, perdagangan, budaya, hiburan, fesyen, pendidikan, dan sektor lain. Ia menduduki tempat ke-33 di antara bandar-bandar global. Pada tahun 2008, majalah Forbes menduduki Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", untuk kualiti udara sepanjang tahunnya, ruang hijau yang luas, air minuman bersih, jalan-jalan bersih, dan program kitar semula seluruh bandar. Menurut kajian UBS pada tahun 2009 di 73 bandar raya dunia, Miami menduduki tempat sebagai bandar terkaya di Amerika Syarikat, dan bandar terkaya kelima dunia dari segi kuasa beli. Miami dijuluki \"Capital of Latin America\", merupakan bandaraya A.S. terbesar kedua dengan majoriti berbahasa Sepanyol, dan bandar terbesar dengan pluralidad Kuba-Amerika. <> Apakah pengelasan yang dilakukan oleh Kumpulan Kajian Bandar Dunia kepada Miami? || Alpha-World City <> Di mana Miami berada di antara bandar-bandar di seluruh dunia untuk membiayai? || 33 <> Apa yang dikatakan Forbes Miami pada tahun 2008? || America's Cleanest City <> Apakah nama panggilan yang diberikan kepada Miami? || Ibukota Amerika Latin <> Di manakah kedudukan Miami dari segi populasi berbahasa Sepanyol AS? || kedua", {"context": "Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha\u2212World City in the World Cities Study Group's inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami \"America's Cleanest City\", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the \"Capital of Latin America\", is the second largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Alpha\u2212World City"}], "question": "What classification did the World Cities Study Group give to Miami?", "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "33rd"}], "question": "Where did Miami rank among cities around the world in regard to finance?", "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "America's Cleanest City"}], "question": "What did Forbes call Miami in 2008?", "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Capital of Latin America"}], "question": "What is a nickname given to Miami?", "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "second"}], "question": "Where does Miami rank in terms of US Spanish-speaking populations?", "id": "572a6fc47a1753140016af5c"}]}], ["Miami (/ ma\u026a\u00e6mi /; sebutan Sepanyol: [maiami]) adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di pantai Atlantik di tenggara Florida dan tempat duduk Miami-Dade County. Bandaraya 44 yang paling padat penduduknya di Amerika Syarikat, dengan penduduk 430,332, adalah bandar utama, pusat, dan paling ramai penduduk wilayah metropolitan Miami, dan metropolis kedua yang paling ramai penduduk di Amerika Syarikat Tenggara selepas Washington, DC Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, kawasan metro Miami adalah kawasan bandar kelapan paling ramai dan keempat di Amerika Syarikat, dengan penduduk sekitar 5.5 juta. <> Di mana pantai Florida terletak di Miami? || Atlantic <> Miami terletak di mana daerah Florida? || Miami-Dade County <> Di manakah Miami jatuh di antara kawasan bandar yang paling ramai penduduk di Amerika Syarikat? || kelapan <Kota manakah yang satu-satunya dengan populasi yang lebih besar daripada Miami di Amerika Syarikat tenggara? || Washington, D.C. <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk kawasan metro Miami? || 5.5 juta <> Yang Florida terletak di Miami? || Miami-Dade <> Bagaimana kedudukan Miami sebagai metropolis yang ramai berbanding dengan negara-negara Tenggara lain di A.S.? || kedua paling ramai penduduk <> Apakah populasi Miami? || 430,332 <> Bagaimana saiz bandar bandar Miami diberi nilai berbanding dengan kawasan bandar A.S. lain? || keempat terbesar <> Pantai mana yang terletak di Miami? || Atlantik <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk kawasan metro Miami? || 5.5 juta <> Di bahagian geografi Florida terletak Miami? || tenggara <> Apa daerah Miami terletak? || Miami-Dade County <> Di mana Miami berada di antara bandar-bandar Amerika dengan penduduk? || 44th <> Berapa ramai orang tinggal di Miami? || 430,332", {"context": "Miami (/ma\u026a\u02c8\u00e6mi/; Spanish pronunciation: [mai\u02c8ami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Atlantic"}], "question": "On which coast of Florida is Miami located?", "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade County"}], "question": "Miami is located in which Florida county?", "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "eighth"}], "question": "Where does Miami fall among the most populous urban areas in the United States?", "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Washington, D.C."}], "question": "Which city is the only one with a larger population than Miami in the southeastern United States?", "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "5.5 million"}], "question": "What is the approximate population of Miami's metro area?", "id": "57276fc45951b619008f89d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade"}], "question": "Which Florida county is Miami located in?", "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "second most populous"}], "question": "How does Miami rank as a populous metropolis compared with other Southeastern states in the U.S.?", "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "430,332"}], "question": "What is the population of Miami?", "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "fourth-largest"}], "question": "How is the size of Miami's urban area rated compared with other U.S. urban areas?", "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da805"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Atlantic"}], "question": "Which coast is Miami located on?", "id": "5728cc9b2ca10214002da806"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "5.5 million"}], "question": "What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?", "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "southeastern"}], "question": "In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?", "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "Miami-Dade County"}], "question": "What county is Miami located in?", "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "44th"}], "question": "Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?", "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "430,332"}], "question": "How many people live in Miami?", "id": "572a6f367a1753140016af52"}]}], ["Musim hujan bermula beberapa waktu pada bulan Mei, berakhir pada pertengahan Oktober. Dalam tempoh ini, suhu adalah pada pertengahan 80-an hingga 90-an (29-35 \u00b0 C), disertai oleh kelembapan yang tinggi, walaupun haba sering dilepaskan oleh ribut petir petang atau angin laut yang terbentuk dari Lautan Atlantik, yang kemudiannya membolehkan lebih rendah suhu, tetapi keadaan masih tetap lembab. Sebahagian besar hujan sepanjang tahun 55.9 inci (1,420 mm) berlaku sepanjang tempoh ini. Dewpoints dalam bulan-bulan hangat adalah dari 71.9 \u00b0 F (22.2 \u00b0 C) pada bulan Jun hingga 73.7 \u00b0 F (23.2 \u00b0 C) pada bulan Ogos. <> Kapan permulaan musim basah Miami? || May <> Apa bulan melihat musim kemarau di Miami? || Oktober <> Dalam darjah Celcius, apakah jenis suhu semasa musim hujan? || 29-35 <> Berapa banyak milimeter hujan jatuh ke Miami setiap tahun? || 1,420 <> Apa titik embun tipikal pada darjah Fahrenheit? || 73.7", {"context": "The wet season begins some time in May, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures are in the mid 80s to low 90s (29\u201335 \u00b0C), accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, but conditions still remain very muggy. Much of the year's 55.9 inches (1,420 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period. Dewpoints in the warm months range from 71.9 \u00b0F (22.2 \u00b0C) in June to 73.7 \u00b0F (23.2 \u00b0C) in August.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "May"}], "question": "When is the beginning of Miami's wet season?", "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "October"}], "question": "What month sees the end of the wet season in Miami?", "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "29\u201335"}], "question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the range of temperatures during the wet season?", "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "1,420"}], "question": "How many millimeters of rain fall on Miami annually?", "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "73.7"}], "question": "What is the typical August dew point in degrees Fahrenheit?", "id": "572a767174f2e11900503fcb"}]}], ["Miami adalah pusat pengeluaran televisyen utama, dan bandar terpenting di A.S. untuk media bahasa Sepanyol. Univisi\u00f3n, Telemundo dan UniM\u00c1S mempunyai ibu pejabat mereka di Miami, bersama dengan studio produksi mereka. Telemundo Television Studios menghasilkan banyak pengaturcaraan asli untuk Telemundo, seperti telenovelas dan talk talk mereka. Pada tahun 2011, 85% pengaturcaraan asal Telemundo telah difilemkan di Miami. Miami juga merupakan pusat rakaman muzik utama, dengan ibu pejabat Sony Music Latin dan Universal Music Latin Entertainment di bandar, bersama-sama dengan banyak label rekod yang lebih kecil. Bandar ini juga menarik banyak artis untuk video muzik dan penembakan filem. <> Bersama dengan UniM\u00c1S dan Univisi\u00f3n, apa stesen televisyen bahasa Sepanyol beribu pejabat di Miami? || Telemundo <> Sehingga tahun 2011, berapa peratus pengaturcaraan asal Telemundo difilmkan di Miami? || 85 <> Bersama dengan Sony Music Latin, apa syarikat rakaman muzik terletak di Miami? || Universal Music Latin Entertainment <> Apakah nama perniagaan yang menghasilkan sebahagian besar pengaturcaraan asal Telemundo? || Telemundo Television Studios", {"context": "Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the U.S. for Spanish language media. Univisi\u00f3n, Telemundo and UniM\u00c1S have their headquarters in Miami, along with their production studios. The Telemundo Television Studios produces much of the original programming for Telemundo, such as their telenovelas and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami. Miami is also a major music recording center, with the Sony Music Latin and Universal Music Latin Entertainment headquarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shootings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Telemundo"}], "question": "Along with UniM\u00c1S and Univisi\u00f3n, what Spanish language television station is headquartered in Miami?", "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "85"}], "question": "As of 2011, what percentage of original Telemundo programming was filmed in Miami?", "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "Universal Music Latin Entertainment"}], "question": "Along with Sony Music Latin, what music recording corporation is located in Miami?", "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "Telemundo Television Studios"}], "question": "What is the name of the business that produces a significant portion of Telemundo's original programming?", "id": "572a7889fed8de19000d5c58"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 2001, Miami telah menjalani ledakan bangunan yang besar dengan lebih daripada 50 pencakar langit yang meningkat lebih daripada 400 kaki (122 m) yang dibina atau sedang dalam pembinaan di bandar. Langit Miami menduduki tempat ketiga paling hebat di A.S., di belakang New York City dan Chicago, dan ke-19 di dunia mengikut Almanak Senibina dan Reka Bentuk. Bandar ini kini mempunyai lapan pencakar langit paling tinggi (dan tiga belas tertinggi di empat belas) di negeri Florida, dengan paling tinggi sebagai Four Seasons Hotel & Menara 789 kaki (240 m). <> Berapa banyak pencakar langit 400 kaki telah dibina atau sedang dalam proses dibina di Miami sejak tahun 2001? || 50 <> Apa bandar-bandar AS mempunyai langit yang lebih mengagumkan daripada Miami? || New York City dan Chicago <> Apakah pangkat dunia Miami dari segi bagaimana mengesankan langitnya? || 19 <Dari empat pencakar langit tertinggi di Florida, berapa ramai di Miami? || tiga belas <> Apakah pencakar langit tertinggi di Florida? || Four Seasons Hotel & Tower", {"context": "Since 2001, Miami has been undergoing a large building boom with more than 50 skyscrapers rising over 400 feet (122 m) built or currently under construction in the city. Miami's skyline is ranked third-most impressive in the U.S., behind New York City and Chicago, and 19th in the world according to the Almanac of Architecture and Design. The city currently has the eight tallest (as well as thirteen of the fourteen tallest) skyscrapers in the state of Florida, with the tallest being the 789-foot (240 m) Four Seasons Hotel & Tower.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "50"}], "question": "How many 400+ foot skyscrapers have been built or are in the process of being built in Miami since 2001?", "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "New York City and Chicago"}], "question": "What US cities have more impressive skylines than Miami's?", "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 269, "text": "19th"}], "question": "What is Miami's world rank in terms of how impressive its skyline is?", "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "Of the fourteen tallest skyscrapers in Florida, how many are in Miami?", "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "Four Seasons Hotel & Tower"}], "question": "What is the tallest skyscraper in Florida?", "id": "572a790d27b69114009ef5e4"}]}], ["Bandar yang betul adalah rumah kepada kurang daripada satu-tiga belas penduduk Florida Selatan. Miami adalah bandar paling ramai ke-42 di Amerika Syarikat. Kawasan metropolitan Miami, yang meliputi wilayah Miami-Dade, Broward dan Palm Beach, mempunyai penduduk lebih daripada 5.5 juta orang, menduduki tempat ketujuh terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dan merupakan kawasan metropolitan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat Tenggara. Pada tahun 2008 [update], Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menganggarkan bahawa Miami Urban Agglomeration adalah yang ke-44 terbesar di dunia. <> Di manakah kedudukan Miami di kalangan penduduk di bandar AS? || 42 <Seiring dengan Palm Beach dan Miami-Dade, apa daerah itu adalah kawasan metropolitan Miami-Dade? || Broward <> Berapa banyak orang yang tinggal di kawasan metropolitan Miami-Dade? || 5.5 juta <> Di manakah kedudukan Miami-Dade di kalangan penduduk di kawasan metropolitan di AS? || ketujuh <> Seberapa kecil penduduk Florida selatan tinggal di Miami? || satu-tiga belas", {"context": "The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States, and is the largest metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States. As of 2008[update], the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "42nd"}], "question": "Where does Miami rank in population among US cities?", "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Broward"}], "question": "Along with Palm Beach and Miami-Dade, what county is part of the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?", "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "5.5 million"}], "question": "How many people live in the Miami-Dade metropolitan area?", "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "seventh"}], "question": "Where does Miami-Dade rank in population among metropolitan areas in the US?", "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "one-thirteenth"}], "question": "What fraction of the southern Florida population lives in Miami?", "id": "572a76c2fed8de19000d5c3b"}]}], ["Bahagian utara Miami merangkumi Midtown, sebuah daerah yang mempunyai kepelbagaian kepelbagaian hebat dengan banyak orang India Barat, Hispanik, Eropah, bohemia, dan artis. Edgewater, dan Wynwood, adalah kawasan kejiranan Midtown dan terdiri kebanyakannya menara kediaman bertingkat tinggi dan merupakan rumah kepada Adrienne Arsht Centre for the Performing Arts. Penduduk yang kaya akan tinggal di bahagian timur laut, di Midtown, Daerah Reka Bentuk, dan Upper East Side, dengan ramai yang mencari rumah dan rumah di Daerah Bersejarah MiMo pada tahun 1920, gaya seni bina yang berasal dari Miami pada tahun 1950-an. Bahagian utara Miami juga terkenal dengan masyarakat imigran Amerika Latin dan Afrika seperti Little Haiti, Overtown (rumah Teater Lyric), dan Liberty City. <> Apa teater yang ketara hadir di Overtown? || Lyric <> Setelah siapa pusat seni pertunjukan di Midtown bernama? || Adrienne Arsht <> Di mana bahagian Miami adalah Midtown? || utara <> Apa nama gaya seni bina yang berasal dari tahun 1950-an di Miami? || MiMo <> Apa kejiranan Miami Utara dinamakan untuk negara Caribbean? || Little Haiti", {"context": "The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity with many West Indians, Hispanics, European Americans, bohemians, and artists. Edgewater, and Wynwood, are neighborhoods of Midtown and are made up mostly of high-rise residential towers and are home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. The wealthier residents usually live in the northeastern part, in Midtown, the Design District, and the Upper East Side, with many sought after 1920s homes and home of the MiMo Historic District, a style of architecture originated in Miami in the 1950s. The northern side of Miami also has notable African American and Caribbean immigrant communities such as Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 735, "text": "Lyric"}], "question": "What notable theater is present in Overtown?", "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "Adrienne Arsht"}], "question": "After whom is the performing arts center in Midtown named?", "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "northern"}], "question": "In what part of Miami is Midtown?", "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "MiMo"}], "question": "What is the name of the architectural style originating in 1950s Miami?", "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Little Haiti"}], "question": "What northern Miami neighborhood is named for a Caribbean country?", "id": "572a7506fed8de19000d5c2b"}]}], ["Miami mempunyai iklim monsun tropika (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen Am) dengan musim panas dan lembap dan musim sejuk yang hangat, dengan musim kering yang kering pada musim sejuk. Ketinggian permukaan laut, lokasi pantai, kedudukannya di atas Tropic of Cancer, dan berdekatan dengan Gulf Stream membentuk iklimnya. Dengan bulan Januari purata 67.2 \u00b0 F (19.6 \u00b0 C), musim sejuk mempunyai suhu ringan hingga panas; udara sejuk biasanya menetap selepas laluan depan sejuk, yang menghasilkan banyak jumlah hujan semasa musim. Lows kadang-kadang jatuh di bawah 50 \u00b0 F (10 \u00b0 C), tetapi sangat jarang di bawah 35 \u00b0 F (2 \u00b0 C). Tinggi umumnya berkisar antara 70-77 \u00b0 F (21-25 \u00b0 C). <> Apakah klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen Miami? || Am <> Jenis cuaca apa yang Miami mempunyai pada musim panas? || panas dan lembap <> Dalam darjah Celsius, apakah suhu purata Januari di Miami? || 19.6 <> Dalam darjah Fahrenheit, apakah suhu normal yang tinggi di Miami? || 70-77 <> Dalam darjah Celsius, suhu apa yang jarang dilihat Miami? || 2", {"context": "Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Am) with hot and humid summers and short, warm winters, with a marked drier season in the winter. Its sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shapes its climate. With January averaging 67.2 \u00b0F (19.6 \u00b0C), winter features mild to warm temperatures; cool air usually settles after the passage of a cold front, which produces much of the little amount of rainfall during the season. Lows occasionally fall below 50 \u00b0F (10 \u00b0C), but very rarely below 35 \u00b0F (2 \u00b0C). Highs generally range between 70\u201377 \u00b0F (21\u201325 \u00b0C).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "Am"}], "question": "What is Miami's K\u00f6ppen climate classification?", "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "hot and humid"}], "question": "What type of weather does Miami have in the summer?", "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "19.6"}], "question": "In degrees Celsius, what is the average January temperature in Miami?", "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "70\u201377"}], "question": "In degrees Fahrenheit, what is the normal range of high temperatures in Miami?", "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "2"}], "question": "In degrees Celsius, what temperature does Miami rarely see?", "id": "572a756dfed8de19000d5c35"}]}], ["Beberapa syarikat besar beribu pejabat di atau sekitar Miami, termasuk tetapi tidak terhad kepada: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky , Duero Plater-Zyberk & Company, Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Farmasi Discount Navarro, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telef\u00f3nica USA, UniM\u00c1S, Telemundo, Univision, US Century Bank, Vector Group dan World Fuel Services. Kerana kedekatannya dengan Amerika Latin, Miami berfungsi sebagai ibu pejabat operasi Latin Amerika untuk lebih daripada 1400 syarikat multinasional, termasuk AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle , SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, dan Wal-Mart. <> Kira-kira berapa banyak syarikat multinasional mempunyai ibu pejabat operasi Latin Amerika di Miami? || 1400 <> Mengapa banyak syarikat multinasional mempunyai ibu pejabat Latin Amerika di Miami? || berdekatan dengan Amerika Latin <> Bersama Selebriti, Karnival, Norway, Oceania dan Royal Caribbean, apa pelayaran yang berpusat di Miami? || Seabourn", {"context": "Several large companies are headquartered in or around Miami, including but not limited to: Akerman Senterfitt, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Arrow Air, Bacardi, Benihana, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Carnival Cruise Lines, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company, Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, Fizber.com, Greenberg Traurig, Holland & Knight, Inktel Direct, Interval International, Lennar, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Oceania Cruises, Perry Ellis International, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Ryder Systems, Seabourn Cruise Line, Sedano's, Telef\u00f3nica USA, UniM\u00c1S, Telemundo, Univision, U.S. Century Bank, Vector Group and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco, Disney, Exxon, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo, Oracle, SBC Communications, Sony, Symantec, Visa International, and Wal-Mart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 871, "text": "1400"}], "question": "Approximately how many multinationals have their Latin American operation headquarters in Miami?", "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 767, "text": "proximity to Latin America"}], "question": "Why do so many multinationals have their Latin American headquarters in Miami?", "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Seabourn"}], "question": "Along with Celebrity, Carnival, Norwegian, Oceania and Royal Caribbean, what cruise line is based in Miami?", "id": "572a77f7fed8de19000d5c51"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1960, putih bukan-Hispanik mewakili 80% penduduk Miami-Dade. Pada tahun 1970, Biro Banci melaporkan populasi Miami sebanyak 45.3% Hispanik, 32.9% Putih bukan Hispanik, dan 22.7% Hitam. Pertumbuhan populasi letupan Miami telah didorong oleh penghijrahan dalaman dari bahagian lain negara, terutamanya sehingga tahun 1980-an, serta oleh imigresen, terutamanya dari 1960-an hingga 1990-an. Hari ini, imigresen ke Miami telah berkurangan dengan ketara dan pertumbuhan Miami pada hari ini banyak dikaitkan dengan perbandarannya yang pantas dan pembinaan bertingkat tinggi, yang telah meningkatkan densiti penduduk penduduk bandar dalamannya, seperti di Downtown, Brickell, dan Edgewater, di mana satu kawasan di Downtown sahaja menyaksikan peningkatan 2,069 penduduk dalam Banci 2010. Miami dianggap sebagai lebih daripada mozek pelbagai budaya, daripada ia adalah periuk lebat, dengan penduduk masih mengekalkan banyak, atau beberapa ciri budaya mereka. Budaya keseluruhan Miami sangat dipengaruhi oleh penduduk Hispanik dan kulit hitam yang besarnya terutama dari kepulauan Caribbean. <> Berapakah jumlah penduduk Miami-Dade yang bukan putih Hispanik pada tahun 1960? || 80 <> Sebanyak peratus penduduk Miami pada tahun 1970 adalah hitam? || 22.7 <> Apa kumpulan etnik terbesar pada tahun 1970 Miami? || Hispanik <> Bersama Downtown dan Edgewater, kawasan apa yang Miami telah melihat peningkatan kepadatan penduduk? || Brickell <> Bermula dalam apa dekad yang dilakukan imigresen dari luar Amerika Syarikat mula mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap penduduk Miami? || 1960-an", {"context": "In 1960, non-Hispanic whites represented 80% of Miami-Dade county's population. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black. Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up until the 1980s, as well as by immigration, primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Today, immigration to Miami has slowed significantly and Miami's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction, which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities, such as in Downtown, Brickell, and Edgewater, where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069% increase in population in the 2010 Census. Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic, than it is a melting pot, with residents still maintaining much of, or some of their cultural traits. The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced by its large population of Hispanics and blacks mainly from the Caribbean islands.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "80"}], "question": "What percentage of Miami-Dade's population was non-Hispanic white in 1960?", "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "22.7"}], "question": "What percentage of the Miami population in 1970 was black?", "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Hispanic"}], "question": "What was the largest ethnic group in 1970 Miami?", "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "Brickell"}], "question": "Along with Downtown and Edgewater, what area of Miami has notably seen increasing population densities?", "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "Starting in what decade did immigration from outside the United States begin to have a significant influence on Miami's population?", "id": "572a776bfed8de19000d5c49"}]}], ["Bahagian selatan Miami termasuk Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way adalah kejiranan bersejarah yang dibina pada tahun 1922 yang menyambungkan Downtown dengan Coral Gables, dan merupakan rumah bagi banyak rumah lama dan jalan-jalan yang dipenuhi pokok. Coconut Grove ditubuhkan pada tahun 1825 dan merupakan lokasi Dewan Bandaraya Miami di Dinner Key, Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, banyak kelab malam, bar, restoran dan kedai-kedai bohemian, dan dengan itu, sangat popular dengan pelajar-pelajar kolej tempatan. Ia adalah kejiranan bersejarah dengan jalan sempit, berliku, dan kanopi pokok yang berat. Coconut Grove mempunyai banyak taman dan taman seperti Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, Taman Negeri Bersejarah Barnacle, dan merupakan rumah Pusat Konvensyen Coconut Grove dan banyak rumah dan ladang bersejarah. <> Bersama dengan Coconut Grove dan Coral Way, apa yang terdapat di selatan Miami? || The Roads <> Kapan Coral Way dibina? || 1922 <> Apa cara Coral menyambung ke Coral Gables? || Downtown <> Pada tahun apakah penubuhan Kelapa Grove berlaku? || 1825 <> Apa bahagian kelapa Grove rumah dewan bandar Miami? || Kunci makan malam", {"context": "The southern side of Miami includes Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 connecting Downtown with Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove was established in 1825 and is the location of Miami's City Hall in Dinner Key, the Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, many nightclubs, bars, restaurants and bohemian shops, and as such, is very popular with local college students. It is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy. Coconut Grove has many parks and gardens such as Villa Vizcaya, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and is the home of the Coconut Grove Convention Center and numerous historic homes and estates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "The Roads"}], "question": "Along with Coconut Grove and Coral Way, what is notably present in southern Miami?", "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "1922"}], "question": "When was Coral Way constructed?", "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "What does Coral Way connect to Coral Gables?", "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1825"}], "question": "In what year did the establishment of Coconut Grove occur?", "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Dinner Key"}], "question": "What part of Coconut Grove houses the city hall of Miami?", "id": "572a74697a1753140016af9e"}]}], ["Miami dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian yang berbeza, kira-kira ke Utara, Selatan, Barat dan Downtown. Pusat kota Downtown Miami dan secara teknikalnya terletak di sebelah timur bandar. Kawasan ini termasuk Brickell, Virginia Key, Pulau Watson, dan PortMiami. Downtown adalah daerah perniagaan pusat Florida Selatan, dan daerah pusat perniagaan yang terbesar dan paling berpengaruh di Florida. Downtown mempunyai kepekatan terbesar bank antarabangsa di A.S. di sepanjang Brickell Avenue. Downtown adalah rumah kepada banyak bank utama, gedung perkantoran, ibu pejabat kewangan, tarikan kebudayaan dan pelancongan, sekolah, taman dan penduduk kediaman yang besar. Timur Downtown, di seluruh Biscayne Bay adalah South Beach. Hanya barat laut Downtown, adalah Pusat Sivik, yang merupakan pusat Miami untuk hospital, institut penyelidikan dan bioteknologi dengan hospital seperti Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, dan Universiti Florida Leonard M. Miller of Medicine. <> Bersama dengan Barat, Downtown dan Utara, apakah kawasan Miami lain yang terkenal? || Selatan <> Dengan arahan kardinal, apa bahagian bandar yang dirujuk sebagai Downtown? || timur <> Bersama dengan Port Miami, Pulau Watson dan Brickell, apa kawasan di Downtown Miami? || Virginia Key <> Di mana jalan adalah kepekatan tertinggi bank antarabangsa di Amerika Syarikat? || Brickell Avenue <> Di mana Pantai Selatan berhubung dengan Downtown? || Timur", {"context": "Miami is partitioned into many different sections, roughly into North, South, West and Downtown. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami and is technically on the eastern side of the city. This area includes Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, and PortMiami. Downtown is South Florida's central business district, and Florida's largest and most influential central business district. Downtown has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S. along Brickell Avenue. Downtown is home to many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. East of Downtown, across Biscayne Bay is South Beach. Just northwest of Downtown, is the Civic Center, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami VA Hospital, and the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "South"}], "question": "Along with West, Downtown and North, what is the other notable area of Miami?", "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "By cardinal direction, what part of the city is referred to as Downtown?", "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Virginia Key"}], "question": "Along with Port Miami, Watson Island and Brickell, what area is in Downtown Miami?", "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Brickell Avenue"}], "question": "On what street is the highest concentration of international banks in the US?", "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "East"}], "question": "Where is South Beach in relation to Downtown?", "id": "572a73f17a1753140016af94"}]}], ["Miami juga dianggap sebagai \"hot spot\" untuk muzik tarian, Freestyle, gaya muzik tarian yang popular di era 80-an dan 90-an yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh Electro, hip-hop, dan disko. Banyak gaya Freestyle yang popular seperti Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, dan Expos\u00e9, berasal dari Miami. Indie / rakyat bertindak Cat Power dan Iron & Wine yang berpusat di bandar, sementara artis hip hop alternatif Sage Francis, pelukis elektro Uffie, dan elektroclash Duo Avenue D dilahirkan di Miami, tetapi berdasarkan muzik di tempat lain. Juga, ska punk band Against All Authority adalah dari Miami, dan band rock / metal Nonpoint dan Marilyn Manson masing-masing terbentuk di jiran Fort Lauderdale. Artis rakaman wanita Cuba, Ana Cristina, dilahirkan di Miami pada tahun 1985. <> Bersama dengan Electro dan disko, apa genre muzik yang mempengaruhi Freestyle? || hip-hop <> Apa genre musik yang dilakukan oleh Uffie? || elektro <> Di manakah bentuk band Nonpoint? || Fort Lauderdale <> Apakah etnis Ana Cristina? || Cuba Amerika <> Bersama dengan Kuasa Kucing, apa indie / musisi rakyat yang berpusat di Miami? || Besi & wain", {"context": "Miami is also considered a \"hot spot\" for dance music, Freestyle, a style of dance music popular in the 80's and 90's heavily influenced by Electro, hip-hop, and disco. Many popular Freestyle acts such as Pretty Tony, Debbie Deb, Stevie B, and Expos\u00e9, originated in Miami. Indie/folk acts Cat Power and Iron & Wine are based in the city, while alternative hip hop artist Sage Francis, electro artist Uffie, and the electroclash duo Avenue D were born in Miami, but musically based elsewhere. Also, ska punk band Against All Authority is from Miami, and rock/metal bands Nonpoint and Marilyn Manson each formed in neighboring Fort Lauderdale. Cuban American female recording artist, Ana Cristina, was born in Miami in 1985.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "hip-hop"}], "question": "Along with Electro and disco, what genre of music influenced Freestyle?", "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8033"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "electro"}], "question": "What genre of music does Uffie perform?", "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8034"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 625, "text": "Fort Lauderdale"}], "question": "Where did the band Nonpoint form?", "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8035"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "Cuban American"}], "question": "What is Ana Cristina's ethnicity?", "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8036"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Iron & Wine"}], "question": "Along with Cat Power, what indie/folk musician is based in Miami?", "id": "572a7e1abe1ee31400cb8037"}]}], ["Ini juga merupakan tempoh alternatif untuk kelab malam, pesta gudang, rumah asid, pesta perayaan dan luaran pada akhir 1980-an dan awal 1990-an adalah tempat-tempat terbaru dalam muzik tarian elektronik, terutamanya rumah dan sintetik yang lebih hipnosis tekno dan berkhayal anak, di kelab seperti Warsaw Ballroom terkenal yang lebih dikenali sebagai Warsaw dan The Mix di mana DJ seperti david padilla (yang merupakan DJ residen untuk kedua-duanya) dan radio. Suara baru akan kembali ke kelab arus perdana di seluruh negara. Adegan di SoBe, bersama-sama dengan pasaran mudah alih yang sibuk untuk instrumen elektronik dan turntables, mempunyai kesan demokratis yang kuat, menawarkan amatir, DJ \"bilik tidur\" peluang untuk menjadi mahir dan popular sebagai kedua-dua pemain muzik dan pengeluar, tanpa mengira kepuasan muzik profesional dan industri kelab. Antara DJ terkenal ini ialah John Benetiz (lebih dikenali sebagai JellyBean Benetiz), Danny Tenaglia, dan David Padilla. <> Siapakah DJ rumah Warsaw Ballroom? || david padilla <> Dengan apa nama lain John Benetiz diketahui? || JellyBean Benetiz <> Di kawasan apa Miami terdapat pasar turntable terpenting? || SoBe", {"context": "This was also a period of alternatives to nightclubs, the warehouse party, acid house, rave and outdoor festival scenes of the late 1980s and early 1990s were havens for the latest trends in electronic dance music, especially house and its ever-more hypnotic, synthetic offspring techno and trance, in clubs like the infamous Warsaw Ballroom better known as Warsaw and The Mix where DJs like david padilla (who was the resident DJ for both) and radio. The new sound fed back into mainstream clubs across the country. The scene in SoBe, along with a bustling secondhand market for electronic instruments and turntables, had a strong democratizing effect, offering amateur, \"bedroom\" DJs the opportunity to become proficient and popular as both music players and producers, regardless of the whims of the professional music and club industries. Some of these notable DJs are John Benetiz (better known as JellyBean Benetiz), Danny Tenaglia, and David Padilla.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "david padilla"}], "question": "Who was the Warsaw Ballroom's house DJ?", "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 903, "text": "JellyBean Benetiz"}], "question": "By what other name is John Benetiz known?", "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "SoBe"}], "question": "In what area of Miami is there a notable secondhand turntable market?", "id": "572a7ed3f75d5e190021faf8"}]}], ["Pada awal tahun 1970-an, bunyi disko Miami datang dengan lagu-lagu TK Records, yang menampilkan muzik KC dan Sunshine Band, dengan hits seperti \"Get Down Tonight\", \"Shake, Shake, Shake\" Shake Your Booty \" Itu Jalan (Saya Menyukainya) \"; dan kumpulan disko Latin-Amerika, Foxy (band), dengan single hit mereka \"Get Off\" dan \"Hot Number\". Kawasan asli Miami, George McCrae dan Teri DeSario juga merupakan artis muzik popular semasa era disko 1970-an. The Bee Gees berpindah ke Miami pada tahun 1975 dan telah tinggal di sini sejak itu. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan dan Miami Sound Machine, memukul adegan muzik popular dengan bunyi berorientasi Kuba mereka dan mencatat lagu pada tahun 1980-an dengan \"Conga\" dan \"Bad Boys\". <> Dalam tahun apakah Bee Gees berpindah ke Miami? || 1975 <> Dalam apa dekad yang disko popular? || 1970-an <> Band apa yang dilakukan lagu \"Conga\"? || Gloria Estefan dan Mesin Bunyi Miami <> Kumpulan apa yang menunaikan lagu \"Hot Number\"? || Foxy <> Apa label muzik yang dipamerkan KC dan Sunshine Band? || Rekod TK", {"context": "In the early 1970s, the Miami disco sound came to life with TK Records, featuring the music of KC and the Sunshine Band, with such hits as \"Get Down Tonight\", \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" and \"That's the Way (I Like It)\"; and the Latin-American disco group, Foxy (band), with their hit singles \"Get Off\" and \"Hot Number\". Miami-area natives George McCrae and Teri DeSario were also popular music artists during the 1970s disco era. The Bee Gees moved to Miami in 1975 and have lived here ever since then. Miami-influenced, Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine, hit the popular music scene with their Cuban-oriented sound and had hits in the 1980s with \"Conga\" and \"Bad Boys\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "1975"}], "question": "In what year did the Bee Gees relocate to Miami?", "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "In what decade was disco popular?", "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine"}], "question": "What band performed the song \"Conga\"?", "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Foxy"}], "question": "What group performed the song \"Hot Number\"?", "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "TK Records"}], "question": "What music label showcased KC and the Sunshine Band?", "id": "572a7db5f75d5e190021fae7"}]}], ["Pendatang Cuba pada tahun 1960 membawa sandwich Cuba, medianoche, espresso Cuba, dan croquet, semuanya telah menjadi popular kepada semua orang Miamia, dan telah menjadi simbol masakan pelbagai masakan di bandar ini. Hari ini, ini adalah sebahagian daripada budaya tempatan, dan boleh didapati di seluruh bandar di kafe-kafe tingkap, terutamanya di luar pasar raya dan restoran. Restoran seperti restoran Versailles di Little Havana adalah restoran makanan laut dari Miami. Terletak di Lautan Atlantik, dan dengan sejarah yang panjang sebagai pelabuhan laut, Miami juga terkenal dengan makanan lautnya, dengan banyak restoran makanan laut yang terletak di sepanjang Sungai Miami, dan di sekitar Biscayne Bay. Miami juga merupakan rumah rantai restoran seperti Burger King, Tony Roma dan Benihana. <> Apa restoran penting di Little Havana? || Versailles <> Bersama dengan Benihana dan Burger King, restoran rangkaian apa yang beribu pejabat di Miami? || Tony Roma <> Dalam sedekad apa pendatang Cuba memperkenalkan masakan mereka ke Miami? || 1960-an <> Apa lautan Miami bersebelahan? || Atlantic <> Bersama dengan Sungai Miami, berhampiran dengan apa badan air yang terdapat di restoran makanan laut Miami? || Biscayne Bay", {"context": "Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window caf\u00e9s, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Versailles"}], "question": "What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?", "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "Tony Roma's"}], "question": "Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?", "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "1960s"}], "question": "In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?", "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Atlantic"}], "question": "What ocean is Miami adjacent to?", "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021faff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 637, "text": "Biscayne Bay"}], "question": "Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?", "id": "572a7f4bf75d5e190021fb00"}]}], ["Pelancongan juga merupakan industri penting di Miami. Bersama kewangan dan perniagaan, pantai, konvensyen, perayaan dan acara menarik lebih dari 38 juta pelawat setiap tahun ke bandar, dari seluruh negara dan di seluruh dunia, membelanjakan $ 17.1 bilion. Daerah Art Deco di South Beach, terkenal sebagai salah satu yang paling glamor di dunia untuk kelab malam, pantai, bangunan bersejarah, dan membeli-belah. Acara tahunan seperti Terbuka Sony Ericsson, Art Basel, Persidangan Muzik Musim Sejuk, Festival Wain & Makanan Selatan South, dan Minggu Fesyen Mercedes-Benz Miami menarik berjuta-juta kepada metropolis setiap tahun. <> Berapa ramai pelancong datang ke Miami setiap tahun? || 38 juta <> Berapa banyak pelancong yang menghabiskan masa di Miami setiap tahun? || $ 17.1 bilion <> Apa kejiranan yang menjadi rumah kepada Daerah Art Deco? || South Beach <> Siapa yang menaja Fashion Week Miami? || Mercedes-Benz <> Bersama dengan kelab malam, pantai dan membeli-belah, apakah tarikan yang menarik di Daerah Art Deco? || bangunan bersejarah", {"context": "Tourism is also an important industry in Miami. Along with finance and business, the beaches, conventions, festivals and events draw over 38 million visitors annually into the city, from across the country and around the world, spending $17.1 billion. The Art Deco District in South Beach, is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Sony Ericsson Open, Art Basel, Winter Music Conference, South Beach Wine & Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "38 million"}], "question": "How many tourists come to Miami each year?", "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "$17.1 billion"}], "question": "How much money do tourists spend in Miami every year?", "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "South Beach"}], "question": "What neighborhood is home to the Art Deco District?", "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "Mercedes-Benz"}], "question": "Who sponsors Fashion Week Miami?", "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "historical buildings"}], "question": "Along with nightclubs, beaches and shopping, what notable attraction exists in the Art Deco District?", "id": "572a7aa134ae481900deab33"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan kepada perayaan tahunan seperti Festival Calle Ocho dan Carnaval Miami, Miami adalah tempat untuk banyak tempat hiburan, teater, muzium, taman dan pusat persembahan. Selain itu, adegan terbaru seni bina Miami adalah Adrienne Arsht Centre for the Performing Arts, pusat seni persembahan kedua terbesar di Amerika Syarikat selepas Lincoln Center di New York City, dan merupakan rumah Florida Grand Opera. Di dalamnya terdapat Opera House Ziff Ballet, tempat terbesar di pusatnya, Knight Concert Hall, Carnival Studio Theatre dan Studio Rehearsal Peacock. Pusat ini menarik banyak opera berskala besar, balet, konsert, dan muzikal dari seluruh dunia dan merupakan pusat seni persembahan yang hebat di Florida. Tempat-tempat seni persembahan lain di Miami termasuk Pusat Seni Pertunjukan Gusman, Playhouse Coconut Grove, Teater Colony, Teater Lincoln, New World Center, Playhouse Aktor di Teater Miracle, Teater Jackie Gleason, Teater Manuel Artime, Teater Ring, Teater Taman Permainan, Pusat Seni Pertunjukan Wertheim, Fair Expo Centre dan Amfiteater Bayfront Park untuk acara muzik luaran. <> Apakah pusat seni pertunjukan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Lincoln Center <> Organisasi apa yang memanggil Pusat Adrienne Arsht untuk Seni Persembahan? || Florida Grand Opera <> Apa tempat terbesar di Adrienne Arsht Centre for the Performing Arts? || Ziff Ballet Opera House <> Di mana terdapat Lincoln Center? || New York City <> Apa tempat di Miami yang terkenal untuk hosting muzik luaran? || Amfiteater Bayfront Park", {"context": "In addition to such annual festivals like Calle Ocho Festival and Carnaval Miami, Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after the Lincoln Center in New York City, and is the home of the Florida Grand Opera. Within it are the Ziff Ballet Opera House, the center's largest venue, the Knight Concert Hall, the Carnival Studio Theater and the Peacock Rehearsal Studio. The center attracts many large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from around the world and is Florida's grandest performing arts center. Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, Coconut Grove Playhouse, Colony Theatre, Lincoln Theatre, New World Center, Actor's Playhouse at the Miracle Theatre, Jackie Gleason Theatre, Manuel Artime Theater, Ring Theatre, Playground Theatre, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, the Fair Expo Center and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater for outdoor music events.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Lincoln Center"}], "question": "What is the largest performing arts center in the US?", "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Florida Grand Opera"}], "question": "What organization calls the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts home?", "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "Ziff Ballet Opera House"}], "question": "What is the largest venue in the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts?", "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "Where is Lincoln Center located?", "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1085, "text": "Bayfront Park Amphitheater"}], "question": "What venue in Miami is notable for hosting outdoor music?", "id": "572a7d5334ae481900deab47"}]}], ["Menurut Biro Banci Amerika Syarikat, pada tahun 2004, Miami mempunyai angka pendapatan keluarga ketiga tertinggi di bawah garis kemiskinan persekutuan di Amerika Syarikat, menjadikannya bandar terpadat ketiga di Amerika Syarikat, di belakang hanya Detroit, Michigan (peringkat # 1) dan El Paso, Texas (kedudukan # 2). Miami juga merupakan salah satu daripada beberapa bandar di mana kerajaan tempatannya bankrap, pada 2001. Walau bagaimanapun, sejak masa itu, Miami telah mengalami kebangkitan: pada tahun 2008, Miami menduduki tempat sebagai \"City Cleanest America\" menurut Forbes untuk tahun- bulat kualiti udara yang baik, ruang hijau yang luas, air minuman yang bersih, jalan yang bersih dan program kitar semula seluruh bandar. Dalam satu kajian UBS pada tahun 2009 di 73 bandar raya dunia, Miami menduduki tempat sebagai bandar terkaya di Amerika Syarikat (dari empat bandar raya A.S. termasuk dalam kaji selidik) dan bandar terkaya kelima di dunia, dari segi kuasa beli. <> Sehingga tahun 2004, kota mana yang paling miskin di Amerika Syarikat? || Detroit <> Apa bandar AS yang termiskin kedua pada tahun 2004? || El Paso <> Pada tahun 2004, bandar mana yang paling rendah kedudukan ketiga di Amerika? || Miami <> Dalam tahun apakah kerajaan Miami mengisytiharkan muflis? || 2001 <> Dari segi kuasa beli, di mana Miami berada di antara bandar-bandar dunia dalam kajian UBS 2009? || kelima", {"context": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2004, Miami had the third highest incidence of family incomes below the federal poverty line in the United States, making it the third poorest city in the USA, behind only Detroit, Michigan (ranked #1) and El Paso, Texas (ranked #2). Miami is also one of the very few cities where its local government went bankrupt, in 2001. However, since that time, Miami has experienced a revival: in 2008, Miami was ranked as \"America's Cleanest City\" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. In a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States (of four U.S. cities included in the survey) and the world's fifth-richest city, in terms of purchasing power.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "As of 2004, what city was the poorest in the United States?", "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "El Paso"}], "question": "What was the second poorest US city in 2004?", "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Miami"}], "question": "In 2004, what city ranked third poorest in America?", "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In what year did Miami's government declare bankruptcy?", "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 785, "text": "fifth"}], "question": "In terms of purchasing power, where did Miami rank among world cities in a 2009 UBS study?", "id": "572a7b02111d821400f38b56"}]}], ["Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami dan PortMiami adalah antara pelabuhan masuk tersibuk negara, terutamanya untuk kargo dari Amerika Selatan dan Caribbean. Pelabuhan Miami adalah pelabuhan pelayaran tersibuk di dunia, dan MIA adalah lapangan terbang paling sibuk di Florida, dan gerbang yang terbesar antara Amerika Syarikat dan Amerika Latin. Di samping itu, bandar ini mempunyai kepekatan terbesar bank antarabangsa di negara ini, terutamanya di sepanjang Brickell Avenue di Brickell, daerah kewangan Miami. Disebabkan kekuatannya dalam perniagaan, kewangan dan perdagangan antarabangsa, banyak bank antarabangsa mempunyai pejabat di Downtown seperti Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, yang mempunyai ibu pejabat A.S. di Miami. Miami juga merupakan bandar tuan rumah Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas 2003 rundingan Amerika, dan merupakan salah satu daripada calon utama untuk menjadi ibu pejabat blok perdagangan. <> Apakah lapangan terbang paling sibuk di Florida? || Miami International <> Apa pelabuhan pelayaran tersibuk di dunia? || Pelabuhan Miami <> Pada tahun apakah Miami menjadi tuan rumah kepada rundingan mengenai Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas di Amerika? || 2003 <> Apa jalan utama ke daerah kewangan Miami? || Brickell Avenue <> Bersama dengan Caribbean, dari manakah sejumlah besar kargo memasuki MIA? || Amerika Selatan", {"context": "Miami International Airport and PortMiami are among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean. The Port of Miami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida, and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America. Additionally, the city has the largest concentration of international banks in the country, primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell, Miami's financial district. Due to its strength in international business, finance and trade, many international banks have offices in Downtown such as Esp\u00edrito Santo Financial Group, which has its U.S. headquarters in Miami. Miami was also the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations, and is one of the leading candidates to become the trading bloc's headquarters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Miami International"}], "question": "What is Florida's busiest airport?", "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb8029"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Port of Miami"}], "question": "What is the busiest cruise port in the world?", "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 713, "text": "2003"}], "question": "In what year did Miami play host to the negotiations concerning the Free Trade Area of the Americas?", "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Brickell Avenue"}], "question": "What street is central to the financial district of Miami?", "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "South America"}], "question": "Along with the Caribbean, from where does a significant amount of cargo enter MIA?", "id": "572a7a17be1ee31400cb802d"}]}], ["Kawasan Miami mempunyai dialek yang unik, (biasa disebut \"aksen Miami\") yang digunakan secara meluas. Dialek dikembangkan di kalangan Hispanik generasi kedua atau ketiga, termasuk orang Cuba, yang bahasa pertamanya adalah Bahasa Inggeris (walaupun beberapa kaum bukan putih, hitam, dan lain-lain yang dilahirkan dan mengangkat kawasan Miami cenderung mengamalkannya juga. ) Ia didasarkan pada loghat Amerika yang agak standard tetapi dengan beberapa perubahan sangat mirip dengan dialek di Mid-Atlantic (terutamanya dialek kawasan New York, Bahasa Inggeris Utara New Jersey, dan New York Latino English). Tidak seperti Virginia Piedmont, Pantai Selatan Amerika , dan dialek Timur Laut Amerika dan dialek Florida Cracker (lihat bahagian di bawah), \"aksen Miami\" adalah rhotic; ia juga menggabungkan irama dan sebutan yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Sepanyol (di mana irama adalah suku kata). Walau bagaimanapun, ini adalah dialek asli bahasa Inggeris, bukan bahasa Inggeris atau bahasa antara pelajar; adalah mungkin untuk membezakan pelbagai ini dari bahasa yang diucapkan oleh penceramah bahasa kedua di dalam \"aksen Miami\" ini tidak memaparkan ciri-ciri berikut: tidak ada penambahan / \u025b / sebelum cluster consonant awal dengan / s /, speaker tidak mengelirukan / d\u0292 / dengan / j /, (misalnya, Yale dengan penjara), dan / r / dan / rr / disebut sebagai alveolar approximant [\u0279] bukan alveolar tap [\u027e] atau alveolar trill [r] <> Apa istilah lain untuk dialek Miami? || Aksen Miami <> Kawasan mana di negara ini mempunyai dialek serupa ke Miami? || Mid-Atlantic <> Apa bahasa bukan bahasa Inggeris mempengaruhi dialek Miami? || Sepanyol", {"context": "The Miami area has a unique dialect, (commonly called the \"Miami accent\") which is widely spoken. The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised the Miami area tend to adopt it as well.) It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English.) Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect (see section below), \"Miami accent\" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). However, this is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that \"Miami accent\" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /\u025b/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /d\u0292/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [\u0279] instead of alveolar tap [\u027e] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Miami accent"}], "question": "What is another term for Miami's dialect?", "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "Mid-Atlantic"}], "question": "What area of the country has a similar dialect to Miami?", "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 792, "text": "Spanish"}], "question": "What non-English language influences the Miami dialect?", "id": "572a7fa7be1ee31400cb803f"}]}], ["Semasa pertengahan 2000-an, bandar menyaksikan ledakan hartanah terbesar sejak ledakan tanah Florida pada tahun 1920-an. Dalam tempoh ini, bandar ini mempunyai lebih daripada seratus projek pembinaan bertingkat tinggi yang diluluskan di mana 50 sebenarnya dibina. Walau bagaimanapun pada 2007, pasaran perumahan terhempas menyebabkan banyak rampasan di rumah. Pembinaan bertingkat tinggi ini telah membawa kepada pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat di kawasan kejiranan di bandar, terutama di Downtown, Brickell dan Edgewater, dengan kawasan kejiranan ini menjadi kawasan yang paling pesat berkembang di bandar. Kawasan Miami menduduki tangga ke-8 dalam negara dalam penyitaan. Pada tahun 2011, majalah Forbes menamakan Miami sebagai kota yang kedua-dua paling sengsara di Amerika Syarikat disebabkan oleh kadar perampasan yang tinggi dan dekad lalu rasuah di kalangan pegawai awam. Pada tahun 2012, majalah Forbes menamakan bandar Miami yang paling menyedihkan di Amerika Syarikat kerana krisis perumahan yang melumpuhkan yang menyebabkan banyak penduduk rumah dan pekerjaan mereka. Kawasan metro mempunyai salah satu kadar jenayah kekerasan tertinggi di negara ini dan pekerja menghadapi urusan harian yang panjang. <> Bilakah berlakunya ledakan tanah Florida? || 1920-an <> Tahun berapakah kemunculan pasaran perumahan Miami? || 2007 <> Di manakah kawasan sekitar Miami berpangkat secara nasional dari segi foreclosures? || Ke-8 <> Bersama dengan rasuah politiknya, mengapa Forbes memanggil Miami sebagai kota paling menyedihkan kedua negara pada tahun 2011? || kadar perampasan yang tinggi <> Dalam tahun apakah Forbes memanggil Miami sebagai bandar paling sengsara di negara ini? || 2012", {"context": "During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s. During this period, the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects in which 50 were actually built. In 2007, however, the housing market crashed causing lots of foreclosures on houses. This rapid high-rise construction, has led to fast population growth in the city's inner neighborhoods, primarily in Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater, with these neighborhoods becoming the fastest-growing areas in the city. The Miami area ranks 8th in the nation in foreclosures. In 2011, Forbes magazine named Miami the second-most miserable city in the United States due to its high foreclosure rate and past decade of corruption among public officials. In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of a crippling housing crisis that has cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. The metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "When did the Florida land boom occur?", "id": "572a797834ae481900deab25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "2007"}], "question": "What year saw the crash of the Miami housing market?", "id": "572a797834ae481900deab26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "8th"}], "question": "Where does the area around Miami rank nationally in terms of foreclosures?", "id": "572a797834ae481900deab27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "high foreclosure rate"}], "question": "Along with its political corruption, why did Forbes call Miami the country's second most miserable city in 2011?", "id": "572a797834ae481900deab28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did Forbes call Miami the country's most miserable city?", "id": "572a797834ae481900deab29"}]}], ["Pembinaan sedang dijalankan di Miami Intermodal Centre dan Stesen Miami Central, hab pengangkutan besar-besaran servis Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, teksi, kereta sewa, MIA Mover, kereta persendirian, basikal dan pejalan kaki bersebelahan dengan Miami International Lapangan Terbang. Penyelesaian Pusat Intermodal Miami dijangka siap pada musim sejuk 2011, dan akan memberi lebih daripada 150,000 penumpang dan penumpang di kawasan Miami. Fasa I Stesen Miami Central dijadualkan memulakan perkhidmatan pada musim bunga tahun 2012, dan Tahap II pada tahun 2013. <> Tahun apakah untuk melihat penyelesaian Miami Intermodal Centre? || 2011 <> Bilakah Fasa II Stesen Miami Center sepatutnya memasuki perkhidmatan? || 2013 <> Berapa banyak orang yang ingin menggunakan Pusat Intermodal Miami? || 150,000 <> Lapangan terbang apakah Miami Intermodal Centre sebelah? || Miami International <> Apa bahagian tahun 2012 telah menyaksikan Fasa I Stesen Miami Central bermula? || musim bunga", {"context": "Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "2011"}], "question": "What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?", "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?", "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "150,000"}], "question": "Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?", "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Miami International"}], "question": "What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?", "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "spring"}], "question": "What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?", "id": "572a8430111d821400f38b9e"}]}], ["Miami juga merupakan ibu pejabat dan bandar utama pengeluaran rangkaian televisyen terbesar di dunia, syarikat label rekod, syarikat penyiaran dan kemudahan pengeluaran, seperti Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisi\u00f3n, Mega TV, Univisi\u00f3n, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Hiburan, Televisyen RCTV Antarabangsa dan Sunbeam. Pada tahun 2009, Univisi\u00f3n mengumumkan rancangan untuk membina studio pengeluaran baru di Miami, yang digelar 'Univisi\u00f3n Studios'. Univisi\u00f3n Studios kini beribu pejabat di Miami, dan akan menghasilkan pengaturcaraan untuk semua rangkaian televisyen Univisi\u00f3n Communications. <> Bilakah Univisi\u00f3n mengumumkan ia sedang membina sebuah studio produksi di Miami? || 2009 <> Apa nama studio produksi yang dibina di Miami oleh Univisi\u00f3n? || Univisi\u00f3n Studios <> Di manakah program-program yang dibuat di Univisi\u00f3n Studios akan disiarkan? || semua rangkaian televisyen Univisi\u00f3n Communications", {"context": "Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisi\u00f3n, Mega TV, Univisi\u00f3n, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisi\u00f3n announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed 'Univisi\u00f3n Studios'. Univisi\u00f3n Studios is currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univisi\u00f3n Communications' television networks.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "2009"}], "question": "When did Univisi\u00f3n announce it was building a production studio in Miami?", "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Univisi\u00f3n Studios"}], "question": "What was the name of the production studio built in Miami by Univisi\u00f3n?", "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "all of Univisi\u00f3n Communications' television networks"}], "question": "Where will the programs made at Univisi\u00f3n Studios be broadcast?", "id": "572a8206111d821400f38b82"}]}], ["Miami mempunyai salah satu pasaran televisyen terbesar di negara ini dan yang kedua terbesar di negeri Florida. Miami mempunyai beberapa akhbar utama, akhbar utama dan terbesar ialah The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald adalah akhbar berbahasa Sepanyol utama dan terbesar. Miami Herald dan El Nuevo Herald adalah akhbar utama dan terbesar Miami dan Florida Selatan. Kertas-kertas itu meninggalkan rumah mereka yang lama di pusat bandar Miami pada tahun 2013. Akhbar-akhbar itu kini beribu pejabat di rumah bekas A.S. Southern Command di Doral. <> Bilakah El Nuevo Herald meninggalkan Miami? || 2013 <> Dalam komuniti apa yang ada di Miami Herald? || Doral <> Di antara pasaran televisyen di Florida, di mana kedudukan pangkat Miami? || kedua <> Apakah akhbar terbesar di Miami? || Miami Herald <> Apakah akhbar terbesar Miami yang ditulis dalam bahasa Sepanyol? || El Nuevo Herald", {"context": "Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida. Miami has several major newspapers, the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami's and South Florida's main, major and largest newspapers. The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami in 2013. The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "2013"}], "question": "When did El Nuevo Herald leave Miami?", "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "Doral"}], "question": "In what community is the Miami Herald currently located?", "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "second"}], "question": "Among television markets in Florida, where dies Miami rank?", "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb804f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "Miami Herald"}], "question": "What is the largest newspaper in Miami?", "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb8050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "El Nuevo Herald"}], "question": "What is Miami's largest newspaper written in Spanish?", "id": "572a813cbe1ee31400cb8051"}]}], ["Pasukan utama empat Miami adalah Miami Dolphins dari Liga Bola Sepak Kebangsaan, Miami Heat dari Persatuan Bola Keranjang Kebangsaan, Miami Marlins Baseball Major Baseball, dan Panthers Florida Liga Hoki Kebangsaan. Selain memiliki empat pasukan profesional utama, Miami juga merupakan pasukan pengembangan Major League Soccer yang diketuai oleh David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Terbuka untuk tenis profesional, trek perlumbaan greyhound, marina, tempat jai alai dan padang golf. Jalan-jalan di bandar ini telah menganjurkan perlumbaan auto profesional, Miami Indy Challenge dan kemudian Grand Prix Americas. Homestead-Miami Speedway membina tuan rumah bangsa NASCAR. <> Apa olahraga yang bermain Miami Heat? || Bola Keranjang <> Apakah nama samaran pasukan NFL Miami? || Dolphins <> Apa pasukan hoki profesional yang berpusat di Miami? || Florida Panthers <> Di mana kejohanan di Miami adalah tenis profesional yang dimainkan? || Sony Ericsson <> Di mana perlumbaan NASCAR di Miami berlaku? || Homestead-Miami Speedway", {"context": "Miami's main four sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, and the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League. As well as having all four major professional teams, Miami is also home to the Major League Soccer expansion team led by David Beckham, Sony Ericsson Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR national races.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Basketball"}], "question": "What sport do the Miami Heat play?", "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Dolphins"}], "question": "What is the nickname of Miami's NFL team?", "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Florida Panthers"}], "question": "What professional hockey team is based in Miami?", "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Sony Ericsson"}], "question": "At what tournament in Miami is professional tennis played?", "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "Homestead-Miami Speedway"}], "question": "Where do NASCAR races in Miami take place?", "id": "572a7ff9111d821400f38b6a"}]}], ["Cuaca tropika Miami membolehkan aktiviti sepanjang tahun di luar. Bandar ini mempunyai banyak marin, sungai, teluk, terusan, dan Lautan Atlantik, yang menjadikan aktiviti berperahu, belayar, dan memancing di luar. Biscayne Bay mempunyai banyak terumbu karang yang menjadikan snorkeling dan selam skuba popular. Terdapat lebih daripada 80 taman dan taman di bandar. Taman-taman terbesar dan paling popular adalah Bayfront Park dan Bicentennial Park (terletak di tengah-tengah Downtown dan lokasi American Airlines Arena dan Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key dan Pulau Watson. <> Berapa banyak taman dan taman berada di Miami? || 80 <> Di taman apa yang terdapat di American Airlines Arena? || Bicentennial <> Oleh kerana kehadiran terumbu karang, aktiviti apa yang popular di Biscayne Bay? || snorkeling dan menyelam skuba <> Dalam kejiranan apa yang terletak di Taman Bicentennial? || Downtown <> Mengapa aktiviti luaran boleh berlaku sepanjang tahun di Miami? || cuaca tropika", {"context": "Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoors activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoors activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs which make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city. The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Bicentennial Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Morningside Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "80"}], "question": "How many gardens and parks are in Miami?", "id": "572a806734ae481900deab55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Bicentennial"}], "question": "In what park is the American Airlines Arena located?", "id": "572a806734ae481900deab56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "snorkeling and scuba diving"}], "question": "Due to the presence of coral reefs, what activities are popular in Biscayne Bay?", "id": "572a806734ae481900deab57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "In what neighborhood is Bicentennial Park located?", "id": "572a806734ae481900deab58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "tropical weather"}], "question": "Why can outdoor activities take place all year in Miami?", "id": "572a806734ae481900deab59"}]}], ["Kerajaan Kota Miami (sesuai) menggunakan jenis sistem pesuruhjaya pesuruhjaya. Suruhanjaya bandar terdiri daripada lima orang pesuruhjaya yang dipilih dari daerah ahli tunggal. Suruhanjaya bandar membentuk badan pentadbir dengan kuasa untuk meluluskan ordinan, mengamalkan peraturan, dan melaksanakan semua kuasa yang diberikan kepada bandar dalam piagam bandar. Datuk Bandar dipilih secara besar-besaran dan melantik seorang pengurus bandar. Bandar Miami dikuasai oleh Datuk Bandar Tom\u00e1s Regalado dan 5 pesuruhjaya bandar yang mengawasi lima daerah di Kota. Mesyuarat tetap komisen diadakan di Miami City Hall, yang terletak di 3500 Pan American Drive pada Dinner Key di kejiranan Coconut Grove. <> Di bawah sistem kerajaan apa yang Miami beroperasi? || Datuk Bandar-Pesuruhjaya <> Berapa banyak ahli yang berada di suruhanjaya bandar? || lima <> Siapa Datuk Bandar Miami? || Tom\u00e1s Regalado <> Apakah alamat jalan Miami City Hall? || 3500 Pan American Drive <> Dalam kejiranan apa yang terdapat di Miami City Hall? || Kelapa Grove", {"context": "The government of the City of Miami (proper) uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners which are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Tom\u00e1s Regalado and 5 City commissioners which oversee the five districts in the City. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove .", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "mayor-commissioner"}], "question": "Under what government system does Miami operate?", "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many members are on the city commission?", "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Tom\u00e1s Regalado"}], "question": "Who is the Mayor of Miami?", "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "3500 Pan American Drive"}], "question": "What is the street address of Miami City Hall?", "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "Coconut Grove"}], "question": "In what neighborhood is Miami City Hall located?", "id": "572a80b8111d821400f38b74"}]}], ["Sistem transit cepat kereta api Miami, Metrorail, adalah sebuah sistem bertingkat yang terdiri daripada dua baris dan 23 stesen pada baris panjang 24.4 mil (39.3 km). Metrorail menghubungkan bandar pinggiran bandar Hialeah, Medley, dan kota dalam bandar Miami dengan pinggir bandar The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, Miami Selatan dan Kendall bandar melalui daerah perniagaan pusat Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami, Pusat Sivik dan Pusat Bandar. Seorang penggerak bebas, Metromover, mengendalikan 21 stesen pada tiga baris berbeza di Downtown Miami yang lebih besar, dengan sebuah stesen di kira-kira setiap dua blok Downtown dan Brickell. Beberapa projek pengembangan dibiayai oleh surcaj cukai jualan pembangunan transit di seluruh Miami-Dade County. <> Apakah nama sistem kereta api berat Miami? || Metrorail <> Berapa batu panjang adalah Metrorail? || 24.4 <> Berapa banyak stesen yang ada Metrorail? || 23 <> Berapa banyak baris yang ada Metromover? || tiga <> Berapa kos untuk menggunakan Metromover? || percuma", {"context": "Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport, the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Metrorail"}], "question": "What is the name of Miami's heavy-rail system?", "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "24.4"}], "question": "How many miles long is Metrorail?", "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "23"}], "question": "How many stations does Metrorail have?", "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many lines does Metromover have?", "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "free"}], "question": "How much does it cost to use Metromover?", "id": "572a8395111d821400f38b94"}]}], ["Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami berfungsi sebagai lapangan terbang antarabangsa utama di Greater Miami Area. Salah satu lapangan terbang antarabangsa yang paling sibuk di dunia, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami memenuhi lebih daripada 35 juta penumpang setahun. Lapangan terbang adalah hab utama dan gerbang antarabangsa terbesar tunggal untuk American Airlines. Miami International adalah lapangan terbang paling sibuk di Florida, dan merupakan pelabuhan antarabangsa kedua terbesar di Amerika Syarikat untuk penumpang udara asing di sebalik Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa John F. Kennedy di New York, dan merupakan pintu masuk ketujuh terbesar di dunia. Rangkaian laluan antarabangsa yang luas di lapangan terbang termasuk penerbangan tanpa henti ke lebih dari tujuh puluh bandar antarabangsa di Amerika Utara dan Selatan, Eropah, Asia, dan Timur Tengah. <> Berapa banyak penumpang menggunakan Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami setiap tahun? || 35 juta <> Syarikat penerbangan apa yang menggunakan Miami International sebagai gerbang antarabangsa yang terbesar? || American Airlines <> Lapangan terbang apa yang menjadi pelabuhan antarabangsa terbesar bagi pelancong udara di luar negara di Amerika Syarikat? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa John F. Kennedy <> Dari Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami, kira-kira berapa bandar-bandar di Amerika tidak boleh terbang tanpa henti? || tujuh puluh", {"context": "Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world, Miami International Airport caters to over 35 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines. Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida, and is the United States' second-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport, and is the seventh-largest such gateway in the world. The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "35 million"}], "question": "How many passengers use Miami International Airport annually?", "id": "572a829934ae481900deab5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "American Airlines"}], "question": "What airline uses Miami International as its biggest international gateway?", "id": "572a829934ae481900deab60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "John F. Kennedy International Airport"}], "question": "What airport is the largest international port of entry for overseas air travelers in the United States?", "id": "572a829934ae481900deab61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "seventy"}], "question": "From Miami International Airport, to approximately how many non-American cities can one fly nonstop?", "id": "572a829934ae481900deab62"}]}], ["Akhbar utama lain termasuk Miami Today, beribu pejabat di Brickell, Miami New Times, yang beribu pejabat di Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, dan Biscayne Boulevard Times. Surat khabar bahasa Sepanyol tambahan, Diario Las Americas juga berkhidmat di Miami. The Miami Herald adalah akhbar utama Miami dengan lebih sejuta pembaca dan beribu pejabat di Downtown di Herald Plaza. Beberapa akhbar pelajar lain dari universiti tempatan, seperti yang tertua, University of Miami The Miami Hurricane, The Beacon Florida International University, The Metropolis Miami-Dade College, The Buccaneer Barry University, antara lain. Ramai kawasan kejiranan dan jiran juga mempunyai akhbar tempatan mereka seperti Berita Aventura, Coral Gables Tribune, Biscayne Bay Tribune, dan Berita Palmetto Bay. <> Dalam kejiranan apa Miami berdasarkan Miami New Times? || Midtown <> Apa kejiranan rumah markas Miami Today? || Brickell <> Lebih kurang berapa orang yang membaca The Miami Herald? || juta <> Untuk apa universiti adalah The Beacon akhbar pelajar? || Florida International <> Apakah nama akhbar pelajar di Barry University? || The Buccaneer", {"context": "Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza. Several other student newspapers from the local universities, such as the oldest, the University of Miami's The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, Barry University's The Buccaneer, amongst others. Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspapers such as the Aventura News, Coral Gables Tribune, Biscayne Bay Tribune, and the Palmetto Bay News.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Midtown"}], "question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is Miami New Times based?", "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Brickell"}], "question": "What neighborhood houses the headquarters of Miami Today?", "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "million"}], "question": "Approximately how many people read The Miami Herald?", "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Florida International"}], "question": "For what university is The Beacon the student newspaper?", "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "The Buccaneer"}], "question": "What is the name of the student newspaper at Barry University?", "id": "572a81a1f75d5e190021fb24"}]}], ["Miami adalah rumah kepada salah satu pelabuhan terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, PortMiami. Ia adalah pelabuhan kapal pesiar terbesar di dunia. Pelabuhan itu sering disebut sebagai \"Cruise Capital of the World\" dan \"Cargo Gateway of Americas\". Ia telah mengekalkan statusnya sebagai pelabuhan pelayaran / penumpang nombor satu di dunia selama lebih dari satu dekad yang menampung kapal pelayaran terbesar dan laluan pelayaran utama. Pada tahun 2007, pelabuhan itu melayani 3,787,410 penumpang. Selain itu, pelabuhan itu merupakan salah satu pelabuhan kargo tersibuk di negara itu, yang mengimport 7.8 juta tan kargo pada tahun 2007. Antara pelabuhan Amerika Utara, ia berada di kedudukan kedua hanya untuk Pelabuhan Louisiana Selatan di New Orleans dari segi kargo yang diimport / dieksport dari Latin Amerika. Pelabuhan ini terletak di 518 ekar (2 km2) dan mempunyai 7 terminal penumpang. China adalah negara nombor satu import pelabuhan, dan Honduras adalah negara nombor satu eksport. Miami mempunyai markas besar pelayaran talian terbesar di dunia, rumah kepada: Carnival Cruise Lines, Pelayaran Selebriti, Pelayaran Norway, Pelayaran Oceania, dan Royal Caribbean International. Pada 2014, Pelabuhan Miami Tunnel telah siap dan akan melayani PortMiami. <> Bersama dengan \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas,\" apa lagi nama panggilan untuk PortMiami? || \"Kapal Pesiar Dunia\" <> Berapa banyak penumpang menggunakan PortMiami pada tahun 2007? || 3,787,410 <> Berapa banyak tan kargo tiba di PortMiami pada tahun 2007? || 7.8 juta <> Apa pelabuhan Amerika Utara melihat jumlah terbesar kargo yang diimport dan dieksport? || Port of Louisiana Selatan <> Berapa banyak kilometer persegi ialah PortMiami? || 2", {"context": "Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world. The port is often called the \"Cruise Capital of the World\" and the \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas\". It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2007, the port served 3,787,410 passengers. Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 7.8 million tons of cargo in 2007. Among North American ports, it ranks second only to the Port of South Louisiana in New Orleans in terms of cargo tonnage imported/exported from Latin America. The port is on 518 acres (2 km2) and has 7 passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country, and Honduras is the number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to: Carnival Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was completed and will serve the PortMiami.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "\"Cruise Capital of the World\""}], "question": "Along with \"Cargo Gateway of the Americas,\" what is another nickname for PortMiami?", "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "3,787,410"}], "question": "How many passengers used PortMiami in 2007?", "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "7.8 million"}], "question": "How many tons of cargo arrived in PortMiami in 2007?", "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "Port of South Louisiana"}], "question": "What North American port sees the largest amount of imported and exported cargo?", "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 742, "text": "2"}], "question": "How many square kilometers is PortMiami?", "id": "572a8309111d821400f38b8a"}]}], ["Miami mempunyai enam jalan utama yang merentangi Biscayne Bay menghubungkan daratan barat, dengan pulau-pulau penghalang timur di sepanjang Lautan Atlantik. Rickenbacker Causeway adalah jalan raya paling selatan dan menghubungkan Brickell ke Virginia Key dan Key Biscayne. Tasik Venetian dan MacArthur Causeway menghubungkan Downtown dengan South Beach. Julia Tuttle Causeway menghubungkan Midtown dan Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway menghubungkan Upper East Side dengan North Beach. Tambak paling utara, Tambak Luas, adalah yang paling kecil dari enam jalan raya Miami, dan menghubungkan Miami Utara dengan Pelabuhan Bal. <> Bersama dengan Virginia Key, apakah Rakitbacker Causeway menyambung ke Brickell? || Key Biscayne <> Apa jalan raya menghubungkan South Beach dengan Downtown? || MacArthur <> Yang mana tasik Miami mempunyai saiz terkecil? || Broad <> Apa tambak yang paling jauh ke selatan? || Rickenbacker <> Berapa banyak penyebab utama di Miami? || enam", {"context": "Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways, and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Key Biscayne"}], "question": "Along with Virginia Key, what does the Rickenbacker Causeway connect to Brickell?", "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 287, "text": "MacArthur"}], "question": "What causeway connects South Beach with Downtown?", "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "Broad"}], "question": "Which Miami causeway has the smallest size?", "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "Rickenbacker"}], "question": "What causeway is furthest to the south?", "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many major causeways are in Miami?", "id": "572a8658111d821400f38bc4"}]}], ["Kereta Api Berkelajuan Tinggi Florida adalah sistem kereta api berkelajuan tinggi yang disyorkan kerajaan yang akan menghubungkan Miami, Orlando, dan Tampa. Fasa pertama dirancang untuk menghubungkan Orlando dan Tampa dan ditawarkan pembiayaan persekutuan, namun ia ditolak oleh Gubernur Rick Scott pada tahun 2011. Fase kedua garis itu dibayangkan untuk menghubungkan Miami. Menjelang 2014, sebuah projek swasta yang dikenali sebagai All Aboard Florida oleh sebuah syarikat kereta api Timur Laut yang bersejarah di Florida memulakan pembinaan kereta api laju berkelajuan tinggi di Florida Selatan yang dirancang untuk akhirnya tamat di Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Orlando. <> Bersama Orlando, bandar apakah yang akan dihubungkan dengan Miami melalui Florida High Speed Rail? || Tampa <> Siapa gabenor Florida pada tahun 2011? || Rick Scott <> Pada tahun apakah semua Florida yang bermula? || 2014 <> Dari South Florida, di manakah Semua Sepanjang Pantai Florida terbentang? || Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Orlando <> Syarikat apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk All Aboard Florida? || Kereta Api Pantai Timur Florida", {"context": "Florida High Speed Rail was a proposed government backed high-speed rail system that would have connected Miami, Orlando, and Tampa. The first phase was planned to connect Orlando and Tampa and was offered federal funding, but it was turned down by Governor Rick Scott in 2011. The second phase of the line was envisioned to connect Miami. By 2014, a private project known as All Aboard Florida by a company of the historic Florida East Coast Railway began construction of a higher-speed rail line in South Florida that is planned to eventually terminate at Orlando International Airport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "Tampa"}], "question": "Along with Orlando, what city would have been connected to Miami via Florida High Speed Rail?", "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "Rick Scott"}], "question": "Who was the governor of Florida in 2011?", "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "2014"}], "question": "In what year did All Aboard Florida begin?", "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Orlando International Airport"}], "question": "From South Florida, where will All Aboard Florida stretch to?", "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Florida East Coast Railway"}], "question": "What company is responsible for All Aboard Florida?", "id": "572a8568f75d5e190021fb45"}]}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, kerajaan bandar, di bawah Datuk Bandar Manny Diaz, telah mengambil sikap yang tinggi untuk menyokong basikal di Miami untuk kedua-dua rekreasi dan perjalanan. Setiap bulan, bandar menjadi tuan rumah \"Bike Miami\", di mana jalan-jalan utama di Downtown dan Brickell ditutup kepada kereta, tetapi dibiarkan terbuka untuk pejalan kaki dan basikal. Acara bermula pada bulan November 2008, dan telah meningkat dua kali ganda daripada populariti dari 1,500 peserta kepada kira-kira 3,000 pada bulan Oktober 2009 Bike Miami. Ini adalah peristiwa yang paling lama berjalan di AS. Pada bulan Oktober 2009, bandar itu juga meluluskan pelan 20 tahun yang panjang untuk laluan basikal dan laluan sekitar bandar. Bandar ini telah memulakan pembinaan laluan basikal pada akhir tahun 2009, dan peraturan yang memerlukan tempat letak basikal di semua pembinaan masa depan di bandar menjadi mandatori sehingga Oktober 2009. <> Apa yang tidak boleh dikunjungi di jalan-jalan Downtown Miami semasa \"Bike Miami\"? || kereta <> Berapa ramai orang yang menyertai Bike Miami pada bulan Oktober tahun 2009? || 3,000 <> Siapakah Datuk Bandar Miami baru-baru ini? || Manny Diaz <> Bersama Downtown, dalam apa kejiranan Miami, apakah Bike Miami berlaku? || Brickell <> Dalam bulan apa tahun 2008, basikal Miami bermula? || November", {"context": "In recent years the city government, under Mayor Manny Diaz, has taken an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting. Every month, the city hosts \"Bike Miami\", where major streets in Downtown and Brickell are closed to automobiles, but left open for pedestrians and bicyclists. The event began in November 2008, and has doubled in popularity from 1,500 participants to about 3,000 in the October 2009 Bike Miami. This is the longest-running such event in the US. In October 2009, the city also approved an extensive 20-year plan for bike routes and paths around the city. The city has begun construction of bike routes as of late 2009, and ordinances requiring bike parking in all future construction in the city became mandatory as of October 2009.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "automobiles"}], "question": "What cannot travel on Downtown Miami streets during \"Bike Miami\"?", "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many people participated in Bike Miami in October of 2009?", "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Manny Diaz"}], "question": "Who was a recent mayor of Miami?", "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Brickell"}], "question": "Along with Downtown, in what neighborhood of Miami does Bike Miami take place?", "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "November"}], "question": "In what month in 2008 did Bike Miami start?", "id": "572a86b0f75d5e190021fb50"}]}], ["Miami adalah terminal selatan perkhidmatan Pantai Atlantic Amtrak, yang menjalankan dua baris, Silver Meteor dan Silver Star, kedua-duanya berakhir di New York City. Stesen Miami Amtrak terletak di pinggir bandar Hialeah berhampiran Stesen Tri-Rail / Metrorail di NW 79 St dan NW 38 Ave. Pembinaan semasa di Stesen Miami Central akan menggerakkan semua operasi Amtrak dari lokasi yang sekarang berada di lokasi terpusat dengan Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Lapangan Terbang Antarabangsa Miami, dan Miami Intermodal Center semuanya dalam masa yang sama stesen lebih dekat ke Downtown. Stesen itu dijangka selesai pada tahun 2012, namun mengalami beberapa penangguhan dan kemudian dijangka selesai pada akhir 2014, sekali lagi ditolak kembali ke awal 2015. <> Bersama Silver Star, apa jalur Amtrak berjalan ke Miami? || Perak Meteor <> Dari Miami, ke manakah Silver Star berjalan? || New York City <> Di bandar apakah Miami Amtrak Station? || Hialeah <> Pada tahun apakah Stesen Miami Central sepatutnya telah siap? || 2012 <> Selepas kelewatan pertama, berapa tahun apakah Stesen Pusat Miami hendaknya dibuka? || 2014", {"context": "Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012, but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014, again pushed back to early 2015.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Silver Meteor"}], "question": "Along with the Silver Star, what Amtrak line runs to Miami?", "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 146, "text": "New York City"}], "question": "From Miami, to where does the Silver Star run?", "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Hialeah"}], "question": "In what city is the Miami Amtrak Station?", "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year was the Miami Central Station originally supposed to have been completed?", "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8074"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "2014"}], "question": "After the first delay, in what year was the Miami Central Station supposed to open?", "id": "572a84c9be1ee31400cb8075"}]}], ["Sistem jalan raya Miami didasarkan sepanjang \"Miami Grid\" berangka di mana Flagler Street membentuk baseline timur-barat dan Miami Avenue membentuk meridian utara-selatan. Sudut Flagler Street dan Miami Avenue berada di tengah-tengah Downtown di hadapan pusat bandar Macy (dahulu ibu pejabat Burdine). Grid Miami terutamanya berangka sehingga, sebagai contoh, semua alamat jalan di utara Flagler Street dan barat Miami Avenue mempunyai \"NW\" di alamat mereka. Kerana titik asalnya terletak di Downtown, yang dekat dengan pantai, oleh itu, kuadran \"NW\" dan \"SW\" jauh lebih besar daripada kuadran \"SE\" dan \"NE\". Banyak jalan raya, terutamanya yang utama, juga dinamakan (contohnya, Tamiami Trail / SW 8th St), walaupun, dengan pengecualian, bilangan ini lebih banyak digunakan di kalangan penduduk tempatan. <> Apa syarikat itu beribu pejabat di Downtown Macy? || <Burdine's <> Apa nama lain untuk Tamiami Trail? || SW 8th St <> Dalam kejiranan apa Miami adalah sudut Miami Avenue dan Flagler Street? || Downtown <> Apakah pelan jalanan Miami dipanggil? || Miami Grid <> Jika sebuah jalan adalah barat Miami Avenue dan utara Flagler Street, apa yang semestinya dalam alamatnya? || NW", {"context": "Miami's road system is based along the numerical \"Miami Grid\" where Flagler Street forms the east-west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north-south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have \"NW\" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, therefore, the \"NW\" and \"SW\" quadrants are much larger than the \"SE\" and \"NE\" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "Burdine's"}], "question": "What company was previously headquartered in the Downtown Macy's?", "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "SW 8th St"}], "question": "What is another name for Tamiami Trail?", "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "In what neighborhood of Miami is the corner of Miami Avenue and Flagler Street?", "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Miami Grid"}], "question": "What is Miami's street plan called?", "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "NW"}], "question": "If a street is west of Miami Avenue and north of Flagler Street, what will necessarily be in its address?", "id": "572a85fc111d821400f38bba"}]}]], [["Berkenaan dengan wilayah Pakistan (iaitu FATA, Azad Kashmir, Kawasan Utara dan Wilayah Ibu Kota Islamabad (ICT)) bidang kuasa Mahkamah Agung agak terhad dan berbeza dari wilayah ke wilayah; ia boleh mendengar rayuan hanya dari segi perlembagaan dari FATA dan Kawasan Utara, manakala ICT umumnya berfungsi sama seperti wilayah. Azad Kashmir mempunyai sistem pengadilan sendiri dan perlembagaan Pakistan tidak berlaku demikian; rayuan dari Azad Kashmir berkaitan dengan hubungannya dengan Pakistan. <> Apakah beberapa wilayah di Pakistan? || FATA, Azad Kashmir, Kawasan Utara dan Wilayah Ibu Kota Islamabad (ICT) <> Apa jenis kes yang boleh Mahkamah Agung Pakistan mendengar dari FATA? || merayu hanya sifat perlembagaan <> Apa pengadilan wilayah Pakistan sendiri mengekalkan ketuanan? || Azad Kashmir <> Apakah hubungan antara Perlembagaan Pakistan dan Azad Kashmir? || tidak terpakai kepadanya", {"context": "With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)"}], "question": "What are some of the territories within Pakistan?", "id": "572788535951b619008f8c8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "appeals only of a constitutional nature"}], "question": "What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?", "id": "572788535951b619008f8c90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Azad Kashmir"}], "question": "What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?", "id": "572788535951b619008f8c91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "does not apply to it"}], "question": "What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?", "id": "572788535951b619008f8c92"}]}], ["Mahkamah Agung New Zealand baru didirikan secara resmi pada awal tahun 2004, meskipun tidak berfungsi hingga bulan Juli. Mahkamah Tinggi New Zealand adalah sehingga tahun 1980 yang dikenal sebagai Mahkamah Agung. Mahkamah Agung mempunyai bidang kuasa murni dan mendengar rayuan dari Mahkamah Rayuan New Zealand. Dalam sesetengah kes, rayuan boleh dikeluarkan terus ke Mahkamah Agung dari Mahkamah Tinggi. Bagi kes-kes tertentu, terutamanya kes yang bermula di Mahkamah Daerah, mahkamah rendah (biasanya Mahkamah Tinggi atau Mahkamah Rayuan) boleh menjadi mahkamah bidang kuasa terakhir. <> Bilakah Mahkamah Agung New Zealand wujud? || 2004 <> Apakah peranan mahkamah tertinggi New Zealand? || murni rayuan <> Apa keputusan mahkamah boleh dirayu ke mahkamah tertinggi New Zealand? || Mahkamah Rayuan New Zealand <> Mahkamah Peringkat Kedua New Zealand dikenali sebagai apa? || Mahkamah Tinggi <> Keputusan tempatan oleh badan kehakiman yang mungkin kekal di dalam bidang kuasa mahkamah tempatan? || Mahkamah Daerah", {"context": "The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004, although it did not come into operation until July. The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand. In some cases, an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court. For certain cases, particularly cases which commenced in the District Court, a lower court (typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal) may be the court of final jurisdiction.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "2004"}], "question": "When did New Zealand's Supreme Court come into being?", "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "purely appellate"}], "question": "What is the role of New Zealand's highest court?", "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "Court of Appeal of New Zealand"}], "question": "What court's decisions may be appealed to New Zealand's supreme court?", "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fafe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "the High Court"}], "question": "New Zealand's second ranking court is known as what?", "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8faff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "the District Court"}], "question": "Local decisions by what judicial body may remain within the jurisdiction of local courts?", "id": "57278778f1498d1400e8fb00"}]}], ["Mahkamah Agung adalah mahkamah tertinggi di Ireland. Ia mempunyai kuasa untuk menafsirkan perlembagaan, dan menyerang undang-undang dan kegiatan negara bahawa ia didapati tidak berperlembagaan. Ia juga merupakan pihak berkuasa tertinggi dalam tafsiran undang-undang. Secara perlembagaan ia mesti mempunyai kuasa mentafsirkan perlembagaan tetapi bidang kuasa rayuannya yang lebih jauh dari mahkamah rendah ditakrifkan oleh undang-undang. Mahkamah Agung Ireland terdiri daripada anggota presidennya, Ketua Hakim Negara, dan tujuh hakim lain. Hakim Mahkamah Agung dilantik oleh Presiden sesuai dengan nasihat yang mengikat Pemerintah. Mahkamah Agung duduk di Four Courts di Dublin. <> Apakah pengadilan tertinggi di Ireland? || Mahkamah Agung <> Mahkamah tertinggi di Ireland mempunyai kuasa untuk menentukan sama ada undang-undang dibenarkan oleh dokumen apa? || perlembagaan <> Siapa hakim tertinggi di Mahkamah Agung Ireland? || Ketua Hakim <> Selain ketua hakim, berapa hakim lain yang duduk di Mahkamah Agung Irlandia? || tujuh hakim lain <> Di mana Mahkamah Agung Ireland duduk? || Empat Mahkamah di Dublin", {"context": "The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Supreme Court"}], "question": "What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?", "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "the constitution"}], "question": "Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?", "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "the Chief Justice"}], "question": "Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?", "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "seven other judges"}], "question": "Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?", "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "the Four Courts in Dublin"}], "question": "Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?", "id": "57278245f1498d1400e8fa30"}]}], ["Di Kanada, Mahkamah Agung Kanada ditubuhkan pada tahun 1875 tetapi hanya menjadi mahkamah tertinggi di negara itu pada tahun 1949 apabila hak merayu kepada Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy telah dimansuhkan. Mahkamah ini mendengar rayuan keputusan yang dibuat oleh mahkamah rayuan dari wilayah dan wilayah dan rayuan keputusan yang dibuat oleh Mahkamah Rayuan Persekutuan. Keputusan mahkamah adalah muktamad dan mengikat pada mahkamah persekutuan dan mahkamah dari semua wilayah dan wilayah. Tajuk \"Agung\" boleh mengelirukan kerana, sebagai contoh, Mahkamah Agung British Columbia tidak mempunyai kata-kata akhir dan kontroversi yang didengar di sana sering mendapat rayuan di mahkamah yang lebih tinggi - ia sebenarnya salah satu daripada mahkamah yang lebih rendah dalam proses sedemikian . <> Bilakah Mahkamah Agung Kanada ditubuhkan dahulu? || 1875 <> Mahkamah Agung Kanada sebenarnya tidak menjadi mahkamah tertinggi negara itu sehingga ke mana? || 1949 <> Sekiranya kes wilayah dirayu, bagaimanakah keputusan Mahkamah Agung diterapkan? || Keputusan mahkamah adalah muktamad dan mengikat <> Sebelum tahun 1949, keputusan Mahkamah Agung di Kanada dapat merayu kepada badan apa? || Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy", {"context": "In Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished. This court hears appeals of decisions made by courts of appeal from the provinces and territories and appeals of decisions made by the Federal Court of Appeal. The court's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories. The title \"Supreme\" can be confusing because, for example, The Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "1875"}], "question": "When was Canada's Supreme Court first established?", "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "1949"}], "question": "Canada's Supreme Court didn't actually become that country's highest court until when?", "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "The court's decisions are final and binding"}], "question": "If a provincial case is appealed, how is the Supreme Court's decision applied?", "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council"}], "question": "Before 1949, Supreme Court decisions in Canada could be appealed to what body?", "id": "5727785fdd62a815002e9dc3"}]}], ["Dalam bidang kuasa menggunakan sistem undang-undang umum, doktrin decare stare diguna pakai, di mana prinsip-prinsip yang digunakan oleh mahkamah tertinggi dalam keputusannya mengikat semua mahkamah rendah; ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan tafsiran seragam dan pelaksanaan undang-undang. Dalam bidang kuasa undang-undang sivil doktrin decare stare tidak dianggap umum berlaku, jadi keputusan Mahkamah Agung tidak semestinya mengikat di luar kes segera sebelum itu; Walau bagaimanapun, dalam praktiknya, keputusan mahkamah tertinggi biasanya memberikan preseden yang sangat kuat, atau perundangan hukum, untuk dirinya sendiri dan semua mahkamah yang lebih rendah. <> Istilah apa yang menggambarkan sistem di mana keputusan mahkamah tertinggi mengikat ke mahkamah rendah? || stare decisis <> Apakah bidang kuasa yang sistem ini tidak terpakai? || undang-undang undang-undang sivil <> Dalam bidang kuasa undang-undang sivil, keputusan oleh mahkamah tertinggi hanya mengikat keputusan mana? || kes segera sebelum ini <> Bahkan dalam bidang kuasa undang-undang sivil, keputusan oleh mahkamah tertinggi menetapkan apa? || duluan yang sangat kuat <> Apakah istilah undang-undang untuk duluan yang ditetapkan oleh pelbagai keputusan mahkamah? || hukum perundangan", {"context": "In jurisdictions using a common law system, the doctrine of stare decisis applies, whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law. In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply, so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it; however, in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent, or jurisprudence constante, for both itself and all lower courts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "stare decisis"}], "question": "What term describes a system where the supreme court's decisions are binding over the lower courts?", "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "civil law jurisdictions"}], "question": "What jurisdictions does this system not apply to?", "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "the immediate case before it"}], "question": "In a civil law jurisdiction, rulings by a supreme court are only binding for which decisions?", "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "a very strong precedent"}], "question": "Even in civil law jurisdictions, decisions by supreme courts establish what?", "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "jurisprudence constante"}], "question": "What is the legal term for the precedence established by multiple court rulings?", "id": "57277532dd62a815002e9d4a"}]}], ["Di India, Mahkamah Agung India dicipta pada 28 Januari 1950 selepas menerima pakai Perlembagaan. Perkara 141 Perlembagaan India menyatakan bahawa undang-undang yang diisytiharkan oleh Mahkamah Agung adalah untuk mengikat semua Mahkamah di wilayah India. Ini adalah mahkamah tertinggi di India dan mempunyai kuasa kehakiman muktamad untuk menafsirkan Perlembagaan dan memutuskan persoalan undang-undang negara (termasuk undang-undang tempatan). Mahkamah Agung juga diberi kuasa semakan kehakiman untuk memastikan penerapan kedaulatan undang-undang. <> Pada tarikh apakah Mahkamah Agung India ditubuhkan? || 28 Januari 1950 <> Apa artikel Perlembagaan India membuat keputusan oleh Mahkamah Agung mereka yang mengikat mahkamah rendah? || Artikel 141 <> Mahkamah Agung India mempunyai kuasa mutlak untuk menentukan tafsiran tentang apa? || Perlembagaan <> Apabila Mahkamah Agung memastikan bahawa mahkamah yang lebih rendah telah menerapkan undang-undang yang dipanggil apa? || semakan kehakiman <> Sebagai tambahan kepada undang-undang negara, Mahkamah Agung India juga boleh menafsirkan peraturan-peraturan apa? || undang-undang tempatan", {"context": "In India, the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28, 1950 after adoption of the Constitution. Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India. It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law (including local bylaws). The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "January 28, 1950"}], "question": "On what date was India's Supreme Court established?", "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Article 141"}], "question": "What article of India's Constitution makes decisions by their Supreme Court binding on lower courts?", "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "India's Supreme Court has ultimate power to determine interpretations of what?", "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "judicial review"}], "question": "When the Supreme Court ensures that lower courts have properly applied the law it is called what?", "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "local bylaws"}], "question": "In addition to national laws, India's Supreme Court may also interpret what regulations?", "id": "57277b8ddd62a815002e9e36"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua mahkamah tertinggi dinamakan demikian. Negara undang-undang sivil tidak cenderung mempunyai mahkamah tertinggi tunggal. Di samping itu, mahkamah tertinggi di sesetengah bidang kuasa tidak dinamakan \"Mahkamah Agung\", sebagai contoh, Mahkamah Tinggi Australia; ini adalah kerana keputusan oleh Mahkamah Tinggi sebelum ini boleh merayu kepada Majlis Privy. Sebaliknya, di beberapa tempat, mahkamah menyebut \"Mahkamah Agung\" sebenarnya tidak mahkamah tertinggi; Contoh-contohnya termasuk Mahkamah Agung New York, Mahkamah Agung beberapa wilayah / wilayah Kanada dan bekas Mahkamah Agung Judicature England dan Wales, yang semuanya digantikan oleh Mahkamah Tinggi Rayuan yang lebih tinggi. <> Apa jenis negara yang ditadbir mungkin tidak mempunyai mahkamah tinggi individu tertentu? || Undang-undang sivil menyatakan <> Apa contoh sebuah mahkamah tertinggi yang tidak secara khusus dipanggil Mahkamah Agung? || Mahkamah Tinggi Australia <> Untuk mana badan bolehkah keputusan yang dibuat oleh mahkamah tinggi tertentu ini boleh dirayu? || Majlis Privy <> Apa pengadilan Kanada juga tidak secara khusus mahkamah tertinggi di negara itu? || Mahkamah Agung di beberapa wilayah / wilayah Kanada", {"context": "However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law states do not tend to have singular highest courts. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the \"Supreme Court\", for example, the High Court of Australia; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council. On the other hand, in some places the court named the \"Supreme Court\" is not in fact the highest court; examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales, which are all superseded by higher Courts of Appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Civil law states"}], "question": "What kinds of governed nations may not have a specific, individual high court?", "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "the High Court of Australia"}], "question": "What is an example of a highest court not being specifically called a Supreme Court?", "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "the Privy Council"}], "question": "To which body can decisions made by this specific high court be appealed?", "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces/territories"}], "question": "What Canadian courts also are not specifically the highest courts in that country?", "id": "5727722af1498d1400e8f85b"}]}], ["Sesetengah negara mempunyai beberapa \"mahkamah tertinggi\" yang mempunyai bidang kuasa masing-masing mempunyai keluasan geografi yang berlainan, atau yang terhad kepada bidang tertentu. Khususnya, negara-negara yang mempunyai sistem pemerintahan persekutuan biasanya [rujukan?] Mempunyai kedua-dua mahkamah tertinggi persekutuan (seperti Mahkamah Agung Amerika Syarikat), dan mahkamah tertinggi untuk setiap negara anggota (seperti Mahkamah Agung Nevada) dengan bekas yang mempunyai bidang kuasa atas yang terakhir hanya setakat yang perlembagaan persekutuan memperluaskan undang-undang persekutuan ke atas undang-undang negeri. Bidang kuasa dengan sistem undang-undang sivil sering mempunyai hierarki mahkamah pentadbiran yang terpisah dari mahkamah biasa, yang diketuai oleh mahkamah pentadbiran tertinggi kerana ia berlaku di Belanda. Sebilangan bidang kuasa juga mengekalkan mahkamah perlembagaan yang berasingan (pertama kali dibangunkan dalam Perlembagaan Czechoslovak 1920), seperti Austria, Perancis, Jerman, Luxemburg, Portugal, Sepanyol dan Afrika Selatan. <> Negara-negara yang mempunyai lebih daripada satu mahkamah tertinggi dapat membahagikan keutamaan mereka dengan faktor apa? || pelbagai geografi yang berbeza, atau yang terhad kepada bidang tertentu <> Apa contoh pengadilan tertinggi dalam sistem kerajaan persekutuan? || Mahkamah Agung Amerika Serikat <> Apa beberapa negara yang mempunyai mahkamah tertinggi yang terpisah untuk memutuskan perkara-perkara perlembagaan? || Austria, Perancis, Jerman, Luxemburg, Portugal, Sepanyol dan Afrika Selatan <> Sistem pengadilan dengan hierarki dari berbagai mahkamah pentadbiran berlaku dalam sistem undang-undang macam apa? || sistem undang-undang sivil", {"context": "Some countries have multiple \"supreme courts\" whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law. In particular, countries with a federal system of government typically[citation needed] have both a federal supreme court (such as the Supreme Court of the United States), and supreme courts for each member state (such as the Supreme Court of Nevada), with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law. Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts, headed by a supreme administrative court as it the case in the Netherlands. A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court (first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920), such as Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "different geographical extents, or which are restricted to particular areas of law"}], "question": "Countries with more than one supreme court may divide their primacy by what factors?", "id": "5727737f708984140094dddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "the Supreme Court of the United States"}], "question": "What is an example of the highest court in a federal system of government?", "id": "5727737f708984140094dddc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 892, "text": "Austria, France, Germany, Luxemburg, Portugal, Spain and South Africa"}], "question": "What are some countries that have a separate supreme court to decide constitutional matters?", "id": "5727737f708984140094dddd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "a civil law system"}], "question": "A court system with a hierarchy of different administrative courts occurs in what kind of legal system?", "id": "5727737f708984140094ddde"}]}], ["Di Hong Kong, Mahkamah Agung Hong Kong (sekarang dikenali sebagai Mahkamah Tinggi Hong Kong) adalah mahkamah akhir rayuan semasa zaman penjajahnya yang berakhir dengan perpindahan kedaulatan pada tahun 1997. Kuasa penghakiman terakhir, seperti mana-mana orang Inggeris yang lain Tanah jajahan, dipenuhi dengan Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privi (JCPC) di London, United Kingdom. Kini kuasa penghakiman terakhir terletak pada Mahkamah Rayuan Akhir yang dibuat pada tahun 1997. Di bawah Undang-undang Asas, perlembagaannya, wilayah itu tetap menjadi bidang kuasa undang-undang biasa. Akibatnya, hakim-hakim dari bidang kuasa umum (termasuk England dan Wales) boleh direkrut dan terus berkhidmat dalam badan kehakiman menurut Artikel 92 UU Asas. Sebaliknya, kuasa penafsiran Undang-undang Asas itu sendiri terletak pada Jawatankuasa Tetap Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan (NPCSC) di Beijing (tanpa kesan retroaktif), dan mahkamah diberi kuasa untuk menafsirkan Undang-undang Asas apabila mencuba kes-kes, selaras dengan Artikel 158 Undang-undang Asas. Pengaturan ini menjadi kontroversial berdasarkan hak permukiman pada tahun 1999, menimbulkan kebimbangan terhadap kemerdekaan kehakiman. <> Bilakah Britain secara rasmi menyerahkan sovreignty ke atas Hong Kong? || 1997 <> Apabila Hong Kong adalah tanah jajahan Great Britain, badan mana yang menjadi mahkamah tertinggi rayuan? || Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privi (JCPC) <> Di mana JCPC terletak? || London, United Kingdom <> Bilakah Mahkamah Rayuan Akhir ditubuhkan? || 1997 <> Jawatankuasa Tetap Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan duduk di bandar apa? || Beijing", {"context": "In Hong Kong, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong (now known as the High Court of Hong Kong) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997. The final adjudication power, as in any other British Colonies, rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) in London, United Kingdom. Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997. Under the Basic Law, its constitution, the territory remains a common law jurisdiction. Consequently, judges from other common law jurisdictions (including England and Wales) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law. On the other hand, the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) in Beijing (without retroactive effect), and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases, in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law. This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999, raising concerns for judicial independence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When did Britain formally surrender sovreignty over Hong Kong?", "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)"}], "question": "When Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain, which body was the highest court of appeal?", "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "London, United Kingdom"}], "question": "Where is the JCPC located?", "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "1997"}], "question": "When was the Court of Final Appeal established?", "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f92f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 865, "text": "Beijing"}], "question": "The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is seated in what city?", "id": "57277a57f1498d1400e8f930"}]}], ["Mahkamah Agung Israel adalah ketua sistem mahkamah di Negeri Israel. Ini adalah contoh kehakiman tertinggi. Mahkamah Agung duduk di Yerusalem. Bidang bidang kuasanya adalah seluruh Negeri. Keputusan Mahkamah Agung mengikat setiap mahkamah, selain Mahkamah Agung itu sendiri. Mahkamah Agung Israel adalah mahkamah rayuan dan mahkamah tinggi mahkamah. Sebagai mahkamah rayuan, Mahkamah Agung mempertimbangkan kes rayuan (kedua-dua jenayah dan sivil) mengenai penghakiman dan keputusan lain dari Mahkamah Daerah. Ia juga menganggap rayuan terhadap keputusan kehakiman dan kuasi-kehakiman pelbagai jenis, seperti perkara yang berkaitan dengan kesahihan pemilihan Knesset dan keputusan tatatertib Persatuan Bar. Sebagai Mahkamah Tinggi Keadilan (Ibrani: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7; juga dikenali dengan inisialnya sebagai Bagatz \u05d1\u05d2\"\u05e5), Mahkamah Agung memerintah sebagai mahkamah contoh pertama, terutama dalam hal-hal mengenai legalitas keputusan pihak berkuasa negeri: Keputusan kerajaan, pihak berkuasa tempatan dan badan-badan lain dan orang-orang yang menjalankan fungsi awam di bawah undang-undang, dan mencabar langsung kepada perlembagaan undang-undang yang digubal oleh Knesset. Mahkamah mempunyai kuasa budi bicara yang luas untuk memerintah perkara-perkara di mana ia memandang perlu untuk memberikan bantuan demi kepentingan keadilan, dan yang tidak berada di dalam bidang kuasa mahkamah atau tribunal yang lain. Mahkamah Tinggi Keadilan memberikan bantuan melalui perintah seperti injunksi, mandamus dan Habeas Corpus, serta melalui penghakiman pengisytiharan. Mahkamah Agung juga boleh duduk di sidang lanjut mengenai penghakimannya sendiri. Dalam perkara yang Mahkamah Agung memutuskan - sama ada sebagai mahkamah rayuan atau Mahkamah Keadilan Tinggi - dengan panel tiga atau lebih hakim, boleh memerintah pada pendengaran lebih lanjut dengan panel sejumlah hakim yang lebih besar. Perbicaraan lanjut boleh diadakan jika Mahkamah Agung membuat keputusan yang tidak konsisten dengan keputusan yang terdahulu atau jika Mahkamah menganggap bahawa kepentingan, kesulitan atau kebaruan sesuatu keputusan Mahkamah membenarkan pendengaran sedemikian. Mahkamah Agung juga memegang kuasa unik untuk dapat memerintahkan \"percubaan de novo\" (retrial). <> Di mana Mahkamah Agung Israel terletak? || Yerusalem <> Mahkamah Agung Israel memenuhi dua fungsi utama? || kedua-dua mahkamah rayuan dan mahkamah tinggi keadilan <> badan perundangan Israel dipanggil apa? || Knesset <> Mahkamah Agung Israel menggunakan apa kaedah dalaman untuk mengkaji semula keputusannya sendiri? || satu panel tiga atau lebih hakim <> Sebuah retrial juga dipanggil apa? || \"percubaan de novo\"", {"context": "Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial instance. The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem. The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State. A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court, other than the Supreme Court itself. The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice. As an appellate court, the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal (both criminal and civil) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts. It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds, such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association. As the High Court of Justice (Hebrew: Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3\u05e7; also known by its initials as Bagatz \u05d1\u05d2\"\u05e5), the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities: Government decisions, those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law, and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset. The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice, and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal. The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction, mandamus and Habeas Corpus, as well as through declaratory judgments. The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment. In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices, it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices. A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance, difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing. The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order \"trial de novo\" (a retrial).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "Jerusalem"}], "question": "Where is Israel's Supreme Court located?", "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 331, "text": "both an appellate court and the high court of justice"}], "question": "Israel's Supreme Court fulfills what two major functions?", "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1183, "text": "the Knesset"}], "question": "Israel's legislative body is called what?", "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1749, "text": "a panel of three or more justices"}], "question": "Israel's Supreme court has uses what internal method to review its own decisions?", "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2147, "text": "\"trial de novo\""}], "question": "A retrial is also called what?", "id": "5727846af1498d1400e8fa6e"}]}], ["Mahkamah Agung Sepanyol adalah mahkamah tertinggi bagi semua kes di Sepanyol (baik swasta dan awam). Hanya kes-kes yang berkaitan dengan hak asasi manusia boleh dirayu di Mahkamah Perlembagaan (yang juga memutuskan tentang tindakan mengikut Perlembagaan Sepanyol).\nDi Sepanyol, mahkamah tinggi tidak dapat membuat pendahuluan yang mengikat; Walau bagaimanapun, mahkamah peringkat rendah biasanya memerhatikan tafsiran Mahkamah Agung. Dalam kebanyakan kes undang-undang persendirian, dua pertimbangan Mahkamah Agung yang menyokong tuntutan diperlukan untuk merayu di Mahkamah Agung.\nLima bahagian membentuk mahkamah Agung Sepanyol: <> Mahkamah Agung Sepanyol mendengar semua kes yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang dalam bidang apa? || swasta dan awam <> Apakah jenis kes yang boleh dirayu ke Mahkamah Perlembagaan Sepanyol? || kes-kes yang berkaitan dengan hak asasi manusia <> Apakah kuasa lain dari mahkamah yang terakhir ini? || memutuskan tindakan sesuai dengan Perlembagaan Sepanyol <> Mahkamah tinggi di Spanyol tidak menetapkan apa untuk keputusan mahkamah rendah? || mengetepikan duluan <> Secara praktikal, bagaimanakah mahkamah yang lebih rendah biasanya melihat keputusan mahkamah yang lebih tinggi? || Mahkamah berpangkat rendah biasanya memerhatikan tafsiran Mahkamah Agung", {"context": "Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain (both private and public). Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court (which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution).\nIn Spain, high courts cannot create binding precedents; however, lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations. In most private law cases, two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court.\nFive sections form the Spanish Supreme court:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "private and public"}], "question": "The Spanish Supreme Court hears all cases related to law in what areas?", "id": "5727911add62a815002ea09e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "those cases related to human rights"}], "question": "What types of cases can be appealed to Spain's Constitutional Court?", "id": "5727911add62a815002ea09f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution"}], "question": "What is the other power of this latter court?", "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "binding precedents"}], "question": "High courts in Spain do not establish what for lower court rulings?", "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations"}], "question": "In practicality, how do lower courts typically view the rulings of higher courts?", "id": "5727911add62a815002ea0a2"}]}], ["Tafsiran terakhir dan pindaan kepada Perlembagaan Jerman, Grundgesetz, adalah tugas Bundesverfassungsgericht (Mahkamah Perlembagaan Persekutuan), yang merupakan de facto mahkamah tertinggi Jerman, kerana ia dapat mengisytiharkan undang-undang persekutuan dan negeri tidak berkesan, dan mempunyai kuasa untuk mengatasi keputusan semua mahkamah persekutuan lain, walaupun tidak menjadi mahkamah biasa rayuan sendiri dalam sistem mahkamah Jerman. Ia juga satu-satunya mahkamah yang mempunyai kuasa dan kuasa untuk menghalang parti politik, jika dianggap bahawa pihak-pihak ini telah berulang kali melanggar artikel Perlembagaan. <> Apakah perlembagaan Jerman dipanggil? || Grundgesetz <> Apa pengadilan tinggi Jerman mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk menafsirkan dokumen ini? || Bundesverfassungsgericht <> Terjemahan bahasa inggeris tentang pengadilan ini dan tugasnya adalah apa? || Mahkamah Perlembagaan Persekutuan <> Apakah kuasa pilihan raya yang istimewa ini mempunyai hak tinggi Jerman ini? || Kuasa dan Kuasa untuk menghalang parti politik <> Dalam keadaan apa mungkin pengadilan menegakkan tanggung jawab ini? || ia disifatkan bahawa pihak-pihak ini telah berulang kali melanggar artikel Perlembagaan", {"context": "Final interpretation of and amendments to the German Constitution, the Grundgesetz, is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court), which is the de facto highest German court, as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective, and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts, despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system. It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties, if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "the Grundgesetz"}], "question": "What is Germany's constitution called?", "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Bundesverfassungsgericht"}], "question": "What German high court has the responsibility for interpreting this document?", "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "Federal Constitutional Court"}], "question": "The english translation of this court and its duties is what?", "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "the power and authority to outlaw political parties"}], "question": "What unique electoral power does this German high court possess?", "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution"}], "question": "Under what circumstances may the court enact this responsibility?", "id": "57278d70708984140094e0a7"}]}], ["Apabila ia berkaitan dengan kes sivil dan jenayah, Bundesgerichtshof berada di bahagian atas hirarki mahkamah. Cawangan-cawangan lain dalam sistem peradilan Jerman masing-masing mempunyai sistem rayuan sendiri, masing-masing di atas oleh mahkamah tinggi; ini adalah Bundessozialgericht untuk perkara-perkara keselamatan sosial, Bundesarbeitsgericht untuk pekerjaan dan tenaga kerja, Bundesfinanzhof untuk percukaian dan isu-isu kewangan, dan Bundesverwaltungsgericht untuk undang-undang pentadbiran. Apa yang dipanggil Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe (Senat Bersama Mahkamah Agung) bukanlah mahkamah tertinggi dalam dirinya, tetapi badan ad hoc yang diadakan hanya apabila satu mahkamah tertinggi bercadang untuk menyimpang dari pendapat undang-undang mahkamah tertinggi yang lain atau apabila kes tertentu melebihi kuasa satu mahkamah. Memandangkan mahkamah memiliki bidang tanggungjawab yang jelas, keadaan seperti ini agak jarang berlaku dan begitu, Senat Bersama berkumpul sangat jarang sekali, dan hanya untuk mempertimbangkan hal-hal yang paling jelas. <> Mahkamah tinggi Jerman mempunyai bidang kuasa ke atas apa yang dua bidang undang-undang? || kes jenayah sivil dan jenayah Apa hak mahkamah mempunyai keutamaan untuk keselamatan sosial? || Bundessozialgericht <> Pengadilan apa yang menduduki supremasi untuk kes yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang pekerjaan dan buruh di Jerman? || Bundesarbeitsgericht <> Senat Bersama Jerman Mahkamah Agung juga dikenali dengan nama apa? || Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe", {"context": "When it comes to civil and criminal cases, the Bundesgerichtshof is at the top of the hierarchy of courts. The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems, each topped by a high court; these are the Bundessozialgericht for matters of social security, the Bundesarbeitsgericht for employment and labour, the Bundesfinanzhof for taxation and financial issues, and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht for administrative law. The so-called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe (Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts) is not a supreme court in itself, but an ad-hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court. As the courts have well-defined areas of responsibility, situations like these are rather rare and so, the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently, and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "civil and criminal cases"}], "question": "The German high court has jurisdiction over what two areas of law?", "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "Bundessozialgericht"}], "question": "What court has supremacy for matters of social security?", "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea047"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Bundesarbeitsgericht"}], "question": "What court sits in supremacy for cases related to employment and labor law in Germany?", "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea048"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtsh\u00f6fe"}], "question": "Germany's Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts is also known by what name?", "id": "57278e85dd62a815002ea049"}]}], ["Di Belanda, Mahkamah Agung Belanda adalah yang tertinggi. Keputusannya, yang dikenali sebagai \"arresten\", adalah mutlak muktamad. Mahkamah dilarang menguji undang-undang terhadap perlembagaan, berdasarkan prinsip kedaulatan Negara-Jeneral; namun mahkamah boleh menguji undang-undang terhadap beberapa perjanjian. Juga, mahkamah-mahkamah biasa di Belanda, termasuk Hoge Raad, tidak berurusan dengan undang-undang pentadbiran, yang ditangani di mahkamah pentadbiran berasingan, yang tertinggi adalah Majlis Negara (Raad van State) <> Keputusan Belanda Mahkamah Agung dipanggil apa? || arresten <> Mahkamah Agung Belanda tidak dapat menafsirkan apa? || undang-undang terhadap perlembagaan <> Apa bidang pengawasan tafsiran adakah mahkamah tertinggi mempunyai? || undang-undang terhadap beberapa perjanjian <> Sistem pengadilan tetap Holland tidak menangani kes yang berkaitan dengan bidang hukum apa? || undang-undang pentadbiran <> Mahkamah tinggi untuk undang-undang pentadbiran juga dikenali sebagai apa? || Majlis Negara (Raad van State)", {"context": "In the Netherlands, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest. Its decisions, known as \"arresten\", are absolutely final. The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution, pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States-General; the court can, however, test legislation against some treaties. Also, the ordinary courts in the Netherlands, including the Hoge Raad, do not deal with administrative law, which is dealt with in separate administrative courts, the highest of which is the Council of State (Raad van State)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "arresten"}], "question": "Decisions of the Dutch Supreme Court are called what?", "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea060"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "legislation against the constitution"}], "question": "The Supreme Court of the Netherlands cannot interpret what?", "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "legislation against some treaties"}], "question": "What areas of interpretative oversight does the supreme court have?", "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "administrative law"}], "question": "Holland's regular court system does not handle cases related to what area of law?", "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea063"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Council of State (Raad van State)"}], "question": "The high court for administrative law is also known as what?", "id": "57278f7edd62a815002ea064"}]}], ["Tajuk mahkamah tertinggi negara berbeza-beza, yang boleh menyebabkan kekeliruan di antara bidang kuasa kerana satu negara boleh menggunakan nama untuk mahkamah tertingginya yang menggunakan lain untuk mahkamah rendah. Di New York, Maryland, dan Daerah Columbia mahkamah tertinggi dipanggil Mahkamah Rayuan, nama yang digunakan oleh banyak negeri untuk mahkamah perantaraan pertengahan mereka. Selanjutnya, mahkamah perbicaraan bidang kuasa umum di New York dipanggil Mahkamah Agung, dan mahkamah perantaraan pertengahan dipanggil Mahkamah Agung, Bahagian Rayuan. Di West Virginia, mahkamah tertinggi negara adalah Mahkamah Agung Rayuan. Di Maine dan Massachusetts mahkamah tertinggi digelar sebagai \"Mahkamah Kehakiman Tertinggi\"; yang terakhir adalah mahkamah tertua yang tertua operasi berterusan di Hemisfera Barat. <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan kekeliruan di AS mengenai mahkamah tertinggi negara? || tajuk mahkamah tertinggi negeri berbeza <> Mahkamah Rayuan adalah mahkamah tinggi di mana AS atau wilayah Amerika Syarikat? || New York, Maryland, dan Daerah Columbia <> Apa yang dipanggil mahkamah tertinggi West Virginia? || Mahkamah Agung Rayuan <> Apakah pengadilan tertinggi negara adalah badan pengadilan tertua di hemisfera barat? || Massachusetts <> Mahkamah Agung di New York melayani fungsi apa? || mahkamah perbicaraan bidang kuasa am", {"context": "The titles of state supreme court vary, which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court. In New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals, a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts. Further, trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court, and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court, Appellate Division. In West Virginia, the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals. In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the \"Supreme Judicial Court\"; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "titles of state supreme court vary"}], "question": "What may cause some confusion in the US regarding state supreme courts?", "id": "57278aac708984140094e057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "New York, Maryland, and the District of Columbia"}], "question": "The Court of Appeals is the high court in which US States or territories?", "id": "57278aac708984140094e058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "Supreme Court of Appeals"}], "question": "What is West Virginia's highest court called?", "id": "57278aac708984140094e059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Massachusetts"}], "question": "What state's supreme court is the oldest appellate court body in the western hemisphere?", "id": "57278aac708984140094e05a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "trial courts of general jurisdiction"}], "question": "Supreme Courts in New York serve what function?", "id": "57278aac708984140094e05b"}]}], ["Mahkamah Agung United Kingdom adalah mahkamah muktamad untuk perkara jenayah dan sivil di England, Wales dan Ireland Utara dan untuk urusan sivil di Scotland. (Mahkamah Agung untuk perkara jenayah di Scotland adalah Mahkamah Tinggi Hak Asasi.) Mahkamah Agung ditubuhkan oleh Akta Pembaharuan Perlembagaan 2005 berkuat kuasa mulai 1 Oktober 2009, menggantikan dan menganggap fungsi kehakiman Dewan Pertuanan. Isu Devolution di bawah Akta Scotland 1998, Akta Kerajaan Wales dan Akta Northern Ireland juga dipindahkan ke Mahkamah Agung baru oleh Akta Pembaharuan Perlembagaan, dari Jawatankuasa Kehakiman Majlis Privy. <> Mahkamah Agung United Kingdom memegang keunggulan dalam bidang kuasa apa? || England, Wales dan Ireland Utara dan untuk perkara sivil di Scotland <> Apakah mahkamah tinggi di Scotland yang mempunyai ketuanan dalam perkara jenayah? || Mahkamah Tinggi Penguatkuasa <> Undang-undang apa yang menubuhkan Supremasi Mahkamah Agung UK? || Akta Pembaharuan Perlembagaan 2005 <> Bilakah perbuatan ini berlaku? || 1 Oktober 2009 <> Apa badan sebelum ini mempunyai ketuanan kehakiman di UK sebelum ini? || House of Lords", {"context": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland. (The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary.) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009, replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords. Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998, Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act, from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "England, Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland"}], "question": "The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom holds Supremacy in what jurisdictions?", "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "the High Court of Justiciary"}], "question": "What is the high court in Scotland that has supremacy on criminal matters?", "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "Constitutional Reform Act 2005"}], "question": "What legislation established the Supremacy of the Supreme Court of the UK?", "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 342, "text": "1 October 2009"}], "question": "When did this act go into affect?", "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "House of Lords"}], "question": "What body previously had judicial supremacy in the UK prior to this?", "id": "5727897ff1498d1400e8fb38"}]}], ["Walaupun Filipina pada umumnya dianggap sebagai negara undang-undang sivil, Mahkamah Agungnya banyak dimodelkan selepas Mahkamah Agung Amerika. Ini boleh dikaitkan dengan fakta bahawa Filipina telah dijajah oleh kedua-dua Sepanyol dan Amerika Syarikat, dan sistem undang-undang kedua-dua negara sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan undang-undang dan perundangan Filipina. Walaupun badan undang-undang Filipina kebanyakannya dikodifikasikan, Kod Awam Filipina secara nyata mengakui bahawa keputusan Mahkamah Agung \"menjadi sebahagian daripada undang-undang tanah\", yang dipunyai oleh kelas yang sama dengan undang-undang. Perlembagaan Filipina pada tahun 1987 juga secara terang-terangan memberikan kepada Mahkamah Agung kuasa semakan kehakiman atas undang-undang dan tindakan eksekutif. Mahkamah Agung terdiri daripada 1 Ketua Hakim dan 14 Hakim Bersekutu. Mahkamah duduk sama ada en banc atau di bahagian, bergantung kepada jenis kes yang akan diputuskan. <> Apa jenis sistem undang-undang yang rasmi di Filipina? || sebuah negara undang-undang sivil <> Mahkamah tinggi di Filipina dimodelkan selepas badan kehakiman? || Mahkamah Agung Amerika <> Dokumen apa yang memberi hak kepada Mahkamah Agung Filipina hak semakan kehakiman? || 1987 Perlembagaan Filipina <> Berapa banyak hakim membentuk Mahkamah Agung Filipina? || 1 Ketua Hakim dan 14 Hakim Bersekutu <> Apabila semua hakim dari mahkamah mendengar satu kes sekaligus dipanggil? || en banc", {"context": "While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation, its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court. This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States, and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence. Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified, the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court \"form part of the law of the land\", belonging to the same class as statutes. The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions. The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices. The court sits either en banc or in divisions, depending on the nature of the case to be decided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "a civil law nation"}], "question": "What type of legal system is the Philippines officially?", "id": "57279048708984140094e0f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "the American Supreme Court"}], "question": "The high court in The Philippines is modeled after what judicial body?", "id": "57279048708984140094e0fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "1987 Philippine Constitution"}], "question": "What document grants the Philippines Supreme Court the right of judicial review?", "id": "57279048708984140094e0fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices"}], "question": "How many justices make up the Philippines Supreme Court?", "id": "57279048708984140094e0fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "en banc"}], "question": "When all judges of a court hear a case at once it is called?", "id": "57279048708984140094e0fd"}]}], ["Di Austria, Perlembagaan Austria pada 1920 (berdasarkan draf oleh Hans Kelsen) memperkenalkan semakan kehakiman tindakan perundangan untuk perlembagaan mereka. Fungsi ini dilakukan oleh Mahkamah Perlembagaan (Verfassungsgerichtshof), yang juga dipertanggungjawabkan dengan meninjau tindakan pentadbiran mengenai sama ada mereka melanggar hak yang dijamin oleh perlembagaan. Selain itu, tindakan pentadbiran dikaji semula oleh Mahkamah Pentadbiran (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). Mahkamah Agung (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), berdiri di puncak sistem \"pengadilan biasa\" Austria (ordentliche Gerichte) sebagai contoh terakhir dalam isu-isu hukum swasta dan undang-undang jenayah. <> Dokumen apa yang menubuhkan pengawasan kehakiman undang-undang di Austria? || Perlembagaan Austria 1920 <> Apa mahkamah dituduh dengan tanggungjawab untuk memutuskan perlembagaan undang-undang di Austria? || Mahkamah Perlembagaan <> Apakah perkataan Jerman untuk mahkamah tinggi perlembagaan ini? || Verfassungsgerichtshof <> Apa kuasa Mahkamah Perlembagaan ke atas cabang eksekutif kerajaan Austria? || semakan tindakan pentadbiran sama ada mereka melanggar hak perlembagaan <> Mahkamah Agung Austria dikenali dengan nama Jerman apa? || Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)", {"context": "In Austria, the Austrian Constitution of 1920 (based on a draft by Hans Kelsen) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality. This function is performed by the Constitutional Court (Verfassungsgerichtshof), which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights. Other than that, administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The Supreme Court (Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)), stands at the top of Austria's system of \"ordinary courts\" (ordentliche Gerichte) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "the Austrian Constitution of 1920"}], "question": "What document established judicial oversight of legislation in Austria?", "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Constitutional Court"}], "question": "What court is charged with the responsibility of deciding the constitutionality of laws in Austria?", "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Verfassungsgerichtshof"}], "question": "What is the German word for this constitutional high court?", "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights"}], "question": "What is the Constitutional Court's power over the executive branch of Austrian government?", "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "Oberste Gerichtshof (OGH)"}], "question": "The Supreme Court of Austria is known by what German name?", "id": "57278be3dd62a815002e9ff4"}]}], ["Di Brazil, Tribunal Persekutuan Tertinggi (Federal Tribunal Supremo) adalah mahkamah tertinggi. Ia adalah kedua-dua mahkamah perlembagaan dan mahkamah yang terakhir dalam undang-undang Brazil. Ia hanya mengkaji semula kes-kes yang mungkin tidak konstitusional atau habeas corpus akhir mengaku untuk kes-kes jenayah. Ia juga hakim, dalam bidang kuasa asal, kes melibatkan anggota kongres, senator, menteri negara, ahli mahkamah tinggi dan Presiden dan Naib Presiden Republik. Mahkamah Keadilan Superior (Tribunal Superior de Justi\u00e7a) mengkaji keputusan Mahkamah Litar Negeri dan Persekutuan bagi undang-undang sivil dan undang-undang jenayah, apabila berurusan dengan undang-undang persekutuan atau keputusan yang bertentangan. Tribunal Buruh Superior (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) mengkaji kes melibatkan undang-undang buruh. Tribunal Pemilihan Superior (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) adalah mahkamah undang-undang pilihan raya terakhir, dan juga mengawasi pemilihan umum. Tribunal Tentera Superior (Tribunal Superior Militar) adalah mahkamah tertinggi dalam hal undang-undang tentera persekutuan. <> Apakah pengadilan tertinggi di Brazil? || Tribunal Persekutuan Tertinggi (Federal Tribunal Supremo) <> Apakah kedua-dua bidang hakim ini mempunyai keunggulan? || kes-kes yang mungkin tidak konstitusional atau habeas corpus muktamad untuk kes jenayah <> Badan-badan perundangan mana yang mana hakim ini duduk dalam kes-kes? || kes-kes yang melibatkan anggota kongres, senator <> Apa pegawai kerajaan lain yang tertakluk kepada penghakiman mahkamah tertinggi Brazil? || menteri negara, ahli mahkamah tinggi dan Presiden dan Naib Presiden Republik <> Apakah pengadilan tinggi Brazil untuk undang-undang buruh? || Tribunal Buruh Superior (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)", {"context": "In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal) is the highest court. It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law. It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases. It also judges, in original jurisdiction, cases involving members of congress, senators, ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic. The Superior Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justi\u00e7a) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases, when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings. The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho) reviews cases involving labour law. The Superior Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Eleitoral) is the court of last resort of electoral law, and also oversees general elections. The Superior Military Tribunal (Tribunal Superior Militar) is the highest court in matters of federal military law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Supreme Federal Tribunal (Supremo Tribunal Federal)"}], "question": "What is the highest court in Brazil?", "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases"}], "question": "What are the two areas this court has supremacy over?", "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "cases involving members of congress, senators"}], "question": "Which legislative bodies does this court sit in cases over?", "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "ministers of state, members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic"}], "question": "What other government officials are subject to judgments of Brazil's highest court?", "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "The Superior Labour Tribunal (Tribunal Superior do Trabalho)"}], "question": "What is Brazil's high court for labor law?", "id": "57278cb9f1498d1400e8fbb6"}]}], ["Di Sweden, Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Pentadbiran Agung masing-masing berfungsi sebagai mahkamah tertinggi tanah. Mahkamah Pentadbiran Agung menganggap kes-kes mengenai pertikaian antara individu dan organ pentadbiran, serta pertikaian di antara organ-organ pentadbiran, sementara Mahkamah Agung menganggap semua kes lain. Para hakim dilantik oleh Kerajaan. Dalam kebanyakan kes, Mahkamah Agung hanya akan memberi kebenaran untuk merayu kes (pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd) jika kes itu melibatkan penetapan duluan dalam tafsiran undang-undang. Pengecualian adalah isu di mana Mahkamah Agung adalah mahkamah contoh pertama. Kes-kes seperti itu termasuk permohonan untuk mendapatkan semula kes jenayah berdasarkan bukti baru, dan pendakwaan yang dibuat terhadap menteri Kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab atas pengabaian yang teruk. Sekiranya mahkamah rendah perlu mencuba suatu kes yang membabitkan satu persoalan di mana tidak ada penafsiran undang-undang yang diselesaikan, ia juga boleh merujuk soalan kepada Mahkamah Agung yang berkenaan untuk jawapannya. <> Dua mahkamah tinggi Sweden adalah apa? || Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Pentadbiran Agung <> Apakah jenis kes yang didengar oleh Mahkamah Pentadbiran Agung? || kes-kes mengenai pertikaian antara individu dan organ pentadbiran <> Mahkamah Agung mendengar apa? || semua kes lain <> Bagaimana hakim ditempatkan di mahkamah tinggi Sweden? || yang dilantik oleh Kerajaan <> Keupayaan untuk merayu kes yang disediakan oleh sistem mahkamah Sweden dipanggil apa? || pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd", {"context": "In Sweden, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land. The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs, as well as disputes among administrative organs, while the Supreme Court considers all other cases. The judges are appointed by the Government. In most cases, the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case (pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law. Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance. Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence, and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty. If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law, it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court"}], "question": "Sweden's two high courts are what?", "id": "572791fb708984140094e12b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs"}], "question": "What is a type of case heard by the Supreme Administrative Court?", "id": "572791fb708984140094e12c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "all other cases"}], "question": "The Supreme Court hears what?", "id": "572791fb708984140094e12d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "appointed by the Government"}], "question": "How are judges placed on Sweden's high courts?", "id": "572791fb708984140094e12e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "pr\u00f6vningstillst\u00e5nd"}], "question": "The ability to appeal a case provided by Sweden's court system is called what?", "id": "572791fb708984140094e12f"}]}], ["Di Afrika Selatan, sistem \"dua puncak\" wujud dari tahun 1994 hingga 2013. Mahkamah Agung Rayuan (SCA) telah diwujudkan pada tahun 1994 dan menggantikan Bahagian Rayuan Mahkamah Agung Afrika Selatan sebagai mahkamah tertinggi rayuan dalam bukan perlembagaan perkara-perkara. SCA adalah bawahan kepada Mahkamah Perlembagaan, yang merupakan mahkamah tertinggi dalam hal-hal yang melibatkan tafsiran dan pemakaian Perlembagaan. Tetapi pada bulan Ogos 2013 Perlembagaan telah dipinda untuk menjadikan Mahkamah Perlembagaan sebagai mahkamah puncak tunggal negara, lebih baik daripada SCA dalam semua perkara, baik perlembagaan dan bukan perlembagaan. <> Afrika Selatan menggunakan apa jenis sistem untuk menentukan ia mahkamah tinggi sehingga 2013? || \"dua puncak\" <> Bilakah Mahkamah Agung Rayuan dibuat? || 1994 <> Apa pengadilan di Afrika Selatan mempunyai kuasa ke atas SCA? || Mahkamah Perlembagaan <> Bilakah Mahkamah Perlembagaan menjadi mahkamah tertinggi di Afrika Selatan dalam semua perkara? || Ogos 2013", {"context": "In South Africa, a \"two apex\" system existed from 1994 to 2013. The Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters. The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court, which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution. But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country's single apex court, superior to the SCA in all matters, both constitutional and non-constitutional.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "\"two apex\""}], "question": "South Africa used what type of system to determine it's high courts until 2013?", "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When was the Supreme Court of Appeal created?", "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "the Constitutional Court"}], "question": "What court in South Africa has authority over the SCA?", "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "August 2013"}], "question": "When did the Constitutional Court become the highest court in South Africa in all matters?", "id": "572793a7dd62a815002ea0ed"}]}], ["Di kebanyakan negara dengan perlembagaan yang dimodelkan selepas Kesatuan Soviet, badan perundangan diberi kuasa untuk menjadi mahkamah yang terakhir. Di Republik Rakyat China, kuasa akhir untuk menafsirkan undang-undang terletak pada Jawatankuasa Tetap Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan (NPCSC). Kuasa ini termasuk kuasa untuk menafsirkan undang-undang asas Hong Kong dan Macau, dokumen perlembagaan kedua-dua wilayah pentadbiran khas yang masing-masing adalah undang-undang biasa dan undang-undang sistem perundangan berasaskan Portugis. Kuasa ini adalah kuasa perundangan dan bukannya kehakiman kerana interpretasi oleh NPCSC tidak mempengaruhi kes-kes yang telah diputuskan. <> Model negara apakah yang memberikan kekuatan mahkamah tinggi kepada undang-undang? || Soviet Union <> Apa nama mahkamah tinggi China yang duduk sebagai jawatankuasa perundangan? || Jawatankuasa Tetap Kongres Rakyat Kebangsaan (NPCSC) <> Keputusan sekarang oleh NPCSC tidak menjejaskan apa? || kes yang telah diputuskan <> Sistem undang-undang Hong Kong secara tradisinya berdasarkan apa? || Undang-undang umum <> Sistem undang-undang Macau berasal dari tradisi apa? || Sistem perundangan berasaskan Portugis", {"context": "In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union, the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort. In the People's Republic of China, the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau, the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese-based legal system jurisdictions respectively. This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Soviet Union"}], "question": "What nation's model gives the power of the high court to the legistlature?", "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC)"}], "question": "What is the name of China's high court which sits as a legislative committee?", "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "cases which have already been decided"}], "question": "Current decisions by the NPCSC do not affect what?", "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "common law"}], "question": "Hong Kong's legal system was traditionally based on what?", "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Portuguese-based legal system"}], "question": "Macau's legal system comes from what tradition?", "id": "572794ac5951b619008f8e0f"}]}], ["Di Sri Lanka, Mahkamah Agung Sri Lanka diwujudkan pada tahun 1972 selepas menerima pakai Perlembagaan baru. Mahkamah Agung adalah mahkamah tertinggi dan muktamad tertinggi dan diberi kuasa untuk menjalankan kuasanya, tertakluk kepada peruntukan Perlembagaan. Keputusan mahkamah lebih tepat dari semua mahkamah yang lebih rendah. Sistem kehakiman Sri Lanka adalah gabungan kompleks kedua undang-undang umum dan undang-undang sivil. Dalam beberapa kes seperti hukuman mati, keputusan itu boleh diserahkan kepada Presiden Republik untuk mendapatkan petisyen kerahasiaan. Walau bagaimanapun, apabila terdapat 2/3 majoriti dalam parlimen yang memihak kepada presiden (seperti sekarang), mahkamah tertinggi dan kuasa hakimnya akan dibatalkan kerana mereka boleh dipecat dari jawatan mereka mengikut Perlembagaan, jika presiden mahu. Oleh itu, dalam keadaan sedemikian, pemberdayaan undang-undang Awam hilang. <> Bilakah Mahkamah Agung Sri Lanka dibuat? || 1972 <> Keputusan Mahkamah Agung Sri Lanka mengatasi apa? || semua Mahkamah Rendah <> undang-undang Sri Lanka menggabungkan dua kategori yurisprudensi? || undang-undang umum dan undang-undang sivil <> Sebilangan besar apa yang perlu dalam Parlimen Sri Lanka untuk menolak presiden dan Mahkamah? || 2/3", {"context": "In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers, subject to the provisions of the Constitution. The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts. The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common-law and civil-law. In some cases such as capital punishment, the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions. However, when there is 2/3 majority in the parliament in favour of president (as with present), the supreme court and its judges' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution, if the president wants. Therefore, in such situations, Civil law empowerment vanishes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "1972"}], "question": "When was the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka created?", "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "all lower Courts"}], "question": "The Sri Lankan Supreme Court's decisions override what?", "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "common-law and civil-law"}], "question": "Sri Lankan law mixes what two categories of jurisprudence?", "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "2/3"}], "question": "What majority is necessary in the Sri Lankan Parliament to dismiss a president and the Court?", "id": "572792f95951b619008f8de8"}]}]], [["Maas mengulas lagi bahawa \"Satu dikte yang dikemukakan oleh penulis mesti dianggap setara dengan manuskrip autograf\". Kekurangan manuskrip autograf berlaku untuk banyak budaya selain bahasa Yunani dan Romawi. Dalam situasi sedemikian, matlamat utama menjadi pengenalan contoh pertama sebelum pembahagian dalam tradisi. Contoh itu dikenal sebagai asas. \"Jika kita berjaya menubuh teks [archetype], constitutio (pembinaan semula asal) jauh lebih maju. <> Apakah matlamat pertama apabila cuba menganalisis teks baru? || mengenal pasti contoh pertama <> Mengapa mencari contoh pertama yang penting dalam kritikan teks? || split dalam tradisi <> Contohnya dikenali sebagai apa? || archetype <> Produk akhir dari pembinaan semula dikenali sebagai apa? || the constitutio", {"context": "Maas comments further that \"A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript\". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. \"If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "identification of the first exemplar"}], "question": "What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?", "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "split in the tradition"}], "question": "Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?", "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "the archetype"}], "question": "The exemplar is otherwise known as what?", "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "the constitutio"}], "question": "The final product of reconstruction is known as what?", "id": "57277836f1498d1400e8f8fb"}]}], ["Pembacaan eklektik juga biasanya memberi kesan kepada bilangan saksi untuk setiap bacaan yang ada. Walaupun bacaan yang disokong oleh majoriti saksi sering disukai, ini tidak mengikuti secara automatik. Sebagai contoh, edisi kedua permainan Shakespeare mungkin termasuk tambahan yang merujuk kepada peristiwa yang diketahui berlaku di antara kedua edisi tersebut. Walaupun hampir semua manuskrip berikutnya mungkin termasuk penambahan, pengkritik teks mungkin membina semula asal tanpa tambahan itu. <> Apa yang sering disertakan dalam pembacaan eklektik? || kesan daripada jumlah saksi <> Mengapa seseorang lebih suka edisi kedua ke edisi pertama? || edisi kedua permainan Shakespeare mungkin termasuk tambahan yang merujuk kepada peristiwa yang diketahui telah terjadi antara dua edisi <> Apakah pengkritik teks selalu memasukkan penambahan yang terdapat dalam majoriti versi kerja berikutnya? || pengkritik teks boleh membina semula asal tanpa tambahan itu.", {"context": "Eclectic readings also normally give an impression of the number of witnesses to each available reading. Although a reading supported by the majority of witnesses is frequently preferred, this does not follow automatically. For example, a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions. Although nearly all subsequent manuscripts may have included the addition, textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "an impression of the number of witnesses"}], "question": "What is often included in an eclectic reading?", "id": "57277f03708984140094df2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions"}], "question": "Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?", "id": "57277f03708984140094df2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition."}], "question": "Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?", "id": "57277f03708984140094df2f"}]}], ["Penggabungan semua varian teks yang diketahui disebut sebagai variorum, iaitu karya kritik teks di mana semua variasi dan percambahan ditetapkan bersebelahan supaya pembaca dapat melihat bagaimana keputusan teks telah dibuat dalam penyediaan teks untuk penerbitan. Alkitab dan karya-karya William Shakespeare sering menjadi subjek edisi variorum, walaupun teknik yang sama telah diterapkan dengan kekerapan yang kurang banyak untuk karya-karya lain, seperti Daun Rumput Walt Whitman, dan tulisan-tulisan prosa Edward Fitzgerald. <> Apakah variorum? || Pengubahan semua variasi teks yang diketahui <> Apa maksud variorum? || supaya pembaca dapat melihat bagaimana keputusan teks telah dibuat dalam penyediaan teks untuk penerbitan <> Nama salah satu pengarang yang kurang kerap subjek variorum. || Edward Fitzgerald <> Namakan dua karya yang sering menjadi subjek variorum. || Alkitab dan karya William Shakespeare", {"context": "The collation of all known variants of a text is referred to as a variorum, namely a work of textual criticism whereby all variations and emendations are set side by side so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication. The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare have often been the subjects of variorum editions, although the same techniques have been applied with less frequency to many other works, such as Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass, and the prose writings of Edward Fitzgerald.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The collation of all known variants of a text"}], "question": "What is a variorum?", "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a variorum?", "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "Edward Fitzgerald"}], "question": "Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.", "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare"}], "question": "Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.", "id": "57277e13f1498d1400e8f9ad"}]}], ["Sebelum percetakan mekanikal, sastera disalin dengan tangan, dan banyak variasi diperkenalkan oleh penyalin. Umur percetakan membuat profesion kerohanian berkesan berlebihan. Edisi bercetak, walaupun kurang terdedah kepada percambahan variasi yang mungkin timbul semasa transmisi manual, tetap tidak kebal terhadap memperkenalkan variasi dari autograf penulis. Daripada seorang penulis yang mencurigakan sumbernya, seorang penggubal atau kedai percetakan boleh membaca atau menyusun suatu karya dengan cara yang berbeza dari autograf. Oleh kerana setiap pencetak atau pencetak melakukan kesalahan yang berbeza, pembinaan semula asal yang hilang sering dibantu oleh pemilihan bacaan yang diambil dari banyak sumber. Teks yang diedit dari pelbagai sumber dikatakan eklektik. Berbeza dengan pendekatan ini, beberapa pengkritik teks memilih untuk mengenal pasti teks terbaik yang masih hidup, dan tidak menggabungkan pembacaan dari pelbagai sumber. <> Mengapa terdapat pelbagai variasi teks sebelum kedatangan akhbar percetakan? || sastera disalin dengan tangan <> Adakah edisi bercetak kebal terhadap variasi? || bukan kebal untuk memperkenalkan variasi dari autograf penulis <> Bagaimana perbezaan kerja timbul apabila menggunakan mesin cetak? || seorang kompositor atau kedai percetakan boleh membaca atau menyusun suatu kerja dengan cara yang berbeza dari autograf <> Teks yang diedit yang dikumpulkan melalui banyak sumber dikenali sebagai apa? || eklektik.", {"context": "Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "literature was copied by hand"}], "question": "Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?", "id": "57277a85708984140094debb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph"}], "question": "Are printed editions immune to variation?", "id": "57277a85708984140094debc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph"}], "question": "How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?", "id": "57277a85708984140094debd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "eclectic."}], "question": "An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?", "id": "57277a85708984140094debe"}]}], ["Kritikan teks adalah cawangan beasiswa teks, filologi, dan kritikan sastra yang berkaitan dengan pengenalpastian varian teks dalam manuskrip atau buku bercetak. Penulis kuno membuat perubahan ketika menyalin manuskrip dengan tangan. Memandangkan salinan manuskrip, beberapa atau lebih banyak salinan, tetapi bukan dokumen asal, kritikan teks mungkin berusaha untuk membina semula teks asal (asas atau autograf) sedapat mungkin. Proses yang sama boleh digunakan untuk membina semula versi perantaraan, atau rekursi, sejarah transkripsi dokumen. Tujuan akhir dari kerja kritikan teks adalah pembuatan \"edisi kritis\" yang mengandung teks yang dikerjakan ilmiah. <> Jenis dokumen apa yang biasanya menganalisis kritikan teks? || salinan manuskrip, beberapa atau banyak salinan, tetapi bukan dokumen asal <> Apakah matlamat pengkritik teks itu? || pengeluaran \"edisi kritikal\" yang mengandungi teks yang dikerjakan ilmiah. <> Apakah nama yang tepat untuk biasiswa teks? || filologi <> Mengapa ada perbezaan dalam salinan kuno teks yang sama? || Penulis-penulis purba membuat perubahan apabila menyalin manuskrip dengan tangan <> Apa pengkritik teks memanggil edisi disemak semula teks? || pemulihan", {"context": "Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants in either manuscripts or printed books. Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic might seek to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate versions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document"}], "question": "What type of documents does a textual critic usually analyze?", "id": "572773f6708984140094dded"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "the production of a \"critical edition\" containing a scholarly curated text."}], "question": "What is the goal of the textual critic?", "id": "572773f6708984140094ddee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "philology"}], "question": "What is the proper name for textual scholarship?", "id": "572773f6708984140094ddef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "Ancient scribes made alterations when copying manuscripts by hand"}], "question": "Why are there differences in ancient copies of the same text?", "id": "572773f6708984140094ddf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "recensions"}], "question": "What do textual critics call a revised edition of a text?", "id": "572773f6708984140094ddf1"}]}], ["Objektif muktamad kritikan teks adalah pengeluaran \"edisi kritikal\". [Rujukan?] Ini mengandungi teks yang telah ditentukan oleh penulis yang paling mendekati asal, dan disertai dengan alat kritik atau alat kritis. Alat kritikal membentangkan karya penulis dalam tiga bahagian: pertama, senarai atau perihalan bukti yang digunakan editor (nama manuskrip, atau singkatan yang disebut sigla); kedua, analisis editor tentang bukti itu (terkadang penentuan kemungkinan yang mudah), [rujukan?]; dan ketiga, rekod variasi teks yang ditolak (selalunya mengikut keutamaan). [rujukan?] <> Apa yang termasuk dalam atau menyertai \"edisi kritikal\"? || kritikan radas atau radas kritikal <> Apakah tujuan radikal kritikal? || membentangkan karya pengarang dalam tiga bahagian <> Apakah matlamat pengkritik teks itu? || \"edisi kritikal\" <> Edisi kritikal teks disertakan dengan apa? || alat kritikan atau alat kritikal. <> Apa yang termasuk dalam bahagian pertama alat kritikal? || senarai atau perihalan bukti yang digunakan editor (nama manuskrip, atau singkatan yang disebut sigla) <> Apa yang termasuk dalam bahagian kedua alat kritis? || analisis editor mengenai bukti itu (kadang-kadang penarafan kemungkinan mudah) <> Apa yang termasuk dalam bahagian terakhir alat kritis? || rekod varian yang ditolak teks (selalunya mengikut urutan)", {"context": "The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a \"critical edition\".[citation needed] This contains the text that the author has determined most closely approximates the original, and is accompanied by an apparatus criticus or critical apparatus. The critical apparatus presents the author's work in three parts: first, a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla); second, the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating),[citation needed]; and third, a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus"}], "question": "What is included in or accompanies in \"critical edition\"?", "id": "572778c3708984140094de8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "presents the author's work in three parts"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?", "id": "572778c3708984140094de90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "a \"critical edition\""}], "question": "What is the goal of the textual critic?", "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9dee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "apparatus criticus or critical apparatus."}], "question": "A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?", "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9def"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)"}], "question": "What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?", "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)"}], "question": "What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?", "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 564, "text": "a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)"}], "question": "What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?", "id": "57277992dd62a815002e9df2"}]}], ["Keterangan luaran adalah bukti setiap saksi fizikal, tarikh, sumbernya, dan hubungan dengan saksi lain yang diketahui. Pengkritik sering memilih bacaan yang disokong oleh saksi tertua. Oleh kerana kesilapan cenderung terkumpul, manuskrip yang lebih lama sepatutnya mempunyai kesilapan yang lebih sedikit. Pembacaan yang disokong oleh majoriti saksi juga biasanya disukai, kerana ini kurang mencerminkan kemalangan atau kecenderungan individu. Atas sebab yang sama, saksi-saksi yang paling geografi adalah pilihan. Beberapa manuskrip menunjukkan bukti bahawa penjagaan tertentu diambil dalam komposisi mereka, contohnya, dengan memasukkan pembacaan alternatif dalam margin mereka, menunjukkan bahawa lebih daripada satu salinan terdahulu (contoh) telah dirujuk dalam menghasilkan yang terkini. Faktor lain yang sama, ini adalah saksi terbaik. Peranan kritikan teks perlu apabila kriteria asas dalam konflik. Sebagai contoh, biasanya terdapat kurang salinan awal, dan jumlah salinan yang lebih besar. Pengkritik teks akan cuba mengimbangi kriteria ini, untuk menentukan teks asal. <> Apa bukti luaran? || keterangan setiap saksi fizikal, tarikh, sumbernya, dan hubungan dengan saksi lain yang diketahui. <> Mengapa manuskrip yang lebih tua lebih disukai? || Oleh kerana kesilapan cenderung terkumpul, manuskrip yang lebih lama sepatutnya mempunyai kesilapan yang lebih sedikit. <> Apa ciri kompilasi saksi yang paling bermanfaat kepada pengkritik tekstual? || pelbagai geografi <> Apa ciri satu saksi tunggal yang paling bermanfaat untuk pengkritik teks? || lebih daripada satu salinan terdahulu (contoh) telah dirujuk dalam menghasilkan yang terkini", {"context": "External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the best witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses."}], "question": "What is external evidence?", "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors."}], "question": "Why are older manuscripts preferred?", "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "geographically diverse"}], "question": "What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?", "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one"}], "question": "What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?", "id": "57278046f1498d1400e8fa0f"}]}], ["Banyak kerja purba, seperti Bible dan tragedi Yunani, [rujukan?] Hidup dalam beratus-ratus salinan, dan hubungan setiap salinan kepada asal mungkin tidak jelas. Para ulama teks telah diperdebatkan selama berabad-abad yang sumbernya paling erat berasal dari asal, maka bacaan-bacaan dalam sumber tersebut adalah betul. [Rujukan?] Walaupun buku alkitabiah yang huruf, seperti drama Yunani, mungkin mempunyai satu asal, buku alkitabiah, seperti Injil, pernah ada satu asal telah dibincangkan. Minat dalam mengaplikasikan kritikan teks kepada Al-Qur'an juga telah dibangunkan selepas penemuan manuskrip Sana'a pada tahun 1972, yang mungkin bermula dari abad ke-7 hingga ke-8. <> Minat dalam analisis teks apa yang timbul pada awal 1970-an? || Al Qur'an <> Mengapa ulama berkenaan dengan analisis Injil atas huruf? || buku alkitabiah yang huruf, seperti drama Yunani, mungkin mempunyai satu asal <> Mengapa penting bagi pengkritik teks untuk menganalisis Injil? || persoalan sama ada beberapa buku alkitabiah, seperti Injil, pernah mempunyai satu asal telah dibahas <> Manuskrip apa yang mendorong analisa teks Al-Qur'an || Sana'a manuskrip <> Bilakah manuskrip Sana'a mungkin ditulis? || mungkin tarikh kembali ke abad ke-7-8.", {"context": "Many ancient works, such as the Bible and the Greek tragedies,[citation needed] survive in hundreds of copies, and the relationship of each copy to the original may be unclear. Textual scholars have debated for centuries which sources are most closely derived from the original, hence which readings in those sources are correct.[citation needed] Although biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original, the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed. Interest in applying textual criticism to the Qur'an has also developed after the discovery of the Sana'a manuscripts in 1972, which possibly date back to the 7\u20138th centuries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 592, "text": "Qur'an"}], "question": "Interest in an analysis of what text has arose in the early 1970's?", "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "biblical books that are letters, like Greek plays, presumably had one original"}], "question": "Why are scholars concerned with analysis of the Gospels over the letters?", "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the question of whether some biblical books, like the Gospels, ever had just one original has been discussed"}], "question": "Why is it important for textual critics to analyze the Gospels?", "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "Sana'a manuscripts"}], "question": "What manuscripts prompted a textual analysis of the Qur'an", "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "possibly date back to the 7\u20138th centuries."}], "question": "When were the Sana'a manuscripts probably written?", "id": "572775a9dd62a815002e9d68"}]}], ["Dalam bahasa Inggeris, kerja-kerja Shakespeare telah menjadi alasan yang sangat subur untuk kritikan teks-kedua-duanya kerana teks-teks, seperti yang dihantar, mengandungi banyak variasi, dan kerana usaha dan perbelanjaan menghasilkan edisi unggul karya-karyanya selalu secara meluas dilihat sebagai berbaloi. Prinsip-prinsip kritikan teks, walaupun pada awalnya dikembangkan dan diperhalusi untuk karya-karya kuno, Alkitab, dan Shakespeare, telah diterapkan pada banyak karya, memanjangkan dari sekarang hingga dokumen-dokumen tertulis yang terawal, di Mesopotamia dan Mesir-suatu masa di sekitar lima millennia. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan kritikan teks terhadap karya bukan agama tidak menghalang penciptaan percetakan. Sedangkan kekristenan secara relatifnya menerima kritikan teks, penerapannya kepada Taurat Yahudi (Masoretik) dan Al-Qur'an adalah, kepada tabiat tauhid. [Rujukan?] <> Apa sebabnya Shakespeare adalah tempat yang baik untuk difokuskan mengenai kritikan teks? || teks-teks, seperti yang dihantar, mengandungi banyak variasi, <> Nama dua tamadun tertua yang kritik teks telah difokuskan. || Mesopotamia dan Mesir <> Mengapa ada penentangan terhadap kritikan teks buku agama Yahudi dan Islam? || adalah, tabu tabiat. <> Selain dari Shakespeare, apakah buku lain yang menjadi tumpuan utama kritikan teks? || Alkitab <> Lebih dari berapa luas masa yang boleh kritikan tekstual diterapkan pada kerja-kerja bertulis? || tempoh kira-kira lima millennia", {"context": "In the English language, the works of Shakespeare have been a particularly fertile ground for textual criticism\u2014both because the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation, and because the effort and expense of producing superior editions of his works have always been widely viewed as worthwhile. The principles of textual criticism, although originally developed and refined for works of antiquity, the Bible, and Shakespeare, have been applied to many works, extending backwards from the present to the earliest known written documents, in Mesopotamia and Egypt\u2014a period of about five millennia. However, the application of textual criticism to non-religious works does not antedate the invention of printing. While Christianity has been relatively receptive to textual criticism, application of it to the Jewish (Masoretic) Torah and the Qur'an is, to the devout, taboo.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "the texts, as transmitted, contain a considerable amount of variation,"}], "question": "What is one reasons Shakespeare is a good place to focus on textual criticism?", "id": "57277778708984140094de55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "Mesopotamia and Egypt"}], "question": "Name two of the oldest civilizations that textual criticism has focused on.", "id": "57277778708984140094de57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 872, "text": "is, to the devout, taboo."}], "question": "Why is there opposition to textual criticism of Jewish and Muslim religious books?", "id": "57277778708984140094de58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Bible"}], "question": "Aside from Shakespeare, what is another book that is a major focus of textual criticism?", "id": "57277778708984140094de56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "a period of about five millennia"}], "question": "Over approximately what expanse of time can textual criticism be applied to written works?", "id": "57277778708984140094de59"}]}], ["Apabila membandingkan dokumen yang berlainan, atau \"saksi\", dari teks tunggal, asal, perbezaan diperhatikan disebut pembacaan variasi, atau hanya variasi atau pembacaan. Ia tidak selalu jelas bahawa varian tunggal mewakili karya asal penulis. Proses kritikan teks bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana setiap varian mungkin telah memasukkan teks itu, sama ada secara tidak sengaja (duplikasi atau peninggalan) atau niat (harmonisasi atau penapisan), sebagai penyelia atau penyelia menghantar teks pengarang asal dengan menyalinnya. Oleh itu, tugas kritikan teks adalah untuk menyusun variasi, menghapuskan orang-orang yang paling mungkin tidak asli, dan kemudian membentuk \"teks kritis\", atau edisi kritis, yang dimaksudkan untuk menghampiri yang terbaik. Pada masa yang sama, teks kritikal harus mendokumenkan pembacaan variasi, jadi hubungan saksi yang masih ada pada asal yang dibina semula jelas kepada pembaca edisi kritis. Dalam menubuhkan teks kritikal, pengkritik teks menganggap kedua-dua bukti \"luaran\" (umur, kelebihan, dan gabungan setiap saksi) dan \"dalaman\" atau \"fizikal\" pertimbangan (apa yang penulis dan ahli tulis, dilakukan). <> Dokumen yang berbeza yang mewakili teks asal yang sama dipanggil apa? || saksi <> Apakah variasi dalam teks saksi yang dikenal sebagai? || pembacaan variasi, atau hanya variasi atau pembacaan. <> Bagaimana atau mengapa variasi memasuki teks saksi? || sama ada secara tidak sengaja (duplikasi atau peninggalan) atau niat (harmonisasi atau penapisan) <> Selain mewakili teks asal, teks kritis juga harus melakukan apa? || bacaan varian dokumen <> Mengapa penting untuk mendokumentasikan variasi dalam teks saksi apabila menyusun teks kritikal? || jadi hubungan saksi-saksi yang masih ada kepada asal-usul yang dibina semula jelas kepada pembaca edisi kritis.", {"context": "When comparing different documents, or \"witnesses\", of a single, original text, the observed differences are called variant readings, or simply variants or readings. It is not always apparent which single variant represents the author's original work. The process of textual criticism seeks to explain how each variant may have entered the text, either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship), as scribes or supervisors transmitted the original author's text by copying it. The textual critic's task, therefore, is to sort through the variants, eliminating those most likely to be un-original, hence establishing a \"critical text\", or critical edition, that is intended to best approximate the original. At the same time, the critical text should document variant readings, so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition. In establishing the critical text, the textual critic considers both \"external\" evidence (the age, provenance, and affiliation of each witness) and \"internal\" or \"physical\" considerations (what the author and scribes, or printers, were likely to have done).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "witnesses"}], "question": "Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?", "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "variant readings, or simply variants or readings."}], "question": "What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?", "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)"}], "question": "How or why do variations enter a witness text?", "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "document variant readings"}], "question": "As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?", "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition."}], "question": "Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?", "id": "57277c05dd62a815002e9e48"}]}], ["Walaupun Greg berhujah bahawa seorang editor harus bebas menggunakan penghakimannya untuk memilih antara pembacaan substantif yang bersaing, dia mencadangkan agar seorang editor harus menunda teks salin apabila \"tuntutan dua pembacaan ... nampaknya seimbang. .. Dalam kes sedemikian, walaupun tidak ada sebab logik untuk memberi keutamaan kepada teks salin, dalam praktiknya, jika tidak ada sebab untuk mengubah bacaannya, perkara yang jelas adalah untuk membiarkannya berdiri. \" Varian \"betul-betul seimbang\" dikatakan acuh tak acuh. <> Adakah terdapat masa apabila penghakiman editor ditangguhkan? || tuntutan dua pembacaan ... kelihatan betul-betul seimbang <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan ketika dua pembacaan bertentangan tetapi seimbang? || jika tidak ada sebab untuk mengubah bacaannya, perkara yang jelas adalah untuk membiarkannya berdiri. <> Apakah editor yang memanggil varian yang betul-betul seimbang? || acuh tak acuh", {"context": "Although Greg argued that an editor should be free to use his judgment to choose between competing substantive readings, he suggested that an editor should defer to the copy-text when \"the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced. ... In such a case, while there can be no logical reason for giving preference to the copy-text, in practice, if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand.\" The \"exactly balanced\" variants are said to be indifferent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "the claims of two readings ... appear to be exactly balanced"}], "question": "Are there times when an editor's judgement should be deferred?", "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "if there is no reason for altering its reading, the obvious thing seems to be to let it stand."}], "question": "What should one do when two readings are contradictory but balanced?", "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "indifferent"}], "question": "What do editors call variants that are exactly balanced?", "id": "57279701dd62a815002ea14a"}]}], ["Penerbit bibliografi Ronald B. McKerrow memperkenalkan istilah teks teks dalam edisi 1904 karya Thomas Nashe, yang mendefinisikannya sebagai \"teks yang digunakan dalam setiap kes tertentu sebagai asas saya.\" McKerrow menyedari batasan kaedah stemmatic, dan percaya ia lebih bijak untuk memilih satu teks tertentu yang dianggap sangat boleh dipercayai, dan kemudian membahayakannya hanya di mana teks itu jelas rasuah. Pengkritik Perancis Joseph B\u00e9dier juga menjadi kecewa dengan kaedah stemmatic, dan menyimpulkan bahawa editor harus memilih teks yang tersedia terbaik, dan membangkitkannya sesedikit mungkin. <> Bilakah istilah teks salin diperkenalkan? || 1904 <> Apakah definisi awal salinan teks? || teks yang digunakan dalam setiap kes tertentu sebagai dasar saya <> Jelaskan proses yang digunakan oleh McKerrow sebagai alternatif kepada kaedah stemmaic || pilih satu teks tertentu yang dianggap sangat boleh dipercayai, dan kemudian membahagikannya hanya di mana teks itu jelasnya rosak.", {"context": "The bibliographer Ronald B. McKerrow introduced the term copy-text in his 1904 edition of the works of Thomas Nashe, defining it as \"the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine.\" McKerrow was aware of the limitations of the stemmatic method, and believed it was more prudent to choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt. The French critic Joseph B\u00e9dier likewise became disenchanted with the stemmatic method, and concluded that the editor should choose the best available text, and emend it as little as possible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "1904"}], "question": "When was the term copy-text introduced?", "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "the text used in each particular case as the basis of mine"}], "question": "What was the initial definition of copy-text?", "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "choose one particular text that was thought to be particularly reliable, and then to emend it only where the text was obviously corrupt."}], "question": "Explain the process used by McKerrow as an alternative to the stemmaic method", "id": "572791ab5951b619008f8dcd"}]}], ["Proses selectio menyerupai kritikan teks eklektik, tetapi diterapkan pada sekumpulan hyparhetical hypothetical yang terhad. Langkah-langkah pemeriksaan dan emendatio menyerupai pengeditan teks-salinan. Malah, teknik-teknik lain boleh dilihat sebagai kes-kes khas stemmatics di mana sejarah keluarga yang ketat teks tidak dapat ditentukan tetapi hanya dianggarkan. Jika nampaknya satu manuskrip adalah teks terbaik, maka menyalin pengeditan teks adalah sesuai, dan jika nampaknya sekelompok manuskrip yang baik, maka eklektik pada kumpulan itu adalah wajar. <> Langkah-langkah yang paling hampir menyerupai penyuntingan teks-teks? || pemeriksaan dan emendasi <> Proses apa yang terbaik digunakan apabila hanya satu manuskrip yang boleh digunakan? || menyalin pengeditan teks <> Proses apa yang terbaik digunakan apabila terdapat sejumlah manuskrip yang tersedia? || eklektikisme", {"context": "The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "examinatio and emendatio"}], "question": "Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?", "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea040"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "copy text editing"}], "question": "What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?", "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea041"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "eclecticism"}], "question": "What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?", "id": "57278dd1dd62a815002ea042"}]}], ["Langkah akhir kaedah stemmatic adalah emendatio, juga kadang-kadang disebut sebagai \"ramalan ramalan.\" Tetapi sebenarnya, pengkritik menggunakan tekaan pada setiap langkah proses. Beberapa kaedah kaedah yang direka untuk mengurangkan pelaksanaan penghakiman editorial tidak semestinya menghasilkan hasil yang betul. Sebagai contoh, di mana terdapat lebih daripada dua orang saksi pada tahap yang sama pokok, biasanya kritikan akan memilih bacaan yang dominan. Walau bagaimanapun, mungkin tidak lebih daripada kebetulan bahawa lebih banyak saksi telah terselamat yang membacanya. Bacaan yang munasabah yang berlaku kurang kerap boleh, bagaimanapun, menjadi yang betul. <> Apakah langkah terakhir dalam kaedah stemmatic? || emendatio <> Pada titik apa pengkritik yang menggunakan stemmatic menjadi kurang prihatin dengan analisis kritis? || pengkritik menggunakan ramalan pada setiap langkah proses <> Mengapa pembacaan yang dominan mungkin menjadi bacaan lemah? || , ia mungkin tidak lebih daripada kebetulan bahawa lebih banyak saksi telah terselamat yang membacanya", {"context": "The stemmatic method's final step is emendatio, also sometimes referred to as \"conjectural emendation.\" But in fact, the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process. Some of the method's rules that are designed to reduce the exercise of editorial judgment do not necessarily produce the correct result. For example, where there are more than two witnesses at the same level of the tree, normally the critic will select the dominant reading. However, it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading. A plausible reading that occurs less often may, nevertheless, be the correct one.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "emendatio"}], "question": "What is the last step in the stemmatic method?", "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process"}], "question": "At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?", "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": ", it may be no more than fortuitous that more witnesses have survived that present a particular reading"}], "question": "Why may the dominant reading may be the weaker reading?", "id": "572790c15951b619008f8d9f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1939, dalam Prolegomena untuk Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow telah mengubah fikirannya tentang pendekatan ini, kerana dia takut edisi kemudian - walaupun ia mengandungi pembetulan kebenaran - akan \"menyimpang lebih luas daripada cetakan terawal dari manuskrip asal penulis. \" Oleh itu, beliau membuat kesimpulan bahawa prosedur yang betul akan \"dihasilkan dengan menggunakan cetak terawal\" baik \"sebagai teks salin dan dimasukkan ke dalamnya, dari edisi pertama yang mengandunginya, pembetulan semacam itu muncul kepada kita untuk diperoleh daripada penulis.\" Tetapi, dengan takut terhadap keputusan editorial yang sewenang-wenangnya, McKerrow menyatakan bahawa, setelah menyimpulkan bahawa edisi kemudian mempunyai semakan substantif yang berkaitan dengan penulis, \"kita mesti menerima semua perubahan edisi itu, menyimpan apa-apa yang kelihatan jelas kesalahan atau salah.\" <> Mengapa McKerrow mengubah kaedah kritikan terdahulu? || menyimpang lebih luas daripada cetakan terawal dari manuskrip asal penulis. \"<> Bagaimana McKerrow mengubah pendekatannya untuk analisis teks-teks? || memasukkannya, dari edisi pertama yang mengandunginya, pembetulan seperti yang kelihatannya kita berasal dari pengarang. \" <> Apa yang McKerrow mengakui mengenai kaedah teks salin barunya? || kita mesti menerima semua perubahan edisi itu, menyimpan mana-mana yang kelihatan jelas kesalahan atau salah laku <> Kerja apa yang pertama melihat McKerrow menggunakan kaedah barunya? || Prolegomena untuk Oxford Shakespeare", {"context": "By 1939, in his Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare, McKerrow had changed his mind about this approach, as he feared that a later edition \u2013 even if it contained authorial corrections \u2013 would \"deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\" He therefore concluded that the correct procedure would be \"produced by using the earliest \"good\" print as copy-text and inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\" But, fearing the arbitrary exercise of editorial judgment, McKerrow stated that, having concluded that a later edition had substantive revisions attributable to the author, \"we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "deviate more widely than the earliest print from the author's original manuscript.\""}], "question": "Why did McKerrow alter his previous method of criticism?", "id": "572792ee708984140094e147"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "inserting into it, from the first edition which contains them, such corrections as appear to us to be derived from the author.\""}], "question": "How did McKerrow alter his approach to copy-text analysis?", "id": "572792ee708984140094e148"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "we must accept all the alterations of that edition, saving any which seem obvious blunders or misprints"}], "question": "What did McKerrow concede about his new copy-text method?", "id": "572792ee708984140094e149"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "Prolegomena for the Oxford Shakespeare"}], "question": "What work was the first to see McKerrow use his new method?", "id": "572792ee708984140094e14a"}]}], ["Dua pertimbangan umum mempunyai nama Latin lectio brevior (bacaan yang lebih pendek) dan lectio difficilior (bacaan lebih sukar). Yang pertama adalah pemerhatian umum bahawa ahli tulis cenderung menambah perkataan, untuk penjelasan atau kebiasaan, lebih sering daripada mereka mengalihkannya. Yang kedua, lectio difficilior potior (bacaan yang lebih kuat adalah lebih kuat), mengiktiraf kecenderungan untuk harmonisasi-menyelesaikan ketidakkonsistenan jelas dalam teks. Memohon prinsip ini membawa kepada membaca bacaan yang lebih sukar (tidak harmonis) sebagai lebih cenderung menjadi asal. Kes-kes seperti itu juga termasuk ahli tulis yang menyederhanakan dan melicinkan teks yang mereka tidak faham sepenuhnya. <> Adakah pendekatan lectio brevrio atau lectio difficilior lebih mirip dengan teks asal? || Memohon prinsip ini membawa kepada membaca bacaan yang lebih sukar (tidak harmonis) sebagai lebih cenderung menjadi asal. <> Apakah prinsip utama lectio brevior? || tuisyen cenderung untuk menambah perkataan, untuk penjelasan atau kebiasaan <> Tentukan \"lectio brevior\" || membaca lebih pendek <> Apakah prinsip utama lectio difficilior? || kecenderungan untuk harmonisasi-menyelesaikan ketidakkonsistenan jelas dalam teks. <> Tentukan \"lectio difficilior\" || bacaan lebih sukar", {"context": "Two common considerations have the Latin names lectio brevior (shorter reading) and lectio difficilior (more difficult reading). The first is the general observation that scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit, more often than they removed them. The second, lectio difficilior potior (the harder reading is stronger), recognizes the tendency for harmonization\u2014resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text. Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original. Such cases also include scribes simplifying and smoothing texts they did not fully understand.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original."}], "question": "Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?", "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit"}], "question": "What is the main principle of lectio brevior?", "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "shorter reading"}], "question": "Define \"lectio brevior\"", "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "the tendency for harmonization\u2014resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text."}], "question": "What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?", "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "more difficult reading"}], "question": "Define \"lectio difficilior\"", "id": "57278182dd62a815002e9f05"}]}], ["Brooke Foss Westcott (1825-1901) dan Fenton JA Hort (1828-1892) menerbitkan sebuah edisi Perjanjian Baru dalam bahasa Yunani pada tahun 1881. Mereka mencadangkan sembilan peraturan kritikal, termasuk versi peraturan Bengel, \"Pembacaan ini kurang mungkin asal yang menunjukkan suatu pelupusan untuk melicinkan kesukaran. \" Mereka juga berpendapat bahawa \"Bacaan diluluskan atau ditolak oleh sebab kualiti, bukan nombor, saksi pendukung mereka\", dan \"Pembacaan itu lebih disukai yang paling sesuai menjelaskan kewujudan yang lain.\" <> Berapa banyak peraturan yang dicadangkan dalam penerbitan 1881 Perjanjian Baru dalam bahasa Yunani? || Mereka mencadangkan sembilan peraturan kritikal <> Apakah peraturan Bengel? || Pembacaan adalah kurang mungkin asal yang menunjukkan pelupusan untuk melicinkan kesukaran. <> Adakah kemudahan bacaan berkait dengan ketepatan berhubung dengan teks asal? || \"Bacaan itu lebih disukai yang paling sesuai menjelaskan kewujudan yang lain.\" <> Apa yang lebih penting untuk pengkritik tekstual: kualiti atau kuantiti? || Pembacaan diluluskan atau ditolak oleh sebab mutu, dan bukan nombor, saksi pendukung mereka <> Apakah kriteria yang diperlukan untuk menyertakan atau memecat bacaan ketika mengkritik teks? || Bacaannya lebih disukai yang paling sesuai menjelaskan kewujudan yang lain.", {"context": "Brooke Foss Westcott (1825\u20131901) and Fenton J. A. Hort (1828\u20131892) published an edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1881. They proposed nine critical rules, including a version of Bengel's rule, \"The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.\" They also argued that \"Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses\", and that \"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "They proposed nine critical rules"}], "question": "How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?", "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties."}], "question": "What is Bengel's rule?", "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "\"The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.\""}], "question": "Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?", "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses"}], "question": "What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?", "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."}], "question": "What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?", "id": "572782e0708984140094dfa7"}]}], ["Stemmatik, stemmologi atau stemmatologi adalah pendekatan yang ketat terhadap kritikan teks. Karl Lachmann (1793-1851) sangat menyumbang untuk membuat kaedah ini terkenal, walaupun dia tidak menciptanya. Kaedah mengambil nama dari stemma perkataan. Kata Yunani Purba \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 dan kata pinjamannya dalam stemmata Latin klasik boleh merujuk kepada \"pokok keluarga\". Makna khusus ini menunjukkan hubungan saksi-saksi yang masih hidup (contoh pertama yang diketahui seperti stemma, walaupun dengan nama, tarikh 1827). Pokok keluarga juga dirujuk sebagai cladogram. Kaedah ini berfungsi dari prinsip bahawa \"masyarakat kesilapan membayangkan komuniti asal.\" Iaitu, jika dua saksi mempunyai beberapa kesilapan yang sama, ia mungkin dianggap bahawa ia berasal dari sumber perantaraan biasa, dipanggil hyparchetype. Hubungan antara perantaraan yang hilang ditentukan oleh proses yang sama, meletakkan semua manuskrip yang ada di dalam pokok keluarga atau codicum stem yang berasal dari satu pola asas. Proses membina stemma disebut recension, atau recensio Latin. <> Apakah stemmatika? || pendekatan yang ketat terhadap kritikan teks <> Apa itu cladogram? || Pokok keluarga juga dirujuk sebagai cladogram. <> Apa yang tersirat apabila dua orang saksi mempunyai beberapa kesilapan yang sama? || ia mungkin dianggap bahawa ia berasal dari sumber perantaraan biasa <> Apakah hyparchetype? || sumber perantaraan biasa <> Apakah resensi? || Proses membina stemma", {"context": "Stemmatics, stemmology or stemmatology is a rigorous approach to textual criticism. Karl Lachmann (1793\u20131851) greatly contributed to making this method famous, even though he did not invent it. The method takes its name from the word stemma. The Ancient Greek word \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 and its loanword in classical Latin stemmata may refer to \"family trees\". This specific meaning shows the relationships of the surviving witnesses (the first known example of such a stemma, albeit with the name, dates from 1827). The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram. The method works from the principle that \"community of error implies community of origin.\" That is, if two witnesses have a number of errors in common, it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source, called a hyparchetype. Relations between the lost intermediates are determined by the same process, placing all extant manuscripts in a family tree or stemma codicum descended from a single archetype. The process of constructing the stemma is called recension, or the Latin recensio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "a rigorous approach to textual criticism"}], "question": "What is stemmatics?", "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram."}], "question": "What is a cladogram?", "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source"}], "question": "What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?", "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "a common intermediate source"}], "question": "What is a hyparchetype?", "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "The process of constructing the stemma"}], "question": "What is recension?", "id": "57278d085951b619008f8d3f"}]}], ["Oleh kerana kanon kritikan sangat mudah difahami, dan kadang-kadang bercanggah antara satu sama lain, mereka boleh digunakan untuk membenarkan keputusan yang sesuai dengan agenda estetik atau teologi kritikan teks. Bermula pada abad ke-19, para sarjana mencari kaedah yang lebih ketat untuk membimbing penghakiman editorial. Pengeditan teks terbaik (penolakan eklektik yang lengkap) menjadi satu yang melampau. Stemmatik dan pengeditan teks-teks - sementara kedua-duanya eklektik, kerana mereka membenarkan editor untuk memilih pembacaan dari pelbagai sumber - berusaha untuk mengurangkan subjektiviti dengan menubuhkan satu atau beberapa saksi yang mungkin disukai oleh kriteria \"objektif\". memetik sumber yang digunakan, dan pembacaan alternatif, dan penggunaan teks dan imej asal membantu pembaca dan pengkritik lain menentukan setakat kedalaman penyelidikan pengkritik, dan mengesahkannya secara bebas. <> Bilakah saintis mula mencari garis panduan yang lebih jelas untuk kritikan teks? || Abad ke-19 <> Apakah kemasukan yang membantu pembaca dan pengkritik memahami motivasi di sebalik pengkompil? || Memetik sumber yang digunakan, dan bacaan alternatif, dan penggunaan teks dan imej asal <> Apakah faedah lebih lanjut termasuk sumber, teks dan imej asal dalam kritik? || kedalaman penyelidikan pengkritik <> Adakah kritikan teks kebal terhadap bias di pihak pengkritik? || membenarkan keputusan yang sesuai dengan agenda estetik atau teologi kritikan teks itu", {"context": "Since the canons of criticism are highly susceptible to interpretation, and at times even contradict each other, they may be employed to justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda. Starting in the 19th century, scholars sought more rigorous methods to guide editorial judgment. Best-text editing (a complete rejection of eclecticism) became one extreme. Stemmatics and copy-text editing \u2013 while both eclectic, in that they permit the editor to select readings from multiple sources \u2013 sought to reduce subjectivity by establishing one or a few witnesses presumably as being favored by \"objective\" criteria.[citation needed] The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images helps readers and other critics determine to an extent the depth of research of the critic, and to independently verify their work.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?", "id": "57278440708984140094dfce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images"}], "question": "What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?", "id": "57278440708984140094dfcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "the depth of research of the critic"}], "question": "What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?", "id": "57278440708984140094dfd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda"}], "question": "Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?", "id": "57278440708984140094dfcd"}]}], ["Pengkritik Joseph B\u00e9dier (1864-1938) melancarkan serangan yang sangat lelah terhadap stemmatika pada tahun 1928. Beliau meninjau edisi teks Perancis abad pertengahan yang dihasilkan dengan kaedah stemmatic, dan mendapati bahawa pengkritik teks cenderung sangat untuk menghasilkan pokok yang terbahagi kepada dua cabang. Beliau membuat kesimpulan bahawa hasil ini tidak mungkin berlaku secara kebetulan, dan dengan itu, kaedah ini cenderung untuk menghasilkan stemma bipartite tanpa mengira sejarah sebenar saksi. Dia mengesyaki bahawa editor cenderung mengutamakan pokok dengan dua cawangan, kerana ini akan memaksimumkan peluang untuk penghakiman editorial (kerana tidak ada cawangan ketiga untuk \"memecahkan tali\" apabila saksi tidak setuju). Beliau juga menyatakan bahawa, untuk banyak karya, lebih daripada satu stemma yang munasabah dapat diulas, menunjukkan bahawa kaedah itu tidak begitu ketat atau saintifik seperti yang dituntut oleh penyokongnya. <> Apakah kritik utama Joseph B\u00e9dier terhadap kaedah stemmatic? || Pengkritik cenderung untuk menghasilkan pokok yang dibahagikan kepada dua cabang sahaja. <> Mengapa methos yang hanya menghasilkan dua cabang yang dilihat sebagai lebih rendah? || kaedah ini cenderung untuk menghasilkan stemma bipartite tanpa mengira sejarah sebenar saksi. <> Kepada apa yang diyakini oleh Joseph B\u00e9dier mengenai kelaziman kaedah stemmatic? || editor cenderung memilih pohon dengan dua cabang <> Mengapa pengarang hanya mahu dua cawangan alternatif apabila menganalisis teks? || ini akan memaksimumkan peluang untuk penghakiman editorial <> Apakah implikasi terakhir analisis Joseph B\u00e9dier terhadap kaedah stemmatic? || kaedah itu tidak begitu ketat atau saintifik seperti yang dituntut oleh penyokongnya.", {"context": "The critic Joseph B\u00e9dier (1864\u20131938) launched a particularly withering attack on stemmatics in 1928. He surveyed editions of medieval French texts that were produced with the stemmatic method, and found that textual critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches. He concluded that this outcome was unlikely to have occurred by chance, and that therefore, the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses. He suspected that editors tended to favor trees with two branches, as this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment (as there would be no third branch to \"break the tie\" whenever the witnesses disagreed). He also noted that, for many works, more than one reasonable stemma could be postulated, suggesting that the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches."}], "question": "What was Joseph B\u00e9dier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?", "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses."}], "question": "Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?", "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 508, "text": "editors tended to favor trees with two branches"}], "question": "To what did Joseph B\u00e9dier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?", "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment"}], "question": "Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?", "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 815, "text": "the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed."}], "question": "What was the final implication of Joseph B\u00e9dier's analysis of the stemmatic method?", "id": "57278fcaf1498d1400e8fc2a"}]}], ["Beberapa pengkritik percaya bahawa edisi teks yang jelas memberikan teks yang disunting terlalu besar, menonjolkan variasi teks kepada lampiran yang sukar digunakan, dan mencadangkan kepastian yang lebih mendalam mengenai teks yang telah ditetapkan daripada yang sepatutnya. Seperti yang dinyatakan oleh Shillingsburg, \"edisi ilmiah Inggeris cenderung menggunakan nota di kaki halaman teks, menunjukkan, secara diam-diam, kesopanan yang lebih besar mengenai teks yang\" ditubuhkan \"dan menarik perhatian lebih kepada sekurang-kurangnya beberapa bentuk alternatif teks \". <> Adakah appendices mudah digunakan untuk pembaca purata? || Lampiran yang sukar digunakan, <> Bolehkah pembaca yakin tentang keabsahan maklumat yang terdapat dalam edisi teks yang jelas? || mencadangkan kepastian yang lebih mendalam mengenai teks yang ditubuhkan daripada yang sepatutnya <> Bagaimanakah kebanyakan editor bekerja di sekitar masalah rujukan pengeditan teks yang jelas? || nota di kaki halaman teks <> Di manakah pembaca dapat mencari lebih banyak maklumat mengenai variasi teks setelah melihat nota kaki? || lampiran", {"context": "Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, \"English scholarly editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page, indicating, tacitly, a greater modesty about the \"established\" text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "appendices that are difficult to use,"}], "question": "Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?", "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves"}], "question": "Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?", "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "notes at the foot of the text page"}], "question": "How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?", "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "appendices"}], "question": "Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?", "id": "57279e583acd2414000de7fc"}]}], ["Shemaryahu Talmon, yang merangkum jumlah kesepakatan dan hubungan genetik kepada Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, menyimpulkan bahawa perbezaan utama yang secara intrinsik menjejaskan rasa sangat jarang berlaku. Sejauh Alkitab Ibrani yang dirujuk oleh Perjanjian Lama berkenaan, hampir semua varian tekstual tidak begitu penting dan hampir tidak mempengaruhi sebarang doktrin. Profesor Douglas Stuart menyatakan: \"Adalah adil untuk mengatakan bahawa ayat-ayat, bab-bab dan kitab-kitab Injil akan membaca sebahagian besarnya, dan akan meninggalkan kesan yang sama dengan pembaca, bahkan jika seseorang mengadopsi hampir setiap pembacaan alternatif yang mungkin kepada mereka sekarang berkhidmat sebagai asas untuk terjemahan Bahasa Inggeris semasa. \" <> Seberapa biasa variasi dalam teks yang mengubah makna Urtext Alkitab Ibrani? || sangat jarang <> Untuk tahap apa variasi dalam Perjanjian Lama mengubah makna? || hampir tidak mempengaruhi doktrin <> siapa yang mendakwa bahawa Perjanjian Lama pada dasarnya adalah sama dalam semua variasi? || Profesor Douglas Stuart <> Berapa banyak variasi dari Perjanjian Lama menawarkan makna yang sama? || hampir setiap bacaan alternatif yang mungkin", {"context": "Shemaryahu Talmon, who summarized the amount of consensus and genetic relation to the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible, concluded that major divergences which intrinsically affect the sense are extremely rare. As far as the Hebrew Bible referenced by Old Testament is concerned, almost all of the textual variants are fairly insignificant and hardly affect any doctrine. Professor Douglas Stuart states: \"It is fair to say that the verses, chapters, and books of the Bible would read largely the same, and would leave the same impression with the reader, even if one adopted virtually every possible alternative reading to those now serving as the basis for current English translations.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "extremely rare"}], "question": "How common are variations in text that alter the meaning of the Urtext of the Hebrew Bible?", "id": "5727a7474b864d1900163988"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "hardly affect any doctrine"}], "question": "To what degree do variations in the Old Testament alter the meaning?", "id": "5727a7474b864d1900163989"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "Professor Douglas Stuart"}], "question": "Who claims that the Old Testament is essentially the same throughout all variations?", "id": "5727a7474b864d190016398a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "virtually every possible alternative reading"}], "question": "How many variations of the Old Testament offer the same meaning?", "id": "5727a7474b864d190016398b"}]}], ["Bowers dan Tanselle berhujah untuk menolak variasi teks yang dicipta penulis atas cadangan orang lain. Bowers mengatakan bahawa edisi novel Stephen Crane yang pertama, Maggie, menyampaikan \"niat artistik akhir dan tidak sah penulis.\" Dalam tulisannya, Tanselle merujuk kepada \"hasrat pengarang yang tidak terkawal\" atau \"niat yang tidak berpengalaman penulis.\" Ini menandakan keberangkatan dari Greg, yang semata-mata mencadangkan bahawa editor itu bertanya sama ada pembacaan kemudian \"adalah salah seorang penulis yang semunasabahnya sepatutnya telah mengganti untuk bekas\" itu, tidak membayangkan apa-apa siasatan lanjut mengapa pengarang telah membuat ubah. <> Siapa yang berhujah terhadap karya di mana penulis mendengar input daripada orang lain? || Bowers dan Tanselle <> Siapa mahu menentukan mengapa seorang penulis membuat perubahan kepada kerja? || Tanselle <> Adakah Greg percaya kerja kemudian boleh diganti untuk yang lebih awal? || pembacaan kemudian \"adalah salah seorang penulis yang semestinya sepatutnya telah menggantikan untuk bekas <> Idea apa yang dilakukan juara Tanselle? || niat niat yang tidak terkandung", {"context": "Bowers and Tanselle argue for rejecting textual variants that an author inserted at the suggestion of others. Bowers said that his edition of Stephen Crane's first novel, Maggie, presented \"the author's final and uninfluenced artistic intentions.\" In his writings, Tanselle refers to \"unconstrained authorial intention\" or \"an author's uninfluenced intentions.\" This marks a departure from Greg, who had merely suggested that the editor inquire whether a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former\", not implying any further inquiry as to why the author had made the change.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Bowers and Tanselle"}], "question": "Who argued against works where the author listens to input from others?", "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Tanselle"}], "question": "Who wanted to determine why an author made changes to a work?", "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "a later reading \"is one that the author can reasonably be supposed to have substituted for the former"}], "question": "Does Greg believe a later work can be substituted for a earlier one?", "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "unconstrained authorial intention"}], "question": "What idea did Tanselle champion?", "id": "57279ae4dd62a815002ea1cd"}]}], ["McKerrow telah mencipta matlamat kritikan teks dari segi \"ideal kami tentang karya adil penulis dalam karyanya terakhir\". Bowers menegaskan bahawa edisi yang diasaskan pada kaedah Greg \"akan mewakili penghampiran terdekat dalam setiap maksud niat akhir penulis.\" Bowers menyatakan sama-sama bahawa tugas editor adalah \"kira-kira seberapa hampir mungkin salinan saksama kebenaran yang disimpulkan.\" Tanselle mencatatkan bahawa, \"Kritikan teks ... pada amnya telah dijalankan dengan tujuan untuk membina semula, setakat yang mungkin, teks akhirnya dimaksudkan oleh penulis\". <> Apakah editor cuba untuk akhirnya mencapai? || ideal kami tentang salinan adil karya penulis dalam keadaan akhirnya <> Jika editor tidak dapat mencapai pembiakan tepat seorang penulis bekerja, apa yang harus menjadi matlamat? || kira-kira hampir mungkin salinan saksama kebenaran yang disimpulkan <> Apa yang dikatakan Bower tentang kaedah Greg? || mewakili anggaran terdekat dalam setiap maksud niat akhir penulis <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Tanselle mengenai kritikan teks? || secara amnya telah dijalankan dengan tujuan untuk membina semula, setakat yang mungkin, teks akhirnya dimaksudkan oleh pengarang", {"context": "McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of \"our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state\". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would \"represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions.\" Bowers stated similarly that the editor's task is to \"approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy.\" Tanselle notes that, \"Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state"}], "question": "What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?", "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy"}], "question": "If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?", "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions"}], "question": "What did Bower's say about Greg's method?", "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author"}], "question": "What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?", "id": "57279967dd62a815002ea19f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1988, dengan fasa awal projek ini selesai, Profesor Skousen mengambil alih sebagai editor dan ketua FARMS Teks Kritikal Projek Book of Mormon dan terus mengumpul serpihan yang tersebar dari Manuskrip Asal Kitab Mormon dan mempunyai teknik fotografi maju digunakan untuk mendapatkan bacaan halus dari halaman dan serpihan yang tidak boleh dibaca. Beliau juga meneliti Manuskrip Pencetak (dimiliki oleh Komuniti Gereja Christ-RLDS di Independence, Missouri) untuk perbezaan jenis dakwat atau pensil, untuk menentukan kapan dan oleh siapa mereka dibuat. Beliau juga menyusun pelbagai edisi Kitab Mormon hingga sekarang untuk melihat apa perubahan yang telah dibuat dari masa ke masa. <> Bilakah fasa pertama selesai? || 1988 <> Siapa yang mengambil alih selepas fasa awal? || Profesor Skousen <> Mengapa Profesor Skousen mengumpul serpihan dan menganalisisnya? || untuk mendapatkan pembacaan halus <> Apa proses yang digunakan untuk mengkaji serpihan yang terkumpul? || teknik fotografi canggih <> Pada apa yang Skousen menganalisis dakwat dan sisa pensil? || Manuskrip Pencetak", {"context": "In 1988, with that preliminary phase of the project completed, Professor Skousen took over as editor and head of the FARMS Critical Text of the Book of Mormon Project and proceeded to gather still scattered fragments of the Original Manuscript of the Book of Mormon and to have advanced photographic techniques applied to obtain fine readings from otherwise unreadable pages and fragments. He also closely examined the Printer\u2019s Manuscript (owned by the Community of Christ\u2014RLDS Church in Independence, Missouri) for differences in types of ink or pencil, in order to determine when and by whom they were made. He also collated the various editions of the Book of Mormon down to the present to see what sorts of changes have been made through time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was phase one completed?", "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "Professor Skousen"}], "question": "Who took over after the preliminary phase?", "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "to obtain fine readings"}], "question": "Why did Professor Skousen gather fragments and have them analyzed?", "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "advanced photographic techniques"}], "question": "What process what used to study the gathered fragments?", "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "Printer\u2019s Manuscript"}], "question": "On what did Skousen analyze ink and pencil remnants?", "id": "5727a65f4b864d190016396e"}]}], ["Cladistics adalah teknik yang dipinjam dari biologi, di mana ia pada asalnya dinamakan systematis filogenetik oleh Willi Hennig. Dalam biologi, teknik ini digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan evolusi antara spesies yang berlainan. Dalam permohonannya dalam kritikan teks, teks dari sejumlah manuskrip yang berbeza dimasukkan ke dalam komputer, yang mencatat semua perbezaan di antara mereka. Manuskrip kemudian dikumpulkan mengikut ciri yang dikongsi mereka. Perbezaan antara kladistik dan bentuk analisis statistik yang lebih tradisional adalah, bukan sekadar mengatur manuskrip ke dalam kumpulan kasar mengikut kesamaan keseluruhan mereka, kladistik mengandaikan bahawa mereka adalah sebahagian daripada pokok keluarga yang bercabang dan menggunakan andaian untuk mendapatkan hubungan di antara mereka. Ini menjadikannya lebih seperti pendekatan automatik kepada stemmatics. Walau bagaimanapun, di mana terdapat perbezaan, komputer tidak cuba menentukan yang bacaan lebih dekat dengan teks asal, dan tidak menunjukkan cawangan pokok itu sebagai \"akar\" - yang manuskrip tradisi manuskrip paling dekat dengan asal. Jenis bukti lain mesti digunakan untuk tujuan itu. <> Apakah asas biologi untuk Cladistics? || untuk menentukan hubungan evolusi antara spesies yang berlainan <> Bagaimana evolusi digunakan untuk kritikan teks? || manuskrip kemudian dikumpulkan mengikut ciri-ciri mereka yang dikongsi <> Bagaimana kladistik serupa dengan kaedah stemmatic? || cladistik mengandaikan bahawa mereka adalah sebahagian daripada pokok keluarga cawangan <> Apakah perbezaan utama antara kladistik dan stemmatik? || tidak menunjukkan cawangan pokok itu adalah \"akar\"", {"context": "Cladistics is a technique borrowed from biology, where it was originally named phylogenetic systematics by Willi Hennig. In biology, the technique is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species. In its application in textual criticism, the text of a number of different manuscripts is entered into a computer, which records all the differences between them. The manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics. The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them. This makes it more like an automated approach to stemmatics. However, where there is a difference, the computer does not attempt to decide which reading is closer to the original text, and so does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\"\u2014which manuscript tradition is closest to the original. Other types of evidence must be used for that purpose.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "to determine the evolutionary relationships between different species"}], "question": "What is the biological basis for Cladistics?", "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de825"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "manuscripts are then grouped according to their shared characteristics"}], "question": "How is evolution applied to textual criticism?", "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree"}], "question": "How is cladistics similar to the stemmatic method?", "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 984, "text": "does not indicate which branch of the tree is the \"root\""}], "question": "What is the main difference between cladistics and stemmatics?", "id": "57279f9f3acd2414000de828"}]}], ["Sedangkan Greg telah membatasi contoh-contoh ilustrasinya untuk drama Bahasa Inggeris Renaissance, di mana kepakarannya terletak, Bowers berpendapat bahawa rasional itu adalah \"prinsip editorial yang paling berkesan yang masih belum dirancang untuk menghasilkan teks kritis yang berwibawa dalam maksimum butirannya sama ada penulisnya adalah Shakespeare , Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, atau Stephen Crane. Prinsipnya adalah baik tanpa mengambil kira tempoh kesusasteraan. \" Untuk kerja-kerja di mana manuskrip penulis selamat - kes Greg tidak dipertimbangkan - Bowers menyimpulkan bahawa manuskrip itu biasanya harus berfungsi sebagai teks-salinan. Memetik contoh Nathaniel Hawthorne, beliau berkata: <> Adakah idea yang dibentuk oleh Greg terhad kepada tempoh masa tertentu? || Prinsipnya adalah baik tanpa mengambil kira tempoh kesusasteraan. <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh editor dalam kes di mana karya pengarang tidak dihapuskan? || manuskrip tersebut biasanya harus berfungsi sebagai teks teks <> Apa di mana batasan analisis Greg? || Bahasa Inggeris Renaissance drama <> Apakah kritikan utama karya Greg? || berfungsi di mana manuskrip penulis selamat", {"context": "Whereas Greg had limited his illustrative examples to English Renaissance drama, where his expertise lay, Bowers argued that the rationale was \"the most workable editorial principle yet contrived to produce a critical text that is authoritative in the maximum of its details whether the author be Shakespeare, Dryden, Fielding, Nathaniel Hawthorne, or Stephen Crane. The principle is sound without regard for the literary period.\" For works where an author's manuscript survived \u2013 a case Greg had not considered \u2013 Bowers concluded that the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text. Citing the example of Nathaniel Hawthorne, he noted:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "The principle is sound without regard for the literary period."}], "question": "Is the idea formed by Greg limited to a specific time period?", "id": "57279800708984140094e1b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 536, "text": "the manuscript should generally serve as copy-text"}], "question": "What will an editor do in the case where an author's work was not wiped out?", "id": "57279800708984140094e1ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "English Renaissance drama"}], "question": "What where the limitations of Greg's analyses?", "id": "57279800708984140094e1bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "works where an author's manuscript survived"}], "question": "What is the main criticism of Greg's work?", "id": "57279800708984140094e1bc"}]}], ["Walaupun beberapa kajian yang belum diterbitkan sebelum ini telah disediakan, tidak sampai awal 1970an adalah kritikan tekstual yang benar diterapkan kepada Kitab Mormon. Pada masa itu BYU Profesor Ellis Rasmussen dan rakan-rakannya diminta oleh Gereja LDS untuk memulakan persiapan untuk edisi baru Kitab Suci. Salah satu aspek usaha itu ialah mendigitalkan teks dan menyiapkan nota kaki yang sesuai, aspek lain yang diperlukan untuk membentuk teks yang paling boleh dipercayai. Pada akhirnya, Stanley R. Larson (seorang pelajar siswazah Rasmussen) menetapkan tentang menggunakan standard kritikal teks moden untuk manuskrip dan edisi awal Kitab Mormon sebagai projek tesisnya - yang disiapkannya pada tahun 1974. Untuk itu, Larson berhati-hati meneliti Manuskrip Asal (yang ditentukan oleh Joseph Smith kepada ahli tauratnya) dan Manuskrip Pencetak (salinan Oliver Cowdery yang disediakan untuk Pencetak pada 1829-1830), dan membandingkannya dengan edisi 1, 2, dan 3 Buku Mormon untuk menentukan jenis perubahan yang berlaku dari masa ke masa dan membuat pertimbangan mengenai pembacaan yang paling asli. Larson meneruskan untuk menerbitkan satu artikel berguna yang berhujah tentang fenomena yang telah ditemuinya. Banyak pemerhatiannya dimasukkan sebagai penambahbaikan dalam edisi LDS 1981 dalam Kitab Mormon. <> Bilakah kritikan teks diterapkan pada Kitab Mormon? || awal 1970an <> Apa salah satu bahagian penyediaan edisi baru Kitab Suci? || mendigitalkan teks dan menyiapkan catatan kaki yang sesuai <> Bagaimana versi yang paling boleh dipercayai dari Kitab Suci ditentukan? || menerapkan piawaian kritikal teks moden kepada manuskrip <> Bilakah Larson selesai projeknya? || 1974 <> Siapa pemerhatian yang dimasukkan dalam penerbitan buku Mormon tahun 1981? || Larson", {"context": "Although some earlier unpublished studies had been prepared, not until the early 1970s was true textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon. At that time BYU Professor Ellis Rasmussen and his associates were asked by the LDS Church to begin preparation for a new edition of the Holy Scriptures. One aspect of that effort entailed digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes, another aspect required establishing the most dependable text. To that latter end, Stanley R. Larson (a Rasmussen graduate student) set about applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts and early editions of the Book of Mormon as his thesis project \u2013 which he completed in 1974. To that end, Larson carefully examined the Original Manuscript (the one dictated by Joseph Smith to his scribes) and the Printer\u2019s Manuscript (the copy Oliver Cowdery prepared for the Printer in 1829\u20131830), and compared them with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd editions of the Book of Mormon to determine what sort of changes had occurred over time and to make judgments as to which readings were the most original. Larson proceeded to publish a useful set of well-argued articles on the phenomena which he had discovered. Many of his observations were included as improvements in the 1981 LDS edition of the Book of Mormon.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "the early 1970s"}], "question": "When did textual criticism applied to the Book of Mormon?", "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "digitizing the text and preparing appropriate footnotes"}], "question": "What was one portion of preparing a new edition of the Holy Scriptures?", "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "applying modern text critical standards to the manuscripts"}], "question": "How was the most reliable version of the Holy Scriptures determined?", "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When did Larson finish his project?", "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1092, "text": "Larson"}], "question": "Whose observations were included in the 1981 publication of the Book of Mormon?", "id": "5727a0d9ff5b5019007d914e"}]}], ["Menjelang tahun 1979, dengan penubuhan Yayasan Pengajian Penyelidikan dan Pengkajian Kuno (FARMS) sebagai institusi penyelidikan bukan keuntungan California, usaha yang dipimpin oleh Robert F. Smith mula mengambil alih tugas Larson dan menerbitkan Teks Kritikal Kitab Mormon. Oleh itu, dilahirkan Projek Teks Kritikal FARMS yang menerbitkan jilid pertama Text Volume Kritikal 3-volume pada tahun 1984. Jilid ketiga edisi pertama ini diterbitkan pada tahun 1987, tetapi telah digantikan oleh edisi revisi yang kedua keseluruhan kerja, sangat dibantu melalui nasihat dan bantuan dari calon doktor keduanya Yale Grant Hardy, Dr Gordon C. Thomasson, Profesor John W. Welch (ketua FARMS), Profesor Royal Skousen, dan lain-lain yang terlalu banyak disebutkan di sini. Bagaimanapun, ini adalah langkah awal untuk projek yang jauh lebih tegas dan menyeluruh. <> Apa itu FARMS? || Yayasan Penyelidikan Purba dan Pengajian Mormon <> Siapa yang menerajui Teks Kritikal dalam projek Mormon? || Robert F. Smith <> Berapa tahun yang diperlukan untuk menerbitkan semua tiga jilid teks Kritikan Kitab Mormon? || jilid pertama dari 3 Volume Buku Teks Kritikal pada tahun 1984. Jilid ketiga edisi pertama itu diterbitkan pada tahun 1987 <> Adakah jilid ketiga edisi pertama dianggap mencukupi? || Jilid ketiga edisi pertama itu diterbitkan pada tahun 1987, tetapi telah digantikan oleh edisi revisi yang kedua dari keseluruhan karya <> Siapa yang menjadi kepala FARMS? || Profesor John W. Welch", {"context": "By 1979, with the establishment of the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) as a California non-profit research institution, an effort led by Robert F. Smith began to take full account of Larson\u2019s work and to publish a Critical Text of the Book of Mormon. Thus was born the FARMS Critical Text Project which published the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work, greatly aided through the advice and assistance of then Yale doctoral candidate Grant Hardy, Dr. Gordon C. Thomasson, Professor John W. Welch (the head of FARMS), Professor Royal Skousen, and others too numerous to mention here. However, these were merely preliminary steps to a far more exacting and all-encompassing project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies"}], "question": "What is FARMS?", "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Robert F. Smith"}], "question": "Who spearheaded the Critical Text of the Book of Mormon project?", "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "the first volume of the 3-volume Book of Mormon Critical Text in 1984. The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987"}], "question": "How many years did it take to publish all three volumes of the Book of Mormon Critical Text?", "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "The third volume of that first edition was published in 1987, but was already being superseded by a second, revised edition of the entire work"}], "question": "Was the third volume of the first edition deemed sufficient?", "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Professor John W. Welch"}], "question": "Who is the head of FARMS?", "id": "5727a527ff5b5019007d91d4"}]}], ["Bowers menghadapi masalah yang sama dalam edisi Maggie. Crane pada asalnya mencetak novel secara peribadi pada tahun 1893. Untuk memperoleh penerbitan komersil pada tahun 1896, Crane bersetuju untuk menghapuskan pelacuran, tetapi juga membuat revisi gaya. Pendekatan Bowers adalah untuk memelihara perubahan gaya dan sastera tahun 1896, tetapi untuk kembali ke bacaan 1893 di mana ia percaya bahawa Crane telah memenuhi niat penerbit dan bukannya sendiri. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat kes-kes perantaraan yang boleh dengan wajarnya dikaitkan dengan niat sama ada, dan beberapa pilihan Bowers berada di bawah api - kedua-duanya atas penghakimannya, dan mengenai kebijaksanaan mengesahkan pembacaan dari dua versi Maggie yang berlainan. <> Apa perubahan yang dibuat Crane untuk mendapatkan penerbitan komersil? || keluarkan pelacuran, tetapi juga membuat revisi gaya <<Apa langkah pertama Bower dalam menyunting berbilang kerja menjadi satu produk? || untuk mengekalkan perubahan gaya dan sastera 1896 <> Apakah langkah kedua Bower dalam menyunting kerja berganda ke dalam satu produk? || untuk kembali ke bacaan 1893 di mana dia percaya bahawa Crane telah memenuhi niat penerbit dan bukannya sendiri <> Apa salah satu kritikan Bowers dihadapi selepas mengedit Maggie? || penghakimannya <> Saya tahun apakah Maggie dicetak untuk kegunaan komersial? || 1896 <> Apa langkah pertama Bowers mengambil dalam mengedit satu kerja dengan dua versi? || untuk memelihara perubahan gaya dan sastera 1896, <> Apa langkah kedua Bowers mengambil dalam menyunting satu kerja dengan dua versi? || untuk kembali ke bacaan 1893 di mana dia percaya bahawa Crane telah memenuhi niat penerbit <> Apa perubahan yang dibuat untuk penerbitan komersial Maggie? || untuk menghilangkan kejam, tetapi dia juga membuat revisi gaya <> Kapan Maggie pertama diterbitkan? || 1893", {"context": "Bowers confronted a similar problem in his edition of Maggie. Crane originally printed the novel privately in 1893. To secure commercial publication in 1896, Crane agreed to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions. Bowers's approach was to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896, but to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own. There were, however, intermediate cases that could reasonably have been attributed to either intention, and some of Bowers's choices came under fire \u2013 both as to his judgment, and as to the wisdom of conflating readings from the two different versions of Maggie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"}], "question": "What alterations did Crane make to secure commercial publication?", "id": "57279c33708984140094e235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896"}], "question": "What was Bower's first step in editing multiple works into a single product?", "id": "57279c33708984140094e236"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention rather than his own"}], "question": "What was Bower's second step in editing multiple works into a single product?", "id": "57279c33708984140094e237"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 596, "text": "his judgment"}], "question": "What was one of the criticisms Bowers faced after editing Maggie?", "id": "57279c33708984140094e238"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "1896"}], "question": "I what year was Maggie printed for commercial use?", "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d910e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "to preserve the stylistic and literary changes of 1896,"}], "question": "What was the first step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?", "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d910f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "to revert to the 1893 readings where he believed that Crane was fulfilling the publisher's intention"}], "question": "What was the second step Bowers took in editing a single work with two versions?", "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9110"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "to remove profanity, but he also made stylistic revisions"}], "question": "What changes were made for the commercial publication of Maggie?", "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9111"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "1893"}], "question": "When was Maggie first published?", "id": "57279d21ff5b5019007d9112"}]}], ["Walaupun kritikan teks berkembang menjadi disiplin analisis mendalam Alkitab - baik Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Baru - ulama juga menggunakannya untuk menentukan kandungan asal teks klasik, seperti Republik Plato. Terdapat jauh lebih sedikit saksi kepada teks klasik daripada Alkitab, jadi para sarjana boleh menggunakan stemmatics dan, dalam beberapa kes, menyalin pengeditan teks. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak seperti Perjanjian Baru di mana saksi-saksi terawal berada dalam tempoh 200 tahun dari asal, manuskrip sedia ada paling awal teks-teks klasik ditulis kira-kira satu milenium selepas komposisi mereka. Semua perkara yang sama, sarjana tekstual mengharapkan bahawa jurang masa yang lebih besar antara asal dan manuskrip bermakna lebih banyak perubahan dalam teks. <> Adakah Alkitab atau Republik Plato mempunyai lebih banyak saksi? || Terdapat jauh lebih sedikit saksi kepada teks klasik berbanding dengan Alkitab <> Apakah jurang antara teks-teks Kristian asal dan edisi berikutnya karya-karya yang sama? || dalam masa 200 tahun <> Apakah jurang antara teks klasik asal dan edisi berikutnya karya yang sama? || kira milenium selepas komposisi mereka <> Bagaimana jangka masa berkaitan dengan keaslian berkaitan dengan versi asal dan seterusnya teks? || jurang masa yang lebih besar di antara asal dan manuskrip bermakna lebih banyak perubahan dalam teks.", {"context": "While textual criticism developed into a discipline of thorough analysis of the Bible \u2014 both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament \u2014 scholars also use it to determine the original content of classic texts, such as Plato's Republic. There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, so scholars can use stemmatics and, in some cases, copy text editing. However, unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are within 200 years of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition. All things being equal, textual scholars expect that a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible"}], "question": "Does the Bible or Plato's Republic have more witnesses?", "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9218"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "within 200 years"}], "question": "What's the gap between original Christian texts and subsequent editions of the same works?", "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d9219"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "about a millennium after their composition"}], "question": "What's the gap between original classical texts and subsequent editions of the same works?", "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 640, "text": "a larger time gap between an original and a manuscript means more changes in the text."}], "question": "How does the expanse of time correlate to authenticity with regard to original and subsequent versions of texts?", "id": "5727a8e9ff5b5019007d921b"}]}], ["Edisi saintifik dan kritikal boleh dilindungi oleh hak cipta sebagai karya pengarang jika kreativiti / keaslian yang cukup disediakan. Penambahan kata, atau penggantian istilah dengan yang lain dipercayai lebih tepat, biasanya tidak mencapai tahap keaslian / kreativiti sedemikian. Semua nota yang mengakaunkan analisis dan mengapa dan bagaimana perubahan yang dibuat mewakili kerja yang berbeza secara autonomi boleh dipertanggungjawabkan jika keperluan lain dipenuhi. Dalam edisi kritikal dan saintifik Kesatuan Eropah boleh dilindungi juga oleh hak jiran yang berkaitan yang melindungi penerbitan kritis dan saintifik karya domain awam yang dimungkinkan oleh seni. 5 Arahan Hak Cipta Hak Cipta. Tidak semua negara anggota Kesatuan Eropah telah melukis seni. 5 ke dalam undang-undang negara. <> Apakah kriteria hak cipta? || jika kreativiti / keaslian yang cukup disediakan <> Apa benda-benda kecil boleh dimasukkan dan tidak membatalkan hak cipta? || Penambahan perkataan, atau penggantian istilah dengan yang lain dipercayai lebih tepat <> Apakah catatan kaki termasuk dalam hak cipta karya asal? || Semua nota yang menyumbang untuk analisis dan mengapa dan bagaimana perubahan itu dibuat mewakili kerja yang berbeza secara autonomi boleh hak cipta <> Hak apa yang menerbitkan penerbitan saintifik di EU? || hak jiran yang relevan yang melindungi penerbitan kritis dan saintifik karya domain awam", {"context": "Scientific and critical editions can be protected by copyright as works of authorship if enough creativity/originality is provided. The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct, usually does not achieve such level of originality/creativity. All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable if the other requirements are satisfied. In the European Union critical and scientific editions may be protected also by the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works as made possible by art. 5 of the Copyright Term Directive. Not all EU member States have transposed art. 5 into national law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "if enough creativity/originality is provided"}], "question": "What is the criteria for copyright?", "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9326"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "The mere addition of a word, or substitution of a term with another one believed to be more correct"}], "question": "What minor things can be included and not invalidate a copyright?", "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9327"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "All the notes accounting for the analysis and why and how such changes have been made represent a different work autonomously copyrightable"}], "question": "Are footnotes included in the copyright of the original work?", "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9328"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "the relevant neighboring right that protects critical and scientific publications of public domain works"}], "question": "What rights do scientific publications in the EU enjoy?", "id": "5727a9f72ca10214002d9329"}]}]], [["Rakaman elektrik mendahului pembiakan rumah elektrik kerana kos tinggi awal sistem baru. Pada tahun 1925, syarikat Victor memperkenalkan Victor Orthophonic Victrola, seorang pemain rekod akustik yang direka khusus untuk memainkan cakera yang direkodkan secara elektrik, sebagai sebahagian daripada garis yang juga termasuk Electrolas yang menghasilkan elektrik. Orthophonics akustik berkisar antara harga AS $ 95 hingga US $ 300, bergantung kepada kabinet; dengan perbandingan, Electrola paling murah kos US $ 650, harga kereta Ford baru dalam era ketika pekerjaan perkeranian membayar sekitar $ 20 seminggu. <> Apakah kelemahan sistem rakaman awal? || kos tinggi <> Apakah rangkaian awal peranti rakaman awal? || US $ 95 hingga US $ 300 <> Berapa tahunkah Victor Orthophonic Victrola dibebaskan? || 1925 <> Apakah gaji mingguan biasa seorang pekerja pada tahun 1925? || $ 20 <> Apa pilihan yang ada yang menjejaskan kos Victor Orthophonic Victorla? || kabinet", {"context": "Electrical recording preceded electrical home reproduction because of the initial high cost of the new system. In 1925, the Victor company introduced the Victor Orthophonic Victrola, an acoustical record player that was specifically designed to play electrically recorded discs, as part of a line that also included electrically reproducing Electrolas. The acoustical Orthophonics ranged in price from US$95 to US$300, depending on cabinetry; by comparison, the cheapest Electrola cost US$650, the price of a new Ford automobile in an era when clerical jobs paid about $20 a week.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "high cost"}], "question": "What was a drawback of early home recording systems?", "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "US$95 to US$300"}], "question": "What was the initial cost range of early recording devices?", "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea085"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "1925"}], "question": "What year  was the  Victor Orthophonic Victrola released?", "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea086"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "$20"}], "question": "What was the typical weekly pay of a worker in 1925?", "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea087"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "cabinetry"}], "question": "What options were available that effected the cost of the Victor Orthophonic Victorla?", "id": "5727903ddd62a815002ea088"}]}], ["Rekod awal dibuat secara akustik, bunyi yang dikumpulkan oleh tanduk dan paip ke diafragma, yang bergetar stylus pemotongan. Kepekaan dan kekerapan frekuensi adalah miskin, dan tindak balas frekuensi sangat tidak teratur, memberikan rakaman akustik kualiti nada yang dapat dikenali dengan serta-merta. Seorang penyanyi dengan praktikal terpaksa meletakkan wajahnya di tanduk rakaman. Instrumen orkestra yang lebih rendah seperti selo dan bass double sering digandakan (atau diganti) oleh instrumen angin yang lebih keras, seperti tuba. Violin piawai dalam ensemble orkestra sering digantikan oleh violin Stroh, yang menjadi popular dengan studio rakaman. <> Apakah dua kelemahan rekod awal? || Kepekaan dan kekerapan frekuensi miskin <> Bagaimana cara membuat rakaman awal? || muka dalam tanduk rakaman <> Apakah jenis violin yang terbaik dengan rakaman awal? || Stroh violins <> Apa instrumen tidak mencatatkan dengan baik? || Instrumen orkestra pucuk rendah <> Bagaimana tindak balas frekuensi dalam rakaman awal? || sangat tidak teratur", {"context": "Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn. Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled (or replaced) by louder wind instruments, such as tubas. Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins, which became popular with recording studios.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Sensitivity and frequency range were poor"}], "question": "What were two drawback of early recordings?", "id": "57278ca1708984140094e099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "face in the recording horn"}], "question": "How would one make to early recordings?", "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "Stroh violins"}], "question": "What types of violins worked best with early recordings?", "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "Lower-pitched orchestral instruments"}], "question": "What instruments did not record well?", "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "very irregular"}], "question": "How was the frequency response in early recordings?", "id": "57278ca1708984140094e09d"}]}], ["Bertentangan dengan kepercayaan popular, jika diletakkan dengan betul dan siap, drum dapat digunakan dan didengar secara efektif bahkan pada rekaman band jazz dan tentera terawal. Instrumen yang paling kuat seperti gendang dan sangkakala diletakkan paling jauh dari tanduk mengumpul. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, anggota Band Creole Jazz King Oliver yang direkodkan di Gennett Records pada tahun 1923, ingat bahawa pada mulanya Oliver dan sangkakala kedua mudanya, Louis Armstrong, berdiri bersebelahan dan tanduk Oliver tidak dapat didengar. \"Mereka meletakkan Louis kira-kira lima belas kaki di sudut, melihat semua sedih.\" Untuk memainkan bahagian-bahagian instrumental di dalam dan luar ketika merakam, beberapa pemain telah diletakkan di atas platform yang boleh bergerak, yang dapat menarik pelaku (s) lebih dekat atau jauh lagi seperti yang diperlukan. [Alat rujukan] <> Alat apa yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualiti bunyi pada awal rakaman untuk kesan khas? || platform boleh bergerak <> Di manakah alat muzik yang paling baik diletakkan untuk kualiti bunyi yang baik? || paling jauh dari tanduk yang mengumpul <> Seberapa jauh ada yang trumpeter diketahui berdiri? || Lima belas kaki <> Adakah gendang didengar pada rakaman jazz awal? || gendang boleh digunakan dengan berkesan <> Apa item yang dipanggil yang merekodkan bunyi? || mengumpul tanduk", {"context": "Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. \"They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad.\" For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "moveable platform"}], "question": "What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?", "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "farthest away from the collecting horn"}], "question": "Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?", "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "fifteen feet"}], "question": "How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?", "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "drums could be effectively used"}], "question": "Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?", "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "collecting horn"}], "question": "What was the item called that recorded the sounds?", "id": "57278d8e5951b619008f8d53"}]}], ["Phonautograph yang dipatenkan oleh L\u00e9on Scott pada tahun 1857, menggunakan diafragma dan stylus bergetar untuk merekodkan gelombang bunyi sebagai jejak pada helaian kertas, semata-mata untuk analisis visual dan tanpa niat memainkannya. Pada tahun 2000an, tracings ini mula-mula diimbas oleh jurutera audio dan ditukar secara digital menjadi bunyi yang boleh didengar. Phonautogram nyanyian dan pertuturan yang dibuat oleh Scott pada tahun 1860 telah dimainkan semula sebagai bunyi buat kali pertama pada tahun 2008. Bersama dengan nada garpu tuning dan coretan yang tidak dapat difahami yang direkodkan seawal tahun 1857, ini adalah rekod suara terdahulu. <> Apakah maksud asal phonautograph itu? || analisis visual <> Dalam tahun berapa phonautograms ditukar kepada bunyi yang boleh didengar? || 2000-an <> Tahun apa rakaman bunyi terdahulu yang diketahui? || 1857 <> Dengan siapa paten phonautogram dipatenkan? || L\u00e9on Scott <> Pada tahun apakah phonautograms dipatenkan? || 1857", {"context": "The phonautograph, patented by L\u00e9on Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "visual analysis"}], "question": "What was the original intent of the phonautograph?", "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "2000s"}], "question": "In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?", "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "1857"}], "question": "What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?", "id": "572778755951b619008f8ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "L\u00e9on Scott"}], "question": "By whom was the phonautograms patented?", "id": "572778755951b619008f8aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "1857"}], "question": "In what year was phonautograms patented?", "id": "572778755951b619008f8abb"}]}], ["Rekod gramophone (rekod fonograf dalam bahasa Inggeris Amerika) atau rekod vinil, yang dikenali sebagai \"rekod\", adalah medium penyimpanan bunyi analog dalam bentuk cakera polivinil klorida rata (cakera sebelumnya) dengan alur spiral termodulat. Alur biasanya bermula berhampiran tepi dan berakhir berhampiran pusat cakera. Rekod panji-pandu biasanya digambarkan dengan diameternya dalam inci (12 \", 10\", 7 \"), kelajuan putaran dalam rpm di mana ia dimainkan (16 2/3, 33 1/3, 45, 78), dan masa mereka kapasiti yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan parameter tersebut (LP - panjang bermain 33 1/3 rpm, SP - 78 rpm tunggal, EP - 12 inci tunggal atau permainan lanjutan, 33 atau 45 rpm); kualiti reproduktif mereka atau tahap kesetiaan (tinggi - kesetiaan, ortofonik, julat penuh, dan sebagainya), dan bilangan saluran audio yang disediakan (mono, stereo, quad, dan lain-lain). <> Apa yang LP berdiri untuk masa keupayaan? > Apakah diameter umum yang terdapat dalam rekod ponografi? || 12 \", 10\", 7 \"<> Apakah rekod gramophone atau 'vinil'? || medium penyimpanan bunyi analog <> Di manakah alur pada rekod vinil biasanya bermula? || berhampiran pinggir <> Dalam kaedah apakah kelajuan putaran diukur? || rpm", {"context": "A gramophone record (phonograph record in American English) or vinyl record, commonly known as a \"record\", is an analogue sound storage medium in the form of a flat polyvinyl chloride (previously shellac) disc with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Phonograph records are generally described by their diameter in inches (12\", 10\", 7\"), the rotational speed in rpm at which they are played (16 2\u20443, 33 1\u20443, 45, 78), and their time capacity resulting from a combination of those parameters (LP \u2013 long playing 33 1\u20443 rpm, SP \u2013 78 rpm single, EP \u2013 12-inch single or extended play, 33 or 45 rpm); their reproductive quality or level of fidelity (high-fidelity, orthophonic, full-range, etc.), and the number of audio channels provided (mono, stereo, quad, etc.).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "long playing"}], "question": "What does LP stand for when it comes to time capacity?", "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "12\", 10\", 7\""}], "question": "What are common diameters found in phonograph records?", "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "analogue sound storage medium"}], "question": "What is a gramophone or 'vinyl' record?", "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "near the periphery"}], "question": "Where does the groove on a vinyl record typically start?", "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "rpm"}], "question": "In what method is the rotational speed measured in?", "id": "57277660dd62a815002e9d86"}]}], ["Rekod cakera fonograf adalah medium utama yang digunakan untuk pembiakan muzik sehingga lewat pada abad ke-20, menggantikan rekod silinder fonografi-yang mana ia telah wujud dari akhir 1880-an hingga 1920-pada akhir 1920-an. Rekod mengekalkan bahagian pasaran terbesar walaupun format baru seperti kaset padat dipasarkan secara besar-besaran. Menjelang akhir 1980-an, media digital, dalam bentuk cakera padat, telah memperoleh bahagian pasaran yang lebih besar, dan rekod vinil meninggalkan arus perdana pada tahun 1991. Dari tahun 1990-an hingga 2010, rekod terus dihasilkan dan dijual dengan banyak skala yang lebih kecil, dan terutamanya digunakan oleh pemain jockeys (DJ), yang dikeluarkan oleh artis dalam beberapa genre, dan didengar oleh pasaran khusus audiophiles. Rekod fonografi telah membuat kebangkitan semula niche pada awal abad ke-21 - 9.2 juta rekod telah dijual di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 2014, peningkatan 260% sejak tahun 2009. Begitu juga, jualan UK meningkat lima kali ganda dari tahun 2009 hingga 2014. < Apakah kegunaan utama rekod cakera fonografi? || reproduksi muzik <> Tahun manakah rekod vinil meninggalkan pasar media stim utama? || 1991 <> Dari tahun 1990-an hingga 2010 yang merupakan pengguna utama rekod vinil? || jockey cakera (DJ) s <> Lebih kurang berapa rekod pawagam telah dijual pada tahun 2014? || 9.2 juta <> Apakah pasaran ceruk peminat rekod ponografi dikenali sebagai? || audiophiles", {"context": "The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record\u2013with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s\u2013by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. From the 1990s to the 2010s, records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale, and were especially used by disc jockeys (DJ)s, released by artists in some genres, and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century \u2013 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "music reproduction"}], "question": "What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?", "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "1991"}], "question": "Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?", "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 628, "text": "disc jockeys (DJ)s"}], "question": "From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?", "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 812, "text": "9.2 million"}], "question": "Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?", "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "audiophiles"}], "question": "What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?", "id": "57277777f1498d1400e8f8ea"}]}], ["Rekod cakera celah sempadan dibangunkan di Amerika Syarikat oleh Emile Berliner, yang menamakan sistemnya sebagai \"gramophone\", membezakannya daripada \"phonograph\" silinder lilin Edison dan silinder lilin Columbia \"graphophone\". Disc yang paling awal di Berliner, yang pertama kali dipasarkan pada tahun 1889, tetapi hanya di Eropah, adalah 5 inci (13 cm) diameter, dan dimainkan dengan mesin tangan yang kecil. Kedua-dua rekod dan mesin itu hanya mencukupi untuk digunakan sebagai mainan atau rasa ingin tahu, kerana kualiti bunyi yang terhad. Di Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1894, di bawah tanda dagangan Berliner Gramophone, Berliner memulakan rekod pemasaran dengan nilai hiburan yang agak lebih besar, bersama-sama dengan gramophon agak lebih besar untuk memainkannya. Rekod Berliner mempunyai kualiti bunyi yang kurang baik berbanding silinder lilin, tetapi syarikat perkilangan Eldridge R. Johnson akhirnya meningkatkan kualiti bunyi. Mengeluarkan tanda dagangan \"Gramophone\" Berliner atas sebab-sebab undang-undang, pada tahun 1901 syarikat-syarikat berasingan Johnson dan Berliner telah diorganisir semula untuk membentuk Syarikat Victor Talking Machine, yang produknya akan menguasai pasaran selama bertahun-tahun. Emile Berliner memindahkan syarikatnya ke Montreal pada tahun 1900. Kilang yang menjadi RCA Victor tetap wujud. Terdapat sebuah muzium khusus di Montreal untuk Berliner. <> Apakah nama rekod disc cut lateral? || gramophone <> Apa masalah yang terdapat dengan rekod Berliner pada mulanya? || Kualiti bunyi yang lemah <> Di mana rekod cakera celah sisi dikembangkan? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa itu 'Victor Talking Machine yang kini dikenali? || RCA Victor <> Di manakah muzium yang didedikasikan untuk Berliner terletak? || Montreal", {"context": "Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the \"gramophone\", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder \"phonograph\" and Columbia's wax cylinder \"graphophone\". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's \"Gramophone\" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "gramophone"}], "question": "What is the name of lateral cut disc records?", "id": "572789cd708984140094e043"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 740, "text": "poor sound quality"}], "question": "What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? ", "id": "572789cd708984140094e044"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "United States"}], "question": "Where were lateral cut disc records developed?", "id": "572789cd708984140094e045"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1193, "text": "RCA Victor"}], "question": "What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?", "id": "572789cd708984140094e046"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1250, "text": "Montreal"}], "question": "Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?", "id": "572789cd708984140094e047"}]}], ["Pada separuh pertama tahun 1920an, para jurutera di Western Electric, serta pencipta bebas seperti Orlando Marsh, mengembangkan teknologi untuk menangkap bunyi dengan mikrofon, menguatkannya dengan tiub vakum, kemudian menggunakan isyarat yang diperkuat untuk memacu kepala rakaman elektromagnetik. Inovasi Western Electric menghasilkan sambutan yang sangat luas dan lebih banyak lagi, mewujudkan rekod yang lebih dramatik, lebih jelas dan lebih semula jadi. Bunyi jauh atau kurang kuat yang tidak dapat dirakam oleh kaedah lama kini boleh ditangkap. Kelantangan kini terhad hanya oleh jarak alur pada rekod dan batasan peranti main balik yang dimaksudkan. Victor dan Columbia melesenkan sistem elektrik baru dari Western Electric dan mula mengeluarkan cakera cakera elektrik pada tahun 1925. Rakaman klasik pertama ialah Chopin impromptus dan Litanei Schubert oleh Alfred Cortot untuk Victor. <> Apa yang awal digunakan untuk menguatkan bunyi? || tiub vakum <> Apa syarikat penting dalam pembangunan rakaman bunyi yang berkualiti? || Western Electric <> Berapa awal cakera cakera elektrik yang disediakan untuk pembelian? || 1925 <> Apa yang baru mengenai kaedah Western Electrics untuk menangkap bunyi? || mikrofon <> Bagaimana bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh Western Electric digambarkan? || lebih lengkap, lebih jelas dan lebih semula jadi", {"context": "During the first half of the 1920s, engineers at Western Electric, as well as independent inventors such as Orlando Marsh, developed technology for capturing sound with a microphone, amplifying it with vacuum tubes, then using the amplified signal to drive an electromagnetic recording head. Western Electric's innovations resulted in a greatly expanded and more even frequency response, creating a dramatically fuller, clearer and more natural-sounding recording. Distant or less strong sounds that were impossible to record by the old methods could now be captured. Volume was now limited only by the groove spacing on the record and the limitations of the intended playback device. Victor and Columbia licensed the new electrical system from Western Electric and began issuing electrically recorded discs in 1925. The first classical recording was of Chopin impromptus and Schubert's Litanei by Alfred Cortot for Victor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "vacuum tubes"}], "question": "What was an early took used to amplify sounds?", "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea04e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Western Electric"}], "question": "What company was vital in progression of quality sound recordings?", "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea04f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 811, "text": "1925"}], "question": "How early were electrically recorded discs made available for purchase?", "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea050"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "microphone"}], "question": "What was new about the way Western Electrics method of capturing sound?", "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea051"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "fuller, clearer and more natural"}], "question": "How could the sounds produced by Western Electric be described?", "id": "57278ed7dd62a815002ea052"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1901, rekod cakera 10 inci diperkenalkan, diikuti pada tahun 1903 oleh rekod 12 inci. Ini boleh bermain lebih dari tiga dan empat minit masing-masing, manakala silinder kontemporari hanya boleh bermain selama kira-kira dua minit. Dalam percubaan untuk mengetepikan kelebihan cakera, Edison memperkenalkan silinder Amberol pada tahun 1909, dengan masa bermain maksimum 4\u00bd minit (pada 160 rpm), yang seterusnya digantikan oleh Blue Amberol Records, yang mempunyai permukaan permainan yang terbuat dari seluloid , plastik, yang jauh lebih rapuh. Walaupun penambahbaikan ini, semasa cakera tahun 1910-an memenangi perang format awal ini, walaupun Edison terus menghasilkan silinder Blue Amberol yang baru untuk pangkalan pelanggan yang semakin berkurangan sehingga lewat tahun 1929. Menjelang tahun 1919, paten-paten asas untuk pembuatan rekod cakera celah lateral telah tamat tempoh, membuka lapangan bagi syarikat-syarikat yang tidak banyak untuk menghasilkannya. Rekod cakera analog akan menguasai pasaran hiburan rumah sehingga mereka disingkirkan oleh cakera padat digital pada akhir 1980-an (yang kemudiannya digantikan oleh rakaman audio digital yang diedarkan melalui kedai muzik dalam talian dan perkongsian fail Internet). <> Apakah nama cakera Edison diperkenalkan pada tahun 1909? || Silinder biru Amberol <> Berapa tahun paten untuk cakera potong lateral berakhir? || 1919 <> Format apa yang menguasai pasaran pada akhir 1980-an? || cakera padat digital <> Format cakera apa yang paling rapuh sebelum tahun 1919? || Silinder Amberol <> Apakah permukaan permainan cakera silinder amerbol biru yang diperbuat daripada? || seluloid", {"context": "In 1901, 10-inch disc records were introduced, followed in 1903 by 12-inch records. These could play for more than three and four minutes respectively, while contemporary cylinders could only play for about two minutes. In an attempt to head off the disc advantage, Edison introduced the Amberol cylinder in 1909, with a maximum playing time of 4\u00bd minutes (at 160 rpm), which in turn were superseded by Blue Amberol Records, which had a playing surface made of celluloid, a plastic, which was far less fragile. Despite these improvements, during the 1910s discs decisively won this early format war, although Edison continued to produce new Blue Amberol cylinders for an ever-dwindling customer base until late in 1929. By 1919 the basic patents for the manufacture of lateral-cut disc records had expired, opening the field for countless companies to produce them. Analog disc records would dominate the home entertainment market until they were outsold by the digital compact disc in the late 1980s (which was in turn supplanted by digital audio recordings distributed via online music stores and Internet file sharing).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 641, "text": "Blue Amberol cylinders"}], "question": "What was the name of the discs Edison introduced in 1909?", "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 723, "text": "1919"}], "question": "What year did the patent for lateral cut discs expire?", "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 962, "text": "digital compact disc"}], "question": "What format dominated the market in the late 1980s?", "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Amberol cylinder"}], "question": "What disc format was the least fragile prior to 1919?", "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "celluloid"}], "question": "What was the playing surface of the blue amerbol cylinder discs made of?", "id": "57278b575951b619008f8cfb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1877, Thomas Edison mencipta fonograf. Tidak seperti phonautograph, ia mampu merakam dan mengeluarkan bunyi. Walaupun kesamaan namanya, tidak ada bukti dokumentari bahawa fonograf Edison didasarkan pada phonautograph Scott. Edison mula-mula mencuba bunyi rakaman pada pita kertas lilin, dengan idea untuk membuat \"repeater telefon\" analogkan dengan pengulang telegraf yang telah dia kerjakan. Walaupun keputusan yang jelas membuatnya yakin bahawa bunyi boleh direkodkan dan direkodkan secara fizikal, catatannya tidak menunjukkan bahawa dia sebenarnya menghasilkan semula bunyi sebelum percubaan pertama di mana dia menggunakan tinfoil sebagai media rakaman beberapa bulan kemudian. Tinfoil dibalut silinder logam grooved dan stylus bergetar bunyi mengindang tinfoil sementara silinder diputar. Rakaman boleh dimainkan semula dengan segera. Artikel Amerika Scientific yang memperkenalkan fonograf tinfoil kepada orang awam yang disebutkan Marey, Rosapelly dan Barlow serta Scott sebagai pencipta peranti untuk rakaman tetapi, yang penting, tidak menghasilkan bunyi. Edison juga mencipta variasi fonograf yang menggunakan pita dan format cakera. Banyak aplikasi untuk fonograf itu dibayangkan, tetapi walaupun ia menikmati gaya ringkas sebagai kebanggaan baru dalam demonstrasi awam, fonograf tinfoil terbukti terlalu kasar untuk dimasukkan ke dalam sebarang kegunaan praktikal. Sepuluh dekad kemudian, Edison mengembangkan fonograf yang sangat baik yang menggunakan silinder lilin berongga dan bukan lembaran foil. Ini terbukti sebagai peranti yang lebih baik dan lebih berguna dan tahan lama. Silinder fonograf lilin mencipta pasaran bunyi yang direkodkan pada akhir tahun 1880-an dan didominasinya menjelang tahun-tahun awal abad ke-20. <> Dalam tahun apakah Thomas Edison mencipta fonograf? || 1877 <> Bagaimana fonograf berbeza dari phonautograph? || mampu merakam dan mengeluarkan semula bunyi <> Apa yang unik mengenai ciptaan Einstein? || mereproduksi bunyi <> Pada era apakah pasaran bunyi yang direkodkan diperkenalkan? || 1880-an", {"context": "In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. Unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no documentary evidence that Edison's phonograph was based on Scott's phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a wax-impregnated paper tape, with the idea of creating a \"telephone repeater\" analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. Although the visible results made him confident that sound could be physically recorded and reproduced, his notes do not indicate that he actually reproduced sound before his first experiment in which he used tinfoil as a recording medium several months later. The tinfoil was wrapped around a grooved metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately. The Scientific American article that introduced the tinfoil phonograph to the public mentioned Marey, Rosapelly and Barlow as well as Scott as creators of devices for recording but, importantly, not reproducing sound. Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. Numerous applications for the phonograph were envisioned, but although it enjoyed a brief vogue as a startling novelty at public demonstrations, the tinfoil phonograph proved too crude to be put to any practical use. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a hollow wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device. The wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1877"}], "question": "In what year did Thomas Edison invent the phonograph?", "id": "57277b12708984140094decb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "capable of both recording and reproducing sound"}], "question": "How did the phonograph differ from the phonautograph?", "id": "57277b12708984140094decc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1078, "text": "reproducing sound"}], "question": "What was unique about Einsteins invention?", "id": "57277b12708984140094decd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1678, "text": "1880s"}], "question": "At what era was the recorded sound market introduced?", "id": "57277b12708984140094dece"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1930-an, syarikat rekod mula mengeluarkan koleksi rekod 78 rpm oleh seorang pelakon atau satu jenis muzik dalam album yang dipasang secara khusus, biasanya dengan karya seni pada penutup depan dan nota pelapik di belakang atau di dalam penutup. Kebanyakan album termasuk tiga atau empat rekod, dengan dua pihak masing-masing, menjadikan enam atau lapan lagu setiap album. Apabila era vinil LP 12-inci bermula pada tahun 1949, rekod tunggal sering mempunyai nombor yang sama atau sama dengan lagu sebagai album khas 78-an, dan masih sering dirujuk sebagai \"album\". <> Bilakah ada album yang kita ketahui sekarang secara meluas? || 1930s <> Apa yang biasanya terdapat di sampul hadapan album? || karya seni <> Bagaimana rekod yang biasa dijumpai dalam album? || tiga atau empat <> Bilakah rekod LP vinil bermula? || 1949 <> Berapa banyak lagu yang mengandungi kebanyakan album? || enam atau lapan", {"context": "In the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78 rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled albums, typically with artwork on the front cover and liner notes on the back or inside cover. Most albums included three or four records, with two sides each, making six or eight tunes per album. When the 12-inch vinyl LP era began in 1949, the single record often had the same or similar number of tunes as a typical album of 78s, and was still often referred to as an \"album\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1930s"}], "question": "When were albums as we currently know them widely released?", "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9122"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "artwork"}], "question": "What is typically found on the front cover of an album?", "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9123"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "three or four"}], "question": "How may records were commonly found in an album?", "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9124"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When did the vinyl LP records Era begin?", "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9125"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "six or eight"}], "question": "How many songs did most albums contain?", "id": "57279e2cff5b5019007d9126"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1910, [koleksi 1] terikat koleksi lengan kosong dengan kulit kertas atau penutup kulit, sama seperti album gambar, dijual sebagai album rekod yang dapat digunakan oleh pelanggan untuk menyimpan rekod mereka (istilah \"album rekod\" dicetak pada beberapa meliputi). Album-album ini datang dalam saiz 10 inci dan 12 inci. Sampul buku-buku terikat ini lebih luas dan lebih tinggi daripada rekod di dalam, yang membolehkan album rekod ditempatkan di rak yang tegak, seperti buku, menangguhkan rekod yang rapuh di atas rak dan melindungi mereka. <> Apabila boleh merakam album merangkumi dijumpai dahulu? || 1910 <> Apakah rekod album rekod awal dibuat? || lengan kosong dengan papan kertas atau penutup kulit <> Saiz apa yang dirakam album rekod tersedia? || Saiz 10-inci dan 12-inci <> Bagaimana penutup album rekod yang hendak disimpan? || tegak <> Apa maksud rekaman album rekod? || melindungi mereka", {"context": "By about 1910,[note 1] bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover, similar to a photograph album, were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records (the term \"record album\" was printed on some covers). These albums came in both 10-inch and 12-inch sizes. The covers of these bound books were wider and taller than the records inside, allowing the record album to be placed on a shelf upright, like a book, suspending the fragile records above the shelf and protecting them.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "1910"}], "question": "When could record album covers first be found?", "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d9118"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover"}], "question": "What were early record album covers made of?", "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d9119"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "10-inch and 12-inch sizes"}], "question": "What sizes were record album covers available in?", "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "upright"}], "question": "How were record album covers intended to be stored?", "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "protecting them"}], "question": "What was the purpose of record album covers?", "id": "57279d66ff5b5019007d911c"}]}], ["Waktu bermain rekod ponografi bergantung pada kelajuan putar dan jarak alur. Pada awal abad ke-20, cakera awal dimainkan selama dua minit, sama seperti rekod silinder awal. Disc 12-inci, yang diperkenalkan oleh Victor pada tahun 1903, meningkatkan masa bermain hingga tiga setengah minit. Oleh kerana rekod 10-inci 78 rpm boleh memegang kira-kira tiga minit bunyi setiap sisi dan saiz 10 inci adalah saiz standard untuk muzik popular, hampir semua rakaman popular terhad kepada sekitar tiga minit panjangnya. Sebagai contoh, apabila King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, termasuk Louis Armstrong dalam rekod pertamanya, mencatatkan 13 pasukan di Gennett Records di Richmond, Indiana, pada tahun 1923, satu pasukan adalah 2:09 dan empat pasukan adalah 2: 52-2: 59. <> Faktor apa yang akan mempengaruhi masa bermain ponograf? || kelajuan putar dan jarak alur <> Apakah masa bermain biasa pada awal abad ke-20? || dua minit <> Berapa banyak rakaman yang diperlukan oleh jenis Oliver Creole Jazz yang memerlukan? || 13 <> Apakah cakera saiz biasa untuk muzik popular? || 10-inci <> Apakah masa rakaman tersedia pada cakera 12 inci? || tiga setengah minit", {"context": "The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music, almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52\u20132:59.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "turntable speed and the groove spacing"}], "question": "What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?", "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "two minutes"}], "question": "What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?", "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?", "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "10-inch"}], "question": "What was the normal size disc for popular music?", "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "three and a half minutes"}], "question": "What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?", "id": "572799a9dd62a815002ea1b2"}]}], ["Syarikat rekod Jerman Odeon sering dikatakan telah mempelopori album itu pada tahun 1909 apabila ia mengeluarkan Nutcracker Suite oleh Tchaikovsky pada 4 cakera dua sisi dalam pakej yang direka khas. (Ia tidak menunjukkan berapa saiz rekod itu.) Walau bagaimanapun, Deutsche Grammophon telah menghasilkan album untuk rakaman lengkap opera Carmen pada tahun sebelumnya. Amalan mengeluarkan album sepertinya tidak banyak digunakan oleh syarikat rekod lain selama bertahun-tahun; Walau bagaimanapun, HMV menyediakan album, dengan penutup bergambar, untuk rakaman 1917 The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan). <> Apa yang unik mengenai pelepasan Odeon pada Suite Nutcracker 1909? || 4 cakera dua sisi dalam pakej yang direka khas <> Apa salah satu siaran pertama dengan gambar pada penutup? || The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan) <> Kapan album dikatakan dipelopori? || 1909 <> Apa salah satu album pertama yang dikeluarkan? || Nutcracker Suite oleh Tchaikovsky", {"context": "German record company Odeon is often said to have pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on 4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package. (It is not indicated what size the records are.) However, Deutsche Grammophon had produced an album for its complete recording of the opera Carmen in the previous year. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have been widely taken up by other record companies for many years; however, HMV provided an album, with a pictorial cover, for the 1917 recording of The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "4 double-sided discs in a specially designed package"}], "question": "What was unique about Odeon's 1909 release of the Nutcracker Suite?", "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "The Mikado (Gilbert & Sullivan)"}], "question": "What was one of the first releases with a photo on the cover?", "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "1909"}], "question": "When were albums said to be pioneered?", "id": "57279cc0708984140094e23f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky"}], "question": "What was one of the very first albums released?", "id": "57279cc0708984140094e240"}]}], ["Untuk tujuan rakaman atau nostalgia, atau untuk kepentingan main balik audio yang berkualiti tinggi yang disediakan oleh kelajuan 78 rpm dengan rekod vinil yang lebih baru dan pickup stylus ringan mereka, sebilangan kecil rekod 78 rpm telah dikeluarkan sejak label utama berhenti pengeluaran. Salah satu percubaan pertama di dalamnya ialah pada tahun 1950-an, apabila pencipta Ewing Dunbar Nunn mengasaskan label Rekod Audiophile, yang dilancarkan, sebagai tambahan kepada standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78-album yang dikuasai oleh microgroove dan ditekan pada vinil ( berbanding dengan 78 tahun tradisional, dengan komposisi shellac dan alur bersaiz 3-mil yang lebih luas). Ini dilakukan oleh label terutamanya untuk mengambil kesempatan daripada tindak balas frekuensi audio yang lebih luas yang kelajuan lebih cepat seperti 78 rpm dapat menyediakan rekod vinil microgroove, maka nama labelnya (jelas melayani khidmat audiophiles era 1950-an \"hi-fi\", ketika alat stereo boleh menyediakan pelbagai audio yang lebih luas daripada sebelumnya). Juga pada penghujung tahun 1950-an, Bell Records mengeluarkan beberapa rekod harga 7 \"rekod microgrooved pada harga 78 rpm. <> Apakah sebab-sebab pelepasan terkini 78 vinil kelajuan vinil? || tujuan kolektif atau nostalgia <> Apa faedah yang lebih baru pelepasan vinil kelajuan 78 rpm? || main semula audio yang berkualiti tinggi <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan 7 \"rekod microgrooved pada tahun 1950-an? || Rekod Bell <> Apa faedah untuk vinil telah ditemui pada tahun 1950-an? || Pelbagai audio yang lebih luas <> Siapa yang mengasaskan Rekod Audiophile? || Ewing Dunbar Nunn", {"context": "For collectable or nostalgia purposes, or for the benefit of higher-quality audio playback provided by the 78 rpm speed with newer vinyl records and their lightweight stylus pickups, a small number of 78 rpm records have been released since the major labels ceased production. One of the first attempts at this was in the 1950s, when inventor Ewing Dunbar Nunn founded the label Audiophile Records, which released, in addition to standard 33 1/3 rpm LPs, 78 rpm-mastered albums that were microgroove and pressed on vinyl (as opposed to traditional 78s, with their shellac composition and wider 3-mil sized grooves). This was done by the label mainly to take advantage of the wider audio frequency response that faster speeds like 78 rpm can provide for vinyl microgroove records, hence the label's name (obviously catering to the audiophiles of the 1950s \"hi-fi\" era, when stereo gear could provide a much wider range of audio than before). Also in the late 1950s, Bell Records released a few budget-priced 7\" microgrooved records at 78 rpm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "collectable or nostalgia purposes"}], "question": "What are reasons for recent releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?", "id": "57279f213acd2414000de811"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "higher-quality audio playback"}], "question": "What is a benefit of newer releases of 78 rpm speed vinyls?", "id": "57279f213acd2414000de812"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 965, "text": "Bell Records"}], "question": "Who released 7\" microgrooved records in the 1950s?", "id": "57279f213acd2414000de813"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 906, "text": "wider range of audio"}], "question": "What benefits to vinyl have been found in the 1950s?", "id": "57279f213acd2414000de814"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "Ewing Dunbar Nunn"}], "question": "Who founded Audiophile Records?", "id": "57279f213acd2414000de815"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1890-an, format rakaman cakera terawal (mainan) adalah 12.5 cm (nominal lima inci); menjelang pertengahan tahun 1890-an, cakera biasanya berukuran 7 inci (nominal 17.5 cm). Menjelang tahun 1910 rekod 10 inci (25.4 cm) setakat ini adalah standard yang paling popular, memegang kira-kira tiga minit muzik atau hiburan lain di sebelah. Dari tahun 1903 dan seterusnya, rekod 12 inci (30.5 cm) juga dijual secara komersial, kebanyakannya muzik klasik atau pilihan opera, dengan empat hingga lima minit muzik setiap sisi. Victor, Brunswick dan Columbia juga mengeluarkan medali terkenal 12-inci, biasanya menyoroti skor pameran Broadway. Walau bagaimanapun, saiz lain kelihatan. Cakera delapan inci dengan label diameter 2 mm (51 mm) menjadi popular selama sedekad di Britain, tetapi mereka tidak boleh dimainkan secara penuh pada kebanyakan pemain rekod moden kerana lengan nada tidak boleh bermain jauh di tengah tanpa pengubahsuaian peralatan. <> Apakah cakera berukuran paling popular pada tahun 1910? || 10 inci <> Berapa lamakah rakaman pada cakera 10 inci pada tahun 1903? || empat hingga lima minit muzik setiap sisi <> Seberapa kecil cakera terawal dikeluarkan? || 12.5 cm <> Apakah satu isu penting dengan cakera yang popular di Britain? || pengubahsuaian peralatan <> cakera mana yang boleh memegang kira-kira tiga minit rakaman di mana-mana? || 10 inci", {"context": "In the 1890s, the recording formats of the earliest (toy) discs were mainly 12.5 cm (nominally five inches) in diameter; by the mid-1890s, the discs were usually 7 in (nominally 17.5 cm) in diameter. By 1910 the 10-inch (25.4 cm) record was by far the most popular standard, holding about three minutes of music or other entertainment on a side. From 1903 onwards, 12-inch records (30.5 cm) were also sold commercially, mostly of classical music or operatic selections, with four to five minutes of music per side. Victor, Brunswick and Columbia also issued 12-inch popular medleys, usually spotlighting a Broadway show score. However, other sizes did appear. Eight-inch discs with a 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) label became popular for about a decade in Britain, but they cannot be played in full on most modern record players because the tone arm cannot play far enough in toward the center without modification of the equipment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "10-inch"}], "question": "What was the most popular sized disc by 1910?", "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea17e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "four to five minutes of music per side"}], "question": "How long could a recording be on a 10 inch disc in the 1903?", "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea17f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "12.5 cm"}], "question": "How small were the earliest discs released?", "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 897, "text": "modification of the equipment"}], "question": "What was one requirement issue with discs popular in Britain?", "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "10-inch"}], "question": "Which disc could hold about three minutes of recording on either side?", "id": "572798b8dd62a815002ea182"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1931, RCA Victor memperkenalkan kompaun Victrolac berasaskan vinil mereka sebagai bahan untuk beberapa rekod luar biasa-format dan tujuan khas. Menjelang akhir tahun 1930-an kelebihan cahaya vinil, kebolehan tidak dapat dilihat relatif dan bunyi permukaan yang rendah telah menjadikannya bahan pilihan untuk pengaturcaraan radio prarekord dan aplikasi kritikal lain. Walau bagaimanapun, pada rekod 78 rpm biasa, kos bahan mentah yang lebih tinggi, serta kelemahannya terhadap pickup berat dan jarum keluli yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran yang masih biasa digunakan dalam pemain rekod rumah, menjadikan penggantian umum untuk shellac tidak praktikal pada masa itu. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, Angkatan Bersenjata Amerika Syarikat mengeluarkan beribu-ribu vinil 78-inci vinil 78 rpm untuk digunakan oleh tentera di luar negara. Selepas perang, penggunaan vinil yang lebih luas menjadi lebih praktikal sebagai pemain rekod baru dengan pickup kristal yang agak ringan dan styli-ground styli yang diperbuat daripada nilam atau aloi osmium eksotik yang meluas. Pada akhir tahun 1945, Victor RCA mula menawarkan percetakan khas vinil merah de Lace khas beberapa 78-an klasik, dengan harga mewah. Kemudian, Decca Records memperkenalkan vinil Deccalite 78s, manakala syarikat rekod lain menghasilkan vinyl concoctions seperti Metrolite, Merco Plastic dan Sav-o-flex, tetapi kebanyakannya digunakan untuk menghasilkan rekod kanak-kanak yang tidak dapat dipecahkan dan pencetus DJ vinil nipis khas untuk penghantaran ke stesen radio. <> Apa bahan yang digunakan oleh RCA Victor untuk rekod khas? || bahan campuran Victrolac berasaskan vinil <> Apakah bahan Metrolit dan Sav-o-flex yang digunakan terutamanya untuk? || rekod kanak-kanak <> Berapa tahunkah majlis Victrolac dikeluarkan? || 1931 <> Apakah kelebihan vinil pada tahun 1930? || berat ringan, ketakselaran relatif dan bunyi permukaan rendah <> Apakah kejatuhan vinil biasa 78 rpm di rumah rumah? || kos yang lebih tinggi", {"context": "In 1931, RCA Victor introduced their vinyl-based Victrolac compound as a material for some unusual-format and special-purpose records. By the end of the 1930s vinyl's advantages of light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise had made it the material of choice for prerecorded radio programming and other critical applications. When it came to ordinary 78 rpm records, however, the much higher cost of the raw material, as well as its vulnerability to the heavy pickups and crudely mass-produced steel needles still commonly used in home record players, made its general substitution for shellac impractical at that time. During the Second World War, the United States Armed Forces produced thousands of 12-inch vinyl 78 rpm V-Discs for use by the troops overseas. After the war, the wider use of vinyl became more practical as new record players with relatively lightweight crystal pickups and precision-ground styli made of sapphire or an exotic osmium alloy proliferated. In late 1945, RCA Victor began offering special transparent red vinyl De Luxe pressings of some classical 78s, at a de luxe price. Later, Decca Records introduced vinyl Deccalite 78s, while other record companies came up with vinyl concoctions such as Metrolite, Merco Plastic and Sav-o-flex, but these were mainly used to produce \"unbreakable\" children's records and special thin vinyl DJ pressings for shipment to radio stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "vinyl-based Victrolac compound"}], "question": "What material was used by RCA Victor for special purpose records?", "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fcfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1335, "text": "children's records"}], "question": "What was Metrolite and Sav-o-flex materials primarily used for?", "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fcff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1931"}], "question": "What year was the Victrolac compound released?", "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "light weight, relative unbreakability and low surface noise"}], "question": "What were advantages of vinyl in the 1930's?", "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "higher cost"}], "question": "What was a downfall of ordinary 78 rpm vinyls in household house?", "id": "5727973bf1498d1400e8fd02"}]}], ["Rekod cakera terawal (1889-1894) diperbuat daripada pelbagai bahan termasuk getah keras. Sekitar tahun 1895, sebatian berasaskan shellac diperkenalkan dan menjadi standard. Formula yang tepat untuk sebatian ini diubah oleh pengeluar dan sepanjang masa, tetapi biasanya terdiri daripada kira-kira satu pertiga shellac dan kira-kira dua pertiga pengisi mineral, yang bermaksud batu halus halus, biasanya batu kapur dan batu kapur, dengan campuran bahan kapas serat untuk menambah kekuatan tegangan, karbon hitam untuk warna (tanpa ini, ia cenderung menjadi warna \"kelabu\" atau warna coklat yang kebanyakan syarikat rekod dianggap tidak menarik), dan sejumlah kecil pelincir untuk memudahkan pembebasan acuan semasa pembuatan. Sesetengah pembuat, terutamanya Columbia Records, menggunakan pembinaan berlamina dengan cakera teras bahan kasar atau serat. Pengeluaran rekod shellac berterusan hingga akhir format 78 rpm (iaitu, lewat tahun 1950-an di negara-negara yang paling maju, tetapi pada tahun 1960-an di beberapa tempat lain), tetapi rumusan yang semakin kurang digunakan telah digunakan semasa tahun-tahun yang semakin merosot dan sangat lewat Contoh-contoh dalam keadaan yang benar-benar seperti baru boleh mempunyai tahap bunyi rendah seperti vinil. <> Bahan apa yang cakera dibuat pada tahun 1889-1894? || getah keras <> Apakah bahan standard untuk cakera sekitar 1895? || sebuah kompleks berasaskan shellac <> Syarikat apa yang dikenali untuk pembinaan cakera lamina? || Rekod Columbia <> Apa bahan yang memberikan vinil rekod warna hitam yang diketahui? || karbon <> Apakah bahan yang digunakan untuk melepaskan rekod vinil daripada acuan mereka? || pelincir", {"context": "The earliest disc records (1889\u20131894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a \"dirty\" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "hard rubber"}], "question": "What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?", "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "a shellac-based compound"}], "question": "What was the standard material for discs around 1895?", "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 714, "text": "Columbia Records"}], "question": "What company was known for laminate construction of discs?", "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "carbon"}], "question": "What material give the vinyl records their known black color?", "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "lubricant"}], "question": "What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?", "id": "572792d6dd62a815002ea0ca"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 1938, Milt Gabler memulakan rakaman untuk label barunya, Commodore Records, dan untuk membolehkan persembahan yang lebih panjang, dia mencatatkan rekod 12 inci. Eddie Condon menjelaskan: \"Gabler menyedari bahawa sesi jam memerlukan ruang untuk pembangunan.\" Dua rakaman 12 inci yang pertama tidak mengambil kesempatan daripada panjang tambahan: \"Carnegie Drag\" adalah 3:15; \"Carnegie Jump\", 2:41. Tetapi pada sesi kedua, pada 30 April, rakaman 12-inci lebih panjang: \"Embraceable You\" adalah 4:05; \"Serenade ke Shylock\", 4:32. Satu lagi cara di sekeliling masa adalah untuk mengeluarkan satu pilihan di kedua-dua belah rekod tunggal. Bintang Vaudeville Gallagher dan Shean mencatatkan \"Encik Gallagher dan Encik Shean\", yang ditulis oleh Irving dan Jack Kaufman, sebagai dua sisi 78 inci pada tahun 1922 untuk Cameo. Satu penyelesaian yang jelas untuk rakaman lebih lama adalah untuk melepaskan satu set rekod. Pelepasan berbilang rekod awal pada tahun 1903, apabila HMV di England membuat rakaman lengkap opera pertama, Verdi's Ernani, pada 40 cakera tunggal sebelah. Pada tahun 1940, Commodore mengeluarkan Eddie Condon dan rakaman Bandnya \"A Good Man Is Hard to Find\" dalam empat bahagian, yang dikeluarkan pada kedua-dua belah dua inci 12 inci. Keterbatasan ini dalam tempoh rakaman terus dari tahun 1910 hingga rekod rekod LP, pada tahun 1948. Dalam muzik popular, had masa ini kira-kira 3:30 pada rekod 10 inci 78 rpm bermakna bahawa penyanyi biasanya tidak melepaskan kepingan panjang pada rekod. Satu pengecualian ialah rakaman Frank Sinatra dari Rodgers dan Hammerstein \"Soliloquy\", dari Carousel, yang dibuat pada 28 Mei 1946. Kerana ia berlari 7:57, lebih panjang daripada kedua-dua belah rekod 78 rpm standard 10 inci, ia dikeluarkan di Columbia's Label pekerjaan (bahagian klasik) sebagai dua sisi rekod 12-inci. Begitu juga dengan pencapaian lagu John Raitt pada album asal Carousel, yang telah dikeluarkan pada album 78-rpm yang ditetapkan oleh American Decca pada tahun 1945. <> Di mana label Frank Sinatra melepaskan rakamannya Soliloquy? || Label karya Columbia Columbia <> Apakah masa rakaman biasa lagu pada tahun 1948? || kira-kira 3:30 <> Apa cara pemuzik mendapat bunyi seperti masa rakaman pendek? || melepaskan satu set rekod <> Berapa banyak cakera yang biasanya diadakan rakaman? || dua belah", {"context": "In January 1938, Milt Gabler started recording for his new label, Commodore Records, and to allow for longer continuous performances, he recorded some 12-inch records. Eddie Condon explained: \"Gabler realized that a jam session needs room for development.\" The first two 12-inch recordings did not take advantage of the extra length: \"Carnegie Drag\" was 3:15; \"Carnegie Jump\", 2:41. But at the second session, on April 30, the two 12-inch recordings were longer: \"Embraceable You\" was 4:05; \"Serenade to a Shylock\", 4:32. Another way around the time limitation was to issue a selection on both sides of a single record. Vaudeville stars Gallagher and Shean recorded \"Mr. Gallagher and Mr. Shean\", written by Irving and Jack Kaufman, as two sides of a 10-inch 78 in 1922 for Cameo. An obvious workaround for longer recordings was to release a set of records. An early multi-record release was in 1903, when HMV in England made the first complete recording of an opera, Verdi's Ernani, on 40 single-sided discs. In 1940, Commodore released Eddie Condon and his Band's recording of \"A Good Man Is Hard to Find\" in four parts, issued on both sides of two 12-inch 78s. This limitation on the duration of recordings persisted from 1910 until the invention of the LP record, in 1948. In popular music, this time limitation of about 3:30 on a 10-inch 78 rpm record meant that singers usually did not release long pieces on record. One exception is Frank Sinatra's recording of Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Soliloquy\", from Carousel, made on May 28, 1946. Because it ran 7:57, longer than both sides of a standard 78 rpm 10-inch record, it was released on Columbia's Masterwork label (the classical division) as two sides of a 12-inch record. The same was true of John Raitt's performance of the song on the original cast album of Carousel, which had been issued on a 78-rpm album set by American Decca in 1945.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1645, "text": "Columbia's Masterwork label"}], "question": "On which label did Frank Sinatra release his recording of Soliloquy?", "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1319, "text": "about 3:30"}], "question": "What was a typical recording time of a song in 1948?", "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "release a set of records"}], "question": "What was a way musicians got sounds such short recording times?", "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "two sides"}], "question": "How many sides of a disc commonly held a recording?", "id": "57279b65ff5b5019007d90dd"}]}], ["Rekod fleksibel atau apa yang dipanggil \"tidak dapat dipecahkan\" yang diperbuat daripada bahan-bahan yang luar biasa diperkenalkan oleh beberapa pengeluar pada masa-masa semasa era 78 rpm. Di UK, rekod Nicole, diperbuat daripada seluloid atau bahan serupa yang dilapisi pada cakera teras karton, dihasilkan beberapa tahun bermula pada tahun 1904, tetapi mereka mengalami bunyi bising permukaan yang sangat tinggi. Di Amerika Syarikat, Columbia Records memperkenalkan pressed \"Marconi Velvet Tone Record\" yang fleksibel, serat pada tahun 1907, tetapi kelebihan dan panjang umur permukaannya yang relatif tidak diramalkan bergantung pada penggunaan Marconi Jarum yang bersalut emas khusus dan produknya tidak kejayaan. Rekod plastik nipis, fleksibel seperti Phonycord Jerman dan British Filmophone dan rekod Goodson muncul sekitar 1930 tetapi juga tidak bertahan lama. The Path\u00e9 Cellodiscs Perancis kontemporari, yang diperbuat daripada plastik hitam yang sangat nipis, yang secara tidak langsung menyerupai percetakan majalah \"lembaran suara\" vinil dari era 1965-1985, juga begitu lama. Di Amerika Syarikat, rekod Hit of the Week, yang diperbuat daripada plastik tembus yang dipatenkan yang dipanggil Durium yang dilapisi pada asas kertas coklat berat, telah diperkenalkan pada awal 1930. Isu baru dikeluarkan setiap minggu dan mereka dijual di gerai surat khabar seperti majalah mingguan. Meskipun berjaya dan tidak berjaya secara komersial pada mulanya, mereka tidak lama lagi menjadi korban kepada Kemurungan Besar dan pengeluaran di Amerika Syarikat yang berakhir pada tahun 1932. Rekod-rekod Durium yang berkaitan terus dibuat agak lama di UK dan di tempat lain, dan sangat terlambat pada tahun 1950 di Itali, di mana nama \"Durium\" terselamat jauh ke era LP sebagai tanda dagangan pada rekod vinil biasa. Walaupun semua percubaan ini dalam inovasi, sebatian shellac terus digunakan untuk majoriti rekod komersil 78 rpm sepanjang hayat format. <> Apa kejatuhan besar kejayaan rekod Durium? || Kemelesetan Besar <> Tahun apa mana rekod Durium tidak lagi dilepaskan di AS? || 1932 <> Apa yang paling 78 rekod rpm dibuat? || sebatian shellac <> Apakah masalah biasa yang terdapat pada rekod fleksibel awal? || bunyi permukaan <> Apakah plastik lut nipis yang paling berjaya digunakan untuk membuat cakera dipanggil? || Durium", {"context": "Flexible or so-called \"unbreakable\" records made of unusual materials were introduced by a number of manufacturers at various times during the 78 rpm era. In the UK, Nicole records, made of celluloid or a similar substance coated onto a cardboard core disc, were produced for a few years beginning in 1904, but they suffered from an exceptionally high level of surface noise. In the United States, Columbia Records introduced flexible, fiber-cored \"Marconi Velvet Tone Record\" pressings in 1907, but the advantages and longevity of their relatively noiseless surfaces depended on the scrupulous use of special gold-plated Marconi Needles and the product was not a success. Thin, flexible plastic records such as the German Phonycord and the British Filmophone and Goodson records appeared around 1930 but also did not last long. The contemporary French Path\u00e9 Cellodiscs, made of a very thin black plastic, which uncannily resembles the vinyl \"sound sheet\" magazine inserts of the 1965\u20131985 era, were similarly short-lived. In the US, Hit of the Week records, made of a patented translucent plastic called Durium coated on a heavy brown paper base, were introduced in early 1930. A new issue came out every week and they were sold at newsstands like a weekly magazine. Although inexpensive and commercially successful at first, they soon fell victim to the Great Depression and production in the US ended in 1932. Related Durium records continued to be made somewhat later in the UK and elsewhere, and as remarkably late as 1950 in Italy, where the name \"Durium\" survived far into the LP era as a trademark on ordinary vinyl records. Despite all these attempts at innovation, shellac compounds continued to be used for the overwhelming majority of commercial 78 rpm records during the lifetime of the format.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1356, "text": "Great Depression"}], "question": "What was a major downfall of the success of Durium records?", "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea106"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1407, "text": "1932"}], "question": "What year were Durium records no longer released in the US?", "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea107"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1675, "text": "shellac compounds"}], "question": "What are most 78 rpm records made of?", "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea108"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "surface noise"}], "question": "What was a common problem found in early flexible records?", "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea109"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1105, "text": "Durium"}], "question": "What was the thin translucent plastic most successfully used to make discs called?", "id": "57279468dd62a815002ea10a"}]}], ["Bermula pada tahun 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark dan kakitangannya di Columbia Records dan di CBS Laboratories berusaha untuk menangani masalah rakaman dan memainkan alur sempit dan membangun sistem main balik pengguna yang murah dan boleh dipercayai. Ia mengambil masa lapan tahun belajar, kecuali apabila ia digantung kerana Perang Dunia II. Akhirnya, album rekod mikroskop 33 inci (30 cm) Panjang Play (LP) 33 1/3 rpm diperkenalkan oleh Syarikat Rekod Columbia di sidang akhbar New York pada 18 Jun 1948. <> Apa yang menyebabkan kelewatan dalam pengeluaran rekod kualiti tinggi? || Perang Dunia II <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan LP 12 inci? || Syarikat Rekod Columbia <> Pada tarikh apa yang dilepaskan LP 12 inci? || 18 Jun 1948 <> Dalam bandar apakah yang dikeluarkan oleh 12 orang di LP? || New York <> Berapa lamakah masa yang diambil Columbia untuk menghasilkan rekod bermain yang mesra pengguna? || kira-kira lapan tahun", {"context": "Beginning in 1939, Dr. Peter Goldmark and his staff at Columbia Records and at CBS Laboratories undertook efforts to address problems of recording and playing back narrow grooves and developing an inexpensive, reliable consumer playback system. It took about eight years of study, except when it was suspended because of World War II. Finally, the 12-inch (30 cm) Long Play (LP) 33 1\u20443 rpm microgroove record album was introduced by the Columbia Record Company at a New York press conference on June 18, 1948.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What caused a delay in the production of high quality records?", "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de903"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "Columbia Record Company"}], "question": "Who released the 12 inch LP?", "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de904"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "June 18, 1948"}], "question": "On what date was the 12 inch LP released?", "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de905"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "New York"}], "question": "In what city was the 12 in LP released?", "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "about eight years"}], "question": "How long did it take Columbia to produce a consumer friendly long play record?", "id": "5727a8cf3acd2414000de907"}]}], ["Tidak dapat menerima dan meluluskan sistem Columbia, pada bulan Februari 1949, RCA Victor, dengan kerjasama orang induknya, Radio Corporation of America, mengeluarkan 45 rpm tunggal tunggal, diameter 7 inci dengan lubang pusat yang besar. Pemain 45 rpm termasuk mekanisme yang berubah-ubah yang membolehkan banyak cakera disusun, seperti penukar konvensional yang dikendalikan 78an. Masa bermain pendek satu sisi 45 rpm bermakna kerja-kerja lama, seperti simfoni, perlu dibebaskan pada pelbagai 45-an dan bukannya LP tunggal, tetapi RCA mendakwa bahawa penukar laju berkelajuan tinggi yang baru itu memberikan rehat sampingan begitu ringkas tidak didengar atau tidak penting. Rekod awal 45 rpm dibuat dari vinil atau polistirena. Mereka mempunyai masa bermain selama lapan minit. <> Apa pelepasan RCA untuk diselesaikan melawan LP Columbia? || Pemain 45 rpm <> Bahan apa pun yang dibuat pada rekod 45 rpm? || vinil atau polistirena <> Apa masa bermain 45 rpm || lapan minit <> Apa saiz Victor RCA 45 rpm? || 7 inci", {"context": "Unwilling to accept and license Columbia's system, in February 1949 RCA Victor, in cooperation of its parent, the Radio Corporation of America, released the first 45 rpm single, 7 inches in diameter with a large center hole. The 45 rpm player included a changing mechanism that allowed multiple disks to be stacked, much as a conventional changer handled 78s. The short playing time of a single 45 rpm side meant that long works, such as symphonies, had to be released on multiple 45s instead of a single LP, but RCA claimed that the new high-speed changer rendered side breaks so brief as to be inaudible or inconsequential. Early 45 rpm records were made from either vinyl or polystyrene. They had a playing time of eight minutes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "The 45 rpm player"}], "question": "What did RCA release to complete against Columbia's LP?", "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d924e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "vinyl or polystyrene"}], "question": "What materials were 45 rpm records made of?", "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d924f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 718, "text": "eight minutes"}], "question": "What was the play time of a 45 rpm", "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d9250"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "7 inches"}], "question": "What was the size of a RCA Victor 45 rpm?", "id": "5727ac6aff5b5019007d9251"}]}], ["Format 78 yang lama terus dihasilkan secara massal di samping format yang baru menggunakan bahan-bahan baru sehingga sekitar tahun 1960 di A.S., dan di beberapa negara, seperti India (di mana beberapa rakaman Beatles dikeluarkan pada tahun 78), ke tahun 1960-an. Sebagai contoh, lagu rekaan Frank Sinatra yang terakhir pada rekod 78 rpm Columbia adalah lagu yang dipanggil Young at Heart, diterbitkan pada 1 November 1954. Sepanjang tahun 1970-an, beberapa rakaman kanak-kanak dikeluarkan pada kelajuan 78 rpm. Di United Kingdom, single 78 rpm berlanjutan lebih lama daripada di Amerika Syarikat dan 45 rpm mengambil masa lebih lama untuk menjadi popular. 78 rpm diketepikan populariti oleh 45 rpm pada akhir 1950-an, kerana remaja menjadi semakin kaya. <> Bilakah populariti 45 rpm mendapat populariti berbanding 78 rpm || 1950-an <> Dengan orang ramai yang mendapat populariti 45 rpm? || remaja <> Pada masa yang mana 79 rpm tidak lagi dihasilkan secara massal? || kira-kira tahun 1960 <> Pada tarikh mana Columbia melepaskan ia 78 terakhir? || November 1, 1954. <> Apakah negara terakhir menumpaskan 78 rpm? || United Kingdom", {"context": "The older 78 format continued to be mass-produced alongside the newer formats using new materials until about 1960 in the U.S., and in a few countries, such as India (where some Beatles recordings were issued on 78), into the 1960s. For example, Columbia Records' last reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 78 rpm records was an album called Young at Heart, issued November 1, 1954. As late as the 1970s, some children's records were released at the 78 rpm speed. In the United Kingdom, the 78 rpm single lasted longer than in the United States and the 45 rpm took longer to become popular. The 78 rpm was overtaken in popularity by the 45 rpm in the late 1950s, as teenagers became increasingly affluent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "1950s"}], "question": "When did the 45 rpm gain popularity over the 78 rpm", "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 662, "text": "teenagers"}], "question": "With which crowd did the 45 rpm gain popularity?", "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "about 1960"}], "question": "At which time were the 79 rpm no longer mass produced?", "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "November 1, 1954."}], "question": "On which date did Columbia release it's last 78?", "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "What was the last country to phase out the 78 rpm?", "id": "5727b0292ca10214002d93da"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an Rhino Records mengeluarkan satu siri set kotak 78 rpm reissues rock hits awal dan roll, bertujuan untuk pemilik jukebox vintage. Ini adalah bencana kerana Rhino tidak memberi amaran kepada pelanggan bahawa rekod mereka dibuat daripada vinil, dan kotak juke vintaj 78 RPM direka dengan senjata nada dan jarum besi yang berat untuk memainkan rekod keras pada masa mereka. Kegagalan untuk memberi amaran kepada pelanggan memberikan rekod Rhino 78 sebagai reputasi yang buruk, kerana mereka telah dimusnahkan oleh kotak juke lama dan pemain rekod lama tetapi bermain dengan baik pada turntables baru yang berkebolehan 78 dengan tangan nada ringan dan jarum permata moden. <> Bilakah pembebasan oleh Rhino Records dari 78 rpm untuk pemilik jukebox? || 1990-an <> Apakah hasil daripada penggunaan pelepasan vinil 78 rpm ini apabila digunakan dalam jukebox vintaj? || mereka telah musnah <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk berjaya memainkan yang baru dikeluarkan 79 rpm vinyl? || lengan nada yang ringan dan jarum permata <> Bagi siapa yang telah dilancarkan pada tahun 1990an sebanyak 78 rpm? || pemilik jukebox vintaj <> Bagaimana rekod Rhino Records pada tahun 1990 melepaskan kesan 78 rpm? || reputasi buruk", {"context": "In the 1990s Rhino Records issued a series of boxed sets of 78 rpm reissues of early rock and roll hits, intended for owners of vintage jukeboxes. This was a disaster because Rhino did not warn customers that their records were made of vinyl, and that the vintage 78 RPM juke boxes were designed with heavy tone arms and steel needles to play the hard shellac records of their time. This failure to warn customers gave the Rhino 78 records a bad reputation,[citation needed] as they were destroyed by old juke boxes and old record players but played very well on newer 78-capable turntables with modern lightweight tone arms and jewel needles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "When was the release by Rhino Records of 78 rpm for jukebox owners?", "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "they were destroyed"}], "question": "What was the result of the use of this release of 78 rpm vinyl when used in vintage jukeboxes?", "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "lightweight tone arms and jewel needles"}], "question": "What was needed to successfully play the newer released 79 rpm vinyl?", "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "owners of vintage jukeboxes"}], "question": "For whom was the 1990 release of 78 rpm intended?", "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "bad reputation"}], "question": "How did the 1990 release of 78 rpm effect Rhino Records?", "id": "5727a1a43acd2414000de85d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1931, RCA Victor melancarkan rekod bermain vinil yang boleh didapati secara komersil yang pertama, dipasarkan sebagai cakera transkripsi program. Ini cakera revolusioner direka untuk main balik pada 33 1/3 rpm dan ditekan pada cakera plastik fleksibel berdiameter 30 cm, dengan tempoh sekitar sepuluh minit bermain waktu setiap sisi. Pengenalan awal RCA Victor dari cakera lama adalah kegagalan komersil untuk beberapa sebab termasuk kekurangan alat main balik pengguna yang boleh dipercayai dan boleh dipercayai dan kebaikan pengguna semasa Kemelesetan Besar. Kerana kesulitan kewangan yang melanda industri rakaman semasa tempoh itu (dan pendapatan RCA sendiri yang kering), rekod bermain Victor yang lama dihentikan pada awal 1933. <> Apakah masa bermain cakera transkripsi program? || sepuluh minit bermain waktu setiap sisi <> Seberapa berjaya adalah cakera transkripsi program RCA Victor? || kegagalan komersial <> Bilakah RCA Victor melepaskan cakera lama bermain? || 1931 <> Siapa yang mengeluarkan cakera bermain lama yang pertama? || RCA Victor <> Apabila rekod bermain lama dihentikan? || awal tahun 1933", {"context": "In 1931, RCA Victor launched the first commercially available vinyl long-playing record, marketed as program-transcription discs. These revolutionary discs were designed for playback at 33 1\u20443 rpm and pressed on a 30 cm diameter flexible plastic disc, with a duration of about ten minutes playing time per side. RCA Victor's early introduction of a long-play disc was a commercial failure for several reasons including the lack of affordable, reliable consumer playback equipment and consumer wariness during the Great Depression. Because of financial hardships that plagued the recording industry during that period (and RCA's own parched revenues), Victor's long-playing records were discontinued by early 1933.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "ten minutes playing time per side"}], "question": "What was the playing time of program-transcription discs?", "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "commercial failure"}], "question": "How successful was RCA Victor's program-transcription discs?", "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1931"}], "question": "When did RCA Victor release long play discs?", "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "RCA Victor"}], "question": "Who released the first commercial long play discs?", "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "early 1933"}], "question": "By when were long play records discontinued?", "id": "5727a6242ca10214002d92de"}]}], ["Tahap hingar permukaan vinil yang lebih rendah daripada shellac tidak dilupakan, dan juga ketahanannya. Pada akhir 1930-an, iklan radio dan program radio pra-rakaman yang dihantar kepada joki cakera mula dicap dalam vinil, jadi mereka tidak akan memecah masuk. Pada pertengahan tahun 1940-an, rekod-rekod DJ khas rekod mula dibuat daripada vinil juga, atas sebab yang sama. Ini semua 78 rpm. Semasa dan selepas Perang Dunia II, apabila bekalan shellac sangat terhad, kira-kira 78 rpm rekod ditekan dalam vinil bukan shellac, terutamanya rekod selama enam minit 12 inci (30 cm) 78 rpm yang dihasilkan oleh V-Disc untuk diedarkan kepada United Tentera Amerika Syarikat dalam Perang Dunia II. Pada tahun 1940-an, transkripsi radio, yang biasanya pada rekod 16 inci, tetapi kadang-kadang 12 inci, sentiasa dibuat daripada vinil, tetapi dipotong pada 33 1/3 rpm. Transkripsi pendek sering dipotong pada 78 rpm. <> Apa faedah menggunakan vinil ke atas shellac? || bunyi permukaan yang lebih rendah <> Pada pertengahan 1940-an apa rekod material utama dibuat? || vinyl <> Apa faktor dalam kesediaan shellac? || Perang Dunia II <> Bahan mana yang lebih tahan lama, shellac atau vinil? || vinyl <> Apa bahan paling rekod terbitan yang dibuat? || vinyl", {"context": "Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1\u20443 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "lower surface noise"}], "question": "What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?", "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d9308"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "vinyl"}], "question": "By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?", "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d9309"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 397, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "What was a factor in shellac availability?", "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "vinyl"}], "question": "Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?", "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "vinyl"}], "question": "What material were most mailed records made of?", "id": "5727a8062ca10214002d930c"}]}], ["Satu cubaan awal untuk memanjangkan masa bermain harus disebutkan. Sekurang-kurangnya satu pengeluar pada awal 1920-an, Rekod Dunia, menghasilkan rekod yang dimainkan pada halaju linear malar, yang dikawal oleh peranti gubernur tambahan yang dipatenkan oleh Noel Pemberton Billing. Memandangkan ini dimainkan dari luar ke bahagian dalam, kelajuan putaran rekod meningkat apabila pembiakan berkembang. Tindakan ini sama (walaupun sebaliknya) dengan cakera padat moden dan versi CLV pendahulunya, Laser Laser Disc. <> Siapa yang membuat percubaan pada tahun 1920-an untuk merilis rakaman waktu bermain yang panjang? || Rekod Dunia <> Apa yang menyebabkan halaju linear malar? || </ B> Apakah ciri unik Rekod Dunia yang dipatuhi oleh Noel Pemberton yang dipatenkan? || dimainkan dari luar ke bahagian dalam <> Item yang digunakan sekarang ialah CLV World Records yang serupa dengan? || Philips Laser Disc", {"context": "One early attempt at lengthening the playing time should be mentioned. At least one manufacturer in the early 1920s, World Records, produced records that played at a constant linear velocity, controlled by Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device. As these were played from the outside to the inside, the rotational speed of the records increased as reproduction progressed. This action is similar (although in reverse) to that on the modern compact disc and the CLV version of its predecessor, the Philips Laser Disc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "World Records"}], "question": "Who had made an attempt in the 1920s to release a long play time recording?", "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Noel Pemberton Billing's patented add-on governor device"}], "question": "What caused the constant linear velocity?", "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "played from the outside to the inside"}], "question": "What was a unique feature of World Records records?", "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9262"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Philips Laser Disc"}], "question": "What currently utilized item was World Records CLV similar to?", "id": "5727ad89ff5b5019007d9263"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1925, 78.26 rpm dipilih sebagai standard kerana pengenalan motor putar segerak berkuasa elektrik. Motor ini berlari pada 3600 rpm, supaya nisbah gear 46: 1 akan menghasilkan 78.26 rpm. Di bahagian dunia yang menggunakan arus 50 Hz, standardnya ialah 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm dengan nisbah 77: 2), yang juga kelajuan di mana cakera strob dengan 77 baris akan \"berdiri diam\" dalam cahaya 50 Hz ( 92 baris untuk 60 Hz). Selepas Perang Dunia II, rekod ini secara retroaktif dikenali sebagai 78, untuk membezakannya daripada format rekod cakera yang lebih baru. Terdahulu mereka hanya dipanggil rekod, atau apabila terdapat keperluan untuk membezakannya daripada silinder, rekod cakera. <> Apa gear gear mencipta 78.26 rpm? || 46: 1 <> Pada tahun berapa 78.26 rpm dipilih sebagai standard? || 1925 <> Berapa banyak rpm melakukan motor turanable segerak elektrik yang dikendalikan di? || 3600 rpm <> Mengapa rekod ini dikenali sebagai '78s'? || untuk membezakannya daripada format rekod cakera yang lebih baru", {"context": "In 1925, 78.26 rpm was chosen as the standard because of the introduction of the electrically powered synchronous turntable motor. This motor ran at 3600 rpm, such that a 46:1 gear ratio would produce 78.26 rpm. In parts of the world that used 50 Hz current, the standard was 77.92 rpm (3,000 rpm with a 77:2 ratio), which was also the speed at which a strobe disc with 77 lines would \"stand still\" in 50 Hz light (92 lines for 60 Hz). After World War II these records were retroactively known as 78s, to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats. Earlier they were just called records, or when there was a need to distinguish them from cylinders, disc records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "46:1"}], "question": "What gear ration creates 78.26 rpm?", "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de97f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1925"}], "question": "In what year was 78.26 rpm chosen as standard?", "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de980"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "3600 rpm"}], "question": "How many rpm did the electrically powered synchronous turanable motor run at?", "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de981"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "to distinguish them from other newer disc record formats"}], "question": "Why are these records known as '78s'?", "id": "5727ae913acd2414000de982"}]}], ["Beberapa perseorangan awal Elvis Presley di Sun Records mungkin telah menjual lebih banyak salinan pada 78 daripada pada 45. Ini kerana majoriti jualan pada 1954-55 adalah untuk pasaran \"bukit\" di Amerika Selatan dan Barat Daya, di mana menggantikan Keluarga 78 rpm pemain dengan pemain 45 rpm baru adalah beberapa mewah yang mampu pada masa itu. Menjelang akhir tahun 1957, RCA Victor mengumumkan bahawa 78-an menyumbang kurang daripada 10% daripada jualan perseorangan Presley, yang pada dasarnya mengumumkan kematian dalam format 78 rpm. Single Presley lepas yang dikeluarkan pada 78 di Amerika Syarikat ialah RCA Victor 20-7410, I Got Stung / One Night (1958), sementara 78 terakhir di UK ialah RCA 1194, Mess Of Blues / Girl Of My Best Friend 1960). <> Berapakah peratusan jualan tunggal Elvis Presley dari 78-an? || kurang daripada 10% <> Apa 78 terakhir yang dikeluarkan di UK oleh RCA? || A Mess Of Blues / Girl Of My Best Friend <> Mengapa jualan Elvis dari 78 tahun sangat baik di Amerika Selatan? || 45 rpm pemain adalah beberapa mewah yang mampu pada masa itu <> Di mana label Elvis melepaskan perseorangan awalnya? || Rekod-rekod Sun <> Apakah yang terakhir dikeluarkan oleh Elvis Presley pada 78? || Saya Got Stung / Satu Malam", {"context": "Some of Elvis Presley's early singles on Sun Records might have sold more copies on 78 than on 45. This is because the majority of those sales in 1954\u201355 were to the \"hillbilly\" market in the South and Southwestern United States, where replacing the family 78 rpm player with a new 45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time. By the end of 1957, RCA Victor announced that 78s accounted for less than 10% of Presley's singles sales, essentially announcing the death throes of the 78 rpm format. The last Presley single released on 78 in the United States was RCA Victor 20-7410, I Got Stung/One Night (1958), while the last 78 in the UK was RCA 1194, A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend (1960).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "less than 10%"}], "question": "What percentage of Elvis Presley's single sales were of 78s?", "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "A Mess Of Blues/Girl Of My Best Friend"}], "question": "What was the last 78 released in the UK by RCA?", "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "45 rpm player was a luxury few could afford at the time"}], "question": "Why did Elvis sales of 78s perform so well in the Southern States?", "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Sun Records"}], "question": "On which label did Elvis release his early singles?", "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "I Got Stung/One Night"}], "question": "What was the last Elvis Presley single released on 78?", "id": "5727b186ff5b5019007d92ba"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1968, Reprise merancang untuk melancarkan satu siri 78 rpm dari artis mereka pada label mereka pada masa itu, yang dipanggil Reprise Speed Series. Hanya satu cakera yang sebenarnya menyaksikan pembebasan, Randy Newman yang saya fikir ia akan pergi ke Hujan Hari ini, lagu dari album debut bertajuk dirinya (dengan The Beehive State pada flipside). Reprise tidak meneruskan lagi dengan siri ini kerana kekurangan jualan untuk single, dan kurangnya minat umum dalam konsep itu. Gitaris & vokalis Leon Redbone mengeluarkan rekod 78 rpm promosi pada tahun 1978 yang menampilkan dua lagu (Alabama Jubilee dan Tolong Jangan Bicara Mengenai Saya Ketika Saya Pergi) dari album Champagne Charlienya. Pada tahun 1980 Stiff Records di United Kingdom mengeluarkan 78 oleh Joe \"King\" Carrasco yang mengandungi lagu Buena (bahasa Sepanyol untuk \"baik\" dengan ejaan alternatif \"Bueno\" pada label) dan Tuff Enuff. Kartunis komik bawah tanah dan pengumpul rekod 78 rpm Robert Crumb mengeluarkan tiga cakera dengan Serenaders Suitnya yang Murah pada tahun 1980-an. <> Dalam tahun apakah rancangan Reprise untuk melepaskan satu siri 78 rpm? || 1968 <> Yang cakera melakukan Reprise release dalam format 78 rpm? || Fikirkan Ia Akan Hujan Hari Ini <> Apa dua lagu yang dipaparkan pada siaran 1978 oleh Leon Redbone dalam format 78 rpm? || Alabama Jubilee dan Tolong Jangan Bicara Mengenai Saya Apabila Saya Pergi <> Apa syarikat rekod mengeluarkan rakaman 'Buena' dan 'Tuff Enuff' pada tahun 1980? || Rekod Sengit <> Mengapa Reprise hanya mengeluarkan satu vinil 78 rpm? || kekurangan jualan untuk single, dan kurangnya minat umum", {"context": "In 1968, Reprise planned to release a series of 78 rpm singles from their artists on their label at the time, called the Reprise Speed Series. Only one disc actually saw release, Randy Newman's I Think It's Going to Rain Today, a track from his self-titled debut album (with The Beehive State on the flipside). Reprise did not proceed further with the series due to a lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest in the concept. Guitarist & vocalist Leon Redbone released a promotional 78 rpm record in 1978 featuring two songs (Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone) from his Champagne Charlie album. In 1980 Stiff Records in the United Kingdom issued a 78 by Joe \"King\" Carrasco containing the songs Buena (Spanish for \"good,\" with the alternate spelling \"Bueno\" on the label) and Tuff Enuff. Underground comic cartoonist and 78 rpm record collector Robert Crumb released three discs with his Cheap Suit Serenaders in the 1980s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did Reprise plan to release a series of 78 rpm singles?", "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "Think It's Going to Rain Today"}], "question": "Which disc did Reprise release in 78 rpm format?", "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Alabama Jubilee and Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone"}], "question": "What two songs were featured on the 1978 release by Leon Redbone in 78 rpm format?", "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9142"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Stiff Records"}], "question": "What record company released recordings of 'Buena' and 'Tuff Enuff' in 1980?", "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9143"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "lack of sales for the single, and a lack of general interest"}], "question": "Why did Reprise only release one 78 rpm vinyl?", "id": "5727a043ff5b5019007d9144"}]}], ["Rakaman bunyi Stereophonic, yang cuba memberikan pengalaman mendengar yang semulajadi dengan menghasilkan semula lokasi spatial sumber bunyi dalam pesawat mendatar, adalah lanjutan semula jadi untuk rakaman monofonik, dan menarik pelbagai percubaan kejuruteraan alternatif. Sistem rekod stereophonic yang paling dominan \"45/45\" dicipta oleh Alan Blumlein dari EMI pada tahun 1931 dan dipatenkan pada tahun yang sama. EMI memotong cakera ujian stereo pertama menggunakan sistem pada tahun 1933 (lihat Bell Labs Stereo Experiments 1933) walaupun sistem itu tidak dimanfaatkan secara komersil sehingga lebih lama kemudian. <> Apa peristiwa Alan Blumlein? || sistem rekod stereophonic <> Bilakah EMI mencipta cakera stereo pertama? || 1933 <> Apakah faedah 45/45 bunyi stereo? || lebih banyak pengalaman mendengar semula jadi <> Tahun apa bunyi stereo dipatenkan? || 1931 <> Bagaimana kejayaan komersial bunyi stereo pada tahun 1930-an? || tidak dimanfaatkan secara komersil sehingga lebih lewat.", {"context": "Stereophonic sound recording, which attempts to provide a more natural listening experience by reproducing the spatial locations of sound sources in the horizontal plane, was the natural extension to monophonic recording, and attracted various alternative engineering attempts. The ultimately dominant \"45/45\" stereophonic record system was invented by Alan Blumlein of EMI in 1931 and patented the same year. EMI cut the first stereo test discs using the system in 1933 (see Bell Labs Stereo Experiments of 1933) although the system was not exploited commercially until much later.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "stereophonic record system"}], "question": "What did Alan Blumlein event?", "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "1933"}], "question": "When did EMI create the first stereo discs?", "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "more natural listening experience"}], "question": "What was the benefit of 45/45 stereo sound?", "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "1931"}], "question": "What year was stereo sound patented? ", "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "was not exploited commercially until much later."}], "question": "How was the commercial success of stereo sound in the 1930s?", "id": "5727c4faff5b5019007d94c8"}]}], ["Pembangunan rekod quadraphonic diumumkan pada tahun 1971. Ini mencatatkan empat isyarat bunyi berasingan. Ini dicapai pada dua saluran stereo dengan matriks elektronik, di mana saluran tambahan digabungkan menjadi isyarat utama. Apabila rekod dimainkan, litar pengesanan fasa dalam penguat dapat menguraikan isyarat kepada empat saluran berasingan. Terdapat dua sistem utama rekod quadraphonic matriks yang dihasilkan, mengelirukan bernama SQ (oleh CBS) dan QS (oleh Sansui). Mereka terbukti secara komersial tidak berjaya, tetapi merupakan pelopor penting untuk sistem bunyi surround yang kemudian, seperti yang dilihat di SACD dan pawagam di rumah hari ini. <> Apa ciri rakaman quadraphonic? || merakam empat isyarat bunyi berasingan. <> Apa yang berlaku dalam sistem bunyi rumah pada tahun 1971? || pembangunan rekod quadraphonic <> Bagaimana kejayaan komersial rekod quadraphonic ditakrifkan? || secara komersil tidak berjaya <> Apakah perkembangan dalam rakaman quadraphonic? || kemudian sistem bunyi sekeliling", {"context": "The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "recorded four separate sound signals."}], "question": "What did quadraphonic recording feature?", "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "development of quadraphonic records"}], "question": "What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?", "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "commercially unsuccessful"}], "question": "How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?", "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "later surround-sound systems"}], "question": "What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?", "id": "5727c5ccff5b5019007d94d7"}]}], ["Dari pertengahan 1950-an hingga 1960-an, di Amerika Syarikat pemain biasa atau \"stereo\" (selepas pengenalan rakaman stereo) biasanya mempunyai ciri-ciri ini: pemain tiga atau empat kelajuan (78, 45, 33 1/3, dan kadangkala 16 2/3 rpm); dengan changer, gelendong tinggi yang akan memegang beberapa rekod dan secara automatik akan menjatuhkan rekod baru di atas yang sebelumnya apabila ia selesai bermain, kartrij kombinasi dengan kedua-dua gaya 78 dan microgroove dan satu cara untuk membalikkan antara kedua-dua; dan sesetengah penyesuai untuk memainkan usia 45-an dengan lubang pusat yang lebih besar. Penyesuai boleh menjadi lingkaran pepejal kecil yang sesuai ke bahagian bawah gelendong (bermakna hanya satu 45 boleh dimainkan pada satu masa) atau penyesuai yang lebih besar yang sesuai dengan keseluruhan gelendong, membenarkan timbunan 45s untuk dimainkan. <> Apa tiga kelajuan bunyi pada kebanyakan rumah stereo pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an? || 78, 45, 33 1/3 <> Apa ciri 45s yang diperlukan penyesuai dalam kebanyakan stereos rumah? || lubang pusat yang lebih besar. <> Ciri apa yang ditemui pada lebih banyak stereota rumah yang membolehkan bermain berterusan antara rekod? || changer <> Format apa yang kurang biasa tetapi kadang-kadang boleh didapati di rumah stereos? || 16 2/3 rpm", {"context": "From the mid-1950s through the 1960s, in the U.S. the common home record player or \"stereo\" (after the introduction of stereo recording) would typically have had these features: a three- or four-speed player (78, 45, 33 1\u20443, and sometimes 16 2\u20443 rpm); with changer, a tall spindle that would hold several records and automatically drop a new record on top of the previous one when it had finished playing, a combination cartridge with both 78 and microgroove styli and a way to flip between the two; and some kind of adapter for playing the 45s with their larger center hole. The adapter could be a small solid circle that fit onto the bottom of the spindle (meaning only one 45 could be played at a time) or a larger adaptor that fit over the entire spindle, permitting a stack of 45s to be played.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "78, 45, 33 1\u20443"}], "question": "What three speeds were sound on most home stereos in the mid 1950's?", "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "larger center hole."}], "question": "What feature of 45s required an adapter in most home stereos?", "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "changer"}], "question": "What feature was found on more home stereos that allowed continuous play between records?", "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "16 2\u20443 rpm"}], "question": "What format was less common but could sometimes be found on home stereos?", "id": "5727bf733acd2414000deb64"}]}], ["Sesetengah rakaman, seperti buku untuk buta, ditekan pada 16 2/3 rpm. Rekod Prestige mengeluarkan rekod jazz dalam format ini pada akhir 1950-an; Sebagai contoh, dua album Miles Davis mereka dipasangkan bersama dalam format ini. Peter Goldmark, lelaki yang membangun rekod 33 1/3 rpm, membangun rekod Hi-Fi 16 2/2 rpm Lebuhraya yang akan dimainkan di kereta Chrysler, tetapi prestasi sistem yang lemah dan lemahnya pelaksanaan oleh Chrysler dan Columbia membawa kepada kematian 16 rekod 2/3 rpm. Selepas itu, kelajuan 16 2/3 rpm digunakan untuk penerbitan yang diriwayatkan untuk orang buta dan cacat penglihatan, dan tidak pernah dijual secara meluas, walaupun ia adalah biasa untuk melihat model putar baru dengan penetapan kelajuan 16 rpm yang dikeluarkan sehingga lewat tahun 1970-an. <> Apakah kelajuan 16 2/3 rpm digunakan untuk? || penerbitan yang diriwayatkan <> Siapa yang telah mengembangkan rekod kelajuan 33 1/3 rpm? || Peter Goldmark <> Format rakaman apa yang dicipta untuk digunakan di kereta Chrysler? || Hi-Fi Highway 16 2/3 rpm record <> Mengapa Chrysler menghentikan penggunaan rekod Hifi 16 2/3 rpm? || Prestasi yang buruk <> Untuk penghujung era mana anda boleh mencari tetapan 16 rpm pada pemain rekod? || 1970-an", {"context": "Some recordings, such as books for the blind, were pressed at 16 2\u20443 rpm. Prestige Records released jazz records in this format in the late 1950s; for example, two of their Miles Davis albums were paired together in this format. Peter Goldmark, the man who developed the 33 1\u20443 rpm record, developed the Highway Hi-Fi 16 2\u20443 rpm record to be played in Chrysler automobiles, but poor performance of the system and weak implementation by Chrysler and Columbia led to the demise of the 16 2\u20443 rpm records. Subsequently, the 16 2\u20443 rpm speed was used for narrated publications for the blind and visually impaired, and were never widely commercially available, although it was common to see new turntable models with a 16 rpm speed setting produced as late as the 1970s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "narrated publications"}], "question": "What was 16 2/3 rpm speed used for?", "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Peter Goldmark"}], "question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm speed record?", "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "Highway Hi-Fi 16 2\u20443 rpm record"}], "question": "What record format was created for use in Chrysler automobiles?", "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "poor performance"}], "question": "Why did Chrysler discontinue use of the Hifi 16 2/3 rpm record?", "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d94ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "To the end of which era could you find 16 rpm setting on record players?", "id": "5727bb282ca10214002d9500"}]}], ["Istilah \"kesetiaan tinggi\" dicipta pada tahun 1920an oleh beberapa pengilang penerima radio dan ponograf untuk membezakan produk mereka yang lebih baik yang dikatakan sebagai menyediakan pembiakan bunyi yang \"sempurna\". Istilah ini mula digunakan oleh beberapa jurutera audio dan pengguna melalui tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an. Selepas tahun 1949 pelbagai penambahbaikan dalam teknologi rakaman dan main balik, terutamanya rakaman stereo, yang banyak digunakan pada tahun 1958, memberi rangsangan kepada klasifikasi produk \"hi fi\", yang membawa kepada jualan komponen individu untuk rumah seperti penguat, pembesar suara, ponograf, dan pemain pita. Kesetiaan Tinggi dan Audio adalah dua majalah yang membolehkan pengguna dan jurutera hi-fi membaca ulasan peralatan dan rakaman main balik. <> Istilah apa yang dicipta untuk membezakan produk berbunyi lebih baik pada tahun 1920an? || kesetiaan tinggi <> Apa majalah yang menyediakan ulasan untuk peralatan audio? || Kesetiaan Tinggi dan Audio <> Apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1958 yang mengubah suasana muzik rumah? || pelbagai peningkatan dalam teknologi rakaman dan main balik <> Dalam tempoh berapa tahun istilah HiFi dimatikan dengan jurutera? || 1930-an dan 1940-an <> Istilah apa yang akan digunakan apabila seseorang berkata bahawa mereka menghasilkan pembiakan bunyi yang sempurna? || kesetiaan yang tinggi", {"context": "The term \"high fidelity\" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing \"perfect\" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the \"hi-fi\" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players. High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "high fidelity"}], "question": "What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?", "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "High Fidelity and Audio"}], "question": "What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?", "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies"}], "question": "What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?", "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "1930s and 1940s"}], "question": "During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?", "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "high fidelity"}], "question": "What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?", "id": "5727c39d2ca10214002d95b4"}]}], ["45 cakera rpm juga datang dalam pelbagai dikenali sebagai permainan lanjutan (EP), yang mencapai sehingga 10-15 minit bermain dengan perbelanjaan melemahkan (dan mungkin memampatkan) bunyi untuk mengurangkan lebar yang diperlukan oleh alur. Cakera EP lebih murah untuk menghasilkan, dan digunakan dalam kes-kes di mana jualan unit mungkin lebih terhad atau untuk mengeluarkan semula album LP pada format yang lebih kecil untuk orang-orang yang hanya mempunyai pemain 45 rpm. Album LP boleh dibeli 1 EP pada satu masa, dengan empat item setiap EP, atau dalam set berkotak dengan 3 EP atau 12 item. Lubang pusat besar pada 45-an membolehkan pengendalian mudah dengan mekanisme jukebox. EP secara umumnya dihentikan pada akhir 1950-an di A.S. sebagai pemain rekod tiga dan empat kelajuan menggantikan individu 45 pemain. Salah satu indikasi penurunan EP 45 RPM ialah rekod Columbia yang terakhir mengeluarkan lagu Frank Sinatra pada 45 rekod EP yang dipanggil Frank Sinatra (Columbia B-2641) dikeluarkan pada 7 Disember 1959. EP berlangsung lebih lama dalam Eropah, dan merupakan format popular pada tahun 1960-an untuk rakaman oleh artis seperti Serge Gainsbourg dan The Beatles. <> Apa yang dimaksudkan untuk penubuhan awal EP? || bermain lanjutan <> Kenapa 45 tahun lebih popular dengan jukebox? || Lubang pusat besar <> Format apa yang telah dihentikan pada penghujung tahun 1950-an? || EPs <> Apakah faedah EP terhadap LP? || Cakera EP lebih murah", {"context": "The 45 rpm discs also came in a variety known as extended play (EP), which achieved up to 10\u201315 minutes play at the expense of attenuating (and possibly compressing) the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were cheaper to produce, and were used in cases where unit sales were likely to be more limited or to reissue LP albums on the smaller format for those people who had only 45 rpm players. LP albums could be purchased 1 EP at a time, with four items per EP, or in a boxed set with 3 EPs or 12 items. The large center hole on 45s allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. EPs were generally discontinued by the late 1950s in the U.S. as three- and four-speed record players replaced the individual 45 players. One indication of the decline of the 45 rpm EP is that the last Columbia Records reissue of Frank Sinatra songs on 45 rpm EP records, called Frank Sinatra (Columbia B-2641) was issued on December 7, 1959. The EP lasted considerably longer in Europe, and was a popular format during the 1960s for recordings by artists such as Serge Gainsbourg and the Beatles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "extended play"}], "question": "What do the initials EP stand for?", "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "The large center hole"}], "question": "Why were 45s more popular with jukeboxes?", "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "EPs"}], "question": "What format was phased out by the end of the 1950s?", "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "EP discs were cheaper"}], "question": "What was a benefit of EPs over LPs?", "id": "5727be4c3acd2414000deb34"}]}], ["RCA 45s juga disesuaikan dengan spindle pemain LP yang lebih kecil dengan memasukkan snap-in plastik yang dikenali sebagai \"labah-labah\". Kemasukan ini, yang ditugaskan oleh presiden RCA, David Sarnoff dan diciptakan oleh Thomas Hutchison, telah berleluasa sejak tahun 1960-an, menjual puluhan juta per tahun selama masa kegemilangan 45 rpm. Di negara-negara di luar Amerika Syarikat, 45-an sering mempunyai lubang berukuran album yang lebih kecil, misalnya, Australia dan New Zealand, atau seperti di United Kingdom, terutama sebelum tahun 1970-an, cakera mempunyai lubang kecil dalam seksyen pusat pekeliling yang hanya diadakan oleh tiga atau empat tanah supaya ia dapat dengan mudah ditumbuk jika dikehendaki (lazimnya digunakan di jukebox). <> Wy melakukan rekod di luar AS sering mempunyai lubang kecil dengan keupayaan untuk menumbuk pusat? || untuk digunakan dalam jukebox <> Apa sisipan plastik yang akan mengadaptasi 45s ke gelendong yang lebih kecil dari pemain LP yang dipanggil? || labah-labah <> Apakah penemuan Thomas Hutchinson memperkenalkan? || labah-labah <> Siapa yang boleh menyesuaikan diri untuk 45s ke LP yang ditugaskan oleh? || Presiden RCA David Sarnoff Berapa banyak labah-labah yang dijual dalam 45 rpm heydays? || puluhan juta setahun", {"context": "RCA 45s were also adapted to the smaller spindle of an LP player with a plastic snap-in insert known as a \"spider\". These inserts, commissioned by RCA president David Sarnoff and invented by Thomas Hutchison, were prevalent starting in the 1960s, selling in the tens of millions per year during the 45 rpm heyday. In countries outside the U.S., 45s often had the smaller album-sized holes, e.g., Australia and New Zealand, or as in the United Kingdom, especially before the 1970s, the disc had a small hole within a circular central section held only by three or four lands so that it could be easily punched out if desired (typically for use in jukeboxes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "for use in jukeboxes"}], "question": "Wy did records outside of the US often have small holes with the ability to punch out the center?", "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "spider"}], "question": "What were the plastic inserts which would adapt 45s to the smaller spindle of an LP player called?", "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "spider"}], "question": "What invention did Thomas Hutchinson introduce?", "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "RCA president David Sarnoff"}], "question": "Whom were the adaptable inserts for 45s to LPs commissioned by?", "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "tens of millions per year"}], "question": "How many spiders were sold in the 45 rpm heydays?", "id": "5727c0a73acd2414000deb9b"}]}], ["Persaingan komersial antara RCA Victor dan Columbia Records membawa kepada pengenalan RCA Victor tentang apa yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi format vinil bersaing, cakera 45 rpm 7 inci (175 mm). Untuk tempoh dua tahun dari tahun 1948 hingga 1950, syarikat rekod dan pengguna menghadapi ketidakpastian mengenai mana format-format ini akhirnya akan diguna pakai dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai \"Perang Kelajuan\". (Lihat juga perang format.) Pada tahun 1949 Capitol dan Decca mengguna pakai format LP baru dan RCA memberikan dan mengeluarkan LP pertama pada bulan Januari 1950. Saiz 45 rpm semakin popular, dan Columbia mengeluarkan 45s pertama pada bulan Februari 1951 Pada tahun 1954, 200 juta 45an telah dijual. <> Syarikat manakah yang kehilangan \"Perang Kelajuan\"? || RCA <> Apa kelajuan akhirnya berakhir memenangi perang kelajuan? || 45 rpm <> Berapa tahunkah \"Perang Kelajuan\" terakhir? || 1948 hingga 1950 <> Pada tahun 1945 apakah jumlah jualan 45-an? || 200 juta <> Dua syarikat mana yang terlibat dalam \"Perang Kelajuan\"? || RCA Victor dan Rekod Columbia", {"context": "The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the \"War of the Speeds\". (See also format war.) In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "RCA"}], "question": "Which company lost the \"War of the Speeds\"?", "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "45 rpm"}], "question": "What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?", "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaf0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "1948 to 1950"}], "question": "Over which years did the \"War of the Speeds\" last? ", "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 615, "text": "200 million"}], "question": "By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?", "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "RCA Victor and Columbia Records"}], "question": "Which two companies were involved in the \"War of the Speeds\"?", "id": "5727bc0b3acd2414000deaed"}]}], ["Akhirnya, LP 1/3 rpm (300 mm) 12 inci (300 mm) menjadi format utama untuk album muzik, dan LP 10-inci tidak lagi dikeluarkan. Rekod Columbia yang terakhir mengeluarkan mana-mana lagu Frank Sinatra pada rekod LP 10-inci adalah album yang dipanggil Hall of Fame, CL 2600, yang dikeluarkan pada 26 Oktober 1956, yang mengandungi enam lagu, masing-masing oleh Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Johnnie Ray , Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, dan Frankie Laine. Walau bagaimanapun, LP 10 inci mempunyai kehidupan yang lebih panjang di United Kingdom, di mana album penting rock dan album rock British seperti Lonnie Donegan Showcase dan Billy Fury The Sound of Fury dikeluarkan dalam bentuk itu. The 7 inci (175 mm) 45 rpm cakera atau \"tunggal\" menubuhkan satu ceruk penting untuk cakera jangka pendek, biasanya mengandungi satu item pada setiap sisi. Cakera 45 rpm biasanya mencontohi masa bermain cakera 78 rpm bekas, manakala cakera LP 12-inci akhirnya menyediakan sehingga setengah jam bahan yang dirakamkan setiap sisi. <> Format format LP tidak dihentikan? || 10-inci <> Apa arti penting pada 26 Oktober 1956? || Rekod Columbia yang terakhir mengeluarkan semula lagu-lagu Frank Sinatra pada LP 10-inci <> Di negara manakah 10 dalam LP ada yang paling lama? || United Kingdom <> Format mana yang ditawarkan sehingga 1/2 jam rakaman setiap sisi? || 12 inci LP <> Adakah cakera 45 rpm atau 12 inci menawarkan masa bermain lebih lama? || 12 inci LP", {"context": "Eventually the 12-inch (300 mm) 33 1\u20443 rpm LP prevailed as the predominant format for musical albums, and 10-inch LPs were no longer issued. The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP record was an album called Hall of Fame, CL 2600, issued on October 26, 1956, containing six songs, one each by Tony Bennett, Rosemary Clooney, Johnnie Ray, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, and Frankie Laine. The 10-inch LP however had a longer life in the United Kingdom, where important early British rock and roll albums such as Lonnie Donegan's Lonnie Donegan Showcase and Billy Fury's The Sound of Fury were released in that form. The 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc or \"single\" established a significant niche for shorter duration discs, typically containing one item on each side. The 45 rpm discs typically emulated the playing time of the former 78 rpm discs, while the 12-inch LP discs eventually provided up to one half-hour of recorded material per side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "10-inch"}], "question": "What format of LPs was discontinued?", "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "The last Columbia Records reissue of any Frank Sinatra songs on a 10-inch LP"}], "question": "What was the significance of October 26th, 1956?", "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "United Kingdom"}], "question": "In which country did the 10 in LP exist the longest?", "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "12-inch LP"}], "question": "Which format offered up to 1/2 an hour of recordings per side?", "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 886, "text": "12-inch LP"}], "question": "Did the 45 rpm or 12 inch disc offer longer playing time?", "id": "5727bd22ff5b5019007d93e0"}]}], ["Selepas Perang Dunia II, dua format bersaing baru datang ke pasaran dan secara beransur-ansur menggantikan standard \"78\": 33 1/3 rpm (sering dirujuk sebagai 33 rpm), dan 45 rpm (lihat di atas). Format 33 1/3 rpm LP (untuk \"bermain panjang\") telah dibangunkan oleh Columbia Records dan dipasarkan pada bulan Jun 1948. RCA Victor mengembangkan format 45 rpm dan memasarkannya pada bulan Mac 1949, masing-masing mengejar r & d mereka sendiri secara rahsia. Kedua-dua jenis cakera baru menggunakan alur sempit, bertujuan untuk dimainkan dengan stylus lebih kecil-biasanya 0.001 inci (25 \u03bcm) lebar, berbanding dengan 0.003 inci (76 \u03bcm) untuk 78-jadi rekod baru kadang-kadang dipanggil Microgroove. Pada pertengahan tahun 1950-an semua syarikat rekod bersetuju dengan standard rakaman biasa yang dipanggil penyamaan RIAA. Sebelum penubuhan standard setiap syarikat menggunakan standard pilihannya sendiri, memerlukan pendengar yang mendiskriminasi menggunakan pra-penguat dengan lengkung penyamaan pilihan ganda. <> Apa dua format menggantikan 78? || 33 1/3 rpm (sering dirujuk sebagai 33 rpm), dan 45 rpm <> Siapa yang mengembangkan 33 1/3 rpm LP? || Rekod Columbia <> Bilakah 33 1/3 rpm memukul pasaran? || Jun 1948 <> Bilakah RCA melepaskan format 45 rpm mereka? || Mac 1949 <> Bilakah piawaian RIAA ditubuhkan? || pertengahan tahun 1950-an", {"context": "After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard \"78\": the 33 1\u20443 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above). The 33 1\u20443 rpm LP (for \"long-play\") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948. RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in March 1949, each pursuing their own r&d in secret. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with smaller stylus\u2014typically 0.001 inches (25 \u00b5m) wide, compared to 0.003 inches (76 \u00b5m) for a 78\u2014so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred standard, requiring discriminating listeners to use pre-amplifiers with multiple selectable equalization curves.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "33 1\u20443 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm"}], "question": "What two formats replaced the 78?", "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163ab8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "Columbia Records"}], "question": "Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?", "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163ab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "June 1948"}], "question": "When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?", "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163aba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "March 1949"}], "question": "When did RCA release their 45 rpm format?", "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163abb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 633, "text": "mid-1950s"}], "question": "When were RIAA standards established?", "id": "5727b3ab4b864d1900163abc"}]}], ["Cakera komersil biasa diukir dengan dua alur spiral sepusat yang menanggung bunyi, satu di setiap sisi, berlari dari pinggir luar ke tengah. Bahagian terakhir lingkaran memenuhi bahagian terdahulu untuk membentuk bulatan. Suara dikodkan oleh variasi halus di tepi alur yang menyebabkan jarum (jarum) diletakkan di dalamnya untuk bergetar pada frekuensi akustik apabila cakera diputar pada kelajuan yang betul. Secara amnya, bahagian luar dan dalam alur menanggung bunyi tidak bertujuan (pengecualian adalah Nota Mental Split Enz). <> Di manakah arah mana alur dalam cakera biasa berjalan? || di luar pinggir ke arah pusat <> Bagaimana bunyi dikodkan pada cakera komersial? || dengan variasi yang halus <> Adakah masalah di mana kelajuan cakera berputar? || kelajuan yang betul <> Adakah semua alur menanggung data? || tidak", {"context": "The normal commercial disc is engraved with two sound-bearing concentric spiral grooves, one on each side, running from the outside edge towards the center. The last part of the spiral meets an earlier part to form a circle. The sound is encoded by fine variations in the edges of the groove that cause a stylus (needle) placed in it to vibrate at acoustic frequencies when the disc is rotated at the correct speed. Generally, the outer and inner parts of the groove bear no intended sound (an exception is Split Enz's Mental Notes).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "outside edge towards the center"}], "question": "In which direction does the groove in a normal disc run?", "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9636"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "by fine variations"}], "question": "How is sound encoded on a commercial disc?", "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9637"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "correct speed"}], "question": "Does it matter at which speed a disc is spun?", "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9638"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "no"}], "question": "Do all grooves bear data?", "id": "5727d399ff5b5019007d9639"}]}], ["ELPJ, sebuah syarikat yang berpangkalan di Jepun, menjual sebuah turntable laser yang menggunakan laser untuk membaca cakera vinil secara optik, tanpa hubungan fizikal. Turntable laser menghapuskan memakai rekod dan kemungkinan calar yang tidak disengajakan, yang merendahkan bunyi, tetapi had perbelanjaannya terutamanya menggunakan pengarkiban digital rekod analog, dan laser tidak memainkan semula vinil berwarna atau cakera gambar. Pelbagai turntables berasaskan laser lain telah dicuba pada tahun 1990-an, tetapi ketika laser membaca alur dengan sangat tepat, kerana ia tidak menyentuh rekod, habuk yang menarik vinil disebabkan oleh cas elektrik statik tidak secara mekanik ditarik keluar dari alur, semakin memburuk kualiti bunyi dalam penggunaan kasual berbanding main balik stylus konvensional. <> Apa syarikat dari Jepun menawarkan turntables laser yang membaca cakera vinil secara optik? || ELPJ <> Apakah benedit cakera laser membaca? || menghapuskan rekod memakai <> Apakah kelemahan laser membaca cakera? || merendahkan bunyi <> Apa penggunaan utama cakera laser membaca? || mengarkib rekod analog <> Apakah isu utama cakera laser membaca? || debu", {"context": "ELPJ, a Japanese-based company, sells a laser turntable that uses a laser to read vinyl discs optically, without physical contact. The laser turntable eliminates record wear and the possibility of accidental scratches, which degrade the sound, but its expense limits use primarily to digital archiving of analog records, and the laser does not play back colored vinyl or picture discs. Various other laser-based turntables were tried during the 1990s, but while a laser reads the groove very accurately, since it does not touch the record, the dust that vinyl attracts due to static electric charge is not mechanically pushed out of the groove, worsening sound quality in casual use compared to conventional stylus playback.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "ELPJ"}], "question": "What company out of Japan offered laser turntables that read vinyl discs optically?", "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "eliminates record wear"}], "question": "What was a benedit of laser read discs?", "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "degrade the sound"}], "question": "What was a drawback of laser read discs?", "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "archiving of analog records"}], "question": "What was the primary use of laser read discs?", "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "dust"}], "question": "What was a major issue for laser read discs?", "id": "5727cd6e2ca10214002d96ca"}]}], ["Juga pada akhir tahun 1970-an, rekod \"langsung ke cakera\" dihasilkan, yang bertujuan untuk pasaran niche audiophile. Ini benar-benar melampaui penggunaan pita magnetik yang memihak kepada transkripsi \"purist\" langsung ke cakera lacquer induk. Juga dalam tempoh ini, rekod separuh kelajuan dan rekod \"master asal\" telah dikeluarkan, menggunakan teknologi terkini yang mahal. Pembangunan akhir tahun 1970-an adalah sistem Mata-Cued Disco yang digunakan terutamanya dalam perseorangan Motown 12-inci yang dikeluarkan antara 1978 dan 1980. Pengenalan, dram, atau chorus trek ditunjukkan oleh alur secara berasingan, memberikan isyarat visual kepada DJ mencampurkan rekod. Penampilan rekod ini sama dengan LP, tetapi ia hanya mengandungi satu trek setiap sisi. <> Bagaimana sistem DJ Disco Eye-Cued manfaat? || isyarat visual kepada DJ yang mencampurkan rekod <> Bagaimana sistem Disco Eye-Cued berbeza daripada LP? || hanya mengandungi satu trek setiap sisi <> Bilakah sistem Disco Eye-Cued dibangunkan? || akhir 1970-an <> Apa yang dirakam kepada rakaman cakera yang diharapkan untuk produk? || transkripsi \"purist\" <> Bilakah rakaman 'separuh kelajuan' dan 'digital remastered' dikeluarkan? || lewat tahun 1970-an", {"context": "Also in the late 1970s, \"direct-to-disc\" records were produced, aimed at an audiophile niche market. These completely bypassed the use of magnetic tape in favor of a \"purist\" transcription directly to the master lacquer disc. Also during this period, half-speed mastered and \"original master\" records were released, using expensive state-of-the-art technology. A further late 1970s development was the Disco Eye-Cued system used mainly on Motown 12-inch singles released between 1978 and 1980. The introduction, drum-breaks, or choruses of a track were indicated by widely separated grooves, giving a visual cue to DJs mixing the records. The appearance of these records is similar to an LP, but they only contain one track each side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 601, "text": "visual cue to DJs mixing the records"}], "question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued system benefit DJs?", "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "only contain one track each side"}], "question": "How did Disco Eye-Cued sysems differ from LPs?", "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 371, "text": "late 1970s"}], "question": "When was the Disco Eye-Cued System developed?", "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "a \"purist\" transcription"}], "question": "What were direct to disc recordings expected to product?", "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d966f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "late 1970s"}], "question": "When were 'half speed' and 'digitally remastered' recordings being released?", "id": "5727cb3f2ca10214002d9670"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mac 1949, sebagai RCA melepaskan 45, Columbia mengeluarkan beberapa ratus 7 inci 33 1/3 rpm single spindle hole tunggal. Format ini tidak lama lagi jatuh kerana ia menjadi jelas bahawa RCA 45 adalah satu pilihan dan LP Columbia 12 inci akan menjadi 'album' pilihan. Pembebasan pertama 45 datang dalam tujuh warna: hitam 47-xxxx siri popular, kuning 47-xxxx juvana siri, hijau (teal) siri 48-xxxx negara, siri merah 49-xxxx klasik, merah merah (cerise) xxxx blues / siri rohani, seri biru 51-xxxx antarabangsa, klasik gelap 52-xxxx cahaya klasik. Semua warna tidak lama lagi jatuh kerana hitam kerana masalah pengeluaran. Walau bagaimanapun, kuning dan merah terus diteruskan sehingga kira-kira 1952. Rekod pertama 45 rpm yang dibuat untuk dijual ialah \"PeeWee the Piccolo\" RCA 47-0147 ditekan dalam vinil lilin kuning di kilang Sherman Avenue, Indianapolis 7 Disember 1948, R.O. Harga, pengurus tumbuhan. <> Warna manakah dari 45 boleh didapati sehingga lewat 1952 sebelum dihentikan? || merah dan dalam merah <> PeeWee the Piccolo adalah apa? || Rekod 45 rpm yang pertama dibuat untuk jualan <> Apa arti pentingnya 7 Disember 1948? || Rekod 45 rpm yang pertama dibuat untuk jualan <> Berapa banyak warna yang tersedia pada masa pertama dikeluarkan? || tujuh warna <> Bilakah RCA melepaskan 45? || Mac 1949", {"context": "In March 1949, as RCA released the 45, Columbia released several hundred 7 inch 33 1/3 rpm small spindle hole singles. This format was soon dropped as it became clear that the RCA 45 was the single of choice and the Columbia 12 inch LP would be the 'album' of choice. The first release of the 45 came in seven colors: black 47-xxxx popular series, yellow 47-xxxx juvenile series, green (teal) 48-xxxx country series, deep red 49-xxxx classical series, bright red (cerise) 50-xxxx blues/spiritual series, light blue 51-xxxx international series, dark blue 52-xxxx light classics. All colors were soon dropped in favor of black because of production problems. However, yellow and deep red were continued until about 1952. The first 45 rpm record created for sale was \"PeeWee the Piccolo\" RCA 47-0147 pressed in yellow translucent vinyl at the Sherman Avenue plant, Indianapolis Dec. 7, 1948, R.O. Price, plant manager.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "yellow and deep red"}], "question": "Which colors of 45 were available as late as 1952 before being discontinued?", "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"}], "question": "PeeWee the Piccolo was what?", "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 720, "text": "The first 45 rpm record created for sale"}], "question": "What significance does Dec 7/ 1948 hold?", "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 304, "text": "seven colors"}], "question": "How many colors were 45s available in when first released?", "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d973f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "March 1949"}], "question": "When did RCA release the 45?", "id": "5727d0992ca10214002d9740"}]}], ["Pertengahan tahun 1970-an menyaksikan pengenalan rekod dikodkan dbx, sekali lagi untuk pasaran niche audiophile. Ini benar-benar tidak serasi dengan preamplifiers main balik standard, bergantung pada skema pengekodan / penyahkodan penyandaran dbx untuk meningkatkan banyak rangkaian dinamik (cakera yang dikodkan dbx direkodkan dengan julat dinamik yang dimampatkan oleh faktor dua dalam dB: bunyi senyap dimaksudkan untuk dimainkan kembali pada keuntungan rendah dan bunyi yang kuat bertujuan untuk dimainkan kembali pada keuntungan tinggi, melalui kawalan keuntungan otomatis dalam peralatan main balik; ini mengurangkan kesan bunyi permukaan pada petikan yang tenang). Skim yang serupa dan sangat singkat yang terlibat menggunakan skim pengekodan / pengekodan pengurangan bunyi \"CX\" yang dibangunkan oleh CBS. <> Apa yang diperlukan untuk main balik rakaman DBX yang berkualiti? || kawalan keuntungan automatik <> Bilakah rakaman DBX dikeluarkan? || pertengahan 1970-an <> Bagaimana serasi adalah rakaman dikodkan DBX dengan teknologi terdahulu? || benar-benar tidak serasi dengan <> Apakah maksud rekod DBX yang dikodkan? || mengurangkan kesan bunyi permukaan pada petak yang tenang <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh CBS untuk mengurangkan kebisingan luar? || Pengurangan bunyi \"CX\"", {"context": "The mid-1970s saw the introduction of dbx-encoded records, again for the audiophile niche market. These were completely incompatible with standard record playback preamplifiers, relying on the dbx compandor encoding/decoding scheme to greatly increase dynamic range (dbx encoded disks were recorded with the dynamic range compressed by a factor of two in dB: quiet sounds were meant to be played back at low gain and loud sounds were meant to be played back at high gain, via automatic gain control in the playback equipment; this reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages). A similar and very short-lived scheme involved using the CBS-developed \"CX\" noise reduction encoding/decoding scheme.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "automatic gain control"}], "question": "What was required for quality playback of DBX recordings?", "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9694"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "mid-1970s"}], "question": "When were DBX recordings released?", "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9695"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "completely incompatible with"}], "question": "How compatible were DBX encoded recordings with prior technologies?", "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9696"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "reduced the effect of surface noise on quiet passages"}], "question": "What was the intention of DBX encoded recordings?", "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9697"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "\"CX\" noise reduction"}], "question": "What did CBS develop in order to reduce outside noise?", "id": "5727cc4f2ca10214002d9698"}]}], ["Dalam beberapa cara yang sama dengan turntable laser ialah mesin imbasan IRENE untuk rekod cakera, yang mana imej dengan mikrophotography dalam dua dimensi, dicipta oleh pasukan ahli fizik di Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE akan mengambil maklumat daripada sumber bunyi monaural yang dimodulasi oleh ibu jari tanpa menyentuh media itu sendiri, tetapi tidak dapat membaca maklumat yang dimodulasi secara vertikal. Ini tidak termasuk rakaman beralun seperti silinder dan beberapa transkripsi radio yang memaparkan rekod rakaman dan bukit, dan stereophonic atau quadraphonic grooved rekaman, yang menggunakan gabungan kedua dan pengekodan supersonik untuk quadraphonic. <> Siapa Irene? || mengimbas mesin untuk rekod cakera <> Di manakah dibangunkan IRENE? || Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories <> Apakah kegunaan utama IRENE? || dapatkan maklumat <> Bolehkah IRENE membaca maklumat dimodulasi secara menegak? || tidak dapat membaca maklumat dimodulasi secara vertikal <> Adakah IRENE memerlukan keupayaan untuk menyentuh media? || tanpa menyentuh media", {"context": "In some ways similar to the laser turntable is the IRENE scanning machine for disc records, which images with microphotography in two dimensions, invented by a team of physicists at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. IRENE will retrieve the information from a laterally modulated monaural grooved sound source without touching the medium itself, but cannot read vertically modulated information. This excludes grooved recordings such as cylinders and some radio transcriptions that feature a hill-and-dale format of recording, and stereophonic or quadraphonic grooved recordings, which utilize a combination of the two as well as supersonic encoding for quadraphonic.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "scanning machine for disc records"}], "question": "Who is Irene?", "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decdd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories"}], "question": "Where was IRENE developed?", "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "retrieve the information"}], "question": "What is the primary use of IRENE?", "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000decdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "cannot read vertically modulated information"}], "question": "Can IRENE read vertically modulated information?", "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000dece0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "without touching the medium"}], "question": "Does IRENE require the  ability to touch the media?", "id": "5727ce6e3acd2414000dece1"}]}], ["Terma-terma seperti \"play-long\" (LP) dan \"extended-play\" (EP) menggambarkan rekod berbilang trek yang bermain jauh lebih panjang daripada rekod tunggal-per-sisi yang biasanya tidak melebihi empat minit setiap satu sebelah. LP boleh bermain sehingga 30 minit setiap sisi, walaupun paling banyak dimainkan selama kira-kira 22 minit setiap sisi, menjadikan jumlah masa bermain rakaman LP tipikal selama kira-kira empat puluh lima minit. Ramai pensyarah pra-1952, bagaimanapun, bermain selama kira-kira 15 minit setiap sisi. Format 7 inci 45 rpm biasanya mengandungi satu item setiap sisi tetapi EP 7-inci boleh mencapai masa rakaman 10 hingga 15 minit dengan mengecewakan dan memampatkan bunyi untuk mengurangkan lebar yang diperlukan oleh alur. Cakera EP biasanya digunakan untuk membuat trek yang tersedia bukan pada perseorangan termasuk trek pada album LP dalam format yang lebih kecil, lebih murah untuk mereka yang hanya mempunyai pemain 45 rpm. Lubang tengah yang besar pada rekod 7-inci 45 rpm membolehkan pengendalian mudah dengan mekanisme jukebox. Istilah \"album\", yang pada asalnya digunakan sebagai \"buku\" dengan nota pelapik, memegang beberapa rekod 78 rpm masing-masing dalam \"halaman\" atau lengannya sendiri, tidak lagi mempunyai hubungan dengan format fizikal: satu rekod LP atau sekarang ini lebih biasanya cakera padat. <> Istilah apa yang digunakan untuk rakaman dengan lebih daripada satu trek? || lama bermain \"(LP) dan\" diperpanjangkan main \"(EP <> Apa masa bermain maksimal LP? || empat puluh lima minit <> Format mana lebih murah, LP atau EP? Format manakah yang direkam antara 10 hingga 15 minit? || 7 EP-EP <> Apakah masa mainan biasa bagi setiap sisi untuk LP? || 22 minit", {"context": "Terms such as \"long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP) describe multi-track records that play much longer than the single-item-per-side records, which typically do not go much past four minutes per side. An LP can play for up to 30 minutes per side, though most played for about 22 minutes per side, bringing the total playing time of a typical LP recording to about forty-five minutes. Many pre-1952 LPs, however, played for about 15 minutes per side. The 7-inch 45 rpm format normally contains one item per side but a 7-inch EP could achieve recording times of 10 to 15 minutes at the expense of attenuating and compressing the sound to reduce the width required by the groove. EP discs were generally used to make available tracks not on singles including tracks on LPs albums in a smaller, less expensive format for those who had only 45 rpm players. The large center hole on 7-inch 45 rpm records allows for easier handling by jukebox mechanisms. The term \"album\", originally used to mean a \"book\" with liner notes, holding several 78 rpm records each in its own \"page\" or sleeve, no longer has any relation to the physical format: a single LP record, or nowadays more typically a compact disc.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "long-play\" (LP) and \"extended-play\" (EP"}], "question": "What terms are used for recording with more than one track?", "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 368, "text": "forty-five minutes"}], "question": "What is a typical max playing time of an LP?", "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 770, "text": "LPs"}], "question": "Which format is cheaper, LP or EP?", "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "7-inch EP"}], "question": "Which format held recordings ranging from 10 to 15 minutes?", "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "22 minutes"}], "question": "What was a normal play time per side for LPs?", "id": "5727cf9c3acd2414000decf9"}]}], ["Format yang berbeza, CD-4 (tidak dapat dikelirukan dengan cakera padat), oleh RCA, mengodkan maklumat perbezaan depan belakang pada pembawa ultrasonik, yang memerlukan kartrij wideband khas untuk menangkapnya pada kombinasi lengan pikap / kombinasi putar yang dikalib dengan teliti. CD-4 bahkan kurang berjaya berbanding dua format matriks. Masalahnya adalah bahawa tidak ada kepala pemotong yang boleh mengendalikan maklumat HF.Ia telah diperbaiki dengan memotong pada separuh kelajuan.Kemudian, kepala memotong berkelajuan separuh khas dan teknik penyamaan digunakan untuk mendapatkan respons frekuensi yang lebih luas dalam stereo dengan penyimpangan dan ruang kepala yang lebih besar.) <> Apakah isu utama dengan teknologi CD-4? || tiada kepala memotong disediakan yang boleh mengendalikan maklumat HF <> Seberapa besar kejayaan format CD-4? || bahkan kurang berjaya daripada dua format matriks <> Format apa yang kurang berjaya daripada quadraphonic? || CD-4 <> Apakah faedah yang berpotensi dalam format CD-4? || kurangkan penyimpangan dan ruang kepala yang lebih besar <> Siapa yang membuat format CD-4? || RCA", {"context": "A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information"}], "question": "What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?", "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "even less successful than the two matrixed formats"}], "question": "How widespread was the success of CD-4 format? ", "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "CD-4"}], "question": "What format was less successful than quadraphonic?", "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "reduced distortion and greater headroom"}], "question": "What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?", "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "RCA"}], "question": "Who created the CD-4 format?", "id": "5727c6c9ff5b5019007d94e4"}]}], ["Melalui tahun 1960-an, 1970-an, dan 1980-an, pelbagai kaedah untuk meningkatkan rekod dinamik yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran melibatkan peralatan memotong cakera yang sangat canggih. Teknik-teknik ini, dipasarkan, untuk menamakan dua, sebagai CBS DisComputer dan Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, digunakan untuk mengurangkan gangguan dalam-alur. RCA Victor memperkenalkan sistem lain untuk mengurangkan jarak dinamik dan mencapai alur dengan kurang bunyi permukaan di bawah nama komersial Dynagroove. Dua unsur utama digabungkan: satu lagi bahan cakera dengan bunyi permukaan yang kurang dalam alur dan mampatan dinamik untuk bunyi latar belakang pelindung. Kadang-kadang ini dipanggil \"diafragming\" bahan sumber dan tidak disukai oleh beberapa pencinta muzik kerana kesan sampingan yang tidak semulajadi. Kedua-dua elemen tersebut dicerminkan dalam nama jenama Dynagroove, diterangkan di tempat lain dengan lebih terperinci. Ia juga menggunakan kaedah maju maju ke hadapan pada jarak alur berkenaan dengan jumlah bunyi dan kedudukan pada cakera. Kelantangan rekod yang lebih rendah menggunakan jarak dekat; Jumlah rekod yang lebih tinggi menggunakan jarak yang lebih luas, terutamanya dengan frekuensi yang lebih rendah. Juga, ketumpatan trek yang lebih tinggi pada jumlah yang lebih rendah membolehkan rakaman cakera berakhir lebih jauh dari pusat cakera daripada biasa, membantu mengurangkan penyimpangan endtrack lebih jauh lagi. <> Teknik apa yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan herotan alur dalaman? || CBS DisComputer dan Teldec Direct Metal Mastering <> Siapa yang membangunkan format Dynagroove? || RCA Victor <> Mengapa sesetengah penyanyi muzik mengejek apabila diafragming? || kesan sampingan yang tidak semulajadi <> Apa hasil jarak alur yang lebih dekat? || Jumlah kuantiti yang dirakam <> Apa yang akan didapati dengan jumlah yang dicatatkan yang lebih tinggi? || jarak yang lebih luas", {"context": "Through the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, various methods to improve the dynamic range of mass-produced records involved highly advanced disc cutting equipment. These techniques, marketed, to name two, as the CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering, were used to reduce inner-groove distortion. RCA Victor introduced another system to reduce dynamic range and achieve a groove with less surface noise under the commercial name of Dynagroove. Two main elements were combined: another disk material with less surface noise in the groove and dynamic compression for masking background noise. Sometimes this was called \"diaphragming\" the source material and not favoured by some music lovers for its unnatural side effects. Both elements were reflected in the brandname of Dynagroove, described elsewhere in more detail. It also used the earlier advanced method of forward-looking control on groove spacing with respect to volume of sound and position on the disk. Lower recorded volume used closer spacing; higher recorded volume used wider spacing, especially with lower frequencies. Also, the higher track density at lower volumes enabled disk recordings to end farther away from the disk center than usual, helping to reduce endtrack distortion even further.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "CBS DisComputer and Teldec Direct Metal Mastering"}], "question": "What technique were used to reduce inner-groove distortion?", "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "RCA Victor"}], "question": "Who developed the Dynagroove format?", "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 701, "text": "unnatural side effects"}], "question": "Why did some music lovers frown upon diaphragming? ", "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 966, "text": "Lower recorded volume"}], "question": "What did closer groove spacing result in?", "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "wider spacing"}], "question": "What would be found with higher recorded volumes?", "id": "5727c9d34b864d1900163d22"}]}], ["Di bawah arahan jurutera rakaman C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records memulakan satu teknik rekod monaural mikrofon minimalis tunggal pada tahun 1951. Rekod pertama, satu persembahan Chicago Symphony Orchestra Gambar di Pameran, yang dikendalikan oleh Rafael Kubelik, digambarkan sebagai \"berada di dalam kehadiran orkestra hidup \"oleh pengkritik muzik The New York Times. Siri rekod itu kemudiannya dinamakan Kehadiran Kehidupan Merkuri. Pada tahun 1955, Mercury memulakan rakaman stereo tiga saluran, masih berdasarkan prinsip mikrofon tunggal. Mikrofon tengah (tunggal) amat penting, dengan kedua-dua mics sampingan menambah kedalaman dan ruang. Master rekod dipotong secara langsung dari tiga trek ke konsol campuran dua jalur, dengan semua pengeditan pita induk dilakukan pada tiga trek asal. Pada tahun 1961, Mercury meningkatkan teknik ini dengan rakaman stereo tiga mikrofon menggunakan filem magnet 35 mm dan bukan pita setengah inci untuk rakaman. Ketebalan yang lebih besar dan lebar filem magnet 35 mm menghalang cetakan lapisan pita dan pre-echo dan mendapat julat frekuensi dan respon sementara. Rekod Kehadiran Kehidupan Merkuri telah diretas ke CD pada tahun 1990-an oleh pengeluar asal, Wilma Cozart Fine, menggunakan kaedah yang sama campuran 3-ke-2 secara langsung kepada perakam induk. <> Untuk mana syarikat itu melakukan kerja C. Robert Fine? || Rekod Mercury <> Apakah faedah yang diperolehi menggunakan filem magnet 35mm? || menghalang cetakan lapisan pita dan pre-echo dan mendapat julat kekerapan yang dilanjutkan dan tindak balas sementara <> Siapa yang membangunkan campuran 3-ke-2 untuk mencipta rekod kehidupan? || Mercury <> Mikrofon mana yang paling penting dalam 3 rakaman mikrofon? || Pusat <> Pada tahun apakah Mercury memulakan rakaman stereo saluran 3? || 1955", {"context": "Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951. The first record, a Chicago Symphony Orchestra performance of Pictures at an Exhibition, conducted by Rafael Kubelik, was described as \"being in the living presence of the orchestra\" by The New York Times music critic. The series of records was then named Mercury Living Presence. In 1955, Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961, Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35 mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, Wilma Cozart Fine, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "Mercury Records"}], "question": "For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?", "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9532"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response"}], "question": "What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?", "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9533"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1121, "text": "Mercury"}], "question": "Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?", "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9534"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "The center"}], "question": "Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?", "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9535"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "1955"}], "question": "In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?", "id": "5727c860ff5b5019007d9536"}]}], ["Kerosakan adalah sangat biasa di era shellac. Dalam novel John O'Hara pada tahun 1934, Pelantikan di Samarra, protagonis \"memecah salah satu kegemarannya, Lady of the Evening Whiteman ... Dia mahu menangis tetapi tidak dapat.\" Satu masa yang menjengkelkan dalam novel Rookie JD Salinger pada tahun 1951 The Catcher dalam Rye berlaku selepas protagonis remaja membeli rekod untuk adik perempuannya tetapi jatuh dan \"ia pecah ... Saya sial-dekat menangis, ia membuat saya berasa begitu dahsyat. \" Urutan di mana koleksi guru 78 rekod jazz dipecahkan oleh sekumpulan pelajar yang memberontak merupakan detik utama dalam filem Blackboard Jungle. <> Apa isu yang diketahui menggunakan shellac untuk membuat rekod? || Pecahnya sangat biasa <> Di mana novel yang dibuat oleh 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening' rekod dipecahkan? || John O'Hara novel, Pelantikan di Samarra <> Dalam Blackboard Jungle apa rekod yang disebutkan sebutan dibuat? || koleksi guru 78 Rekod jazz rpm dihancurkan", {"context": "Breakage was very common in the shellac era. In the 1934 John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra, the protagonist \"broke one of his most favorites, Whiteman's Lady of the Evening ... He wanted to cry but could not.\" A poignant moment in J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye occurs after the adolescent protagonist buys a record for his younger sister but drops it and \"it broke into pieces ... I damn-near cried, it made me feel so terrible.\" A sequence where a school teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed by a group of rebellious students is a key moment in the film Blackboard Jungle.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Breakage was very common"}], "question": "What was a known issue of using shellac to make records?", "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "John O'Hara novel, Appointment in Samarra"}], "question": "In which novel does 'Whiteman's Lady of the Evening\" record get broken?", "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "teacher's collection of 78 rpm jazz records is smashed"}], "question": "In Blackboard Jungle what record breaking mention is made?", "id": "5727e41d2ca10214002d98cc"}]}], ["Batasan lanjut mengenai rekod gramophone ialah kesetiaan yang semakin menurun ketika main balik berlangsung; terdapat lebih banyak vinil sesa tersedia untuk pembiakan halus frekuensi tinggi pada permulaan diameter besar alur daripada wujud pada diameter yang lebih kecil dekat dengan hujung sampingan. Pada permulaan alur pada LP ada 510 mm vinil per perjalanan kedua melewati stylus manakala akhir alur memberikan 200-210 mm vinil per detik - kurang daripada separuh resolusi linear. Penyimpangan ke arah hujung sisi mungkin akan menjadi lebih ketara apabila memakai kenaikan rekod. * <> Bilakah distorsi yang paling biasa pada rekod gramophone? || Penyimpangan ke arah hujung sampingan <> Apa yang berlaku sebagai rekod memakai? || Penyimpangan <> Apakah kelemahan penggunaan gramophones? || kesetiaan semakin menurun apabila main balik berlangsung <> Berapa banyak vinil boleh didapati pada permulaan LP? || 510 mm <> Di mana anda boleh mencari hanya 200-210mm vinil? || mengakhiri alur", {"context": "A further limitation of the gramophone record is that fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses; there is more vinyl per second available for fine reproduction of high frequencies at the large-diameter beginning of the groove than exist at the smaller-diameters close to the end of the side. At the start of a groove on an LP there are 510 mm of vinyl per second traveling past the stylus while the ending of the groove gives 200\u2013210 mm of vinyl per second \u2014 less than half the linear resolution. Distortion towards the end of the side is likely to become more apparent as record wear increases.*", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Distortion towards the end of the side"}], "question": "When is distortion most common on a gramophone record?", "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "Distortion"}], "question": "What happens as a record wears?", "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "fidelity steadily declines as playback progresses"}], "question": "What is a drawback of using gramophones?", "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "510 mm"}], "question": "How much vinyl can be found at the start of an LP?", "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "ending of the groove"}], "question": "Where can you find only 200-210mm of vinyl?", "id": "5727e6df2ca10214002d991e"}]}], ["Rekod vinil tidak mudah rosak, tetapi bahan lembut mudah tercalar. Vinyl mudah memperoleh caj statik, menarik debu yang sukar dibuang sepenuhnya. Habuk dan calar menyebabkan klik audio dan muncul. Dalam kes-kes yang teruk, mereka boleh menyebabkan jarum untuk melangkau beberapa siri alur, atau lebih teruk lagi, menyebabkan jarum untuk melangkau ke belakang, mewujudkan \"alur terkunci\" yang berulang-ulang berulang. Inilah asal usul frasa \"seperti rekod yang rusak\" atau \"seperti rekod tercalar\", yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan orang atau benda yang terus mengulangi dirinya sendiri. Alur terkunci tidak biasa dan kadang-kadang didengar dalam siaran radio. <> Apa yang menyebabkan klik dan muncul pada rekod vinil? || Habuk dan calar <> Apakah punca alur kunci pada rekod vinil? || Habuk dan calar <> Di manakah kata \"Seperti rekod yang rusak\" berasal? || alur terkunci <> Bagaimana dengan mudah membuat rekod vinil pecah? || Rekod vinil tidak mudah rosak <> Apakah kerosakan biasa pada rekod vinil? || mudah tercalar.", {"context": "Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backwards, creating a \"locked groove\" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase \"like a broken record\" or \"like a scratched record\", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself. Locked grooves are not uncommon and were even heard occasionally in radio broadcasts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Dust and scratches"}], "question": "What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?", "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 174, "text": "Dust and scratches"}], "question": "What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?", "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "locked groove"}], "question": "Where does the saying \"Like a broken record\" originate?", "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Vinyl records do not break easily"}], "question": "How easily do vinyl records break?", "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "easily scratched."}], "question": "What is a common damage to vinyl records?", "id": "5727e4fd2ca10214002d98ee"}]}], ["Kesan \"kulit jeruk\" pada rekod vinil disebabkan oleh cetakan yang dipakai. Daripada mempunyai selesai seperti cermin yang betul, permukaan rekod akan mempunyai tekstur yang kelihatan seperti kulit oren. Ini memperkenalkan bunyi ke rekod, terutamanya dalam julat frekuensi yang lebih rendah. Dengan menguasai logam langsung (DMM), cakera induk dipotong pada cakera bersalut tembaga, yang juga boleh mempunyai kesan kecil \"kulit jeruk\" pada cakera itu sendiri. Oleh kerana \"kulit jeruk\" ini berasal dari tuan bukannya diperkenalkan pada peringkat mendesak, tidak ada kesan buruk kerana tidak ada gangguan fizikal alur. <> Apakah kesan menggunakan acuan yang dipakai semasa mencatat rekod? || Kesan \"kulit jeruk\" <> Apakah kemunculan yang diharapkan dari rekod vinil? || cermin seperti <> Pada apa frekuensi adalah kesan kulit oren yang paling ketara? || julat frekuensi rendah <> Apakah kesan pada salinan jika tuan sebagai kesan kulit jeruk? || tidak ada kesan buruk <> Apa bahan yang ada pada cakera menguasai logam langsung? || tembaga", {"context": "The \"orange peel\" effect on vinyl records is caused by worn molds. Rather than having the proper mirror-like finish, the surface of the record will have a texture that looks like orange peel. This introduces noise into the record, particularly in the lower frequency range. With direct metal mastering (DMM), the master disc is cut on a copper-coated disc, which can also have a minor \"orange peel\" effect on the disc itself. As this \"orange peel\" originates in the master rather than being introduced in the pressing stage, there is no ill effect as there is no physical distortion of the groove.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The \"orange peel\" effect"}], "question": "What is an effect of using worn molds when casting records?", "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d975e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "mirror-like"}], "question": "What is the expected finish of a vinyl record?", "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d975f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "lower frequency range"}], "question": "On what frequencies is an orange peel effect most noticeable?", "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "there is no ill effect"}], "question": "What is the effect on a copy if a master as an orange peel effect?", "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "copper"}], "question": "What material is on a direct metal mastering disc?", "id": "5727e0dbff5b5019007d9762"}]}], ["Rekod-rekod vinil boleh digerakkan oleh haba, penyimpanan yang tidak betul, pendedahan kepada cahaya matahari, atau kecacatan pembuatan seperti pengecutan plastik yang terlalu ketat pada penutup album. Tahap kecil meledingkan adalah perkara biasa, dan membolehkan ia menjadi sebahagian daripada reka bentuk raket dan reka bentuk tonearm. \"wow\" (variasi pitch sekali-per-revolusi) boleh dihasilkan daripada warp, atau dari lubang gelendong yang tidak dipusatkan dengan tepat. Amalan piawai untuk LP adalah meletakkan LP dalam kertas atau penutup dalaman plastik. Ini, jika diletakkan di dalam penutup kadbod luar supaya pembukaan keseluruhannya berada di dalam penutup luar, dikatakan mengurangkan kemasukan debu ke permukaan rekod. Singles, dengan pengecualian yang jarang berlaku, mempunyai penutup kertas mudah tanpa penutup dalaman. <> Apa yang menyebabkan perang dalam rekod vinil? || haba, penyimpanan yang tidak wajar, pendedahan kepada cahaya matahari, atau kecacatan perkilangan <> Apakah penyebabnya sekali variasi pitch revolusi? || meledingkan, atau dari lubang gelendong yang tidak dipusatkan <> Kaedah apa yang digunakan untuk melindungi rekod vinil? || letakkan LP dalam kertas atau plastik penutup dalaman <> Apa yang sering dijumpai dengan penutup kertas dan tidak ada penutup dalaman? || Singles <> Apa yang berlaku jika vinil datang dengan sedikit meledingkan? || Tahap kecil meledingkan adalah perkara biasa,", {"context": "Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. \"wow\" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects"}], "question": "What causes warping in vinyl records?", "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9906"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered"}], "question": "What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?", "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9907"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover"}], "question": "What method was used to protect a vinyl record?", "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9908"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Singles"}], "question": "What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?", "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d9909"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "A small degree of warp was common,"}], "question": "What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?", "id": "5727e6212ca10214002d990a"}]}], ["Pasukan skating Tonearm dan gangguan lain juga dijemput oleh stylus. Ini adalah satu bentuk frekuensi multiplexing sebagai isyarat kawalan (memulihkan gaya) yang digunakan untuk memastikan stylus di alur dibawa oleh mekanisme yang sama dengan bunyi itu sendiri. Kekerapan subsonik di bawah kira-kira 20 Hz dalam isyarat audio dikuasai oleh kesan penjejakan, yang merupakan satu bentuk kegilaan yang tidak diingini (\"bunyi pengesanan\") dan menggabungkan dengan frekuensi yang boleh didengar dalam jarak bass yang mendalam sehingga kira-kira 100 Hz. Peralatan bunyi kesetiaan tinggi boleh menghasilkan bunyi bising dan gemuruh. Semasa laluan yang tenang, konektor pembesar woofer kadang-kadang boleh dilihat bergetar dengan pengesanan subsonik stylus, pada frekuensi serendah hanya di atas 0.5 Hz (kekerapan di mana rekod 33 1/3 rpm bertukar pada meja putar; 5 / 9 Hz tepat pada turntable yang ideal). Alasan lain untuk bahan kekerapan yang sangat rendah boleh menjadi cakera yang melengkung: undulasinya menghasilkan frekuensi hanya beberapa hertz dan hari ini penguat mempunyai lebar kuasa kuasa yang besar. Atas sebab ini, banyak penerima stereo mengandungi penapis subsonik yang boleh ditukar. Sesetengah kandungan subsonik secara langsung keluar dari fasa dalam setiap saluran. Jika dimainkan semula pada sistem subwoofer mono, bunyi akan membatalkan, dengan ketara mengurangkan jumlah rumble yang diterbitkan semula. <> Apa yang akan menyebabkan bunyi frekuensi rendah apabila mendengar? || melengkung cakera <> Apakah ciri-ciri yang terdapat dalam banyak stereos untuk melawan suara-suara yang tidak diingini? || penapis subsonik <> Apa bunyi yang sering didengar ketika mendengar vinil yang tidak disengajakan. || Skating Tonearm <> Kekerapan mana yang anda paling mungkin mendengar skating tonearm? || kekerapan di bawah kira-kira 20 Hz <> Adakah terdapat tanda-tanda pengesanan visual ketika mendengar rekod? || kon boleh kadang-kadang dilihat bergetar dengan pengesanan subsonik", {"context": "Tonearm skating forces and other perturbations are also picked up by the stylus. This is a form of frequency multiplexing as the control signal (restoring force) used to keep the stylus in the groove is carried by the same mechanism as the sound itself. Subsonic frequencies below about 20 Hz in the audio signal are dominated by tracking effects, which is one form of unwanted rumble (\"tracking noise\") and merges with audible frequencies in the deep bass range up to about 100 Hz. High fidelity sound equipment can reproduce tracking noise and rumble. During a quiet passage, woofer speaker cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking of the stylus, at frequencies as low as just above 0.5 Hz (the frequency at which a 33 1\u20443 rpm record turns on the turntable; 5\u20449 Hz exactly on an ideal turntable). Another reason for very low frequency material can be a warped disk: its undulations produce frequencies of only a few hertz and present day amplifiers have large power bandwidths. For this reason, many stereo receivers contained a switchable subsonic filter. Some subsonic content is directly out of phase in each channel. If played back on a mono subwoofer system, the noise will cancel, significantly reducing the amount of rumble that is reproduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "warped disk"}], "question": "What would be a cause of low frequency sounds when listening?", "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1067, "text": "subsonic filter"}], "question": "What is a feature many stereos contain to fight back against unwanted noises?", "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Tonearm skating"}], "question": "What is a sounds commonly heard when listening to a vinyl that is unintentional.", "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9942"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "frequencies below about 20 Hz"}], "question": "Which frequencies are you most likely to hear tonearm skating?", "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9943"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "cones can sometimes be seen to vibrate with the subsonic tracking"}], "question": "Are there any visual signs of tracking when listening to a record?", "id": "5727e84f2ca10214002d9944"}]}], ["Ke arah pusat, di hujung alur, terdapat satu lagi bahagian yang bernama luas yang dikenali sebagai timbal. Di hujung bahagian ini alur bergabung dengannya untuk membentuk satu lingkaran lengkap, yang disebut alur kunci; apabila stilus mencapai titik ini, ia melingkari berulang kali sehingga ditarik dari rekod. Pada sesetengah rakaman (contohnya Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band oleh The Beatles, Super Trouper oleh Abba dan Atom Heart Mother oleh Pink Floyd), bunyi terus di alur kunci, yang memberikan kesan mengulangi aneh. Turntables automatik bergantung pada kedudukan atau halaju sudut lengan, kerana ia mencapai jarak yang lebih luas di alur, untuk mencetuskan mekanisme yang mengangkat lengan dari rekod. Tepat kerana mekanisme ini, turntables yang paling automatik tidak dapat memainkan sebarang audio dalam alur kunci, kerana mereka akan mengangkat lengan sebelum mencapai alur itu. <> Apakah 'memimpin'? || bahagian nada luas <> Apakah pusat di mana data bergabung untuk melengkapkan bulatan? || mengunci alur <> Adakah turntables memainkan muzik di alur kunci? || turntables yang paling automatik tidak mampu <> Apa jadual belok yang paling automatik lakukan apabila mereka memenuhi alur kunci? || angkat tangan <> Di manakah anda mencari petunjuk? || Ke arah pusat, di hujung alur", {"context": "Towards the center, at the end of the groove, there is another wide-pitched section known as the lead-out. At the very end of this section the groove joins itself to form a complete circle, called the lock groove; when the stylus reaches this point, it circles repeatedly until lifted from the record. On some recordings (for example Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles, Super Trouper by Abba and Atom Heart Mother by Pink Floyd), the sound continues on the lock groove, which gives a strange repeating effect. Automatic turntables rely on the position or angular velocity of the arm, as it reaches the wider spacing in the groove, to trigger a mechanism that lifts the arm off the record. Precisely because of this mechanism, most automatic turntables are incapable of playing any audio in the lock groove, since they will lift the arm before it reaches that groove.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "wide-pitched section"}], "question": "What is a 'lead out'?", "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9672"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "lock groove"}], "question": "What is the center where the data joins to complete a circle?", "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9673"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 744, "text": "most automatic turntables are incapable"}], "question": "Do turntables play music on lock grooves?", "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9674"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "lift the arm"}], "question": "What do most automatic turn tables do when they meet a lock groove?", "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9675"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Towards the center, at the end of the groove"}], "question": "Where do you find a lead out?", "id": "5727d616ff5b5019007d9676"}]}], ["Apabila turntables yang berubah-ubah secara umum adalah biasa, rekod biasanya ditekan dengan tepi luar yang dibangkitkan (atau disingkirkan) dan kawasan label yang dibangkitkan, membolehkan rekod disusun di antara satu sama lain tanpa alur halus yang bersentuhan, mengurangkan risiko kerosakan. Penukar automatik termasuk mekanisme untuk menyokong timbunan beberapa rekod di atas meja putar itu sendiri, menjatuhkannya satu demi satu ke meja putar aktif untuk dimainkan dengan teratur. Ramai lagi rakaman suara, seperti opera lengkap, telah diselaraskan merentas beberapa cakera 10 inci atau 12 inci untuk digunakan dengan mekanisme auto-ubah, supaya cakera pertama rakaman tiga cakera akan membawa sisi 1 dan 6 program , manakala cakera kedua akan membawa 2 dan 5, dan ketiga, 3 dan 4, membolehkan sisi 1, 2 dan 3 dimainkan secara automatik; maka keseluruhan timbunan dibalikkan untuk memainkan sisi 4, 5, dan 6. <> Di mana rekod dibuat dengan kawasan label yang dibangkitkan? || mengurangkan risiko kerosakan <> Adakah rakaman lebih lama, seperti yang terdapat dalam opera, dibuat untuk digunakan dengan sistem auto berubah? || diselaraskan di beberapa cakera 10 inci atau 12-inci untuk digunakan dengan mekanisme auto-ubah <> Adakah alur pada rekod menyentuh apabila disusun? || membolehkan rekod disusun di antara satu sama lain tanpa alur halus yang datang ke kenalan <> Adakah rekod menyentuh apabila dalam penukar auto? || Auto-changers termasuk mekanisme untuk menyokong timbunan", {"context": "When auto-changing turntables were commonplace, records were typically pressed with a raised (or ridged) outer edge and a raised label area, allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact, reducing the risk of damage. Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack of several records above the turntable itself, dropping them one at a time onto the active turntable to be played in order. Many longer sound recordings, such as complete operas, were interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms, so that the first disk of a three-disk recording would carry sides 1 and 6 of the program, while the second disk would carry sides 2 and 5, and the third, sides 3 and 4, allowing sides 1, 2, and 3 to be played automatically; then the whole stack reversed to play sides 4, 5, and 6.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "reducing the risk of damage"}], "question": "Where were records made with raised label areas?", "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 505, "text": "interleaved across several 10-inch or 12-inch discs for use with auto-changing mechanisms"}], "question": "Are longer recordings, as found in operas, made for use with auto-changing systems?", "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "allowing records to be stacked onto each other without the delicate grooves coming into contact"}], "question": "Do grooves on records touch when stacked?", "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Auto-changers included a mechanism to support a stack"}], "question": "Do records touch when in auto changers?", "id": "5727d7343acd2414000dede4"}]}], ["Vinil berat atau berat (180-220 g) baru atau \"dara\" yang biasa digunakan untuk keluaran vinil audiophile moden dalam semua genre. Ramai pengumpul memilih untuk mempunyai album vinil berat, yang telah dilaporkan mempunyai bunyi yang lebih baik daripada vinil biasa kerana toleransi mereka yang lebih tinggi terhadap ubah bentuk yang disebabkan oleh permainan biasa. 180 g vinil lebih mahal untuk menghasilkan hanya kerana ia menggunakan lebih banyak vinil. Proses pembuatan adalah sama tanpa mengira berat badan. Malah, menekan rekod ringan memerlukan lebih banyak perhatian. Pengecualian adalah kecenderungan tekanan 200 g untuk sedikit lebih mudah untuk tidak mengisi, apabila biskut vinil tidak mencukupi mengisi alur dalam semasa menekan (perkusi atau perubahan amplitud vokal adalah lokasi biasa dari artifak ini). Kecacatan ini menyebabkan bunyi pengisaran atau menggaruk pada titik tidak mengisi. <> Apakah bahan yang paling banyak digunakan untuk keluaran vinil audiophile moden? || Vinil baru atau \"dara\" berat / berat (180-220 g) vinyl <> Apakah keutamaan bahan pengumpul? || vinil kelas berat <> Bagaimana proses pembuatan berbeza antara vinil berat dan biasa? || Proses perkilangan adalah sama <> Akankah kawasan yang tidak dipenuhi dalam penyebab vinyl semasa mendengar rekod? || menggiling atau menggaru bunyi <> Yang menekan vinil memerlukan lebih banyak perhatian kepada detail, ringan atau heavyweight? || rekod ringan memerlukan lebih banyak perhatian", {"context": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl is commonly used for modern audiophile vinyl releases in all genres. Many collectors prefer to have heavyweight vinyl albums, which have been reported to have better sound than normal vinyl because of their higher tolerance against deformation caused by normal play. 180 g vinyl is more expensive to produce only because it uses more vinyl. Manufacturing processes are identical regardless of weight. In fact, pressing lightweight records requires more care. An exception is the propensity of 200 g pressings to be slightly more prone to non-fill, when the vinyl biscuit does not sufficiently fill a deep groove during pressing (percussion or vocal amplitude changes are the usual locations of these artifacts). This flaw causes a grinding or scratching sound at the non-fill point.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "New or \"virgin\" heavy/heavyweight (180\u2013220 g) vinyl"}], "question": "What is the most used material for modern audiophile vinyl releases?", "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "heavyweight vinyl"}], "question": "What is the material preference of collectors?", "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "Manufacturing processes are identical"}], "question": "How does the manufacturing process differ between heavyweight and normal vinyl?", "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 783, "text": "grinding or scratching sound"}], "question": "Would would a non filled area in a vinyl press cause when listening to a record?", "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "lightweight records requires more care"}], "question": "Which pressing of vinyl require more attention to detail, lightweight or heavyweight?", "id": "5727de793acd2414000dee87"}]}], ["Cakera induk asal dicipta oleh pelarik lathe: pelarik digunakan untuk memotong alur dimodulasi ke dalam rekod kosong. Rekod kosong untuk memotong digunakan untuk dimasak, seperti yang diperlukan, oleh jurutera potong, menggunakan apa yang diterangkan oleh Robert K. Morrison sebagai \"sabun logam,\" yang mengandungi litharge, ozokerite, barium sulfat, lilin montan, stearin dan paraffin, antara bahan-bahan lain. Potong cakera bunyi \"lilin\" akan diletakkan di dalam ruang vakum dan emas yang berlegar untuk menjadikannya konduktif elektrik untuk digunakan sebagai mandrel dalam mandi elektroform, di mana bahagian penekan yang ditekan dibuat. Kemudian, syarikat Perancis, Pyral mencipta cakera kosong siap dengan pelapis pernis nitro-selulosa nipis (kira-kira ketebalan 7 mil pada kedua-dua sisi) yang digunakan pada substrat aluminium. Potongan lencur menghasilkan rekod induk yang dapat dimainkan, atau diproses dengan serta-merta. Sekiranya tekanan vinil diperlukan, cakera bunyi yang tidak dimainkan tidak digunakan sebagai mandrel untuk membuat rekod nikel elektro yang digunakan untuk pembuatan penekan menekan. Rekod nikel electroformed secara mekanikal dipisahkan dari mandrels masing-masing. Ini dilakukan dengan mudah kerana tiada \"penyaduran\" sebenar mandrel berlaku dalam jenis elektrodeposisi yang dikenali sebagai electroforming, tidak seperti elektroplating, di mana lekatan fasa logam baru adalah kimia dan relatif kekal. Salutan satu molekul tebal perak (yang disembur ke cakera cakera lakuer yang diproses untuk membuat permukaan konduktif elektriknya) terbalikkan pada muka rekod nikel. Cakera negatif ini (mempunyai rabung di tempat alur) dikenali sebagai tuan nikel, \"matriks\" atau \"bapa.\" \"Bapa\" kemudiannya digunakan sebagai mandrel untuk membuat electroform sebuah cakera positif yang dikenali sebagai \"ibu\". Ramai ibu boleh ditanam pada \"ayah\" tunggal sebelum rabung merosot di luar penggunaan yang berkesan. \"Ibu\" kemudiannya digunakan sebagai mandrel untuk elektroformasi cakera negatif yang lebih dikenali sebagai \"anak lelaki\". Setiap \"ibu\" boleh digunakan untuk membuat banyak \"anak\" sebelum merosot. \"Anak-anak\" kemudiannya ditukar menjadi \"setem\" oleh pusat-menumbuk lubang gelendong (yang hilang dari cakera bunyi lacquer semasa electroforming awal \"bapa\"), dan dengan membentuk profil target mendesak. Ini membolehkan mereka diletakkan di bawah sasaran rekod sasaran (membuat dan model) dan, dengan pusat-kasar, untuk memudahkan lekatan label, yang tersekat pada vinil menekan tanpa gam. Dengan cara ini, beberapa juta cakera vinil boleh dihasilkan dari satu cakera bunyi lacquer tunggal. Apabila hanya beberapa ratus cakera diperlukan, bukannya elektroforming \"anak\" (untuk setiap sisi), \"bapa\" dikeluarkan dari peraknya dan ditukar menjadi setem. Pengeluaran dengan kaedah yang terakhir ini, dikenali sebagai \"proses dua langkah\" (kerana ia tidak melibatkan penciptaan \"anak-anak\" tetapi melibatkan penciptaan \"ibu\" yang digunakan untuk bermain ujian dan disimpan sebagai \"safeties\" untuk electroforming masa depan \"anak-anak\") dihadkan kepada beberapa ratus tekanan vinil. Kiraan menekan boleh bertambah jika penafsir memegang dan kualiti vinil adalah tinggi. \"Anak-anak\" dibuat semasa \"electroforming\" tiga langkah membuat penanda yang lebih baik kerana mereka tidak memerlukan penyingkiran perak (yang mengurangkan kesetiaan tinggi kerana memotong sebahagian daripada modulasi alur terkecil) dan juga kerana mereka mempunyai struktur logam yang lebih kuat daripada \"bapa\". <> Apakah proses dua langkah itu? || \"bapa\" dikeluarkan dari peraknya dan ditukar menjadi penanda <> Apakah batasan proses dua langkah itu? || terhad kepada beberapa ratus tekanan vinil <> Yang manakah pilihan dua langkah atau tiga langkah? || tiga langkah <> Yang mempunyai struktur yang lebih kuat bapa atau anak lelaki acuan? || anak-anak <> Apa yang boleh meningkatkan pengeluaran cetakan pena? || kualiti vinil adalah tinggi", {"context": "Original master discs are created by lathe-cutting: a lathe is used to cut a modulated groove into a blank record. The blank records for cutting used to be cooked up, as needed, by the cutting engineer, using what Robert K. Morrison describes as a \"metallic soap,\" containing lead litharge, ozokerite, barium sulfate, montan wax, stearin and paraffin, among other ingredients. Cut \"wax\" sound discs would be placed in a vacuum chamber and gold-sputtered to make them electrically conductive for use as mandrels in an electroforming bath, where pressing stamper parts were made. Later, the French company Pyral invented a ready-made blank disc having a thin nitro-cellulose lacquer coating (approximately 7 mils thickness on both sides) that was applied to an aluminum substrate. Lacquer cuts result in an immediately playable, or processable, master record. If vinyl pressings are wanted, the still-unplayed sound disc is used as a mandrel for electroforming nickel records that are used for manufacturing pressing stampers. The electroformed nickel records are mechanically separated from their respective mandrels. This is done with relative ease because no actual \"plating\" of the mandrel occurs in the type of electrodeposition known as electroforming, unlike with electroplating, in which the adhesion of the new phase of metal is chemical and relatively permanent. The one-molecule-thick coating of silver (that was sprayed onto the processed lacquer sound disc in order to make its surface electrically conductive) reverse-plates onto the nickel record's face. This negative impression disc (having ridges in place of grooves) is known as a nickel master, \"matrix\" or \"father.\" The \"father\" is then used as a mandrel to electroform a positive disc known as a \"mother\". Many mothers can be grown on a single \"father\" before ridges deteriorate beyond effective use. The \"mothers\" are then used as mandrels for electroforming more negative discs known as \"sons\". Each \"mother\" can be used to make many \"sons\" before deteriorating. The \"sons\" are then converted into \"stampers\" by center-punching a spindle hole (which was lost from the lacquer sound disc during initial electroforming of the \"father\"), and by custom-forming the target pressing profile. This allows them to be placed in the dies of the target (make and model) record press and, by center-roughing, to facilitate the adhesion of the label, which gets stuck onto the vinyl pressing without any glue. In this way, several million vinyl discs can be produced from a single lacquer sound disc. When only a few hundred discs are required, instead of electroforming a \"son\" (for each side), the \"father\" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper. Production by this latter method, known as the \"two-step-process\" (as it does not entail creation of \"sons\" but does involve creation of \"mothers,\" which are used for test playing and kept as \"safeties\" for electroforming future \"sons\") is limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings. The pressing count can increase if the stamper holds out and the quality of the vinyl is high. The \"sons\" made during a \"three-step\" electroforming make better stampers since they don't require silver removal (which reduces some high fidelity because of etching erasing part of the smallest groove modulations) and also because they have a stronger metal structure than \"fathers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2659, "text": "\"father\" is removed of its silver and converted into a stamper"}], "question": "What is the two step process?", "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d9798"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2963, "text": "limited to a few hundred vinyl pressings"}], "question": "What is the limitation of the two step process?", "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d9799"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3126, "text": "three-step"}], "question": "Which is preferred the two step or three step process?", "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3105, "text": "sons"}], "question": "Which have stronger structures the father or son mold?", "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3070, "text": "quality of the vinyl is high"}], "question": "What can increase the output of a stamper mold?", "id": "5727e311ff5b5019007d979c"}]}], ["Bukti dari kesusasteraan teknikal awal mengenai rakaman elektrik menunjukkan bahawa tidak sampai tempoh 1942-1949 bahawa terdapat usaha yang serius untuk menyeragamkan ciri rakaman dalam industri. Sehingga kini, teknologi rakaman elektrik dari syarikat ke syarikat dianggap sebagai seni proprietari sehubungan dengan kaedah berlesen Barat Electric 1925 yang digunakan oleh Columbia dan Victor. Sebagai contoh, apa yang dilakukan oleh Brunswick-Balke-Collender (Brunswick Corporation) adalah berbeza daripada amalan Victor. <> Seberapa jauh rekod menunjukkan rekod bunyi? || 1925 <> Bagaimana penyeragaman sebelum tahun 1942? || dianggap sebagai seni proprietari <> Sekitar tempoh masa apakah percubaan dibuat untuk menyeragamkan rakaman? || 1942-1949", {"context": "Evidence from the early technical literature concerning electrical recording suggests that it wasn't until the 1942\u20131949 period that there were serious efforts to standardize recording characteristics within an industry. Heretofore, electrical recording technology from company to company was considered a proprietary art all the way back to the 1925 Western Electric licensed method used by Columbia and Victor. For example, what Brunswick-Balke-Collender (Brunswick Corporation) did was different from the practices of Victor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "1925"}], "question": "How far back did records show the art of sound recordings?", "id": "5727ee154b864d190016403e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "considered a proprietary art"}], "question": "How was standardization prior to 1942?", "id": "5727ee154b864d190016403f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "1942\u20131949"}], "question": "Around what time period was there an attempt made to standardize recordings?", "id": "5727ee154b864d1900164040"}]}], ["Bunyi halus dan nada deringan kebanyakannya hilang, kerana ia memerlukan banyak tenaga bunyi untuk bergetar diafragma dan mekanisme pemotongan tanduk. Terdapat batasan akustik kerana resonans mekanikal dalam kedua-dua sistem rakaman dan main balik. Sesetengah gambar sesi rakaman akustik menunjukkan tanduk yang dibungkus pita untuk membantu meredam resonans ini. Malah rakaman akustik yang dimainkan semula secara elektrik pada peralatan moden terdengar seperti ia dirakam melalui tanduk, walaupun terdapat pengurangan penyimpangan kerana main semula moden. Menjelang akhir era akustik, terdapat banyak contoh rakaman yang dibuat dengan tanduk. <> Apakah kualiti rakaman suara yang dibuat dengan tanduk di penghujung era akustik? || banyak contoh yang baik <> Apakah masalah yang dihadapi main balik dan merakam mekanik? || had akustik <> Mengapakah foto menunjukkan pada tanduk? || membantu meredam resonans ini <> Apakah punca kehilangan bunyi halus dan halus? || mengambil banyak tenaga bunyi <> Bagaimana rekod yang direkodkan dengan bunyi tanduk yang dimainkan melalui peralatan moden? || seperti yang dicatatkan melalui tanduk", {"context": "Delicate sounds and fine overtones were mostly lost, because it took a lot of sound energy to vibrate the recording horn diaphragm and cutting mechanism. There were acoustic limitations due to mechanical resonances in both the recording and playback system. Some pictures of acoustic recording sessions show horns wrapped with tape to help mute these resonances. Even an acoustic recording played back electrically on modern equipment sounds like it was recorded through a horn, notwithstanding a reduction in distortion because of the modern playback. Toward the end of the acoustic era, there were many fine examples of recordings made with horns.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 600, "text": "many fine examples"}], "question": "What was the quality of sound recordings made with horns at the end of the acoustic era?", "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "acoustic limitations"}], "question": "What were issues facing play back and recording mechanics?", "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "help mute these resonances"}], "question": "Why do photos show take on horns?", "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "took a lot of sound energy"}], "question": "What was the cause of delicate and fine sound loss?", "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "like it was recorded through a horn"}], "question": "How would a record recorded with a horn sound played through modern equipment?", "id": "5727f4704b864d19001640a3"}]}], ["Kurva NAB dipotong sisi sangat sama dengan lengkung Orthacoustic NBC yang berevolusi dari amalan dalam Syarikat Penyiaran Negara sejak pertengahan tahun 1930-an. Secara empirikal, dan bukan dengan formula apa-apa, ia mengetahui bahawa akhir bass spektrum audio di bawah 100 Hz dapat dirangsang agak untuk menimpa bunyi sistem dan bunyi gegar. Begitu juga pada akhir tiga kali ganda yang bermula pada 1,000 Hz, jika frekuensi audio didorong oleh 16 dB pada 10,000 Hz, bunyi bunyi bersuara yang halus dan bunyi alat muzik yang tinggi dapat bertahan dengan paras bunyi selulosa asetat, lacquer / aluminium, dan media cakera vinil . Apabila rekod dimainkan semula dengan menggunakan lengkung songsang pelengkap, nisbah isyarat-ke-bunyi telah dipertingkatkan dan pengaturcaraan menjadi lebih seragam. <> Apakah tetapan bass diperlukan untuk menghapuskan hum? || di bawah 100 Hz <> Apa yang membantu menimbulkan bunyi yang paling hidup? || menggunakan lengkung songsang pelengkap <> Bagaimana keluk NBC Othacoustic berkaitan dengan lengkung NAB? || sangat serupa <> Apa manfaat kepada penyiar piawaian rakaman? || pengaturcaraan membunyikan lebih hidup.", {"context": "The lateral cut NAB curve was remarkably similar to the NBC Orthacoustic curve that evolved from practices within the National Broadcasting Company since the mid-1930s. Empirically, and not by any formula, it was learned that the bass end of the audio spectrum below 100 Hz could be boosted somewhat to override system hum and turntable rumble noises. Likewise at the treble end beginning at 1,000 Hz, if audio frequencies were boosted by 16 dB at 10,000 Hz the delicate sibilant sounds of speech and high overtones of musical instruments could survive the noise level of cellulose acetate, lacquer/aluminum, and vinyl disc media. When the record was played back using a complementary inverse curve, signal-to-noise ratio was improved and the programming sounded more lifelike.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "below 100 Hz"}], "question": "What bass settings were needed to eliminate hum?", "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "using a complementary inverse curve"}], "question": "What helped cause the most life like sound?", "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "remarkably similar"}], "question": "How did the NBC Othacoustic curve relate to the NAB curve?", "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "programming sounded more lifelike."}], "question": "What was a benefit to broadcasters of recording standards?", "id": "5727f18cff5b5019007d98fc"}]}], ["Penyiar berhadapan dengan perlu menyesuaikan setiap hari dengan ciri-ciri rakaman pelbagai sumber: pelbagai pembuat \"rakaman rumah\" yang sedia ada kepada orang ramai, rakaman Eropah, transkripsi lateral, dan transkripsi tegak. Usaha telah dimulakan pada tahun 1942 untuk menyeragamkan dalam Persatuan Penyiar Kebangsaan (NAB), yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Persatuan Kebangsaan Penyiar Radio dan Televisyen (NARTB). NAB, antara barangan lain, telah menerbitkan piawaian rakaman pada tahun 1949 untuk rekod pemotongan secara mendatar dan menegak, terutamanya transkripsi. Sejumlah pengeluar rekod 78 rpm serta pembuat LP awal juga memotong rekod mereka ke standard sisi NAB / NARTB. <> Siapa yang membuat langkah menyeragamkan rakaman? || Persatuan Kebangsaan Penyiar <> Bilakah rakaman standard dilepaskan secara rasminya? || 1949 <> Jenis rakaman mana yang telah dilaksanakan oleh piawaian industri yang dikenakan? || rekod yang dipotong secara melintang dan menegak, terutamanya transkripsi. <> Apa salah satu masalah kekurangan piawaian industri? || Penyiar berhadapan dengan perlu menyesuaikan diri setiap hari ke rakaman yang berbeza-beza <> Apa itu NAB? || Persatuan Penyiar Kebangsaan", {"context": "Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording characteristics of many sources: various makers of \"home recordings\" readily available to the public, European recordings, lateral-cut transcriptions, and vertical-cut transcriptions. Efforts were started in 1942 to standardize within the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), later known as the National Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (NARTB). The NAB, among other items, issued recording standards in 1949 for laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions. A number of 78 rpm record producers as well as early LP makers also cut their records to the NAB/NARTB lateral standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "National Association of Broadcasters"}], "question": "Who made the move to standardize recordings?", "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164056"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When were recording standards officially released?", "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164057"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "laterally and vertically cut records, principally transcriptions."}], "question": " Which recording types were effected by the imposed industry standards?", "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164058"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Broadcasters were faced with having to adapt daily to the varied recording"}], "question": "What was one issue of a lack of industry standards?", "id": "5727eef54b864d1900164059"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "National Association of Broadcasters"}], "question": "What is the NAB?", "id": "5727eef54b864d190016405a"}]}], ["Akhirnya, lengkung New Orthophonic didedahkan dalam penerbitan oleh R.C. Moyer of Victor RCA pada tahun 1953. Dia mengesan ciri-ciri RCA Victor kembali ke perakam \"Electric line\" Barat pada tahun 1925 hingga awal tahun 1950-an yang meletakkan tuntutan kepada amalan rakaman lama dan sebab-sebab perubahan besar dalam tahun-tahun intervensi. Kurva RCA Victor New Orthophonic berada dalam toleransi untuk lengkung NAB / NARTB, Columbia LP, dan AES. Ia akhirnya menjadi pendahulu teknikal kepada lengkung RIAA. <> Seberapa jauh bolehkah amalan rakaman ini dapat dikesan? || 1925 <> Apakah standard rakaman yang berasaskan dari? || amalan rakaman lama <> Apa yang menjadi pendahulu kepada lengkung RIAA? || Keluk Orthophonik Baru <> Siapa yang membangunkan lengkung Orthophonik Baru? || RCA Victor <> Siapa yang menulis penerbitan yang menggariskan kurva New Orthophonic? || R.C. Moyer", {"context": "Ultimately, the New Orthophonic curve was disclosed in a publication by R.C. Moyer of RCA Victor in 1953. He traced RCA Victor characteristics back to the Western Electric \"rubber line\" recorder in 1925 up to the early 1950s laying claim to long-held recording practices and reasons for major changes in the intervening years. The RCA Victor New Orthophonic curve was within the tolerances for the NAB/NARTB, Columbia LP, and AES curves. It eventually became the technical predecessor to the RIAA curve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "1925"}], "question": "How far back could these recording practices be traced?", "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "long-held recording practices"}], "question": "What were the recording standards based off from?", "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "New Orthophonic curve"}], "question": "What became the predecessor to the RIAA curve?", "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "RCA Victor"}], "question": "Who developed the New Orthophonic curve?", "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "R.C. Moyer"}], "question": "Whom wrote the publication outlining the New Orthophonic curve?", "id": "5727f310ff5b5019007d990e"}]}], ["Selama bertahun-tahun pelbagai amalan penyamaan rekod muncul dan tidak terdapat piawai industri. Contohnya, dalam rakaman Eropah selama beberapa tahun diperlukan main balik dengan penetapan bass 250-300 Hz dan roll-off treble pada 10,000 Hz dari 0 hingga -5 dB atau lebih. Di Amerika Syarikat terdapat lebih banyak amalan dan kecenderungan untuk menggunakan frekuensi perolehan bass yang lebih tinggi seperti 500 Hz serta rolloff treble yang lebih besar seperti -8.5 dB dan lebih banyak lagi untuk merakam tahap modulasi yang lebih tinggi pada rekod. <> Apakah standard industri di Eropah untuk penyamaan rekod? || tidak terdapat piawai industri <> Di negara manakah treble roll lebih besar? || AS <> Negara mana yang lebih suka menetapkan perolehan bass 250-300 Hz? || Eropah <> Apakah standard industri mengenai amalan penyamaan? || tidak terdapat piawai industri <> Negara manakah yang menggunakan amalan penyamaan yang paling pelbagai? || AS", {"context": "Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250\u2013300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to \u22125 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like \u22128.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "there was no industry standard"}], "question": "What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?", "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d988e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "US"}], "question": "In which country was the treble roll off greater?", "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d988f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?", "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9890"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "there was no industry standard"}], "question": "What was the industry standard on equalization practices?", "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9891"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "US"}], "question": "Which country used the most varied equalization practices?", "id": "5727ec41ff5b5019007d9892"}]}], ["Oleh kerana rakaman penguasaan dan pengilangan, kedua-dua kekerapan tinggi dan rendah telah dialih keluar dari isyarat pertama yang dicatatkan oleh pelbagai formula. Dengan frekuensi yang rendah, stylus mesti mengayun jauh dari sisi ke sisi, memerlukan alur yang luas, mengambil lebih banyak ruang dan mengehadkan masa bermain rekod. Pada frekuensi tinggi, semangat, pop, dan kutu adalah penting. Masalah-masalah ini boleh dikurangkan dengan menggunakan kesamaan dengan standard yang dipersetujui. Semasa merakam amplitud frekuensi rendah dikurangkan, dengan itu mengurangkan lebar alur yang diperlukan, dan amplitud pada frekuensi tinggi meningkat. Peralatan main balik meningkatkan bass dan potongan treble untuk memulihkan keseimbangan suara dalam isyarat asal; ini juga mengurangkan bunyi frekuensi tinggi. Oleh itu lebih banyak muzik akan sesuai dengan rekod, dan bunyi bising dikurangkan. <> Apakah batasan rakaman frekuensi rendah? || mengehadkan waktu bermain <> Apakah jenis bunyi yang tidak diingini yang sering didengar pada frekuensi tinggi? || mendesis, pop, dan kutu <> Apa yang dilakukan semasa rakaman untuk membantu mengurangkan bunyi yang tidak diingini? || amplitud frekuensi rendah dikurangkan <> Apakah manfaat menggunakan peranti penyamaan? || masalah dapat dikurangkan <> Apa yang dilakukan untuk bunyi frekuensi tinggi untuk mengurangkan masalah bunyi? || amplitud pada frekuensi tinggi meningkat", {"context": "Due to recording mastering and manufacturing limitations, both high and low frequencies were removed from the first recorded signals by various formulae. With low frequencies, the stylus must swing a long way from side to side, requiring the groove to be wide, taking up more space and limiting the playing time of the record. At high frequencies, hiss, pops, and ticks are significant. These problems can be reduced by using equalization to an agreed standard. During recording the amplitude of low frequencies is reduced, thus reducing the groove width required, and the amplitude at high frequencies is increased. The playback equipment boosts bass and cuts treble so as to restore the tonal balance in the original signal; this also reduces the high frequency noise. Thus more music will fit on the record, and noise is reduced.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "limiting the playing time"}], "question": "What is a limitation of low frequency recordings?", "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "hiss, pops, and ticks"}], "question": "What kinds of unwanted sounds are often heard at high frequencies?", "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "amplitude of low frequencies is reduced"}], "question": "What is done during recordings to help reduce unwanted sounds?", "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "problems can be reduced"}], "question": "What is a benefit of using equalization devices?", "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "amplitude at high frequencies is increased"}], "question": "What is done to high frequency  sounds to lessen sound issues?", "id": "5727e92d2ca10214002d9956"}]}], ["Barat pada tahun 1930 dan kemudian G. G. H. Voigt (1940) menunjukkan bahawa mikrofon condenser gaya Wente awal menyumbang ke kecemerlangan midrange 4 hingga 6 dB atau pra-penekanan dalam rantai rakaman. Ini bermakna ciri-ciri rakaman elektrik pemegang lesen Western Electric seperti Columbia Records dan Victor Talking Machine Company pada era 1925 mempunyai amplitud yang lebih tinggi di rantau pertengahan. Kecemerlangan seperti ini dikompensasikan untuk kebodohan dalam banyak pickup magnetik awal yang melabur midrange dan respons treble. Akibatnya, amalan ini adalah permulaan empirikal menggunakan pra-penekanan di atas 1,000 Hz pada 78 rpm dan 33 1/3 rpm rekod. <> Siapakah yang menemui mikrofon kondenser gaya Wente yang berguna? || P. G. A. H. Voigt <> Bagaimana mikrofon kondensor gaya Wente membantu? || pra-penekanan dalam rakaman <> Bilakah pra-penekanan paling berguna? || di atas 1,000 Hz <> Di mana jenis rakaman adalah pra-penekanan yang digunakan paling banyak pada tahun 1920-an? || 78 rpm dan 33 1/3 rpm <> Di mana Era adalah penemuan ini yang paling penting? || 1925 era", {"context": "West in 1930 and later P. G. A. H. Voigt (1940) showed that the early Wente-style condenser microphones contributed to a 4 to 6 dB midrange brilliance or pre-emphasis in the recording chain. This meant that the electrical recording characteristics of Western Electric licensees such as Columbia Records and Victor Talking Machine Company in the 1925 era had a higher amplitude in the midrange region. Brilliance such as this compensated for dullness in many early magnetic pickups having drooping midrange and treble response. As a result, this practice was the empirical beginning of using pre-emphasis above 1,000 Hz in 78 rpm and 33 1\u20443 rpm records.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "P. G. A. H. Voigt"}], "question": "Whom found Wente-style condenser microphones helpful?", "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "pre-emphasis in the recording"}], "question": "How were Wente-Style condenser microphones helpful?", "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 604, "text": "above 1,000 Hz"}], "question": "When was a pre-emphasis most useful?", "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 622, "text": "78 rpm and 33 1\u20443 rpm"}], "question": "On which recording types were pre-emphasis used most in the 1920s?", "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "1925 era"}], "question": "In which Era was this finding most significant?", "id": "5727eb443acd2414000defe9"}]}], ["Rekod elektrik yang dibangunkan semasa radio awal menjadi popular (1925) mendapat manfaat daripada mikrofon dan penguat yang digunakan dalam studio radio. Rekod-rekod elektrik awal mengingatkan pada rekod akustik, kecuali terdapat lebih banyak bass dan treble yang direkodkan serta bunyi-bunyi lembut dan bunyi-bunyian yang dipotong pada rekod. Ini adalah walaupun beberapa mikrofon karbon yang digunakan, yang mempunyai resonans yang berwarna nada yang dirakam. Mikrofon karbon butang dua kali dengan diafragma terbentang adalah penambahbaikan yang ketara. Secara alternatif, mikrofon pemeluwap gaya Wente yang digunakan dengan kaedah rakaman Western Electric berlesen mempunyai midrange yang cemerlang dan terdedah kepada muatan daripada sibilan dalam ucapan, tetapi secara umumnya ia menghasilkan pembiakan yang lebih tepat daripada mikrofon karbon. <> Teknik apa yang ditawarkan bunyi realistik semasa main balik? || Kaedah rekod berlesen Barat Electric <> Pada masa itu radio semakin popular? || 1925 <> Apa jenis mikrofon yang kehilangan populariti pada tahun 1920-an? || mikrofon karbon yang digunakan, <> Apakah faedah penggunaan pilihan mikrofon kondenser gaya Wente? || midrange cemerlang <> Apa faedah rakaman radio awal? || mikrofon dan penguat", {"context": "Electric recording which developed during the time that early radio was becoming popular (1925) benefited from the microphones and amplifiers used in radio studios. The early electric recordings were reminiscent tonally of acoustic recordings, except there was more recorded bass and treble as well as delicate sounds and overtones cut on the records. This was in spite of some carbon microphones used, which had resonances that colored the recorded tone. The double button carbon microphone with stretched diaphragm was a marked improvement. Alternatively, the Wente style condenser microphone used with the Western Electric licensed recording method had a brilliant midrange and was prone to overloading from sibilants in speech, but generally it gave more accurate reproduction than carbon microphones.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 609, "text": "Western Electric licensed recording method"}], "question": "What technique offered realistic sounds during playback?", "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d993e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1925"}], "question": "At at time was radio gaining popularity?", "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d993f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "carbon microphones used,"}], "question": "What type of microphones were losing popularity in the 1920s?", "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9940"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "brilliant midrange"}], "question": "What benefit did the use of the Wente style condenser microphone offer?", "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9941"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "microphones and amplifiers"}], "question": "What was a benefit of early radio recordings?", "id": "5727f56fff5b5019007d9942"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell dan Henry C. Harrison dari Bell Telephone Laboratories mendedahkan bahawa corak rakaman Western \"garis getah\" pemotong cakera magnetik mempunyai ciri-ciri halaju malar. Ini bermakna bahawa apabila frekuensi meningkat dalam treble, amplitud rakaman menurun. Sebaliknya, dalam bass sebagai frekuensi berkurangan, amplitud rakaman meningkat. Oleh itu, adalah perlu untuk melemahkan frekuensi bass di bawah kira-kira 250 Hz, titik perolehan bass, dalam isyarat mikrofon diperkuatkan kepada kepala rakaman. Jika tidak, modulasi bass menjadi berlebihan dan overcutting berlaku ke dalam alur rekod seterusnya. Apabila diputar semula secara elektrik dengan pickup magnet yang mempunyai tindak balas yang lancar di kawasan bass, rangsangan pelengkap dalam amplitud di titik pusing bass adalah perlu. G. H. Miller pada tahun 1934 melaporkan bahawa apabila rangsangan pelengkap pada titik perolehan digunakan dalam siaran radio rekod, pembiakan itu lebih realistik dan banyak instrumen muzik yang terdapat dalam bentuk sebenar mereka. <> Siapa yang mendapati bahawa mereka boleh membuat alat muzik terdengar lebih semula jadi dengan dorongan penguat pada titik perolehan? || G. H. Miller <> Apa yang terdapat apabila rangsangan pelengkap digunakan pada titik perolehan bass? || Pembiakan lebih realistik <> Apabila kekerapan dalam tiga kali ganda meningkatkan apa yang berlaku kepada amplitud rakaman? || rakaman amplitud menurun <> Apa yang berlaku apabila frekuensi berkurangan dalam bass? || rakaman amplitud meningkat", {"context": "In 1926 Joseph P. Maxwell and Henry C. Harrison from Bell Telephone Laboratories disclosed that the recording pattern of the Western Electric \"rubber line\" magnetic disc cutter had a constant velocity characteristic. This meant that as frequency increased in the treble, recording amplitude decreased. Conversely, in the bass as frequency decreased, recording amplitude increased. Therefore, it was necessary to attenuate the bass frequencies below about 250 Hz, the bass turnover point, in the amplified microphone signal fed to the recording head. Otherwise, bass modulation became excessive and overcutting took place into the next record groove. When played back electrically with a magnetic pickup having a smooth response in the bass region, a complementary boost in amplitude at the bass turnover point was necessary. G. H. Miller in 1934 reported that when complementary boost at the turnover point was used in radio broadcasts of records, the reproduction was more realistic and many of the musical instruments stood out in their true form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 825, "text": "G. H. Miller"}], "question": "Whom found that they can make musical instruments sound more natural with an amplifier boost at the turnover point?", "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d999e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 952, "text": "reproduction was more realistic"}], "question": "What is found when a complementary boost is used at the bass turnover point?", "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d999f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "recording amplitude decreased"}], "question": "When frequency in the treble increases what happens to the recording amplitude?", "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d99a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "recording amplitude increased"}], "question": "What happens when frequency decreases in the bass?", "id": "5727ea572ca10214002d99a1"}]}], ["Terdapat satu teori bahawa rekod vinil boleh terdengar mewakili frekuensi yang lebih tinggi daripada cakera padat. Menurut spesifikasi Red Book, cakera padat mempunyai respons frekuensi 20 Hz sehingga 22,050 Hz, dan kebanyakan pemain CD mengukur rata dalam pecahan dari decibel dari sekurang-kurangnya 20 Hz hingga 20 kHz pada output penuh. Rumble turntable mengaburkan batas rendah vinil tetapi akhir atas boleh, dengan beberapa kartrij, agak rata dalam beberapa desibel hingga 30 kHz, dengan roll-off lembut. Isyarat pembawa Quad LP yang popular pada tahun 1970 adalah pada 30 kHz untuk keluar daripada pendengaran manusia. Sistem pendengaran manusia purata sensitif terhadap frekuensi dari 20 Hz kepada maksimum 20,000 Hz. Had frekuensi pendengaran atas dan bawah berbeza setiap orang. <> Apa yang umumnya bunyi paling rendah yang dapat didengar oleh manusia? || 20 Hz <> Apa yang dipercayai lebih baik menawarkan bunyi frekuensi yang lebih tinggi, cakera padat atau rekod? || rekod vinil <> Apakah akhir pendengaran manusia biasa yang lebih tinggi? || 20,000 Hz <> Adakah pelbagai pendengaran manusia berubah? || Had frekuensi pendengaran atas dan bawah berbeza setiap orang", {"context": "There is a theory that vinyl records can audibly represent higher frequencies than compact discs. According to Red Book specifications, the compact disc has a frequency response of 20 Hz up to 22,050 Hz, and most CD players measure flat within a fraction of a decibel from at least 20 Hz to 20 kHz at full output. Turntable rumble obscures the low-end limit of vinyl but the upper end can be, with some cartridges, reasonably flat within a few decibels to 30 kHz, with gentle roll-off. Carrier signals of Quad LPs popular in the 1970s were at 30 kHz to be out of the range of human hearing. The average human auditory system is sensitive to frequencies from 20 Hz to a maximum of around 20,000 Hz. The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "20 Hz"}], "question": "What is generally the lowest sound a human can hear?", "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164174"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "vinyl records"}], "question": "What is believed to better offer sounds of higher frequencies, compact discs or records?", "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "20,000 Hz"}], "question": "What is the higher end of typical human hearing?", "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "The upper and lower frequency limits of human hearing vary per person"}], "question": "Does the hearing range of the human vary?", "id": "5727fd484b864d1900164177"}]}], ["Memandangkan permainan rakaman gramophone menyebabkan kemerosotan rakaman secara beransur-ansur, mereka terpelihara dengan baik dengan memindahkannya ke media lain dan memainkan rekod jarang sekali mungkin. Mereka perlu disimpan di tepi, dan melakukan yang terbaik di bawah keadaan persekitaran yang kebanyakan manusia akan merasa selesa. Medium ini perlu dijaga bersih, tetapi alkohol hanya boleh digunakan pada media PVC atau optik, bukan pada tahun 78an. Peralatan untuk main semula format tertentu (misalnya, 16 dan 78 rpm) dihasilkan hanya dalam kuantiti yang kecil, yang membawa kepada peningkatan kesukaran dalam mencari peralatan untuk memainkan rakaman. <> Sekiranya alkohol digunakan untuk membersihkan rakaman gramophone? || alkohol hanya boleh digunakan di PVC atau media optik <> Adakah peralatan gramophone tersedia? || dihasilkan hanya dalam kuantiti yang kecil <> Apakah saranan rekod gramophone untuk mengekalkan integriti? || memindahkannya ke media lain <> Apakah kelemahan penggunaan gramophone? || degradasi secara beransur-ansur <> Bagaimana gramophones terbaik disimpan? || terdesak", {"context": "As the playing of gramophone records causes gradual degradation of the recording, they are best preserved by transferring them onto other media and playing the records as rarely as possible. They need to be stored on edge, and do best under environmental conditions that most humans would find comfortable. The medium needs to be kept clean, but alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media, not on 78s.[citation needed] The equipment for playback of certain formats (e.g., 16 and 78 rpm) is manufactured only in small quantities, leading to increased difficulty in finding equipment to play the recordings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "alcohol should only be used on PVC or optical media"}], "question": "Should alcohol be used to clean gramophone recordings?", "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "manufactured only in small quantities"}], "question": "Is gramophone equipment readily available?", "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "transferring them onto other media"}], "question": "What is the recommendation of gramophone recordings to preserve integrity?", "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "gradual degradation"}], "question": "What is a drawback of gramophone use?", "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "on edge"}], "question": "How are gramophones best stored?", "id": "5727fe954b864d19001641ae"}]}], ["Untuk pembuatan cakera cakera beberapa dekad yang pertama, bunyi dirakamkan terus ke \"cakera induk\" di studio rakaman. Sejak sekitar tahun 1950 pada (sebelum ini untuk beberapa syarikat rekod yang besar, kemudian untuk beberapa kecil) menjadi biasa untuk mempunyai prestasi yang pertama direkam pada pita audio, yang kemudiannya dapat diproses dan / atau diedit, dan kemudian dijuluki ke cakera induk. Pemotong rekod akan menggali alur ke cakera utama. Versi awal cakera utama adalah lilin lembut, dan kemudian lakuer yang lebih keras digunakan. Proses penguasaan pada asalnya merupakan sesuatu seni sebagai pengendali harus secara manual membenarkan perubahan bunyi yang mempengaruhi seberapa luas ruang untuk alur yang diperlukan untuk setiap putaran. <> Siapa yang akan mengukir cakera utama rekod vinil? || pemotong rekod <> Apa yang digunakan dalam rekod pertama rekod vinil? || lilin lembut <> Apa yang digunakan dalam rekod akhir rekod vinil? || lacquer yang lebih keras <> Selepas tahun 1950-an apakah proses rakaman biasa? || pertama yang dirakam pada pita audio, yang kemudiannya boleh diproses dan / atau diedit, dan kemudian digelar ke cakera induk <> Di mana rakaman bunyi dibuat pada asalnya? || cakera induk", {"context": "For the first several decades of disc record manufacturing, sound was recorded directly on to the \"master disc\" at the recording studio. From about 1950 on (earlier for some large record companies, later for some small ones) it became usual to have the performance first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc. A record cutter would engrave the grooves into the master disc. Early versions of these master discs were soft wax, and later a harder lacquer was used. The mastering process was originally something of an art as the operator had to manually allow for the changes in sound which affected how wide the space for the groove needed to be on each rotation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "record cutter"}], "question": "Who would engrave the master disc of a vinyl record?", "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164186"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "soft wax"}], "question": "What was used in first recordings of vinyl records?", "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164187"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "harder lacquer"}], "question": "What was used in final recordings of vinyl records?", "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164188"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "first recorded on audio tape, which could then be processed and/or edited, and then dubbed on to the master disc"}], "question": "After the 1950s  what was a typical recording process?", "id": "5727fdec4b864d1900164189"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "master disc"}], "question": "Where were sound recordings originally made to?", "id": "5727fdec4b864d190016418a"}]}], ["Akhirnya, apabila ia lebih biasa untuk rakaman elektrik yang akan dimainkan semula secara elektrik pada tahun 1930-an dan 1940-an, nada keseluruhan adalah seperti mendengar radio era. Pemilihan magnetik menjadi lebih biasa dan direka dengan lebih baik seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, menjadikannya lebih baik untuk memperbaiki redonone palsu. Pengambilan kristal juga diperkenalkan sebagai alternatif kos rendah. Mikrofon gegelung yang dinamik atau bergerak diperkenalkan sekitar 1930 dan mikrofon halaju atau riben pada tahun 1932. Kedua-dua mikrofon berkualiti tinggi ini menjadi luas dalam filem, radio, rakaman, dan aplikasi alamat awam. <> Apakah dua contoh mikrofon berkualiti tinggi? || mikrofon gegelung bergerak diperkenalkan sekitar 1930 dan mikrofon halaju atau riben <> Apa yang digunakan untuk meredakan resonans dalam rakaman? || Magnet pickups <> Apabila anda mula-mula menemui mikrofon gegelung bergerak? || sekitar 1930 <> Apakah pilihan yang lebih ekonomik untuk pickup magnetik? || Pengambilan kristal <> Dalam tahun berapa anda akan dapati rakaman elektronik dimainkan secara elektronik? || 1930-an dan 1940-an", {"context": "Eventually, when it was more common for electric recordings to be played back electrically in the 1930s and 1940s, the overall tone was much like listening to a radio of the era. Magnetic pickups became more common and were better designed as time went on, making it possible to improve the damping of spurious resonances. Crystal pickups were also introduced as lower cost alternatives. The dynamic or moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone in 1932. Both of these high quality microphones became widespread in motion picture, radio, recording, and public address applications.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "moving coil microphone was introduced around 1930 and the velocity or ribbon microphone"}], "question": "What are two examples of high quality microphones?", "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Magnetic pickups"}], "question": "What was used to dampen resonances in recordings?", "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "around 1930"}], "question": "When would you have first found the moving coil microphone?", "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Crystal pickups"}], "question": "What was a more economical option to magnetic pickups?", "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "1930s and 1940s"}], "question": "In what years would you find electronic recordings played electronically?", "id": "5727f7ee4b864d19001640ca"}]}], ["Dari masa ke masa, tahap kesetiaan, dinamik dan bunyi bertambah baik sehingga menjadi lebih sukar untuk memberitahu perbezaan antara prestasi langsung di studio dan versi yang dirakam. Ini benar terutamanya selepas penciptaan kartrij pickup magnet keupayaan berubah-ubah oleh General Electric pada tahun 1940-an ketika pemotongan berkualiti tinggi dimainkan pada sistem audio yang direka dengan baik. Radio / fonograf Capehart era dengan pembesar suara elektrodik berdiameter besar, walaupun tidak ideal, menunjukkan ini dengan baik dengan \"rakaman rumah\" yang tersedia di kedai muzik untuk orang ramai untuk membeli. <> Apakah faedah penggunaan kartrij piksel magnetik? || pemotongan berkualiti tinggi <> Dalam era apa yang dapat anda dapati rakaman kualiti dan main balik yang baik di rumah? || 1940-an <> Apa ciri unik dari fonograf radio Capeart? || pembesar suara elektrodinamik berdiameter besar <> Bagaimana keadaannya sama dengan versi direkodkan? || lebih sukar untuk memberitahu perbezaannya", {"context": "Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems. The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers, though not ideal, demonstrated this quite well with \"home recordings\" readily available in the music stores for the public to buy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "high quality cuts"}], "question": "What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?", "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "1940s"}], "question": "In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?", "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d998f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers"}], "question": "What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?", "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "harder to tell the difference"}], "question": "How similar were live and recorded versions?", "id": "5727f8d7ff5b5019007d9991"}]}], ["Tekanan vinil dibuat dengan setem dari pemotongan induk yang dielektrik dalam kekosongan dengan cara sputtering emas. Tanggapan audio dijangkakan kepada 8,000 Hz, kemudian 13,000 Hz, menggunakan pikap ringan yang menggunakan gaya jilat. Penguat dan pemotong kedua-dua menggunakan maklum balas negatif digunakan dengan itu meningkatkan rentang frekuensi yang dipotong dan menurunkan tahap herotan. Pengeluar transkripsi radio seperti Sistem Penyiaran Dunia dan Penerbit Muzik Bersekutu (AMP) adalah pemegang lesen yang dominan dari sistem rangkaian Western Electric dan menjelang akhir tahun 1930-an bertanggungjawab untuk dua pertiga daripada keseluruhan perniagaan transkripsi radio. Rekod-rekod ini menggunakan perolehan bass sebanyak 300 Hz dan rolloff 10,000 Hz -8.5 dB. <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membuat tekanan vinil? || pemotongan induk <> Apakah pemegang lesen atas sistem Barat Barat pada tahun 1930-an? || Sistem Penyiaran Dunia dan Penerbit Muzik Bersekutu <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk 2/3 semua rakaman pada tahun 1930-an? || Sistem Penyiaran Dunia dan Penerbit Muzik Bersekutu <> Bagaimana percikan emas digunakan dalam penciptaan vinil? || luka yang dielektrik dalam kekosongan dengan cara sputtering emas", {"context": "Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels. Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business. These recordings use a bass turnover of 300 Hz and a 10,000 Hz rolloff of \u22128.5 dB.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "master cuts"}], "question": "What were used to make vinyl pressings?", "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"}], "question": "What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?", "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers"}], "question": "Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?", "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering"}], "question": "How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?", "id": "5727fbd42ca10214002d9aaf"}]}], ["Pendedahan teknikal yang lengkap dari LP LP oleh Peter C. Goldmark, Rene 'Snepvangers dan William S. Bachman pada tahun 1949 menjadikan kemungkinan bagi pelbagai syarikat rekod untuk masuk ke dalam perniagaan membuat rekod permainan yang panjang. Perniagaan berkembang dengan pesat dan menyebarkan minat dalam bunyi kesetiaan yang tinggi dan pasaran do-it-yourself untuk pickup, turntables, kit penguat, pelan pengeras suara, dan penala radio AM / FM. Rekod LP untuk kerja lebih lama, 45 rpm untuk muzik pop, dan radio FM menjadi sumber program kesetiaan yang tinggi dalam permintaan. Pendengar radio mendengar rakaman disiarkan dan ini seterusnya menghasilkan lebih banyak jualan rekod. Industri berkembang. <> Bilakah perniagaan berkembang untuk melakukannya sendiri fanatik yang kuat? || 1949 <> Rekod jenis apa yang terbaik untuk muzik pop? || 45 rpm <> Apa yang digunakan untuk rakaman yang lebih panjang? || Rekod LP <> Apa yang membuka pintu untuk rakaman panjang? || Pendedahan teknikal lengkap LP LP oleh Peter C. Goldmark, Rene 'Snepvangers dan William S. Bachman <> Apa yang membantu dalam jualan rekod pada tahun 1950-an? || Pendengar radio mendengar rakaman disiarkan", {"context": "The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman in 1949 made it possible for a great variety of record companies to get into the business of making long playing records. The business grew quickly and interest spread in high fidelity sound and the do-it-yourself market for pickups, turntables, amplifier kits, loudspeaker enclosure plans, and AM/FM radio tuners. The LP record for longer works, 45 rpm for pop music, and FM radio became high fidelity program sources in demand. Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast and this in turn generated more record sales. The industry flourished.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "1949"}], "question": "When was the business booming for do it yourself sound fanatics?", "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9abe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "45 rpm"}], "question": "What kind of recordings worked best for pop music?", "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9abf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "LP record"}], "question": "What was used for longer recordings?", "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The complete technical disclosure of the Columbia LP by Peter C. Goldmark, Rene' Snepvangers and William S. Bachman"}], "question": "What opened doors for long recordings?", "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "Radio listeners heard recordings broadcast"}], "question": "What aided in records sales in the 1950s?", "id": "5727fc802ca10214002d9ac2"}]}], ["Terdapat kemajuan kualiti penting dalam rakaman yang dibuat secara khusus untuk siaran radio. Pada awal tahun 1930-an, Bell Telephone Laboratories dan Western Electric telah mengumumkan penambahan semula rakaman cakera: Sistem Elektrik Lebar Barat, \"Suara Baru Tindakan\". Tujuan sistem Barat Barat yang baru adalah untuk meningkatkan kualiti keseluruhan rakaman cakera dan main balik. Kelajuan rakamannya adalah 33 1/3 rpm, yang pada asalnya digunakan dalam sistem cakera audio cakera Western Electric / ERPI yang dilaksanakan pada awal tahun 1927 oleh Warner Brothers 'Vitaphone. <> Bilakah sistem Electric Western diperkenalkan? || awal 1930-an <> Apa dua syarikat bekerja sama untuk membangunkan Sistem Elektrik Barat? || Bell Telephone Laboratories dan Western Electric <> Sistem apa yang digunakan oleh Warner Brothers? || Sistem Elektrik Barat <> Kelajuan apa yang digunakan dalam Sistem Elektrik Barat? || 33 1/3 rpm <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh Sistem Listrik Barat? || meningkatkan kualiti keseluruhan", {"context": "There were important quality advances in recordings specifically made for radio broadcast. In the early 1930s Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric announced the total reinvention of disc recording: the Western Electric Wide Range System, \"The New Voice of Action\". The intent of the new Western Electric system was to improve the overall quality of disc recording and playback. The recording speed was 33 1\u20443 rpm, originally used in the Western Electric/ERPI movie audio disc system implemented in the early Warner Brothers' Vitaphone \"talkies\" of 1927.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "early 1930s"}], "question": "When was the Western Electric System introduced?", "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Bell Telephone Laboratories and Western Electric"}], "question": "What two companies worked together to develop the Western Electric System?", "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Western Electric system"}], "question": "What system was used by Warner Brothers?", "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "33 1\u20443 rpm"}], "question": "What speed was used in the Western Electric System?", "id": "5727f9a14b864d190016410f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "improve the overall quality"}], "question": "What was the Western Electric System believed to do?", "id": "5727f9a14b864d1900164110"}]}], ["Gegaran bergerak Barat yang baru dicipta atau mikrofon dinamik adalah sebahagian daripada Sistem Julat Lebar. Ia mempunyai sambutan audio yang lebih baik daripada jenis kondenser Wente gaya lama dan tidak memerlukan elektronik dipasang di perumahan mikrofon. Isyarat yang diberi kepada kepala pemotong telah diberi penekanan di rantau treble untuk membantu mengatasi bunyi bising dalam main balik. Potongan alur dalam satah menegak digunakan berbanding pemotongan sisi biasa. Kelebihan utama yang dikatakan adalah lebih banyak alur per inci yang dapat dipenuhi bersama, menghasilkan masa main semula yang lebih lama. Selain itu, masalah herotan dalaman alur, yang melanda pemotongan sisi, boleh dielakkan dengan sistem pemotongan menegak. Sarjana lilin dibuat dengan mengalirkan lilin yang dipanaskan ke atas cakera logam panas dengan itu mengelakkan penyimpangan mikroskopik lekapan lilin dan keperluan untuk mengetam dan menggilap. <> Apakah faedah potongan alur menegak? || masa main semula yang lebih panjang <> Apa yang boleh dielakkan dengan menggunakan potongan alur menegak? || penyimpangan alur dalam <> Bagaimana mikrofon gegelung bergerak unik ke jenis Wente? || tidak memerlukan elektronik yang dipasang di perumahan mikrofon <> Bagaimana suara diperbaiki menggunakan mikrofon gegelung bergerak? || menimpa bunyi dalam main balik <> Bagaimana lilin digunakan untuk meningkatkan rakaman? || mengelakkan penyelewengan mikroskopik", {"context": "The newly invented Western Electric moving coil or dynamic microphone was part of the Wide Range System. It had a flatter audio response than the old style Wente condenser type and didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing. Signals fed to the cutting head were pre-emphasized in the treble region to help override noise in playback. Groove cuts in the vertical plane were employed rather than the usual lateral cuts. The chief advantage claimed was more grooves per inch that could be crowded together, resulting in longer playback time. Additionally, the problem of inner groove distortion, which plagued lateral cuts, could be avoided with the vertical cut system. Wax masters were made by flowing heated wax over a hot metal disc thus avoiding the microscopic irregularities of cast blocks of wax and the necessity of planing and polishing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 537, "text": "longer playback time"}], "question": "What was a benefit of vertical groove cuts?", "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164134"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "inner groove distortion"}], "question": "What could be avoided by using vertical groove cuts?", "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164135"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "didn't require electronics installed in the microphone housing"}], "question": "How was the moving coil microphone unique to the Wente type?", "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164136"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "override noise in playback"}], "question": "How was sound improved using the moving coil microphone?", "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 759, "text": "avoiding the microscopic irregularities"}], "question": "How was wax used to improve recordings?", "id": "5727fb064b864d1900164138"}]}], ["Ia tidak biasa untuk rakaman elektrik untuk dimainkan semula pada fonograf akustik. Fonograf Victor Orthophonic adalah contoh utama di mana main balik itu dijangka. Di Orthophonic, yang mendapat manfaat daripada penyelidikan telefon, kepala pickup mekanikal telah direka semula dengan resonans yang lebih rendah daripada jenis mika tradisional. Juga, tanduk yang dilipat dengan tirus eksponen dibina di dalam kabinet untuk menyediakan padanan impedans yang lebih baik ke udara. Akibatnya, rakaman rekod Orthophonic terdengar seperti ia datang dari radio. <> Apakah satu contoh fonograf akustik yang mana seseorang akan mendengar rakaman elektrik? || Victor Orthophonic phonograph <> Apa yang membolehkan bunyi yang lebih baik di dalam kabinet fonograf orthotic? || melipat tanduk dengan tirus eksponen <> Apa penyesuaian dibuat untuk ortofonik untuk menampung rakaman elektrik? || kepala pikap mekanikal telah direka semula dengan resonans yang lebih rendah daripada jenis mika tradisional <> Adakah ia biasa untuk mendengar rakaman elektrik pada ponograf? || tidak biasa <> Seberapa serupa bunyi rekod ortodontik ke radio? || terdengar seperti", {"context": "It was not unusual for electric recordings to be played back on acoustic phonographs. The Victor Orthophonic phonograph was a prime example where such playback was expected. In the Orthophonic, which benefited from telephone research, the mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type. Also, a folded horn with an exponential taper was constructed inside the cabinet to provide better impedance matching to the air. As a result, playback of an Orthophonic record sounded like it was coming from a radio.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Victor Orthophonic phonograph"}], "question": "What is one example of an acoustic phonograph on which one would listen to electric recordings?", "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "folded horn with an exponential taper"}], "question": "What allowed better sounds inside the cabinet of the orthoponic phonograph?", "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "mechanical pickup head was redesigned with lower resonance than the traditional mica type"}], "question": "What adjustments were made to the orthophonic  to accommodate electric recordings?", "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "not unusual"}], "question": "Was it common to hear electric recordings on phonographs?", "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "sounded like"}], "question": "How similar was the sound of a orthodontic  record to a radio?", "id": "5727f6c94b864d19001640c0"}]}], ["Walaupun kelemahan mereka, seperti kekurangan kebolehgunaan, rekod masih mempunyai penyokong yang bersemangat. Rekod vinil terus dihasilkan dan dijual hari ini, terutamanya oleh band rock dan label bebas, walaupun jualan rekod dianggap sebagai pasaran khusus yang terdiri daripada audiophiles, collectors, dan DJs. Rekod-rekod lama dan rakaman cetak secara khusus sangat diperlukan oleh pengumpul di seluruh dunia. (Lihat Pengumpulan Rekod.) Banyak album baru yang popular diberikan siaran pada rekod vinil dan album-album yang lebih tua juga diberikan reissues, kadang-kadang pada vinil kelas audiophile. <> Adakah rekod amnya daripada cetakan pada tarikh? || Rekod Vinyl terus dihasilkan dan dijual hari ini <> Adakah album pernah diterbitkan semula? || Banyak album baru yang popular diberikan siaran <> Jenis vinil yang paling popular? || Rekod lama dan rakaman cetak <> Adakah rekod vinil mengekalkan apa-apa populariti? || rekod masih mempunyai penyokong yang bersemangat", {"context": "In spite of their flaws, such as the lack of portability, records still have enthusiastic supporters. Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today, especially by independent rock bands and labels, although record sales are considered to be a niche market composed of audiophiles, collectors, and DJs. Old records and out-of-print recordings in particular are in much demand by collectors the world over. (See Record collecting.) Many popular new albums are given releases on vinyl records and older albums are also given reissues, sometimes on audiophile-grade vinyl.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "Vinyl records continue to be manufactured and sold today"}], "question": "Are records generally out of print as of date?", "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Many popular new albums are given releases"}], "question": "Are albums ever reproduced?", "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Old records and out-of-print recordings"}], "question": "What types of vinyl hold the most popularity?", "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "records still have enthusiastic supporters"}], "question": "Does vinyl record maintain any popularity?", "id": "57280150ff5b5019007d9ac9"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2014 artis Jack White menjual 40,000 salinan pelepasan solo kedua, Lazaretto, pada vinil. Penjualan rekod memukul jualan terbesar dalam satu minggu pada vinil sejak 1991. Rekod jualan sebelum ini dipegang oleh Pearl Jam, Vitalogy, yang menjual 34,000 salinan dalam satu minggu pada tahun 1994. Pada tahun 2014, penjualan rekod vinil adalah satu-satunya medium muzik fizikal dengan peningkatan jualan yang berkaitan dengan tahun sebelumnya. Penjualan medium lain termasuk trek digital individu, album digital dan cakera padat telah jatuh, yang mempunyai kadar penurunan paling tinggi. <> Siapa yang mencatatkan rekod jualan vinil paling terkini sejak tahun 1991? || Jack White <> Apa media telah melihat kejatuhan terbesar dalam jualan sehingga lewat? || cakera padat <> Apa yang unik untuk jualan vinil pada tahun 2014? || adalah satu-satunya medium muzik fizikal dengan peningkatan jualan yang berkaitan dengan tahun sebelumnya <> Siapa yang menjual 34,000 rekod vinil pada tahun 1994? || Pearl Jam <> Sebelum tahun 2014 ketika penjualan rekod vinil paling terkini? || 1991", {"context": "In 2014 artist Jack White sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, Lazaretto, on vinyl. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since 1991. The sales record was previously held by Pearl Jam's, Vitalogy, which sold 34,000 copies in one week in 1994. In 2014, the sale of vinyl records was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year. Sales of other mediums including individual digital tracks, digital albums and compact discs have fallen, the latter having the greatest drop-in-sales rate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Jack White"}], "question": "Whom set the most recent sales record of vinyl records since 1991?", "id": "572803754b864d1900164224"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "compact discs"}], "question": "What medium has seen the biggest fall in sales as of late?", "id": "572803754b864d1900164225"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "was the only physical music medium with increasing sales with relation to the previous year"}], "question": "What was unique to vinyl sales in 2014?", "id": "572803754b864d1900164226"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 214, "text": "Pearl Jam"}], "question": "Who sold 34,000 vinyl records in 1994?", "id": "572803754b864d1900164227"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "1991"}], "question": "Prior to 2014 when was the most recent large sale of vinyl records?", "id": "572803754b864d1900164228"}]}], ["Banyak muzik tarian elektronik dan keluaran hip hop hari ini masih disukai di vinil; Walau bagaimanapun, salinan digital masih tersedia secara meluas. Ini adalah kerana untuk jockey cakera (\"DJ\"), vinil mempunyai kelebihan berbanding CD: manipulasi langsung media. Teknik-teknik DJ seperti slip-cueing, beatmatching, dan scratching berasal pada turntables. Dengan CD atau kaset audio padat satu biasanya hanya mempunyai pilihan manipulasi tidak langsung, contohnya, butang main, berhenti, dan jeda. Dengan rekod satu boleh meletakkan stylus beberapa alur lebih jauh masuk atau keluar, mempercepatkan atau mempercepatkan putar meja, atau bahkan membalik arahnya, dengan syarat stylus, pemain rekod, dan rekod sendiri dibina untuk menahannya. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak pendahuluan CDJ dan DJ, seperti perisian DJ dan vinil yang dikodkan masa, kini mempunyai keupayaan dan banyak lagi. <> Apakah sebabnya seorang DJ lebih suka vinil ke CD? || manipulasi langsung <> Dalam teknik apa yang DJ memerlukan rekod vinil? || slip-cueing, beatmatching, dan scratching <> Adakah semua meja bertukar mampu DJ manipulasi rekod vinil? || dengan syarat stylus, pemain rekod, dan rekod sendiri dibina untuk menahannya <> Apa yang lazimnya disukai oleh DJ vinil atau CD? || mana-mana muzik tarian elektronik dan keluaran hip hop hari ini masih digemari di vinyl <> Adakah teknologi vinil tidak lagi berkembang? || Walau bagaimanapun, banyak pendahuluan CDJ dan DJ, seperti perisian DJ dan vinil yang dikodkan masa, kini mempunyai keupayaan dan banyak lagi.", {"context": "Many electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl; however, digital copies are still widely available. This is because for disc jockeys (\"DJs\"), vinyl has an advantage over the CD: direct manipulation of the medium. DJ techniques such as slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching originated on turntables. With CDs or compact audio cassettes one normally has only indirect manipulation options, e.g., the play, stop, and pause buttons. With a record one can place the stylus a few grooves farther in or out, accelerate or decelerate the turntable, or even reverse its direction, provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it. However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "direct manipulation"}], "question": "What is a reason a DJ would prefer vinyl to CD?", "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "slip-cueing, beatmatching, and scratching"}], "question": "In what techniques would a DJ require a vinyl record?", "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 613, "text": "provided the stylus, record player, and record itself are built to withstand it"}], "question": "Are all turn tables capable of DJ manipulation of vinyl records?", "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "any electronic dance music and hip hop releases today are still preferred on vinyl"}], "question": "What is commonly preferred by DJs vinyl or CD?", "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "However, many CDJ and DJ advances, such as DJ software and time-encoded vinyl, now have these capabilities and more."}], "question": "Had vinyl technology ceased expanding?", "id": "572802332ca10214002d9b54"}]}], ["Di mana rakaman cakera lama dianggap sebagai kepentingan seni atau sejarah, dari sebelum era pita atau di mana tiada master pita wujud, arkivis memainkan semula cakera pada peralatan yang sesuai dan merekodkan hasilnya, biasanya ke format digital, yang boleh disalin dan dimanipulasi untuk menghapus kelemahan analog tanpa sebarang kerosakan lagi terhadap rakaman sumber. Sebagai contoh, Nimbus Records menggunakan pemain rekod tanduk khusus untuk memindahkan 78-an. Sesiapa sahaja boleh melakukan ini menggunakan pemain rekod standard dengan pickup yang sesuai, phono-preamp (pra-penguat) dan komputer peribadi biasa. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk pemindahan yang tepat, arkivis profesional dengan berhati-hati memilih bentuk dan diameter stylus yang betul, mengesan berat badan, lengkung penyamaan dan parameter main balik lain dan menggunakan penukar analog-ke-digital berkualiti tinggi. <> Adakah sukar untuk memindahkan rakaman dari kepentingan bersejarah ke teknologi yang lebih baru? || Sesiapa sahaja boleh melakukan ini <> Apa yang akan menawarkan pemindahan kualiti tertinggi kepentingan bersejarah? || arkivis profesional <> Apa yang perlu hobbiest untuk memindahkan rakaman bersejarah ke format digital? || pemain rekod standard dengan pickup yang sesuai, phono-preamp (pra-penguat) dan komputer peribadi tipikal <> Adakah asal dihancurkan apabila dipindahkan ke format digital? || tanpa apa-apa kerosakan lagi kepada rakaman sumber <> Apakah satu manfaat memindahkan format lama ke format yang lebih baru? || dimanipulasi untuk menghapus kelemahan analog", {"context": "Where old disc recordings are considered to be of artistic or historic interest, from before the era of tape or where no tape master exists, archivists play back the disc on suitable equipment and record the result, typically onto a digital format, which can be copied and manipulated to remove analog flaws without any further damage to the source recording. For example, Nimbus Records uses a specially built horn record player to transfer 78s. Anyone can do this using a standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer. However, for accurate transfer, professional archivists carefully choose the correct stylus shape and diameter, tracking weight, equalisation curve and other playback parameters and use high-quality analogue-to-digital converters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Anyone can do this"}], "question": "Is it difficult to transfer recording from historic interest to newer technologies?", "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 617, "text": "professional archivists"}], "question": "What would offer the highest quality transfers of historic interest?", "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "standard record player with a suitable pickup, a phono-preamp (pre-amplifier) and a typical personal computer"}], "question": "What would a hobbiest need to transfer historic recordings to digital formats?", "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "without any further damage to the source recording"}], "question": "Is an original destroyed when transferred to digital format?", "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 273, "text": "manipulated to remove analog flaws"}], "question": "What is one benefit of transferring an older format to a newer format?", "id": "5727ff933acd2414000df1c1"}]}], ["Rekod alur, yang pertama kali dirancang pada suku terakhir abad ke-19, memegang kedudukan utama untuk pertandingan hampir hampir satu abad dari pita reel-to-reel, kartrij 8-trek, dan kaset padat. Pada tahun 1988, cakera padat melepasi rekod gramophone dalam jualan unit. Rekod vinil mengalami penurunan mendadak populariti antara tahun 1988 dan 1991, apabila pengedar label utama menghadkan dasar pulangan mereka, yang mana peruncit telah bergantung kepada untuk mengekalkan dan menukar stok tajuk yang tidak popular. Mula-mula para pengedar mula mengenakan pengecualian lebih banyak untuk produk baru jika mereka kembali vinyl yang tidak dijual, dan kemudian mereka berhenti memberikan apa-apa kredit untuk pulangan. Peruncit, takut mereka akan terjebak dengan apa yang mereka pesan, hanya mengarahkan terbukti, tajuk popular yang mereka tahu akan menjual, dan menumpukan lebih ruang rak kepada CD dan kaset. Syarikat-syarikat rekod juga menghapus banyak tajuk vinil dari pengeluaran dan pengedaran, seterusnya menjejaskan ketersediaan format dan membawa kepada penutupan tumbuhan mendesak. Kemerosotan pesat dalam ketersediaan rekod mempercepat penurunan populariti format, dan dilihat oleh sesetengahnya sebagai satu cara yang disengajakan untuk menjadikan pengguna beralih kepada CD, yang lebih menguntungkan bagi syarikat rekod. <> Apa sebab utama penjualan vinil menurun? || pengedar label utama menghadkan dasar pulangan mereka <> Yang membolehkan lebih banyak keuntungan, cakera vinil atau padat? || CD, yang lebih menguntungkan bagi syarikat rekod <> Bilakah penurunan jualan rekod vinil? || antara tahun 1988 dan 1991 <> Bilakah populariti cakera padat diambil? || 1988 <> Bilakah rakaman alur dikembangkan? || suku akhir abad ke-19,", {"context": "Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century\u2014withstanding competition from reel-to-reel tape, the 8-track cartridge, and the compact cassette. In 1988, the compact disc surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991, when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new product if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also deleted many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "major label distributors restricted their return policies"}], "question": "What was a major cause of declined vinyl sales?", "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1235, "text": "CDs, which were more profitable for the record companies"}], "question": "Which allows for more profits, vinyl or compact discs?", "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "between 1988 and 1991"}], "question": "When did vinyl record sales decline?", "id": "572800793acd2414000df1e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When did compact disc popularity take hold?", "id": "572800793acd2414000df1ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "final quarter of the 19th century,"}], "question": "When were groove recordings developed?", "id": "572800793acd2414000df1eb"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 2000, TCM memulakan Pertandingan Filem Komposer Muda Tahunan, yang menjemput para komposer yang bercita-cita untuk mengambil bahagian dalam pertandingan yang dinilai yang menawarkan pemenang pertandingan setiap tahun peluang untuk menjaringkan sebuah filem senyap panjang yang dipulihkan sebagai hadiah utama, dibimbing oleh sebuah telaga komposer terkenal, dengan kerja baru itu kemudiannya mempamerkan rangkaian. Pada tahun 2006, filem-filem yang telah dimajukan termasuk filem 1921 Rudolph Valentino Camille, dua filem Lon Chaney: The Ace of Hearts 1921 dan 1928's Laugh, Clown, Laugh, dan filem 1926 Greta Garbo The Temptress. <> Dalam tahun apakah TCM memulakan Pertandingan Filem Komposer Muda? || 2000 <> Berapa kerapkah Pertandingan Filem Komposer Muda? || tahunan <> Apakah hadiah utama dalam Pertandingan Filem Komposer Muda? || skor filem senyap yang dipulihkan, panjang <> Pada tahun apa yang Laugh, Clown, Laugh dilepaskan? || 1928 <> Siapa yang membintangi The Temptress? || Greta Garbo", {"context": "In 2000, TCM started the annual Young Composers Film Competition, inviting aspiring composers to participate in a judged competition that offers the winner of each year's competition the opportunity to score a restored, feature-length silent film as a grand prize, mentored by a well-known composer, with the new work subsequently premiering on the network. As of 2006, films that have been rescored include the 1921 Rudolph Valentino film Camille, two Lon Chaney films: 1921's The Ace of Hearts and 1928's Laugh, Clown, Laugh, and Greta Garbo's 1926 film The Temptress.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did TCM begin the Young Composers Film Competition?", "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "annual"}], "question": "How often is the Young Composers Film Competition?", "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "score a restored, feature-length silent film"}], "question": "What is the grand prize in the Young Composers Film Competition?", "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "1928"}], "question": "In what year was Laugh, Clown, Laugh released?", "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "Greta Garbo"}], "question": "Who starred in The Temptress?", "id": "57277c1fdd62a815002e9e5c"}]}], ["Kandungan filem TCM kebanyakannya tidak dipadamkan dan tidak berwarna (dengan filem-filem yang difilemkan secara asli atau pasca dihasilkan dalam format yang menjadi satu-satunya yang dibentangkan dalam warna), bergantung kepada kandungan asal filem, terutamanya filem yang dikeluarkan selepas pelaksanaan 1968 Persatuan Gambar Gerakan sistem penilaian Amerika dan penyusunan serentak Kod Pengeluaran Imej Gerakan. Oleh sebab itu, TCM diformat sama dengan saluran premium dengan filem-filem tertentu - terutamanya yang dibuat dari 1960-an dan seterusnya - kadang-kadang memaparkan kebogelan, kandungan seksual, keganasan dan / atau pelacuran yang kuat; rangkaian itu juga mempunyai bumper penarafan sebelum permulaan program (kebanyakan program di TCM, terutama filem, dinilai untuk kandungan menggunakan Garis Panduan Ibu Bapa TV, sebagai ganti sistem penilaian MPAA). <> Dalam tahun apakah Persatuan Gambar Gerakan Amerika memperkenalkan sistem penarafannya? || 1968 <> Pada tahun berapakah Kod Pengeluaran Picture Motion berhenti? || 1968 <> Sistem penarafan apa yang sering digunakan oleh TCM? || Garis Panduan Ibu Bapa TV", {"context": "TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films \u2013 particularly those made from the 1960s onward \u2013 sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?", "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "1968"}], "question": "In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?", "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 764, "text": "TV Parental Guidelines"}], "question": "What rating system is often used by TCM?", "id": "57277d935951b619008f8b45"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1986, lapan tahun sebelum pelancaran Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner memperoleh studio filem Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer untuk $ 1.5 bilion. Kebimbangan mengenai hutang korporat Turner Entertainment menyebabkan Turner menjual studio itu pada Oktober lalu kepada Kirk Kerkorian, dari mana Turner telah membeli studio kurang setahun sebelum ini. Sebagai sebahagian daripada perjanjian itu, Turner Entertainment mengekalkan pemilikan perpustakaan filem MGM yang dikeluarkan sehingga 9 Mei 1986. Turner Broadcasting System dibahagikan kepada dua syarikat; Sistem Penyiaran Turner dan Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer dan diperkorporatkan semula sebagai MGM / UA Communications Co. <> Berapa Ted Turner membayar untuk Metro-Goldwyn Mayer? || $ 1.5 bilion <> Dalam tahun apakah Ted Turner membeli Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer? || 1986 <> Siapa yang Ted Turner menjual Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer? || Kirk Kerkorian <> Siapa yang Ted Turner membeli Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer dari? || Kirk Kerkorian <> Sehingga tarikh pelepasan apakah Turner mengekalkan pemilikan perpustakaan filem MGM? || 9 Mei 1986", {"context": "In 1986, eight years before the launch of Turner Classic Movies, Ted Turner acquired the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio for $1.5 billion. Concerns over Turner Entertainment's corporate debt load resulted in Turner selling the studio that October back to Kirk Kerkorian, from whom Turner had purchased the studio less than a year before. As part of the deal, Turner Entertainment retained ownership of MGM's library of films released up to May 9, 1986. Turner Broadcasting System was split into two companies; Turner Broadcasting System and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and reincorporated as MGM/UA Communications Co.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "$1.5 billion"}], "question": "How much did Ted Turner pay for Metro-Goldwyn Mayer?", "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9dae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1986"}], "question": "In what year did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer?", "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9daf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Kirk Kerkorian"}], "question": "Who did Ted Turner sell Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to?", "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "Kirk Kerkorian"}], "question": "Who did Ted Turner buy Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from?", "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "May 9, 1986"}], "question": "Up to what date of release did Turner retain ownership of the MGM film library?", "id": "572777c7dd62a815002e9db2"}]}], ["Pada masa pelancarannya, TCM boleh didapati untuk kira-kira satu juta pelanggan televisyen kabel. Rangkaian itu pada mulanya berkhidmat sebagai pesaing kepada AMC - yang pada masa itu dikenali sebagai \"American Classicsics\" dan mengekalkan format yang hampir sama kepada TCM, kerana kedua-dua rangkaian itu sebahagian besarnya memberi tumpuan kepada filem-filem yang dikeluarkan sebelum tahun 1970 dan menyiarkannya dalam bentuk yang tidak berwarna , dan format bebas komersial. AMC memperluaskan kandungan filemnya untuk menampilkan filem-filem berwarna dan lebih baru pada tahun 2002 dan meninggalkan format bebas komersialnya, menjadikan TCM sebagai saluran kabel berorientasikan filem sahaja untuk menumpukan sepenuhnya pengaturcaraannya kepada filem-filem klasik tanpa gangguan komersil. <> Berapa ramai pelanggan yang mempunyai akses kepada TCM apabila ia dilancarkan? || satu juta <> Apabila TCM perdana, apa yang dipanggil AMC? || Classics Movie Amerika <> Apa jenis filem yang dilakukan oleh filem klasik Amerika? || dibebaskan sebelum tahun 1970 <> Pada tahun apakah AMC menunjukkan iklan? || 2002", {"context": "At the time of its launch, TCM was available to approximately one million cable television subscribers. The network originally served as a competitor to AMC \u2013 which at the time was known as \"American Movie Classics\" and maintained a virtually identical format to TCM, as both networks largely focused on films released prior to 1970 and aired them in an uncut, uncolorized, and commercial-free format. AMC had broadened its film content to feature colorized and more recent films by 2002 and abandoned its commercial-free format, leaving TCM as the only movie-oriented cable channel to devote its programming entirely to classic films without commercial interruption.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "one million"}], "question": "How many subscribers had access to TCM upon it launch?", "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "American Movie Classics"}], "question": "When TCM premiered, what was AMC called?", "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "released prior to 1970"}], "question": "What sorts of films did American Movie Classics primarily show?", "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "2002"}], "question": "By what year was AMC showing commercials?", "id": "57277ad5f1498d1400e8f957"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2008, TCM memenangi Anugerah Peabody untuk kecemerlangan penyiaran. Pada April 2010, Turner Classic Movies mengadakan Festival Filem Classic TCM yang pertama, yang diadakan setiap tahun - di Teater Cina Grauman dan Teater Mesir Grauman di Hollywood. Dihoskan oleh Robert Osborne, festival tahunan selama empat hari itu meraikan Hollywood dan filemnya, dan menampilkan penampilan selebriti, acara khas dan penayangan sekitar 50 filem klasik termasuk beberapa yang baru dipulihkan oleh Yayasan Filem, sebuah organisasi yang ditujukan untuk memelihara filem klasik Hollywood warisan. <> Dalam tahun apakah TCM menerima Anugerah Peabody? || 2008 <> Atas sebab apa yang diberikan oleh Peabody Award? || kecemerlangan dalam penyiaran <> Bilakah Festival Filem Classic TCM yang pertama berlaku? || April 2010 <> Selain daripada Teater Cina Grauman, di mana Festival Filem Classic TCM yang pertama diadakan? || Teater Mesir Grauman <> Di mana Teater Cina Grauman terletak? || Hollywood", {"context": "In 2008, TCM won a Peabody Award for excellence in broadcasting. In April 2010, Turner Classic Movies held the first TCM Classic Film Festival, an event \u2013 now held annually \u2013 at the Grauman's Chinese Theater and the Grauman's Egyptian Theater in Hollywood. Hosted by Robert Osborne, the four-day long annual festival celebrates Hollywood and its movies, and features celebrity appearances, special events, and screenings of around 50 classic movies including several newly restored by the Film Foundation, an organization devoted to preserving Hollywood's classic film legacy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did TCM receive a Peabody Award?", "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "excellence in broadcasting"}], "question": "For what reason is a Peabody Award granted?", "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "April 2010"}], "question": "When did the inaugural TCM Classic Film Festival take place?", "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Grauman's Egyptian Theater"}], "question": "In addition to the Grauman's Chinese Theater, where did the first TCM Classic Film Festival take place?", "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Hollywood"}], "question": "Where is Grauman's Chinese Theater located?", "id": "57277c71dd62a815002e9e66"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1996, Turner Broadcasting System bergabung dengan Time Warner, yang menempatkan Turner Classic Movies dan Warner Bros. Entertainment di bawah payung korporat yang sama, juga memberikan akses TCM kepada Warner Bros. ' perpustakaan filem yang dikeluarkan selepas tahun 1949 (yang termasuk entiti yang diperolehi seperti Lorimar, Saul Zaentz dan Perpustakaan Umum Negara); Secara kebetulan, TCM telah menjalankan tajuk filem Warner Bros pilih melalui perjanjian pelesenan dengan studio yang ditandatangani sebelum peluncuran saluran. Pada bulan Mac 1999, MGM membayar Warner Bros dan menyerahkan hak video rumah kepada filem MGM / UA milik Turner kepada Warner Home Video. <> Dengan syarikat apa yang menyatukan Turner Broadcasting Systems pada tahun 1996? || Time Warner <> Bersama dengan Lorimar dan Gambar Umum Negara, perpustakaan apa yang termasuk dalam perpustakaan Warner Bros? || Saul Zaentz <> Bilakah MGM memberi Warner Home Video hak kepada filem MGM / UA di video rumah? || Mac 1999", {"context": "In 1996, Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which besides placing Turner Classic Movies and Warner Bros. Entertainment under the same corporate umbrella, also gave TCM access to Warner Bros.' library of films released after 1949 (which itself includes other acquired entities such as the Lorimar, Saul Zaentz and National General Pictures libraries); incidentally, TCM had already been running select Warner Bros. film titles through a licensing agreement with the studio that was signed prior to the launch of the channel. In March 1999, MGM paid Warner Bros. and gave up the home video rights to the MGM/UA films owned by Turner to Warner Home Video.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Time Warner"}], "question": "With what company did Turner Broadcasting Systems merge in 1996?", "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Saul Zaentz"}], "question": "Along with Lorimar and National General Pictures, what library was included in the Warner Bros. library?", "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "March 1999"}], "question": "When did MGM give Warner Home Video the rights to MGM/UA's films on home video?", "id": "57277ba9f1498d1400e8f95e"}]}], ["Turner Classic Movies secara asasnya beroperasi sebagai perkhidmatan tanpa komersil, dengan satu-satunya iklan di rangkaian yang dipaparkan di antara ciri - yang mengiklankan produk TCM, promosi rangkaian untuk program khas akan datang dan treler asal untuk filem yang dijadualkan disiarkan di TCM ( terutamanya yang akan disiarkan semasa jam primetime), dan menari tentang pelakon dan pelakon filem klasik. Selain itu, perpecahan antara ciri-ciri dipenuhi dengan treler filem yang dikeluarkan secara teatrik dan subjek pendek klasik - dari siri seperti The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, dan Robert Benchley - di bawah nama spanduk TCM Extras (dahulunya Satu Keajaiban Reel). Pada tahun 2007, beberapa filem pendek yang dipaparkan di TCM telah disediakan untuk streaming di laman web TCM. Sebahagian besar untuk membenarkan interstitial ini, Turner Classic Movies memaparkan filem-filem cirinya sama ada di bahagian atas jam atau di: 15,: 30 atau: 45 minit masa lalu jam, bukannya pada masa yang berlainan kenaikan lima minit yang berlainan. <> Apakah tambahan TCM sebelum ini dikenali sebagai? || One Reel Wonders <> Kapan filem pendek dari TCM mula mengalir di laman web TCM? || 2007 <> Bersama dengan Parade Lulus, Jenayah Tidak Bayar dan Kepakaran Pete Smith, apakah ciri-ciri pendek mengenai TCM? || Robert Benchley <> Bersama dengan: 45,: 30 dan: 15 melewati jam, pada masa apakah ciri-ciri TCM bermula? || atas jam", {"context": "Turner Classic Movies essentially operates as a commercial-free service, with the only advertisements on the network being shown between features \u2013 which advertise TCM products, network promotions for upcoming special programs and the original trailers for films that are scheduled to be broadcast on TCM (particularly those that will air during the primetime hours), and featurettes about classic film actors and actresses. In addition to this, extended breaks between features are filled with theatrically released movie trailers and classic short subjects \u2013 from series such as The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay, Pete Smith Specialties, and Robert Benchley \u2013 under the banner name TCM Extras (formerly One Reel Wonders). In 2007, some of the short films featured on TCM were made available for streaming on TCM's website. Partly to allow these interstitials, Turner Classic Movies schedules its feature films either at the top of the hour or at :15, :30 or :45 minutes past the hour, instead of in timeslots of varying five-minute increments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 710, "text": "One Reel Wonders"}], "question": "What were TCM Extras previously known as?", "id": "57277cf85951b619008f8b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When did short films from TCM begin to stream on TCM's website?", "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Robert Benchley"}], "question": "Along with The Passing Parade, Crime Does Not Pay and Pete Smith Specialties, what short subjects feature on TCM?", "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 931, "text": "top of the hour"}], "question": "Along with :45, :30 and :15 past the hour, at what time do TCM features begin?", "id": "57277cf95951b619008f8b34"}]}], ["Dari segi sejarah, pengaturcaraan saluran terdiri terutamanya daripada filem-filem khas yang dilancarkan secara teatrik yang dipaparkan dari pustaka filem Turner Entertainment - yang terdiri daripada filem-filem dari Warner Bros. Pictures (meliputi filem yang dikeluarkan sebelum 1950) dan Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (meliputi filem-filem yang dikeluarkan sebelum Mei 1986) . Walau bagaimanapun, TCM kini mempunyai perjanjian pelesenan dengan studio filem Hollywood lain serta syarikat saudaranya Time Warner, Warner Bros. (yang kini mengawal pustaka Turner Entertainment dan filem-filem kemudiannya), dan kadang-kadang menunjukkan lebih banyak filem terkini. Turner Classic Movies adalah saluran filem yang berdedikasi dan boleh didapati di Amerika Syarikat, United Kingdom, Perancis (TCM Cin\u00e9ma), Sepanyol (TCM Espa\u00f1a), negara-negara Nordik, Timur Tengah dan Afrika. Gambar-gambar Warner Bros sebelum tahun apakah bahagian perpustakaan Turner Entertainment? || 1950 <> Sehingga apa bulan dan tahun pelepasan filem-filem dari bahagian Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer di Perpustakaan Hiburan Turner? || Mei 1986 <> Syarikat apa yang memiliki TCM dan Warner Bros.? || Time Warner <> Apakah Turner Classic Movies dipanggil di Perancis? || TCM Cin\u00e9ma <> Apakah versi Bahasa Sepanyol Turner Classic Movies? || TCM Espa\u00f1a", {"context": "Historically, the channel's programming consisted mainly of featured classic theatrically released feature films from the Turner Entertainment film library \u2013 which comprises films from Warner Bros. Pictures (covering films released before 1950) and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (covering films released before May 1986). However, TCM now has licensing deals with other Hollywood film studios as well as its Time Warner sister company, Warner Bros. (which now controls the Turner Entertainment library and its own later films), and occasionally shows more recent films. Turner Classic Movies is a dedicated film channel and is available in United States, United Kingdom, France (TCM Cin\u00e9ma), Spain (TCM Espa\u00f1a), Nordic countries, Middle East and Africa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "1950"}], "question": "Warner Bros. pictures before what year are part of the Turner Entertainment library?", "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "May 1986"}], "question": "Up until what month and year of release are films from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer part of the Turner Entertainment library?", "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "Time Warner"}], "question": "What company owns TCM and Warner Bros.?", "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "TCM Cin\u00e9ma"}], "question": "What is Turner Classic Movies called in France?", "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "TCM Espa\u00f1a"}], "question": "What is the Spanish version of Turner Classic Movies?", "id": "57277739dd62a815002e9d90"}]}], ["Perpustakaan filem Turner Entertainment akan berfungsi sebagai bentuk asas pengaturcaraan untuk TCM pada pelancaran rangkaian. Sebelum penciptaan Turner Classic Movies, filem-filem dari perpustakaan filem Turner ditayangkan pada rangkaian kabel yang disokong pengiklan Sistem Turner Broadcasting TNT - bersama versi klasik hitam-putih seperti The Maltese Falcon. Setelah perpustakaan diperoleh, MGM / UA menandatangani perjanjian dengan Turner untuk terus mengedarkan MGM pra-Mei 1986 dan untuk mula mengedarkan perpustakaan filem pra-1950 Warner Bros untuk pembebasan video (seluruh perpustakaan pergi ke Turner Home Entertainment ). <> Pada rangkaian apa pustaka filem Turner Entertainment sebelum penciptaan TCM? || TNT <> Apa filem yang terkenal yang Turner diwarnai? || The Maltese Falcon <> Siapa yang membuat Turner tinta kesepakatan dengan mengedarkan filem Warner Bros sebelum 1950? || MGM / UA <> Perjanjian MGM / UA-Turner berkenaan filem MGM yang dikeluarkan sebelum tarikh apa? || Mei 1986", {"context": "The film library of Turner Entertainment would serve as the base form of programming for TCM upon the network's launch. Before the creation of Turner Classic Movies, films from Turner's library of movies aired on the Turner Broadcasting System's advertiser-supported cable network TNT \u2013 along with colorized versions of black-and-white classics such as The Maltese Falcon. After the library was acquired, MGM/UA signed a deal with Turner to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and to begin distributing the pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for video release (the rest of the library went to Turner Home Entertainment).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "TNT"}], "question": "On what network did Turner Entertainment's film library air prior to the creation of TCM?", "id": "57277a725951b619008f8add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 353, "text": "The Maltese Falcon"}], "question": "What was a notable film that Turner colorized?", "id": "57277a725951b619008f8ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "MGM/UA"}], "question": "Who did Turner ink a deal with to distribute Warner Bros. films from before 1950?", "id": "57277a725951b619008f8adf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "May 1986"}], "question": "The MGM/UA-Turner deal concerned MGM films released prior to what date?", "id": "57277a725951b619008f8ae0"}]}], ["Musim pengaturcaraan rangkaian ini berlangsung dari bulan Februari hingga Mac setiap tahun apabila retrospektif filem yang memenangi Oscar dan filem yang dinamakan Oscar ditunjukkan, yang dipanggil 31 Hari Oscar. Sebagai hasil daripada format yang dikhaskan untuk filem-filem ciri klasik, penonton yang berminat untuk mengesan perkembangan kerjaya pelakon seperti Barbara Stanwyck atau Greta Garbo atau pelakon seperti Cary Grant atau Humphrey Bogart mempunyai peluang yang unik untuk melihat sebahagian besar filem yang dibuat semasa kerjaya mereka, dari awal hingga akhir. Turner Classic Movies membentangkan banyak ciri-cirinya dalam nisbah aspek asal mereka (skrin lebar atau skrin penuh) apabila mungkin - filem skrin lebar yang disiarkan di TCM adalah kotak huruf pada suapan definisi standard rangkaian. TCM juga kerap mempersembahkan persembahan skrin lebar filem yang tidak tersedia dalam format pada mana-mana pelepasan video rumah. <> Apa yang retrospektif dari Oscar ditunjukkan setiap tahun pada TCM? || 31 Hari Oscar <> Bilakah musim pengatur TCM bermula? || Februari <> Mengenai siaran definisi standard, apakah format penggunaan TCM untuk memelihara nisbah aspek asal? || letterboxed <> Bersama dengan Cary Grant, yang merupakan seorang pelakon terkenal yang karier penonton mungkin mengikuti pada TCM? || Humphrey Bogart", {"context": "The network's programming season runs from February until the following March of each year when a retrospective of Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated movies is shown, called 31 Days of Oscar. As a result of its devoted format to classic feature films, viewers that are interested in tracing the career development of actresses such as Barbara Stanwyck or Greta Garbo or actors like Cary Grant or Humphrey Bogart have the unique opportunity to see most of the films that were made during their careers, from beginning to end. Turner Classic Movies presents many of its features in their original aspect ratio (widescreen or full screen) whenever possible \u2013 widescreen films broadcast on TCM are letterboxed on the network's standard definition feed. TCM also regularly presents widescreen presentations of films not available in the format on any home video release.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "31 Days of Oscar"}], "question": "What retrospective of the Oscars is shown yearly on TCM?", "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "February"}], "question": "When does TCM's programming season begin?", "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 693, "text": "letterboxed"}], "question": "On its standard definition broadcast, what format does TCM use to preserve the original aspect ratio?", "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Humphrey Bogart"}], "question": "Along with Cary Grant, who is a notable actor whose career a viewer might follow on TCM?", "id": "57277e145951b619008f8b4c"}]}], ["\"Malam Funday di Filem\" digantikan pada tahun 2008 oleh \"Essentials Jr.\", versi remaja yang berorientasikan pada seri mingguan The Essentials (asalnya dihoskan oleh pelakon Abigail Breslin dan Chris O'Donnell, kemudian oleh John Lithgow dari tahun 2009 hingga 2011 , dan kemudian oleh Bill Hader bermula pada musim 2011), yang termasuk filem-filem bertemakan keluarga seperti Velvet Negara, Kapten Berani dan Yang, Mine dan Kami, serta pilihan yang lebih eklektik seperti Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey , Mutiny pada Bounty dan The Man Who Knew Too Much. <> Apa siri penggantian Malam Funday di Filem? || Essentials Jr. <> Bersama dengan Chris O'Donnell, yang merupakan tuan rumah Essentials Jr? || Abigail Breslin <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah Essentials Jr antara 2009 dan 2011? || John Lithgow <> Siapa yang mula menjadi tuan rumah Essentials Jr pada 2011? || Bill Hader <> Dalam tahun apakah Essentials Jr. menggantikan Night Funday di Filem? || 2008", {"context": "\"Funday Night at the Movies\" was replaced in 2008 by \"Essentials Jr.\", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-themed films as National Velvet, Captains Courageous and Yours, Mine and Ours, as well as more eclectic selections as Sherlock, Jr., The Music Box, Harvey, Mutiny on the Bounty and The Man Who Knew Too Much.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Essentials Jr."}], "question": "What series replaced Funday Night at the Movies?", "id": "57278bc7708984140094e067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Abigail Breslin"}], "question": "Along with Chris O'Donnell, who was the original host of Essentials Jr.?", "id": "57278bc7708984140094e068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "John Lithgow"}], "question": "Who hosted Essentials Jr. between 2009 and 2011?", "id": "57278bc7708984140094e069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Bill Hader"}], "question": "Who began to host Essentials Jr. in 2011?", "id": "57278bc7708984140094e06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "2008"}], "question": "In what year did Essentials Jr. replace Funday Night at the Movies?", "id": "57278bc7708984140094e06b"}]}], ["Kebanyakan filem yang ditayangkan pada waktu perdana dan awal jam malam (8:00 malam hingga 2:30 petang Waktu Timur) disampaikan oleh ahli sejarah filem Robert Osborne (yang telah menyertai rangkaian sejak dilancarkan pada 1994, kecuali selama lima bulan cuti perubatan dari Julai hingga Disember 2011, ketika tuan rumah menghadiri filem setiap malam) pada hari Ahad hingga Rabu malam - dengan Osborne hanya menyampaikan filem-filem primitif pada hujung minggu - dan Ben Mankiewicz hanya menyampaikan filem lewat malam pada hari Khamis, dan \"Malam Ahad Silent\" \"Import TCM\" pada hari Ahad. <> Siapa yang membentangkan filem-filem di TCM pada malam Rabu? || Robert Osborne <> Apakah Robert Osborne dengan profesion? || ahli sejarah filem <> Mengapa Robert Osborne berhenti menyiarkan filem-filem di TCM selama beberapa bulan? || cuti perubatan <> Siapa yang membentangkan Ahad Malam Ahad? || Ben Mankiewicz <> Berapa tempoh masa yang diliputi oleh waktu utama dan awal malam? || 8:00 p.m. hingga 2:30 petang Waktu Timur", {"context": "Most feature movies shown during the prime time and early overnight hours (8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time) are presented by film historian Robert Osborne (who has been with the network since its 1994 launch, except for a five-month medical leave from July to December 2011, when guest hosts presented each night's films) on Sunday through Wednesday evenings \u2013 with Osborne only presenting primetime films on weekends \u2013 and Ben Mankiewicz presenting only late evening films on Thursdays, and the \"Silent Sunday Nights\" and \"TCM Imports\" blocks on Sundays.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Robert Osborne"}], "question": "Who presents films on TCM on Wednesday nights?", "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "film historian"}], "question": "What is Robert Osborne by profession?", "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "medical leave"}], "question": "Why did Robert Osborne stop presenting films on TCM for several months?", "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f81"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Ben Mankiewicz"}], "question": "Who presents Silent Sunday Nights?", "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "8:00 p.m. to 2:30 a.m. Eastern Time"}], "question": "What is the time period covered by prime time and the early overnight?", "id": "5727862fdd62a815002e9f7e"}]}], ["Saluran itu juga menyiarkan dua blok filem pada waktu petang setiap hari Ahad: \"Malam Ahad Silent\", yang menampilkan filem-filem senyap dari Amerika Syarikat dan luar negara, biasanya dalam versi dipulihkan terkini dan sering dengan skor muzik baru; dan \"Import TCM\" (yang sebelum ini berlari pada hari Sabtu hingga awal tahun 2000 [nyatakan]), persembahan mingguan filem yang pada asalnya dikeluarkan di negara asing. TCM Underground - yang memulakan kerjayanya pada Oktober 2006 - adalah blok larut malam Jumaat yang menumpukan pada filem kultus, blok itu pada asalnya dihoskan oleh rocker / pembuat filem Rob Zombie hingga Disember 2006 (walaupun pada tahun 2014 [update], ia adalah satu-satunya filem biasa blok penyampaian pada saluran yang tidak mempunyai hos). <> Blok filem apa yang menunjukkan filem senyap? || Malam Ahad Silent <> Blok filem apa yang menunjukkan filem asing? || Import TCM <> Bilakah pertama muncul TCM Underground? || Oktober 2006 <> Pada hari apakah Underground TCM ditunjukkan? || Jumaat <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah bawah TCM Underground? || Rob Zombie", {"context": "The channel also broadcasts two movie blocks during the late evening hours each Sunday: \"Silent Sunday Nights\", which features silent films from the United States and abroad, usually in the latest restored version and often with new musical scores; and \"TCM Imports\" (which previously ran on Saturdays until the early 2000s[specify]), a weekly presentation of films originally released in foreign countries. TCM Underground \u2013 which debuted in October 2006 \u2013 is a Friday late night block which focuses on cult films, the block was originally hosted by rocker/filmmaker Rob Zombie until December 2006 (though as of 2014[update], it is the only regular film presentation block on the channel that does not have a host).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Silent Sunday Nights"}], "question": "What movie block shows silent films?", "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 254, "text": "TCM Imports"}], "question": "What movie block shows foreign films?", "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "October 2006"}], "question": "When did TCM Underground first appear?", "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "Friday"}], "question": "On what day is TCM Underground shown?", "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 568, "text": "Rob Zombie"}], "question": "Who was the first host of TCM Underground?", "id": "57278b2df1498d1400e8fb78"}]}], ["Turner Classic Movies juga menyiarkan blok filem mingguan yang kerap dijadwalkan, yang secara berkala menyerlahkan untuk acara penjadualan berbulan-bulan atau bermusim khas, seperti siri filem \"31 Days of Oscar\" pada bulan sebelum Anugerah Akademi dan sebulan \" Musim panas di bawah bintang \"pada bulan Ogos; semua program yang diketengahkan mempunyai bumper persembahan ciri tersendiri bagi persembahan yang dijadualkan. The Essentials, yang kini menjadi tuan rumah oleh Osborne dan Sally Field pada tahun 2015 [update], adalah pameran filem mingguan pada hari Sabtu malam (dengan replay pada Ahad berikutnya pada pukul 6:00 petang Timur), yang menyoroti filem yang berbeza dan mengandungi pengenalan khas dan perbincangan pasca-filem. <> Bilakah 31 Hari Oscar berlaku? || bulan sebelum Anugerah Akademi <> Bilakah acara Summer Under the Stars berlaku? || Ogos <> Sehingga 2015, yang menjadi tuan rumah The Essentials bersama dengan Robert Osborne? || Sally Field <> Pada hari apakah The Essentials mempunyai penyiaran pertama setiap minggu? || Sabtu <> Pada hari apakah yang diulangi The Essentials yang ditunjukkan? || Ahad", {"context": "Turner Classic Movies also airs regularly scheduled weekly film blocks, which are periodically preempted for special themed month-long or seasonal scheduling events, such as the \"31 Days of Oscar\" film series in the month preceding the Academy Awards and the month-long \"Summer Under the Stars\" in August; all featured programming has their own distinctive feature presentation bumper for the particular scheduled presentation. The Essentials, currently hosted by Osborne and Sally Field as of 2015[update], is a weekly film showcase airing on Saturday evenings (with a replay on the following Sunday at 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time), which spotlights a different movie and contains a special introduction and post-movie discussion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "month preceding the Academy Awards"}], "question": "When does 31 Days of Oscar occur?", "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "August"}], "question": "When does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?", "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "Sally Field"}], "question": "As of 2015, who hosted The Essentials along with Robert Osborne?", "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Saturday"}], "question": "On what day does The Essentials have its first airing each week?", "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "Sunday"}], "question": "On what day are repeats of The Essentials shown?", "id": "572787c4f1498d1400e8fb10"}]}], ["Siaran suara Paramount yang kebanyakan dibuat sebelum tahun 1950 dimiliki oleh Distribusi Televisyen EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal, sementara Paramount (kini dimiliki oleh Viacom) memegang pada sebahagian besar siaran pasca 1949 yang diedarkan untuk televisyen oleh Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Output filem Columbia dimiliki oleh Sony (melalui Sony Pictures Television); pengedaran pustaka filem 20th Century Fox ditangani oleh televisyen anak syarikat ke-21 Fox 21th, dan Walt Disney Studios (yang dimiliki oleh The Walt Disney Company) mempunyai keluaran filem perpustakaan yang dikendalikan untuk televisyen oleh Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Filem klasik dikeluarkan oleh 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, dan Columbia Pictures dilesenkan secara individu untuk disiarkan di Turner Classic Movies. <> Siapa yang memiliki majoriti siaran bunyi Paramount sebelum tahun 1950? || EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Distribution Television <> Who owns Paramount? || Viacom <> Siapa yang memegang hak pengedaran TV untuk siaran pasca 1949 Paramount? || Trifecta Entertainment & Media <> Siapa yang memiliki Walt Disney Studios? || Syarikat Walt Disney <> Siapa yang menguruskan pengedaran TV Walt Disney Studios? || Televisyen Domestik Disney-ABC", {"context": "Most Paramount sound releases made prior to 1950 are owned by EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution, while Paramount (currently owned by Viacom) holds on to most of its post-1949 releases, which are distributed for television by Trifecta Entertainment & Media. Columbia's film output is owned by Sony (through Sony Pictures Television); distribution of 20th Century Fox's film library is handled for television by its 21st Century Fox subsidiary 20th Television, and the Walt Disney Studios (owned by The Walt Disney Company) has its library film output handled for television by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Classic films released by 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios, and Columbia Pictures are licensed individually for broadcast on Turner Classic Movies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "EMKA, Ltd./NBCUniversal Television Distribution"}], "question": "Who owns the majority of pre-1950 Paramount sound releases?", "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Viacom"}], "question": "Who owns Paramount?", "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "Trifecta Entertainment & Media"}], "question": "Who holds TV distribution rights to Paramount's post-1949 releases?", "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "The Walt Disney Company"}], "question": "Who owns Walt Disney Studios?", "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 590, "text": "Disney-ABC Domestic Television"}], "question": "Who manages the TV distribution of Walt Disney Studios?", "id": "572782aff1498d1400e8fa3a"}]}], ["Perpustakaan filem TCM merangkumi beberapa dekad pawagam dan termasuk ribuan judul filem. Selain tawarannya untuk menyiarkan siaran filem dari Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer dan Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies juga mengekalkan perjanjian hak pelesenan filem dengan Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (terutamanya kandungan filem dari Walt Disney Pictures , serta sebahagian besar perpustakaan Selznick International Pictures), Sony Pictures Entertainment (terutamanya kandungan filem dari Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, dan Janus Films. <> Siapa yang memiliki perpustakaan Selznick International Pictures? || Walt Disney Studios <> Siapa pemilik kandungan Columbia Pictures? || Sony Pictures Entertainment <> Berapa banyak filem yang terdapat di perpustakaan TCM? || beribu-ribu", {"context": "TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "Walt Disney Studios"}], "question": "Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?", "id": "5727824e708984140094df93"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "Sony Pictures Entertainment"}], "question": "Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?", "id": "5727824e708984140094df94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "thousands"}], "question": "How many films are present in the TCM library?", "id": "5727824e708984140094df95"}]}], ["Selain filem, Turner Classic Movies juga menyiarkan kandungan asli, kebanyakannya dokumentari mengenai personaliti filem klasik, dunia pembuatan filem dan filem-filem yang sangat penting. Siri sekali-sekala, Race dan Hollywood sekali-sekala, mempamerkan filem-filem oleh orang-orang kaum bukan-putih, yang memperlihatkan perbincangan mengenai bagaimana gambar-gambar ini memengaruhi imej orang-orang putih tentang kaum tersebut, serta bagaimana orang-orang kaum tersebut melihat diri mereka sendiri. Ansuran sebelumnya telah memasukkan \"Asian Images on Film\" pada tahun 2008, \"Imej Amerika Asli pada Filem\" pada tahun 2010, \"Imej Hitam pada Filem\" pada tahun 2006 \"Imej Latino pada Filem\" pada tahun 2009 dan \"Gambar Arab pada Filem\" rangkaian yang disiarkan dalam siri filem Screened Out (yang meneroka sejarah dan penggambaran homoseksual dalam filem) pada tahun 2007 dan Agama pada Filem (memfokuskan peranan agama dalam karya sinematik) pada tahun 2005. Pada tahun 2011, TCM memulakan siri baru berjudul Master AFI Kelas: Seni Kerjasama. <> Dalam tahun apakah telah Dipilih Keluar? || 2007 <> Tahun apa yang menyaksikan debut Agama di Filem? || 2005 <> Apa seri ditayangkan pada tahun 2011? || Kelas Induk AFI: Seni Kerjasama <> Dalam tahun berapakah Images Arab di Filem muncul? || 2011 <> Apa topik Screened Out? || sejarah dan penggambaran homoseksual dalam filem", {"context": "In addition to films, Turner Classic Movies also airs original content, mostly documentaries about classic movie personalities, the world of filmmaking and particularly notable films. An occasional month-long series, Race and Hollywood, showcases films by and about people of non-white races, featuring discussions of how these pictures influenced white people's image of said races, as well as how people of those races viewed themselves. Previous installments have included \"Asian Images on Film\" in 2008, \"Native American Images on Film\" in 2010, \"Black Images on Film\" in 2006 \"Latino Images on Film\" in 2009 and \"Arab Images on Film\" in 2011. The network aired the film series Screened Out (which explored the history and depiction of homosexuality in film) in 2007 and Religion on Film (focusing on the role of religion in cinematic works) in 2005. In 2011, TCM debuted a new series entitled AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Screened Out appear?", "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 849, "text": "2005"}], "question": "What year saw the debut of Religion on Film?", "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 898, "text": "AFI's Master Class: The Art of Collaboration"}], "question": "What series premiered in 2011?", "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 642, "text": "2011"}], "question": "In what year did Arab Images on Film first appear?", "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 715, "text": "history and depiction of homosexuality in film"}], "question": "What was the topic of Screened Out?", "id": "57279273f1498d1400e8fc86"}]}], ["Setiap bulan Ogos, Turner Classic Movies menangguhkan jadual tetap untuk bulan istimewa marathon filem yang disebut \"Summer Under the Stars\", yang menampilkan keseluruhan jadual harian yang dikhaskan untuk kerja seorang pelakon tertentu, dengan filem dan spesial yang berkaitan dengan bintang hari. Pada musim panas tahun 2007, saluran ini memulakan \"Funday Night di Filem\", sebuah blok yang dihoskan oleh pelakon Tom Kenny (yang paling terkenal sebagai suara SpongeBob SquarePants). Blok musim panas ini menampilkan filem-filem ciri klasik (seperti The Wizard of Oz, Sounder, Bringing Up Baby, Singin 'dalam Hujan, Mr. Smith Goes ke Washington, The Adventures of Robin Hood dan 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea) yang bertujuan memperkenalkan filem untuk generasi baru kanak-kanak dan keluarga mereka. <> Dalam bulan apa acara Summer Under the Stars berlaku? || August <> Siapa yang menganjurkan Malam Funday di Filem? || Tom Kenny <> Karakter apa yang Tom Kenny paling terkenal kerana menggambarkan? || SpongeBob SquarePants <> Dalam tahun berapakah Funday Night di Filem muncul pertama kali? || 2007", {"context": "Each August, Turner Classic Movies suspends its regular schedule for a special month of film marathons called \"Summer Under the Stars\", which features entire daily schedules devoted to the work of a particular actor, with movies and specials that pertain to the star of the day. In the summer of 2007, the channel debuted \"Funday Night at the Movies\", a block hosted by actor Tom Kenny (best known as the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants). This summer block featured classic feature films (such as The Wizard of Oz, Sounder, Bringing Up Baby, Singin' in the Rain, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, The Adventures of Robin Hood and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea) aimed at introducing these movies to new generations of children and their families.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "August"}], "question": "In what month does the Summer Under the Stars event take place?", "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "Tom Kenny"}], "question": "Who hosted Funday Night at the Movies?", "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "SpongeBob SquarePants"}], "question": "What character was Tom Kenny best known for portraying?", "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Funday Night at the Movies first appear?", "id": "57278b76f1498d1400e8fb89"}]}], ["TCM kerap menyiarkan \"Bintang Bulan\" sepanjang tahun pada hari Rabu bermula pada pukul 8:00 pagi. Waktu Timur, di mana kebanyakan, jika tidak semua, filem-filem ciri dari bintang filem klasik ditunjukkan pada jadual malam itu. Dihoskan oleh Robert Osbourne, rangkaian juga menandakan berlakunya ulang tahun pelakon filem (sama ada antemortem atau posthumously) atau kematian baru-baru ini dengan perayaan hari atau malam yang mempamerkan beberapa gambar artis terbaik, paling awal atau paling kurang dikenali; dengan berkesan, maraton yang dijadualkan untuk menghormati pelakon pelakon (yang dijadualkan dalam tempoh sebulan selepas kematian mereka) filem pra-cuti asalnya dijadualkan untuk menyiarkan pada tarikh itu. TCM juga mempunyai blok program bulanan yang dipanggil \"Programmer Guest TCM\", di mana Osborne disertai oleh tetamu selebriti yang bertanggungjawab untuk memilih filem petang itu (contoh pengaturcara sedemikian sepanjang tahun 2012 termasuk Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin dan Jim Lehrer); satu cabang blok ini yang memaparkan pekerja Turner Classic Movies yang disiarkan pada Februari 2011. <> Pada hari apa minggu itu filem Star of the Month ditayangkan? || Rabu <> Siapa yang menjadi tuan rumah filem Star of the Month? || Robert Osbourne <> Selama bulan dan tahun apa Programmer Tamu Programmer mempunyai kakitangan TCM sebagai tetamu? || Februari 2011 <> Dalam tahun apakah Spike Lee muncul sebagai Pengatur Tamu TCM? || 2012", {"context": "TCM regularly airs a \"Star of the Month\" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the \"TCM Guest Programmer\", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Wednesdays"}], "question": "On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?", "id": "57278768708984140094e009"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Robert Osbourne"}], "question": "Who hosts the Star of the Month films?", "id": "57278768708984140094e00a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1052, "text": "February 2011"}], "question": "During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?", "id": "57278768708984140094e00b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 855, "text": "2012"}], "question": "In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?", "id": "57278768708984140094e00c"}]}], ["Pada bulan Disember 1994, TCM memulakan kerjaya \"TCM Remembers\", penghormatan kepada tokoh-tokoh filem yang baru-baru ini meninggal dunia (termasuk pelakon, pengeluar, komposer, pengarah, penulis dan sinematographers) yang kadang-kadang disiarkan semasa rehat promosi antara filem. Segmen ini terdapat dalam dua bentuk: penghormatan individu dan kompilasi akhir tahun yang lebih lama. Berikutan kematian baru-baru ini keperibadian filem klasik yang paling terkenal (biasanya pelakon, pengeluar, pembuat filem atau pengarah), segmen itu akan menampilkan montaj tembakan pilih kerja si mati. Setiap Disember, interstitial \"Ketahui TCM\" yang lebih inklusif, yang lebih lama, dihasilkan yang menghormati semua keperibadian filem yang terkenal yang meninggal dunia pada tahun lalu, diselaraskan dengan adegan dari tetapan seperti pemanduan terbengkalai (2012) atau teater yang ditutup dan dibongkar (2013). Sejak tahun 2001, soundtracks untuk klipreel ini telah melodi introspektif oleh artis-artis indie seperti Badly Drawn Boy (2007) atau Steve Earle (2009). <> Dalam bulan dan tahun apakah TCM mengingati perdana? || Disember 1994 <> Bersama dengan penghormatan individu, apakah bentuk yang dilakukan oleh Remaja TCM? || kompilasi tahun akhir <> Dalam bulan berapa tahun apakah versi lama TCM Remembers muncul? || Disember <> Pada tahun apakah Badly Drawn Boy memberikan lagu untuk TCM Remembers? || 2007 <> Siapa yang menyediakan lagu untuk episod TCM Remembers yang lebih lama pada tahun 2009? || Steve Earle", {"context": "In December 1994, TCM debuted \"TCM Remembers\", a tribute to recently deceased notable film personalities (including actors, producers, composers, directors, writers and cinematographers) that occasionally airs during promotional breaks between films. The segments appear in two forms: individual tributes and a longer end-of-year compilation. Following the recent death of an especially famous classic film personality (usually an actor, producer, filmmaker or director), the segment will feature a montage of select shots of the deceased's work. Every December, a longer, more inclusive \"TCM Remembers\" interstitial is produced that honors all of the noted film personalities who died during the past year, interspersed with scenes from settings such as an abandoned drive-in (2012) or a theatre which is closing down and is being dismantled (2013). Since 2001, the soundtracks for these clipreels have been introspective melodies by indie artists such as Badly Drawn Boy (2007) or Steve Earle (2009).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "December 1994"}], "question": "In what month and year did TCM Remembers premiere?", "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "end-of-year compilation"}], "question": "Along with individual tributes, what form did TCM Remembers occur in?", "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "December"}], "question": "In what month of the year does a longer version of TCM Remembers appear?", "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "2007"}], "question": "In what year did Badly Drawn Boy provide a soundtrack for TCM Remembers?", "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "Steve Earle"}], "question": "Who provided the soundtrack for the longer TCM Remembers episode in 2009?", "id": "572792f3f1498d1400e8fc90"}]}], ["Pada bulan Oktober 2015, TCM mengumumkan pelancaran TCC Wineclub, di mana mereka bekerjasama dengan Laithwaite untuk menyediakan satu barisan wain pesanan pesanan dari kebun-kebun anggur terkenal seperti pembuat anggur penulis-pengarah terkenal Francis Ford Coppola. Anggur boleh didapati dalam 3 bulan langganan, dan boleh dipilih sebagai merah, putih, atau campuran kedua-duanya. Dari wain yang dipilih, TCM juga termasuk filem yang disyorkan untuk menonton dengan setiap satu, seperti wain \"Grit Benar\", yang akan dipasangkan dengan filem John Wayne dengan nama yang sama. <> Berapa bulan dan tahun melihat pengenalan Wineclub TCM? || Oktober 2015 <> Siapa rakan kongsi TCM dalam Wineclub TCM? || Laithwaite <> Anggur apa yang pengarah terkenal yang menyediakan wain untuk TCC Wineclub? || Francis Ford Coppola <> Siapa yang membintangi True Grit? || John Wayne <> Berapa lamakah langganan TCC Wineclub yang terakhir? || 3 bulan", {"context": "In October 2015, TCM announced the launch of the TCM Wineclub, in which they teamed up with Laithwaite to provide a line of mail-order wines from famous vineyards such as famed writer-director-producer Francis Ford Coppola's winery. Wines are available in 3 month subscriptions, and can be selected as reds, whites, or a mixture of both. From the wines chosen, TCM also includes recommended movies to watch with each, such as a \"True Grit\" wine, to be paired with the John Wayne film of the same name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "October 2015"}], "question": "What month and year saw the introduction of the TCM Wineclub?", "id": "57279399708984140094e15f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Laithwaite"}], "question": "Who was TCM's partner in the TCM Wineclub?", "id": "57279399708984140094e160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Francis Ford Coppola"}], "question": "The winery of what notable director provided wines for TCM Wineclub?", "id": "57279399708984140094e161"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "John Wayne"}], "question": "Who starred in True Grit?", "id": "57279399708984140094e162"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "3 month"}], "question": "How long do TCM Wineclub subscriptions last?", "id": "57279399708984140094e163"}]}], ["Koleksi TCM Vault terdiri daripada beberapa koleksi DVD yang berbeza dari filem-filem klasik jarang yang telah dilesenkan, diperbaiki dan dibebaskan oleh Turner Classic Movies (melalui adik perempuan Warner Home Video). Siaran set berkotak ini adalah filem oleh pelakon, pengarah atau studio terkenal yang sebelumnya tidak dirilis pada DVD atau VHS. Set kerap termasuk cakera bonus termasuk dokumentari dan seluar pendek dari perpustakaan TCM. Kumpulan awal DVD dicetak dalam kuantiti terhad dan kumpulan seterusnya dibuat atas permintaan (MOD). <> Melalui apa syarikat dikeluarkan Koleksi TCM Vault? || Video Home Warner <> Apakah cakera bonus Koleksi TCM Vault sebagai tambahan kepada dokumentari? || seluar pendek <> Selepas kumpulan awal DVD Koleksi Vault TCM dicetak, bagaimanakah ia dibuat selepas itu? || permintaan", {"context": "The TCM Vault Collection consists of several different DVD collections of rare classic films that have been licensed, remastered and released by Turner Classic Movies (through corporate sister Warner Home Video). These boxed set releases are of films by notable actors, directors or studios that were previously unreleased on DVD or VHS. The sets often include bonus discs including documentaries and shorts from the TCM library. The initial batch of DVDs are printed in limited quantities and subsequent batches are made-on-demand (MOD).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 193, "text": "Warner Home Video"}], "question": "Through what company is the TCM Vault Collection released?", "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 401, "text": "shorts"}], "question": "What do the TCM Vault Collection bonus discs feature in addition to documentaries?", "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "on-demand"}], "question": "After the initial batch of TCM Vault Collection DVDs are printed, how are they made afterwards?", "id": "57279345dd62a815002ea0e6"}]}], ["Turner Classic Movies boleh didapati di banyak negara lain di seluruh dunia. Di Kanada, TCM mula dibawa oleh Shaw Cable dan penyedia satelit Shaw Direct pada tahun 2005. Rogers Cable mula menawarkan TCM pada bulan Disember 2006 sebagai pratonton percuma untuk pelanggan kabel tier digitalnya, dan telah ditambahkan ke peringkat analognya pada bulan Februari 2007. Walaupun jadual suapan Kanada secara amnya sama seperti rangkaian AS, beberapa filem digantikan untuk disiarkan di Kanada kerana isu hak dan sebab-sebab lain. Versi TCM lain boleh didapati di Australia, Perancis, Timur Tengah, Afrika Selatan, Cyprus, Sepanyol, Asia, Amerika Latin, Scandinavia, United Kingdom, Ireland dan Malta. Versi Inggeris beroperasi dua saluran, termasuk spinoff yang dipanggil TCM 2. <> Apa pembekal kabel Kanada yang pertama membawa Turner Classic Movies? || Shaw Cable <> Dalam tahun apakah Turner Classic Movies muncul di televisyen kabel Kanada? || 2005 <> Dalam tahun apakah Rogers Cable mula memasukkan TCM? || 2006 <> Apakah nama channel spinoff TCM yang dikendalikan di UK? || TCM 2 <> Dalam bulan dan tahun berapakah Rogers Cable menambah TCM ke siaran analognya? || Februari 2007", {"context": "Turner Classic Movies is available in many other countries around the world. In Canada, TCM began to be carried on Shaw Cable and satellite provider Shaw Direct in 2005. Rogers Cable started offering TCM in December 2006 as a free preview for subscribers of its digital cable tier, and was added to its analogue tier in February 2007. While the schedule for the Canadian feed is generally the same as that of the U.S. network, some films are replaced for broadcast in Canada due to rights issues and other reasons. Other versions of TCM are available in Australia, France, Middle East, South Africa, Cyprus, Spain, Asia, Latin America, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta. The UK version operates two channels, including a spinoff called TCM 2.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "Shaw Cable"}], "question": "What Canadian cable provider first carried Turner Classic Movies?", "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year did Turner Classic Movies appear on Canadian cable television?", "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year did Rogers Cable begin to include TCM?", "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "TCM 2"}], "question": "What is the name of the TCM spinoff channel operated in the UK?", "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "February 2007"}], "question": "In what month and year did Rogers Cable add TCM to its analog broadcasts?", "id": "572793f2dd62a815002ea0f6"}]}]], [["Sekolah yoga membina teori sekolah Samkhya bahawa j\u00f1\u0101na (pengetahuan) adalah cara yang cukup untuk moksha. Ia menunjukkan bahawa teknik / amalan sistematik (percubaan peribadi) yang digabungkan dengan pendekatan Samkhya untuk pengetahuan adalah jalan untuk moksha. Yoga berkongsi beberapa idea utama dengan Advaita Vedanta, dengan perbezaan yang Yoga adalah bentuk mistisisme percubaan sementara Advaita Vedanta adalah bentuk personalisme monistik. Seperti Advaita Vedanta, falsafah Hindu yoga sekolah menyatakan bahawa pembebasan / kebebasan dalam kehidupan ini dapat dicapai, dan ini terjadi ketika seseorang memahami sepenuhnya dan menyadari kesetaraan Atman (jiwa, diri) dan Brahman. <> Prinsip apa yang digunakan oleh yoga dari Samkhya? || j\u00f1\u0101na <> Apakah makna jnana? || pengetahuan <> Apa yang dikatakan yoga mengatakan percubaan dan pengetahuan pengetahuan peribadi? || moksha <> Untuk apa sekolah berkongsi idea pusat yoga? || Advaita Vedanta <> Apakah keadaan dalam hidup yang yoga percaya dapat dicapai? || pembebasan / kebebasan", {"context": "The Yoga school builds on the Samkhya school theory that j\u00f1\u0101na (knowledge) is a sufficient means to moksha. It suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha. Yoga shares several central ideas with Advaita Vedanta, with the difference that Yoga is a form of experimental mysticism while Advaita Vedanta is a form of monistic personalism. Like Advaita Vedanta, the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy states that liberation/freedom in this life is achievable, and this occurs when an individual fully understands and realizes the equivalence of Atman (soul, self) and Brahman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "j\u00f1\u0101na"}], "question": "What principle does yoga use from Samkhya?", "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "knowledge"}], "question": "What is the meaning of jnana?", "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "moksha"}], "question": "To what does yoga say personal experimentation and knowledge lead?", "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 291, "text": "Advaita Vedanta"}], "question": "To what school does yoga share central ideas?", "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "liberation/freedom"}], "question": "What state in life does yoga believe is achievable?", "id": "57278fba5951b619008f8d91"}]}], ["Dalam falsafah India, Yoga adalah antara lain, nama salah satu daripada enam sekolah falsafah \u0101stika. Sistem falsafah Yoga sangat erat dengan premis dualisme sekolah Samkhya. Sekolah Yoga menerima psikologi dan metafisika Samkhya, tetapi dianggap theistic kerana ia menerima konsep \"tuhan peribadi\", tidak seperti Samkhya. Epistemologi sekolah Yoga, seperti sekolah S\u0101mkhya, bergantung pada tiga dari enam pr\u0101ma\u1e47a sebagai cara mendapatkan pengetahuan yang dapat dipercayai: pratyak\u1e63a (persepsi), anum\u0101\u1e47a (kesimpulan) dan \u015babda (\u0101ptavacana, kata / kesaksian sumber yang dapat dipercayai). <> Daripada yoga apa bahagian dalam falsafah India? || sekolah falsafah <> Kepada sekolah falsafah Hindu yang mana jurusan yoga? || Samkhya <> Konsep apa yang yoga terima membezakannya dari Samkhya? || tuhan peribadi <> Berapa banyak daripada enam pramanas yang yoga terima? || Tiga <> Tidak seperti sekolah lain di Samkhya, sikap apa yang membuat yoga berbeza? || theistic", {"context": "In Indian philosophy, Yoga is among other things, the name of one of the six \u0101stika philosophical schools. The Yoga philosophical system is closely allied with the dualism premises of Samkhya school. The Yoga school accepts the Samkhya psychology and metaphysics, but is considered theistic because it accepts the concept of \"personal god\", unlike Samkhya. The epistemology of the Yoga school, like the S\u0101mkhya school, relies on three of six pr\u0101ma\u1e47as as the means of gaining reliable knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference) and \u015babda (\u0101ptavacana, word/testimony of reliable sources).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "philosophical schools"}], "question": "Of what is yoga a part  in Indian philosophy?", "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "Samkhya"}], "question": "To what school of Hindu philosophy is yoga aligned?", "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "personal god"}], "question": "What concept does yoga accept the differentiates it from Samkhya?", "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many of the six pramanas does yoga accept?", "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "theistic"}], "question": "Unlike other schools of Samkhya, what attitude makes yoga different?", "id": "57278de35951b619008f8d65"}]}], ["Falsafah Samkhya termasuk teori gunas (sifat, kecenderungan semula jadi, jiwa). Guna, ia menyatakan, terdapat tiga jenis: Sattva adalah baik, penuh kasih, terang, positif, dan konstruktif; Rajas guna adalah salah satu aktiviti, huru-hara, semangat, impulsif, berpotensi baik atau buruk; dan Tamas adalah kualiti kegelapan, kejahilan, merosakkan, lesu, negatif. Segala-galanya, semua bentuk hidup dan manusia, ulama negeri Samkhya, mempunyai tiga gunas ini, tetapi dalam perkadaran yang berlainan. Interaksi gunas ini mentakrifkan sifat seseorang atau sesuatu, sifat dan menentukan kemajuan kehidupan. Samkhya memposisikan pluralisme jiwa (Jeevatmas) yang memiliki kesadaran, tetapi menafikan kewujudan Ishvara (Tuhan). Klasik Samkhya dianggap sebagai falsafah Hindu atheis / bukan teistik. <> Berapa banyak jenis Guna yang wujud dalam falsafah Hindu? || tiga <> keadaan kegunaan yang mana adalah belas kasihan, kesopanan, dan kebaikan? || Sattva <> Jenis guna apa yang dipenuhi dengan semangat dan aktiviti? || Rajas <> Apakah tumpuan guna guna negatip dan kemusnahan? || Tamas <> Apakah tafsiran klasik Samkhya? || atheis / bukan teistik", {"context": "Samkhya philosophy includes a theory of gunas (qualities, innate tendencies, psyche). Guna, it states, are of three types: Sattva being good, compassionate, illuminating, positive, and constructive; Rajas guna is one of activity, chaotic, passion, impulsive, potentially good or bad; and Tamas being the quality of darkness, ignorance, destructive, lethargic, negative. Everything, all life forms and human beings, state Samkhya scholars, have these three gunas, but in different proportions. The interplay of these gunas defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life. Samkhya theorises a pluralism of souls (Jeevatmas) who possess consciousness, but denies the existence of Ishvara (God). Classical Samkhya is considered an atheist / non-theistic Hindu philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many types of Guna exist in Hindu philosophy?", "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Sattva"}], "question": "Which state of guna is that of compassion, positiveness, and goodness? ", "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Rajas"}], "question": "Which type of guna is concened with passion and activity?", "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Tamas"}], "question": "What is the focus of the guna for negativeness and destruction?", "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "atheist / non-theistic"}], "question": "What is the interpretation of classical  of Samkhya?", "id": "57278c185951b619008f8d1b"}]}], ["Falsafah Hindu juga merangkumi beberapa sub-sekolah falsafah teistik yang menyatukan idea-idea dari dua atau lebih daripada enam falsafah ortodoks, seperti realisme Ny\u0101ya, naturisme Vai\u015be\u1e63ika, dualisme S\u0101khkhya, monisme dan pengetahuan diri sebagai penting untuk pembebasan Advaita, disiplin diri yoga dan pertikaian dan unsur-unsur idea-idea teistik. Contoh-contoh sekolah tersebut termasuk Pachipata \u015aaiva, \u015aaiva siddh\u0101nta, Pratyabhij\u00f1a, Rase\u015bvara dan Vai\u1e63\u1e47ava. Sesetengah sub-sekolah berkongsi idea-idea Tantrik dengan yang terdapat dalam beberapa tradisi Buddha. Idea dari sub-sekolah ini terdapat di Puranas dan \u0100gamas. <> Berapa banyak falsafah ortodoks dalam Hindu? || enam <> Falsafah Hindu ortodoks yang mana berkenaan dengan realisme? || Ny\u0101ya <> Apa falsafah Hindu mengenai naturisme? || Vai\u015be\u1e63ika <> Yang falsafah Hindu berkenaan dengan dualisme? || S\u0101khkhya <> Apa falsafah Hindu menegaskan pengetahuan diri? || Advaita", {"context": "Hindu philosophy also includes several sub-schools of theistic philosophies that integrate ideas from two or more of the six orthodox philosophies, such as the realism of the Ny\u0101ya, the naturalism of the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika, the dualism of the S\u0101\u1e45khya, the monism and knowledge of Self as essential to liberation of Advaita, the self-discipline of yoga and the asceticism and elements of theistic ideas. Examples of such schools include P\u0101\u015bupata \u015aaiva, \u015aaiva siddh\u0101nta, Pratyabhij\u00f1a, Rase\u015bvara and Vai\u1e63\u1e47ava. Some sub-schools share Tantric ideas with those found in some Buddhist traditions. The ideas of these sub-schools are found in the Puranas and \u0100gamas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many orthodox philosophies are in Hindu?", "id": "572787165951b619008f8c5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Ny\u0101ya"}], "question": "Which orthodox Hindu philosophy concerns realism?", "id": "572787165951b619008f8c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika"}], "question": "What Hindu philosophy is about naturalism?", "id": "572787165951b619008f8c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "S\u0101\u1e45khya"}], "question": "Which Hindu philosophy concerns dualism?", "id": "572787165951b619008f8c62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Advaita"}], "question": "What Hindu philosophy stresses self knowledge?", "id": "572787165951b619008f8c63"}]}], ["Tulisan-tulisan Hindu purba dan abad pertengahan mengenal pasti enam pramanta sebagai sarana akal yang betul dan kebenaran: pratyak\u1e63a (persepsi), anum\u0101na (kesimpulan), upam\u0101\u1e47a (perbandingan dan analogi), arth\u0101patti (postulasi, terbitan dari keadaan), anupalabdi (bukan persepsi, negatif / bukti kognitif) dan \u015babda (kata, kesaksian pakar masa lalu atau yang kini boleh dipercayai). Setiap satu ini dikategorikan lagi dari segi keadaan, kesempurnaan, keyakinan dan kemungkinan kesilapan, oleh setiap sekolah. Pelbagai sekolah berbeza-beza mengenai berapa daripada enam ini adalah laluan pengetahuan yang sah. Sebagai contoh, Falsafah C\u0101rv\u0101ka n\u0101stika berpendapat bahawa hanya satu (persepsi) adalah pengetahuan yang boleh dipercayai epistemically, sekolah Samkhya yang memegang tiga adalah (persepsi, kesimpulan dan kesaksian), sedangkan sekolah M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 dan Advaita memegang semua enam adalah epistemically berguna dan dipercayai cara untuk pengetahuan. <> Apakah tulisan Hindu kuno mengenal pasti sebagai cara untuk pengetahuan dan kebenaran? || pram\u0101\u1e47as <> Berapa banyak pramanas di dalam falsafah Hindu? || enam <> Apakah pramanas untuk persepsi? || pratyak\u1e63a <> Apakah falsafah Hindu berkenaan dengan kesimpulan? || anum\u0101na <> Yang pramanas adalah pemahaman pakar? || \u015babda", {"context": "Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pram\u0101\u1e47as as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts) Each of these are further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each school . The various schools vary on how many of these six are valid paths of knowledge. For example, the C\u0101rv\u0101ka n\u0101stika philosophy holds that only one (perception) is an epistemically reliable means of knowledge, the Samkhya school holds three are (perception, inference and testimony), while the M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 and Advaita schools hold all six are epistemically useful and reliable means to knowledge.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "pram\u0101\u1e47as"}], "question": "What do ancient Hindu writings identify as the means to knowledge and truth?", "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many pramanas are there in Hindu philosophy?", "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "pratyak\u1e63a"}], "question": "What is the pramanas for perception?", "id": "5727889c5951b619008f8c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "anum\u0101\u1e47a"}], "question": "What Hindu philosohy is concerned with inference?", "id": "5727889d5951b619008f8c9a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "\u015babda"}], "question": "Which pramanas is understanding of experts?", "id": "5727889d5951b619008f8c9b"}]}], ["Falsafah Vai\u015be\u1e63ika adalah sekolah naturalis; ia adalah satu bentuk atomisme dalam falsafah semulajadi. Ia mendedahkan bahawa semua objek dalam alam semesta fizikal dapat di redupible kepada param\u0101nu (atom), dan pengalaman seseorang diperoleh dari interaksi substansi (fungsi atom, jumlah mereka dan susunan ruang), mutu, aktivitas, kesamaan, kekhususan dan keanehan . Pengetahuan dan pembebasan dapat dicapai dengan pemahaman lengkap tentang dunia pengalaman, menurut sekolah Vai\u015be\u1e63ika. The Vai\u015be\u1e63ika dar\u015bana dikreditkan kepada Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa dari paruh kedua milenium pertama BCE. Teks asas, Vai\u015be\u1e63ika S\u016btra, dibuka seperti berikut, <> Apa falsafah adalah sekolah naturalis? || Vai\u015be\u1e63ika <> Apakah definisi paramanu dalam falsafah Hindu? || Atom <> Bilakah Vaiseika darsana dihasilkan? || milenium pertama BCE <> Siapa yang dikreditkan dengan Vaisesika darsana? || Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa <> Dengan memahami apa yang sekolah Vaisesika percaya satu keuntungan pengetahuan dan pembebasan? || dunia pengalaman", {"context": "The Vai\u015be\u1e63ika philosophy is a naturalist school; it is a form of atomism in natural philosophy. It postulated that all objects in the physical universe are reducible to param\u0101\u1e47u (atoms), and one's experiences are derived from the interplay of substance (a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements), quality, activity, commonness, particularity and inherence. Knowledge and liberation was achievable by complete understanding of the world of experience, according to Vai\u015be\u1e63ika school . The Vai\u015be\u1e63ika dar\u015bana is credited to Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa from the second half of the first millennium BCE. The foundational text, the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika S\u016btra, opens as follows,", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika"}], "question": "What philosophy is a naturalist school?", "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "atoms"}], "question": "What is the definition of paramanu in Hindu philosophy?", "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "first millennium BCE"}], "question": "When was the Vaisesika darsana  produced?", "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 544, "text": "Ka\u1e47\u0101da Ka\u015byapa"}], "question": "Who is credited with the Vaisesika darsana?", "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "world of experience"}], "question": "By understanding what does Vaisesika school believe one gains knowledge and liberation?", "id": "57279185f1498d1400e8fc5e"}]}], ["Sekolah Samkhya menyokong dualism antara kesedaran dan perkara. Ia menganggap alam semesta sebagai terdiri daripada dua realiti; Puru\u1e63a (kesedaran) dan prakriti (perkara). Jiva (makhluk hidup) adalah keadaan di mana puru\u1e63a terikat kepada prakriti dalam beberapa bentuk. Gabungan ini, nyatakan ulama Samkhya, membawa kemunculan buddhi (kesadaran, akal) dan ahankara (kesadaran ego individu, \"pembuat\"). Alam semesta digambarkan oleh sekolah ini sebagai salah satu yang dicipta oleh entusa Purusa-Prakriti yang diterapkan dengan pelbagai permutasi dan gabungan elemen, indra, perasaan, aktiviti dan fikiran yang pelbagai. <> Sekolah Hindu manakah yang menekankan kedamaian antara kesedaran dan perkara? || Samkhya <> Bagaimana Samkhya melihat alam semesta? || dua realiti <> Apa nama Samkhya untuk kesedaran? || Puru\u1e63a <> Apakah perkataan sekolah Samkhya untuk perkara? || prakriti <> Apa hubungannya dengan hasil Purusa dan Prakriti? || buddhi", {"context": "Samkhya school espouses dualism between consciousness and matter. It regards the universe as consisting of two realities; Puru\u1e63a (consciousness) and prakriti (matter). Jiva (a living being) is that state in which puru\u1e63a is bonded to prakriti in some form. This fusion, state the Samkhya scholars, led to the emergence of buddhi (awareness, intellect) and ahankara (individualized ego consciousness, \u201cI-maker\u201d). The universe is described by this school as one created by Purusa-Prakriti entities infused with various permutations and combinations of variously enumerated elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Samkhya"}], "question": "Which Hindu school stresses dualism between consciousness and matter?", "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "two realities"}], "question": "How does Samkhya view the universe?", "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Puru\u1e63a"}], "question": "What is the Samkhya name for consciousness?", "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "prakriti"}], "question": "What is the Samkhya school word for matter?", "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 321, "text": "buddhi"}], "question": "What does the joining of Purusa and Prakriti produce?", "id": "57278a2af1498d1400e8fb54"}]}], ["Falsafah Hindu merujuk kepada sekumpulan dar\u015banas (falsafah, pandangan dunia, ajaran) yang muncul di India kuno. Falsafah Hindu arus perdana termasuk enam sistem (\u1e63a\u1e0ddar\u015bana) - Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa dan Vedanta. Ini juga dikenali sebagai tradisi falsafah Astika (ortodoks) dan adalah orang-orang yang menerima Vedas sebagai sumber pengetahuan yang berwibawa dan penting. [Note 1] [note 2] India kuno dan zaman pertengahan juga merupakan sumber falsafah yang berkongsi konsep falsafah tetapi ditolak Vedas, dan ini telah dipanggil falsafah India (heterodoks atau tidak ortodoks). Falsafah India India termasuk Buddhisme, Jainisme, C\u0101rv\u0101ka, \u0100j\u012bvika, dan lain-lain. <> Apakah asal falsafah Hindu? || India purba <> Berapa banyak sistem falsafah Hindu yang utama di sana? || enam <> Apakah sistem ortodoks utama falsafah Hindu dipanggil? || Astika <> Apakah sumber pengetahuan yang diterima dalam sistem Astika? || Vedas <> Apakah falsafah India yang tidak ortodoks yang tidak menerima panggilan Vedas? || n\u0101stika", {"context": "Hindu philosophy refers to a group of dar\u015banas (philosophies, world views, teachings) that emerged in ancient India. The mainstream Hindu philosophy includes six systems (\u1e63a\u1e0ddar\u015bana) \u2013 Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. These are also called the Astika (orthodox) philosophical traditions and are those that accept the Vedas as authoritative, important source of knowledge.[note 1][note 2] Ancient and medieval India was also the source of philosophies that share philosophical concepts but rejected the Vedas, and these have been called n\u0101stika (heterodox or non-orthodox) Indian philosophies. N\u0101stika Indian philosophies include Buddhism, Jainism, C\u0101rv\u0101ka, \u0100j\u012bvika, and others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "ancient India"}], "question": "What was the origin of Hindu philosophy?", "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many main systems of Hindu philosophy are there?", "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Astika"}], "question": "What are the main orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy called?", "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Vedas"}], "question": "What is the accepted source of knowledge in the Astika system?", "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 559, "text": "n\u0101stika"}], "question": "What are the non-orthodox Indian philosophies that do not accept Vedas called?", "id": "57277b03dd62a815002e9e12"}]}], ["Vai\u015be\u0161ika premis metafizik diasaskan pada bentuk atomisme, bahawa realitinya terdiri daripada empat zat (bumi, air, udara, api). Setiap daripada empat ini terdiri dari dua jenis: atom (paramana) dan komposit. Satu atom, menurut para ulama Vai\u015be\u1e63ika, yang tidak dapat ditembus (anitya), tidak dapat dipisahkan, dan mempunyai jenis dimensi khusus, yang disebut \"kecil\" (a\u1e47u). Satu komposit, dalam falsafah ini, ditakrifkan sebagai apa-apa yang boleh dibahagikan kepada atom. Apa pun yang dirasakan oleh manusia adalah komposit, manakala atom tidak kelihatan. Vai\u015be\u1e63ikas menyatakan bahawa ukuran, bentuk, kebenaran dan segala sesuatu yang dialami oleh manusia secara keseluruhan adalah fungsi atom, jumlah mereka dan susunan ruang, gu\u1e47a (kualitas), karma (kegiatan), s\u0101m\u0101nya (commonness), vi\u015be\u1e63a ) dan amav\u0101ya (keturunan, keterkaitan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan daripada segala-galanya). <> Menurut falsafah Vaisesika, berapa banyak bahan yang terdiri daripada realiti? || empat <> Apakah bahan-bahan realiti Vaisesika? || bumi, air, udara, api <> Apa falsafah Vaisesika mengatakan perkara-perkara yang dibuat? || atom <> Menurut Vaisesika apa yang boleh dibahagikan kepada atom? || komposit <> Apakah bentuk atom di Vaisesika? || tidak dapat dilihat", {"context": "Vai\u015be\u1e63ika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (param\u0101\u1e47u) and composite. An atom is, according to Vai\u015be\u1e63ika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called \u201csmall\u201d (a\u1e47u). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vai\u015be\u1e63ikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their gu\u1e47a (quality), karma (activity), s\u0101m\u0101nya (commonness), vi\u015be\u1e63a (particularity) and amav\u0101ya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "four"}], "question": "According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?", "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "earth, water, air, fire"}], "question": "What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?", "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "atoms"}], "question": "Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?", "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "composite"}], "question": "According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?", "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "invisible"}], "question": "What form are atoms in Vaisesika?", "id": "57279345f1498d1400e8fca4"}]}], ["Para ulama telah membahaskan hubungan dan perbezaan dalam falsafah \u0101stika dan dengan filsafat n\u0101stika, bermula dengan tulisan-tulisan Indologis dan Orientalis pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, yang berasal dari keterbatasan kesusasteraan India dan doxografi zaman pertengahan. Berbagai tradisi saudara yang termasuk dalam falsafah Hindu adalah pelbagai, dan mereka bersatu dengan sejarah dan konsep bersama, sumber tekstual yang sama, tumpuan ontologi dan soteriologi yang sama, dan kosmologi. Walaupun Buddhisme dan Jainisme dianggap sebagai falsafah dan agama yang berbeza, beberapa tradisi heterodoks seperti C\u0101rv\u0101ka sering dianggap sebagai sekolah yang berbeza dalam falsafah Hindu. <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh para sarjana mengenai falsafah nastika dan astika? || hubungan dan perbezaan <> Dalam berabad-abad tulisan para ulama telah digunakan untuk membahaskan falsafah? || 18 dan 19 <> Apakah agama Buddha dan Jainisme dianggap berkaitan dengan agama dan falsafah? || berbeza <> Apa sekolah-sekolah lain yang dianggap sebagai dalam falsafah Hindu? || sekolah yang berbeza <> Seberapa tersedia sumber pengetahuan mengenai falsafah India? || terhad", {"context": "Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within \u0101stika philosophies and with n\u0101stika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as C\u0101rv\u0101ka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "relationship and differences"}], "question": "What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?", "id": "57277d93708984140094df09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "18th and 19th"}], "question": "In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?", "id": "57277d93708984140094df0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "distinct"}], "question": "What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?", "id": "57277d93708984140094df0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "distinct schools"}], "question": "What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?", "id": "57277d93708984140094df0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "limited"}], "question": "How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?", "id": "57277d93708984140094df0d"}]}], ["Sekolah M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 mempunyai beberapa buah sekolah yang ditakrifkan oleh epistemologi. Prasbyaan prasekolah M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 menganggap lima cara yang dapat dipercaya epistemically untuk memperoleh pengetahuan: pratyak\u1e63a (persepsi), anum\u0101na (kesimpulan), upam\u0101\u1e47a (perbandingan dan analogi), arth\u0101patti (postulasi, derivasi dari keadaan), dan \u015babda (kata, kesaksian masa lalu atau sekarang pakar yang boleh dipercayai). Sub-sekolah Kumrila Bha\u1e6d\u1e6da M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 menambah keenam ke kanonnya epistemologi yang boleh dipercayai - anupalabdi (bukan persepsi, bukti negatif / kognitif). <> Berapa banyak cara memisahkan Mimamsa ke dalam subseksyen? || beberapa <> Berapa banyak cara yang tadinya prasekolah dari Mimamsa mengatakan ada untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan? || lima <> Bagaimana pratyaksa ditakrifkan dalam prasekolah Prabhakara? || persepsi <> Apa kata untuk kesimpulan dalam prabhakara sekolah rendah? || anum\u0101na <> Apa perbandingan dan analogi di sekolah Prabhakara? || upam\u0101\u1e47a", {"context": "The M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school has several subschools defined by epistemology. The Pr\u0101bh\u0101kara subschool of M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 considered five epistemically reliable means to gaining knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). The Kum\u0101rila Bha\u1e6d\u1e6da sub-school of M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 added sixth to its canon of reliable epistemology - anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "several"}], "question": "How many ways does the Mimamsa separate into subschools?", "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many ways does the Prabhakara subschool of Mimamsa say there are to gain knowledge?", "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "perception"}], "question": "How is pratyaksa defined in the Prabhakara subschool?", "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "anum\u0101\u1e47a"}], "question": "What is the word for inference in the Prabhakara subschool?", "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "upam\u0101\u1e47a"}], "question": "What is comparison and analogy in the Prabhakara school?", "id": "57279c2edd62a815002ea1f2"}]}], ["Kemunculan sekolah Vedanta mewakili tempoh ketika pemahaman yang lebih berpengetahuan pengetahuan mula muncul. Ini difokuskan pada jnana (ilmu) yang memacu aspek agama Vedic dan Upanishad. Ini termasuk konsep metafizik seperti \u0101tman dan Brahman, dan menekankan meditasi, disiplin diri, pengetahuan diri dan kerohanian abstrak, bukannya ritualisme. The Upanishads telah ditafsirkan dengan pelbagai oleh para sarjana Vedanta zaman kuno dan zaman pertengahan. Akibatnya, Vedanta dipisahkan kepada banyak sub-sekolah, mulai dari dualismisme teistik kepada monisme yang tidak teistik, masing-masing menafsirkan teks dengan cara sendiri dan menghasilkan siri-siri tafsirannya sendiri. <> Apakah sekolah Vedanta mewakili falsafah Hindu? || pemahaman berpusatkan pengetahuan <> Pada aspek apa Vedic menumpukan perhatian pemahaman Vedanta? || jnana <> Pada apa yang dikurangkan sekolah Vedanta? || ritualisme <> Oleh kerana perbezaan tafsiran teks, ke dalam apa yang dipisahkan oleh sekolah Vedanta? || banyak sub-sekolah <> Apakah konsep metafizik dimasukkan ke dalam sekolah Vedanta? || \u0101tman dan Brahman", {"context": "The emergence of Vedanta school represented a period when a more knowledge-centered understanding began to emerge. These focussed on jnana (knowledge) driven aspects of the Vedic religion and the Upanishads. This included metaphysical concepts such as \u0101tman and Brahman, and emphasized meditation, self-discipline, self-knowledge and abstract spirituality, rather than ritualism. The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient and medieval era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "knowledge-centered understanding"}], "question": "What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?", "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d929e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "jnana"}], "question": "On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?", "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d929f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "ritualism"}], "question": "On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?", "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "many sub-schools"}], "question": "Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?", "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "\u0101tman and Brahman"}], "question": "What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? ", "id": "5727b049ff5b5019007d92a2"}]}], ["Advaita secara harfiah bermaksud \"bukan dua, tunggal, perpaduan\". Ia adalah sub-sekolah Vedanta, dan menegaskan bukan dualisme rohani dan universal. Metafiziknya adalah bentuk monisme mutlak, iaitu semua realiti muktamad adalah kesatuan yang saling berkaitan. Ini adalah sekolah Vedantik yang tertua dan paling banyak diakui. Teks asas dari sekolah ini adalah Brahma Sutras dan Upanishad awal dari milenium pertama SM. Penyusun pertama yang pertama adalah ulama abad ke-8 Adi Shankara, yang meneruskan garis pemikiran guru Upanishad, dan guru guru Gaudapada. Beliau menulis ulasan yang luas mengenai kitab suci Vedantik dan disambut sebagai salah seorang ahli falsafah Hindu utama yang doktrinnya menjadi arus utama pemikiran India moden. <> Apa maksud || Advaita", {"context": "Advaita literally means \"not two, sole, unity\". It is a sub-school of Vedanta, and asserts spiritual and universal non-dualism. Its metaphysics is a form of absolute monism, that is all ultimate reality is interconnected oneness. This is the oldest and most widely acknowledged Vedantic school. The foundational texts of this school are the Brahma Sutras and the early Upanishads from the 1st millennium BCE. Its first great consolidator was the 8th century scholar Adi Shankara, who continued the line of thought of the Upanishadic teachers, and that of his teacher's teacher Gaudapada. He wrote extensive commentaries on the major Vedantic scriptures and is celebrated as one of the major Hindu philosophers from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Advaita"}], "question": "What means ", "id": "5727b1c13acd2414000de9eb"}]}], ["Dalam metafiziknya, sekolah Ny\u0101ya lebih dekat dengan sekolah Vai\u015be\u0161ika daripada yang lain. Ia berpendapat bahawa penderitaan manusia berpunca dari kesilapan / kecacatan yang dihasilkan oleh aktiviti di bawah pengetahuan yang salah (tanggapan dan kebodohan). Moksha (pembebasan), ia menyatakan, diperoleh melalui pengetahuan yang betul. Prinsip ini membawa Ny\u0101ya untuk membahas dirinya dengan epistemologi, itu adalah cara yang boleh dipercayai untuk mendapatkan pengetahuan yang betul dan untuk menghapuskan tanggapan yang salah. Pengetahuan palsu bukan sekadar kejahilan kepada Naiyayikas, ia termasuk khayalan. Pengetahuan yang betul adalah menemui dan mengatasi khayalan seseorang, dan memahami sifat sebenar jiwa, diri dan realiti. The Ny\u0101ya S\u016btras bermula: <> Apa sekolah pemikiran yang paling dekat dengan sekolah Vaisesika? || Nyaya <> Apa kata Nyaya menyebabkan penderitaan manusia? || kesilapan / kecacatan <> Apa negeri tercapai melalui pengetahuan? || Moksha <> Apakah moksha dalam falsafah Hindu? || pembebasan <> Selain kejahilan, apakah pengetahuan palsu termasuk dalam Nyaya? || khayalan", {"context": "In its metaphysics, Ny\u0101ya school is closer to the Vai\u015be\u1e63ika school than others. It holds that human suffering results from mistakes/defects produced by activity under wrong knowledge (notions and ignorance). Moksha (liberation), it states, is gained through right knowledge. This premise led Ny\u0101ya to concern itself with epistemology, that is the reliable means to gain correct knowledge and to remove wrong notions. False knowledge is not merely ignorance to Naiyayikas, it includes delusion. Correct knowledge is discovering and overcoming one's delusions, and understanding true nature of soul, self and reality. The Ny\u0101ya S\u016btras begin:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "Ny\u0101ya"}], "question": "What school of thought is closest to Vaisesika school?", "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "mistakes/defects"}], "question": "What does Nyaya say causes human suffering?", "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Moksha"}], "question": "What state is achieved through knowledge?", "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "liberation"}], "question": "What is moksha in Hindu philosophy?", "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "delusion"}], "question": "Besides ignorance, what does false knowledge include in Nyaya?", "id": "572794d6f1498d1400e8fcc0"}]}], ["Sekolah Ved\u0101nta dibina atas ajaran Upanishad dan Brahma Sutras dari milenium pertama SM dan merupakan sekolah yang paling maju dan terkenal di sekolah Hindu. Epistemologi Vedantin termasuk, bergantung kepada sub-sekolah, lima atau enam kaedah sebagai cara yang betul dan boleh dipercayai untuk memperoleh sebarang bentuk pengetahuan: pratyak\u1e63a (persepsi), anum\u0101na (kesimpulan), upam\u0101\u1e47a (perbandingan dan analogi), arth\u0101patti (postulasi , derivasi dari keadaan), anupalabdi (bukan persepsi, bukti negatif / kognitif) dan \u015babda (kata, kesaksian pakar masa lalu atau yang kini boleh dipercayai). Masing-masing telah dikategorikan lagi dari segi syarat, kesempurnaan, keyakinan dan kemungkinan kesilapan, oleh setiap sub-sekolah Vedanta. <> Di mana sutra melakukan tumpuan sekolah Vedanta? || Upanishad dan Brahma <> Pada masa apakah sekolah Vedanta menjadi aktif? || milenium pertama BCE <> Yang mana yang paling maju dan terkenal di sekolah-sekolah Hindu? || Vedanta <> Berapa banyak cara Vedantin mempunyai pengetahuan? || lima atau enam kaedah <> Pada apa yang bergantung kepada pilihan kaedah dalam memperoleh pengetahuan? || sub-sekolah", {"context": "The Ved\u0101nta school built upon the teachings of the Upanishads and Brahma Sutras from the first millennium BCE and is the most developed and well-known of the Hindu schools. The epistemology of the Vedantins included, depending on the sub-school, five or six methods as proper and reliable means of gaining any form of knowledge: pratyak\u1e63a (perception), anum\u0101\u1e47a (inference), upam\u0101\u1e47a (comparison and analogy), arth\u0101patti (postulation, derivation from circumstances), anupalabdi (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof) and \u015babda (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Each of these have been further categorized in terms of conditionality, completeness, confidence and possibility of error, by each sub-school of Vedanta.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Upanishads and Brahma"}], "question": "On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?", "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "first millennium BCE"}], "question": "In what time did the Vedanta school become active?", "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9381"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Ved\u0101nta"}], "question": "Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?", "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9382"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "five or six methods"}], "question": "How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?", "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9383"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "sub-school"}], "question": "On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?", "id": "5727ae3e2ca10214002d9384"}]}], ["Menurut sekolah Vedanta ini, semua realiti adalah Brahman, dan tidak ada apa pun yang bukan Brahman. Metafiziknya merangkumi konsep m\u0101y\u0101 dan \u0101tman. M\u0101y\u0101 bermaksud \"apa yang ada, tetapi sentiasa berubah dan dengan itu tidak benar secara rohani\". Realiti empiris dianggap selalu berubah dan oleh itu \"sementara, tidak lengkap, mengelirukan dan bukan apa yang kelihatannya\". Konsep \u0101tman adalah jiwa, diri dalam setiap orang, setiap makhluk hidup. Advaita Vedantins menegaskan bahawa \u0101tman adalah sama dengan Brahman, dan Brahman ini berada dalam setiap manusia dan semua kehidupan, semua makhluk hidup bersekutu secara rohani, dan ada kesatuan dalam semua kewujudan. Mereka berpendapat bahawa dwibahasa dan salah faham m\u0101y\u0101 sebagai realiti rohani yang penting disebabkan oleh kejahilan, dan merupakan penyebab kesedihan, penderitaan. J\u012bvanmukti (pembebasan semasa hidup) dapat dicapai melalui pengetahuan Sendiri, pengertian bahwa \u0101tman dalam adalah sama seperti \u0101tman dalam orang lain dan semua Brahman - yang kekal, tidak berubah, keseluruhan kosmik prinsip dan realitas sejati. <> Menurut sekolah Vedanta, apakah semua realiti? || Brahman <> Konsep apa metafizik dimasukkan ke dalam Vedanta? || m\u0101y\u0101 dan \u0101tman <> Bagaimana realiti maya dilihat dalam Vedanta? || sentiasa berubah <> Kepada apa konsep atman merujuk? || jiwa <> Kepada apa Advaita Vedantins melihat atman sebagai sama? || Brahman", {"context": "According to this school of Vedanta, all reality is Brahman, and there exists nothing whatsoever which is not Brahman. Its metaphysics includes the concept of m\u0101y\u0101 and \u0101tman. M\u0101y\u0101 connotes \"that which exists, but is constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal\". The empirical reality is considered as always changing and therefore \"transitory, incomplete, misleading and not what it appears to be\". The concept of \u0101tman is of soul, self within each person, each living being. Advaita Vedantins assert that \u0101tman is same as Brahman, and this Brahman is within each human being and all life, all living beings are spiritually interconnected, and there is oneness in all of existence. They hold that dualities and misunderstanding of m\u0101y\u0101 as the spiritual reality that matters is caused by ignorance, and are the cause of sorrow, suffering. J\u012bvanmukti (liberation during life) can be achieved through Self-knowledge, the understanding that \u0101tman within is same as \u0101tman in another person and all of Brahman \u2013 the eternal, unchanging, entirety of cosmic principles and true reality.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "Brahman"}], "question": "According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?", "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "m\u0101y\u0101 and \u0101tman"}], "question": "What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?", "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "always changing"}], "question": "How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?", "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "soul"}], "question": "To what does the concept of atman refer?", "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "Brahman"}], "question": "To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?", "id": "5727b4653acd2414000dea37"}]}], ["Ramanuja (tahun 1037-1137) adalah penyokong utama falsafah Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita atau tidak dualisme yang berkelayakan. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita menganjurkan konsep Makhluk Tertinggi dengan sifat-sifat atau sifat-sifat penting. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaitins berhujah terhadap konsepsi Brahman Advaitin sebagai kesatuan kosong yang tidak bersifat peribadi. Mereka melihat Brahman sebagai satu kesatuan abadi, tetapi juga sebagai sumber semua ciptaan, yang ada di mana-mana dan secara aktif terlibat dalam kewujudan. Kepada mereka rasa persepsi objek-objek adalah ilusi dan tanda kejahilan. Bagaimanapun, perasaan diri individu itu bukan ilusi yang lengkap kerana ia berasal dari kewujudan sejagat iaitu Brahman. Ramanuja melihat Vishnu sebagai perwujudan Brahman. <> Apakah falsafah dualisme? || Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita <> Siapa pemimpin dalam menolak falsafah Visistadvaita? || Ramanuja <> Kapan Ramanuja hidup? || c. 1037-1137 <> Untuk kewujudan apa yang dikatakan falsafah Visistadvaita? || Yang Maha Tinggi <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Ramanuja adalah perwujudan Brahman || Wisnu", {"context": "Ramanuja (c. 1037\u20131137) was the foremost proponent of the philosophy of Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita or qualified non-dualism. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita advocated the concept of a Supreme Being with essential qualities or attributes. Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaitins argued against the Advaitin conception of Brahman as an impersonal empty oneness. They saw Brahman as an eternal oneness, but also as the source of all creation, which was omnipresent and actively involved in existence. To them the sense of subject-object perception was illusory and a sign of ignorance. However, the individual's sense of self was not a complete illusion since it was derived from the universal beingness that is Brahman. Ramanuja saw Vishnu as a personification of Brahman.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "Vi\u015bi\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101dvaita"}], "question": "What is the philosophy of dualism?", "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9320"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Ramanuja"}], "question": "Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?", "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9321"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "c. 1037\u20131137"}], "question": "When did Ramanuja live?", "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9322"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Supreme Being"}], "question": "For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?", "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9323"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "Vishnu"}], "question": "What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman", "id": "5727b61fff5b5019007d9324"}]}], ["Dvaita Vedanta adalah tafsiran dualistik dari Vedas, melambangkan dualisme dengan menonjolkan kewujudan dua realiti yang berasingan. Yang pertama dan satu-satunya realiti bebas, menyatakan sekolah Dvaita, adalah Vishnu atau Brahman. Vishnu adalah Diri tertinggi, dengan cara yang serupa dengan Tuhan monoteistik dalam agama-agama utama lain. Faktor yang membezakan falsafah Dvaita, yang bertentangan dengan monisme Advaita Vedanta, adalah bahawa Tuhan mengambil peranan pribadi dan dilihat sebagai entiti abadi yang menguasai dan mengawal alam semesta. Seperti subseksyen Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, falsafah Dvaita juga memeluk Vaishnavism, dengan konsep metafizik Brahman dalam Vedas yang dikenalpasti dengan Vishnu dan satu-satunya Maha Tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak seperti Vishishtadvaita yang membayangkan ketidaksempurnaan yang mutlak, dualisme Dvaita kekal. <> Daripada apa Dvaita Vedanta berteori kewujudannya? || dua realiti berasingan <> Kepada entiti mana yang Vedanta Vishnu sama dalam agama lain? || Tuhan tauhid <> Bagaimana Tuhan Dvaita berbeza dari Advaita dalam tindakan? || mengambil peranan peribadi <> Seperti apa pandangan Dvaita sekolah dualisme? || kekal <> Siapa yang sekolah Dvaita mengenal pasti sebagai Yang Maha Tinggi? || Wisnu", {"context": "Dvaita Vedanta is a dualistic interpretation of the Vedas, espouses dualism by theorizing the existence of two separate realities. The first and the only independent reality, states the Dvaita school, is that of Vishnu or Brahman. Vishnu is the supreme Self, in a manner similar to monotheistic God in other major religions. The distinguishing factor of Dvaita philosophy, as opposed to monistic Advaita Vedanta, is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe. Like Vishishtadvaita Vedanta subschool, Dvaita philosophy also embraced Vaishnavism, with the metaphysical concept of Brahman in the Vedas identified with Vishnu and the one and only Supreme Being. However, unlike Vishishtadvaita which envisions ultimate qualified nondualism, the dualism of Dvaita was permanent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "two separate realities"}], "question": "Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?", "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "monotheistic God"}], "question": "To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?", "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "takes on a personal role"}], "question": "How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?", "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 830, "text": "permanent"}], "question": "As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?", "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 682, "text": "Vishnu"}], "question": "Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?", "id": "5727b8d84b864d1900163b6c"}]}], ["Metafizik di sekolah M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 terdiri daripada doktrin atheistik dan teistik dan sekolah menunjukkan sedikit minat dalam pemeriksaan sistematik kewujudan Tuhan. Sebaliknya, ia menganggap bahawa jiwa itu kekal di mana-mana, yang sebenarnya aktif esensi rohani, kemudian difokuskan pada epistemologi dan metafisika dharma. Bagi mereka, dharma bermaksud ritual dan tugas, bukan dewa (dewa), karena dewa hanya ada dalam nama. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas berpendapat bahawa Vedas adalah \"tidak berkuasa tanpa kebenaran\", bahawa Vedic vidhi (injunsi) dan mantra dalam ritual adalah karya preskriptif (tindakan), dan ritual adalah kepentingan utama dan merit. Mereka menganggap Upanishad dan pengetahuan diri yang lain, teks yang berkaitan dengan spiritualitas menjadi kepentingan sekunder, pandangan falsafah bahawa sekolah Vedanta tidak bersetuju. <> Jenis doktrin apa yang terkandung dalam sekolah Mimamsa? || atheistic dan theistic <> Bagaimana sekolah Mimamsa melihat jiwa? || kekal <> Apa tumpuan sekolah falsafah Mimamsa? || dharma <> Bagaimana sekolah Mimamsa mempertimbangkan dharma? || ritual dan tugas <> Sekolah apa yang tidak sependapat dengan prinsip sekolah Mimamsa? || Sekolah Vedanta", {"context": "The metaphysics in M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school consists of both atheistic and theistic doctrines and the school showed little interest in systematic examination of the existence of God. Rather, it held that the soul is eternal omnipresent, inherently active spiritual essence, then focussed on the epistemology and metaphysics of dharma. To them, dharma meant rituals and duties, not devas (gods), because devas existed only in name. The M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas held that the Vedas are \"eternal authorless infallible\", that Vedic vidhi (injunctions) and mantras in rituals are prescriptive karya (actions), and the rituals are of primary importance and merit. They considered the Upanishads and other self-knowledge, spirituality-related texts to be of secondary importance, a philosophical view that the Vedanta school disagreed with.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "atheistic and theistic"}], "question": "What type of doctrines are contained in the Mimamsa  school?", "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "eternal"}], "question": "How did the Mimamsa school view the soul?", "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9177"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "dharma"}], "question": "What was the focus of the Mimamsa school of philosophy?", "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9178"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "rituals and duties"}], "question": "How did the Mimamsa school consider dharma?", "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d9179"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Vedanta school"}], "question": "What school disagreed with the principles of the Mimamsa school?", "id": "5727a2bbff5b5019007d917a"}]}], ["M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 menimbulkan kajian falsafah dan falsafah bahasa. Walaupun analisis mendalam bahasa dan linguistik mereka mempengaruhi sekolah-sekolah lain, pandangan mereka tidak dikongsi oleh orang lain. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas menganggap maksud dan kuasa bahasa adalah dengan jelas menetapkan yang betul, betul dan benar. Sebaliknya, Vedantin memperluaskan skop dan nilai bahasa sebagai alat untuk menerangkan, mengembangkan dan memperoleh. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas menganggap kehidupan yang berasaskan undang-undang, didorong oleh hukum, sebagai tujuan utama dan keutamaan dharma dan masyarakat yang mulia, dan rezeki ilahi (theistic) bermakna pada akhirnya. Sekolah Mimamsa adalah berpengaruh dan asas kepada sekolah Vedanta, dengan perbezaan yang sekolah M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 mengembangkan dan menegaskan karmak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (bagian dari \u015bruti yang berkaitan dengan upacara upacara dan upacara pengorbanan, bagian awal Vedas), sementara sekolah Vedanta berkembang dan menekankan j\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (bagian dari Vedas yang berkaitan dengan pengetahuan monisme, bahagian terakhir Vedas). <> Untuk apa kajian Mimamsa menimbulkan? || philology <> Apa sekolah Mimamsa berfikir bahawa bahasa dimaksudkan untuk diterangkan? || betul, betul dan betul <> Apa sekolah berfikir bahawa bahasa sepatutnya diperluaskan untuk menggambarkan dan berkembang? || Vedantins <> Apa bahagian Veda yang ditekankan oleh sekolah Mimamsa? || bahagian awal <> Apakah bahagian-bahagian Veda yang suka sekolah Verdanta? || bahagian terakhir", {"context": "M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 gave rise to the study of philology and the philosophy of language. While their deep analysis of language and linguistics influenced other schools, their views were not shared by others. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas considered the purpose and power of language was to clearly prescribe the proper, correct and right. In contrast, Vedantins extended the scope and value of language as a tool to also describe, develop and derive. M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101kas considered orderly, law-driven, procedural life as central purpose and noblest necessity of dharma and society, and divine (theistic) sustenance means to that end. The Mimamsa school was influential and foundational to the Vedanta school, with the difference that M\u012bm\u0101\u1e43s\u0101 school developed and emphasized karmak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (that part of the \u015bruti which relates to ceremonial acts and sacrificial rites, the early parts of the Vedas), while the Vedanta school developed and emphasized j\u00f1\u0101nak\u0101\u1e47\u1e0da (that portion of the Vedas which relates to knowledge of monism, the latter parts of the Vedas).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "philology"}], "question": "To what study did Mimamsa give rise?", "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "proper, correct and right"}], "question": "What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?", "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Vedantins"}], "question": "What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?", "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "early parts"}], "question": "What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?", "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 986, "text": "latter parts"}], "question": "What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?", "id": "5727ac723acd2414000de94d"}]}], ["Sejarah awal Shaivism sukar untuk ditentukan. Walau bagaimanapun, \u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad (400 - 200 SM) dianggap sebagai ekspresi tekstual terawal falsafah sistematik Shaivism. Shaivism diwakili oleh pelbagai sekolah falsafah, termasuk non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), dan dualist-dengan-dualist (bhed\u0101bheda) perspektif. Vidyaranya dalam karyanya menyebutkan tiga sekolah utama pemikiran Shaiva - Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta dan Pratyabhij\u00f1a (Kashmir Shaivism). <> Dalam teks apa yang diceritakan oleh Shaivism? || \u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad <> Kapan teks ditulis pada Shaivism? || 400 - 200 BCE <> Siapa melaporkan sekolah utama Shaivism? || Vidyaranya <> Berapa banyak sekolah utama Shaivism yang menyebut Vidyaranya? || tiga <> Apa itu Kashmir Shaivism yang disebut oleh Vidyaranya? || Pratyabhij\u00f1a", {"context": "Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the \u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad (400 \u2013 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhed\u0101bheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought\u2014 Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhij\u00f1a (Kashmir Shaivism).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "\u015avet\u0101\u015bvatara Upanishad"}], "question": "In what text is Shaivism recounted?", "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "400 \u2013 200 BCE"}], "question": "When was the text on Shaivism written?", "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Vidyaranya"}], "question": "Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?", "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?", "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Pratyabhij\u00f1a"}], "question": "What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?", "id": "5727bce03acd2414000deb05"}]}], ["P\u0101\u015bupatas membahagikan dunia yang dibuat ke dalam insentient dan sentient. Insentient adalah yang tidak sedarkan diri dan dengan itu bergantung pada orang yang sadar atau sadar. Insentient dibahagi lagi kepada kesan dan sebab. Kesannya terdiri dari sepuluh jenis, bumi, empat unsur dan sifatnya, warna dan lain-lain. Punca-punca adalah tiga belas jenis, lima organ kognisi, lima organ tindakan, tiga organ dalaman, akal, prinsip ego dan prinsip cognising. Punca insentif ini dipertanggungjawabkan untuk identifikasi ilusi diri dengan bukan diri. Keselamatan di Pachupata melibatkan kesatuan jiwa dengan Allah melalui akal. <> Kumpulan apa yang membahagikan dunia kepada dua bahagian? || P\u0101\u015bupatas <> Ke bahagian-bahagian apa yang Pasupatas membahagikan dunia? || Insentient dan yang berpengalaman <> Dalam apa staet adalah insentient dianggap? || Tidak sedarkan diri <> Bagaimana keadaan yang dilihat sebagai? || sedar <> Untuk Pasupatas, bagaimana kesatuan jiwa dengan Tuhan tercapai? || melalui akal", {"context": "P\u0101\u015bupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in P\u0101\u015bupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "P\u0101\u015bupatas"}], "question": "What group divided the world into two parts?", "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "insentient and the sentient"}], "question": "Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?", "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "unconscious"}], "question": "In what staet was the insentient considered to be?", "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "conscious"}], "question": "How was the sentient seen as being?", "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d945f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "through the intellect"}], "question": "For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?", "id": "5727c075ff5b5019007d9460"}]}], ["Dvait\u0101dvaita dicadangkan oleh Nimbarka, seorang ahli falsafah Vaishnava abad ke-13 dari rantau Andhra. Menurut falsafah ini terdapat tiga kategori kewujudan: Brahman, jiwa, dan perkara. Jiwa dan perkara berbeza dari Brahman kerana mereka mempunyai sifat dan kemampuan yang berbeza dari Brahman. Brahman wujud secara bebas, sementara jiwa dan perkara bergantung. Oleh itu jiwa dan perkara mempunyai kewujudan yang terpisah dan bergantung. Selanjutnya, Brahman adalah pengawal, jiwa adalah penikmat, dan perkara itu dinikmati. Juga, ibadah tertinggi adalah Krishna dan pendeta Radha, dihadiri oleh ribuan gopis; daripada Vrindavan; dan pengabdian terdiri daripada penyerahan diri. <> Apa falsafah awal yang dicadangkan Dvaitadvaita? || Nimbarka <> Dalam abad apakah Nimbarka hidup? || Abad ke-13 <> Berapa banyak kategori kewujudan di Dvaitadvaita? || tiga <> Apakah kategori kewujudan dalam Dvaitadvaita? || Brahman, jiwa, dan perkara <> Siapa yang dinamakan sebagai entiti tertinggi yang disembah di Dvaitadvaita? || Krishna", {"context": "Dvait\u0101dvaita was proposed by Nimbarka, a 13th-century Vaishnava Philosopher from the Andhra region. According to this philosophy there are three categories of existence: Brahman, soul, and matter. Soul and matter are different from Brahman in that they have attributes and capacities different from Brahman. Brahman exists independently, while soul and matter are dependent. Thus soul and matter have an existence that is separate yet dependent. Further, Brahman is a controller, the soul is the enjoyer, and matter the thing enjoyed. Also, the highest object of worship is Krishna and his consort Radha, attended by thousands of gopis; of the Vrindavan; and devotion consists in self-surrender.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Nimbarka"}], "question": "What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?", "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "13th-century"}], "question": "In what century did Nimbarka live?", "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?", "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Brahman, soul, and matter"}], "question": "What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?", "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Krishna"}], "question": "Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?", "id": "5727ba9f4b864d1900163ba6"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua Kashmir Shaivism dan Advaita Vedanta adalah falsafah yang tidak dual yang memberikan keutamaan kepada Kesedaran Universal (Chit atau Brahman), di Kashmir Shavisim, bertentangan dengan Advaita, segala sesuatu adalah manifestasi Kesadaran ini. Ini menunjukkan bahawa dari sudut pandangan Kashmir Shavisim, dunia fenomenal (\u015aakti) adalah nyata, dan wujud dan ada dalam Kesedaran (Chit). Sedangkan Advaita berpendapat bahawa Brahman tidak aktif (ni\u1e63kriya) dan dunia fenomenal adalah ilusi (m\u0101y\u0101). Objektif kehidupan manusia, menurut Kashmir Shaivism, adalah untuk menggabungkan Shiva atau Kesedaran Universal, atau untuk merealisasikan identiti yang ada sekarang dengan Shiva, melalui kebijaksanaan, yoga dan kasih karunia. <> Apa jenis falsafah yang kedua-dua Kasmir Shaivism dan Advaita Vedanta berkongsi? || bukan dual <> Aspek apa yang dilakukan oleh kedua-dua falsafah yang tidak memberikan kepada urutan tertinggi ibadat? || Kesedaran Universal <> Seperti yang dilihat oleh Kashmir Shaivism dunia sedar? || sebenar <> Kumpulan mana yang melihat dunia sebagai ilusi? || Advaita <> Menurut Kashmir Shaivism, apakah matlamat dalam kepercayaan? || bergabung dengan Shiva", {"context": "Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (\u015aakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (ni\u1e63kriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (m\u0101y\u0101). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "non-dual"}], "question": "What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?", "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "Universal Consciousness"}], "question": "What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?", "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "real"}], "question": "As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?", "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Advaita"}], "question": "Which group sees the world as illusion?", "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "merge in Shiva"}], "question": "According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?", "id": "5727c3243acd2414000debfd"}]}], ["P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"Pa\u015bupati\") adalah tertua dari sekolah-sekolah utama Shaiva. Falsafah sekte Pashupata telah disatukan oleh Lakulish pada abad ke-2 CE. Pa\u015bu di Pa\u015bupati merujuk kepada kesan (atau dunia yang dicipta), perkataan itu menetapkan sesuatu yang bergantung kepada sesuatu yang tersembunyi. Sedangkan Pati bermaksud penyebab (atau principium), kata itu menunjuk Tuhan, yang merupakan penyebab alam semesta, kematian, atau penguasa. Pashupatas tidak menyangkal teologi Vaishnava, yang terkenal dengan doktrinnya sebagai penghambaan jiwa kepada Makhluk Tertinggi, dengan alasan bahawa ketergantungan pada apa pun tidak dapat menjadi alat penghentian sakit dan lain-lain yang diinginkan. Mereka menyedari bahawa mereka bergantung kepada yang lain dan merindukan kemerdekaan tidak akan dibebaskan kerana mereka masih bergantung kepada sesuatu yang lain daripada diri mereka sendiri. Menurut Pachupatas, jiwa memiliki sifat-sifat Dewa Tertinggi ketika ia dibebaskan dari 'kuman setiap kesakitan'. <> Apa sekolah tertua Shaivism? || P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism <> Siapa yang menganjurkan falsafah Pasupata? || Lakulish <> Bilakah Lakulish sistematiskan Pasupata Shaivism? || Abad ke-2 CE <> Apa falsafah sekolah yang tidak suka Pasupatas? || Teologi Vaishnava <> Apa aspek Vaishnava tidak dapat disedihkan bagi Pasupatas? || penghambaan jiwa", {"context": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism (P\u0101\u015bupata, \"of Pa\u015bupati\") is the oldest of the major Shaiva schools. The philosophy of Pashupata sect was systematized by Lakulish in the 2nd century CE. Pa\u015bu in Pa\u015bupati refers to the effect (or created world), the word designates that which is dependent on something ulterior. Whereas, Pati means the cause (or principium), the word designates the Lord, who is the cause of the universe, the pati, or the ruler. Pashupatas disapproved of Vaishnava theology, known for its doctrine servitude of souls to the Supreme Being, on the grounds that dependence upon anything could not be the means of cessation of pain and other desired ends. They recognised that those depending upon another and longing for independence will not be emancipated because they still depend upon something other than themselves. According to P\u0101\u015bupatas, soul possesses the attributes of the Supreme Deity when it becomes liberated from the 'germ of every pain'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "P\u0101\u015bupata Shaivism"}], "question": "What is the oldest school of Shaivism?", "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "Lakulish"}], "question": "Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?", "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "2nd century CE"}], "question": "When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? ", "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "Vaishnava theology"}], "question": "What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?", "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d954f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "servitude of souls"}], "question": "What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?", "id": "5727bed92ca10214002d9550"}]}]], [["Walaupun Bapa-bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat pada mulanya tidak bermaksud untuk politik Amerika menjadi partisan, kontroversi politik awal pada tahun 1790-an di atas tahap kuasa kerajaan persekutuan menyaksikan kemunculan dua parti proto-politik - Parti Persekutuan dan Demokrat-Republikan Parti, yang dipertandingkan oleh Framers Alexander Hamilton dan James Madison. Walau bagaimanapun, persetujuan yang dicapai mengenai isu-isu ini berakhir politik parti pada tahun 1816 selama satu dekad, satu tempoh yang lazim dikenali sebagai Era of Good Feelings. <> Apa dua parti proto-politik? || Parti Federalis dan Parti Demokratik-Parti Republik <> Pada tahun apakah tempoh yang dikenali sebagai \"Era of Feelings Good\" bermula? || 1816 <> Apa yang ditakdirkan oleh bapa-bapa pengasas tidak menjadi politik Amerika? || partisan <> Siapa pemimpin parti Persekutuan dan Parti Demokrat? || Framers Alexander Hamilton dan James Madison", {"context": "Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party"}], "question": "What were the two proto-political parties?", "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "1816"}], "question": "In which year did the period known as the \"Era of Good Feelings\" begin?", "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "partisan"}], "question": "What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?", "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison"}], "question": "Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?", "id": "57278e57f1498d1400e8fc03"}]}], ["Parti Konservatif moden dicipta daripada Tories 'Pittite' pada awal abad ke-19. Pada akhir tahun 1820s pertikaian mengenai pembaharuan politik memecah kumpulan ini. Sebuah kerajaan yang diketuai oleh Duke of Wellington runtuh di tengah-tengah keputusan pilihan raya yang buruk. Berikutan bencana ini, Robert Peel menyusun perhimpunan pasukan baru. Peel mengeluarkan Manifesto Tamworth pada tahun 1834 yang menetapkan prinsip-prinsip asas Conservatism; - keperluan dalam kes pembesaran khusus untuk bertahan, tetapi pembangkang terhadap perubahan yang tidak perlu, yang boleh membawa kepada \"pusing pengaliran kekal\". Sementara itu, Whigs, bersama-sama dengan pengikut bebas Tory Robert Peel, dan Radical bebas, membentuk Parti Liberal di bawah Lord Palmerston pada tahun 1859, dan berubah menjadi sebuah parti kelas menengah bandar yang semakin berkembang, di bawah pimpinan panjang William Ewart Gladstone . <> Apa yang dibuat oleh parti Konservatif moden? || Tories 'Pittite'> Yang Menerbitkan manifesto Tamworth? || Robert Peel <> Parti manakah yang Whigs, bersama dengan yang lain? || Parti Liberal <> Dalam tahun apakah manifesto Tamworth diperkenalkan? || 1834", {"context": "The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; \u2013 the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "the 'Pittite' Tories"}], "question": "What was the modern Conservative party created from?", "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Robert Peel"}], "question": "Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?", "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 700, "text": "the Liberal Party"}], "question": "Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?", "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 375, "text": "1834"}], "question": "In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?", "id": "57278d79f1498d1400e8fbd3"}]}], ["Apabila parti diwakili oleh anggota di rumah bawah parlimen, pemimpin parti serentak berfungsi sebagai pemimpin kumpulan parlimen perwakilan parti penuh; bergantung kepada bilangan kerusi minimum yang dipegang, parti yang berpangkalan di Westminster biasanya membenarkan para pemimpin membentuk pasukan frontbench dari anggota kanan kumpulan parlimen untuk bertindak sebagai pengkritik aspek dasar kerajaan. Apabila sebuah parti menjadi parti terbesar bukan sebahagian daripada Kerajaan, kumpulan parlimen parti membentuk Pembangkang Rasmi, dengan anggota pasukan pembangkang rasmi yang sering membentuk kabinet Pembangkang Rasmi. Apabila parti mencapai kerusi yang mencukupi dalam pilihan raya untuk membentuk majoriti, frontal parti menjadi Kabinet menteri-menteri kerajaan. <> Bilakah parti membentuk pembangkang rasmi? || Apabila sebuah parti menjadi parti terbesar bukan sebahagian dari Kerajaan <> Apa jenis parti yang membolehkan pemimpin membentuk tim frontbench? || Parti yang berpusat di Westminster <> Bilakah barisan depan parti menjadi Kabinet menteri kerajaan? || Apabila parti mencapai kerusi yang mencukupi dalam pilihan raya untuk membentuk majoriti <> Jika sebuah parti diwakili oleh ahli-ahli dari dewan bawah parlimen, apakah kedudukan lain yang boleh menjadi pemimpin parti? || ketua kelompok parlemen dari perwakilan parti penuh itu", {"context": "When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government"}], "question": "When does a party form an official opposition?", "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Westminster-based parties"}], "question": "What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?", "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority"}], "question": "When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?", "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation"}], "question": "If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?", "id": "57279453f1498d1400e8fcad"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama, parti politik mencapai bentuk moden, dengan keahlian disiplin melalui penggunaan cambuk parti dan pelaksanaan struktur kawalan yang cekap. Parti Liga Kaum Rumah, berkempen untuk Peraturan Rumah untuk Ireland di Parlimen British pada asasnya telah diubah oleh pemimpin politik Ireland yang hebat Charles Stewart Parnell pada tahun 1880-an. Pada tahun 1882, beliau menukar nama partinya kepada Parti Parlimen Ireland dan membentuk struktur akar rumput yang teratur, memperkenalkan keahlian untuk menggantikan kumpulan iklan tidak formal \"ad hoc\". Beliau membuat prosedur pemilihan baru untuk memastikan pemilihan profesional calon parti berkomitmen untuk mengambil tempat duduk mereka, dan pada tahun 1884 ia memaksa 'pihak ikrar' firma yang mewajibkan Ahli Parlimen untuk mengundi sebagai satu blok di parlimen pada semua kesempatan. Penciptaan cambuk parti yang ketat dan struktur parti formal adalah unik pada masa itu. Struktur dan kawalan yang berkesan partinya berbeza dengan peraturan yang longgar dan informal yang fleksibel yang terdapat di pihak-pihak utama Inggeris; - mereka tidak lama lagi datang untuk memodelkan diri mereka pada model Parnellite. <> Siapa pemimpin parti politik Ireland pada 1880-an? || Charles Stewart Parnell <> Apa Charles Stewart Parnell mengubah nama pihaknya pada tahun 1882? || Parti Parlimen Ireland <> Adakah Parti Parlimen Ireland pernah mengadopsi model Parnellite? || mereka tidak lama lagi datang untuk model sendiri pada model Parnellite.", {"context": "At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s. In 1882, he changed his party's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure, introducing membership to replace \"ad hoc\" informal groupings. He created a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats, and in 1884 he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party whip and a formal party structure was unique at the time. His party's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties; \u2013 they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "Charles Stewart Parnell"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?", "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "Irish Parliamentary Party"}], "question": "What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?", "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1028, "text": "they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model."}], "question": "Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?", "id": "57278fabdd62a815002ea06c"}]}], ["Puak-puak politik yang pertama, bersambung dengan asas, jika cairan, set prinsip muncul dari Krisis Pengecualian dan Revolusi Mulia di akhir abad ke-17 Inggeris. The Whigs menyokong monarki perlembagaan Protestan terhadap peraturan mutlak dan Tories, yang berasal dari puak Royalis (atau \"Cavalier\") Perang Saudara Inggeris, adalah penyokong kerajaan konservatif raja monarki yang kuat sebagai pengimbang kepada kecenderungan Republikan Whigs, yang puak politik yang dominan untuk kebanyakan separuh pertama abad ke-18; mereka menyokong pengganti Hanoverian pada tahun 1715 terhadap pendukung Jacobite dari dinasti Roman Katolik Stuart dan mampu membersihkan ahli politik Tory dari jawatan penting kerajaan setelah gagal Jacobite meningkat pada 1715. Pemimpin Whigs adalah Robert Walpole, yang mengekalkan kawalan kerajaan dalam tempoh 1721-1742; anaknya ialah Henry Pelham (1743-1754). <> Sekitar jam berapa puak-puak politik pertama mula muncul? || akhir abad ke-17 England <<Siapa yang menguasai parti politik untuk separuh pertama abad ke-18? || Whigs <> Siapa pemimpin jika Whigs itu? || Robert Walpole <> Dalam tahun berapakah jacobite naik gagal? || 1715", {"context": "The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or \"Cavalier\") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721\u20131742; his prot\u00e9g\u00e9 was Henry Pelham (1743\u20131754).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "late-17th-century England"}], "question": "Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?", "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "Whigs"}], "question": "Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?", "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 820, "text": "Robert Walpole"}], "question": "Who was the leader if the Whigs?", "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9efe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 786, "text": "1715"}], "question": "In what year did the jacobite rising fail?", "id": "5727817ddd62a815002e9eff"}]}], ["Apabila mereka kehilangan kuasa, kepimpinan Whig lama dibubarkan menjadi satu dekad kekacauan faksi dengan kumpulan \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", dan \"Chathamite\" yang berturut-turut berkuasa, dan semua merujuk kepada diri mereka sebagai \"Whigs\". Daripada kekacauan ini, parti-parti tersendiri pertama muncul. Parti pertama adalah Rockingham Whigs di bawah pimpinan Charles Watson-Wentworth dan bimbingan intelektual ahli falsafah politik Edmund Burke. Burke meletakkan falsafah yang menggambarkan rangka kerja asas parti politik sebagai \"satu kumpulan lelaki bersatu untuk mempromosikan dengan usaha bersama mereka kepentingan nasional, atas beberapa prinsip tertentu di mana mereka semua disepakati\". Berbanding dengan ketidakstabilan puak-puak yang terdahulu, yang sering dikaitkan dengan pemimpin tertentu dan boleh hancur jika dialihkan dari kuasa, parti itu berpusat di sekitar satu set prinsip teras dan kekal berkuasa sebagai pembangkang bersatu kepada kerajaan. <> Siapakah pihak Whig tersendiri pertama yang muncul dari kekacauan? || Whing Rockingham <> Siapa pemimpin Whing Rockingham? || Charles Watson-Wentworth <> Apakah perihalan untuk rangka asas parti Rockingham Whigs? || \"satu badan lelaki bersatu untuk mempromosikan dengan usaha bersama mereka kepentingan nasional, atas beberapa prinsip tertentu di mana mereka semua bersetuju\" <> Adakah Rockingham Whigs pernah memperoleh kuasa sebagai pembangkang kepada kerajaan? || kekal tidak berkuasa sebagai pembangkang bersatu padu dengan kerajaan.", {"context": "When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as \"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "the Rockingham Whigs"}], "question": "Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?", "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Charles Watson-Wentworth"}], "question": "Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?", "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "\"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\""}], "question": "What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?", "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 908, "text": "remained out of power as a united opposition to government."}], "question": "Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?", "id": "57278ab15951b619008f8ce8"}]}], ["Walaupun Tories dipecat dari pejabat selama setengah abad, untuk sebahagian besar tempoh ini (pada mulanya di bawah pimpinan Sir William Wyndham), Tories mengekalkan perpaduan partai, dengan semoga berharap mendapatkan kembali tugas, terutama pada penyertaan George II ( 1727) dan kejatuhan kementerian Sir Robert Walpole pada tahun 1742. Mereka bertindak sebagai bersatu, walaupun tidak menolong, menentang Whig korupsi dan skandal. Kadang-kadang mereka bekerjasama dengan \"Pembangkang Whigs\", Whigs yang bertentangan dengan kerajaan Whig; Walau bagaimanapun, jurang ideologi antara Tories dan Pembangkang Whigs menghalang mereka daripada menyatukan sebagai satu pihak. Mereka akhirnya mendapat kuasa dengan penyertaan George III pada tahun 1760 di bawah Lord Bute. <> Siapa yang menentang Tories? || Whigs <> Siapa yang Tories kadang-kadang bekerjasama? || \"Whigs Pembangkang\" <> Bilakah Tories mendapat semula kuasa? || 1760 <> Berapa lamakah Tories dipecat dari pejabat? || setengah abad <> Kenapa Tories dan Pembangkang Whigs tidak pernah membentuk satu pihak? || jurang ideologi", {"context": "Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the \"Opposition Whigs\", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "Whigs"}], "question": "Who did the Tories oppose?", "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "the \"Opposition Whigs\""}], "question": "Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?", "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "1760"}], "question": "When did the Tories regain power?", "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "half a century"}], "question": "For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?", "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "ideological gap"}], "question": "Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?", "id": "572789855951b619008f8cb9"}]}], ["Menjelang abad ini, puak-puaknya perlahan-lahan mula mengamalkan lebih banyak kecenderungan politik yang bersesuaian memandangkan kepentingan asas kuasa mereka mula menyimpang. Dasar permulaan parti Whig dari keluarga bangsawan yang hebat, melebar untuk memasukkan kepentingan perindustrian yang muncul dan pedagang kaya. Selain memperjuangkan monarki perlembagaan dengan had ketat ke atas kuasa raja, Whigs bersikap tegas menentang seorang raja Katolik sebagai ancaman kebebasan, dan percaya untuk memperluas toleransi kepada Protestan yang tidak konvensional, atau orang-orang yang bertentangan. Pengaruh utama pada Whigs adalah ide politik liberal John Locke, dan konsep hak universal yang digunakan oleh Locke dan Algernon Sidney. <> Siapa ide politik liberal mempengaruhi Whigs? || John Locke <> Nama kedua orang yang konsep hak universal mempengaruhi Whigs. || Locke dan Algernon Sidney <> Adakah Whigs mahu membatasi kuasa raja? || memperjuangkan monarki perlembagaan dengan had ketat ke atas kuasa raja <> Adakah Whigs menyokong atau menentang raja Katolik? || Whigs bersungguh-sungguh menentang seorang raja Katolik sebagai ancaman kepada kebebasan", {"context": "As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "John Locke"}], "question": "Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?", "id": "57278788708984140094e011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Locke and Algernon Sidney"}], "question": "Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.", "id": "57278788708984140094e012"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power"}], "question": "Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?", "id": "57278788708984140094e013"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty"}], "question": "Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?", "id": "57278788708984140094e014"}]}], ["Walaupun terdapat beberapa persamaan antarabangsa dalam cara parti politik diiktiraf, dan dalam cara mereka beroperasi, terdapat banyak perbezaan, dan ada yang penting. Ramai parti politik mempunyai teras ideologi, tetapi ada yang tidak, dan banyak mewakili ideologi yang sangat berbeza daripada yang mereka lakukan ketika pertama kali diasaskan. Dalam demokrasi, parti politik dipilih oleh pemilih untuk menjalankan kerajaan. Banyak negara mempunyai banyak parti politik yang kuat, seperti Jerman dan India dan beberapa negara mempunyai sistem satu pihak, seperti China. Amerika Syarikat adalah sistem dua pihak, dengan dua partinya yang paling kuat adalah Partai Demokratik dan Partai Republik. <> Apakah dua parti politik paling kuat di Amerika Syarikat? || Parti Demokratik dan Parti Republikan <> Namakan sebuah negara yang mempunyai sistem politik satu pihak. || China <> Bagaimana parti politik dipilih dalam demokrasi? || pengundi <> Apa beberapa negara yang mempunyai banyak parti politik yang berkuasa? || Jerman dan India", {"context": "While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "Democratic Party and the Republican Party"}], "question": "What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?", "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 538, "text": "China"}], "question": "Name a nation that has a one-party political system.", "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "the electorate"}], "question": "How are political parties elected in democracies? ", "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Germany and India"}], "question": "What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?", "id": "57277ff9dd62a815002e9ed9"}]}], ["Parti politik biasanya diketuai pemimpin parti (ahli dan jurucakap yang paling berkuasa mewakili parti itu), setiausaha parti (yang mengekalkan kerja harian dan rekod mesyuarat parti), bendahari parti (yang bertanggungjawab keahlian keahlian) dan pesta kerusi (yang membentuk strategi untuk merekrut dan mengekalkan ahli-ahli parti, dan juga kerusi mesyuarat parti). Kebanyakan kedudukan di atas juga merupakan ahli eksekutif parti, organisasi utama yang menetapkan dasar untuk seluruh parti di peringkat kebangsaan. Struktur ini jauh lebih terdesentralisasi di Amerika Syarikat kerana pemisahan kuasa, federalisme dan kepelbagaian kepentingan ekonomi dan mazhab agama. Malah, parti-parti negara berpusat di luar sebagai daerah dan lain-lain jawatankuasa tempatan yang sebahagian besarnya bebas daripada jawatankuasa pusat negeri. Pemimpin parti nasional di A.S. akan menjadi presiden, jika parti itu memegang jawatan itu, atau anggota Kongres yang menonjol dalam pembangkang (walaupun seorang gabenor negara besar mungkin bercita-cita untuk peranan itu). Secara rasmi, setiap parti mempunyai pengerusi jawatankuasa nasionalnya yang merupakan jurucakap, penganjur dan penggalangan dana terkemuka, tetapi tanpa status pemegang jabatan yang dipilih. <> Adakah parti politik mempunyai pemimpin Parti? || Parti politik biasanya diketuai oleh pemimpin parti <> Siapa yang mengekalkan kerja harian dan rekod mesyuarat parti? || Setiausaha parti <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk yuran dan perbelanjaan keahlian? || bendahari parti <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk merekrut dan mengekalkan ahli parti? || kerusi parti", {"context": "A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "A political party is typically led by a party leader"}], "question": "Do political parties have a Party leader?", "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "party secretary"}], "question": "Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?", "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "party treasurer"}], "question": "Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? ", "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "party chair"}], "question": "Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?", "id": "572790c7f1498d1400e8fc3d"}]}], ["Dari separuh kedua abad ke 20 ke atas pihak-pihak yang terus bergantung pada sumbangan atau langganan keahlian berlari ke masalah-masalah pemasangan. Seiring dengan peningkatan penambahan sumbangan, terdapat penurunan jangka panjang dalam keahlian parti di kebanyakan negara demokrasi barat yang menempatkan lebih banyak lagi pembiayaan. Contohnya, dalam keanggotaan United Kingdom dan Australia kedua-dua parti utama pada tahun 2006 adalah kurang daripada 1/8 daripada apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1950, walaupun peningkatan yang ketara dalam populasi sepanjang tempoh tersebut. <> Mengapa pihak yang bergantung kepada sumbangan atau langganan mengalami masalah? || peningkatan pengawasan derma ada kemerosotan jangka panjang dalam keanggotaan part <> Bilakah parti-partai yang bergantung pada sumbangan mula mengalami masalah? || separuh kedua abad ke-20", {"context": "From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships"}], "question": "Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?", "id": "5727a68c3acd2414000de8df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "second half of the 20th century"}], "question": "When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?", "id": "5727a68c3acd2414000de8e0"}]}], ["Parti-parti politik, yang masih dipanggil puak-puak oleh beberapa, terutama yang berada di aparat pemerintah, telah melobi dengan kuat oleh organisasi, bisnis dan kelompok kepentingan khusus seperti kesatuan sekerja. Wang dan hadiah-hadiah kepada parti, atau ahli terkemuka, boleh ditawarkan sebagai insentif. Derma tersebut adalah sumber pembiayaan tradisional untuk semua parti kader kanan. Bermula pada akhir abad ke-19 parti-parti ini ditentang oleh parti pekerja kiri yang baru ditubuhkan. Mereka memulakan jenis parti yang baru, parti keahlian massa, dan sumber baru pengumpulan dana politik, keahlian. <> Apa yang dipanggil puak oleh sesetengah orang? || Parti-parti politik <> Apakah parti-parti politik melobi? || organisasi, perniagaan dan kumpulan minat khas <> Apakah sumber pembiayaan tradisional untuk pihak? || Wang dan hadiah <> Sekitar masa mana parti keahlian massa bermula? || abad ke-19", {"context": "Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Political parties"}], "question": "What are called factions by some people?", "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "organizations, businesses and special interest groups"}], "question": "What are political parties lobbied by?", "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Money and gifts"}], "question": "What are traditional sources of funding for parties?", "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "Around which time was the mass membership party started?", "id": "5727a5812ca10214002d92c1"}]}], ["Dalam satu sistem parti, satu parti politik dibenarkan secara sah untuk memegang kuasa yang berkesan. Walaupun pihak-pihak kecil kadang-kadang dibenarkan, mereka dikehendaki secara sah untuk menerima kepimpinan pihak yang dominan. Parti ini tidak semestinya sama dengan kerajaan, walaupun kadang-kadang kedudukan dalam parti sebenarnya mungkin lebih penting daripada kedudukan dalam kerajaan. Korea Utara dan China adalah contoh; yang lain boleh ditemui di negara-negara Fasis, seperti Nazi Jerman antara 1934 dan 1945. Sistem satu pihak itu biasanya disamakan dengan diktator dan kezaliman. <> Dalam sistem apakah parti politik dibenarkan memegang kuasa yang sah secara sah? || satu pihak sistem <> Apakah contoh Korea Utara dan China? || kedudukan dalam parti mungkin sebenarnya lebih penting daripada kedudukan dalam kerajaan <> Bilakah Nazi Jerman dalam sistem satu pihak? || 1934 dan 1945 <> Apa sistem satu pihak sering dibandingkan dengan? || kediktatoran dan kezaliman", {"context": "In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "one-party systems"}], "question": "In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?", "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government"}], "question": "What are North Korea and China examples of?", "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "1934 and 1945"}], "question": "When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?", "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "dictatorships and tyranny"}], "question": "What is the one-party system often compared with?", "id": "57279ae5ff5b5019007d90ce"}]}], ["Lebih-lebih lagi, dalam hal parti yang jauh, kanan dan parti regionalisme dalam parlimen negara kebanyakan Kesatuan Eropah, parti politik arus perdana boleh membentuk sanitari kordon tidak rasmi yang menggunakan dasar tidak kerjasama terhadap \"Pihak Outsider\" hadir dalam badan perundangan yang dilihat sebagai 'anti-sistem' atau sebaliknya tidak dapat diterima oleh kerajaan. Walau bagaimanapun, Cordon Sanitarian telah ditinggalkan sejak dua dekade yang lalu dalam demokrasi multi-parti sebagai tekanan untuk membina gabungan yang luas untuk memenangi pemilihan - bersama-sama dengan peningkatan kesediaan pihak luar sendiri untuk mengambil bahagian dalam kerajaan - telah membawa kepada banyak pihak-pihak tersebut memasuki parti-parti pilihan raya dan kerajaan. <> Adakah parti politik arus perdana tidak bekerjasama dengan pihak luar jika mereka terlalu melampaui batas? || parti politik arus perdana boleh membentuk sanitarian cordon tidak rasmi yang menggunakan dasar tidak kerjasama terhadap \"Pihak Outsider\" <> yang mana pihak luar dianggap tidak dapat bekerja dengan? || jauh, kanan, jauh dan regionalisme <> Apa yang semakin ditinggalkan dalam dua dekad yang lalu? || Cordon Sanitarian", {"context": "Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections \u2013 along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government \u2013 has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those \"Outsider Parties\""}], "question": "Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?", "id": "572798635951b619008f8e51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "far-right, far-left and regionalism"}], "question": "which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?", "id": "572798635951b619008f8e52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "Cordon Sanitarian"}], "question": "What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?", "id": "572798635951b619008f8e53"}]}], ["Sistem politik Inggeris, secara teknis sistem multi-parti, secara umumnya berfungsi sebagai dua pihak (kadang-kadang dipanggil \"dua pihak dan satu pihak\") sistem; Sejak tahun 1920-an, dua parti politik terbesar telah menjadi Parti Konservatif dan Parti Buruh. Sebelum Parti Buruh meningkat dalam politik British, Parti Liberal adalah parti politik utama yang lain bersama dengan Konservatif. Walaupun pemerintahan gabungan dan minoriti menjadi satu-satunya ciri politik parlimen, sistem pilihan raya pertama yang lalu yang digunakan untuk pilihan raya umum cenderung untuk mengekalkan dominasi kedua-dua pihak, walaupun masing-masing pada abad lalu bergantung pada pihak ketiga untuk menyampaikan majoriti pekerja di Parlimen. (Sistem pengundian pluraliti biasanya membawa kepada sistem dua pihak, hubungan yang digambarkan oleh Maurice Duverger dan dikenali sebagai Undang-undang Duverger.) Terdapat juga banyak pihak lain yang memegang atau memegang beberapa kerusi di Parlimen. <> Apakah sistem politik UK berfungsi sebagai? || dua pihak (kadang kala dipanggil sistem \"dua setengah parti\") <> Apa dua parti politik terbesar di UK? || Parti Konservatif dan Parti Buruh <> Apakah parti utama yang lain sebelum parti Buruh? || Parti Liberal <> Apakah Undang-undang Duveger? || Sistem pengundian pluraliti biasanya membawa kepada sistem dua pihak", {"context": "The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "a two-party (sometimes called a \"two-and-a-half party\") system"}], "question": "What has the UK political system functioned as?", "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9232"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "Conservative Party and the Labour Party"}], "question": "What are the two largest political parties in the UK?", "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9233"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Liberal Party"}], "question": "What was the other major party before the Labour party?", "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 726, "text": "A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system"}], "question": "What is Duveger's Law?", "id": "57279f3d2ca10214002d9235"}]}], ["Kebebasan untuk membentuk, mengisytiharkan keahlian dalam, atau kempen untuk calon dari parti politik dianggap sebagai ukuran pematuhan negara terhadap demokrasi liberal sebagai nilai politik. Peraturan partai dapat berlari dari penindasan atau penindasan semua partai pembangkang, norma untuk pemerintahan otoriter, untuk penindasan pihak-pihak tertentu yang memegang atau mempromosikan ide yang bertentangan dengan ideologi umum penyandang negara (atau memiliki keanggotaan oleh- undang-undang yang tidak boleh dikuatkuasa secara sah). <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai ukuran sokongan negara terhadap demokrasi liberal? || Kebebasan untuk membentuk, mengisytiharkan keahlian dalam, atau kempen untuk <> Bagaimana pihak berkawal? || penindasan terhadap atau penindasan semua parti pembangkang <> Akankah parti-partai yang memegang keyakinan balas terhadap keyakinan umum dari penyandang negara itu ditindas? || kepada penindasan pihak-pihak tertentu yang memegang atau mempromosikan cita-cita yang bertentangan dengan ideologi umum penyandang negara", {"context": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for"}], "question": "What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?", "id": "5727950d708984140094e17d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties"}], "question": "How are parties regulated?", "id": "5727950d708984140094e17e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents"}], "question": "Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?", "id": "5727950d708984140094e17f"}]}], ["Dalam sistem bukan parti, tiada parti politik rasmi wujud, kadang-kadang mencerminkan larangan undang-undang terhadap partai politik. Dalam pilihan raya bukan parti, setiap calon layak untuk memegang jawatan atas meritnya sendiri. Dalam perundangan bukan parti, tidak ada penjajaran parti yang biasanya formal dalam badan perundangan. Pentadbiran George Washington dan beberapa sesi pertama Kongres Amerika Syarikat adalah bukan partisan. Washington juga memberi amaran terhadap parti-parti politik semasa alamat perpisahannya. Di Amerika Syarikat, badan perundangan unikameral Nebraska adalah bukan parti tetapi dipilih dan mengundi pada garis parti tidak rasmi. Di Kanada, perundangan wilayah Wilayah Barat Laut dan Nunavut adalah bukan parti. Di New Zealand, Tokelau mempunyai parlimen bukan parti. Banyak kerajaan bandar dan daerah [samar] bukan partisan. Pemilihan bukan parti dan cara pemerintahan adalah umum di luar institusi negara. Kecuali terdapat larangan undang-undang terhadap parti politik, puak-puak dalam sistem bukan partisan sering berubah menjadi partai politik. <> Adakah parti politik rasmi wujud dalam sistem bukan partisan? || Dalam sistem bukan parti, tiada parti politik rasmi wujud <> Adakah pentadbiran George Washington bukan parti? || Pentadbiran George Washington dan beberapa sesi pertama Kongres Amerika Syarikat adalah bukan partisan. <> Apa yang Washington memberi amaran semasa alamat perpisahannya? || parti politik <> Apa fahaman dalam sistem bukan parti berkembang? || parti politik", {"context": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist"}], "question": "Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?", "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan."}], "question": "Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?", "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "political parties"}], "question": "What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?", "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1047, "text": "political parties"}], "question": "What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?", "id": "57279977f1498d1400e8fd0b"}]}], ["Dalam sistem parti yang dominan, parti pembangkang dibenarkan, dan mungkin terdapat tradisi demokratik yang mendalam, tetapi pihak lain secara luas dianggap tidak mempunyai peluang untuk mendapatkan kuasa. Kadang-kadang, keadaan politik, sosial dan ekonomi, dan pendapat umum adalah sebab kegagalan pihak lain. Kadang-kadang, biasanya di negara-negara yang kurang tradisi demokratik yang ditetapkan, kemungkinan pihak yang dominan akan tetap berkuasa dengan menggunakan perlindungan dan kadang-kadang dengan penipuan mengundi. Dalam kes yang kedua, definisi antara sistem dominan dan satu pihak menjadi agak kabur. Contoh-contoh sistem parti yang dominan termasuk Parti Tindakan Rakyat di Singapura, Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika di Afrika Selatan, Parti Rakyat Kemboja di Kemboja, Parti Demokrat Liberal di Jepun, dan Front Pembebasan Kebangsaan di Algeria. Sistem dominan satu pihak juga wujud di Mexico dengan Parti Revolusi Institusi sehingga tahun 1990-an, di Amerika Syarikat selatan dengan Parti Demokrat dari abad ke-19 hingga tahun 1970-an, di Indonesia dengan Golkar dari awal 1970-an hingga 1998. < Bilakah pihak pembangkang dibenarkan? || Dalam sistem parti dominan <> Apakah beberapa sebab kegagalan parti? || politik, sosial dan ekonomi, dan pendapat umum <> Apakah beberapa cara parti yang dominan boleh berkuasa? || sokongan dan kadang-kadang dengan penipuan mengundi <> Apakah beberapa contoh sistem parti dominan? || Kongres Kebangsaan Afrika di Afrika Selatan, Parti Rakyat Kemboja di Kemboja <> Berapa lamakah sistem satu pihak yang dominan terakhir di Mexico? || 1990-an", {"context": "In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between dominant and one-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore, the African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia, the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, and the National Liberation Front in Algeria. One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s, in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s, in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In dominant-party systems"}], "question": "When are opposition parties allowed?", "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion"}], "question": "What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?", "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "patronage and sometimes by voting fraud"}], "question": "What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?", "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia"}], "question": "What are some examples of dominant party systems?", "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 970, "text": "1990s"}], "question": "For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?", "id": "57279c7cff5b5019007d90f6"}]}], ["Lebih biasa, dalam kes di mana ada tiga atau lebih pihak, tidak ada pihak yang berkemungkinan memperoleh kuasa sahaja, dan pihak-pihak bekerja dengan satu sama lain untuk membentuk pemerintah gabungan. Ini telah menjadi trend baru dalam politik Republik Ireland sejak tahun 1980-an dan hampir selalu berlaku di Jerman di peringkat kebangsaan dan negeri, dan di kebanyakan kawasan di peringkat komunal. Sejak penubuhan Republik Iceland tidak pernah ada kerajaan yang tidak dipimpin oleh gabungan (biasanya Partai Kemerdekaan dan satu lagi (sering Perikatan Demokratik Sosial). Keadaan yang sama ada di Republik Irlandia, sejak tahun 1989 tidak ada pihak yang memegang kuasa secara sendiri Sejak itu, banyak kerajaan gabungan telah dibentuk, gabungan ini secara eksklusif diketuai oleh salah satu daripada Fianna F\u00e1il atau Fine Gael Perubahan politik sering lebih mudah dengan kerajaan campuran daripada satu- parti atau sistem dominan dua pihak. [diragui - membincangkan] Jika puak-puak dalam sistem dua pihak berada dalam perselisihan dasar mengenai matlamat dasar, atau bahkan prinsip, mereka boleh menjadi lambat untuk membuat perubahan dasar, yang kelihatan seperti sekarang dalam Amerika Syarikat dengan perpecahan kuasa antara Demokrat dan Republikan, namun kerajaan-kerajaan gabungan berjuang, kadang-kadang selama bertahun-tahun, untuk mengubah kebijakan dan sering gagal sama sekali, pasca Perang Dunia II Perancis dan Itali menjadi contoh utama. pihak dalam sistem dua pihak mengawal semua cawangan elektif, namun perubahan dasar boleh menjadi cepat dan signifikan. Demokrat Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt dan Lyndon Johnson adalah benefisiari dari keadaan seperti itu, seperti juga Republikan yang jauh dari masa seperti Abraham Lincoln dan Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama secara ringkas mempunyai kelebihan seperti itu antara tahun 2009 dan 2011. <> Dalam kes ini, pihak-pihak tidak mungkin mendapat kuasa sendiri? || dalam kes di mana terdapat tiga atau lebih pihak <> Adakah Ireland tidak pernah dipimpin oleh kerajaan gabungan? || sejak penubuhan Republik Iceland tidak pernah menjadi kerajaan yang tidak dipimpin oleh gabungan <> Sejak tarikh apa yang telah tidak dipimpin oleh satu kuasa tunggal? || 1989 <> Bilakah perubahan politik lebih mudah? || Perubahan politik sering lebih mudah dengan pemerintah campuran <> Apa contoh perdana kerajaan gabungan yang berjuang untuk mengubah dasar? || pasca Perang Dunia II Perancis dan Itali", {"context": "More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna F\u00e1il or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious \u2013 discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "in cases where there are three or more parties"}], "question": "In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?", "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9180"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition"}], "question": "Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?", "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9181"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "1989"}], "question": "Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?", "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9182"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "Political change is often easier with a coalition government"}], "question": "When is political change easier?", "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9183"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1313, "text": "post World War II France and Italy"}], "question": "What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?", "id": "5727a2d2ff5b5019007d9184"}]}], ["Amerika Syarikat telah menjadi dasarnya sistem dua pihak. Sejak parti yang konservatif (seperti Parti Republik) dan liberal (seperti Parti Demokratik) biasanya menjadi status quo dalam politik Amerika. Parti-parti pertama dipanggil Federalist dan Republikan, diikuti dengan masa yang singkat dominasi Republik sebelum pemisahan terjadi antara Republik Rakyat Republik dan Republik Demokratik. Yang pertama menjadi Parti Whig dan yang terakhir menjadi Partai Demokrat. The Whigs terselamat hanya selama dua dekad sebelum mereka memecah penyebaran perhambaan, yang menentang menjadi anggota Parti Republik baru, seperti juga anggota anti-perbudakan Parti Demokrat. Pihak ketiga (seperti Parti Libertarian) sering menerima sedikit sokongan dan sangat jarang pemenang dalam pemilihan. Walaupun begitu, terdapat beberapa contoh pihak ketiga yang menyeru undi daripada parti utama yang dijangka menang (seperti Theodore Roosevelt dalam pilihan raya 1912 dan George Wallace dalam pilihan raya 1968). Sebagai pergerakan pihak ketiga telah belajar, keperluan Kolej Pilihanraya untuk majoriti yang didistribusikan secara nasional menjadikan sukar bagi pihak ketiga untuk berjaya. Oleh itu, parti-parti semacam ini jarang memenangi banyak undi pemilih, walaupun sokongan mereka yang popular di dalam negeri boleh mengarahkannya ke satu pihak atau yang lain. Wallace mempunyai sokongan lemah di luar Selatan. Lebih umum, pihak yang mempunyai asas sokongan yang luas di seluruh rantau atau di kalangan kumpulan kepentingan ekonomi dan lain-lain, mempunyai peluang besar untuk memenangi pluraliti yang diperlukan di daerah majoriti tunggal A.S., pemilihan semua pemenang. Kawasan tanah yang besar dan penduduk yang besar di negara ini adalah cabaran besar kepada parti-parti politik dengan tarikan sempit. <> Sistem apa jenis sistem parti ialah Amerika Syarikat? || sistem dua pihak <> Apakah pihak pertama yang dipanggil Amerika Serikat? || Federalist dan Republikan <> Berapa lama Whigs masih hidup? || dua dekad <> Apa yang dicabar kepada parti politik yang tidak popular? || kawasan tanah yang besar dan penduduk yang besar di negara ini <> Pihak mana yang anti-perbudakan? || parti Demokratik", {"context": "The United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "two-party system"}], "question": "What type of party system is the United States?", "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Federalist and Republican"}], "question": "What were the first parties in the united States called?", "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "two decades"}], "question": "For how long did the Whigs survive?", "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1618, "text": "tremendous land area and large population of the country"}], "question": "What are challenged to an unpopular political party?", "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Democratic Party"}], "question": "Which party was anti-slavery?", "id": "57279d752ca10214002d921e"}]}], ["Skim warna politik di Amerika Syarikat menyimpang dari norma-norma antarabangsa. Sejak tahun 2000, merah telah dikaitkan dengan Parti Republikan sayap kanan dan biru dengan Parti Demokrat sayap kiri. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak seperti skim warna politik negara-negara lain, pihak-pihak tidak memilih warna-warna itu; mereka telah digunakan dalam liputan berita 2000 keputusan pilihan raya dan pertempuran undang-undang dan ditangkap dalam kegunaan popular. Sebelum pilihan raya 2000, media biasanya bersilih ganti warna yang mewakili parti setiap kitaran pilihan raya presiden. Skema warna berlaku untuk mendapatkan perhatian yang luar biasa pada tahun itu, jadi kitaran itu dihentikan supaya tidak menyebabkan kekeliruan pilihan raya yang berikutnya. <> Apa warna yang dikaitkan dengan warna merah? || Parti Republikan sayap kanan <> Apa parti politik warna biru yang berkaitan? || Parti Demokrat sayap kiri <> Adakah parti politik memilih warna-warna itu? || tidak seperti skim warna politik negara-negara lain, pihak-pihak tidak memilih warna-warna tersebut <> Dalam tahun apakah berlakunya penggunaan skim warna yang berbeza bagi pihak-pihak yang berhenti? || 2000", {"context": "Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "right-wing Republican Party"}], "question": "What is the color red associated with?", "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "left-wing Democratic Party"}], "question": "What political party is the color blue associated with?", "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors"}], "question": "Did the political parties choose those colors?", "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "2000"}], "question": "In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?", "id": "5727af4f3acd2414000de99e"}]}], ["Di United Kingdom, ia telah mendakwa bahawa rompakan telah dianugerahkan kepada penyumbang kepada dana parti, para dermawan menjadi anggota Dewan Pertuanan dan dengan itu berada dalam kedudukan untuk mengambil bahagian dalam undang-undang. Secara ternama, Lloyd George didapati telah menjual rawak. Untuk mengelakkan rasuah sedemikian pada masa akan datang, Parlimen meluluskan Akta Kehormatan (Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan) 1925 menjadi undang-undang. Oleh itu penjualan jualan secara rahsia dan penghormatan yang sama menjadi perbuatan jenayah. Walau bagaimanapun, sesetengah dermawan didakwa telah mencuba untuk mengelakkan perkara ini dengan menyekat sumbangan mereka sebagai pinjaman, menimbulkan skandal 'Tunai untuk Peerages'. <> Di United Kingdom, apa yang diberikan kepada orang-orang yang membantu membiayai pihak-pihak? || kawan-kawan <> Siapa yang dijumpai menjual jualan rutin? || Lloyd George <> Apa tindakan yang dibuat parlimen untuk menghentikan rasuah tersebut? || Akta Kepujian (Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan) <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Honours? || jualan secara terang-terangan dan penghormatan yang sama menjadi perbuatan jenayah <> Bagaimana orang cuba mengatasi undang-undang ini? || cloaking sumbangan mereka sebagai pinjaman", {"context": "In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "peerages"}], "question": "In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?", "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d92fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Lloyd George"}], "question": "Who was discovered to be selling peerages?", "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d92ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act"}], "question": "What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?", "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9300"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act"}], "question": "What did the Honours act do?", "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9301"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "cloaking their contributions as loans"}], "question": "How did people attempt to overcome this law?", "id": "5727a7852ca10214002d9302"}]}], ["Saintis politik Perancis Maurice Duverger menarik perbezaan antara parti kader dan parti massa. Partai kader adalah elit politik yang peduli dengan bertanding dalam pemilihan dan membatasi pengaruh orang luar, yang hanya diperlukan untuk membantu dalam kampanye pemilihan. Parti-partai massa berusaha untuk merekrut anggota baru yang merupakan sumber pendapatan parti dan sering dijangka menyebarkan ideologi parti serta membantu dalam pemilihan. Partai sosialis adalah contoh partai massa, sedangkan Partai Konservatif Inggris dan Kesatuan Demokratik Jerman Jerman adalah contoh daripada pihak hibrid. Di Amerika Syarikat, di mana kedua-dua parti utama adalah parti kader, pengenalan primaries dan pembaharuan lain telah mengubahnya sehingga kuasa dipegang oleh aktivis yang bersaing atas pengaruh dan pencalonan calon. <> Siapa yang membezakan antara parti kader dan parti massa? || Maurice Duverger <> Apakah pihak kader? || elit politik yang bimbang dengan pilihan raya yang bertanding dan membatasi pengaruh orang luar <> Apakah parti massa? || Parti-partai massa cuba merekrut anggota baru yang merupakan sumber pendapatan parti dan sering dijangka menyebarkan ideologi partai <> Apa contoh partai massa? || Parti-parti Sosialis <> Apa jenis parti yang menjadi dua parti utama di Amerika Syarikat? || parti kader", {"context": "French political scientist Maurice Duverger drew a distinction between cadre parties and mass parties. Cadre parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections.Socialist parties are examples of mass parties, while the British Conservative Party and the German Christian Democratic Union are examples of hybrid parties. In the United States, where both major parties were cadre parties, the introduction of primaries and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "Maurice Duverger"}], "question": "Who drew a difference between cadre parties and mass parties?", "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders"}], "question": "What are cadre parties?", "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology"}], "question": "What are mass parties?", "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Socialist parties"}], "question": "What is an example of a mass party?", "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "cadre parties"}], "question": "What type of parties are the two major parties in the United States?", "id": "5727b09f4b864d1900163a72"}]}], ["Terdapat dua kategori pembiayaan awam yang luas, langsung, yang melibatkan pemindahan wang kepada pihak, dan tidak langsung, yang merangkumi masa penyiaran di media negara, penggunaan perkhidmatan mel atau bekalan. Menurut Data Perbandingan dari Rangkaian Pengetahuan Pemilihan ACE, daripada sampel lebih dari 180 buah negara, 25% daripada negara tidak menyediakan pembiayaan awam langsung atau tidak langsung, 58% menyediakan pembiayaan secara langsung dan 60% daripada negara menyediakan dana publik tidak langsung. Sesetengah negara menyediakan pembiayaan awam langsung dan tidak langsung kepada parti politik. Pembiayaan mungkin sama untuk semua pihak atau bergantung kepada hasil pilihan raya sebelumnya atau jumlah calon yang berpartisipasi dalam pemilihan. Sering pihak bergantung kepada campuran pembiayaan swasta dan awam dan dikehendaki untuk mendedahkan kewangan mereka kepada badan pengurusan Pilihan Raya. <> Apakah dua kategori pembiayaan awam? || langsung, yang memerlukan pemindahan wang kepada pihak, dan tidak langsung <> Peratusan negara mana yang tidak menyediakan pembiayaan awam langsung atau tidak langsung? || 25% <> Apakah peratusan negara menyediakan pembiayaan langsung? || 58% <> Adakah pihak yang diperlukan untuk mendedahkan pembiayaan mereka? || dikehendaki mendedahkan kewangan mereka kepada badan pengurusan Pilihan Raya. <> Sebanyakkah negara menyediakan pembiayaan tak langsung? || 60%", {"context": "There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect"}], "question": "What are the two categories of public funding?", "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "25%"}], "question": "Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?", "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "58%"}], "question": "What percentage of nations provide direct funding?", "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9246"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "required to disclose their finances to the Election management body."}], "question": "Are parties required to reveal their funding?", "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9247"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "60%"}], "question": "What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?", "id": "5727ac44ff5b5019007d9248"}]}], ["Semasa abad ke-19 dan ke-20, banyak parti politik nasional menganjurkan diri ke dalam organisasi antarabangsa di sepanjang garis dasar yang sama. Contoh-contoh penting ialah Parti Universal, Persatuan Pekerja Antarabangsa (juga dikenali sebagai International First), Sosialis Antarabangsa (juga dikenali sebagai Antarabangsa Kedua), Komunis Antarabangsa (juga dikenali sebagai Antarabangsa Ketiga), dan Antarabangsa Keempat, sebagai organisasi kelas pekerja parti, atau Liberal International (kuning), Hizbut Tahrir, Kristian Demokratik Antarabangsa dan Kesatuan Demokrasi Internasional (biru). Dianjurkan di Itali pada tahun 1945, Parti Komunis Antarabangsa, sejak 1974 yang beribu pejabat di Florence mempunyai bahagian di enam negara. [Rujukan?] Pihak hijau di seluruh dunia baru-baru ini telah menubuhkan Greens Global. Parti Universal, The Socialist International, Liberal International, dan Kesatuan Demokrasi Antarabangsa semuanya berpusat di London. Sesetengah pentadbiran (contohnya, Hong Kong) menjalin hubungan formal antara organisasi politik tempatan dan asing, dengan berkesan melarang pihak-pihak politik antarabangsa. <> Bilakah parti politik mengatur diri mereka ke dalam organisasi antarabangsa? || 19th dan 20th abad <> Apakah beberapa contoh ini? || Parti Universal, Persatuan Pekerja Antarabangsa <> Nama salah satu contoh pentadbiran yang menghalang hubungan antara organisasi politik tempatan dan asing. || Hong Kong", {"context": "During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "19th and 20th century"}], "question": "When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?", "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association"}], "question": "What are some examples of this?", "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 994, "text": "Hong Kong"}], "question": "Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. ", "id": "5727affd4b864d1900163a6a"}]}], ["Hijau adalah warna untuk parti hijau, parti Islam, parti agraris Nordik dan parti republik Irlandia. Orange kadang-kadang menjadi warna nasionalisme, seperti di Belanda, di Israel dengan Orange Camp atau dengan Ulster Loyalists di Ireland Utara; ia juga merupakan warna pembaharuan seperti di Ukraine. Di masa lalu, Purple dianggap warna royalti (seperti putih), tetapi hari ini kadang-kadang digunakan untuk parti feminis. Putih juga dikaitkan dengan nasionalisme. \"Parti Ungu\" juga digunakan sebagai hipotetikal akademik sebuah parti yang tidak jelas, sebagai parti Centrist di Amerika Syarikat (kerana ungu dicipta daripada mencampurkan warna-warna parti utama merah dan biru) dan sebagai \"damai dan cinta yang sangat idealis\" \"parti-dalam vena yang sama kepada Parti Hijau, mungkin. Hitam pada umumnya dikaitkan dengan parti fasis, kembali ke kulit hitam Benito Mussolini, tetapi juga dengan Anarkisme. Begitu juga, coklat kadang kala dikaitkan dengan Nazisme, kembali kepada pasukan badai tan-seragam Parti Nazi. <> Pihak apa warna hijau untuk? || Parti-parti Islam, parti-parti agraris Nordik dan parti-parti republikan Ireland <> Apa warna ungu dianggap sebagai warna? || royalti <> Pihak apa warna hitam dikaitkan dengan? || pihak fasis <> Brown dikaitkan dengan pihak-pihak apa? || Nazism <> Apa warna oren yang berkaitan? || nasionalisme", {"context": "Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. \"Purple Party\" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic \"peace and love\" party\u2014in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties"}], "question": "What parties is the color green for?", "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "royalty"}], "question": "What was purple considered the color for?", "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "fascist parties"}], "question": "What parties is the color black associated with?", "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 939, "text": "Nazism"}], "question": "Brown is associated with what parties?", "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "nationalism"}], "question": "What color is orange associated with?", "id": "5727aec94b864d1900163a58"}]}], ["Pembiayaan demokrasi yang baru juga boleh disediakan oleh bantuan asing. Penderma antarabangsa menyediakan pembiayaan kepada parti politik di negara-negara membangun sebagai satu cara untuk menggalakkan demokrasi dan tadbir urus yang baik. Sokongan boleh semata-mata kewangan atau sebaliknya. Lazimnya ia diberikan sebagai aktiviti pembangunan kapasiti termasuk pembangunan manifesto parti, perlembagaan parti dan kemahiran berkempen. Membangunkan hubungan antara pihak-pihak yang berkaitan dengan ideologi adalah satu lagi ciri umum sokongan antarabangsa untuk parti. Kadang-kadang ini dapat dilihat sebagai menyokong secara langsung matlamat politik parti politik, seperti sokongan pemerintah AS kepada partai Georgia di belakang Revolusi Rose. Penderma lain bekerja secara lebih neutral, di mana beberapa penderma menyediakan geran di negara yang boleh diakses oleh semua pihak untuk pelbagai tujuan yang ditentukan oleh penerima. Terdapat panggilan oleh pemikir-pemikir pembangunan terkemuka, seperti Institut Pembangunan Luar Negara, untuk meningkatkan sokongan kepada parti-parti politik sebagai sebahagian daripada membangunkan kapasiti untuk menangani tuntutan penderma yang didorong oleh minat untuk memperbaiki tadbir urus. <> Apa juga yang boleh disediakan oleh bantuan asing? || pembiayaan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh penderma antarabangsa untuk mempromosikan demokrasi? || menyediakan pembiayaan kepada parti-parti politik di negara-negara membangun <> Apakah satu lagi kejadian umum sokongan antarabangsa untuk parti? || Membangunkan hubungan antara pihak berkaitan ideologi <> Apa yang ingin dilakukan oleh institusi pembangunan luar negara? || untuk meningkatkan sokongan kepada parti politik", {"context": "In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "funding"}], "question": "What can also be provided by foreign aid?", "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d9268"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "provide financing to political parties in developing countries"}], "question": "What do international donors do to promote democracy? ", "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d9269"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "Developing links between ideologically linked parties"}], "question": "What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? ", "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d926a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 975, "text": "to increase support to political parties"}], "question": "What does the overseas development institute want to do?", "id": "5727ada7ff5b5019007d926b"}]}]], [["Pengedaran nyanyian orang Yahudi boleh didapati dalam tulisan-tulisan ahli falsafah Yahudi Philo, lahir 20 BCE. Menenun bersama pemikiran Yahudi dan Yunani, Philo mempromosikan pujian tanpa instrumen, dan mengajar bahawa \"nyanyian diam\" (tanpa akord vokal) masih lebih baik lagi. Pandangan ini berpisah dengan tulisan suci Yahudi, di mana Israel menawarkan pujian dengan instrumen oleh perintah Allah sendiri (2 Tawarikh 29:25). Shofar adalah satu-satunya alat candi yang masih digunakan hari ini di sinagoga, dan ia hanya digunakan dari Rosh Chodesh Elul melalui penghujung Yom Kippur. Shofar digunakan dengan sendirinya, tanpa iringan vokal, dan terhad kepada satu set bunyi dan tempat tertentu dalam perkhidmatan sinagoga yang sangat ketat. <> Apakah nama ahli falsafah yang memuji muzik tanpa instrumen? || Philo <> Apa pandangan Philo tentang ketiadaan instrumen bertembung dengan? || Kitab Suci Yahudi <> Apakah satu alat yang masih digunakan hari ini oleh sinagoga? || shofar <> The shofar berhenti digunakan pada akhir apa peristiwa Yahudi? || Yom Kippur <> Bagaimana shofar digunakan? || dengan sendirinya, tanpa iringan suara", {"context": "The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE. Weaving together Jewish and Greek thought, Philo promoted praise without instruments, and taught that \"silent singing\" (without even vocal chords) was better still. This view parted with the Jewish scriptures, where Israel offered praise with instruments by God's own command (2 Chronicles 29:25). The shofar is the only temple instrument still being used today in the synagogue, and it is only used from Rosh Chodesh Elul through the end of Yom Kippur. The shofar is used by itself, without any vocal accompaniment, and is limited to a very strictly defined set of sounds and specific places in the synagogue service.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "Philo"}], "question": "What is the name of the philosopher who praised music without instruments?", "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "Jewish scriptures"}], "question": "What did Philo's views on the absence of instruments clash with?", "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "shofar"}], "question": "What is the one instrument still in use today by the synagogue?", "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "Yom Kippur"}], "question": "The shofar stops being used at the end of what Jewish event?", "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 587, "text": "by itself, without any vocal accompaniment"}], "question": "How is the shofar used?", "id": "5727a4444b864d190016391e"}]}], ["Mereka yang melanggan tafsiran ini percaya bahawa kerana kitab-kitab agama Kristian tidak pernah menentang bahasa instrumental dengan apa-apa penghakiman negatif terhadap instrumen, penentangan terhadap instrumen sebaliknya berasal dari tafsiran sejarah. Tidak ada penentangan bertulis terhadap alat musik dalam suasana di abad pertama dan setengah gereja-gereja Kristian (33 AD hingga 180AD). Penggunaan instrumen untuk penyembahan Kristian pada masa ini juga tidak didokumentasikan. Menjelang akhir abad ke-2, orang Kristian mula mengutuk instrumen itu sendiri. Mereka yang menentang instrumen hari ini mempercayai bahawa Bapa-bapa Gereja ini mempunyai pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang keinginan Tuhan untuk gereja, [perlu rujukan] tetapi terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan antara ajaran Bapa Gereja dan pembangkang Kristen terhadap instrumen hari ini. <> Apakah penolakan instrumen dalam muzik Kristian mungkin berasal? || tafsiran sejarah <> Selama masa apakah tidak ada catatan orang Kristen yang menggunakan alat untuk ibadah? || 33 AD hingga 180AD <> Pada titik apakah instrumen mula menerima kutukan dari orang Kristian? || abad ke-2 <> Atas sebab apa adakah orang Kristian moden terus menentang penggunaan instrumen? || Bapa-bapa Gereja mempunyai pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang keinginan Tuhan untuk gereja", {"context": "Those who subscribe to this interpretation believe that since the Christian scriptures never counter instrumental language with any negative judgment on instruments, opposition to instruments instead comes from an interpretation of history. There is no written opposition to musical instruments in any setting in the first century and a half of Christian churches (33 AD to 180AD). The use of instruments for Christian worship during this period is also undocumented. Toward the end of the 2nd century, Christians began condemning the instruments themselves. Those who oppose instruments today believe these Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church,[citation needed] but there are significant differences between the teachings of these Church Fathers and Christian opposition to instruments today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "an interpretation of history"}], "question": "What does the rejection of instruments in Christian music likely stem from?", "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "33 AD to 180AD"}], "question": "During what time is there no record of Christians using instruments for worship?", "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "the 2nd century"}], "question": "At what point did instruments begin to receive condemnation from Christians?", "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Church Fathers had a better understanding of God's desire for the church"}], "question": "For what reason do modern Christians continue to oppose the use of instruments?", "id": "57279bfadd62a815002ea1e9"}]}], ["Tradisi cappella yang kuat dan menonjol telah bermula di bahagian tengah barat Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1911 oleh F. Melius Christiansen, ahli fakulti muzik di St Olaf College di Northfield, Minnesota. Choir College St. Olaf ditubuhkan sebagai hasil daripada gereja Lutheran St. John, di mana Christiansen adalah organis dan paduan suara terdiri daripada sekurang-kurangnya sebahagian daripada pelajar dari kampus St. Olaf berhampiran. Kejayaan ensemble itu ditiru oleh konduktor serantau yang lain, dan tradisi kaya dengan muzik cappella choral dilahirkan di rantau ini seperti Kolej Concordia (Moorhead, Minnesota), Kolej Augustana (Rock Island, Illinois), Kolej Wartburg (Waverly , Iowa), Kolej Luther (Decorah, Iowa), Kolej Gustavus Adolphus (St. Peter, Minnesota), Kolej Augustana (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), dan Kolej Augsburg (Minneapolis, Minnesota). Choir biasanya terdiri daripada 40 hingga 80 penyanyi dan diiktiraf atas usaha mereka untuk menyempurnakan perpaduan, intonasi, ungkapan dan pitch dalam suasana koral yang besar. <> Bilakah cappella mula mengambil di Amerika Syarikat? || 1911 <> Apakah nama choir F. Mellus Christiansen digunakan? || The St. Olaf College Choir <> Who did the St Olaf Choir influence? || konduktor serantau yang lain <> Berapa banyak penyanyi yang biasanya dalam paduan suara? || 40 hingga 80", {"context": "A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "1911"}], "question": "When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?", "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "The St. Olaf College Choir"}], "question": "What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?", "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "other regional conductors"}], "question": "Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?", "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 909, "text": "40 to 80"}], "question": "How many singers are typically in the choirs?", "id": "5727a9504b864d19001639ce"}]}], ["Instrumen telah membahagikan Christendom sejak pengenalan mereka ke dalam ibadat. Mereka dianggap sebagai inovasi Katolik, tidak banyak dipraktikkan sehingga abad ke-18, dan ditentang dengan penuh semangat dalam ibadah oleh beberapa Reformer Protestan, termasuk Martin Luther (1483-1546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509-1564) dan John Wesley (1703-1791). Alexander Campbell merujuk kepada penggunaan instrumen dalam ibadah sebagai \"loceng lembu dalam konsert\". Dalam The Heart of Midlothian Sir Walter Scott, heroin, Jeanie Deans, seorang Presbyterian Scotland, menulis kepada bapanya tentang situasi gereja yang dia temui di England (tambah berani): <> Mengapa instrumen lebih tidak dialu-alukan kepada orang Kristian? || Mereka dianggap sebagai inovasi Katolik <> Apa nama buku di mana Jeanie Deans adalah protagonis? || The Heart of Midlothian <> Siapa yang dipetik untuk mengatakan instrumen dalam perkhidmatan keagamaan adalah seperti \"A bell cow in a concert\" || Alexander Campbell <> Siapa yang menulis The Heart of the Midlothian? || Sir Walter Scott", {"context": "Instruments have divided Christendom since their introduction into worship. They were considered a Catholic innovation, not widely practiced until the 18th century, and were opposed vigorously in worship by a number of Protestant Reformers, including Martin Luther (1483\u20131546), Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin (1509\u20131564) and John Wesley (1703\u20131791). Alexander Campbell referred to the use of an instrument in worship as \"a cow bell in a concert\". In Sir Walter Scott's The Heart of Midlothian, the heroine, Jeanie Deans, a Scottish Presbyterian, writes to her father about the church situation she has found in England (bold added):", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "They were considered a Catholic innovation"}], "question": "Why were instruments more unwelcome to Christians?", "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "The Heart of Midlothian"}], "question": "What was the name of the book in which Jeanie Deans is the protagonist?", "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea005"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Alexander Campbell"}], "question": "Who is quoted for saying instruments in religious services are like \"A cow bell in a concert\" ", "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea006"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Sir Walter Scott"}], "question": "Who authored The Heart of the Midlothian?", "id": "57278c6cdd62a815002ea007"}]}], ["Dalam Ritus Byzantine Gereja Ortodoks Timur dan Jemaat Katolik Timur, muzik yang dilakukan dalam liturgi secara eksklusif dinyanyikan tanpa iringan instrumental. Bishop Kallistos Ware berkata, \"Perkhidmatan itu dinyanyikan, walaupun tidak ada paduan suara ... Di Gereja Ortodoks hari ini, seperti di gereja awal, nyanyian tidak disertai dan muzik instrumental tidak dijumpai.\" Ini tingkah laku cappella timbul dari penafsiran yang ketat dari Mazmur 150, yang menyatakan, Biarkan setiap benda yang mempunyai nafas memuji Tuhan. Pujilah Tuhan! Selaras dengan falsafah ini, muzik awal Rusia yang mula muncul pada abad ke-17, dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef (konsert choral) membuat penyesuaian cappella dari gaya-gaya bergaya Venesia, seperti risalah, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675) oleh Nikolai Diletsky. Massa Liturgi dan Massa Ritus Barat yang disusun oleh para komposer terkenal seperti Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, dan Mykola Leontovych adalah contoh yang baik. <> Bilakah muzik Rusia muncul? || khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef <> khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef biasanya dilakukan sama dengan apa potongan? || Venetian-styled <> Apa ayat Alkitab menimbulkan sikap cappella tertentu? || Psalms 150 <> Siapa yang menulis sepotong bergaya Venetian yang popular pada tahun 1675? || Nikolai Diletsky", {"context": "In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the music performed in the liturgies is exclusively sung without instrumental accompaniment. Bishop Kallistos Ware says, \"The service is sung, even though there may be no choir... In the Orthodox Church today, as in the early Church, singing is unaccompanied and instrumental music is not found.\" This a cappella behavior arises from strict interpretation of Psalms 150, which states, Let every thing that hath breath praise the Lord. Praise ye the Lord. In keeping with this philosophy, early Russian musika which started appearing in the late 17th century, in what was known as khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef (choral concertos) made a cappella adaptations of Venetian-styled pieces, such as the treatise, Grammatika musikiyskaya (1675), by Nikolai Diletsky. Divine Liturgies and Western Rite masses composed by famous composers such as Peter Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Arkhangelsky, and Mykola Leontovych are fine examples of this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 668, "text": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef"}], "question": "When did Russian musika show up?", "id": "572789a1708984140094e03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "Venetian-styled"}], "question": "khorov\u00efye kontsert\u00ef were typically done similar to what pieces?", "id": "572789a1708984140094e03c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "Psalms 150"}], "question": "What bible passage gave rise to certain a cappella attitudes?", "id": "572789a1708984140094e03d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Nikolai Diletsky"}], "question": "Who composed a popular Venetian-styled piece in 1675?", "id": "572789a1708984140094e03e"}]}], ["Muzik cappella pada mulanya digunakan dalam muzik agama, terutama muzik gereja serta anasheed dan zemirot. Lagu chant Gregorian adalah contoh penyanyi cappella, seperti juga majoriti muzik vokal sekular dari Renaissance. The madrigal, sehingga perkembangannya di Baroque awal menjadi bentuk yang disertai dengan instrumen, juga biasanya dalam bentuk cappella. Muzik Yahudi dan Kristian pada asalnya adalah cappella, [rujukan?] Dan amalan ini berterusan dalam kedua-dua agama ini dan juga dalam Islam. <> Apa bentuk muzik yang digunakan oleh A cappella pada tahun-tahun awalnya? || muzik agama <> Apa yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada A cappella sehingga tempoh Baroque? || The madrigal <> Madrigal menjadi jenis bentuk yang menghalangnya daripada ditemani dengan cappella A? || disertai dengan instrumen <> Dalam era apakah kebanyakan muzik vokal dianggap sebagai cappella? || Renaissance", {"context": "A cappella music was originally used in religious music, especially church music as well as anasheed and zemirot. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing, as is the majority of secular vocal music from the Renaissance. The madrigal, up until its development in the early Baroque into an instrumentally-accompanied form, is also usually in a cappella form. Jewish and Christian music were originally a cappella,[citation needed] and this practice has continued in both of these religions as well as in Islam.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "religious music"}], "question": "What form of music was A cappella predominately used for in its early years?", "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "The madrigal"}], "question": "What was considered part of A cappella until the Baroque period?", "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "instrumentally-accompanied"}], "question": "The madrigal became what type of form that prevented it from being accompanied with A cappella?", "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Renaissance"}], "question": "In what era was most of the vocal music considered A cappella?", "id": "572784ba708984140094dfd8"}]}], ["Badan-badan agama Kristian masa kini yang dikenali kerana menjalankan perkhidmatan ibadat mereka tanpa iringan muzik termasuk beberapa gereja Presbyterian yang dikhaskan untuk prinsip penyembahan, Registative Regular Baptists, Baptist Primitif, Plymouth Brethren, Gereja-gereja Kristus, Bruder Baptis Jerman Lama, Doukhobors the Byzantine Upacara dan Amish, Mennonite Perintah Lama dan Mennonite Konservatif. Perkhidmatan gereja yang tinggi dan acara-acara muzik lain di gereja-gereja liturgi (seperti Massa Katolik Roma dan Perkhidmatan Ilahi Lutheran) mungkin merupakan cappella, suatu amalan yang berlanjutan dari zaman apostolik. Ramai Mennonites juga menjalankan beberapa atau semua perkhidmatan mereka tanpa instrumen. Sacred Harp, sejenis muzik rakyat, adalah gaya cappella nyanyian agama dengan nota bentuk, biasanya dinyanyikan di konvensyen menyanyi. <> Apakah nama agama gaya cappella yang digunakan dengan nota bentuk? || Sacred Harp <> Cappella wujud dalam beberapa gereja liturgi sebagai pengaruh dari era apa? || Masa apostolik <> Pada zaman moden, apakah kumpulan agama yang luas yang paling dikenali untuk melaksanakan cappella? || Badan agama Kristian", {"context": "Present-day Christian religious bodies known for conducting their worship services without musical accompaniment include some Presbyterian churches devoted to the regulative principle of worship, Old Regular Baptists, Primitive Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, Churches of Christ, the Old German Baptist Brethren, Doukhobors the Byzantine Rite and the Amish, Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites. Certain high church services and other musical events in liturgical churches (such as the Roman Catholic Mass and the Lutheran Divine Service) may be a cappella, a practice remaining from apostolic times. Many Mennonites also conduct some or all of their services without instruments. Sacred Harp, a type of folk music, is an a cappella style of religious singing with shape notes, usually sung at singing conventions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Sacred Harp"}], "question": "What is the name of the religious a cappella style used with shape notes?", "id": "57278b02708984140094e061"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "apostolic times"}], "question": "A cappella exists in some liturgical churches as an influence from what era?", "id": "57278b02708984140094e062"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "Christian religious bodies"}], "question": "In the modern day, what broad religious group is most known to implement a cappella?", "id": "57278b02708984140094e063"}]}], ["Semasa sembahyang di Bait Suci di Yerusalem termasuk instrumen muzik (2 Tawarikh 29: 25-27), perkhidmatan agama Yahudi tradisional di Sinagog, sebelum dan selepas pemusnahan terakhir Bait Suci, tidak termasuk alat muzik yang diberikan amalan cantillation ayat suci . Penggunaan alat muzik secara tradisinya dilarang pada hari Sabat daripada kebimbangan bahawa pemain akan tergoda untuk membaiki (atau menyesuaikan) instrumen mereka, yang dilarang pada masa itu. (Larangan ini telah dilonggarkan di banyak Reformasi dan beberapa jemaah Konservatif.) Begitu juga, ketika keluarga Yahudi dan kumpulan yang lebih besar menyanyikan lagu-lagu Sabat tradisional yang dikenali sebagai zemirot di luar konteks perkhidmatan agama formal, mereka biasanya melakukannya cappella, dan Bar dan Bat Mitzvah Perayaan pada hari Sabat kadang-kadang menampilkan hiburan oleh sebuah cappella ensembles. Semasa tiga minggu alat muzik dilarang. Ramai orang Yahudi menganggap sebahagian daripada tempoh 49 hari pengiraan omer antara Paskah dan Shavuot untuk menjadi masa setengah-setengah berkabung dan muzik instrumental tidak dibenarkan pada masa itu. Ini telah membawa kepada tradisi penyanyi cappella yang kadang-kadang dikenali sebagai muzik sefirah. <> Pada hari apa yang menggunakan alat muzik tidak dibenarkan? || Sabat <> Dalam apa gaya keluarga Yahudi biasanya menyanyikan lagu-lagu Sabat? || cappella <> Apa muzik cappella kadang-kadang dipanggil di antara orang-orang iman Yahudi? || muzik sefirah <> Berapa banyak hari yang dikira antara Paskah dan Shavuot? || 49 <> Apa bahagian dari masa antara Paskah dan Shavuot dianggap? || satu masa setengah berkabung", {"context": "While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25\u201327), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "Sabbath"}], "question": "On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? ", "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 738, "text": "a cappella"}], "question": "In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?", "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1180, "text": "sefirah music"}], "question": "What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?", "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de839"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 954, "text": "49"}], "question": "How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?", "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de83a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "a time of semi-mourning"}], "question": "What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?", "id": "5727a03f3acd2414000de83b"}]}], ["Muzik cappella [kapp\u025blla] (bahasa Itali untuk \"dalam cara gereja\") adalah kumpulan khusus atau nyanyian solo tanpa iringan instrumental, atau sekeping bertujuan untuk dilakukan dengan cara ini. Ia berbeza dengan cantata, yang disertai nyanyian. Istilah \"cappella\" pada mulanya bertujuan untuk membezakan antara gaya konsert polifoni Renaissance dan Baroque. Pada abad ke-19 minat yang diperbaharui dalam polyphony Renaissance ditambah pula dengan kejahilan fakta bahawa bahagian vokal seringkali digandakan oleh para instrumentalis yang membawa kepada istilah yang bermaksud muzik vokal yang tidak diiringi. Istilah ini juga digunakan, walaupun jarang, sebagai sinonim untuk brea alla. <> Apakah maksud cappella dalam bahasa Itali? || dalam cara kapel <> Apa istilah lain yang kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk kepada A cappella? || alla breve <> Pada titik apa polyphony Renaissance menjadi popular lagi? || Abad ke-19 <> Bagaimana cappella ditakrifkan pada masa ini? || kumpulan atau nyanyian solo tanpa iringan instrumental <> Cappella pada asalnya digunakan untuk memberitahu perbezaan antara dua gaya? || Polyphony Renaissance dan konsert Baroque", {"context": "A cappella [a kap\u02c8p\u025blla] (Italian for \"in the manner of the chapel\") music is specifically group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It contrasts with cantata, which is accompanied singing. The term \"a cappella\" was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato style. In the 19th century a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for alla breve.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "in the manner of the chapel"}], "question": "What does A cappella mean in the Italian language?", "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "alla breve"}], "question": "What is another term occasionally used to refer to A cappella?", "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 385, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "At what point did Renaissance polyphony become popular again?", "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "group or solo singing without instrumental accompaniment"}], "question": "How is A cappella currently defined?", "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato"}], "question": "A cappella was originally used to tell the difference between which two styles?", "id": "572782eb5951b619008f8bc5"}]}], ["Poliponi Kristian muzik cappella mula berkembang di Eropah sekitar abad ke-15, dengan komposisi oleh Josquin des Prez. Awalnya polyphonies cappella mungkin mempunyai instrumen yang disertakan, walaupun instrumen ini hanya akan menggandakan bahagian penyanyi dan tidak bersandar. Menjelang abad ke-16, polifoni cappella semakin berkembang, tetapi secara beransur-ansur, cantata mula mengambil tempat bentuk cappella. Abad ke-16 polyphony cappella, bagaimanapun, terus mempengaruhi komposer gereja sepanjang tempoh ini dan hingga sekarang. Bukti terkini telah menunjukkan bahawa beberapa bahagian awal oleh Palestrina, seperti apa yang ditulis untuk Sistine Chapel bertujuan untuk disertai oleh organ \"menggandakan\" beberapa atau semua suara. Seperti yang dilihat dalam kehidupan Palestrina menjadi pengaruh utama pada Bach, terutama dalam Misa di atas di B Minor. Komposer lain yang menggunakan gaya cappella, jika hanya untuk sekeping sesekali, adalah Claudio Monteverdi dan karya beliau, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (Air mata kekasih di kubur kekasihnya), yang terdiri pada 1610, dan Andrea Gabrieli semasa kematiannya, ia telah menemui beberapa keping corak, salah satunya adalah dalam gaya yang tidak diiringi. Belajar dari dua komposer terdahulu, Heinrich Sch\u00fctz menggunakan gaya cappella dalam banyak keping, ketua di antara mereka adalah kepingan dalam gaya oratorio, yang secara tradisinya dilakukan pada minggu Paskah dan menangani perkara agama pada minggu itu, seperti Penderitaan dan kesengsaraan Kristus. Lima daripada Schutz's Historien adalah kepingan Paskah, dan dari ketiga-tiga yang terakhir, yang berurusan dengan semangat dari tiga sudut pandangan yang berbeza, mereka dari Matthew, Lukas dan John, semuanya dilakukan gaya cappella. Ini adalah keperluan yang hampir untuk jenis ini, dan bahagian-bahagian orang ramai dinyanyikan manakala bahagian-bahagian solo yang disuarakan dari kedua-dua Kristus atau penulis telah dilakukan secara adil. <> Siapa yang merupakan seorang komposer terkenal muzik A cappella pada abad ke-15? || Josquin des Prez <> Bach dipengaruhi oleh komposer cappella yang terkenal dengan komposer apa? || Massa di B Minor <> Berapa banyak potongan Paskah Schutz berada dalam gaya cappella A? || tiga <> Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata yang terkenal Satu komposisi cappella ditulis dalam tahun berapa? || 1610 <> Beberapa komposisi ditemui selepas kematian komposer? || Andrea Gabrieli", {"context": "The polyphony of Christian a cappella music began to develop in Europe around the late 15th century, with compositions by Josquin des Prez. The early a cappella polyphonies may have had an accompanying instrument, although this instrument would merely double the singers' parts and was not independent. By the 16th century, a cappella polyphony had further developed, but gradually, the cantata began to take the place of a cappella forms. 16th century a cappella polyphony, nonetheless, continued to influence church composers throughout this period and to the present day. Recent evidence has shown that some of the early pieces by Palestrina, such as what was written for the Sistine Chapel was intended to be accompanied by an organ \"doubling\" some or all of the voices. Such is seen in the life of Palestrina becoming a major influence on Bach, most notably in the aforementioned Mass in B Minor. Other composers that utilized the a cappella style, if only for the occasional piece, were Claudio Monteverdi and his masterpiece, Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata (A lover's tears at his beloved's grave), which was composed in 1610, and Andrea Gabrieli when upon his death it was discovered many choral pieces, one of which was in the unaccompanied style. Learning from the preceding two composeres, Heinrich Sch\u00fctz utilized the a cappella style in numerous pieces, chief among these were the pieces in the oratorio style, which were traditionally performed during the Easter week and dealt with the religious subject matter of that week, such as Christ's suffering and the Passion. Five of Schutz's Historien were Easter pieces, and of these the latter three, which dealt with the passion from three different viewpoints, those of Matthew, Luke and John, were all done a cappella style. This was a near requirement for this type of piece, and the parts of the crowd were sung while the solo parts which were the quoted parts from either Christ or the authors were performed in a plainchant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Josquin des Prez"}], "question": "Who was a known composer of A cappella music in the 15th century?", "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "Mass in B Minor"}], "question": "Bach was influenced by a popular A cappella composer heavily for what composition?", "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1664, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many of Schutz's Easter pieces were in the A cappella style?", "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1137, "text": "1610"}], "question": "Lagrime d'amante al sepolcro dell'amata's well known A cappella composition was written in what year?", "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1147, "text": "Andrea Gabrieli"}], "question": "Some compositions were found after which composer's death?", "id": "5727876f5951b619008f8c7f"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1945, organisasi kedai barbershop wanita pertama, Sweet Adelines, dibentuk. Pada tahun 1953 Sweet Adelines menjadi organisasi antarabangsa, walaupun ia tidak mengubah namanya menjadi Sweet Adelines International sehingga tahun 1991. Keanggotaan hampir 25,000 wanita, semua bernyanyi dalam bahasa Inggeris, termasuk chorus di kebanyakan lima puluh Amerika Syarikat serta di Australia , Kanada, England, Finland, Jerman, Ireland, Jepun, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales dan Belanda. Beribu pejabat di Tulsa, Oklahoma, organisasi ini meliputi lebih daripada 1,200 kuartet berdaftar dan 600 choruses. <> Apakah nama organisasi barbershop wanita pertama? || Adelin Sweet <> Bilakah Sweet Adelines menukar namanya untuk mengakui jangkauan antarabangsa mereka? || 1991 <> Berapa ramai wanita yang menjadi anggota Sweet Adelines? || hampir 25,000 <> Di mana adakah Sweet Adelines HQ? || Tulsa, Oklahoma <> Pada tahun apakah Sweet Adelines menjadi kumpulan antarabangsa? || 1953", {"context": "In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "Sweet Adelines"}], "question": "What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?", "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?", "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "nearly 25,000"}], "question": "How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?", "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Tulsa, Oklahoma"}], "question": "Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?", "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "1953"}], "question": "In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?", "id": "5727b82e4b864d1900163b5c"}]}], ["Kontemporari cappella termasuk banyak kumpulan vokal dan band yang menambah perkusi suara atau beatboxing untuk mencipta bunyi pop / rock / gospel, dalam beberapa kes sangat mirip dengan band dengan instrumen. Contoh-contoh kumpulan profesional seperti Lurus Tidak Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, dan M-pact. Terdapat juga kehadiran cappella yang kuat dalam muzik Kristian, kerana sesetengah denominasi sengaja tidak menggunakan instrumen semasa ibadah. Contoh-contoh kumpulan tersebut ialah Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Pengaturan muzik popular untuk gamelan cappella kecil biasanya termasuk satu suara yang menyanyi melodi utama, satu menyanyikan barisan bas berirama, dan suara yang tersisa yang menyumbang iringan chordal atau polifonik. <> Sebagai pengganti instrumen, apakah yang dilaksanakan oleh beberapa kumpulan cappella moden? || perkusi vokal <> Di mana cappella masih mengekalkan kehadiran yang berat? || Muzik Kristian <> Dalam cappella, apa suara yang tidak menyumbang vokal utama atau garis bass menyumbang? || iringan korda atau polifonik", {"context": "Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "vocal percussion"}], "question": "In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?", "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Christian music"}], "question": "Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?", "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 703, "text": "chordal or polyphonic accompaniment"}], "question": "In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?", "id": "5727ae364b864d1900163a20"}]}], ["Sebab-sebab dominasi Sweden yang kuat adalah seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Richard Sparks manifold; cukup untuk mengatakan di sini bahawa terdapat tradisi yang lama, sebahagian besar penduduk (5% sering disebut) secara berkala menyanyi dalam paduan suara, pengarah korea Sweden Eric Ericson mempunyai impak yang besar pada perkembangan kapa cappella bukan sahaja dalam Sweden tetapi di seluruh dunia, dan akhirnya terdapat sebilangan besar sekolah rendah dan menengah yang sangat popular (sekolah muzik) dengan piawaian penerimaan yang tinggi berdasarkan pengauditan yang menggabungkan rejimen akademik yang teguh dengan nyanyian korea peringkat tinggi pada setiap hari sekolah, sistem yang bermula dengan Sekolah Muzik Adolf Fredrik di Stockholm pada tahun 1939 tetapi telah merebak ke seluruh negara. <> Apakah nama orang Sweden yang dikenali sebagai pengaruh besar kepada cappella di seluruh dunia? || Eric Ericson <> Sekolah muzik manakah yang memulakan pelaksanaan piawaian muzik yang tinggi? || Sekolah Muzik Adolf Fredrik <> Apa bahagian penduduk Sweden terlibat dalam nyanyian cappella? || 5% <> Siapa yang menggambarkan banyak sebab penglibatan berat Sweden dalam cappella? || Richard Sparks", {"context": "The reasons for the strong Swedish dominance are as explained by Richard Sparks manifold; suffice to say here that there is a long-standing tradition, an unsusually large proportion of the populations (5% is often cited) regularly sing in choirs, the Swedish choral director Eric Ericson had an enormous impact on a cappella choral development not only in Sweden but around the world, and finally there are a large number of very popular primary and secondary schools (music schools) with high admission standards based on auditions that combine a rigid academic regimen with high level choral singing on every school day, a system that started with Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm in 1939 but has spread over the country.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Eric Ericson"}], "question": "What is the name of the Swedish man known for being a large influence to a cappella across the world?", "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d938e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Adolf Fredrik's Music School"}], "question": "Which music school began the implementation of high musical standards?", "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d938f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "5%"}], "question": "What portion of the Swedish population engages in a cappella singing?", "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d9390"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Richard Sparks"}], "question": "Who describes the many reasons for Sweden's heavy involvement in a cappella?", "id": "5727ba1bff5b5019007d9391"}]}], ["Muzik tukang gunting adalah salah satu daripada beberapa bentuk seni Amerika yang unik. Laporan terawal mengenai gaya muzik cappella ini melibatkan orang Afrika Amerika. Kuartet terdokumentasi terawal semua bermula di barberhoper. Pada tahun 1938, organisasi barbershop rasmi lelaki pertama telah dibentuk, yang dikenali sebagai Persatuan Pemeliharaan dan Penggalakkan Kedai Barrett Singing Quartet di Amerika (SPEBSQSA), dan pada tahun 2004 telah dijenamakan semula dan secara rasmi menukar nama orangnya kepada Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS ). Kini BHS mempunyai lebih 22,000 ahli dalam kira-kira 800 bab di seluruh Amerika Syarikat, dan gaya barbershop telah tersebar di seluruh dunia dengan organisasi di banyak negara lain. The Barbershop Harmony Society menyediakan struktur persaingan yang sangat teratur untuk kuartet cappella dan menyanyikan lagu-lagu choruses dalam gaya barbershop. <> Apa jenis muzik cappella khusus untuk budaya Amerika? || Muzik tukang gunting rambut <> Apakah organisasi cappella yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1938 menukar namanya pada tahun 2004? || Barbershop Harmony Society <> Berapa ramai orang yang mempunyai keahlian ke BHS sekarang? || Lebih daripada 22,000 <> Apa kumpulan kaum terutamanya terlibat dalam babershop cappella pada hari-hari awalnya? || Afrika Amerika <> Apakah inisial BHS sebelum ia menukar namanya pada tahun 2004? || S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A", {"context": "Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A), and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States, and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries. The Barbershop Harmony Society provides a highly organized competition structure for a cappella quartets and choruses singing in the barbershop style.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Barbershop music"}], "question": "What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?", "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 470, "text": "Barbershop Harmony Society"}], "question": "What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?", "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "over 22,000"}], "question": "How many people currently have membership to the BHS?", "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "African Americans"}], "question": "What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?", "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A"}], "question": "What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?", "id": "5727b6c44b864d1900163b1e"}]}], ["Cappella telah digunakan sebagai orkestra tunggal untuk kerja-kerja asal teater muzik yang telah menjalankan komersial Off-Broadway (teater di New York City dengan 99 hingga 500 kerusi) hanya empat kali. Yang pertama ialah Avenue X yang dibuka pada 28 Januari 1994 dan berlari untuk 77 persembahan. Ia dihasilkan oleh Playwrights Horizons dengan buku oleh John Jiler, muzik dan lirik oleh Ray Leslee. Gaya muzik skor pertunjukan itu adalah terutamanya Doo-Wop sebagai plot merentasi penyanyi kumpulan Doo-Wop tahun 1960-an. <> Berapa banyak karya cappella dalam teater muzik telah berjaya dalam produksi Off-Broadway? || empat <> Apa nama muzik cappella yang pertama kali dibuka pada 28 Januari 1994? || Avenue X <> Apa tempoh masa yang ditetapkan oleh Avenue X? || 1960-an <> Berapakah bilangan terakhir persembahan dalam lari asal Avenue X? || 77 <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab untuk lirik Avenue X? || Ray Leslee", {"context": "A cappella has been used as the sole orchestration for original works of musical theater that have had commercial runs Off-Broadway (theaters in New York City with 99 to 500 seats) only four times. The first was Avenue X which opened on 28 January 1994 and ran for 77 performances. It was produced by Playwrights Horizons with book by John Jiler, music and lyrics by Ray Leslee. The musical style of the show's score was primarily Doo-Wop as the plot revolved around Doo-Wop group singers of the 1960s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many works of a cappella in musical theater have been successful in Off-Broadway productions?", "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Avenue X"}], "question": "What was the name of the a cappella musical that first opened 28 January 1994?", "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "the 1960s"}], "question": "What time period was Avenue X set in?", "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "77"}], "question": "What was the final number of performances in Avenue X's original run?", "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Ray Leslee"}], "question": "Who was responsible for the lyrics of Avenue X?", "id": "5727af6c3acd2414000de9a7"}]}], ["Cappella semakin popular di kalangan orang Asia Selatan dengan kemunculan terutamanya kumpulan Hindi-Inggeris College. Asia Selatan yang pertama, sebuah kumpulan cappella adalah Penn Masala, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1996 di University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed Asia Selatan, kumpulan cappella juga mendapat populariti. Yang pertama bersama Asia Selatan ialah cappella adalah Anokha, dari University of Maryland, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 2001. Juga, Dil se, yang lain memainkan cappella dari UC Berkeley, menganjurkan pertandingan \"Anahat\" di University of California, Berkeley setiap tahun. Maize Mirchi, yang menggabungkan kumpulan cappella dari Universiti Michigan menjadi tuan rumah \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\", sebuah negara Asia Selatan tahunan yang mengundang cappella dengan pelbagai kumpulan dari Midwest. <> Whas adalah nama etnik sebuah kumpulan capella yang ditubuhkan di University of Pennsylvania pada tahun 1996? || Penn Masala <> Antara kumpulan mana yang capella menjadi lebih menonjol? || Asia Selatan <> Apakah nama kumpulan Asia Selatan yang pertama untuk menerima kedua-dua lelaki dan wanita? || Anokha <> Apa pertandingan capella dihoskan di UC Berkeley? || Anahat <> Kumpulan apa yang menjadi tuan rumah pertandingan capella \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\"? || Maize Mirchi", {"context": "A cappella is gaining popularity among South Asians with the emergence of primarily Hindi-English College groups. The first South Asian a cappella group was Penn Masala, founded in 1996 at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-ed South Asian a cappella groups are also gaining in popularity. The first co-ed south Asian a cappella was Anokha, from the University of Maryland, formed in 2001. Also, Dil se, another co-ed a cappella from UC Berkeley, hosts the \"Anahat\" competition at the University of California, Berkeley annually. Maize Mirchi, the co-ed a cappella group from the University of Michigan hosts \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\", an annual South Asian a cappella invitational with various groups from the Midwest.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Penn Masala"}], "question": "Whas is the name of the ethnic a capella group founded at the University of Pennsylvania in 1996?", "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "South Asians"}], "question": "Among which group is a capella becoming more prominent?", "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "Anokha"}], "question": "What is the name of the first South Asian a capella group to accept both men and women?", "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "Anahat"}], "question": "What a capella competition is hosted at UC Berkeley?", "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Maize Mirchi"}], "question": "What group hosts the a capella competition \"Sa Re Ga Ma Pella\"?", "id": "5727bf0c3acd2414000deb4f"}]}], ["Keempat, muzik cappella muncul di luar Broadway, In Transit, yang ditayangkan pada 5 Oktober 2010 dan dihasilkan oleh Tahap Utama dengan buku, muzik, dan lirik oleh Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan dan Sara Wordsworth. Terletak terutamanya di sistem kereta bawah tanah New York City, skornya mempunyai campuran eklektik genre muzik (termasuk jazz, hip hop, Latin, rock, dan negara). Dalam Transit menggabungkan tinju mengalahkan vokal ke dalam kontemporari pengaturan cappella melalui penggunaan watak petinju menunggang kereta bawah tanah. Pukul petinju dan pelakon Chesney Snow melakukan peranan ini untuk penghasilan Tahap Utama 2010. Menurut laman web pertunjukan itu, ia dijadualkan dibuka semula untuk menjalankan operasi komersil terbuka pada Kejatuhan 2011. Pada tahun 2011, pengeluaran itu menerima empat pencalonan Anugerah Lucille Lortel termasuk pencalonan Liga Muzik, Luar Kritikan Luar dan Pencalonan Liga Drama, serta lima Pencalonan Drama Meja termasuk Muzik Luar Biasa dan memenangi Prestasi Ensemble Yang Cemerlang. <> Apakah nama muzik cappella yang memulakan Off-Broadway pada tahun yang sama sebagai Harmoni Sempurna? || Dalam Transit <> Di manakah kebanyakan In Transit berlaku? || sistem kereta bawah tanah New York City <> Apa gaya vokal cappella dilaksanakan di banyak lagu Dalam Transit? || mengalahkan tinju <> Berapa banyak Anugerah Lucille Lortel dalam Transit dicalonkan? || empat <> Apa nama pelakon yang memainkan petak penunggang kereta bawah tanah? || Chesney Snow", {"context": "The fourth a cappella musical to appear Off-Broadway, In Transit, premiered 5 October 2010 and was produced by Primary Stages with book, music, and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez, James-Allen Ford, Russ Kaplan, and Sara Wordsworth. Set primarily in the New York City subway system its score features an eclectic mix of musical genres (including jazz, hip hop, Latin, rock, and country). In Transit incorporates vocal beat boxing into its contemporary a cappella arrangements through the use of a subway beat boxer character. Beat boxer and actor Chesney Snow performed this role for the 2010 Primary Stages production. According to the show's website, it is scheduled to reopen for an open-ended commercial run in the Fall of 2011. In 2011 the production received four Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Musical, Outer Critics Circle and Drama League nominations, as well as five Drama Desk nominations including Outstanding Musical and won for Outstanding Ensemble Performance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "In Transit"}], "question": "What is the name of the a cappella musical that debuted Off-Broadway in the same year as Perfect Harmony?", "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "the New York City subway system"}], "question": "Where does most of In Transit take place? ", "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "beat boxing"}], "question": "What a cappella vocal style is implemented in many of In Transit's songs?", "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 766, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Lucille Lortel Awards was In Transit nominated for?", "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Chesney Snow"}], "question": "What is the name of the actor who played the subway beat boxer?", "id": "5727b2003acd2414000de9fb"}]}], ["Cappella Perfect Harmony, sebuah komedi tentang dua sekolah tinggi sebuah kumpulan cappella yang bertanding untuk memenangi kejohanan Kebangsaan, membuat debut Off Broadway di Teater Acorn Theatre Row di 42nd Street di New York City pada Oktober 2010 selepas berjaya keluar -town yang berlari di Stoneham Theatre, di Stoneham, Massachusetts. Harmony Perfect mempunyai muzik hit The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Skandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, dan telah dibandingkan dengan persimpangan antara Altar Boyz dan Bee Ejaan Putnam County Tahunan ke-25. <> Apa Teater Off-Broadway telah melakukan Perfect Harmony di? || Teater Acorn Theatre Row <> Sebelum datang ke New York, pada teater apa yang telah sempurna Harmony sebelum ini berjaya? || Stoneham Theatre <> Perfect Harmony telah dipanggil gabungan yang mana dua muzikal? || Altar Boyz dan Puting Ejaan Putnam County Tahunan ke-25. <> Dalam bulan apakah yang pertama kali diadakan di Off-Brodway Perfect Harmony? || Oktober <> Genre apa yang paling menggambarkan Harmoni Sempurna? || komedi", {"context": "The a cappella musical Perfect Harmony, a comedy about two high school a cappella groups vying to win the National championship, made its Off Broadway debut at Theatre Row\u2019s Acorn Theatre on 42nd Street in New York City in October, 2010 after a successful out-of-town run at the Stoneham Theatre, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Perfect Harmony features the hit music of The Jackson 5, Pat Benatar, Billy Idol, Marvin Gaye, Scandal, Tiffany, The Romantics, The Pretenders, The Temptations, The Contours, The Commodores, Tommy James & the Shondells and The Partridge Family, and has been compared to a cross between Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Theatre Row\u2019s Acorn Theatre"}], "question": "What Off-Broadway theater did Perfect Harmony open at?", "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Stoneham Theatre"}], "question": "Before coming to New York, at what theater had Perfect Harmony previously been successful?", "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "Altar Boyz and The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee."}], "question": "Perfect Harmony has been called a combination of which two musicals?", "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "October"}], "question": "In what month was Perfect Harmony's Off-Brodway debut?", "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "comedy"}], "question": "What genre best describes Perfect Harmony?", "id": "5727b0c94b864d1900163a7c"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 1943, hasil daripada pemogokan Persekutuan Amerika Pemuzik di studio rakaman Amerika Syarikat, kumpulan vokal cappella The Song Spinners mempunyai penjual terbaik dengan \"Comin\" di atas sayap dan doa \". Pada tahun 1950 beberapa kumpulan rakaman, terutamanya The Hi-Los dan Empat Penyelamat, memperkenalkan harmoni jazz kompleks kepada persembahan cappella. Singers King dikreditkan dengan mempromosikan minat dalam kelompok kecil penampilan cappella pada tahun 1960-an. Pada tahun 1983, sebuah kumpulan cappella yang dikenali sebagai The Flying Pickets mempunyai 'nombor satu' Krismas di UK dengan penutup Yazoo (dikenali di Amerika Syarikat sebagai Yaz) \"Hanya Kamu\". Muzik cappella telah mencapai kemunculan semula sejak akhir 1980-an dan didorong oleh kejayaan rakaman Top 40 oleh artis-artis seperti The Manhattan Transfer, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis dan Berita, All-4-One, The Nylons, Backstreet Boys and Boyz II Lelaki. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah kumpulan cappella meningkat kepada populariti pada tahun 1943? || Lagu Spinners <> Apa yang diboikot oleh pemuzik Amerika pada tahun 1943? || Studio rekod AS <> Siapa yang dikreditkan untuk mula memperkenalkan unsur-unsur Jazz ke dalam cappella? || The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen <> Apa lagu nombor satu yang diliputi oleh sebuah kumpulan cappella pada tahun 1983? || \"Hanya Anda\" <> Semasa dan selepas tahun 80-an, apa yang membantu muzik cappella meningkat dalam populariti? || kejayaan rakaman Top 40", {"context": "In July 1943, as a result of the American Federation of Musicians boycott of US recording studios, the a cappella vocal group The Song Spinners had a best-seller with \"Comin' In On A Wing And A Prayer\". In the 1950s several recording groups, notably The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen, introduced complex jazz harmonies to a cappella performances. The King's Singers are credited with promoting interest in small-group a cappella performances in the 1960s. In 1983 an a cappella group known as The Flying Pickets had a Christmas 'number one' in the UK with a cover of Yazoo's (known in the US as Yaz) \"Only You\". A cappella music attained renewed prominence from the late 1980s onward, spurred by the success of Top 40 recordings by artists such as The Manhattan Transfer, Bobby McFerrin, Huey Lewis and the News, All-4-One, The Nylons, Backstreet Boys and Boyz II Men.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 126, "text": "The Song Spinners"}], "question": "What a cappella group rose to popularity in 1943?", "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d9358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "US recording studios"}], "question": "What was boycotted by American musicians in 1943?", "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d9359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "The Hi-Los and the Four Freshmen"}], "question": "Who is credited for first introducing elements of Jazz into a cappella?", "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "\"Only You\""}], "question": "What number one song was covered by an a cappella group in 1983?", "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "the success of Top 40 recordings"}], "question": "During and after the 80's, what helped a cappella music rise in popularity?", "id": "5727ac192ca10214002d935c"}]}], ["Tidak jelas di mana cappella bermula. Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (dahulunya dikenali sebagai RPI Glee Club), yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1873 mungkin merupakan kolej yang paling lama dikenali sebagai kumpulan cappella. [Rujukan?] Walau bagaimanapun, kumpulan muzik terus menerus yang paling lama mungkin adalah The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, yang dibentuk pada tahun 1909 dan sekali termasuk Cole Porter sebagai ahli. Berkolaborasi dengan kumpulan cappella berkembang sepanjang abad ke-20. Sesetengah kumpulan sejarah terkenal yang dibentuk di sepanjang jalan termasuk Universiti Tigerson Princeton (1946), Colgate University Colgate 13 (1942), Dartmouth College's Aires (1946), Waiters Cayuga University (1949) dan The Hangovers (1968) Maine Steiners (1958), Columbia University Kingsmen (1949), Jabberwocks of Brown University (1949), dan University of Rochester YellowJackets (1956). Semua wanita adalah kumpulan cappella diikuti, sering kali sebagai parodi kumpulan lelaki: Smiffenpoofs Smith College (1936), The Shwiffs of Connecticut College (The She-Whiffenpoofs, 1944), dan The Chattertocks of Brown University (1951) . Kumpulan cappella meletupkan populariti bermula pada tahun 1990-an, didorong sebahagiannya dengan gaya perubahan yang dipopularkan oleh Tufts University Beelzebubs dan Boston University Dear Abbeys. Gaya baru menggunakan suara untuk mencontohi instrumen rock moden, termasuk perkusi vokal / \"beatboxing\". Beberapa universiti yang lebih besar kini mempunyai pelbagai kumpulan. Kumpulan kerap menyertai satu sama lain di konsert di kampus, seperti 'Cherry Tree Massacre' di Georgetown Chimes, sebuah festival cappella 3 bulan yang diadakan setiap Februari sejak tahun 1975, di mana lebih daripada seratus kumpulan kolej muncul, serta Juara-juara Kuartet Antarabangsa Boston Common dan komersial kontemporari kumpulan Rockapella cappella. Kumpulan ko-ed telah menghasilkan banyak artis yang hebat dan ramai, termasuk John Legend, alumni Rakan Kongsi di University of Pennsylvania, dan Sara Bareilles, alumni Awaken A Cappella di University of California, Los Angeles. Mira Sorvino adalah alumni Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones dari Harvard College di mana dia mempunyai solo di Only You oleh Yaz. <> Apakah nama sebelumnya kolej direkam tertua kumpulan cappella? || RPI Glee Club <> Apa komposer yang terkenal pernah menjadi ahli The Whiffenpoofs? || Cole Porter <> Apakah nama kumpulan capella yang parodi The Whiffenpoofs? || Smiffenpoofs of Smith College <> Apa nama kolej acara capella yang telah diadakan sejak tahun 1975? || Georgetown Chimes 'Cherry Tree Massacre <> Apa ahli muzik terkenal yang pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada kolej kumpulan capella The Counterparts? || John Legend", {"context": "It is not clear exactly where collegiate a cappella began. The Rensselyrics of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (formerly known as the RPI Glee Club), established in 1873 is perhaps the oldest known collegiate a cappella group.[citation needed] However the longest continuously-singing group is probably The Whiffenpoofs of Yale University, which was formed in 1909 and once included Cole Porter as a member. Collegiate a cappella groups grew throughout the 20th century. Some notable historical groups formed along the way include Princeton University's Tigertones (1946), Colgate University's The Colgate 13 (1942), Dartmouth College's Aires (1946), Cornell University's Cayuga's Waiters (1949) and The Hangovers (1968), the University of Maine Maine Steiners (1958), the Columbia University Kingsmen (1949), the Jabberwocks of Brown University (1949), and the University of Rochester YellowJackets (1956). All-women a cappella groups followed shortly, frequently as a parody of the men's groups: the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College (1936), The Shwiffs of Connecticut College (The She-Whiffenpoofs, 1944), and The Chattertocks of Brown University (1951). A cappella groups exploded in popularity beginning in the 1990s, fueled in part by a change in style popularized by the Tufts University Beelzebubs and the Boston University Dear Abbeys. The new style used voices to emulate modern rock instruments, including vocal percussion/\"beatboxing\". Some larger universities now have multiple groups. Groups often join one another in on-campus concerts, such as the Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre, a 3-weekend a cappella festival held each February since 1975, where over a hundred collegiate groups have appeared, as well as International Quartet Champions The Boston Common and the contemporary commercial a cappella group Rockapella. Co-ed groups have produced many up-and-coming and major artists, including John Legend, an alumnus of the Counterparts at the University of Pennsylvania, and Sara Bareilles, an alumna of Awaken A Cappella at University of California, Los Angeles. Mira Sorvino is an alumna of the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones of Harvard College where she had the solo on Only You by Yaz.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "RPI Glee Club"}], "question": "What is the previous name of oldest recorded college a cappella group?", "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Cole Porter"}], "question": "What prominent composer was once a member of The Whiffenpoofs?", "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "the Smiffenpoofs of Smith College"}], "question": "What is the name of the a capella group that was a parody of The Whiffenpoofs?", "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb1f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1561, "text": "Georgetown Chimes' Cherry Tree Massacre"}], "question": "What is the name of the college a capella event that's been held since 1975?", "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1916, "text": "John Legend"}], "question": "What well-known musician was once part of the college a capella group The Counterparts?", "id": "5727bd833acd2414000deb21"}]}], ["Meningkatkan minat dalam cappella moden (terutamanya cappella) dapat dilihat dalam pertumbuhan anugerah seperti Anugerah Rekod Cappella Kontemporer A (diawasi oleh Persatuan Cappella Kontemporer) dan pertandingan seperti Kejohanan Antarabangsa Collegiate A Cappella untuk kuliah kumpulan dan Undian Harmony untuk semua kumpulan. Pada bulan Disember 2009, satu siri pertandingan televisyen baru yang dipanggil The Sing-Off ditayangkan di NBC. Acara ini menampilkan lapan kumpulan cappella dari Amerika Syarikat dan Puerto Rico yang bertanding untuk hadiah $ 100,000 dan kontrak rakaman dengan Epic Records / Sony Music. Pertunjukan itu diadili oleh Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, dan Nicole Scherzinger dan dimenangi oleh kumpulan lelaki dari Puerto Rico yang dipanggil Nota. Pertunjukan itu kembali untuk musim kedua dan ketiga, dimenangi oleh Committed dan Pentatonix, masing-masing. <> Apa popular pertandingan capella tidak khusus untuk kumpulan kolej? || Harmony Sweepstakes <> Selain dari ganjaran kewangan, apa yang ditawarkan kepada pemenang The Sing-Off? || kontrak rakaman dengan Epic Records / Sony Music <> Apakah nama kumpulan yang memenangi The Sing-Off? || Nota <> Siapa yang menang musim terakhir Sing-Off? || Pentatonix <> Dalam Sing-Off, di mana kumpulan-kumpulan bukan dari Amerika Syarikat berasal? || Puerto Rico", {"context": "Increased interest in modern a cappella (particularly collegiate a cappella) can be seen in the growth of awards such as the Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (overseen by the Contemporary A Cappella Society) and competitions such as the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella for college groups and the Harmony Sweepstakes for all groups. In December 2009, a new television competition series called The Sing-Off aired on NBC. The show featured eight a cappella groups from the United States and Puerto Rico vying for the prize of $100,000 and a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music. The show was judged by Ben Folds, Shawn Stockman, and Nicole Scherzinger and was won by an all-male group from Puerto Rico called Nota. The show returned for a second and third season, won by Committed and Pentatonix, respectively.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Harmony Sweepstakes"}], "question": "What popular a capella competition is not specific to college groups?", "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "a recording contract with Epic Records/Sony Music"}], "question": "Aside from the monetary reward, what was offered to the winner of The Sing-Off?", "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "Nota"}], "question": "What is the name of the group that won The Sing-Off?", "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 822, "text": "Pentatonix"}], "question": "Who won The Sing-Off final season?", "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "Puerto Rico"}], "question": "In The Sing-Off, where did the groups not from the United States come from?", "id": "5727c0a83acd2414000deba5"}]}], ["Selain menyanyi, beberapa penyanyi cappella juga mencontohi instrumentasi dengan mengeluarkan bunyi instrumental dengan tali dan mulut vokal mereka. Salah satu daripada pengamal abad ke-20 yang paling awal dalam kaedah ini adalah The Mills Brothers yang rekaman awal tahun 1930-an jelas menyatakan pada label bahawa semua instrumen telah dilakukan secara lisan. Lebih baru-baru ini, \"Twilight Zone\" oleh 2 Unlimited dinyanyikan cappella kepada instrumentasi pada siri televisyen komedi Tompkins Square. Satu lagi contoh terkenal untuk meniru instrumentasi dan bukannya menyanyi perkataan adalah lagu tema untuk siri The New Addams Family di Fox Family Channel (kini Family ABC). Kumpulan seperti Vokal Sampling dan Undivided mencontohi irama Latin cappella. Pada tahun 1960-an, Swingle Singers menggunakan suara mereka untuk mencontohi alat muzik untuk muzik Baroque dan Klasik. Artis Vokal Bobby McFerrin terkenal dengan perangsangan instrumentalnya. Kumpulan cappella Naturally Seven mencipta semula keseluruhan lagu menggunakan nada vokal untuk setiap instrumen. <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh beberapa kumpulan capella selain perkataan menyanyi? || meniru instrumentasi <> Apa kumpulan capella dikreditkan untuk menjadi salah satu yang paling awal untuk menyesuaikan emulasi instrumental? || The Mills Brothers <> Apa jenis muzik yang Swingle Singers melaksanakan emulasi instrumental untuk? || Baroque dan muzik Klasik <> Apa nama rancangan ABC Family yang temanya sepenuhnya capella? || The New Addams Family", {"context": "In addition to singing words, some a cappella singers also emulate instrumentation by reproducing instrumental sounds with their vocal cords and mouth. One of the earliest 20th century practitioners of this method were The Mills Brothers whose early recordings of the 1930s clearly stated on the label that all instrumentation was done vocally. More recently, \"Twilight Zone\" by 2 Unlimited was sung a cappella to the instrumentation on the comedy television series Tompkins Square. Another famous example of emulating instrumentation instead of singing the words is the theme song for The New Addams Family series on Fox Family Channel (now ABC Family). Groups such as Vocal Sampling and Undivided emulate Latin rhythms a cappella. In the 1960s, the Swingle Singers used their voices to emulate musical instruments to Baroque and Classical music. Vocal artist Bobby McFerrin is famous for his instrumental emulation. A cappella group Naturally Seven recreates entire songs using vocal tones for every instrument.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "emulate instrumentation"}], "question": "What do some a capella groups do other than sing words?", "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "The Mills Brothers"}], "question": "What a capella group is credited for being one of the earliest to adapt instrumental emulation?", "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 819, "text": "Baroque and Classical music"}], "question": "What types of music did the Swingle Singers implement instrumental emulation for?", "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "The New Addams Family"}], "question": "What is the name of the ABC Family show whose theme is entirely a capella?", "id": "5727c2794b864d1900163ca7"}]}], ["Singers Swingle menggunakan kata-kata karut untuk bunyi seperti instrumen, tetapi telah diketahui menghasilkan versi bukan alat lisan alat muzik. Seperti kumpulan lain, contoh muzik mereka boleh didapati di YouTube. Beatboxing, lebih tepat dikenali sebagai perkusi vokal, adalah teknik yang digunakan dalam muzik cappella yang dipopulerkan oleh masyarakat hip-hop, di mana rap sering dilakukan cappella juga. Kemunculan perkusi vokal menambah dimensi baru kepada genre cappella dan telah menjadi sangat lazim dalam pengaturan moden. Petra Haden menggunakan perakam empat trek untuk menghasilkan versi cappella The Who Sell Out termasuk instrumen dan iklan palsu di albumnya Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out pada tahun 2005. Haden juga telah mengeluarkan versi cappella dari \"Don's Journey 't Stop Believin' \", The Boys 'Beach Boys'\" Only God Knows \"dan\" Thriller \"Michael Jackson. Pada tahun 2009, Toyota mengarahkan Haden untuk membuat tiga lagu untuk iklan televisyen untuk Toyota Prius generasi ketiga, termasuk versi cappella lagu 1970-an Bellamy Brothers \"Let Your Love Flow.\" [Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan Swingle Singers terutamanya digunakan untuk mencontohi alat muzik? || kata-kata tidak masuk akal <> Apa istilah lain untuk beatboxing? || perkusi vokal <> Apa yang digunakan untuk membuat rakaman capella The Who Sell Out? || peretas empat trek <> Apa pengilang kereta yang mengupah Petra Haden untuk melaksanakan lagu capella dalam iklan untuk kereta mereka? || Toyota <> Di laman web apa boleh banyak muzik kumpulan capella didengarkan? || Youtube", {"context": "The Swingle Singers used nonsense words to sound like instruments, but have been known to produce non-verbal versions of musical instruments. Like the other groups, examples of their music can be found on YouTube. Beatboxing, more accurately known as vocal percussion, is a technique used in a cappella music popularized by the hip-hop community, where rap is often performed a cappella also. The advent of vocal percussion added new dimensions to the a cappella genre and has become very prevalent in modern arrangements. Petra Haden used a four-track recorder to produce an a cappella version of The Who Sell Out including the instruments and fake advertisements on her album Petra Haden Sings: The Who Sell Out in 2005. Haden has also released a cappella versions of Journey's \"Don't Stop Believin'\", The Beach Boys' \"God Only Knows\" and Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\". In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of The Bellamy Brothers' 1970s song \"Let Your Love Flow\".[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "nonsense words"}], "question": "What did the Swingle Singers primarily use to emulate musical instruments?", "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "vocal percussion"}], "question": "What is another term for beatboxing?", "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "a four-track recorder"}], "question": "What was used to make an a capella recording of The Who Sell Out?", "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 880, "text": "Toyota"}], "question": "What car manufacturer hired Petra Haden to perform a capella songs in commercials for their car?", "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "YouTube"}], "question": "On what website can many a capella groups' music be listened to?", "id": "5727c4324b864d1900163cc6"}]}]], [["Ditubuhkan untuk memberitakan Injil dan memerangi ajaran sesat, aktiviti pengajaran perintah dan organisasi skolastiknya meletakkan Preachers di barisan hadapan kehidupan intelektual Zaman Pertengahan. Perintah itu terkenal dengan tradisi intelektualnya, yang menghasilkan banyak ahli teologi dan ahli falsafah terkemuka. Perintah Dominikan diketuai oleh Master of Order, yang kini Bruno Cador\u00e9. Ahli-ahli perintah umumnya membawa surat O.P., berdiri untuk Ordinis Praedicatorum, yang bermaksud Perintah Pendakwah, selepas nama-nama mereka. <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah Ordo Dominikan melakukan kerja terbaiknya? || Zaman Pertengahan <> Apa salah satu sebab mengapa Ordo Dominikan didirikan? || untuk memerangi sesat <> Kepala Ordo Dominikan dikenali sebagai apa? || Sarjana Perintah <> Siapa Sarjana Perintah semasa? || Bruno Cador\u00e9 <> Apakah Perintah Pendakwah dikenali? || tradisi intelektualnya", {"context": "Founded to preach the Gospel and to combat heresy, the teaching activity of the order and its scholastic organization placed the Preachers in the forefront of the intellectual life of the Middle Ages. The order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, who is currently Bruno Cador\u00e9. Members of the order generally carry the letters O.P., standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers, after their names.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 184, "text": "the Middle Ages"}], "question": "During what time period did the Dominican Order do its best work?", "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "to combat heresy"}], "question": "What was one reason why the Dominican Order was established?", "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Master of the Order"}], "question": "The head of the Dominican Order is known as what?", "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Bruno Cador\u00e9"}], "question": "Who is the current Master of the Order?", "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "its intellectual tradition"}], "question": "What is the Order of Preachers known for?", "id": "572784efdd62a815002e9f60"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 1215, dengan kelulusan Bishop Foulques dari Toulouse, Dominic mengarahkan pengikutnya ke dalam kehidupan institusi. Tujuannya adalah revolusioner dalam pelayanan pastoral Gereja Katolik. Para imam ini dianjurkan dan terlatih dalam kajian keagamaan. Dominic memerlukan kerangka kerja-peraturan-untuk mengatur komponen-komponen ini. Peraturan St. Augustine adalah pilihan yang jelas bagi Ordo Dominikan, menurut pengganti Dominic, Jordan dari Saxony, kerana ia meminjamkan dirinya kepada \"keselamatan jiwa melalui khotbah\". Walau bagaimanapun, dengan pilihan ini, saudara-saudara Dominika menunjuk diri mereka bukan sami, tetapi kanon-reguler. Mereka boleh mengamalkan kementerian dan kehidupan umum semasa berada dalam kemiskinan individu. <> Kerangka apa yang digunakan Dominic untuk membina institusinya? || Peraturan St. Augustine <> Pada tahun apakah Dominic memerintah pengikutnya ke dalam kehidupan institusi? || 1215 <> Siapa pengganti Dominic? || Jordan of Saxony <> Apa peraturan St. Augustine? || \"keselamatan jiwa melalui pemberitaan\" <> Apakah saudara-saudara Dominikan? || kanons-regular", {"context": "In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework\u2014a rule\u2014to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the \"salvation of souls through preaching\". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "Rule of St. Augustine"}], "question": "What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?", "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1215"}], "question": "In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?", "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Jordan of Saxony"}], "question": "Who was the successor to Dominic?", "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "the \"salvation of souls through preaching\""}], "question": "What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?", "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "canons-regular"}], "question": "What were the Dominican Brothers?", "id": "5727b4f54b864d1900163ae8"}]}], ["Dominic menjadi bapa rohani kepada beberapa wanita Albigensian yang telah didamaikannya dengan iman, dan pada tahun 1206 ia mendirikan mereka di sebuah biara di Prouille. Biara ini akan menjadi asas biarawati Dominika, sehingga menjadikan biarawati Dominika lebih tua daripada penganut Dominika. Sebelum Diego membenarkan bangunan sebuah biara untuk gadis-gadis yang ibu bapa menghantar mereka ke penjagaan Albigensians kerana keluarga mereka terlalu miskin untuk memenuhi keperluan asas mereka. Biara itu di Prouille akan menjadi ibu pejabat Dominic untuk usaha dakwahnya di sana. Selepas dua tahun di lapangan misi, Sebelum Diego meninggal dunia semasa perjalanan pulang ke Sepanyol. Apabila sahabat khotbahnya mendengar tentang kematiannya, semua menyelamatkan Dominic dan sebilangan kecil yang lain kembali ke rumah mereka. <> Dalam tahun apakah Dominic menubuhkan sebuah biara? || 1206 <> Apa perempuan yang ditukar Dominic untuk biaranya? || Albigensian <> Kumpulan apa yang lebih tua daripada Friars Dominikan? || Biarawati Dominika <> Mengapa keluarga menghantar gadis mereka ke biara Diego? || terlalu miskin <> Berapa lama selepas misi beliau sebelum Diego mati? || dua tahun", {"context": "Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "1206"}], "question": "In what year did Dominic establish a convent?", "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Albigensian"}], "question": "What women did Dominic convert for his convent?", "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Dominican nuns"}], "question": "What group are older than the Dominican Friars?", "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "too poor"}], "question": "Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? ", "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "two years"}], "question": "How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?", "id": "5727b40a3acd2414000dea2d"}]}], ["Dominic mengilhami pengikutnya dengan kesetiaan untuk belajar dan kebaikan, pengiktirafan mendalam tentang kuasa rohani kekurangan duniawi dan negara keagamaan, dan struktur kerajaan yang sangat maju. Pada masa yang sama, Dominic mengilhami ahli-ahli perintahnya untuk membangunkan kerohanian \"bercampur\". Mereka berdua aktif dalam khotbah, dan kontemplatif dalam kajian, doa dan meditasi. Saudara-saudara dari Ordo Dominikan adalah bandar dan belajar, serta kontemplatif dan mistik dalam kerohanian mereka. Walaupun ciri-ciri ini memberi impak kepada wanita perintah itu, biarawati terutama menyerap ciri-ciri yang kedua dan menjadikan ciri-ciri itu sendiri. Di England, biarawati di Dominika menggabungkan unsur-unsur ini dengan ciri-ciri yang mendeskripsikan kerohanian Bahasa Inggeris Dominika dan mencipta kerohanian dan personaliti kolektif yang membezakannya. <> Bagaimana Dominic mengilhami pengikutnya? || dengan kesetiaan untuk belajar dan kebaikan <> Apa kumpulan yang paling mendapat manfaat daripada kerohanian mistik Ordo Dominikan? || biarawati <> Di negara manakah biarawati Pesuruh Dominika berkembang maju? || England <> Apa jenis kerohanian yang Dominic mahu pengikutnya belajar? || kerohanian \"bercampur\"", {"context": "Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a \"mixed\" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "with loyalty to learning and virtue"}], "question": "How did Dominic inspire his followers?", "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9206"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "nuns"}], "question": "What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?", "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9207"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 669, "text": "England"}], "question": "In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?", "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "a \"mixed\" spirituality"}], "question": "What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?", "id": "5727a844ff5b5019007d9209"}]}], ["Perintah Dominikan muncul pada Zaman Pertengahan pada ketika agama mula dipikirkan dengan cara yang baru. Orang-orang Tuhan tidak lagi dijangka tinggal di belakang dinding-dinding pelapis. Sebaliknya, mereka mengembara di kalangan rakyat, mengambil contoh mereka sebagai rasul jemaat primitif. Dari ideal ini muncul dua perintah pendeta yang mendik: satu, Friars Minor, dipimpin oleh Francis of Assisi; yang lain, Friars Preachers, oleh Dominic of Guzman. Seperti kontemporarinya, Francis, Dominic menyaksikan keperluan untuk jenis organisasi baru, dan pertumbuhan Dominican dan Franciscan yang cepat semasa abad pertama kewujudannya mengesahkan bahawa perintah pendik mendik memenuhi keperluan. <> Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, yang tidak lagi dijangka tinggal di belakang tembok dari orang biasa? || Laki-Laki Tuhan <> Berapa banyak pesanan rahib mendicant keluar dari Zaman Pertengahan? || dua <> yang memimpin perintah Friars Minor pada masa ini? || Francis of Assisi <> Dominic of Guzman mengetuai apa perintah rahib mendicant? || Para Pendeta Friars <> Apa dua kumpulan berkembang dengan cepat pada Abad Pertengahan? || orang Dominikan dan Fransiskan", {"context": "The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way. Men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this ideal emerged two orders of mendicant friars: one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi; the other, the Friars Preachers, by Dominic of Guzman. Like his contemporary, Francis, Dominic saw the need for a new type of organization, and the quick growth of the Dominicans and Franciscans during their first century of existence confirms that the orders of mendicant friars met a need.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "Men of God"}], "question": "During the Middle Ages, who was no longer expected to stay behind walls away from the common man?", "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many orders of mendicant friars came out of the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Francis of Assisi"}], "question": "Who led the Friars Minor order at this time?", "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "the Friars Preachers"}], "question": "Dominic of Guzman led what order of mendicant friars?", "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "the Dominicans and Franciscans"}], "question": "What two groups grew quickly during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727a7df3acd2414000de8f7"}]}], ["Sebelum Diego melihat dengan segera salah satu sebab utama penyebaran pergerakan tidak sengaja: wakil-wakil Gereja Suci bertindak dan berpindah dengan jumlah kegembiraan dan upacara yang menyinggung perasaan. Sebaliknya, Cathars hidup dalam keadaan pengorbanan diri yang sangat menarik. Atas alasan ini, Prior Diego mencadangkan agar legasi kepausan mulai menjalani kehidupan kerasulan yang diperbaharui. Para sahabat bersetuju untuk berubah jika mereka dapat mencari pemimpin yang kuat. Sebelum itu, cabaran itu, dan dia dan Dominic mendedikasikan diri mereka untuk menukar orang Albigensian. Walaupun misi tertentu ini, dalam memenangi orang-orang Albigensian dengan pujukan Dominic bertemu dengan kejayaan yang terhad, \"walaupun dalam sepuluh tahun beliau memberitakan sejumlah besar penukar dibuat, ia harus mengatakan bahawa keputusannya tidak seperti yang diharapkan . \" <> Bagaimana sebelum Diego memikirkan ahli-ahli Gereja Suci bertindak? || dengan jumlah kegembiraan dan upacara yang menyinggung <> Siapa yang Sebelum Diego mengagumi lebih banyak daripada Gereja Suci? || the Cathars <> Bagaimana Cathars tinggal? || dalam keadaan pengorbanan diri <> Untuk mengubah cara kehidupan yang lebih baik, apa yang diminta oleh legasi Diego? || pemimpin yang kuat <> Siapa yang cuba menukar Diego dan Dominic? || orang Albigensian", {"context": "Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, \"for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony"}], "question": "How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?", "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "the Cathars"}], "question": "Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?", "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "in a state of self-sacrifice"}], "question": "How did the Cathars live?", "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "a strong leader"}], "question": "In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?", "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "the Albigensians"}], "question": "Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?", "id": "5727b304ff5b5019007d92ea"}]}], ["Dominic berusaha untuk mewujudkan satu jenis perintah baru, yang akan membawa pendidikan dedikasi dan sistematik perintah monastik yang lebih tua seperti Benedictines untuk menanggung masalah agama penduduk yang berkembang di bandar-bandar, tetapi dengan lebih banyak kelonggaran organisma daripada sama ada perintah monastik atau pendeta sekular. Perintah baru Dominic adalah untuk menjadi perintah khotbah, dilatih untuk berkhotbah dalam bahasa vernakular. Daripada mendapatkan hidup mereka di ladang-ladang yang luas seperti yang dilakukan oleh biara, para pendatang baru akan bertahan dengan mengemis, \"menjual\" diri mereka melalui khotbah persuasif. <> Perintah Dominikan menerima pengaruh dari apa yang dilakukan oleh monastik? || Benedictines <> Apa jenis perintah itu ialah Ordo Dominikan? || perintah khotbah <> Apa perintah agama dahulu untuk hidup? || ladang <> Bagaimana Perintah Dominikan mendapatkan wang? || dengan mengemis", {"context": "Dominic sought to establish a new kind of order, one that would bring the dedication and systematic education of the older monastic orders like the Benedictines to bear on the religious problems of the burgeoning population of cities, but with more organizational flexibility than either monastic orders or the secular clergy. Dominic's new order was to be a preaching order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, the new friars would survive by begging, \"selling\" themselves through persuasive preaching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "the Benedictines"}], "question": "The Dominican Order received influence from what monastic order?", "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163996"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "a preaching order"}], "question": "What type of order was the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163997"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "farms"}], "question": "What did previous religious orders do for a living?", "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163998"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "by begging"}], "question": "How did the Dominican Order earn money?", "id": "5727a7e54b864d1900163999"}]}], ["Sebagai remaja, dia mempunyai cinta teologi tertentu dan Kitab Suci menjadi asas kerohaniannya. Semasa belajar di Palencia, Sepanyol, beliau mengalami kebuluran yang dahsyat, mendorong Dominic untuk menjual semua buku kesayangannya dan peralatan lain untuk membantu jirannya. Selepas dia menamatkan pengajiannya, Uskup Martin Bazan dan Prior Diego d'Achebes melantik Dominic ke bab katedral dan dia menjadi kanun biasa di bawah Peraturan St. Augustine dan Perlembagaan untuk gereja katedral Osma. Pada usia dua puluh empat atau dua puluh lima, dia telah ditahbiskan kepada imamat. <> Subjek apa yang Dominic terutamanya suka? || teologi <> Mengapa Dominic menjual buku-bukunya? || untuk membantu jirannya <> Di negara apa Dominic mengalami kelaparan yang hebat? || Sepanyol <> Sekitar umur berapa Dominik ditahbiskan sebagai Imam? || dua puluh lima <> Setelah menyelesaikan studinya, di bawah pemerintahannya apa dia menjadi kanon biasa? || St. Augustine", {"context": "As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What subject did Dominic particularly love?", "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "to help his neighbors"}], "question": "Why did Dominic sell his books?", "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?", "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de90f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "twenty-five"}], "question": "At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?", "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de910"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "St. Augustine"}], "question": "After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?", "id": "5727a90d3acd2414000de911"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1203, Dominic menyertai Diego de Acebo sebelum Kedutaan Perancis ke Denmark untuk monarki Sepanyol, untuk mengatur perkahwinan antara anak Alfonso VIII Raja Castile dan keponakan Raja Valdemar II Denmark. Pada masa itu, selatan Perancis adalah kubu benteng dari Cathar atau Albigensian, yang dinamakan sempena Duke Albi, seorang simpatisan Cathar dan lawan kepada Perang Salib Albigensian berikutnya (1209-1229). Dominic dipecat oleh semangat pembaharuan selepas mereka menemui orang Kristian Albigensian di Toulouse. <> Dengan siapa perjalanan Dominic ke Denmark? || Sebelum Diego de Acebo <> Siapa yang meminta perjalanan Dominic ke Denmark? || monarki Sepanyol <> Pada tahun 1203, kawasan apa yang menjadi kubu kuat para Cathar? || selatan Perancis <> Dalam apa tempoh masa apakah Perang Salib Albigensian? || 1209-1229 <> Mengapa Dominic pergi ke Denmark pada tahun 1203? || untuk mengatur perkahwinan antara putra Alfonso VIII dari Castile dan keponakan Raja Valdemar II dari Denmark", {"context": "In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209\u20131229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Prior Diego de Acebo"}], "question": "With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?", "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9410"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "monarchy of Spain"}], "question": "Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?", "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9411"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "south of France"}], "question": "In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?", "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9412"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "1209\u20131229"}], "question": "During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?", "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9413"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark"}], "question": "Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?", "id": "5727b1e32ca10214002d9414"}]}], ["Perintah Pendakwah (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, maka singkatan OP yang digunakan oleh ahli), yang lebih dikenali selepas abad ke-15 sebagai Perintah Dominikan atau Dominikan, adalah perintah agama Katolik Roman yang diasaskan oleh imam Sepanyol Saint Dominic de Guzman di Perancis dan diluluskan oleh Paus Honorius III (1216-27) pada 22 Disember 1216. Keanggotaan dalam perintah \"mendicant\" ini termasuk pendeta, biarawati, saudara perempuan aktif, dan sekutu Dominikan sekular (dahulu dikenali sebagai tertiari, walaupun baru-baru ini ada jumlah yang semakin meningkat daripada Associates, yang tidak berkaitan dengan tertiari) yang berkaitan dengan perintah itu. <> Apakah bahasa Latin untuk Order of Preachers? || Ordo Praedicatorum <> Apa Pope meluluskan Perintah Pendakwah? || Paus Honorius III <> Selepas abad ke-15, apa yang disebut Order of Preachers? || Ordo Dominikan <> Apa agama yang dimiliki Ordo Dominikan? || Katolik Roma <> Apakah Imam Sepanyol menubuhkan Order of Preachers? || Saint Dominic de Guzman", {"context": "The Order of Preachers (Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum, hence the abbreviation OP used by members), more commonly known after the 15th century as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Roman Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Saint Dominic de Guzman in France and approved by Pope Honorius III (1216\u201327) on 22 December 1216. Membership in this \"mendicant\" order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of Associates, who are unrelated to the tertiaries) affiliated with the order.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Ordo Praedicatorum"}], "question": "What is the Latin for Order of Preachers?", "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Pope Honorius III"}], "question": "What Pope approved of the Order of Preachers?", "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "the Dominican Order"}], "question": "After the 15th century, what was the Order of Preachers known as?", "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "Roman Catholic"}], "question": "What religion does the Dominican Order belong to?", "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "Saint Dominic de Guzman"}], "question": "What Spanish Priest founded the Order of Preachers?", "id": "572783e85951b619008f8bfd"}]}], ["Hari ini, terdapat banyak Associates yang berkongsi karisma Dominikan. Associates Dominican adalah wanita dan lelaki Kristian; berkahwin, tunggal, bercerai, dan janda; ahli-ahli pendeta dan orang awam yang mula-mula ditarik dan kemudian dipanggil untuk menghidupkan karisma dan meneruskan misi Ordo Dominikan - untuk memuji, memberkati, untuk berkhotbah. Rakan-rakan bersekutu tidak mengambil ikrar, tetapi sebaliknya membuat komitmen untuk menjadi rakan kongsi dengan ahli-ahli yang bersumpah, dan untuk berkongsi misi dan karisma Keluarga Dominika dalam kehidupan mereka sendiri, keluarga, gereja, kejiranan, tempat kerja, dan bandar-bandar. <> Apa yang ada pada hari ini pesuruh Pesuruh Dominika lakukan? || berkongsi misi dan karisma Keluarga Dominika <> Apa contoh pengikut pengikut Dominika moden? || Wanita dan lelaki Kristian <> Apa yang menarik ramai orang mengikuti Ordo Dominika? || charism <> Anggota hari ini terus melakukan apa untuk Ordo Dominikan? || untuk memuji, memberkati, untuk berkhotbah", {"context": "Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise, to bless, to preach. Associates do not take vows, but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members, and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives, families, churches, neighborhoods, workplaces, and cities. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 447, "text": "share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family"}], "question": "What do present day Dominican Order associates do?", "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Christian women and men"}], "question": "What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?", "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "charism"}], "question": "What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "to praise, to bless, to preach"}], "question": "Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727d0d5ff5b5019007d95d9"}]}], ["Pada masa yang sama pesanan itu sendiri bersemuka dengan Renaissance. Ia bergelut dengan kecenderungan pagan dalam humanisme Renaisans, di Itali melalui Dominici dan Savonarola, di Jerman melalui ahli-ahli teologi Cologne tetapi ia juga dilengkapi humanisme dengan penulis canggih seperti Francesco Colonna (mungkin penulis Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) dan Matteo Bandello. Ramai orang Dominikan mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti artistik zaman itu, yang paling menonjol ialah Fra Angelico dan Fra Bartolomeo. <> Apa tempoh sejarah yang memberi Dominican Order sebagai cabaran? || Renaissance <> Apa itu tentang Renaissance yang memberi masalah Ordo Dominikan? || kecenderungan pagan <> Ahli-ahli teologi mengenai apa bandar Jerman memberi rintangan Pesuruh Dominika? || Cologne <> Apa penulis menyatu dengan humanisme dengan ajaran Ordo Dominikan? || Matteo Bandello <> Apa fiksyen Dominika merayakan seni zaman Renaisans? || Fra Angelico dan Fra Bartolomeo", {"context": "At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "the Renaissance"}], "question": "What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?", "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d961e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "pagan tendencies"}], "question": "What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?", "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d961f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Cologne"}], "question": "The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?", "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9620"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "Matteo Bandello"}], "question": "What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?", "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9621"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo"}], "question": "What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?", "id": "5727c80b2ca10214002d9622"}]}], ["Pengembangan perintah itu menghasilkan perubahan. Penekanan yang lebih kecil terhadap aktiviti doktrin memihak kepada pembangunan di sini dan di sana dari kehidupan pertapa dan kontemplatif dan di sana muncul, terutama di Jerman dan Itali, pergerakan mistik dengan nama Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, dan St. Catherine Siena dikaitkan. (Lihat mistikisme Jerman, yang juga disebut \"mistikisme Dominikan.\") Pergerakan ini adalah permulaan kepada pembaharuan yang dilakukan, pada akhir abad, oleh Raymond dari Capua, dan diteruskan pada abad yang berikutnya. Ia mengasumsikan perkadaran yang luar biasa dalam jemaat Lombardy dan Belanda, dan dalam pembaharuan Savonarola di Florence. <> Istilah \"mistikisme Dominican\" juga tahu apa? || Mistisisme Jerman <> Di mana negara-negara Eropah telah mengalami perubahan Ordo Dominican terhadap bagaimana mereka berfikir? || Jerman dan Itali <> Apa kudus dikaitkan dengan mistikisme Dominican baru? || St Catherine of Siena <> Mistikisme Dominikan juga menyebar ke negara Eropah? || Belanda <> Apa friar membantu menyebarkan mistisisme Dominikan ke Itali? || Savonarola", {"context": "The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called \"Dominican mysticism.\") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "German mysticism"}], "question": "The term \"Dominican mysticism\" is also knows as what?", "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Germany and Italy"}], "question": "In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?", "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "St. Catherine of Siena"}], "question": "What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?", "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "the Netherlands"}], "question": "Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?", "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Savonarola"}], "question": "What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?", "id": "5727c2c23acd2414000debeb"}]}], ["Dalam tempoh kritikal ini, bilangan Pengajar tampaknya tidak pernah tenggelam di bawah 3,500. Statistik untuk 1876 menunjukkan 3,748, tetapi 500 daripada ini telah diusir dari biara mereka dan terlibat dalam kerja-kerja paroki. Statistik untuk tahun 1910 menunjukkan sejumlah 4,472 nominal atau sebenarnya terlibat dalam aktiviti yang sesuai pesanan. Pada tahun 2000, terdapat 5,171 pendatang Dominika dalam sumpah bersumpah, 917 saudara pelajar, dan 237 pemula. Menjelang tahun 2013 terdapat 6058 pendatang Dominika, termasuk 4,470 imam. <> Pada tahun 1876, berapa ramai pendakwah yang dikeluarkan dari Ordo Dominikan? || 500 <> Pada tahun 1910, berapa ramai Dominikan yang terlibat secara aktif dalam kerja Perintah? || 4,472 <> Berapa ramai penganut Dominika di sana pada 2013? || 6058 <> Pada tahun apa ada 4,470 imam di Ordo Dominikan? || 2013 <> Berapa ramai abang pelajar di sana pada tahun 2000? || 917", {"context": "During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "500"}], "question": "In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "4,472"}], "question": "In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?", "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "6058"}], "question": "How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?", "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "2013"}], "question": "In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "917"}], "question": "How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?", "id": "5727c9543acd2414000dec5b"}]}], ["Pendidikan Dominic di Palencia memberinya pengetahuan yang diperlukannya untuk mengatasi Manicheans. Dengan amal, konsep lain yang paling mendefinisikan kerja dan kerohanian perintah itu, kajian menjadi metode yang paling banyak digunakan oleh Dominikan dalam bekerja untuk mempertahankan Gereja terhadap bahaya-bahaya yang menghantarkannya, dan juga memperbesar otoritasnya di kawasan yang lebih besar dari dunia yang terkenal. Dalam pemikiran Dominic, adalah mustahil bagi manusia untuk memberitakan apa yang mereka tidak atau tidak dapat memahami. Ketika saudara-saudara meninggalkan Prouille, maka, untuk memulakan kerja kerasulan mereka, Dominic mengirim Matthew dari Paris untuk mendirikan sebuah sekolah di dekat Universitas Paris. Ini adalah yang pertama dari banyak sekolah-sekolah Dominican yang ditubuhkan oleh saudara-saudara, beberapa di dekat universiti besar di seluruh Eropah. <> Dominic belajar di bandar apa? || Palencia <> Pendidikan Dominic membantu dia mengatasi siapa? || Manicheans <> Apa yang membantu menentukan kerja Ordo Dominikan? || amal <> Di mana kota Dominic menubuhkan sebuah sekolah? || Paris <> Siapa yang Dominic mempercayakan untuk memulakan sekolahnya? || Matthew of Paris", {"context": "Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "Palencia"}], "question": "Dominic studied in what city?", "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "the Manicheans"}], "question": "Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?", "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "charity"}], "question": "What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Paris"}], "question": "In what city did Dominic establish a school?", "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Matthew of Paris"}], "question": "Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?", "id": "5727bded4b864d1900163c36"}]}], ["Perkembangan doktrin telah menjadi tempat yang penting dalam pemulihan para Pendakwah. Beberapa institusi, selain yang telah disebutkan, memainkan bahagian penting. Begitulah sekolah Alkitab di Baitulmuqaddis, terbuka kepada agama perintah itu dan kepada ulama sekular, yang menerbitkan Revue Biblique. Fakulti teologi di University of Friborg, yang memberi kepercayaan kepada penjaga Dominikan pada tahun 1890, berkembang pesat, dan mempunyai kira-kira 250 pelajar. Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, masa depan Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum ditubuhkan di Rom pada tahun 1908 oleh Master Hyacinth Cormier, membuka pintunya untuk tetap dan seculars untuk kajian sains suci. Selain ulasan di atas adalah Revue Thomiste, yang diasaskan oleh P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier (1908), dan Analecta Ordinis Pr\u00e6dicatorum (1893). Di antara banyak penulis perintah dalam tempoh ini adalah: Kardinal Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) dan Zephirin Gonz\u00e1lez (d. 1894), dua ahli falsafah yang dihormati; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), ahli sejarah Tentera Kepausan, dan Heinrich Denifle, salah seorang penulis paling terkenal pada sejarah zaman pertengahan (d. 1905). || Sekolah Alkitab di Yerusalem <> Bilakah Universiti Friborg dimasukkan ke dalam penjagaan Pesuruh Dominika? || 1890 <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang ada di University of Fribourg? || 250 <> Apa nama satu institusi pendidikan Dominican? || Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas <> Apa Dominican mengasaskan Revue Thomiste? || P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier", {"context": "Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Pr\u00e6dicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin Gonz\u00e1lez (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "Biblical school at Jerusalem"}], "question": "What school publishes the Revue Biblique?", "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 399, "text": "1890"}], "question": "When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?", "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many students does the University of Fribourg have?", "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 512, "text": "Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?", "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9723"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 773, "text": "P\u00e8re Thomas Coconnier"}], "question": "What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?", "id": "5727cfe42ca10214002d9724"}]}], ["Wilayah Perancis telah menghasilkan sebilangan besar pendakwah. Persidangan Notre-Dame-de-Paris telah dirasmikan oleh P\u00e8re Lacordaire. The Dominicans dari wilayah Perancis dilengkapi Lacordaire (1835-1836, 1843-1851), Jacques Monsabr\u00e9 (1869-1870, 1872-1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898-1902). ] Sejak 1903 mimbar Notre Dame telah diduduki oleh pengganti Dominikan. P\u00e8re Henri Didon (1900) adalah seorang Dominika. Rumah kajian wilayah Perancis menerbitkan L'Ann\u00e9e Dominicaine (ditubuhkan 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), dan La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). Perancis Dominicans mengasaskan dan mentadbir \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1890 oleh P\u00e8re Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855-1938), salah satu pusat antarabangsa utama untuk penyelidikan Alkitab. Ia adalah di \u00c9cole Biblique bahawa Bible Yerusalem yang terkenal (kedua edisi) telah disediakan. <> Negara apa yang telah menghasilkan banyak pendakwah? || Perancis <> Apa Dominican Friar mengabadikan persidangan Notre Dame of Paris? || P\u00e8re Lacordaire <> Apa nama Perancis lain Perancis friar pada masa ini? || Thomas Etourneau <> Apa salah satu pusat antarabangsa utama untuk penyelidikan alkitabiah? || \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem <> Apa yang telah disediakan di Biblique Ecole? || Yerusalem Bible", {"context": "The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by P\u00e8re Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835\u20131836, 1843\u20131851), Jacques Monsabr\u00e9 (1869\u20131870, 1872\u20131890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898\u20131902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. P\u00e8re Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Ann\u00e9e Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem founded in 1890 by P\u00e8re Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855\u20131938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the \u00c9cole Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country has produced a large number of preachers?", "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "P\u00e8re Lacordaire"}], "question": "What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?", "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "Thomas Etourneau"}], "question": "What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?", "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "the \u00c9cole Biblique et Arch\u00e9ologique fran\u00e7aise de J\u00e9rusalem"}], "question": "What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?", "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d959f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 935, "text": "Jerusalem Bible"}], "question": "What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?", "id": "5727ce76ff5b5019007d95a0"}]}], ["Dalam pergerakan pemulihan Perancis diadakan tempat yang paling penting, kerana reputasi dan kuasa meyakinkan pengulas, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802-1861). Beliau mengambil tabiat Pengkhotbah Friar di Rom (1839), dan wilayah Perancis secara kanonik didirikan pada tahun 1850. Dari provinsi ini terpencil wilayah Lyon, yang dipanggil Occitania (1862), dari Toulouse (1869), dan dari Kanada (1909). Pemulihan Perancis juga memberi banyak buruh ke wilayah lain, untuk membantu organisasi mereka dan kemajuan. Dari sini datang jeneral tuan yang kekal paling lama di kepala pentadbiran pada abad ke-19, P\u00e8re Vincent Jandel (1850-1872). Di sini perlu disebutkan wilayah St. Joseph di Amerika Syarikat. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1805 oleh Edward Fenwick, selepas itu Uskup pertama di Cincinnati, Ohio (1821-1832), wilayah ini telah berkembang perlahan-lahan, tetapi kini berada di antara wilayah yang paling pesat dan aktif dalam perintah itu. Pada tahun 1910 ia berjumlah tujuh belas biara atau rumah menengah. Pada tahun 1905, ia menubuhkan sebuah rumah pengajian besar di Washington, D.C., yang dipanggil House of Dominican Studies. Kini terdapat empat wilayah Dominika di Amerika Syarikat. <> Negara mana yang memegang tempat yang menonjol dalam pergerakan pemulihan? || Perancis <> Apa orator sangat terkenal semasa gerakan kebangkitan? || Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire <> Bilakah wilayah Perancis didirikan secara kanonik? || 1850 <> Apa tajuk yang dipegang Pere Vincent Jandel pada masa ini? || ketua umum", {"context": "In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802\u20131861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, P\u00e8re Vincent Jandel (1850\u20131872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821\u20131832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?", "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire"}], "question": "What orator was very famous during the revival movement?", "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "1850"}], "question": "When was the province of France canonically erected?", "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000deccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "master general"}], "question": "What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?", "id": "5727cd7a3acd2414000decce"}]}], ["Pendatang-pendatang Dominika cepat menyebar, termasuk ke England, di mana mereka muncul di Oxford pada tahun 1221. Pada abad ke-13 perintah itu mencapai semua golongan masyarakat Kristian, bertarung dengan bidaah, perpecahan, dan paganisme dengan kata dan buku, dan dengan misi-misinya di utara dari Eropah, ke Afrika, dan Asia melepasi sempadan Kristian. Sekolah-sekolahnya tersebar di seluruh Gereja; Dokternya menulis karya monumental di semua cabang pengetahuan, termasuk Albertus Magnus dan Thomas Aquinas yang sangat penting. Ahli-ahlinya termasuk puak-puak, kardinal, uskup, legasi, penyiasat, pengakuan putera, duta besar, dan paciarii (penegak perdamaian yang ditetapkan oleh paus atau dewan). Perintah itu telah dilantik oleh Paus Gregory IX untuk menjalankan Pasitan. Di dalam iklan Bull Papal extirpanda 1252, Pope Innocent IV mengizinkan penggunaan penderaan Dominikan di bawah keadaan yang ditetapkan. <> Apa negara Eropah yang Dominican Friars dengan cepat berkembang? || England <> Apa universiti Inggeris yang melakukan Dominika Friars muncul? || Oxford <> Apa yang memerangi Ordo Dominikan? || Paganisme <> Apa salah satu cawangan pengetahuan yang dicipta oleh Ordo Dominikan? || Thomas Aquinas <> Siapa yang melantik Ordo Dominikan untuk memulakan penyelidikan? || Pope Gregory IX", {"context": "The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "England"}], "question": "What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?", "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9574"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Oxford"}], "question": "What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?", "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9575"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "paganism"}], "question": "What did the Dominican Order fight against?", "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9576"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?", "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9577"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Pope Gregory IX"}], "question": "Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?", "id": "5727c1892ca10214002d9578"}]}], ["Pada 1219 Paus Honorius III mengundang Saint Dominic dan para sahabatnya untuk tinggal di basilika Romawi purba Santa Sabina, yang mereka lakukan pada awal tahun 1220. Sebelum itu, para pendeta hanya tinggal kediaman sementara di Rom di biara San Sisto Vecchio yang telah diberikan oleh Honorius III kepada Dominic sekitar 1218 yang bermaksud untuk menjadi biara untuk pembaharuan biarawati di Rom di bawah bimbingan Dominic. Pada bulan Mei 1220 di Bologna, Ketua Umum pertama perintah yang diberi mandat bahawa setiap prioriti baru perintah itu mengekalkan konvensional studiumnya sendiri sehingga meletakkan asas tradisi Dominikan menaja institusi pendidikan yang luas. Yayasan resmi biara Dominika di Santa Sabina dengan konvensional studiumnya terjadi dengan pemindahan hak milik dari Honorius III ke Order of Preachers pada tanggal 5 Juni 1222. Studium ini diubah menjadi studium pertama di kelas provinsi oleh Saint Thomas Aquinas di 1265. Sebahagian daripada kurikulum studium ini telah dipindahkan pada tahun 1288 di studium Santa Maria sopra Minerva yang di dunia abad ke-16 diubah menjadi Kolej Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thom\u00e6). Pada abad ke-20 kolej itu akan dipindahkan ke biara Saints Dominic dan Sixtus dan akan diubah menjadi Universiti Pontifical Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. <> Di manakah Dominic dan para pengikutnya hidup pada awal tahun 1220? || basilika Rom kuno Santa Sabina <> Yang mengundang Dominic untuk tinggal di Basilika Roma Santa Sabina? || Paus Honorius III <> Apa yang diperlukan setiap priory baru? || Studium sendiri konventuale <> Bilakah Pope Honorius III memindahkan harta kepada Order of Preachers? || 5 Jun, 1222 <> Kolej Saint Thomas menjadi institusi pembelajaran di Abad Ke-20? || Universiti Pontifikal Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum", {"context": "In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thom\u00e6). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina"}], "question": "Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?", "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "Pope Honorius III"}], "question": "Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?", "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "its own studium conventuale"}], "question": "What was required of each new priory?", "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "June 5, 1222"}], "question": "When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?", "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1300, "text": "the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum"}], "question": "The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?", "id": "5727bfb63acd2414000deb6d"}]}], ["Albertus Magnus memperjuangkan idea itu, yang diambil dari Dionysus, bahawa pengetahuan positif tentang Tuhan adalah mungkin, tetapi tidak jelas. Oleh itu, adalah lebih mudah untuk menyatakan apa yang Tuhan tidak, daripada menyatakan apa yang Tuhan adalah: \"... kita mengesahkan perkara-perkara Tuhan hanya secara relatif, iaitu, santai, sedangkan kita menyangkal perkara-perkara Tuhan secara mutlak, iaitu, dengan merujuk kepada apa yang Dia ada di dalam diriNya Dan tidak ada percanggahan antara pengakuan saudara dan penolakan mutlak. Tidak bertentangan dengan mengatakan bahawa seseorang itu putih-bergigi dan bukan putih \". <> Apa idea juara Albertus? || pengetahuan positif tentang Tuhan adalah mungkin <> Siapa yang mempengaruhi Magnus pada masa ini? || Dionysus <> Apa yang lebih mudah untuk dilakukan mengenai Tuhan? || nyatakan apa Tuhan tidak <> Bagaimana kita menafikan perkara-perkara Tuhan? || betul-betul", {"context": "Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: \"... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to what He is in Himself. And there is no contradiction between a relative affirmation and an absolute negation. It is not contradictory to say that someone is white-toothed and not white\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "positive knowledge of God is possible"}], "question": "What idea did Albertus champion?", "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e94"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Dionysus"}], "question": "Who influenced Magnus at this time?", "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e95"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "state what God is not"}], "question": "What is it easier to do regarding God?", "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "absolutely"}], "question": "How do we deny things of God?", "id": "5727da824b864d1900163e97"}]}], ["Oleh kerana imej Tuhan tumbuh dalam diri manusia, dia belajar untuk tidak bergantung pada pencapaian kearifan intelektual dan lebih banyak mengejar amal dan lemah lembut. Kesejahteraan dan panduan amal orang Kristian untuk mengakui bahawa mereka tidak ada satu pun (Tuhan / Kristus) yang menciptakan mereka, menopang mereka, dan membimbing mereka. Oleh itu, manusia kemudian mengarahkan jalannya kepada Yang Satu, dan cinta untuk, dan, Kristus membimbing sifat manusia untuk menjadi berpusat pada Yang Satu, dan juga kepada jirannya. Amal adalah manifestasi kasih murni Kristus, baik untuk dan oleh pengikut-Nya. <> Kebajikan apa yang membimbing orang Kristian dalam pemahaman mereka tentang Tuhan? || Kesejahteraan <> Menurut Kristian, siapa yang \"Satu\"? || Tuhan / Kristus <> Apa itu Amal kepada Orang Kristen? || manifestasi kasih murni Kristus <> Apa sifat manusia harus dipusatkan? || yang satu", {"context": "As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man then directs his path to that One, and the love for, and of, Christ guides man's very nature to become centered on the One, and on his neighbor as well. Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ, both for and by His follower.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "Meekness"}], "question": "What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?", "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "God/Christ"}], "question": "According to Christianity, who is the \"One\"?", "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "manifestation of the pure love of Christ"}], "question": "What is Charity to a Christian?", "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "the One"}], "question": "What should man's nature be centered on?", "id": "5727e1d64b864d1900163f2f"}]}], ["Albert the Great menulis bahawa kebijaksanaan dan pemahaman meningkatkan kepercayaan seseorang kepada Tuhan. Menurut beliau, ini adalah alat yang digunakan Tuhan untuk berkomunikasi dengan kontemplatif. Cinta dalam jiwa adalah punca dan hasil pemahaman dan penghakiman yang benar. Ia menyebabkan bukan sahaja pengetahuan intelektual tentang Tuhan, tetapi pengetahuan rohani dan emosi juga. Perenungan adalah cara di mana seseorang dapat memperoleh matlamat pemahaman ini. Perkara yang pernah kelihatan statik dan tidak berubah menjadi penuh dengan kemungkinan dan kesempurnaan. Yang kontemplatif kemudian tahu bahawa Tuhan adalah, tetapi dia tidak tahu apa Tuhan. Oleh itu, kontemplasi selama-lamanya menghasilkan pengetahuan yang tidak sempurna tentang Tuhan. Jiwa dimuliakan di luar seluruh ciptaan Allah tetapi tidak dapat melihat Tuhan sendiri. <> Apa yang meningkatkan iman manusia kepada Tuhan menurut Albertus Magnus? || Kebijaksanaan <> Apakah alat yang Tuhan gunakan untuk berbicara dengan manusia biasa? || pengertian <> Bagaimana manusia dapat memahami Allah? || Perenungan <> Jika seseorang merenungkan Tuhan selama-lamanya, apakah jenis ilmu yang akan mereka peroleh? || tidak sempurna <> Apa yang tidak dapat melihat Tuhan sendiri? || Jiwa", {"context": "Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God. According to him, these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative. Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement. It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God, but a spiritual and emotional knowledge as well. Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding. Things that once seemed static and unchanging become full of possibility and perfection. The contemplative then knows that God is, but she does not know what God is. Thus, contemplation forever produces a mystified, imperfect knowledge of God. The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God's creation but it cannot see God Himself.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "wisdom"}], "question": "What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?", "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9856"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "understanding"}], "question": "What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?", "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9857"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Contemplation"}], "question": "How can man obtain understanding of God?", "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9858"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "imperfect"}], "question": "If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?", "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d9859"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "The soul"}], "question": "What cannot see God itself?", "id": "5727dd912ca10214002d985a"}]}], ["Tradisi rohani Perintah Dominik dibaca bukan sahaja oleh amal, kajian dan khotbah, tetapi juga oleh kesatuan mistik. Penekanan Dominika terhadap pembelajaran dan amal membezakannya dari perintah monastik dan mendicant lain. Oleh kerana perintah yang pertama kali dibangunkan di benua Eropah, pembelajaran terus ditekankan oleh keluarga dan saudara perempuan mereka di dalam Kristus. Agama ini juga berjuang untuk hubungan yang sangat peribadi dan intim dengan Tuhan. Apabila perintah itu sampai ke England, banyak sifat-sifat ini disimpan, tetapi bahasa Inggeris memberikan pesanan tambahan, ciri khusus. Topik ini dibincangkan di bawah. <> Tradisi Ordo Dominikan termasuk apa? || amal <> Apa satu bidang yang ditegaskan oleh Ordo Dominikan? || belajar <> Apa salah satu cara yang Ordo Dominikan membezakan dirinya dari perintah agama lain? || amal <> Di negara apakah beberapa sifat Ordo Dominikan berubah? || England", {"context": "The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "charity"}], "question": "The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?", "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163dde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 166, "text": "learning"}], "question": "What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?", "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "charity"}], "question": "What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?", "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163de0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "England"}], "question": "In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?", "id": "5727d1c94b864d1900163de1"}]}], ["Kerohanian yang dibuktikan di seluruh cabang-cabang perintah itu mencerminkan semangat dan niat pengasasnya, walaupun beberapa elemen yang dikembangkan kemudiannya mungkin mengejutkan kaum Castilian. Secara asasnya, Dominic adalah \"... seorang lelaki berdoa yang memanfaatkan sepenuhnya sumber pembelajaran yang tersedia untuk dia mengajar, mengajar, dan bahkan secara material untuk membantu mereka yang mencari kebenaran yang terdapat dalam Injil Kristus. yang [Dominic] diwariskan kepada pengikutnya \". <> Semangat apa yang diberikan Dominic kepada pengikutnya? || untuk membantu mereka yang mencari kebenaran <> Di mana Dominic mahu pengikutnya mencari kebenaran? || Injil Kristus <> Jenis lelaki apa Dominic? || seorang lelaki berdoa", {"context": "The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was \"... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "to assist those searching for the truth"}], "question": "What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?", "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "gospel of Christ"}], "question": "Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?", "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "a man of prayer"}], "question": "What type of man was Dominic?", "id": "5727d4514b864d1900163e0e"}]}], ["Satu lagi yang menyumbang secara signifikan kepada kerohanian perintah itu adalah Albertus Magnus, satu-satunya orang dalam tempoh itu diberi gelaran \"Hebat\". Pengaruhnya terhadap persaudaraan meresapi hampir semua aspek kehidupan Dominika. Albert adalah ahli sains, ahli falsafah, ahli astrologi, ahli teologi, penulis rohani, ekumenis, dan diplomat. Di bawah naungan Humbert of Romans, Albert membentuk kurikulum pengajian untuk semua pelajar Dominika, memperkenalkan Aristoteles ke bilik darjah dan menyiasat kerja Neoplatonis, seperti Plotinus. Malah, ia adalah tiga puluh tahun kerja yang dilakukan oleh Thomas Aquinas dan dirinya sendiri (1245-1274) yang membolehkan kemasukan pengajian Aristotelian dalam kurikulum sekolah-sekolah Dominika. <> Ordo Dominikan juga sangat dibantu oleh orang friar Jerman? || Albertus Magnus <> Albert Magnus juga dikenali sebagai \"Albert apa\"? || Besar <> Apakah disiplin Albert yang hebat? || ekumenis <> Siapa yang Albert Magnus memperkenalkan kepada pelajar Dominican Order? || Aristotle <> Siapa yang membantu Albert Magnus membawa kurikulum Aristoteli ke bilik darjah Dominican? || Thomas Aquinas", {"context": "Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation \"Great\". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245\u20131274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Albertus Magnus"}], "question": "The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?", "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Great"}], "question": "Albert Magnus was also known as \"Albert the what\"?", "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "ecumenist"}], "question": "What was a discipline of Albert the Great?", "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 464, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?", "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "Thomas Aquinas"}], "question": "Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?", "id": "5727d8773acd2414000dedf7"}]}], ["Humbert berada di tengah-tengah penulis asetat di Ordo Dominikan. Dalam peranan ini, beliau menambah dengan ketara kepada kerohaniannya. Tulisan-tulisannya diserap dengan \"akal yang baik dari agama,\" dan dia menggunakan bahasa yang tidak rumit yang dapat memberatkan bahkan anggota yang paling lemah. Humbert menasihatkan para pembacanya, \"[Dominikan Muda] juga diarahkan agar tidak bersemangat untuk melihat penglihatan atau mujizat-mujizat kerja, kerana ini sedikit berguna untuk keselamatan, dan kadang-kadang kita tertipu oleh mereka, tetapi mereka harus bersemangat untuk berbuat baik di mana keselamatan juga ada, mereka harus diajar untuk tidak sedih jika mereka tidak menikmati penghiburan ilahi yang mereka dengar orang lain, tetapi mereka harus tahu Bapa yang penyayang atas sebab tertentu kadang-kadang menahan ini. Sekali lagi, mereka harus belajar bahawa jika mereka kekurangan penyesalan atau pengabdian mereka tidak boleh menganggap mereka tidak berada dalam keadaan rahmat selagi mereka memiliki kebaikan yang baik, yang mana semua yang Tuhan menganggap \". <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Humbert untuk mengajar walaupun ahli-ahli Ordo Dominikan yang lemah? || bahasa yang tidak rumit <> Apa yang Humbert memberitahu pelajar Dominican supaya tidak menumpukan perhatian? || mukjizat <> Menurut Humbert, apa saja yang dikehendaki Tuhan? || Selamat akan <> Apa yang Humbert mengajar pelajar tidak? || sedih", {"context": "Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with \"religious good sense,\" and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, \"[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "uncomplicated language"}], "question": "What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000dedd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "miracles"}], "question": "What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?", "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000dedda"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 881, "text": "good will"}], "question": "According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?", "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000deddb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "sad"}], "question": "What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?", "id": "5727d70d3acd2414000deddc"}]}], ["Dominic mencari hubungan rapat dengan Tuhan telah ditentukan dan terus-menerus. Dia jarang bercakap, begitu sedikit kehidupan pedalamannya diketahui. Apa yang diketahui mengenainya datang dari akaun yang ditulis oleh orang yang dekat dengannya. St Cecilia teringat kepadanya sebagai ceria, amal dan penuh semangat tanpa henti. Dari sejumlah akaun, nyanyian nampaknya merupakan salah satu kesenangan hebat Dominic. Dominic mengamalkan diri sendiri dan akan menewaskan dirinya ketika dia berdoa semata-mata di gereja di malam hari untuk 'orang berdosa yang miskin'. Dia memiliki tabiat tunggal, enggan membawa wang, dan tidak akan membenarkan siapa pun untuk melayani dia. <> Apa yang Dominic berperang dengan? || hubungan dengan Allah <> Yang mengingatkan Dominic sebagai orang yang ceria? || St Cecilia <> Apa yang Dominic suka lakukan? || nyanyikan <> Siapa yang Dominic berdoa? || orang berdosa miskin <> Apa yang Dominic enggan lakukan? || membawa wang", {"context": "Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "relationship with God"}], "question": "What did Dominic greatly struggle with?", "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d9768"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "St. Cecilia"}], "question": "Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?", "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d9769"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "sing"}], "question": "What did Dominic enjoy doing?", "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "poor sinners"}], "question": "Who did Dominic pray for?", "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 533, "text": "carry money"}], "question": "What did Dominic refuse to do?", "id": "5727d3462ca10214002d976c"}]}], ["Salah satu sumbangan terbesar Albert adalah kajiannya Dionysus the Areopagite, seorang ahli teologi mistik yang kata-katanya meninggalkan jejak yang tidak dapat dilupakan dalam zaman pertengahan. Tulisan-tulisan Magnus membuat sumbangan penting kepada mistikisme Jerman, yang menjadi bertenaga di dalam minda Beguines dan wanita seperti Hildegard dari Bingen dan Mechthild dari Magdeburg. Mistisisme, untuk tujuan kajian ini, merujuk kepada keyakinan bahawa semua orang percaya mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengalami cinta Tuhan. Cinta ini mungkin nyata melalui pengalaman gembira yang singkat, supaya seseorang dapat diliputi oleh Tuhan dan memperoleh pengetahuan segera tentang Dia, yang tidak dapat diketahui melalui intelek semata. <> Albert Magnus mengkaji Dionysus dalam apa tempoh sejarah? || abad pertengahan <> Apa salah satu sumbangan terbesar Albert dalam zaman pertengahan? || kajiannya tentang Dionysus the Areopagite <> Siapa Dionysus? || seorang ahli teologi mistik <> Apa yang merujuk kepada keyakinan bahawa semua orang yang beriman dapat mengalami cinta Tuhan? || Mysticism <> Albert magnus menulis banyak menyumbang kepada apa? || Mistikisme Jerman", {"context": "One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg. Mysticism, for the purposes of this study, refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God's love. This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences, such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him, which is unknowable through the intellect alone.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "medieval"}], "question": "Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?", "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "his study of Dionysus the Areopagite"}], "question": "What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?", "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "a mystical theologian"}], "question": "Who was Dionysus?", "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "Mysticism"}], "question": "What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?", "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "German mysticism"}], "question": "Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?", "id": "5727d9b5ff5b5019007d96d8"}]}], ["Humbert of Romans, ketua umum perintah dari 1254 hingga 1263, adalah pentadbir yang hebat, serta pengkhotbah dan penulis. Ia berada di bawah jawatannya sebagai ketua umum bahawa saudara-saudara perempuan dalam perintah itu diberikan keahlian rasmi. Humbert adalah pencinta bahasa yang hebat, dan menggalakkan kajian linguistik di kalangan Dominikan, terutamanya bahasa Arab, kerana para penganut pekerjaan misionaris sedang mengejar orang-orang yang tersesat atau dipaksa untuk menukar oleh orang Islam di Timur Tengah. Dia juga mahukan penganut-penganutnya untuk mencapai kecemerlangan dalam khotbah mereka, dan ini adalah sumbangannya yang paling kekal kepada perintah itu. Pertumbuhan kerohanian para pengkhotbah muda adalah keutamaannya. Dia pernah berseru kepada murid-muridnya: \"... pertimbangkan betapa cemerlangnya jawatan ini [berkhotbah], kerana ia adalah kerasulan, betapa berguna, kerana ia secara langsung ditahbiskan untuk keselamatan jiwa, betapa berbahaya, karena ada sedikit di dalamnya, atau melaksanakan, apa yang diperlukan oleh pejabat, kerana itu bukan tanpa bahaya besar ..., jilid xxv. (Lyon, 1677) <> Siapa jeneral Perintah Dominikan semasa pertengahan 1200-an? || Humbert of Romans < > Berapa tahun adalah Humbert of Rome the Master General? || 1254 to 1263 <> Apa yang Humbert lakukan yang sangat penting pada waktunya sebagai ketua umum? || adik-beradik dalam perintah itu diberi keahlian rasmi <> Apa yang tertakluk Humbert sangat sayang? || languages <> Bahasa apa yang Humbert mahu ahli Orde Dominican belajar? ||", {"context": "Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: \"... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Humbert of Romans"}], "question": "Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?", "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9784"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1254 to 1263"}], "question": "What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?", "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9785"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "the sisters in the order were given official membership"}], "question": "What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?", "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9786"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "languages"}], "question": "What did subject did Humbert love very much?", "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9787"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?", "id": "5727d5252ca10214002d9788"}]}], ["Wilayah Inggeris merupakan komponen dari susunan antarabangsa yang mana ia memperoleh undang-undang, arahan, dan arahannya. Bagaimanapun juga, sekumpulan orang Inggeris. Penyelia langsungnya berasal dari England, dan ahli-ahli dari Wilayah Inggeris tinggal dan bekerja di bandar, bandar, kampung, dan jalan raya Inggeris. Bahan-bahan Bahasa Inggeris dan Eropah sentiasa bersentuhan. Sisi antarabangsa kewujudan provinsi ini mempengaruhi negara, dan kebangsaan bertindak balas kepada, menyesuaikan diri, dan kadang-kadang terkurung antarabangsa. <> Perintah Dominikan di England dikawal oleh siapa? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Sisi kebangsaan Pesuruh telah dipengaruhi oleh sisi lain? || antarabangsa <> Mengapa pesanan bahasa Inggeris Dominikan begitu berjaya di England? || Penyelia langsungnya dari England", {"context": "The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Englishmen"}], "question": "The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?", "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9974"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "international"}], "question": "The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?", "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9975"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Its direct supervisors were from England"}], "question": "Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?", "id": "5727f7cbff5b5019007d9976"}]}], ["Walaupun Albertus Magnus melakukan banyak untuk menanamkan mistisisme dalam Order of Preachers, ia adalah konsep yang sampai kepada Alkitab Ibrani. Dalam tradisi Holy Writ, kemustahilan muka dengan muka dengan Tuhan adalah motif berulang, sehingga perintah terhadap gambar-gambar teruk (Keluaran 20.4-5). Sebagaimana masa berlalu, tulisan Yahudi dan awal Kristian mempersembahkan idea 'tidak mengetahui,' di mana kehadiran Tuhan diliputi dalam awan gelap. Imej-imej ini timbul dari jisim pernyataan yang ambigu dan mengelirukan tentang sifat Allah dan hubungan manusia denganNya. <> Mencari mistik di Ordo Dominican kembali kepada apa? || Alkitab Ibrani <> Apa Kitab Suci? || Bible <> Siapa yang ingin meletakkan mistisisme ke dalam Ordo Dominikan? || Albertus Magnus <> Yang tulisan memperkenalkan idea 'tidak mengetahui' kepada Order of Preachers? || Tulisan Yahudi dan awal Kristian", {"context": "Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers, it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible. In the tradition of Holy Writ, the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif, thus the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20.4-5). As time passed, Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of 'unknowing,' where God's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud. These images arose out of a confusing mass of ambiguous and ambivalent statements regarding the nature of God and man's relationship to Him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "Hebrew Bible"}], "question": "The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?", "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "Bible"}], "question": "What is the Holy Writ?", "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Albertus Magnus"}], "question": "Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Jewish and early Christian writings"}], "question": "Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?", "id": "5727e46c2ca10214002d98db"}]}], ["Sebagai pewaris utama Poissy di Perancis di Perancis, saudara perempuan Dartford juga merupakan pewaris tradisi pembelajaran dan ketakwaan yang mendalam. Bahagian-bahagian terjemahan tulisan rohani di perpustakaan Dartford, seperti buku Little Book of Wisdom Eternal Suso dan Laurent du Bois 'Somme le Roi, menunjukkan bahawa pautan \"ghoostli\" ke Eropah tidak hilang di persimpangan Kanal. Ia terselamat dalam minda para biarawati. Juga, para suster berkongsi identiti unik dengan Poissy sebagai sebuah rumah agama yang diasaskan oleh sebuah rumah diraja. Para biarawati Inggeris bangga dengan warisan ini, dan menyedari bahawa banyak dari mereka berkongsi sejarah besar England sebagai ahli kelas mulia, seperti yang terlihat pada bab berikutnya. <> Adik-beradik Dartford adalah pewaris apa yang penting? || priory of Poissy <> Di mana priory Poissy terletak? || Perancis <> Buku apa yang boleh didapati di perpustakaan kakak Dartford itu? || Suso Little Book of Hternal Wisdom <> Apa yang biarawati Dartford mempunyai persamaan dengan priory Poissy? || rumah agama yang diasaskan oleh rumah diraja", {"context": "As heirs of the Dominican priory of Poissy in France, the Dartford sisters were also heirs to a tradition of profound learning and piety. Sections of translations of spiritual writings in Dartford's library, such as Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Laurent du Bois' Somme le Roi, show that the \"ghoostli\" link to Europe was not lost in the crossing of the Channel. It survived in the minds of the nuns. Also, the nuns shared a unique identity with Poissy as a religious house founded by a royal house. The English nuns were proud of this heritage, and aware that many of them shared in England's great history as members of the noble class, as seen in the next chapter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "priory of Poissy"}], "question": "The Dartford sisters were heirs of what priory?", "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "France"}], "question": "Where was the priory of Poissy located?", "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "Suso's Little Book of Eternal Wisdom"}], "question": "What book could be found in The Dartford sister's library?", "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "a religious house founded by a royal house"}], "question": "What did the Dartford nunnery have in common with the priory of Poissy?", "id": "5727f5d22ca10214002d9a51"}]}], ["Rumah-rumah perempuan berbeza dari rumah-rumah laki-laki Dominika kerana kekurangan pekerjaan kerasulan untuk wanita. Sebaliknya, adik-adik itu mengucapkan tahniah kepada Pejabat Ilahi dan memelihara segala ketaatan monastik. Kehidupan mereka sering lebih ketat daripada kehidupan saudara lelaki mereka. Saudara perempuannya tidak mempunyai kerajaan mereka sendiri, tetapi hidup di bawah kewibawaan bab umum dan wilayah perintah itu. Mereka dipaksa untuk mematuhi semua peraturan dan berkongsi semua keistimewaan pesanan yang berkenaan. Seperti Biarawan Dartford, semua biarawati di Dominika berada di bawah bidang kuasa pendeta. Penduduknya berkhidmat sebagai pengakuan, imam, guru dan mentor rohani mereka. <> Bagaimanakah rumah perempuan Dominika berbeza daripada lelaki? || kekurangan kerja kerasulan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh adik-beradik itu bukan kerja kerasulan? || melaungkan Pejabat Ilahi <> Apa yang tidak adik perempuan itu? || kerajaan mereka sendiri <> Siapa yang menjadi ahli keluarga di bawah bidang kuasa? || pendeta <> Apa salah satu peranan yang dilakukan oleh para pendeta kepada para biarawati? || guru", {"context": "Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "lack of apostolic work"}], "question": "How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?", "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "chanted the Divine Office"}], "question": "What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?", "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "government of their own"}], "question": "What did the sisters not have?", "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "friars"}], "question": "Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?", "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "teachers"}], "question": "What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?", "id": "5727e65a3acd2414000def47"}]}], ["Mistikisme Bahasa Inggeris Dominika pada zaman pertengahan zaman pertengahan berbeza dari helah Eropah di dalamnya, sedangkan mistikisme Eropah Dominika cenderung menumpukan perhatian kepada pengalaman kesukarelaan kesatuan dengan ilmuan, tumpuan mistikisme mistik Inggris Dominikan adalah pada dinamik penting dalam hubungan pribadi dengan Tuhan. Ini adalah tiruan moral penting bagi Juruselamat sebagai ideal untuk perubahan agama, dan sebagai cara untuk mereformasi sifat kemanusiaan sebagai gambaran keilahian. Jenis mistik ini membawa empat elemen. Pertama, secara rohani ia mencontohi intipati moral hidup Kristus. Kedua, terdapat hubungan yang menghubungkan emulasi moral kehidupan Kristus dan kemanusiaan sebagai gambaran ilahi. Ketiga, mistikisme Bahasa Inggeris Dominika berfokus pada spiritualitas yang diwujudkan dengan cinta berstruktur dari sesama lelaki di pusatnya. Akhirnya, aspirasi tertinggi mistisisme ini adalah sama ada etika atau kesatuan sebenar dengan Tuhan. <> Apakah mistikisme Eropah menumpukan pada mistikisme Inggeris itu? || pengalaman gembira kesatuan dengan ilahi <> mistisisme Inggeris terdiri daripada berapa banyak unsur? || empat <> Apa salah satu unsur mistikisme Bahasa Inggeris Dominika? || ia mencontohi intipati moral hidup Kristus <> Apa tumpuan mistikisme Bahasa Inggeris Dominika? || hubungan peribadi seseorang dengan Tuhan", {"context": "English Dominican mysticism in the late medieval period differed from European strands of it in that, whereas European Dominican mysticism tended to concentrate on ecstatic experiences of union with the divine, English Dominican mysticism's ultimate focus was on a crucial dynamic in one's personal relationship with God. This was an essential moral imitation of the Savior as an ideal for religious change, and as the means for reformation of humanity's nature as an image of divinity. This type of mysticism carried with it four elements. First, spiritually it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life. Second, there was a connection linking moral emulation of Christ's life and humanity's disposition as images of the divine. Third, English Dominican mysticism focused on an embodied spirituality with a structured love of fellow men at its center. Finally, the supreme aspiration of this mysticism was either an ethical or an actual union with God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "ecstatic experiences of union with the divine"}], "question": "What did European mysticism concentrate on that English mysticism didn't?", "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 526, "text": "four"}], "question": "English mysticism was composed of how many elements?", "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "it emulated the moral essence of Christ's life"}], "question": "What is one element of English Dominican mysticism?", "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "one's personal relationship with God"}], "question": "What was the focus of English Dominican mysticism?", "id": "5727fa1aff5b5019007d99c1"}]}], ["Oleh kerana biarawati perintah itu tidak berkhutbah di kalangan rakyat, keperluan untuk melibatkan diri dalam kajian tidak begitu serta-merta atau sengit seperti yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka mengambil bahagian dalam beberapa aktiviti intelektual. Bersama-sama dengan jahitan dan sulaman, biarawati sering terlibat dalam membaca dan membincangkan korespondensi dari para pemimpin Gereja. Di biara Strassburg di St Margaret, beberapa orang biarawati boleh berbincang lancar dalam bahasa Latin. Pembelajaran masih mempunyai tempat yang tinggi dalam kehidupan agama ini. Malah, Margarette Reglerin, anak perempuan keluarga Nuremberg yang kaya, telah ditolak daripada sebuah biara kerana dia tidak mempunyai keupayaan untuk belajar. <> Apa yang dilakukan para biarawati dalam Ordo Dominikan? || berkhotbah di antara orang-orang <> Apa salah satu kegiatan para nun yang dinikmati? || sulaman <> Siapa yang diusir dari biawak kerana tidak mahu belajar? || Margarette Reglerin <> Di manakah Margarette Reglerin? || Nuremberg <> Apa biara ahli biara milik orang yang boleh berbahasa Latin dengan lancar? || Biara Strassburg di St. Margaret", {"context": "Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "preach among the people"}], "question": "What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9922"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "embroidery"}], "question": "What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?", "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9923"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "Margarette Reglerin"}], "question": "Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?", "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9924"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Nuremberg"}], "question": "Where was Margarette Reglerin from?", "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9925"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret"}], "question": "What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?", "id": "5727f480ff5b5019007d9926"}]}], ["Perintah Dominikan telah dipengaruhi oleh beberapa pengaruh unsur. Para ahli awalnya menyusun perintah itu dengan mistik dan pembelajaran. Orang-orang Eropah dalam perintah itu memeluk agama mistisisme secara besar-besaran dan memandang kepada kesatuan dengan Pencipta. Dominikan Bahasa Inggeris mencari perpaduan yang lengkap ini, tetapi tidak begitu tertumpu kepada pengalaman gembira. Sebaliknya, matlamat mereka adalah untuk mencontohi kehidupan moral Kristus lebih lengkap. Para biarawati Dartford dikelilingi oleh semua warisan ini, dan menggunakannya untuk membuat sesuatu yang unik. Walaupun mereka tidak dipanggil mistik, mereka dikenali kerana kesalehan mereka terhadap Tuhan dan keazaman mereka untuk menjalani kehidupan yang dikhaskan untuk, dan dalam mengamalkan, Dia. <> Apa yang dibawa oleh orang Eropah di Ordo Dominikan ke kumpulan? || mistikisme keghairahan <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh Dominikan Inggeris dalam Ordo? || untuk mencontohi kehidupan moral Kristus lebih lengkap <> Apa kumpulan biarawati digunakan semua aspek Ordo Dominikan untuk kerja mereka? || Dartford <> The Dartford Nuns adalah sama dengan kumpulan apa? || mistik <> Apa yang diharapkan oleh mistik gila? || kesatuan dengan Pencipta", {"context": "The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences. Instead, their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely. The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies, and used them to create something unique. Though they are not called mystics, they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to, and in emulation of, Him.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "ecstatic mysticism"}], "question": "What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?", "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely"}], "question": "What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?", "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Dartford"}], "question": "What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? ", "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "mystics"}], "question": "The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?", "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "a union with the Creator"}], "question": "What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?", "id": "5727e3574b864d1900163f46"}]}], ["Tapak Dominika pertama di England berada di Oxford, di gereja St. Edward dan St. Adelaide. Pendeta membina pidato kepada Perawan Maria dan 1265, saudara-saudara, sesuai dengan pengabdian mereka untuk belajar, mulai mendirikan sebuah sekolah. Sebenarnya, saudara-saudara Dominican kemungkinan akan memulakan sekolah dengan segera selepas ketibaan mereka, kerana sekolah-sekolah yang sah. Maklumat mengenai sekolah-sekolah di Wilayah Inggeris adalah terhad, tetapi beberapa fakta diketahui. Kebanyakan maklumat yang ada diambil dari rekod lawatan. \"Lawatan\" adalah seksyen wilayah di mana pelawat untuk setiap priori dapat menggambarkan keadaan kehidupan keagamaannya dan kajiannya ke bab seterusnya. Terdapat empat lawatan seperti di England dan Wales-Oxford, London, Cambridge dan York. Semua pelajar Dominika dikehendaki mempelajari tatabahasa, logik lama dan baru, falsafah semula jadi dan teologi. Walau bagaimanapun, dari semua bidang kurikulum, teologi adalah yang paling penting. Ini tidak menghairankan apabila seseorang mengingati semangat Dominic untuknya. <> Sekolah terkenal apa yang menjadi rumah kepada Ordo Dominikan Inggeris pertama? || Oxford <> Siapa yang telah mendirikan rumah tangga sebagai penghormatan untuk menghormati? || The Virgin Mary Blessed <> Apa subjek yang semua pelajar Dominika terpaksa belajar? || falsafah semulajadi <> Apakah subjek yang paling penting untuk pelajar Dominika? || teologi <> Berapa tahunkah sekolah di Oxford selesai? || 1265", {"context": "The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The \"visitation\" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales\u2014Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Oxford"}], "question": "What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?", "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9984"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the Blessed Virgin Mary"}], "question": "Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?", "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9985"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "natural philosophy"}], "question": "What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?", "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9986"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 932, "text": "theology"}], "question": "What was the most important subject for Dominican students?", "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9987"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1265"}], "question": "By what year was the school in Oxford completed?", "id": "5727f89cff5b5019007d9988"}]}], ["Wanita tidak boleh mengakui kehidupan keagamaan Dominikan sebelum usia tiga belas tahun. Formula untuk profesion yang terkandung dalam Perlembagaan Montargis Priory (1250) menuntut agar para biarawati berjanji ketaatan kepada Tuhan, Perawan Suci, prioritas mereka dan penggantinya mengikut Peraturan St. Augustine dan institut perintah itu, sehingga mati. Pakaian saudara perempuan itu terdiri daripada tunik putih dan kancing, tali pinggang kulit, mantel hitam, dan kerudung hitam. Calon untuk profesion telah diuji untuk mendedahkan sama ada mereka sebenarnya berkahwin dengan wanita yang hanya terpisah dari suami mereka. Keupayaan intelektual mereka juga diuji. Para biarawati harus diam di tempat-tempat doa, kaabah, asrama, dan refectory. Kesunyian dikekalkan melainkan jika prioress diberikan pengecualian untuk tujuan tertentu. Bercakap dibenarkan di ruang tamu umum, tetapi ia adalah bawahan kepada peraturan yang ketat, dan prioress, subprioress atau biarawati senior yang lain terpaksa hadir. <> Selepas umur berapa wanita boleh menjadi ahli Orde Dominika? || tiga belas <> Apa jenis jilbab harus dipakai oleh adik perempuan? || hitam <> Formula untuk profesi ke dalam Ordo Dominikan dibentangkan dalam teks apa? || Constitutions of Montargis Priory <> Apa yang para biarawati dibenarkan untuk melakukan minimally? || Bercakap <> Apa yang diuji oleh biarawati? || kebolehan intelektual", {"context": "Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order, until death. The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular, a leather belt, a black mantle, and a black veil. Candidates to profession were tested to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands. Their intellectual abilities were also tested. Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer, the cloister, the dormitory, and refectory. Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause. Speaking was allowed in the common parlor, but it was subordinate to strict rules, and the prioress, subprioress or other senior nun had to be present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "thirteen"}], "question": "After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?", "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "black"}], "question": "What type of veil must the sisters wear?", "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the Constitutions of Montargis Priory"}], "question": "The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?", "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 829, "text": "Speak"}], "question": "What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?", "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163faf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 614, "text": "intellectual abilities"}], "question": "What were the nuns tested on?", "id": "5727e7654b864d1900163fb0"}]}], ["Walaupun Dominic dan saudara-saudara awal telah mendirikan rumah-rumah Dominican wanita di Prouille dan tempat-tempat lain pada tahun 1227, sesetengah saudara-saudara dari perintah itu telah membingungkan tentang keperluan pertubuhan agama wanita dalam suatu perintah yang tujuan utamanya adalah pemberitaan, tugas di mana perempuan dapat tidak terlibat secara tradisional. Walaupun keraguan ini, rumah wanita memusnahkan kawasan pedalaman di seluruh Eropah. Terdapat tujuh puluh empat rumah wanita Dominican di Jerman, empat puluh dua di Itali, sembilan di Perancis, lapan di Sepanyol, enam di Bohemia, tiga di Hungary, dan tiga di Poland. Kebanyakan rumah-rumah keagamaan Jerman yang membuat wanita telah menjadi rumah kepada komuniti wanita, seperti Beguines, yang menjadi Dominican apabila mereka diajar oleh pengkhotbah-pengkhotbah perjalanan dan meletakkan di bawah bidang kuasa struktur Dominican yang berwibawa. Sejumlah rumah ini menjadi pusat kajian dan kerohanian mistik pada abad ke-14. Terdapat seramai tujuh puluh tujuh gereja dalam urutan 1358. Pada tahun itu, jumlah itu berkurangan disebabkan oleh bencana seperti Kematian Hitam. <> Siapa yang beberapa pengikut awal Dominika mengalami kesukaran untuk mendamaikan? || rumah perempuan Dominika <> Di mana terdapat satu rumah perempuan Dominican yang terletak? || Prouille <> Berapa banyak rumah perempuan Dominican yang ada di Jerman? || tujuh puluh empat <> Siapakah wanita agama yang kemudiannya masuk ke Dominikan? || Beguines <> Berapa ramai biara Dominika di sana pada tahun 1358? || seratus lima puluh tujuh", {"context": "Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "female Dominican houses"}], "question": "Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?", "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Prouille"}], "question": "Where was one female Dominican house located?", "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97db"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "seventy-four"}], "question": "How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?", "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "Beguines"}], "question": "Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?", "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 934, "text": "one hundred and fifty-seven"}], "question": "How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?", "id": "5727e5a4ff5b5019007d97de"}]}], ["Mengenai kemanusiaan sebagai citra Kristus, kerohanian Bahasa Dominika berkonsentrasi pada implikasi moral dari penampang gambar dan bukan dasar falsafah imago Dei. Proses kehidupan Kristus, dan proses penyajian gambar, mengubah kemanusiaan kepada imej Tuhan. Idea \"imej Tuhan\" menunjukkan keupayaan manusia untuk bergerak ke arah Tuhan (sebagai pengambil bahagian dalam korban penebusan Kristus), dan pada tahap tertentu, manusia selalu menjadi imej Tuhan. Oleh kerana cinta dan pengetahuan mereka tentang Tuhan tumbuh dan dikuduskan oleh iman dan pengalaman, imej Tuhan dalam diri manusia menjadi lebih terang dan jelas. <> Apakah manusia selalu dilihat sebagai? || sebuah imej Tuhan <> Apa yang dikehendaki oleh Dominikan Inggeris? || implikasi moral terhadap imej-imej <> Apa yang membangkitkan kemanusiaan kepada kehidupan Tuhan? || Proses kehidupan Kristus <> Idea imej Tuhan membolehkan manusia melakukan apa? || bergerak ke arah Tuhan", {"context": "Concerning humanity as the image of Christ, English Dominican spirituality concentrated on the moral implications of image-bearing rather than the philosophical foundations of the imago Dei. The process of Christ's life, and the process of image-bearing, amends humanity to God's image. The idea of the \"image of God\" demonstrates both the ability of man to move toward God (as partakers in Christ's redeeming sacrifice), and that, on some level, man is always an image of God. As their love and knowledge of God grows and is sanctified by faith and experience, the image of God within man becomes ever more bright and clear.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "an image of God"}], "question": "What is man always seen as?", "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9af8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "moral implications of image-bearing"}], "question": "What did the English Dominicans like to concentrate on?", "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9af9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "The process of Christ's life"}], "question": "What amends humanity to God's life?", "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9afa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "move toward God"}], "question": "The idea of the image of God allows man to do what?", "id": "5727ff4d2ca10214002d9afb"}]}], ["Untuk mistik Bahasa Inggeris Dominika, pengalaman mistik tidak dinyatakan hanya dalam satu saat pengetahuan penuh Tuhan, tetapi dalam perjalanan, atau proses, iman. Ini kemudian membawa kepada kefahaman yang diarahkan kepada pengetahuan tentang ketuhanan. Adalah penting untuk difahami, bagaimanapun, bahawa untuk mistik ini mungkin untuk mengejar kehidupan mistik tanpa penglihatan dan suara yang biasanya dikaitkan dengan hubungan seperti itu dengan Tuhan. Mereka mengalami proses mistik yang membolehkan mereka, pada akhirnya, untuk mengalami apa yang mereka telah mendapat pengetahuan melalui iman mereka sahaja. <> Apa yang penting kepada mistik Inggeris? || perjalanan, atau proses, iman <> Proses iman membawa satu kepada apa? || pengetahuan tentang ketuhanan <> Apa yang tidak diperlukan para mistikus Bahasa Inggeris Dominika dalam pekerjaan mereka? || visi dan suara <> Apa yang diperkatakan oleh Perintah Bahasa Inggeris Dominicans adalah satu-satunya perkara yang mereka perlukan? || iman", {"context": "For English Dominican mystics, the mystical experience was not expressed just in one moment of the full knowledge of God, but in the journey of, or process of, faith. This then led to an understanding that was directed toward an experiential knowledge of divinity. It is important to understand, however, that for these mystics it was possible to pursue mystical life without the visions and voices that are usually associated with such a relationship with God. They experienced a mystical process that allowed them, in the end, to experience what they had already gained knowledge of through their faith only.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "the journey of, or process of, faith"}], "question": "What was so important to English mystics?", "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "knowledge of divinity"}], "question": "The process of faith leads one to what?", "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "visions and voices"}], "question": "What did the English Dominican mystics not require in their work?", "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "faith"}], "question": "What did the English Order of Dominicans believe was the only thing they needed?", "id": "5727fb092ca10214002d9aa7"}]}], ["Bahasa Inggeris tertumpu pada semangat peristiwa-peristiwa kehidupan Kristus, bukan kesamaan peristiwa. Mereka tidak dijangka atau tidak mencari rupa stigma atau manifestasi fizikal yang lain. Mereka ingin mewujudkan diri mereka sendiri bahawa persekitaran yang membolehkan Yesus untuk memenuhi misi ilahi-Nya, setakat yang mereka mampu. Di tengah-tengah persekitaran ini adalah cinta: cinta yang ditunjukkan Kristus untuk kemanusiaan menjadi manusia. Kasih Kristus mendedahkan belas kasihan Tuhan dan penjagaan-Nya terhadap ciptaan-Nya. Misteri Bahasa Inggeris Dominikan mencari cinta ini untuk menjadi imej Tuhan. Cinta membawa kepada pertumbuhan rohani yang pada gilirannya mencerminkan peningkatan cinta kepada Allah dan kemanusiaan. Peningkatan dalam kasih sejagat ini membenarkan kehendak lelaki untuk mematuhi kehendak Tuhan, sama seperti kehendak Kristus diserahkan kepada kehendak Bapa. <> Perintah Bahasa Dominika Inggeris tertumpu kepada apa? || peristiwa-peristiwa kehidupan Kristus <> Apa perintah Inggeris tidak peduli? || the stigmata <> Ordo Dominikan Inggeris ingin meletakkan apa yang menjadi pusat kajian mereka tentang Kristus? || cinta <> Apa cinta Kristus mendedahkan kepada manusia? || belas kasihan Tuhan <> Apa cinta mengetuai menurut mistik Bahasa Inggeris? || pertumbuhan rohani", {"context": "The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "the events of Christ's life"}], "question": "The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?", "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "the stigmata"}], "question": "What did the English Order not care about?", "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "love"}], "question": "The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?", "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "the mercy of God"}], "question": "What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?", "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "spiritual growth"}], "question": "What does love lead to according to English mystics?", "id": "5727fe574b864d19001641a4"}]}], ["Pusat pengalaman mistik adalah, tentu saja, Kristus. Bahasa Inggeris Dominika berusaha mendapatkan pengetahuan sepenuhnya tentang Kristus melalui tiruan hidupNya. Mistik bahasa Inggeris dari semua jenis cenderung memberi tumpuan kepada nilai-nilai murni yang dialami oleh peristiwa-peristiwa dalam kehidupan Kristus. Ini membawa kepada \"pemahaman progresif dari makna Kitab Suci - literal, moral, alegoris, dan anagogi\" -yang terkandung dalam perjalanan mistik itu sendiri. Dari pertimbangan-pertimbangan Kitab Suci ini adalah cara paling mudah untuk menirukan Kristus: pengamalan aksi dan sikap moral yang ditunjukkan oleh Yesus dalam pelayananNya di bumi menjadi cara paling penting untuk merasakan dan mengenal Tuhan. <> Bagaimana perintah Inggeris berharap untuk memperoleh pengetahuan tentang Kristus? || melalui tiruan hidupNya <> Siapa yang berada di tengah semua pengalaman mistik? || Kristus <> Apa cara paling penting untuk mengenal Kristus? || emulasi tindakan moral dan sikap yang ditunjukkan oleh Yesus dalam pelayanan duniawi-Nya <> Apa yang mistik Inggris cenderung menumpukan perhatian dalam pelajaran mereka? || nilai-nilai moral bahawa peristiwa-peristiwa dalam kehidupan Kristus dicontohkan <> Apakah jenis pemahaman tentang kitab suci yang diperintahkan oleh Pesuruh Bahasa Inggeris? || progresif", {"context": "The center of all mystical experience is, of course, Christ. English Dominicans sought to gain a full knowledge of Christ through an imitation of His life. English mystics of all types tended to focus on the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified. This led to a \"progressive understanding of the meanings of Scripture--literal, moral, allegorical, and anagogical\"\u2014that was contained within the mystical journey itself. From these considerations of Scripture comes the simplest way to imitate Christ: an emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry becomes the most significant way to feel and have knowledge of God.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "through an imitation of His life"}], "question": "How did the English order hope to gain knowledge of Christ?", "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a20"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "Christ"}], "question": "Who is at the center of all mystical experiences?", "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "emulation of the moral actions and attitudes that Jesus demonstrated in His earthly ministry"}], "question": "What is the most significant way to know Christ?", "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "the moral values that the events in Christ's life exemplified"}], "question": "What did English mystics tend to focus on in their studies?", "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 282, "text": "progressive"}], "question": "What type of understanding of scripture did the English Order subscribe to?", "id": "5727fc3cff5b5019007d9a24"}]}]], [["Pada masa lalu, orang di Eton kadang-kadang bersalah terhadap antisemitisme. Buat sementara waktu, kemasukan baru dipanggil 'Yahudi' oleh rakan-rakan lain. Pada tahun 1945, sekolah memperkenalkan kemasukan pengesahan kewarganegaraan ke atas bapa pemohon yang dilahirkan oleh British. Undang-undang itu dikeluarkan selepas campur tangan Perdana Menteri Harold Macmillan pada tahun 1960-an selepas ia mendapat perhatian Profesor Logik Oxford Wykeham, A. J. Ayer, dirinya sendiri dan seorang Etonian Lama, yang \"disyaki kecaman anti-semitisme\". <> Apakah pelajar baru pernah dipanggil oleh orang lain? || 'Yahudi' <> Ketetapan apakah sekolah masuk sekolah pada tahun 1945? || bapa pemohon menjadi orang Inggeris dengan kelahiran <> Atas sebab apa sebab ketetapan masuk tahun 1945 dihapuskan? || \"disyaki bau anti-semitisme\" <> Siapa yang memutuskan untuk menghapuskan penetapan pintu masuk 1945? || A. J. Ayer", {"context": "In the past, people at Eton have occasionally been guilty of antisemitism. For a time, new admissions were called 'Jews' by their fellow Collegers. In 1945, the school introduced a nationality statute conditioning entry on the applicant's father being British by birth. The statute was removed after the intervention of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in the 1960s after it came to the attention of Oxford's Wykeham Professor of Logic, A. J. Ayer, himself Jewish and an Old Etonian, who \"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "'Jews'"}], "question": "What were new students once called by others?", "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "applicant's father being British by birth"}], "question": "What stipulation did the school base entrance on in 1945?", "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "\"suspected a whiff of anti-semitism\""}], "question": "For what reason as the 1945 entrance stipulation removed?", "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "A. J. Ayer"}], "question": "Who decided to remove the 1945 entrance stipulation?", "id": "57279242f1498d1400e8fc7d"}]}], ["Memandangkan sekolah mengalami penurunan pendapatan semasa masih dalam pembinaan, penyempurnaan dan perkembangan selanjutnya sekolah sejak itu bergantung pada tahap tertentu pada pemberi kaya. Bangunan semula ketika Roger Lupton adalah Provost, sekitar 1517. Nama namanya ditanggung oleh rumah gerbang besar di jajaran barat cloisters, di depan Sekolah Yard, mungkin gambar sekolah yang paling terkenal. Julat ini termasuk pedalaman penting Parlemen, Dewan Pemilihan, dan Dewan Pemilihan, di mana kebanyakan \"meninggalkan potret\" disimpan pada abad ke-18. <> Sekitar tahun apakah pembinaan berterusan selepas tempoh perjuangan kewangan? || 1517 <> Nama manakah di halaman depan pintu pagar? || Roger Lupton <> Di mana abad ke-18 \"meninggalkan potret\" disimpan di Eton? || Paroki, Dewan Pemilihan, dan Dewan Pemilihan <> Apakah imej Eton College yang paling terkenal? || rumah gerbang besar di jajaran barat cloisters, yang menghadap ke Sekolah Yard", {"context": "As the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors. Building resumed when Roger Lupton was Provost, around 1517. His name is borne by the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard, perhaps the most famous image of the school. This range includes the important interiors of the Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber, where most of the 18th century \"leaving portraits\" are kept.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "1517"}], "question": "Around what year did construction continue after a period of financial struggle?", "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fe8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "Roger Lupton"}], "question": "Whose name is on the gate-house fronting School Yard?", "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fe9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "Parlour, Election Hall, and Election Chamber"}], "question": "Where are 18th century \"leaving portraits\" kept at Eton?", "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9fea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "the big gate-house in the west range of the cloisters, fronting School Yard"}], "question": "What is the most famous image of Eton College?", "id": "57278ba7dd62a815002e9feb"}]}], ["Pembinaan gereja itu, pada mulanya bertujuan untuk menjadi lebih sedikit dua kali lebih lama, dengan lapan belas - atau mungkin tujuh belas - teluk (terdapat lapan hari ini) dihentikan apabila Henry VI digulingkan. Hanya Quire bangunan yang dimaksudkan telah selesai. Pengetua pertama Eton, William Waynflete, pengasas Magdalen College, Oxford dan sebelum ini Ketua Sarjana Kolej Winchester, membina ante-chapel yang menamatkan Chapel hari ini. Lukisan-lukisan dinding penting di Chapel dan jambatan batu bata di Yard Sekolah ini juga bermula dari tahun 1480an; pangkalan kubah yang lebih rendah, termasuk Kolej Hall, telah dibina antara 1441 dan 1460. <Siapakah guru besar Eton yang pertama? || William Waynflete <> Berapa lama lukisan dinding di Chapel and School Yard? || 1480s <> Antara tahun berapa dibina Dewan Kolej? || 1441 dan 1460 <> Berapa banyak teluk adalah gereja yang asalnya bertujuan? || lapan belas - atau mungkin tujuh belas <> Berapa banyak gua yang ada di gereja sekarang? || lapan", {"context": "Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "William Waynflete"}], "question": "Who was Eton's first Headmaster?", "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "1480s"}], "question": "How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?", "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "1441 and 1460"}], "question": "Between what years was College Hall built?", "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "eighteen - or possibly seventeen"}], "question": "How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?", "id": "572789c15951b619008f8cca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many bays does the chapel have today?", "id": "572789c15951b619008f8ccb"}]}], ["The Duke of Wellington sering dipetik sebagai salah mengatakan bahawa \"Pertempuran Waterloo dimenangi di padang permainan Eton\". Wellington berada di Eton dari 1781 hingga 1784 dan menghantar anaknya ke sana. Menurut Nevill (mengutip ahli sejarah Sir Edward Creasy), apa kata Wellington, ketika melewati pertandingan kriket Eton beberapa dekade kemudian, adalah, \"Ada yang menumbuhkan barang-barang yang memenangkan Waterloo,\" kata Nevill menganggap sebagai rujukan kepada \"watak jantan disebabkan oleh permainan dan sukan \"di kalangan belia Inggeris secara amnya, bukan komen mengenai Eton secara khusus. Pada tahun 1889, Sir William Fraser mengucapkan kata-kata yang tidak disetujui itu dengan kata-kata yang dikemukakan oleh Count Charles de Montalembert \"C'est ici qu'a \u00e9t\u00e9 gagn\u00e9 la bataille de Waterloo\" (\"Di sinilah Pertempuran Waterloo dimenangi.\" ) <> Siapa yang dipetik secara salah dengan mengatakan \"Pertempuran Waterloo dimenangi di padang permainan Eton\"? || Duke Wellington <> Selama tahun berapa Duke of Wellington di Eton? || 1781 hingga 1784 <> Apa yang \"barangan\" memenangi Waterloo, menurut Wellington? || watak lelaki yang disebabkan oleh permainan dan sukan", {"context": "The Duke of Wellington is often incorrectly quoted as saying that \"The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton\". Wellington was at Eton from 1781 to 1784 and was to send his sons there. According to Nevill (citing the historian Sir Edward Creasy), what Wellington said, while passing an Eton cricket match many decades later, was, \"There grows the stuff that won Waterloo\", a remark Nevill construes as a reference to \"the manly character induced by games and sport\" amongst English youth generally, not a comment about Eton specifically. In 1889, Sir William Fraser conflated this uncorroborated remark with the one attributed to him by Count Charles de Montalembert's \"C'est ici qu'a \u00e9t\u00e9 gagn\u00e9 la bataille de Waterloo\" (\"It is here that the Battle of Waterloo was won.\")", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Duke of Wellington"}], "question": "Who was incorrctly quoted in saying \"The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing-fields of Eton\"?", "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 158, "text": "1781 to 1784"}], "question": "During what years was the Duke of Wellington at Eton?", "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the manly character induced by games and sport"}], "question": "What \"stuff\" won Waterloo, according to Wellington?", "id": "57278d87dd62a815002ea03c"}]}], ["Dewan Sekolah dan Perpustakaan Sekolah yang sangat besar dan menakjubkan (oleh L K. Hall) didirikan pada tahun 1906-8 di seberang jalan dari Upper School sebagai peringatan sekolah kepada orang Eton yang telah meninggal dunia dalam Perang Boer. Banyak tablet di cloisters dan kapel memperingati sejumlah besar orang Etonian mati Perang Besar. Bom telah memusnahkan bahagian Sekolah Menengah dalam Perang Dunia Kedua dan meniup banyak tingkap di Chapel. Kolej ini menugaskan penggantian oleh Evie Hone (1949-52) dan oleh John Piper dan Patrick Reyntiens (1959 dan seterusnya). <> Kepada siapakah Dewan Sekolah dan Perpustakaan Sekolah didirikan di memoriam? || Etonian yang telah meninggal dunia dalam Perang Boer <> Apa yang memusnahkan sebahagian daripada Upper School and Chapel pada Perang Dunia Kedua? || Sebuah bom <> Siapa yang telah diupah untuk menggantikan tingkap di Chapel dari 1949-1952? || Evie Hone", {"context": "The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone (1949\u201352) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Etonians who had died in the Boer War"}], "question": "To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?", "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "A bomb"}], "question": "What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?", "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Evie Hone"}], "question": "Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?", "id": "57279105f1498d1400e8fc44"}]}], ["Sama seperti sekolah-sekolah awam yang lain, satu skim telah dirancang menjelang akhir abad ke-19 untuk membiasakan pelajar-pelajar sekolah istimewa dengan keadaan sosial di kawasan-kawasan yang dilucutkan. Projek mewujudkan 'Misi Eton' di daerah Hackney Wick yang sesak di timur London bermula pada awal tahun 1880, dan berlangsung hingga tahun 1971 apabila diputuskan bahawa lebih banyak projek tempatan (di Dorney) akan lebih realistik. Bagaimanapun, selama bertahun-tahun banyak wang yang dibangkitkan untuk Misi Eton, sebuah gereja yang baik oleh GF Bodley telah didirikan, ramai orang Etonian melawat, dan merangsang antara lain Eton Manor Boys 'Club, sebuah kelab sayap terkenal yang telah bertahan dengan Misi itu sendiri, dan 59 Kelab untuk penunggang motosikal. <> Kelab yang mana di Eaton adalah untuk penunggang motosikal? || 59 Club <> Apakah tujuan untuk mewujudkan Misi Eton? || membiasakan pelajar sekolah yang istimewa dengan keadaan sosial di kawasan yang dilucutkan <> Apa yang dipanggil kelab dayung Eton? || Eton Manor Boys 'Club <> Mengapa pembinaan Eton Mission berhenti pada tahun 1971? || ia telah diputuskan bahawa lebih banyak projek tempatan (di Dorney) akan menjadi lebih realistik <> Di manakah Misi Eton pada asalnya berada? || daerah Hackney Wick di timur London", {"context": "As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 673, "text": "59 Club"}], "question": "Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?", "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea070"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas"}], "question": "What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?", "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Eton Manor Boys' Club"}], "question": "What is Eton's rowing club called?", "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea073"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 332, "text": "it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic"}], "question": "Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?", "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "district of Hackney Wick in east London"}], "question": "Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?", "id": "57278fc7dd62a815002ea074"}]}], ["Eton adalah salah satu daripada sepuluh sekolah bahasa Inggeris HMC, yang biasanya disebut sebagai \"sekolah awam\", yang dikawal oleh Akta Sekolah Awam tahun 1868. Berikutan tradisi sekolah awam, Eton adalah sekolah asrama penuh, yang bermaksud semua murid tinggal di sekolah, dan ia adalah salah satu dari empat sekolah awam lelaki yang masih tinggal satu-seks di United Kingdom (yang lain ialah Harrow, Radley, dan Winchester) untuk meneruskan amalan ini. Eton telah mendidik 19 perdana menteri British dan generasi bangsawan dan telah dirujuk sebagai ketua jururawat negarawan England. Mengecaj sehingga \u00a3 11,478 setiap istilah (terdapat tiga syarat setiap tahun akademik) pada 2014/15, Eton adalah sekolah berasrama penuh HMC keenam di UK. <> Berapa banyak sekolah awam dikawal oleh 1868 Akta Sekolah Awam? || sepuluh <> Jenis sekolah yang manakah memerlukan pelajar untuk tinggal di sekolah? || sekolah berasrama penuh <> Berapa banyak sekolah berasrama semua lelaki di UK? || empat <> Berapakah jumlah caj yang dikenakan oleh Eton College? || sehingga \u00a3 11,478 <> Bagaimana perbelanjaan Eton College berharga dengan sekolah menengah HMC lain di UK? || keenam paling mahal", {"context": "Eton is one of ten English HMC schools, commonly referred to as \"public schools\", regulated by the Public Schools Act of 1868. Following the public school tradition, Eton is a full boarding school, which means all pupils live at the school, and it is one of four such remaining single-sex boys' public schools in the United Kingdom (the others being Harrow, Radley, and Winchester) to continue this practice. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has been referred to as the chief nurse of England's statesmen. Charging up to \u00a311,478 per term (there are three terms per academic year) in 2014/15, Eton is the sixth most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many public schools are regulated by the 1868 Public Schools Act?", "id": "572784155951b619008f8c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "boarding school"}], "question": "Which type of school requires students to live at the school?", "id": "572784155951b619008f8c04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 258, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many all-male boarding schools exist in the UK?", "id": "572784155951b619008f8c05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "up to \u00a311,478"}], "question": "How much does Eton College charge per term?", "id": "572784155951b619008f8c06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "sixth most expensive"}], "question": "How does Eton College rate expense-wise with the other HMC boarding schools in the UK?", "id": "572784155951b619008f8c07"}]}], ["Dalam larian Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 2012 London dan Sukan Paralimpik Musim Panas 2012 London, Dorney Lake yang dibina khas Eton, lapan lorong kekal, 2,200 meter (kira-kira 1.4 batu) kekal di taman seluas 400 ekar, secara rasmi dikenali sepanjang Sukan Olimpik sebagai Eton Dorney, menyediakan kemudahan latihan untuk pesaing Olimpik dan Paralimpik, dan semasa Sukan Olimpik, menganjurkan pertandingan Olimpik dan Paralimpik serta acara Canoe Sprint Olimpik, menarik lebih dari 400,000 pelawat dalam tempoh Sukan (sekitar 30,000 sehari ), dan mengundi tempat Olimpik 2012 terbaik oleh penonton. Akses ke kawasan taman seluas 400 ekar di sekitar Tasik disediakan kepada orang ramai, secara percuma, hampir sepanjang tahun. <> Apa tujuan Eton Dorney mempunyai ke Sukan Olimpik London? || kemudahan latihan <> Berapa ramai pengunjung yang menghadiri Eton Dorney semasa Olimpik 2012? || 400,000 pelawat semasa tempoh Permainan (sekitar 30,000 sehari) <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh penonton Olimpik 2012 mengundi Eton Dorney? || tempat Olimpik 2012 terbaik <> Berapa kos untuk menghadiri Eton Dorney sepanjang tahun? || percuma", {"context": "In the run-up to the London 2012 Summer Olympic Games and London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, Eton's purpose-built Dorney Lake, a permanent, eight-lane, 2,200 metre course (about 1.4 miles) in a 400-acre park, officially known throughout the Games as Eton Dorney, provided training facilities for Olympic and Paralympic competitors, and during the Games, hosted the Olympic and Paralympic Rowing competitions as well as the Olympic Canoe Sprint event, attracting over 400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day), and voted the best 2012 Olympic venue by spectators. Access to the 400-acre parkland around the Lake is provided to members of the public, free of charge, almost all the year round.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "training facilities"}], "question": "What purpose did Eton Dorney have to the London Olympic games?", "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "400,000 visitors during the Games period (around 30,000 per day)"}], "question": "How many visitors attended Eton Dorney during the 2012 Olympics?", "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "best 2012 Olympic venue"}], "question": "What did 2012 Olympic spectators vote Eton Dorney to be?", "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "free of charge"}], "question": "How much does it cost to attend Eton Dorney throughout the year?", "id": "5727873b5951b619008f8c76"}]}], ["Eton mempunyai senarai panjang murid bekas yang terkenal. David Cameron adalah perdana menteri ke-19 Inggeris yang telah menghadiri sekolah itu, dan telah mencadangkan agar Eton menubuhkan sebuah sekolah di sektor kerajaan untuk membantu meningkatkan taraf. Eton kini menjadi penaja bersama sebuah kolej keenam universiti di Newham, kawasan yang dilucutkan East London, yang dinamakan Academy of Excellence London, dibuka pada tahun 2012, yang percuma dan bertujuan untuk mendapatkan semua pelajarnya dalam pendidikan tinggi. Pada bulan September 2014, Eton dibuka, dan menjadi penaja pendidikan tunggal, sebuah sekolah berasaskan pendidikan bersama dan sekolah harian untuk sekitar 500 murid, Holyport College, di Maidenhead di Berkshire, dengan pembinaan bernilai sekitar \u00a3 15 juta, dalam yang seperlima tempat untuk murid hari akan diketepikan untuk anak-anak dari rumah-rumah miskin, 21 tempat perjumpaan akan pergi kepada anak-anak muda di ambang untuk dijaga, dan 28 orang lagi asrama akan dibiayai atau sebahagian dibiayai melalui bendahari. <> Berapa banyak perdana menteri Inggeris yang menghadiri Eton? || 19 <> Kolej manakah di Newham yang menjadi penaja bersama Eton College? || Akademi Kecemerlangan London <> Bagaimana Akademi Kecemerlangan London berbeza dalam kos dari Eton College? || percuma <> Di mana akan Holyport College diletakkan? || Maidenhead di Berkshire <> Berapa banyak pembinaan Holyport College yang diramalkan untuk kos? || sekitar \u00a3 15 juta", {"context": "Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron is the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, and has recommended that Eton set up a school in the state sector to help drive up standards. Eton now co-sponsors a state sixth-form college in Newham, a deprived area of East London, called the London Academy of Excellence, opened in 2012, which is free of charge and aims to get all its students into higher education. In September 2014, Eton opened, and became the sole educational sponsor for, a new purpose-built co-educational state boarding and day school for around 500 pupils, Holyport College, in Maidenhead in Berkshire, with construction costing around \u00a315 million, in which a fifth of places for day pupils will be set aside for children from poor homes, 21 boarding places will go to youngsters on the verge of being taken into care, and a further 28 boarders will be funded or part-funded through bursaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "19"}], "question": "How many British prime ministers attended Eton?", "id": "572785035951b619008f8c27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 327, "text": "London Academy of Excellence"}], "question": "Which college in Newham does Eton College co-sponsor?", "id": "572785035951b619008f8c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "free of charge"}], "question": "How does London Academy of Excellence vary in cost from Eton College?", "id": "572785035951b619008f8c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "Maidenhead in Berkshire"}], "question": "Where will Holyport College be located?", "id": "572785035951b619008f8c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "around \u00a315 million"}], "question": "How much is construction of Holyport College predicted to cost?", "id": "572785035951b619008f8c2b"}]}], ["Kira-kira 20% murid di Eton menerima sokongan kewangan, melalui pelbagai dermasiswa dan biasiswa. Guru Besar baru-baru ini, Tony Little, mengatakan bahawa Eton sedang membangunkan rancangan untuk membenarkan budak lelaki mana-mana untuk menghadiri sekolah apa pun pendapatan ibu bapanya dan, pada tahun 2011, berkata bahawa kira-kira 250 orang lelaki menerima bantuan kewangan \"penting\" dari sekolah. Pada awal tahun 2014, angka ini telah meningkat kepada 263 orang murid yang menerima bersamaan dengan sekitar 60% daripada bantuan yuran sekolah, sementara 63 lagi menerima pendidikan mereka secara percuma. Little berkata, dalam jangka pendek, beliau ingin memastikan bahawa sekitar 320 murid setiap tahun menerima bendahari, dan 70 orang dididik secara percuma, dengan niat bahawa jumlah murid yang menerima bantuan kewangan akan terus meningkat. Perkembangan baru ini akan berjalan bersama-sama dengan kursus lama yang telah disediakan oleh Eton untuk murid sekolah negeri, kebanyakannya pada cuti musim panas (Julai dan Ogos). Dilancarkan pada tahun 1982, Sekolah Musim Panas Universiti adalah kursus kediaman intensif yang terbuka kepada lelaki dan perempuan di seluruh UK yang menghadiri sekolah negeri, pada akhir tahun pertama mereka di Formula Keenam, dan akan memulakan tahun terakhir mereka bersekolah. Sekolah Musim Panas Brent-Eton, yang bermula pada tahun 1994, menawarkan 40-50 orang muda dari London Borough of Brent, kawasan kekurangan bandar dalam, kursus kediaman satu minggu yang intensif, secara percuma, yang direka untuk membantu merapatkan jurang antara GCSE dan A-level. Pada tahun 2008, Eton membantu menemui Eton, Slough, Windsor dan Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), dengan enam sekolah negeri tempatan. Matlamat ISSP adalah \"untuk meningkatkan pencapaian murid, meningkatkan harga diri pelajar, meningkatkan aspirasi murid dan memperbaiki amalan profesional di seluruh sekolah\". Eton juga menjalankan beberapa kursus kesusasteraan dan bahasa Inggeris semasa musim panas. <> Berapa banyak pelajar menerima bantuan kewangan di Eton? || 20% <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang menghadiri Eton secara percuma pada tahun 2014? || 63 <> Apakah matlamat Perkongsian Bebas dan Sekolah Negeri? || meningkatkan pencapaian murid, meningkatkan harga diri murid, meningkatkan aspirasi murid dan meningkatkan amalan profesional di seluruh sekolah <> Apa beberapa kursus yang ditawarkan oleh Eton pada bulan-bulan musim panas? || kursus bahasa koral dan bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "About 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. The recent Head Master, Tony Little, said that Eton is developing plans to allow any boy to attend the school whatever his parents' income and, in 2011, said that around 250 boys received \"significant\" financial help from the school. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, whilst a further 63 received their education free of charge. Little said that, in the short term, he wanted to ensure that around 320 pupils per year receive bursaries, and that 70 were educated free of charge, with the intention that the number of pupils receiving financial assistance would continue to increase. These comparatively new developments will run alongside long-established courses that Eton has provided for pupils from state schools, most of them in the summer holidays (July and August). Launched in 1982, the Universities Summer School is an intensive residential course open to boys and girls throughout the UK who attend state schools, are at the end of their first year in the Sixth Form, and are about to begin their final year of schooling. The Brent-Eton Summer School, started in 1994, offers 40-50 young people from the London Borough of Brent, an area of inner-city deprivation, an intensive one-week residential course, free of charge, designed to help bridge the gap between GCSE and A-level. In 2008, Eton helped found the Eton, Slough, Windsor and Hounslow Independent and State School Partnership (ISSP), with six local state schools. The ISSP's aims are \"to raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools\". Eton also runs a number of choral and English language courses during the summer months.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "20%"}], "question": "How many students receive financial aid at Eton?", "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "63"}], "question": "How many students attended Eton free of charge in 2014?", "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1643, "text": "raise pupil achievement, improve pupil self-esteem, raise pupil aspirations and improve professional practice across the schools"}], "question": "What are the goals of the Independent and State School Partnership?", "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1801, "text": "choral and English language courses"}], "question": "What are some courses Eton offers in the summer months?", "id": "5727865cf1498d1400e8fad3"}]}], ["Tanggungjawab utama untuk kajian seorang lelaki terletak pada Master Housenya, tetapi dia dibantu oleh pengarah tambahan pengajian, yang dikenal sebagai tutor. Kelas-kelas, yang dikenali sebagai \"divs\" (divisi), dianjurkan berdasarkan Sekolah; bilik darjah berasingan dari rumah. Bangunan sekolah baru telah muncul untuk tujuan mengajar setiap dekad atau lebih sejak Sekolah-Sekolah Baru, yang direka oleh Henry Woodyer dan dibina pada tahun 1861-3. Walaupun pengenalan teknologi moden, penampilan luar dan lokasi banyak bilik darjah kekal tidak berubah untuk masa yang lama. <> Dengan siapa tanggungjawab utama untuk kebohongan seorang pelajar? || House Master <> Siapa yang merancang bangunan pembelajaran di Eton? || Henry Woodyer <> Adakah rumah tinggal dan bilik darjah terpisah atau bersekolah? || berasingan <> Apa istilah lain diberikan kepada pengarah pengajian? || tutor", {"context": "The primary responsibility for a boy's studies lies with his House Master, but he is assisted by an additional director of studies, known as a tutor. Classes, colloquially known as \"divs\" (divisions), are organised on a School basis; the classrooms are separate from the houses. New school buildings have appeared for teaching purposes every decade or so since New Schools, designed by Henry Woodyer and built 1861-3. Despite the introduction of modern technology, the external appearance and locations of many of the classrooms have remained unchanged for a long time.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "House Master"}], "question": "With whom does the primary responsibility for a student's leaning lie?", "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Henry Woodyer"}], "question": "Who designed the learning buildings at Eton?", "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "separate"}], "question": "Are living houses and classrooms seperate or conjoined?", "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "tutor"}], "question": "What other term is given to the director of studies?", "id": "5727be06ff5b5019007d93fc"}]}], ["Tuntutan lama bahawa pakaian seragam sekarang dipakai sebagai berkabung untuk kematian George III tidak berasas. \"Pakaian Eton\" telah mengalami perubahan ketara sejak penyeragamannya pada abad ke-19. Awalnya (bersama-sama topi dan tungkai berjalan kaki), pakaian Etonian dikhaskan untuk majlis-majlis rasmi, tetapi anak lelaki memakainya hari ini untuk kelas, yang disebut \"divisi\", atau \"divs\". Seperti yang dinyatakan di atas, Para Ulama Raja memakai gaun hitam di bahagian atas ekor ekor mereka, dan kadang-kadang sebuah surfer di Chapel. Ahli-ahli kakitangan pengajar (dikenali sebagai Beaks) dikehendaki memakai pakaian sekolah ketika mengajar. <> Terdapat kepercayaan palsu bahawa pakaian seragam yang pertama kali pertama dipakai untuk apa acara? || berkabung untuk kematian George III <> Apa itu Beaks? || Ahli-ahli kakitangan pengajar <> Bilakah Beaks diperlukan untuk memakai pakaian sekolah? || semasa mengajar <> Apakah kelas di Eaton yang dikenali sebagai hari ini? || \"bahagian\", atau \"divs\"", {"context": "The long-standing claim that the present uniform was first worn as mourning for the death of George III is unfounded. \"Eton dress\" has undergone significant changes since its standardisation in the 19th century. Originally (along with a top-hat and walking-cane), Etonian dress was reserved for formal occasions, but boys wear it today for classes, which are referred to as \"divisions\", or \"divs\". As stated above, King's Scholars wear a black gown over the top of their tailcoats, and occasionally a surplice in Chapel. Members of the teaching staff (known as Beaks) are required to wear a form of school dress when teaching.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "mourning for the death of George III"}], "question": "There is false belief that the current uniforms were first worn for what event?", "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Members of the teaching staff"}], "question": "What are Beaks?", "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "when teaching"}], "question": "When are Beaks required to wear a form of school dress?", "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "\"divisions\", or \"divs\""}], "question": "What are classes at Eaton known as today?", "id": "5727bc802ca10214002d950f"}]}], ["Satu rumah, Kolej, dikhaskan untuk tujuh puluh Sarjana Raja, yang menghadiri Eton mengenai biasiswa yang disediakan oleh yayasan yang asal dan dianugerahkan oleh pemeriksaan setiap tahun; Para Ulama Raja membayar sehingga 90% dari yuran penuh, bergantung kepada cara mereka. Daripada murid-murid yang lain, sehingga ke ketiga menerima beberapa jenis bendahari atau biasiswa. Nama \"Ulama Raja\" adalah kerana sekolah itu diasaskan oleh King Henry VI pada tahun 1440. Sekolah asal terdiri daripada tujuh puluh Sarjana (bersama-sama dengan beberapa Komens) dan Sarjana telah dididik dan menaiki perbelanjaan yayasan. <> Rumah tumpangan Kolej dikhaskan untuk siapa? || Para Ulama Raja <> Di mana \"Ulama Raja\" mendapat namanya? || sekolah itu diasaskan oleh King Henry VI <> Berapa banyak ulama asal yang ada di Sekolah asal? || tujuh puluh <> Berapa banyak pelajar menerima beberapa bentuk bantuan kewangan? || sehingga satu pertiga", {"context": "One boarding house, College, is reserved for seventy King's Scholars, who attend Eton on scholarships provided by the original foundation and awarded by examination each year; King's Scholars pay up to 90% of full fees, depending on their means. Of the other pupils, up to a third receive some kind of bursary or scholarship. The name \"King's Scholars\" is because the school was founded by King Henry VI in 1440. The original School consisted of the seventy Scholars (together with some Commensals) and the Scholars were educated and boarded at the foundation's expense.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "King's Scholars"}], "question": "The College boarding house is reserved for whom?", "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "the school was founded by King Henry VI"}], "question": "Where do \"King's Scholars\" get their name?", "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "seventy"}], "question": "How many original Scholars were there in the original School?", "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "up to a third"}], "question": "How many students receive some form of financial aid?", "id": "5727a4112ca10214002d929d"}]}], ["Masyarakat cenderung untuk datang dan pergi, tentu saja, bergantung kepada minat khusus para tuan dan anak-anak lelaki di sekolah pada masa itu, tetapi ada yang sudah wujud selama bertahun-tahun. Mereka yang ada sekarang termasuk: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesti, Arkeologi, Senibina, Astronomi, Bank (pemuliharaan), Caledonian, Keju, Klasik, Komedi, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Reka Bentuk, Keusahawanan, Geografi, Henry Fielding , Hispanik, Sejarah, Keynes (ekonomi), Undang-undang, Sastera, Matematik, Perubatan, Timur Tengah, Model Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu, Bahasa Moden, Oriental, Orwell (sayap kiri), Simeon , Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatik), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Teater, Wellington (tentera), Wain dan Wotton (falsafah ). <> Masyarakat Eton mana yang didedikasikan untuk falsafah? || Wain dan Wotton's <> Masyarakat Eton mana yang berpusat di sekitar kuda? || Rous <> Apakah nama kelab Eton untuk kepentingan muzik? || Rock <> Apa kepentingan kelab Savile di Eton? || Buku dan Manuskrip yang Rarang", {"context": "Societies tend to come and go, of course, depending on the special enthusiasms of the masters and boys in the school at the time, but some have been in existence many years. Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton\u2019s (philosophy).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 856, "text": "Wine and Wotton\u2019s"}], "question": "Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?", "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9556"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 704, "text": "Rous"}], "question": "Which Eton society is centered around horses?", "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9557"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 690, "text": "Rock"}], "question": "What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?", "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9558"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 755, "text": "Rare Books and Manuscripts"}], "question": "What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?", "id": "5727bf482ca10214002d9559"}]}], ["Rumah Oppidan dinamakan Rumah Godolphin, Jourdelay, (kedua-duanya dibina seperti 1720), Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (dua yang pertama dibina oleh Provost dan Fellows, 1845, ketika sekolah semakin banyak dan diperlukan kawalan lebih berpusat), The Hopgarden, Lawn Selatan, Waynflete, Evans, Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Farrer House, Bec Baldwin, The Timbralls, dan Westbury. <> Yang Oppidan Rumah tidak berubah dari nama asal mereka 1720? || Rumah Godolphin, Jourdelay's <> Dua rumah yang dibina sebagai penduduk pelajar meningkat 1845? || Hawtrey House, Durnford House <> Yang mana dua rumah Oppidan yang paling tua? || Godolphin House, Jourdelay's", {"context": "The Oppidan Houses are named Godolphin House, Jourdelay's, (both built as such c. 1720), Hawtrey House, Durnford House, (the first two built as such by the Provost and Fellows, 1845, when the school was increasing in numbers and needed more centralised control), The Hopgarden, South Lawn, Waynflete, Evans's, Keate House, Warre House, Villiers House, Common Lane House, Penn House, Walpole House, Cotton Hall, Wotton House, Holland House, Mustians, Angelo's, Manor House, Farrer House, Baldwin's Bec, The Timbralls, and Westbury.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's"}], "question": "Which Oppidan Houses did not change from their original 1720 names?", "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Hawtrey House, Durnford House"}], "question": "Which two houses were built as student population increased 1845?", "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Godolphin House, Jourdelay's"}], "question": "Which two Oppidan Houses are the oldest?", "id": "5727bad64b864d1900163bae"}]}], ["Kemudian penekanannya pada kajian klasik, dikuasai oleh Sejarah Latin dan Kuno, dan, untuk lelaki dengan kemampuan yang mencukupi, Yunani Klasik. Dari bahagian terakhir abad ke-19 kurikulum ini telah berubah dan berkembang: sebagai contoh, sekarang terdapat lebih dari 100 pelajar Cina, yang bukan kursus kurikulum. Pada tahun 1970-an, hanya ada satu komputer sekolah, di dalam bilik kecil yang dipasang di bangunan sains. Ia menggunakan pita kertas untuk menyimpan program. Hari ini, semua kanak-kanak lelaki mesti mempunyai komputer riba, dan rangkaian gentian optik sekolah menghubungkan semua bilik darjah dan semua bilik tidur lelaki ke internet. <> Berapa banyak pelajar semasa mengambil kursus Bahasa Cina di Eaton? || lebih daripada 100 <> Adakah Cina kursus yang diperlukan atau bukan kurikulum? || bukan kurikulum <> Berapa banyak komputer di Eaton pada tahun 1970-an? || hanya satu <> subjek mana yang hanya dikaji oleh lelaki dengan keupayaan yang mencukupi? || Yunani Klasik", {"context": "Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "more than 100"}], "question": "How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?", "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "non-curriculum"}], "question": "Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?", "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "just one"}], "question": "How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?", "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Classical Greek"}], "question": "Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?", "id": "5727bd3d4b864d1900163c03"}]}], ["Ketika Sekolah Meningkat, lebih banyak pelajar dibenarkan menghadiri dengan syarat mereka membayar yuran sendiri dan tinggal di bandar, di luar bangunan asal Kolej. Para pelajar ini dikenali sebagai Oppidans, dari perkataan Latin oppidum, yang bermaksud bandar. Rumah-rumah ini dibangunkan dari masa ke masa sebagai cara menyediakan kediaman bagi orang Oppis dengan cara yang lebih baik, dan pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19 kebanyakannya dikendalikan oleh wanita yang dikenali sebagai \"dames\". Mereka biasanya mengandungi kira-kira lima puluh lelaki. Walaupun kelas dianjurkan berdasarkan Sekolah, kebanyakan lelaki menghabiskan sebahagian besar masa mereka di Rumah mereka. Setiap Rumah mempunyai nama rasmi, terutamanya digunakan untuk pos dan orang di luar komuniti Eton. Ia biasanya dikenali oleh anak lelaki oleh inisial atau nama keluarga Master House, guru yang tinggal di rumah dan menguruskan murid-murid di dalamnya. <> Apakah istilah yang diberikan kepada pelajar yang tinggal di bandar, tetapi tidak di kampus Eton? || Oppidans <> Oppidan kediaman biasanya diambil perhatian oleh wanita yang dikenali sebagai apa? || \"dames\" <> Apakah Master House? || guru yang tinggal di rumah dan mengurus murid di dalamnya <> Berapa banyak pelajar yang berada di rumah Oppidan yang biasa? || lima puluh", {"context": "As the School grew, more students were allowed to attend provided that they paid their own fees and lived in the town, outside the College's original buildings. These students became known as Oppidans, from the Latin word oppidum, meaning town. The Houses developed over time as a means of providing residence for the Oppidans in a more congenial manner, and during the 18th and 19th centuries were mostly run by women known as \"dames\". They typically contain about fifty boys. Although classes are organised on a School basis, most boys spend a large proportion of their time in their House. Each House has a formal name, mainly used for post and people outside the Eton community. It is generally known by the boys by the initials or surname of the House Master, the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Oppidans"}], "question": "What is the term given to students who lived in town, but not on the campus of Eton?", "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d930e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "\"dames\""}], "question": "Oppidan residences were generally cared after by women known as what?", "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d930f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 765, "text": "the teacher who lives in the house and manages the pupils in it"}], "question": "What is a House Master?", "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d9310"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "fifty"}], "question": "About how many students are in a typical Oppidan house?", "id": "5727b502ff5b5019007d9311"}]}], ["Tidak semua lelaki yang lulus peperiksaan Pemilihan Kolej memilih menjadi Ulama Raja. Jika mereka memilih untuk menjadi milik salah satu daripada 24 Rumah Oppidan, mereka dikenali sebagai Ulama Oppidan. Beasiswa Oppidan juga boleh dianugerahkan untuk melaksanakan secara konsisten dengan perbezaan di Sekolah dan peperiksaan luaran. Untuk mendapatkan Biasiswa Oppidan, seorang lelaki mestilah mempunyai tiga perbezaan dalam satu baris atau empat sepanjang kariernya. Di dalam sekolah, seorang Oppidan Scholar berhak untuk menggunakan huruf OS selepas namanya. <> Jika seorang budak lelaki memilih tinggal di rumah Oppidan dan bukannya rumah Kolej, apa yang mereka panggil? || Pelajar Oppidan <> Pelajar mana yang dibenarkan menggunakan huruf OS selepas nama mereka? || Oppidan Scholar <> Berapa banyak rumah Oppidan di Eaton? || 24 <> Dalam apa keadaan yang dianugerahkan Beasiswa Oppidan? || melaksanakan secara konsisten dengan perbezaan di Sekolah dan peperiksaan luaran <> Berapa banyak pembezaan yang diperlukan pelajar untuk Beasiswa Oppidan? || sama ada tiga perbezaan dalam berturut-turut atau empat sepanjang kerjayanya", {"context": "Not all boys who pass the College election examination choose to become King's Scholars. If they choose instead to belong to one of the 24 Oppidan Houses, they are known as Oppidan Scholars. Oppidan scholarships may also be awarded for consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations. To gain an Oppidan Scholarship, a boy must have either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career. Within the school, an Oppidan Scholar is entitled to use the letters OS after his name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "Oppidan Scholars"}], "question": "If a boy elects to live in an Oppidan house instead of the College house, what are they called?", "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deaaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Oppidan Scholar"}], "question": "Which students are allowed to use the letters OS after their name?", "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "24"}], "question": "How many Oppidan houses are at Eaton?", "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "consistently performing with distinction in School and external examinations"}], "question": "Under what circumstances are Oppidan Scholarships awarded?", "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 362, "text": "either three distinctions in a row or four throughout his career"}], "question": "How many distinguishments does a student need for an Oppidan Scholarship?", "id": "5727ba063acd2414000deab3"}]}], ["Untuk sebahagian besar sejarah Eton, anak lelaki muda harus bertindak sebagai \"anak kecil\", atau pelayan, kepada anak lelaki yang lebih tua. Tugas mereka termasuk pembersihan, memasak dan menjalankan tugas. Seorang ahli Perpustakaan berhak untuk berteriak pada bila-bila masa dan tanpa notis, \"Boy, Up!\" atau \"Boy, Queue!\", dan semua anak lelaki tahun pertama terpaksa berlari. Anak lelaki yang terakhir tiba diberi tugas. Amalan-amalan ini, yang dikenali sebagai fagging, sebahagiannya terhenti daripada sebahagian besar rumah pada 1970-an. Kapten Rumah dan Permainan masih kadang-kadang memberi tugas kepada anak lelaki tahun pertama, seperti mengutip surat dari Pejabat Sekolah. [Rujukan?] <> Berapa syarat diberikan kepada juniors yang bertindak sebagai hamba kepada pelajar yang lebih tua? || \"fags\" <> Apakah tugas-tugas biasa pelajar-pelajar muda? || membersihkan, memasak, dan menjalankan tugas <> Apa perkataan yang dilontarkan oleh Pustakawan yang memerlukan pelajar tahun pertama datang? || \"Boy, Up!\" atau \"Boy, Beratur!\" <> Yang pelajar tahun pertama diberi tugas yang dilontarkan oleh Pustakawan? || Anak lelaki yang terakhir tiba <> Tahun apa \"fagging\" terhenti daripada kebanyakan rumah? || 1970-an", {"context": "For much of Eton's history, junior boys had to act as \"fags\", or servants, to older boys. Their duties included cleaning, cooking, and running errands. A Library member was entitled to yell at any time and without notice, \"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\", and all first-year boys had to come running. The last boy to arrive was given the task. These practices, known as fagging, were partially phased out of most houses in the 1970s. Captains of House and Games still sometimes give tasks to first-year boys, such as collecting the mail from School Office.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "\"fags\""}], "question": "What term was given to juniors who acted as servants to older students?", "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163bde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "cleaning, cooking, and running errands"}], "question": "What were common duties of younger servant students?", "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163bdf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "\"Boy, Up!\" or \"Boy, Queue!\""}], "question": "What words were yelled by Librarians that required first year students to come?", "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "The last boy to arrive"}], "question": "Which first year student was given the task yelled for by the Librarian?", "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "1970s"}], "question": "What year was \"fagging\" phased out of most houses?", "id": "5727bbbe4b864d1900163be2"}]}], ["Hadiah diberikan kepada keputusan ujian (peperiksaan dalaman), GCSE dan AS-peringkat. Di samping itu, banyak mata pelajaran dan aktiviti telah mendapat hadiah istimewa, beberapa di antaranya dianugerahkan oleh ahli-ahli yang melawat. Yang paling berprestij ialah Beasiswa Newcastle, dianugerahkan pada kekuatan peperiksaan, yang terdiri daripada dua makalah dalam teologi falsafah, teori moral dan etika yang diterapkan. Juga ambil perhatian ialah Gladstone Memorial Prize dan Coutts Prize, yang dianugerahkan pada hasil ujian dan peperiksaan AS di C; dan Huxley Prize, yang dianugerahkan untuk projek mengenai subjek saintifik. Hadiah khas lain termasuk Hadiah Klasik Newcastle; Pameran Rosebery untuk Sejarah; Hadiah Ratu untuk Perancis dan Jerman; Hadiah Rusia Duke of Newcastle; Hadiah Sepanyol Beddington; Hadiah Strafford dan Bowman Shakespeare; Hadiah Tomline dan Russell dalam Matematik; Hadiah Sotheby untuk Sejarah Seni; Waddington Hadiah untuk Teologi dan Falsafah; Hadiah Birley untuk Sejarah; The Prize Lower Boy Rosebery dan Wilder Prize for Theology. Hadiah juga diberikan untuk kecemerlangan dalam aktiviti seperti lukisan, patung, seramik, bermain alat muzik, komposisi muzik, declamation, karya seni dan reka bentuk. <> Untuk apa yang dianugerahkan hadiah Huxley? || satu projek dalam mata pelajaran saintifik <> Yang dua hadiah didedikasikan untuk matematik? || Tomline and Russell <> Apa kejayaan seni yang boleh mendapat hadiah pelajar? || lukisan, patung, seramik, bermain alat muzik, komposisi muzik, deklamasi, karya seni perak dan reka bentuk <> Adakah ujian dianggap ujian dalaman atau luaran? || dalaman", {"context": "Prizes are awarded on the results of trials (internal exams), GCSE and AS-levels. In addition, many subjects and activities have specially endowed prizes, several of which are awarded by visiting experts. The most prestigious is the Newcastle Scholarship, awarded on the strength of an examination, consisting of two papers in philosophical theology, moral theory and applied ethics. Also of note are the Gladstone Memorial Prize and the Coutts Prize, awarded on the results of trials and AS-level examinations in C; and the Huxley Prize, awarded for a project on a scientific subject. Other specialist prizes include the Newcastle Classical Prize; the Rosebery Exhibition for History; the Queen\u2019s Prizes for French and German; the Duke of Newcastle\u2019s Russian Prize; the Beddington Spanish Prize; the Strafford and Bowman Shakespeare Prizes; the Tomline and Russell Prizes in Mathematics; the Sotheby Prize for History of Art; the Waddington Prize for Theology and Philosophy; the Birley Prize for History; The Lower Boy Rosebery Prize and the Wilder Prize for Theology. Prizes are awarded too for excellence in such activities as painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "a project on a scientific subject"}], "question": "For what is the Huxley prize awarded?", "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 846, "text": "Tomline and Russell"}], "question": "Which two prizes are dedicated to mathematics?", "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1131, "text": "painting, sculpture, ceramics, playing musical instruments, musical composition, declamation, silverwork, and design"}], "question": "What artistic accomplishments can earn students a prize?", "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "internal"}], "question": "Are trials considered internal or external exams?", "id": "5727c2d93acd2414000debf4"}]}], ["Percutian terkenal Eton berlaku pada apa yang dipanggil \"Keempat Jun\", perayaan ulang tahun Raja George III, penaung terbesar Eton. Hari ini disambut dengan Procession of Boats, di mana awak mendayung teratas dari empat tahun berturut-turut berturut-turut di kapal-kapal dayung kayu vintage. Sama seperti Ulang Tahun Ratu, \"Keempat Jun\" tidak lagi dirayakan pada 4 Jun, tetapi pada hari Rabu sebelum minggu pertama bulan Jun. Eton juga mengamati Hari St Andrew, di mana permainan dinding Eton dimainkan. [Rujukan?] <> Apakah percutian Eton yang paling terkenal? || \"Keempat Jun\" <> Apa yang dimaksudkan \"Keempat Jun\"? || hari jadi Raja George III <> Bilakah hari keempat Jun dirayakan? || Rabu sebelum hujung minggu pertama Jun <> Acara manakah yang diadakan pada Keempat Jun? || Procession of Boats", {"context": "Eton's best-known holiday takes place on the so-called \"Fourth of June\", a celebration of the birthday of King George III, Eton's greatest patron. This day is celebrated with the Procession of Boats, in which the top rowing crews from the top four years row past in vintage wooden rowing boats. Similar to the Queen's Official Birthday, the \"Fourth of June\" is no longer celebrated on 4 June, but on the Wednesday before the first weekend of June. Eton also observes St. Andrew's Day, on which the Eton wall game is played.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "\"Fourth of June\""}], "question": "What is Eton's best-known holiday?", "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedc9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the birthday of King George III"}], "question": "What does the \"Fourth of June\" celebrate?", "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "the Wednesday before the first weekend of June"}], "question": "When is the Fourth of June celebrated?", "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Procession of Boats"}], "question": "Which event is held on the Fourth of June?", "id": "5727d66c3acd2414000dedcc"}]}], ["\"Presentor\" semasa (Ketua Muzik) adalah Tim Johnson, dan Sekolah ini mempunyai lapan organ dan seluruh bangunan untuk muzik (ruang persembahan termasuk Dewan Sekolah, Teater Farrer dan dua dewan yang khusus untuk muzik, Parry Hall dan Konsert Dewan). Banyak instrumen diajar, termasuk yang tidak jelas seperti didgeridoo. Sekolah menyertai banyak pertandingan kebangsaan; ramai murid adalah sebahagian daripada Orkestra Belia Kebangsaan, dan Sekolah memberikan biasiswa untuk pemuzik berdedikasi dan berbakat. Seorang bekas Precentor kolej, Ralph Allwood menubuhkan dan menganjurkan Kursus Kesusasteraan Eton, yang dijalankan di Sekolah setiap musim panas. <> Istilah apa yang diberikan kepada Ketua Muzik? || \"Precentor\" <> Apa contoh instrumen yang kurang dikenali di Eton? || didgeridoo <> Siapa presentor semasa? || Tim Johnson <> Berapa banyak organ rumah Eton? || lapan", {"context": "The current \"Precentor\" (Head of Music) is Tim Johnson, and the School boasts eight organs and an entire building for music (performance spaces include the School Hall, the Farrer Theatre and two halls dedicated to music, the Parry Hall and the Concert Hall). Many instruments are taught, including obscure ones such as the didgeridoo. The School participates in many national competitions; many pupils are part of the National Youth Orchestra, and the School gives scholarships for dedicated and talented musicians. A former Precentor of the college, Ralph Allwood set up and organised Eton Choral Courses, which run at the School every summer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "\"Precentor\""}], "question": "What term is given to the Head of Music?", "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "didgeridoo"}], "question": "What is an example of a lesser-known instrument taught at Eton?", "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Tim Johnson"}], "question": "Who is the current Precentor?", "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many organs does Eton house?", "id": "5727d32a3acd2414000ded64"}]}], ["Bertentangan dengan Show Up adalah \"Rip\". Ini adalah untuk kerja sub-standard, yang kadang-kadang koyak di bahagian atas halaman / lembaran dan mesti dikemukakan kepada budak lelaki untuk tandatangan. Anak-anak yang mengumpul rips bertanggungjawab untuk diberi \"Tiket Putih\", yang mesti ditandatangani oleh semua guru-gurunya dan mungkin disertai dengan hukuman lain, biasanya melibatkan kerja rumah atau menulis surat. Dalam masa-masa kebelakangan ini, [apabila?] Bentuk yang lebih ringan dari 'tanda untuk maklumat', yang dikenali sebagai \"info\", telah diperkenalkan, yang juga mesti ditandatangani oleh budak lelaki dan tutor budak itu. <> Apakah bertentangan dengan Show Up? || \"Rip\" <> Siapa yang mesti menandatangani Rip? || budak budak lelaki <> Siapa yang mesti menandatangani Tiket Putih? || semua guru beliau <> Siapa yang mesti menandatangani \"info\"? || budak lelaki dan guru tutor <> Apa istilah hukuman adalah \"info\" pendek untuk? || tandatangan untuk maklumat", {"context": "The opposite of a Show Up is a \"Rip\". This is for sub-standard work, which is sometimes torn at the top of the page/sheet and must be submitted to the boy's housemaster for signature. Boys who accumulate rips are liable to be given a \"White Ticket\", which must be signed by all his teachers and may be accompanied by other punishments, usually involving doing domestic chores or writing lines. In recent times,[when?] a milder form of the rip, 'sign for information', colloquially known as an \"info\", has been introduced, which must also be signed by the boy's housemaster and tutor.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "a \"Rip\""}], "question": "What is the opposite of a Show Up?", "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "the boy's housemaster"}], "question": "Who must sign a Rip?", "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "all his teachers"}], "question": "Who must sign a White Ticket?", "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "the boy's housemaster and tutor"}], "question": "Who must sign an \"info\"?", "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "sign for information"}], "question": "What punishment term is \"info\" short for?", "id": "5727cab93acd2414000dec77"}]}], ["Pelbagai faedah memungkinkan untuk memberikan geran setiap tahun kepada lelaki yang ingin, atas alasan pendidikan atau budaya, bekerja atau melancong ke luar negara. Ini termasuk Dana Busk, yang menyokong usaha individu yang menunjukkan inisiatif tertentu; C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, untuk mempromosikan lawatan ke tanah klasik; Dana Sadler, yang menyokong, antara lain, yang berniat untuk memasuki Perkhidmatan Asing; dan Marsden Fund, untuk perjalanan di negara-negara di mana bahasa utama tidak bahasa Inggeris. <> Apa yang menyokong Dana Busk? || usaha individu yang menunjukkan inisiatif tertentu <> Dana mana yang didedikasikan untuk perjalanan ke negara bukan berbahasa Inggeris? || Dana Marsden <> Dana mana yang menyokong perjalanan ke tanah klasik? || C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund", {"context": "Various benefactions make it possible to give grants each year to boys who wish, for educational or cultural reasons, to work or travel abroad. These include the Busk Fund, which supports individual ventures that show particular initiative; the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund, for the promotion of visits to classical lands; the Sadler Fund, which supports, amongst others, those intending to enter the Foreign Service; and the Marsden Fund, for travel in countries where the principal language is not English.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "individual ventures that show particular initiative"}], "question": "What does the Busk Fund support?", "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Marsden Fund"}], "question": "Which Fund is dedicated for travel to non-English speaking countries?", "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "the C.M. Wells Memorial Trust Fund"}], "question": "Which Fund supports travel to classical lands?", "id": "5727c3af3acd2414000dec0f"}]}], ["Seorang lelaki yang terlambat untuk mana-mana bahagian atau pelantikan lain mungkin dikehendaki menandatangani \"Tardy Book\", suatu daftar yang disimpan di Pejabat Sekolah, antara 7.35 pagi dan 7.45 pagi, setiap pagi untuk tempoh hukumannya (biasanya tiga hari). Buku Tardy juga boleh dikeluarkan untuk kerja lewat. Untuk perbuatan salah yang lebih serius, budak lelaki dipanggil dari pelajarannya kepada Guru Besar, atau Guru Besar jika budak lelaki itu berada dalam dua tahun yang lebih rendah, untuk bercakap secara peribadi tentang kesalahannya. Ini dikenali sebagai \"Rang Undang-Undang\". Kesalahan yang paling serius boleh mengakibatkan pengusiran, atau penggalian (penggantungan). Sebaliknya, jika seorang tuan lebih daripada 15 minit lewat untuk kelas, secara tradisinya murid-murid mungkin menuntutnya sebagai \"lari\" dan tidak hadir untuk sepanjang tempohnya. <> Istilah apa yang digunakan jika tuan lebih daripada 15 minit lewat ke kelas? || \"run\" <> Dimana \"Buku Tardy\" disimpan? || Pejabat Sekolah <> Berapa lamakah hukuman tipikal untuk menjadi lemah? || biasanya tiga hari <> Apabila seorang budak lelaki dipanggil ke Guru Besar, apakah pengalaman yang dipanggil? || \"Rang Undang-Undang\" <> Apa istilah lain untuk rustication? || penggantungan", {"context": "A boy who is late for any division or other appointment may be required to sign \"Tardy Book\", a register kept in the School Office, between 7.35am and 7.45am, every morning for the duration of his sentence (typically three days). Tardy Book may also be issued for late work. For more serious misdeeds, a boy is summoned from his lessons to the Head Master, or Lower Master if the boy is in the lower two years, to talk personally about his misdeeds. This is known as the \"Bill\". The most serious misdeeds may result in expulsion, or rustication (suspension). Conversely, should a master be more than 15 minutes late for a class, traditionally the pupils might claim it as a \"run\" and absent themselves for the rest of its duration.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "a \"run\""}], "question": "What term is used if a master is more than 15 minutes late to a class?", "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "School Office"}], "question": "Where is the \"Tardy Book\" kept?", "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "typically three days"}], "question": "How long is the typical punishment for being tardy?", "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "the \"Bill\""}], "question": "When a boy is summoned to the Head Master, what is the experience called?", "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 546, "text": "suspension"}], "question": "What is another term for rustication?", "id": "5727d0feff5b5019007d95ec"}]}], ["Jika mana-mana lelaki menghasilkan kerja yang luar biasa, ia mungkin \"Dihantar Untuk Baik\", menyimpan usaha di Arkib Kolej untuk masa depan. Anugerah ini telah wujud sejak abad ke-18. Sebagai Sending For Good agak jarang, proses itu agak misteri kepada ramai anak lelaki Eton. Pertama, tuan yang ingin Kirim Up For Good mesti mendapatkan kebenaran Ketua Jabatan yang berkaitan. Apabila menerima kelulusannya, sekeping kerja akan ditandakan dengan Sent Up For Good dan pelajar akan menerima kad yang akan ditandatangani oleh Master House, tutor dan master bahagian. <> Tindakan apa yang menyebabkan sesuatu menjadi \"Dihantar Untuk Baik?\" || Jika mana-mana lelaki menghasilkan kerja yang cemerlang <> Apa yang diterima oleh pelajar ketika kerja Dihantar Untuk Baik? || kad <> Apabila seorang pelajar mempunyai kerja Sent Up For Good, yang menandatangani kad yang mereka terima? || House Master, tutor dan master divisi <> Di mana kerja yang telah Dihantar Untuk Baik disimpan? || Arkib Kolej", {"context": "If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work, it may be \"Sent Up For Good\", storing the effort in the College Archives for posterity. This award has been around since the 18th century. As Sending Up For Good is fairly infrequent, the process is rather mysterious to many of Eton's boys. First, the master wishing to Send Up For Good must gain the permission of the relevant Head of Department. Upon receiving his or her approval, the piece of work will be marked with Sent Up For Good and the student will receive a card to be signed by House Master, tutor and division master.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "If any boy produces an outstanding piece of work"}], "question": "What action results in something being \"Sent Up For Good?\"", "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "a card"}], "question": "What does a student receive when work is Sent Up For Good?", "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 541, "text": "House Master, tutor and division master"}], "question": "When a student has work Sent Up For Good, who signs the card that they receive?", "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "College Archives"}], "question": "Where is work that has been Sent Up For Good stored?", "id": "5727c9f23acd2414000dec6e"}]}], ["Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, Sekolah telah memainkan versi muzik The Bacchae (Oktober 2009) serta menghasilkan A Funny Thing Berlaku di Jalan ke Forum (Mei 2010), The Cherry Orchard (Februari 2011), Joseph K ( Oktober 2011), Cyrano de Bergerac (Mei 2012), Macbeth (Oktober 2012), London Assurance (Mei 2013) dan Yerusalem (Oktober 2013). Akan datang pada Mei 2014 adalah penghasilan Dream A Midsummer Night. Selalunya gadis-gadis dari sekolah-sekolah di sekeliling, seperti St George's, Ascot, Sekolah Ascot St Mary, Windsor Girls 'School dan Heathfield St Mary's School, dilakonkan dalam peranan wanita. Anak-anak dari Sekolah juga bertanggungjawab untuk pencahayaan, pengurusan bunyi dan pentas semua hasil, di bawah bimbingan beberapa kakitangan teater sepenuh masa profesional. <> Siapa yang dilakonkan dalam peranan wanita Eton dalam produksi mereka? || kanak-kanak perempuan dari sekolah-sekolah di sekeliling <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab ke atas tugas-tugas tangan, pencahayaan, bunyi, dan pengurusan? || Boys from the School <> Yang bermain Shakespearean yang mana Sekolah itu diletakkan pada Oktober 2012? || Macbeth <> Apa sekolah-sekolah beberapa orang dekat dengan Eton? || St George, Ascot, Sekolah Ascot Ascot, Windsor Girls 'School dan Sekolah Heathfield St Mary", {"context": "In recent years, the School has put on a musical version of The Bacchae (October 2009) as well as productions of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum (May 2010), The Cherry Orchard (February 2011), Joseph K (October 2011), Cyrano de Bergerac (May 2012), Macbeth (October 2012), London Assurance (May 2013) and Jerusalem (October 2013). Upcoming in May 2014 was a production of A Midsummer Night's Dream . Often girls from surrounding schools, such as St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School, are cast in female roles. Boys from the School are also responsible for the lighting, sound and stage management of all the productions, under the guidance of several professional full-time theatre staff.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "girls from surrounding schools"}], "question": "Who are cast in Eton's female roles in their productions?", "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000deda9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "Boys from the School"}], "question": "Who is responsible for stage hand duties, lighting, sound, and management?", "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedaa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "Macbeth"}], "question": "Which Shakespearean play did the School put on in October 2012?", "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 461, "text": "St George's, Ascot, St Mary's School Ascot, Windsor Girls' School and Heathfield St Mary's School"}], "question": "What are somefemale schools close to Eton?", "id": "5727d52c3acd2414000dedac"}]}], ["Pelbagai dimainkan setiap tahun di Eton College; terdapat satu teater utama yang dipanggil Farrer (tempat duduk 400) dan 2 teater Studio, yang dipanggil Caccia Studio dan Empty Space (tempat duduk 90 dan 80). Terdapat kira-kira 8 atau 9 produksi rumah setiap tahun, sekitar 3 atau 4 \"merdeka\" bermain (tidak terhad semata-mata kepada satu rumah, dihasilkan, diarahkan dan dibiayai oleh Etonians) dan tiga bermain sekolah, satu khusus untuk kanak-kanak lelaki dalam dua tahun pertama, dan dua terbuka untuk semua tahun. The School Play mempunyai reputasi yang baik bahawa mereka biasanya ditempah setiap malam. Productions juga berlaku di pelbagai lokasi di sekitar Sekolah, bervariasi dari medan sukan ke bangunan yang lebih bersejarah seperti Upper School and College Chapel. <> Berapa ramai orang boleh duduk di khalayak di teater utama Eton? || 400 <> Apa nama teater terbesar Eton? || Farrer <> Berapa banyak pengeluaran rumah yang dijalankan oleh Eton setiap tahun? || kira-kira 8 atau 9 <> Apakah \"pengeluaran\" teater bebas di Eton? || tidak dikurung semata-mata untuk satu rumah, dihasilkan, diarahkan dan dibiayai oleh Etonians <> Adakah kadar kehadiran sukan ini tinggi? || sepenuhnya ditempah setiap malam", {"context": "Numerous plays are put on every year at Eton College; there is one main theatre, called the Farrer (seating 400) and 2 Studio theatres, called the Caccia Studio and Empty Space (seating 90 and 80 respectively). There are about 8 or 9 house productions each year, around 3 or 4 \"independent\" plays (not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians) and three school plays, one specifically for boys in the first two years, and two open to all years. The School Plays have such good reputations that they are normally fully booked every night. Productions also take place in varying locations around the School, varying from the sports fields to more historic buildings such as Upper School and College Chapel.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many people can sit in the audience at Eton's main theatre?", "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9646"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Farrer"}], "question": "What is the name of Eton's largest theatre?", "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9647"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 221, "text": "about 8 or 9"}], "question": "How many house productions does Eton run each year?", "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9648"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "not confined solely to one house, produced, directed and funded by Etonians"}], "question": "What are \"independent\" theatre productions at Eton?", "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d9649"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "fully booked every night"}], "question": "Do the plays sport high attendance rates?", "id": "5727d3e4ff5b5019007d964a"}]}], ["John Keate, Ketua Sarjana dari tahun 1809 hingga 1834, mengambil alih masa ketika disiplin adalah miskin. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Ketua Sarjana dari tahun 1964 hingga 1970, memusnahkan birch dan menggantikannya dengan cambuk, juga diterapkan pada posterior kosong, yang dia pentadbir secara peribadi di kantornya. Chenevix-Trench juga menghilangkan hukuman gantung yang ditadbir oleh budak lelaki kanan. Sebelum ini, Kapten-kediaman House dibenarkan untuk melakukan tindak pidana di atas seluar celana. Ini adalah kejadian rutin, dijalankan secara persendirian dengan budak itu membongkok dengan kepalanya di bawah pinggir meja. Kurang biasa tetapi lebih teruk adalah ukiran yang ditadbir oleh Pop (lihat Eton Society di bawah) dalam bentuk \"Pop-Tanning\", di mana sebilangan besar pukulan keras telah dikenakan oleh Presiden Pop di hadapan semua ahli Pop (atau, pada masa dahulu, setiap ahli Pop mengambilnya secara bergilir untuk mengenakan strok). Pelakunya dipanggil untuk muncul dalam sepasang seluar panjang, kerana rotan itu akan memotong kain itu untuk dicincang. Ini adalah bentuk hukuman fizikal paling parah di Eton. <> Birch telah dimansuhkan dan digantikan dengan apa? || > Apa bentuk hukuman fizikal yang paling parah di Eton? || \"Pop-Tanning\" <> Mengapa subjek diperintahkan untuk muncul untuk Pop-Tanning pada seluar lama? || rotan itu akan memotong kain itu ke cincang <> Mana Guru Besar yang menghapuskan hukuman mati oleh rakan-rakan? || Chenevix-Trench <> Siapa yang mentadbir pengawal peribadi di pejabatnya? || Anthony Chenevix-Trench", {"context": "John Keate, Head Master from 1809 to 1834, took over at a time when discipline was poor. Anthony Chenevix-Trench, Head Master from 1964 to 1970, abolished the birch and replaced it with caning, also applied to the bare posterior, which he administered privately in his office. Chenevix-Trench also abolished corporal punishment administered by senior boys. Previously, House Captains were permitted to cane miscreants over the seat of the trousers. This was a routine occurrence, carried out privately with the boy bending over with his head under the edge of a table. Less common but more severe were the canings administered by Pop (see Eton Society below) in the form of a \"Pop-Tanning\", in which a large number of hard strokes were inflicted by the President of Pop in the presence of all Pop members (or, in earlier times, each member of Pop took it in turns to inflict a stroke). The culprit was summoned to appear in a pair of old trousers, as the caning would cut the cloth to shreds. This was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "caning"}], "question": "The birch was abolished and replaced with what?", "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded57"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 676, "text": "\"Pop-Tanning\""}], "question": "What was the most severe form of physical punishment at Eton referred to as?", "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 951, "text": "the caning would cut the cloth to shreds"}], "question": "Why was a subject ordered to appear to Pop-Tanning in old trousers?", "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "Chenevix-Trench"}], "question": "Which Head Master abolished corporal punishment by peers?", "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "Anthony Chenevix-Trench"}], "question": "Who administered caning privately in his office?", "id": "5727d2703acd2414000ded5b"}]}], ["Sehingga 18 Disember 2010, Eton College adalah badan amal yang dikecualikan di bawah undang-undang Inggeris (Akta Amal 1993, Jadual 2). Di bawah peruntukan-peruntukan Akta Amal 2006, ia kini adalah sebuah badan amal yang dikecualikan, dan didaftarkan sepenuhnya dengan Suruhanjaya Kebajikan, dan kini merupakan salah satu daripada 100 badan amal terbesar di UK. Sebagai amal, ia mendapat manfaat daripada rehat cukai yang besar. Ia dihitung oleh David Jewell, bekas Sarjana Haileybury, pada tahun 1992, bahawa percubaan cukai tersebut menyelamatkan Sekolah kira-kira \u00a3 1,945 setiap murid setahun, walaupun dia tidak mempunyai hubungan langsung dengan Sekolah. Subsidi ini telah merosot sejak pemansuhan 2001 oleh Kerajaan Buruh beasiswa yang dibiayai negeri (dahulunya dikenali sebagai \"tempat dibantu\") ke sekolah bebas. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada anak yang menghadiri Eton mengenai skim ini, yang bermaksud bahawa tahap bantuan kerajaan yang sebenar kepada Sekolah sentiasa lebih rendah. Ketua Pentadbir Eton yang telah bersara, Tony Little, mendakwa bahawa manfaat yang disediakan oleh Eton kepada masyarakat setempat secara percuma (menggunakan kemudahannya, dll.) Mempunyai nilai yang lebih tinggi daripada rehat cukai yang diterima sebagai akibat dari status amalnya. Yuran bagi tahun akademik 2010-2011 adalah \u00a3 29,862 (kira-kira AS $ 48,600 atau \u20ac 35,100 pada Mac 2011), walaupun jumlahnya jauh lebih rendah bagi murid-murid di atas dermasiswa dan biasiswa. <> Mengapa menjadi kebajikan bermanfaat kepada Eton? || rehat cukai yang besar <> Perkhidmatan apa yang diberikan oleh Eton kepada masyarakat setempat secara percuma? || penggunaan kemudahannya <> Apa harganya penuh Eton per pelajar pada 2010-2011? || \u00a3 29,862 (kira-kira AS $ 48,600 atau \u20ac 35,100 <> Berapa anggaran pengecualian cukai menyelamatkan setiap pelajar pada tahun 1992? | \u00a3 1,945 setiap murid setahun", {"context": "Until 18 December 2010, Eton College was an exempt charity under English law (Charities Act 1993, Schedule 2). Under the provisions of the Charities Act 2006, it is now an excepted charity, and fully registered with the Charities Commission, and is now one of the 100 largest charities in the UK. As a charity, it benefits from substantial tax breaks. It was calculated by the late David Jewell, former Master of Haileybury, that in 1992 such tax breaks saved the School about \u00a31,945 per pupil per year, although he had no direct connection with the School. This subsidy has declined since the 2001 abolition by the Labour Government of state-funded scholarships (formerly known as \"assisted places\") to independent schools. However, no child attended Eton on this scheme, meaning that the actual level of state assistance to the School has always been lower. Eton's retiring Head Master, Tony Little, has claimed that the benefits that Eton provides to the local community free of charge (use of its facilities, etc.) have a higher value than the tax breaks it receives as a result of its charitable status. The fee for the academic year 2010\u20132011 was \u00a329,862 (approximately US$48,600 or \u20ac35,100 as of March 2011), although the sum is considerably lower for those pupils on bursaries and scholarships.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "substantial tax breaks"}], "question": "Why is being a charity beneficial to Eton?", "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 990, "text": "use of its facilities"}], "question": "What service does Eton provide to the local community free of charge?", "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1153, "text": "\u00a329,862 (approximately US$48,600 or \u20ac35,100"}], "question": "What was the full price of Eton per student in 2010-2011?", "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "\u00a31,945 per pupil per year"}], "question": "How much did estimated tax breaks save per student in 1992?", "id": "5727d7d84b864d1900163e51"}]}], ["Selain Prince William dan Putera Harry, anggota keluarga Royal British yang telah lama menghadiri Eton termasuk Putera Richard, Duke of Gloucester dan anaknya, Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Putera Edward, Duke of Kent, anak sulungnya George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews dan cucu Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick dan anak bungsunya Lord Nicholas Windsor; Putera Michael Kent dan anaknya Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, anak Puteri Alexandra dan Hak Yang Benar Angus Ogilvy, dirinya seorang alumnus Eton. Putera William dari Gloucester (1942-1972) turut menghadiri Eton, seperti juga George Lascelles, Earl of Harewood, anak kepada Putri Mary, Princess Royal. <> Yang Duke of Gloucester menghadiri Eton? || Prince Richard <> Di mana anak lelaki Prince Richard, Alexander Windsor, Earl of? || Ulster <> Yang ke-7 Earl of Harewood menghadiri Eton? || George Lascelles <> Siapa ibu George Lascelles? || Princess Mary, Princess Royal", {"context": "Besides Prince William and Prince Harry, members of the extended British Royal Family who have attended Eton include Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester and his son Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster; Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, his eldest son George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews and grandson Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick and his youngest son Lord Nicholas Windsor; Prince Michael of Kent and his son Lord Frederick Windsor; James Ogilvy, son of Princess Alexandra and the Right Honourable Angus Ogilvy, himself an Eton alumnus. Prince William of Gloucester (1942-1972) also attended Eton, as did George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, son of Princess Mary, Princess Royal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "Prince Richard"}], "question": "Which Duke of Gloucester attended Eton?", "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Ulster"}], "question": "Where is Prince Richard's son, Alexander Windsor, Earl of?", "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "George Lascelles"}], "question": "Which 7th Earl of Harewood attended Eton?", "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 646, "text": "Princess Mary, Princess Royal"}], "question": "Who was George Lascelles' mother?", "id": "5727fb69ff5b5019007d99ef"}]}], ["Permintaan Kebebasan Maklumat pada tahun 2005 mendedahkan bahawa Eton telah menerima \u00a3 2,652 dalam subsidi pertanian pada tahun 2004 di bawah Dasar Pertanian Bersama. Diminta untuk menjelaskan di bawah apa alasan yang layak untuk menerima subsidi pertanian, Eton mengakui bahawa ia adalah 'sedikit misteri'. Perikatan Pembayar Cukai juga menyatakan bahawa Eton telah menerima sejumlah 5,300 dolar dalam subsidi CAP antara 2002 dan 2007. Panorama mendedahkan pada bulan Mac 2012 bahawa subsidi pertanian diberikan kepada Eton untuk 'penambahbaikan alam sekitar', yang sebenarnya 'dibayar tanpa perlu dilakukan apa-apa pertanian sama sekali '. <> Berapa banyak yang diterima Eton dalam subsidi pertanian pada tahun 2005? || \u00a3 2,652 <> Di bawah dasar apakah Eton dapat menerima dana tanpa pertanian? || Dasar Pertanian Bersama <> Apa yang Panorama katakan adalah sebab yang didokumenkan Eton layak mendapat subsidi pertanian? || penambahbaikan alam sekitar", {"context": "A Freedom of Information request in 2005 revealed that Eton had received \u00a32,652 in farming subsidies in 2004 under the Common Agricultural Policy. Asked to explain under what grounds it was eligible to receive farming subsidies, Eton admitted that it was 'a bit of a mystery'. The TaxPayers' Alliance also stated that Eton had received a total of \u00a35,300 in CAP subsidies between 2002 and 2007. Panorama revealed in March 2012 that farming subsidies were granted to Eton for 'environmental improvements', in effect 'being paid without having to do any farming at all'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "\u00a32,652"}], "question": "How much had Eton received in farming subsidies in 2005?", "id": "5727df542ca10214002d9878"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Common Agricultural Policy"}], "question": "Under what policy was Eton able to receive funds without farming?", "id": "5727df542ca10214002d9879"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "environmental improvements"}], "question": "What did Panorama say was the documented reason Eton was eligible for farming subsidies?", "id": "5727df542ca10214002d987a"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2015, Eton secara tidak sengaja menghantar e-mel kepada 400 calon pelajar, yang menawarkan mereka bersyarat masuk ke sekolah pada September 2017. E-mel ini bertujuan untuk sembilan pelajar, tetapi gangguan IT menyebabkan e-mel dihantar kepada 400 keluarga tambahan, t semestinya mempunyai tempat. Sebagai tindak balas, sekolah mengeluarkan kenyataan berikut: \"Kesilapan ini ditemui dalam beberapa minit dan setiap keluarga segera dihubungi untuk memaklumkan kepada mereka bahawa ia harus diabaikan dan meminta maaf. Kami mengambil insiden jenis ini dengan sungguh-sungguh dan penyelidikan menyeluruh, yang diawasi oleh guru besar Tony Little dan dipimpin oleh tutor untuk kemasukan, sedang dijalankan untuk mengetahui apa yang salah dan memastikan ia tidak boleh berlaku lagi. Eton College menawarkan permintaan maaf yang ikhlas kepada anak-anak lelaki yang berkenaan dan keluarga mereka. kekeliruan dan kecewa ini mesti menyebabkan. \" <> Bilakah e-mel tidak sengaja dihantar kepada pelajar berpotensi Eton yang membenarkan permintaan maaf peribadi kepada setiap keluarga? || Julai 2015 <> Berapa ramai calon pelajar menerima e-mel salah pada bulan Julai 2015? || 400 <> Berapa banyak pelajar adalah kesilapan e-mel yang dimaksudkan pada mulanya? || sembilan", {"context": "In July 2015, Eton accidentally sent emails to 400 prospective students, offering them conditional entrance to the school in September 2017. The email was intended for nine students, but an IT glitch caused the email to be sent to 400 additional families, who didn't necessarily have a place. In response, the school issued the following statement: \"This error was discovered within minutes and each family was immediately contacted to notify them that it should be disregarded and to apologise. We take this type of incident very seriously indeed and so a thorough investigation, overseen by the headmaster Tony Little and led by the tutor for admissions, is being carried out to find out exactly what went wrong and ensure it cannot happen again. Eton College offers its sincere apologies to those boys concerned and their families. We deeply regret the confusion and upset this must have caused.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "July 2015"}], "question": "When was an accidental email sent to potential students of Eton that warranted a personal apology to each family?", "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "400"}], "question": "How many prospective students received a mistaken email in July 2015?", "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "nine"}], "question": "For how many students was the email mistake originally intended?", "id": "5727f8004b864d19001640d2"}]}], ["Pada bulan Januari 2016, kelab beruang Eton College telah dituduh oleh League Against Cruel Sports menjalankan perburuan haram haram. Tuduhan itu ditemani oleh video Eton Beagles mengejar kelinci, sebagai 'kakitangan memburu menggesa para-beaganya dan tidak berusaha untuk memanggil anjing itu.' Jurucakap Eton College mengeluarkan kenyataan berikut: \"Eton College mengambil tanggungjawab undang-undang dengan serius dan mengharapkan semua aktiviti sekolah mematuhi undang-undang. Kami menyiasat tuduhan ini sebagai perkara penting dan akan bekerjasama sepenuhnya dengan relevan pihak berkuasa. \" <> Apakah kelab Eagle yang dituduh pada Januari 2016? || memburu arnab haram <> Bukti apa yang dibawa keluar memburu kerdil potensial? || video <> Adakah pernyataan rasmi Eton mengatakan bahawa mereka mengambil perkara itu secara serius atau sengsara? || sangat serius", {"context": "In January 2016, the Eton College beagling club was accused by the League Against Cruel Sports of undertaking an illegal hare hunt. The allegations were accompanied by a video of the Eton Beagles chasing a hare, as 'the hunt staff urge the beagles on and make no efforts to call the dogs off.' A spokesman representing Eton College released the following statement: \"Eton College takes its legal responsibilities extremely seriously and expects all school activities to comply with the law. We are investigating this allegation as a matter of urgency and will be co-operating fully with the relevant authorities.\" ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "an illegal hare hunt"}], "question": "What was Eton's beagle club accused of in January 2016?", "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "a video"}], "question": "What evidence was brought forth of a potential hare hunt?", "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "extremely seriously"}], "question": "Did Eton's official statement say that they took the matter seriously or frivilously?", "id": "5727f98a2ca10214002d9a92"}]}], ["Ia mengkritik keputusan Forsyth untuk merekodkan perbualan dengan Harry sebagai penyalahgunaan kerahsiaan guru-pelajar dan berkata \"Adalah jelas apa versi bukti yang diterima bahawa Encik Burke meminta penuntut untuk membantu Putera Harry dengan teks untuk projek seni ekspresifnya. .. Ia bukan sebahagian daripada fungsi tribunal ini untuk menentukan sama ada ia sah atau tidak. \" Sebagai tindak balas kepada keputusan tribunal mengenai tuduhan mengenai Putera Harry, Sekolah mengeluarkan satu kenyataan, mengatakan tuntutan Forsyth \"telah ditolak kerana apa yang mereka selalu - tidak berasas dan tidak relevan.\" Jurucakap dari Clarence House berkata, \"Kami gembira bahawa Harry telah dibersihkan sepenuhnya daripada penipuan.\" <> Sekolah menolak tuntutan bahawa Putera Harry menipu dengan mengatakan tuntutan itu apa? || tidak berasas dan tidak relevan <> Apa yang berpotensi dianggap penyalahgunaan kerahsiaan guru-pelajar? || Keputusan Forsyth untuk merakamkan perbualan dengan Harry <> Tribunal menafikan tanggungjawab untuk apa yang berkaitan dengan rakaman Harry dalam kes Forsyth? || tentukan sama ada ia sah atau tidak", {"context": "It criticised Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry as an abuse of teacher\u2013student confidentiality and said \"It is clear whichever version of the evidence is accepted that Mr Burke did ask the claimant to assist Prince Harry with text for his expressive art project ... It is not part of this tribunal's function to determine whether or not it was legitimate.\" In response to the tribunal's ruling concerning the allegations about Prince Harry, the School issued a statement, saying Forsyth's claims \"were dismissed for what they always have been - unfounded and irrelevant.\" A spokesperson from Clarence House said, \"We are delighted that Harry has been totally cleared of cheating.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "unfounded and irrelevant"}], "question": "The School dismissed claims that Prince Harry was cheating by saying the claims were what?", "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9850"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "Forsyth's decision to record a conversation with Harry"}], "question": "What was potentially considered abuse of teacher-student confidentiality?", "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9851"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "determine whether or not it was legitimate"}], "question": "The tribunal denied responsibility for what concerning Harry's recording in the Forsyth case?", "id": "5727dce22ca10214002d9852"}]}], ["Angka-angka yang diperoleh oleh The Daily Telegraph telah mendedahkan bahawa, pada tahun 2010, 37 pemohon dari Eton diterima oleh Oxford manakala sekolah-sekolah negeri mengalami kesulitan mendapatkan kemasukan walaupun untuk murid-murid dengan keputusan peperiksaan negara yang paling mengagumkan. Menurut The Economist, Oxford dan Cambridge mengakui lebih banyak Etonians setiap tahun daripada pemohon dari seluruh negara yang memenuhi syarat untuk makan sekolah percuma. Pada April 2011, Ahli Parlimen Buruh, David Lammy menyifatkan sebagai tidak adil dan 'tidak dapat dipertikaikan' hakikat bahawa Universiti Oxford telah menganjurkan sembilan 'acara jangkauan' di Eton pada tahun 2010, walaupun beliau mengakui ia sebenarnya lebih kurang diadakan untuk Eton daripada sebuah lagi sekolah bebas, Wellington College. <> Berapa banyak acara jangkauan diadakan di Eton oleh Oxford University pada tahun 2010? || sembilan <> Sekolah bebas mana yang mempunyai lebih banyak acara jangkauan daripada Eton? || Wellington College <> Siapa yang menggambarkan peristiwa jangkauan di Eton sebagai \"tidak adil dan tidak dapat dipertahankan?\" || MP Buruh David Lammy <> Pada tahun 2010, berapa ramai pemohon dari Eton diterima ke Oxford? || 37", {"context": "Figures obtained by The Daily Telegraph had revealed that, in 2010, 37 applicants from Eton were accepted by Oxford whilst state schools had difficulty obtaining entry even for pupils with the country's most impressive exam results. According to The Economist, Oxford and Cambridge admit more Etonians each year than applicants from the whole country who qualify for free school meals. In April 2011 the Labour MP David Lammy described as unfair and 'indefensible' the fact that Oxford University had organised nine 'outreach events' at Eton in 2010, although he admitted that it had, in fact, held fewer such events for Eton than for another independent school, Wellington College.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many outreach events were held at Eton by Oxford University in 2010?", "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "Wellington College"}], "question": "Which independent school had more hosted outreach events than Eton?", "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "Labour MP David Lammy"}], "question": "Who described outreach events at Eton as \"unfair and indefensible?\"", "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "37"}], "question": "In 2010, how many applicants from Eton were accepted to Oxford?", "id": "5727f7872ca10214002d9a67"}]}], ["Pada Oktober 2004, Sarah Forsyth mendakwa bahawa dia telah ditolak secara tidak adil oleh Eton College dan telah dibuli oleh kakitangan kanan. Dia juga mendakwa dia telah diarahkan untuk melakukan beberapa kerja kursus Putera Harry untuk membolehkannya lulus AS Art. Sebagai keterangan, Forsyth menyediakan perbualan direkodkan secara rahsia dengan kedua-dua Putera Harry dan Ketua Jabatannya, Ian Burke. Tribunal pekerjaan pada bulan Julai 2005 mendapati bahawa dia telah dipecat secara tidak adil dan mengkritik Burke kerana membuli dia dan berulang kali menukar kisahnya. Ia juga mengkritik sekolah kerana gagal menghasilkan prosedur keupayaannya dan mengkritik Ketua Sarjana untuk tidak mengkaji semula kes itu secara bebas. <> Siapa yang mendakwa dia telah dipecat secara tidak adil oleh Eton dan memenanginya? || Sarah Forsyth <> Apa yang dilakukan Sarah Forsyth sebagai bukti untuk penamatan tugas dan tugasnya yang tidak adil? || diam-diam mencatatkan perbualan dengan kedua-dua Putera Harry dan Ketua Jabatannya, Ian Burke <> Untuk apa yang dikritik Eton dalam menangani kes Forsyth? || gagal menghasilkan prosedur keupayaannya <> Siapa yang dikritik kerana tidak mengendalikan kes Forsyth secara bebas? || Pengetua", {"context": "In October 2004, Sarah Forsyth claimed that she had been dismissed unfairly by Eton College and had been bullied by senior staff. She also claimed she was instructed to do some of Prince Harry's coursework to enable him to pass AS Art. As evidence, Forsyth provided secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke. An employment tribunal in July 2005 found that she had been unfairly dismissed and criticised Burke for bullying her and for repeatedly changing his story. It also criticised the school for failing to produce its capability procedures and criticised the Head Master for not reviewing the case independently.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Sarah Forsyth"}], "question": "Who claimed she had been unfairly fired by Eton and won her case?", "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9802"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 266, "text": "secretly recorded conversations with both Prince Harry and her Head of Department, Ian Burke"}], "question": "What did Sarah Forsyth provide as evidence to her unfair termination and job duties?", "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9803"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "failing to produce its capability procedures"}], "question": "For what was Eton criticized in its handling of the Forsyth case?", "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9804"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "the Head Master"}], "question": "Who was criticized for not handling the Forsyth case independently?", "id": "5727d9892ca10214002d9805"}]}], ["Kolej Eton mempunyai hubungan dengan beberapa sekolah swasta di India hari ini, dikekalkan dari zaman Raj British, seperti The Doon School dan Mayo College. Kolej Eton juga merupakan anggota Kumpulan Sekolah G20, koleksi kolej persediaan kolej dari seluruh dunia, termasuk Kolej Robert di Turki, Akademi Phillips Amerika Syarikat dan Akademi Phillips Exeter, Kolej Scotch Australia, Sekolah Grammar Australia dan Launceston Church Sekolah Tatabahasa, Raffles Institution Singapura, dan Sekolah Antarabangsa Geneva Switzerland. Eton baru-baru ini memupuk hubungan dengan Roxbury Latin School, sebuah sekolah swasta tradisional lelaki di Boston, Amerika Syarikat. Bekas guru besar Eton dan pengarah Sir Eric Anderson berkongsi persahabatan yang rapat dengan Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson telah melawat Roxbury Latin pada banyak kesempatan, sementara Jarvis mengajarkan teologi ringkas di Eton selepas bersara dari jawatan kepala sekolahnya di Roxbury Latin. Persahabatan dekat kepala sekolah menanam Beasiswa Hennessy, hadiah tahunan yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 2005 dan dianugerahkan kepada seorang senior RL yang menamatkan pengajian selama setahun di Eton. Ulama Hennessy biasanya tinggal di rumah Wotton. <> Sekolah swasta mana lelaki di Boston, Amerika Syarikat mempunyai Eton membentuk hubungan dengan? || Sekolah Latin Roxbury <> Di mana ahli-ahli Hennessy biasanya tinggal? || Rumah Wotton <> Di mana tahun Beasiswa Hennessy ditubuhkan? || 2005 <> Apa kumpulan Sekolah G20? || koleksi sekolah berasrama persediaan kolej dari seluruh dunia", {"context": "Eton College has links with some private schools in India today, maintained from the days of the British Raj, such as The Doon School and Mayo College. Eton College is also a member of the G20 Schools Group, a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world, including Turkey's Robert College, the United States' Phillips Academy and Phillips Exeter Academy, Australia's Scotch College, Melbourne Grammar School and Launceston Church Grammar School, Singapore's Raffles Institution, and Switzerland's International School of Geneva. Eton has recently fostered[when?] a relationship with the Roxbury Latin School, a traditional all-boys private school in Boston, USA. Former Eton headmaster and provost Sir Eric Anderson shares a close friendship with Roxbury Latin Headmaster emeritus F. Washington Jarvis; Anderson has visited Roxbury Latin on numerous occasions, while Jarvis briefly taught theology at Eton after retiring from his headmaster post at Roxbury Latin. The headmasters' close friendship spawned the Hennessy Scholarship, an annual prize established in 2005 and awarded to a graduating RL senior for a year of study at Eton. Hennessy Scholars generally reside in Wotton house.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Roxbury Latin School"}], "question": "Which male private school in Boston, USA has Eton formed a relationship with?", "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df13f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1202, "text": "Wotton house"}], "question": "Where do Hennessy Scholars typically reside?", "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df140"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1092, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In which year was the Hennessy Scholarship founded?", "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df141"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "a collection of college preparatory boarding schools from around the world"}], "question": "What is the G20 School's Group?", "id": "5727fa593acd2414000df142"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2005, Pejabat Perdagangan Fair mendapati lima buah sekolah bebas, termasuk Eton, telah melanggar Akta Persaingan dengan \"secara kerap dan sistematik\" bertukar maklumat mengenai peningkatan yang dirancang dalam yuran sekolah, yang telah disusun dan diagihkan di kalangan sekolah-sekolah oleh bursar di Sevenoaks Sekolah. Berikutan penyiasatan oleh OFT, setiap sekolah dikehendaki membayar kira-kira \u00a3 70,000, berjumlah kira-kira \u00a3 3.5 juta, jauh kurang daripada denda maksimum yang mungkin. Selain itu, sekolah-sekolah bersama bersetuju untuk menyumbang \u00a3 3 juta lagi kepada dana pendidikan amal baru. Insiden ini menimbulkan kebimbangan mengenai sama ada status amal sekolah bebas seperti Eton harus dipertimbangkan, dan mungkin dibatalkan. Walau bagaimanapun, Jean Scott, ketua Majlis Sekolah Independen, mengatakan bahawa sekolah-sekolah bebas sentiasa dikecualikan daripada peraturan anti-kartel yang digunakan untuk perniagaan, mengikuti prosedur yang lama dalam berkongsi maklumat antara satu sama lain, dan mereka tidak menyedari dari perubahan kepada undang-undang (yang mana mereka tidak dirujuk). Beliau menulis kepada John Vickers, Ketua Pengarah OFT, berkata, \"Mereka bukan sekelompok ahli perniagaan yang bertemu di belakang pintu tertutup untuk menetapkan harga produk mereka untuk merugikan pengguna. Mereka adalah sekolah yang secara terbuka terus mengikuti satu amalan yang lama kerana mereka tidak menyedari bahawa undang-undang telah berubah. \" <> Siapa yang mempertahankan lima puluh sekolah menuduh perkongsian harga, menyatakan mereka tidak menyedari undang-undang telah berubah? || Jean Scott <> Pada tahun berapa adalah sekumpulan sekolah bebas yang didapati bersalah kerana berkongsi harga? || 2005 <> Berapakah jumlah sekolah yang harus dibayar sebagai hukuman untuk perkongsian harga? || \u00a3 70,000, berjumlah kira-kira \u00a3 3.5 juta <> Apa yang sekolah-sekolah memilih menyumbang wang ke arah, berdasarkan tuduhan mereka? || dana pendidikan amal baru", {"context": "In 2005, the Office of Fair Trading found fifty independent schools, including Eton, to have breached the Competition Act by \"regularly and systematically\" exchanging information about planned increases in school fees, which was collated and distributed among the schools by the bursar at Sevenoaks School. Following the investigation by the OFT, each school was required to pay around \u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million, significantly less than the maximum possible fine. In addition, the schools together agreed to contribute another \u00a33m to a new charitable educational fund. The incident raised concerns over whether the charitable status of independent schools such as Eton should be reconsidered, and perhaps revoked. However, Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, \"They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "Jean Scott"}], "question": "Who defended fifty schools accused of price-sharing, stating they were unaware the laws had changed?", "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "2005"}], "question": "In what year was a group of independent schools found guilty of price-sharing?", "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "\u00a370,000, totalling around \u00a33.5 million"}], "question": "How much did each school have to pay as punishment for price-sharing?", "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "a new charitable educational fund"}], "question": "What did the schools elect to contribute money towards, in light of their allegations?", "id": "5727dea1ff5b5019007d972d"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1995, National Lottery memberikan wang untuk kompleks sukan bernilai \u00a3 4.6m, untuk menambah kemudahan sedia ada di dua kolam renang, 30 lapangan kriket, 24 bola sepak, ragbi dan padang hoki dan gim. Kolej ini telah membayar \u00a3 200,000 dan menyumbang 4.5 hektar tanah sebagai balasan untuk penggunaan kemudahan eksklusif pada waktu siang sahaja. Majlis Sukan UK mempertahankan perjanjian itu dengan alasan bahawa keseluruhan komuniti akan mendapat manfaat, sementara bursar mendakwa Windsor, Slough dan Eton Athletic Club \"dilucutkan\" kerana orang tempatan (yang bukan pelajar di Kolej) tidak mempunyai dunia Kelas trek dan kemudahan untuk melatih. Steve Osborn, pengarah Unit Kejiranan Selamat, menyifatkan keputusan itu sebagai \"mengejutkan\" memandangkan latar belakang pengurangan yang besar dalam perkhidmatan belia oleh majlis di seluruh negara, walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada Kolej atau Majlis Sukan UK, apa-apa kawalan. Kemudahan itu, yang menjadi pusat Sukan Athena Thames, dibuka pada bulan April 1999. <Siapakah yang memberikan wang kepada Eton untuk kompleks sukan pada tahun 1995? || Loteri Kebangsaan <> Bilakah Pusat Athletika Thames Valley dibuka? || April 1999 <> Untuk apa yang dibayar oleh kolej membayar jumlah wang dan menyumbangkan 4,5 hektar tanah? || sebagai balasan untuk penggunaan eksklusif kemudahan semasa siang hari sahaja <> Berapa banyak kotak kriket yang ada Eton? || 30 <> Berapa banyak kolam renang yang terletak di Eton? || dua", {"context": "In 1995 the National Lottery granted money for a \u00a34.6m sports complex, to add to Eton's existing facilities of two swimming pools, 30 cricket squares, 24 football, rugby and hockey pitches and a gym. The College paid \u00a3200,000 and contributed 4.5 hectares of land in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only. The UK Sports Council defended the deal on the grounds that the whole community would benefit, while the bursar claimed that Windsor, Slough and Eton Athletic Club was \"deprived\" because local people (who were not pupils at the College) did not have a world-class running track and facilities to train with. Steve Osborn, director of the Safe Neighbourhoods Unit, described the decision as \"staggering\" given the background of a substantial reduction in youth services by councils across the country, a matter over which, however, neither the College nor the UK Sports Council, had any control. The facility, which became the Thames Valley Athletics Centre, opened in April 1999.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "the National Lottery"}], "question": "Who granted money to Eton for a sports complex in 1995?", "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1002, "text": "April 1999"}], "question": "When did the Thames Valley Athletics Centre open?", "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "in return for exclusive use of the facilities during the daytime only"}], "question": "For what did the college pay a substancial sum and donate 4.5 hectres of land?", "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many cricket squares does Eton have?", "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many swimming pools are located within Eton?", "id": "5727d8cc4b864d1900163e72"}]}], ["Etonians Lama yang terkenal di media termasuk bekas Pengarang Politik ITN dan The Times, Julian Haviland; Timbalan Timbalan Politik semasa BBC, James Landale, dan Editor Sains BBC, David Shukman; Presiden Conde Nast International dan Pengarah Urusan Conde Nast UK, Nicholas Coleridge; bekas penyiar berita ITN dan penyampai BBC Panorama, Ludovic Kennedy; semasa BBC World News dan BBC Rough Justice semasa penyampai urusan David Jessel; bekas ketua ITV dan pengulas perlumbaan Channel 4 John Oaksey; 1950 pembaca berita BBC dan tahun 1960 ITN pembikin baru Timothy Brinton; 1960-an pembaca berita BBC Corbet Woodall; bekas Editor The Daily Telegraph, Charles Moore; bekas Editor Pengawal, Ferdinand Mount; dan Editor semasa The Mail pada hari Ahad, Geordie Greig. <> Yang mana semasa Timbalan Politik BBC semasa menghadiri Eton? || James Landale <> Yang mana bekas Editor Daily Telegraph menghadiri Eton? || Charles Moore <> Siapa bekas alumninya Eton dan Editor semasa Mail pada hari Ahad? || Geordie Greig", {"context": "Notable Old Etonians in the media include the former Political Editor of both ITN and The Times, Julian Haviland; the current BBC Deputy Political Editor, James Landale, and the BBC Science Editor, David Shukman; the current President of Conde Nast International and Managing Director of Conde Nast UK, Nicholas Coleridge; the former ITN newscaster and BBC Panorama presenter, Ludovic Kennedy; current BBC World News and BBC Rough Justice current affairs presenter David Jessel; former chief ITV and Channel 4 racing commentator John Oaksey; 1950s BBC newsreader and 1960s ITN newscaster Timothy Brinton; 1960s BBC newsreader Corbet Woodall; the former Editor of The Daily Telegraph, Charles Moore; the former Editor of The Spectator, Ferdinand Mount; and the current Editor of The Mail on Sunday, Geordie Greig.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "James Landale"}], "question": "Which current BBC Deputy Political Editor attended Eton?", "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164244"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "Charles Moore"}], "question": "Which former Editor of the Daily Telegraph attended Eton?", "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164245"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "Geordie Greig"}], "question": "Who is a former Eton alumn and current Editor of The Mail on Sunday?", "id": "5728047c4b864d1900164246"}]}], ["Lain-lain yang terkenal Etonians Lama termasuk saintis Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, J. B. Haldane, Stephen Wolfram dan Hadiah Nobel 2012 dalam Fisiologi atau Perubatan, John Gurdon; Beau Brummell; ahli ekonomi John Maynard Keynes dan Richard Layard; Penjelajah Antartika Lawrence Oates; ahli politik Alan Clark; usahawan, penganjur amal dan rakan kongsi Adele, Simon Konecki; pengulas kriket Henry Blofeld; penjelajah Sir Ranulph Fiennes; pengembara Bear Grylls; komposer Thomas Arne, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter, Frederick Septimus Kelly, Donald Tovey, Thomas Dunhill, Lord Berners, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, dan Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine); Hubert Parry, yang menulis lagu Yerusalem dan lagu kebangkitan saya gembira; dan pemuzik Frank Turner dan Humphrey Lyttelton. <> Yang mana pemenang Hadiah Nobel 2012 menghadiri Eton? || John Gurdon <> Yang peneroka Antartika menghadiri Eton? || Lawrence Oates <> Di manakah pengembara Bear Grylls bersekolah? || Eton", {"context": "Other notable Old Etonians include scientists Robert Boyle, John Maynard Smith, J. B. S. Haldane, Stephen Wolfram and the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner, John Gurdon; Beau Brummell; economists John Maynard Keynes and Richard Layard; Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates; politician Alan Clark; entrepreneur, charity organiser and partner of Adele, Simon Konecki; cricket commentator Henry Blofeld; explorer Sir Ranulph Fiennes; adventurer Bear Grylls; composers Thomas Arne, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter, Frederick Septimus Kelly, Donald Tovey, Thomas Dunhill, Lord Berners, Victor Hely-Hutchinson, and Peter Warlock (Philip Heseltine); Hubert Parry, who wrote the song Jerusalem and the coronation anthem I was glad; and musicians Frank Turner and Humphrey Lyttelton.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "John Gurdon"}], "question": "Which 2012 Nobel Prize winner attended Eton?", "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df175"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Lawrence Oates"}], "question": "Which Antarctic explorer attended Eton?", "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df176"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "Eton"}], "question": "Where did adventurer Bear Grylls attend school?", "id": "5727fc123acd2414000df177"}]}], ["Pelakon Dominic West tidak menaruh perhatian pada manfaat karirnya sebagai Etonian Lama, mengatakan bahawa ia \"adalah stigma yang sedikit di atas 'pedophile' di media dalam galeri yang jahat\", tetapi bertanya sama ada dia akan mempertimbangkan menghantar anaknya sendiri di sana , berkata \"Ya, saya akan, ia adalah tempat yang luar biasa ... Ia mempunyai kemudahan dan kecemerlangan mengajar dan ia akan mendapati apa yang anda baik dan memupuknya\", manakala pelakon Tom Hiddleston mengatakan terdapat kesalahpahaman yang meluas Eton, dan bahawa \"Orang berfikir ia hanya penuh dengan braying toffs ... Itu tidak benar ... Ia sebenarnya salah satu tempat yang paling luas yang pernah saya ada. Sebab itu sekolah yang baik ialah ia menggalakkan orang ramai untuk mencari benda yang mereka suka dan pergi untuk itu. Mereka memenangi bakat individu dan itulah yang istimewa tentangnya \". <> Menurut pelakon Dominic Wes, adakah dia akan menghantar anak-anaknya ke Eton? || Ya, saya akan. <> Menurut pelakon Tom Hiddleston, yang istimewa tentang Eton? || Mereka mempelbagaikan bakat individu <> Yang mana pelakon menyatakan terdapat kesalahpahaman yang meluas tentang Eton? || Tom Hiddleston", {"context": "Actor Dominic West has been unenthusiastic about the career benefits of being an Old Etonian, saying it \"is a stigma that is slightly above 'paedophile' in the media in a gallery of infamy\", but asked whether he would consider sending his own children there, said \"Yes, I would. It\u2019s an extraordinary place... It has the facilities and the excellence of teaching and it will find what you\u2019re good at and nurture it\", while the actor Tom Hiddleston says there are widespread misconceptions about Eton, and that \"People think it's just full of braying toffs... It isn\u2019t true... It's actually one of the most broadminded places I\u2019ve ever been. The reason it\u2019s a good school is that it encourages people to find the thing they love and to go for it. They champion the talent of the individual and that\u2019s what\u2019s special about it\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "Yes, I would."}], "question": "According to actor Dominic Wes, would he send his children to Eton?", "id": "572805952ca10214002d9bba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "They champion the talent of the individual"}], "question": "According to actor Tom Hiddleston, that is special about Eton?", "id": "572805962ca10214002d9bbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "Tom Hiddleston"}], "question": "Which actor states there are widespread misconceptions about Eton?", "id": "572805962ca10214002d9bbc"}]}]], [["Cork pada asalnya merupakan penempatan biarawan, yang terkenal diasaskan oleh Saint Finbarr pada abad ke-6. Cork mencapai watak bandar di antara 915 dan 922 ketika peneroka Norseman (Viking) mengasaskan pelabuhan perdagangan. Telah dicadangkan bahawa, seperti Dublin, Cork adalah pusat perdagangan penting dalam rangkaian perdagangan Scandinavia global. Pemukiman gerejawi berlanjut bersama dengan longfort Viking, dengan kedua-duanya mengembangkan jenis hubungan simbiosis; Norsemen yang menyediakan barang perdagangan yang tidak dapat dikalahkan untuk biara, dan mungkin juga bantuan ketenteraan. <> Siapa yang dipercayai telah mengasaskan Cork? || Saint Finbarr <> Ketika Cork dipercayai telah diasaskan? || Keenam abad <> Bilakah pelancong Viking menubuhkan pos perdagangan di Cork? || sesetengah titik di antara 915 dan 922 <> Apa jenis penyelesaian itu Cork? || gereja <> Apa yang diberikan oleh Norsemen ke biara? || sebaliknya barangan dagangan yang tidak boleh diguna pakai", {"context": "Cork was originally a monastic settlement, reputedly founded by Saint Finbarr in the 6th century. Cork achieved an urban character at some point between 915 and 922 when Norseman (Viking) settlers founded a trading port. It has been proposed that, like Dublin, Cork was an important trading centre in the global Scandinavian trade network. The ecclesiastical settlement continued alongside the Viking longphort, with the two developing a type of symbiotic relationship; the Norsemen providing otherwise unobtainable trade goods for the monastery, and perhaps also military aid.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "Saint Finbarr"}], "question": "Who was thought to have founded Cork?", "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "6th century"}], "question": "When was Cork believed to have been founded?", "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "some point between 915 and 922"}], "question": "When did Viking travelers establish a trading post in Cork?", "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "ecclesiastical"}], "question": "What kind of settlement was Cork?", "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "otherwise unobtainable trade goods"}], "question": "What did the Norsemen provide to the monastery?", "id": "57279c1aff5b5019007d90ec"}]}], ["Aksen Cork, sebahagian daripada dialek Barat Daya Hiberno-Inggeris, memaparkan pelbagai ciri yang membezakannya daripada aksen lain di Ireland. Corak nada dan intonasi sering meningkat dan jatuh, dengan nada keseluruhan cenderung lebih tinggi daripada aksen Irish yang lain. Bahasa Inggeris yang digunakan di Cork mempunyai beberapa perkataan dialek yang khas untuk bandar dan sekitarnya. Seperti standard Hiberno-Inggeris, beberapa kata-kata ini berasal dari bahasa Ireland, tetapi yang lain melalui bahasa lain penduduk Cork yang ditemui di rumah dan di luar negara. Aksen Cork memaparkan pelbagai darjah rhoticity, biasanya bergantung kepada kelas sosial pembicara. <> Apa yang menetapkan aksen Cork selain daripada aksen Irish yang lain? || Corak nada dan intonasi sering meningkat dan jatuh, dengan nada keseluruhan cenderung menjadi lebih tinggi <> Apa nama dialek Bahasa Inggeris yang ditulis dan bercakap di Cork? || kekosongan <> Di mana Cork mendapat kepingan bahasa dari? || di rumah dan di luar negara <> Apakah sebutan sebutan Irish \"r\"? || rhoticity", {"context": "The Cork accent, part of the Southwest dialect of Hiberno-English, displays various features which set it apart from other accents in Ireland. Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched than other Irish accents. English spoken in Cork has a number of dialect words that are peculiar to the city and environs. Like standard Hiberno-English, some of these words originate from the Irish language, but others through other languages Cork's inhabitants encountered at home and abroad. The Cork accent displays varying degrees of rhoticity, usually depending on the social-class of the speaker.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Patterns of tone and intonation often rise and fall, with the overall tone tending to be more high-pitched"}], "question": "What sets the Cork accent apart from other Irish accents?", "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "rhoticity"}], "question": "What is the name of the English dialects that are written and spoken in Cork?", "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "at home and abroad"}], "question": "Where did Cork get pieces of its language from?", "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 589, "text": "rhoticity"}], "question": "What is the pronunciation of the Irish \"r\" called?", "id": "5727b636ff5b5019007d932d"}]}], ["Iklim Cork, seperti seluruh Ireland, adalah ringan dan boleh berubah dengan hujan yang banyak dan kekurangan keterlaluan suhu. Cork terletak di zon Hardiness plant 9b. Met \u00c9ireann mempertahankan stesen cuaca klimatologi di Lapangan Terbang Cork, beberapa kilometer di selatan kota. Harus diingat bahawa lapangan terbang berada pada ketinggian 151 meter (495 kaki) dan suhu sering kali berbeza dengan beberapa derajat antara lapangan terbang dan kota itu sendiri. Terdapat juga stesen cuaca sinoptik yang lebih kecil di UCC dan Clover Hill. <> Apa cuaca seperti di Cork? || ringan dan berubah dengan hujan yang banyak dan kekurangan suhu ekstrem <> Siapa yang menyimpan stesen cuaca di Cork? || Met \u00c9ireann <> Mengapa suhu sangat berbeza antara bandar Cork dan stesen cuaca yang dikendalikan di lapangan terbang? || lapangan terbang berada pada ketinggian 151 meter (495 kaki) <> Di mana terdapat beberapa stesen cuaca berhampiran Cork? || UCC dan Clover Hill <> Jika anda pergi ke ladang di Cork, apa yang perlu anda ketahui? || terletak di zon Kekerasan tumbuhan 9b", {"context": "The climate of Cork, like the rest of Ireland, is mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Cork lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b. Met \u00c9ireann maintains a climatological weather station at Cork Airport, a few kilometres south of the city. It should be noted that the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft) and temperatures can often differ by a few degrees between the airport and the city itself. There are also smaller synoptic weather stations at UCC and Clover Hill.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "mild and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes"}], "question": "What is the weather like in Cork?", "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d934e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Met \u00c9ireann"}], "question": "Who keeps a weather station in Cork?", "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d934f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "the airport is at an altitude of 151 metres (495 ft)"}], "question": "Why can temperatures differ so much between the city of Cork and the weather station maintained at the airport? ", "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "UCC and Clover Hill"}], "question": "Where are some weather stations near Cork?", "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "lies in plant Hardiness zone 9b"}], "question": "If you are going to farm in Cork, what should you be aware of?", "id": "5727ab6e2ca10214002d9352"}]}], ["Cork adalah rumah kepada RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet, dan banyak aksi muzik, termasuk John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultan Ping, Anak Mudah, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery dan Rory Gallagher lewat. Penulis lagu penyanyi Cathal Coughlan dan Sean O'Hagan dari The Llamas Tinggi juga berasal dari Cork. Penyanyi opera Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, dan Sam McElroy juga lahir Cork. Bermula dari kapasiti 50 hingga 1,000, tempat-tempat muzik utama di bandar adalah Cork Opera House (kapasiti c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, Roundy, Savoy dan Coughlan. [Rujukan?] Kawasan bawah tanah Cork disokong oleh Plugd Records. [rujukan?] <> Yang mana kumpulan ahli The High Llamas adalah dari Cork? || Cathal Coughlan dan Sean O'Hagan <> Yang penyanyi utama opera dilahirkan di Cork? || Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, dan Sam McElroy <> Siapa yang menjalankan adegan muzik bawah tanah di Cork? || Rekod Plugd <> Apakah tarikan utama di Cork? || Cork Opera House (kapasiti c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, Roundy, Savoy dan Coughlan's <> Yang kuartet yang terkenal memanggil Cork itu rumah? || RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet", {"context": "Cork is home to the RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet, and to many musical acts, including John Spillane, The Frank And Walters, Sultans of Ping, Simple Kid, Microdisney, Fred, Mick Flannery and the late Rory Gallagher. Singer songwriter Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan of The High Llamas also hail from Cork. The opera singers Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy are also Cork born. Ranging in capacity from 50 to 1,000, the main music venues in the city are the Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's.[citation needed] Cork's underground scene is supported by Plugd Records.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Cathal Coughlan and Sean O'Hagan"}], "question": "Which group members of The High Llamas are from Cork?", "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d939e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "Cara O'Sullivan, Mary Hegarty, Brendan Collins, and Sam McElroy"}], "question": "Which major opera singers were born in Cork?", "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d939f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 649, "text": "Plugd Records"}], "question": "Who runs the underground music scene in Cork?", "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Cork Opera House (capacity c.1000), Cyprus Avenue, Triskel Christchurch, the Roundy, the Savoy and Coughlan's"}], "question": "What are the main attractions in Cork?", "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "RT\u00c9 Vanbrugh Quartet"}], "question": "Which famous quartet calls Cork it's home?", "id": "5727ae872ca10214002d93a2"}]}], ["Band radio FM di bandar ini mempunyai RT\u00c9 Radio 1, RT\u00c9 2fm, RT\u00c9 lyric fm, RT\u00c9 Raidi\u00f3 na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4fm, Newstalk dan stesen agama Spirit Radio. Terdapat juga stesen-stesen tempatan seperti Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (dahulunya Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm) dan stesen radio Kristian Life 93.1FM. Cork juga mempunyai stesen komuniti 'Cork FM Community Radio' stesen sementara di seluruh negara pada 100.5FM, yang kini disiarkan pada hari Sabtu dan Ahad sahaja. Cork juga telah menjadi rumah kepada stesen radio lanun, termasuk Radio Coast Selatan dan ERI pada tahun 1980-an. Hari ini beberapa stesen lanun kecil kekal. Sejumlah stesen radio daerah jiran boleh didengar di bahagian Cork City termasuk Radio Kerry pada 97.0 dan WLR FM pada 95.1. <> Adakah terdapat stesen radio Kristian di Cork? || Kehidupan 93.1FM <> Apakah beberapa stesen radio lanun yang berpusat di Cork? || Radio Coast Selatan dan ERI <> Sebarang stesen radio berdekatan boleh ditangkap di Cork? || Radio Kerry pada 97.0 dan WLR FM pada 95.1 <> Bilakah Radio Pantai Selatan dan ERI menjalankan stesen lanun mereka dari Cork? || 1980-an <> Apa yang diubah oleh Radio Kampus Cork? || UCC 98.3FM", {"context": "The city's FM radio band features RT\u00c9 Radio 1, RT\u00c9 2fm, RT\u00c9 lyric fm, RT\u00c9 Raidi\u00f3 na Gaeltachta, Today FM, 4fm, Newstalk and the religious station Spirit Radio. There are also local stations such as Cork's 96FM, Cork's Red FM, C103, CUH 102.0FM, UCC 98.3FM (formerly Cork Campus Radio 97.4fm) and Christian radio station Life 93.1FM. Cork also has a temporary licensed city-wide community station 'Cork FM Community Radio' on 100.5FM, which is currently on-air on Saturdays and Sundays only. Cork has also been home to pirate radio stations, including South Coast Radio and ERI in the 1980s. Today some small pirates stations remain. A number of neighbouring counties radio stations can be heard in parts of Cork City including Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Life 93.1FM"}], "question": "Is there a Christian radio station in Cork?", "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "South Coast Radio and ERI"}], "question": "What are some pirate radio stations that were based in Cork?", "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 727, "text": "Radio Kerry at 97.0 and WLR FM on 95.1"}], "question": "What nearby radio stations can be picked up in Cork?", "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 584, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When were South Coast Radio and ERI running their pirate stations out of Cork?", "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "UCC 98.3FM"}], "question": "What did Cork Campus Radio change to?", "id": "5727b8482ca10214002d94bc"}]}], ["Piagam bandar itu diberikan oleh Putera John, sebagai Lord of Ireland, pada tahun 1185. Kota ini sekali dibina sepenuhnya, dan beberapa bahagian dinding dan pintu tetap hari ini. Untuk sebahagian besar Zaman Pertengahan, bandar raya Cork adalah sebuah pusat budaya Inggeris Lama di tengah-tengah kawasan pedesaan Gaelik yang berpengaruh dan dipisahkan dari kerajaan Inggeris di Pale di sekitar Dublin. Patani Gaelic dan Hiberno-Norman jiran memeras \"Black Rent\" dari rakyat untuk menghalang mereka dari menyerang bandar. Tahap masa kini kota telah melampaui sempadan zaman pertengahan Barony of Cork City; ia kini mengambil banyak Barony of Cork jiran. Bersama-sama, baron ini terletak di antara Barony Barrymore ke timur, Muskerry Timur ke barat dan Kerrycurrihy di selatan. <> Siapa yang memberi piagam Cork? || Putera John <> Apakah jenis perlindungan yang dilakukan Cork? || penuh berdinding <> Apa bahagian pertahanan Cork kekal hari ini? || beberapa bahagian dinding dan pagar <> Apa yang akan dibayar warga Cork kepada tuan-tuan jiran untuk menghalang mereka daripada menyerang bandar mereka? || Black Rent <> Di mana bandar Cork sekarang terletak secara geografi? || antara Barony Barrymore ke timur, Muskerry Timur ke barat dan Kerrycurrihy ke selatan", {"context": "The city's charter was granted by Prince John, as Lord of Ireland, in 1185. The city was once fully walled, and some wall sections and gates remain today. For much of the Middle Ages, Cork city was an outpost of Old English culture in the midst of a predominantly hostile Gaelic countryside and cut off from the English government in the Pale around Dublin. Neighbouring Gaelic and Hiberno-Norman lords extorted \"Black Rent\" from the citizens to keep them from attacking the city. The present extent of the city has exceeded the medieval boundaries of the Barony of Cork City; it now takes in much of the neighbouring Barony of Cork. Together, these baronies are located between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "Prince John"}], "question": "Who granted Cork's charter?", "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de917"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "fully walled"}], "question": "What kind of protection did Cork have?", "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de918"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "some wall sections and gates"}], "question": "What parts of Cork's defense remain today?", "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de919"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 413, "text": "Black Rent"}], "question": "What would citizens of Cork pay to neighboring lords in order to prevent them from attacking their city?", "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de91a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "between the Barony of Barrymore to the east, Muskerry East to the west and Kerrycurrihy to the south"}], "question": "Where is the present city of Cork located geographically?", "id": "5727a9b13acd2414000de91b"}]}], ["Suhu di bawah 0 \u00b0 C (32 \u00b0 F) atau di atas 25 \u00b0 C (77 \u00b0 F) jarang berlaku. Lapangan Terbang Cork merekodkan purata 1,227.9 milimeter (4.029 kaki) hujan setiap tahun, kebanyakannya adalah hujan. Lapangan terbang mencatat purata 7 hari hujan es dan 11 hari salji atau hujan setahun; walaupun ia hanya merekodkan salji selama 2 hari dalam setahun. Ketinggian rendah bandar, dan pengaruh moderat pelabuhan, bermakna bahawa salji yang terbiar sangat jarang berlaku di bandar itu sendiri. Terdapat purata 204 \"hujan\" hari setahun (lebih daripada 0.2 milimeter (0,0079 in) hujan), di mana terdapat 73 hari dengan \"hujan lebat\" (melebihi 5 milimeter (0.20 in)). Cork juga merupakan bandar yang umumnya berkabus, dengan purata 97 hari kabus setahun, yang paling biasa semasa pagi dan semasa musim sejuk. Walau bagaimanapun, Cork juga merupakan salah satu bandar paling sunyi di Ireland, dengan purata 3.9 jam cahaya matahari setiap hari dan hanya mempunyai 67 hari di mana tidak ada \"cahaya matahari yang boleh dirakam\", kebanyakannya semasa dan sekitar musim sejuk. <> Berapa banyak curah hujan yang biasanya diterima oleh Cork? || 1,227.9 milimeter (4.029 kaki) <> Apa jenis curah biasa yang diterima oleh Cork? || hujan <> Berapa lama salji berkeliaran di Cork? || 2 hari <> Apakah suasana seperti biasa di Cork? || berkabus <> Berapa banyak hari berkabut Cork biasanya mempunyai setahun? || purata 97", {"context": "Temperatures below 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) or above 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) are rare. Cork Airport records an average of 1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft) of precipitation annually, most of which is rain. The airport records an average of 7 days of hail and 11 days of snow or sleet a year; though it only records lying snow for 2 days of the year. The low altitude of the city, and moderating influences of the harbour, mean that lying snow very rarely occurs in the city itself. There are on average 204 \"rainy\" days a year (over 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) of rainfall), of which there are 73 days with \"heavy rain\" (over 5 millimetres (0.20 in)). Cork is also a generally foggy city, with an average of 97 days of fog a year, most common during mornings and during winter. Despite this, however, Cork is also one of Ireland's sunniest cities, with an average of 3.9 hours of sunshine every day and only having 67 days where there is no \"recordable sunshine\", mostly during and around winter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "1,227.9 millimetres (4.029 ft)"}], "question": "How much precipitation does Cork usually receive?", "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "rain"}], "question": "What is usually the type of precipitation that Cork receives?", "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "2 days"}], "question": "How long does snow hang around in Cork?", "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "foggy"}], "question": "What is the atmosphere typically like in Cork?", "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de956"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 672, "text": "average of 97"}], "question": "How many foggy days does Cork usually have per year?", "id": "5727aca43acd2414000de957"}]}], ["Cork telah beragam budaya selama bertahun-tahun, dari masyarakat Huguenot pada abad ke-17, melalui komuniti Eropah Timur dan jumlah yang lebih kecil dari negara-negara Afrika dan Asia pada abad ke-20 dan ke-21. Ini dapat dilihat di restoran-restoran dan kedai-kedai pelbagai budaya, termasuk kedai-kedai khusus untuk makanan Timur-Eropah atau Timur Tengah, restoran Cina dan Thai, patisseries Perancis, bufet India, dan rumah kebab Timur Tengah. Cork melihat beberapa imigresen Yahudi dari Lithuania dan Rusia pada akhir abad ke-19. Rakyat Yahudi seperti Gerald Goldberg (beberapa kali Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelis) dan Louis Marcus (pembuat dokumentari) memainkan peranan penting dalam Cork abad ke-20. Hari ini, masyarakat Yahudi agak kecil dalam populasi, walaupun bandar ini masih mempunyai suku Yahudi dan sinagoga. Cork juga mempunyai pelbagai gereja Kristian, serta masjid. Sebilangan orang Katolik di sekitar bandar dikatakan dalam bahasa Poland, Filipina, Bahasa Lithuania, Romania dan bahasa lain, selain bahasa Latin tradisional dan tempatan bahasa Ireland dan bahasa Inggeris. <> Apakah 2 pengaruh budaya utama Cork? || Komuniti Huguenot pada abad ke-17, melalui komuniti Eropah Timur <> Perkara-perkara apa yang menunjukkan latar belakang Corks beragam culural? || restoran dan kedai pelbagai budaya <> Bilakah Cork mula melihat orang dari Rusia dan Lithuania berhijrah ke bandar mereka? || lewat abad ke 19 <> Apakah jenis agama yang boleh ditemui di Cork? || pelbagai gereja Kristian, serta masjid <> Bagaimana gereja Katolik mengendalikan bahasa pelbagai Cork? || orang ramai di sekitar bandar dikatakan dalam bahasa Poland, Filipina, Bahasa Lithuania, Romania dan bahasa lain, selain bahasa Latin dan Ireland tradisional dan bahasa Inggeris", {"context": "Cork has been culturally diverse for many years, from Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities and a smaller numbers from African and Asian nations in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is reflected in the multi-cultural restaurants and shops, including specialist shops for East-European or Middle-Eastern food, Chinese and Thai restaurants, French patisseries, Indian buffets, and Middle Eastern kebab houses. Cork saw some Jewish immigration from Lithuania and Russia in the late 19th century. Jewish citizens such as Gerald Goldberg (several times Lord Mayor), David Marcus (novelist) and Louis Marcus (documentary maker) played notable roles in 20th century Cork. Today, the Jewish community is relatively small in population, although the city still has a Jewish quarter and synagogue. Cork also features various Christian churches, as well as a mosque. Some Catholic masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English language services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "Huguenot communities in the 17th century, through to Eastern European communities"}], "question": "What are 2 major cultural influences of Cork?", "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "multi-cultural restaurants and shops"}], "question": "What things show Corks diverse culural background?", "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "late 19th century"}], "question": "When did Cork begin to see people from Russia and Lithuania immigrating to their city?", "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 851, "text": "various Christian churches, as well as a mosque"}], "question": "What types of religions can be found in Cork?", "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 914, "text": "masses around the city are said in Polish, Filipino, Lithuanian, Romanian and other languages, in addition to the traditional Latin and local Irish and English"}], "question": "How do the Catholic churches handle the diverse languages of Cork?", "id": "5727afa43acd2414000de9b1"}]}], ["Sekolah Muzik Cork dan Kolej Seni dan Rekaan Crawford menyediakan aliran darah baru, seperti komponen teater aktif beberapa kursus di University College Cork (UCC). Sorotan termasuk: Syarikat Teater Corcadorca, di mana Cillian Murphy adalah ahli rombongan sebelum kemasyhuran Hollywood; Institut Koreografi dan Tarian, sumber tarian kontemporari nasional; [rujukan?] Pusat Kesenian Triskel (kapasiti c.90), yang merangkumi pawagam bebas Triskel Christchurch; tempat tarian Firkin Crane (kapasiti c.240); Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) dan Syarikat Teater Graffiti; dan Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, dan Live at the Marquee events. The Everyman Palace Theatre (kapasiti c.650) dan Granary Theatre (kapasiti c.150) kedua-dua tuan rumah bermain dramatik sepanjang tahun. <> Di manakah tempat yang baik untuk mencari drama dramatik sepanjang tahun di Cork? || The Everyman Palace Theatre (kapasiti c.650) dan Granary Theatre (kapasiti c.150) <> Yang mana pelakon Hollywood pertama bermula di Cork di Syarikat Teater Corcadorca? || Cillian Murphy <> Apa tempat tarian utama di Cork? || Firkin Crane (kapasiti c.240) <> Apa saja yang boleh anda belajar drama dan senaman di Cork? || Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) dan Syarikat Teater Graffiti <> Adakah beberapa perayaan atau peristiwa nota di Cork? || Pesta Jazz Cork, Pesta Filem Cork, dan Live at the Marquee", {"context": "The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame; the Institute for Choreography and Dance, a national contemporary dance resource;[citation needed] the Triskel Arts Centre (capacity c.90), which includes the Triskel Christchurch independent cinema; dance venue the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240); the Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company; and the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee events. The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150) both play host to dramatic plays throughout the year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 706, "text": "The Everyman Palace Theatre (capacity c.650) and the Granary Theatre (capacity c.150)"}], "question": "Where is a good place to find dramatic plays all year in Cork?", "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "Cillian Murphy"}], "question": "Which Hollywood actress first began in Cork at the Corcadorca Theatre Company?", "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "the Firkin Crane (capacity c.240)"}], "question": "What is a major dance venue in Cork?", "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Cork Academy of Dramatic Art (CADA) and Graffiti Theatre Company"}], "question": "What are someplaces that you could study drama and therter in Cork?", "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "the Cork Jazz Festival, Cork Film Festival, and Live at the Marquee"}], "question": "WHat are some festivals or events of note in Cork?", "id": "5727add53acd2414000de96f"}]}], ["Kerajaan perbandaran di bandar ini didominasi oleh kira-kira 12-15 keluarga saudagar, yang kekayaannya berasal dari perdagangan luar negara dengan Eropah benua - khususnya eksport bulu dan kulit dan import garam, besi dan wain. Penduduk zaman pertengahan di Cork sekitar 2,100 orang. Ia mengalami pukulan yang teruk pada 1349 apabila hampir separuh penduduk bandar itu mati akibat wabak ketika Kematian Hitam tiba di bandar. Pada tahun 1491, Cork memainkan peranan dalam Peperangan Inggeris Roses ketika Perkin Warbeck sebagai pretender kepada takhta Inggeris, mendarat di bandar itu dan cuba untuk mengambil sokongan untuk plot untuk menggulingkan Henry VII dari England. Walikota Cork kemudiannya dan beberapa rakyat penting pergi bersama Warbeck ke England tetapi ketika pemberontakan itu runtuh mereka semua ditawan dan dibunuh. Gelar Datuk Bandar Cork didirikan oleh piagam kerajaan pada tahun 1318, dan gelaran itu diubah menjadi Lord Mayor pada tahun 1900 setelah kekuasaan para Walikota yang diwakili oleh Ratu Victoria dalam kunjungannya ke kota. <> Siapa yang mengawal kerajaan perbandaran Cork? || 12-15 keluarga saudagar, yang kekayaannya berasal dari perdagangan luar negara dengan benua Eropah <> Berapa banyak warganegara di orkestra di Cork? || kira-kira 2,100 <> Apa yang menyebabkan kematian separuh rakyat Cork? || Kematian Hitam <> Bilakah wabak itu melanda Cork? || 1349 <> Siapa yang cuba merekrut rakyat Cork untuk menggulingkan Henry VII? || Perkins Warbeck", {"context": "The city's municipal government was dominated by about 12\u201315 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe \u2014 in particular the export of wool and hides and the import of salt, iron and wine. The medieval population of Cork was about 2,100 people. It suffered a severe blow in 1349 when almost half the townspeople died of plague when the Black Death arrived in the town. In 1491, Cork played a part in the English Wars of the Roses when Perkin Warbeck a pretender to the English throne, landed in the city and tried to recruit support for a plot to overthrow Henry VII of England. The then mayor of Cork and several important citizens went with Warbeck to England but when the rebellion collapsed they were all captured and executed. The title of Mayor of Cork was established by royal charter in 1318, and the title was changed to Lord Mayor in 1900 following the knighthood of the incumbent Mayor by Queen Victoria on her Royal visit to the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "12\u201315 merchant families, whose wealth came from overseas trade with continental Europe"}], "question": "Who controlled Cork's municipal government?", "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 262, "text": "about 2,100"}], "question": "How many citizens were origionally in Cork?", "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "Black Death"}], "question": "What caused the deaths of half of Cork's citizens?", "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "1349"}], "question": "When did the plague hit Cork?", "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "Perkin Warbeck"}], "question": "Who tried to recruit citizens of Cork to overthrow Henry VII?", "id": "5727aa7c3acd2414000de92f"}]}], ["Cork City terletak di tengah-tengah industri di selatan Ireland. Bidang utama industri adalah farmaseutikal, dengan Pfizer Inc. dan syarikat Swiss Novartis menjadi majikan besar di rantau ini. Produk yang paling terkenal industri farmaseutikal Cork adalah Viagra. Cork juga merupakan ibu pejabat Eropah Apple Inc. di mana lebih daripada 3,000 kakitangan terlibat dalam pembuatan, R & D dan sokongan pelanggan. Logitech dan EMC Corporation juga merupakan majikan penting IT di kawasan tersebut. Tiga hospital juga merupakan antara sepuluh majikan di bandar raya ini (lihat jadual di bawah). <> Apa industri utama di Cork? || farmaseutikal <> Siapa dua majikan industri utama di Cork? || Pfizer Inc. dan syarikat Swiss Novartis <> Apa syarikat farmaseutikal yang paling terkenal di Cork? || Viagra <> Apa syarikat komputasi utama memanggil Cork itu Ibu Pejabat Eropah? || Apple <> Siapa syarikat teknologi industri penting di Cork? || Logitech dan EMC Corporation", {"context": "Cork City is at the heart of industry in the south of Ireland. Its main area of industry is pharmaceuticals, with Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis being big employers in the region. The most famous product of the Cork pharmaceutical industry is Viagra. Cork is also the European headquarters of Apple Inc. where over 3,000 staff are involved in manufacturing, R&D and customer support. Logitech and EMC Corporation are also important IT employers in the area. Three hospitals are also among the top ten employers in the city (see table below).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "pharmaceuticals"}], "question": "What is the main industry in Cork?", "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "Pfizer Inc. and Swiss company Novartis"}], "question": "Who are the two major industry employers in Cork?", "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "Viagra"}], "question": "What is the most famous pharmaceutical company in Cork?", "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "What major computing company calls Cork it's European Headquarters?", "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Logitech and EMC Corporation"}], "question": "Who are important industrial technology companies in Cork?", "id": "5727cace3acd2414000dec81"}]}], ["Tempat-tempat terkenal lain termasuk Elizabeth Fort, Cork Opera House, Christ Church di South Main Street (kini Pusat Seni Triskel dan laman asal gereja Hiberno-Norse awal), Gereja Dominican St Mary di Popes Quay dan Taman Fitzgerald di sebelah barat bandar, yang mengandungi Muzium Awam Cork. Lain-lain tarikan pelancongan yang popular termasuk alasan University College Cork, di mana Sungai Lee mengalir, Gaol Wanita di Ahad Nah (kini pusat warisan) dan Pasar Bahasa Inggeris. Pasar yang dilindungi ini mengesan asal-usulnya kembali ke 1610, dan bangunan sekarang bermula dari 1786. <> Apa nama kolej di Cork? || University College Cork <> Sungai mana yang melalui kampus universiti? || River Lee <> Berapa lamakah bangunan yang memegang pasaran tertutup? || tarikh bangunan sekarang dari 1786 <> Di manakah Gereja Dominican St Mary? || Popes Quay <> Di mana Muzium Awam Cork? || Taman Fitzgerald", {"context": "Other notable places include Elizabeth Fort, the Cork Opera House, Christ Church on South Main Street (now the Triskel Arts Centre and original site of early Hiberno-Norse church), St Mary's Dominican Church on Popes Quay and Fitzgerald's Park to the west of the city, which contains the Cork Public Museum. Other popular tourist attractions include the grounds of University College Cork, through which the River Lee flows, the Women's Gaol at Sundays Well (now a heritage centre) and the English Market. This covered market traces its origins back to 1610, and the present building dates from 1786.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "University College Cork"}], "question": "What is the name of the college in Cork?", "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "River Lee"}], "question": "Which river runs through the university's campus?", "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "present building dates from 1786"}], "question": "How old is the building holding the covered market?", "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Popes Quay"}], "question": "Where is St Mary's Dominican Church?", "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "Fitzgerald's Park"}], "question": "Where is the Cork Public Museum?", "id": "5727c12a2ca10214002d956e"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga menjadi tempat kediaman Heineken Brewery yang membina Murphy's Irish Stout dan kilang bir Beamish dan Crawford yang berdekatan (diambil alih oleh Heineken pada tahun 2008) yang telah berada di bandar selama bertahun-tahun. 45% daripada gula-gula Tic Tac di dunia dihasilkan di kilang Ferrero di bandar ini. Selama bertahun-tahun, Cork adalah rumah kepada Ford Motor Company, yang menghasilkan kereta di kawasan docklands sebelum kilang ditutup pada tahun 1984. Kakek Henry Ford berasal dari West Cork, yang merupakan salah satu sebab utama membuka kemudahan pembuatan di Cork. Tetapi teknologi telah menggantikan perniagaan pembuatan lama pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, dengan orang-orang yang kini bekerja di banyak I.T. pusat bandar - seperti Amazon.com, peruncit dalam talian, yang telah ditubuhkan di Taman Perniagaan Lapangan Terbang Cork. <> Cork adalah rumah tempat pembuatan bir antarabangsa yang terkenal? || Heineken <> Apakah Kilang Ferro yang dikenali untuk menghasilkan? || 45% daripada gula-gula Tic Tac di dunia <> Syarikat kereta mana yang menutup pintu pada operasi Cork pada tahun 1984? || Ford Motor Company <> Apa gergasi runcit dalam talian yang beroperasi di Cork Airport Business Park? || Amazon.com <> Kenapa semulajadi mempunyai Ford Motor Company yang berpusat di Cork? || Datuk Henry dari West Cork", {"context": "The city is also home to the Heineken Brewery that brews Murphy's Irish Stout and the nearby Beamish and Crawford brewery (taken over by Heineken in 2008) which have been in the city for generations. 45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets are manufactured at the city's Ferrero factory. For many years, Cork was the home to Ford Motor Company, which manufactured cars in the docklands area before the plant was closed in 1984. Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork, which was one of the main reasons for opening up the manufacturing facility in Cork. But technology has replaced the old manufacturing businesses of the 1970s and 1980s, with people now working in the many I.T. centres of the city \u2013 such as Amazon.com, the online retailer, which has set up in Cork Airport Business Park.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "Heineken"}], "question": "Cork is home to which internationally famous brewery?", "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "45% of the world's Tic Tac sweets"}], "question": "What is the Ferro Factory known for producing?", "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Ford Motor Company"}], "question": "Which car company closed the doors on it's Cork operations in 1984?", "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 708, "text": "Amazon.com"}], "question": "What online retail giant has operations at the Cork Airport Business Park?", "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "Henry Ford's grandfather was from West Cork"}], "question": "Why was it natural to have Ford Motor Company based in Cork?", "id": "5727cbac4b864d1900163d3e"}]}], ["Walaupun kerajaan tempatan di Ireland mempunyai kuasa yang terhad berbanding dengan negara-negara lain, dewan mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk perancangan, jalan, sanitasi, perpustakaan, pencahayaan jalanan, taman, dan beberapa fungsi penting lainnya. Majlis Bandaraya Cork mempunyai 31 anggota yang dipilih mewakili enam wad pengundi. Ahli-ahli bersekutu dengan parti politik berikut: Fine Gael (5 ahli), Fianna F\u00e1il (10 ahli), Sinn F\u00e9in (8 ahli), Perikatan Anti-Austerity (3 anggota), Parti Pekerja (1 anggota) 4 ahli). Sesetengah ahli majlis telah memilih untuk mewakili bandar di Pihak Berkuasa Wilayah Barat-Barat. Seorang Lord Mayor Cork baru dipilih dalam undi oleh ahli-ahli majlis yang dipilih di bawah kiraan sistem D'Hondt. <> Siapa yang menjaga jalan dan sanitasi di Cork? || kerajaan tempatan <> Berapa banyak wad membentuk Cork? || enam wad pilihan <> Apakah wad yang paling terwakili di Cork? || Fianna F\u00e1il (10 ahli) <> Pihak mana yang mempunyai jumlah paling sedikit ahli? || Parti Pekerja <> Bagaimana seorang walikota dipilih di Cork? || mengundi oleh anggota dewan yang dipilih dalam kiraan sistem D'Hondt", {"context": "While local government in Ireland has limited powers in comparison with other countries, the council has responsibility for planning, roads, sanitation, libraries, street lighting, parks, and a number of other important functions. Cork City Council has 31 elected members representing six electoral wards. The members are affiliated to the following political parties: Fine Gael (5 members), Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members), Sinn F\u00e9in (8 members), Anti-Austerity Alliance (3 members), Workers' Party (1 member), Independents (4 members). Certain councillors are co-opted to represent the city at the South-West Regional Authority. A new Lord Mayor of Cork is chosen in a vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "local government"}], "question": "Who takes care of roads and sanitation in Cork?", "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d9528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "six electoral wards"}], "question": "How many wards make up Cork?", "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d9529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "Fianna F\u00e1il (10 members)"}], "question": "What is the most well represented ward in Cork?", "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Workers' Party"}], "question": "Which party has the least amount of members?", "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 664, "text": "vote by the elected members of the council under a D'Hondt system count"}], "question": "How is a mayor chosen in Cork?", "id": "5727c845ff5b5019007d952c"}]}], ["Banyak bangunan di bandar adalah gaya Georgian, walaupun ada beberapa contoh struktur mercu tanda moden, seperti menara County Hall, yang pada satu ketika merupakan bangunan tertinggi di Ireland sehingga digantikan oleh bangunan Cork City yang lain: The Elysian. Di seberang sungai dari Hall County ialah bangunan paling lama di Ireland; Dibina pada zaman Victoria, Hospital Psikiatri Our Lady kini telah diubah suai dan diubah menjadi sebuah kompleks perumahan kediaman bernama Atkins Hall, selepas arkitek William Atkins. <> Gaya apa yang dimiliki oleh kebanyakan seni bina bandar? || Georgian <> WHat adalah bangunan tertinggi di Cork? || The Elysian <> Apa bangunan terpanjang di Cork? || Hospital Psikiatri Our Lady <> Apakah Hospital Psikiatri lama telah berubah? || Atkins Hall <> Apakah Atkins Hall? || sebuah kompleks perumahan kediaman", {"context": "Many of the city's buildings are in the Georgian style, although there are a number of examples of modern landmark structures, such as County Hall tower, which was, at one time the tallest building in Ireland until being superseded by another Cork City building: The Elysian. Across the river from County Hall is Ireland's longest building; built in Victorian times, Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital has now been renovated and converted into a residential housing complex called Atkins Hall, after its architect William Atkins.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "Georgian"}], "question": "What style does most of the city's architecture belong to?", "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "The Elysian"}], "question": "WHat is the tallest building in Cork?", "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Our Lady's Psychiatric Hospital"}], "question": "What is the longest building in Cork?", "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c76"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "Atkins Hall"}], "question": "What has the old Psychiatric Hospital been turned into?", "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c77"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "a residential housing complex"}], "question": "What is Atkin's Hall?", "id": "5727c0314b864d1900163c78"}]}], ["Perkhidmatan bas awam di dalam kota disediakan oleh pengendali bas kebangsaan Bus \u00c9ireann. Laluan bandar berjumlah antara 201 hingga 219 dan menghubungkan pusat bandar ke ibu kota, ibu pejabat, pusat membeli-belah dan tempat menarik. Dua daripada laluan bas ini menyediakan perkhidmatan orbit di seluruh daerah Utara dan Selatan di bandar masing-masing. Bas ke pinggir pinggir luar, seperti Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton dan Carrigaline disediakan dari terminal bas di Parnell Place di pusat bandar. Perkhidmatan pinggir bandar juga termasuk pengangkutan ulang-alik ke Lapangan Terbang Cork, dan kemudahan taman dan perjalanan di pinggir bandar selatan. <> Siapa yang mengendalikan bas awam di Cork? || Bus \u00c9ireann <> Selain bas, jenis pengangkutan awam yang ditawarkan di Cork? || pengangkutan ke Lapangan Terbang Cork, dan kemudahan taman dan perjalanan di pinggir bandar selatan hanya <> Apa laluan yang ada? || sambungkan pusat bandar ke pinggir bandar utama, kolej, pusat membeli-belah dan tempat-tempat menarik", {"context": "Public bus services within the city are provided by the national bus operator Bus \u00c9ireann. City routes are numbered from 201 through to 219 and connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest. Two of these bus routes provide orbital services across the Northern and Southern districts of the city respectively. Buses to the outer suburbs, such as Ballincollig, Glanmire, Midleton and Carrigaline are provided from the city's bus terminal at Parnell Place in the city centre. Suburban services also include shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Bus \u00c9ireann"}], "question": "Who runs the public busses in Cork?", "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "shuttles to Cork Airport, and a park and ride facility in the south suburbs only"}], "question": "Besides busses, what kinds of public transportation are offered in Cork?", "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "connect the city centre to the principal suburbs, colleges, shopping centres and places of interest"}], "question": "What do the routes consist of?", "id": "5727cd664b864d1900163d7a"}]}], ["St Patrick Street, jalan utama bandaraya yang telah diubahsuai pada pertengahan 2000-an, dikenali sebagai seni bina bangunan di sepanjang laluan pejalan kaki yang mesra dan merupakan jalan membeli-belah utama. Alasan untuk bentuk melengkungnya ialah ia pada mulanya merupakan saluran Sungai Lee yang dibina di atas gerbang. Pejabat Pos Umum, dengan permukaan batu kapur, terletak di Jalan Oliver Plunkett, di tapak Teater Royal yang dibina pada tahun 1760 dan dibakar pada tahun 1840. Pemilik sarkas Inggeris, Pablo Fanque membina semula sebuah ampiteater di tempat pada 1850, yang kemudiannya diubah menjadi teater dan kemudian ke Pejabat Pos Umum pada 1877. Grand Parade adalah jalan pokok yang dipenuhi pokok, rumah ke pejabat, kedai dan institusi kewangan. Pusat kewangan lama adalah South Mall, dengan beberapa bank yang pedalamannya berasal dari abad ke-19, seperti Allied Irish Bank yang pernah menjadi bursa. <> Apa jalan utama Cork? || St Patrick's Street <> Bilakah St Patrick's Street diubah suai? || pertengahan 2000-an <> Apa Street melengkung? || ia pada asalnya adalah saluran Sungai Lee yang dibina di atas gerbang <> Bilakah terbakar di Theatre Royal? || 1840 <> Apa yang dibina di tapak Teater Royal lama? || Pejabat Pos Besar", {"context": "St. Patrick's Street, the main street of the city which was remodelled in the mid-2000s, is known for the architecture of the buildings along its pedestrian-friendly route and is the main shopping thoroughfare. The reason for its curved shape is that it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches. The General Post Office, with its limestone fa\u00e7ade, is on Oliver Plunkett Street, on the site of the Theatre Royal which was built in 1760 and burned down in 1840. The English circus proprietor Pablo Fanque rebuilt an amphitheatre on the spot in 1850, which was subsequently transformed into a theatre and then into the present General Post Office in 1877.  The Grand Parade is a tree-lined avenue, home to offices, shops and financial institutions. The old financial centre is the South Mall, with several banks whose interior derive from the 19th century, such as the Allied Irish Bank's which was once an exchange.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "St. Patrick's Street"}], "question": "What is main street Cork?", "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "mid-2000s"}], "question": "When was St. Patrick's Street remodeled?", "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 251, "text": "it originally was a channel of the River Lee that was built over on arches"}], "question": "What is St. Patrick's Street curved?", "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "1840"}], "question": "When did the Theatre Royal burn?", "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "General Post Office"}], "question": "What was built on the site of the old Theatre Royal?", "id": "5727bdcd4b864d1900163c2c"}]}], ["Cork adalah rumah kepada salah satu surat khabar nasional utama Ireland, Examiner Ireland (dahulunya Cork Examiner). Ia juga mencetak Evening Echo, yang selama beberapa dekad dihubungkan dengan Echo Boys, yang miskin dan sering kehilangan tempat tinggal yang menjual akhbar itu. Hari ini, teriakan penjual yang menjual Echo masih boleh didengar di pelbagai bahagian pusat bandar. Salah satu surat khabar percuma terbesar di bandar adalah Cork Independent. Universiti di bandar ini menerbitkan majalah UCC Express dan Motley. <> Akhbar Irish yang mana ia mempunyai homebase di Cork, Ireland? || Pemeriksa Ireland <> Apakah identiti sebelumnya Examiner Ireland? || Pemeriksa Cork <> Siapa anak lelaki Echo? || kanak-kanak miskin dan sering kehilangan tempat tinggal yang menjual akhbar <> Akhbar apa yang dijual oleh Echo Boys? || Evening Echo <> Apakah penerbitan apa yang dikeluarkan oleh UCC? || Majalah UCC Express dan Motley", {"context": "Cork is home to one of Ireland's main national newspapers, the Irish Examiner (formerly the Cork Examiner). It also prints the Evening Echo, which for decades has been connected to the Echo Boys, who were poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper. Today, the shouts of the vendors selling the Echo can still be heard in various parts of the city centre. One of the biggest free newspapers in the city is the Cork Independent. The city's University publishes the UCC Express and Motley magazine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "the Irish Examiner"}], "question": "WHich Irish newspaper has it's homebase in Cork, Ireland?", "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "Cork Examiner"}], "question": "What was the Irish Examiner's previous identity?", "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "poor and often homeless children who sold the newspaper"}], "question": "Who are the Echo Boys?", "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Evening Echo"}], "question": "What newspaper did the Echo Boys sell?", "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d939f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "UCC Express and Motley magazine"}], "question": "What publications are put out by the UCC?", "id": "5727bb46ff5b5019007d93a0"}]}], ["Cork mempunyai ciri-ciri seni bina yang terkenal dari zaman Medieval hingga Modern. Satu-satunya sisa kenegaraan zaman Abad Pertengahan adalah Red Abbey. Terdapat dua katedral di bandar; Katedral St. Mary dan Katedral Saint Fin Barre. Katedral St Mary, yang sering disebut sebagai Katedral Utara, adalah katedral Katolik bandar dan bermula pada tahun 1808. Menara khasnya telah ditambah pada tahun 1860-an. Katedral St Fin Barre menghidupkan kepercayaan Protestan dan mungkin lebih terkenal dari keduanya. Ia dibina di atas asas-asas katedral yang terdahulu. Kerja bermula pada 1862 dan berakhir pada tahun 1879 di bawah arahan arkitek William Burges. <> Dari mana tempoh bangunan di Cork? || Medieval to Modern <> Apa yang istimewa mengenai Red Abbey di Cork? || hanya sisa yang ketara dari zaman Abad Pertengahan <> Berapa banyak katedral yang menjadi tuan rumah Cork? || dua <> Apakah katedral Katolik Cork? || St Mary's Cathedral <> Apa lagi yang St. Mary dikenali? || Katedral Utara", {"context": "Cork features architecturally notable buildings originating from the Medieval to Modern periods. The only notable remnant of the Medieval era is the Red Abbey. There are two cathedrals in the city; St. Mary's Cathedral and Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral. St Mary's Cathedral, often referred to as the North Cathedral, is the Catholic cathedral of the city and was begun in 1808. Its distinctive tower was added in the 1860s. St Fin Barre's Cathedral serves the Protestant faith and is possibly the more famous of the two. It is built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral. Work began in 1862 and ended in 1879 under the direction of architect William Burges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Medieval to Modern"}], "question": "From which periods are the buildings in Cork from?", "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "only notable remnant of the Medieval era"}], "question": "What is so special about the Red Abbey in Cork?", "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many cathedrals does Cork host?", "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "St Mary's Cathedral"}], "question": "What is the Catholic cathedral of Cork?", "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bf9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "North Cathedral"}], "question": "What else is St. Mary's known as?", "id": "5727bd0a4b864d1900163bfa"}]}], ["Perdagangan runcit di bandar Cork termasuk gabungan kedua-dua pusat membeli-belah moden, pusat membeli-belah seni dan kedai-kedai tempatan milik keluarga. Pusat membeli-belah memenuhi semua belanjawan, dengan butik-butik mahal untuk satu hujung pasar dan kedai-kedai jalan tinggi juga tersedia. Pusat membeli-belah boleh ditemui di banyak pinggir bandar Cork, termasuk Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton dan Mahon Point. Lain-lain boleh didapati di pusat bandar. Ini termasuk pembangunan baru dua gedung besar Pusat Cornmarket di Cornmarket Street, dan baru jalan runcit yang disebut \"Opera Lane\" di Jalan St. Patrick Street / Academy Street. Skema Grand Parade, di tapak bekas Capitol Cineplex, telah diluluskan untuk perancangan 60,000 kaki persegi (5,600 m2) ruang runcit, dengan kerja bermula pada 2016. Jalan beli-belah utama Cork adalah St. Patrick's Street dan yang paling mahal jalan di negara ini setiap meter persegi selepas Dublin's Grafton Street. Sehingga 2015 [kemas kini] kawasan ini telah terjejas oleh kemelesetan pasca 2008, dengan banyak ruang runcit tersedia untuk dibiarkan. [Rujukan?] Kawasan membeli-belah lain di pusat bandar termasuk Oliver Plunkett St. dan Grand Parade. Cork juga merupakan rumah kepada beberapa gedung utama di negara ini dengan asas-asas kedai seperti Dunnes Stores dan bekas Roches Stores yang terletak di bandar. Di luar pusat bandar adalah Pusat Beli-belah Mahon Point. <> Jenis-jenis tawaran runcit yang terdapat di Cork? || keadaan pusat membeli-belah seni dan kedai-kedai tempatan milik keluarga <> Apa yang berlaku selepas ekonomi menurun sekitar tahun 2008? || banyak ruang runcit disediakan untuk membolehkan <> Apa jabatan utama kedai gottheir bermula di Cork? || Kedai Dunnes dan bekas Roches Stores <> Bila akan bekerja pada Grand Parade bermula? || 2016 <> Berapa besar ruang runcit di Grand Parade yang dicadangkan? || 60,000 kaki persegi (5,600 m2)", {"context": "The retail trade in Cork city includes a mix of both modern, state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops. Department stores cater for all budgets, with expensive boutiques for one end of the market and high street stores also available. Shopping centres can be found in many of Cork's suburbs, including Blackpool, Ballincollig, Douglas, Ballyvolane, Wilton and Mahon Point. Others are available in the city centre. These include the recently[when?] completed development of two large malls The Cornmarket Centre on Cornmarket Street, and new the retail street called \"Opera Lane\" off St. Patrick's Street/Academy Street. The Grand Parade scheme, on the site of the former Capitol Cineplex, was planning-approved for 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) of retail space, with work commencing in 2016. Cork's main shopping street is St. Patrick's Street and is the most expensive street in the country per sq. metre after Dublin's Grafton Street. As of 2015[update] this area has been impacted by the post-2008 downturn, with many retail spaces available for let.[citation needed] Other shopping areas in the city centre include Oliver Plunkett St. and Grand Parade. Cork is also home to some of the country's leading department stores with the foundations of shops such as Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores being laid in the city. Outside the city centre is Mahon Point Shopping Centre.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "state of the art shopping centres and family owned local shops"}], "question": "What types of retail offerings are found in Cork?", "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1037, "text": "many retail spaces available for let"}], "question": "What happened after the economy dropped off around 2008?", "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9641"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1285, "text": "Dunnes Stores and the former Roches Stores"}], "question": "What major department stores gottheir starts in Cork?", "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9642"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 807, "text": "2016"}], "question": "When will work on the Grand Parade begin?", "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9643"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 736, "text": "60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)"}], "question": "How large is the retail space in the Grand Parade proposed to be?", "id": "5727c9e62ca10214002d9644"}]}], ["Sistem Cork Suburban Rail juga berlepas dari Stesen Kent dan menyediakan sambungan ke bahagian Metropolitan Cork. Stesen termasuk Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota dan Cobh. Pada Julai 2009, Glounthaune ke Midleton dibuka semula, dengan stesen baru di Carrigtwohill dan Midleton (dengan stesen masa depan yang dirancang untuk Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West dan Blarney). Stesen Keretapi Little Island menyajikan Pinggir Timur Cork, sementara Stesen Kereta Api Kilbarry dirancang untuk berkhidmat di Pinggir Utara. <> Jalur mana yang dibuka semula pada tahun 2009? || Glounthaune ke Midleton <> Apa stesen baru ditambah ke garis Glounthaune ke Midleton? || Carrigtwohill dan Midleton <> Stesen apa yang akan tersedia di Pinggir Utara? || Stesen Keretapi << <Di manakah laluan Little Island Railway Station? || Pinggir Timur Cork <> Sistem apa yang ada di stesen Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota dan Cobh? || Rail Suburban Cork", {"context": "The Cork Suburban Rail system also departs from Kent Station and provides connections to parts of Metropolitan Cork. Stations include Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh. In July 2009 the Glounthaune to Midleton line was reopened, with new stations at Carrigtwohill and Midleton (with future stations planned for Kilbarry, Monard, Carrigtwohill West and Blarney). Little Island Railway Station serves Cork's Eastern Suburbs, while Kilbarry Railway Station is planned to serve the Northern Suburbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "Glounthaune to Midleton"}], "question": "Which line was reopened in 2009?", "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 263, "text": "Carrigtwohill and Midleton"}], "question": "What new stations were added to the Glounthaune to Midleton line?", "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "Kilbarry Railway Station"}], "question": "What station is going to be available to the Northern Suburbs?", "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Cork's Eastern Suburbs"}], "question": "Where are the Little Island Railway Station routes?", "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Cork Suburban Rail"}], "question": "What system are Little Island, Mallow, Midleton, Fota and Cobh stations of?", "id": "5727e0834b864d1900163f14"}]}], ["Institut penyelidikan yang dikaitkan dengan kolej peringkat ketiga di bandar menyokong kapasiti penyelidikan dan inovasi bandar dan wilayah. Contoh-contohnya termasuk Institut Kebangsaan Tyndall (penyelidikan perkakasan ICT), IMERC (Tenaga Marin), Institut Penyelidikan Alam Sekitar, NIMBUS (Sistem Embedded Network); dan CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC dan CIT juga mempunyai pusat inkubasi syarikat permulaan. Di UCC, Pusat Inovasi Perniagaan IGNITE Graduate bertujuan untuk memupuk dan menyokong keusahawanan. Di CIT, Pusat Rubicon adalah hab inovasi perniagaan yang menempatkan 57 syarikat permulaan berasaskan pengetahuan. <> Apakah konglomerasi terbesar syarikat permulaan di Cork? || Pusat Rubicon <> Di manakah sumber penyelidikan marin yang baik di Cork? || IMERC (Tenaga Laut) <> Apakah sumber yang baik untuk permulaan perniagaan di Cork? || Pusat Inovasi Perniagaan Siswa IGNITE <> Berapa banyak permulaan yang dikaitkan dengan Pusat Rubicon? || 57", {"context": "Research institutes linked to the third level colleges in the city support the research and innovation capacity of the city and region. Examples include the Tyndall National Institute (ICT hardware research), IMERC (Marine Energy), Environmental Research Institute, NIMBUS (Network Embedded Systems); and CREATE (Advanced Therapeutic Engineering). UCC and CIT also have start-up company incubation centres. In UCC, the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre aims to foster and support entrepreneurship. In CIT, The Rubicon Centre is a business innovation hub that is home to 57 knowledge based start-up companies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "The Rubicon Centre"}], "question": "What is the biggest conglomeration of start-up companies in Cork?", "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "IMERC (Marine Energy)"}], "question": "Where is a good source of marine research in Cork?", "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "the IGNITE Graduate Business Innovation Centre"}], "question": "What is a good source for business start-ups in Cork?", "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 579, "text": "57"}], "question": "How many start-ups are associated with the Rubicon Center?", "id": "5727e8b02ca10214002d994d"}]}], ["Kelab kriket yang paling terkenal di Cork ialah Kelab Kriket Cork County, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1874. Walaupun terletak di dalam bidang kuasa Munster, kelab itu bermain di Liga Senior Leinster. Kelab ini bermain di Mardyke, sebuah tanah yang menjadi tuan rumah tiga pertandingan kelas pertama pada 1947, 1961 dan 1973. Ketiga-tiganya melibatkan Ireland yang bermain di Scotland. Akademi Cork Cricket beroperasi di dalam bandar, dengan tujuan menyatakan memperkenalkan sukan ke sekolah-sekolah di bandar dan daerah. Kelab kriket utama lain di Cork, Harlequins Cricket Club, bermain berdekatan dengan Lapangan Terbang Cork. <> Apa kelab kriket yang paling terkenal di Cork? || Cork County Cricket Club <> Bilakah Cork County Cricket Club ditubuhkan? || 1874 <> Liga mana yang dimiliki oleh Kelab Kriket Cork County? || Liga Senior Leinster <> Perlawanan kelas pertama mana yang dihoskan di Mardyke? || 1947, 1961 dan 1973 <> Pasukan mana yang bermain dalam tiga perlawanan kelas pertama? || Ireland bermain Scotland", {"context": "The most notable cricket club in Cork is Cork County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1874. Although located within the Munster jurisdiction, the club plays in the Leinster Senior League. The club plays at the Mardyke, a ground which has hosted three first-class matches in 1947, 1961 and 1973. All three involved Ireland playing Scotland. The Cork Cricket Academy operates within the city, with the stated aim of introducing the sport to schools in the city and county. Cork's other main cricket club, Harlequins Cricket Club, play close to Cork Airport.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Cork County Cricket Club"}], "question": "What's the most famous cricket club in Cork?", "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "1874"}], "question": "When was the Cork County Cricket Club established?", "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 165, "text": "Leinster Senior League"}], "question": "Which league does the Cork County Cricket Club belong to?", "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "1947, 1961 and 1973"}], "question": "Which first-class matches were hosted at Mardyke?", "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "Ireland playing Scotland"}], "question": "Which teams played in the three first class matches?", "id": "5727ec402ca10214002d99c4"}]}], ["Cork adalah salah satu bandar yang paling berorientasikan kereta api di Ireland, yang menampilkan lapan stesen pada pelbagai waktu. Laluan utama, masih banyak yang sama hari ini, adalah dari Dublin Heuston. Bermula di pinggir bandar di Blackpool, laluan kini sampai ke pusat bandar Stesen Kent melalui terowong Glanmire. Sekarang melalui stesen, jalur melalui Kent menghubungkan bandar-bandar Cobh dan Midleton di timur bandar. Ini juga dihubungkan dengan bandar tepi pantai Youghal, sehingga tahun 1980-an. [Rujukan?] <> Berapa banyak stesen kereta api mempunyai gabus selama bertahun-tahun? || lapan <> Apa yang menghubungkan Cobh dan Midleton ke Cork? || garis melalui Kent <> Di mana kereta api utama berasal? || Dublin Heuston <> Di manakah hujung garisan asal? || Blackpool <> Apa bandar paling berpusat di Ireland? || Cork", {"context": "Cork was one of the most rail-oriented cities in Ireland, featuring eight stations at various times. The main route, still much the same today, is from Dublin Heuston. Originally terminating on the city's outskirts at Blackpool, the route now reaches the city centre terminus of Kent Station via Glanmire tunnel. Now a through station, the line through Kent connects the towns of Cobh and Midleton east of the city. This also connected to the seaside town of Youghal, until the 1980s.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "eight"}], "question": "How many rail stations has cork had over the years?", "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "the line through Kent"}], "question": "What connects Cobh and Midleton to Cork?", "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "Dublin Heuston"}], "question": "Where does the main rail originate?", "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee71"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Blackpool"}], "question": "Where was the original end of the line?", "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Cork"}], "question": "What was Ireland's most rail-centric city?", "id": "5727ddb73acd2414000dee73"}]}], ["Kolej Maritim Kebangsaan Ireland juga terletak di Cork dan merupakan satu-satunya kolej di Ireland di mana Pengajian Nautikal dan Kejuruteraan Marin boleh dilaksanakan. CIT juga menggabungkan Cork School of Music dan Crawford College of Art and Design sebagai sekolah konstituen. Kolej Perdagangan Cork adalah Kolej Sijil Pasca Meninggalkan yang terbesar di Ireland dan juga merupakan pembekal terbesar Kursus Persediaan dan Latihan Vokasional di negara ini. Institusi peringkat ketiga yang lain termasuk Griffith College Cork, institusi swasta dan pelbagai kolej lain. <> Di mana seseorang boleh mengkaji subjek nautika dan laut di Cork? || Kolej Maritim Kebangsaan Ireland <> Apa kolej jenis seni liberal yang ada di Cork? || Cork School of Music dan Crawford College of Art and Design <> Siapa yang menyediakan latihan vokasional di Cork? || The Cork College of Commerce <> Siapa yang menawarkan pendidikan pasca menengah di Cork? || Griffith College Cork", {"context": "The National Maritime College of Ireland is also located in Cork and is the only college in Ireland in which Nautical Studies and Marine Engineering can be undertaken. CIT also incorporates the Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design as constituent schools. The Cork College of Commerce is the largest post-Leaving Certificate college in Ireland and is also the biggest provider of Vocational Preparation and Training courses in the country.[citation needed] Other 3rd level institutions include Griffith College Cork, a private institution, and various other colleges.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The National Maritime College of Ireland"}], "question": "Where can one study nautical and marine subjects in Cork?", "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Cork School of Music and Crawford College of Art and Design"}], "question": "What liberal arts type colleges are in Cork?", "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "The Cork College of Commerce"}], "question": "Who provides vocational training in Cork?", "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Griffith College Cork"}], "question": "Who offers post-secondary education in Cork?", "id": "5727e7d23acd2414000def70"}]}], ["Di dalam bandar terdapat dua rangkaian tram yang beroperasi. Cadangan untuk membangunkan trem yang ditarik oleh kuda (menghubungkan kereta api termini di bandar ini) dibuat oleh American George Francis Train pada tahun 1860-an, dan dilaksanakan pada tahun 1872 oleh Syarikat Trem Cork. Walau bagaimanapun, syarikat itu berhenti dagangan pada tahun 1875 selepas Cork Corporation menolak kebenaran untuk memanjangkan barisan ini, terutamanya kerana bantahan dari pengendali teksi kepada jenis trek yang walaupun mereka diletakkan di tangga keretapi negara Ireland 5 kaki 3in - permukaan jalan. [rujukan?] <> Berapa banyak sistem trem di Cork? || dua <> yang ingin mengembangkan sistem trem kuda? || George Francis Train <> Bilakah syarikat Tramway Cork memulakan sistem trem kuda? || 1872 <> Kenapa Syarikat Cork Tramway berhenti beroperasi? || Cork Corporation enggan kebenaran untuk memperluaskan garisan <> Mengapa pengendali teksi tidak seperti trek? || menonjol dari permukaan jalan", {"context": "Within the city there have been two tram networks in operation. A proposal to develop a horse-drawn tram (linking the city's railway termini) was made by American George Francis Train in the 1860s, and implemented in 1872 by the Cork Tramway Company. However, the company ceased trading in 1875 after Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line, mainly because of objections from cab operators to the type of tracks which \u2013 although they were laid to the Irish national railway gauge of 5 ft 3in \u2013 protruded from the road surface.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many tram systems were in Cork?", "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "George Francis Train"}], "question": "Who wanted to develop a horse drawn tram system?", "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "1872"}], "question": "When did the Cork Tramway Company start a horse driven tram system?", "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 301, "text": "Cork Corporation refused permission to extend the line"}], "question": "Why did the Cork Tramway Company stop operations?", "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "protruded from the road surface"}], "question": "Why did the cab operators not like the tracks?", "id": "5727de8b4b864d1900163ee8"}]}], ["Terdapat pelbagai sukan air di Cork, termasuk mendayung dan belayar. Terdapat lima latihan kelab mendayung di sungai Lee, termasuk Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, dan Cork BC. Naomh\u00f3ga Chorca\u00ed adalah kelab sayu yang anggotanya berturut-turut dengan naomh\u00f3ga tradisional pada Lee dalam pertandingan sesekali. Perlumbaan \"Ocean to City\" telah diadakan setiap tahun sejak tahun 2005, dan menarik pasukan dan bot dari kelab tempatan dan kelab yang berkeliaran 24 kilometer (15 mi) dari Crosshaven ke pusat bandar Cork. Keputusan untuk memindahkan Pusat Rowing Nasional ke Inniscarra telah meningkatkan jumlah yang terlibat dalam sukan ini. [Rujukan?] Warisan pelayaran maritim Cork dikekalkan melalui kelab-kelab belayar. Royal Cork Yacht Club yang terletak di Crosshaven (di luar bandar) adalah kelab kapal tertua di dunia, dan \"Cork Week\" adalah acara pelayaran yang ketara. <> Apa jenis sukan faring laut yang terdapat di Cork? || mendayung dan berlayar <> Berapa banyak kelab mendayung di Cork? || lima <> Di manakah kelab yaht tertua di dunia? || The Royal Cork Yacht Club terletak di Crosshaven <> Apa salah satu acara pelayaran yang lebih popular di Cork? || Cork Week <> Apa acara dayung tahunan yang berlaku di Cork sejak tahun 2005? || Lautan ke bandar", {"context": "There are a variety of watersports in Cork, including rowing and sailing. There are five rowing clubs training on the river Lee, including Shandon BC, UCC RC, Pres RC, Lee RC, and Cork BC. Naomh\u00f3ga Chorca\u00ed is a rowing club whose members row traditional naomh\u00f3ga on the Lee in occasional competitions. The \"Ocean to City\" race has been held annually since 2005, and attracts teams and boats from local and visiting clubs who row the 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Crosshaven into Cork city centre. The decision to move the National Rowing Center to Inniscarra has boosted numbers involved in the sport.[citation needed] Cork's maritime sailing heritage is maintained through its sailing clubs. The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven (outside the city) is the world's oldest yacht club, and \"Cork Week\" is a notable sailing event.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "rowing and sailing"}], "question": "What kinds of sea faring sports are available in Cork?", "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "five"}], "question": "How many rowing clubs are in Cork?", "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "The Royal Cork Yacht Club located in Crosshaven"}], "question": "Where is the world's oldest yahct club?", "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 795, "text": "Cork Week"}], "question": "What is one of the more popular sailing events in Cork?", "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d987f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "Ocean to City"}], "question": "What annual rowing event has been happening in Cork since 2005?", "id": "5727eaf0ff5b5019007d9880"}]}], ["Hurling dan bola sepak adalah sukan penonton yang paling popular di bandar. Hurling mempunyai identiti yang kuat dengan bandar dan daerah - dengan Cork memenangi 30 Kejohanan All-Ireland. Bola sepak Gaelic juga popular, dan Cork telah memenangi gelaran Kejuaraan Sepak Bola Sepak All-Ireland All-Ireland. Terdapat banyak kelab Persatuan Gaelic Athletic di Cork City, termasuk Blackrock National Hurling Club, St Finbarr, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh dan Nemo Rangers. Tempat-tempat umum utama ialah P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Chaoimh dan P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Rinn (dinamakan sempena nama pemain Glen Rovers Christy Ring). Camogie (melempar wanita) dan bola sepak gael wanita semakin popular. <> Apa sukan terbesar yang menarik di Cork? || Berjuang dan bola sepak <> Berapa banyak Kejohanan All-Ireland telah menang Cork? || 30 <> Berapa banyak gelaran Kejohanan Bola Sepak Senior All-Ireland yang telah dimenangi oleh Cork? || 7 <> Apa yang membuat cabaran wanita Cork bermain? || Camogie <> Apa olahraga yang telah mendapat stim ketika semakin ramai wanita bermain? || bola sepak gaelic", {"context": "Hurling and football are the most popular spectator sports in the city. Hurling has a strong identity with city and county \u2013 with Cork winning 30 All-Ireland Championships. Gaelic football is also popular, and Cork has won 7 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles. There are many Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in Cork City, including Blackrock National Hurling Club, St. Finbarr's, Glen Rovers, Na Piarsaigh and Nemo Rangers. The main public venues are P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Chaoimh and P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Rinn (named after the noted Glen Rovers player Christy Ring). Camogie (hurling for ladies) and women's gaelic football are increasing in popularity.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Hurling and football"}], "question": "What are the biggest sports draws in Cork?", "id": "5727e9773acd2414000def9f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "30"}], "question": "How many All-Ireland Championships has Cork won?", "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "7"}], "question": "How many All-Ireland Senior Football Championship titles have been won by Cork?", "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "Camogie"}], "question": "What kind of hurling do the women of Cork play?", "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "gaelic football"}], "question": "What sport has been gaining steam as more and more women play?", "id": "5727e9773acd2414000defa3"}]}], ["Bandar ini juga merupakan rumah boling jalanan, yang dimainkan di pinggir utara dan barat daya. Terdapat juga tinju dan kelab-kelab seni mempertahankan diri (termasuk Brazil jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai dan Taekwondo) di dalam bandar. Cork Racing, pasukan motorsport yang berpangkalan di Cork, telah berlumba dalam Kejohanan Formula Ford Ireland sejak 2005. Cork juga menjadi tuan rumah salah satu pasukan bola sepak Australia yang paling berjaya di Australia, Leeside Lions, yang memenangi Liga Australia Peraturan Liga Bola Sepak Ireland kali (pada tahun 2002, 2003, 2005 dan 2007). Terdapat juga sukan roller inline, seperti hoki dan skating angka, yang dipindahkan ke ais sepanjang musim sejuk. [Rujukan?] <> Pasukan mana yang mana Peraturan Australia Football adalah Cork? || Leeside Lions <> Berapa kali Leeside Lions memenangi Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership? || empat <> Bilakah Leeside Lions memenangi Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership? || 2002, 2003, 2005 dan 2007 <> Sukan roller manakah yang menerjemahkan dengan baik ke musim sejuk di Cork? || hoki dan skating angka <> Seni Bela Diri apa yang boleh didapati di dalam Cork? || Brazil jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai dan Taekwondo", {"context": "The city is also the home of road bowling, which is played in the north-side and south-west suburbs. There are also boxing and martial arts clubs (including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo) within the city. Cork Racing, a motorsport team based in Cork, has raced in the Irish Formula Ford Championship since 2005. Cork also hosts one of Ireland's most successful Australian Rules Football teams, the Leeside Lions, who have won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership four times (in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007). There are also inline roller sports, such as hockey and figure skating, which transfer to the ice over the winter season.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Leeside Lions"}], "question": "Which Australian Rules Football team is Cork home to?", "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many times have the Leeside Lions won the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?", "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 524, "text": "2002, 2003, 2005 and 2007"}], "question": "When did the Leeside Lions win the Australian Rules Football League of Ireland Premiership?", "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "hockey and figure skating"}], "question": "Which inline roller sports translate well to winter in Cork?", "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 157, "text": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo"}], "question": "What Martial Arts can be found within Cork?", "id": "5727ed1cff5b5019007d98ae"}]}], ["Kawasan Cork telah menyaksikan peningkatan dalam infrastruktur jalan raya pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Contohnya, kereta api Cork South Link berkembar pada awal 1980-an, untuk menghubungkan bulatan Kinsale Road dengan pusat bandar. Tidak lama selepas itu, bahagian pertama kereta api dua arah Selatan dibuka. Kerja meneruskan tahun 1990-an dengan memperluas N25 South Ring Road, dengan pembukaan Jack Lynch Tunnel di bawah Sungai Lee menjadi tambahan penting. Jambatan Kinsale Road dibuka pada bulan Ogos 2006 untuk menghilangkan kesesakan lalu lintas menuju ke Lapangan Terbang Cork atau Killarney. Projek-projek lain yang disiapkan pada masa ini termasuk jalan pintas N20 Blackpool dan projek-projek jalan raya N20 Cork ke Mallow. Jalan pintas dua jalur N22 Ballincollig, yang menghubungkan ke hujung barat jalan Cork Southern Ring dibuka pada bulan September 2004. Peningkatan jalan raya Pusat Bandar termasuk projek Jalan Patrick - yang membina semula jalan dengan tumpuan pejalan kaki. Lebuh raya M8 menghubungkan Cork dengan Dublin. <> Bilakah kembara Cork South Link dibina? || 1980-an <> Apakah tujuan dwi-kereta itu? || untuk menghubungkan bulatan Jalan Kinsale dengan pusat bandar <> Apa maksud laluan selam Kinsale Road? || keluarkan hambatan untuk trafik menuju ke Lapangan Terbang Cork atau Killarney <> Apakah peningkatan baik yang dilakukan kepada Patrick Street? || tumpuan pejalan kaki", {"context": "The Cork area has seen improvements in road infrastructure in recent years. For example, the Cork South Link dual carriageway was built in the early 1980s, to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre. Shortly afterwards, the first sections of the South Ring dual carriageway were opened. Work continued through the 1990s on extending the N25 South Ring Road, with the opening of the Jack Lynch Tunnel under the River Lee being a significant addition. The Kinsale Road flyover opened in August 2006 to remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney. Other projects completed at this time include the N20 Blackpool bypass and the N20 Cork to Mallow road projects. The N22 Ballincollig dual carriageway bypass, which links to the Western end of the Cork Southern Ring road was opened in September 2004. City Centre road improvements include the Patrick Street project - which reconstructed the street with a pedestrian focus. The M8 motorway links Cork with Dublin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 149, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When was the Cork South Link dual carriageway built?", "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "to link the Kinsale Road roundabout with the city centre"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the dual carriageway?", "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "remove a bottleneck for traffic heading to Cork Airport or Killarney"}], "question": "What was the purpose of the Kinsale Road flyover?", "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 940, "text": "pedestrian focus"}], "question": "What was a beneficial improvement made to Patrick Street? ", "id": "5727d12dff5b5019007d95f5"}]}]], [["Sebaliknya, Eropah mempunyai sejarah negara-negara kesatuan yang lebih besar daripada Amerika Utara, oleh itu \"federalisme\" Eropah berhujah untuk kerajaan pusat yang lemah, berbanding dengan negara kesatuan. Penggunaan bahasa Amerika moden ini lebih dekat dengan makna Eropah. Oleh kerana kuasa kerajaan Persekutuan telah meningkat, sesetengah orang telah melihat keadaan yang lebih bersatu daripada mereka percaya bahawa Bapa-bapa Pengasas dimaksudkan. Kebanyakan orang yang secara politik menganjurkan \"federalisme\" di Amerika Syarikat berhujah untuk mengehadkan kuasa kerajaan persekutuan, terutamanya badan kehakiman (lihat Persatuan Federalis, Persekutuan Persekutuan Baru). <> Siapa yang mempunyai sejarah kesatuan yang lebih besar? || Eropah <> Apa arti federalisme di Eropah? || kerajaan pusat yang lemah, berbanding dengan negara kesatuan <> Cawangan apa yang Amerika mahu mengehadkan di bawah model federal? || kehakiman", {"context": "In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European \"federalism\" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating \"federalism\" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "Europe"}], "question": "Who has a greater history of unitary states? ", "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e58"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"}], "question": "What does federalism mean in Europe? ", "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e59"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "judiciary"}], "question": "What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? ", "id": "572829d9ff5b5019007d9e5a"}]}], ["Di Brazil, kejatuhan monarki pada tahun 1889 oleh rampasan kuasa tentera membawa kepada peningkatan sistem presiden, yang diketuai oleh Deodoro da Fonseca. Dibantu oleh ahli undang-undang terkenal Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca menubuhkan federalisme di Brazil dengan perintah, tetapi sistem pemerintahan ini akan disahkan oleh setiap perlembagaan Brazil sejak tahun 1891, walaupun sebahagian daripada mereka akan memesongkan beberapa prinsip federalis. Sebagai Perlembagaan 1937, misalnya, kerajaan persekutuan memberi kuasa untuk melantik Gabenor-Gabenor Negeri (disebut interventors) pada kehendak, dengan itu memusatkan kuasa di tangan Presiden Get\u00falio Vargas. Brazil juga menggunakan sistem Fonseca untuk mengawal selia perdagangan antara negeri. Brazil adalah salah satu daripada kerajaan persekutuan yang terbesar. <> Bilakah kejatuhan monarki Brazil? || 1889 <> Siapa yang menyebabkan kejatuhan monarki berlaku di Brazil? || rampasan kuasa tentera membawa kepada kebangkitan sistem presiden, yang diketuai oleh Deodoro da Fonseca. <> Bilakah Brazil mengamalkan federalisme? || 1891 <> Apa sistem lain yang digunakan Brazil? || Sistem Fonseca <> Apakah sistem fonseca? || mengawal selia perdagangan antara negeri", {"context": "In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Get\u00falio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "1889"}], "question": "When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?", "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df629"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca."}], "question": "Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?", "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "1891"}], "question": "When did Brazil adopt federalism? ", "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "Fonseca system"}], "question": "What other system does Brazil use? ", "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "regulate interstate trade"}], "question": "What is the fonseca system? ", "id": "57282bf93acd2414000df62d"}]}], ["Pada 1 Januari 1901 negara-negara Australia secara rasmi muncul sebagai sebuah persekutuan. Benua Australia itu dijajah oleh United Kingdom pada tahun 1788, yang kemudiannya menubuhkan enam orang, akhirnya menjadi pemerintahan sendiri, koloni di sana. Pada tahun 1890-an, kerajaan-kerajaan jajahan-jajahan ini semua mengadakan referendum untuk menjadi \"Komanwel\" yang bersatu dan mandiri di dalam Empayar Britania. Apabila semua koloni mengundi memihak kepada persekutuan, Persekutuan Australia memulakan, yang mengakibatkan penubuhan Commonwealth of Australia pada tahun 1901. Model federalisme Australia mematuhi erat dengan model asal Amerika Syarikat, walaupun ia berbuat demikian melalui sistem Westminster parlimen dan bukan sistem presiden. <> Apa yang berlaku pada 1 Januari 1901? || negara-negara Australia secara rasminya wujud sebagai persekutuan <> Bilakah United Kingdom menjajah benua Australia? || 1788 <> Model mana yang federalisme adalah serupa dengan model federalisme di Australia? || Amerika Syarikat <> Apa yang ditubuhkan ketika Australia dijajah? || enam, akhirnya mengawal diri, koloni", {"context": "On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing \"Commonwealth\" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"}], "question": "What happened on January 1st 1901?", "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "1788"}], "question": "When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?", "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "United States of America"}], "question": "Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? ", "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "six, eventually self-governing, colonies"}], "question": "What was established when Australia was colonized? ", "id": "57282b142ca10214002d9fd7"}]}], ["Walaupun ia sering dilihat sebagai penyelesaian yang optimum bagi negeri-negeri yang terdiri daripada masyarakat kebudayaan atau etnik yang berbeza, model federalis seolah-olah bekerja paling baik di negara-negara yang sama-sama homogen seperti Amerika Syarikat, Jerman atau Australia, tetapi terdapat juga bukti yang bertentangan seperti Switzerland. Ketegangan antara wilayah masih boleh ditemui di negara-negara federalis seperti Kanada dan persekutuan sebagai cara untuk menghiburkan dan menimbulkan konflik ketenteraan telah gagal baru-baru ini di tempat-tempat seperti Lybia atau Iraq, manakala formula itu pada masa yang sama dicadangkan dan ditolak di negara-negara seperti Ukraine atau Syria. Federasi seperti Yugoslavia atau Czechoslovakia runtuh secepat mungkin untuk meletakkan model untuk ujian. <> Di manakah model federalis berfungsi dengan baik? || negeri-negeri homogen <> Apakah keadaan homogen? || Amerika Syarikat, Jerman atau Australia <> Di mana ketegangan boleh didapati di negara-negara federal? || Kanada <> Negara apakah model gagal federal? || Yugoslavia atau Czechoslovakia <> Negara apa yang menolak model federalis? || Ukraine atau Syria", {"context": "Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "homogeneous states"}], "question": "Where does the federalist model work best in? ", "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "United States, Germany or Australia"}], "question": "What are homogeneous states? ", "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 382, "text": "Canada"}], "question": "Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?", "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia"}], "question": "What countries did the federalist model fail in? ", "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Ukraine or Syria"}], "question": "What countries dismissed the federalist model? ", "id": "572827732ca10214002d9f60"}]}], ["Kerajaan India didasarkan pada sistem bertingkat, di mana Perlembagaan India menggambarkan subjek-subjek di mana setiap peringkat pemerintahan mempunyai kuasa eksekutif. Perlembagaan pada asalnya diperuntukkan untuk sistem dua peringkat kerajaan, Kerajaan Kesatuan (juga dikenali sebagai Kerajaan Pusat), yang mewakili Kesatuan India, dan kerajaan Negeri. Kemudian, peringkat ketiga ditambah dalam bentuk Panchayats dan Perbandaran. Dalam susunan semasa, Jadual Ketujuh Perlembagaan India membatasi subjek setiap peringkat bidang kuasa kerajaan, membahagikan mereka kepada tiga senarai: <> Apakah kerajaan India berdasarkan? || sistem bertingkat <> Apakah sistem bertingkat? || Perlembagaan India menggambarkan subjek di mana setiap peringkat kerajaan mempunyai kuasa eksekutif <> Apakah perlembagaan yang diperuntukkan pada asalnya? || sistem dua peringkat kerajaan <> Apabila tiere ketiga ditambah, apa bentuknya? || Panchayat dan Perbandaran", {"context": "The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "tiered system"}], "question": "What is the government of India based on? ", "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers"}], "question": "What is a tiered system? ", "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "two-tier system of government"}], "question": "What was the constitution originally provided for? ", "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "Panchayats and Municipalities"}], "question": "When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? ", "id": "57282f5c3acd2414000df68e"}]}], ["Istilah 'federalisme' dan 'confederalism' kedua-duanya mempunyai akar dalam perkataan Latin foedus, yang bermaksud perjanjian, perjanjian atau perjanjian. Makna umum mereka hingga akhir abad kelapan belas adalah liga mudah atau hubungan antara kerajaan di antara negara berdaulat berdasarkan perjanjian. Oleh itu, mereka mula-mula sinonim. Dalam pengertian ini, James Madison dalam Federalist 39 telah merujuk kepada Amerika Syarikat yang baru sebagai 'bukan satu perlembagaan nasional atau tidak, tetapi satu komposisi kedua-duanya' (iaitu tidak satu negara kesatuan yang besar atau liga / konfederasi di antara beberapa negeri-negeri kecil, tetapi hibrid kedua-duanya). Dalam abad kesembilan belas, maksud federalisme akan beralih, memperkuat untuk merujuk secara unik kepada bentuk politik berbentuk novel, sedangkan makna persekutuan akan kekal di liga negara. Oleh itu, artikel ini berkaitan dengan penggunaan moden kata 'federalisme'. <> Apakah perkataan Latin untuk federalisme? || foedus <> Apa arti federalisme dan persekutuan yang umum pada abad ke-18? || satu liga mudah atau hubungan antara kerajaan di antara negara berdaulat berdasarkan perjanjian. <> Apa yang James Madison merujuk kepada Amerika Syarikat yang baru? || 'bukan Perlembagaan nasional mahupun persekutuan, tetapi satu komposisi kedua-duanya", {"context": "The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "foedus"}], "question": "What is the Latin word for federalism? ", "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty."}], "question": "What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? ", "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both"}], "question": "What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? ", "id": "5728266d3acd2414000df5a3"}]}], ["Aspek yang membezakan federalisme India adalah tidak seperti banyak bentuk federalisme yang lain, ia tidak simetris. Artikel 370 membuat peruntukan khas bagi negeri Jammu dan Kashmir mengikut Perakuan Aksesnya. Perkara 371 membuat peruntukan khusus untuk negeri-negeri Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland dan Sikkim seperti kesepakatan mereka atau perjanjian hud negara. Juga satu lagi aspek federalisme India ialah sistem Peraturan Presiden di mana kerajaan pusat (melalui Gabenor yang dilantik) menguasai pentadbiran negeri untuk beberapa bulan apabila tidak ada pihak yang boleh membentuk kerajaan di negeri ini atau ada gangguan kekerasan di negeri ini. <> Apa aspek fizikal India yang membezakan? || asimetri <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh Artikel 370? || peruntukan khas untuk keadaan Jammu dan Kashmir mengikut Instrument Accession <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan Perkara 371? || peruntukan khusus untuk negeri Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland dan Sikkim <> Apa yang berlaku dengan Peraturan Presiden? || kerajaan pusat (melalui Gabenor yang dilantik) menguasai pentadbiran negeri untuk beberapa bulan", {"context": "A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "asymmetric"}], "question": "What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?", "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession"}], "question": "What does Article 370 say?", "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim"}], "question": "What does Article 371 say?", "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 483, "text": "the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months"}], "question": "What happens with President's Rule?", "id": "5728307c4b864d19001646c1"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, federalisme pada asalnya merujuk kepada kepercayaan dalam kerajaan pusat yang lebih kuat. Apabila Perlembagaan A.S. digubal, Parti Federalis menyokong kerajaan pusat yang lebih kuat, sementara \"Anti-Federalis\" menginginkan kerajaan pusat yang lemah. Ini sangat berbeza dengan penggunaan moden \"federalisme\" di Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat. Perbezaannya berpunca daripada fakta bahawa \"federalisme\" terletak di tengah-tengah spektrum politik antara persekutuan dan negara kesatuan. Perlembagaan A.S. ditulis sebagai tindak balas kepada Artikel Konfederasi, yang di bawahnya Amerika Syarikat merupakan gabungan yang lemah dengan kerajaan pusat yang lemah. <> Di Amerika Syarikat, apakah yang disebut federalisme? || kepercayaan kepada kerajaan pusat yang lebih kuat. <> Apabila Perlembagaan US sedang dirangka, apa yang menyokong parti federal? || kerajaan pusat yang lebih kuat <> Apa sokongan anti-federalis? || Kerajaan pusat lemah <> Mengenai spektrum politik, di manakah federalisme berdiri? || federalisme \"terletak di tengah-tengah spektrum politik antara persekutuan dan negara kesatuan", {"context": "In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while \"Anti-Federalists\" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of \"federalism\" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that \"federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "belief in a stronger central government."}], "question": "In the United States, what was federalism referred to? ", "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "stronger central government"}], "question": "When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? ", "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "weaker central government"}], "question": "What did anti-federalist support? ", "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f92"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state"}], "question": "On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? ", "id": "5728292e2ca10214002d9f93"}]}], ["Federalisme merujuk kepada cara kerajaan bercampur atau gabungan, yang menggabungkan kerajaan umum (kerajaan pusat atau 'persekutuan') dengan kerajaan daerah (wilayah, negara, Tanah, cantonal, wilayah atau kerajaan sub-unit lain) dalam satu sistem politik. Ciri tersendiri yang dicontohkan dalam contoh pengasas federalisme moden Amerika Syarikat di bawah Perlembagaan 1789, adalah hubungan persamaan antara dua peringkat pemerintah yang ditubuhkan. Oleh itu, ia boleh ditakrifkan sebagai satu bentuk kerajaan di mana terdapat pembahagian kuasa antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang sama status. <> Apakah federalisme? || cara kerajaan, menggabungkan kerajaan umum (kerajaan pusat atau 'persekutuan') dengan pemerintah daerah <> Ciri-ciri apa yang tersendiri federalisme? || hubungan persamaan antara dua peringkat kerajaan <> Apakah federlisme ditakrifkan sebagai? || bentuk kerajaan di mana terdapat pembahagian kuasa antara dua peringkat pemerintahan yang sama status <> Apa dokumen yang dicontohkan kerajaan federalis moden? || Perlembagaan 1789 <> Apa yang membezakan Federalisme daripada jenis kerajaan yang lain? || hubungan persamaan antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang ditubuhkan <> Adakah pembahagian kuasa di antara tahap kerajaan yang sama sama dengan kerajaan Federalis? || terdapat pembahagian kuasa antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang sama status. <> Persekutuan menggabungkan dua jenis kerajaan? || kerajaan umum (kerajaan pusat atau 'persekutuan') dengan kerajaan daerah <> Apakah federalisme? || Federalisme merujuk kepada cara bercampur atau gabungan kerajaan <> Dalam Federalisme, adalah pembahagian kuasa yang sama? || pembahagian kuasa antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang sama status <> Jenis kerajaan apa yang termasuk dalam federalisme? || kerajaan umum (kerajaan pusat atau 'persekutuan') dengan kerajaan daerah <> Berapa banyak kerajaan yang terpisah daripada federalisme? || hubungan persamaan antara dua peringkat kerajaan", {"context": "Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"}], "question": "What is federalism?", "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "a relationship of parity between the two levels of government"}], "question": "What features are distinctive of federalism? ", "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"}], "question": "What is federlism defined as?", "id": "5727a1f84b864d19001638f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Constitution of 1789"}], "question": "What document exemplified modern federalist government?", "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 416, "text": "a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established"}], "question": "What distinguishes Federalism from other types of government?", "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status."}], "question": "Is the division of power among different levels of government equal in a Federalist government? ", "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"}], "question": "Federalism combines what two types of government?", "id": "572811b2ff5b5019007d9c5d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government"}], "question": "What is federalism? ", "id": "572820664b864d19001644f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 558, "text": "division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"}], "question": "In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? ", "id": "572820664b864d19001644f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"}], "question": "What type of governments are included in federalism? ", "id": "572820664b864d19001644f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "relationship of parity between the two levels of government"}], "question": "How many governments are apart of federalism?", "id": "572820664b864d19001644f9"}]}], ["Sehingga baru-baru ini, jika tidak ada persetujuan awal mengenai definisi yang jelas dan tepat, konsep tersebut difikirkan bermakna (sebagai satu cara tersendiri) 'pembahagian kedaulatan antara dua peringkat kerajaan'. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan baru berpendapat bahawa ini tidak betul, sebagai membahagikan kedaulatan - apabila konsep ini difahami dengan betul dalam arti utamanya tentang sumber kuasa politik muktamad dan mutlak dalam komuniti politik - tidak mungkin. Keturunan Amerika Syarikat ke dalam Perang Saudara pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas, atas perselisihan tentang kompetensi yang tidak diperuntukkan mengenai perhambaan dan akhirnya hak pemisahan, menunjukkan ini. Satu atau lain-lain peringkat kerajaan boleh menjadi berdaulat untuk memutuskan perkara-perkara itu, tetapi tidak pada masa yang sama. Oleh itu, kini dicadangkan bahawa federalisme lebih sesuai difahami sebagai 'pembahagian kuasa yang mengalir dari kedaulatan antara dua peringkat kerajaan'. Apa yang membezakan konsep dari pelbagai bentuk politik pelbagai peringkat adalah ciri kesamaan kedudukan antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang ditubuhkan. Definisi yang jelas ini membuka jalan untuk mengenal pasti dua bentuk persekutuan yang berbeza, di mana sebelum hanya diketahui, berdasarkan apakah kedaulatan berada di seluruh (dalam satu orang) atau di bahagian-bahagian (di banyak negara): negara persekutuan (atau persekutuan) dan kesatuan persekutuan persekutuan (atau kesatuan persekutuan), masing-masing. Contoh utama negara persekutuan termasuk Amerika Syarikat, Jerman, Kanada, Switzerland, Australia dan India. Contoh utama persatuan persekutuan persekutuan adalah Kesatuan Eropah. <> Apa yang membezakan Federalisme daripada kerajaan pelbagai peringkat yang lain? || kesamaan kedudukan antara dua peringkat kerajaan <> Apa peristiwa sejarah yang digambarkan bahawa membahagikan kedaulatan tidak mungkin? || Perang Saudara <> Organisasi apa yang menjadi contoh utama kesatuan federal? || Kesatuan Eropah <> Apakah bentuk Federalisme yang dicirikan oleh mana kedaulatan berada pada keseluruhannya? || negara persekutuan (atau federasi) <> Kajian baru telah menjelaskan bahawa Federalisme mempunyai berapa bentuk yang berbeza? || dua bentuk persekutuan yang berbeza <> Sebelum penyelidikan baru, apakah definisi federalisme? || satu bahagian kedaulatan antara dua peringkat pemerintahan <Selepas penyelidikan baru, apakah definisi akhir federalisme? || sumber kuasa politik yang terakhir dan mutlak dalam komuniti politik - tidak mungkin. <> Bilakah federalisme ditubuhkan? || Keturunan Amerika Syarikat ke dalam Perang Saudara pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas <> Apakah perbezaan antara bentuk politik dan federalisme pelbagai peringkat? || ciri kesamaan kedudukan di antara dua peringkat kerajaan yang ditubuhkan <> Apa contoh kesatuan federal? || Kesatuan Eropah", {"context": "Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1005, "text": "equality of standing between the two levels of government"}], "question": "What distinguishes Federalism from other multi-level governments?", "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "Civil War"}], "question": "What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was not possible?", "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1569, "text": "European Union"}], "question": "What organization is a leading example of a federal union?", "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1299, "text": "federal state (or federation)"}], "question": "What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the whole?", "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1131, "text": "two distinct federal forms"}], "question": "New research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?", "id": "57281515ff5b5019007d9cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "a division of sovereignty between two levels of government"}], "question": "Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? ", "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible."}], "question": "After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? ", "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9ead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century"}], "question": "When was federalism put into place? ", "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 983, "text": "the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established"}], "question": "What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? ", "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1565, "text": "the European Union"}], "question": "What is an example of a federal union? ", "id": "5728233a2ca10214002d9eb0"}]}], ["Sifat pasca Imperial dari subdivisi kerajaan Rusia berubah menjadi model yang umumnya autonomi yang bermula dengan penubuhan USSR (di mana Rusia dikuasai sebagai sebahagian). Ia diliberalisasikan selepas Kesatuan Soviet, dengan pembaharuan di bawah Boris Yeltsin memelihara sebahagian besar struktur Soviet ketika menerapkan pembaharuan yang semakin liberal kepada pemerintahan republik dan subjek konstituen (sementara juga bertentangan dengan pemberontak pemecah Chechen semasa Chechen Perang). Beberapa pembaharuan di bawah Yeltsin telah dikurangkan oleh Vladimir Putin. <> Apa yang berlaku kepada pecahan kerajaan Rusia? || berubah menjadi model yang secara amnya autonomi <> Bilakah pembahagian di Rusia dibebaskan? || selepas Kesatuan Soviet <> Siapa yang bertanggungjawab apabila pembaharuan berlaku? || Boris Yeltsin <> Siapa yang telah menaikkan beberapa pembaharuan dari Yeltsin? || Vladimir Putin", {"context": "The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects (while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War). Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "changed towards a generally autonomous model"}], "question": "What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? ", "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "in the aftermath of the Soviet Union"}], "question": "When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?", "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Boris Yeltsin"}], "question": "Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? ", "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 577, "text": "Vladimir Putin"}], "question": "Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? ", "id": "572837e7ff5b5019007d9f49"}]}], ["Anarkis bertentangan dengan Negeri tetapi tidak bertentangan dengan organisasi politik atau \"pemerintahan\" -bagi tadbir urus menggunakan demokrasi langsung. Cara organisasi politik yang dipilih oleh anarkis, secara umum, adalah federalisme atau kepercayaan. Namun, definisi farkisme anarkis cenderung berbeza dari definisi federalisme yang diasumsikan oleh saintis politik pro-kerajaan. Berikut ini adalah penerangan ringkas tentang federalisme dari bahagian I.5 dari Soalan Anarkis: <> Apakah anarkis terhadap? || State <> Apa yang anarkis tidak bertentangan? || bukan terhadap organisasi politik atau \"tadbir urus\" - selagi ia adalah tadbir urus menggunakan demokrasi langsung. <> Cara kerajaan apa yang lebih disukai oleh golongan anarkis? || federalism atau confederalism", {"context": "Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or \"governance\"\u2014so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "State"}], "question": "What are anarchists against? ", "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "not against political organization or \"governance\"\u2014so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy."}], "question": "What are anarchists not against? ", "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 228, "text": "federalism or confederalism"}], "question": "What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? ", "id": "572835ea4b864d1900164744"}]}], ["Sebagai alternatif, atau sebagai tambahan kepada amalan ini, ahli-ahli rumahtangga boleh dipilih secara tidak langsung oleh kerajaan atau badan perundangan bagi negara-negara komponen, seperti yang berlaku di Amerika Syarikat sebelum tahun 1913, atau menjadi ahli atau perwakilan sebenar kerajaan negeri, misalnya, sebagai contoh di Bundesrat Jerman dan di Majlis Kesatuan Eropah. Dewan rendah badan perundangan persekutuan biasanya dipilih secara langsung, dengan pembahagian berkadaran dengan penduduk, walaupun negeri kadang-kadang masih boleh dijamin bilangan minimum kerusi tertentu. <> Siapa yang boleh memilih anggota rumah besar? || kerajaan atau perundangan <> Bolehkah ahli-ahli rumahtangga dipilih secara langsung atau tidak langsung? || secara tidak langsung <> Bolehkah anggota rumah bawah tanah dipilih secara langsung atau tidak langsung? || secara langsung", {"context": "Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "government or legislature"}], "question": "Who can elect the members of the upper house? ", "id": "5728367e4b864d190016474e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "indirectly"}], "question": "Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? ", "id": "5728367e4b864d190016474f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 417, "text": "directly"}], "question": "Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? ", "id": "5728367e4b864d1900164750"}]}], ["Perang Persekutuan berakhir pada 1863 dengan menandatangani Perjanjian Coche oleh kedua-dua kerajaan pusat dan masa Angkatan Persekutuan. Amerika Syarikat Venezuela kemudiannya dimasukkan di bawah \"Persekutuan Negara Berdaulat\" atas prinsip yang dipinjam dari Artikel Konfederasi Amerika Syarikat. Dalam Persekutuan ini, setiap Negara mempunyai \"Presiden\" sendiri yang menguasai hampir setiap isu, bahkan penciptaan \"Tentara Negeri,\" sementara Tentara Persekutuan dikehendaki mendapatkan izin presiden untuk memasuki negara tertentu. <> Bilakah perang persekutuan berakhir? || 1863 <> Bagaimana perang persekutuan berakhir? || dengan menandatangani Perjanjian Coche oleh kedua-dua kerajaan pusat pada masa itu dan Angkatan Persekutuan <> Apa yang diperbadankan oleh Amerika Syarikat Venezuela? || \"Persekutuan Negara Berdaulat\" atas prinsip-prinsip yang dipinjam dari Artikel Konfederasi Amerika Syarikat <> Dalam persekutuan jenis ini setiap negara mempunyai apa yang sendiri? || Presiden", {"context": "The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a \"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a \"President\" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of \"State Armies,\" while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "1863"}], "question": "When did the federal war end?", "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces"}], "question": "How did the federal war end? ", "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6de"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "\"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America"}], "question": "What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? ", "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6df"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 374, "text": "President"}], "question": "In this type of federation each country had its own what? ", "id": "572833d43acd2414000df6e0"}]}], ["Federalisme, dan bentuk lain dari autonomi wilayah, secara amnya dilihat sebagai cara yang berguna untuk struktur sistem politik untuk mencegah keganasan di kalangan kumpulan yang berlainan dengan negara-negara kerana ia membenarkan kumpulan-kumpulan tertentu untuk membuat undang-undang di peringkat sub-nasional. Sesetengah ulama telah mencadangkan, bagaimanapun, bahawa federalisme boleh membahagikan negara-negara dan mengakibatkan keruntuhan negara kerana ia mewujudkan negara-negara proto. Masih ada orang lain yang menunjukkan bahawa federalisme hanya memecah belah apabila ia tidak mempunyai mekanisme yang menggalakkan parti politik untuk bersaing merentasi sempadan serantau. <> Apa federalisme dilihat sebagai? || cara yang berguna untuk struktur sistem politik untuk mencegah keganasan di kalangan kumpulan yang berbeza dengan negara <> Apa yang dibenarkan oleh federalisme? || ia membenarkan kumpulan-kumpulan tertentu untuk menyusun undang-undang di peringkat subkategori <> Apa yang difikirkan oleh para ulama tentang federalisme? || Sesetengah ulama menyarankan bahawa federalisme boleh membahagikan negara-negara", {"context": "Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries"}], "question": "What is federalism seen as? ", "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level"}], "question": "What does federalism allow?", "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries"}], "question": "What do scholars think of federalism?", "id": "572836f92ca10214002da0e8"}]}], ["Walau bagaimanapun, untuk menguruskan ketegangan yang ada dalam peralihan Sepanyol ke demokrasi, penggubal undang-undang Sepanyol semasa mengelakkan memberi label seperti 'persekutuan' kepada perkiraan wilayah. Selain itu, tidak seperti sistem persekutuan, cukai utama diambil dari Madrid (kecuali Negara Basque dan Navarre, yang diiktiraf dalam perlembagaan demokratik Sepanyol sebagai wilayah piagam yang digariskan dari sebab-sebab sejarah) dan kemudian diagihkan kepada Komuniti Autonomi. <> Bandar manakah yang diiktiraf dalam Perlembagaan Demokratik Sepanyol? || Negara Basque dan Navarre <> Bagaimana mereka menguruskan ketegangan semasa transisi Sepanyol ke demokrasi? || penggubal undang-undang Sepanyol semasa mengelakkan memberi label seperti 'persekutuan' kepada pengaturan wilayah. <> Di mana cukai utama diambil? || Madrid", {"context": "However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "Basque Country and Navarre"}], "question": "Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? ", "id": "572835953acd2414000df704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements."}], "question": "How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?", "id": "572835953acd2414000df703"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Madrid"}], "question": "Where are the main taxes taken?", "id": "572835953acd2414000df705"}]}], ["Federalisme di Amerika Syarikat adalah hubungan yang berkembang antara kerajaan negeri dan kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat. Kerajaan Amerika telah berkembang dari satu sistem dual federalisme ke salah satu federalisme bersekutu. Dalam \"Federalist No. 46,\" James Madison menegaskan bahawa negeri-negeri dan kerajaan negara \"sebenarnya tetapi agen dan pemegang amanah yang berbeza, terdiri daripada kuasa yang berbeza.\" Alexander Hamilton, menulis dalam \"Federalist No. 28,\" mencadangkan bahawa kedua-dua peringkat kerajaan akan menjalankan kuasa kepada faedah rakyat: \"Jika hak mereka [orang-orang] diserang sama ada, mereka boleh menggunakan yang lain sebagai alat ganti rugi. \" (1) <> Apakah federalisme di Amerika Syarikat? || edalisme di Amerika Syarikat adalah hubungan yang berkembang antara kerajaan negeri dan kerajaan persekutuan Amerika Syarikat <> Bagaimana kerajaan Amerika berkembang? || Kerajaan Amerika telah berkembang dari satu sistem dual federalisme ke salah satu federalisme bersekutu. <> Apa yang berlaku di Federalist No.46? || James Madison menegaskan bahawa negeri-negeri dan kerajaan kebangsaan <> Apa yang berlaku di Federalist No. 28 || \"Federalist No. 28,\" mencadangkan bahawa kedua-dua peringkat kerajaan akan menjalankan kuasa kepada faedah rakyat", {"context": "Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In \"Federalist No. 46,\" James Madison asserted that the states and national government \"are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.\" Alexander Hamilton, writing in \"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: \"If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.\" (1)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"}], "question": "What is federalism in the United States?", "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism."}], "question": "How has the American government evolved?", "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "James Madison asserted that the states and national government"}], "question": "What happened in Federalist No.46?", "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "\"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit"}], "question": "What happened in Federalist No. 28", "id": "5728384dff5b5019007d9f51"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, federalisme Belgium bersekutu dengan tiga komponen. Resolusi afirmatif mengenai tempat Brussels di dalam sistem persekutuan diluluskan dalam parlimen Wallonia dan Brussels. Resolusi ini melawan keinginan pihak-pihak yang berbahasa Belanda, yang pada umumnya memihak kepada sistem persekutuan dengan dua komponen (yaitu Belanda dan Masyarakat Perancis dari Belgium). Walau bagaimanapun, wakil Flemish di Parlimen Brussels Capital-Region mengundi memihak kepada resolusi Brussels, kecuali satu pihak. Pengerusi Parlimen Walloon menyatakan pada 17 Julai 2008 bahawa, \"Brussels akan mengambil sikap\". Parlimen Brussels meluluskan resolusi pada 18 Julai 2008: <> Berapa banyak komponen yang ada di federalisme Belgium? || tiga komponen <> Apa yang diluluskan pada 18 Julai 2007? || Parlimen Brussels <> Apakah wakil-wakil Flemish yang menyokong? || Resolusi Brussels, dengan pengecualian satu pihak <> Apakah Federalisme Belgium? || sistem persekutuan diluluskan dalam parlimen Wallonia dan Brussels.", {"context": "On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, \"Brussels would take an attitude\". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "three components"}], "question": "How many components does the Belgian federalism have? ", "id": "572834e44b864d1900164720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Brussels' parliament"}], "question": "What passed on July 18, 2007?", "id": "572834e44b864d1900164721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party"}], "question": "What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?", "id": "572834e44b864d1900164722"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels."}], "question": "What is Belgian Federalism? ", "id": "572834e44b864d1900164723"}]}], ["Memandangkan negeri-negeri adalah entiti politik yang sedia ada, Perlembagaan A.S. tidak perlu mentakrifkan atau menerangkan federalisme dalam mana-mana bahagian tetapi sering menyebut hak dan tanggungjawab kerajaan negeri dan pegawai negeri berhubung dengan kerajaan persekutuan. Kerajaan persekutuan mempunyai kuasa ekspres tertentu (juga dipanggil kuasa disebutkan) yang merupakan kuasa yang dinyatakan dalam Perlembagaan, termasuk hak untuk menafikan cukai, mengisytiharkan perang, dan mengawal selia perdagangan antara negeri dan asing. Di samping itu, Klausa Yang Perlu dan Benar memberikan kerajaan persekutuan kuasa yang tersirat untuk meluluskan mana-mana undang-undang \"yang perlu dan sesuai\" untuk pelaksanaan kuasa-kuasa yang nyata. Kuasa lain-kuasa yang dikhaskan-dikhaskan untuk rakyat atau negeri. Kuasa yang diwakilkan kepada kerajaan persekutuan telah berkembang dengan ketara oleh keputusan Mahkamah Agung di McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), pindaan kepada Perlembagaan berikutan Perang Saudara, dan beberapa pindaan kemudian-serta tuntutan keseluruhan Perang Saudara, bahawa negeri-negeri itu tertakluk kepada peraturan akhir kerajaan persekutuan. <> Mengapa perlembagaan tidak perlu menjelaskan federalisme? || Oleh sebab negeri-negeri sudah ada lagi entiti politik <> Apa kata lain untuk kuasa ekspres? || kuasa yang disebutkan <> Di manakah kita dapat mencari kuasa ekspres? || dalam Perlembagaan <> Apa yang Klausa Yang Perlu dan Benar? || memberi kerajaan persekutuan kuasa yang tersirat untuk meluluskan undang-undang \"perlu dan wajar\" untuk pelaksanaan kuasa-kuasa ekspresnya <> Apakah kuasa yang dinyatakan? || hak untuk menafikan cukai, mengisytiharkan perang, dan mengawal selia perdagangan antara negeri dan asing.", {"context": "Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers\u2014the reserved powers\u2014are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments\u2014as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Because the states were preexisting political entities"}], "question": "Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? ", "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "enumerated powers"}], "question": "What is another word for express powers? ", "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "in the Constitution"}], "question": "Where can we find express powers?", "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers"}], "question": "What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? ", "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 418, "text": "the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce."}], "question": "What are the expressed powers? ", "id": "57283a1b4b864d19001647a7"}]}], ["Walaupun draf kedua perjanjian Maastricht dan Perjanjian yang membentuk Perlembagaan untuk Eropah menyebut federalisme, wakil-wakil negara anggota (kesemua mereka sepatutnya bersetuju untuk menggunakan istilah itu) tidak pernah secara rasmi mengadopsinya. Para penganjur kuat federalisme Eropah telah menjadi Jerman, Itali, Belgium dan Luxembourg manakala yang paling kuat menentang sejarahnya adalah United Kingdom, Denmark dan Perancis (dengan presiden dan pemerintah yang konservatif). Sejak presiden Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995), pihak berkuasa Perancis telah mengadopsi kedudukan penyatuan yang lebih pro-Eropah, kerana mereka menganggap bahawa EU yang kuat sedang membentangkan \"insurans\" yang terbaik terhadap Jerman yang bersatu yang mungkin menjadi terlalu kuat dan jadi ancaman bagi jirannya. <> Siapa penyokong kuat Federalisme Eropah? || Jerman, Itali, Belgium dan Luxembourg <> Yang menentang Federalisme Eropah? || United Kingdom, Denmark dan Perancis <> Bilakah pihak berkuasa Perancis mengamalkan kedudukan penyatuan pro-Eropah? || Sejak presiden Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995)", {"context": "Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best \"insurance\" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"}], "question": "Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?", "id": "572833243acd2414000df6cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 411, "text": "United Kingdom, Denmark and France"}], "question": "Who opposed the European Federalism? ", "id": "572833243acd2414000df6ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand (1981-1995"}], "question": "When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? ", "id": "572833243acd2414000df6cf"}]}], ["Sesetengah perlembagaan persekutuan juga menyediakan bahawa pindaan perlembagaan tertentu tidak boleh berlaku tanpa persetujuan sebulat suara dari semua negeri atau negara tertentu. Perlembagaan AS menyatakan bahawa tidak ada negara yang mungkin dilucutkan perwakilan yang sama di senat tanpa persetujuannya. Di Australia, jika pindaan yang dicadangkan akan memberi kesan khusus kepada satu atau lebih negara, maka ia harus diendorskan dalam referendum yang diadakan di setiap negara tersebut. Apa-apa pindaan kepada perlembagaan Kanada yang akan mengubah peranan monarki akan memerlukan persetujuan sebulat suara dari wilayah-wilayah. Undang-undang Asas Jerman memperuntukkan bahawa tiada pindaan boleh diterima sama sekali yang akan menghapuskan sistem persekutuan. <> Perlembagaan AS mengatakan apa yang perlu diubah? || menyediakan bahawa tiada negara boleh dilucutkan perwakilan yang sama dalam senat tanpa persetujuannya <> Apa yang berlaku apabila pindaan perlembagaan tertentu tidak boleh berlaku? || tidak boleh berlaku tanpa persetujuan sebulat suara dari semua negeri atau negeri tertentu <> Sebarang pindaan dalam perlembagaan Kanada yang perlu diubahsuai, perlu melakukan apa yang pertama? || akan memerlukan persetujuan sebulat suara dari wilayah-wilayah tersebut. <> Apakah undang-undang asas Jerman? || menyediakan bahawa tiada pindaan boleh diterima sama sekali yang akan memansuhkan sistem persekutuan.", {"context": "Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states, then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states. Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces. The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 182, "text": "provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent"}], "question": "The US Constitution says what to amendments? ", "id": "57283db82ca10214002da15e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 79, "text": "cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state"}], "question": "What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur?", "id": "57283db82ca10214002da15f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "would require unanimous consent of the provinces."}], "question": "Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first?", "id": "57283db82ca10214002da160"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system."}], "question": "What is the German basic law?", "id": "57283db82ca10214002da161"}]}], ["Di mana setiap komponen komponen sebuah persekutuan mempunyai kuasa yang sama, kita dikatakan mencari 'federalisme symmetric'. Federalisme asimetri wujud di mana negeri diberi kuasa yang berlainan, atau ada yang mempunyai autonomi yang lebih besar daripada orang lain. Ini sering dilakukan untuk mengiktiraf kewujudan budaya yang berbeza di rantau atau rantau tertentu. Di Sepanyol, Basques dan Catalans, serta Galician, mengetuai pergerakan bersejarah untuk mengenal pasti kekhasan kebangsaan mereka, mengkristal dalam \"masyarakat bersejarah\" seperti Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, dan Negara Basque. Mereka mempunyai lebih kuasa daripada perkiraan yang diperluaskan untuk wilayah Sepanyol yang lain, atau Sepanyol dari masyarakat otonom (dipanggil juga \"kopi untuk semua orang\"), sebahagiannya untuk menangani identiti mereka yang terpisah dan untuk menenangkan ketinggalan nasionalis periferal, sebahagiannya daripada menghormati hak-hak khusus yang telah mereka pegang sebelumnya dalam sejarah. Walau bagaimanapun, dengan tegasnya Sepanyol bukan federalisme, tetapi organisasi pentadbiran yang terpusat di negeri ini. <> Apakah setiap negeri komponen persekutuan mempunyai? || kuasa yang sama <> federalisme asimetri wujud ketika? || di mana negeri diberi kuasa berbeza, atau ada yang mempunyai autonomi yang lebih besar daripada yang lain <> Apa bandar di Sepanyol berada dalam pergerakan bersejarah? || Basque dan Catalans, serta Galician <> Is Sepanyol selain federalisme? || Sepanyol bukan federalisme, tetapi organisasi pentadbiran berpusat di negeri ini.", {"context": "Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions. In Spain, the Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians, spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized, crystallizing in the \"historical communities\" such as Navarre, Galicia, Catalonia, and the Basque Country. They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions, or the Spain of the autonomous communities (called also the \"coffee for everyone\" arrangement), partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings, partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history. However, strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the same powers"}], "question": "What does every component state of federation possess?", "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do"}], "question": "Asymmetric federalism exist when?", "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians"}], "question": "What cities in Spain are in the historic movement?", "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 967, "text": "Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state."}], "question": "Is Spain apart of federalism?", "id": "57283e934b864d19001647e3"}]}], ["Parti Federalis Amerika Syarikat ditentang oleh Demokrat-Republik, termasuk tokoh kuat seperti Thomas Jefferson. Orang-orang Republik Demokratik terutamanya percaya bahawa: Badan Perundangan mempunyai kuasa yang terlalu banyak (terutamanya kerana Klausa Yang Perlu dan Benar) dan bahawa mereka tidak dipatuhi; Eksekutif mempunyai kuasa yang terlalu banyak, dan tidak ada pemeriksaan eksekutif; seorang diktator akan muncul; dan bahawa rang undang-undang hak harus digabungkan dengan perlembagaan untuk mencegah seorang diktator (kemudian percaya pada akhirnya menjadi presiden) daripada rakyat yang mengeksploitasi atau mengejek. Para federalis, sebaliknya, berpendapat bahawa adalah mustahil untuk menyenaraikan semua hak, dan mereka yang tidak disenaraikan boleh dengan mudah diabaikan kerana mereka tidak berada dalam bil hak asasi rasmi. Sebaliknya, hak dalam kes tertentu akan diputuskan oleh sistem pengadilan mahkamah. <> Apakah pihak federalis Amerika Syarikat menentang? || Demokratik-Republikan <> Apa yang dipercayai oleh pihak demokrasi-republik? || Badan Perundangan mempunyai kuasa yang terlalu banyak (terutamanya kerana Klausa Yang Perlu dan Benar) dan bahawa mereka tidak dibetulkan <> Siapa yang memutuskan hak dalam kes tertentu? || sistem pengadilan mahkamah", {"context": "The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive had too much power, and that there was no check on the executive; a dictator would arise; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator (then believed to eventually be the president) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens. The federalists, on the other hand, argued that it was impossible to list all the rights, and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights. Rather, rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Democratic-Republicans"}], "question": "What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?", "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 187, "text": "the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked"}], "question": "What did the democratic-republican party believe in?", "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 841, "text": "the judicial system of courts"}], "question": "Who decided the rights in specific cases?", "id": "57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f90"}]}], ["Federasi sering menggunakan paradoks sebagai kesatuan negara, sementara masih menjadi negara (atau mempunyai aspek kenegaraan) dalam diri mereka. Sebagai contoh, James Madison (pengarang Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat) menulis dalam Paper Federalist No. 39 bahawa Perlembagaan AS \"adalah ketat bukanlah kebangsaan atau perlembagaan persekutuan tetapi komposisi kedua-duanya. kebangsaan, dalam sumber-sumber yang mana kuasa-kuasa biasa Kerajaan diambil, sebahagiannya adalah persekutuan, dan sebahagiannya kebangsaan ... \"Ini berpunca daripada hakikat bahawa menyatakan di AS mengekalkan semua kedaulatan yang mereka tidak menyerah kepada persekutuan oleh persetujuan mereka sendiri. Ini telah diperakui oleh Pindaan Kesepuluh kepada Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, yang memegang semua kuasa dan hak yang tidak diwakilkan kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan seperti yang ditinggalkan kepada Negara dan kepada rakyat. <> Apa federasi sering menggunakan? || kesatuan negeri <> Apakah kertas federalis tidak. 39? || bahawa Perlembagaan Amerika Serikat \"adalah ketat bukanlah kebangsaan atau perlembagaan persekutuan tetapi komposisi kedua-duanya <> Apa asas untuk kertas federalis bukannya 39? || ia adalah persekutuan, bukan kebangsaan; Kuasa Kerajaan ditarik, sebahagiannya adalah persekutuan, dan sebahagiannya kebangsaan .. <> Apa pindaan ke-10 di Amerika Syarikat? || yang memegang semua kuasa dan hak yang tidak diwakilkan kepada Kerajaan Persekutuan sebagai kiri ke Amerika dan kepada rakyat.", {"context": "Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both. In its foundation, it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national...\" This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent. This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "union of states"}], "question": "What does federations often employ?", "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da002"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both"}], "question": "What is federalist paper no. 39?", "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da003"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.."}], "question": "What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39?", "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da004"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people."}], "question": "What is the 10th Amendment in the United States?", "id": "572840b1ff5b5019007da005"}]}], ["Biasanya, persekutuan dibentuk di dua peringkat: kerajaan pusat dan wilayah (negeri, wilayah, wilayah), dan sedikit demi sedikit dikatakan mengenai entiti politik pentadbiran peringkat kedua atau ketiga. Brazil adalah pengecualian, kerana Perlembagaan 1988 termasuk majlis perbandaran sebagai entiti politik yang autonomi menjadikan tripartit persekutuan, merangkumi Kesatuan, Negeri, dan majlis perbandaran. Setiap negeri dibahagikan kepada perbandaran (majlis perbandaran) dengan dewan perundangan mereka sendiri (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) dan seorang walikota (prefeito), yang sebahagiannya berautonomi dari Kerajaan Persekutuan dan Negeri. Setiap perbandaran mempunyai \"perlembagaan kecil\", yang dipanggil \"undang-undang organik\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico adalah kes perantaraan, di mana perbandaran diberi kuasa penuh oleh perlembagaan persekutuan dan kewujudannya sebagai entiti autonomi (municipio percuma, \"perbandaran percuma\") ditubuhkan oleh kerajaan persekutuan dan tidak boleh dibatalkan oleh perlembagaan negara. Tambahan pula, perlembagaan persekutuan menentukan kekuasaan dan kecekapan milik eksklusif kepada majlis-majlis perbandaran dan bukan kepada negara-negara konstituen. Walau bagaimanapun, majlis perbandaran tidak mempunyai perhimpunan perundangan yang dipilih. <> Kapan persekutuan terbentuk? || dua tahap <> Apakah dua tahap sama persekutuan? || kerajaan pusat dan wilayah <> Mengapa Brazil adalah pengecualian? || kerana Perlembagaan 1988 termasuk majlis perbandaran sebagai entiti politik yang autonomi membuat tripartit persekutuan <> Apakah setiap negeri dibahagikan? || majlis perbandaran <> Apa setiap negeri mempunyai sendiri? || dengan dewan perundangan mereka sendiri (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) dan seorang walikota (prefeito", {"context": "Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (munic\u00edpios) with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a \"little constitution\", called \"organic law\" (lei org\u00e2nica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, \"free municipality\") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "two levels"}], "question": "When is a federation formed?", "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "the central government and the regions"}], "question": "What two levels equal a federation?", "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite"}], "question": "Why is Brazil an exception?", "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "municipalities"}], "question": "What is each state divided into?", "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "with their own legislative council (c\u00e2mara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito"}], "question": "What does each state have their own of?", "id": "5728418f2ca10214002da1b8"}]}], ["Pengertian federalisme, sebagai gerakan politik, dan apa yang membentuk 'federalis', berbeza dengan negara dan konteks sejarah. [Rujukan?] Pergerakan yang berkaitan dengan penubuhan atau pembangunan federasi boleh mempamerkan aliran pemusat atau desentralisasi. ] Sebagai contoh, ketika negara-negara itu ditubuhkan, puak-puak yang dikenali sebagai \"federalis\" di Amerika Syarikat dan Australia menganjurkan pembentukan kerajaan pusat yang kuat. Begitu juga, dalam politik Kesatuan Eropah, federalis kebanyakannya mencari integrasi EU yang lebih besar. Sebaliknya, di Sepanyol dan selepas perang Jerman, gerakan persekutuan telah mencari desentralisasi: pemindahan kuasa dari pihak berkuasa pusat kepada unit-unit tempatan. Di Kanada, di mana separatisme Quebec telah menjadi kuasa politik selama beberapa dekad, impuls \"federalis\" bertujuan untuk mempertahankan Quebec di Kanada. <> Apakah maksud federalisme? || sebagai gerakan politik, dan apa yang membentuk 'federalis', berbeza dengan negara dan konteks sejarah <> Apakah jenis pergerakan yang dikaitkan dengan federalisme? || Pergerakan yang berkaitan dengan penubuhan atau pembangunan federasi boleh mempamerkan aliran pemusat atau desentralisasi. <> Negara-negara apa yang menganjurkan kerajaan pusat yang kuat? || Amerika Syarikat dan Australia", {"context": "The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at the time those nations were being established, factions known as \"federalists\" in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government. Similarly, in European Union politics, federalists mostly seek greater EU integration. In contrast, in Spain and in post-war Germany, federal movements have sought decentralisation: the transfer of power from central authorities to local units. In Canada, where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades, the \"federalist\" impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context"}], "question": "What is the meaning of federalism?", "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647b8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends."}], "question": "What types of movements are associated with federalism?", "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647b9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 404, "text": "United States and Australia"}], "question": "What countries advocate for a strong central government?", "id": "57283b6f4b864d19001647ba"}]}], ["Federasi sering mempunyai prosedur khas untuk pindaan perlembagaan persekutuan. Serta mencerminkan struktur persekutuan negara ini, ini boleh menjamin bahawa status pentadbiran sendiri komponen-komponen komponen tidak dapat dihapuskan tanpa persetujuan mereka. Pindaan kepada perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat mesti disahkan oleh tiga perempat daripada badan perundangan negeri, atau konvensyen konstitusi yang dipilih secara khusus di setiap negeri, sebelum ia dapat dilaksanakan. Dalam referendum untuk meminda perlembagaan Australia dan Switzerland, cadangan itu perlu disokong bukan hanya oleh majoriti keseluruhan pengundi dalam negara secara keseluruhan, tetapi juga oleh majoriti berasingan dalam setiap majoriti negeri atau kanton. Di Australia, keperluan terakhir ini dikenali sebagai majoriti berganda. <> Apakah federasi untuk pindaan perlembagaan? || prosedur khas <> Apa yang boleh menjamin status pentadbiran diri negara-negara yang berwibawa? || struktur persekutuan <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan untuk meminda Perlembagaan Australia dan Switzerland? || mensyaratkan agar cadangan disokong bukan hanya oleh majoriti keseluruhan pengundi dalam negara secara keseluruhan", {"context": "Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three-quarters of either the state legislatures, or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states, before it can come into effect. In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons. In Australia, this latter requirement is known as a double majority.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "special procedures"}], "question": "What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? ", "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "federal structure"}], "question": "What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states?", "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole"}], "question": "What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution?", "id": "57283f724b864d19001647f4"}]}], ["Struktur kebanyakan kerajaan persekutuan menggabungkan mekanisme untuk melindungi hak-hak negara komponen. Satu kaedah, yang dikenali sebagai 'federalisme intrastate', adalah secara langsung mewakili kerajaan negeri komponen dalam institusi politik persekutuan. Di mana sebuah persekutuan mempunyai badan perundangan bikameral rumah atas sering digunakan untuk mewakili negara-negara komponen sementara rumah bawah tanah mewakili rakyat negara secara keseluruhannya. Sebuah rumah persekutuan boleh didasarkan pada pembahagian skim khas, seperti halnya di senat Amerika Syarikat dan Australia, di mana setiap negara diwakili oleh jumlah senator yang sama tanpa mengira jumlah penduduknya. <> Apakah struktur kerajaan persekutuan menggabungkan? || mekanisme untuk melindungi hak-hak komponen komponen <> Apakah satu kaedah untuk melindungi hak-hak negara komponen? || intrastate federalism <> Apakah federalisme intrastate? || adalah secara langsung mewakili kerajaan-kerajaan negara komponen dalam institusi politik persekutuan <> Apakah perundangan bikameral itu? || rumah atas sering digunakan untuk mewakili keadaan komponen sementara rumah bawah tanah mewakili rakyat negara secara keseluruhannya", {"context": "The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole. A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment, as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia, where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "mechanisms to protect the rights of component states"}], "question": "What does the structures of the federal government incorporate?", "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "intrastate federalism"}], "question": "What is one method to protect the rights of the component states?", "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions"}], "question": "What is intrastate federalism?", "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole"}], "question": "What is a bicameral legislature?", "id": "5728402c4b864d19001647fb"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1938 hingga 1995, Mahkamah Agung A.S. tidak membatalkan sebarang undang-undang persekutuan yang melebihi kuasa Kongres di bawah Klausa Perdagangan. Kebanyakan tindakan oleh kerajaan persekutuan boleh menemui beberapa sokongan undang-undang di kalangan kuasa ekspres, seperti Klausa Perdagangan, yang kegunaannya telah disempitkan oleh Mahkamah Agung pada tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini. Pada tahun 1995, Mahkamah Agung menolak Akta Zon Sekolah Gun-Gun dalam keputusan Lopez, dan juga menolak bahagian pemulihan sivil Akta Keganasan Terhadap Wanita 1994 dalam keputusan v. Morrison Amerika Syarikat. Baru-baru ini, Klausa Perdagangan telah ditafsirkan untuk memasukkan undang-undang ganja dalam keputusan Gonzales v. Raich. <> Apa yang terjadi antara tahun 1938 hingga 1995? || Mahkamah Agung A.S. tidak membatalkan mana-mana undang-undang persekutuan yang melebihi kuasa Kongres di bawah Klausa Perdagangan. <> Apa tindakan paling dalam kerajaan persekutuan yang dikenali sebagai? || Fasal Perdagangan <> Apa yang ditolak oleh mahkamah pada tahun 1995? || Mahkamah Agung menolak Akta Zon Sekolah Gun-bebas dalam keputusan Lopez <> Apa yang ditolak oleh mahkamah pada tahun 1994? || menolak bahagian ubat sivil Akta Keganasan Terhadap Wanita <> Apa yang dimaksud dengan klausa perdagangan? || termasuk undang-undang marijuana dalam keputusan Gonzales v. Raich", {"context": "From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years. In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision, and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision. Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause."}], "question": "What happened between 1938 to 1995?", "id": "57283c283acd2414000df773"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "Commerce Clause"}], "question": "What are most actions in the federal government known as?", "id": "57283c283acd2414000df774"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision"}], "question": "What did the court reject in 1995?", "id": "57283c283acd2414000df775"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 435, "text": "rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act"}], "question": "What did the court reject in 1994?", "id": "57283c283acd2414000df776"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision"}], "question": "What does the commerce clause include?", "id": "57283c283acd2414000df777"}]}], ["Di satu pihak, ini bermakna bahawa landskap politik Belgium, secara amnya, terdiri daripada hanya dua komponen: penduduk berbahasa Belanda yang diwakili oleh parti politik bahasa Belanda, dan populasi majoriti dari Wallonia dan Brussels, diwakili oleh parti-parti berbahasa Perancis mereka . Kawasan Brussels muncul sebagai komponen ketiga. Bentuk persekutuan federalisme yang khusus ini, dengan kedudukan khas Brussels, mengakibatkan beberapa isu politik-bahkan yang kecil-yang sedang berperang di bahagian politik Belanda / Perancis. Dengan isu sedemikian, keputusan muktamad hanya boleh dilakukan dalam bentuk kompromi. Kecenderungan ini memberikan model dual federalism ini beberapa sifat yang pada umumnya dianggap sebagai persekutuan, dan menjadikan masa depan federalisme Belgia bertentangan. <> Berapa banyak komponen yang meliputi landskap politik Belgium? || dua komponen <> Apakah dua komponen dalam landskap politik Belgium? || penduduk berbahasa Belanda diwakili oleh parti-partai politik bahasa Belanda, dan populasi mayoritas dari Wallonia dan Brussels <> Komponen apakah yang Wilayah Brussel? || komponen ketiga <> Apa yang berlaku dengan kedudukan istimewa Brussels? || akibatnya ada sejumlah isu politik", {"context": "On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerges as a third component. This specific dual form of federalism, with the special position of Brussels, consequently has a number of political issues\u2014even minor ones\u2014that are being fought out over the Dutch/French-language political division. With such issues, a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise. This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism, and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 99, "text": "two components"}], "question": "How many components does the Belgian political landscape include?", "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"}], "question": "What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape?", "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "third component"}], "question": "What component is the Brussel Region?", "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "consequently has a number of political issues"}], "question": "What happens with the Brussels special position?", "id": "57283ceb4b864d19001647d5"}]}], ["China adalah negara kesatuan terbesar di dunia oleh kedua-dua penduduk dan kawasan tanah. Walaupun China mempunyai tempoh jangka panjang pemerintahan pusat selama berabad-abad, sering dikatakan bahawa struktur kesatuan kerajaan China adalah terlalu sukar untuk secara berkesan dan saksama mengatur urusan negara. Sebaliknya, nasionalis Cina mencurigakan desentralisasi sebagai satu bentuk pemisahan dan pintu belakang bagi perpecahan negara; masih ada lagi yang berpendapat bahawa tahap autonomi yang diberikan kepada pegawai di tingkat provinsi di Republik Rakyat China adalah federalisme de facto. <> China adalah apa yang terbesar? || China adalah negara kesatuan terbesar di dunia oleh kedua-dua penduduk dan kawasan tanah <> Apa kebangsaan Cina yang mencurigakan? || desentralisasi <> Mengapa kerajaan China sama dengan struktur perpaduan? || Kerajaan China terlalu sukar untuk menguruskan hal ehwal negara dengan berkesan dan saksama. Berapa lamakah China mempunyai kuasa terpusat? || berabad-abad lamanya", {"context": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area. Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries, it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs. On the other hand, Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial-level officials in the People's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area"}], "question": "China is the largest what?", "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "decentralization"}], "question": "What are Chinese nationalist suspicious of?", "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 202, "text": "Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country's affairs"}], "question": "Why is China's government similar to unity structure?", "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "centuries"}], "question": "How long has China been with centralized power?", "id": "5728424d2ca10214002da1cb"}]}], ["Persekutuanisme juga mendapati ungkapan dalam eklesiologi (doktrin gereja). Misalnya, pemerintahan gereja presbyterian menyerupai republikanisme parlimen (satu bentuk federalisme politik) secara besar-besaran. Dalam denominasi Presbyterian, gereja tempatan diperintah oleh penatua yang terpilih, beberapa di antaranya adalah menteri. Setiap gereja kemudian menghantar wakil atau pesuruhjaya kepada presbyter dan terus ke perhimpunan agung. Tahap perhimpunan yang lebih tinggi mempunyai kuasa berkuasa atas ahli konstituennya. Dalam struktur kerajaan ini, setiap komponen mempunyai beberapa tahap kedaulatan. Seperti dalam federalisme politik, dalam eklesiologi presbyterian terdapat kedaulatan bersama. <> Apa itu eklesiologi? || doktrin gereja <> Apa yang berlaku dalam denominasi Presbyterian? || gereja setempat diperintah oleh penatua yang terpilih, ada yang menteri. <> Dalam federalisme politik apa yang dilakukan oleh eklesiologi Presbyterian? || kedaulatan dikongsi <> Apakah tahap setiap perhimpunan yang lebih besar? || kuasa ke atas ahli konstituennya", {"context": "Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology (the doctrine of the church). For example, presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism (a form of political federalism) to a large extent. In Presbyterian denominations, the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial. Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly. Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members. In this governmental structure, each component has some level of sovereignty over itself. As in political federalism, in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "the doctrine of the church"}], "question": "What is ecclesiology?", "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "the local church is ruled by elected elders, some of which are ministerial."}], "question": "What happens in Presbyterian denominations?", "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 665, "text": "shared sovereignty"}], "question": "In political federalism what does Presbyterian ecclesiology do?", "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "authority over its constituent members"}], "question": "What does each greater level of assembly have?", "id": "572845ec4b864d190016488f"}]}], ["Sesetengah orang Kristian berhujah bahawa sumber federalisme paling awal (atau federalisme dalam institusi manusia, berbeza dengan futurisme teologi) adalah federalisme gereja yang terdapat dalam Alkitab. Mereka menunjuk struktur Gereja Kristian awal seperti yang diterangkan (dan ditetapkan, sebagaimana yang dipercayai oleh banyak orang) dalam Perjanjian Baru. Dalam hujah-hujah mereka, ini terutama ditunjukkan dalam Majlis Yerusalem, yang digambarkan dalam Kisah bab 15, di mana Para Rasul dan para penatua berkumpul untuk memerintah Gereja; para rasul menjadi wakil jemaat sejagat, dan para penatua menjadi gereja setempat. Sehingga hari ini, unsur-unsur federalisme boleh didapati di hampir setiap denominasi Kristian, lebih daripada yang lain. <> Bilakah sumber federalisme paling awal menurut orang Kristian? || adalah federalisme gereja yang terdapat di dalam Alkitab. <> Apakah struktur yang digambarkan oleh gereja Kristian awal? || dalam Perjanjian Baru <> Apa yang berlaku dalam majlis Yerusalem? || Para Rasul dan para penatua berkumpul untuk memerintah Gereja <> Di manakah unsur-unsur federalisme dapat dijumpai? || boleh didapati di hampir setiap denominasi Kristian, lebih daripada yang lain.", {"context": "Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism (or federalism in human institutions; in contrast to theological federalism) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible. They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described (and prescribed, as believed by many) in the New Testament. In their arguments, this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem, described in Acts chapter 15, where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church, and elders being such for the local church. To this day, elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible."}], "question": "When was the earliest source of political federalism according to Christians?", "id": "572848c23acd2414000df887"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "in the New Testament"}], "question": "What was the structure that the early Christian church described?", "id": "572848c23acd2414000df888"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church"}], "question": "What happens in the council of Jerusalem?", "id": "572848c23acd2414000df889"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 655, "text": "can be found in almost every Christian denomination, some more than others."}], "question": "Where can the elements of federalism can be found?", "id": "572848c23acd2414000df88a"}]}], ["Sepanyol adalah negara kesatuan yang mempunyai tahap desentralisasi yang tinggi, sering dianggap sebagai sistem persekutuan dalam semua tetapi nama atau \"federasi tanpa federalisme\". Negara ini dipetik sebagai \"negara yang sangat terdesentralisasi\", dengan kerajaan pusat menyumbang hanya 18% perbelanjaan awam, 38% untuk pemerintah daerah, 13% untuk dewan-dewan lokal, dan 31% sistem. Perlembagaan Sepanyol semasa telah dilaksanakan sedemikian rupa sehingga, dalam banyak aspek, Sepanyol boleh dibandingkan dengan negara-negara yang tidak dapat dinafikan persekutuan. <> Jenis negeri apakah Sepanyol? || negara kesatuan <> Apa jenis sistem federalisme yang ada di Sepanyol? || negara kesatuan dengan tingkat desentralisasi yang tinggi, sering dianggap sebagai sistem persekutuan dalam semua tetapi nama atau \"federasi tanpa federalisme\" <> Jenis kerajaan apa yang dilakukan oleh Sepanyol? || kerajaan pusat <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh kerajaan Sepanyol? || 8% perbelanjaan awam, 38% untuk kerajaan serantau, 13% untuk majlis-majlis tempatan, dan baki 31% untuk sistem keselamatan sosial", {"context": "Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\". The country has been quoted as being \"an extraordinarily decentralized country\", with the central government accounting for just 18% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system. The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that, in many respects, Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "unitary state"}], "question": "What type of state is Spain?", "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da200"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "unitary state with a high level of decentralisation, often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a \"federation without federalism\""}], "question": "What type of federalism system does Spain have?", "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da201"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "central government"}], "question": "What type of government does Spain have?", "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da202"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "8% of public spending, 38% for the regional governments, 13% for the local councils, and the remaining 31% for the social security system"}], "question": "What does Spain's government accounts for?", "id": "5728442e2ca10214002da203"}]}], ["Filipina adalah negara kesatuan dengan beberapa kuasa yang diserahkan kepada Unit Kerajaan Tempatan (LGUs) di bawah syarat-syarat Kod Kerajaan Tempatan. Terdapat juga satu wilayah autonomi, Wilayah Autonomi Islam Mindanao. Selama bertahun-tahun pelbagai pengubahsuaian telah dicadangkan kepada Perlembagaan Filipina, termasuk kemungkinan peralihan kepada sistem persekutuan sebagai sebahagian daripada peralihan kepada sistem parlimen. Pada tahun 2004, Presiden Filipina Gloria Macapagal Arroyo telah menubuhkan Suruhanjaya Perundingan yang mencadangkan perubahan Piagam tetapi tiada tindakan diambil oleh Kongres Filipina untuk meminda Perlembagaan 1987. <> Jenis negara apakah Filipina? || negara kesatuan <> Apakah jenis kuasa yang ada di Filipina? || sesetengah kuasa yang diserahkan kepada Unit Kerajaan Tempatan (LGU) di bawah terma Kod Kerajaan Tempatan <> Apakah jenis pengubahsuaian yang telah ditambah kepada Perlembagaan Filipina? || kemungkinan peralihan kepada sistem persekutuan sebagai sebahagian daripada peralihan kepada sistem parlimen. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh Presiden Gloria Macapagal Arroyo? || Suruhanjaya Perundingan", {"context": "The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code. There is also one autonomous region, the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao. Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines, including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system. In 2004, Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "unitary state"}], "question": "What type of state is the Philippines?", "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "some powers devolved to Local Government Units (LGUs) under the terms of the Local Government Code"}], "question": "What types of powers does the Philippines have?", "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a parliamentary system."}], "question": "What type of modifications been added to the Philippines Constitution? ", "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "the Consultative Commission"}], "question": "What did President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo establish?", "id": "572842e03acd2414000df7fe"}]}], ["Pada zaman moden, proses penyebaran di United Kingdom telah berkuasa mendesah sekali lagi. Sejak referendum tahun 1997 di Scotland dan Wales dan Perjanjian Baik Jumaat di Ireland Utara, tiga daripada empat negara konstituen di UK kini mempunyai beberapa tahap autonomi. Kerajaan telah diserahkan kepada Parlimen Scotland, Dewan Negara untuk Wales dan Perhimpunan Ireland Utara. England tidak mempunyai parlimen dan hal ehwal Inggeris terus diputuskan oleh Parlimen Westminster. Pada tahun 1998 satu set lapan perhimpunan serantau yang tidak dipilih, atau dewan, telah diwujudkan untuk menyokong Agensi Pembangunan Serantau Inggeris, tetapi ini dimansuhkan antara 2008 dan 2010. Kawasan-kawasan England terus digunakan dalam fungsi pentadbiran kerajaan tertentu. <> Apakah proses penyebaran di UK lakukan? || kuasa terpencil sekali lagi <> Apa yang berlaku sejak tahun 1997? || referendum di Scotland dan Wales dan Perjanjian Baik Jumaat di Ireland Utara <> Adakah England mempunyai Parlimen sendiri? || England tidak mempunyai parlimen dan hal ehwal Bahasa Inggeris terus diputuskan oleh Parlimen Westminster <> Apa rantau England terus digunakan? || fungsi pentadbiran kerajaan tertentu", {"context": "In modern times, a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again. Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland, three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy. Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly. England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament. In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies, or chambers, was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies, but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010. The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "decentralised power once again"}], "question": "What has the process of devolution in the UK did?", "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da082"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 114, "text": "referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland"}], "question": "What happened since 1997?", "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da083"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 406, "text": "England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament"}], "question": "Does England have its own Parliament?", "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da084"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "certain governmental administrative functions"}], "question": "What does the region of England continue to use?", "id": "57284566ff5b5019007da085"}]}], ["United Kingdom secara tradisinya telah ditadbir sebagai negara kesatuan oleh Parlimen Westminster di London. Daripada mengguna pakai model persekutuan, UK telah bergantung kepada penyisihan secara beransur-ansur untuk mendesentralisasi kuasa politik. Devolution di UK bermula dengan Kerajaan Ireland Act 1914 yang memberikan pemerintahan rumah kepada Ireland sebagai negara penyusun bekas Kerajaan Great Britain dan Ireland. Berikutan pemisahan Ireland pada tahun 1921 yang menyaksikan penciptaan Negara Bebas Ireland yang berdaulat (yang akhirnya berkembang menjadi Republik Ireland yang moden), Ireland Utara mengekalkan kerajaannya yang terselamatkan melalui Parlimen Northern Ireland, satu-satunya bahagian UK mempunyai badan sedemikian pada masa ini. Badan ini digantung pada tahun 1972 dan Ireland Utara ditadbir oleh peraturan langsung dalam tempoh konflik yang dikenali sebagai The Troubles. <> Bagaimana Kerajaan Inggeris ditadbir? || negara kesatuan <> Daripada UK mengamalkan model federalis, apa yang mereka lakukan? || UK telah bergantung kepada devolusi secara beransur-ansur untuk mendesentralkan kuasa politik <> Bilakah pergeseran di UK bermula? || 1914 <> Apakah Akta Ireland 1914? || yang memberikan pemerintahan rumah kepada Ireland sebagai negara pengadil bekas United Kingdom dan Ireland <> Apakah Free State Ireland? || akhirnya berkembang menjadi Republik Ireland yang moden", {"context": "The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London. Instead of adopting a federal model, the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power. Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State (which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland), Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time. This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "unitary state"}], "question": "How has United Kingdom been governed?", "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da066"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power"}], "question": "Instead of the UK adopting the federalist model, what did they do?", "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da067"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "1914"}], "question": "When did devolution in the UK begin?", "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da068"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}], "question": "What is Ireland Act 1914?", "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da069"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 514, "text": "eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland"}], "question": "What is Irish Free State?", "id": "572844c5ff5b5019007da06a"}]}], ["Di hampir semua persekutuan, kerajaan pusat menikmati kuasa dasar luar dan pertahanan negara sebagai kuasa persekutuan yang eksklusif. Sekiranya ini bukan kes persekutuan tidak akan menjadi satu negara berdaulat, mengikut definisi PBB. Terutama, negeri-negeri Jerman mengekalkan hak untuk bertindak bagi pihak mereka sendiri di peringkat antarabangsa, suatu keadaan yang pada asalnya diberikan sebagai pertukaran untuk perjanjian Kerajaan Bavaria untuk bergabung dengan Empayar Jerman pada tahun 1871. Di luar ini pembahagian kuasa yang tepat berbeza dari satu bangsa yang lain. Perlembagaan Jerman dan Amerika Syarikat memperuntukkan bahawa semua kuasa yang tidak diberikan secara khusus kepada kerajaan persekutuan dikekalkan oleh negeri-negeri. Perlembagaan sesetengah negara seperti Kanada dan India, sebaliknya, mengatakan bahawa kuasa yang tidak diberikan secara eksplisit kepada kerajaan wilayah dikekalkan oleh kerajaan persekutuan. Sama seperti sistem Amerika Syarikat, Perlembagaan Australia memperuntukkan kepada kerajaan Persekutuan (Komanwel Australia) kuasa untuk membuat undang-undang mengenai perkara-perkara tertentu yang dianggap terlalu sukar bagi Negara untuk mengurus, supaya Negara-negara mengekalkan semua bidang tanggungjawab lain . Di bawah pembahagian kuasa Kesatuan Eropah dalam Perjanjian Lisbon, kuasa yang tidak semata-mata mempunyai kecekapan Eropah atau dikongsi antara EU dan negara sebagai kuasa serentak dikekalkan oleh negara-negara konstituen. <> Di hampir semua negara federalisme, kuasa pusat menikmati apa? || kuasa dasar luar dan pertahanan negara sebagai kuasa persekutuan eksklusif <> Mengikut definisi PBB, apakah federalisme? || persekutuan tidak akan menjadi satu negara berdaulat <> Apa Empayar Jerman? || Jerman mengekalkan hak untuk bertindak bagi pihak mereka sendiri di peringkat antarabangsa, <> Apakah perjanjian libson itu? || kuasa yang tidak semata-mata dari kompetensi Eropah atau dikongsi antara EU dan negara sebagai kuasa serentak dikekalkan oleh negara-negara konstituen.", {"context": "In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers. Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state, per the UN definition. Notably, the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level, a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871. Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another. The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states. The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India, on the other hand, state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government. Much like the US system, the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government (the Commonwealth of Australia) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage, so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility. Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty, powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers"}], "question": "In nearly all federalism countries, central powers enjoy what?", "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "federation would not be a single sovereign state"}], "question": "Per the UN definition, what is federalism?", "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 256, "text": "Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level,"}], "question": "What is the German Empire?", "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1243, "text": "powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states."}], "question": "What is the libson treaty?", "id": "5728498d3acd2414000df8a4"}]}]], [["Kemudian orang Islam menyerbu Sepanyol (711), tetapi orang-orang Arab dan Moors tidak pernah mempunyai kawalan nyata terhadap Galicia, yang kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam Kerajaan Kristiani Asturias yang berkembang, yang biasanya dikenali sebagai Gallaecia atau Galicia (Yill\u012bqiya dan Gal\u012bsiya) oleh Chroniclers Islam , dan juga oleh ramai orang sezaman Eropah. Era ini menggabungkan Galicia sebagai masyarakat Kristian yang bercakap bahasa Romance. Semasa abad ke-15 orang-orang bangsawan Galicia mengambil Portugal utara, menakluk Coimbra pada tahun 871, sehingga membebaskan apa yang dianggap sebagai kota paling selatan di selatan Galicia. <> Walaupun orang Islam tidak dapat mengawal sepenuhnya Galicia, bilamana mereka menyerang Sepanyol? || 711 <> Kerajaan mana yang Galicia kemudian menjadi sebahagian daripada? || Asturias <> Akibatnya, apa yang menjadi agama masyarakat Galicia? || Kristian <> Galicia kuno menguasai bandar mana di utara Portugal? || Coimbra", {"context": "Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yill\u012bqiya and Gal\u012bsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "711"}], "question": "Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?", "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Asturias"}], "question": "Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?", "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Christian"}], "question": "As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?", "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Coimbra"}], "question": "Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?", "id": "5727b0db2ca10214002d93f1"}]}], ["Gallaeci tinggal di castros. Ini biasanya adalah benteng-benteng yang melingkar, dengan satu atau lebih tembok-tembok sepusat atau batu-batu berbentuk konsentris, dengan parit di depan setiap satu. Mereka sering terdapat di bukit, atau di tebing pantai dan semenanjung. Beberapa castros yang terkenal boleh ditemui, di tepi pantai, di Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baro\u00f1a dan O Neix\u00f3n, dan pedalaman di San Cibrao de L\u00e1s, Borneiro, Castromao, dan Viladonga. Beberapa ciri khas yang lain, seperti kuil, mandian, takungan, patung pahlawan dan ukiran hiasan telah dikaitkan dengan budaya ini, bersama dengan tradisi emas dan logam yang kaya. <> Apakah kubu-kubu yang dipanggil Gallaeci? || castros <> Di manakah benteng-benteng ini biasanya dibina? || bukit <> Di manakah tempat dimana salah satu daripada kubu pedalaman dapat dijumpai? || Borneiro <> Patung-patung telah dibuat di mana rupanya? || pahlawan", {"context": "Gallaeci lived in castros. These were usually annular forts, with one or more concentric earthen or stony walls, with a trench in front of each one. They were frequently located at hills, or in seashore cliffs and peninsulas. Some well known castros can be found, in the seashore, at Fazouro, Santa Tegra, Baro\u00f1a and O Neix\u00f3n, and inland at San Cibrao de L\u00e1s, Borneiro, Castromao, and Viladonga. Some other distinctive features, such as temples, baths, reservoirs, warrior statues and decorative carvings have been found associated to this culture, together with rich gold and metalworking traditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "castros"}], "question": "What were the forts that the Gallaeci lived in called?", "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a06"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "hills"}], "question": "Where were these forts commonly built?", "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a07"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "Borneiro"}], "question": "Where is one place where one of the inland forts can be found?", "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 465, "text": "warrior"}], "question": "Statues have been made in whose likeness?", "id": "5727abe34b864d1900163a09"}]}], ["Budaya Castro ('Kebudayaan Kastil') dibangunkan semasa Zaman Besi, dan berkembang pada separuh kedua milenium pertama SM. Ia biasanya dianggap evolusi setempat Zaman Gangsa Atlantik, dengan perkembangan dan pengaruh kemudian dan bertindih ke era Rom. Secara geografi, ia sepadan dengan orang-orang Rom yang dipanggil Gallaeci, yang terdiri daripada siri besar bangsa atau suku, di antaranya Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones dan Lemavi. Mereka adalah pejuang yang mampu: Strabo menggambarkan mereka sebagai musuh paling sukar yang ditemui oleh orang Roma dalam menaklukkan Lusitania, sementara Appian menyebut semangat perang mereka, sambil menyatakan bahawa wanita-wanita itu membawa senjata mereka berdampingan dengan lelaki mereka, sering memilih kematian untuk ditawan. Menurut Pomponius Mela semua penduduk di kawasan pantai adalah orang Celtic. <> Apa arti nama budaya Castro? || Kebudayaan Kastil <> Bilakah budaya Castro berkembang? || separuh kedua milenium pertama BC. <> Siapa yang menyebut \"semangat berperang\" dalam bahasa Ibrani kuno? || Appian <> Siapa yang menggambarkan orang yang tinggal di pantai sebagai \"Celtic\"? || Pomponius Mela", {"context": "The Castro culture ('Culture of the Castles') developed during the Iron Age, and flourished during the second half of the first millennium BC. It is usually considered a local evolution of the Atlantic Bronze Age, with later developments and influences and overlapping into the Roman era. Geographically, it corresponds to the people Roman called Gallaeci, which were composed by a large series of nations or tribes, among them the Artabri, Bracari, Limici, Celtici, Albiones and Lemavi. They were capable fighters: Strabo described them as the most difficult foes the Romans encountered in conquering Lusitania, while Appian mentions their warlike spirit, noting that the women bore their weapons side by side with their men, frequently preferring death to captivity. According to Pomponius Mela all the inhabitants of the coastal areas were Celtic people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Culture of the Castles"}], "question": "What does the Castro culture's name mean?", "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 103, "text": "second half of the first millennium BC."}], "question": "When did the Castro culture flourish?", "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 619, "text": "Appian"}], "question": "Who mentioned the ancient Galician's \"warlike spirit\"?", "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 782, "text": "Pomponius Mela"}], "question": "Who was it that described people living on the coast as \"Celtic\"?", "id": "5727aa364b864d19001639ef"}]}], ["Walaupun etimologi nama itu telah dipelajari sejak abad ke-7 oleh para penulis seperti Isidore dari Seville - yang menulis bahawa \"Ahli Galicia dipanggil demikian, kerana kulitnya yang adil, seperti Gaul\", yang mengaitkan nama itu dengan kata Yunani untuk susu- , kini para sarjana memperoleh nama Callaeci purba sama ada dari bukit Proto-Indo-Eropah * kal-n-eH2 ', melalui akhiran relasi tempatan -aitu-, maksudnya' bukit (orang) '; atau dari Proto-Celtic * kall\u012b- 'hutan', maksudnya 'hutan (orang)'. Walau bagaimanapun, Galicia, yang berasal dari bahasa etnik Kallaik\u00f3i, bermaksud \"tanah Galician\". <> Penulis mana yang menulis bahawa \"Ahli Galicia disebut demikian, kerana kulit yang adil, seperti Gaul\"? || Isidore <> Yang namanya asal etnis berasal dari \"Galicia\"? || Kallaik\u00f3i <> Apa artinya nama Galicia? || tanah orang Galatia", {"context": "Although the etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century by authors like Isidore of Seville \u2014who wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\", relating the name to the Greek word for milk\u2014, currently scholars derive the name of the ancient Callaeci either from Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH2 'hill', through a local relational suffix -aik-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or either from Proto-Celtic *kall\u012b- 'forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In any case, Galicia, being per se a derivation of the ethnic name Kallaik\u00f3i, would mean 'the land of the Galicians'.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Isidore"}], "question": "Which author wrote that \"Galicians are called so, because of their fair skin, as the Gauls\"?", "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163990"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "Kallaik\u00f3i"}], "question": "Which original ethnic name is \"Galicia\" derived from?", "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163991"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 594, "text": "the land of the Galicians"}], "question": "What does Galicia's name mean?", "id": "5727a7714b864d1900163992"}]}], ["Galicia (bahasa Inggeris: Galicia dan Portugis: Galiza, [\u0261ali\u03b8a] (mendengar), [ \u0127ali\u03b8a] atau [\u0127alisa]) adalah komuniti autonomi Sepanyol dan kewarganegaraan bersejarah di bawah undang-undang Sepanyol. Terletak di Utara-Barat Semenanjung Iberia, ia terdiri daripada wilayah-wilayah A Coru\u00f1a, Lugo, Ourense dan Pontevedra, yang bersempadan dengan Portugal di selatan, komuniti otonomi Sepanyol Castile dan Le\u00f3n dan Asturias di timur, dan Atlantik Lautan di barat dan utara. Ia mempunyai populasi 2,765,940 pada tahun 2013 dan mempunyai keluasan 29,574 km2 (11,419 meter persegi). Galicia mempunyai lebih daripada 1,660 km (1,030 mi) garis pantai, termasuk pulau-pulau dan pulau-pulau luar pesisirnya, diantaranya Kepulauan C\u00edes, Ons, S\u00e1lvora, Cortegada, dan-yang paling banyak dan paling ramai penduduk-A Illa de Arousa. <> Negara manakah di Galicia? || Sepanyol <> Di mana lokasi geografinya? || North-West Semenanjung Iberia <> Tubuh besar mana yang menghalang perbatasan Galicia? || Lautan Atlantik <> Apakah pulau terbesarnya? || Arousa", {"context": "Galicia (English i/\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026asi\u0259/, /\u0261\u0259\u02c8l\u026a\u0283\u0259/; Galician: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8ja], or [\u0127a\u02c8lisja]; Spanish: [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8ja]; Galician and Portuguese: Galiza, [\u0261a\u02c8li\u03b8a] ( listen), [\u0127a\u02c8li\u03b8a] or [\u0127a\u02c8lisa]) is an autonomous community of Spain and historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the North-West of the Iberian Peninsula, it comprises the provinces of A Coru\u00f1a, Lugo, Ourense and Pontevedra, being bordered by Portugal to the south, the Spanish autonomous communities of Castile and Le\u00f3n and Asturias to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the north. It had a population of 2,765,940 in 2013 and has a total area of 29,574 km2 (11,419 sq mi). Galicia has over 1,660 km (1,030 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands and islets, among them C\u00edes Islands, Ons, S\u00e1lvora, Cortegada, and\u2014the largest and most populated\u2014A Illa de Arousa.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "Spain"}], "question": "Which country is Galicia in?", "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 294, "text": "North-West of the Iberian Peninsula"}], "question": "Where is its geographic location?", "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Atlantic Ocean"}], "question": "Which large body of water does Galicia border?", "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 854, "text": "Arousa"}], "question": "What is its largest island?", "id": "5727a5a64b864d190016394d"}]}], ["Pengesahan tertua kehadiran manusia di Galicia telah dijumpai di Gua Eiros, di perbandaran Triacastela, yang telah mengekalkan hewan tetap dan objek batu Neanderthal dari Paleolitik Tengah. Budaya terawal yang telah meninggalkan kesan seni bina yang signifikan adalah budaya megalitik yang berkembang di sepanjang pantai barat Eropah semasa era Neolitik dan Calcolithic. Ribuan Megalithic tumuli diagihkan di seluruh negara, tetapi kebanyakannya di sepanjang kawasan pesisir. Dalam setiap tumulus adalah ruang pengebumian batu yang dikenal secara tempatan sebagai anta (dolmen), sering didahului oleh koridor. Galicia kemudiannya dipengaruhi sepenuhnya oleh budaya Bell Beaker. Walaupun deposit mineralnya yang kaya - bijih timah dan emas - membawa kepada pembangunan Metalurgi Usia Perunggu, dan perdagangan barang-barang gangsa dan emas sepanjang pesisir Atlantik di Eropah Barat, di mana kebudayaan elit bersama berkembang semasa Zaman Gangsa Atlantik. <> Di manakah di Galicia terdapat bukti tertua manusia? || Gua Eir\u00f3s <> Perbandaran mana yang ini? || Triacastela <> Apakah budaya tertua yang strukturnya telah dijumpai? || Megalithic <> Yang dua mineral yang terdapat di Galicia banyak digunakan semasa Zaman Gangsa? || timah dan emas", {"context": "The oldest attestation of human presence in Galicia has been found in the Eir\u00f3s Cave, in the municipality of Triacastela, which has preserved animal remains and Neanderthal stone objects from the Middle Paleolithic. The earliest culture to have left significant architectural traces is the Megalithic culture which expanded along the western European coasts during the Neolithic and Calcolithic eras. Thousands of Megalithic tumuli are distributed throughout the country, but mostly along the coastal areas. Within each tumulus is a stone burial chamber known locally as anta (dolmen), frequently preceded by a corridor. Galicia was later fully affected by the Bell Beaker culture. While its rich mineral deposits - tin and gold - led to the development of Bronze Age metallurgy, and to the commerce of bronze and gold items all along the Atlantic fa\u00e7ade of Western Europe, where a common elite's culture evolved during the Atlantic Bronze Age.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Eir\u00f3s Cave"}], "question": "Where in Galicia has the oldest evidence of humans been found?", "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "Triacastela"}], "question": "Which municipality is this in?", "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "Megalithic"}], "question": "What is the oldest culture whose structures have been found?", "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 716, "text": "tin and gold"}], "question": "Which two minerals found in abundance in Galicia were used during Bronze Age?", "id": "5727a97b4b864d19001639d7"}]}], ["Legiun Rom pertama kali memasuki kawasan itu di bawah Decimus Junius Brutus pada 137-136 SM, tetapi negara ini hanya dimasukkan ke dalam Empayar Rom pada zaman Augustus (29 SM - 19 SM). Orang-orang Rom berminat dengan Galicia terutamanya untuk sumber mineralnya, terutama emas. Di bawah pemerintahan Rom, sebahagian besar bukit di Galicia bermula - kadang-kadang dipaksa - ditinggalkan, dan Gallaeci sering berkhidmat di tentera Rom sebagai tentera pembantu. Roma membawa teknologi baru, laluan perjalanan baru, bentuk baru harta penganjur, dan bahasa baru; latin. Empayar Rom menubuhkan kendalinya di Galicia melalui kubu (castra) sebagai Aquis Querquennis, kem Ciadella atau Lucus Augusti (Lugo), jalan raya (viae) dan monumen sebagai rumah api yang dikenali sebagai Menara Hercules, di Corunna, tetapi keterpencilan dan minat yang kurang negara sejak abad ke-2 zaman kita, ketika lombong-lombong emas berhenti menjadi produktif, membawa kepada tahap Romanisasi yang lebih rendah. Pada abad ke-3 ia dibuat sebuah wilayah, di bawah nama Gallaecia, yang termasuk juga utara Portugal, Asturias, dan sebahagian besar dari apa yang kini dikenali sebagai Castile dan Le\u00f3n. <> Di manakah legiun Roman masuk ke Galicia? || Decimus Junius Brutus <> Galicia dimasukkan ke dalam Empayar Rom di bawah pemerintahannya? || Augustus <> Yang mineral yang ditemui di Galicia adalah orang-orang Rom yang berminat? || emas <> Bahasa manakah yang diperkenalkan oleh orang-orang Rom ke Galicia? || latin <> Orang-orang Rom menggunakan mana-mana rumah api yang terletak di Corunna sebagai sebahagian daripada usahanya untuk menubuhkan kawalan kawasan tersebut? || Menara Hercules", {"context": "The Roman legions first entered the area under Decimus Junius Brutus in 137\u2013136 BC, but the country was only incorporated into the Roman Empire by the time of Augustus (29 BC \u2013 19 BC). The Romans were interested in Galicia mainly for its mineral resources, most notably gold. Under Roman rule, most Galician hillforts began to be \u2013 sometimes forcibly \u2013 abandoned, and Gallaeci served frequently in the Roman army as auxiliary troops. Romans brought new technologies, new travel routes, new forms of organizing property, and a new language; latin. The Roman Empire established its control over Galicia through camps (castra) as Aquis Querquennis, Ciadella camp or Lucus Augusti (Lugo), roads (viae) and monuments as the lighthouse known as Tower of Hercules, in Corunna, but the remoteness and lesser interest of the country since the 2nd century of our era, when the gold mines stopped being productive, led to a lesser degree of Romanization. In the 3rd century it was made a province, under the name Gallaecia, which included also northern Portugal, Asturias, and a large section of what today is known as Castile and Le\u00f3n.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Decimus Junius Brutus"}], "question": "Under whom did Roman legions first enter Galicia?", "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "Augustus"}], "question": "Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire under whose rule?", "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "gold"}], "question": "Which mineral found in Galicia were the Romans interested in?", "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "latin"}], "question": "Which language did the Romans introduce to Galicia?", "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93f9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 739, "text": "Tower of Hercules"}], "question": "The Romans used which lighthouse located in Corunna as part of its effort to establish control the area?", "id": "5727b0de2ca10214002d93fa"}]}], ["Nama itu berkembang pada zaman pertengahan dari Gallaecia, kadang-kadang ditulis Galletia, ke Gallicia. Pada abad ke-13, dengan kemunculan tulisan bahasa Galician, Galiza menjadi bentuk tulisan yang paling biasa dari nama negara itu, yang digantikan pada abad ke-15 dan ke-16 oleh bentuk sekarang, Galicia, yang bertepatan dengan nama Sepanyol Castilian . The denominasi sejarah Galiza menjadi popular sekali lagi pada akhir abad ke-19 dan tiga-pertengahan pertama abad ke-20, yang masih digunakan dengan kekerapan hari ini, walaupun bukan oleh Xunta de Galicia, kerajaan yang setia. Akademi Galician Diraja, institusi yang bertanggungjawab mengawal bahasa Galicia, sambil mengiktirafnya sebagai nama semasa yang sah, telah menyatakan bahawa satu-satunya nama rasmi negara ialah Galicia. <> Apakah satu variasi nama Gallicia yang digunakan semasa Abad Pertengahan? || Galletia <> Yang ejaan mana yang paling biasa ejaan pada abad ke-13? || Galiza <> Bilakah ia mendapat ejaan moden? || Abad ke-15 dan ke-16 <> Apakah nama kerajaan tempatan? || Xunta de Galicia <> Kumpulan mana yang mengawal bahasa Galicia? || Akademi Diraja Galicia", {"context": "The name evolved during the Middle Ages from Gallaecia, sometimes written Galletia, to Gallicia. In the 13th century, with the written emergence of the Galician language, Galiza became the most usual written form of the name of the country, being replaced during the 15th and 16th centuries by the current form, Galicia, which coincides with the Castilian Spanish name. The historical denomination Galiza became popular again during the end of the 19th and the first three-quarters of the 20th century, being still used with some frequency today, although not by the Xunta de Galicia, the local devolved government. The Royal Galician Academy, the institution responsible for regulating the Galician language, whilst recognizing it as a legitimate current denomination, has stated that the only official name of the country is Galicia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "Galletia"}], "question": "What is one variation of Gallicia's name used during the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Galiza"}], "question": "Which spelling was the most common spelling during the 13th century?", "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "15th and 16th centuries"}], "question": "When did it get its modern spelling?", "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Xunta de Galicia"}], "question": "What is the name of the local government?", "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "The Royal Galician Academy"}], "question": "Which group regulates the Galician language?", "id": "5727a76e2ca10214002d92f8"}]}], ["Pedalaman Galicia dicirikan oleh lanskap berbukit, walaupun rentang gunung naik hingga 2,000 m (6,600 kaki) di timur dan selatan. Kawasan pesisiran pantai kebanyakannya merupakan siri alternatif rias (lembah yang terendam di mana laut menembusi puluhan kilometer di pedalaman) dan tebing. Iklim Galicia adalah sederhana dan hujan, tetapi ia juga menjadi kering di musim panas, biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai Oceanic di barat dan utara, dan Mediterranean di tenggara. Keadaan topografi dan iklimnya telah menjadikan penternakan haiwan dan menanam sumber utama kekayaan Galicia untuk kebanyakan sejarahnya. Dengan pengecualian pembinaan kapal dan pemprosesan makanan, Galicia sebahagian besarnya merupakan pertanian perladangan dan perikanan semi-subsisten dan tidak mengalami perindustrian yang signifikan sehingga selepas pertengahan abad ke-20. Pada tahun 2012, produk domestik kasar pada pariti kuasa beli adalah \u20ac 56,000 juta, dengan KDNK nominal per kapita \u20ac 20,700. Penduduknya tertumpu di dua kawasan pesisir: dari Ferrol ke A Coru\u00f1a di barat laut dan dari Pontevedra ke Vigo di barat daya. Setakat yang lebih sedikit, ada populasi yang lebih kecil di sekitar bandar pedalaman Lugo, Ourense dan Santiago de Compostela. Ibukota politik adalah Santiago de Compostela, di wilayah A Coru\u00f1a. Vigo, di wilayah Pontevedra, adalah perbandaran paling ramai penduduk dengan 294,997 (2014), manakala A Coru\u00f1a adalah bandar paling ramai penduduk dengan 215.227 (2014). <> Berapa tinggi gunung Galicia naik? || 2,000 m (6,600 kaki) <> Apa yang telah menjadi dua sumber kekayaan utama? || penternakan dan penternakan <> Nama kawasan pantai barat laut. || Ferrol ke A Coru\u00f1a <> Nama modal politiknya. || Santiago de Compostela <> Wilayah manakah ibu kota ini? || A Coru\u00f1a", {"context": "The interior of Galicia is characterized by its hilly landscape, although mountain ranges rise to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the east and south. The coastal areas are mostly an alternate series of r\u00edas (submerged valleys where the sea penetrates tens of kilometres inland) and cliffs. The climate of Galicia is temperate and rainy, but it is also markedly drier in the summer, being usually classified as Oceanic in the west and north, and Mediterranean in the southeast. Its topographic and climatic conditions have made animal husbandry and farming the primary source of Galicia's wealth for most of its history. With the exception of shipbuilding and food processing, Galicia was largely a semi-subsistence farming and fishing economy and did not experience significant industrialization until after the mid-20th century. In 2012, the gross domestic product at purchasing power parity was \u20ac56,000 million, with a nominal GDP per capita of \u20ac20,700. The population is largely concentrated in two coastal areas: from Ferrol to A Coru\u00f1a in the northwest and from Pontevedra to Vigo in the southwest. To a lesser extent, there are smaller populations around the interior cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago de Compostela. The political capital is Santiago de Compostela, in the province of A Coru\u00f1a. Vigo, in the province of Pontevedra, is the most populous municipality with 294,997 (2014), while A Coru\u00f1a is the most populous city with 215.227 (2014).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "2,000 m (6,600 ft)"}], "question": "How high does Galicia's mountain ranges rise?", "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163952"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 517, "text": "animal husbandry and farming"}], "question": "What have been its two primary sources of wealth?", "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163953"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1012, "text": "Ferrol to A Coru\u00f1a"}], "question": "Name its northwestern coastal area.", "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163954"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1241, "text": "Santiago de Compostela"}], "question": "Name its political capital.", "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163955"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1284, "text": "A Coru\u00f1a"}], "question": "Which province is this capital in?", "id": "5727a5aa4b864d1900163956"}]}], ["Kawasan yang sekarang disebut Galicia adalah yang pertama dihuni oleh manusia semasa zaman Paleolitik Tengah, dan ia mengambil namanya dari Gallaeci, orang-orang Celtic yang tinggal di utara sungai Douro pada milenium terakhir SM, di wilayah yang secara kebetulan kebetulan dengan Besi Umur budaya Castro tempatan. Galicia dimasukkan ke dalam Empayar Rom pada akhir Perang Cantabria pada 19 SM, yang menjadi wilayah Rom pada abad ke-3 Masihi. Pada 410, Suebi Jerman menubuhkan sebuah kerajaan dengan modalnya di Braga (Portugal) yang dimasukkan ke dalam Visigoths pada tahun 585. Pada tahun 711, orang Arab menyerang Semenanjung Iberia, mengambil kerajaan Visigoth, tetapi tidak lama kemudian di 740 Galicia diperbadankan ke dalam kerajaan Kristian Asturias. Semasa Zaman Pertengahan, kerajaan Galicia kadang-kadang dikuasai oleh raja-raja sendiri, tetapi kebanyakannya ia dipertanggungjawabkan kepada kerajaan Leon dan kemudian kepada Castile, sambil mengekalkan amalan dan keperibadiannya sendiri dan adat. Dari abad ke-13, raja-raja Castile, sebagai raja Galicia, melantik Adiantado-m\u00f3r, yang mengaitkannya dengan Gabenor dan Kapten Jeneral Kerajaan Galiza dari tahun-tahun terakhir abad ke-15. Gabenor juga mengetuai audien sebenar Reino de Galicia, sebuah tribunal diraja dan badan pemerintah. Dari abad ke-16, perwakilan dan suara kerajaan dipegang oleh perhimpunan timbalan dan wakil-wakil kerajaan-kerajaan kerajaan, Cortes atau Junta Kerajaan Galicia, suatu institusi yang secara paksa dihentikan pada tahun 1833 ketika kerajaan itu dibahagikan kepada empat wilayah pentadbiran tanpa hubungan yang sah. Dalam abad ke-19 dan ke-20, permintaan meningkat untuk pemerintahan sendiri dan pengiktirafan keperibadian Galicia, tuntutan yang membawa kepada Statut Autonomi yang kecewa pada tahun 1936, dan kepada Statuta Autonomi 1981, yang kini berkuatkuasa. <> Semasa tempoh mana manusia mula mendiami Galicia? || Paleolitik Tengah <> Dari manakah namanya berasal? || Gallaeci, orang-orang Celtic <> Yang empayar berpaling Galicia ke salah satu wilayahnya pada abad ke-3 AD? || Empayar Rom <> Apa nama dewan wakil yang bermula pada abad ke-16? || The Cortes or Junta <> Tahun mana yang menjadi undang-undang Autonomi semasa yang digubal? || 1981", {"context": "The area now called Galicia was first inhabited by humans during the Middle Paleolithic period, and it takes its name from the Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples living north of the Douro river during the last millennium BC, in a region largely coincidental with that of the Iron Age local Castro culture. Galicia was incorporated into the Roman Empire at the end of the Cantabrian Wars in 19 BC, being turned into a Roman province in the 3rd century AD. In 410, the Germanic Suebi established a kingdom with its capital in Braga (Portugal) which was incorporated into that of the Visigoths in 585. In 711, the Arabs invaded the Iberian Peninsula, taking the Visigoth kingdom, but soon in 740 Galicia was incorporated into the Christian kingdom of Asturias. During the Middle Ages, the kingdom of Galicia was occasionally ruled by its own kings, but most of the time it was leagued to the kingdom of Leon and later to that of Castile, while maintaining its own legal and customary practices and personality. From the 13th century on, the kings of Castile, as kings of Galicia, appointed an Adiantado-m\u00f3r, whose attributions passed to the Governor and Captain General of the Kingdom of Galiza from the last years of the 15th century. The Governor also presided the Real Audiencia do Reino de Galicia, a royal tribunal and government body. From the 16th century, the representation and voice of the kingdom was held by an assembly of deputies and representatives of the cities of the kingdom, the Cortes or Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia, an institution which was forcibly discontinued in 1833 when the kingdom was divided into four administrative provinces with no legal mutual links. During the 19th and 20th centuries, demand grew for self-government and for the recognition of the personality of Galicia, a demand which led to the frustrated Statute of Autonomy of 1936, and to the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, currently in force.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Middle Paleolithic"}], "question": "During which period did humans first inhabit Galicia?", "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 127, "text": "Gallaeci, the Celtic peoples"}], "question": "Where does its name come from?", "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Roman Empire"}], "question": "Which empire turned Galicia into one of its provinces the 3rd century AD?", "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1485, "text": "the Cortes or Junta"}], "question": "What was the name of the assembly of representatives that began in the 16th century?", "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1902, "text": "1981"}], "question": "Which year was the current Statute of Autonomy enacted?", "id": "5727a5a82ca10214002d92ca"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-20 datang lagi ke arah politik nasionalis dengan Solidaridad Gallega (1907-1912) yang dimodelkan pada Solidaritat Catalana di Catalonia. Solidaridad Gallega gagal, tetapi pada tahun 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Persaudaraan Bahasa) berkembang pertama sebagai persatuan kebudayaan tetapi tidak lama lagi sebagai gerakan nasionalis yang penuh sesak. Vicente Risco dan Ram\u00f3n Otero Pedrayo adalah tokoh kebudayaan yang luar biasa dalam pergerakan ini, dan majalah N\u00f3s ('Us'), mendirikan 1920, institusi kebudayaan yang paling terkenal, Lois Pe\u00f1a Novo, tokoh politik yang cemerlang. <> Pergerakan nasionalis mana yang timbul pada awal abad ke-20? || Solidaridad Gallega <> Yang pergerakan lain yang dimodelkan selepas itu? || Solidaritat Catalana <> Kumpulan politik mana yang timbul pada tahun 1916? || Irmandades da Fala <> Majalah manakah yang menyokong nasionalisme Galician? || Bukan", {"context": "In the early 20th century came another turn toward nationalist politics with Solidaridad Gallega (1907\u20131912) modeled on Solidaritat Catalana in Catalonia. Solidaridad Gallega failed, but in 1916 Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhood of the Language) developed first as a cultural association but soon as a full-blown nationalist movement. Vicente Risco and Ram\u00f3n Otero Pedrayo were outstanding cultural figures of this movement, and the magazine N\u00f3s ('Us'), founded 1920, its most notable cultural institution, Lois Pe\u00f1a Novo the outstanding political figure.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "Solidaridad Gallega"}], "question": "Which nationalist movement arose in the early 20th century?", "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Solidaritat Catalana"}], "question": "Which other movement was it modeled after?", "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "Irmandades da Fala"}], "question": "Which political group arose in 1916?", "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "N\u00f3s"}], "question": "Which magazine advocated for Galician nationalism?", "id": "5727c2564b864d1900163c9f"}]}], ["Tempoh moden kerajaan Galicia bermula dengan pembunuhan atau kekalahan beberapa pemimpin Galicia yang paling kuat, seperti Pedro \u00c1lvarez de Sotomayor, yang dipanggil Pedro Madruga, dan Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, di tangan pasukan Castilian yang dikirim ke Galicia antara tahun 1480 dan 1486. Isabella I of Castile, dianggap sebagai pengunjuk rasa oleh banyak bangsawan Galicia, membasmi semua tentangan bersenjata dan secara muktamad menubuhkan kuasa raja monarki kerajaan Castilian. Takut kepada pemberontakan umum, raja memerintahkan untuk mengusir para tuan-tuan hebat seperti Pedro de Bola\u00f1o, Diego de Andrade atau Lope S\u00e1nchez de Moscoso, antara lain. <> Pasukan Castillan menyerang Galicia antara tahun mana? || 1480 dan 1486 <> Yang mana tuan-tuan Galicia yang kuat yang mereka bunuh? || Pedro Madruga, dan Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio <> Yang penguasa Castillan kemudian menggabungkan kawalan ke atas Galicia? || Isabella I", {"context": "The modern period of the kingdom of Galicia began with the murder or defeat of some of the most powerful Galician lords, such as Pedro \u00c1lvarez de Sotomayor, called Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio, at the hands of the Castilian armies sent to Galicia between the years 1480 and 1486. Isabella I of Castile, considered a usurper by many Galician nobles, eradicated all armed resistance and definitively established the royal power of the Castilian monarchy. Fearing a general revolt, the monarchs ordered the banishing of the rest of the great lords like Pedro de Bola\u00f1o, Diego de Andrade or Lope S\u00e1nchez de Moscoso, among others.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "1480 and 1486"}], "question": "Castillan armies invaded Galicia between which years?", "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Pedro Madruga, and Rodrigo Henriquez Osorio"}], "question": "Which powerful Galician lords did they murder?", "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Isabella I"}], "question": "Which Castillan ruler then consolidated control over Galicia?", "id": "5727b73b4b864d1900163b26"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile membahagikan alamnya kepada anak-anaknya, dan Kerajaan Galicia telah diberikan kepada Garcia II dari Galicia. Pada tahun 1072, ia dipaksa secara paksa oleh abang Garcia Alfonso VI dari Le\u00f3n; dari masa itu Galicia bersatu dengan Kerajaan Le\u00f3n di bawah raja-raja yang sama. Pada abad ke-13 Alfonso X dari Castile menyeragamkan bahasa Castilian dan menjadikannya bahasa mahkamah dan kerajaan. Walau bagaimanapun, dalam Kerajaan Galicia, bahasa Galicia adalah satu-satunya bahasa yang digunakan, dan yang paling banyak digunakan dalam kegunaan kerajaan dan perundangan, serta dalam kesusasteraan. <> Siapakah di 1063 yang memerintah Galicia kepada anaknya? || Ferdinand I <> Apa nama anak ini? || Garcia II <> Siapa saudara lelaki yang kemudiannya menguasai dirinya sendiri? || Alfonso VI <> Galicia kemudian menjadi sebahagian Kerajaan mana? || Kerajaan Le\u00f3n <> Siapa yang menyeragamkan Castillan dan menjadikannya bahasa rasmi kerajaan? || Alfonso X", {"context": "In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of Le\u00f3n under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Ferdinand I"}], "question": "Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?", "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9304"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 108, "text": "Garcia II"}], "question": "What was the name of this son?", "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9305"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 183, "text": "Alfonso VI"}], "question": "Who was the brother who later took control for himself?", "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9306"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Kingdom of Le\u00f3n"}], "question": "Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?", "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9307"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "Alfonso X"}], "question": "Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?", "id": "5727b460ff5b5019007d9308"}]}], ["Dari saat itu Galicia, yang mengambil bahagian dalam tahap kecil dalam perkembangan Amerika Empayar Spanyol, mendapati dirinya di pusat perang Atlantik yang berperang oleh Sepanyol melawan Perancis dan kuasa Protestan England dan Belanda, yang penyerangnya menyerang pantai kawasan, tetapi serangan besar tidak biasa kerana garis pantai sukar dan pelabuhan mudah dipertahankan. Serangan paling terkenal adalah di bandar Vigo oleh Sir Francis Drake pada tahun 1585 dan 1589, dan pengepungan A Coru\u00f1a pada tahun 1589 oleh Armada Inggeris. Galicia juga mengalami serangan hantu oleh Barbary, tetapi tidak sesering kawasan pantai Mediterranean. Serangan Barbary yang paling terkenal adalah karung berdarah bandar Cangas pada tahun 1617. Pada masa itu, petisyen raja untuk wang dan tentera menjadi lebih kerap, disebabkan keletihan manusia dan ekonomi Castile; Junta Kerajaan Galicia (Cortes tempatan atau dewan perwakilan) pada awalnya menerima permohonan ini, menaikkan jumlah wang yang banyak, menerima penjatahan orang-orang kerajaan, dan bahkan mengerahkan skuadron tentera laut baru yang dikekalkan dengan pendapatan Kerajaan itu. <> Di mana serangan Sir Francis Drake pada 1585 dan sekali lagi pada 1589? || Vigo <> Siapa yang menyerang Cangas pada tahun 1617? || Lanun Barbary", {"context": "From that moment Galicia, which participated to a minor extent in the American expansion of the Spanish Empire, found itself at the center of the Atlantic wars fought by Spain against the French and the Protestant powers of England and the Netherlands, whose privateers attacked the coastal areas, but major assaults were not common as the coastline was difficult and the harbors easily defended. The most famous assaults were upon the city of Vigo by Sir Francis Drake in 1585 and 1589, and the siege of A Coru\u00f1a in 1589 by the English Armada. Galicia also suffered occasional slave raids by Barbary pirates, but not as frequently as the Mediterranean coastal areas. The most famous Barbary attack was the bloody sack of the town of Cangas in 1617. At the time, the king's petitions for money and troops became more frequent, due to the human and economic exhaustion of Castile; the Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia (the local Cortes or representative assembly) was initially receptive to these petitions, raising large sums, accepting the conscription of the men of the kingdom, and even commissioning a new naval squadron which was sustained with the incomes of the Kingdom.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "Vigo"}], "question": "Where did Sir Francis Drake attack in 1585 and again in 1589?", "id": "5727bfe94b864d1900163c70"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Barbary pirates"}], "question": "Who attacked Cangas in 1617?", "id": "5727bfe94b864d1900163c71"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-9, kebangkitan kultus Rasul Yakobus di Santiago de Compostela memberikan Galicia kepentingan simbolik tertentu di kalangan orang Kristian, pentingnya ia akan dipegang di seluruh Reconquista. Menjelang Abad Pertengahan, Santiago menjadi destinasi jemaah haji utama dan Way of Saint James (Cami\u00f1o de Santiago) sebagai jalan utama jemaah haji, laluan untuk penyebaran seni Romanesque dan kata-kata dan muzik para peniaga. Semasa abad ke-10 dan ke-11, zaman di mana bangsawan Galicia menjadi berkaitan dengan keluarga diraja, Galicia pada masa-masa dipimpin oleh raja-raja pribumi sendiri, sementara Vikings (yang dikenali sebagai Leodemanes atau Lordomanes) kadang-kadang menyerbu pantai. Menara Catoira (Pontevedra) dibina sebagai sistem kubu untuk menghalang dan menghentikan serangan Viking di Santiago de Compostela. <> Kultus mana yang timbul di Galicia pada abad ke-9? || Rasul James <> Di manakah kultus ini berpusat? || Santiago de Compostela <> Nama jalan yang menuju ke sana. || Jalan Saint James <> Apa yang disebut Galician Viking? || Leodemanes atau Lordomanes <> Untuk menghentikan orang-orang Viking dari menyerang, apa yang dibuat oleh orang Galicia sebagai sistem pertahanan? || Menara Catoira", {"context": "In the 9th century, the rise of the cult of the Apostle James in Santiago de Compostela gave Galicia a particular symbolic importance among Christians, an importance it would hold throughout the Reconquista. As the Middle Ages went on, Santiago became a major pilgrim destination and the Way of Saint James (Cami\u00f1o de Santiago) a major pilgrim road, a route for the propagation of Romanesque art and the words and music of the troubadors. During the 10th and 11th centuries, a period during which Galician nobility become related to the royal family, Galicia was at times headed by its own native kings, while Vikings (locally known as Leodemanes or Lordomanes) occasionally raided the coasts. The Towers of Catoira (Pontevedra) were built as a system of fortifications to prevent and stop the Viking raids on Santiago de Compostela.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "Apostle James"}], "question": "Which cult arose in Galicia during the 9th century?", "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 65, "text": "Santiago de Compostela"}], "question": "Where was this cult based in?", "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Way of Saint James"}], "question": "Name the road that lead there.", "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Leodemanes or Lordomanes"}], "question": "What did Galicians call the Vikings?", "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "Towers of Catoira"}], "question": "To stop the Vikings from raiding, what did the Galicians build as a defense system?", "id": "5727b23d3acd2414000dea05"}]}], ["Selepas pecah perang dengan Portugal dan Catalonia, Junta mengubah sikapnya, kali ini disebabkan keletihan Galicia, kini terlibat bukan hanya dalam operasi laut atau luar negeri, tetapi juga dalam peperangan yang melelahkan dengan Portugis, perang yang menghasilkan ribuan daripada mangsa dan pelarian dan sangat mengganggu ekonomi dan perdagangan tempatan. Oleh itu, pada separuh kedua abad ke-17 Junta sering menafikan atau banyak mengurangkan petisyen awal raja, dan walaupun ketegangan tidak naik ke tahap yang dialami di Portugal atau Catalonia, terdapat kerapian bandar yang sering dan beberapa suara bahkan meminta pengasingan Kerajaan Galicia. <> Perang berlaku di mana negara-negara lain? || Portugal dan Catalonia <> Bilakah junta Galician lebih sering berdiri untuk permintaan dari raja? || Separuh kedua abad ke-17 <> Dengan cara bagaimana ketegangan antara raja dan Galicia sama dengan peperangan ia berperang? || terdapat kerapuhan bandar yang kerap berlaku", {"context": "After the rupture of the wars with Portugal and Catalonia, the Junta changed its attitude, this time due to the exhaustion of Galicia, now involved not just in naval or oversea operations, but also in an exhausting war with the Portuguese, war which produced thousands of casualties and refugees and was heavily disturbing to the local economy and commerce. So, in the second half of the 17th century the Junta frequently denied or considerably reduced the initial petitions of the monarch, and though the tension didn't rise to the levels experienced in Portugal or Catalonia, there were frequent urban mutinies and some voices even asked for the secession of the Kingdom of Galicia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Portugal and Catalonia"}], "question": "War broke out with which other countries?", "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "second half of the 17th century"}], "question": "When did the Galician Junta more often stand up to requests from the monarch?", "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "there were frequent urban mutinies"}], "question": "In what way was the tension between the monarch and Galicia similar to the wars it was fighting?", "id": "5727c1123acd2414000debb7"}]}], ["Penubuhan Santa Hermandad pada tahun 1480, dan Audiencia del Reino de Galicia sebenar di 1500-sebuah tribunal dan badan eksekutif yang diarahkan oleh Gubernur-Kapten Jeneral sebagai wakil langsung Raja yang tersirat pada awalnya penyerahan Kerajaan kepada Mahkota, selepas satu abad rusuhan dan penyelewengan fiskal. Akibatnya, dari 1480 hingga 1520 Kerajaan Galicia menyumbangkan lebih daripada 10% daripada jumlah pendapatan Crown of Castille, termasuk Amerika, jauh dari kaitan ekonominya. Seperti seluruh Sepanyol, abad ke-16 ditandai dengan pertumbuhan penduduk sehingga 1580, apabila perang serentak dengan Belanda, Perancis dan England menghalang perdagangan Atlantik Galicia, yang sebahagian besarnya terdiri daripada pengeksportan sardin, kayu, dan beberapa lembu dan wain . <> Badan pemerintah mana yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1480? || Santa Hermandad <> Badan mana yang dibentuk pada tahun 1500? || Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia <> Berapa peratus jumlah pendapatan Castille adalah Galicia yang bertanggungjawab? || 10% <> Yang mana negara lain adalah Sepanyol yang berperang selama abad ke-16? || Belanda, Perancis dan England <> Walaupun peperangan ini, yang mana eksportnya perdagangan Galicia Atlantik terdiri daripada? || sardin, kayu, dan beberapa lembu dan wain", {"context": "The establishment of the Santa Hermandad in 1480, and of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia in 1500\u2014a tribunal and executive body directed by the Governor-Captain General as a direct representative of the King\u2014implied initially the submission of the Kingdom to the Crown, after a century of unrest and fiscal insubordination. As a result, from 1480 to 1520 the Kingdom of Galicia contributed more than 10% of the total earnings of the Crown of Castille, including the Americas, well over its economic relevance. Like the rest of Spain, the 16th century was marked by population growth up to 1580, when the simultaneous wars with the Netherlands, France and England hampered Galicia's Atlantic commerce, which consisted mostly in the exportation of sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "Santa Hermandad"}], "question": "Which government body was formed in 1480?", "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"}], "question": "Which body was formed in 1500?", "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "10%"}], "question": "What percentage of Castille's total earnings was Galicia responsible for?", "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 638, "text": "Netherlands, France and England"}], "question": "Which other countries was Spain at war with during the 16 century?", "id": "5727bb132ca10214002d94f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 753, "text": "sardines, wood, and some cattle and wine"}], "question": "In spite of these wars, which exports did Galicia's Atlantic trade consist of?", "id": "5727bb2a3acd2414000deacf"}]}], ["Pada awal abad ke-5, krisis yang mendalam yang dialami oleh Empayar Rom membenarkan puak-puak yang berlainan di Eropah Tengah (Suebi, Vandals dan Alani) untuk menyeberangi Rhine dan menembusi aturan pada 31 Disember 406. Kemajuannya ke Semenanjung Iberia memaksa Rom pihak berkuasa untuk membuat perjanjian (foedus) yang mana Suebi akan menyelesaikan secara damai dan memerintah Galicia sebagai sekutu imperial. Oleh itu, dari 409 Galicia diambil oleh Suebi, membentuk kerajaan abad pertengahan pertama yang akan diwujudkan di Eropah, pada tahun 411, sebelum kejatuhan Empayar Rom, yang juga merupakan kerajaan Jerman pertama untuk menghasilkan wang logam di tanah Rom. Dalam tempoh ini, jajahan Inggeris dan keuskupan (lihat Mailoc) ditubuhkan di Galicia Utara (Britonia), mungkin sebagai fahyadati dan sekutu Suebi. Pada tahun 585, Visigothic King Leovigild menyerang kerajaan Suebic Galicia dan mengalahkannya, menjadikannya di bawah kawalan Visigoth. <> Pada akhir tahun mana puak-puak Eropah Tengah menyerang Empayar Rom? || 406 <> Di mana puak-puak yang kemudiannya membuat perjanjian dengan Rom? || Suebi <> Apa nama koloni Inggeris yang ditubuhkan di Galicia Utara? || Britonia <> Yang raja Visigothic mengambil alih kawalan Galicia dari Suebi? || Leovigild <> Di mana tahun ini berlaku? || 585", {"context": "In the early 5th century, the deep crisis suffered by the Roman Empire allowed different tribes of Central Europe (Suebi, Vandals and Alani) to cross the Rhine and penetrate into the rule on 31 December 406. Its progress towards the Iberian Peninsula forced the Roman authorities to establish a treaty (foedus) by which the Suebi would settle peacefully and govern Galicia as imperial allies. So, from 409 Galicia was taken by the Suebi, forming the first medieval kingdom to be created in Europe, in 411, even before the fall of the Roman Empire, being also the first Germanic kingdom to mint coinage in Roman lands. During this period a Briton colony and bishopric (see Mailoc) was established in Northern Galicia (Britonia), probably as foederati and allies of the Suebi. In 585, the Visigothic King Leovigild invaded the Suebic kingdom of Galicia and defeated it, bringing it under Visigoth control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "406"}], "question": "At the end of which year did Central Europe tribes invade the Roman Empire?", "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a82"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Suebi"}], "question": "Which tribe did the Romans subsequently make a treaty with?", "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 717, "text": "Britonia"}], "question": "What was the name of the Briton colony formed in Northern Galicia?", "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Leovigild"}], "question": "Which Visigothic king took over control of Galicia from the Suebi?", "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 778, "text": "585"}], "question": "In which year did this happen?", "id": "5727b0de4b864d1900163a86"}]}], ["Galicia terhindar dari pertempuran yang paling buruk di dalam perang: ia adalah salah satu daerah di mana percubaan rampasan awal pada permulaan perang berjaya, dan ia kekal di tangan Nasionalis (tentera Franco) sepanjang perang. Walaupun tidak ada pertempuran yang ditekan, terdapat penindasan dan kematian: semua parti politik telah dihapuskan, begitu juga kesatuan buruh dan organisasi nasionalis Galicia sebagai Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Undang-undang autonomi Galicia telah dibatalkan (seperti juga orang-orang Catalonia dan wilayah Basque apabila mereka ditawan). Menurut Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez Santander, sekurang-kurangnya 4,200 orang terbunuh sama ada secara ekstremisial atau setelah percobaan ringkasan, di antaranya republikan, komunis, nasionalis, sosialis dan anarkis Galicia. Mangsa termasuk gabenor awam di semua empat wilayah Galicia; Juana Capdevielle, isteri gabenor A Coru\u00f1a; walikota seperti \u00c1nxel Casal dari Santiago de Compostela, Partido Galeguista; sosialis terkenal seperti Jaime Quintanilla di Ferrol dan Emilio Mart\u00ednez Garrido di Vigo; Timbalan Presiden Popular Antonio Bilbat\u00faa, Jos\u00e9 Mi\u00f1ones, D\u00edaz Villamil, Ignacio Seoane, dan bekas timbalan Heraclio Botana); askar yang tidak menyertai pemberontakan, seperti Jenderal Rogelio Caridad Pita dan Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo dan Laksamana Antonio Azarola; dan pengasas PG, Alexandre B\u00f3veda dan V\u00edctor Casas, serta profesional lain yang serupa dengan republikan dan nasionalis, sebagai wartawan Manuel Lustres Rivas atau doktor Luis Poza Pastrana. Ramai yang lain terpaksa melarikan diri ke pengasingan, atau menjadi mangsa pembalasan lain dan dibuang kerja dan kedudukannya. <> Bersama dengan Galicia, yang mana autonomi dua wilayah lain telah dibatalkan? || Catalonia dan wilayah Basque <> Di bawah kawalan tenteranya adalah Galicia di bawah semasa perang ini? || Franco <> Yang wartawan yang paling terkenal adalah mangsa pembunuhan? || Manuel Lustres Rivas <> Admiral mana yang tidak menyertai pemberontakan itu juga menjadi mangsa? || Antonio Azarola", {"context": "Galicia was spared the worst of the fighting in that war: it was one of the areas where the initial coup attempt at the outset of the war was successful, and it remained in Nationalist (Franco's army's) hands throughout the war. While there were no pitched battles, there was repression and death: all political parties were abolished, as were all labor unions and Galician nationalist organizations as the Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Galicia's statute of autonomy was annulled (as were those of Catalonia and the Basque provinces once those were conquered). According to Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez Santander, at least 4,200 people were killed either extrajudicially or after summary trials, among them republicans, communists, Galician nationalists, socialists and anarchists. Victims included the civil governors of all four Galician provinces; Juana Capdevielle, the wife of the governor of A Coru\u00f1a; mayors such as \u00c1nxel Casal of Santiago de Compostela, of the Partido Galeguista; prominent socialists such as Jaime Quintanilla in Ferrol and Emilio Mart\u00ednez Garrido in Vigo; Popular Front deputies Antonio Bilbat\u00faa, Jos\u00e9 Mi\u00f1ones, D\u00edaz Villamil, Ignacio Seoane, and former deputy Heraclio Botana); soldiers who had not joined the rebellion, such as Generals Rogelio Caridad Pita and Enrique Salcedo Molinuevo and Admiral Antonio Azarola; and the founders of the PG, Alexandre B\u00f3veda and V\u00edctor Casas, as well as other professionals akin to republicans and nationalists, as the journalist Manuel Lustres Rivas or physician Luis Poza Pastrana. Many others were forced to escape into exile, or were victims of other reprisals and removed from their jobs and positions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Catalonia and the Basque provinces"}], "question": "Along with Galicia's, which other two province's autonomy was annulled?", "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Franco's"}], "question": "Under the control of whose army was Galicia under during this war?", "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1483, "text": "Manuel Lustres Rivas"}], "question": "Which prominent journalist was victim of the killings?", "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1316, "text": "Antonio Azarola"}], "question": "Which admiral who hadn't joined the rebellion was also a victim?", "id": "5727c45a2ca10214002d95cd"}]}], ["Sebaliknya, kekurangan sistem keadilan diraja yang berkesan di Kerajaan menyebabkan konflik sosial yang dikenali sebagai Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as ('Peperangan saudara persaudaraan'), apabila liga petani dan pencuri, dengan sokongan beberapa kesatria , orang-orang bangsawan, dan di bawah perlindungan undang-undang yang ditawarkan oleh raja terpencil, menggulingkan banyak istana Kerajaan dan secara ringkas mendorong orang-orang bangsawan ke Portugal dan Castile. Tidak lama selepas itu, pada akhir abad ke-15, dalam konflik dinasti antara Isabella I of Castile dan Joanna La Beltraneja, sebahagian daripada bangsawan Galicia menyokong Joanna. Selepas kemenangan Isabella, dia memulakan pembaharuan pentadbiran dan politik yang dikenali sebagai Jeronimo Zurita sebagai \"doma del Reino de Galicia\": 'Pada ketika itu, penyuapan Galicia bermula, karena bukan hanya para tuan dan kesatria setempat, tetapi semua orang negara itu adalah orang-orang yang lain yang sangat berani dan berperang '. Pembaharuan ini, sementara menubuhkan kerajaan tempatan dan tribunal (Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) dan membawa orang bangsawan di bawah penyerahan, juga membawa kebanyakan biara dan institusi Galicia di bawah kawalan Castilian, dalam apa yang telah dikritik sebagai proses pemusatan. Pada masa yang sama raja-raja mula memanggil Xunta atau Cortes Kerajaan Galicia, perhimpunan timbalan atau wakil-wakil kota-kota Kerajaan, untuk meminta sumbangan moneter dan ketenteraan. Perhimpunan ini tidak lama lagi berkembang menjadi suara dan representasi undang-undang Kerajaan, dan penyimpan kehendak dan undang-undangnya. <> Kegawatan sosial membawa kepada konflik? || Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as <> Yang dua rompi adalah sebahagian daripada konflik dinasti abad ke-15? || Isabella I of Castile dan Joanna La Beltraneja Pembaharuan berikutnya dicipta sebagai \"doma del Reino de Galicia\" oleh siapa? || Jeronimo Zurita <> Apakah nama kerajaan tempatan dan tribunal? || Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia", {"context": "On the other hand, the lack of an effective royal justice system in the Kingdom led to the social conflict known as the Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as ('Wars of the brotherhoods'), when leagues of peasants and burghers, with the support of a number of knights, noblemen, and under legal protection offered by the remote king, toppled many of the castles of the Kingdom and briefly drove the noblemen into Portugal and Castile. Soon after, in the late 15th century, in the dynastic conflict between Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja, part of the Galician aristocracy supported Joanna. After Isabella's victory, she initiated an administrative and political reform which the chronicler Jeronimo Zurita defined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\": 'It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike'. These reforms, while establishing a local government and tribunal (the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia) and bringing the nobleman under submission, also brought most Galician monasteries and institutions under Castilian control, in what has been criticized as a process of centralisation. At the same time the kings began to call the Xunta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, an assembly of deputies or representatives of the cities of the Kingdom, to ask for monetary and military contributions. This assembly soon developed into the voice and legal representation of the Kingdom, and the depositary of its will and laws.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Guerras Irmandi\u00f1as"}], "question": "Social turmoil led to conflict?", "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "Isabella I of Castile and Joanna La Beltraneja"}], "question": "Which two royals were part of the dynastic conflict of the 15th century?", "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 685, "text": "Jeronimo Zurita"}], "question": "The subsequent reforms were coined as \"doma del Reino de Galicia\" by who?", "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea49"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 996, "text": "Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia"}], "question": "What was the name of the local government and tribunal?", "id": "5727b6123acd2414000dea4a"}]}], ["Galicia secara puisi dikenali sebagai \"negara seribu sungai\" (\"o pa\u00eds dos mil r\u00edos\"). Sungai terbesar dan paling penting adalah Minho, yang dikenali sebagai O Pai Mi\u00f1o (Bapa Minho), 307.5 km (191.1 mi) yang panjang dan mengeluarkan 419 m3 (548 cu yd) sesaat, dengan makmurnya Sil, yang telah dicipta sebuah canyon yang hebat. Kebanyakan sungai di pedalaman adalah cawangan sistem sistem fluvial ini, yang mengalir sekitar 17,027 km2 (6,574 batu persegi). Sungai-sungai lain berjalan terus ke Lautan Atlantik sebagai L\u00e9rez atau Laut Cantabrian, kebanyakannya mempunyai kursus pendek. Hanya Navia, Ulla, Tambre, dan Limia mempunyai kursus lebih daripada 100 km (62 batu). <> Apakah Galicia dikenali sebagai puisi? || negara seribu sungai <> Apa sungai yang paling lama? || Minho", {"context": "Galicia is poetically known as the \"country of the thousand rivers\" (\"o pa\u00eds dos mil r\u00edos\"). The largest and most important of these rivers is the Minho, known as O Pai Mi\u00f1o (Father Minho), 307.5 km (191.1 mi) long and discharging 419 m3 (548 cu yd) per second, with its affluent the Sil, which has created a spectacular canyon. Most of the rivers in the inland are tributaries of this fluvial system, which drains some 17,027 km2 (6,574 sq mi). Other rivers run directly into the Atlantic Ocean as L\u00e9rez or the Cantabrian Sea, most of them having short courses. Only the Navia, Ulla, Tambre, and Limia have courses longer than 100 km (62 mi).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "country of the thousand rivers"}], "question": "What is Galicia is poetically known as?", "id": "5727cf524b864d1900163daa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "Minho"}], "question": "What is its longest river?", "id": "5727cf524b864d1900163dab"}]}], ["Sepanjang pantai Galicia terdapat pelbagai kepulauan di dekat mulut rahim. Kepulauan ini menyediakan pelabuhan laut dalam yang dilindungi dan juga menyediakan habitat untuk burung-burung seagoing. Satu inventori tahun 2007 menganggarkan bahawa pantai Galicia mempunyai 316 kepulauan, pulau kecil, dan batu bebas. Antara yang paling penting ialah kepulauan Cai, Ons, dan S\u00e1lvora. Bersama dengan Pulau Cortegada, ini membentuk Kepulauan Atlantik Taman Nasional Galicia. Pulau-pulau penting lain ialah Pulau Malveiras, Pulau Sisargas, dan yang terbesar dan memegang penduduk terbesar, Pulau Arousa. <> Pantai Galicia dianggarkan mempunyai kira-kira berapa banyak kepulauan, pulau kecil, dan batu pengalir? || 316 <> Pulau manakah yang merupakan sebahagian daripada Kepulauan Atlantik Taman Negara Galicia? || Cortegada", {"context": "All along the Galician coast are various archipelagos near the mouths of the r\u00edas. These archipelagos provide protected deepwater harbors and also provide habitat for seagoing birds. A 2007 inventory estimates that the Galician coast has 316 archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks. Among the most important of these are the archipelagos of C\u00edes, Ons, and S\u00e1lvora. Together with Cortegada Island, these make up the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park. Other significant islands are Islas Malveiras, Islas Sisargas, and, the largest and holding the largest population, Arousa Island.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 238, "text": "316"}], "question": "The Galician coast is estimated to have about how many archipelagos, islets, and freestanding rocks?", "id": "5727cb4d4b864d1900163d36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "Cortegada"}], "question": "Which island is part of Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park?", "id": "5727cb4d4b864d1900163d37"}]}], ["Secara mendalam, ciri khas Galicia adalah kehadiran banyak cetek seperti di sepanjang pantai, estuari yang tenggelam dengan peningkatan paras laut selepas zaman ais. Ini dipanggil rias dan dibahagikan kepada R\u00edas Altas yang lebih kecil (\"R\u00edas Tinggi\"), dan R\u00edas Baixas yang lebih besar (\"Low R\u00edas\"). The R\u00edas Altas termasuk Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coru\u00f1a, Corme e Laxe dan Camari\u00f1as. The R\u00edas Baixas, yang terletak di selatan Fisterra, termasuk Corcubi\u00f3n, Muros e Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra dan Vigo. R\u00edas Altas kadang-kadang boleh merujuk kepada orang-orang di timur Estaca de Bares, dengan yang lain dipanggil R\u00edas Medias (\"Intermediate R\u00edas\"). <> Apakah estuari yang dipanggil di Galicia? || r\u00edas <> Apa maksud R\u00edas Altas? || High R\u00edas <> WWhat Adakah R\u00edas Baixas bermaksud? || Low R\u00edas", {"context": "Topographically, a remarkable feature of Galicia is the presence of many firth-like inlets along the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age. These are called r\u00edas and are divided into the smaller R\u00edas Altas (\"High R\u00edas\"), and the larger R\u00edas Baixas (\"Low R\u00edas\"). The R\u00edas Altas include Ribadeo, Foz, Viveiro, Barqueiro, Ortigueira, Cedeira, Ferrol, Betanzos, A Coru\u00f1a, Corme e Laxe and Camari\u00f1as. The R\u00edas Baixas, found south of Fisterra, include Corcubi\u00f3n, Muros e Noia, Arousa, Pontevedra and Vigo. The R\u00edas Altas can sometimes refer only to those east of Estaca de Bares, with the others being called R\u00edas Medias (\"Intermediate R\u00edas\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "r\u00edas"}], "question": "What are estuaries called in Galicia?", "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "High R\u00edas"}], "question": "What does R\u00edas Altas mean?", "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 288, "text": "Low R\u00edas"}], "question": "WWhat does R\u00edas Baixas mean?", "id": "5727c9d22ca10214002d963c"}]}], ["Sebagai sebahagian daripada peralihan kepada demokrasi apabila kematian Franco pada tahun 1975, Galicia memperoleh statusnya sebagai rantau autonomi di Sepanyol dengan Statuta Autonomi 1981, yang bermula, \"Galicia, kewarganegaraan bersejarah, dijadikan sebagai Komunitas Otonomi untuk mengakses kepada kerajaan sendiri, dalam persetujuan dengan Perlembagaan Sepanyol dan dengan Statut yang sekarang (...) \". Sedang tahap sentimen nasionalis atau independen berbeza di peringkat politik. The Bloque Nacionalista Galego atau BNG, adalah konglomerat parti sayap kiri dan individu yang mendakwa status politik Galician sebagai sebuah negara. <> Mana bentuk kerajaan yang mula-mula menggunakan Galicia pada tahun 1975 || demokrasi <> Yang kumpulan moden sekarang berfungsi untuk mencapai status Galicia sebagai sebuah negara? || Bloque Nacionalista Galego", {"context": "As part of the transition to democracy upon the death of Franco in 1975, Galicia regained its status as an autonomous region within Spain with the Statute of Autonomy of 1981, which begins, \"Galicia, historical nationality, is constituted as an Autonomous Community to access to its self-government, in agreement with the Spanish Constitution and with the present Statute (...)\". Varying degrees of nationalist or independentist sentiment are evident at the political level. The Bloque Nacionalista Galego or BNG, is a conglomerate of left-wing parties and individuals that claims Galician political status as a nation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "democracy"}], "question": "Which form of government did Galicia start using in 1975", "id": "5727c607ff5b5019007d94dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "Bloque Nacionalista Galego"}], "question": "Which modern group now works to attain Galicia status as a nation?", "id": "5727c607ff5b5019007d94dd"}]}], ["Haiwan yang paling sering dianggap sebagai \"tipikal\" Galicia adalah ternakan yang dibangkitkan di sana. Kuda Galicia berasal dari rantau ini, seperti sapi Gincu Galician dan unggas domestik yang dikenal sebagai gali\u00f1a de Mos. Yang terakhir adalah spesies terancam, walaupun ia menunjukkan tanda-tanda kemunculan sejak tahun 2001. Hutan dan gunung Galicia adalah rumah kepada kelinci, harimau, babi hutan, dan rusa roe, yang semuanya popular dengan pemburu. Beberapa laluan penghijrahan burung penting melewati Galicia, dan beberapa kawasan perlindungan alam sekitar yang agak sedikit di kawasan itu adalah Kawasan Perlindungan Khas (seperti di R\u00eda de Ribadeo) untuk burung-burung ini. Dari sudut pandang domestik, Galicia telah dikreditkan untuk penulis Manuel Rivas sebagai \"tanah satu juta ekor\". Galician Blond dan Holstein lembu hidup berdampingan di padang rumput dan ladang. <> Yang spesies lembu yang berasal dari Galicia? || Galician Blond <> Spesies burung yang berasal dari kawasan tersebut? || gali\u00f1a de Mos <> Salah satu Kawasan Perlindungan Khas untuk burung di kawasan mana? || R\u00eda de Ribadeo", {"context": "The animals most often thought of as being \"typical\" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. The Galician horse is native to the region, as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the gali\u00f1a de Mos. The latter is an endangered species, although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001. Galicia's woodlands and mountains are home to rabbits, hares, wild boars, and roe deer, all of which are popular with hunters. Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia, and some of the community's relatively few environmentally protected areas are Special Protection Areas (such as on the R\u00eda de Ribadeo) for these birds. From a domestic point of view, Galicia has been credited for author Manuel Rivas as the \"land of one million cows\". Galician Blond and Holstein cattle coexist on meadows and farms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "Galician Blond"}], "question": "Which cow species is native to Galicia?", "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 204, "text": "gali\u00f1a de Mos"}], "question": "Which fowl species is native to the area?", "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 620, "text": "R\u00eda de Ribadeo"}], "question": "One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?", "id": "5727d597ff5b5019007d9664"}]}], ["Galicia agak bergunung, satu fakta yang menyumbang untuk mengasingkan kawasan luar bandar, menghalang komunikasi, terutamanya di pedalaman. Julat gunung utama ialah Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), juga dikenali sebagai Macizo Galaico-Leon\u00e9s, yang terletak di bahagian timur, bersempadan dengan Castile dan Le\u00f3n. Rangkaian gunung yang patut diperhatikan ialah O Xistral (utara Lugo), Serra dos Ancares (di sempadan dengan Le\u00f3n dan Asturias), O Courel (di sempadan Le\u00f3n), O Eixe (sempadan antara Ourense dan Zamora), Serra de Queixa di pusat wilayah Ourense), O Faro (sempadan antara Lugo dan Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (sempadan Lugo dan A Coru\u00f1a), Montemaior (A Coru\u00f1a), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Su\u00eddo, dan Faro de Avi\u00f3n antara Pontevedra dan Ourense); dan, di selatan, A Peneda, O Xur\u00e9s dan O Larouco, semuanya di sempadan Ourense dan Portugal. <> Apakah gunung Galicia yang utama? || Macizo Galaico <> Pegunungan di selatannya terletak di sempadan dengan negara mana? || Portugal", {"context": "Galicia is quite mountainous, a fact which has contributed to isolate the rural areas, hampering communications, most notably in the inland. The main mountain range is the Macizo Galaico (Serra do Eixe, Serra da Lastra, Serra do Courel), also known as Macizo Galaico-Leon\u00e9s, located in the eastern parts, bordering with Castile and Le\u00f3n. Noteworthy mountain ranges are O Xistral (northern Lugo), the Serra dos Ancares (on the border with Le\u00f3n and Asturias), O Courel (on the border with Le\u00f3n), O Eixe (the border between Ourense and Zamora), Serra de Queixa (in the center of Ourense province), O Faro (the border between Lugo and Pontevedra), Cova da Serpe (border of Lugo and A Coru\u00f1a), Montemaior (A Coru\u00f1a), Montes do Testeiro, Serra do Su\u00eddo, and Faro de Avi\u00f3n (between Pontevedra and Ourense); and, to the south, A Peneda, O Xur\u00e9s and O Larouco, all on the border of Ourense and Portugal.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Macizo Galaico"}], "question": "What is Galicia's main mountain range?", "id": "5727cee23acd2414000decf1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 885, "text": "Portugal"}], "question": "Its southern mountain ranges are on the border with which country?", "id": "5727cee23acd2414000decf2"}]}], ["Galicia mempunyai luas permukaan 29,574 kilometer persegi (11,419 meter persegi). Titik paling utara, pada 43 \u00b0 47'N, adalah Estaca de Bares (juga titik paling utara Sepanyol); yang paling selatan, pada 41 \u00b0 49'N, berada di sempadan Portugal di Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s Natural Park. Bujur timur terletak pada 6 \u00b0 42'W di sempadan antara wilayah Ourense dan wilayah Castilia-Leonese Zamora) yang paling barat di 9 \u00b0 18'W, mencapai dua tempat: A Nave Cape di Fisterra (juga dikenali sebagai Finisterre), dan Cape Touri\u00f1\u00e1n, kedua-duanya di wilayah A Coru\u00f1a. <> Apakah kawasan permukaan Galicia dalam persegi / km? || 29,574 <> Apakah titik paling utara? || Estaca de Bares <> Dan yang paling selatan? || Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s", {"context": "Galicia has a surface area of 29,574 square kilometres (11,419 sq mi). Its northernmost point, at 43\u00b047\u2032N, is Estaca de Bares (also the northernmost point of Spain); its southernmost, at 41\u00b049\u2032N, is on the Portuguese border in the Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s Natural Park. The easternmost longitude is at 6\u00b042\u2032W on the border between the province of Ourense and the Castilian-Leonese province of Zamora) its westernmost at 9\u00b018\u2032W, reached in two places: the A Nave Cape in Fisterra (also known as Finisterre), and Cape Touri\u00f1\u00e1n, both in the province of A Coru\u00f1a.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "29,574"}], "question": "What is Galicia's surface area in sq/km?", "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Estaca de Bares"}], "question": "What is its northernmost point?", "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Baixa Limia-Serra do Xur\u00e9s"}], "question": "And its southernmost?", "id": "5727c88fff5b5019007d953e"}]}], ["Penebangan hutan dan kebakaran hutan adalah masalah di banyak kawasan, seperti penyebaran pokok kayu putih, spesies yang diimport dari Australia, secara aktif dipromosikan oleh industri kertas sejak pertengahan abad ke-20. Galicia adalah salah satu kawasan yang lebih berhutan di Sepanyol, tetapi kebanyakan ladang Galicia, biasanya tumbuh kayu putih atau pain, tidak mempunyai sebarang pengurusan rasmi. Eucalyptus besar-besaran, terutamanya ladang globulus Eucalyptus, bermula di era Francisco Franco, sebahagian besarnya bagi pihak syarikat kertas Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de Espa\u00f1a (ENCE) di Pontevedra, yang menginginkan pulpa. Produk kayu menunjukkan dengan ketara dalam ekonomi Galicia. Selain daripada ladang pokok Galicia juga terkenal kerana permukaan luas yang diduduki oleh padang rumput yang digunakan untuk penternakan, terutama ternakan, satu aktiviti penting. Pembangunan hidroelektrik di kebanyakan sungai telah menjadi kebimbangan serius bagi pemuliharaan alam sekitar pada dekad yang lalu. <> Spesies pokok mana yang menjadi masalah untuk Galicia? || pokok kayu putih <> Apa jenis pembangunan di sungai-sungai yang menjadi perhatian pemuliharaan? || Hidroelektrik", {"context": "Deforestation and forest fires are a problem in many areas, as is the continual spread of the eucalyptus tree, a species imported from Australia, actively promoted by the paper industry since the mid-20th century. Galicia is one of the more forested areas of Spain, but the majority of Galicia's plantations, usually growing eucalyptus or pine, lack any formal management. Massive eucalyptus, especially Eucalyptus globulus plantation, began in the Francisco Franco era, largely on behalf of the paper company Empresa Nacional de Celulosas de Espa\u00f1a (ENCE) in Pontevedra, which wanted it for its pulp. Wood products figure significantly in Galicia's economy. Apart from tree plantations Galicia is also notable for the extensive surface occupied by meadows used for animal husbandry, especially cattle , an important activity. Hydroelectric development in most rivers has been a serious concern for local conservationists during the last decades.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "eucalyptus tree"}], "question": "Which tree species has become a problem for Galicia?", "id": "5727d3a53acd2414000ded6f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 827, "text": "Hydroelectric"}], "question": "What kind of development on rivers are conservationists concerned about?", "id": "5727d3a53acd2414000ded70"}]}], ["Jenderal Francisco Franco - sendiri seorang Galician dari Ferrol - memerintah sebagai diktator dari perang saudara hingga kematiannya pada tahun 1975. Rejim sentralisasi Franco menekankan penggunaan bahasa Galicia secara resmi, termasuk penggunaan nama Galician untuk bayi yang baru lahir, walaupun penggunaan lisannya sehari-hari adalah tidak dilarang. Antara percubaan yang ditentang itu adalah kumpulan gerila kiri yang kecil seperti yang diketuai oleh Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga (\"El Piloto\") dan Benigno Andrade (\"Foucellas\"), yang kedua-duanya akhirnya ditangkap dan dibunuh. Pada tahun 1960-an, para menteri seperti Manuel Fraga Iribarne memperkenalkan beberapa pembaharuan yang membolehkan teknokrat bergabung dengan Opus Dei untuk memodernisasi pentadbiran dengan cara yang memudahkan pembangunan ekonomi kapitalis. Walau bagaimanapun, selama beberapa dekad Galicia sebahagian besarnya terbatas pada peranan pembekal bahan mentah dan tenaga ke seluruh Sepanyol, yang menyebabkan malapetaka alam sekitar dan menyebabkan gelombang penghijrahan ke Venezuela dan ke berbagai bahagian Eropah. Fenosa, pembekal elektrik monopoli, membina empangan hidroelektrik, membanjiri banyak lembah sungai Galician. <> Francisco Franco sendiri seorang penduduk Galicia dari mana bandar itu? || Ferrol <> Bilakah pemerintahannya berakhir? || 1975 <> Apakah nama samaran Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga yang bernama Guerrilla? || El Piloto <> Dan apa yang Benigno Andrade? || Foucellas", {"context": "General Francisco Franco \u2014 himself a Galician from Ferrol \u2014 ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga (\"El Piloto\") and Benigno Andrade (\"Foucellas\"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed. In the 1960s, ministers such as Manuel Fraga Iribarne introduced some reforms allowing technocrats affiliated with Opus Dei to modernize administration in a way that facilitated capitalist economic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration to Venezuela and to various parts of Europe. Fenosa, the monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "Ferrol"}], "question": "Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?", "id": "5727c5172ca10214002d95e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "1975"}], "question": "When did his reign end?", "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "El Piloto"}], "question": "What was Guerrilla fighter Jos\u00e9 Castro Veiga's nickname?", "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "Foucellas"}], "question": "And what was Benigno Andrade's?", "id": "5727c5182ca10214002d95e9"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1990 hingga 2005, Manuel Fraga, bekas menteri dan duta besar dalam pemerintahan Franco, memimpin kerajaan autonomi Galicia, Xunta de Galicia. Fraga dikaitkan dengan Parti Popular ('Parti Rakyat', pesta konservatif nasional utama Sepanyol) sejak penubuhannya. Pada tahun 2002, ketika tangki minyak Prestige tenggelam dan menutup pantai Galician dalam minyak, Fraga dituduh oleh pergerakan akar umbi Nunca Mais (\"Tidak pernah lagi\") kerana tidak bersedia untuk bertindak balas. Pada pilihan raya Galician tahun 2005, 'Parti Rakyat' kehilangan majoriti mutlak, walaupun kekal (hampir) parti terbesar di parlimen, dengan 43% daripada jumlah undi. Akibatnya, kuasa mengalir ke gabungan Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia (PSdeG) (Parti Sosialis \"Parti Komunis\"), sebuah parti persekutuan sosial parti demokratik utama Sepanyol, Partido Socialista Obrero Espa\u00f1ol (PSOE) Parti Pekerja Sosialis Sepanyol ') dan Nationalist Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG). Sebagai rakan kongsi senior dalam gabungan baru, PSdeG mencalonkan pemimpinnya, Emilio Perez Touri\u00f1o, untuk menjadi presiden baru Galicia, dengan Anxo Quintana, pemimpin BNG, sebagai wakil presidennya. <> Yang mantan menteri di bawah pemerintahan Franco mengetuai pemerintahan otonom dari tahun 1990 hingga 2005? || Manuel Fraga <> Parti politik apa yang dimilikinya? || Partido Popular <> Tenggelam kapal tangki minyak merangsang kejatuhan peraturan parti itu? || Prestige <> Kuasa kemudian meluluskan gabungan politik yang diketuai oleh siapa? || Anxo Quintana", {"context": "From 1990 to 2005, Manuel Fraga, former minister and ambassador in the Franco dictature, presided over the Galician autonomous government, the Xunta de Galicia. Fraga was associated with the Partido Popular ('People's Party', Spain's main national conservative party) since its founding. In 2002, when the oil tanker Prestige sank and covered the Galician coast in oil, Fraga was accused by the grassroots movement Nunca Mais (\"Never again\") of having been unwilling to react. In the 2005 Galician elections, the 'People's Party' lost its absolute majority, though remaining (barely) the largest party in the parliament, with 43% of the total votes. As a result, power passed to a coalition of the Partido dos Socialistas de Galicia (PSdeG) ('Galician Socialists' Party'), a federal sister-party of Spain's main social-democratic party, the Partido Socialista Obrero Espa\u00f1ol (PSOE, 'Spanish Socialist Workers Party') and the nationalist Bloque Nacionalista Galego (BNG). As the senior partner in the new coalition, the PSdeG nominated its leader, Emilio Perez Touri\u00f1o, to serve as Galicia's new president, with Anxo Quintana, the leader of BNG, as its vice president.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 19, "text": "Manuel Fraga"}], "question": "Which former minister under Franco's rule headed the autonomous government  from 1990 to 2005?", "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9520"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Partido Popular"}], "question": "Which political party did he belong to?", "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9521"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Prestige"}], "question": "The sinking of which oil tanker precipitated the downfall of that party's rule?", "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9522"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1111, "text": "Anxo Quintana"}], "question": "Power then passed a political coalition headed by who?", "id": "5727c829ff5b5019007d9523"}]}], ["Berbanding dengan kawasan-kawasan lain di Sepanyol, manfaat ekonomi utama Galicia adalah industri perikanannya. Galicia adalah tanah kontras ekonomi. Walaupun pantai barat, dengan pusat penduduknya yang utama dan industri penangkapan dan pembuatannya, makmur dan bertambahnya penduduk, pedalaman pedalaman - wilayah Ourense dan Lugo - bergantung secara ekonomi kepada pertanian tradisional, berdasarkan tanah kecil yang disebut minifundios. Bagaimanapun, peningkatan pelancongan, perhutanan lestari dan pertanian organik dan tradisional membawa kemungkinan lain kepada ekonomi Galicia tanpa menjejaskan pemuliharaan sumber semula jadi dan budaya tempatan. <> Industri manakah yang menjadi pembuat wang utama Galicia? || memancing <> Apa gunaan yang dipanggil industri pertanian? || minifundios", {"context": "In comparison to the other regions of Spain, the major economic benefit of Galicia is its fishing Industry. Galicia is a land of economic contrast. While the western coast, with its major population centers and its fishing and manufacturing industries, is prosperous and increasing in population, the rural hinterland \u2014 the provinces of Ourense and Lugo \u2014 is economically dependent on traditional agriculture, based on small landholdings called minifundios. However, the rise of tourism, sustainable forestry and organic and traditional agriculture are bringing other possibilities to the Galician economy without compromising the preservation of the natural resources and the local culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "fishing"}], "question": "Which industry is Galicia's main money maker?", "id": "5727de8e3acd2414000dee8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "minifundios"}], "question": "What are the landholdings that the farming industry uses called? ", "id": "5727de8e3acd2414000dee8e"}]}], ["Galicia terlambat untuk menangkap booming pelancongan yang telah melanda Sepanyol dalam beberapa dekad yang lalu, tetapi wilayah pesisir (terutama R\u00edas Baixas dan Santiago de Compostela) kini menjadi destinasi pelancongan penting dan sangat popular dengan pelawat dari kawasan lain di Sepanyol, di mana majoriti daripada pelancong datang. Pada tahun 2007, 5.7 juta pelancong melawat Galicia, pertumbuhan 8% berbanding tahun sebelumnya, dan sebahagian daripada pola pertumbuhan yang berterusan dalam sektor ini. 85% pelancong yang melawat Galicia melawat Santiago de Compostela. Pelancongan merangkumi 12% daripada KDNK Galicia dan menggaji kira-kira 12% daripada tenaga kerja serantau. <> Yang mana dua kawasan pantai sekarang menjadi destinasi pelancongan utama? || R\u00edas Baixas dan Santiago de Compostela <> Berapa ramai pelancong melawat Galicia pada tahun 2007? || 5.7 juta <> Sebanyak peratus daripada KDNKnya adalah pelancongan yang bertanggungjawab? || 12%", {"context": "Galicia was late to catch the tourism boom that has swept Spain in recent decades, but the coastal regions (especially the R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela) are now significant tourist destinations and are especially popular with visitors from other regions in Spain, where the majority of tourists come from. In 2007, 5.7 million tourists visited Galicia, an 8% growth over the previous year, and part of a continual pattern of growth in this sector. 85% of tourists who visit Galicia visit Santiago de Compostela. Tourism constitutes 12% of Galician GDP and employs about 12% of the regional workforce.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "R\u00edas Baixas and Santiago de Compostela"}], "question": "Which two coastal regions are now major tourist destinations?", "id": "5727df082ca10214002d9868"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 325, "text": "5.7 million"}], "question": "How many tourists visited Galicia in 2007?", "id": "5727df082ca10214002d9869"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 542, "text": "12%"}], "question": "What percentage of its GDP is tourism responsible for?", "id": "5727df082ca10214002d986a"}]}], ["Tanah-tanah Galicia digolongkan kepada dua kawasan berbeza di klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen: kawasan selatan (kira-kira, wilayah Ourense dan Pontevedra) dengan kecenderungan untuk mengalami musim kemarau musim panas, dikelaskan sebagai iklim Mediterranean musim panas yang hangat (Csb), dengan suhu ringan dan hujan biasa sepanjang tahun; dan wilayah pesisir barat dan utara, wilayah Lugo dan A Coru\u00f1a, yang dicirikan oleh iklim ombaknya (Cfb), dengan pengagihan hujan yang lebih seragam sepanjang tahun, dan musim panas yang lebih ringan. Walau bagaimanapun, hujan di kawasan pesisiran pantai sering diklasifikasikan sebagai lautan kerana purata kekal lebih tinggi daripada iklim mediterranean biasa. <> Apakah iklim kawasan selatan yang diklasifikasikan sebagai? || Mediterranean <> Bagaimana dengan iklim kawasan pantainya? || Oceanic", {"context": "The lands of Galicia are ascribed to two different areas in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification: a south area (roughly, the province of Ourense and Pontevedra) with tendencies to have some summer drought, classified as a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), with mild temperatures and rainfall usual throughout the year; and the western and northern coastal regions, the provinces of Lugo and A Coru\u00f1a, which are characterized by their Oceanic climate (Cfb), with a more uniform precipitation distribution along the year, and milder summers. However, precipitation in southern coastal areas are often classified as oceanic since the averages remain significantly higher than a typical mediterranean climate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "Mediterranean"}], "question": "What is the southern area's climate classified as?", "id": "5727dc4b4b864d1900163eac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 438, "text": "Oceanic"}], "question": "What about the climate of its coastal areas?", "id": "5727dc4b4b864d1900163ead"}]}], ["Dalam Galicia adalah Autopista AP-9 dari Ferrol ke Vigo dan Autopista AP-53 (juga dikenali sebagai AG-53, kerana pada mulanya dibina oleh Xunta de Galicia) dari Santiago ke Ourense. Jalan-jalan tambahan dalam pembinaan termasuk Autov\u00eda A-54 dari Santiago de Compostela ke Lugo, dan Autov\u00eda A-56 dari Lugo ke Ourense. Xunta de Galicia telah membina jalan raya yang menghubungkan ibu comarcal, seperti AG-53, Autov\u00eda AG-55 yang menghubungkan A Coru\u00f1a dengan Carballo atau AG-41 yang menyambungkan Pontevedra ke Sanxenxo. <> The Autopista AP-53 pada asalnya dibina oleh siapa? || Xunta de Galicia <> Nama jalan lain yang mereka tanggung. || AG-41", {"context": "Within Galicia are the Autopista AP-9 from Ferrol to Vigo and the Autopista AP-53 (also known as AG-53, because it was initially built by the Xunta de Galicia) from Santiago to Ourense. Additional roads under construction include Autov\u00eda A-54 from Santiago de Compostela to Lugo, and Autov\u00eda A-56 from Lugo to Ourense. The Xunta de Galicia has built roads connecting comarcal capitals, such as the aforementioned AG-53, Autov\u00eda AG-55 connecting A Coru\u00f1a to Carballo or AG-41 connecting Pontevedra to Sanxenxo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Xunta de Galicia"}], "question": "The Autopista AP-53 was originally built by whom?", "id": "5727e08f4b864d1900163f1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "AG-41"}], "question": "Name another road they responsible for.", "id": "5727e08f4b864d1900163f1b"}]}], ["Sebagai contoh, Santiago de Compostela, ibu kota politik, mempunyai purata 129 hari hujan dan 1,362 milimeter (53.6 bulan) setahun (dengan hanya 17 hari hujan dalam tiga bulan musim panas) dan 2,101 cahaya matahari setiap tahun, dengan hanya 6 hari dengan frosts setahun. Tetapi bandar Lugo yang sejuk, di timur, mempunyai purata 1,759 jam cahaya matahari setiap tahun, 117 hari dengan precipitations (> 1 mm) berjumlah 901.54 milimeter (35.5 in), dan 40 hari dengan frosts setahun. Lebih banyak pergunungan di wilayah Ourense dan Lugo menerima salji yang besar pada musim sejuk. Kota yang paling sunyi adalah Pontevedra dengan 2,223 jam cerah setahun. <> Apakah ibu kota politik? || Santiago de Compostela <> Berapa banyak hari hujan yang biasanya ada? || 129 <> Berapa hari dengan frosts? || 6 <> Kota yang lebih sejuk seperti Lugo mempunyai berapa hari dengan frosts? || 40 <> Kota yang sunyi, Pontevedra, mendapat berapa jam cahaya matahari setahun? || 2,223", {"context": "As an example, Santiago de Compostela, the political capital city, has an average of 129 rainy days and 1,362 millimetres (53.6 in) per year (with just 17 rainy days in the three summer months) and 2,101 sunlight hours per year, with just 6 days with frosts per year. But the colder city of Lugo, to the east, has an average of 1,759 sunlight hours per year, 117 days with precipitations (> 1 mm) totalling 901.54 millimetres (35.5 in), and 40 days with frosts per year. The more mountainous parts of the provinces of Ourense and Lugo receive significant snowfall during the winter months. The sunniest city is Pontevedra with 2,223 sunny hours per year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "Santiago de Compostela"}], "question": "What is the political capital city?", "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "129"}], "question": "How many rainy days does it typically have?", "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "6"}], "question": "How many days with frosts?", "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "40"}], "question": "A colder city like Lugo has how many days with frosts?", "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "2,223"}], "question": "Its sunniest city, Pontevedra, gets how may hours of sunlight per year?", "id": "5727dce34b864d1900163eb4"}]}], ["Peningkatan pesat penduduk A Coru\u00f1a, Vigo dan ke bandar-bandar utama Galicia yang lain yang lebih rendah, seperti Ourense, Pontevedra atau Santiago de Compostela pada tahun-tahun yang mengikuti Perang Saudara Sepanyol pada pertengahan abad ke-20 terjadi ketika populasi pedesaan menurun: banyak kampung dan dusun di empat wilayah Galicia hilang atau hampir hilang dalam tempoh yang sama. Perkembangan ekonomi dan mekanisasi pertanian mengakibatkan ladang-ladang ditinggalkan, dan kebanyakan penduduk telah bergerak mencari pekerjaan di kota-kota utama. Bilangan orang yang bekerja di sektor Tertiari dan Kuariti ekonomi telah meningkat dengan ketara. <> Pertumbuhan populasi yang pesat selepas berlaku selepas perang? || Perang Saudara Sepanyol <> Apakah dua sebab di mana kawasan pedalaman Galicia telah ditinggalkan? || Pembangunan ekonomi dan mekanisasi pertanian", {"context": "The rapid increase of population of A Coru\u00f1a, Vigo and to a lesser degree other major Galician cities, like Ourense, Pontevedra or Santiago de Compostela during the years that followed the Spanish Civil War during the mid-20th century occurred as the rural population declined: many villages and hamlets of the four provinces of Galicia disappeared or nearly disappeared during the same period. Economic development and mechanization of agriculture resulted in the fields being abandoned, and most of the population has moving to find jobs in the main cities. The number of people working in the Tertiary and Quaternary sectors of the economy has increased significantly.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "Spanish Civil War"}], "question": "A rapid population growth after occurred after which war?", "id": "5727e2c4ff5b5019007d978a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "Economic development and mechanization of agriculture"}], "question": "What are two reasons for which Galicia's rural areas have been largely abandoned?", "id": "5727e2c4ff5b5019007d978b"}]}], ["Barisan kereta api pertama di Galicia telah dirasmikan pada 15 September 1873. Ia berlari dari O Carril, Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa ke Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. Garis kedua telah dirasmikan pada tahun 1875, menyambungkan A Coru\u00f1a dan Lugo. Pada tahun 1883, Galicia mula-mula dihubungkan dengan kereta api ke seluruh Sepanyol, dengan cara O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia hari ini mempunyai kira-kira 1,100 kilometer (680 mi) garisan kereta api. Beberapa 1,668 mm (5 kaki 5 21/32 inci) garisan mengukur Iberian yang dikendalikan oleh Adif dan Renfe Operadora menyambungkan semua bandar Galician penting. Barisan metrik meter 1,000 mm (3 kaki 3 3/8) yang dikendalikan oleh FEVE menghubungkan Ferrol ke Ribadeo dan Oviedo. Satu-satunya talian elektrik adalah talian Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo. Beberapa laluan kereta api berkelajuan tinggi sedang dalam pembinaan. Antaranya ialah laluan kereta api berkelajuan tinggi Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia yang dibuka sebahagiannya pada tahun 2011, dan laluan AVE Atlantic Axis, yang menghubungkan semua bandar-bandar utama Galicia Atlantic A Coru\u00f1a, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra dan Vigo ke Portugal . Satu lagi garisan AVE yang diunjurkan akan menghubungkan Ourense ke Pontevedra dan Vigo. <> Di manakah tahun pertama jalur kereta api Galicia dibuka? || 1873 <> Apakah nama keretapi elektriknya yang satu-satunya? || Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo", {"context": "The first railway line in Galicia was inaugurated 15 September 1873. It ran from O Carril, Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa to Cornes, Conxo, Santiago de Compostela. A second line was inaugurated in 1875, connecting A Coru\u00f1a and Lugo. In 1883, Galicia was first connected by rail to the rest of Spain, by way of O Barco de Valdeorras. Galicia today has roughly 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of rail lines. Several 1,668 mm (5 ft 5 21\u204432 in) Iberian gauge lines operated by Adif and Renfe Operadora connect all the important Galician cities. A 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3\u20448 in) metre gauge line operated by FEVE connects Ferrol to Ribadeo and Oviedo. The only electrified line is the Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo line. Several high-speed rail lines are under construction. Among these are the Olmedo-Zamora-Galicia high-speed rail line that opened partly in 2011, and the AVE Atlantic Axis route, which will connect all of the major Galician Atlantic coast cities A Coru\u00f1a, Santiago de Compostela, Pontevedra and Vigo to Portugal. Another projected AVE line will connect Ourense to Pontevedra and Vigo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "1873"}], "question": "In which year did Galicia's first railway line open?", "id": "5727e0f14b864d1900163f1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 658, "text": "Ponferrada-Monforte de Lemos-Ourense-Vigo"}], "question": "What is the name of its only electrified railway?", "id": "5727e0f14b864d1900163f1f"}]}], ["Pelabuhan nelayan Galicia yang paling penting ialah Pelabuhan Vigo; Ia adalah salah satu pelabuhan perikanan terkemuka di dunia, kedua hanya ke Tokyo, dengan tangkapan tahunan bernilai 1,500 juta euro. Pada tahun 2007, pelabuhan mengambil 732,951 tan metrik (721,375 tan panjang; 807,940 tan pendek) ikan dan makanan laut, dan kira-kira 4,000,000 tan metrik (3,900,000 ton panjang; 4,400,000 tan pendek) daripada kargo lain. Pelabuhan penting lain ialah Ferrol, A Coru\u00f1a, dan pelabuhan kecil Mar\u00edn dan Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa, serta pelabuhan rekreasi penting di Pontevedra dan Burela. Selain itu, Galicia mempunyai 120 pelabuhan terancang lain. <> Pelabuhan mana yang paling penting di Galicia? || Vigo <> Yang pelabuhan penangkapan ikan Jepun adalah Galicia yang kedua? || Tokyo <> Selain daripada pelabuhan yang lebih besar, kira-kira berapa banyak pelabuhan terorganisir yang lain berada di sana? || 120", {"context": "The most important Galician fishing port is the Port of Vigo; It is one of the world's leading fishing ports, second only to Tokyo, with an annual catch worth 1,500 million euros. In 2007 the port took in 732,951 metric tons (721,375 long tons; 807,940 short tons) of fish and seafood, and about 4,000,000 metric tons (3,900,000 long tons; 4,400,000 short tons) of other cargoes. Other important ports are Ferrol, A Coru\u00f1a, and the smaller ports of Mar\u00edn and Vilagarc\u00eda de Arousa, as well as important recreational ports in Pontevedra and Burela. Beyond these, Galicia has 120 other organized ports.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "Vigo"}], "question": "Which port is Galicia's most important?", "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Tokyo"}], "question": "Which Japanese fishing port is Galicia's second to?", "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deeae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 573, "text": "120"}], "question": "Aside from the larger ports, roughly how many other organized ports are there?", "id": "5727dfb93acd2414000deeaf"}]}], ["Terletak di garis pantai Atlantik, Galicia mempunyai iklim yang sangat ringan untuk latitud dan pengaruh marin mempengaruhi kebanyakan wilayah ke berbagai derajat. Berbanding dengan latitud yang sama di sisi lain Atlantik, musim sejuk adalah sangat ringan, dengan hujan lebat secara konsisten. Salji jarang berlaku kerana suhu jarang menurun di bawah beku. Stesen pantai yang paling panas di Pontevedra mempunyai suhu purata tahunan 14.8 \u00b0 C (58.6 \u00b0 F). Ourense terletak agak pedalaman hanya sedikit lebih panas dengan 14.9 \u00b0 C (58.8 \u00b0 F). Disebabkan kedudukannya di utara barat, iklimnya masih sangat sejuk oleh piawaian Sepanyol. Di musim panas, musim panas dipanaskan, purata sekitar 25 \u00b0 C (77 \u00b0 F) di Vigo. Suhu lebih sejuk di A Coru\u00f1a, dengan suhu 22.8 \u00b0 C (73.0 \u00b0 F) normal. Suhu bagaimanapun melambung di kawasan pedalaman seperti Ourense, di mana hari melebihi 30 \u00b0 C (86 \u00b0 F) sangat teratur. <> Di mana stesen pantai yang paling panas di Galicia? || Pontevedra <> Bagaimana dengan pedalaman? || Ourense", {"context": "Being located on the Atlantic coastline, Galicia has a very mild climate for the latitude and the marine influence affects most of the province to various degrees. In comparison to similar latitudes on the other side of the Atlantic, winters are exceptionally mild, with consistently heavy rainfall. Snow is rare due to temperatures rarely dropping below freezing. The warmest coastal station of Pontevedra has a yearly mean temperature of 14.8 \u00b0C (58.6 \u00b0F). Ourense located somewhat inland is only slightly warmer with 14.9 \u00b0C (58.8 \u00b0F). Due to its exposed north-westerly location, the climate is still very cool by Spanish standards. In coastal areas summers are temperered, averaging around 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) in Vigo. Temperatures are further cooler in A Coru\u00f1a, with a subdued 22.8 \u00b0C (73.0 \u00b0F) normal. Temperatures do however soar in inland areas such as Ourense, where days above 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) are very regular.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 396, "text": "Pontevedra"}], "question": "Where is Galicia's warmest coastal station?", "id": "5727dbb1ff5b5019007d9704"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "Ourense"}], "question": "What about inland?", "id": "5727dbb1ff5b5019007d9705"}]}], ["Galicia dibahagikan kepada 53 comarcas, 315 majlis perbandaran (93 di A Coru\u00f1a, 67 di Lugo, 92 di Ourense, 62 di Pontevedra) dan 3,778 paroki. Perbandaran dibahagikan kepada paroki, yang boleh dibahagikan kepada aldeas (\"dusun\") atau tempat (\"tempat\"). Pecahan tradisional ini ke dalam kawasan kecil ini adalah luar biasa jika dibandingkan dengan seluruh Sepanyol. Kira-kira separuh dari entiti penduduk bernama Sepanyol berada di Galicia, yang hanya menduduki 5.8 peratus kawasan negara. Dianggarkan bahawa Galicia mempunyai lebih dari satu juta tempat yang bernama, lebih daripada 40,000 daripadanya adalah masyarakat. <> Berapa banyak comarcas yang terdiri daripada Galicia? || 53 <> Berapa banyak majlis perbandaran? || 315 <> Berapa banyak gereja? || 3,778 <> Berapa banyak lokasi yang bernama adalah komuniti? || 40,000", {"context": "Galicia is further divided into 53 comarcas, 315 municipalities (93 in A Coru\u00f1a, 67 in Lugo, 92 in Ourense, 62 in Pontevedra) and 3,778 parishes. Municipalities are divided into parishes, which may be further divided into aldeas (\"hamlets\") or lugares (\"places\"). This traditional breakdown into such small areas is unusual when compared to the rest of Spain. Roughly half of the named population entities of Spain are in Galicia, which occupies only 5.8 percent of the country's area. It is estimated that Galicia has over a million named places, over 40,000 of them being communities.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "53"}], "question": "How many comarcas does Galicia consist of?", "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "315"}], "question": "How many municipalities?", "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "3,778"}], "question": "How many parishes?", "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 553, "text": "40,000"}], "question": "How many of its numerous named locations are communities?", "id": "5727ddbe4b864d1900163ed7"}]}], ["Rangkaian jalan Galicia termasuk autopistas dan autov\u00edas menghubungkan bandar-bandar utama, serta jalan-jalan kebangsaan dan menengah ke seluruh kota. Autov\u00eda A-6 menghubungkan A Coru\u00f1a dan Lugo ke Madrid, memasuki Galicia di Pedrafita do Cebreiro. Autov\u00eda A-52 menghubungkan O Porri\u00f1o, Ourense dan Benavente, dan memasuki Galicia di A Gudi\u00f1a. Dua lagi autov\u00edas sedang dalam pembinaan. Autov\u00eda A-8 memasuki Galicia di pantai Cantabrian, dan berakhir di Baamonde (wilayah Lugo). Autov\u00eda A-76 memasuki Galicia di Valdeorras; ia adalah peningkatan dari N-120 sedia ada ke Ourense dan Vigo. <> Di mana bandar Sepanyol mana yang dilakukan oleh Autov\u00eda A-6? || Madrid <> The Autov\u00eda A-8 memasuki Galicia di mana pantai? || Cantabrian", {"context": "The Galician road network includes autopistas and autov\u00edas connecting the major cities, as well as national and secondary roads to the rest of the municipalities. The Autov\u00eda A-6 connects A Coru\u00f1a and Lugo to Madrid, entering Galicia at Pedrafita do Cebreiro. The Autov\u00eda A-52 connects O Porri\u00f1o, Ourense and Benavente, and enters Galicia at A Gudi\u00f1a. Two more autov\u00edas are under construction. Autov\u00eda A-8 enters Galicia on the Cantabrian coast, and ends in Baamonde (Lugo province). Autov\u00eda A-76 enters Galicia in Valdeorras; it is an upgrade of the existing N-120 to Ourense and Vigo.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Madrid"}], "question": "Which Spanish city does the Autov\u00eda A-6 lead to?", "id": "5727e9d12ca10214002d9960"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "Cantabrian"}], "question": "The Autov\u00eda A-8 enters Galicia on which coast?", "id": "5727e9d12ca10214002d9961"}]}], ["Sejak Abad Pertengahan, Gereja Katolik Galicia telah dianjurkan menjadi lima keuskupan gereja (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondo\u00f1edo-Ferrol dan Tui-Vigo). Walaupun ini mungkin bersamaan dengan wilayah awam abad ke-15 yang kontemporari, mereka tidak lagi mempunyai sempadan yang sama dengan bahagian-bahagian wilayah awam moden. Gereja dipimpin oleh seorang uskup dan empat uskup. Selain itu, daripada lima keuskupan, Galicia dibahagikan antara 163 daerah dan 3,792 paroki, beberapa di antaranya dikuasai oleh pentadbir, sisanya oleh imam paroki. <> Gereja mana yang mempunyai pengaruh yang besar terhadap Galicia sejak Abad Pertengahan? || Gereja Katolik <> Yang lima jawatan dipegang oleh pemimpin gereja? || seorang uskup dan empat uskup", {"context": "Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondo\u00f1edo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil provincial divisions. The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops. Moreover, of five dioceses, Galicia is divided between 163 districts and 3,792 parishes, a few of which are governed by administrators, the remainder by parish priests.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Catholic Church"}], "question": "Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?", "id": "5727e8ddff5b5019007d982e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "one archbishop and four bishops"}], "question": "Which five positions are held by church leaders?", "id": "5727e8ddff5b5019007d982f"}]}], ["Di utara Galicia, kawasan metropolitan A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol telah menjadi semakin dominan dari segi populasi. Penduduk bandar A Coru\u00f1a pada tahun 1900 adalah 43,971. Penduduk wilayah lain termasuk Angkatan Laut dan Bandaraya di sekitar Ferrol dan Santiago de Compostela adalah 653,556. Pertumbuhan A Coru\u00f1a berlaku selepas Perang Saudara Sepanyol pada kelajuan yang sama seperti bandar-bandar utama Galicia yang lain, tetapi kedatangan demokrasi di Spanyol setelah kematian Francisco Franco ketika A Coru\u00f1a meninggalkan semua kota Galicia yang lain. <> Kawasan metro mana yang terbesar dari segi populasi? || A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol <> Apa jumlah penduduknya semula pada tahun 1900? || 653,556", {"context": "In northern Galicia, the A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coru\u00f1a in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coru\u00f1a's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coru\u00f1a left all the other Galician cities behind.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "A Coru\u00f1a-Ferrol"}], "question": "Which metro area is largest in terms of population?", "id": "5727e9cf2ca10214002d995c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "653,556"}], "question": "What was it's total population back in 1900?", "id": "5727e9cf2ca10214002d995d"}]}], ["Santo penasihat Galicia adalah Saint James the Greater, yang tubuhnya ditemukan - menurut tradisi Katolik - pada tahun 814 dekat Compostela. Selepas itu, peninggalan Saint James menjadi pusat ziarah yang luar biasa dan dari abad ke-9 telah disimpan di tengah-tengah gereja - katedral zaman moden - yang dikhususkan padanya. Terdapat banyak orang Galician dan orang-orang suci yang lain; beberapa yang paling terkenal ialah: Saint Ansurius, Saint Rudesind, Saint Mari\u00f1a dari Augas Santas, Saint Senorina, Trahamunda dan Froilan. <> Siapa pelindung Galicia? || Saint James the Greater <> Nama Saint lain yang berkaitan dengan Galicia. || Saint Senorina", {"context": "The patron saint of Galicia is Saint James the Greater, whose body was discovered \u2013 according to the Catholic tradition \u2013 in 814 near Compostela. After that date, the relics of Saint James became an extraordinary centre of pilgrimage and from the 9th century have been kept in the heart of the church \u2013 the modern-day cathedral \u2013 dedicated to him. There are many other Galician and associated saints; some of the best-known are: Saint Ansurius, Saint Rudesind, Saint Mari\u00f1a of Augas Santas, Saint Senorina, Trahamunda and Froilan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "Saint James the Greater"}], "question": "Who is Galicia's patron saint?", "id": "5727e9ca4b864d1900163fde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "Saint Senorina"}], "question": "Name another saint associated with Galicia.", "id": "5727e9ca4b864d1900163fdf"}]}], ["Beratus-ratus monumen batu berdiri kuno seperti dolmens, menhirs dan megalitik Tumulus telah didirikan semasa zaman prasejarah di Galicia, antara yang paling terkenal adalah dolmens Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos dari Pedra da Arca, menhirs seperti \"Lapa de Garg\u00f1\u00e1ns\". Dari Zaman Besi, Galicia memiliki warisan yang kaya terutama berdasarkan sejumlah besar gerbang Bukit, beberapa dari mereka digali seperti Baro\u00f1a, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de L\u00e1s dan Formigueiros antara lain. Dengan pengenalan arsitektur Rom Kuno terdapat perkembangan basilicas, castra, tembok kota, kota, vila, kuil Rom, jalan Rom, dan jambatan Rom Ponte Vella. Ia adalah orang Rom yang mengasaskan beberapa kota pertama di Galicia seperti Lugo dan Ourense. Mungkin contoh yang paling terkenal ialah Tembok Rom Lugo dan Menara Hercules di A Coruna. <> Tamadun mana yang menubuhkan beberapa bandar Galician yang pertama? || Roma <> Nama dua kota ini. || Lugo dan Ourense", {"context": "Hundreds of ancient standing stone monuments like dolmens, menhirs and megalithics Tumulus were erected during the prehistoric period in Galicia, amongst the best-known are the dolmens of Dombate, Corveira, Axeitos of Pedra da Arca, menhirs like the \"Lapa de Garg\u00f1\u00e1ns\". From the Iron Age, Galicia has a rich heritage based mainly on a great number of Hill forts, few of them excavated like Baro\u00f1a, Sta. Tegra, San Cibrao de L\u00e1s and Formigueiros among others. With the introduction of Ancient Roman architecture there was a development of basilicas, castra, city walls, cities, villas, Roman temples, Roman roads, and the Roman bridge of Ponte Vella. It was the Romans who founded some of the first cities in Galicia like Lugo and Ourense. Perhaps the best-known examples are the Roman Walls of Lugo and the Tower of Hercules in A Coru\u00f1a.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 661, "text": "Romans"}], "question": "Which civilization was it that founded some of the first Galician cities?", "id": "5727e99aff5b5019007d9840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 721, "text": "Lugo and Ourense"}], "question": "Name two of these cities.", "id": "5727e99aff5b5019007d9841"}]}], ["Penduduk Galicia dikenali sebagai Galician (Galicia: galegos, Sepanyol: gallegos). Selama lebih dari satu abad Galicia telah berkembang dengan lebih perlahan daripada seluruh Sepanyol, yang sebahagian besarnya disebabkan oleh penghijrahan ke Amerika Latin dan ke bahagian lain di Sepanyol. Kadang-kadang Galicia telah kehilangan populasi secara mutlak. Pada tahun 1857, Galicia mempunyai populasi padat penduduk di Sepanyol dan merupakan 11.5% penduduk negara. Sehingga 2007, hanya 6.1% penduduk Sepanyol tinggal di dalam masyarakat autonomi. Ini disebabkan oleh penghijrahan orang Galicia sejak abad ke-19, pertama ke Amerika Selatan dan kemudian ke Eropah Tengah. <> Apa yang dipanggil oleh orang Galicia dalam bahasa mereka? || galegos <> Selain Sepanyol, di mana orang Galicia berhijrah ke? || Amerika Latin", {"context": "Galicia's inhabitants are known as Galicians (Galician: galegos, Spanish: gallegos). For well over a century Galicia has grown more slowly than the rest of Spain, due largely to emigration to Latin America and to other parts of Spain. Sometimes Galicia has lost population in absolute terms. In 1857, Galicia had Spain's densest population and constituted 11.5% of the national population. As of 2007, only 6.1% of the Spanish population resides in the autonomous community. This is due to an exodus of Galician people since the 19th century, first to South America and later to Central Europe.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "galegos"}], "question": "What to Galician's call themselves in their language?", "id": "5727e9d04b864d1900163fe2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Latin America"}], "question": "Aside from Spain, where have Galicians emigrated to?", "id": "5727e9d04b864d1900163fe3"}]}], ["Kekristianan adalah agama yang paling banyak diamalkan di Galicia, kerana ia telah sejak pengenalannya dalam zaman purba, walaupun ia tinggal bersama agama Gallaeci lama selama beberapa abad. Hari ini kira-kira 73% orang Galicia mengenal diri mereka sebagai orang Kristian. Bentuk Kristian yang terbesar yang diamalkan pada masa kini adalah Katolik, walaupun hanya 20% penduduk yang menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai anggota aktif. Gereja Katolik di Galicia telah menduduki kerusi primata di Santiago de Compostela sejak abad ke-12. <> Apakah agama Galicia yang paling luas? || Kristian <> Berapa peratus daripada orang Galicia mengenal pasti dengan agama ini? || 73%", {"context": "Christianity is the most widely practised religion in Galicia, as it has been since its introduction in Late Antiquity, although it lived alongside the old Gallaeci religion for a few centuries. Today about 73% of Galicians identify themselves as Christians. The largest form of Christianity practised in the present day is Catholicism, though only 20% of the population described themselves as active members. The Catholic Church in Galicia has had its primatial seat in Santiago de Compostela since the 12th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Christianity"}], "question": "What is Galicia's most widespread religion?", "id": "5727e84aff5b5019007d9816"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "73%"}], "question": "What percentage of Galicians identify with this religion?", "id": "5727e84aff5b5019007d9817"}]}], ["Bahasa Sepanyol tetap merupakan bahasa rasmi tunggal di Galicia selama lebih dari empat abad. Selama berabad-abad penguasaan Castil, Galician memudar dari penggunaan sehari-hari di kawasan bandar. Tempoh sejak penubuhan semula demokrasi di Sepanyol-khususnya sejak Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Hukum Normalisasi Linguistik\", Ley 3/1983, 15 Jun 1983) -mengatakan kali pertama sejak pengenalan pendidikan massa yang generasi telah menghadiri sekolah di Galicia (bahasa Sepanyol juga masih diajar di sekolah-sekolah Galician). <> Berapa lamakah bahasa Sepanyol yang rasmi di Galicia? || lebih daripada empat abad <> Pada zaman moden, dari mana tahun mana anak-anak bersekolah di Galicia? || 1983 <> Apa nama undang-undang yang menggubal ini? || Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Hukum Normalisasi Linguistik\"", {"context": "Spanish was nonetheless the only official language in Galicia for more than four centuries. Over the many centuries of Castilian domination, Galician faded from day-to-day use in urban areas. The period since the re-establishment of democracy in Spain\u2014in particular since the Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Law of Linguistic Normalization\", Ley 3/1983, 15 June 1983)\u2014represents the first time since the introduction of mass education that a generation has attended school in Galician (Spanish is also still taught in Galician schools).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "more than four centuries"}], "question": "For how long was Spanish the official language of Galicia?", "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def53"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "1983"}], "question": "In modern times, from which year have children attended school in Galician?", "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def54"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "Lei de Normalizaci\u00f3n Ling\u00fc\u00edstica (\"Law of Linguistic Normalization\""}], "question": "What was the name of the law that enacted this?", "id": "5727e6f53acd2414000def55"}]}], ["Pada masa kini, Galician semakin membesar, walaupun di bandar-bandar itu ia tetap menjadi \"bahasa kedua\" untuk kebanyakan. Mengikut banci tahun 2001, 99.16 peratus penduduk Galicia memahami bahasa itu, 91.04 peratus bercakap, 68.65 peratus membacanya dan 57.64 peratus menulisnya. Dua nombor pertama (pengertian dan pembicaraan) tetap sama seperti satu dekad sebelumnya; dua yang kedua (membaca dan menulis) kedua-duanya menunjukkan keuntungan yang besar: satu dekad lebih awal, hanya 49.3 peratus daripada penduduk yang boleh membaca bahasa Galicia, dan hanya 34.85 peratus dapat menulisnya. Fakta ini dapat dijelaskan dengan mudah kerana ketidakmungkinan mengajar bahasa Galicia semasa era Francisco Franco, sehingga orang tua berbicara bahasa tetapi tidak memiliki kompetensi bertulis. Bahasa Galicia adalah bahasa peratusan tertinggi dalam bahasa rantaunya di kalangan bahasa serantau Sepanyol. <> Kira-kira berapa peratus penduduknya sebenarnya berbahasa Galicia? || 91 <> Seberapa peratus membacanya? || 68 <> Seberapa peratus menulisnya? || 57", {"context": "Nowadays, Galician is resurgent, though in the cities it remains a \"second language\" for most. According to a 2001 census, 99.16 percent of the populace of Galicia understand the language, 91.04 percent speak it, 68.65 percent read it and 57.64 percent write it. The first two numbers (understanding and speaking) remain roughly the same as a decade earlier; the latter two (reading and writing) both show enormous gains: a decade earlier, only 49.3 percent of the population could read Galician, and only 34.85 percent could write it. This fact can be easily explained because of the impossibility of teaching Galician during the Francisco Franco era, so older people speak the language but have no written competence. Galician is the highest-percentage spoken language in its region among the regional languages of Spain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "91"}], "question": "Roughly what percentage of the population actually speaks Galician?", "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d97fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 213, "text": "68"}], "question": "What percentage read it?", "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d97ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 239, "text": "57"}], "question": "What percentage write it?", "id": "5727e75cff5b5019007d9800"}]}], ["Dokumen terawal yang diketahui dalam bahasa Galicia-Portugis bermula dari 1228. Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas diberikan oleh Alfonso IX dari Le\u00f3n ke kota Burgo, di Castro Caldelas, setelah model perlembagaan kota Allariz. Sastera Galicia yang berbeza muncul pada Abad Pertengahan: Pada abad ke-13 sumbangan penting telah dibuat kepada kanon romantik di Galicia-Portugis, yang paling terkenal oleh penyihir Mart\u00edn Codax, imam Airas Nunes, Raja Denis dari Portugal dan Raja Alfonso X Castile, Alfonso O Sabio (\"Alfonso the Bijaksana\"), raja yang sama yang memulakan proses menubuhkan hegemoni Castilian. Dalam tempoh ini, bahasa Galicia-Portugis dianggap bahasa puisi cinta dalam budaya linguistik Romantik Iberian. Nama-nama dan kenangan Codax dan tokoh kebudayaan lain yang lain dipelihara dengan baik di Galicia moden dan, walaupun dalam tempoh lama penguasaan bahasa Castilian, nama-nama ini adalah kata-kata rumah tangga lagi. <> Dokumen-dokumen Galicia-Portugis yang paling awal bermula pada tahun yang mana? || 1228 <> Semasa era apa kesusasteraan Galicia muncul? || Pertengahan umur", {"context": "The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of Le\u00f3n to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by the troubadour Mart\u00edn Codax, the priest Airas Nunes, King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso O Sabio (\"Alfonso the Wise\"), the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the Iberian Romance linguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia and, despite the long period of Castilian linguistic domination, these names are again household words.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "1228"}], "question": "The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?", "id": "5727e8484b864d1900163fc8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 295, "text": "Middle Ages"}], "question": "During what era did Galician literature emerge?", "id": "5727e8484b864d1900163fc9"}]}]], [["Dalam sistem warna subtractive, digunakan dalam lukisan dan percetakan warna, hijau dicipta oleh gabungan kuning dan biru, atau kuning dan cyan; dalam model warna RGB, digunakan pada skrin televisyen dan komputer, ia adalah salah satu warna utama aditif, bersama dengan warna merah dan biru, yang bercampur dalam kombinasi yang berbeza untuk mencipta semua warna lain. Di roda warna HSV, juga dikenali sebagai roda warna RGB, pelengkap hijau ialah magenta; iaitu, warna yang sama dengan campuran cahaya merah dan biru (salah satu purples). Pada roda warna tradisional, berdasarkan warna subtractive, warna pelengkap kepada hijau dianggap merah. <> Di mana sistem warna hijau dicipta dengan menggabungkan kuning dan biru? || subtractive <> Di mana model warna hijau salah satu warna utama aditif? || RGB <> Apakah pelengkap hijau pada roda warna HSV? || magenta <> Apa pelengkap hijau pada roda warna tradisional? || merah", {"context": "In the subtractive color system, used in painting and color printing, green is created by a combination of yellow and blue, or yellow and cyan; in the RGB color model, used on television and computer screens, it is one of the additive primary colors, along with red and blue, which are mixed in different combinations to create all other colors. On the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, the complement of green is magenta; that is, a color corresponding to an equal mixture of red and blue light (one of the purples). On a traditional color wheel, based on subtractive color, the complementary color to green is considered to be red.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "subtractive"}], "question": "In which color system is green created by combining yellow and blue?", "id": "572966243f37b31900478333"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "RGB"}], "question": "In which color model is green one of the additive primary colors?", "id": "572966243f37b31900478334"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "magenta"}], "question": "What is the complement of green on the HSV color wheel?", "id": "572966243f37b31900478335"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "red"}], "question": "What is the complement of green on the traditional color wheel?", "id": "572966243f37b31900478336"}]}], ["Di dalam peranti warna tambahan seperti paparan komputer dan televisyen, salah satu sumber cahaya primer biasanya spektrum sempit-hijau berkilau panjang gelombang ~ 550 nm; utama \"hijau\" ini digabungkan dengan primer merah \"merah\" orang orak dan biru \"biru\" utama untuk menghasilkan sebarang warna di antara - model warna RGB. Hijau yang unik (hijau yang kelihatan tidak kekuning-kuningan atau kebiru-biruan) dihasilkan pada peranti sedemikian dengan mencampurkan cahaya dari primer hijau dengan beberapa cahaya dari primer biru. <> Apa yang dihasilkan pada paparan komputer apabila cahaya dari primary hijau bercampur dengan cahaya dari primary biru? || Hijau yang unik <> Pada apa panjang gelombang hijau pada paparan komputer? || ~ 550 nm <> Apakah jenis peranti warna yang memaparkan komputer dan televisyen? || aditif", {"context": "In additive color devices such as computer displays and televisions, one of the primary light sources is typically a narrow-spectrum yellowish-green of dominant wavelength ~550 nm; this \"green\" primary is combined with an orangish-red \"red\" primary and a purplish-blue \"blue\" primary to produce any color in between \u2013 the RGB color model. A unique green (green appearing neither yellowish nor bluish) is produced on such a device by mixing light from the green primary with some light from the blue primary.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "A unique green"}], "question": "What is produced on a computer display when light from the green primary is mixed with some light from the blue primary?", "id": "572966e11d046914007793a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "~550 nm"}], "question": "At what wavelength is green on computer displays?", "id": "572966e11d046914007793a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "additive"}], "question": "What type of color devices are computer displays and televisions?", "id": "572966e11d046914007793a7"}]}], ["\"Hijau\" dalam bahasa Eropah moden sepadan dengan kira-kira 520-570 nm, tetapi banyak bahasa sejarah dan bukan Eropah membuat pilihan lain, mis. menggunakan istilah untuk julat ca. 450-530 nm (\"biru / hijau\") dan satu lagi untuk ca. 530-590 nm (\"hijau / kuning\"). Dalam kajian komparatif tentang istilah warna dalam bahasa-bahasa dunia, hijau hanya dijumpai sebagai kategori yang berasingan dalam bahasa-bahasa dengan julat penuh enam warna (putih, hitam , merah, hijau, kuning, dan biru), atau lebih jarang dalam sistem dengan lima warna (putih, merah, kuning, hijau, dan hitam / biru). (Lihat perbezaan hijau dari biru) Bahasa-bahasa ini telah memperkenalkan perbendaharaan kata tambahan untuk menandakan \"hijau\", tetapi istilah-istilah ini dapat dikenali sebagai adopsi baru-baru ini yang tidak berasal dari segi warna (sama seperti kata sifat oren bahasa Inggeris yang asalnya bukan istilah warna tetapi nama buah). Oleh itu, perkataan Thai \u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27 selain bermaksud \"hijau\" juga bermaksud \"pangkat\" dan \"bau\" dan memegang persatuan yang tidak menyenangkan. <> Dalam bahasa manakah perkataan untuk \"hijau\" juga bermaksud \"pangkat\" dan \"berbau\"? || Thai <> Dalam apa julat warna jatuh warna hijau dalam bahasa Eropah moden? || 520-570 nm <> Apa asal perkataan \"oren\"? || nama buah", {"context": "\"Green\" in modern European languages corresponds to about 520\u2013570 nm, but many historical and non-European languages make other choices, e.g. using a term for the range of ca. 450\u2013530 nm (\"blue/green\") and another for ca. 530\u2013590 nm (\"green/yellow\").[citation needed] In the comparative study of color terms in the world's languages, green is only found as a separate category in languages with the fully developed range of six colors (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue), or more rarely in systems with five colors (white, red, yellow, green, and black/blue). (See distinction of green from blue) These languages have introduced supplementary vocabulary to denote \"green\", but these terms are recognizable as recent adoptions that are not in origin color terms (much like the English adjective orange being in origin not a color term but the name of a fruit). Thus, the Thai word \u0e40\u0e02\u0e35\u0e22\u0e27 besides meaning \"green\" also means \"rank\" and \"smelly\" and holds other unpleasant associations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 879, "text": "Thai"}], "question": "In which language does the word for \"green\" also mean \"rank\" and \"smelly\"?", "id": "5729658d1d0469140077939f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "520\u2013570 nm"}], "question": "In what range does the color green fall in modern European languages?", "id": "5729658d1d046914007793a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 847, "text": "the name of a fruit"}], "question": "What is the origin of the word \"orange\"?", "id": "5729658d1d046914007793a1"}]}], ["Banyak mineral menyediakan pigmen yang telah digunakan dalam cat hijau dan pewarna selama berabad-abad. Pigmen, dalam kes ini, adalah mineral yang mencerminkan warna hijau, sebaliknya memancarkannya melalui kualiti pendarfluor atau fosforen. Banyak pigmen hijau menjadikannya mustahil untuk menyebut mereka semua. Di antara gelas hijau yang lebih ketara, namun adalah zamrud, yang berwarna hijau dengan jumlah kromium dan kadang-kadang vanadium. Kromium (III) oksida (Cr2O3), dipanggil krom hijau, juga dipanggil hijau viridia atau institusi apabila digunakan sebagai pigmen. Selama bertahun-tahun, sumber warna amazonite adalah misteri. Diduga secara meluas kerana tembaga kerana sebatian tembaga sering mempunyai warna biru dan hijau, warna biru-hijau mungkin diperolehi dari sejumlah kecil plumbum dan air di feldspar. Tembaga adalah sumber warna hijau dalam pigmen malachite, secara kimia dikenali sebagai tembaga (II) karbonat asas. <> Apakah pigmen lakukan dengan warna hijau? || mencerminkan <> Apakah cat dan pewarna hijau yang biasanya dibuat? || mineral <> Apakah bahan kimia utama yang menyebabkan zamrud hijau? || kromium <> Apakah sumber warna hijau dalam pigmen malachite? || Tembaga <> Apakah sumber warna amazonit? || kuantiti kecil plumbum dan air di feldspar", {"context": "Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "reflect"}], "question": "What do pigments do with the color green?", "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "minerals"}], "question": "What are green paints and dyes usually made of?", "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "chromium"}], "question": "What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?", "id": "5729693f3f37b3190047834f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 840, "text": "Copper"}], "question": "What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?", "id": "5729693f3f37b31900478350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 788, "text": "small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar"}], "question": "What is the source of amazonite's color?", "id": "5729693f3f37b31900478351"}]}], ["Oleh itu, bahasa yang disebutkan di atas (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) mempunyai istilah lama untuk \"hijau\" yang berasal dari kata-kata untuk tumbuh-tumbuhan segar dan tumbuh. Walau bagaimanapun, linguistik perbandingan menunjukkan bahawa istilah ini dicipta secara bebas, sejak beberapa milenia yang lalu, dan tidak ada satu-satunya Proto-Indo-Eropah atau perkataan tunggal untuk \"hijau\". Contohnya, zelenk Slavic adalah bahasa Sanskrit dengan \"kuning, oker, emas\". Bahasa Turkik juga mempunyai ja\u0161\u0268l \"hijau\" atau \"hijau kekuningan\", berbanding perkataan Mongolia untuk \"padang rumput\". <> Bahasa Jerman, Romantik, Slavik, dan Yunani semuanya mempunyai istilah lama untuk \"hijau\" yang berasal dari kata-kata untuk apa? || tumbuh-tumbuhan segar, tumbuh-tumbuhan <> Bagaimana istilah \"hijau\" diperolehi dalam bahasa Jerman, Romantik, Slavik, dan Yunani? || secara bebas <> Bahasa manakah yang mempunyai kata untuk \"hijau\" yang sebanding dengan perkataan bahasa Mongolia untuk \"padang rumput\"? || Turki", {"context": "Thus, the languages mentioned above (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek) have old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for fresh, sprouting vegetation. However, comparative linguistics makes clear that these terms were coined independently, over the past few millennia, and there is no identifiable single Proto-Indo-European or word for \"green\". For example, the Slavic zelen\u044a is cognate with Sanskrit hari \"yellow, ochre, golden\". The Turkic languages also have ja\u0161\u0268l \"green\" or \"yellowish green\", compared to a Mongolian word for \"meadow\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "fresh, sprouting vegetation"}], "question": "Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek all has old terms for \"green\" which are derived from words for what?", "id": "572962eb1d0469140077937f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "independently"}], "question": "How were the terms for \"green\" derived in the Germanic, Romance, Slavic, and Greek languages?", "id": "572962eb1d04691400779380"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Turkic"}], "question": "Which language has a word for \"green\" that is comparable to a Mongolian word for \"meadow\"?", "id": "572962eb1d04691400779381"}]}], ["Dalam sesetengah bahasa, termasuk bahasa Cina lama, Thai, Jepun lama, dan Vietnam, perkataan yang sama boleh bererti sama ada biru atau hijau. Watak Cina \u9752 (diucapkan q\u012bng dalam bahasa Mandarin, ao dalam bahasa Jepun, dan thanh dalam bahasa Sino-Vietnam) mempunyai makna yang merangkumi biru dan hijau; biru dan hijau secara tradisional dianggap warna \"\u9752\". Dalam istilah yang lebih kontemporari, masing-masing adalah \u85cd (l\u00e1n, dalam bahasa Mandarin) dan \u7da0 (l\u01dc, dalam bahasa Mandarin). Jepun juga mempunyai dua istilah yang merujuk secara khusus kepada warna hijau, \u7dd1 (midori, yang berasal dari kata kerja deskriptif Jepun klasik midoru \"menjadi daun, berkembang\" merujuk kepada pokok) dan \u30b0 \u30ea \u30fc \u30f3 (guriin, yang berasal dari perkataan Inggeris \"hijau\"). Walau bagaimanapun, di Jepun, walaupun lampu isyarat mempunyai warna yang sama di negara-negara lain, lampu hijau digambarkan menggunakan perkataan yang sama seperti biru, \"aoi\", kerana hijau dianggap sebagai warna aoi; Begitu juga, varian hijau buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran tertentu seperti epal hijau, shiso hijau (bertentangan dengan epal merah dan shiso merah) akan diterangkan dengan perkataan \"aoi\". Vietnam menggunakan perkataan tunggal untuk kedua-dua warna biru dan hijau, dengan variasi seperti xanh da tr\u1eddi (azure, \"biru langit\"), lam (biru), dan luc (hijau, juga xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, hijau \"). <> Berapa banyak istilah yang ada di Jepun untuk warna hijau? || dua <> Apakah perkataan Vietnam untuk kedua-dua biru dan hijau? || xanh <> Apakah warna lampu isyarat di Jepun? || warna yang sama dengan negara lain", {"context": "In some languages, including old Chinese, Thai, old Japanese, and Vietnamese, the same word can mean either blue or green. The Chinese character \u9752 (pronounced q\u012bng in Mandarin, ao in Japanese, and thanh in Sino-Vietnamese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green; blue and green are traditionally considered shades of \"\u9752\". In more contemporary terms, they are \u85cd (l\u00e1n, in Mandarin) and \u7da0 (l\u01dc, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, \u7dd1 (midori, which is derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb midoru \"to be in leaf, to flourish\" in reference to trees) and \u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3 (guriin, which is derived from the English word \"green\"). However, in Japan, although the traffic lights have the same colors that other countries have, the green light is described using the same word as for blue, \"aoi\", because green is considered a shade of aoi; similarly, green variants of certain fruits and vegetables such as green apples, green shiso (as opposed to red apples and red shiso) will be described with the word \"aoi\". Vietnamese uses a single word for both blue and green, xanh, with variants such as xanh da tr\u1eddi (azure, lit. \"sky blue\"), lam (blue), and l\u1ee5c (green; also xanh l\u00e1 c\u00e2y, lit. \"leaf green\").", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many terms does Japanese have for the color green?", "id": "572963d03f37b31900478311"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1132, "text": "xanh"}], "question": "What is the Vietnamese word for both blue and green?", "id": "572963d03f37b31900478312"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "the same colors that other countries have"}], "question": "What are the colors of traffic lights in Japan?", "id": "572963d03f37b31900478313"}]}], ["Perkataan Inggeris moden hijau berasal dari bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan Inggeris Anglo-Saxon, dari akar bahasa Jerman yang sama seperti kata-kata \"rumput\" dan \"berkembang\". Ia adalah warna rumput yang hidup dan daun dan hasilnya adalah warna yang paling berkaitan dengan musim bunga, pertumbuhan dan alam semula jadi. Setakat ini, penyumbang terbesar kepada sifat hijau adalah klorofil, kimia yang mana tumbuhan mensosintesis dan mengubah cahaya matahari menjadi tenaga kimia. Banyak makhluk telah menyesuaikan diri dengan persekitaran hijau mereka dengan mengambil warna hijau sendiri sebagai penyamaran. Beberapa galian mempunyai warna hijau, termasuk zamrud, yang berwarna hijau dengan kandungan kromanya. <> Yang manakah bahasa inggeris yang lama perkataan \"hijau\" berasal dari? || gren <> Selain daripada \"rumput\", apa perkataan akar Jerman yang lain serupa dengan hijau? || tumbuh <> Musim mana yang paling hijau dikaitkan dengan? || musim semi <> Yang kimia dalam tumbuhan adalah penyumbang terbesar kepada warna hijau? || chlorophyll <> Apakah satu contoh mineral hijau? || zamrud <> Apa, dalam alam semulajadi, kemungkinan besar membuat hal hijau? || klorofil <> Untuk apa haiwan menggunakan warna hijau? || penyamaran <> Apakah bahan kimia yang menyebabkan zamrud hijau? || kromium <> Dari mana bahasa Inggeris Tengah dan Anglo-Saxon berasal dari hijau? || gren", {"context": "The modern English word green comes from the Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word grene, from the same Germanic root as the words \"grass\" and \"grow\". It is the color of living grass and leaves and as a result is the color most associated with springtime, growth and nature. By far the largest contributor to green in nature is chlorophyll, the chemical by which plants photosynthesize and convert sunlight into chemical energy. Many creatures have adapted to their green environments by taking on a green hue themselves as camouflage. Several minerals have a green color, including the emerald, which is colored green by its chromium content.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "grene"}], "question": "Which old english word does the word \"green\" originate from?", "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "grow"}], "question": "Other than \"grass\", what other Germanic root word is similar to green?", "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "springtime"}], "question": "Which season is green most commonly associated with?", "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "chlorophyll"}], "question": "Which chemical in plants is the largest contributor to the color green?", "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 585, "text": "emerald"}], "question": "What an is an example of a green mineral?", "id": "5727aa644b864d19001639f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "chlorophyll"}], "question": "What, in nature, is most likely to make things green?", "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa341"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "camouflage"}], "question": "For what do some animals use the color green?", "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa342"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "chromium"}], "question": "What chemical causes emeralds to be green?", "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa343"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "grene"}], "question": "From which Middle English and Anglo-Saxon word is green derived?", "id": "5729604faf94a219006aa344"}]}], ["Laser yang dikeluarkan di bahagian hijau spektrum tersedia secara meluas kepada orang awam dalam pelbagai kuasa output. Petunjuk laser hijau yang mengeluarkan pada 532 nm (563.5 THz) agak murah berbanding dengan panjang gelombang lain kuasa yang sama, dan sangat popular kerana kualiti rasuknya yang baik dan kecerahan jelas yang sangat tinggi. Laser hijau yang paling biasa menggunakan teknologi pepejal diod dipam (DPSS) untuk mencipta cahaya hijau. Diod laser inframerah pada 808 nm digunakan untuk mengepam kristal yttrium vanadium oksida neodymium-doped (Nd: YVO4) atau neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd: YAG) dan mendorongnya untuk memancarkan 281.76 THz (1064 nm). Ini cahaya inframerah yang lebih mendalam kemudiannya dilalui melalui kristal lain yang mengandungi kalium, titanium dan fosforus (KTP), yang sifatnya tidak linear menjana cahaya pada kekerapan yang dua kali dari sinar kejadian (563.5 THz); dalam kes ini sepadan dengan panjang gelombang 532 nm (\"hijau\"). Panjang gelombang hijau lain juga boleh didapati menggunakan teknologi DPSS antara 501 nm hingga 543 nm. Panjang gelombang hijau juga boleh didapati dari laser gas, termasuk laser helium-neon (543 nm), laser Argon-ion (514 nm) dan laser Krypton-ion (521 nm dan 531 nm), serta laser pewarna cecair. Laser hijau mempunyai pelbagai aplikasi, termasuk penunjuk, pencahayaan, pembedahan, pertunjukan cahaya laser, spektroskopi, interferometri, pendarfluor, holografi, penglihatan mesin, senjata tidak mematikan dan kawalan burung. <> Warna laser mana yang boleh didapati secara meluas kepada umum? || hijau <> Berapakah panjang gelombang laser hijau yang murah? || 532 nm <> Jenis teknologi apa yang digunakan dalam laser hijau yang paling biasa? || diod dipam keadaan pepejal <> Berapakah jarak panjang gelombang hijau yang tersedia apabila menggunakan teknologi DPSS? || 501 nm hingga 543 nm", {"context": "Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm (\"green\"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium\u2013neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 23, "text": "green"}], "question": "Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?", "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "532 nm"}], "question": "What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?", "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 377, "text": "diode pumped solid state"}], "question": "What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?", "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1031, "text": "501 nm to 543 nm"}], "question": "What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?", "id": "5729681d6aef051400154e2d"}]}], ["Verdigris dibuat dengan meletakkan plat atau bilah tembaga, tembaga atau gangsa, sedikit panas, menjadi tong wain, meninggalkannya di sana selama beberapa minggu, dan kemudian mengikis dan mengeringkan serbuk hijau yang terbentuk pada logam. Proses membuat verdigris digambarkan pada zaman purba oleh Pliny. Ia digunakan oleh orang Rom di mural Pompeii, dan dalam manuskrip abad ke-11 Celtic seawal abad ke-5 AD. Ia menghasilkan biru-hijau yang tidak boleh ditiru oleh pigmen lain, tetapi ia mempunyai kelemahan; ia tidak stabil, ia tidak boleh menahan kelembapan, ia tidak bercampur dengan warna-warna lain, ia boleh merosakkan warna-warna lain yang bersentuhan, dan itu adalah toksik. Leonardo da Vinci, dalam risalahnya pada lukisan, memberi amaran kepada artis untuk tidak menggunakannya. Ia digunakan secara meluas dalam lukisan kecil di Eropah dan Persia pada abad ke-16 dan ke-17. Kegunaannya sebahagian besarnya berakhir pada akhir abad ke-19, ketika ia digantikan oleh hijau krom yang lebih aman dan lebih stabil. Viridian, juga dipanggil chrome green, adalah pigmen yang dibuat dengan kromium oksida dihydrate, dipatenkan pada tahun 1859. Ia menjadi popular dengan pelukis, kerana, tidak seperti sayur-sayuran sintetik lain, ia stabil dan tidak toksik. Vincent van Gogh menggunakannya, bersama-sama dengan biru Prussian, untuk mewujudkan langit biru gelap dengan warna kehijauan dalam lukisan Cafe teres pada waktu malam. <> Apa yang dibuat dengan meletakkan sepasang bilah tembaga, tembaga, atau tembaga ke dalam botol penapaian wain selama beberapa minggu, kemudian mengikis dan mengeringkan serbuk hijau? || Verdigris <> Siapa yang menggambarkan proses membuat verdigris pada zaman dahulu? || Pliny <> Di mana kota Roma menggunakan verdigris dalam mural? || Pompeii <> Apa yang akan dilakukan oleh verdigris kepada warna-warna lain yang berkaitan dengannya? || merosakkan <> Artis terkenal mana yang memberi amaran kepada artis lain untuk tidak menggunakan verdigris? || Leonardo da Vinci", {"context": "Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Verdigris"}], "question": "What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?", "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "Pliny"}], "question": "Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?", "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 349, "text": "Pompeii"}], "question": "In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?", "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "ruin"}], "question": "What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?", "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 675, "text": "Leonardo da Vinci"}], "question": "Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?", "id": "57296ac9af94a219006aa3d9"}]}], ["Dalam kaji selidik yang dibuat di Eropah dan Amerika Syarikat, hijau adalah warna yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan alam semula jadi, kehidupan, kesihatan, belia, musim bunga, harapan dan iri hati. Di Eropah dan hijau A.S. kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan kematian (hijau mempunyai beberapa persatuan yang seolah-olah bertentangan), penyakit, atau syaitan, tetapi di China persatuannya sangat positif, sebagai simbol kesuburan dan kebahagiaan. Pada Zaman Pertengahan dan Renaisans, ketika warna pakaian menunjukkan status sosial pemilik, hijau dipakai oleh pedagang, bankir dan orang tuanya, sedangkan warna merah adalah warna bangsawan. The Mona Lisa oleh Leonardo da Vinci memakai hijau, menunjukkan dia bukan dari keluarga bangsawan; bangku-bangku di House of Commons Commons berwarna hijau, sementara yang di House of Lords berwarna merah. Hijau juga warna keselamatan dan kebenaran tradisional; lampu hijau bermaksud pergi ke hadapan, kad hijau membenarkan kediaman kekal di Amerika Syarikat. Ia adalah warna yang paling penting dalam Islam. Ia adalah warna bendera Muhammad, dan terdapat di bendera hampir semua negara Islam, dan mewakili tumbuh-tumbuhan yang subur di Syurga. Ia juga sering dikaitkan dengan budaya Gaelic Ireland, dan merupakan warna bendera Ireland. Kerana bersekutu dengan alam semula jadi, ia adalah warna pergerakan alam sekitar. Kumpulan-kumpulan politik yang menganjurkan perlindungan alam sekitar dan keadilan sosial menggambarkan diri mereka sebagai sebahagian daripada pergerakan Hijau, yang menamakan diri mereka sebagai pihak Hijau. Ini telah membawa kepada kempen serupa dalam pengiklanan, kerana syarikat telah menjual produk hijau, atau mesra alam. <> Apakah simbol hijau di China? || kesuburan dan kebahagiaan <> Pada Abad Pertengahan, warna mana yang dikaitkan dengan pedagang, bankir, dan orang tuanya? || hijau <> Apa yang Mona Lisa memakai simbol hijau? || dia bukan dari keluarga mulia <> Apa warna hijau mewakili bendera negara-negara Islam? || tumbuh-tumbuhan subur Paradise <> Mengapa berwarna hijau pergerakan alam sekitar? || persatuan dengan alam semula jadi", {"context": "In surveys made in Europe and the United States, green is the color most commonly associated with nature, life, health, youth, spring, hope and envy. In Europe and the U.S. green is sometimes associated with death (green has several seemingly contrary associations), sickness, or the devil, but in China its associations are very positive, as the symbol of fertility and happiness. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, when the color of clothing showed the owner's social status, green was worn by merchants, bankers and the gentry, while red was the color of the nobility. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci wears green, showing she is not from a noble family; the benches in the British House of Commons are green, while those in the House of Lords are red. Green is also the traditional color of safety and permission; a green light means go ahead, a green card permits permanent residence in the United States. It is the most important color in Islam. It was the color of the banner of Muhammad, and is found in the flags of nearly all Islamic countries, and represents the lush vegetation of Paradise. It is also often associated with the culture of Gaelic Ireland, and is a color of the flag of Ireland. Because of its association with nature, it is the color of the environmental movement. Political groups advocating environmental protection and social justice describe themselves as part of the Green movement, some naming themselves Green parties. This has led to similar campaigns in advertising, as companies have sold green, or environmentally friendly, products.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 357, "text": "fertility and happiness"}], "question": "What is green a symbol of in China?", "id": "572961606aef051400154dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "green"}], "question": "In the Middle Ages, which color was associated with merchants, bankers, and the gentry?", "id": "572961606aef051400154dbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "she is not from a noble family"}], "question": "What does the Mona Lisa wearing green symbolize?", "id": "572961606aef051400154dbc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1077, "text": "lush vegetation of Paradise"}], "question": "What does the color green represent in the flags of Islamic countries?", "id": "572961606aef051400154dbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1220, "text": "its association with nature"}], "question": "Why is green the color of the environmental movement?", "id": "572961606aef051400154dbe"}]}], ["Malangnya bagi mereka yang mahu atau dikehendaki memakai hijau, tidak ada pewarna hijau yang baik yang menghalang pencucian dan cahaya matahari. Pewarna Hijau dibuat daripada pakis, pisang, buah buckthorn, jus jelatang dan daun bawang, tumbuhan digitalis, tumbuhan sapu, daun fraxinus, atau pokok abu, dan kulit pokok alder, tetapi mereka cepat pudar atau berubah warna. Hanya pada abad ke-16, pewarna hijau yang baik dihasilkan, dengan pertama menghiasi kain biru dengan woad, dan kemudian kuning dengan reseda luteola, juga dikenali sebagai kuning-rumput. <> Mengapa warna pewarna hijau kurang daripada ideal? || mereka dengan cepat memudar atau menukar warna <> Bilakah pewarna hijau yang baik yang dihasilkan akhirnya dihasilkan? || Abad ke-16 <> Apa yang dikenali sebagai kuning-rumput? || reseda luteola", {"context": "Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "they rapidly faded or changed color"}], "question": "Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?", "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "16th century"}], "question": "When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?", "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "reseda luteola"}], "question": "What was known as yellow-weed?", "id": "572a1ccd6aef0514001552a6"}]}], ["Di Mesir Kuno hijau adalah simbol penjanaan semula dan kelahiran semula, dan tanaman yang dimungkinkan oleh banjir tahunan Nil. Untuk lukisan di dinding makam atau papirus, seniman Mesir menggunakan malachite halus, ditambang di sebelah barat Sinai dan padang pasir timur. Kotak cat dengan pigmen malachite ditemui di dalam makam Raja Tutankhamun. Mereka juga menggunakan pigmen bumi hijau yang lebih murah, atau campuran ocher kuning dan biru azurit. Untuk pewarna kain hijau, mereka mula-mula berwarna kuning dengan pewarna terbuat dari safron dan kemudian merendamnya dalam pewarna biru dari akar tumbuhan woad. <> Warna yang manakah simbol untuk regenerasi dan kelahiran semula di Mesir Kuno? || hijau <> Apakah artis Mesir menggilap untuk digunakan untuk melukis di dinding makam atau di papirus? || malachite <> Bagaimana kain pewarna Mesir kuning? || kunyit", {"context": "In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "green"}], "question": "Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?", "id": "572a17786aef051400155260"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "malachite"}], "question": "What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?", "id": "572a17786aef051400155261"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "saffron"}], "question": "How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?", "id": "572a17786aef051400155262"}]}], ["Untuk mencipta bunga api hijau, bunga api menggunakan garam barium, seperti barium chlorate, kristal barium nitrat, atau barium klorida, juga digunakan untuk log perapian hijau. Garam tembaga biasanya membakar biru, tetapi cuprik klorida (juga dikenali sebagai \"api unggun biru\") juga boleh menghasilkan api hijau. Suar pyrotechnic hijau boleh menggunakan nisbah campuran 75:25 boron dan kalium nitrat. Asap boleh bertukar menjadi hijau oleh campuran: pelarut kuning 33, pelarut hijau 3, laktosa, magnesium karbonat ditambah natrium karbonat ditambahkan kepada kalium klorat. <> Bagaimana bunga api mencipta bunga api hijau? || garam barium <> Garam tembaga yang manakah dapat menghasilkan pukulan hijau? || kuprum klorida <> Apakah nisbah boron kepada kalium nitrat dalam suar pyrotechnic hijau? || 75:25", {"context": "To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as \"campfire blue\") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "barium salts"}], "question": "How do fireworks create green sparks?", "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 196, "text": "cupric chloride"}], "question": "Which copper salt can produce green glames?", "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "75:25"}], "question": "What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?", "id": "57296bd76aef051400154e4e"}]}], ["Di Yunani purba, hijau dan biru kadang-kadang dianggap warna yang sama, dan perkataan yang sama kadang-kadang menggambarkan warna laut dan warna pokok. Ahli falsafah Democritus menggambarkan dua sayuran yang berlainan; kuno, atau hijau pucat, dan prasinon, atau daun hijau. Aristotle menganggap bahawa hijau terletak di tengah-tengah antara hitam, melambangkan bumi, dan putih, melambangkan air. Walau bagaimanapun, hijau tidak dikira di antara empat warna klasik lukisan Yunani; merah, kuning, hitam dan putih, dan jarang ditemui dalam seni Yunani. <> Yang filsuf Yunani kuno yang dianggap hijau berada di tengah-tengah antara hitam dan putih? || Aristotle <> Filsuf Yunani kuno yang mana menggambarkan hijau pucat sebagai cloron dan leek hijau sebagai prasinon? || Democritus <> Merah, kuning, dan hitam adalah tiga daripada empat lukisan klasik lukisan Yunani. Apakah warna keempat? || putih", {"context": "In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Aristotle"}], "question": "Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?", "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 175, "text": "Democritus"}], "question": "Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?", "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "white"}], "question": "Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?", "id": "572a19b61d0469140077977d"}]}], ["Tiada sumber semulajadi untuk pewarna makanan hijau yang telah diluluskan oleh Pentadbiran Makanan dan Ubat-ubatan AS. Chlorophyll, E nombor E140 dan E141, adalah bahan kimia hijau yang paling biasa yang terdapat di alam, dan hanya dibenarkan dalam ubat-ubatan dan bahan kosmetik tertentu. Quinoline Yellow (E104) adalah pewarna yang biasa digunakan di United Kingdom tetapi dilarang di Australia, Jepun, Norway dan Amerika Syarikat. Hijau S (E142) dilarang di banyak negara, kerana ia diketahui menyebabkan hiperaktif, asma, urtikaria, dan insomnia. <> Pewarna makanan hijau yang diketahui menyebabkan hiperaktif, asma, urtikaria, dan insomnia? || Green S (E142) <> Apakah pewarna makanan yang biasa digunakan di United Kingdom yang dilarang di Australia, Jepun, Norway, dan Amerika Syarikat? || Quinoline Yellow <> Apakah bahan kimia hijau yang paling biasa terdapat dalam alam semula jadi? || Chlorophyll", {"context": "There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Green S (E142)"}], "question": "Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?", "id": "57296b763f37b31900478379"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 271, "text": "Quinoline Yellow"}], "question": "What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?", "id": "57296b763f37b3190047837a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "Chlorophyll"}], "question": "What is the most common green chemical found in nature?", "id": "57296b763f37b3190047837b"}]}], ["Tiada pigmen hijau di mata hijau; seperti warna mata biru, ia adalah ilusi optik; penampilannya disebabkan oleh gabungan pigmen kuning ambar atau coklat cahaya stroma, yang diberikan oleh konsentrasi melanin yang rendah atau sederhana, dengan nada biru yang disampaikan oleh cahaya yang tercermin dari Rayleigh. Mata hijau adalah yang paling biasa di Utara dan Tengah Eropah. Mereka juga boleh didapati di Eropah Selatan, Asia Barat, Asia Tengah, dan Asia Selatan. Di Iceland, 89% wanita dan 87% lelaki mempunyai warna mata biru atau hijau. Satu kajian orang-orang Iceland dan Belanda menemui mata hijau untuk menjadi lebih lazim di kalangan wanita berbanding lelaki. Di kalangan orang Eropah di Eropah, mata hijau paling umum di kalangan keturunan Celtic dan Jerman baru-baru ini, kira-kira 16%. <> Apakah rupa hijau di mata yang dikaitkan? || ilusi optik <> Di mana mata hijau paling biasa? || Eropah Utara dan Tengah <> Di kalangan orang dewasa Iceland dan Belanda, yang seks lebih kerap mempunyai mata hijau? || wanita", {"context": "There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "an optical illusion"}], "question": "What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?", "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7d9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "Northern and Central Europe"}], "question": "Where are green eyes most common?", "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7da"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 632, "text": "women"}], "question": "Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?", "id": "572a16ccaf94a219006aa7db"}]}], ["Orang-orang Rom mempunyai penghargaan yang lebih besar untuk warna hijau; itu adalah warna Venus, dewi kebun, sayur-sayuran dan kebun anggur. Orang-orang Rom membuat pigmen bumi hijau halus, yang banyak digunakan dalam lukisan dinding Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, dan kota-kota Rom lain . Mereka juga menggunakan pigmen verdigris, yang dibuat dengan merendam plat tembaga dalam menanam wain. Menjelang Abad Kedua, orang Rom menggunakan hijau dalam lukisan, mosaik dan kaca, dan terdapat sepuluh kata yang berbeza dalam bahasa Latin untuk jenis hijau. <> Apakah pigmen yang dibuat dengan merendam plat tembaga dalam menanam wain? || verdigris <> Berapa banyak kata yang berbeza untuk jenis hijau wujud dalam bahasa Latin? || sepuluh <> Warna apa yang dikatakan oleh Roma kepada Venus, dewi taman, sayuran, dan kebun anggur? || hijau", {"context": "The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "verdigris"}], "question": "What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?", "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "ten"}], "question": "How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?", "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?", "id": "572a1bcf3f37b319004786db"}]}], ["Bagi orang Mesir kuno, hijau mempunyai persatuan yang sangat positif. Hieroglyph untuk hijau mewakili papirus yang tumbuh bercambah, menunjukkan hubungan rapat antara hijau, tumbuh-tumbuhan, semangat dan pertumbuhan. Dalam lukisan dinding, penguasa dunia bawah tanah, Osiris, biasanya digambarkan dengan muka hijau, kerana hijau adalah simbol kesihatan yang baik dan kelahiran semula. Palet muka muka hijau, dibuat dengan malachite, ditemui di makam. Ia dipakai oleh orang yang hidup dan mati, terutama di sekitar mata, untuk melindungi mereka dari kejahatan. Makam juga sering mengandungi azimat hijau kecil dalam bentuk kumbang scarab yang terbuat dari malachite, yang akan melindungi dan memberi semangat kepada si mati. Ia juga melambangkan laut, yang dikenali sebagai \"Sangat Hijau.\" <> Apa hieroglif Mesir purba untuk hijau? || sebuah papirus yang tumbuh bercambah <> Siapa penguasa neraka di Mesir kuno? || Osiris <> Mengapakah solek wajah hijau yang dipakai oleh orang Mesir kuno? || untuk melindungi mereka daripada kejahatan", {"context": "For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the \"Very Green.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "a growing papyrus sprout"}], "question": "What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?", "id": "572a18b96aef051400155266"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "Osiris"}], "question": "Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?", "id": "572a18b96aef051400155267"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 504, "text": "to protect them from evil"}], "question": "Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?", "id": "572a18b96aef051400155268"}]}], ["Hijau adalah perkara biasa, kerana banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau kerana bahan kimia kompleks yang dikenali sebagai klorofil, yang terlibat dalam fotosintesis. Chlorophyll menyerap panjang cahaya panjang cahaya (merah) dan panjang gelombang pendek cahaya (biru) jauh lebih cekap daripada panjang gelombang yang kelihatan hijau ke mata manusia, jadi cahaya yang dicerminkan oleh tumbuh-tumbuhan diperkaya hijau. Chlorophyll menyerap cahaya hijau dengan buruk kerana ia mula-mula timbul di dalam organisma yang hidup di lautan di mana ungu halobakteria telah mengeksploitasi fotosintesis. Warna ungu mereka timbul kerana mereka mengeluarkan tenaga di bahagian hijau spektrum menggunakan bakterododin. Organisme baru yang kemudiannya datang untuk menguasai pengekstrakan cahaya dipilih untuk mengeksploitasi bahagian-bahagian spektrum yang tidak digunakan oleh halobakteria. <> Mengapa banyak tumbuh-tumbuhan hijau? || klorofil <> Apa klorofil lakukan dengan panjang cahaya (merah) dan pendek (biru) cahaya cahaya? || menyerap <> Di mana klorofil pertama timbul? || organisma yang tinggal di lautan", {"context": "Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "chlorophyll"}], "question": "Why are many plants green?", "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "absorbs"}], "question": "What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?", "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "organisms living in oceans"}], "question": "Where did chlorophyll first arise?", "id": "57296cd06aef051400154e66"}]}], ["Haiwan biasanya menggunakan warna hijau sebagai penyamaran, menggabungkan dengan hijau klorofil persekitaran sekitar. Haiwan hijau termasuk, terutamanya, amfibia, reptilia, dan beberapa ikan, burung dan serangga. Kebanyakan ikan, reptilia, amfibia, dan burung kelihatan hijau kerana refleksi cahaya biru yang datang melalui lapisan pigmen kuning. Persepsi warna juga boleh dipengaruhi oleh persekitaran sekitar. Sebagai contoh, hutan luas biasanya mempunyai cahaya kuning-hijau tentang mereka sebagai pokok menyaring cahaya. Turacoverdin adalah salah satu bahan kimia yang boleh menyebabkan warna hijau pada burung, terutamanya. Invertebrat seperti serangga atau moluska sering memaparkan warna hijau kerana pigmen porphyrin, kadang-kadang disebabkan oleh diet. Ini boleh menyebabkan najisnya kelihatan hijau juga. Bahan kimia lain yang secara amnya menyumbang kepada kelainan antara organisma adalah flavin (lychochromes) dan hemanovadin. Manusia telah meniru ini dengan mengenakan pakaian hijau sebagai penyamaran dalam bidang tentera dan lain-lain. Bahan yang boleh menyebarkan warna kehijauan ke kulit seseorang termasuk biliverdin, pigmen hijau dalam hempedu, dan ceruloplasmin, protein yang membawa ion tembaga dalam chelation. <> Bagaimana haiwan biasanya menggunakan warna hijau? || Penyamaran <> Mengapa kebanyakan ikan, reptilia, amfibia, dan burung kelihatan hijau? || refleksi cahaya biru yang datang melalui pigmen kuning lebih banyak <> Apa saja bahan kimia yang dapat menyebabkan warna hijau pada burung? || Turacoverdin <> Apakah protein yang membawa ion tembaga dalam chelation? || Ceruloplasmin <> Apakah pigmen hijau dalam hempedu dipanggil? || biliverdin", {"context": "Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "camouflage"}], "question": "How do animals typically use the color green?", "id": "57296da23f37b31900478391"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment"}], "question": "Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?", "id": "57296da23f37b31900478392"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Turacoverdin"}], "question": "What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?", "id": "57296da23f37b31900478393"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1116, "text": "ceruloplasmin"}], "question": "What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?", "id": "57296da23f37b31900478394"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1073, "text": "biliverdin"}], "question": "What is the green pigment in bile called?", "id": "57296da23f37b31900478395"}]}], ["Seperti warna biasa lain, hijau mempunyai beberapa persatuan yang benar-benar bertentangan. Walaupun warna yang paling dikaitkan oleh orang Eropah dan rakyat Amerika dengan kesihatan yang baik, ia juga merupakan warna yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan toksis dan racun. Terdapat asas yang kukuh untuk persatuan ini; pada abad kesembilan belas beberapa cat dan pigmen yang popular, terutamanya verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt dan vert de Paris, sangat toksik, mengandungi tembaga atau arsenik. [d] Absintan minuman yang memabukkan dikenali sebagai \"dongeng hijau\". <> Apa yang diketahui sebagai absinthe? || <p> Kenapa cat dan pigmen yang popular di abad kesembilan belas sangat toksik? || tembaga atau arsenik <> Warna apa yang paling berkaitan dengan toksik dan racun? || hijau", {"context": "Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as \"the green fairy\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "the green fairy"}], "question": "What was absinthe known as?", "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "copper or arsenic"}], "question": "Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?", "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?", "id": "572a1f9d1d046914007797b1"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1980-an, hijau menjadi warna beberapa parti politik Eropah baru yang dianjurkan di sekitar agenda persekitaran. Green dipilih untuk bersekutu dengan alam semula jadi, kesihatan, dan pertumbuhan. Parti hijau terbesar di Eropah ialah Alliance '90 / The Greens (Jerman: B\u00fcndnis 90 / Die Gr\u00fcnen) di Jerman, yang dibentuk pada tahun 1993 dari penggabungan Parti Hijau Jerman, yang diasaskan di Jerman Barat pada tahun 1980, dan Alliance 90, yang ditubuhkan semasa Revolusi 1989-1990 di Jerman Timur. Pada pilihan raya persekutuan 2009, parti itu memenangi 10.7% undi dan 68 daripada 622 kerusi di Bundestag. <> Apakah parti hijau terbesar di Eropah? || Alliance '90 / The Greens <> Mengapa hijau dipilih untuk beberapa parti politik Eropah yang baru pada tahun 1980-an? || alam sekitar <> Bilakah parti hijau Jerman yang diasaskan di Jerman Barat? || 1980", {"context": "In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: B\u00fcndnis 90/Die Gr\u00fcnen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989\u20131990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "Alliance '90/The Greens"}], "question": "What is the largest green party in Europe?", "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "environmentalism"}], "question": "Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?", "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When was the German green party founded in West Germany?", "id": "572a2278af94a219006aa839"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, hijau dikaitkan dengan gerakan romantis dalam kesusasteraan dan seni. Ahli falsafah Perancis Jean-Jacques Rousseau meraikan kebaikan alam, penyair Jerman dan ahli falsafah Goethe menyatakan bahawa warna hijau adalah warna yang paling tenang, sesuai untuk bilik tidur yang menghias. Pelukis seperti John Constable dan Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot menggambarkan landskap dan hutan lanskap hijau yang subur. Hijau bertentangan dengan gril berasap dan kulit hitam Revolusi Perindustrian. <> Ketika hijau dikaitkan dengan gerakan romantis dalam kesusasteraan dan seni? || Abad ke-18 dan ke-19 <> Siapakah ahli philospher Perancis yang meraikan kebajikan alam? || Jean-Jacques Rousseau <> Yang penyair Jerman dan philospher mengisytiharkan hijau menjadi warna yang paling tenang? || Goethe", {"context": "In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "18th and 19th century"}], "question": "When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?", "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}], "question": "Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?", "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Goethe"}], "question": "Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?", "id": "572a1d5e6aef0514001552ac"}]}], ["Akhir abad kesembilan belas juga membawa kajian sistematik teori warna, dan khususnya kajian tentang bagaimana warna-warna pelengkap seperti merah dan hijau diperkuat satu sama lain ketika mereka ditempatkan di sebelah satu sama lain. Kajian-kajian ini diikuti oleh artis-artis seperti Vincent van Gogh. Menggambarkan lukisannya, The Night Cafe, kepada saudara lelakinya Theo pada tahun 1888, Van Gogh menulis: \"Saya berusaha untuk mengekspresikan dengan keghairahan manusia yang merah dan hijau. Hall adalah darah merah dan kuning pucat, dengan meja biliard hijau di tengah , dan empat lampu kuning lemon, dengan sinaran oren dan hijau. Di mana-mana pertempuran dan antitesis dari warna merah dan hijau yang paling berbeza. \" <> Bilakah kajian sistematik teori warna bermula? || akhir abad kesembilan belas <> Siapa yang melukis Cafe Malam? || Vincent van Gogh <> Apa jenis warna merah dan hijau? || pelengkap", {"context": "The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: \"I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "late nineteenth century"}], "question": "When did the systematic study of color theory begin?", "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "Vincent van Gogh"}], "question": "Who painted The Night Cafe?", "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 113, "text": "complementary"}], "question": "What type of colors are red and green?", "id": "572a1dd76aef0514001552b2"}]}], ["Banyak bendera dunia Islam berwarna hijau, kerana warna dianggap suci dalam Islam (lihat di bawah). Bendera Hamas, serta bendera Iran, adalah hijau, melambangkan ideologi Islam mereka. Bendera Libya 1977 terdiri daripada medan hijau yang sederhana tanpa ciri-ciri lain. Ia adalah satu-satunya bendera kebangsaan di dunia dengan hanya satu warna dan tiada reka bentuk, lambang, atau butiran lain. Beberapa negara menggunakan hijau dalam bendera mereka untuk mewakili tumbuh-tumbuhan yang subur negara mereka, seperti bendera Jamaica, dan berharap pada masa depan, seperti bendera Portugal dan Nigeria. Cedar hijau pokok Lebanon di Bendera Lebanon secara rasminya mewakili keamatan dan toleransi. <> Negara mana yang mempunyai bendera pada tahun 1977 yang hanya hijau? || Libya <> Apa yang hijau mewakili bendera Jamaica? || tumbuh-tumbuhan yang subur di negara <> Apa cedar hijau pokok Lebanon mewakili Bendera Lubnan? || keabsahan dan toleransi <> Warna mana yang dianggap suci dalam Islam? || hijau", {"context": "Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "Libya"}], "question": "Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?", "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478707"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 448, "text": "country's lush vegetation"}], "question": "What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?", "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478708"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 644, "text": "steadiness and tolerance"}], "question": "What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?", "id": "572a203e3f37b31900478709"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "green"}], "question": "Which color is considered sacred in Islam?", "id": "572a203e3f37b3190047870a"}]}], ["Katolik Roman dan lebih tradisi pendeta Protestan memakai pakaian hijau di majlis liturgi semasa Masa Biasa. Di Gereja Katolik Timur, hijau adalah warna Pentakosta. Hijau adalah salah satu warna Krismas juga, mungkin berkali-kali kembali ke zaman pra-Kristian, apabila langit-langit disembah kerana kemampuan mereka mengekalkan warna mereka sepanjang musim sejuk. Rom menggunakan holly hijau dan malar hijau sebagai hiasan untuk perayaan solstis musim sejuk mereka yang dipanggil Saturnalia, yang akhirnya berkembang menjadi perayaan Krismas. Di Ireland dan Scotland terutamanya, hijau digunakan untuk mewakili umat Katolik, sementara oren digunakan untuk mewakili Protestantisme. Ini ditunjukkan pada bendera negara Ireland. <> Apa warna pakaian yang dikenakan oleh Katolik Rom dan tradisi Protestan tradisional pada majlis liturgi semasa waktu biasa? || hijau <> Apa warna hijau di Gereja Katolik Timur? || Pentakosta <> Apa yang hijau mewakili di Ireland dan Scotland? || Katolik <> Apa yang digunakan Roma sebagai hiasan untuk perayaan musim sejuk solstis mereka yang dipanggil Saturnalia? || holly hijau dan malar hijau <> Apa yang disembah kerana kemampuan mereka mengekalkan warna mereka sepanjang musim sejuk? || evergreens", {"context": "Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "green"}], "question": "What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?", "id": "572a23651d046914007797d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "Pentecost"}], "question": "What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?", "id": "572a23651d046914007797d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 608, "text": "Catholics"}], "question": "What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?", "id": "572a23651d046914007797d5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "green holly and evergreen"}], "question": "What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?", "id": "572a23651d046914007797d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 285, "text": "evergreens"}], "question": "What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?", "id": "572a23651d046914007797d3"}]}], ["Hijau boleh menyampaikan keselamatan untuk diteruskan, seperti dalam lampu isyarat. Hijau dan merah diseragamkan sebagai warna isyarat kereta api antarabangsa pada abad ke-19. Lampu lalu lintas yang pertama, menggunakan lampu gas hijau dan merah, didirikan pada tahun 1868 di hadapan Dewan Parlimen di London. Ia meletup pada tahun berikutnya, mencederakan anggota polis yang mengendalikannya. Pada tahun 1912, lampu elektrik pertama yang pertama dipasang di Salt Lake City, Utah. Merah dipilih terutamanya kerana penglihatan yang tinggi, dan persatuan dengan bahaya, sementara hijau dipilih secara besar-besaran kerana ia tidak boleh disalah anggap merah. Hari ini lampu hijau secara universal menandakan bahawa sistem telah dihidupkan dan berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Dalam banyak permainan video, hijau menandakan matlamat kesihatan dan siap, bertentangan dengan warna merah. <> Bilakah hijau dan merah diseragamkan sebagai tanda tanda kereta api antarabangsa? || Abad ke-19 <> Bilakah cahaya lalu lintas pertama didirikan? || 1868 <> Di manakah lampu isyarat elektrik moden pertama didirikan pada tahun 1912? || Salt Lake City, Utah <> Selain bersekutu dengan bahaya, kenapa merah dipilih untuk lampu isyarat? || penglihatan yang tinggi", {"context": "Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 150, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?", "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa807"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "1868"}], "question": "When was the first traffic light erected?", "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa808"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "Salt Lake City, Utah"}], "question": "Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?", "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa809"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 485, "text": "high visibility"}], "question": "Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?", "id": "572a1ee7af94a219006aa80a"}]}]], [["USB direka untuk menyeragamkan sambungan peripheral komputer (termasuk papan kekunci, peranti penunjuk, kamera digital, pencetak, pemain media mudah alih, pemacu cakera dan adapter rangkaian) kepada komputer peribadi, untuk berkomunikasi dan membekalkan kuasa elektrik. Ia telah menjadi biasa pada peranti lain, seperti telefon pintar, PDA dan konsol permainan video. USB telah menggantikan pelbagai antaramuka sebelumnya, seperti port siri dan selari, serta pengecas kuasa berasingan untuk peranti mudah alih. <> Apa yang direka bentuk untuk menyeragamkan hubungan perkakasan komputer? || USB <> USB telah menjadi apa pada peranti lain? || biasa <> Apa yang diganti dengan USB secara berkesan? || pelbagai antaramuka terdahulu", {"context": "USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It has become commonplace on other devices, such as smartphones, PDAs and video game consoles. USB has effectively replaced a variety of earlier interfaces, such as serial and parallel ports, as well as separate power chargers for portable devices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "USB"}], "question": "What was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals?", "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d923e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "commonplace"}], "question": "USB has become what on other devices?", "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d923f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "a variety of earlier interfaces"}], "question": "What has USB effectively replaced?", "id": "5727abedff5b5019007d9240"}]}], ["Seperti versi USB sebelum ini, port USB 3.0 datang dengan kuasa rendah dan varian berkuasa tinggi, masing-masing menyediakan 150 mA dan 900 mA, sementara pada masa yang sama menghantar data pada kadar SuperSpeed. Di samping itu, terdapat Spesifikasi Pengecasan Bateri (Versi 1.2 - Disember 2010), yang meningkatkan keupayaan pengendalian kuasa kepada 1.5 A tetapi tidak membenarkan penghantaran data serentak. Spesifikasi Pengecasan Bateri memerlukan pelabuhan fizikal itu mampu mengendalikan 5 A semasa [rujukan?] Tetapi menghadkan arus maksimum yang ditarik ke 1.5 A. <> Apakah varian kuasa dalam port USB 3.0? || kuasa rendah dan berkuasa tinggi <> Apa varian kuasa menyediakan? || 150 mA dan 900 mA masing-masing <> Apakah Spesifikasi Pengecasan Bateri lakukan? || meningkatkan keupayaan pengendalian kuasa ke 1.5 A <> Apa kejatuhan Spesifikasi Mengecas Bateri? || tidak membenarkan penghantaran data serentak", {"context": "As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 \u2013 December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "low-power and high-power"}], "question": "What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?", "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9464"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "150 mA and 900 mA respectively"}], "question": "What do the power variants provide?", "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9465"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A"}], "question": "What does the Battery Charging Specification do?", "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "does not allow concurrent data transmission"}], "question": "What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?", "id": "5727b47e2ca10214002d9467"}]}], ["Siaran akhbar Januari 2013 dari kumpulan USB mendedahkan rancangan untuk mengemas kini USB 3.0 hingga 10 Gbit / s. Kumpulan itu akhirnya membuat versi USB baru, USB 3.1, yang dikeluarkan pada 31 Julai 2013, memperkenalkan mod pemindahan yang lebih cepat yang dinamakan SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit / s, meletakkannya setanding dengan saluran generasi pertama Thunderbolt. Logo mod baru ini mempunyai tajuk \"Superspeed +\" (digubah sebagai SUPERSPEED +). Standard 3.1 USB meningkatkan kadar isyarat data kepada 10 Gbit / s dalam mod USB 3.1 Gen2, dua kali ganda USB 3.0 (dirujuk sebagai USB 3.1 Gen1) dan mengurangkan overhed pengekodan talian hanya dengan 3% dengan menukar skema pengekodan kepada 128b / 132b. Pelaksanaan USB 3.1 yang pertama menunjukkan kelajuan pemindahan 7.2 Gbit / s. <> Bilakah rancangan untuk mengemas kini USB 3.0 hingga 10 Gbit / s mendedahkan? || Januari 2013 <> Apa sebenarnya yang berlaku apabila USB 3.0 dikemas kini? || Kumpulan ini akhirnya membuat versi USB baru <> Kapan USB 3.1 dikeluarkan? || 31 Julai 2013 <> Apakah peningkatan standard USB 3.1? || kadar isyarat data kepada 10 Gbit / s dalam mod USB 3.1 Gen2", {"context": "A January 2013 press release from the USB group revealed plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s. The group ended up creating a new USB version, USB 3.1, which was released on 31 July 2013, introducing a faster transfer mode called SuperSpeed USB 10 Gbit/s, putting it on par with a single first-generation Thunderbolt channel. The new mode's logo features a \"Superspeed+\" caption (stylized as SUPERSPEED+). The USB 3.1 standard increases the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode, double that of USB 3.0 (referred to as USB 3.1 Gen1) and reduces line encoding overhead to just 3% by changing the encoding scheme to 128b/132b. The first USB 3.1 implementation demonstrated transfer speeds of 7.2 Gbit/s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 2, "text": "January 2013"}], "question": "When were the plans to update USB 3.0 to 10 Gbit/s revealed?", "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 95, "text": "The group ended up creating a new USB version"}], "question": "What actually happened whenever USB 3.0 was updated?", "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "31 July 2013"}], "question": "When was USB 3.1 released?", "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the data signaling rate to 10 Gbit/s in the USB 3.1 Gen2 mode"}], "question": "What does the USB 3.1 standard increase?", "id": "5727b6a42ca10214002d949f"}]}], ["Tidak seperti kabel data lain (cth., Ethernet, HDMI), setiap hujung kabel USB menggunakan jenis penyambung yang berlainan; Jenis-A atau Jenis-B. Reka bentuk jenis ini dipilih untuk mengelakkan kelebihan elektrik dan peralatan yang rosak, kerana soket Type-A menyediakan kuasa. Terdapat kabel dengan penyambung Jenis-A di kedua-dua hujung, tetapi ia harus digunakan dengan teliti. Oleh itu, secara umum, setiap \"saiz\" yang berbeza memerlukan empat penyambung yang berbeza; Kabel USB mempunyai palam Jenis-A dan Jenis-B, dan bekas-bekas yang berkaitan adalah pada komputer atau peranti elektronik. Amalan biasa, penyambung Type-A biasanya bersaiz penuh, dan sisi Jenis-B boleh berubah mengikut keperluan. <> Apakah jenis penyambung USB yang berbeza? || Type-A atau Type-B <> Mengapa reka bentuk untuk penyambung USB yang berbeza dibuat? || untuk mengelakkan kelebihan elektrik dan peralatan yang rosak <> Penyambung Jenis-A biasanya apa saiznya? || penyambung Type-A biasanya saiz penuh <> Saiz apa yang disambungkan dengan Jenis-B? || Sisi Jenis-B boleh berubah mengikut keperluan", {"context": "Unlike other data cables (e.g., Ethernet, HDMI), each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of connector; a Type-A or a Type-B. This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment, as only the Type-A socket provides power. There are cables with Type-A connectors on both ends, but they should be used carefully. Therefore, in general, each of the different \"sizes\" requires four different connectors; USB cables have the Type-A and Type-B plugs, and the corresponding receptacles are on the computer or electronic device. In common practice, the Type-A connector is usually the full size, and the Type-B side can vary as needed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "Type-A or a Type-B"}], "question": "What are the different kinds of USB connectors?", "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de963"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "to prevent electrical overloads and damaged equipment"}], "question": "Why were the designs for different USB connectors made?", "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de964"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 578, "text": "the Type-A connector is usually the full size"}], "question": "The Type-A connector is usually what size?", "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de965"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 629, "text": "the Type-B side can vary as needed"}], "question": "What size is the Type-B connector?", "id": "5727ad6a3acd2414000de966"}]}], ["Bas SuperSpeed baru menyediakan mod pemindahan keempat dengan kadar isyarat data 5.0 Gbit / s, sebagai tambahan kepada mod yang disokong oleh versi terdahulu. Output muatan adalah 4 Gbit / s [rujukan diperlukan] (disebabkan oleh overhead yang dilakukan oleh pengekodan 8b / 10b), dan spesifikasi menganggapnya munasabah untuk mencapai sekitar 3.2 Gbit / s (0.4 GB / s atau 400 MB / s) yang perlu ditingkatkan dengan kemajuan perkakasan masa depan. Komunikasi adalah dupleks penuh dalam mod pemindahan SuperSpeed; dalam mod yang disokong sebelum ini, dengan 1.x dan 2.0, komunikasi adalah separuh dupleks, dengan arahan dikawal oleh tuan rumah. <> Apa yang menyediakan mod pemindahan keempat? || Bas SuperSpeed baru <> Seberapa pantas kadar isyarat data bas SuperSpeed baru? || 5.0 Gbit / s <> Apakah dupleks penuh dalam mod pemindahan SuperSpeed? || Komunikasi", {"context": "The new SuperSpeed bus provides a fourth transfer mode with a data signaling rate of 5.0 Gbit/s, in addition to the modes supported by earlier versions. The payload throughput is 4 Gbit/s[citation needed] (due to the overhead incurred by 8b/10b encoding), and the specification considers it reasonable to achieve around 3.2 Gbit/s (0.4 GB/s or 400 MB/s), which should increase with future hardware advances. Communication is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode; in the modes supported previously, by 1.x and 2.0, communication is half-duplex, with direction controlled by the host.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The new SuperSpeed bus"}], "question": "What provides a fourth transfer mode?", "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9442"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 85, "text": "5.0 Gbit/s"}], "question": "How fast is the new SuperSpeed bus data signaling rate?", "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9443"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "Communication"}], "question": "What is full-duplex in SuperSpeed transfer mode?", "id": "5727b3352ca10214002d9444"}]}], ["Kaunter secara intuitif, saiz \"mikro\" adalah yang paling tahan lama dari titik hayat kemasukan yang dirancang. Penyambung standard dan mini direka untuk sambungan kurang dari sehari, dengan jangka hayat reka bentuk 1,500 kitaran penyingkiran. (Penyambung mini B yang bertambah telah mencapai hayat 5,000-kitaran.) Penyambung mikro direka dengan pengecasan peranti mudah alih yang kerap berlaku; bukan sahaja reka bentuk seumur hidup penyambung bertambah kepada 10,000 pusingan, tetapi ia juga direka semula untuk meletakkan kenalan fleksibel, yang haus lebih cepat, pada kabel yang mudah diganti, manakala kenalan yang lebih tahan lama yang teguh terletak di bekas mikro USB. Begitu juga bahagian mekanisme pengekalan (bahagian yang menyediakan daya mencengkam yang diperlukan) juga dipindahkan ke palam pada sisi kabel. <> Saiz apa yang paling tahan lama dari titik hayat pemasinan yang dirancang? || saiz \"mikro\" <> Apa yang direka untuk sambungan kurang harian? || Penyambung standard dan mini <> Apa yang telah mencapai umur 5,000-siklus? || Penyambung mini B yang bertambah <> Apa yang direka dengan mengecas kerap peranti mudah alih dalam minda? || Penyambung mikro", {"context": "Counter-intuitively, the \"micro\" size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime. The standard and mini connectors were designed for less than daily connections, with a design lifetime of 1,500 insertion-removal cycles. (Improved mini-B connectors have reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes.) Micro connectors were designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind; not only is design lifetime of the connector improved to 10,000 cycles, but it was also redesigned to place the flexible contacts, which wear out sooner, on the easily replaced cable, while the more durable rigid contacts are located in the micro-USB receptacles. Likewise, the springy part of the retention mechanism (parts that provide required gripping force) were also moved into plugs on the cable side.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "the \"micro\" size"}], "question": "What size is the most durable from the point of designed insertion lifetime?", "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "The standard and mini connectors"}], "question": "What was designed for less daily connections?", "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Improved mini-B connectors"}], "question": "What has reached 5,000-cycle lifetimes?", "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 308, "text": "Micro connectors"}], "question": "What was designed with frequent charging of portable devices in mind?", "id": "5727aeb02ca10214002d93ab"}]}], ["Dibangunkan pada kira-kira masa yang sama dengan spesifikasi USB 3.1, tetapi berbeza daripada itu, USB Type-C Specification 1.0 telah dimuktamadkan pada bulan Ogos 2014 dan mentakrifkan penyambung plug-balik kecil baru untuk peranti USB. Palam Jenis-C menyambung kepada kedua-dua tuan rumah dan peranti, menggantikan pelbagai penyambung Jenis-A dan Tipe-B dengan standard yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi bukti masa depan, serupa dengan Lightning dan Thunderbolt Apple. Penyambung dua sisi 24-pin menyediakan empat kuasa / pasang tanah, dua pasangan keboleharasan untuk bas data USB 2.0 (walaupun hanya satu pasang dilaksanakan dalam kabel Jenis-C), empat pasang untuk bas data berkelajuan tinggi, dua \"sideband gunakan \"pin, dan dua pin konfigurasi untuk pengesanan orientasi kabel, saluran data konfigurasi biphase mark code (BMC) khusus, dan kuasa VCONN +5 V untuk kabel aktif. Penyesuai dan kabel jenis-A dan Jenis-B diperlukan untuk peranti yang lebih lama untuk memasuki tuan rumah Jenis-C. Penyesuai dan kabel dengan bekas Jenis-C tidak dibenarkan. [Rujukan?] <> Bilakah spesifikasi Type-C Specification 1.0 dimuktamadkan? || Ogos 2014 <> Apa yang mentakrifkan penyambung plug reversibel-baru untuk peranti USB? || Spesifikasi Jenis-C USB 1.0 <> Apakah jenis-C menyambung ke? || kedua-dua hos dan peranti <> Penyambung apa yang menyediakan empat kuasa / pasang tanah? || Penyambung dua sisi 24-pin", {"context": "Developed at roughly the same time as the USB 3.1 specification, but distinct from it, the USB Type-C Specification 1.0 was finalized in August 2014 and defines a new small reversible-plug connector for USB devices. The Type-C plug connects to both hosts and devices, replacing various Type-A and Type-B connectors and cables with a standard meant to be future-proof, similar to Apple Lightning and Thunderbolt. The 24-pin double-sided connector provides four power/ground pairs, two differential pairs for USB 2.0 data bus (though only one pair is implemented in a Type-C cable), four pairs for high-speed data bus, two \"sideband use\" pins, and two configuration pins for cable orientation detection, dedicated biphase mark code (BMC) configuration data channel, and VCONN +5 V power for active cables. Type-A and Type-B adaptors and cables are required for older devices to plug into Type-C hosts. Adapters and cables with a Type-C receptacle are not allowed.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 137, "text": "August 2014"}], "question": "When was the Type-C Specification 1.0 finalized?", "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d9348"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "USB Type-C Specification 1.0"}], "question": "What defined a new reversible-plug connector for USB devices?", "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d9349"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "both hosts and devices"}], "question": "What does Type-C connect to?", "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d934a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "The 24-pin double-sided connector"}], "question": "What connector provides four power/ground pairs?", "id": "5727b7a1ff5b5019007d934b"}]}], ["Sambungan USB juga datang dalam lima mod pemindahan data, dalam urutan menaik: Kelajuan Rendah (1.0), Kelajuan Penuh (1.0), Kelajuan Berkelajuan Tinggi (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), dan SuperSpeed + (3.1). Kelajuan Tinggi disokong hanya dengan antaramuka USB 2.0 High Speed direka bentuk yang direka khas (iaitu, pengawal USB 2.0 tanpa penunjukan Kelajuan Tinggi tidak menyokongnya), serta USB 3.0 dan antara muka yang lebih baru. SuperSpeed disokong hanya dengan USB 3.0 dan antara muka yang lebih baru, dan memerlukan penyambung dan kabel dengan pin tambahan dan wayar, biasanya dibezakan oleh sisipan biru dalam penyambung. <> Sambungan USB datang dalam apa? || lima mod pemindahan data <> Apakah Kelajuan Tinggi hanya disokong oleh? || antaramuka USB 2.0 Tinggi yang direka khas <> SuperSpeed hanya disokong oleh? || USB 3.0 dan antara muka yang lebih baru", {"context": "USB connections also come in five data transfer modes, in ascending order: Low Speed (1.0), Full Speed (1.0), High Speed (2.0), SuperSpeed (3.0), and SuperSpeed+ (3.1). High Speed is supported only by specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces (that is, USB 2.0 controllers without the High Speed designation do not support it), as well as by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces. SuperSpeed is supported only by USB 3.0 and newer interfaces, and requires a connector and cable with extra pins and wires, usually distinguishable by the blue inserts in connectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 29, "text": "five data transfer modes"}], "question": "USB connections come in what?", "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d9298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "specifically designed USB 2.0 High Speed interfaces"}], "question": "What is High Speed only supported by?", "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d9299"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 414, "text": "USB 3.0 and newer interfaces"}], "question": "SuperSpeed is only supported by?", "id": "5727afbeff5b5019007d929a"}]}], ["Sekumpulan tujuh syarikat memulakan pembangunan USB pada tahun 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, dan Nortel. Matlamatnya adalah untuk menjadikannya asasnya lebih mudah untuk menyambung peranti luaran ke PC dengan menggantikan banyak penyambung di belakang PC, menangani isu kebolehgunaan antara muka yang sedia ada, dan menyederhanakan konfigurasi perisian semua peranti yang disambungkan ke USB, serta membenarkan lebih banyak kadar data untuk peranti luaran. Pasukan termasuk Ajay Bhatt bekerja pada standard di Intel; litar bersepadu pertama yang menyokong USB dihasilkan oleh Intel pada tahun 1995. <> Bilakah tujuh syarikat mula mengembangkan USB? || 1994 <> Berapa banyak syarikat yang membangunkan USB? || tujuh <> Apa matlamat untuk USB? || untuk membuat dasarnya lebih mudah untuk menyambung peranti luaran ke PC <> Siapa yang termasuk dalam satu pasukan yang bekerja pada standard di Intel? || Ajay Bhatt", {"context": "A group of seven companies began the development of USB in 1994: Compaq, DEC, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, NEC, and Nortel. The goal was to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs by replacing the multitude of connectors at the back of PCs, addressing the usability issues of existing interfaces, and simplifying software configuration of all devices connected to USB, as well as permitting greater data rates for external devices. A team including Ajay Bhatt worked on the standard at Intel; the first integrated circuits supporting USB were produced by Intel in 1995.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 59, "text": "1994"}], "question": "When did the seven companies begin developing USB's?", "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "seven"}], "question": "How many companies developed USB's?", "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "to make it fundamentally easier to connect external devices to PCs"}], "question": "What was the goal for USB's?", "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Ajay Bhatt"}], "question": "Who was included in a team that worked on the standard at Intel?", "id": "5727b0ccff5b5019007d92ab"}]}], ["Spesifikasi USB asli 1.0, yang diperkenalkan pada bulan Januari 1996, menentukan kadar pemindahan data 1.5 Mbit / s \"Kelajuan Rendah\" dan 12 Mbit / s \"Kelajuan Penuh\". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 menyediakan sokongan OEM untuk peranti tersebut. Versi pertama yang digunakan secara meluas USB adalah 1.1, yang dikeluarkan pada bulan September 1998. Kadar data 12 Mbit / s dimaksudkan untuk peranti berkelajuan tinggi seperti pemacu cakera, dan kadar 1.5 Mbit / s yang lebih rendah untuk peranti kadar data rendah sebagai joysticks. IMac Apple Inc adalah produk arus perdana pertama dengan USB dan kejayaan iMac mempopularkan USB itu sendiri. Berikutan keputusan reka bentuk Apple untuk mengalih keluar semua pelabuhan warisan dari iMac, banyak pengeluar PC mula membina PC tanpa warisan, yang membawa kepada pasaran PC yang lebih luas menggunakan USB sebagai standard. <> Bilakah Spesifikasi USB USB asal diperkenalkan? || Januari 1996 <> Seberapa cepat kadar pemindahan data yang paling lambat dari USB 1.0? || 1.5 Mbit / s \"Kelajuan Rendah\" <> Apakah kadar pemindahan data terpantas USB 1.0? || 12 Mbit / s \"Kelajuan Penuh\" <> 1.1 adalah versi pertama yang digunakan secara meluas? || USB <> Kapan versi USB pertama digunakan secara meluas? || September 1998", {"context": "The original USB 1.0 specification, which was introduced in January 1996, defined data transfer rates of 1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\" and 12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\". Microsoft Windows 95, OSR 2.1 provided OEM support for the devices. The first widely used version of USB was 1.1, which was released in September 1998. The 12 Mbit/s data rate was intended for higher-speed devices such as disk drives, and the lower 1.5 Mbit/s rate for low data rate devices such as joysticks. Apple Inc.'s iMac was the first mainstream product with USB and the iMac's success popularized USB itself. Following Apple's design decision to remove all legacy ports from the iMac, many PC manufacturers began building legacy-free PCs, which led to the broader PC market using USB as a standard.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "January 1996"}], "question": "When was the original USB 1.0 Specification introduced?", "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9424"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "1.5 Mbit/s \"Low Speed\""}], "question": "How fast was the slowest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?", "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9425"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "12 Mbit/s \"Full Speed\""}], "question": "What was the fastest data transfer rate of the USB 1.0?", "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9426"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 257, "text": "USB"}], "question": "1.1 was the first widely used version of what?", "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9427"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "September 1998"}], "question": "When was the first widely used version of USB released?", "id": "5727b2612ca10214002d9428"}]}], ["Hub USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi mempunyai peranti yang dipanggil penterjemah transaksi yang menukar antara USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi dan bas kelajuan penuh dan rendah. Apabila hab USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi dipasangkan ke hos USB atau hab berkelajuan tinggi, ia beroperasi dalam mod berkelajuan tinggi. Hab USB kemudiannya menggunakan salah satu penterjemah transaksi bagi setiap hub untuk membuat bas penuh / berkelajuan rendah yang dialihkan ke semua peranti kelajuan penuh dan rendah pada hab, atau menggunakan satu penterjemah transaksi setiap pelabuhan untuk mencipta bas penuh / kelajuan rendah terpencil pelabuhan di hab. <> Apa yang dilakukan penterjemah transaksi? || menukarkan antara bas USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi dan bas kelajuan penuh dan rendah <> Bilakah hab USB 2.0 beroperasi dalam mod kelajuan tinggi? || Apabila hab USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi dipasangkan ke hujung USB atau berkelajuan tinggi <> Apa jenis peranti yang mempunyai USB 2.0 berkelajuan tinggi? || penterjemah transaksi", {"context": "High-speed USB 2.0 hubs contain devices called transaction translators that convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses. When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub, it operates in high-speed mode. The USB hub then uses either one transaction translator per hub to create a full/low-speed bus routed to all full and low speed devices on the hub, or uses one transaction translator per port to create an isolated full/low-speed bus per port on the hub.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "convert between high-speed USB 2.0 buses and full and low speed buses"}], "question": "What do transaction translators do?", "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "When a high-speed USB 2.0 hub is plugged into a high-speed USB host or hub"}], "question": "When does a USB 2.0 hub operate in high speed mode?", "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "transaction translators"}], "question": "What kind of devices do High speed USB 2.0's contain?", "id": "5727c707ff5b5019007d94ec"}]}], ["Walaupun kebanyakan komputer sejak pertengahan tahun 2004 dapat boot dari peranti penyimpanan massal USB, USB tidak dimaksudkan sebagai bas primer untuk penyimpanan dalaman komputer. Bas-bas seperti Parallel ATA (PATA atau IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), atau SCSI memenuhi peranan tersebut dalam komputer kelas PC. Walau bagaimanapun, USB mempunyai satu kelebihan yang penting, di mana ia mungkin untuk memasang dan mengeluarkan peranti tanpa memunggah semula komputer (bertukar panas), menjadikannya berguna untuk peranti mudah alih, termasuk pemacu pelbagai jenis (peranti SATA atau SCSI yang diberikan mungkin atau tidak mungkin menyokong hot-swapping). <> Sejak bila kebanyakan komputer boleh boot dari peranti penyimpanan massal USB? || sejak pertengahan 2004 <> Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan USB tidak? || bas primer untuk storan dalaman komputer <> Apakah kelebihan penting USB? || adalah mungkin untuk memasang dan mengalih keluar peranti tanpa memunggah semula komputer <> Bas seperti Parallel ATA memenuhi peranan apa dalam komputer PC? || storan dalaman komputer", {"context": "Though most computers since mid-2004 can boot from USB mass storage devices, USB is not intended as a primary bus for a computer's internal storage. Buses such as Parallel ATA (PATA or IDE), Serial ATA (SATA), or SCSI fulfill that role in PC class computers. However, USB has one important advantage, in that it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer (hot-swapping), making it useful for mobile peripherals, including drives of various kinds (given SATA or SCSI devices may or may not support hot-swapping).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "since mid-2004"}], "question": "Since when can most computers boot from USB mass storage devices?", "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9542"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "a primary bus for a computer's internal storage"}], "question": "What is USB not intended for?", "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9543"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "it is possible to install and remove devices without rebooting the computer"}], "question": "What is an important advantage of USB?", "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9544"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "a computer's internal storage"}], "question": "Buses such as Parallel ATA fulfill what role in PC computers?", "id": "5727c8a0ff5b5019007d9545"}]}], ["Apabila peranti USB pertama disambungkan ke hos USB, proses penghitungan peranti USB dimulakan. Penghitungan bermula dengan menghantar isyarat set semula ke peranti USB. Kadar data peranti USB ditentukan semasa isyarat penetapan semula. Selepas menetapkan semula, maklumat peranti USB dibaca oleh hos dan peranti diberikan alamat 7-bit yang unik. Jika peranti disokong oleh hos, pemacu peranti yang diperlukan untuk berkomunikasi dengan peranti dimuatkan dan peranti ditetapkan kepada keadaan yang dikonfigurasikan. Jika hos USB dimulakan semula, proses penghitungan diulang untuk semua peranti yang bersambung. <> Apa yang bermula apabila USB pertama kali dihubungkan ke hos? || proses penghitungan <> Apa id kadar data ditentukan semasa? || isyarat reset <> Bilakah peranti itu memberikan alamat 7-bit yang unik? || Selepas menetapkan semula <> Apa proses permulaan bermula? || menghantar isyarat semula ke peranti USB <> Apa yang berlaku apabila hos USB dimulakan semula? || proses penghitungan diulang untuk semua peranti yang bersambung.", {"context": "When a USB device is first connected to a USB host, the USB device enumeration process is started. The enumeration starts by sending a reset signal to the USB device. The data rate of the USB device is determined during the reset signaling. After reset, the USB device's information is read by the host and the device is assigned a unique 7-bit address. If the device is supported by the host, the device drivers needed for communicating with the device are loaded and the device is set to a configured state. If the USB host is restarted, the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "enumeration process"}], "question": "What is started when a USB is first connected to a host?", "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cb8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 220, "text": "the reset signaling"}], "question": "What id the data rate determined during?", "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 241, "text": "After reset"}], "question": "When is the device assigned a unique 7-bit address?", "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cbb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "sending a reset signal to the USB device"}], "question": "What does the enumeration process start by doing?", "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cb9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 540, "text": "the enumeration process is repeated for all connected devices."}], "question": "What happens whenever a USB host is restarted?", "id": "5727c3aa4b864d1900163cbc"}]}], ["USB mengimplementasikan sambungan ke peranti penyimpanan menggunakan satu set piawaian yang dipanggil kelas peranti storan massa USB (MSC atau UMS). Ini pada mulanya bertujuan untuk pemacu magnet dan optik tradisional dan telah diperluaskan untuk menyokong pemacu kilat. Ia juga telah diperluaskan untuk menyokong pelbagai jenis peranti novel kerana banyak sistem dapat dikawal dengan metafora akrab manipulasi fail dalam direktori. Proses membuat peranti baru kelihatan seperti peranti biasa juga dikenali sebagai sambungan. Keupayaan untuk boot kad SD berkunci tulis dengan penyesuai USB sangat berfaedah untuk mengekalkan integriti dan tidak rosak, keadaan murni dari medium boot. <> Apakah sambungan USB melaksanakan? || peranti storan <> Apakah piawaian yang dipanggil yang melaksanakan sambungan ke peranti storan? || kelas peranti penyimpanan massa USB (MSC atau UMS) <> Apakah proses membuat peranti baru kelihatan seperti peranti biasa? || lanjutan <> Mengapa keupayaan untuk boot kad SD terkunci tulis dengan penyesuai USB yang berfaedah? || mengekalkan integriti dan tidak rosak, keadaan murni daripada medium boot.", {"context": "USB implements connections to storage devices using a set of standards called the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS). This was at first intended for traditional magnetic and optical drives and has been extended to support flash drives. It has also been extended to support a wide variety of novel devices as many systems can be controlled with the familiar metaphor of file manipulation within directories. The process of making a novel device look like a familiar device is also known as extension. The ability to boot a write-locked SD card with a USB adapter is particularly advantageous for maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "storage devices"}], "question": "What do USB's implement connections to?", "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d9518"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "the USB mass storage device class (MSC or UMS)"}], "question": "What are the standards called that implement connections to storage devices?", "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d9519"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 497, "text": "extension"}], "question": "What is the process of making a novel device look like a familiar device?", "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d951a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 603, "text": "maintaining the integrity and non-corruptible, pristine state of the booting medium."}], "question": "Why is the ability to boot write-locked SD cards with a USB adapter advantageous for?", "id": "5727c7f5ff5b5019007d951b"}]}], ["Kabel USB Jenis-C yang diketengahkan adalah kabel yang aktif, bertanda secara elektronik yang mengandungi cip dengan fungsi ID berdasarkan saluran data konfigurasi dan mesej yang ditentukan oleh vendor (VDM) dari spesifikasi USB Power Delivery 2.0. Peranti USB Jenis-C juga menyokong arus kuasa 1.5 A dan 3.0 A atas bas kuasa 5 V sebagai tambahan kepada garis dasar 900 mA; peranti boleh merundingkan semasa arus USB melalui talian konfigurasi, atau mereka boleh menyokong spesifikasi Penyampaian Kuasa penuh menggunakan kedua-dua garis konfigurasi BMC dan baris VFS yang dikodkan BFSK. <> Kabel bertanda elektronikal mempunyai cip yang mengandungi apa? || fungsi ID berdasarkan saluran data konfigurasi dan mesej yang ditakrifkan vendor <> Jenis kabel apa jenis USB Type-C yang diketengahkan mengandungi? || aktif, kabel bertanda elektronik <> Apakah versi yang dipendekkan daripada mesej yang ditakrifkan vendor? || (VDM)", {"context": "Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages"}], "question": "Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?", "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9397"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "active, electronically marked cables"}], "question": "What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?", "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9396"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "(VDMs)"}], "question": "What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?", "id": "5727bb19ff5b5019007d9398"}]}], ["Peranti USB fizikal mungkin terdiri daripada beberapa sub-peranti logik yang dirujuk sebagai fungsi peranti. Peranti tunggal boleh menyediakan beberapa fungsi, contohnya, webcam (fungsi peranti video) dengan mikrofon terbina dalam (fungsi peranti audio). Peranti jenis ini dipanggil peranti komposit. Alternatif ini adalah peranti kompaun, di mana tuan rumah menyerahkan setiap peranti logik alamat tersendiri dan semua peranti logik menyambung ke hab terbina dalam yang bersambung dengan kabel USB fizikal. <> Apakah sub-peranti logik yang disebut sebagai? || fungsi peranti <> Satu peranti boleh menyediakan fungsi peranti audio seperti? || mikrofon terbina dalam <> Satu peranti boleh menyediakan fungsi peranti video seperti? || webcam", {"context": "A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "device functions"}], "question": "What are logical sub-devices referred to as?", "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "built-in microphone"}], "question": "A single device can provide an audio device function such as?", "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "a webcam"}], "question": "A single device can provide a video device function such as?", "id": "5727bf494b864d1900163c62"}]}], ["Titik akhir paip boleh ditangani dengan tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) seperti yang dinyatakan dalam paket TOKEN bahawa tuan rumah menghantar apabila ia mahu memulakan sesi pemindahan data. Jika arahan pemindahan data dari hos ke titik akhir, satu paket OUT (pengkhususan paket TOKEN) yang mempunyai alamat peranti yang diingini dan nombor titik akhir dihantar oleh hos. Jika arahan pemindahan data dari peranti ke tuan rumah, tuan rumah menghantar paket IN sebaliknya. Jika titik akhir destinasi adalah titik akhir uni-arah yang arah arahan pengeluarnya tidak sepadan dengan paket TOKEN (cth. Arah arahan pengeluar adalah IN sementara paket TOKEN adalah paket OUT), paket TOKEN diabaikan. Jika tidak, ia diterima dan transaksi data boleh bermula. Akhir titik dua arah, sebaliknya, menerima kedua-dua paket IN dan OUT. <> Jika arahan pemindahan data dari peranti ke hos, apakah hos dihantar? || tuan rumah menghantar paket IN <> Apakah titik akhir bi-arah menerima? || kedua-dua paket IN dan OUT <> Apa yang dihantar jika arahan pemindahan data dari hos ke titik akhir? || sebuah paket OUT", {"context": "An endpoint of a pipe is addressable with a tuple (device_address, endpoint_number) as specified in a TOKEN packet that the host sends when it wants to start a data transfer session. If the direction of the data transfer is from the host to the endpoint, an OUT packet (a specialization of a TOKEN packet) having the desired device address and endpoint number is sent by the host. If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, the host sends an IN packet instead. If the destination endpoint is a uni-directional endpoint whose manufacturer's designated direction does not match the TOKEN packet (e.g. the manufacturer's designated direction is IN while the TOKEN packet is an OUT packet), the TOKEN packet is ignored. Otherwise, it is accepted and the data transaction can start. A bi-directional endpoint, on the other hand, accepts both IN and OUT packets.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 451, "text": "the host sends an IN packet"}], "question": "If the direction of the data transfer is from the device to the host, what does the host send?", "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 859, "text": "both IN and OUT packets"}], "question": "What does a bi-directional endpoint accept?", "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "an OUT packet"}], "question": "What is sent if the direction of the data transfer is from host to endpoint?", "id": "5727c2da2ca10214002d95ac"}]}], ["Komunikasi peranti USB adalah berdasarkan paip (saluran logik). Pipa adalah sambungan dari pengawal tuan rumah kepada entiti logik, yang terdapat pada peranti, dan menamakan titik akhir. Kerana paip sepadan dengan 1 hingga ke titik akhir, istilah kadang-kadang digunakan secara bergantian. Peranti USB boleh mempunyai sehingga 32 titik akhir (16 IN, 16 OUT), walaupun jarang terdapat banyak. Titik akhir ditakrifkan dan dihitung oleh peranti semasa permulaan (tempoh selepas sambungan fizikal dipanggil \"penghitungan\") dan begitu juga kekal, manakala paip boleh dibuka dan ditutup. <> Apakah paip? || sambungan dari pengawal tuan rumah ke entiti logik <> Sambungan USB berdasarkan pada apa? || paip (saluran logik) <> Apakah paip yang dinamakan di? || endpoint <> Di mana paip sesuai? || 1-ke-1 hingga endpoints <> Berapa banyak titik akhir yang boleh ada peranti USB? || sehingga 32 titik akhir", {"context": "USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the host controller to a logical entity, found on a device, and named an endpoint. Because pipes correspond 1-to-1 to endpoints, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably. A USB device could have up to 32 endpoints (16 IN, 16 OUT), though it's rare to have so many. An endpoint is defined and numbered by the device during initialization (the period after physical connection called \"enumeration\") and so is relatively permanent, whereas a pipe may be opened and closed.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "a connection from the host controller to a logical entity"}], "question": "What is a pipe?", "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9466"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "pipes (logical channels)"}], "question": "A USB connection is based on what?", "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9467"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "an endpoint"}], "question": "What is a pipe named at?", "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9468"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "1-to-1 to endpoints"}], "question": "Where do pipes correspond?", "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d9469"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 290, "text": "up to 32 endpoints"}], "question": "How many endpoints can a USB device have?", "id": "5727c090ff5b5019007d946a"}]}], ["Pertama yang dikandung dan masih digunakan hari ini untuk peranti storan optik (pemacu CD-RW, pemacu DVD, dll.), Beberapa pengeluar menawarkan pemacu cakera keras USB mudah alih luaran, atau penutup kosong untuk cakera cakera. Prestasi tawaran ini adalah setanding dengan pemacu dalaman, yang dihadkan oleh nombor semasa dan jenis peranti USB dilampirkan, dan dengan had atas antara muka USB (dalam amalan sekitar 30 MB / s untuk USB 2.0 dan berpotensi 400 MB / s atau lebih untuk USB 3.0). Pemacu luaran ini biasanya termasuk \"peranti penterjemahan\" yang merapatkan antara antara muka pemacu ke port antara muka USB. Secara fungsional, pemacu muncul kepada pengguna seperti pemacu dalaman. Standard bersaing lain untuk sambungan pemacu luaran termasuk eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), dan terbaru Thunderbolt. <> Beberapa pengeluar menawarkan apa? || pemacu cakera keras USB mudah alih luaran <> Apa yang ditawarkan cakera keras cakera USB mudah alih luaran? || prestasi setanding dengan pemacu dalaman <> Apakah standard yang paling terkini untuk sambungan pemacu luaran? || Thunderbolt <> Apa yang biasanya termasuk pemacu luaran? || sebuah \"peranti penterjemahan\"", {"context": "Firstly conceived and still used today for optical storage devices (CD-RW drives, DVD drives, etc.), several manufacturers offer external portable USB hard disk drives, or empty enclosures for disk drives. These offer performance comparable to internal drives, limited by the current number and types of attached USB devices, and by the upper limit of the USB interface (in practice about 30 MB/s for USB 2.0 and potentially 400 MB/s or more for USB 3.0). These external drives typically include a \"translating device\" that bridges between a drive's interface to a USB interface port. Functionally, the drive appears to the user much like an internal drive. Other competing standards for external drive connectivity include eSATA, ExpressCard, FireWire (IEEE 1394), and most recently Thunderbolt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 129, "text": "external portable USB hard disk drives"}], "question": "Several manufacturers offer what?", "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9632"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "performance comparable to internal drives"}], "question": "What do external portable USB hard drive disks offer?", "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9633"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 784, "text": "Thunderbolt"}], "question": "What is the most recent standard for external drive connectivity?", "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9634"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "a \"translating device\""}], "question": "What do the external drives typically include?", "id": "5727c9722ca10214002d9635"}]}], ["Senibina reka bentuk USB tidak simetri dalam topologinya, yang terdiri daripada tuan rumah, pelbagai port USB hilir, dan pelbagai peranti periferi yang disambungkan dalam topologi bertaraf bintang. Hab USB tambahan boleh dimasukkan ke dalam tiang, yang membolehkan cawangan menjadi struktur pokok dengan sehingga lima tahap. Hos USB boleh melaksanakan pengendali hos pelbagai dan setiap pengawal hos boleh menyediakan satu atau lebih port USB. Sehingga 127 peranti, termasuk peranti hab jika ada, boleh disambungkan kepada pengawal hos tunggal. Peranti USB disambungkan secara siri melalui hab. Satu hab yang dibina ke dalam pengawal tuan rumah - ialah hab akar. <> Reka bentuk USB tidak simetri dalam apa? || topologi <> Berapa banyak peranti yang mungkin disambungkan ke pengawal hos? || 127 peranti <> Bagaimana peranti USB dihubungkan? || dalam siri melalui hab <> Apa yang dibina oleh HUB ke dalam pengawal tuan rumah? || hub akar <> Reka bentuk USB tidak simetri dalam apa? || topologi <> Berapa banyak peranti yang boleh disambungkan ke pengawal hos? || Sehingga 127 peranti <> Hub apa yang dibina ke pengawal hos? || hub akar <> Hos USB boleh melaksanakan berapa banyak pengawal hos? || pelbagai <> Berapa banyak port USB yang boleh disediakan oleh pengawal hos? || satu atau lebih port USB", {"context": "The design architecture of USB is asymmetrical in its topology, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream USB ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered-star topology. Additional USB hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. A USB host may implement multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more USB ports. Up to 127 devices, including hub devices if present, may be connected to a single host controller. USB devices are linked in series through hubs. One hub\u2014built into the host controller\u2014is the root hub.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "its topology"}], "question": "The design of USB is asymmetrical in what?", "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "127 devices"}], "question": "How many devices may be connected to a host controller?", "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "in series through hubs"}], "question": "How are USB devices linked?", "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "the root hub"}], "question": "What HUB is built into the host controller?", "id": "5727bba54b864d1900163bd9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "topology"}], "question": "The design of the USB is asymmetrical in its what?", "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Up to 127 devices"}], "question": "How many devices can be connected to a host controller?", "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "the root hub"}], "question": "What hub is built into the host controller?", "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "multiple"}], "question": "A USB host may implement how many host controllers?", "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "one or more USB ports"}], "question": "How many USB ports may a host controller provide?", "id": "5727bdeeff5b5019007d93f6"}]}], ["Pelbagai penyambung telah digunakan untuk peranti kecil seperti kamera digital, telefon pintar, dan komputer tablet. Ini termasuk penyambung mini-A dan mini-AB yang kini tidak digerakkan (berserta de-diperakui tetapi bersandar); penyambung mini-B masih disokong, tetapi tidak mematuhi OTG (On The Go, yang digunakan dalam peranti mudah alih). Penyambung USB mini B adalah standard untuk memindahkan data ke dan dari telefon pintar awal dan PDA. Kedua-dua palam mini-A dan mini-B adalah lebih kurang 3 hingga 7 mm; penyambung mini-A dan penyambung bekas mini-AB telah ditamatkan pada 23 Mei 2007. <> Apa yang telah digunakan untuk menyambungkan kamera digital. telefon pintar dan peranti lain untuk komputer tablet? || Pelbagai penyambung <> Apakah standard untuk memindahkan data ke dan dari jenis telefon pintar terdahulu? || Penyambung USB mini B <> Seberapa besar kedua-dua plag mini-A dan mini-B? || kira-kira 3 hingga 7 mm <> Bilakah penyambung mini-A dan penyambung peti kemas mini-AB diketepikan? || 23 Mei 2007", {"context": "Various connectors have been used for smaller devices such as digital cameras, smartphones, and tablet computers. These include the now-deprecated (i.e. de-certified but standardized) mini-A and mini-AB connectors; mini-B connectors are still supported, but are not OTG-compliant (On The Go, used in mobile devices). The mini-B USB connector was standard for transferring data to and from the early smartphones and PDAs. Both mini-A and mini-B plugs are approximately 3 by 7 mm; the mini-A connector and the mini-AB receptacle connector were deprecated on 23 May 2007.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Various connectors"}], "question": "What has been used to connect digital cameras. smartphones and other devices to tablet computers?", "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9836"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "The mini-B USB connector"}], "question": "What was standard for transferring data to and from the earlier type of smartphones?", "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9837"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 454, "text": "approximately 3 by 7 mm"}], "question": "How large are both mini-A and mini-B plugs?", "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9838"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "23 May 2007"}], "question": "When were the mini-A connector and and the mini-AB receptacle connector depreceated?", "id": "5727dc2c2ca10214002d9839"}]}], ["Pembinaan penyambung sentiasa memastikan bahawa sarung luar pada palam membuat hubungan dengan rakan sejawatannya di dalam bekas sebelum mana-mana empat penyambung dalam membuat hubungan elektrik. Sarung logam luaran biasanya disambungkan ke tanah sistem, sekali gus menghilangkan caj statik yang merosakkan. Reka bentuk penutupan ini juga menyediakan tahap perlindungan dari gangguan elektromagnetik ke isyarat USB semasa ia bergerak melalui pasangan penyambung yang berpasangan (satu-satunya lokasi apabila pasangan data yang lain berpusing bergerak selari). Di samping itu, kerana saiz yang diperlukan kuasa dan sambungan biasa, ia dibuat selepas tanah sistem tetapi sebelum sambungan data. Masa pemasaan putaran yang sepatutnya membolehkan pemanasan panas secara elektrik selamat. <> Di mana lembaran logam luaran disambungkan? || biasanya disambungkan ke ground system <> Apa yang menyediakan tahap perlindungan daripada gangguan dengan isyarat USB? || Reka bentuk kandang ini <> Jenis pemasaan masa panggung peringkat membolehkan apa? || elektrik selamat panas bertukar-tukar.", {"context": "The connector construction always ensures that the external sheath on the plug makes contact with its counterpart in the receptacle before any of the four connectors within make electrical contact. The external metallic sheath is typically connected to system ground, thus dissipating damaging static charges. This enclosure design also provides a degree of protection from electromagnetic interference to the USB signal while it travels through the mated connector pair (the only location when the otherwise twisted data pair travels in parallel). In addition, because of the required sizes of the power and common connections, they are made after the system ground but before the data connections. This type of staged make-break timing allows for electrically safe hot-swapping.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "typically connected to system ground"}], "question": "Where is the external metallic sheet connected?", "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "This enclosure design"}], "question": "What provides a degree of protection from interference with the USB signal?", "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedfe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 749, "text": "electrically safe hot-swapping."}], "question": "This type of stage make-break timing allows for what?", "id": "5727d9003acd2414000dedff"}]}], ["Bekas mikro-USB yang lebih baru direka untuk jangka hayat minima 10,000 pusingan pemasukan dan penyingkiran antara bekas dan palam, berbanding 1,500 untuk USB standard dan 5,000 untuk bekas mini USB. Ciri-ciri yang dimaksudkan untuk dicapai termasuk, peranti penguncian telah ditambahkan dan spring daun telah dipindahkan dari bicu ke palamnya, supaya bahagian yang paling ditekan adalah pada sisi kabel sambungan. Perubahan ini dibuat supaya penyambung pada kabel kurang mahal akan memakai yang paling memakai dan bukan peranti mikro-USB yang lebih mahal. Walau bagaimanapun idea bahawa perubahan ini sebenarnya membuat penyambung lebih tahan lama dalam penggunaan dunia nyata telah dipertikaikan secara meluas, dengan banyak yang berpendapat bahawa mereka sebenarnya, kurang tahan lama. <> Apakah bekas-bekas mikro mikro USB yang baru direka untuk? || hayat minima minimum 10,000 pusingan penyisipan <> Apakah jangka hayat minima minimum untuk wadah USB standard? || 1,500 <> Selepas daun bunga dipindahkan dari bicu ke palam, bahagian paling ditekan telah dijumpai di mana? || di sebelah kabel sambungan <> Mengapa perubahan dibuat untuk peranti USB? || supaya penyambung pada kabel kurang mahal akan memakai pakaian yang paling banyak", {"context": "The newer micro-USB receptacles are designed for a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion and removal between the receptacle and plug, compared to 1,500 for the standard USB and 5,000 for the mini-USB receptacle. Features intended to accomplish include, a locking device was added and the leaf-spring was moved from the jack to the plug, so that the most-stressed part is on the cable side of the connection. This change was made so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear instead of the more expensive micro-USB device. However the idea that these changes did in fact make the connector more durable in real world use has been widely disputed, with many contending that they are in fact, much less durable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "a minimum rated lifetime of 10,000 cycles of insertion"}], "question": "What are the newer micro-USB receptacles designed for?", "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "1,500"}], "question": "What is the minimum rated lifetime for the standard USB receptacle?", "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "on the cable side of the connection"}], "question": "After a leaf-spring was moved from jack to the plug, the most stressed part was found where?", "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 444, "text": "so that the connector on the less expensive cable would bear the most wear"}], "question": "Why was the change made for the USB device?", "id": "5727d9dc2ca10214002d980d"}]}], ["Standard USB menentukan toleransi yang agak longgar untuk penyambung USB yang mematuhi untuk meminimakan ketidakupayaan fizikal dalam penyambung dari vendor yang berbeza. Untuk menangani kelemahan yang ada dalam beberapa piawaian penyambung lain, spesifikasi USB juga menentukan had kepada saiz peranti penyambung di kawasan sekitar palamnya. Ini dilakukan untuk mengelakkan peranti daripada menyekat pelabuhan yang bersebelahan kerana saiz mekanisme pelarasan terikan kabel (biasanya membentuk persilangan dengan penebat luar kabel) pada penyambung. Peranti yang mematuhi mestilah sesuai dalam sekatan saiz atau menyokong kabel sambungan yang mematuhi. <> Apakah jenis toleransi yang ditetapkan oleh standard USB bagi penyambung USB yang mematuhi? || Toleransi longgar <> Mengapa toleransi longgar dibenarkan untuk penyambung USB yang mematuhi? || untuk mengurangkan ketidakserasian fizikal dalam penyambung dari vendor berbeza <> Bagaimana kelemahan ditangani dalam beberapa standard penyambung lain? || spesifikasi USB juga menentukan had kepada saiz peranti penyambung <> Oleh kerana peranti yang mematuhi sekatan saiz mesti apa? || muat dalam sekatan saiz atau menyokong kabel sambungan yang mematuhi yang dibuat", {"context": "The USB standard specifies relatively loose tolerances for compliant USB connectors to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors. To address a weakness present in some other connector standards, the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device in the area around its plug. This was done to prevent a device from blocking adjacent ports due to the size of the cable strain relief mechanism (usually molding integral with the cable outer insulation) at the connector. Compliant devices must either fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "loose tolerances"}], "question": "What type of tolerances does the USB standard specify for compliant USB connectors?", "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "to minimize physical incompatibilities in connectors from different vendors"}], "question": "Why were loose tolerances allowed for compliant USB connectors?", "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 226, "text": "the USB specification also defines limits to the size of a connecting device"}], "question": "How is a weakness addressed in some other connector standards?", "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "fit within the size restrictions or support a compliant extension cable that does"}], "question": "Due to size restrictions compliant devices must what?", "id": "5727dad64b864d1900163e9f"}]}], ["Penyambung standard direka bentuk untuk menjadi kukuh. Kerana USB adalah plug-hot, penyambung akan digunakan lebih kerap, dan mungkin dengan kurang penjagaan daripada penyambung lain. Banyak reka bentuk penyambung terdahulu adalah rapuh, menentukan pin komponen tertanam atau bahagian-bahagian halus lain yang terdedah kepada lenturan atau pecah. Hubungan elektrik dalam penyambung USB dilindungi oleh lidah plastik bersebelahan, dan keseluruhan perhimpunan penyambung biasanya dilindungi oleh sarung logam yang melekat. <> Penyambung standard direka bentuk untuk apa? || kuat <> Mengapa penyambung standard direka untuk menjadi begitu kuat? || penyambung akan digunakan lebih kerap <> Apa sebagai kelemahan penyambung sebelumnya? || Ramai penyambung penyambung sebelumnya rapuh <> Bagaimanakah kandungan elektrik penyambung USB dilindungi? || oleh lidah plastik bersebelahan <> Bagaimana perhimpunan penyambung USB keseluruhan dilindungi? || oleh sarung logam yang ditutupi", {"context": "The standard connectors were designed to be robust. Because USB is hot-pluggable, the connectors would be used more frequently, and perhaps with less care, than other connectors. Many previous connector designs were fragile, specifying embedded component pins or other delicate parts that were vulnerable to bending or breaking. The electrical contacts in a USB connector are protected by an adjacent plastic tongue, and the entire connecting assembly is usually protected by an enclosing metal sheath.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "robust"}], "question": "Standard connectors were designed to be what?", "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "the connectors would be used more frequently"}], "question": "Why were standard connectors designed to be so robust?", "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 179, "text": "Many previous connector designs were fragile"}], "question": "What as a drawback of previous connectors?", "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "by an adjacent plastic tongue"}], "question": "How are the electrical contents of a USB connector protected?", "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 473, "text": "by an enclosing metal sheath"}], "question": "How is the entire connecting assembly of a USB connector protected?", "id": "5727d5c02ca10214002d97a6"}]}], ["Penyambung standard sengaja bertujuan untuk menguatkuasakan topologi yang diarahkan pada rangkaian USB: Tipe-A wadah pada peranti hos yang membekalkan kuasa dan wadah Jenis-B pada peranti sasaran yang menarik kuasa. Ini menghalang pengguna daripada menyambung dua bekalan kuasa USB secara tidak sengaja ke satu sama lain, yang boleh membawa kepada litar pintas dan arus berbahaya tinggi, kegagalan litar, atau api. USB tidak menyokong rangkaian kitaran dan penyambung standard dari peranti USB yang tidak serasi itu sendiri tidak serasi. <> Apakah jenis-A wadah yang dilakukan pada peranti hos? || bekalan bekalan <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh bauk Type-b pada peranti sasaran? || lukis kuasa <> Apakah bekas-bekas yang menghalang pengguna daripada melakukan? || dari tidak sengaja menyambung dua bekalan kuasa USB antara satu sama lain <> Rangkaian apa yang USB tidak menyokong? || rangkaian siklik", {"context": "The standard connectors were deliberately intended to enforce the directed topology of a USB network: Type-A receptacles on host devices that supply power and Type-B receptacles on target devices that draw power. This prevents users from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other, which could lead to short circuits and dangerously high currents, circuit failures, or even fire. USB does not support cyclic networks and the standard connectors from incompatible USB devices are themselves incompatible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "supply power"}], "question": "What do Type-A receptacles do on host devices?", "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "draw power"}], "question": "What do Type-b receptacles do on target devices?", "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "from accidentally connecting two USB power supplies to each other"}], "question": "What do the receptacles prevent user from doing?", "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded91"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "cyclic networks"}], "question": "What networks do USB not support?", "id": "5727d4e63acd2414000ded92"}]}], ["Dengan reka bentuk, sukar untuk memasukkan palam USB ke dalam bekasnya dengan tidak betul. Spesifikasi USB menyatakan bahawa ikon USB yang diperlukan mestilah timbul pada \"bahagian atas\" palam USB, yang \"... menyediakan pengiktirafan pengguna yang mudah dan memudahkan penyelarasan semasa proses mengawan.\" Spesifikasi juga menunjukkan bahawa \"disyorkan\" \"Logo pengilang\" (\"diukir\" pada gambar rajah tetapi tidak dinyatakan dalam teks) adalah di seberang ikon USB. Spesifikasi selanjutnya menyatakan, \"Ikon USB juga terletak bersebelahan dengan setiap bekas. Pengapit harus berorientasikan untuk membolehkan ikon pada palam dapat dilihat semasa proses kawin.\" Walau bagaimanapun, spesifikasi tidak menganggap ketinggian peranti berbanding dengan ketinggian paras mata pengguna, jadi sisi kabel yang \"kelihatan\" apabila dikendalikan ke komputer di atas meja boleh bergantung kepada sama ada pengguna sedang berdiri atau berlutut. <> Apa yang sukar dilakukan dengan palam USB? || untuk memasukkan plag USB ke dalam bekasnya dengan tidak betul <> Spesifikasi USB menyatakan bahawa ikon USB yang diperlukan mestilah? || timbul pada \"bahagian atas\" palam USB <> Bagaimana ikon USB terletak pada setiap bekas? || bersebelahan <> Bakul harus berorientasikan untuk membolehkan ikon pada plag ke apa? || untuk dilihat semasa proses mengawan", {"context": "By design, it is difficult to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly. The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug, which \"...provides easy user recognition and facilitates alignment during the mating process.\" The specification also shows that the \"recommended\" \"Manufacturer's logo\" (\"engraved\" on the diagram but not specified in the text) is on the opposite side of the USB icon. The specification further states, \"The USB Icon is also located adjacent to each receptacle. Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to be visible during the mating process.\" However, the specification does not consider the height of the device compared to the eye level height of the user, so the side of the cable that is \"visible\" when mated to a computer on a desk can depend on whether the user is standing or kneeling.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "to insert a USB plug into its receptacle incorrectly"}], "question": "What is difficult to do with a USB plug?", "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded4f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "embossed on the \"topside\" of the USB plug"}], "question": "The USB specification states that the required USB icon must be what?", "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded50"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 520, "text": "adjacent"}], "question": "How is the USB icon located to each receptacle?", "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 610, "text": "to be visible during the mating process"}], "question": "Receptacles should be oriented to allow the icon on the plug to what?", "id": "5727d2173acd2414000ded52"}]}], ["Protokol Pemindahan Media (MTP) telah direka oleh Microsoft untuk memberikan akses peringkat tinggi ke sistem fail peranti daripada storan massa USB, pada tahap fail dan bukannya blok cakera. Ia juga mempunyai ciri-ciri DRM pilihan. MTP direka untuk digunakan dengan pemain media mudah alih, tetapi sejak itu telah digunakan sebagai protokol akses storan utama sistem operasi Android dari versi 4.1 Jelly Bean serta Windows Phone 8 (peranti Windows Phone 7 telah menggunakan protokol Zune yang mana adalah satu evolusi MTP). Sebab utama untuk ini ialah MTP tidak memerlukan akses eksklusif kepada peranti penyimpanan cara UMS, mengurangkan masalah yang berpotensi jika program Android meminta storan semasa dipasang pada komputer. Kelemahan utama ialah MTP tidak disokong di luar sistem operasi Windows. <> Protokol Pemindahan Media telah direka oleh siapa? || Microsoft <> Mengapa Protokol Pemindahan Media direka? || untuk memberikan akses peringkat lebih tinggi ke sistem fail peranti <> Apakah MTP direka untuknya? || gunakan dengan pemain media mudah alih <> Mengapa MTP menjadi protokol akses penyimpanan utama sistem pengendalian Android? || MTP tidak memerlukan akses eksklusif kepada peranti penyimpanan cara UMS", {"context": "Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Microsoft"}], "question": "Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?", "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d965e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem"}], "question": "Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?", "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d965f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "use with portable media players"}], "question": "What was MTP originally designed for?", "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d9660"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does"}], "question": "Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?", "id": "5727caa02ca10214002d9661"}]}], ["Secara umum, kabel USB hanya mempunyai palam pada hujung mereka, manakala hos dan peranti hanya mempunyai bekas. Hos hampir seluruhnya mempunyai jenis-A wadah, manakala peranti mempunyai satu atau jenis Jenis-B lain. Palam pelekat jenis-A hanya dengan bekas jenis-A, dan yang sama berlaku kepada rakan-rakan Jenis-B mereka; mereka sengaja tidak sesuai dengan fizikal. Walau bagaimanapun, sambungan kepada spesifikasi standard USB yang dipanggil USB On-The-Go (OTG) membolehkan pelabuhan tunggal bertindak sama ada hos atau peranti, yang boleh dipilih oleh hujung kabel yang dipasangkan ke dalam bekas pada OTG -penghidupkan. Walaupun selepas kabel dipasang dan unit berkomunikasi, kedua-dua unit boleh \"menukar\" berakhir di bawah kawalan program. Keupayaan ini dimaksudkan untuk unit-unit seperti PDA di mana sambungan USB mungkin menyambung ke pelabuhan tuan rumah PC sebagai peranti dalam satu keadaan, namun menyambung sebagai hos itu sendiri ke peranti keyboard dan tetikus dalam satu lagi contoh. <> Kabel dan peranti USB mempunyai apa sahaja pada hujungnya? || palam <> Hos dan peranti hanya mempunyai apa dari segi menyambung ke peranti USB? || wadah <> Peranti biasanya mempunyai jenis bekas apa? || satu atau lain-lain Jenis-B pelbagai <> Semesta hampir selalu mempunyai apa jenis bekas? || Bekas jenis-A", {"context": "In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called USB On-The-Go (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may \"swap\" ends under program control. This capability is meant for units such as PDAs in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 33, "text": "plugs"}], "question": "USB cables and device have only what on their ends?", "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9826"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "receptacles"}], "question": "Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?", "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9827"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "one or another Type-B variety"}], "question": "Devices usually have what type of receptacle?", "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9828"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Type-A receptacles"}], "question": "Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?", "id": "5727db6f2ca10214002d9829"}]}], ["Tikus dan papan kekunci USB biasanya boleh digunakan dengan komputer lama yang mempunyai penyambung PS / 2 dengan bantuan penyesuai USB-ke-PS / 2 yang kecil. Untuk tikus dan papan kekunci dengan sokongan dwi-protokol, penyesuai yang tidak mengandungi litar logik boleh digunakan: perkakasan dalam papan kekunci USB atau tetikus direka untuk mengesan sama ada ia disambungkan ke port USB atau PS / 2, dan berkomunikasi menggunakan protokol yang sesuai. Penukar juga wujud yang menyambungkan papan kekunci PS / 2 dan tikus (biasanya setiap satu) ke port USB. Peranti ini menyampaikan dua titik akhir HID ke sistem dan menggunakan mikrokontroler untuk melakukan terjemahan data dua hala antara kedua-dua piawai. <> Apa yang perlu dilakukan oleh komputer yang lebih tua agar tikus dan papan kekunci USB digunakan? || Penyambung PS / 2 dengan bantuan penyesuai USB-ke-PS / 2 yang kecil <> Apakah perkakasan yang direka untuk mengesan dalam tikus USB dan papan kekunci? || sama ada ia disambungkan ke USB atau PS / 2 port <> papan kekunci USB dan tikus boleh berkomunikasi menggunakan apa? || protokol yang sesuai <> Apa yang menghubungkan papan kekunci PS / 2 dan tikus ke port USB? || Converters <> Apa yang melakukan terjemahan data dwiarah antara dua piawai? || sebuah pengawal mikro", {"context": "USB mice and keyboards can usually be used with older computers that have PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter. For mice and keyboards with dual-protocol support, an adaptor that contains no logic circuitry may be used: the hardware in the USB keyboard or mouse is designed to detect whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port, and communicate using the appropriate protocol. Converters also exist that connect PS/2 keyboards and mice (usually one of each) to a USB port. These devices present two HID endpoints to the system and use a microcontroller to perform bidirectional data translation between the two standards.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "PS/2 connectors with the aid of a small USB-to-PS/2 adapter"}], "question": "What do older computers have to have in order for USB mice and keyboards to be used?", "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "whether it is connected to a USB or PS/2 port"}], "question": "What is the hardware designed to detect in USB mice and keyboards?", "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "appropriate protocol"}], "question": "USB keyboards and mice may communicate using what?", "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "Converters"}], "question": "What connects PS/2 keyboards and mice to a USB port?", "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "a microcontroller"}], "question": "What performs bidirectional data translation between two standards?", "id": "5727d0e74b864d1900163dce"}]}], ["Pembungkusan Spesifikasi USB Bateri 1.1 (dilancarkan pada tahun 2007) mentakrifkan jenis baru USB port, dipanggil port pengecasan. Bertentangan dengan pelabuhan hiliran standard, di mana tarikan semasa oleh peranti mudah alih yang bersambung boleh melebihi 100 mA hanya selepas rundingan digital dengan hos atau hab, pelabuhan pengecasan boleh membekalkan arus antara 500 mA dan 1.5 A tanpa rundingan digital. Sebuah pelabuhan pengecasan membekalkan sehingga 500 mA pada 5 V, sehingga arus undian pada 3.6 V atau lebih, dan jatuh voltan keluarannya jika peranti mudah alih cuba untuk menarik lebih daripada arus undian. Port pengecas mungkin ditutup jika beban terlalu tinggi. <> Apa yang mentakrifkan jenis baru USB port, dipanggil port pengecasan? || Bateri USB Mengecas Semula Spesifikasi 1.1 <> Bilakah Bateri USB Mengecas Spesifikasi Semakan 1.1 dikeluarkan? || pada tahun 2007 <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh USB Charging Specification Revision 1.1? || pelabuhan pengecasan <> Apakah bekalan pelabuhan mengecas? || sehingga 500 mA pada 5 V", {"context": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 (released in 2007) defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port. Contrary to the standard downstream port, for which current draw by a connected portable device can exceed 100 mA only after digital negotiation with the host or hub, a charging port can supply currents between 500 mA and 1.5 A without the digital negotiation. A charging port supplies up to 500 mA at 5 V, up to the rated current at 3.6 V or more, and drops its output voltage if the portable device attempts to draw more than the rated current. The charger port may shut down if the load is too high.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1"}], "question": "What defines a new type of USB port, called the charging port?", "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "in 2007"}], "question": "When was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 released?", "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "the charging port"}], "question": "What was the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.1 called?", "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 415, "text": "up to 500 mA at 5 V"}], "question": "What does a charging port supply?", "id": "5727f8424b864d19001640e3"}]}], ["USB 2.0 menyediakan panjang kabel maksimum 5 meter untuk peranti yang berjalan di Hi Speed (480 Mbit / s). Alasan utama untuk had ini ialah kelewatan maksimum perjalanan yang dibenarkan sekitar 1.5 \u03bcs. Jika arahan tuan rumah USB tidak dijawab oleh peranti USB dalam masa yang dibenarkan, tuan rumah menganggap arahan itu hilang. Apabila menambah masa tindak balas peranti USB, kelewatan dari bilangan maksimum hub yang ditambah kepada kelewatan daripada menyambungkan kabel, kelewatan maksimum yang boleh diterima setiap kabel adalah 26 ns. Spesifikasi USB 2.0 memerlukan kelewatan kabel kurang dari 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km / s, yang hampir dengan kelajuan transmisi maksimum yang boleh dicapai untuk wayar tembaga piawai). <> Berapa lama panjang kabel maksimum yang disediakan oleh USB 2.0? || 5 meter untuk peranti yang berjalan di Hi Speed <> Apakah kelewatan boleh diterima maksimum bagi setiap kabel? || 26 ns <> Apa yang diperlukan oleh spesifikasi USB 2.0? || kelewatan kabel kurang daripada 5.2 ns per meter", {"context": "USB 2.0 provides for a maximum cable length of 5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed (480 Mbit/s). The primary reason for this limit is the maximum allowed round-trip delay of about 1.5 \u03bcs. If USB host commands are unanswered by the USB device within the allowed time, the host considers the command lost. When adding USB device response time, delays from the maximum number of hubs added to the delays from connecting cables, the maximum acceptable delay per cable amounts to 26 ns. The USB 2.0 specification requires that cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter (192 000 km/s, which is close to the maximum achievable transmission speed for standard copper wire).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "5 meters for devices running at Hi Speed"}], "question": "How long is the maximum cable length the USB 2.0 provides?", "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 480, "text": "26 ns"}], "question": "What is the maximum acceptable delay per cable?", "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "cable delay be less than 5.2 ns per meter"}], "question": "What does theUSB 2.0 specification require?", "id": "5727f2a54b864d190016407e"}]}], ["Rekaan palam mikro dinilai untuk sekurang-kurangnya 10,000 kitaran sambung sambungan, yang lebih daripada reka bentuk palam mini. Penyambung mikro juga direka untuk mengurangkan haus mekanikal pada peranti; bukan kabel yang mudah diganti direka bentuk untuk memakai haus mekanikal sambungan dan pemotongan. Spesifikasi kabel Micro-USB Serial Universal dan Penyambung spesifikasi ciri-ciri mekanikal plag mikro-A, bekas mikro-AB (yang menerima kedua-dua plag Mikro-A dan mikro-B), dan plag mikro dan bekas-bekas, bersama-sama dengan piawaian-A bekas kepada penyesuai plag mikro-A. <> Apakah penyambung mikro direka untuk? || untuk mengurangkan haus mekanikal pada peranti <> Apakah kabel yang mudah diganti direka untuk? || untuk menanggung haus mekanikal sambungan dan pemutusan <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan plag mikro? || 10,000 sambungkan putaran kitaran", {"context": "The micro plug design is rated for at least 10,000 connect-disconnect cycles, which is more than the mini plug design. The micro connector is also designed to reduce the mechanical wear on the device; instead the easier-to-replace cable is designed to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection. The Universal Serial Bus Micro-USB Cables and Connectors Specification details the mechanical characteristics of micro-A plugs, micro-AB receptacles (which accept both micro-A and micro-B plugs), and micro-B plugs and receptacles, along with a standard-A receptacle to micro-A plug adapter.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "to reduce the mechanical wear on the device"}], "question": "What is the micro connector designed for?", "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 249, "text": "to bear the mechanical wear of connection and disconnection"}], "question": "What is the easier-to-replace cable designed for?", "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "10,000 connect-disconnect cycles"}], "question": "What is the micro-plug rated for?", "id": "5727e6e13acd2414000def4f"}]}], ["Badan Standarisasi Eropah CEN, CENELEC dan ETSI (bebas dari cadangan OMTP / GSMA) menetapkan Bekalan Kuasa Luar Biasa (EPS) yang biasa digunakan dengan telefon pintar yang dijual di EU berdasarkan mikro-USB. 14 pengeluar telefon bimbit terbesar di dunia menandatangani EPS Memorandum Persefahaman (MoU) biasa EU. Apple, salah satu penanda tangan MoU yang asal, menjadikan penyesuai mikro USB tersedia - seperti yang dibenarkan dalam MoU Common EPS - untuk iPhonesnya yang dilengkapi dengan penyambung dok 30-pin eksklusif Apple atau (kemudian) penyambung Lightning. <> Yang menentukan Bekalan Kuasa Luaran yang biasa digunakan dengan telefon pintar yang dijual? || Badan Standardisasi Eropah CEN, CENELEC dan ETSI <> Berapa banyak pengeluar telefon bimbit menandatangani EPS (EU) biasa EU? || 14 <> Siapakah salah seorang penanda tangan MoU asal? || epal", {"context": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes micro-USB adapters available \u2013 as permitted in the Common EPS MoU \u2013 for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI"}], "question": "Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?", "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164014"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 203, "text": "14"}], "question": "How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?", "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164015"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Apple"}], "question": "Who was one of the original MoU signers?", "id": "5727eae94b864d1900164016"}]}], ["Sesetengah peranti, seperti pemacu cakera luaran berkelajuan tinggi, memerlukan lebih daripada 500 mA semasa dan dengan itu mungkin mempunyai masalah kuasa jika dikuasakan dari hanya satu port USB 2.0: fungsi tidak menentu, kegagalan berfungsi, atau muatan / merosakkan port. Peranti tersebut mungkin datang dengan sumber kuasa luaran atau kabel berbentuk Y yang mempunyai dua penyambung USB (satu untuk kuasa dan data, satu lagi untuk kuasa sahaja) untuk memasangkan komputer. Dengan kabel sedemikian, peranti boleh menarik kuasa dari dua port USB pada masa yang sama. Spesifikasi pematuhan USB menyatakan bahawa \"penggunaan kabel 'Y' (kabel dengan dua palam A) dilarang pada sebarang peranti USB\", yang bermaksud \"jika peranti USB memerlukan lebih banyak kuasa daripada yang dibenarkan oleh spesifikasi USB yang mana ia direka, maka ia mesti berkuasa sendiri. \" <> Apakah contoh peranti yang memerlukan lebih daripada 500 mA semasa? || pemacu cakera luaran berkelajuan tinggi <> Apa masalah yang mungkin berlaku jika pemacu cakera luaran berkelajuan tinggi dikuasakan dari hanya satu port USB 2.0. || mungkin mempunyai masalah kuasa <> Apakah spesifikasi pematuhan USB melarang? || \"menggunakan kabel 'Y' (kabel dengan dua palam A)", {"context": "Some devices, such as high-speed external disk drives, require more than 500 mA of current and therefore may have power issues if powered from just one USB 2.0 port: erratic function, failure to function, or overloading/damaging the port. Such devices may come with an external power source or a Y-shaped cable that has two USB connectors (one for power and data, the other for power only) to plug into a computer. With such a cable, a device can draw power from two USB ports simultaneously. However, USB compliance specification states that \"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs) is prohibited on any USB peripheral\", meaning that \"if a USB peripheral requires more power than allowed by the USB specification to which it is designed, then it must be self-powered.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "high-speed external disk drives"}], "question": "What is an example of a device that requires more than 500 mA of current?", "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d9948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "may have power issues"}], "question": "What is an issue that may occur if a high-speed external disk drive is powered from just one USB 2.0 port.", "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d9949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "\"use of a 'Y' cable (a cable with two A-plugs)"}], "question": "What does USB compliance specification prohibit?", "id": "5727f5cdff5b5019007d994a"}]}], ["Kumpulan pembawa telefon bimbit Open Platform Terminal Mobile (OMTP) pada 2007 mengesahkan mikro USB sebagai penyambung standard untuk data dan kuasa pada peranti mudah alih. Selain itu, pada 22 Oktober 2009, Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa (ITU) juga telah mengumumkan bahawa ia telah memeluk mikro-USB sebagai Penyelesaian Mengecas Sejagat yang \"penyelesaian tenaga mudah alih satu-pengecas-semua penyelesaian telefon mudah alih baru,\" dan menambah: \"Berdasarkan antara muka Mikro USB, pengecas UCS juga termasuk rating kecekapan 4-bintang atau lebih tinggi - sehingga tiga kali lebih cekap tenaga daripada pengecas yang tidak dinanti. \" <> Pada tahun 2007 yang mengesahkan mikro USB sebagai penyambung standard untuk data dan kuasa pada peranti mudah alih? || Kumpulan pembawa telefon selular Terbuka Platform Terminal Mudah Alih <> Bilakah ITU mengumumkan bahawa ia telah memeluk mikro-USB sebagai Penyelesaian Pengisian Universal? || 22 Oktober 2009 <> Apa yang mempunyai penjimatan tenaga satu-pengecas-sesuai semua penyelesaian telefon mudah alih baru? || mikro-USB", {"context": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform (OMTP) in 2007 endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has also announced that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution its \"energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution,\" and added: \"Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating\u2014\u200b\u200bup to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The cellular phone carrier group Open Mobile Terminal Platform"}], "question": "In 2007 who endorsed micro-USB as the standard connector for data and power on mobile devices?", "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "22 October 2009"}], "question": "When did the ITU announce that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charging Solution?", "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 280, "text": "micro-USB"}], "question": "What has energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution?", "id": "5727e97bff5b5019007d983c"}]}], ["Peranti OTG dengan A-plag dimasukkan dipanggil A-device dan bertanggungjawab untuk menyalakan antara muka USB apabila diperlukan dan secara lalai menganggap peranan hos. Peranti OTG dengan plag B yang dimasukkan dipanggil peranti B dan secara lalai menganggap peranan periferi. Peranti OTG tanpa palam dimasukkan piawai untuk bertindak sebagai peranti B. Sekiranya aplikasi pada peranti B memerlukan peranan tuan rumah, maka Protokol Rundingan Tuan Rumah (HNP) digunakan untuk memindahkan sementara tuan rumah kepada peranti B. <> Alat OTG dengan plag B yang dimasukkan dipanggil apa? || B-device <> Apakah peranti OTG lalai dengan tiada palam yang dimasukkan? || untuk bertindak sebagai peranti B <> Apakah peranti A bertanggungjawab? || kuasa antara muka USB apabila diperlukan", {"context": "The OTG device with the A-plug inserted is called the A-device and is responsible for powering the USB interface when required and by default assumes the role of host. The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called the B-device and by default assumes the role of peripheral. An OTG device with no plug inserted defaults to acting as a B-device. If an application on the B-device requires the role of host, then the Host Negotiation Protocol (HNP) is used to temporarily transfer the host role to the B-device.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "B-device"}], "question": "The OTG device with the B-plug inserted is called what?", "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "to acting as a B-device"}], "question": "What does an OTG device default to with no plug inserted?", "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "powering the USB interface when required"}], "question": "What is the A-device responsible for?", "id": "5727f05aff5b5019007d98ee"}]}], ["Semua peranti USB On-The-Go (OTG) semasa diperlukan untuk mempunyai satu, dan hanya satu, penyambung USB: bekas mikro-AB. Peranti tidak mematuhi OTG tidak dibenarkan menggunakan bekas mikro-AB, disebabkan bahaya kekurangan bekalan kuasa pada baris VBUS. Bekas mikro-AB mampu menerima kedua-dua plag mikro-A dan mikro-B, dilampirkan pada mana-mana kabel undang-undang dan penyesuai seperti yang ditakrifkan dalam revisi 1.01 spesifikasi mikro-USB. Sebelum pembangunan mikro-USB, peranti USB On-The-Go dikehendaki menggunakan bekas mini-AB untuk melaksanakan tugas yang sama. <> Apakah semua peranti USB On-The-Go diperlukan? || satu, dan hanya satu, penyambung USB <> peranti yang tidak mematuhi OTG tidak dibenarkan menggunakan apa? || Bekas mikro-AB <> Mengapakah peranti yang tidak mematuhi OTG tidak dibenarkan menggunakan bekas mikro-AB? || bahaya kekurangan bekalan kuasa pada baris VBUS", {"context": "All current USB On-The-Go (OTG) devices are required to have one, and only one, USB connector: a micro-AB receptacle. Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle, due to power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line. The micro-AB receptacle is capable of accepting both micro-A and micro-B plugs, attached to any of the legal cables and adapters as defined in revision 1.01 of the micro-USB specification. Prior to the development of micro-USB, USB On-The-Go devices were required to use mini-AB receptacles to perform the equivalent job.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 61, "text": "one, and only one, USB connector"}], "question": "What are all USB On-The-Go devices required to have?", "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "the micro-AB receptacle"}], "question": "Non-OTG compliant devices are not allowed to use what?", "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "power supply shorting hazards on the VBUS line"}], "question": "Why are the Non-OTG compliant devices not allowed to use the micro-AB receptacle?", "id": "5727ee4e2ca10214002d99f8"}]}], ["USB adalah bas bersiri, menggunakan empat wayar terlindung untuk varian USB 2.0: dua untuk kuasa (VBUS dan GND), dan dua untuk isyarat data pembezaan (dilabelkan sebagai D + dan D-pinouts). Skim pengekodan Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) digunakan untuk memindahkan data, dengan medan sync untuk menyegerakkan hos dan jam penerima. Isyarat D + dan D ditransmisikan pada pasangan berpintal, menyediakan pemindahan data separuh dupleks untuk USB 2.0. Penyambung mini dan mikro mempunyai sambungan GND mereka dari pin # 4 hingga pin # 5, manakala pin # 4 berfungsi sebagai pin ID untuk pengenalan tuan rumah / pelanggan On-The-Go. <> Apakah USB? || bas bersiri <> Jenis wayar apa jenis penggunaan USB 2.0? || empat wayar terlindung <> Apakah empat wayar terlindung dalam varian USB 2.0 yang digunakan? || dua untuk kuasa (VBUS dan GND), dan dua untuk isyarat data yang berbeza", {"context": "USB is a serial bus, using four shielded wires for the USB 2.0 variant: two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals (labelled as D+ and D\u2212 in pinouts). Non-Return-to-Zero Inverted (NRZI) encoding scheme is used for transferring data, with a sync field to synchronize the host and receiver clocks. D+ and D\u2212 signals are transmitted on a twisted pair, providing half-duplex data transfers for USB 2.0. Mini and micro connectors have their GND connections moved from pin #4 to pin #5, while their pin #4 serves as an ID pin for the On-The-Go host/client identification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "a serial bus"}], "question": "What is USB?", "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df077"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "four shielded wires"}], "question": "What kind of wires does the USB 2.0 variant use?", "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df078"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "two for power (VBUS and GND), and two for differential data signals"}], "question": "What are the four shielded wires in the USB 2.0 variant used for?", "id": "5727f1f23acd2414000df079"}]}], ["Beban unit ditakrifkan sebagai 100 mA dalam USB 1.x dan 2.0, dan 150 mA dalam USB 3.0. Peranti boleh menarik maksimum lima unit beban dari pelabuhan dalam USB 1.x dan 2.0 (500 mA), atau enam unit beban dalam USB 3.0 (900 mA). Terdapat dua jenis peranti: kuasa rendah dan berkuasa tinggi. Peranti kuasa rendah (seperti HID USB) menarik kebanyakan beban satu unit, dengan voltan operasi minimum 4.4 V dalam USB 2.0, dan 4 V dalam USB 3.0. Peranti kuasa tinggi menarik, paling banyak, bilangan maksimum unit memuatkan permit standard. Setiap fungsi peranti pada mulanya sebagai kuasa rendah (termasuk fungsi kuasa tinggi semasa fasa penghitungan kuasa rendah mereka), tetapi boleh meminta kuasa tinggi, dan mendapatkannya jika tersedia pada menyediakan bas. <> Apakah beban unit ditakrifkan sebagai? || 100 mA dalam USB 1.x dan 2.0 <> Berapakah beban unit dalam USB 3.0? || 150 mA <> Berapakah jumlah maksimum beban USB 1. dan 2.0 peranti boleh menarik? || lima unit beban <> Berapakah jumlah maksimum beban peranti USB 3.0 boleh dilukis? || enam unit beban", {"context": "A unit load is defined as 100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0, and 150 mA in USB 3.0. A device may draw a maximum of five unit loads from a port in USB 1.x and 2.0 (500 mA), or six unit loads in USB 3.0 (900 mA). There are two types of devices: low-power and high-power. A low-power device (such as a USB HID) draws at most one-unit load, with minimum operating voltage of 4.4 V in USB 2.0, and 4 V in USB 3.0. A high-power device draws, at most, the maximum number of unit loads the standard permits. Every device functions initially as low-power (including high-power functions during their low-power enumeration phases), but may request high-power, and get it if available on the providing bus.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "100 mA in USB 1.x and 2.0"}], "question": "What is a unit load defined as?", "id": "5727f4544b864d1900164098"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "150 mA"}], "question": "How much is a unit load in USB 3.0?", "id": "5727f4544b864d1900164099"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 107, "text": "five unit loads"}], "question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 1. and 2.0 device may draw?", "id": "5727f4544b864d190016409a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "six unit loads"}], "question": "What is the maximum amount of load a USB 3.0 device may draw?", "id": "5727f4544b864d190016409b"}]}], ["Persatuan GSM (GSMA) diikuti pada 17 Februari 2009, dan pada 22 April 2009, ini disokong oleh CTIA - The Wireless Association, dengan Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa (ITU) yang mengumumkan pada 22 Oktober 2009 bahawa ia juga telah memeluk Penyelesaian Mengecas Sejagat sebagai \"satu-pengecas tenaga yang cekap tenaga-semua penyelesaian telefon mudah alih baru,\" dan menambah: \"Berdasarkan antara muka Micro-USB, pengecas UCS juga termasuk rating kecekapan 4-bintang atau lebih tinggi tiga kali lebih cekap tenaga berbanding pengecas yang belum dinilaikan. \" <> Bilakah diikuti oleh Asosiasi GSM? || 17 Februari 2009 <> UCS pengecas juga akan termasuk apa? || rating kecekapan 4-bintang atau lebih tinggi <> Bilakah ini selanjutnya disokong oleh CTIA? || 22 April 2009", {"context": "The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009, and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA \u2013 The Wireless Association, with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its \"energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution,\" and added: \"Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating\u2014up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "17 February 2009"}], "question": "When did the GSM Association follow suit?", "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "a 4-star or higher efficiency rating"}], "question": "UCS chargers will also include what?", "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "22 April 2009"}], "question": "When was this further endorsed by the CTIA?", "id": "5727fe1c4b864d190016419b"}]}], ["Sebagai tambahan untuk mengehadkan jumlah kuasa purata yang digunakan oleh peranti, spesifikasi USB mengehadkan arus masuk (iaitu, yang digunakan untuk mengecas kapasitor decoupling dan filter) apabila peranti pertama kali disambungkan. Jika tidak, menyambungkan peranti boleh menyebabkan masalah dengan kuasa dalaman hos. Peranti USB juga diperlukan untuk memasukkan mod penggantungan kuasa ultra secara automatik apabila hos USB digantung. Walau bagaimanapun, banyak antaramuka USB host tidak memotong bekalan kuasa ke peranti USB apabila digantung. <> Apakah had spesifikasi USB? || arus inrush <> Bilakah arus masuk yang terjejas oleh spesifikasi USB? || apabila peranti disambungkan pertama <> Apakah peranti USB yang diperlukan untuk dimasukkan? || mod penggantungan kuasa ultra rendah apabila hos USB digantung <> Banyak antara muka hos USB tidak apa? || memotong bekalan kuasa ke peranti USB apabila digantung", {"context": "In addition to limiting the total average power used by the device, the USB specification limits the inrush current (i.e., that used to charge decoupling and filter capacitors) when the device is first connected. Otherwise, connecting a device could cause problems with the host's internal power. USB devices are also required to automatically enter ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended. Nevertheless, many USB host interfaces do not cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "the inrush current"}], "question": "What does the USB specification limit?", "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b14"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 177, "text": "when the device is first connected"}], "question": "When is the inrush current affected by the USB specification?", "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b15"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "ultra low-power suspend mode when the USB host is suspended"}], "question": "What are USB devices required to enter?", "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "cut off the power supply to USB devices when they are suspended"}], "question": "Many USB host interfaces do not what?", "id": "572800942ca10214002d9b17"}]}], ["Terdapat dua jenis pelabuhan pengecasan: port pengisian hiliran (CDP), menyokong pemindahan data juga, dan pelabuhan pengecasan berdedikasi (DCP), tanpa sokongan data. Peranti mudah alih boleh mengenali jenis port USB; pada port pengecasan yang berdedikasi, D + dan D-pin dipendekkan dengan rintangan yang tidak melebihi 200 ohms, sementara mengecas pelabuhan hilir menyediakan logik pengesanan tambahan supaya kehadiran mereka dapat ditentukan oleh peranti yang dilampirkan. (lihat ref ms 2, Seksyen 1.4.5, & Jadual 5-3 \"Resistances\" -pg 29). <> Berapa banyak jenis pelabuhan pengecasan yang wujud? || Dua jenis <> Apa yang boleh mengenali peranti mudah alih? || jenis port USB <> Apakah D + dan D- dipendekkan? || rintangan tidak melebihi 200 ohm", {"context": "Two types of charging port exist: the charging downstream port (CDP), supporting data transfers as well, and the dedicated charging port (DCP), without data support. A portable device can recognize the type of USB port; on a dedicated charging port, the D+ and D\u2212 pins are shorted with a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms, while charging downstream ports provide additional detection logic so their presence can be determined by attached devices. (see ref pg. 2, Section 1.4.5, & Table 5-3 \"Resistances\"\u2014pg. 29).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Two types"}], "question": "How many types of charging ports exist?", "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df129"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "the type of USB port"}], "question": "What can a portable device recognize?", "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df12a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "a resistance not exceeding 200 ohms"}], "question": "What are the D+ and D- shortened with?", "id": "5727f96d3acd2414000df12b"}]}], ["Pembungkusan Spesifikasi USB Battery Revision 1.2 (dilancarkan pada tahun 2010) menjelaskan bahawa terdapat had keselamatan pada arus undian pada 5 A yang datang dari USB 2.0. Di sisi lain, beberapa perubahan dibuat dan had meningkat termasuk membolehkan 1.5 A pada mengecas pelabuhan hilir untuk peranti yang tidak dikonfigurasikan, yang membolehkan komunikasi berkelajuan tinggi semasa mempunyai arus sehingga 1.5 A, dan membenarkan arus maksimum 5 A. Juga, semakan 1.2 menghilangkan sokongan untuk pengesanan jenis pelabuhan USB melalui mekanisme pengesanan rintangan. <> Apakah Bateri USB Mengecas Spesifikasi Revision 1.2 membuat jelas? || terdapat had keselamatan pada arus undian pada 5 A yang datang dari USB 2.0 <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh revisi 1.2? || Pengesan jenis pelabuhan USB melalui mekanisme pengesanan rintangan <> Bilakah Bateri USB Mengecas Spesifikasi Revision 1.2 dikeluarkan? || pada tahun 2010", {"context": "The USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 (released in 2010) makes clear that there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0. On the other hand, several changes are made and limits are increasing including allowing 1.5 A on charging downstream ports for unconfigured devices, allowing high speed communication while having a current up to 1.5 A, and allowing a maximum current of 5 A. Also, revision 1.2 removes support for USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "there are safety limits to the rated current at 5 A coming from USB 2.0"}], "question": "What does the USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 make clear of?", "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 459, "text": "USB ports type detection via resistive detection mechanisms"}], "question": "What does revision 1.2 remove?", "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "in 2010"}], "question": "When was USB Battery Charging Specification Revision 1.2 released?", "id": "5727fa2a2ca10214002d9a98"}]}], ["Spesifikasi revisi USB Power Delivery 2.0 telah dikeluarkan sebagai sebahagian daripada suite USB 3.1. Ia meliputi kabel dan penyambung Jenis-C dengan empat kuasa / pasang tanah dan saluran konfigurasi berasingan, yang kini menjadi tuan rumah saluran data berkod rendah BM yang digabungkan DC yang mengurangkan kemungkinan gangguan RF. Protokol Penyampaian Kuasa telah dikemas kini untuk memudahkan ciri-ciri Jenis-C seperti fungsi ID kabel, Rundingan Mod Alternatif, peningkatan arus VBUS, dan aksesori berkuasa VCONN. <> Spesifikasi revisi USB Power Delivery 2.0 telah dikeluarkan sebagai sebahagian daripada apa? || USB 3.1 <> Apakah perlindungan spesifikasi USB Power Revision 2.0? || Kabel dan penyambung jenis-C dengan empat kuasa / pasang tanah dan saluran konfigurasi berasingan <> Protokol penghantaran kuasa telah dikemas kini untuk memudahkan apa? || Ciri-ciri C-jenis", {"context": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of the USB 3.1 suite. It covers the Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel, which now hosts a DC coupled low-frequency BMC-coded data channel that reduces the possibilities for RF interference. Power Delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate Type-C features such as cable ID function, Alternate Mode negotiation, increased VBUS currents, and VCONN-powered accessories.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "USB 3.1"}], "question": "The USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification has been released as part of what?", "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164152"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 112, "text": "Type-C cable and connector with four power/ground pairs and a separate configuration channel"}], "question": "What does the USB Power Delivery revision 2.0 specification cover?", "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164153"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 381, "text": "Type-C features"}], "question": "Power delivery protocols have been updated to facilitate what?", "id": "5727fbbe4b864d1900164154"}]}], ["Pada bulan Julai 2012, USB Promoters Group mengumumkan pemetaan spesifikasi USB Power Delivery (\"PD\"), pelanjutan yang menyatakan menggunakan kabel USB \"PD sedar\" yang bersertifikat dengan penyambung USB Type-A dan Type-B standard untuk menyampaikan peningkatan kuasa (lebih daripada 7.5 W) ke peranti dengan permintaan kuasa yang lebih besar. Peranti boleh meminta arus lebih tinggi dan voltan bekalan dari tuan rumah yang mematuhi - sehingga 2 A pada 5 V (untuk penggunaan kuasa sehingga 10 W), dan pilihan sehingga 3 A atau 5 A sama ada 12 V (36 W atau 60 W ) atau 20 V (60 W atau 100 W). Dalam semua kes, konfigurasi hos ke peranti dan peranti ke hos disokong. <> Bilakah Kumpulan Promosi USB mengumumkan pemudahan spesifikasi Penyampaian Kuasa USB? || Pada bulan Julai 2012 <> Apa yang boleh meminta peranti? || arus yang lebih tinggi dan voltan bekalan dari tuan rumah yang patuh <> Dalam semua kes, konfigurasi hos-ke-peranti dan konfigurasi peranti ke hos adalah apa? || disokong", {"context": "In July 2012, the USB Promoters Group announced the finalization of the USB Power Delivery (\"PD\") specification, an extension that specifies using certified \"PD aware\" USB cables with standard USB Type-A and Type-B connectors to deliver increased power (more than 7.5 W) to devices with larger power demand. Devices can request higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts \u2013  up to 2 A at 5 V (for a power consumption of up to 10 W), and optionally up to 3 A or 5 A at either 12 V (36 W or 60 W) or 20 V (60 W or 100 W). In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are supported.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "In July 2012"}], "question": "When did the USB Promoters Group announce the finalization of the USB Power Delivery specification?", "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df165"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "higher currents and supply voltages from compliant hosts"}], "question": "What can devices request?", "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df166"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "supported"}], "question": "In all cases, both host-to-device and device-to-host configurations are what?", "id": "5727fb1b3acd2414000df167"}]}], ["Pada komputer riba Dell dan Toshiba, port ditandai dengan simbol USB standard dengan ikon bolt kilat ditambahkan di sebelah kanan. Dell memanggil ciri PowerShare ini, manakala Toshiba memanggilnya USB Sleep-and-Charge. Pada komputer riba Acer Inc. dan Packard Bell, port USB tidur dan charge ditandakan dengan simbol bukan standard (huruf USB di atas lukisan bateri); ciri ini hanya dipanggil Power-off USB. Pada beberapa komputer riba seperti model Dell dan Apple MacBook, ada kemungkinan untuk menyambung peranti, menutup komputer riba (memasukkannya ke mod tidur) dan menghidupkan peranti tersebut. [Rujukan?] <> Pada komputer riba apakah USB pelabuhan ditandakan dengan simbol USB dengan ikon bolt yang lebih ringan? || Pada komputer riba Dell dan Toshiba <> Apa yang dell memanggil ciri yang membolehkan pemacu USB terus dikuasakan apabila komputer dimatikan? || PowerShare <> Pada komputer riba apakah tidur dan muatan ditandakan dengan simbol bukan standard? || Mengenai komputer riba Acer Inc. dan Packard Bell", {"context": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops, the port is marked with the standard USB symbol with an added lightning bolt icon on the right side. Dell calls this feature PowerShare, while Toshiba calls it USB Sleep-and-Charge. On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops, sleep-and-charge USB ports are marked with a non-standard symbol (the letters USB over a drawing of a battery); the feature is simply called Power-off USB. On some laptops such as Dell and Apple MacBook models, it is possible to plug a device in, close the laptop (putting it into sleep mode) and have the device continue to charge.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "On Dell and Toshiba laptops"}], "question": "On what laptops are the USB ports marked with a USB symbol with an added lightening bolt icon?", "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "PowerShare"}], "question": "What does dell call the feature that lets USB drives to remain powered when the computer is off?", "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 211, "text": "On Acer Inc. and Packard Bell laptops"}], "question": "On what laptops are the sleep-and-charge marked with a non-standard symbol?", "id": "5727fcccff5b5019007d9a36"}]}], ["Port USB tidur dan caj boleh digunakan untuk mengecas peranti elektronik walaupun komputer dimatikan. Biasanya, apabila komputer dimatikan, pelabuhan USB dimatikan, menghalang telefon dan peranti lain daripada mengecas. Port USB tidur dan caj terus dikuasakan walaupun komputer dimatikan. Pada komputer riba, peranti pengecas dari port USB apabila ia tidak disalurkan dari AC mengalirkan bateri komputer riba lebih cepat; kebanyakan komputer riba mempunyai kemudahan untuk berhenti mengecas jika tahap caj bateri mereka sendiri terlalu rendah. <> Apa yang boleh digunakan untuk tidur dan caj USB port? || caj peranti elektronik walaupun komputer dimatikan <> Apa yang biasanya dimatikan apabila komputer dimatikan? || Port USB <> Apa yang kekal berkuasa walaupun komputer dimatikan? || Port USB tidur dan caj", {"context": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports can be used to charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off. Normally, when a computer is powered off the USB ports are powered down, preventing phones and other devices from charging. Sleep-and-charge USB ports remain powered even when the computer is off. On laptops, charging devices from the USB port when it is not being powered from AC drains the laptop battery faster; most laptops have a facility to stop charging if their own battery charge level gets too low.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "charge electronic devices even when the computer is switched off"}], "question": "What can sleep-and-charge USB ports be used to do?", "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "USB ports"}], "question": "What is normally powered off whenever the computer is off?", "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 232, "text": "Sleep-and-charge USB ports"}], "question": "What remain powered even whenever the computer is powered off?", "id": "5727fc32ff5b5019007d9a14"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 2009, kebanyakan pengeluar telefon bimbit terbesar di dunia menandatangani Memorandum Persefahaman (MoU) yang ditaja SPR, bersetuju untuk membuat kebanyakan telefon bimbit yang didayakan data yang dipasarkan di Kesatuan Eropah yang bersesuaian dengan Bekalan Kuasa Luar Biasa (EPS). Spesifikasi EPS biasa EU (EN 62684: 2010) merujuk kepada USB Battery Charging standard dan serupa dengan penyelesaian GSMA / OMTP dan China. Pada bulan Januari 2011, Suruhanjaya Elektroteknik Antarabangsa (IEC) mengeluarkan versi standard EPS (EU) yang biasa seperti IEC 62684: 2011. <> Bilakah banyak pengeluar telefon bimbit terbesar menandatangani MoU yang ditaja oleh SPR? || Jun 2009 <> Apakah MoU membuat pengeluar bersetuju untuk berbuat demikian? || untuk menjadikan kebanyakan telefon mudah alih yang dibolehkan data yang dipasarkan di Kesatuan Eropah yang serasi dengan Bekalan Kuasa Luaran biasa <> Bilakah IEC membebaskan versi standard EPS yang biasa seperti IEC 62684: 2011? || Januari 2011", {"context": "In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging standard and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions. In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "June 2009"}], "question": "When did many of the largest mobile phone manufacturers sign an EC-sponsored MoU?", "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply"}], "question": "What did the MoU make the manufacturers agree to do?", "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "January 2011"}], "question": "When did the IEC release its version of the common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011?", "id": "5727fecbff5b5019007d9a7a"}]}], ["Sesetengah peranti USB memerlukan lebih banyak kuasa daripada yang dibenarkan oleh spesifikasi untuk satu port. Ini adalah perkara biasa bagi pemacu cakera keras dan cakera optik luaran, dan secara umumnya untuk peranti dengan motor atau lampu. Peranti tersebut boleh menggunakan bekalan kuasa luaran, yang dibenarkan oleh piawaian, atau menggunakan kabel USB dwi-input, satu input yang digunakan untuk kuasa dan pemindahan data, yang lain hanya untuk kuasa, peranti USB standard. Sesetengah pelabuhan USB dan hab luaran boleh, dalam praktiknya, membekalkan lebih banyak kuasa kepada peranti USB daripada yang diperlukan oleh spesifikasi tetapi peranti yang mematuhi standard tidak bergantung pada ini. <> Sesetengah peranti USB memerlukan apa? || lebih banyak kuasa daripada yang dibenarkan oleh spesifikasi untuk satu port. <> Sesetengah peranti seperti pemacu cakera keras keras dan luaran boleh menggunakan apa? || bekalan kuasa luaran <> Apakah alternatif lain untuk kuasa untuk pemacu cakera keras dan cakera luaran? || kabel USB dwi-input <> Apakah tujuan kabel USB dwi-input? || satu input yang digunakan untuk kuasa dan pemindahan data, yang lain hanya untuk kuasa", {"context": "Some USB devices require more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port. This is common for external hard and optical disc drives, and generally for devices with motors or lamps. Such devices can use an external power supply, which is allowed by the standard, or use a dual-input USB cable, one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power, which makes the device a non-standard USB device. Some USB ports and external hubs can, in practice, supply more power to USB devices than required by the specification but a standard-compliant device may not depend on this.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "more power than is permitted by the specifications for a single port."}], "question": "Some USB devices require what?", "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 222, "text": "an external power supply"}], "question": "Some devices such as an external hard and optical disk drive can use what?", "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "a dual-input USB cable"}], "question": "What is another alternative for power for an external hard and optical disk drive?", "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 313, "text": "one input of which is used for power and data transfer, the other solely for power"}], "question": "What is the purpose of a dual-input USB cable?", "id": "5727ff9cff5b5019007d9a87"}]}], ["IN dan OUT token mengandungi nombor peranti tujuh-bit dan nombor fungsi empat-bit (untuk peranti pelbagai fungsi) dan arahan peranti untuk menghantar paket DATAx, atau menerima paket DATAx berikut masing-masing. Token IN mengharapkan tindak balas dari peranti. Tanggapan mungkin merupakan respons NAK atau STALL, atau bingkai DATAx. Dalam kes yang kedua, tuan rumah mengeluarkan jabat tangan ACK jika sesuai. Token OUT diikuti dengan segera oleh bingkai DATAx. Peranti ini bertindak balas dengan ACK, NAK, NYET, atau STALL, sesuai. <> IN dan OUT token mengandungi apa? || nombor peranti tujuh-bit dan nombor fungsi empat-bit <> Suatu IN token menjangka apa? || satu jawapan dari peranti <> Suatu token OUT diikuti dengan segera oleh apa? || Bingkai DATAx", {"context": "IN and OUT tokens contain a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number (for multifunction devices) and command the device to transmit DATAx packets, or receive the following DATAx packets, respectively. An IN token expects a response from a device. The response may be a NAK or STALL response, or a DATAx frame. In the latter case, the host issues an ACK handshake if appropriate. An OUT token is followed immediately by a DATAx frame. The device responds with ACK, NAK, NYET, or STALL, as appropriate.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "a seven-bit device number and four-bit function number"}], "question": "IN and OUT tokens contain what?", "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 233, "text": "a response from a device"}], "question": "An IN token expects what?", "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "DATAx frame"}], "question": "An OUT token is followed immediately by a what?", "id": "5728052d4b864d190016424c"}]}], ["Menurut ujian rutin yang dilakukan oleh CNet, operasi menulis ke cakera keras Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) tipikal boleh mengekalkan kadar 25-30 MB / s, manakala operasi membaca ialah 30-42 MB / s; ini adalah 70% dari lebar lebar jalur sedia ada. Untuk USB 3.0, kelajuan menulis biasa ialah 70-90 MB / s, manakala kelajuan baca adalah 90-110 MB / s. Ujian Topeng, juga dikenali sebagai Ujian Diagram Mata, digunakan untuk menentukan kualiti isyarat dalam domain masa. Mereka ditakrifkan dalam dokumen yang dirujuk sebagai sebahagian daripada keterangan ujian elektrik untuk mod kelajuan tinggi (HS) pada 480 Mbit / s. <> Tulis operasi ke cakera keras Khas Hi-Speed yang boleh apa? || mengekalkan kadar 25-30 MB / s, <> Untuk USB 3.0, kelajuan menulis biasa adalah apa? || 70-90 MB / s <> Apakah kelajuan baca untuk USB 3.0? || 90-110 MB / s", {"context": "According to routine testing performed by CNet, write operations to typical Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) hard drives can sustain rates of 25\u201330 MB/s, while read operations are at 30\u201342 MB/s; this is 70% of the total available bus bandwidth. For USB 3.0, typical write speed is 70\u201390 MB/s, while read speed is 90\u2013110 MB/s. Mask Tests, also known as Eye Diagram Tests, are used to determine the quality of a signal in the time domain. They are defined in the referenced document as part of the electrical test description for the high-speed (HS) mode at 480 Mbit/s.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "sustain rates of 25\u201330 MB/s,"}], "question": "Write operations to typical Hi-Speed hard drives can what?", "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "70\u201390 MB/s"}], "question": " For USB 3.0, typical write speed is what?", "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "90\u2013110 MB/s"}], "question": "What is the read speed for USB 3.0?", "id": "572804212ca10214002d9b90"}]}], ["Selepas medan penyegerakan, semua paket terbuat dari bait 8-bit, dihantar terlebih dahulu sedikit sedikit signifikan. The byte pertama ialah byte packet identifier (PID). PID sebenarnya 4 bit; bait terdiri daripada 4-bit PID diikuti oleh pelengkap bitwise. Kelebihan ini membantu mengesan kesilapan. (Perhatikan juga bahawa byte PID mengandungi paling banyak empat bit 1 berturut-turut, dan oleh itu tidak memerlukan bit-stuffing, walaupun digabungkan dengan 1 bit terakhir dalam byte sync. Namun, trailing 1 bit dalam PID mungkin memerlukan bit-stuffing dalam beberapa bit muatan pertama.) <> Selepas medan penyegerakan, semua paket dibuat daripada berapa bait kecil? || 8-bit bytes <> Bagaimana bit bytes dihantar? || bit paling ketara pertama <> bait pertama ialah apa? || satu pengenal paket packet (PID)", {"context": "After the sync field, all packets are made of 8-bit bytes, transmitted least-significant bit first. The first byte is a packet identifier (PID) byte. The PID is actually 4 bits; the byte consists of the 4-bit PID followed by its bitwise complement. This redundancy helps detect errors. (Note also that a PID byte contains at most four consecutive 1 bits, and thus never needs bit-stuffing, even when combined with the final 1 bit in the sync byte. However, trailing 1 bits in the PID may require bit-stuffing within the first few bits of the payload.)", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "8-bit bytes"}], "question": "After the sync field, all packets are made of how many bit bytes?", "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "least-significant bit first"}], "question": "How are the bit bytes transmitted?", "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b05"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "a packet identifier (PID) byte"}], "question": "The first byte is what?", "id": "5728046cff5b5019007d9b06"}]}], ["Akhir paket USB, dipanggil EOP (akhir paket), ditunjukkan oleh pemancar pemanduan 2 kali kali SE0 (D + dan D- kedua di bawah max) dan masa 1 bit J keadaan. Selepas ini, pemancar berhenti untuk menggerakkan garisan D + / D dan pullers resistor yang dinyatakan di atas memegangnya dalam keadaan J (terbiar). Kadang-kadang condong kerana hub boleh menambah sebanyak satu kali sebelum SE0 akhir paket. Bit tambahan ini juga boleh menghasilkan \"pelanggaran kecil\" jika enam bit sebelum ia dalam CRC adalah 1s. Bit ini harus diabaikan oleh penerima. <> Apakah yang dimaksudkan oleh paket USB? || EOP (end-of-packet) <> Apa yang boleh merosakkan kerana menambah hub? || sebanyak satu kali sebelum SE0 akhir paket <> Apa yang boleh menyebabkan sedikit tambahan ini? || \"sedikit pelanggaran barang", {"context": "A USB packet's end, called EOP (end-of-packet), is indicated by the transmitter driving 2 bit times of SE0 (D+ and D\u2212 both below max.) and 1 bit time of J state. After this, the transmitter ceases to drive the D+/D\u2212 lines and the aforementioned pull up resistors hold it in the J (idle) state. Sometimes skew due to hubs can add as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet. This extra bit can also result in a \"bit stuff violation\" if the six bits before it in the CRC are 1s. This bit should be ignored by receiver.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "EOP (end-of-packet)"}], "question": "What is a USB packet's end called?", "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "as much as one bit time before the SE0 of the end of packet"}], "question": "What can skew due to hubs add?", "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b65"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "\"bit stuff violation"}], "question": "What can this extra bit result in?", "id": "572802ac2ca10214002d9b66"}]}], ["USB 2.0 juga menambah token SPLIT tiga-byte yang lebih besar dengan nombor hab tujuh-bit, 12 bit bendera kawalan, dan CRC lima bit. Ini digunakan untuk melakukan transaksi berpecah. Daripada mengikat data USB jalur lebar tinggi yang menghantar data ke peranti USB yang lebih perlahan, hub berkelajuan tinggi bandwidth yang terdekat menerima token SPLIT diikuti oleh satu atau dua paket USB pada lebar jalur yang tinggi, melakukan pemindahan data pada bandwidth penuh atau rendah, dan menyediakan respons pada lebar jalur yang tinggi apabila diminta oleh token SPLIT kedua. <> tiga token SPLIT yang lebih besar dengan nombor hab tujuh bit, 12 bit bendera kawalan, dan CRC lima bit dicipta untuk melakukan apa? || untuk melakukan transaksi perpecahan <> Daripada mengikat data USB bus jalur lebar tinggi yang menghantar data ke peranti USB yang lebih perlahan, apa yang berlaku? || hub berkelajuan tinggi jalur lebar yang terdekat menerima tanda SPLIT diikuti oleh satu atau dua paket USB pada jalur lebar tinggi <> Berapa banyak bit bendera kawalan yang menambah USB 2.0? || 12 bit", {"context": "USB 2.0 also added a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC. This is used to perform split transactions. Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth, performs the data transfer at full or low bandwidth, and provides the response at high bandwidth when prompted by a second SPLIT token.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "to perform split transactions"}], "question": " a larger three-byte SPLIT token with a seven-bit hub number, 12 bits of control flags, and a five-bit CRC were created to do what?", "id": "572805c04b864d1900164258"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "the nearest high-bandwidth capable hub receives a SPLIT token followed by one or two USB packets at high bandwidth"}], "question": " Rather than tie up the high-bandwidth USB bus sending data to a slower USB device, what happens?", "id": "572805c04b864d1900164259"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "12 bits"}], "question": "How many bits of control flags did USB 2.0 add?", "id": "572805c04b864d190016425a"}]}], ["Data USB dihantar dengan menomborkan garisan data antara keadaan J dan keadaan bertentangan K. USB menyandi data menggunakan pengekodan NRZI; 0 bit dihantar dengan menogol garisan data dari J ke K atau sebaliknya, manakala bit 1 ditransmisikan dengan meninggalkan garis data as-is. Untuk memastikan ketumpatan minimum peralihan isyarat kekal di bitstream, USB menggunakan pemadat bit; tambahan 0 bit dimasukkan ke dalam aliran data selepas penampilan enam bit 1 berturut-turut. Tujuh berturut-turut yang menerima 1 bit sentiasa ralat. USB 3.0 telah memperkenalkan pengekodan penghantaran data tambahan. <> Bagaimana data USB ditransmisikan? || dengan bertukar-tukar garisan data antara keadaan J dan keadaan bertentangan K <> Apa yang digunakan oleh USB untuk mengodkan data? || pengkodan NRZI <> Untuk memastikan ketumpatan minimum peralihan isyarat kekal di bitsream, apakah yang digunakan oleh USB? || pemadat sedikit", {"context": "USB data is transmitted by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state. USB encodes data using the NRZI line coding; a 0 bit is transmitted by toggling the data lines from J to K or vice versa, while a 1 bit is transmitted by leaving the data lines as-is. To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions remains in the bitstream, USB uses bit stuffing; an extra 0 bit is inserted into the data stream after any appearance of six consecutive 1 bits. Seven consecutive received 1 bits is always an error. USB 3.0 has introduced additional data transmission encodings.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "by toggling the data lines between the J state and the opposite K state"}], "question": "How is the USB data transmitted?", "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "the NRZI line coding"}], "question": "What does USB use to encode data?", "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "bit stuffing"}], "question": "To ensure a minimum density of signal transitions  remains in the bitsream, what does USB use?", "id": "572801e6ff5b5019007d9ad8"}]}], ["Terdapat dua bentuk asas paket data, DATA0 dan DATA1. Satu paket data mesti didahului oleh token alamat, dan biasanya diikuti oleh token jabat tangan dari penerima kembali kepada pemancar. Kedua-dua jenis paket menyediakan nombor urutan 1-bit yang diperlukan oleh ARQ Stop-and-wait. Jika hos USB tidak menerima respons (seperti ACK) untuk data yang dihantar, ia tidak tahu jika data diterima atau tidak; data mungkin telah hilang dalam transit, atau ia mungkin telah diterima tetapi respons jabat tangan hilang. <> Terdapat dua bentuk asas paket data, apakah itu? || DATA0 dan DATA1 <> Satu paket data mesti sentiasa didahului oleh apa? || token alamat <> Apakah paket data biasanya diikuti oleh? || token jabat tangan dari penerima kembali ke pemancar", {"context": "There are two basic forms of data packet, DATA0 and DATA1. A data packet must always be preceded by an address token, and is usually followed by a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter. The two packet types provide the 1-bit sequence number required by Stop-and-wait ARQ. If a USB host does not receive a response (such as an ACK) for data it has transmitted, it does not know if the data was received or not; the data might have been lost in transit, or it might have been received but the handshake response was lost.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "DATA0 and DATA1"}], "question": "There are two basic forms of data packet, what are they?", "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "an address token"}], "question": "A data packet must always be preceded by what?", "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "a handshake token from the receiver back to the transmitter"}], "question": "What is a data packet usually followed by?", "id": "572806052ca10214002d9bd4"}]}], ["Pakej Handshake terdiri daripada hanya satu byte PID, dan biasanya dihantar sebagai tindak balas kepada paket data. Pengesanan ralat disediakan dengan memancarkan empat bit yang mewakili jenis paket dua kali, dalam satu byte PID menggunakan borang yang dilengkapkan. Tiga jenis asas ialah ACK, yang menunjukkan bahawa data telah berjaya diterima, NAK, menunjukkan bahawa data tidak dapat diterima dan harus dikembalikan, dan JALAN, menunjukkan bahawa peranti itu mempunyai keadaan kesalahan dan tidak dapat memindahkan data hingga beberapa tindakan pembetulan (seperti perangkat permulaan) berlaku. <> Pakej Handshake terdiri daripada hanya satu perkara? || Byte PID <> Bilakah paket jabat tangan dihantar secara amnya? || sebagai tindak balas kepada paket data <> Apa yang disediakan dengan memancarkan empat bit yang mewakili jenis paket dua kali, dalam satu byte PID menggunakan borang yang dilengkapkan? || Pengesanan ralat", {"context": "Handshake packets consist of only a single PID byte, and are generally sent in response to data packets. Error detection is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form. Three basic types are ACK, indicating that data was successfully received, NAK, indicating that the data cannot be received and should be retried, and STALL, indicating that the device has an error condition and cannot transfer data until some corrective action (such as device initialization) occurs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "PID byte"}], "question": "Handshake packets consist of only a single what?", "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "in response to data packets"}], "question": "When are handshake packets generally sent?", "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Error detection"}], "question": "What is provided by transmitting four bits that represent the packet type twice, in a single PID byte using complemented form?", "id": "572804e7ff5b5019007d9b0c"}]}], ["Peranti USB 2.0 menggunakan protokol khas semasa menetapkan semula, dipanggil kicauan, untuk merundingkan mod jalur lebar tinggi dengan tuan rumah / hab. Peranti yang berupaya HS bersambung terlebih dahulu sebagai peranti FS (D + ditarik tinggi), tetapi setelah menerima USB RESET (kedua-dua D + dan D-dipandu DENGAN oleh tuan rumah selama 10 hingga 20 ms) ia menarik tinggi D-line, yang dikenali sebagai kicau K. Ini menunjukkan kepada tuan rumah bahawa peranti itu adalah jalur lebar yang tinggi. Jika tuan rumah / hab itu juga mampu HS, ia menggelegak (mengembalikan seli J dan K menyatakan pada baris D- dan D +) yang membolehkan peranti mengetahui bahawa hab beroperasi pada jalur lebar yang tinggi. Peranti ini perlu menerima sekurang-kurangnya tiga set kirup KJ sebelum ia berubah kepada penamatan jalur lebar tinggi dan memulakan isyarat jalur lebar yang tinggi. Oleh kerana USB 3.0 menggunakan pendawaian yang berasingan dan tambahan yang digunakan oleh USB 2.0 dan USB 1.x, rundingan jalur lebar tersebut tidak diperlukan. <> Jenis jenis protokol yang digunakan untuk peranti USB 2.0 semasa tetapan semula? || protokol khas <> Apakah protokol khas semasa tetapan semula peranti USB 2.0 dipanggil? || chirping <> Alat yang HS mampu menghubungkan pertama sebagai apa? || peranti FS (D + ditarik tinggi)", {"context": "USB 2.0 devices use a special protocol during reset, called chirping, to negotiate the high bandwidth mode with the host/hub. A device that is HS capable first connects as an FS device (D+ pulled high), but upon receiving a USB RESET (both D+ and D\u2212 driven LOW by host for 10 to 20 ms) it pulls the D\u2212 line high, known as chirp K. This indicates to the host that the device is high bandwidth. If the host/hub is also HS capable, it chirps (returns alternating J and K states on D\u2212 and D+ lines) letting the device know that the hub operates at high bandwidth. The device has to receive at least three sets of KJ chirps before it changes to high bandwidth terminations and begins high bandwidth signaling. Because USB 3.0 uses wiring separate and additional to that used by USB 2.0 and USB 1.x, such bandwidth negotiation is not required.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "a special protocol"}], "question": "What type of protocol is used for USB 2.0 devices during a reset?", "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9aee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "chirping"}], "question": "What is the special protocol during a USB 2.0 device reset called?", "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9aef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "an FS device (D+ pulled high)"}], "question": " A device that is HS capable first connects as a what?", "id": "5728037eff5b5019007d9af0"}]}], ["Sesetengah peranti USB yang tidak standard menggunakan bekalan kuasa 5 V tanpa mengambil bahagian dalam rangkaian USB yang betul, yang merundingkan kuasa dengan antara muka tuan rumah. Contoh-contoh ini termasuk hiasan USB. [Contoh petikan] Contohnya termasuk lampu papan kekunci USB, peminat, penyejuk cawan dan pemanas, pengecas bateri, pembersih vakum kecil, dan bahkan lampu lava kecil. Dalam kebanyakan kes, barang-barang ini tidak mengandungi litar digital, dan oleh itu bukan peranti USB yang mematuhi standard. Ini boleh menyebabkan masalah dengan beberapa komputer, seperti melukis litar semasa dan merosakkan. Sebelum Spesifikasi Pengecasan Bateri, spesifikasi USB memerlukan peranti menyambung dalam mod kuasa rendah (maksimum 100 mA) dan menyampaikan keperluan semasa mereka kepada tuan rumah, yang kemudiannya membenarkan peranti untuk beralih ke mod kuasa tinggi. <> Apa yang digunakan oleh beberapa peranti USB yang tidak standard? || bekalan kuasa 5 V tanpa mengambil bahagian dalam rangkaian USB yang betul <> Apa yang Negotiates draw kuasa dengan antara muka hos? || bekalan kuasa 5 V <> Apakah spesifikasi USB memerlukan sebelum Spesifikasi Pengecasan Bateri? || bahawa peranti menyambung dalam mod kuasa rendah (maksimum 100 mA) dan menyampaikan keperluan semasa mereka kepada tuan rumah", {"context": "Some non-standard USB devices use the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network, which negotiates power draw with the host interface. These are usually called USB decorations.[citation needed] Examples include USB-powered keyboard lights, fans, mug coolers and heaters, battery chargers, miniature vacuum cleaners, and even miniature lava lamps. In most cases, these items contain no digital circuitry, and thus are not standard compliant USB devices. This may cause problems with some computers, such as drawing too much current and damaging circuitry. Prior to the Battery Charging Specification, the USB specification required that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host, which then permits the device to switch into high-power mode.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "the 5 V power supply without participating in a proper USB network"}], "question": "What do some non-standard USB devices use?", "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "the 5 V power supply"}], "question": "What Negotiates power draw with the host interface?", "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "that devices connect in a low-power mode (100 mA maximum) and communicate their current requirements to the host"}], "question": "What does the USB specification require prior to the Battery Charging Specification?", "id": "572801402ca10214002d9b32"}]}], ["Inter-Chip Berkelajuan Tinggi USB 2.0 (HSIC) adalah varian cip ke cip USB 2.0 yang menghilangkan transceiver analog konvensional yang terdapat dalam USB biasa. Ia telah diguna pakai sebagai standard oleh Forum Pelaksana USB pada tahun 2007. Lapisan fizikal HSIC menggunakan kuasa kurang 50% dan kawasan papan yang lebih rendah 75% berbanding USB 2.0 tradisional. HSIC menggunakan dua isyarat pada 1.2 V dan mempunyai keluaran 480 Mbit / s. Panjang jejak PCB maksimum untuk HSIC adalah 10 cm. Ia tidak mempunyai latensi yang cukup rendah untuk menyokong perkongsian memori RAM antara dua cip. <> USB 2.0 Inter-Chip Berkelajuan Tinggi (HSIC) adalah apa? || varian cip ke cip USB 2.0 <> Apakah USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip menghapuskan? || transceiver analog konvensional yang terdapat pada USB biasa <> Kapan Inter-Chip Berkelajuan Tinggi 2.0 USB diterima pakai sebagai standard oleh Forum Pelaksana USB || 2007", {"context": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0 that eliminates the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB. It was adopted as a standard by the USB Implementers Forum in 2007. The HSIC physical layer uses about 50% less power and 75% less board area compared to traditional USB 2.0. HSIC uses two signals at 1.2 V and has a throughput of 480 Mbit/s. Maximum PCB trace length for HSIC is 10 cm. It does not have low enough latency to support RAM memory sharing between two chips.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 42, "text": "chip-to-chip variant of USB 2.0"}], "question": "USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip (HSIC) is a what?", "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "the conventional analog transceivers found in normal USB"}], "question": "What does USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip eliminate?", "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "2007"}], "question": "When was the USB 2.0 High-Speed Inter-Chip adopted as the standard by the USB Implementers Forum", "id": "5728089f2ca10214002d9c14"}]}], ["Standard IEEE 802.3af Kuasa ke atas Ethernet (PoE) menentukan skema rundingan kuasa yang lebih rumit daripada USB berkuasa. Ia beroperasi pada 48 V DC dan boleh membekalkan lebih banyak kuasa (sehingga 12.95 W, PoE + 25.5 W) melalui kabel sehingga 100 meter berbanding dengan USB 2.0, yang menyediakan 2.5 W dengan panjang kabel maksimum 5 meter. Ini menjadikan PoE popular untuk telefon VoIP, kamera keselamatan, titik akses tanpa wayar dan peranti rangkaian lain dalam bangunan. Walau bagaimanapun, USB lebih murah daripada PoE dengan syarat jaraknya pendek, dan permintaan tenaga rendah. <> IEEE 802.3af Kuasa ke atas Ethernet (PoE) standard menentukan apa? || skema perundingan kuasa yang lebih rumit daripada USB berkuasa <> Adakah USB lebih murah atau lebih mahal daripada PoE? || lebih murah <> Apa yang membuat USB lebih murah daripada PoE? || jaraknya pendek, dan permintaan tenaga rendah.", {"context": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB. It operates at 48 V DC and can supply more power (up to 12.95 W, PoE+ 25.5 W) over a cable up to 100 meters compared to USB 2.0, which provides 2.5 W with a maximum cable length of 5 meters. This has made PoE popular for VoIP telephones, security cameras, wireless access points and other networked devices within buildings. However, USB is cheaper than PoE provided that the distance is short, and power demand is low.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "more elaborate power negotiation scheme than powered USB"}], "question": "The IEEE 802.3af Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard specifies a what?", "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df297"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "cheaper"}], "question": "Is USB cheaper or more expensive than PoE?", "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df298"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "the distance is short, and power demand is low."}], "question": "What keeps USB cheaper than PoE?", "id": "5728073c3acd2414000df299"}]}], ["Piawaian Ethernet memerlukan pengasingan elektrik antara peranti rangkaian (komputer, telefon, dan lain-lain) dan kabel rangkaian sehingga 1500 V AC atau 2250 V DC selama 60 saat. USB tidak mempunyai keperluan sedemikian kerana ia direka untuk peranti yang rapat berkaitan dengan komputer hos, dan sebenarnya ia menghubungkan tapak persisian dan hos. Ini memberikan Ethernet kelebihan keselamatan yang signifikan ke atas USB dengan persisian seperti kabel dan modem DSL yang disambungkan ke pendawaian luaran yang boleh menanggung voltan berbahaya di bawah keadaan kesalahan tertentu. <> USB direka untuk peranti supaya apa? || rapat berkaitan dengan komputer hos <> USB menghubungkan apa? || dasar periferal dan tuan rumah <> Ethernet standard memerlukan apa? || pengasingan antara peranti rangkaian (komputer, telefon, dll.) dan kabel rangkaian sehingga 1500 V AC atau 2250 V DC selama 60 saat", {"context": "Ethernet standards require electrical isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds. USB has no such requirement as it was designed for peripherals closely associated with a host computer, and in fact it connects the peripheral and host grounds. This gives Ethernet a significant safety advantage over USB with peripherals such as cable and DSL modems connected to external wiring that can assume hazardous voltages under certain fault conditions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 231, "text": "closely associated with a host computer"}], "question": "USB  was designed for peripherals to be what?", "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "the peripheral and host grounds"}], "question": "USB connects what?", "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "isolation between the networked device (computer, phone, etc.) and the network cable up to 1500 V AC or 2250 V DC for 60 seconds"}], "question": "Ethernet standards require what?", "id": "572807b82ca10214002d9c04"}]}], ["eSATA tidak membekalkan kuasa kepada peranti luaran. Ini adalah kelemahan yang bertambah berbanding dengan USB. Walaupun USB 3.0's 4.5W kadang-kadang tidak mencukupi untuk memacu pemacu keras luaran, teknologi memajukan dan pemacu luaran secara beransur-ansur memerlukan kuasa yang kurang, mengurangkan kelebihan eSATA. eSATAp (kuasa atas eSATA; aka ESATA / USB) adalah penyambung yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 2009 yang membekalkan kuasa kepada peranti yang dipasang menggunakan penyambung yang baru, serasi ke belakang. Pada notebook eSATAp biasanya membekalkan hanya 5 V untuk kuasa HDD / SSD 2.5 inci; di stesen kerja desktop ia juga boleh membekalkan 12 V untuk peranti kuasa yang lebih besar termasuk 3.5-inci HDD / SSD dan pemacu optik 5.25 inci. <> eSATA tidak membekalkan kuasa kepada apa? || peranti luaran <> Walaupun USB 3.0's 4.5 W kadang-kadang tidak mencukupi untuk memacu cakera keras luaran, teknologi adalah apa? || memajukan dan pemacu luaran secara beransur-ansur memerlukan kuasa kurang <> Pada notebook eSATAp biasanya membekalkan kuasa berapa banyak? || 5 V untuk kuasa HDD / SSD 2.5 inci", {"context": "eSATA does not supply power to external devices. This is an increasing disadvantage compared to USB. Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is advancing and external drives gradually need less power, diminishing the eSATA advantage. eSATAp (power over eSATA; aka ESATA/USB) is a connector introduced in 2009 that supplies power to attached devices using a new, backward compatible, connector. On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies only 5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD; on a desktop workstation it can additionally supply 12 V to power larger devices including 3.5-inch HDD/SSD and 5.25-inch optical drives.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "external devices"}], "question": "eSATA does not supply power to what?", "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "advancing and external drives gradually need less power"}], "question": "Even though USB 3.0's 4.5 W is sometimes insufficient to power external hard drives, technology is what?", "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "5 V to power a 2.5-inch HDD/SSD"}], "question": "On a notebook eSATAp usually supplies how much power?", "id": "572808053acd2414000df2bd"}]}], ["Peranti jalur lebar rendah disokong dengan nilai PID khas, PRE. Ini menandakan permulaan paket bandwidth rendah, dan digunakan oleh hub yang biasanya tidak menghantar paket jalur lebar penuh ke peranti jalur lebar rendah. Oleh kerana semua bait PID termasuk empat 0 bit, mereka meninggalkan bas dalam keadaan jalur lebar K, yang sama dengan keadaan bandwidth rendah J. Ia diikuti dengan jeda ringkas, di mana hub membolehkan output bandwidth rendah mereka, sudah melahu dalam keadaan J. Kemudian paket bandwidth rendah berikut, bermula dengan urutan penyegerakan dan PID byte, dan berakhir dengan tempoh SE0 yang singkat. Peranti jalur lebar penuh selain hub hanya boleh mengabaikan paket PRE dan kandungan jalur lebarnya rendah, sehingga SE0 akhir menunjukkan bahawa satu paket baru berikut. <> Alat jalur lebar rendah disokong dengan apa? || nilai PID khas, PRE <> Semua bait PID termasuk berapa banyak 0 bit? || empat 0 bit <> Alat jalur lebar penuh selain hab boleh apa? || hanya tolak pakej PRE dan kandungan jalur lebarnya yang rendah", {"context": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "a special PID value, PRE"}], "question": "Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?", "id": "572806764b864d190016426e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "four 0 bits"}], "question": "All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?", "id": "572806764b864d190016426f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents"}], "question": " Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?", "id": "572806764b864d1900164270"}]}], ["Perbezaan ini dan lain-lain mencerminkan matlamat reka bentuk yang berbeza dari dua bas: USB direka untuk kesederhanaan dan kos rendah, manakala FireWire direka untuk prestasi tinggi, terutamanya dalam aplikasi sensitif masa seperti audio dan video. Walaupun kadar pemindahan maksimum yang sama dalam teori, FireWire 400 lebih cepat daripada USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth dalam penggunaan sebenar, terutamanya dalam penggunaan jalur lebar tinggi seperti cakera keras luaran. Standard FireWire 800 yang lebih baru adalah dua kali secepat FireWire 400 dan lebih cepat daripada Hi-Bandwidth USB 2.0 baik secara teoritis dan praktikal. Walau bagaimanapun, kelebihan kelajuan Firewire bergantung pada teknik peringkat rendah seperti akses memori langsung (DMA), yang seterusnya telah mewujudkan peluang untuk eksploit keselamatan seperti serangan DMA. <> Ini dan perbezaan lain mencerminkan matlamat reka bentuk yang berlainan daripada apa? || dua bas <> USB direka untuk apa? || kesederhanaan dan kos rendah <> FireWire direka untuk apa? || prestasi tinggi, terutamanya dalam aplikasi sensitif masa seperti audio dan video <> FireWire 400 adalah lebih cepat daripada apa? || USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth dalam penggunaan sebenar", {"context": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of the two buses: USB was designed for simplicity and low cost, while FireWire was designed for high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video. Although similar in theoretical maximum transfer rate, FireWire 400 is faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use, especially in high-bandwidth use such as external hard-drives. The newer FireWire 800 standard is twice as fast as FireWire 400 and faster than USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth both theoretically and practically. However, Firewire's speed advantages rely on low-level techniques such as direct memory access (DMA), which in turn have created opportunities for security exploits such as the DMA attack.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "two buses"}], "question": "These and other differences reflect the differing design goals of what?", "id": "572806d64b864d1900164274"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "simplicity and low cost"}], "question": "USB was designed for what?", "id": "572806d64b864d1900164275"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "high performance, particularly in time-sensitive applications such as audio and video"}], "question": "FireWire was designed for what?", "id": "572806d64b864d1900164276"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 329, "text": "USB 2.0 Hi-Bandwidth in real-use"}], "question": "FireWire 400 is faster than what?", "id": "572806d64b864d1900164277"}]}]], [["Sichuan terdiri daripada dua bahagian geografi yang sangat berbeza. Bahagian timur wilayah ini kebanyakannya di dalam lembah Sichuan subur (yang dikongsi oleh Sichuan dengan Perbandaran Chongqing). Sichuan barat terdiri daripada pelbagai rentang gunung yang membentuk bahagian paling timur Dataran Tinggi Qinghai-Tibet, yang dikenali secara umum sebagai Pergunungan Hengduan. Salah satu julat ini, Pergunungan Daxue, mengandungi titik tertinggi di wilayah Gongga Shan, pada 7,556 meter (24,790 kaki) di atas paras laut. <> Berapa banyak bahagian yang berbeza membentuk Sichuan? || dua <> Apa yang membentuk majoriti wilayah timur Sichuan? || Sichuan basin <> Sichuan Barat ditakrifkan oleh rangkaian gunung apa? || Pergunungan Hengduan <> Pegunungan mana yang mengandungi titik tertinggi di wilayah Gongga Shan? || Pergunungan Daxue <> Berapa kaki di atas paras laut adalah titik tertinggi Gunung Saxue? || 24,790 kaki", {"context": "Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile Sichuan basin (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of the numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which are known generically as Hengduan Mountains. One of these ranges, Daxue Mountains, contains the highest point of the province Gongga Shan, at 7,556 metres (24,790 ft) above sea level.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many distinct parts make up Sichuan?", "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Sichuan basin"}], "question": "What makes up majority of the eastern Sichuan province?", "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 345, "text": "Hengduan Mountains"}], "question": "Western Sichuan is delineated by what mountain range?", "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "Daxue Mountains"}], "question": "Which mountain range contains the highest point in the Gongga Shan province?", "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "24,790 ft"}], "question": "How many feet above sea level is the highest point of the Saxue Mountains?", "id": "5727b3f5ff5b5019007d92fe"}]}], ["Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua kemudian diikuti oleh Perang Saudara Cina yang semula, dan bandar-bandar di China Timur jatuh ke Komunis satu demi satu, kerajaan Kuomintang sekali lagi cuba menjadikan Sichuan sebagai kubu kuat di tanah besar, walaupun sudah melihat beberapa Komunis aktiviti kerana ia adalah satu kawasan di jalan Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek sendiri terbang ke Chongqing dari Taiwan pada bulan November 1949 untuk memimpin pertahanan. Tetapi bulan yang sama Chongqing jatuh kepada komunis, diikuti oleh Chengdu pada 10 Disember. Ketua Kuomintang Wang Sheng ingin tinggal di belakang dengan tenteranya untuk meneruskan perang gerila antikomunis di Sichuan, tetapi telah dipanggil semula ke Taiwan. Kebanyakan askarnya juga pergi ke sana, melalui Burma. <> Kumpulan apa yang menjadi antagonis utama semasa Perang Saudara Cina? || Komunis <> Yang memimpin pertahanan Chongqing pada bulan November 1949? || Chiang Kai-Shek <> Pada apa tarikh pada tahun 1949 apakah Chengdu jatuh ke komunis? || 10 Disember <> Mengapa Sichuan melihat beberapa aktiviti komunis? || ia adalah satu kawasan di jalan raya Long March", {"context": "The Second Sino-Japanese War was soon followed by the resumed Chinese Civil War, and the cities of East China fell to the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the Long March. Chiang Kai-Shek himself flew to Chongqing from Taiwan in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing fell to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general Wang Sheng wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via Burma.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 118, "text": "the Communists"}], "question": "What group was the main antagonist during the Chinese Civil War?", "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "Chiang Kai-Shek"}], "question": "Who led the defense of Chongqing in November 1949?", "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "10 December"}], "question": "On what date in 1949 did Chengdu fall to the communists?", "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "it was one area on the road of the Long March"}], "question": "Why did Sichuan see some communist activity?", "id": "5727b298ff5b5019007d92cd"}]}], ["Pada pertengahan abad ke-17, pemimpin pemberontak petani Zhang Xianzhong (1606-1646) dari Yan'an, Shanxi Province, yang dijuluki sebagai Yellow Tiger, mengetuai pasukan petani dari utara China ke selatan, dan menaklukkan Sichuan. Selepas menangkapnya, beliau mengisytiharkan diri sebagai maharaja Daxi Dinasti (\u5927\u897f \u738b\u671d). Sebagai tindak balas kepada perlawanan dari elit tempatan, dia membunuh penduduk asli yang besar. Akibat daripada pembunuhan beramai-ramai serta tahun-tahun kekacauan semasa peralihan Ming-Qing, penduduk Sichuan jatuh dengan mendadak, memerlukan penempatan semula besar-besaran orang dari wilayah Huguang (Hubei dan Hunan moden) dan wilayah lain semasa Dinasti Qing . <> Apa nama pemimpin pemberontak julukan Zhang Xianzhong? || Kuning Harimau <> Wilayah mana yang menakluk Yellow Tiger pada pertengahan abad ke-17? || Sichuan <> Dinasti mana yang mana Yellow Tiger mengisytiharkan dirinya sebagai maharaja? || Dinasti Daxi <> Provinsi mana yang membekalkan sejumlah besar orang ke penempatan semula Sichuan, berikutan bertahun-tahun pergolakan semasa peralihan Ming-Qing? || Wilayah Huguang", {"context": "In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong (1606\u20131646) from Yan'an, Shanxi Province, nicknamed Yellow Tiger, led his peasant troop from north China to the south, and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi Dynasty (\u5927\u897f\u738b\u671d). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large native population. As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition, the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring a massive resettlement of people from the neighboring Huguang Province (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "Yellow Tiger"}], "question": "What was the nickname rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong?", "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9400"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 209, "text": "Sichuan"}], "question": "Which region did Yellow Tiger conquer in the mid-17th century?", "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9401"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "Daxi Dynasty"}], "question": "Which dynasty did Yellow Tiger declare himself the emperor of? ", "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9402"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 575, "text": "Huguang Province"}], "question": "Which province supplied a large amount of people to the Sichuan resettlement, following years of turmoil during the Ming-Qing transition?", "id": "5727b1112ca10214002d9403"}]}], ["Sichuan berada di bawah kawalan tegas kerajaan pusat China semasa dinasti Sui, tetapi ia adalah semasa Dinasti Tang yang berikutnya di mana Sichuan memperoleh kembali keunggulan politik dan kebudayaan terdahulu yang dikenali di zaman Han. Chengdu menjadi dikenali sebagai pembekal tentera dan rumah Du Fu, yang kadang-kadang dipanggil penyair terbesar China. Semasa Pemberontakan Lushan (755-763), Maharaja Xuanzong dari Tang melarikan diri dari Chang'an ke Sichuan. Rantau ini telah terkoyak oleh peperangan yang berterusan dan kesusahan ekonomi kerana ia dikepung oleh Empayar Tibet. <> Di mana dinasti itu Sichuan mendapatkan kembali keunggulan politik dan kebudayaannya yang mana ia dikenali semasa Han? || Dinasti Tang <> Yang dikenali sebagai penyair terbesar China dan tinggal di Chengdu? || Du Fu <> Apa yang diketahui oleh Chengu untuk membekalkan negara ini? || tentera <> Tahun manakah yang melihat Pemberontakan Lushan? || 755-763 <> Empayar mana yang merancangkan rantau Chengdu dengan peperangan yang berterusan dan kesusahan ekonomi? || Empayar Tibet", {"context": "Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the Sui dynasty, but it was during the subsequent Tang dynasty where Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of Du Fu, who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang fled from Chang'an to Sichuan. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the Tibetan Empire.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 125, "text": "Tang dynasty"}], "question": "During which dynasty did Sichuan regain its political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han?", "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Du Fu"}], "question": "Who was known as China's greatest poet and lived in Chengdu?", "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 296, "text": "armies"}], "question": "What was Chengu known to supply the country with?", "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "755-763"}], "question": "Which years saw the An Lushan Rebellion?", "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 555, "text": "the Tibetan Empire"}], "question": "Which empire ravished the Chengdu region with constant warfare and economic distress?", "id": "5727b0563acd2414000de9cf"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-20, sebagai Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, dan Wuhan semuanya telah diduduki oleh Jepun semasa Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua, ibukota Republik China telah sementara berpindah ke Chongqing, kemudian sebuah bandar besar di Sichuan. Warisan yang berterusan untuk langkah ini adalah bahawa wilayah pedalaman yang berdekatan, seperti Shaanxi, Gansu, dan Guizhou, yang sebelum ini tidak pernah mempunyai universiti gaya Barat moden, mula dibangunkan dalam hal ini. Kesukaran untuk mengakses rantau ini dari bahagian timur China dan iklim berkabus yang menghalang ketepatan pengeboman Jepun di Lembangan Sichuan, menjadikan rantau ini kubu kuat kerajaan Kuomintang Chiang Kai-Shek pada tahun 1938-45, dan membawa kepada Pengeboman Chongqing. <> Ke mana bandar itu adalah ibu kota Cina yang dipindahkan ke semasa pendudukan Jepun pada abad ke-20? || Chongqing <> Apa beberapa bandar utama yang diduduki oleh orang Cina semasa Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua? || Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, dan Wuhan <> Apa beberapa wilayah pedalaman yang mula membangunkan sistem pendidikan moden dan barat? || Shaanxi, Gansu, dan Guizhou <> Apakah sebab-sebab kekurangan pengeboman Jepun yang tepat semasa Perang Sino-Jepun Kedua di Lembangan Sichuan? || Kesukaran untuk mengakses kawasan darat dari bahagian timur China dan iklim berkabus", {"context": "In the 20th century, as Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan had all been occupied by the Japanese during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the capital of the Republic of China had been temporary relocated to Chongqing, then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is that nearby inland provinces, such as Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou, which previously never had modern Western-style universities, began to be developed in this regard. The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of Japanese bombing of the Sichuan Basin, made the region the stronghold of Chiang Kai-Shek's Kuomintang government during 1938-45, and led to the Bombing of Chongqing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "Chongqing"}], "question": "To which city was the Chinese capitol relocated to during Japanese occupation in the 20th century? ", "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d9408"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, and Wuhan"}], "question": "What are some major cities occupied by the Chinese during the Second Sino-Japanese War?", "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d9409"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Shaanxi, Gansu, and Guizhou"}], "question": "What are some inland provinces that began to develop modern, westernized education systems? ", "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d940a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate"}], "question": "What are some reasons for the lack of accurate Japanese bombing during the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Sichuan Basin?", "id": "5727b1b72ca10214002d940b"}]}], ["Penguasa-penguasa dinasti Qin yang berkembang, yang berdasarkan pada masa kini Gansu dan Shaanxi, adalah ahli strategi pertama yang menyedari kepentingan penting dalam bidang ini sesuai dengan kepentingan komersil dan pertaniannya. Cekungan Sichuan dikelilingi oleh Himalaya di barat, Pergunungan Qin di utara, dan kawasan pergunungan Yunnan di selatan. Sejak Yangtze mengalir melalui lembangan dan kemudian melalui Yangzi Gorges yang berbahaya ke China timur dan selatan, Sichuan merupakan kawasan pementasan untuk pasukan tentera amfibia dan perlindungan untuk pelarian politik. [Rujukan?] Apa yang mengelilingi lembah Sichuan di barat ? || Himalaya <> Apa gunung mengelilingi lembah Sichuan ke Utara? || Pergunungan Qin <> Sungai apa yang mengalir melalui lembangan Sichuan? || Yangtze <> Di mana dinasti Qin berdasarkan? || sekarang Gansu dan Shaanxi <> Apa yang mengelilingi lembangan Sichuan ke Selatan? || kawasan pergunungan Yunnan", {"context": "The rulers of the expansionist Qin dynasty, based in present-day Gansu and Shaanxi, were only the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the Himalayas to the west, the Qin Mountains to the north, and mountainous areas of Yunnan to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Yangzi Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a refuge for political refugees.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "the Himalayas"}], "question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the west?", "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Qin Mountains"}], "question": "What mountains surround the Sichuan basin to the North?", "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "Yangtze"}], "question": "What river flows through the Sichuan basin?", "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "present-day Gansu and Shaanxi"}], "question": "Where was the Qin dynasty based?", "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 315, "text": "mountainous areas of Yunnan"}], "question": "What surrounds the Sichuan basin to the South?", "id": "5727aee02ca10214002d93b4"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1955 hingga 1997, Sichuan telah menjadi wilayah paling ramai penduduk di China, memukul 100 juta markah sejurus selepas angka banci 1982 sebanyak 99,730,000. Ini berubah pada tahun 1997 ketika bandar Chongqing dan ketiga wilayah prefektur Fuling, Wanxian, dan Qianjiang dipecah menjadi Perbandaran Chongqing baru. Perbandaran baru ini ditubuhkan untuk menerajui usaha China untuk membangunkan wilayah baratnya, serta menyelaraskan penempatan semula penduduk dari kawasan takungan projek Empangan Three Gorges. <> Apakah Provinsi Cina mempunyai populasi terbesar sehingga tahun 1997? || Sichuan <> Mengapa Sichuan kehilangan status sebagai Wilayah yang paling ramai penduduk pada tahun 1997? || Chongqing serta tiga wilayah sekitar Fuling, Wanxian, dan Qianjiang dibahagikan kepada Perbandaran Chongqing yang baru. <> Mengapa Perbandaran Chongqing terbentuk? || untuk menerajui usaha China untuk membangunkan wilayah baratnya dari segi ekonomi. Mengapa China perlu menempatkan penduduk ke Chongqing? || projek Empangan Tiga Gorges. <> Apakah penduduk Sichuan pada tahun 1982? || 99,730,000", {"context": "From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000. This changed in 1997 when the Sub-provincial city of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "Sichuan"}], "question": "What Chinese Province had the largest population until 1997?", "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163aae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang were split off into the new Chongqing Municipality."}], "question": "Why did Sichuan lose its status as the most populous Province in 1997?", "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163aaf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces"}], "question": "Why was the Chongqing Municipality formed?", "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "the Three Gorges Dam project."}], "question": "Why did China need to resettle people into Chongqing?", "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 135, "text": "99,730,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1982?", "id": "5727b3704b864d1900163ab2"}]}], ["Sepanjang sejarah prasejarah dan awal, rantau ini dan sekitarnya di rantau Yangtze adalah buaian tamadun tempatan yang unik yang boleh bertarikh sekurang-kurangnya pada abad ke-15 SM dan bertepatan dengan tahun-tahun kemudian dinasti Shang dan Zhou di China Utara . Sichuan dirujuk dalam sumber-sumber Cina purba sebagai Ba-Shu (\u5df4\u8700), singkatan dari kerajaan-kerajaan Ba dan Shu yang wujud di dalam Lembangan Sichuan. Ba termasuk Chongqing dan tanah di Sichuan timur sepanjang Yangtze dan beberapa aliran anak sungai, sementara Shu termasuk Chengdu hari ini, kawasan sekitarnya dan wilayah sekitarnya di Sichuan barat. <> Apa Sichuan disebut oleh sumber-sumber Cina kuno? || Ba-Shu <> Seberapa jauh tamadun di rantau Yangtze boleh bertarikh? || sekurang-kurangnya abad ke-15 SM <> Di mana kerajaan-kerajaan Ba dan Shu terletak? || di dalam Lembangan Sichuan <> Tanah apakah yang dimasukkan ke dalam kerajaan Ba? || Chongqing dan tanah di timur Sichuan sepanjang Yangtze dan beberapa aliran sungai <> Apa tanah itu termasuk dalam kerajaan Shu? || Chengdu, wilayah sekitarnya dan bersebelahan di Sichuan barat", {"context": "Throughout its prehistory and early history, the region and its vicinity in the Yangtze region was the cradle of unique local civilizations which can be dated back to at least the 15th century BC and coinciding with the later years of the Shang and Zhou dynasties in North China. Sichuan was referred to in ancient Chinese sources as Ba-Shu (\u5df4\u8700), an abbreviation of the kingdoms of Ba and Shu which existed within the Sichuan Basin. Ba included Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams, while Shu included today's Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Ba-Shu"}], "question": "What was Sichuan referred to as by ancient Chinese sources?", "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "at least the 15th century BC"}], "question": "How far back can civilizations in the Yangtze region be dated?", "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 407, "text": "within the Sichuan Basin"}], "question": "Where were the kingdoms of Ba and Shu located?", "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Chongqing and the land in eastern Sichuan along the Yangtze and some tributary streams"}], "question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Ba?", "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d936f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 560, "text": "Chengdu, its surrounding plain and adjacent territories in western Sichuan"}], "question": "What land was included in the kingdom of Shu?", "id": "5727ad322ca10214002d9370"}]}], ["Tentera Qin menyelesaikan penaklukan kerajaan Shu dan Ba pada 316 SM. Apa-apa catatan bertulis dan pencapaian sivil kerajaan terdahulu telah musnah. Pentadbir Qin memperkenalkan teknologi pertanian yang lebih baik. Li Bing, mengarang sistem pengairan Dujiangyan untuk mengawal Sungai Min, sebuah anak sungai utama di Yangtze. Sistem hidraulik inovatif ini terdiri daripada pewarna bergerak yang boleh diselaraskan untuk aliran air yang tinggi atau rendah mengikut musim, sama ada menyediakan pengairan atau mencegah banjir. Peningkatan pengeluaran pertanian dan cukai menjadikan kawasan itu sebagai sumber peruntukan dan lelaki untuk penyatuan Qin China. <> Pada tahun apakah tentera Qin menyelesaikan penaklukan Shu dan Ba? || 316 SM <> Apa yang diperkenalkan oleh pentadbir Qin kepada Shu dan Ba? || teknologi pertanian yang lebih baik. <> Siapa yang merancang sistem pengairan Dujiangyan untuk mengawal Sungai Min? || Li Bing <> Min Sungai adalah sungai utama sungai apa? || Yangtze <> Sistem pengairan Dujiangyan digunakan untuk tujuan apa? || sama ada menyediakan pengairan atau menghalang banjir.", {"context": "Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. Li Bing, engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River, a major tributary of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 68, "text": "316 BC"}], "question": "By what year did the Qin armies finish their conquest of Shu and Ba?", "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "improved agricultural technology."}], "question": "What did Qin administrators introduce to Shu and Ba?", "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Li Bing"}], "question": "Who engineered the Dujiangyan irrigation system to control the Min River?", "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Yangtze"}], "question": "The Min River is a major tributary of what river? ", "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "to either provide irrigation or prevent floods."}], "question": "The Dujiangyan irrigation system was used for what purpose?", "id": "5727af8b4b864d1900163a62"}]}], ["Kewujudan keadaan awal Shu tidak tercatat dalam rekod sejarah utama China. Walau bagaimanapun, ia dirujuk di dalam Buku Dokumen sebagai sekutu Zhou. Akaun Shu wujud terutamanya sebagai campuran cerita mitos dan legenda sejarah yang direkodkan dalam sejarah tempatan seperti Chronicles of Huayang yang disusun dalam dinasti Jin (265-420), dengan cerita rakyat seperti Kaisar Duyu (\u675c\u5b87) yang mengajar orang-orang pertanian dan mengubah dirinya menjadi tukang sihir selepas kematiannya. Kewujudan tamadun yang maju dengan industri gangsa bebas di Sichuan akhirnya mendapat cahaya dengan penemuan arkeologi pada tahun 1986 di sebuah kampung kecil bernama Sanxingdui di Guanghan, Sichuan. Tapak ini, dipercayai sebagai bandar purba Shu, pada mulanya ditemui oleh seorang petani tempatan pada tahun 1929 yang mendapati artifak jed dan batu. Penggalian oleh ahli arkeologi di kawasan itu menghasilkan sedikit penemuan penting sehingga tahun 1986 apabila dua lubang pengorbanan utama ditemui dengan barang tembaga yang luar biasa serta artifak dalam batu giok, emas, tembikar, dan batu. Penemuan ini dan lain-lain di Sichuan bertanding dalam historiografi konvensional bahawa budaya dan teknologi tempatan Sichuan tidak berkembang berbanding dengan \"maju\" lembah Sungai Kuning dari segi teknologi dan kultur di utara-tengah China. Nama Shu terus digunakan untuk merujuk Sichuan pada masa-masa berikutnya dalam sejarah Cina hingga sekarang. <> Apa yang Kaisar Duyu mengubah dirinya selepas kematiannya? || a cuckoo <> Apa maksud nama Shu? || Sichuan pada masa-masa berikutnya dalam sejarah Cina sehingga hari ini. <> Bilakah tapak yang dipercayai bandar kuno Shu ditemui, dan oleh siapa? || seorang petani tempatan pada tahun 1929 <> The Shu adalah sekutu siapa, menurut Buku Dokumen? || Zhou <> Bilakah Chronicles of Huayang disusun? || Dinasti Jin (265-420)", {"context": "The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (\u675c\u5b87) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally \"advanced\" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 481, "text": "a cuckoo"}], "question": "What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?", "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1377, "text": "Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day."}], "question": "What does the name Shu refer to?", "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 805, "text": "a local farmer in 1929"}], "question": "When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?", "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "the Zhou"}], "question": "The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?", "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 339, "text": "the Jin dynasty (265\u2013420)"}], "question": "When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?", "id": "5727ae5f4b864d1900163a3c"}]}], ["Kerajaan Sichuan menaikkan upah minimum di wilayah itu sebanyak 12.5 peratus pada akhir bulan Disember 2007. Gaji minimum bulanan naik dari 400 kepada 450 yuan, dengan minimum 4.9 yuan per jam untuk kerja sambilan, berkuat kuasa 26 Disember 2007 Kerajaan juga mengurangkan struktur upah minimum empat peringkat kepada tiga. Tingkatan atas mandat minimum 650 yuan sebulan, atau 7.1 yuan per jam. Undang-undang negara membenarkan setiap wilayah menetapkan gaji minimum secara bebas, tetapi dengan tingkat 450 yuan sebulan. <> Berapa Sichuan meningkatkan gaji minimum pada bulan Disember 2007? || 12.5 peratus <> Apa gaji minimum bulanan baru di Sichuan menjelang Januari 2008? || 450 yuan <> Apakah gaji minimum setiap jam di Sichuan pada 28 Disember 2007? || 4.9 yuan <> Apakah gaji nasional bulanan minimum di China? || 450 yuan sebulan", {"context": "The Sichuan government raised the minimum wage in the province by 12.5 percent at the end of December 2007. The monthly minimum wage went up from 400 to 450 yuan, with a minimum of 4.9 yuan per hour for part-time work, effective 26 December 2007. The government also reduced the four-tier minimum wage structure to three. The top tier mandates a minimum of 650 yuan per month, or 7.1 yuan per hour. National law allows each province to set minimum wages independently, but with a floor of 450 yuan per month.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 66, "text": "12.5 percent"}], "question": "By how much did Sichuan increase minimum wage in December 2007?", "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "450 yuan"}], "question": "What was the new monthly minimum wage in Sichuan by January 2008?", "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "4.9 yuan"}], "question": "What was the minimum hourly wage in Sichuan on December 28, 2007?", "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 489, "text": "450 yuan per month"}], "question": "What is the national minimum monthly wage in China?", "id": "5727b9094b864d1900163b75"}]}], ["Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1988, zon pembangunan industri berteknologi tinggi Chengdu (Cina: \u6210\u90fd \u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f \u4ea7\u4e1a \u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b G\u014dox\u012bn J\u00ecsh\u00f9 Ch\u01ceny\u00e8 K\u0101if\u0101 Q\u016b) telah diluluskan sebagai salah satu zon pembangunan berteknologi tinggi pertama pada tahun 1991. Pada tahun 2000, telah dibuka kepada APEC dan telah diiktiraf sebagai zon pembangunan berteknologi tinggi canggih negara dalam aktiviti penilaian berturut-turut yang diadakan oleh Kementerian Sains dan Teknologi China. Ia menduduki tempat ke-5 di antara 53 zon pembangunan berteknologi tinggi negara di China dari segi kekuatan yang komprehensif. <> Bilakah Zon Pembangunan Industri Chengdu Hi-tech ditubuhkan? || 1988 <> Ketika zon pembangunan industri berteknologi tinggi Chengdu diluluskan? || 1991 <> Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Chengdu Hi-tech adalah peringkat 53 dalam segi China kekuatan komprehensif? || 5", {"context": "Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u9ad8\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u4ea7\u4e1a\u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b G\u0101ox\u012bn J\u00ecsh\u00f9 Ch\u01ceny\u00e8 K\u0101if\u0101 Q\u016b) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in successive assessment activities held by China's Ministry of Science and Technology. It ranks 5th among the 53 national hi-tech development zones in China in terms of comprehensive strength.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 15, "text": "1988"}], "question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone established?", "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d937e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone approved?", "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d937f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 409, "text": "5th"}], "question": "The Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone is what rank of 53 in China terms of comprehensive strength?", "id": "5727b9d4ff5b5019007d9380"}]}], ["Sichuan adalah salah satu pusat perindustrian utama di China. Selain industri berat seperti arang batu, tenaga, besi dan keluli, wilayah ini juga telah membentuk sektor perindustrian ringan yang terdiri daripada bahan binaan, pemprosesan kayu, pemprosesan makanan dan sutera. Chengdu dan Mianyang adalah pusat pengeluaran tekstil dan produk elektronik. Deyang, Panzhihua, dan Yibin adalah pusat pengeluaran untuk jentera, industri metalurgi, dan wain masing-masing. Pengeluaran wain Sichuan menyumbang 21.9% daripada jumlah pengeluaran negara pada tahun 2000. <> Apakah beberapa pengeluaran perindustrian utama di Sichuan? || arang batu, tenaga, besi dan keluli <> Bidang apa pun bidang utama pengeluaran tekstil dan elektronik? || Chengdu dan Mianyang <> Berapa banyak wain China yang dihasilkan oleh Sichuan pada tahun 2000? || 21.9% <> Yang bandar di Sichuan dikenali untuk pengeluaran jenteranya? || Deyang <> Yang bandar di Sichuan terkenal dengan industri metalurgi? || Panzhihua", {"context": "Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food and silk processing. Chengdu and Mianyang are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. Deyang, Panzhihua, and Yibin are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country\u2019s total production in 2000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 97, "text": "coal, energy, iron and steel"}], "question": "What are some major industrial outputs of Sichuan?", "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "Chengdu and Mianyang"}], "question": "What areas are major areas of production for textiles and electronics?", "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "21.9%"}], "question": "How much of China's wine did Sichuan produce in 2000?", "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 348, "text": "Deyang"}], "question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its machinery production?", "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "Panzhihua"}], "question": "Which city in Sichuan is known for its metallurgical industries?", "id": "5727b7804b864d1900163b2e"}]}], ["Sungai Yangtze dan anak sungainya mengalir melalui gunung-gunung barat Sichuan dan Lembangan Sichuan; Oleh itu, wilayah ini adalah hulu bandar-bandar besar yang berdiri di sepanjang Sungai Yangtze jauh ke timur, seperti Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing dan Shanghai. Salah satu daripada anak sungai utama di Yangtze di wilayah itu adalah Min Sungai di tengah Sichuan, yang bergabung dengan Yangtze di Yibin. 4 sungai utama Sichuan, seperti Sichuan bermaksud secara literal, adalah Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, dan Jinsha Jiang. <> Sungai mana yang mengalir melalui Lembangan Sichuan? || Sungai Yangtze <> Yang anak sungai Yangtze mengalir melalui pusat Sichuan? || Sungai Min <> Apakah 4 sungai utama di Sichuan? || Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, dan Jinsha Jiang <> Nama beberapa bandar di hilir sungai Yangtze yang terletak di timur Sichuan. || Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing dan Shanghai", {"context": "The Yangtze River and its tributaries flows through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the Min River of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at Yibin. Sichuan's 4 main rivers, as Sichuan means literally, are Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Yangtze River"}], "question": "Which river flows through the Sichuan Basin?", "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 334, "text": "Min River"}], "question": "Which tributary of the Yangtze flows through central Sichuan?", "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "Jaling Jiang, Tuo Jiang, Yalong Jiang, and Jinsha Jiang"}], "question": "What are the 4 main rivers in Sichuan?", "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai"}], "question": "Name some cities downstream of the Yangtze river that are to the east of Sichuan.", "id": "5727b50e2ca10214002d946f"}]}], ["Zon Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Teknologi Chengdu (Cina: \u6210\u90fd \u7ecf\u6d4e \u6280\u672f \u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b j\u012bngj\u00ec j\u00ecsh\u00f9 k\u0101if\u0101 q\u016b) telah diluluskan sebagai zon pembangunan peringkat negeri pada Februari 2000. Zon sekarang mempunyai kawasan maju 10.25 km2 (3.96 km persegi) dan mempunyai kawasan yang dirancang sebanyak 26 km2 (10 meter persegi). Zon Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Teknologi Chengdu (CETDZ) terletak 13.6 km (8.5 mi) timur Chengdu, ibu kota Wilayah Sichuan dan hub pengangkutan dan perhubungan di barat daya China. Zon itu menarik pelabur dan pemaju dari lebih 20 negara untuk melaksanakan projek mereka di sana. Industri yang digalakkan dalam zon termasuk mekanikal, elektronik, bahan bangunan baru, perubatan dan pemprosesan makanan. <> Bilakah Zon Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Teknologi Chengdu diluluskan? || Februari 2000 <> Apakah saiz dirancang Zon Pembangunan Ekonomi dan Teknologi Chengdu? || CETDZ <> Seberapa jauh timur Chengdu adalah CETDZ? || 8.5 mi <> Apa ibu kota Sichuan? || Chengdu <> Berapa banyak negara diwakili oleh pelabur dan pemaju CETDZ? || 20", {"context": "Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (Chinese: \u6210\u90fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6280\u672f\u5f00\u53d1\u533a; pinyin: Ch\u00e9ngd\u016b j\u012bngj\u00ec j\u00ecsh\u00f9 k\u0101if\u0101 q\u016b) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of 10.25 km2 (3.96 sq mi) and has a planned area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi). Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies 13.6 km (8.5 mi) east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine and food processing.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "February 2000"}], "question": "When was the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone approved?", "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "CETDZ"}], "question": "What is the planned size of the Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone?", "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 354, "text": "8.5 mi"}], "question": "How far east of Chengdu is CETDZ?", "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 370, "text": "Chengdu"}], "question": "What is the capital city of Sichuan?", "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 547, "text": "20"}], "question": "How many countries are represented by the investors and developers of the CETDZ?", "id": "5727b97a4b864d1900163b88"}]}], ["Zon Pembangunan Hi-tech Chengdu meliputi kawasan seluas 82.5 km2 (31.9 meter persegi), yang terdiri daripada South Park dan West Park. Dengan bergantung kepada sub-pusat bandar, yang sedang dalam pembinaan, South Park memberi tumpuan kepada mewujudkan taman industri sains dan teknologi moden dengan inovasi sains dan teknologi, R & D inkubasi, industri perkhidmatan moden dan peranan ekonomi memainkan peranan utama. Keutamaan telah diberikan kepada pembangunan industri perisian. Terletak di kedua-dua belah saluran pelancongan \"Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou\", West Park bertujuan untuk membina sebuah taman perindustrian yang komprehensif yang menumpukan pada clustering industri dengan fungsi sokongan lengkap. Taman West memberi keutamaan kepada tiga industri utama iaitu maklumat elektronik, biomedik dan jentera presisi. <> Taman-taman yang mana merangkumi Zon Pembangunan Hi-tech Chengdu? || South Park dan West Park <> Industri mana yang West Park memberi keutamaan? || maklumat elektronik, bioperubatan dan jentera ketepatan <> Apakah tumpuan dari South Park? || mewujudkan industri sains dan teknologi perindustrian moden <> Industri apa yang South Park memberi keutamaan? || industri perisian", {"context": "Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of 82.5 km2 (31.9 sq mi), consisting of the South Park and the West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, the South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of software industry. Located on both sides of the \"Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou\" golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting at industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. The West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "South Park and the West Park"}], "question": "Which Parks make up the Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone?", "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deab9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 758, "text": "electronic information, biomedicine and precision machinery"}], "question": "Which industries does West Park give priority to?", "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deabb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 216, "text": "creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology"}], "question": "What is the focus of the South Park?", "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deaba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "software industry"}], "question": "What industry does South Park give priority to?", "id": "5727ba513acd2414000deabc"}]}], ["Empangan Three Gorges, empangan terbesar yang pernah dibina, sedang dibina di Sungai Yangtze di wilayah Hubei berdekatan untuk mengawal banjir di Lembangan Sichuan, wilayah Yunnan yang berdekatan dan hiliran. Pelan ini dipuji oleh beberapa orang sebagai usaha China untuk beralih ke sumber tenaga alternatif dan untuk mengembangkan pangkalan industri dan komersilnya, tetapi yang lain mengkritiknya kerana kesannya yang berpotensi berbahaya, seperti penempatan semula penduduk yang ramai di kawasan takungan, kehilangan arkeologi tapak, dan kerosakan ekologi. <> Apa empangan terbesar yang pernah dibina di dunia? || Tiga Empangan Gorges <> Di mana sungai adalah Empangan Three Gorges dibina? || Sungai Yangtze <> Apa tujuan Empangan Three Gorges? || untuk mengawal banjir di Lembangan Sichuan, jiran wilayah Yunnan, dan hiliran <> Apakah beberapa sebab untuk pembangkang Empangan Three Gorges? || penempatan semula penduduk yang ramai di kawasan takungan, kehilangan tapak arkeologi, dan kerosakan ekologi.", {"context": "The Three Gorges Dam, the largest dam ever constructed, is being built on the Yangtze River in nearby Hubei province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases, but others have criticised it for its potentially harmful effects, such as massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Three Gorges Dam"}], "question": "What is the largest dam ever built in the world?", "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9350"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 78, "text": "Yangtze River"}], "question": "On which river is the Three Gorges Dam built?", "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9351"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 117, "text": "to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring Yunnan province, and downstream"}], "question": "What is the purpose of the Three Gorges Dam?", "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9352"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 429, "text": "massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages."}], "question": "What are some reasons for the opposition of the Three Gorges Dam?", "id": "5727b7c3ff5b5019007d9353"}]}], ["Menurut Jabatan Perdagangan Sichuan, jumlah perdagangan asing di provinsi itu adalah AS $ 22.04 bilion pada tahun 2008, dengan kenaikan tahunan sebanyak 53.3 peratus. Eksport adalah AS $ 13.1 bilion, peningkatan tahunan sebanyak 52.3 peratus, manakala import adalah AS $ 8.93 bilion, kenaikan tahunan sebanyak 54.7 peratus. Pencapaian ini dicapai kerana perubahan signifikan dalam dasar perdagangan luar negeri China, mempercepat penghargaan yuan, peningkatan insentif komersial dan peningkatan dalam kos pengeluaran. 18 bandar raya dan daerah menyaksikan peningkatan yang stabil. Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, dan Liangshan semuanya menyaksikan kenaikan lebih daripada 40 peratus manakala Leshan, Neijiang, Luzhou, Meishan, Ziyang dan Yibin menyaksikan kenaikan lebih daripada 20 peratus. Perdagangan asing di Zigong, Panzhihua, Guang'an, Bazhong dan Ganzi tetap berterusan. <> Berapa banyak peningkatan perdagangan asing di Sichuan pada tahun 2008? || 53.3 peratus <> Apakah tahap eksport Sichuan pada tahun 2008? || US $ 13.1 bilion <> Apakah paras import Sichuan pada tahun 2008? || US $ 8.93 bilion <> Apa bandar-bandar melihat peningkatan dalam perdagangan asing lebih daripada 40% pada tahun 2008? || Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, dan Liangshan", {"context": "According to the Sichuan Department of Commerce, the province's total foreign trade was US$22.04 billion in 2008, with an annual increase of 53.3 percent. Exports were US$13.1 billion, an annual increase of 52.3 percent, while imports were US$8.93 billion, an annual increase of 54.7 percent. These achievements were accomplished because of significant changes in China's foreign trade policy, acceleration of the yuan's appreciation, increase of commercial incentives and increase in production costs. The 18 cities and counties witnessed a steady rate of increase. Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan all saw an increase of more than 40 percent while Leshan, Neijiang, Luzhou, Meishan, Ziyang, and Yibin saw an increase of more than 20 percent. Foreign trade in Zigong, Panzhihua, Guang'an, Bazhong and Ganzi remained constant.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 141, "text": "53.3 percent"}], "question": "By how much did foreign trade increase in Sichuan in 2008?", "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea87"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "US$13.1 billion"}], "question": "What was the export level of Sichuan in 2008?", "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea88"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "US$8.93 billion"}], "question": "What was the import level of Sichuan in 2008?", "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Chengdu, Suining, Nanchong, Dazhou, Ya'an, Abazhou, and Liangshan"}], "question": "What cities saw an increase in foreign trade of more than 40% in 2008?", "id": "5727b8623acd2414000dea8a"}]}], ["Sichuan telah lama dikenali sebagai \"Provinsi Kelimpahan\". Ia adalah salah satu pangkalan pengeluaran pertanian utama di China. Bijian, termasuk beras dan gandum, adalah produk utama dengan pengeluaran yang pertama di China pada tahun 1999. Tanaman komersial termasuk buah sitrus, tebu, ubi jalar, pic dan anggur. Sichuan juga mempunyai keluaran daging babi yang terbesar di kalangan semua wilayah dan hasil keluaran ulat sutera kedua terbesar pada tahun 1999. Sichuan kaya dengan sumber mineral. Ia mempunyai lebih daripada 132 jenis sumber mineral bawah tanah yang terbukti termasuk vanadium, titanium, dan litium yang terbesar di China. Kawasan Panxi sahaja mempunyai 13.3% daripada rizab besi, 93% titanium, 69% vanadium, dan 83% daripada kobalt seluruh negara. Sichuan juga mempunyai rizab gas asli terbukti China yang majoritinya diangkut ke wilayah timur yang lebih maju. <> Kawasan mana yang dimaksudkan untuk \"Provinsi Abundance\"? || Sichuan <> Apa hasil pertanian utama Sichuan? || beras dan gandum <> Apa jenis daging yang Sichuan diketahui menghasilkan kelimpahan? || babi <> Berapa banyak titanium di China ada di Sichuan? || 93% <> Apa yang sering dilakukan dengan rizab gas asli Sichuan? || diangkut ke kawasan timur yang lebih maju", {"context": "Sichuan has been historically known as the \"Province of Abundance\". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium being the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of the cobalt of the whole country. Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves, the majority of which is transported to more developed eastern regions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sichuan"}], "question": "What area for the \"Province of Abundance\" refer to?", "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "rice and wheat"}], "question": "What are the major agricultural outputs of Sichuan?", "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "pork"}], "question": "What kind of meat is Sichuan known to produce in abundance?", "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b12"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 687, "text": "93%"}], "question": "How much of China's titanium is houses in Sichuan?", "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b13"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 858, "text": "transported to more developed eastern regions"}], "question": "What is often done with Sichuan's natural gas reserves?", "id": "5727b6734b864d1900163b14"}]}], ["Oleh kerana perbezaan yang besar dalam rupa bumi, iklim wilayah sangat berubah-ubah. Pada umumnya ia mempunyai pengaruh monsoonal yang kuat, dengan hujan banyak tertumpu pada musim panas. Di bawah klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen, Sichuan Basin (termasuk Chengdu) di bahagian timur wilayah itu mengalami iklim subtropika yang lembap (K\u00f6ppen Cwa atau Cfa), dengan musim panas yang lembap, panas dan lembap, musim sejuk yang sederhana, sejuk hingga sejuk, kering dan mendung . Oleh itu, ia mempunyai jumlah cahaya matahari yang paling rendah di China. Kawasan barat mempunyai kawasan pergunungan yang menghasilkan iklim yang lebih sejuk tetapi sunnier. Mempunyai musim dingin yang sejuk dan musim panas yang sejuk, suhu umumnya berkurangan dengan ketinggian yang lebih tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, disebabkan oleh ketinggian yang tinggi dan lokasi pedalaman, banyak kawasan seperti Garze County dan Zoige County di Sichuan mempamerkan iklim subarctic (K\u00f6ppen Dwc) - memaparkan musim sejuk yang sangat sejuk hingga -30 \u00b0 C dan bahkan malam musim panas yang sejuk. Rantau ini aktif secara geologi dengan tanah runtuh dan gempa bumi. Purata ketinggian antara 2,000 hingga 3,500 meter; suhu purata antara 0 hingga 15 \u00b0 C. Bahagian selatan wilayah itu, termasuk Panzhihua dan Xichang, mempunyai iklim yang cerah dengan musim sejuk yang sangat pendek dan sangat panas hingga musim panas yang panas. <> Apakah klasifikasi iklim yang berlaku di Sichuan Basin? || iklim subtropika lembab <> Kawasan manakah di China mempunyai jumlah cahaya matahari yang paling sedikit? || Basin Sichuan <> Garze County dan Zoige County di Sichuan mengalami apa jenis iklim? || iklim subarctic <> Apakah pelbagai ketinggian purata di Lembangan Sichuan? || 2,000 hingga 3,500 meter <> Berapakah suhu purata di Lembangan Sichuan? || 0 hingga 15 \u00b0 C", {"context": "Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general it has strong monsoonal influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the Sichuan Basin (including Chengdu) in the eastern half of the province experiences a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa or Cfa), with long, hot, humid summers and short, mild to cool, dry and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a subarctic climate (K\u00f6ppen Dwc)- featuring extremely cold winters down to -30 \u00b0C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 \u00b0C. The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 311, "text": "humid subtropical climate"}], "question": "What climate classification does the Sichuan Basin hold?", "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9316"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 223, "text": "the Sichuan Basin"}], "question": "What area of China has the least amount of sunlight?", "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9317"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "subarctic climate"}], "question": "Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan experience what kind of climate?", "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9318"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1009, "text": "2,000 to 3,500 meters"}], "question": "What is the range of average elevation in the Sichuan Basin?", "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d9319"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1064, "text": "0 to 15 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the range of average temperature in the Sichuan Basin?", "id": "5727b5b5ff5b5019007d931a"}]}], ["Majoriti penduduk provinsi ini adalah Han Cina, yang ditemui tersebar di seluruh rantau ini kecuali wilayah yang jauh di barat. Oleh itu, minoriti ketara Tibet, Yi, Qiang dan Nakhi tinggal di bahagian barat yang terkena cuaca buruk dan bencana alam, rapuh dan miskin. Modal Chengdu Sichuan adalah rumah kepada komuniti besar Tibet, dengan 30,000 penduduk Tibet kekal dan sehingga 200,000 populasi terapung Tibet. Lipo Timur, termasuk dengan Yi atau orang Lisu, serta A-Hmao, juga merupakan antara kumpulan etnik di wilayah tersebut. <> Apa perlumbaan adalah majoriti Sichuan? || Han Chinese <> Apa salah satu minoriti terbesar di Chengdu? || Tibet <> Yang mana bahagian Sichuan mempunyai cuaca buruk dan tertakluk kepada bencana alam? || kawasan barat jauh. <> Berapa ramai orang Tibet kekal di Chengdu? || 30,000", {"context": "The majority of the province's population is Han Chinese, who are found scattered throughout the region with the exception of the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of Tibetan, Yi, Qiang and Nakhi people reside in the western portion that are impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environmentally fragile, and impoverished. Sichuan's capital of Chengdu is home to a large community of Tibetans, with 30,000 permanent Tibetan residents and up to 200,000 Tibetan floating population. The Eastern Lipo, included with either the Yi or the Lisu people, as well as the A-Hmao, also are among the ethnic groups of the provinces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "Han Chinese"}], "question": "What race is the majority of Sichuan?", "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "Tibetan"}], "question": "What is one of the largest minorities in Chengdu?", "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 130, "text": "far western areas."}], "question": "Which part of Sichuan has the worst weather and subjected to natural disasters?", "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "30,000"}], "question": "How many permanent Tibetan people live in Chengdu?", "id": "5727bc74ff5b5019007d93cd"}]}], ["Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Hi-Tech Mianyang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1992, dengan kawasan yang dirancang 43 km2 (17 meter persegi). Zon ini terletak 96 kilometer jauhnya dari Chengdu, dan 8 km (5.0 batu) dari Lapangan Terbang Mianyang. Sejak penubuhannya, zon mengumpul 177.4 bilion yuan pengeluaran industri, 46.2 bilion yuan keluaran dalam negara kasar, pendapatan fiskal 6.768 bilion yuan. Terdapat lebih daripada 136 perusahaan berteknologi tinggi di zon dan mereka menyumbang lebih daripada 90% daripada jumlah output perindustrian. <> Apakah kawasan yang dirancang Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Hi-Tech Mianyang? || 17 km persegi <> Berapakah jarak antara Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Hi-Tech Mianyang dan Lapangan Terbang Mianyang? || 8 km <> Berapakah nilai yang telah dikeluarkan oleh Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Mianyang Hi-Tech sejak penubuhannya? || 177.4 bilion yuan <> Berapa banyak perusahaan berteknologi tinggi yang hadir di Zon Pembangunan Perindustrian Hi-Tech Mianyang? || 136", {"context": "Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of 43 km2 (17 sq mi). The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu, and is 8 km (5.0 mi) away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan of gross domestic product, fiscal revenue 6.768 billion yuan. There are more than 136 high-tech enterprises in the zone and they accounted for more than 90% of the total industrial output.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "17 sq mi"}], "question": "What is the planned area of the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone?", "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "8 km"}], "question": "What is the distance between the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone and Mianyang Airport?", "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "177.4 billion yuan"}], "question": "How much value has Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone  output since inception?", "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 402, "text": "136"}], "question": "How many high-tech enterprises are present in the Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone ?", "id": "5727baf24b864d1900163bb5"}]}], ["Sichuan adalah wilayah paling ramai penduduk China sebelum Chongqing menjadi perbandaran yang dikawal secara langsung; ia kini merupakan orang keempat paling ramai, selepas Guangdong, Shandong dan Henan. Sehingga 1832, Sichuan adalah yang paling ramai penduduk di 18 wilayah di China, dengan anggaran penduduk pada masa 21 juta. Ia merupakan entiti sub-nasional paling ramai ketiga di dunia, selepas Uttar Pradesh, India dan Republik Sosialis Federasi Persekutuan Rusia hingga tahun 1991, apabila Kesatuan Soviet dibubarkan. Ia juga merupakan salah satu daripada enam yang pernah mencapai 100 juta orang (Uttar Pradesh, RSFSR Rusia, Maharashtra, Sichuan, Bihar dan Punjab). Ia kini ke-10. <> Apakah tiga wilayah paling popular di China? || Guangdong, Shandong dan Henan <> Apakah penduduk Sichuan pada tahun 1832? || 21 juta <> Apakah entiti sub-nasional yang paling banyak kesepuluh di dunia? || Sichuan <> Berapa banyak entiti sub-nasional yang telah melebihi 100 juta orang? || enam <> Pada tahun apakah Uni Soviet dibubarkan? || 1991", {"context": "Sichuan was China's most populous province before Chongqing became a directly-controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million. It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world, after Uttar Pradesh, India and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic until 1991, when the Soviet Union was dissolved. It is also one of the only six to ever reach 100 million people (Uttar Pradesh, Russian RSFSR, Maharashtra, Sichuan, Bihar and Punjab). It is currently 10th.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Guangdong, Shandong and Henan"}], "question": "What are the three most populist provinces in China?", "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "21 million"}], "question": "What was the population of Sichuan in 1832?", "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sichuan"}], "question": "What is the tenth most populous sub-national entity in the world?", "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "six"}], "question": "How many sub-national entities have surpassed 100 million people in total?", "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 462, "text": "1991"}], "question": "In what year was the Soviet Union disbanded?", "id": "5727bce93acd2414000deb0f"}]}], ["Pada 3 November 2007, Biro Pengangkutan Sichuan mengumumkan bahawa Lebuhraya Sui-Yu selesai selepas pembinaan selama tiga tahun. Selepas selesai bahagian Chongqing, lebuh raya 36.64 km (22.77 mi) menghubungkan Lebuhraya Cheng-Nan dan membentuk lebuh raya terpendek dari Chengdu ke Chongqing. Lebuhraya baru adalah 50 km (31 mi) lebih pendek daripada jalan yang sedia ada antara Chengdu dan Chongqing; Oleh itu, masa perjalanan antara kedua-dua bandar telah dikurangkan sejam, kini mengambil masa dua setengah jam. Lebuhraya Sui-Yu adalah lorong empat lorong dengan had kelajuan 80 km / j (50 mph). Jumlah pelaburan adalah 1.045 bilion yuan. <> Berapa lamakah diperlukan untuk melengkapkan Lebuhraya Sui-Yu? || tiga tahun <> Selepas lebuh raya terbaru selesai, apakah masa perjalanan baru antara Chengdu dan Chongqing? || dua setengah jam <> Apakah had kelajuan pada Lebuhraya Sui-Yu? || 80 km / j (50 mph) <> Apakah jumlah kos Lebuhraya Sui-Yu? || 1.045 bilion yuan <> Berapa banyak lorong yang membentuk Lebuhraya Sui-Yu? || empat lorong", {"context": "On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the Sui-Yu Expressway was completed after three years of construction. After completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the 36.64 km (22.77 mi) expressway connected Cheng-Nan Expressway and formed the shortest expressway from Chengdu to Chongqing. The new expressway is 50 km (31 mi) shorter than the pre-existing road between Chengdu and Chongqing; thus journey time between the two cities was reduced by an hour, now taking two and a half hours. The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four lane overpass with a speed limit of 80 km/h (50 mph). The total investment was 1.045 billion yuan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "three years"}], "question": "How long did it take to complete the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "two and a half hours"}], "question": "After the newest expressway was completed, what was the new travel time between Chengdu and Chongqing?", "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 591, "text": "80 km/h (50 mph)"}], "question": "What is the speed limit on the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 634, "text": "1.045 billion yuan"}], "question": "What was the total cost of the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "four lane"}], "question": "How many lanes make up the Sui-Yu Expressway?", "id": "5727bbc1ff5b5019007d93b2"}]}], ["Wilayah Autonomi Garz\u00ea Tibet dan Ngawa Tibet dan Wilayah Autonomi Qiang di barat Sichuan dihuni oleh rakyat Tibet dan Qiang. Tibet bercakap Khams dan Amdo Tibet, yang merupakan bahasa Tibet, serta pelbagai bahasa Qiangic. Qiang bercakap bahasa Qiangic dan sering juga bahasa Tibet. Orang Yi dari Wilayah Liangshan Yi Autonomous di Sichuan Selatan berbicara bahasa Nuosu, yang merupakan salah satu bahasa Lolo-Burma; Yi ditulis dengan menggunakan skrip Yi, silabari yang diseragamkan pada tahun 1974. Southwest University for Nationalities mempunyai salah satu jabatan Tibetologi China yang paling menonjol, dan Southwest Publishing House House mencetak literatur dalam bahasa minoriti. Di kawasan minoriti di Sichuan, terdapat papan tanda bahasa dan arahan sekolah awam dalam bahasa minoriti bahasa Mandarin. <> Apakah minoriti terbesar Sichuan barat? || Tibet dan Qiang <> Bahasa apa bahasa Tibet di Sichuan bercakap? || Khams dan Amdo Tibet <> Bahasa apa yang dikatakan oleh Yi? || Nuosu <> Pada tahun apakah bahasa orang Yi telah dipiawaikan? || 1974 <> Universiti mana yang menempatkan salah satu jabatan Tibetologi China yang paling menonjol? || Southwest University for Nationalities", {"context": "Garz\u00ea Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in western Sichuan are populated by Tibetans and Qiang people. Tibetans speak the Khams and Amdo Tibetan, which are Tibetic languages, as well as various Qiangic languages. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages as well. The Yi people of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in southern Sichuan speak the Nuosu language, which is one of the Lolo-Burmese languages; Yi is written using the Yi script, a syllabary standardized in 1974. The Southwest University for Nationalities has one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments, and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages. In the minority inhabited regions of Sichuan, there is bi-lingual signage and public school instruction in non-Mandarin minority languages.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "Tibetans and Qiang"}], "question": "What are the largest minorities of western Sichuan?", "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9526"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "Khams and Amdo Tibetan"}], "question": "What languages do Tibetans in Sichuan speak?", "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9527"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 412, "text": "Nuosu"}], "question": "What language do the Yi people speak?", "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9528"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 535, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In what year was the language of the Yi people standardized?", "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d9529"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "Southwest University for Nationalities"}], "question": "Which University houses one of China's most prominent Tibetology departments?", "id": "5727bd992ca10214002d952a"}]}]], [["Unicode dibangunkan bersempena dengan Pertubuhan Antarabangsa bagi Standardisasi dan berkongsi himpunan watak dengan ISO / IEC 10646: Set aksara sejagat. Fungsi Unicode dan ISO / IEC 10646 bersamaan dengan pengekodan aksara, tetapi Standard Unicode mengandungi lebih banyak maklumat untuk pelaksana, meliputi topik-topik mendalam seperti pengekodan bit, pengumpulan dan penyebaran. Standard Unicode menyenaraikan pelbagai ciri sifat, termasuk yang diperlukan untuk menyokong teks dwiarah. Kedua-dua piawaian menggunakan istilah yang sedikit berbeza. <> Siapa yang Unicode dibangunkan bersempena dengan? || Organisasi Antarabangsa untuk Standardisasi <> Apa yang Unicode berkongsi repertoir watak dengan? || Set aksara sejagat <> Apa yang termasuk topik seperti pengekodan bitwise, pengumpulan, dan rendering? || Standard Unicode <> Apakah dua piawaian ini berbeza? || terminologi yang sedikit berbeza", {"context": "Unicode is developed in conjunction with the International Organization for Standardization and shares the character repertoire with ISO/IEC 10646: the Universal Character Set. Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 function equivalently as character encodings, but The Unicode Standard contains much more information for implementers, covering\u2014in depth\u2014topics such as bitwise encoding, collation and rendering. The Unicode Standard enumerates a multitude of character properties, including those needed for supporting bidirectional text. The two standards do use slightly different terminology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 45, "text": "International Organization for Standardization"}], "question": "Who was Unicode developed in conjunction with?", "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 148, "text": "the Universal Character Set"}], "question": "What does Unicode share a character repertoire with?", "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "The Unicode Standard"}], "question": "What includes topics like bitwise encoding, collation, and rendering?", "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 551, "text": "slightly different terminology"}], "question": "What do the two standards differ in? ", "id": "5727e8cc4b864d1900163fcf"}]}], ["Set aksara grafik dan format yang ditakrifkan oleh Unicode tidak sepadan langsung dengan himpunan aksara abstrak yang boleh diwakili di bawah Unicode. Unicode menyandi aksara dengan mengaitkan watak abstrak dengan titik kod tertentu. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak semua aksara abstrak dikodkan sebagai aksara Unicode tunggal, dan beberapa aksara abstrak mungkin diwakili dalam Unicode dengan urutan dua atau lebih aksara. Sebagai contoh, huruf kecil Latin \"i\" dengan ogonek, titik di atas, dan aksen akut, yang diperlukan dalam bahasa Lithuania, diwakili oleh urutan aksara U + 012F, U + 0307, U + 0301. Unicode mengekalkan senarai urutan aksara yang dinamakan unik untuk aksara abstrak yang tidak dikodkan secara langsung dalam Unicode. <> Apa itu ogonek? || sebuah titik di atas <> Bagaimana aksara encode Unicode? || mengaitkan watak abstrak dengan titik kod tertentu <> Bagaimana beberapa aksara abstrak diwakili dalam Unicode? || urutan dua atau lebih aksara", {"context": "The set of graphic and format characters defined by Unicode does not correspond directly to the repertoire of abstract characters that is representable under Unicode. Unicode encodes characters by associating an abstract character with a particular code point. However, not all abstract characters are encoded as a single Unicode character, and some abstract characters may be represented in Unicode by a sequence of two or more characters. For example, a Latin small letter \"i\" with an ogonek, a dot above, and an acute accent, which is required in Lithuanian, is represented by the character sequence U+012F, U+0307, U+0301. Unicode maintains a list of uniquely named character sequences for abstract characters that are not directly encoded in Unicode.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 495, "text": "a dot above"}], "question": "What is an ogonek? ", "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d992e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "associating an abstract character with a particular code point"}], "question": "How does Unicode encode characters?", "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d992f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "a sequence of two or more characters"}], "question": "How are some abstract characters represented in Unicode?", "id": "5727e7e12ca10214002d9930"}]}], ["Semua aksara penggunaan grafik, format, dan peribadi mempunyai nama yang unik dan tidak berubah yang mungkin dikenalpasti. Ketidakberupayaan ini telah dijamin kerana versi Unicode 2.0 oleh dasar Kestabilan Nama. Dalam kes di mana nama itu rosak dan mengelirukan, atau mempunyai ralat tipografi yang serius, alias formal boleh ditakrifkan, dan aplikasi digalakkan menggunakan alias rasmi sebagai ganti nama watak rasmi. Sebagai contoh, U + A015 \ua015 YI SYLLABLE WU mempunyai tanda lelaran suku kata alias yi, dan U + FE18 FOR BORANG PERMOHONAN UNTUK BAKU KERTAS RAKAN PUTIH VERTICAL (sic) mempunyai bentuk pembentangan alias rasmi untuk pendakap lenticular putih yang menegak. <> Polisi apa yang menjamin bahawa aksara mempunyai nama unik dan tidak berubah? || Namakan dasar Kestabilan <> Apa yang berlaku apabila nama rosak atau mengelirukan? || alias formal boleh ditakrifkan <> Berapa lamakah nama ini tidak berubah? || sejak Unicode versi 2.0", {"context": "All graphic, format, and private use characters have a unique and immutable name by which they may be identified. This immutability has been guaranteed since Unicode version 2.0 by the Name Stability policy. In cases where the name is seriously defective and misleading, or has a serious typographical error, a formal alias may be defined, and applications are encouraged to use the formal alias in place of the official character name. For example, U+A015 \ua015 YI SYLLABLE WU has the formal alias yi syllable iteration mark, and U+FE18 \ufe18 PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET (sic) has the formal alias presentation form for vertical right white lenticular bracket.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 185, "text": "Name Stability policy"}], "question": "What policy guaranteed that characters have a unique and immutable name?", "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9934"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "a formal alias may be defined"}], "question": "What happens when a name is defective or misleading?", "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9935"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 152, "text": "since Unicode version 2.0"}], "question": "How long has this name immutability been guaranteed? ", "id": "5727e8362ca10214002d9936"}]}], ["Setiap titik kod mempunyai satu kategori Kategori Umum tunggal. Kategori utama ialah: Surat, Tanda, Nombor, Tanda baca, Simbol, Separator dan Lain-lain. Dalam kategori ini terdapat subdivisi. Kategori Umum tidak berguna untuk setiap kegunaan, kerana pengekodan warisan telah menggunakan pelbagai ciri setiap titik kod tunggal. Contohnya, U + 000A <control-000A> Feed Line (LF) dalam ASCII adalah kawalan dan pemisah pemformatan; dalam Unicode Kategori Umum ialah \"Lain-lain, Kawalan\". Sering kali, sifat-sifat lain mesti digunakan untuk menentukan ciri-ciri dan tingkah laku titik kod. Kategori Umum mungkin: <> Apakah Kategori Umum Unicode? || Surat, Mark, Nombor, Tanda baca, Simbol, Separator dan Lain-lain <> Jenis penggunaan apa kategori Umum tidak berguna? || tidak berguna untuk setiap kegunaan, kerana pengekodan warisan telah menggunakan pelbagai ciri setiap titik kod tunggal <> Apakah Kategori Umum dalam Unicode? || Lain, Kawal <> Berapa banyak sifat Kategori Umum yang setiap titik kod mempunyai? || satu kategori Kategori Umum tunggal <> Apa yang ada dalam kategori Unicode utama? || subdivisi", {"context": "Each code point has a single General Category property. The major categories are: Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other. Within these categories, there are subdivisions. The General Category is not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point. E.g., U+000A <control-000A> Line feed (LF) in ASCII is both a control and a formatting separator; in Unicode the General Category is \"Other, Control\". Often, other properties must be used to specify the characteristics and behaviour of a code point. The possible General Categories are:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Letter, Mark, Number, Punctuation, Symbol, Separator and Other"}], "question": "What are the General Categories of Unicode?", "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9740"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "not useful for every use, since legacy encodings have used multiple characteristics per single code point"}], "question": "What type of use is the General Category not helpful for?", "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9741"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "Other, Control"}], "question": "What is the General Category in Unicode?", "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9742"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "a single General Category property"}], "question": "How many General Category properties does each code point have?", "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9743"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "subdivisions"}], "question": "What exists within the main Unicode categories? ", "id": "5727dfedff5b5019007d9744"}]}], ["Unicode mempunyai matlamat yang jelas untuk mengatasi keterbatasan pengekodan watak tradisional, seperti yang ditakrifkan oleh piawaian ISO 8859, yang mendapati penggunaan yang luas di pelbagai negara di dunia tetapi tetap tidak serasi dengan satu sama lain. Banyak pengekodan watak tradisional berkongsi masalah biasa kerana mereka membenarkan pemprosesan komputer dwibahasa (biasanya menggunakan aksara latin dan skrip setempat), tetapi tidak pemprosesan komputer berbilang bahasa (pemprosesan komputer skrip sewenang-wenangnya bercampur antara satu sama lain). <> Apa tujuan Unicode? || melangkau batasan pengekodan aksara tradisional <> Pengekodan aksara tradisional tidak membenarkan jenis pemprosesan komputer apa? || pemprosesan komputer berbilang bahasa <> Apakah pemprosesan komputer berbilang bahasa? || (pemprosesan komputer skrip sewenang-wenangnya bercampur antara satu sama lain <> Pemprosesan komputer dwibahasa menggunakan aksara apa? || biasanya menggunakan aksara Latin <> Apakah batasan utama pengekodan watak tradisional? || penggunaan luas di pelbagai negara di dunia tetapi sebahagian besarnya kekal tidak serasi antara satu sama lain", {"context": "Unicode has the explicit aim of transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings, such as those defined by the ISO 8859 standard, which find wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other. Many traditional character encodings share a common problem in that they allow bilingual computer processing (usually using Latin characters and the local script), but not multilingual computer processing (computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 32, "text": "transcending the limitations of traditional character encodings"}], "question": "What is the aim of Unicode?", "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d9448"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 422, "text": "multilingual computer processing"}], "question": "Traditional character encodings don't allow what type of computer processing?", "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d9449"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 455, "text": "(computer processing of arbitrary scripts mixed with each other"}], "question": "What is multilingual computer processing?", "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 360, "text": "usually using Latin characters"}], "question": "Bilingual computer processing uses what characters?", "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 156, "text": "wide usage in various countries of the world but remain largely incompatible with each other"}], "question": "What is the major limitation of traditional character encodings?", "id": "5727b3b72ca10214002d944c"}]}], ["Titik kod 256 yang pertama telah dibuat sama dengan kandungan ISO-8859-1 sehingga menjadikannya remeh untuk menukarkan teks barat yang sedia ada. Banyak watak-watak yang seolah-olah identik dikodkan beberapa kali pada titik kod yang berbeza untuk mengekalkan perbezaan yang digunakan oleh pengekodan lama dan oleh itu, membenarkan penukaran daripada pengekodan tersebut ke Unicode (dan belakang) tanpa kehilangan apa-apa maklumat. Sebagai contoh, bahagian \"bentuk lebar\" mata kod mengandungi abjad Latin penuh yang berasingan daripada bahagian abjad Latin utama kerana dalam fon Bahasa Cina, Jepun, dan Korea (CJK), watak-watak Latin diberikan pada lebar yang sama seperti CJK ideografi, dan bukan pada separuh lebar. Untuk contoh lain, lihat aksara Duplikat dalam Unicode. <> Apa yang menjadi mata kod 256 pertama Unicode dibuat sama? || ISO-8859-1 <> Mengapa mata kod 256 pertama dibuat sama dengan ISO-8859-1? || untuk menjadikannya sepele untuk menukar teks barat yang sedia ada <> Apa bahagian \"bentuk lebar lebar\" kod kod merangkumi? || abjad Latin penuh yang berasingan dari abjad Latin utama <> Apakah bahasa CJK yang dirujuk? || Cina, Jepun, dan Korea", {"context": "The first 256 code points were made identical to the content of ISO-8859-1 so as to make it trivial to convert existing western text. Many essentially identical characters were encoded multiple times at different code points to preserve distinctions used by legacy encodings and therefore, allow conversion from those encodings to Unicode (and back) without losing any information. For example, the \"fullwidth forms\" section of code points encompasses a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet section because in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean (CJK) fonts, these Latin characters are rendered at the same width as CJK ideographs, rather than at half the width. For other examples, see Duplicate characters in Unicode.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 64, "text": "ISO-8859-1"}], "question": "What were the first 256 code points of Unicode made identical to? ", "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d933e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 81, "text": "to make it trivial to convert existing western text"}], "question": "Why were the first 256 code points made identical to ISO-8859-1?", "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d933f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 452, "text": "a full Latin alphabet that is separate from the main Latin alphabet"}], "question": "What does the \"fullwidth forms\" section of code points encompass?", "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d9340"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 539, "text": "Chinese, Japanese, and Korean"}], "question": "What are the CJK languages referenced?", "id": "5727b735ff5b5019007d9341"}]}], ["Unicode boleh dilaksanakan oleh pengekodan aksara yang berbeza. Pengekodan yang paling biasa digunakan ialah UTF-8, UTF-16 dan UCS-2 sekarang-usang. UTF-8 menggunakan satu byte untuk setiap aksara ASCII, semuanya mempunyai nilai kod yang sama dalam pengekodan UTF-8 dan ASCII, dan sehingga empat bait untuk aksara lain. UCS-2 menggunakan unit kod 16-bit (dua byte 8-bit) untuk setiap aksara tetapi tidak dapat menyandikan setiap aksara dalam piawaian Unicode semasa. UTF-16 memanjangkan UCS-2, menggunakan satu unit 16-bit untuk watak-watak yang boleh diwakilkan dalam UCS-2 dan dua unit 16-bit (4 \u00d7 8 bit) untuk mengendalikan setiap aksara tambahan. <> Apakah pengekodan Unicode yang paling biasa digunakan? || UTF-8, UTF-16 dan sekarang-usang UCS-2 <> Apakah kegunaan UTF-8 dari segi bait? || UTF-8 menggunakan satu byte untuk sebarang aksara ASCII <> Apa yang UTF-16 berkembang? || UCS-2 <> Apakah jenis kod yang digunakan oleh UCS-2? || Unit kod 16-bit <> Bagaimana dua unit 16-bit digunakan? || (4 \u00d7 8 bit", {"context": "Unicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2. UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character, all of which have the same code values in both UTF-8 and ASCII encoding, and up to four bytes for other characters. UCS-2 uses a 16-bit code unit (two 8-bit bytes) for each character but cannot encode every character in the current Unicode standard. UTF-16 extends UCS-2, using one 16-bit unit for the characters that were representable in UCS-2 and two 16-bit units (4 \u00d7 8 bits) to handle each of the additional characters.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "UTF-8, UTF-16 and the now-obsolete UCS-2"}], "question": "What are the most commonly used encodings of Unicode?", "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d9438"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 140, "text": "UTF-8 uses one byte for any ASCII character"}], "question": "What does UTF-8 use in terms of bytes? ", "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d9439"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "UCS-2"}], "question": "What does UTF-16 expand? ", "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "16-bit code unit"}], "question": "What type of code does UCS-2 use?", "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 552, "text": "(4 \u00d7 8 bits"}], "question": "How are two 16-bit units used? ", "id": "5727b3022ca10214002d943c"}]}], ["Titik kod dalam julat U + D800-U + DBFF (1,024 titik mata) dikenali sebagai titik kod tumpuan tinggi, dan titik kod dalam julat U + DC00-U + DFFF (1,024 titik kod) dikenali sebagai pengganti rendah mata kod. Titik kod suruhan tinggi (juga dikenali sebagai pengganti utama) diikuti dengan titik kod suruhan yang rendah (juga dikenali sebagai pengganti belakang) bersama-sama membentuk pasangan pengganti yang digunakan dalam UTF-16 untuk mewakili 1,048,576 titik kod di luar BMP. Mata kod pengganti tinggi dan rendah tidak sah oleh diri mereka sendiri. Oleh itu, rangkaian mata kod yang tersedia untuk digunakan sebagai aksara ialah U + 0000-U + D7FF dan U + E000-U + 10FFFF (1,112,064 poin kod). Nilai mata kod ini (iaitu, tidak termasuk pengganti) kadang-kadang disebut sebagai nilai skalar karakter. <> Apakah titik kod dalam julat U + D800-U + DBFF yang dikenali sebagai? || mata kod suruhan tinggi <> Apakah titik kod dalam julat U + DC00-U + DFFF yang dikenali sebagai? || titik kod surrogate rendah <> apakah nama lain untuk titik kod tumpuan yang tinggi? || menggantikan pengganti <> apakah nama lain untuk titik kod suruhan yang rendah? || trailing surrogate <> Apa yang diketahui sebagai nilai skalar karakter? || pelbagai mata kod yang tersedia untuk digunakan sebagai aksara", {"context": "Code points in the range U+D800\u2013U+DBFF (1,024 code points) are known as high-surrogate code points, and code points in the range U+DC00\u2013U+DFFF (1,024 code points) are known as low-surrogate code points. A high-surrogate code point (also known as a leading surrogate) followed by a low-surrogate code point (also known as a trailing surrogate) together form a surrogate pair used in UTF-16 to represent 1,048,576 code points outside BMP. High and low surrogate code points are not valid by themselves. Thus the range of code points that are available for use as characters is U+0000\u2013U+D7FF and U+E000\u2013U+10FFFF (1,112,064 code points). The value of these code points (i.e., excluding surrogates) is sometimes referred to as the character's scalar value.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "high-surrogate code points"}], "question": "What are code points in the range U+D800-U+DBFF known as? ", "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "low-surrogate code points"}], "question": "What are code points in the range U+DC00-U+DFFF known as? ", "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "leading surrogate"}], "question": "what is another name for a high-surrogate code point? ", "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "trailing surrogate"}], "question": "what is another name for a low-surrogate code point? ", "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deefa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "the range of code points that are available for use as characters"}], "question": "What is known as a character's scalar value? ", "id": "5727e25f3acd2414000deefb"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1996, mekanisme watak pengganti dilaksanakan di Unicode 2.0, supaya Unicode tidak lagi terhad kepada 16 bit. Ini meningkatkan kod kod Unicode kepada lebih satu juta kod mata, yang membolehkan pengekodan banyak skrip bersejarah (mis., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) dan beribu-ribu aksara yang jarang digunakan atau usang yang tidak dijangka memerlukan pengekodan. Di antara watak-watak yang pada asalnya tidak digunakan untuk Unicode jarang digunakan Kanji atau aksara Cina, kebanyakannya adalah sebahagian daripada nama peribadi dan tempat, menjadikannya jarang digunakan, tetapi lebih penting daripada yang dibayangkan dalam seni bina asal Unicode. <> Bilakah mekanisme watak pengganti dilaksanakan di Unicode 2.0? || 1996 <> Mengapa mekanisme watak pengganti dilaksanakan? || supaya Unicode tidak lagi terhad kepada 16 bit <> Apakah beberapa watak yang tidak dimaksudkan untuk Unicode? || jarang digunakan Kanji atau aksara Cina <> Mengapa sesetengah aksara asing jarang digunakan? || kebanyakannya adalah sebahagian daripada nama peribadi dan tempat <> Mengapa kod Unicode 2.0 meningkat? || membenarkan pengekodan banyak skrip bersejarah", {"context": "In 1996, a surrogate character mechanism was implemented in Unicode 2.0, so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits. This increased the Unicode codespace to over a million code points, which allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts (e.g., Egyptian Hieroglyphs) and thousands of rarely used or obsolete characters that had not been anticipated as needing encoding. Among the characters not originally intended for Unicode are rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters, many of which are part of personal and place names, making them rarely used, but much more essential than envisioned in the original architecture of Unicode.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1996"}], "question": "When was a surrogate character mechanism implemented in Unicode 2.0?", "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "so that Unicode was no longer restricted to 16 bits"}], "question": "Why was a surrogate character mechanism implemented?", "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "rarely used Kanji or Chinese characters"}], "question": "What are some characters not originally intended for Unicode? ", "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "many of which are part of personal and place names"}], "question": "Why are some foreign characters rarely used? ", "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "allowed for the encoding of many historic scripts"}], "question": "Why was the Unicode 2.0 codespace increased? ", "id": "5727b7c62ca10214002d94b2"}]}], ["Unicode adalah piawaian industri pengkomputeran untuk pengekodan, perwakilan dan pengendalian teks yang konsisten yang dinyatakan dalam kebanyakan sistem penulisan dunia. Dibangunkan bersamaan dengan standard Universal Character Set Code (UCS) dan diterbitkan sebagai The Unicode Standard, versi terbaru Unicode mengandungi himpunan lebih daripada 120,000 aksara yang meliputi skrip moden dan bersejarah, serta set simbol berganda. Standard ini terdiri daripada satu set carta kod untuk rujukan visual, kaedah pengekodan dan set pengekodan aksara piawai, satu set fail data rujukan, dan beberapa item yang berkaitan, seperti sifat sifat, peraturan untuk normalisasi, penguraian, pengumpulan, rendering, dan perintah paparan dwiarah (untuk paparan teks yang betul yang mengandungi skrip kanan ke kiri, seperti bahasa Arab dan Ibrani, dan skrip kiri ke kanan). Sehingga Jun 2015 [kemas kini], versi terbaru ialah Unicode 8.0. Standard ini dikekalkan oleh Unicode Consortium. <> Apa yang diterbitkan oleh Unicode? || Standard Unicode <> Apa yang unicode dibangunkan bersempena dengan? || Set aksara Watak Universal (UCS) <> Apakah versi Unicode yang paling terkini? || Unicode 8.0 <> Siapa yang mengekalkan Standard Unicode? || Unicode Consortium <> Unicode mengandungi berapa ribuan watak dalam himpunannya? || 120,000 aksara", {"context": "Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 120,000 characters covering 129 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic and Hebrew, and left-to-right scripts). As of June 2015[update], the most recent version is Unicode 8.0. The standard is maintained by the Unicode Consortium.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "The Unicode Standard"}], "question": "What was Unicode published as?", "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d942e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "Universal Coded Character Set (UCS)"}], "question": "What was unicode developed in conjunction with?", "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d942f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Unicode 8.0"}], "question": "What is the most recent version of Unicode?", "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9430"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 974, "text": "Unicode Consortium"}], "question": "Who maintains the Unicode Standard? ", "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9431"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "120,000 characters"}], "question": "Unicode contains how many thousands of characters in its repertoire? ", "id": "5727b28f2ca10214002d9432"}]}], ["Pengekodan UCS-2 dan UTF-16 menyatakan Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) untuk digunakan pada permulaan fail teks, yang boleh digunakan untuk pengesanan pesanan byte (atau pengesanan ketinggalan byte). BOM, titik kod U + FEFF mempunyai sifat penting dari ketidaktahuan pada urutan semula, tidak kira pengekodan Unicode yang digunakan; U + FFFE (hasil U + FEFF) tidak sama dengan watak undang-undang, dan U + FEFF di tempat lain, selain daripada permulaan teks, menyampaikan ruang kosong pecah-kosong (watak dengan tiada penampilan dan tiada kesan lain selain menghalang pembentukan ligatur). <> Apakah BOM berdiri? || Perintah Byte Unicode Mark <> Apa yang menentukan BOM? || UCS-2 dan UTF-16 <> apakah titik kod BOM? || U + FEFF <> Apakah U + UFFE hasil? || bertukar-tukar dengan U + FEFF", {"context": "The UCS-2 and UTF-16 encodings specify the Unicode Byte Order Mark (BOM) for use at the beginnings of text files, which may be used for byte ordering detection (or byte endianness detection). The BOM, code point U+FEFF has the important property of unambiguity on byte reorder, regardless of the Unicode encoding used; U+FFFE (the result of byte-swapping U+FEFF) does not equate to a legal character, and U+FEFF in other places, other than the beginning of text, conveys the zero-width non-break space (a character with no appearance and no effect other than preventing the formation of ligatures).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Unicode Byte Order Mark"}], "question": "What does BOM stand for? ", "id": "572802e54b864d190016421c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "UCS-2 and UTF-16"}], "question": "What specifies the BOM?", "id": "572802e54b864d190016421d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "U+FEFF"}], "question": "what is the code point of the BOM?", "id": "572802e54b864d190016421e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "byte-swapping U+FEFF"}], "question": "What is U+UFFE the result of? ", "id": "572802e54b864d190016421f"}]}], ["Idealogi CJK saat ini mempunyai kod hanya untuk bentuk terdahulu mereka. Namun, kebanyakan ideografi itu terdiri daripada unsur-unsur yang lebih mudah (sering dipanggil radikal dalam bahasa Inggeris), jadi pada dasarnya, Unicode dapat menguraikannya, seperti yang dilakukan oleh Hangul. Ini akan banyak mengurangkan bilangan mata kod yang diperlukan, sambil membolehkan paparan hampir setiap idea ide yang boleh difikirkan (yang boleh menghapuskan beberapa masalah yang disebabkan oleh penyatuan Han). Idea yang sama digunakan oleh beberapa kaedah input, seperti Cangjie dan Wubi. Walau bagaimanapun, cubaan untuk melakukan ini untuk pengekodan watak telah tersandung di atas fakta bahawa ideographs tidak terurai sebagai semata-mata atau selaras dengan Hangul. <> Idealogi CJK terdiri daripada unsur-unsur yang lebih sederhana yang dipanggil dalam bahasa Inggeris? || radikal <> Mengapa ideografi tidak dapat dipermudahkan seperti Hangul? || ideografi tidak terurai sebagai semata-mata atau sebagai kerap <> Apa manfaat manfaat ideologi decomposing? || sangat mengurangkan jumlah mata kod yang diperlukan", {"context": "The CJK ideographs currently have codes only for their precomposed form. Still, most of those ideographs comprise simpler elements (often called radicals in English), so in principle, Unicode could have decomposed them, as it did with Hangul. This would have greatly reduced the number of required code points, while allowing the display of virtually every conceivable ideograph (which might do away with some of the problems caused by Han unification). A similar idea is used by some input methods, such as Cangjie and Wubi. However, attempts to do this for character encoding have stumbled over the fact that ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly as Hangul does.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 145, "text": "radicals"}], "question": "The CJK ideographs comprise simpler elements called what in English?", "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 611, "text": "ideographs do not decompose as simply or as regularly"}], "question": "Why have ideographs been unable to be simplified like Hangul?", "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 259, "text": "greatly reduced the number of required code points"}], "question": "What would be the benefit of Unicode decomposing  ideographs?", "id": "572809a13acd2414000df2f9"}]}], ["Arahan juga tertanam dalam fon untuk memberitahu sistem operasi bagaimana untuk menghasilkan urutan urutan yang berbeza. Penyelesaian mudah untuk penempatan menggabungkan tanda atau tanda diakritik adalah memberikan markah lebar sifar dan meletakkan glyph itu sendiri ke kiri atau kanan sidebearing kiri (bergantung kepada arahan skrip yang dimaksudkan untuk digunakan). Tanda yang ditangani dengan cara ini akan muncul di atas apa-apa watak yang mendahuluinya, tetapi tidak akan menyesuaikan kedudukannya berbanding dengan lebar atau ketinggian glyph asas; ia mungkin kelihatan canggung dan ia mungkin bertindih beberapa glyphs. Penyusunan sebenar adalah mustahil, tetapi boleh dihampiri dalam kes-kes yang terhad (contohnya, huruf vokal dan nada yang menggabungkan top Thai hanya berada pada tahap yang berbeza untuk bermula dengan). Secara amnya pendekatan ini hanya berkesan dalam fon monospaced, tetapi boleh digunakan sebagai kaedah penyendaan balik apabila kaedah yang lebih kompleks gagal. <> di mana arahan tertanam untuk memberitahu fon bagaimana untuk menghasilkan urutan? || dalam fon <> Bolehkah stacking sebenar dicapai? || Penyusunan sebenar adalah mustahil <> apa penyelesaian untuk penempatan menggabungkan tanda? || memberikan markah lebar sifar dan letakkan glyph itu sendiri ke kiri atau kanan sidebearing kiri", {"context": "Instructions are also embedded in fonts to tell the operating system how to properly output different character sequences. A simple solution to the placement of combining marks or diacritics is assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing (depending on the direction of the script they are intended to be used with). A mark handled this way will appear over whatever character precedes it, but will not adjust its position relative to the width or height of the base glyph; it may be visually awkward and it may overlap some glyphs. Real stacking is impossible, but can be approximated in limited cases (for example, Thai top-combining vowels and tone marks can just be at different heights to start with). Generally this approach is only effective in monospaced fonts, but may be used as a fallback rendering method when more complex methods fail.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 31, "text": "in fonts"}], "question": "where are instructions embedded to tell fonts how to output sequences? ", "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 598, "text": "Real stacking is impossible"}], "question": "Can real stacking be accomplished? ", "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "assigning the marks a width of zero and placing the glyph itself to the left or right of the left sidebearing"}], "question": "what is a solution to the placement of combining marks? ", "id": "57280b6b4b864d19001642ee"}]}], ["Banyak skrip, termasuk bahasa Arab dan Devanagari, mempunyai peraturan orthographic khusus yang memerlukan gabungan bentuk huruf yang digabungkan menjadi bentuk ligamen khas. Peraturan-peraturan yang mengawal pembentukan ligamen boleh menjadi agak rumit, memerlukan teknologi penulisan skrip khas seperti ACE (Enjin Coklat Arab oleh DecoType pada tahun 1980-an dan digunakan untuk menghasilkan semua contoh Arab dalam edisi cetak Standard Unicode), yang menjadi bukti konsep OpenType (oleh Adobe dan Microsoft), Graphite (oleh SIL International), atau AAT (oleh Apple). <> Apakah ACE berdiri? || Enjin Kaligrafi Bahasa Arab <> Siapa yang membuat ACE? || DecoType <> Bilakah ACE dibuat? || 1980-an <> Siapa yang menciptakan OpenType? || Adobe dan Microsoft <> Siapa yang membuat Graphite? || SIL International", {"context": "Many scripts, including Arabic and Devanagari, have special orthographic rules that require certain combinations of letterforms to be combined into special ligature forms. The rules governing ligature formation can be quite complex, requiring special script-shaping technologies such as ACE (Arabic Calligraphic Engine by DecoType in the 1980s and used to generate all the Arabic examples in the printed editions of the Unicode Standard), which became the proof of concept for OpenType (by Adobe and Microsoft), Graphite (by SIL International), or AAT (by Apple).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "Arabic Calligraphic Engine"}], "question": "What does ACE stand for? ", "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 322, "text": "DecoType"}], "question": "Who created ACE?", "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 338, "text": "1980s"}], "question": "When was ACE created? ", "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "Adobe and Microsoft"}], "question": "Who created OpenType?", "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "SIL International"}], "question": "Who created Graphite? ", "id": "572809e22ca10214002d9c48"}]}], ["Komite Roadmap Unicode (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, dan Ken Whistler) mengekalkan senarai skrip yang merupakan calon atau calon yang berpotensi untuk pengekodan dan tugasan blok kod sementara mereka pada halaman Unicode Roadmap dari laman web Unicode Consortium. Bagi sesetengah skrip pada Ralat Jalan, seperti Jurchen, N\u00fc Shu, dan Tangut, cadangan pengekodan telah dibuat dan mereka sedang berjalan melalui proses kelulusan. Bagi skrip lain, seperti Mayan dan Rongorongo, tiada cadangan belum dibuat, dan mereka menunggu persetujuan mengenai himpunan watak dan butiran lain dari komuniti pengguna yang terlibat. <> Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, dan Ken Whistler membentuk kumpulan apa? || Jawatankuasa Pelancaran Unicode <> Apa yang dilakukan oleh Jawatankuasa Pemandu Permodalan Unicode? || mengekalkan senarai skrip yang calon atau calon yang berpotensi untuk pengkodan <> Cadangan apa yang telah dibuat untuk skrip Maya? || tiada cadangan belum dibuat <> Di manakah Jawatankuasa Roadmap Unicode menyiarkan maklumat mengenai skrip ini? || Laman Web Konsortium Unicode", {"context": "The Unicode Roadmap Committee (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding and their tentative code block assignments on the Unicode Roadmap page of the Unicode Consortium Web site. For some scripts on the Roadmap, such as Jurchen, N\u00fc Shu, and Tangut, encoding proposals have been made and they are working their way through the approval process. For others scripts, such as Mayan and Rongorongo, no proposal has yet been made, and they await agreement on character repertoire and other details from the user communities involved.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Unicode Roadmap Committee"}], "question": "Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler make up what group?", "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 80, "text": "maintain the list of scripts that are candidates or potential candidates for encoding"}], "question": "What does the Unicode Roadmap Commmittee do? ", "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "no proposal has yet been made"}], "question": "What proposal has been made for the Mayan script? ", "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "Unicode Consortium Web site"}], "question": "Where does the Unicode Roadmap Committee post information on these scripts?", "id": "5727faefff5b5019007d99d3"}]}], ["Unicode merangkumi mekanisme untuk mengubah bentuk watak yang memanjangkan repertoir glyph yang disokong. Ini merangkumi penggunaan menggabungkan tanda diakritik. Mereka dimasukkan selepas watak utama. Berbilang kombinasi diakritik mungkin disusun atas watak yang sama. Unicode juga mengandungi versi-versi terdahulu dari kombinasi huruf / diakritik dalam penggunaan biasa. Ini menjadikan penukaran ke dan dari pengekodan warisan lebih mudah, dan membolehkan aplikasi menggunakan Unicode sebagai format teks dalaman tanpa perlu menggabungkan aksara. Sebagai contoh, ia boleh diwakili dalam Unicode sebagai U + 0065 (LATIN KECIL LETTER E) diikuti oleh U + 0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), tetapi ia juga boleh diwakili sebagai watak terdahulu U + 00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E DENGAN ACUTE ). Oleh itu, dalam banyak kes, pengguna mempunyai banyak cara pengekodan karakter yang sama. Untuk menangani perkara ini, Unicode menyediakan mekanisme kesetaraan kanonik. <> Apa kombinasi yang mengandungi unicode dalam penggunaan biasa? || kebanyakan surat / kombinasi diakritik <> Bagaimana huruf kecil latin e diwakili dalam Unicode? || U + 0065 <> Bagaimana aksen ditambah ke latin kecil? || U + 0301 <> Apakah watak mendahului mewakili bahasa Latin kecil dengan aksen? || U + 00E9", {"context": "Unicode includes a mechanism for modifying character shape that greatly extends the supported glyph repertoire. This covers the use of combining diacritical marks. They are inserted after the main character. Multiple combining diacritics may be stacked over the same character. Unicode also contains precomposed versions of most letter/diacritic combinations in normal use. These make conversion to and from legacy encodings simpler, and allow applications to use Unicode as an internal text format without having to implement combining characters. For example, \u00e9 can be represented in Unicode as U+0065 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E) followed by U+0301 (COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT), but it can also be represented as the precomposed character U+00E9 (LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE). Thus, in many cases, users have multiple ways of encoding the same character. To deal with this, Unicode provides the mechanism of canonical equivalence.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "most letter/diacritic combinations"}], "question": "What combinations does unicode contain in normal use?", "id": "572808464b864d1900164292"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 597, "text": "U+0065"}], "question": "How is the latin small letter e represented in Unicode?", "id": "572808464b864d1900164293"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 639, "text": "U+0301"}], "question": "How is the accent added to the small latin e? ", "id": "572808464b864d1900164294"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "U+00E9"}], "question": "What precomposed character represents the small latin e with an accent? ", "id": "572808464b864d1900164295"}]}], ["Watak yang sama ditukar kepada UTF-8 menjadi urutan byte EF BB BF. Standard Unicode membenarkan BOM \"berfungsi sebagai tandatangan untuk teks yang dikodkan UTF-8 di mana set aksara tidak ditandakan\". Sesetengah pemaju perisian telah menggunakannya untuk pengekodan lain, termasuk UTF-8, dalam usaha untuk membezakan UTF-8 dari halaman kod 8-bit setempat. Walau bagaimanapun, RFC 3629, piawaian UTF-8, mengesyorkan bahawa tanda pesanan byte dilarang dalam protokol menggunakan UTF-8, tetapi membincangkan kes-kes di mana ini mungkin tidak mungkin. Selain itu, sekatan besar pada corak yang mungkin dalam UTF-8 (contohnya tidak ada bait tunggal dengan set bit yang tinggi) bermakna bahawa ia adalah mustahil untuk membezakan UTF-8 daripada pengekodan aksara lain tanpa bergantung pada BOM. <> Apakah piawai UTF-8? || RFC 3629 <> Tanda pesanan byte dilarang dalam protokol menggunakan standard apa? || UTF-8 <> Mengapa mungkin membezakan UTF-8 daripada protokol lain? || sekatan besar pada corak yang mungkin", {"context": "The same character converted to UTF-8 becomes the byte sequence EF BB BF. The Unicode Standard allows that the BOM \"can serve as signature for UTF-8 encoded text where the character set is unmarked\". Some software developers have adopted it for other encodings, including UTF-8, in an attempt to distinguish UTF-8 from local 8-bit code pages. However RFC 3629, the UTF-8 standard, recommends that byte order marks be forbidden in protocols using UTF-8, but discusses the cases where this may not be possible. In addition, the large restriction on possible patterns in UTF-8 (for instance there cannot be any lone bytes with the high bit set) means that it should be possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other character encodings without relying on the BOM.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "RFC 3629"}], "question": "What is the UTF-8 standard? ", "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 446, "text": "UTF-8"}], "question": "Byte order marks are forbidden in protocols using what standard? ", "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 522, "text": "the large restriction on possible patterns"}], "question": "Why is it possible to distinguish UTF-8 from other protocols?", "id": "572805f5ff5b5019007d9b1c"}]}], ["Unicode mentakrifkan dua kaedah pemetaan: pengekodan Format Transformasi Unicode (UTF), dan pengekodan Watak Beroda Sejagat (UCS). Peta pengekodan (mungkin subset) julat kod Unicode menunjuk kepada urutan nilai dalam beberapa julat saiz tetap, yang dinamakan nilai kod. Nombor dalam nama pengekodan menunjukkan bilangan bit setiap nilai kod (untuk pengekodan UTF) atau bilangan bait setiap nilai kod (untuk pengekodan UCS). UTF-8 dan UTF-16 mungkin pengekodan yang paling biasa digunakan. UCS-2 adalah subset UTF-16 yang usang; UCS-4 dan UTF-32 bersamaan dengan fungsi. <> Berapa banyak kaedah pemetaan yang ditetapkan Unicode? || dua <> Apakah dua kaedah pemetaan yang dinamakan Unicode? || Pengekodan Format Transformasi Unicode (UTF), dan Pengekodan Watak Berubah Universal (UCS) <> Apa nombor dalam nama pengekodan? || bilangan bit setiap nilai kod (untuk pengekodan UTF) atau bilangan bait setiap nilai kod <> Apakah pengekodan yang paling biasa digunakan? || UTF-8 dan UTF-16 <> Apa yang berlaku untuk UCS? || Set aksara watak universal", {"context": "Unicode defines two mapping methods: the Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings. An encoding maps (possibly a subset of) the range of Unicode code points to sequences of values in some fixed-size range, termed code values. The numbers in the names of the encodings indicate the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value (for UCS encodings). UTF-8 and UTF-16 are probably the most commonly used encodings. UCS-2 is an obsolete subset of UTF-16; UCS-4 and UTF-32 are functionally equivalent.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "two"}], "question": "How many mapping methods does Unicode define?", "id": "5728027a4b864d1900164208"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) encodings, and the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) encodings"}], "question": "What are the two mapping methods that Unicode defines?", "id": "5728027a4b864d1900164209"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 336, "text": "the number of bits per code value (for UTF encodings) or the number of bytes per code value"}], "question": "What do numbers in the names of the encodings indicate? ", "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "UTF-8 and UTF-16"}], "question": "What are the most commonly used encodings? ", "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 96, "text": "Universal Coded Character Set"}], "question": "What does UCS stand for?", "id": "5728027a4b864d190016420c"}]}], ["Dalam UTF-32 dan UCS-4, satu nilai kod 32-bit berfungsi sebagai representasi yang cukup langsung dari titik kod mana-mana aksara (walaupun endianness, yang berbeza-beza di seluruh platform yang berbeza, mempengaruhi bagaimana nilai kod dinyatakan sebagai urutan oktet). Dalam pengekodan lain, setiap titik kod boleh diwakili oleh beberapa nilai kod yang berubah-ubah. UTF-32 digunakan secara meluas sebagai perwakilan dalaman teks dalam program (berbanding dengan teks tersimpan atau dihantar), kerana setiap sistem operasi Unix yang menggunakan penyusun gcc untuk menghasilkan perisian menggunakannya sebagai pengekodan \"watak lebar\" standard. Beberapa bahasa pengaturcaraan, seperti Seed7, menggunakan UTF-32 sebagai perwakilan dalaman untuk rentetan dan aksara. Versi terkini dari bahasa pengaturcaraan Python (bermula dengan 2.2) juga boleh dikonfigurasikan untuk menggunakan UTF-32 sebagai perwakilan untuk Unicode string, dengan berkesan menyebarkan pengekodan tersebut dalam perisian berkod peringkat tinggi. <> Bagaimana UTF-32 digunakan secara meluas? || perwakilan dalaman teks dalam program <> Apa bahasa pengaturcaraan menggunakan UTF-32 sebagai perwakilan dalaman aksara? || Seed7 <> apa versi python boleh digunakan dengan UTF-32? || 2.2", {"context": "In UTF-32 and UCS-4, one 32-bit code value serves as a fairly direct representation of any character's code point (although the endianness, which varies across different platforms, affects how the code value manifests as an octet sequence). In the other encodings, each code point may be represented by a variable number of code values. UTF-32 is widely used as an internal representation of text in programs (as opposed to stored or transmitted text), since every Unix operating system that uses the gcc compilers to generate software uses it as the standard \"wide character\" encoding. Some programming languages, such as Seed7, use UTF-32 as internal representation for strings and characters. Recent versions of the Python programming language (beginning with 2.2) may also be configured to use UTF-32 as the representation for Unicode strings, effectively disseminating such encoding in high-level coded software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 365, "text": "internal representation of text in programs"}], "question": "How is UTF-32 widely used? ", "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 623, "text": "Seed7"}], "question": "What programming language uses UTF-32 as internal representation of characters? ", "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "2.2"}], "question": "what version of python can be used with UTF-32? ", "id": "57280742ff5b5019007d9b3e"}]}], ["Konsortium pertama kali menerbitkan The Unicode Standard (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) pada tahun 1991 dan terus membangunkan piawaian berdasarkan kerja asal itu. Versi terbaru standard, Unicode 8.0, dikeluarkan pada bulan Jun 2015 dan boleh didapati dari laman web konsortium. Yang terakhir dari versi utama (versi x.0) yang akan diterbitkan dalam bentuk buku adalah Unicode 5.0 (ISBN 0-321-48091-0), tetapi sejak Unicode 6.0 teks penuh standard tidak lagi diterbitkan dalam bentuk buku . Pada tahun 2012, bagaimanapun, diumumkan bahawa hanya spesifikasi teras untuk Unicode versi 6.1 akan disediakan sebagai papak cetak 692 muka surat. Tidak seperti cetakan versi utama Standard yang terdahulu, spesifikasi teras cetak atas permintaan tidak termasuk sebarang carta kod atau lampiran piawai, tetapi keseluruhan piawaian, termasuk spesifikasi teras, masih akan tetap tersedia secara bebas di laman web Unicode. <> Apakah cetakan yang diminta, versi teras tidak termasuk? || sebarang carta kod atau lampiran standard <> Bilakah Standard Unicode diterbitkan pertama kali? || 1991 <> Bilakah versi terkini, Unicode 8.0, dikeluarkan? || Jun 2015 <> Apakah versi utama Unicode yang terakhir diterbitkan dalam bentuk buku? || Unicode 5.0 <> Tahun berapa ia mengumumkan bahawa hanya spesifikasi teras untuk Unicode akan dicetak dalam bentuk fizikal? || 2012", {"context": "The Consortium first published The Unicode Standard (ISBN 0-321-18578-1) in 1991 and continues to develop standards based on that original work. The latest version of the standard, Unicode 8.0, was released in June 2015 and is available from the consortium's website. The last of the major versions (versions x.0) to be published in book form was Unicode 5.0 (ISBN 0-321-48091-0), but since Unicode 6.0 the full text of the standard is no longer being published in book form. In 2012, however, it was announced that only the core specification for Unicode version 6.1 would be made available as a 692-page print-on-demand paperback. Unlike the previous major version printings of the Standard, the print-on-demand core specification does not include any code charts or standard annexes, but the entire standard, including the core specification, will still remain freely available on the Unicode website.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 750, "text": "any code charts or standard annexes"}], "question": "What does the print on demand, core version not include? ", "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 76, "text": "1991"}], "question": "When was the Unicode Standard first published? ", "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 210, "text": "June 2015"}], "question": "When was the latest version, Unicode 8.0, released?", "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 347, "text": "Unicode 5.0"}], "question": "What was the last major version of Unicode to be published in book form? ", "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 479, "text": "2012"}], "question": "What year was it announced that only the core specification for Unicode would be printed in physical form?", "id": "5727e93b4b864d1900163fd7"}]}], ["Pemetaan inisial mesti disediakan di antara watak-watak dalam watak watak warisan sedia ada dan watak-watak dalam Unicode untuk memudahkan penukaran kepada Unicode dan membolehkan interoperability dengan perisian warisan. Kekurangan konsistensi dalam pelbagai pemetaan antara pengekodan Jepun terdahulu seperti Shift-JIS atau EUC-JP dan Unicode membawa kepada ketidaksesuaian penukaran format bulat, terutamanya pemetaan watak JIS X 0208 '~' (1-33, WAVE DASH) , banyak digunakan dalam data pangkalan data warisan, sama ada U + FF5E ~ FULLWIDTH TILDE (dalam Microsoft Windows) atau U + 301C ~ WAVE DASH (vendor lain). <> Jenis pemetaan apa yang mesti disediakan antara aksara dalam watak watak warisan sedia ada dan yang di Unicode? || Pemetaan inisial <> Kekurangan konsistensi antara pengekodan awal Jepun dan unicode menyebabkan ketidaksesuaian? || Shift-JIS atau EUC-JP <> apakah kod aksara tilde lebar lebar di Microsoft Windows? || U + FF5E", {"context": "Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '\uff5e' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E \uff5e FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C \u301c WAVE DASH (other vendors).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Injective mappings"}], "question": "What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?", "id": "572816943acd2414000df433"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 283, "text": "Shift-JIS or EUC-JP"}], "question": "A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?", "id": "572816943acd2414000df434"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "U+FF5E"}], "question": "what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?", "id": "572816943acd2414000df435"}]}], ["Teknologi fon moden menyediakan cara untuk menangani isu praktikal yang memerlukan menggambarkan watak Han bersatu dalam bentuk koleksi representasi glyph alternatif, dalam bentuk urutan variasi Unicode. Sebagai contoh, jadual Typographic yang lebih besar OpenType membenarkan salah satu daripada beberapa representasi glyph alternatif dipilih apabila melaksanakan aksara untuk pemetaan pemetaan glyph. Dalam kes ini, maklumat boleh disediakan dalam teks biasa untuk menentukan bentuk aksara alternatif untuk dipilih. <> apakah jadual OpenType yang membenarkan pemilihan glyph representasi alternatif? || Advanced Typographic <> Di mana maklumat disediakan untuk menentukan bentuk watak mana yang hendak dipilih? || teks biasa <> Bagaimana teknologi fon moden menangani isu menggambarkan watak Han dalam representasi glyph alternatif? || Urutan variasi Unicode", {"context": "Modern font technology provides a means to address the practical issue of needing to depict a unified Han character in terms of a collection of alternative glyph representations, in the form of Unicode variation sequences. For example, the Advanced Typographic tables of OpenType permit one of a number of alternative glyph representations to be selected when performing the character to glyph mapping process. In this case, information can be provided within plain text to designate which alternate character form to select.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "Advanced Typographic"}], "question": "what tables of OpenType allow permit the selection of alternative glyph representations?", "id": "572815a04b864d190016443a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 460, "text": "plain text"}], "question": "Where is information provided to designate which character form to select? ", "id": "572815a04b864d190016443b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 194, "text": "Unicode variation sequences"}], "question": "How does modern font technology address the issue of depicting a Han character in alternate glyph representations? ", "id": "572815a04b864d190016443c"}]}], ["MIME mentakrifkan dua mekanisme yang berlainan bagi pengekodan aksara bukan ASCII dalam e-mel, bergantung kepada sama ada watak berada di pengepala e-mel (seperti \"Subjek:\"), atau dalam badan teks mesej; dalam kedua-dua kes, set aksara asal dikenal pasti serta pengekodan pemindahan. Untuk penghantaran e-mel Unicode, set aksara UTF-8 dan Base64 atau Pengekodan pemindahan dicetak yang disyorkan adalah disyorkan, bergantung kepada sama ada banyak mesej terdiri daripada aksara ASCII. Perincian dua mekanisme yang berbeza dinyatakan dalam piawaian MIME dan umumnya tersembunyi dari pengguna perisian e-mel. <> Apa yang disyorkan untuk penghantaran e-mel Unicode? || set karakter UTF-8 dan Base64 atau Pengekodan pemindahan dicatatkan yang dicatatkan <> Di mana butiran dua mekanisme untuk penghantaran e-mel ditentukan? || Piawaian MIME <> Berapa banyak mekanisme yang berbeza yang menentukan MIME untuk pengekodan Unicode dalam e-mel? || dua mekanisme yang berbeza", {"context": "MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the \"Subject:\"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding"}], "question": "What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? ", "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "MIME standards"}], "question": "Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? ", "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "two different mechanisms"}], "question": "How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? ", "id": "572810c62ca10214002d9d02"}]}], ["Beribu-ribu fon wujud di pasaran, tetapi kurang daripada selusin huruf-kadang-kadang digambarkan sebagai \"pan-Unicode\" fon-cuba untuk menyokong majoriti Unicode repertoir watak. Sebaliknya, fon berasaskan Unicode biasanya menumpukan pada menyokong hanya ASCII asas dan skrip tertentu atau set aksara atau simbol. Beberapa sebab membenarkan pendekatan ini: aplikasi dan dokumen jarang memerlukan aksara dari lebih daripada satu atau dua sistem penulisan; fon cenderung menuntut sumber dalam persekitaran pengkomputeran; dan sistem operasi dan aplikasi menunjukkan kecerdasan yang meningkat dalam hal mendapatkan maklumat glyph dari fail font berasingan seperti yang diperlukan, iaitu, penggantian fon. Lebih-lebih lagi, mereka bentuk satu set arahan rendering yang konsisten untuk puluhan ribu glyphs merupakan tugas yang besar; usaha sebegini melepasi titik pulangan yang semakin berkurangan untuk kebanyakan typefaces. <> Berapa banyak fon menyokong majoriti Unicode aksara repertoir? || kurang daripada selusin dozen <> Apakah fon yang menyokong Unicode dirujuk sebagai? || font \"pan-Unicode\" <> font berasaskan Unicode biasanya difokuskan untuk menyokong apa? || asas ASCII dan skrip tertentu atau set aksara atau simbol", {"context": "Thousands of fonts exist on the market, but fewer than a dozen fonts\u2014sometimes described as \"pan-Unicode\" fonts\u2014attempt to support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire. Instead, Unicode-based fonts typically focus on supporting only basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols. Several reasons justify this approach: applications and documents rarely need to render characters from more than one or two writing systems; fonts tend to demand resources in computing environments; and operating systems and applications show increasing intelligence in regard to obtaining glyph information from separate font files as needed, i.e., font substitution. Furthermore, designing a consistent set of rendering instructions for tens of thousands of glyphs constitutes a monumental task; such a venture passes the point of diminishing returns for most typefaces.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "fewer than a dozen fonts"}], "question": "How many fonts support the majority of Unicode's character repertoire? ", "id": "572812d44b864d19001643c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 92, "text": "\"pan-Unicode\" fonts"}], "question": "What are the fonts that support Unicode referred to as? ", "id": "572812d44b864d19001643c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "basic ASCII and particular scripts or sets of characters or symbols"}], "question": "Unicode-based fonts are normally focused on supporting what? ", "id": "572812d44b864d19001643ca"}]}], ["Unicode telah menjadi skim dominan untuk memproses dan menyimpan teks dalaman. Walaupun banyak teks masih disimpan dalam pengekodan lama, Unicode digunakan hampir semata-mata untuk membina sistem pemprosesan maklumat baru. Pengguna awal cenderung menggunakan UCS-2 (pelopor dua-byte pelopor untuk UTF-16) dan kemudian dipindahkan ke UTF-16 (standard arus lebar berubah-ubah), kerana ini adalah cara yang paling tidak mengganggu untuk menambah sokongan untuk bukan -BMP aksara. Sistem yang paling dikenali seperti Windows NT (dan keturunannya, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista dan Windows 7), yang menggunakan UTF-16 sebagai pengekodan aksara dalaman tunggal. Persekitaran bytecode Java dan .NET, Mac OS X, dan KDE juga menggunakannya untuk perwakilan dalaman. Unicode tersedia pada Windows 95 melalui Microsoft Layer untuk Unicode, serta pada keturunannya, Windows 98 dan Windows ME. <> Apakah skema dominan untuk pemprosesan dalaman? || Unicode <> Apakah Unicode tersedia melalui Windows? || Microsoft Layer <> Apakah prekursor two-byte untuk UTF-16? || UCS-2 <> Apa yang digunakan hampir semata-mata untuk membina sistem pemprosesan maklumat baru? || Unicode", {"context": "Unicode has become the dominant scheme for internal processing and storage of text. Although a great deal of text is still stored in legacy encodings, Unicode is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems. Early adopters tended to use UCS-2 (the fixed-width two-byte precursor to UTF-16) and later moved to UTF-16 (the variable-width current standard), as this was the least disruptive way to add support for non-BMP characters. The best known such system is Windows NT (and its descendants, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7), which uses UTF-16 as the sole internal character encoding. The Java and .NET bytecode environments, Mac OS X, and KDE also use it for internal representation. Unicode is available on Windows 95 through Microsoft Layer for Unicode, as well as on its descendants, Windows 98 and Windows ME.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Unicode"}], "question": "What is the dominant scheme for internal processing? ", "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df365"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 779, "text": "Microsoft Layer"}], "question": "What is Unicode available through Windows on? ", "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df366"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 264, "text": "UCS-2"}], "question": "What was the two-byte precursor to UTF-16? ", "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df367"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "Unicode"}], "question": "What is used almost exclusively for building new information processing systems? ", "id": "57280fad3acd2414000df368"}]}], ["Dari segi garis baharu, Unicode memperkenalkan U + 2028 LINE SEPARATOR dan U + 2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. Inilah percubaan untuk menyediakan penyelesaian Unicode untuk pengekodan perenggan dan garisan secara semantik, yang berpotensi menggantikan semua penyelesaian platform pelbagai. Dengan berbuat demikian, Unicode menyediakan jalan penyelesaian platform bersandar yang bersejarah. Walau bagaimanapun, sedikit jika sebarang penyelesaian Unicode telah menggunakan garis Unicode dan pemisah perenggan sebagai huruf kanonik tunggal yang menamatkan aksara. Walau bagaimanapun, pendekatan umum untuk menyelesaikan masalah ini adalah melalui normalisasi garis besar. Ini dicapai dengan sistem teks Cocoa di Mac OS X dan juga dengan W3C XML dan cadangan HTML. Dalam pendekatan ini setiap karakter barisan baharu boleh ditukar secara dalaman ke garis baharu yang biasa (yang tidak penting kerana ia merupakan operasi dalaman hanya untuk rendering). Dengan kata lain, sistem teks boleh merawat watak sebagai garis baharu dengan betul, tanpa mengira pengekodan sebenar input. <> Apakah kod untuk memisahkan baris? || U + 2028 <> Apakah kod untuk memisahkan perenggan? || U + 2029 <> Bagaimana normalisasi garis besar dicapai dalam Mac OS X? || Sistem teks kakao <> Bagaimana format normalisasi baru berfungsi? || setiap watak baru yang boleh ditukar secara dalaman ke baris baru yang sama", {"context": "In terms of the newline, Unicode introduced U+2028 LINE SEPARATOR and U+2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR. This was an attempt to provide a Unicode solution to encoding paragraphs and lines semantically, potentially replacing all of the various platform solutions. In doing so, Unicode does provide a way around the historical platform dependent solutions. Nonetheless, few if any Unicode solutions have adopted these Unicode line and paragraph separators as the sole canonical line ending characters. However, a common approach to solving this issue is through newline normalization. This is achieved with the Cocoa text system in Mac OS X and also with W3C XML and HTML recommendations. In this approach every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline (which one does not really matter since it is an internal operation just for rendering). In other words, the text system can correctly treat the character as a newline, regardless of the input's actual encoding.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "U+2028"}], "question": "What is the code for separating lines? ", "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "U+2029"}], "question": "What is the code for separating paragraphs? ", "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "Cocoa text system"}], "question": "How is newline normalization accomplished in Mac OS X? ", "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 697, "text": "every possible newline character is converted internally to a common newline"}], "question": "How does the newliine normallization format work? ", "id": "572813b04b864d19001643e5"}]}], ["Unicode direka untuk menyediakan penukaran format bulat-demi-kod-titik penukaran format ke dan dari sebarang pengekodan watak sebelumnya, supaya fail teks dalam set aksara yang lebih lama dapat ditukar kepada Unicode, dan kemudian kembali dan kembali sama fail. Ini bermakna bahawa seni bina warisan yang tidak konsisten, seperti menggabungkan tanda diakritik dan aksara terdahulu, kedua-duanya wujud dalam Unicode, memberikan lebih daripada satu kaedah mewakili beberapa teks. Ini paling ketara dalam tiga bentuk pengekodan berbeza untuk Hangul Korea. Sejak versi 3.0, sebarang aksara terdahulu yang boleh diwakili oleh gabungan urutan aksara yang sedia ada tidak boleh ditambah lagi dengan standard untuk mengekalkan operasi antara operasi menggunakan versi Unicode yang berlainan. <> Unicode direka untuk penukaran format perjalanan ke dan dari apa? || pengekodan watak sebelumnya <> Berapa banyak borang pengekodan yang ada untuk Hangul Korea? || tiga bentuk pengekodan yang berlainan <> Oleh kerana versi apa yang sudah sedia ada aksara tidak lagi ditambah ke standard? || versi 3.0", {"context": "Unicode was designed to provide code-point-by-code-point round-trip format conversion to and from any preexisting character encodings, so that text files in older character sets can be na\u00efvely converted to Unicode, and then back and get back the same file. That has meant that inconsistent legacy architectures, such as combining diacritics and precomposed characters, both exist in Unicode, giving more than one method of representing some text. This is most pronounced in the three different encoding forms for Korean Hangul. Since version 3.0, any precomposed characters that can be represented by a combining sequence of already existing characters can no longer be added to the standard in order to preserve interoperability between software using different versions of Unicode.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "preexisting character encodings"}], "question": "Unicode was designed for a round trip format conversion to and from what? ", "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "three different encoding forms"}], "question": "How many encoding forms are there for Korean Hangul?", "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "version 3.0"}], "question": "Since what version can already existing characters no longer be added to the standard? ", "id": "57281627ff5b5019007d9cd6"}]}], ["Beberapa subset Unicode disederhanakan: Microsoft Windows sejak Windows NT 4.0 menyokong WGL-4 dengan 652 aksara, yang dianggap menyokong semua bahasa Eropah kontemporari menggunakan skrip Latin, Yunani, atau Cyrillic. Subset berstandar lain Unicode termasuk Subset Eropah pelbagai bahasa: MES-1 (skrip Latin sahaja, 335 aksara), MES-2 (aksara Latin, Yunani dan Cyrillik 1062) dan MES-3A & MES-3B (dua subset yang lebih besar, tidak ditunjukkan di sini). Perhatikan bahawa MES-2 termasuk setiap aksara dalam MES-1 dan WGL-4. <> Apa subset Unicode digunakan oleh Windows? || WGL-4 dengan 652 aksara <> Apakah bahagian MES-1, MES-2, DAN MES-3A DAN MES-3B? || Subset Eropah pelbagai bahasa <> Subset apa yang termasuk setiap watak dalam MES-1 dan WGL-4? || MES-2 <> Berapa lamakah Microsoft Windows menyokong WGL-4? || sejak Windows NT 4.0 <> MES-1 menggunakan skrip sahaja? || Skrip Latin sahaja", {"context": "Several subsets of Unicode are standardized: Microsoft Windows since Windows NT 4.0 supports WGL-4 with 652 characters, which is considered to support all contemporary European languages using the Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script. Other standardized subsets of Unicode include the Multilingual European Subsets: MES-1 (Latin scripts only, 335 characters), MES-2 (Latin, Greek and Cyrillic 1062 characters) and MES-3A & MES-3B (two larger subsets, not shown here). Note that MES-2 includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 93, "text": "WGL-4 with 652 characters"}], "question": "What subset of Unicode is used by Windows? ", "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c96"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 281, "text": "Multilingual European Subsets"}], "question": "What are MES-1, MES-2, AND MES-3A AND MES-3B part of? ", "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 474, "text": "MES-2"}], "question": "What subset includes every character in MES-1 and WGL-4? ", "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "since Windows NT 4.0"}], "question": "How long has Microsoft Windows supported WGL-4? ", "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "Latin scripts only"}], "question": "MES-1 uses what scripts only? ", "id": "57280bee2ca10214002d9c9a"}]}], ["Unicode dikritik kerana gagal mengekod secara tersendiri dan bentuk kanji alternatif yang mana, pengkritik membantah, merumitkan pemprosesan nama Jepun kuno dan jarang Jepun. Ini sering disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa Unicode mengkodkan aksara daripada glyph (representasi visual watak asas yang sering berbeza dari satu bahasa ke bahasa lain). Penyatuan glyphs membawa kepada persepsi bahawa bahasa itu sendiri, bukan hanya perwakilan watak asas, sedang digabungkan. [Klarifikasi diperlukan] Terdapat beberapa percubaan untuk membuat pengekodan alternatif yang mengekalkan perbezaan gaya antara aksara Cina, Jepun, dan Korea dalam pembangkang terhadap dasar Unicode penyatuan Han. Contohnya adalah TRON (walaupun tidak digunakan secara meluas di Jepun, terdapat beberapa pengguna yang perlu mengendalikan teks sejarah Jepun dan memihak kepadanya). <> Mengapa Unicode dikritik kerana tidak mengodkan bentuk kanji secara berasingan? || merumitkan pemprosesan nama Jepun kuno dan tidak biasa bahasa Jepun <> Apa itu TRON? || pengekodan alternatif yang mengekalkan perbezaan gaya antara watak-watak Cina, Jepun, dan Korea <> Persepsi apakah penyatuan glyphs menyebabkan? || bahasa itu sendiri, bukan hanya perwakilan watak asas, sedang digabungkan", {"context": "Unicode has been criticized for failing to separately encode older and alternative forms of kanji which, critics argue, complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names. This is often due to the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than glyphs (the visual representations of the basic character that often vary from one language to another). Unification of glyphs leads to the perception that the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged.[clarification needed] There have been several attempts to create alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters in opposition to Unicode's policy of Han unification. An example of one is TRON (although it is not widely adopted in Japan, there are some users who need to handle historical Japanese text and favor it).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "complicates the processing of ancient Japanese and uncommon Japanese names"}], "question": "Why has Unicode been criticized for not separately encoding forms of kanji?", "id": "572814a54b864d190016440e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 580, "text": "alternative encodings that preserve the stylistic differences between Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters"}], "question": "What is TRON? ", "id": "572814a54b864d190016440f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 426, "text": "the languages themselves, not just the basic character representation, are being merged"}], "question": "What perception does the unification of glyphs cause? ", "id": "572814a54b864d1900164410"}]}], ["Perisian rendering yang tidak dapat memproses watak Unicode dengan sewajarnya sering memaparkannya sebagai segi empat terbuka, atau Unicode \"watak pengganti\" (U + FFFD, \ufffd), untuk menunjukkan kedudukan watak yang tidak dikenali. Sesetengah sistem telah membuat percubaan untuk memberi lebih banyak maklumat mengenai watak tersebut. Font Resort Last Apple akan memaparkan glyph pengganti yang menunjukkan watak Unicode aksara, dan font Unicode Fallback SIL International akan memaparkan kotak yang menunjukkan nilai skalma heksadesimal bagi watak tersebut. <> Apakah paparan perisian rendering apabila ia tidak dapat memproses aksara Unicode? || segi empat terbuka, atau Unicode \"aksara gantian\" <> Apakah kod untuk aksara gantian Unicode? || U + FFFD <> Apakah nama fon Apple? || Resort Terakhir <> Syarikat apa yang menggunakan fon Unicode Fallback? || SIL International <> Apa yang dipaparkan oleh font SIL Unicode Fallback apabila ia tidak dapat mempamerkan watak dengan betul? || kotak yang menunjukkan nilai skalar heksadesimal bagi watak tersebut", {"context": "Rendering software which cannot process a Unicode character appropriately often displays it as an open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\" (U+FFFD, \ufffd), to indicate the position of the unrecognized character. Some systems have made attempts to provide more information about such characters. The Apple's Last Resort font will display a substitute glyph indicating the Unicode range of the character, and the SIL International's Unicode Fallback font will display a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "open rectangle, or the Unicode \"replacement character\""}], "question": "What does rendering software display when it can't process a Unicode character? ", "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 154, "text": "U+FFFD"}], "question": "What is the code for the Unicode replacement character? ", "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Last Resort"}], "question": "What is the name of Apple's font? ", "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "SIL International"}], "question": "What company uses the Unicode Fallback font? ", "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bfa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 476, "text": "a box showing the hexadecimal scalar value of the character"}], "question": "What does SIL's Unicode Fallback font display when it can't display a character properly? ", "id": "57280ea3ff5b5019007d9bf9"}]}], ["Skrip indik seperti Tamil dan Devanagari masing-masing hanya diperuntukkan 128 titik kod, yang sepadan dengan standard ISCII. Pembetulan teks Unicode Indic yang betul memerlukan mengubah aksara pesanan logik yang tersimpan dalam urutan visual dan membentuk ligatures (aka konjun) daripada komponen. Sesetengah sarjana tempatan berhujah untuk memberikan tugasan kod Unicode kepada ligamen ini, melawan amalan untuk sistem penulisan lain, walaupun Unicode mengandungi beberapa bahasa Arab dan ligatur lain untuk tujuan keserasian ke belakang sahaja. Pengekodan sebarang ligatur baru di Unicode tidak akan berlaku, sebahagiannya kerana set ligatures bergantung kepada fon, dan Unicode adalah pengekodan bebas daripada variasi font. Jenis isu yang sama timbul untuk skrip Tibet [rujukan?] (Organisasi Negara Kebangsaan China gagal mencapai perubahan yang sama). <> Berapa banyak titik kod yang tamil dan Devanagari diperuntukkan? || 128 <> Apa perkataan lain untuk ligatures? || conjuncts <> Apakah standard ISCII? || 128 mata kod", {"context": "Indic scripts such as Tamil and Devanagari are each allocated only 128 code points, matching the ISCII standard. The correct rendering of Unicode Indic text requires transforming the stored logical order characters into visual order and the forming of ligatures (aka conjuncts) out of components. Some local scholars argued in favor of assignments of Unicode code points to these ligatures, going against the practice for other writing systems, though Unicode contains some Arabic and other ligatures for backward compatibility purposes only. Encoding of any new ligatures in Unicode will not happen, in part because the set of ligatures is font-dependent, and Unicode is an encoding independent of font variations. The same kind of issue arose for Tibetan script[citation needed] (the Chinese National Standard organization failed to achieve a similar change).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "128"}], "question": "How many code points are tamil and Devanagari allocated? ", "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "conjuncts"}], "question": "What is another word for ligatures? ", "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 67, "text": "128 code points"}], "question": "What is the ISCII standard? ", "id": "5728171b4b864d1900164454"}]}], ["Sokongan abjad Thai telah dikritik kerana pesanan aksara Thai. Vokal \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 yang ditulis di sebelah kiri konsonan sebelumnya adalah dalam urutan visual dan bukannya perintah fonetik, tidak seperti perwakilan Unicode skrip Indik lain. Komplikasi ini disebabkan oleh Unicode yang mewarisi Standard Industri 620 Thai, yang bekerja dengan cara yang sama, dan merupakan cara Thailand sentiasa ditulis pada papan kekunci. Masalah pesanan ini merumitkan proses pengeditan Unicode sedikit, memerlukan pencarian meja untuk menyusun semula aksara Thai untuk pengumpulan. Walaupun Unicode telah mengadaptasi pengekodan mengikut pesanan yang dituturkan, ia masih bermasalah untuk menyusun perkataan dalam susunan kamus. Sebagai contoh, perkataan \u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07 [sa d\u025b\u02d0\u014b] \"melaksanakan\" bermula dengan kumpulan konsonan \"\u0e2a\u0e14\" (dengan vokal yang melekat untuk konsonan \"\u0e2a\"), vokal \u0e41 -, dalam perintah yang diucapkan akan datang selepas \u0e14, kamus, perkataan itu dikumpulkan seperti yang ditulis, dengan vokal berikut \u0e2a. <> Apa piawaian yang mewarisi Unicode yang melibatkan bahasa Thai? || Standard Perindustrian Thai 620 <> Mengapa sokongan abjad Thai dikritik? || pesanan aksara Thai <> Bagaimana watak-watak Thai diperintahkan tidak betul? || Aksara Thai. Vokal \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 yang ditulis di sebelah kiri konsonan sebelumnya adalah dalam urutan visual dan bukannya perintah fonetik", {"context": "Thai alphabet support has been criticized for its ordering of Thai characters. The vowels \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order, unlike the Unicode representations of other Indic scripts. This complication is due to Unicode inheriting the Thai Industrial Standard 620, which worked in the same way, and was the way in which Thai had always been written on keyboards. This ordering problem complicates the Unicode collation process slightly, requiring table lookups to reorder Thai characters for collation. Even if Unicode had adopted encoding according to spoken order, it would still be problematic to collate words in dictionary order. E.g., the word \u0e41\u0e2a\u0e14\u0e07  [sa d\u025b\u02d0\u014b] \"perform\" starts with a consonant cluster \"\u0e2a\u0e14\" (with an inherent vowel for the consonant \"\u0e2a\"), the vowel \u0e41-, in spoken order would come after the \u0e14, but in a dictionary, the word is collated as it is written, with the vowel following the \u0e2a.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "Thai Industrial Standard 620"}], "question": "What standard did Unicode inherit involving a Thai language? ", "id": "572817d93acd2414000df455"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "its ordering of Thai characters"}], "question": "Why has Thai alphabet support been criticized? ", "id": "572817d93acd2414000df456"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Thai characters. The vowels \u0e40, \u0e41, \u0e42, \u0e43, \u0e44 that are written to the left of the preceding consonant are in visual order instead of phonetic order"}], "question": "How are the Thai characters ordered incorrectly? ", "id": "572817d93acd2414000df457"}]}], ["Watak dengan tanda diakritik secara amnya boleh diwakili sama ada sebagai watak terdahulu tunggal atau sebagai turutan decomposed huruf asas ditambah satu atau lebih tanda tidak jarak. Sebagai contoh, \u1e17 (diawali dengan makron dan akut di atas) dan \u1e17 (diikuti dengan menggabungkan macron di atas dan menggabungkan akut di atas) harus diberikan secara identik, kedua-duanya muncul sebagai e dengan loghat macron dan akut, tetapi dalam praktiknya, penampilan mungkin berbeza-beza bergantung pada enjin penyajian dan fon yang digunakan untuk memaparkan aksara. Begitu juga, underdots, seperti yang diperlukan dalam romanisasi Indik, akan sering diletakkan secara salah [rujukan?]. Watak-watak Unicode yang dipetakan ke glyphs terdahulu boleh digunakan dalam banyak kes, dengan itu mengelakkan masalah, tetapi di mana tidak ada watak terdahulu telah dikodkan, masalah itu sering dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan fon Unicode pakar seperti Charis SIL yang menggunakan Graphite, OpenType, atau Teknologi AAT untuk ciri rendering maju. <> Bagaimana aksara dengan tanda diakritikal diwakili? || sama ada sebagai watak terdahulu tunggal atau sebagai urutan yang dihuraikan huruf asas ditambah satu atau lebih tanda tidak jarak <> Pengekodan apa yang digunakan Charis SIL? || Teknologi grafit, OpenType atau AAT <> Apakah masalah dengan underdots dan penempatan mereka? || sering diletakkan secara salah <> Watak dengan apa tanda boleh dipaparkan sebagai aksara tunggal atau urutan yang dibusukkan? || tanda diakritikal <> Bagaimana tulisan watak dengan macron dan akut dipaparkan? || identik", {"context": "Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, \u1e17 (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and e\u0304\u0301 (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 63, "text": "either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks"}], "question": "How are characters with diacritical marks represented? ", "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 905, "text": "Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies"}], "question": "What encoding does Charis SIL use? ", "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "often be placed incorrectly"}], "question": "What is the issue with underdots and their placement? ", "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d32"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 16, "text": "diacritical marks"}], "question": "Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? ", "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d33"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 340, "text": "identically"}], "question": "How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? ", "id": "572818e3ff5b5019007d9d34"}]}]], [["Dari 1805 hingga 1847, Detroit adalah ibu kota Michigan (pertama wilayahnya, maka negeri itu). Detroit menyerah tanpa bertempur dengan tentera British semasa Perang 1812 di Pengepungan Detroit. Pertempuran Frenchtown (18-23 Januari 1813) adalah sebahagian daripada usaha Amerika untuk merebut semula bandar itu, dan tentera Amerika menderita kematian mereka yang paling tinggi dalam pertempuran apa pun dalam perang. Pertempuran ini diperingati di Taman Battlefield National River Raisin di selatan Detroit di Monroe County. Detroit akhirnya ditangkap semula oleh Amerika Syarikat pada tahun itu. <> Di mana Perang adalah Detroit ditangkap oleh orang Inggeris? || Perang 1812 <> Dalam pertempuran mana tentera Amerika menderita kecederaan tertinggi? || Pertempuran Frenchtown <> Di mana tahun itu Detroit ditangkap semula? || 1813 <> Di mana daerah adalah taman yang memperingati Pertempuran Frenchtown? || Monroe County", {"context": "From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18\u201323, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "War of 1812"}], "question": "In which War was Detroit captured by the British?", "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9376"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 200, "text": "Battle of Frenchtown"}], "question": "In which battle did American troops suffer the highest casualties?", "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9377"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 237, "text": "1813"}], "question": "In which year was Detroit recaptured?", "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9378"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Monroe County"}], "question": "In which county is the park commemorating the Battle of Frenchtown?", "id": "5727b94dff5b5019007d9379"}]}], ["Sejumlah lelaki dari Detroit bersikap sukarela untuk berperang untuk Kesatuan semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, termasuk Rejimen Infantri Michigan ke-24 (sebahagian daripada Brigade Besi yang legenda), yang berjuang dengan perbezaan dan menderita 82% kecelakaan di Pertempuran Gettysburg pada tahun 1863. Apabila Rejimen Infanteri Sukarela Pertama tiba untuk memperkuat Washington, DC, Presiden Abraham Lincoln dipetik sebagai berkata \"Terima kasih Tuhan untuk Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer mengetuai Brigade Michigan semasa Perang Saudara dan memanggil mereka sebagai \"Wolverines\". <> Tahun apakah Pertempuran Gettysburg? || 1863 <> Siapa yang mengetuai Brigade Wolverine? || George Armstrong Custer <> Apa Brigade adalah Rejimen Infantri Michigan ke-24 sebahagian? || Briged Besi <> Berapa banyak mangsa yang mengalami Rejimen Infantri Michigan ke-24 di Gettysburg? || 82%", {"context": "Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying \"Thank God for Michigan!\" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the \"Wolverines\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 265, "text": "1863"}], "question": "What year was the Battle of Gettysburg?", "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "George Armstrong Custer"}], "question": "Who led the Wolverine Brigade?", "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Iron Brigade"}], "question": "What Brigade was the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment a part of?", "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "82%"}], "question": "How many casualties did the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment have in Gettysburg?", "id": "5727ba3c2ca10214002d94cf"}]}], ["Rantau ini berkembang berdasarkan perdagangan bulu yang menguntungkan, di mana banyak orang asli Amerika mempunyai peranan penting. Bendera bandar Detroit mencerminkan warisan penjajahan Perancisnya. (Lihat Bendera Detroit). Keturunan para peneroka Perancis dan Perancis yang paling awal membentuk sebuah komuniti yang padat yang secara beransur-ansur digantikan sebagai penduduk yang dominan setelah lebih banyak peneroka Anglo-Amerika datang ke kawasan itu pada awal abad ke-19. Hidup di sepanjang pesisir Lakes St. Clair, dan selatan ke Monroe dan pinggir bandar bawah tanah, Kanada Canadians of Detroit, juga dikenali sebagai Muskrat French, kekal sebagai subkultur di rantau ini hari ini. <> Apa perdagangan penting untuk pertumbuhan rantau ini? || bulu <> Mengikut kumpulan mana yang digantikan oleh Kanada dan Perancis Kanada? || Penduduk Anglo-Amerika <> Apa nama Kanada Canadians di Detroit? || Muskrat Perancis", {"context": "The region grew based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. Detroit's city flag reflects its French colonial heritage. (See Flag of Detroit). Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 39, "text": "fur"}], "question": "What trade was instrumental to the growth of this region?", "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 352, "text": "Anglo-American settlers"}], "question": "By which group were the original French and French Canadians replaced?", "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b64"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Muskrat French"}], "question": "What is the name of the French Canadians in Detroit?", "id": "5727b8684b864d1900163b63"}]}], ["Pada akhir abad ke-19, beberapa rumah mansion Age of Gold yang mencerminkan kekayaan industri dan pengusaha kapal telah dibina di timur dan barat pusat bandar semasa, di sepanjang jalan utama rancangan Woodward. Yang paling ketara antara mereka ialah Rumah David Whitney yang terletak di 4421 Woodward Avenue, yang menjadi lokasi utama untuk rumah-rumah besar. Dalam tempoh ini, beberapa merujuk kepada Detroit sebagai Paris Barat untuk senibina, jalan-jalan yang besar dalam gaya Paris, dan untuk Washington Boulevard, baru-baru ini diperkuat oleh Thomas Edison. Bandar ini berkembang sejak tahun 1830-an dengan peningkatan industri perkapalan, pembinaan kapal dan pembuatan. Terletak secara strategik di sepanjang perairan Great Lakes, Detroit muncul sebagai hab utama dan pengangkutan. <> Apa nama panggilan untuk Detroit pada akhir abad ke-19? || Paris of the West <> Di mana saluran air terletak di Detroit? || Great Lakes <> Apa rumah paling terkenal di Detroit? || David Whitney House <> Jalan mana yang dikenali untuk rumah besar ini? || Woodward Avenue <> Siapa Detroit yang berkuasa? || Thomas Edison", {"context": "During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison. The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Paris of the West"}], "question": "What was a nickname for Detroit in the late 19th century?", "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "Great Lakes"}], "question": "On which waterway is Detroit located?", "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "David Whitney House"}], "question": "What is the most famous mansion in Detroit?", "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "Woodward Avenue"}], "question": "Which street became known for it's mansions?", "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bcf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "Thomas Edison"}], "question": "Who electrified Detroit?", "id": "5727bb374b864d1900163bd0"}]}], ["Dengan pertumbuhan pesat pekerja perindustrian di kilang-kilang auto, kesatuan buruh seperti Persekutuan Buruh Amerika dan Pekerja Awam Bersatu berjuang untuk menyusun pekerja untuk mendapatkan mereka keadaan dan gaji yang lebih baik. Mereka memulakan mogok dan taktik lain untuk menyokong peningkatan seperti jam kerja selama 8 jam / 40 jam, kenaikan upah, faedah yang lebih besar dan keadaan kerja yang lebih baik. Aktivisme buruh selama bertahun-tahun telah meningkatkan pengaruh pemimpin kesatuan di kota seperti Jimmy Hoffa dari Teamsters dan Walter Reuther dari Autoworkers. <> Siapa pemimpin buruh Teamsters itu? || Jimmy Hoffa <> Siapa pemimpin buruh Autoworkers itu? || Walter Reuther <> Berapa jam yang ditolak oleh kesatuan sekerja maksimum untuk hari kerja? || 8 <> Berapa jam sehingga Kesatuan mahu minggu kerja terhad kepada? || 40", {"context": "With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Jimmy Hoffa"}], "question": "Who was the labor leader of the Teamsters?", "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 531, "text": "Walter Reuther"}], "question": "Who was the labor leader of the Autoworkers?", "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 306, "text": "8"}], "question": "How many hours did the unions push for as a maximum for a work day?", "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 317, "text": "40"}], "question": "How many hours did the Unions want the work week to be limited to?", "id": "5727bc0aff5b5019007d93c5"}]}], ["Di pinggir selat, pada 1701, pegawai Perancis, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, bersama lima puluh satu orang Perancis dan Kanada, mendirikan sebuah penempatan bernama Fort Pontchartrain du D\u00e9troit, menamakannya selepas Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Menteri Marin di bawah Louis XIV. Perancis menawarkan tanah percuma kepada penjajah untuk menarik keluarga ke Detroit; apabila ia mencapai jumlah penduduk 800 pada tahun 1765, ia adalah bandar terbesar di antara Montreal dan New Orleans, kedua-duanya juga penempatan Perancis. Menjelang 1773, penduduk Detroit adalah 1,400. Menjelang 1778, penduduknya mencapai 2,144 dan ia merupakan bandar ketiga terbesar di Wilayah Quebec. <> Apakah populasi Detroit pada tahun 1773? || 1,400 <> Apakah populasi Detroit pada tahun 1778? || 2,144 <> Apakah populasi Detroit pada tahun 1765? || 800 <> Siapa Menteri Perancis Perancis pada tahun 1701? || Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain <> Pegawai Perancis mana yang mengetuai ekspedisi 1701? || Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac", {"context": "On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du D\u00e9troit, naming it after Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV. France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest city between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "1,400"}], "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1773?", "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "2,144"}], "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1778?", "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 405, "text": "800"}], "question": "What was Detroit's population in 1765?", "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 219, "text": "Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain"}], "question": "Who was the French Minister of Marine in 1701?", "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac"}], "question": "Which French officer led the 1701 expedition?", "id": "5727b78d4b864d1900163b38"}]}], ["Detroit (/ d\u1d7btr\u0254\u026at /) adalah bandar terpadat di negeri A.S. A Michigan, bandar keempat terbesar di Midwest dan bandar terbesar di sempadan Amerika Syarikat-Kanada. Ia adalah kerusi Wayne County, daerah paling ramai penduduk di negeri ini. Kawasan metropolitan Detroit, dikenali sebagai Metro Detroit, adalah rumah kepada 5.3 juta orang, menjadikannya kawasan metropolitan yang paling banyak keempat belas di Amerika Syarikat dan yang kedua terbesar di Midwestern Amerika Syarikat (di belakang Chicago). Ia adalah pelabuhan utama di Sungai Detroit, selat yang menghubungkan sistem Great Lakes ke Saint Lawrence Seaway. City of Detroit menjadi sauh rantau ekonomi kedua terbesar di Midwest, di belakang Chicago, dan yang ketiga belas terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. <> Kota mana yang mempunyai populasi terbesar di Michigan? || Detroit <> Apa nama daerah yang Detroit adalah sebahagian daripada? || Wayne County <> Berapa ramai penduduk mendiami metro Detroit? || 5.3 juta <> Apakah nama sungai yang berjalan melalui Detroit? || Detroit River <> Di mana rantau ini terletak di Detroit? || Midwest", {"context": "Detroit (/d\u1d7b\u02c8tr\u0254\u026at/) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States\u2013Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state. Detroit's metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 5.3 million people, making it the fourteenth-most populous metropolitan area in the United States and the second-largest in the Midwestern United States (behind Chicago). It is a major port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "What city has the biggest population in Michigan?", "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "Wayne County"}], "question": "What is the name of the county that Detroit is a part of?", "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 309, "text": "5.3 million"}], "question": "How many people inhabit metro Detroit?", "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Detroit River"}], "question": "What is the name of the river that runs through Detroit?", "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 667, "text": "Midwest"}], "question": "In what region of the country is Detroit located?", "id": "5727b338ff5b5019007d92f4"}]}], ["Detroit adalah pusat kawasan bandar tiga daerah (penduduk 3,734,090, kawasan 1,337 mil persegi (3,460 km2), Banci Amerika Syarikat 2010) enam-daerah statistik wilayah metropolitan (penduduk Banci 2010 4,296,250, kawasan 3,913 mil persegi [ 10,130 km2]), dan Wilayah Statistik Gabungan sembilan-daerah (penduduk Banci 2010 5,218,852, kawasan seluas 5,814 kilometer persegi [15,060 km2]). Kawasan Detroit-Windsor, sebuah pautan komersial yang menyerang Kanada-U.S. sempadan, mempunyai jumlah penduduk sekitar 5,700,000. Wilayah metropolitan Detroit memegang kira-kira separuh daripada penduduk Michigan. <> Berapa banyak penduduk Michigan tinggal di kawasan metropolitan Detroit? || satu setengah <> Seberapa besar penduduk di kawasan Detroit-Windsor? || 5,700,000 <> Berapa batu persegi adalah kawasan bandar Detroit? || 1,337 mil persegi <> Di mana banci adalah angka-angka ini berasal? || 2010", {"context": "Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]). The Detroit\u2013Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada\u2013U.S. border, has a total population of about 5,700,000. The Detroit metropolitan region holds roughly one-half of Michigan's population.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 556, "text": "one-half"}], "question": "How much of Michigan's population resides in the Detroit metropolitan area? ", "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9452"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 499, "text": "5,700,000"}], "question": "How big is the population of the Detroit-Windsor area?", "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9453"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "1,337 square miles"}], "question": "How many square miles is is Detroit's urban area?", "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9454"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 116, "text": "2010"}], "question": "In which census are these numbers coming from?", "id": "5727b4642ca10214002d9455"}]}], ["Gabenor Michigan, Rick Snyder, mengisytiharkan kecemasan kewangan untuk bandar itu pada bulan Mac 2013, melantik pengurus kecemasan. Pada 18 Julai 2013, Detroit memfailkan kes kebankrapan perbandaran terbesar dalam sejarah A.S.. Ia diisytiharkan muflis oleh Hakim Steven W. Rhodes dari Mahkamah Kebankrapan untuk Daerah Timur Michigan pada 3 Disember 2013; dia menyebut hutangnya $ 18.5 bilion dan mengisytiharkan bahawa rundingan dengan ribuan pemiutangnya tidak dapat dilaksanakan. Pada 7 November 2014, Hakim Rhodes meluluskan pelan kebankrapan bandar, membenarkan bandar memulakan proses muflis. City of Detroit berjaya keluar Bab 9 kebankrapan perbandaran dengan semua kewangan yang diserahkan balik ke bandar pada tengah malam pada 11 Disember 2014. <> Siapa Gubernur di Michigan? || Rick Snyder <> Pada tarikh tersebut apakah kebangkrutan fail Detroit? || 18 Julai 2013 <> Berapa banyak hutang yang telah dilakukan oleh Detroit apabila mereka mengisytiharkan muflis? || $ 18.5 bilion <> Pada tarikh mana pelan kebankrapan Detroit diluluskan? || 7 November 2014 <> Apa kebangkrutan yang dilakukan oleh Detroit? || Bab 9", {"context": "The Governor of Michigan, Rick Snyder, declared a financial emergency for the city in March 2013, appointing an emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed the largest municipal bankruptcy case in U.S. history. It was declared bankrupt by Judge Steven W. Rhodes of the Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Michigan on December 3, 2013; he cited its $18.5 billion debt and declared that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were unfeasible. On November 7, 2014, Judge Rhodes approved the city's bankruptcy plan, allowing the city to begin the process of exiting bankruptcy. The City of Detroit successfully exited Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy with all finances handed back to the city at midnight on December 11, 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 26, "text": "Rick Snyder"}], "question": "Who is the Governor in Michigan?", "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9492"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "July 18, 2013"}], "question": "On which date did Detroit file bankruptcy?", "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9493"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 364, "text": "$18.5 billion"}], "question": "How much debt did Detroit have when they declared bankruptcy?", "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9494"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "November 7, 2014"}], "question": "On which date was Detroit's bankruptcy plan approved?", "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9495"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "Chapter 9"}], "question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit go through?", "id": "5727b68d2ca10214002d9496"}]}], ["Disebabkan penstrukturan semula industri dan kehilangan pekerjaan dalam industri automotif, Detroit kehilangan penduduk yang banyak dari abad ke-20 hingga sekarang. Antara tahun 2000 dan 2010 penduduk bandar ini jatuh sebanyak 25 peratus, menukar rankingnya dari bandar ke-10 terbesar ke negara ke-18. Pada tahun 2010, bandar ini mempunyai penduduk 713,777, lebih daripada 60 peratus penurunan daripada populasi puncak lebih daripada 1.8 juta pada banci tahun 1950. Ini berikutan dari pinggir bandar, penstrukturan semula industri, dan penurunan industri auto Detroit. Berikutan perpindahan penduduk dan pekerjaan ke pinggir bandarnya atau negeri-negeri atau negara-negara lain, bandar ini memberi tumpuan kepada menjadi pusat pekerjaan dan ekonomi wilayah metropolitan. Downtown Detroit telah memegang peranan yang semakin meningkat sebagai destinasi hiburan di abad ke-21, dengan pemulihan beberapa teater bersejarah, beberapa stadium sukan baru, dan projek revitalisasi tepi sungai. Baru-baru ini, penduduk Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, dan segelintir kejiranan lain telah meningkat. Banyak kawasan kejiranan yang lain tertekan, dengan peninggalan hartanah yang luas. <> Berapa banyak penduduk Detroit jatuh pada abad ini? || 25 <> Penurunan industri apa yang telah mencederakan Detroit? || auto <> Industri apa yang Detroit cuba mencergaskan semula dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan? || hiburan <> Apakah salah satu masalah yang kini mempengaruhi nilai hartanah di Detroit? || peninggalan harta benda", {"context": "Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to present. Between 2000 and 2010 the city's population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nation's 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777, more than a 60 percent drop from a peak population of over 1.8 million at the 1950 census. This resulted from suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and the decline of Detroit's auto industry. Following the shift of population and jobs to its suburbs or other states or nations, the city has focused on becoming the metropolitan region's employment and economic center. Downtown Detroit has held an increased role as an entertainment destination in the 21st century, with the restoration of several historic theatres, several new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and a handful of other neighborhoods has increased. Many other neighborhoods remain distressed, with extensive abandonment of properties.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 199, "text": "25"}], "question": "By how much has Detroit's population fallen this century?", "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "auto"}], "question": "The decline of what industry has hurt Detroit?", "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 748, "text": "entertainment"}], "question": "What industry has Detroit tried to revitalize in recent years?", "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b04"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1095, "text": "abandonment of properties"}], "question": "What is one of the problems that currently effects property values in Detroit?", "id": "5727b5bb4b864d1900163b05"}]}], ["Lama pusat penduduk dan tapak pembuatan kenderaan di seluruh dunia, Detroit telah mengalami penurunan ekonomi yang panjang yang dihasilkan oleh pelbagai faktor. Seperti banyak bandar Amerika industri, Detroit mencapai puncak penduduknya pada tahun 1950. Populasi puncak ialah 1.8 juta orang. Mengikut suburbanization, penyusunan semula industri dan kehilangan pekerjaan (seperti yang diterangkan di atas), oleh banci 2010, bandar itu mempunyai kurang daripada 40 peratus daripada jumlah itu, dengan hanya lebih 700,000 penduduk. Bandar ini telah menurun dalam jumlah penduduk di setiap banci sejak tahun 1950. <> Di mana tahun puncak penduduk Detroit? || 1950 <> Apakah populasi Detroit pada tahun 1950? || 1.8 juta <> Berapa peratus dalam peratus penduduk Detroit menurun sejak tahun 1950? || 40 <> Apakah penduduk Detroit pada tahun 2010? || 700,000", {"context": "Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors. Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In which year did Detroit's population peak?", "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "1.8 million"}], "question": "What was the population of Detroit in 1950?", "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 427, "text": "40"}], "question": "By how much in percent has the population of Detroit declined since 1950?", "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163cce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 469, "text": "700,000"}], "question": "What was the population of Detroit in 2010?", "id": "5727c4424b864d1900163ccf"}]}], ["Krisis petrol pada 1973 dan 1979 juga menjejaskan Detroit dan industri auto A.S.. Pembeli memilih kereta yang lebih cekap bahan bakar yang lebih kecil yang dibuat oleh pembuat asing kerana harga naik gas. Usaha untuk menghidupkan semula bandaraya telah dicemari oleh perjuangan industri automotif, memandangkan jualan dan bahagian pasaran mereka merosot. Pembuat kereta telah membongkar beribu-ribu pekerja dan kilang tertutup di bandar, yang semakin merosakkan asas cukai. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, bandar itu menggunakan domain terkenal untuk membina dua kilang pemasangan auto baru di bandar. <> Apa yang menyakiti industri Auto? || krisis petrol <> Apa yang digunakan oleh Detroit untuk membina asas cukai? || domain terkenal <> Apakah salah satu daripada kesan mempunyai majikan memotong pekerjaan dan penutupan tumbuh-tumbuhan di Detroit? || merosakkan asas cukai", {"context": "The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "gasoline crises"}], "question": "What hurt the Auto industry?", "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 442, "text": "eminent domain"}], "question": "What did Detroit use to build it's tax base?", "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 386, "text": "eroding the tax base"}], "question": "What was one of the effects of having employers cut jobs and closing plants in Detroit?", "id": "5727c2c42ca10214002d95a6"}]}], ["Seperti di bandar-bandar utama Amerika yang lain dalam era pasca perang, pembinaan jalan raya dan sistem jalan raya yang luas di sekitar Detroit dan permintaan terpendam untuk perumahan baru yang dirancangkan pinggir bandar; lebuh raya yang dibuat melalui kereta memudahkan perjalanan. Pada tahun 1956, garisan panjang trak elektrik yang digunakan oleh Detroit sepanjang Woodward Avenue telah dikeluarkan dan digantikan dengan bas berkuasa gas. Ia adalah barisan terakhir dari apa yang pernah menjadi rangkaian jalan raya elektrik 534 batu. Pada tahun 1941 pada waktu puncak, sebuah trem berjalan di Woodward Avenue setiap 60 saat. <> Di mana tahun itu garis garpu elektrik terakhir dikeluarkan? || 1956 <> Berapa beberapa saat kereta jalanan berjalan di sepanjang Woodward Ave pada tahun 1941? || 60 <> Apa yang membuat perjalanan kereta lebih mudah? || lebuh raya", {"context": "As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 230, "text": "1956"}], "question": "In which year was the last electric streetcar line removed?", "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9546"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "60"}], "question": "How many seconds did a streetcar run along Woodward Ave in 1941?", "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9547"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "highways"}], "question": "What made car travel much easier?", "id": "5727beae2ca10214002d9548"}]}], ["Sebagai datuk bandar, Young berusaha untuk memulihkan bandar dengan berusaha untuk meningkatkan pelaburan di pusat bandar yang menurun di bandar ini. Pusat Renaissance, sebuah kantor bercampur dan kompleks runcit, dibuka pada tahun 1977. Kumpulan pencakar langit ini merupakan percubaan untuk menyimpan perniagaan di pusat bandar. Young juga memberikan sokongan bandar kepada perkembangan besar lain untuk menarik penduduk tengah dan kelas atas kembali ke bandar. Walaupun Renaissance Centre dan projek-projek lain, kawasan pusat bandar terus kehilangan perniagaan ke pinggir bandar. Kedai-kedai utama dan hotel-hotel ditutup dan banyak bangunan pejabat besar menjadi kosong. Young dikritik kerana terlalu tertumpu kepada pembangunan pusat bandar dan tidak cukup untuk menurunkan kadar jenayah yang tinggi di bandar dan meningkatkan perkhidmatan bandar. <> Apa kumpulan bangunan yang dibuka pada tahun 1977? || Pusat Renaissance <> Apa yang dikritik oleh Mayor Young kerana tidak mengurangkan? || kadar jenayah yang tinggi <> Kawasan apa yang berlaku di pusat bandar Detroit terus kehilangan perniagaan? || pinggir bandar", {"context": "As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown. Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "The Renaissance Center"}], "question": "What group of buildings opened in 1977?", "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 679, "text": "high crime rate"}], "question": "What was Mayor Young criticized for not reducing?", "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "suburbs"}], "question": "What area did downtown Detroit continue to lose businesses to?", "id": "5727c3744b864d1900163cb4"}]}], ["\"Milliken mungkin peluang yang paling tidak terjawab dalam tempoh itu,\" kata Myron Orfield, profesor undang-undang di University of Minnesota. \"Sekiranya ia tidak ada cara lain, ia akan membuka pintu untuk membetulkan hampir semua masalah semasa Detroit.\" John Mogk, seorang profesor undang-undang dan pakar dalam perancangan bandar di Wayne State University di Detroit, berkata, \"Semua orang berpendapat bahawa ia adalah rusuhan [pada tahun 1967] yang menyebabkan keluarga-keluarga putih meninggalkannya. , benar-benar, selepas Milliken anda melihat penerbangan besar-besaran ke pinggir bandar. Jika kes itu telah pergi dengan cara lain, kemungkinan bahawa Detroit tidak akan mengalami penurunan tajam dalam asas cukai yang telah berlaku sejak itu. \" <> Kes apa yang disebut sebagai alasan untuk orang Putih meninggalkan Detroit? || Milliken <> Sekolah mana yang diajar oleh John Mogk? || Wayne State University <> Di sekolah mana yang mengajar Myron Orfield? || Universiti Minnesota", {"context": "\"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period,\" said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. \"Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems.\" John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, \"Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1, "text": "Milliken"}], "question": "What case is cited as a reason for White people leaving Detroit?", "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 318, "text": "Wayne State University"}], "question": "What school does John Mogk teach at?", "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 115, "text": "University of Minnesota"}], "question": "At which school did Myron Orfield teach?", "id": "5727c0fbff5b5019007d947c"}]}], ["Pekerjaan berkembang begitu pesat sehingga 400,000 orang tertarik ke bandar dari 1941 hingga 1943, termasuk 50,000 orang kulit hitam dalam gelombang kedua Migrasi Besar, dan 350,000 orang kulit putih, kebanyakan dari mereka dari Selatan. Beberapa imigran Eropah dan keturunan mereka takut persaingan hitam untuk pekerjaan dan perumahan. Kerajaan persekutuan melarang diskriminasi dalam kerja pertahanan tetapi ketika pada bulan Jun 1943, Packard mempromosikan tiga orang kulit hitam untuk bekerja bersebelahan dengan orang kulit putih di barisan pemasangannya, 25,000 orang putih berjalan keluar dari pekerjaan itu. Rusuhan bangsa Detroit tahun 1943 berlaku tiga minggu selepas demonstrasi tumbuhan Packard. Sepanjang tiga hari, 34 orang terbunuh, 25 daripadanya adalah orang Amerika Afrika, dan kira-kira 600 orang cedera, 75% orang kulit hitam. <> Berapa banyak orang terbunuh dalam rusuhan bangsa tahun 1943? || 34 <> Berapa ramai yang datang ke Detroit antara 1941 dan 1943? || 400,000 <> Selepas peristiwa itu apakah rusuhan bangsa 1943 berlaku? || Protokol tumbuhan Packard <> Apa syarikat penjagaan yang mempromosikan pekerja hitam untuk bekerja bersama pekerja kulit putih? || Packard", {"context": "Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job. The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "34"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the race riot of 1943?", "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb27"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 30, "text": "400,000"}], "question": "How many people came to Detroit between 1941 and 1943?", "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Packard plant protest"}], "question": "After which event did the 1943 race riot happen?", "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 389, "text": "Packard"}], "question": "What care company promoted black workers to work alongside white workers?", "id": "5727bdea3acd2414000deb2a"}]}], ["Pada bulan November 1973, bandar raya dipilih Coleman Young sebagai datuk hitam pertama. Selepas mengambil jawatan, Young menekankan peningkatan kepelbagaian kaum di jabatan polis. Young juga bekerja untuk memperbaiki sistem pengangkutan Detroit, tetapi ketegangan antara Young dan rakan-rakan pinggir bandar beliau mengenai hal-hal serantau adalah masalah sepanjang tempohnya. Pada tahun 1976, kerajaan persekutuan menawarkan $ 600 juta untuk membina sistem transit pesat serantau, di bawah satu pihak berkuasa serantau. Tetapi ketidakupayaan Detroit dan jiran pinggir bandarnya untuk menyelesaikan konflik mengenai perancangan transit mengakibatkan rantau ini kehilangan majoriti pembiayaan untuk transit pesat. Berikutan kegagalan untuk mencapai persetujuan ke atas sistem yang lebih besar, City bergerak maju dengan pembinaan bahagian peredaran pusat bandar yang tinggi, yang dikenali sebagai Detroit People Mover. <> Siapa yang menjadi walikota hitam pertama di Detroit? || Coleman Young <> Apa yang Detroit membina selepas kegagalan sistem pengangkutan serantau yang lebih besar? || Detroit People Mover <> Berapa banyak kerajaan persekutuan menawarkan sistem transit yang cepat? || $ 600 juta <> Siapa yang Detroit berhujah apabila cuba menaiki sebuah sistem transit serantau? || jiran pinggir bandar", {"context": "In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department. Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority. But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "Coleman Young"}], "question": "Who was the first black mayor of Detroit?", "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9584"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 850, "text": "Detroit People Mover"}], "question": "What did Detroit build after the failure of a larger regional transportation system?", "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9585"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 392, "text": "$600 million"}], "question": "How much did the federal government offer for a rapid transit system?", "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9586"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 523, "text": "suburban neighbors"}], "question": "Who did Detroit argue with when trying to plane a regional transit system?", "id": "5727c20e2ca10214002d9587"}]}], ["Pada 18 Ogos 1970, NAACP memfailkan saman terhadap pegawai negeri Michigan, termasuk Gabenor William Milliken, mengecualikan pemisahan sekolah secara de facto. NAACP berhujah bahawa walaupun sekolah-sekolah tidak dipisahkan secara sah, bandar Detroit dan daerah-daerah sekitarnya telah membuat dasar untuk mengekalkan pengasingan kaum di sekolah-sekolah awam. NAACP juga mencadangkan hubungan langsung antara amalan perumahan yang tidak adil dan pemisahan pendidikan, yang mengikut lingkungan yang berasingan. Mahkamah Daerah telah memegang semua peringkat kerajaan yang bertanggungjawab untuk pengasingan dalam keputusannya. Mahkamah Litar Keenam mengesahkan beberapa keputusan, memegang bahawa tanggungjawab negara untuk mengintegrasikan kawasan metropolitan yang terpisah. Mahkamah Agung A.S. mengambil kes itu pada 27 Februari 1974. Keputusan Milliken v. Bradley yang berikutnya mempunyai pengaruh nasional yang luas. Dalam keputusan sempit, Mahkamah mendapati bahawa sekolah adalah subjek kawalan tempatan dan pinggir bandar itu tidak boleh dipaksa untuk menyelesaikan masalah di daerah sekolah di bandar itu. <> Siapa yang menjadi Gabenor Michigan pada tahun 1970? || William Milliken <> Apa kes mahkamah yang memerintah sekolah tertakluk kepada kawalan tempatan? || Milliken v. Bradley <> Di mana tahun Mahkamah Agung mendengar Milliken v. Bradley? || 1974", {"context": "On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods. The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area. The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974. The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "William Milliken"}], "question": "Who was Governor of Michigan in 1970?", "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 821, "text": "Milliken v. Bradley"}], "question": "What is the court case that ruled that schools were subject to local control?", "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 800, "text": "1974"}], "question": "In which year did the Supreme Court hear Milliken v. Bradley?", "id": "5727c0464b864d1900163c80"}]}], ["Pada bulan Jun 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr memberi ucapan utama di Detroit yang meramalkan ucapannya \"I Have a Dream\" di Washington, D.C. dua bulan kemudian. Walaupun Pergerakan Hak Awam Afrika-Amerika memperoleh undang-undang hak persekutuan yang penting pada tahun 1964 dan 1965, ketidakadilan yang lama telah mengakibatkan konfrontasi antara polis dan pemuda hitam dalam bandar ingin perubahan. Ketegangan yang ketara di Detroit memuncak dalam rusuhan Twelfth Street pada bulan Julai 1967. Gubernur George W. Romney mengarahkan Pengawal Kebangsaan Michigan ke Detroit, dan Presiden Johnson dihantar ke tentera A.S. Army. Hasilnya ialah 43 orang mati, 467 cedera, lebih 7,200 tangkapan, dan lebih daripada 2,000 bangunan dimusnahkan, kebanyakannya di kawasan kediaman dan perniagaan hitam. Beribu-ribu perniagaan kecil ditutup secara kekal atau berpindah ke kawasan kejiranan yang lebih selamat. Daerah yang terbabit terletak dalam runtuhan selama beberapa dekad. Ia adalah rusuhan yang paling mahal di Amerika Syarikat. <> Di mana tahun Martin Luther King Jr memberi ucapan di Detroit? || 1963 <> Apa nama rusuhan di Detroit pada tahun 1967? || Kerusuhan Twelfth Street <> Siapa yang menjadi Gabenor Michigan pada tahun 1967? || George W. Romney <> Siapa Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1967? || Presiden Johnson <> Berapa banyak orang yang terbunuh dalam rusuhan Twelfth Street? || 43", {"context": "In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his \"I Have a Dream\" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the African-American Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades. It was the most costly riot in the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 8, "text": "1963"}], "question": "In which year did Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech in Detroit?", "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c66"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 434, "text": "Twelfth Street riot"}], "question": "What is the name of the riot in Detroit in 1967?", "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c67"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 477, "text": "George W. Romney"}], "question": "Who was the Governor of Michigan in 1967?", "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c68"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "President Johnson"}], "question": "Who was the President of the United States in 1967?", "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 607, "text": "43"}], "question": "How many people were killed in the Twelfth Street riots?", "id": "5727bf844b864d1900163c6a"}]}], ["Detroit, seperti banyak tempat di Amerika Syarikat, telah membangunkan konflik dan diskriminasi kaum di abad ke-20 berikutan perubahan demografi yang cepat beratus-ratus ribu pekerja baru yang tertarik kepada bandar perindustrian; dalam masa yang singkat ia menjadi bandar ke-4 terbesar di negara ini. Migrasi Besar membawa orang kulit hitam luar bandar dari Selatan; mereka lebih banyak daripada orang kulit putih selatan yang juga berhijrah ke bandar. Imigresen membawa orang-orang Eropah selatan dan timur agama Katolik dan Yahudi; kumpulan-kumpulan baru ini bersaing dengan orang kulit putih asli untuk pekerjaan dan perumahan di bandar yang sedang berkembang pesat. Detroit adalah salah satu daripada bandar-bandar utama Midwest yang merupakan tapak untuk kebangkitan semula kota dramatik Ku Klux Klan yang bermula pada tahun 1915. \"Menjelang tahun 1920-an kota itu menjadi kubu kuat KKK,\" yang anggotanya menentang pendatang Katolik dan Yahudi, sebagai juga orang Amerika hitam. The Black Legion, sebuah kumpulan rahsia rahsia, aktif di kawasan Detroit pada tahun 1930-an, apabila satu pertiga daripada anggaran 20,000 hingga 30,000 ahli di Michigan yang berpusat di bandar. Ia telah dikalahkan selepas banyak pendakwaan berikutan penculikan dan pembunuhan pada tahun 1936 oleh Charles Poole, penganjur Pentadbiran Kemajuan Kerja Katolik. Seramai 49 lelaki Legion Hitam telah disabitkan dengan banyak jenayah, dengan banyak hukuman dijatuhi hukuman penjara kerana pembunuhan. <> Apa nama kumpulan penjaga di Detroit? || The Legion Black <> Berapa ramai orang The Black Legion telah disabitkan dengan jenayah? || 49 <> Dengan mana dekad mempunyai KKK menjadi sangat aktif di Detroit? || 1920-an <> Apa nama pergerakan orang kulit hitam luar bandar pada awal abad ke-20 dipanggil? || Penghijrahan Besar", {"context": "Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. \"By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK,\" whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans. The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 866, "text": "The Black Legion"}], "question": "What was the name of a vigilante group in Detroit?", "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9514"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1217, "text": "49"}], "question": "How many people of The Black Legion were convicted of crimes?", "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9515"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 732, "text": "1920s"}], "question": "By which decade had the KKK become very active in Detroit?", "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9516"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "The Great Migration"}], "question": "What is the name of the movement of rural blacks in the early 20th century called?", "id": "5727bd0e2ca10214002d9517"}]}], ["Walaupun kawasan Downtown dan New Center mengandungi bangunan bertingkat tinggi, majoriti bandar sekitar terdiri daripada struktur rendah dan rumah keluarga tunggal. Di luar teras bandar, peningkatan kediaman tinggi ditemui di kawasan kejiranan kelas atas seperti East Riverfront yang memanjang ke arah Grosse Pointe dan kawasan Palmer Park di sebelah barat Woodward. Taman Universiti Commons-Palmer Park di barat laut Detroit, berhampiran dengan Universiti Detroit Mercy dan Marygrove College, menambat hati kejiranan bersejarah termasuk Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, dan Universiti. <> Kawasan Detroit apa yang mengandungi peningkatan tinggi? || Pusat Bandar dan Pusat Baru <> Apa kejiranan di barat Woodward? || Palmer Park <> Jenis kejiranan jenis apa yang Sherwood Forest? || bersejarah", {"context": "While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 10, "text": "Downtown and New Center"}], "question": "What areas of Detroit contain high rises?", "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Palmer Park"}], "question": "What is the neighborhood just west of Woodward?", "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "historic"}], "question": "What type of neighborhood is Sherwood Forest?", "id": "5727ce452ca10214002d96e2"}]}], ["Dilihat dalam panorama, tepi pantai Detroit menunjukkan pelbagai gaya seni bina. Gerbang Neo-Gothic moden di One Detroit Centre (1993) direka bentuk untuk bersatu dengan pencakar langit Art Deco di bandar ini. Bersama-sama dengan Pusat Renaissance, mereka membentuk langit yang tersendiri dan dikenali. Contoh-contoh gaya Art Deco termasuk Bangunan Guardian dan Bangunan Penobscot di pusat bandar, serta Bangunan Fisher dan Cadillac Place di kawasan New Center berhampiran Wayne State University. Antara struktur terkenal di bandar ini ialah Teater Fox terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, Gedung Opera Detroit, dan Institut Kesenian Detroit. <> Gaya seni bina apa yang dibanggakan oleh One Detroit Center? || post modern Neo-Gothic spiers <> Gaya apa yang digunakan oleh bangunan Guardian? || Art Deco <> Apa teater terkenal di Detroit? || Teater Fox <> Apa sebuah rumah opera yang terkenal di Detroit? || Detroit Opera House <> Universiti apa yang berhampiran Pusat Baru? || Universiti Negeri Wayne", {"context": "Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "post modern Neo-Gothic spires"}], "question": "What architectural style does One Detroit Center boast?", "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 312, "text": "Art Deco"}], "question": "What style does the Guardian building use?", "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "Fox Theatre"}], "question": "What is a famous theater in Detroit?", "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "Detroit Opera House"}], "question": "What is a famous opera house in Detroit?", "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 468, "text": "Wayne State University"}], "question": "What university is near the New Center?", "id": "5727cd5c2ca10214002d96c0"}]}], ["Pemendakan adalah sederhana dan agak teragih sepanjang tahun, walaupun bulan-bulan panas seperti bulan Mei dan Jun lebih tinggi, purata 33.5 inci (850 mm) setiap tahun, tetapi dari 20.49 (520 mm) pada tahun 1963 hingga 47.70 pada (1,212 mm ) pada tahun 2011. Salji yang biasanya jatuh dalam jumlah yang boleh diukur antara 15 November hingga 4 April (kadang-kadang pada bulan Oktober dan sangat jarang pada bulan Mei), rata-rata 42.5 inci (108 cm) setiap musim, walaupun bersejarah dari 11.5 dalam (29 cm) 1881-82 hingga 94.9 dalam (241 cm) pada 2013-14. Salji tebal tebal tidak sering dilihat, dengan purata hanya 27.5 hari dengan 3 inci (7.6 cm) atau lebih penutup salji. Ribut petir sering berlaku di kawasan Detroit. Ini biasanya berlaku semasa musim bunga dan musim panas. <> Apakah curah hujan purata untuk bulan-bulan musim panas? || 33.5 inci <> Berapa inci salji yang Detroit mendapat rata-rata? || 42.5 <> Bilakah ribut petir biasanya berlaku di Detroit? || musim bunga dan musim panas <> Berapa hari setahun setahun Detroit mendapat pek salji tebal? || 27.5", {"context": "Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011. Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May), averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881\u221282 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013\u221214. A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover. Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 151, "text": "33.5 inches"}], "question": "What is the average rainfall for summer months?", "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 419, "text": "42.5"}], "question": "How many inches of snow does Detroit get on average?", "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "spring and summer"}], "question": "When do thunderstorms usually occur in Detroit?", "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 606, "text": "27.5"}], "question": "How many days a year does Detroit get a thick snow pack?", "id": "5727cc3a3acd2414000deca4"}]}], ["Bandar ini dengan lereng-lereng melintasi barat laut ke tenggara sehingga datarannya terdiri daripada tanah liat glasier dan tasik. Ciri-ciri topografi yang paling terkenal di bandar ialah Detroit Moraine, sebuah bukit tanah liat yang luas di mana bahagian-bahagian yang lebih tua di Detroit dan Windsor duduk di atas, meningkat kira-kira 62 kaki (19 m) di atas sungai pada titik tertinggi. Ketinggian tertinggi di bandar ini terletak terus di utara Taman Permainan Gorham di sebelah barat laut kira-kira tiga blok di selatan Jalan 8 Mile, pada ketinggian 675 hingga 680 kaki (206 hingga 207 m). Ketinggian terendah di Detroit adalah sepanjang Sungai Detroit, pada ketinggian permukaan 572 kaki (174 m). <> Apakah ciri topografi yang terkenal di Detroit? || Detroit Moraine <> Berapa tinggi adalah titik tertinggi di Detroit? || 675 hingga 680 kaki <> Apakah titik terendah di Detroit di sepanjang sisi? || Sungai Detroit <> Apakah bahan yang ada di Detroit Moraine? || tanah liat", {"context": "The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit atop, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point. The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m). Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 172, "text": "Detroit Moraine"}], "question": "What is the prominent topographical feature in Detroit?", "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d16"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "675 to 680 feet"}], "question": "How tall is the tallest point in Detroit?", "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d17"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 582, "text": "Detroit River"}], "question": "What is the lowest point in Detroit along side?", "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d18"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 197, "text": "clay"}], "question": "What material is the Detroit Moraine composed of?", "id": "5727c96c4b864d1900163d19"}]}], ["Penurunan berterusan Detroit telah mengakibatkan kerosakan bandar yang teruk dan beribu-ribu bangunan kosong di sekitar bandaraya. Sesetengah bahagian Detroit sangat jarang penduduk bandar yang mengalami kesulitan menyediakan perkhidmatan perbandaran. Bandar ini telah mempertimbangkan pelbagai penyelesaian, seperti memusnahkan rumah dan bangunan terbengkalai; mengeluarkan lampu jalan dari sebahagian besar bandar; dan menggalakkan penduduk kecil di kawasan tertentu untuk berpindah ke lebih banyak lokasi penduduk. Walaupun ada yang menganggarkan kira-kira 20,000 anjing liar berkeliaran di bandar, kajian menunjukkan bilangan sebenar sekitar 1,000-3,000. Sebanyak separuh daripada pemilik 305,000 harta Detroit gagal membayar bil cukai tahun 2011 mereka, menyebabkan kira-kira $ 246 juta dalam cukai dan yuran yang tidak ditarik, hampir separuh daripadanya disebabkan oleh Detroit; Selebihnya wang itu akan diperuntukkan untuk Wayne County, Sekolah Awam Detroit, dan sistem perpustakaan. <> Berapa banyak anjing yang sesat yang dicadangkan dalam kajian di Detroit? || 1,000-3,000 <> Berapakah cukai yang tidak dibayar Detroit gagal untuk mengutip pada tahun 2011? || $ 246 juta <> Berapakah istilah untuk ketika bandar jatuh dalam keadaan rusak? || kerosakan bandar", {"context": "Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations. While some have estimated 20,000 stray dogs roam the city, studies have shown the true number to be around 1,000-3,000. Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 571, "text": "1,000-3,000"}], "question": "How many stray dogs do studies suggest are in Detroit?", "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec51"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "$246 million"}], "question": "How much in unpaid taxes did Detroit fail to collect in 2011?", "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec52"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "urban decay"}], "question": "What is the term for when a city falls into disrepair? ", "id": "5727c8943acd2414000dec53"}]}], ["Detroit International Riverfront merangkumi sebuah persimpangan tepi sungai tiga setengah kilometer yang sebahagiannya dilengkapi dengan gabungan taman, bangunan kediaman, dan kawasan komersil. Ia meluas dari Hart Plaza ke Jambatan MacArthur yang mengakses Belle Isle Park (taman pulau terbesar di bandar A.S.). Kawasan tepi sungai termasuk Tri-Centennial State Park dan Harbour, taman negara perkotaan pertama di Michigan. Fasa kedua adalah sambungan dua batu (3 km) dari Hart Plaza ke Jambatan Ambassador untuk sejauh lima batu (8 km) jalan dari jambatan ke jambatan. Perancang sivik membayangkan bahawa taman pejalan kaki akan merangsang pembangunan semula kediaman hartanah tepi sungai yang dikutuk di bawah domain yang terkenal. <> Apakah taman pulau besar di Detroit? || Belle Isle Park <> Apakah taman bandar Michigan yang pertama? || Tri-Centennial State Park <> Berapa lamakah fasa kedua di tepi sungai? || dua batu <> Berapa lama jumlah Detroit International Riverfront? || lima batu", {"context": "The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle Park (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3 km) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8 km) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Belle Isle Park"}], "question": "What is the large island park in Detroit?", "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163db8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "Tri-Centennial State Park"}], "question": "What is Michigan's first urban park?", "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163db9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 425, "text": "two-mile"}], "question": "How long is the second phase of the riverfront?", "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163dba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 507, "text": "five miles"}], "question": "What is the total length of the Detroit International Riverfront?", "id": "5727cfa44b864d1900163dbb"}]}], ["Campus Martius, satu persimpangan semula persimpangan utama di pusat bandar sebagai taman baru dibuka pada tahun 2004. Taman ini telah dinamakan sebagai salah satu ruang awam terbaik di Amerika Syarikat. Bandar pinggir bandar telah menjadi tumpuan pembangunan semula, berikutan contoh bandar-bandar perindustrian yang lebih tua yang berjaya. Pada tahun 2001, bahagian pertama Riverfront Antarabangsa telah disiapkan sebagai sebahagian daripada sambutan ulang tahun ke-300 di bandar, dengan batu taman dan lanskap bersekutu siap pada tahun-tahun berikutnya. Pada tahun 2011, Terminal Penumpang Lembaga Pelabuhan dibuka dengan berjalan kaki yang menghubungkan Hart Plaza ke Pusat Renaissance. <> Di mana tahun kampus Martius dibuka? || 2004 <> Kawasan apa yang telah dicuba oleh Detroit? || </ p> <p> Pada tahun apakah perayaan Detroit merayakan ulang tahun ke-300? || 2001 <> Apa yang dibuka pada tahun 2011? || Terminal Penumpang Pihak Berkuasa Pelabuhan <> Dua kawasan yang dihubungkan oleh Terminal Penumpang Berkuasa Pelabuhan? || Hart Plaza ke Renaissance Centre", {"context": "Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States. The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the river walk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 94, "text": "2004"}], "question": "In which year was Campus Martius open?", "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec19"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 190, "text": "riverfront"}], "question": "What area has Detroit been trying to redevelop?", "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 305, "text": "2001"}], "question": "In which year did Detroit celebrate it's 300th anniversary?", "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 521, "text": "Port Authority Passenger Terminal"}], "question": "What opened in 2011?", "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 593, "text": "Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center"}], "question": "Which two areas were connected by the Port Authority Passenger Terminal?", "id": "5727c6e83acd2414000dec1d"}]}], ["Detroit mempunyai empat lintasan sempadan: Jambatan Ambassador dan Terowong Detroit-Windsor menyediakan laluan kenderaan bermotor, dengan Terowong Railway Central Michigan menyediakan akses kereta api ke dan dari Kanada. Menyeberangi sempadan keempat ialah Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry, yang terletak berhampiran Lombor Salt Mine dan Pulau Zug. Berhampiran Pulau Zug, bahagian barat daya bandar ini dibangunkan di atas lombong garam 1,500 ekar (610 ha) iaitu 1,100 kaki (340 m) di bawah permukaan. Lombong Detroit Salt Company mempunyai lebih daripada 100 batu (160 km) jalan dalam. <> Apa syarikat tambang garam di Detroit? || Syarikat Garam Detroit <> Berapa banyak ekar adalah Lombong Garam Windsor? || 1,500 <> Berapa banyak laluan ke Kanada yang ada di Detroit? || empat <> Apakah terowong kereta api ke Kanada dipanggil? || Tunnel Railway Central Michigan <> Apa yang dipanggil Ferry ke Kanada? || Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry", {"context": "Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit\u2013Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit Salt Company mine has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 475, "text": "Detroit Salt Company"}], "question": "What company mines salt in Detroit?", "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9654"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "1,500"}], "question": "How many acres is the Windsor Salt Mine?", "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9655"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many routes to Canada does Detroit have?", "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9656"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "Michigan Central Railway Tunnel"}], "question": "What is the railway tunnel to Canada called?", "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9657"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Detroit\u2013Windsor Truck Ferry"}], "question": "What it the Ferry to Canada called?", "id": "5727ca7a2ca10214002d9658"}]}], ["Sejak tahun 2006, $ 9 bilion telah dilaburkan di pusat bandar dan sekitarnya; $ 5.2 bilion pada tahun 2013 dan 2014. Aktiviti pembinaan, terutamanya pemulihan bangunan pusat bandar bersejarah, telah meningkat dengan ketara. Bilangan bangunan pusat bandar yang kosong telah berkurangan dari hampir 50 hingga sekitar 13. [antara?] Antara projek pembangunan semula yang paling ketara adalah Book Cadillac Hotel dan Fort Shelby Hotel; Menara David Broderick; dan Bangunan David Whitney. Sementara itu, kerja sedang dijalankan atau ditetapkan untuk memulakan di Wurlitzer Building dan Hotel Strathmore yang bersejarah. [Sunting] Berapa banyak yang telah dilaburkan di Detroit sejak tahun 2006? || $ 9 bilion <> Hotel mana yang ditetapkan untuk diubahsuai? || Strathmore <> Berapa banyak wang yang telah dilaburkan di Detroit pada tahun 2013-2014? || $ 5.2 bilion <> Berapa banyak bangunan pusat bandar kosong di Detroit? || 13", {"context": "Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that in has come in 2013 and 2014. Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building. Meanwhile, work is underway or set to begin on the historic, vacant Wurlitzer Building and Strathmore Hotel.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 12, "text": "$9 billion"}], "question": "How much has been invested in Detroit since 2006?", "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Strathmore"}], "question": "Which hotel is set to be renovated?", "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "$5.2 billion"}], "question": "How much money has been invested in Detroit in 2013-2014?", "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec39"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 319, "text": "13"}], "question": "How many vacant downtown buildings are there in Detroit?", "id": "5727c7ad3acd2414000dec3a"}]}], ["Detroit dan bahagian tenggara Michigan mempunyai iklim kontinental lembap (K\u00f6ppen Dfa) yang dipengaruhi oleh Great Lakes; bandar dan pinggir bandar adalah sebahagian daripada zon Hardy USDA 6b, dengan pinggir bandar utara dan barat yang lebih jauh secara umumnya jatuh di zon 6a. Musim sejuk adalah sejuk, dengan salji yang sederhana dan suhu tidak meningkat di atas pembekuan pada purata 44 hari setiap tahun, sambil turun ke atau di bawah 0 \u00b0 F (-18 \u00b0 C) pada purata 4.4 hari setahun; musim panas hangat hingga panas dengan suhu melebihi 90 \u00b0 F (32 \u00b0 C) pada 12 hari. Musim panas berjalan dari Mei hingga September. Purata suhu harian bulanan adalah dari 25.6 \u00b0 F (-3.6 \u00b0 C) pada bulan Januari hingga 73.6 \u00b0 F (23.1 \u00b0 C) pada bulan Julai. Suhu suhu rasmi berkisar dari 105 \u00b0 F (41 \u00b0 C) pada 24 Julai 1934 hingga -21 \u00b0 F (-29 \u00b0 C) pada 21 Januari 1984; maksimum rekod yang rendah adalah -4 \u00b0 F (-20 \u00b0 C) pada 19 Januari 1994, manakala, sebaliknya minimum rekod yang paling tinggi ialah 80 \u00b0 F (27 \u00b0 C) pada 1 Ogos 2006, yang paling baru-baru daripada lima kejadian. Satu dekad atau dua boleh berlalu antara pembacaan 100 \u00b0 F (38 \u00b0 C) atau lebih tinggi, yang terakhir berlaku pada 17 Julai 2012. Tingkap purata untuk suhu beku adalah 20 Oktober hingga 22 April, membolehkan musim 180 hari yang semakin meningkat. <> Apa badan air yang mempengaruhi iklim Detroit? || Great Lakes <> Berapa hari setahun dalam suhu di Detroit jatuh di bawah 0? || 4.4 <> Bilakah musim panas di Detroit? || Mei hingga September", {"context": "Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a. Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 \u00b0F (\u221218 \u00b0C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 \u00b0F (32 \u00b0C) on 12 days. The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 \u00b0F (\u22123.6 \u00b0C) in January to 73.6 \u00b0F (23.1 \u00b0C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 \u00b0F (41 \u00b0C) on July 24, 1934 down to \u221221 \u00b0F (\u221229 \u00b0C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is \u22124 \u00b0F (\u221220 \u00b0C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences. A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 \u00b0F (38 \u00b0C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 119, "text": "Great Lakes"}], "question": "What body of water affects Detroit's climate?", "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d30"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "4.4"}], "question": "How many days a year does the temperature in Detroit drop below 0?", "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d31"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 566, "text": "May to September"}], "question": "When is the warm season in Detroit?", "id": "5727cb4a4b864d1900163d32"}]}], ["Detroit mempunyai penduduk Mexico-Amerika. Pada awal abad ke-20 ribuan orang Mexico datang ke Detroit untuk bekerja dalam pekerjaan pertanian, automotif, dan keluli. Semasa Repatriasi Mexico pada tahun 1930-an, banyak orang Mexico di Detroit secara sukarela telah dipulangkan atau dipaksa pulang ke rumah. Pada tahun 1940-an masyarakat Mexico mula menyelesaikan apa yang kini dikenali sebagai Mexicantown. Penduduknya meningkat dengan ketara pada tahun 1990an akibat imigrasi dari Jalisco. Pada tahun 2010 Detroit mempunyai 48,679 Hispanik, termasuk 36,452 orang Mexico. Bilangan Hispanik meningkat sebanyak 70% daripada jumlah itu pada tahun 1990. <> Bilakah Mexicantown mula berkembang? || 1940s <> Apa populasi Hispanik Detroit tahun 2010? || 48,679 <> Apakah penduduk Mexico Detroit 2010? || 36,452 <> Apa yang dipanggil apabila ramai orang Mexico dipulangkan dengan paksa? || Pemberhentian Mexico pada tahun 1930-an", {"context": "Detroit has a Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown. The population significantly increased in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase from the number in 1990.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 289, "text": "1940s"}], "question": "When did Mexicantown start to grow?", "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "48,679"}], "question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Hispanic population?", "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "36,452"}], "question": "What was Detroit's 2010 Mexican population?", "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e80"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s"}], "question": "What was it called when many Mexican's were forcibly repatriated?", "id": "5727d96a4b864d1900163e81"}]}], ["Detroit kekal sebagai salah satu bandar yang paling rawak di Amerika Syarikat. Dari tahun 1940-an hingga 1970-an gelombang kedua Blacks berpindah ke Detroit untuk melarikan diri dari undang-undang Jim Crow di selatan dan mencari pekerjaan. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka kemudiannya mendapati diri mereka dikecualikan daripada kawasan putih di bandar-melalui keganasan, undang-undang, dan diskriminasi ekonomi (mis., Menebal semula). Penduduk putih menyerang rumah hitam: pecah tingkap, memulakan kebakaran, dan bom meletup. Corak pemisahan kemudiannya diperbesarkan oleh penghijrahan putih ke pinggir bandar. Salah satu implikasi pemisahan kaum, yang berkaitan dengan pemisahan kelas, boleh menjadi kesihatan yang lebih teruk bagi sesetengah populasi. <> Mengapa Hitam berpindah ke Detroit pada pertengahan jika abad ke-20? || Jim Crow <> Apakah satu contoh diskriminasi ekonomi? || menebal <> Apa pengasingan di Detroit? || penghijrahan putih ke pinggir bandar <> Apa yang umumnya merosot di tempat-tempat yang dipisahkan oleh bangsa atau kelas? || kesihatan", {"context": "Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States. From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs. However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city\u2014through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining). White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs. The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs. One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 160, "text": "Jim Crow"}], "question": "Why did Blacks move to Detroit in the middle if the 20th century?", "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "redlining"}], "question": "What is an example of economic discrimination?", "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "white migration to the suburbs"}], "question": "What exacerbated segregation in Detroit?", "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 631, "text": "health"}], "question": "What generally declines in places that are segregated by race or class?", "id": "5727d7992ca10214002d97d5"}]}], ["Kehilangan pekerjaan industri dan pekerja kelas di bandar telah mengakibatkan kemiskinan yang tinggi dan masalah yang berkaitan. Dari tahun 2000 hingga 2009, anggaran pendapatan rumah tangga dianggarkan di bandar jatuh dari $ 29,526 hingga $ 26,098. Setakat 2010 [kemas kini] pendapatan purata Detroit adalah di bawah purata A.S. keseluruhan sebanyak beberapa ribu ringgit. Daripada setiap tiga penduduk Detroit, seseorang hidup dalam kemiskinan. Luke Bergmann, pengarang Mendapatkan Hantu: Dua Orang Muda Muda dan Perjuangan untuk Jiwa Kota Amerika, berkata pada tahun 2010, \"Detroit kini merupakan salah satu bandar raya paling miskin di negara ini.\" <> Apakah pendapatan isi rumah median pada tahun 2009? || $ 26,098 <> Apakah pendapatan isi rumah median pada tahun 2000? || $ 29,526 <> Berapa banyak penduduk Detroit dalam tiga hidup dalam kemiskinan? || satu <> Siapa kata bahawa Detroit adalah salah satu daripada bandar-bandar besar yang paling miskin di negara ini? || Luke Bergmann", {"context": "The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems. From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098. As of 2010[update] the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, \"Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 206, "text": "$26,098"}], "question": "What was the median household income in 2009?", "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d963e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "$29,526"}], "question": "What was the median household income in 2000?", "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d963f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "one"}], "question": "How many residents of Detroit in three live in poverty?", "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d9640"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 380, "text": "Luke Bergmann"}], "question": "Who said that Detroit is one of the poorest big cities in the country?", "id": "5727d3a5ff5b5019007d9641"}]}], ["Penduduk di bandar itu meningkat lebih dari enam kali ganda pada separuh pertama abad ke-20, yang disumbangkan sebahagian besarnya oleh kemasukan orang Eropah, Timur Tengah (Lubnan, Asyur / Chaldean), dan pendatang Selatan untuk bekerja di industri automobil yang berkembang. Pada tahun 1940, Putih adalah 90.4% penduduk bandar. Sejak tahun 1950, bandar telah menyaksikan peralihan utama penduduknya ke pinggir bandar. Pada tahun 1910, kurang daripada 6,000 orang kulit hitam memanggil rumah bandar; pada tahun 1930 lebih daripada 120,000 orang kulit hitam tinggal di Detroit. Beribu-ribu orang Amerika Afrika yang datang ke Detroit adalah sebahagian daripada Migrasi Besar pada abad ke-20. <> Berapa peratus penduduk Detroit di mana putih pada tahun 1940? || 90.4 <> Di manakah penduduk Detroit beralih ke separuh kedua abad ke-20? || pinggir <> Berapa banyak orang kulit hitam tinggal di Detroit pada tahun 1930? || 120,000 <> Apa pergerakan orang kulit hitam ke bandar utara dipanggil? || Migrasi Besar <> Industri apa yang bertanggungjawab untuk pertumbuhan yang besar dalam populasi Detroit? || kereta", {"context": "The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "90.4"}], "question": "What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?", "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 367, "text": "suburbs"}], "question": "Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?", "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 449, "text": "120,000"}], "question": "How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?", "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "Great Migration"}], "question": "What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?", "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "automobile"}], "question": "What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?", "id": "5727d6c12ca10214002d97c4"}]}], ["Oakland County di Metro Detroit, sekali dinilai di kalangan wilayah AS yang paling kaya setiap isi rumah, tidak lagi ditunjukkan dalam senarai 25 teratas majalah Forbes. Tetapi kaedah statistik daerah dalaman - berdasarkan pengukuran pendapatan per kapita untuk daerah dengan lebih dari satu juta penduduk - menunjukkan bahawa Oakland masih dalam 12 teratas, tergelincir dari daerah paling kaya ke-4 di AS pada 2004 hingga ke-11 yang paling kaya pada tahun 2009. Detroit menguasai Wayne County, yang mempunyai pendapatan purata isi rumah kira-kira $ 38,000, berbanding dengan $ 62,000 di Oakland County. <> Apakah Kawasan Oakland berada dalam kemewahan pada tahun 2009? || 11th <> Apa bandar menguasai Wayne County? || Detroit <> Apakah pendapatan purata County Oakland? || $ 62,000 <> Apakah pendapatan purata Wayne Counties? || $ 38,000", {"context": "Oakland County in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of Forbes magazine. But internal county statistical methods \u2013 based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents \u2013 show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009. Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 403, "text": "11th"}], "question": "What is Oakland Counties rank in affluence in 2009?", "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 431, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "What city dominates Wayne County?", "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e25"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "$62,000"}], "question": "What is Oakland Counties average income?", "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e26"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 510, "text": "$38,000"}], "question": "What is Wayne Counties average income?", "id": "5727d5254b864d1900163e27"}]}], ["Lafayette Park adalah kejiranan yang revitalisasi di sebelah timur bandar, sebahagian daripada daerah kediaman Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Pembangunan 78 hektar (32 ha) pada mulanya dikenali sebagai Taman Gratiot. Dirancang oleh Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer dan Alfred Caldwell, ia merangkumi landskap, taman seluas 19 hektar (7.7 ha) tanpa melalui trafik, di mana bangunan apartmen rendah dan lain-lain ini terletak. Pendatang telah menyumbang kepada pemulihan kejiranan bandar, terutama di barat daya Detroit. Detroit Barat Daya telah mengalami ekonomi yang berkembang pesat dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, seperti yang dibuktikan oleh perumahan baru, peningkatan pembukaan perniagaan dan Pusat Selamat Datang Antarabangsa Mexicantown yang baru dibuka. <> Seberapa besar adalah Lafayette Park? || 78-ekar <> Di mana bahagian Detroit adalah Pusat Sambutan Antarabangsa Mexicantown? || Southwest Detroit <> Daerah apa kawasan Lafayette Park? || Ludwig Mies van der Rohe daerah kediaman <> Siapa yang merancang Lafayette Park? || Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer dan Alfred Caldwell", {"context": "Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district. The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated. Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit. Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 133, "text": "78-acre"}], "question": "How large is Lafayette Park?", "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95cf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Southwest Detroit"}], "question": "In which part of Detroit is Mexicantown International Welcome Center?", "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district"}], "question": "What district is Lafayette Park a part of?", "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95ce"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell"}], "question": "Who planned Lafayette Park?", "id": "5727d089ff5b5019007d95d1"}]}], ["Bandar ini mempunyai banyak kejiranan yang terdiri daripada sifat-sifat kosong yang mengakibatkan ketumpatan penduduk yang kurang didiami di kawasan tersebut, meluaskan perkhidmatan bandar dan infrastruktur. Kawasan kejiranan ini tertumpu di timur laut dan di pinggir bandar. Tinjauan bungkusan tahun 2009 mendapati kira-kira satu perempat daripada lot kediaman di bandar menjadi tidak berkembang atau kosong, dan kira-kira 10% daripada perumahan di bandar itu tidak didiami. Kaji selidik ini juga melaporkan bahawa kebanyakan (86%) rumah di bandar berada dalam keadaan baik dengan minoriti (9%) dalam keadaan adil yang memerlukan hanya pembaikan kecil. <> Berapakah bilangan kediaman Detroit yang sedang dikembangkan? || satu perempat <> Berapa banyak perumahan di Detroit tidak didiami? || 10% <> Berapa banyak rumah di Detroit memerlukan pembaikan kecil? || 9% <> Berapa banyak rumah Detroit berada dalam keadaan baik? || 86% <> Di mana terdapat kawasan ketumpatan rendah di Detroit? || timur laut dan di pinggir bandar", {"context": "The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes. A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied. The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 278, "text": "a quarter"}], "question": "How many of Detroit's residential lots are are underdeveloped?", "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "10%"}], "question": "How many of Detroit's housing is unoccupied?", "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 503, "text": "9%"}], "question": "How many home in Detroit need minor repairs?", "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "86%"}], "question": "How many of Detroit's home are in good condition?", "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "northeast and on the city's fringes"}], "question": "Where are most of the low density area of Detroit located?", "id": "5727d17fff5b5019007d95fe"}]}], ["Sehingga 2002 terdapat empat kawasan di Detroit dengan penduduk Asia dan Asia Amerika yang ketara. Detroit Timur Laut mempunyai penduduk Hmong dengan kumpulan kecil orang Lao. Sebahagian daripada Detroit di sebelah timur Hamtramck termasuk Bangladeshi Amerika, India Amerika, dan Amerika Pakistani; hampir semua populasi Bangladeshi di Detroit tinggal di kawasan itu. Kebanyakan penduduknya memiliki perniagaan kecil atau bekerja dalam pekerjaan kolar biru, dan penduduk di kawasan itu kebanyakannya Muslim. Kawasan utara Downtown Detroit; termasuk rantau ini di sekitar Hospital Henry Ford, Pusat Perubatan Detroit, dan Universiti Wayne State; mempunyai warga asal negara asal Asia yang merupakan pelajar universiti atau pekerja hospital. Hanya sedikit dari mereka yang tinggal tetap selepas tamat pengajian. Mereka kebanyakannya Cina dan India tetapi penduduknya juga termasuk Filipina, Korea, dan Pakistan. Di Barat Daya Detroit dan barat Detroit terdapat lebih kecil, masyarakat Asia yang tersebar termasuk kawasan di pinggir tepi bersebelahan dengan Dearborn dan Redford Township yang mempunyai kebanyakannya penduduk Asia India, dan masyarakat Vietnam dan Laotians di Detroit Barat Daya. <> Di mana kebanyakan penduduk Bangladesh tinggal di Detroit? || Sebahagian daripada Detroit di sebelah timur Hamtramck <> Apa perkataan yang dapat menggambarkan banyak orang Asia yang bekerja atau tinggal di pusat bandar Detroit? || sementara", {"context": "As of 2002 there are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has population of Hmong with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. Many of those residents own small businesses or work in blue collar jobs, and the population in that area is mostly Muslim. The area north of Downtown Detroit; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital, the Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities including an area in the westside adjacent to Dearborn and Redford Township that has a mostly Indian Asian population, and a community of Vietnamese and Laotians in Southwest Detroit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck"}], "question": "Where does most of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit live?", "id": "5727da933acd2414000dee1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 643, "text": "transient"}], "question": "What is a word that could describe a lot of the Asian people who work or live in downtown Detroit?", "id": "5727da933acd2414000dee1e"}]}], ["Walaupun Blacks / African-Americans terdiri hanya 13 peratus penduduk Michigan pada tahun 2010, mereka membentuk hampir 82 peratus penduduk Detroit. Kumpulan populasi terbesar berikutnya adalah Putih, pada 10 peratus, dan Hispanik, pada 6 peratus. Menurut Banci 2010, pemisahan di Detroit telah menurun secara mutlak dan secara relatif. Dalam dekad pertama abad ke-21, kira-kira dua pertiga dari jumlah penduduk hitam di kawasan metropolitan tinggal dalam batas bandar Detroit. Bilangan kejiranan bersepadu telah meningkat dari 100 pada tahun 2000 kepada 204 pada tahun 2010. Bandar ini juga telah menurunkan ranking, dari nombor satu yang paling terisolasi menjadi nombor empat. Sebuah penerbitan 2011 di The New York Times menyifatkan penarafan penurunan pengasingan yang menurun kepada pengeluaran keseluruhan dari bandar raya, dengan memperingatkan bahawa kawasan-kawasan ini tidak lama lagi akan menjadi lebih terasing. Corak ini telah berlaku pada tahun 1970-an, apabila integrasi yang jelas sebenarnya merupakan pelopor untuk penerbangan putih dan resegregasi. Sepanjang tempoh 60 tahun, penerbangan putih berlaku di bandar. Mengikut anggaran Pusat Maklumat Metropolitan Michigan, dari tahun 2008 hingga 2009, peratusan penduduk Putih bukan Hispanik meningkat dari 8.4% kepada 13.3%. Sesetengah empang kosong dan orang muda yang lebih muda berpindah ke bandar sementara ramai orang Afrika Afrika berpindah ke pinggir bandar. <> Berapa banyak penduduk Michigan adalah Hitam? || 13 peratus <> Berapa banyak penduduk Detroit adalah Hitam? || 82 peratus <> Apakah Detroit berada di peringkat dalam kajian 2010 di kota-kota terasing? || empat <> Di mana ramai orang Hitam bergerak ke dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini? || pinggir bandar <> Berapa penduduk putih pada tahun 2009 di Detroit? || 13.3%", {"context": "While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent. According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit. The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four. A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation. Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "13 percent"}], "question": "How much of Michigan's population is Black?", "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97ee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 111, "text": "82 percent"}], "question": "How much of Detroit's population is Black?", "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97ef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 663, "text": "four"}], "question": "What was Detroit ranked as in a 2010 study on segregated cities?", "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1314, "text": "suburbs"}], "question": "Where have many Black people been moving to in recent years?", "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1196, "text": "13.3%"}], "question": "What is the 2009 population of Whites in Detroit?", "id": "5727d8b22ca10214002d97f2"}]}], ["Pembiayaan awam dan pelaburan swasta juga telah dibuat dengan janji untuk memulihkan kawasan kejiranan. Pada bulan April 2008, bandar itu mengumumkan pelan stimulus $ 300 juta untuk mewujudkan pekerjaan dan merancakkan semula kawasan kejiranan, dibiayai oleh bon bandar dan dibayar dengan memperuntukkan kira-kira 15% daripada cukai pertaruhan. Rancangan kerja bandar untuk revitalisasi kejiranan termasuk 7-Mile / Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River / Greenfield, North End, dan Osborn. Pertubuhan-pertubuhan swasta telah menjanjikan pembiayaan besar kepada usaha. Di samping itu, bandar ini telah membersihkan sebidang tanah seluas 1,200 ekar (490 ha) untuk pembinaan kejiranan berskala besar, yang mana bandar itu memanggil Rancangan Jauh Timur Jauh. Pada tahun 2011, Mayor Bing mengumumkan rancangan untuk mengkategorikan kawasan kejiranan dengan keperluan mereka dan mengutamakan perkhidmatan yang paling diperlukan untuk kawasan kejiranan itu. <> Berapa banyak wang rangsangan yang diumumkan pada tahun 2008? || $ 300 juta <> Siapa Datuk Bandar Detroit pada tahun 2011? || Mayor Bing <> Apa rancangannya yang bertujuan untuk membersihkan tanah untuk pembinaan kejiranan? || Rancangan Far Eastside <> Berapa banyak ekar tanah yang Rancangan Timur Jauh cuba untuk membersihkan? || 1,200 <> Bagaimana pelan stimulus 2008 diperuntukkan? || memperuntukkan kira-kira 15% daripada cukai pertaruhan", {"context": "Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax. The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn. Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts. Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan. In 2011, Mayor Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "$300-million"}], "question": "How much in stimulus money was announced in 2008?", "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d9618"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 702, "text": "Mayor Bing"}], "question": "Who was the Mayor of Detroit in 2011?", "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d9619"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 674, "text": "Far Eastside Plan"}], "question": "What is the plan called that seeks to clear land for neighborhood construction?", "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 565, "text": "1,200"}], "question": "How many acres of land does the Far Eastside Plan seek to clear?", "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax"}], "question": "How was the 2008 stimulus plan payed for?", "id": "5727d2c1ff5b5019007d961c"}]}], ["Berry Gordy, Jr mengasaskan Motown Records yang meningkat menjadi terkenal pada tahun 1960-an dan awal 1970-an dengan tindakan seperti Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, Jackson 5, Martha dan Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & The Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes dan Marvin Gaye. Artis disokong oleh vokalis dalaman The Andantes dan The Funk Brothers, kumpulan rumah Motown yang dipaparkan dalam filem dokumentari Paul Justman 2002 yang berdiri di Shadows of Motown, berdasarkan buku Allan Slutsky dengan nama yang sama. <> Siapa yang mengasaskan rekod Motown? || Berry Gordy, Jr. <Siapa yang membuat dokumentari di Motown? || Paul Justman <> Siapa yang menulis buku mengenai Motown? || Allan Slutsky", {"context": "Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Berry Gordy, Jr."}], "question": "Who founded Motown records?", "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "Paul Justman"}], "question": "Who did a documentary on Motown?", "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe7a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 581, "text": "Allan Slutsky"}], "question": "Who wrote a book about Motown?", "id": "5728c9553acd2414000dfe7b"}]}], ["Keinginan untuk mendekatkan diri ke tempat kejadian bandar juga menarik minat para profesional muda untuk tinggal di kawasan pinggir cincin dalaman seperti Grosse Pointe dan Royal Oak, Detroit. Kedekatan Detroit dengan Windsor, Ontario, menyediakan pandangan dan kehidupan malam, bersama-sama dengan usia minum minimum Ontario yang berusia 19 tahun. Kajian 2011 oleh Walk Score mengenal pasti Detroit untuk jalan masuk rata-rata di atas di antara bandar-bandar A.S. yang besar. Kira-kira dua pertiga penduduk pinggir bandar kadang-kadang makan dan menghadiri acara kebudayaan atau mengambil permainan profesional di bandar Detroit. <> Kota manakah yang mempunyai usia minum yang lebih rendah daripada biasa? || Windsor, Ontario <> Berapa banyak penduduk pinggir bandar mengambil pilihan hiburan di Detroit? || dua pertiga <> Siapa yang melakukan kajian mengenai kemampuan berjalan Detroit? || Berjalan Skor", {"context": "A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Grosse Pointe and Royal Oak, Detroit. Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19. A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities. About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 186, "text": "Windsor, Ontario"}], "question": "Which city has a lower than usual drinking age?", "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "How many suburban residents take in Detroit's entertainment options?", "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 303, "text": "Walk Score"}], "question": "Who conducted a study about Detroit's walk-ability?", "id": "5728c62f4b864d1900164dd2"}]}], ["Lain-lain, bintang-bintang R & B Motor City yang terkenal pada tahun 1950-an dan awal 1960-an adalah Nolan Strong, Andre Williams dan Nathaniel Mayer - yang semuanya menjaringkan lagu tempatan dan nasional pada label Fortune Records. Menurut Smokey Robinson, Strong adalah pengaruh utama pada suaranya sebagai seorang remaja. Label Fortune adalah label yang dikendalikan oleh keluarga yang terletak di Third Avenue di Detroit, dan dimiliki oleh pasukan suami dan isteri Jack Brown dan Devora Brown. Fortune, yang juga mengeluarkan negara, injil dan rockabilly LPs dan 45s, meletakkan asas untuk Motown, yang menjadi label rekod Detroit yang paling legenda. <> Siapa yang mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap Smokey Robinson? || Nolan Strong <> Apakah label yang dikendalikan di Third Avenue? || Fortune <> Siapa isteri Jack Brown? || Devora Brown <> Apakah label yang paling terkenal di Detroit? || Motown", {"context": "Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer \u2013 who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 71, "text": "Nolan Strong"}], "question": "Who was a big influence on Smokey Robinson?", "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7be"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "Fortune"}], "question": "What label operated in Third Avenue?", "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7bf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 423, "text": "Devora Brown"}], "question": "Who was Jack Brown's wife?", "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 534, "text": "Motown"}], "question": "What label became Detroit's most famous?", "id": "5728c8eb2ca10214002da7c1"}]}], ["Dikenali sebagai pusat automotif di dunia, \"Detroit\" adalah istilah untuk industri itu. Industri auto Detroit, yang sebahagiannya ditukar kepada pengeluaran pertahanan perang, adalah elemen penting dari \"Arsenal Demokrasi\" Amerika yang menyokong kuasa Sekutu semasa Perang Dunia II. Ini merupakan sumber penting dari warisan muzik popular yang disambut oleh dua nama samaran bandar, Motor City dan Motown. Nama julukan lain timbul pada abad ke-20, termasuk City of Champions, bermula pada tahun 1930-an untuk kejayaannya dalam sukan individu dan pasukan; D; Hockeytown (cap dagang yang dimiliki oleh kelab NHL bandar, Wings Merah); Rock City (selepas lagu Kiss \"Detroit Rock City\"); dan The 313 (kod kawasan telefonnya). <> Apa \"Arsenal\" adalah sebahagian daripada Detroit? || Arsenal Demokrasi <> Apa nama panggilan untuk Detroit mengiktiraf sejarah muzik? || Motown <> Apakah kod kawasan Detroit? || 313 <> Pasukan hoki mana yang berpusat di Detroit? || Wings Merah <> Apa lagu Kiss memberi Detroit nama panggilan Rock City? || Detroit Rock City", {"context": "Known as the world's automotive center, \"Detroit\" is a metonym for that industry. Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American \"Arsenal of Democracy\" supporting the Allied powers during World War II. It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown. Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport; The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song \"Detroit Rock City\"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 208, "text": "Arsenal of Democracy"}], "question": "What \"Arsenal\" was Detroit a part of ?", "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da688"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 400, "text": "Motown"}], "question": "What nickname for Detroit recognizes it's musical history?", "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da689"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 689, "text": "313"}], "question": "What is Detroit's area code?", "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "Red Wings"}], "question": "Which hockey team is based in Detroit?", "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 660, "text": "Detroit Rock City"}], "question": "What Kiss song gave Detroit the nickname Rock City?", "id": "5728c740ff5b5019007da68c"}]}], ["Pada 21 Mei 2014, JPMorgan Chase mengumumkan bahawa ia telah menyuntik $ 100 juta selama lima tahun ke dalam ekonomi Detroit, menyediakan pembiayaan pembangunan untuk pelbagai projek yang akan meningkatkan pekerjaan. Ini adalah komitmen terbesar yang dibuat kepada mana-mana satu bandar oleh bank terbesar di negara ini. Daripada $ 100 juta, $ 50 juta akan pergi ke projek pembangunan, $ 25 juta akan pergi ke penghapusan hama bandar, $ 12.5 juta akan pergi untuk latihan pekerjaan, $ 7 juta akan pergi untuk perniagaan kecil di bandar raya, dan $ 5.5 juta akan menuju ke projek rel ringan M-1. Pada 19 Mei 2015, JPMorgan Chase mengumumkan bahawa ia telah melabur $ 32 juta untuk dua projek pembangunan semula di daerah Capitol Park, Capitol Park Lofts (bekas Bangunan Taman Capitol) dan bangunan Detroit Savings Bank di 1212 Griswold. Pelaburan itu berasingan daripada komitmen Chase selama lima tahun, $ 100 juta. <> Bank mana yang mengumumkan pelaburan ke Detroit pada tahun 2014? || JPMorgan Chase <> Berapa banyak pelaburan JPMorgan akan disingkirkan? || $ 25 juta <> Berapa banyak pelaburan JPMorgan yang akan pergi ke latihan pekerjaan? || $ 12.5 juta <> Berapa banyak JPMorgan mengumumkan dalam pelaburan tambahan ke Detroit pada tahun 2015? || $ 32 juta", {"context": "On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.[citation needed] Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project. On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city's Capitol Park district, the Capitol Park Lofts (the former Capitol Park Building) and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold. Those investments are separate from Chase's five-year, $100-million commitment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "JPMorgan Chase"}], "question": "Which bank announced an investment into Detroit in 2014?", "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da662"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 372, "text": "$25 million"}], "question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to blight removal?", "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da663"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 420, "text": "$12.5 million"}], "question": "How much of JPMorgan's investment will go to job training?", "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da664"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 636, "text": "$32 million"}], "question": "How much did JPMorgan announce in additional investment into Detroit in 2015?", "id": "5728c567ff5b5019007da665"}]}], ["Beribu-ribu lagi pekerja bekerja di Midtown, utara daerah perniagaan pusat. Penunggang Midtown adalah majikan terbesar di bandar Detroit Medical Centre, Wayne State University, dan Henry Ford Health System di Pusat Baru. Midtown juga merupakan rumah bagi pembuat jam tangan Shinola dan pelbagai syarikat kecil dan / atau permulaan. Pangkalan Pusat Baru TechTown, hab inkubator penyelidikan dan perniagaan yang merupakan sebahagian daripada sistem WSU. Seperti pusat bandar dan Corktown, Midtown juga mempunyai pemandangan peruncitan dan restoran yang berkembang pesat. <> Syarikat manakah yang membuat jam tangan di Midtown? || Shinola <> Apa majikan terbesar di Detroit? || Pusat Perubatan Detroit <> Daerah apa yang ada di Midtown utara? || pusat perniagaan pusat <> Selain daripada Downtown dan Midtown, kawasan apa yang menawarkan pemandangan restoran yang pantas berkembang? || Corktown <> Dimana berasaskan TechTown? || Pusat Baru", {"context": "Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and/or startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that\u2019s part of the WSU system. Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 270, "text": "Shinola"}], "question": "Which company makes timepieces in Midtown?", "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d60"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 139, "text": "Detroit Medical Center"}], "question": "What is the largest employer in Detroit?", "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d61"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 55, "text": "central business district"}], "question": "What district is Midtown north of?", "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d62"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 440, "text": "Corktown"}], "question": "Other than Downtown and Midtown, what area boasts a fast growing restaurant scene?", "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d63"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "New Center"}], "question": "Where is TechTown based?", "id": "5728c1a24b864d1900164d64"}]}], ["Bandar Detroit dan perkongsian awam-swasta lain telah cuba memangkin pertumbuhan rantau ini dengan memudahkan bangunan dan pemulihan sejarah peningkatan kediaman tinggi di pusat bandar, mewujudkan zon yang menawarkan banyak insentif cukai perniagaan, mewujudkan ruang rekreasi seperti Detroit RiverWalk, Taman Campus Martius, Dequindre Cut Greenway, dan Alleys Hijau di Midtown. Bandar itu sendiri telah membersihkan sebahagian tanah sementara mengekalkan sejumlah bangunan kosong yang signifikan secara sejarah untuk memacu pembangunan semula; walaupun ia telah bergelut dengan kewangan, bandar menerbitkan bon pada tahun 2008 untuk menyediakan pembiayaan untuk kerja yang sedang berjalan untuk meruntuhkan harta yang dibenci. Dua tahun yang lalu, pusat bandar melaporkan $ 1.3 bilion dalam pemulihan dan perkembangan baru yang meningkatkan jumlah pekerjaan pembinaan di bandar. Dalam dekad sebelum 2006, pusat bandar memperoleh lebih daripada $ 15 bilion dalam pelaburan baru dari sektor swasta dan awam. <> Sebahagian daripada Detroit telah mendapat berbilion-bilion dalam pelaburan sekitar giliran alaf? || pusat bandar <> Apa bahagian Detroit adalah Green Alleys yang terletak di? || Midtown <> Apa jenis bangunan kosong yang telah dihancurkan? || ketara sejarah", {"context": "The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment; though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties. Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city. In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 861, "text": "downtown"}], "question": "Which part of Detroit has gotten billions in investment around the turn of the millennium?", "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 390, "text": "Midtown"}], "question": "What part of Detroit is Green Alleys located in?", "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 472, "text": "historically significant"}], "question": "What type of vacant buildings have been spared destruction?", "id": "5728c39e4b864d1900164d8e"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1940-an, artis Detroit blues John Lee Hooker menjadi penduduk jangka panjang di kawasan kejiranan barat daya Delray. Hooker, antara lain pemuzik blues penting yang berhijrah dari rumahnya di Mississippi membawa Delta blues ke bandar-bandar utara seperti Detroit. Hooker direkodkan untuk Fortune Records, label terbesar blues / soul pre-Motown. Pada tahun 1950-an, bandar ini menjadi pusat jazz, dengan bintang-bintang berkumpul di kawasan kejiranan Black Bottom. Pemuzik Jazz muncul dalam tahun 1960-an termasuk: pemain terompet Donald Byrd yang menghadiri Cass Tech dan tampil dengan Art Blakey dan para Peserta Jazz pada awal kariernya dan Saxophonist Pepper Adams yang menikmati kerjaya solo dan menemani Byrd pada beberapa album. Muzium Jazz Antarabangsa Graystone membuat dokumen jazz di Detroit. <> Artis mana yang tinggal di Delray? || John Lee Hooker <> Mana ahli muzik yang menghadiri Cass Tech? || Donald Byrd <> Pemuzik mana yang mengiringi Donald Byrd di beberapa album? || Pepper Adams <> Apa nama muzium jazz di Detroit? || Muzium Jazz Antarabangsa Graystone <> Apa jenis muzik John Lee Hooker dikenali? || blues", {"context": "In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood. Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 35, "text": "John Lee Hooker"}], "question": "Which artist resided in Delray?", "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe45"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 525, "text": "Donald Byrd"}], "question": "Which musician attended Cass Tech?", "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe46"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 650, "text": "Pepper Adams"}], "question": "Which musician accompanied Donald Byrd on several albums?", "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe47"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 733, "text": "Graystone International Jazz Museum"}], "question": "What is the name of the jazz museum in Detroit?", "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe48"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "blues"}], "question": "What type of music is John Lee Hooker known for?", "id": "5728c8373acd2414000dfe49"}]}], ["Walaupun masalah kewangan baru-baru ini di bandar, banyak pemaju tetap tidak terasa oleh masalah Detroit. Midtown adalah salah satu kawasan yang paling berjaya di Detroit untuk mempunyai kadar penghunian kediaman sebanyak 96%. Banyak perkembangan baru-baru ini sepenuhnya atau dalam pelbagai peringkat pembinaan. Ini termasuk pembinaan $ 82 juta di pusat bandar David Whitney Building (sekarang sebuah hotel Aloft dan kediaman mewah), Woodward Garden Block Development di Midtown, penukaran kediaman Menara David Broderick di pusat bandar, pemulihan Cadillac Hotel Book (sekarang Kondominium Westin dan mewah) dan Fort Shelby Hotel (sekarang Doubletree) juga di pusat bandar, dan pelbagai projek kecil. <> Apa bahagian Detroit masih mempunyai kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi ?? || Midtown <> Kos rekonstruksi bangunan mana $ 82 juta? || Bangunan David Whitney <> Yang menara Downtown mana yang ditukar kepada penggunaan kediaman? || David Broderick Tower <> Apa nama bekas Doubletree itu? || Fort Shelby Hotel <> Apa nama bekas Westin? || Tempah Cadillac Hotel", {"context": "Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems. Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%. Numerous developments have been recently completely or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 98, "text": "Midtown"}], "question": "What part of Detroit still has high population density??", "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfde9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 355, "text": "David Whitney Building"}], "question": "Which building's reconstruction cost $82 million?", "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "David Broderick Tower"}], "question": "Which Downtown tower was converted to residential use?", "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 624, "text": "Fort Shelby Hotel"}], "question": "What was the former name of the Doubletree?", "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfdec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 567, "text": "Book Cadillac Hotel"}], "question": "What was the former name of the Westin?", "id": "5728c4943acd2414000dfded"}]}], ["Sejumlah majikan di pusat bandaraya ini agak baru, kerana terdapat trend syarikat yang bergerak dari pinggiran satelit sekitar Metropolitan Detroit ke pusat bandar. [Rujukan?] Compuware menyelesaikan ibu pejabat dunia di pusat bandar pada tahun 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield dan HP Enterprise Services terletak di Pusat Renaissance. Pejabat PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza bersebelahan dengan Ford Field, dan Ernst & Young menyelesaikan bangunan pejabatnya di One Kennedy Square pada tahun 2006. Mungkin yang paling menonjol, pada tahun 2010, Quicken Loans, salah satu peminjam gadai janji terbesar, memindahkan ibu pejabat dunianya dan 4,000 pekerja ke pusat bandar Detroit, menyatukan pejabat pinggir bandarnya. Pada bulan Julai 2012, Pejabat Paten dan Tanda Dagangan A.S. membuka Pejabat Satelit Elijah J. McCoy di Daerah Rivertown / Warehouse sebagai lokasi pertamanya di luar kawasan metropolitan Washington, D.C. <> Apa syarikat Tech berpusat di Detroit? || Compuware <> Apa syarikat insurans terletak di pusat bandar Detroit? || Blue Cross Blue Shield <> Syarikat manakah yang memindahkannya sebagai ibu pejabat dunia ke Detroit pada tahun 2010? || Quicken Loans <> Apa nama Pejabat Paten A.S. di Detroit? || Pejabat Satelit Elijah J. McCoy", {"context": "A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 207, "text": "Compuware"}], "question": "What Tech company is based in Detroit?", "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da610"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 279, "text": "Blue Cross Blue Shield"}], "question": "What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?", "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da611"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 548, "text": "Quicken Loans"}], "question": "Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?", "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da612"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 772, "text": "Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office"}], "question": "What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?", "id": "5728c2a2ff5b5019007da613"}]}], ["Sebuah arca sivik penting di Detroit adalah \"Roh Detroit\" oleh Marshall Fredericks di Pusat Perbandaran Young Coleman. Imej ini sering digunakan sebagai simbol Detroit dan patung itu sendiri kadang-kadang berpakaian dalam kaus olahraga untuk meraikan ketika tim Detroit berjalan dengan baik. Peringatan kepada Joe Louis di persimpangan Jefferson dan Woodward Avenues didedikasikan pada 16 Oktober 1986. Patung yang ditugaskan oleh Sports Illustrated dan dilaksanakan oleh Robert Graham, adalah lengan panjang 24 kaki (7.3 m) dengan tangan yang digantung oleh rangka piramid. <> Siapa yang mengukir Roh Detroit? || Marshall Fredericks <> Kapan kenangan Joe Louis itu khusus? || 16 Oktober 1986 <> Siapa yang mengarahkan peringatan Joe Luis? || Sukan Illustrated <> Siapa yang mengukir peringatan Joe Louis? || Robert Graham <> Berapa lamakah peringatan Joe Louis? || 24 kaki", {"context": "An important civic sculpture in Detroit is \"The Spirit of Detroit\" by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well. A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "Marshall Fredericks"}], "question": "Who sculpted the Spirit of Detroit?", "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 383, "text": "October 16, 1986"}], "question": "When was the Joe Louis memorial dedicated?", "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Sports Illustrated"}], "question": "Who commissioned the Joe Luis memorial?", "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "Robert Graham"}], "question": "Who sculpted the Joe Louis memorial?", "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da89f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "24-foot"}], "question": "How long is the Joe Louis memorial?", "id": "5728d1552ca10214002da8a0"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1990-an dan milenium baru, bandar ini telah menghasilkan beberapa artis hip-hop yang berpengaruh, termasuk Eminem, artis hip-hop dengan jualan kumulatif tertinggi, pengeluar hip-hop J Dilla, rapper dan penghasil Esham dan hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. Bandar ini juga rumah kepada rapper Big Sean dan Danny Brown. Sponge band menjelajah dan menghasilkan muzik, dengan artis seperti Kid Rock dan Uncle Kracker. Bandar ini juga mempunyai genre rock garaj aktif yang telah menghasilkan perhatian nasional dengan tindakan seperti: The White Stripes, The Bonds Von, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Six Electric, dan The Lesson Lessons. <> Mana artis Detroit mempunyai jualan hip-hop tertinggi? || Eminem <> Band mana yang melawat Kid Rock? || Sponge <> Apakah genre yang dimainkan oleh The White Stripes? || garaj batu karang <> Apakah pekerjaan J Dilla? || penerbit", {"context": "In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker. The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "Eminem"}], "question": "Which Detroit artist has the highest hip-hop sales?", "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 328, "text": "Sponge"}], "question": "Which band toured with Kid Rock?", "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 439, "text": "garage rock"}], "question": "What genre does The White Stripes fit into?", "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 180, "text": "producer"}], "question": "What is J Dilla's occupation?", "id": "5728cb174b864d1900164e3d"}]}], ["Seniman dan band tempatan meningkat menjadi terkenal pada tahun 1960-an dan 70-an termasuk: MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes yang memaparkan Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder dan The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, dan Suzi Quatro. Kumpulan Kiss menekankan hubungan bandar dengan batu dalam lagu Detroit Rock City dan filem yang dihasilkan pada tahun 1999. Pada tahun 1980-an, Detroit merupakan pusat penting di bawah tanah punk rock tegar dengan banyak band yang terkenal di luar bandar dan pinggirannya , seperti The Necros, The Meatmen, dan Pendekatan Negatif. <> Apa genre muzik yang besar di Detroit pada tahun 1980-an? || tegar punk rock bawah tanah <> Tahun berapa filem mengenai Kiss keluar? || 1999 <> Di mana dekadkah band-band seperti MC5 dan Rare Earth menjadi besar di Detroit? || 1960-an dan 70-an", {"context": "Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 394, "text": "hardcore punk rock underground"}], "question": "What music genre was big in Detroit in the 1980s?", "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe89"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "1999"}], "question": "What year did the movie about Kiss come out?", "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "1960s and 70s"}], "question": "In which decades did bands like MC5 and Rare Earth become big in Detroit?", "id": "5728ca303acd2414000dfe8b"}]}], ["Pada tahun 2010, G.R. Galeri N'Namdi dibuka di kompleks 16,000 kaki persegi (1,500 m2) di Midtown. Sejarah penting Amerika dan kawasan Detroit dipamerkan di The Henry Ford di Dearborn, kompleks muzium dalaman terbesar di Amerika Syarikat. Persatuan Sejarah Detroit menyediakan maklumat mengenai lawatan kawasan gereja, pencakar langit, dan rumah-rumah. Di dalam Detroit, sementara itu, lawatan tuan rumah, pengaturcaraan pendidikan, dan pusat selamat datang di pusat bandar. Tempat-tempat menarik lain ialah Zoo Detroit di Royal Oak, Muzium Seni Cranbrook di Bloomfield Hills, Konservatori Anna Scripps Whitcomb di Belle Isle, dan Muzium Walter P. Chrysler di Auburn Hills. <> Apa kompleks muzium terbesar di A.S.? || Henry Ford <> Di mana Zoo Detroit? || Royal Oak <> Muzium apa yang ada di Bloomfield Hills? || Muzium Seni Cranbrook <> Muzium apa yang ada di Belle Isle? || Konsertasi Anna Scripps Whitcomb <> Apa galeri Detroit dibuka pada tahun 2010? || G.R. Galeri N'Namdi", {"context": "In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex. The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "The Henry Ford"}], "question": "What is the U.S.'s largest museum complex?", "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 501, "text": "Royal Oak"}], "question": "Where is the Detroit Zoo?", "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 516, "text": "Cranbrook Art Museum"}], "question": "What museum is in Bloomfield Hills?", "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory"}], "question": "What museum is on Belle Isle?", "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da84f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 13, "text": "G.R. N'Namdi Gallery"}], "question": "What Detroit gallery opened in 2010?", "id": "5728ce8f2ca10214002da850"}]}], ["Detroit adalah salah satu daripada 12 kawasan metropolitan Amerika yang menjadi rumah kepada pasukan profesional yang mewakili empat sukan utama di Amerika Utara. Semua pasukan ini tetapi satu bermain di kota Detroit sendiri (Detroit Pistons NBA bermain di pinggir bandar Auburn Hills di The Palace of Auburn Hills). Terdapat tiga tempat sukan utama aktif di dalam bandar: Comerica Park (rumah pasukan Major League Baseball Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (rumah Detroit Lions NFL), dan Joe Louis Arena (rumah Detroit Red Wings NHL). Kempen pemasaran 1996 mempromosikan nama samaran \"Hockeytown\". <> Berapa banyak kawasan metropolitan membanggakan pasukan dari semua sukan utama AS? || 12 <> Apa nama arena Detroit Piston? || Istana Auburn Hills <> Di mana harimau bermain? || Comerica Park <> Di manakah Lions bermain? || Ford Field <> Dimana bermain Wings Merah? || Joe Louis Arena", {"context": "Detroit is one of 12 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams but one play within the city of Detroit itself (the NBA's Detroit Pistons play in suburban Auburn Hills at The Palace of Auburn Hills). There are three active major sports venues within the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Joe Louis Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname \"Hockeytown\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 18, "text": "12"}], "question": "How many metropolitan areas boast teams from all major US sports?", "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da750"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 261, "text": "The Palace of Auburn Hills"}], "question": "What is the name of Detroit Piston's arena?", "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da751"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "Comerica Park"}], "question": "Where do the Tigers play?", "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da752"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "Ford Field"}], "question": "Where do the Lions play?", "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da753"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 471, "text": "Joe Louis Arena"}], "question": "Where do the Red Wings play?", "id": "5728d223ff5b5019007da754"}]}], ["Panggung utama di Detroit termasuk Teater Fox (5,174 tempat duduk), Dewan Muzik (1,770 tempat duduk), Teater Gem (451 tempat duduk), Teater Tokoh Masonic (4,404 tempat duduk), Rumah Opera Detroit (2,765 tempat duduk) tempat duduk), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 tempat duduk), Dewan Saint Andrew, The Majestic Theatre, dan Orchestra Hall (2,286 kerusi) yang menjadi tuan rumah Orkestra Simfoni Detroit yang terkenal. Pertubuhan Nederlander, pengawal terbesar produksi Broadway di New York City, berasal dari pembelian Rumah Opera Detroit pada tahun 1922 oleh keluarga Nederlander. <> Apa bangunan yang dimainkan oleh Orchestra Detroit Orchestra? || Hall Orchestra <> Keluarga apa yang membeli rumah opera Detroit? || Nederlander <> Berapa banyak kerusi yang dimiliki The Fisher Fisher? || 2,089 <> Teater Detroit mana yang mempunyai 4,404 tempat duduk? || Teater Bait Masonic <> Pada tahun apakah Rumah Opera Detroit dibeli? || 1922", {"context": "Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 314, "text": "Orchestra Hall"}], "question": "What building does the Detroit Symphony Orchestra play in?", "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfecf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 562, "text": "Nederlander"}], "question": "What family purchased the Detroit opera House?", "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 217, "text": "2,089"}], "question": "How many seats does the Fisher Theater have?", "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Masonic Temple Theatre"}], "question": "Which Detroit theater has 4,404 seats?", "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 550, "text": "1922"}], "question": "In what year was the Detroit Opera House purchased?", "id": "5728ccee3acd2414000dfed3"}]}], ["Hotel Greektown dan tiga hotel resort kasino di pusat bandar menjadi sebahagian daripada pusat hiburan. Pusat pengedaran petani Pasaran Timur adalah pasaran bunga terbuka terbesar di Amerika Syarikat dan mempunyai lebih daripada 150 makanan dan perniagaan khusus. Pada hari Sabtu, kira-kira 45,000 orang membelikan pasar Timur bersejarah di bandar ini. Kawasan Midtown dan Pusat Baru berpusat pada Wayne State University dan Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown mempunyai sekitar 50,000 penduduk dan menarik berjuta-juta pelawat setiap tahun ke muzium dan pusat kebudayaannya; contohnya, Festival Seni Detroit di Midtown menarik kira-kira 350,000 orang. <> Pasar manakah yang mempunyai udara terbuka terbesar di Amerika Syarikat? || Pasaran Timur <> Berapa besar penduduk Midtown? || 50,000 <> Perayaan manakah yang menarik lebih daripada satu juta pengunjung? || Detroit Festival of Arts <> Berapa banyak pusat peranginan kasino di pusat bandar? || tiga <> Pada hari apakah Pasar Timur menarik pengunjung yang paling? || Sabtu", {"context": "The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses. On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market. The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers; for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 104, "text": "Eastern Market"}], "question": "Which market has the largest open air flowerbed in the US?", "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 457, "text": "50,000"}], "question": "How big is Midtown's population?", "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Detroit Festival of the Arts"}], "question": "Which festival attracts over a quarter million visitors?", "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many casino resorts ore in downtown?", "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 267, "text": "Saturdays"}], "question": "On which day does Eastern Market attract the most visitors?", "id": "5728cf903acd2414000dff1f"}]}], ["Banyak muzium terkenal di kawasan ini terletak di kejiranan pusat kebudayaan bersejarah di sekitar Universiti Negeri Wayne dan Kolej Pengajian Kreatif. Musei-muzium ini termasuk Institut Kesenian Detroit, Muzium Sejarah Detroit, Muzium Sejarah Afrika Amerika Charles H. Wright, Pusat Sains Detroit, serta cabang utama Perpustakaan Awam Detroit. Lain-lain kemuncak budaya termasuk Muzium Motown Historical, Muzium Ford Piquette Plant Plant (tempat kelahiran Ford Model T dan bangunan kilang kereta tertua di dunia terbuka kepada orang awam), studio dan sekolah Pewabic Pottery, Muzium Tuskegee Airmen, Fort Wayne, Muzium Dossin Great Lakes, Muzium Seni Kontemporari Detroit (MOCAD), Institut Seni Kontemporari Detroit (CAID), dan Konservatori Belle Isle. <> Apa nama muzium seni di Detroit? || Detroit Institute of Arts <> Apakah nama museum Amerika Afrika Detroit? || Charles H. Wright Muzium Sejarah Afrika Amerika <> Di manakah tempat kelahiran Model T? || Ford Piquette Avenue Plant <> Apakah MOCAD berdiri? || Muzium Seni Kontemporari Detroit <> Apakah CAID berdiri? || Institut Seni Kontemporari Detroit", {"context": "Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 188, "text": "Detroit Institute of Arts"}], "question": "What is the name of the art museum in Detroit?", "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History"}], "question": "What is the name of the Detroit museum of African American history?", "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Ford Piquette Avenue Plant"}], "question": "Where was the birthplace of the Model T?", "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 695, "text": "Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit"}], "question": "What does MOCAD stand for?", "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e75"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 743, "text": "Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit"}], "question": "What does CAID stand for?", "id": "5728cdc64b864d1900164e76"}]}], ["Acara tahunan musim panas termasuk Festival Muzik Elektronik, Festival Jazz Antarabangsa, Woodward Dream Cruise, Festival Dunia Afrika, muzik negara Hoedown, Noel Night, dan Dally di Alley. Di dalam pusat bandar, Campus Martius Park menjadi tuan rumah acara besar, termasuk Motown Winter Blast tahunan. Sebagai pusat otomotif tradisional di dunia, bandar ini menganjurkan Pameran Auto Amerika Utara. Diadakan sejak tahun 1924, Parade Thanksgiving Amerika adalah salah satu negara terbesar. River Days, perayaan musim panas lima hari di Riverfront Antarabangsa membawa kepada kembang api Festival Kebebasan Antarabangsa Windsor-Detroit, yang menarik ramai orang berukuran antara beratus ribu hingga tiga juta orang. <> Taman mana yang menjadi tuan rumah Winter Bash? || Campus Martius Park <> Perarakan mana yang bermula pada tahun 1924? || Parade Thanksgiving America <> Perayaan mana yang merangkumi lima hari? || Hari-hari Sungai <> Perayaan mana yang menarik sehingga 3 juta orang? || Festival Kebebasan Antarabangsa Windsor-Detroit <> Apakah festival muzik negara di Detroit dipanggil? || Hoedown", {"context": "Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest. River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor\u2013Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Campus Martius Park"}], "question": "Which parks hosts the Winter Bash?", "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 428, "text": "America's Thanksgiving Parade"}], "question": "Which parade started in 1924?", "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 490, "text": "River Days"}], "question": "Which festival spans five days?", "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Windsor\u2013Detroit International Freedom Festival"}], "question": "Which festival draws up to 3 million people?", "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff38"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "Hoedown"}], "question": "What is the country music festival in Detroit called?", "id": "5728d0853acd2414000dff39"}]}], ["Detroit dinamakan sebagai tempat kelahiran muzik techno pada awal 1980-an. Bandar ini juga memberi nama kepada genre awal dan perintis muzik tarian elektronik, \"Detroit techno\". Mempunyai imej fiksyen sains dan tema robot, gaya futuristiknya sangat dipengaruhi oleh geografi penurunan bandar Detroit dan masa lalu perindustriannya. Artis tekno terkenal Detroit termasuk Juan Atkins, Derrick May, dan Kevin Saunderson. Festival Muzik Elektronik Detroit, yang kini dikenali sebagai \"Pergerakan\", berlaku setiap tahun pada akhir Mei pada Hujung Minggu Memorial, dan berlangsung di Hart Plaza. Pada tahun-tahun awal (2000-2002), ini merupakan peristiwa mercu tanda, yang membual lebih dari satu juta orang yang dianggarkan setiap tahun, datang dari seluruh dunia untuk meraikan muzik Techno di kota kelahirannya. <> Techno bermula di mana bandar? || Detroit <> Apakah genre muzik yang menampilkan tema robotik? || Detroit techno <> Apakah Festival Muzik Elektronik Detroit dikenali? || Pergerakan <> Bilakah \"Pergerakan\" berlaku? || Hujung Minggu Harian Memorial <> Di mana \"Pergerakan\" berlaku? || Hart Plaza", {"context": "Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s. The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, \"Detroit techno\". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as \"Movement\", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000-2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Detroit"}], "question": "Techno started in which city?", "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "Detroit techno"}], "question": "What genre of music featured robotic themes?", "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 487, "text": "Movement"}], "question": "What is the Detroit Electronic Music Festival known as?", "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfead"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 529, "text": "Memorial Day Weekend"}], "question": "When does \"Movement\" occur?", "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 570, "text": "Hart Plaza"}], "question": "Where does \"Movement\" take place?", "id": "5728cbea3acd2414000dfeaf"}]}], ["Mahkamah Detroit ditadbir negeri dan pilihan raya bukan parti. Mahkamah Probate untuk Wayne County terletak di Pusat Perbandaran Coleman A. Young di pusat bandar Detroit. The Circuit Court terletak di Gratiot Ave. di Dewan Keadilan Frank Murphy, di pusat bandar Detroit. Bandar ini adalah rumah kepada Mahkamah Daerah Tiga Puluh Keenam, serta Daerah Pertama Mahkamah Rayuan Michigan dan Mahkamah Daerah Amerika Syarikat untuk Daerah Timur Michigan. Bandar ini menyediakan penguatkuasaan undang-undang melalui Jabatan Polis Detroit dan perkhidmatan kecemasan melalui Jabatan Bomba Detroit. <> Di mana Mahkamah Litar terletak? || Frank Murphy Hall of Justice <> Di mana terletak Probate Court di Wayne County? || Coleman A. Pusat Perbandaran Muda <> Yang mana Mahkamah Daerah adalah rumah Detroit? || Thirty-Sixth", {"context": "Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Ave. in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 235, "text": "Frank Murphy Hall of Justice"}], "question": "Where is the Circuit Court located?", "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7bb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 124, "text": "Coleman A. Young Municipal Center"}], "question": "Where is Wayne County's Probate Court located?", "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7ba"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "Thirty-Sixth"}], "question": "Which District Court is Detroit home to?", "id": "5728d4d3ff5b5019007da7bc"}]}], ["Hampir dua pertiga daripada semua pembunuhan di Michigan pada tahun 2011 berlaku di Detroit. Walaupun kadar jenayah ganas turun 11 peratus pada tahun 2008, jenayah kekerasan di Detroit tidak merosot sebanyak purata nasional dari tahun 2007 hingga 2011. Kadar jenayah ganas adalah salah satu yang tertinggi di Amerika Syarikat. Neighborhoodscout.com melaporkan kadar jenayah sebanyak 62.18 setiap 1,000 penduduk untuk jenayah harta benda, dan 16.73 setiap 1,000 untuk jenayah kekerasan (berbanding dengan angka nasional sebanyak 32 setiap 1,000 jenayah harta benda dan 5 setiap 1,000 jenayah kekerasan pada tahun 2008). <> Sebilangan pecahan pembunuhan Michigan berlaku di Detroit? || dua pertiga <> Apakah kadar kejahatan harta Detroit? || 62.18 setiap 1,000 <> Apakah kadar jenayah ganas pada tahun 2008? || 5 per 1,000 <> Apakah angka kejahatan ganas Detroit pada tahun 2008? || 16.73 setiap 1,000", {"context": "Nearly two-thirds of all murders in Michigan in 2011 occurred in Detroit. Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11 percent in 2008, violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011. The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 7, "text": "two-thirds"}], "question": "What fraction of Michigan's homicides occurred in Detroit?", "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 344, "text": "62.18 per 1,000"}], "question": "What is Detroit's rate of property crime?", "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f23"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 500, "text": "5 per 1,000"}], "question": "What was the national rate of violent crimes in 2008?", "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f24"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "16.73 per 1,000"}], "question": "What was Detroit's rate of violent crimes in 2008?", "id": "5728d69d4b864d1900164f25"}]}], ["Bermula dengan penubuhannya pada tahun 1802, Detroit mempunyai sejumlah 74 walikota. Datuk Bandar terakhir Detroit dari Parti Republikan adalah Louis Miriani, yang berkhidmat dari tahun 1957 hingga 1962. Pada tahun 1973, kota itu memilih walikota hitam pertama, Coleman Young. Walaupun usaha-usaha pembangunan, gaya penentangannya selama lima penggal di pejabatnya tidak diterima dengan baik oleh ramai penduduk pinggir bandar. Mayor Dennis Archer, bekas Hakim Mahkamah Agung Michigan, memfokuskan semula perhatian bandar mengenai pembangunan semula dengan rancangan untuk membenarkan tiga pusat kasino di pusat bandar. Menjelang 2008, tiga hotel resort kasino utama menubuhkan operasi di bandar. <> Bilakah Detroit diperbadankan? || 1802 <> Berapa ramai datuk bandar mempunyai Detroit? || 74 <> Siapakah Datuk Bandar Republik yang terakhir Detroit? || Louis Miriani <> Siapa Datuk Bandar hitam pertama Detroit? || Coleman Young <> Apakah bekas pekerjaan Dennis Archer? || Mahkamah Agung", {"context": "Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents. Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "1802"}], "question": "When was Detroit incorporated?", "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "74"}], "question": "How many mayors has Detroit had?", "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7eb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 131, "text": "Louis Miriani"}], "question": "Who was Detroit's last Republican mayor?", "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "Coleman Young"}], "question": "Who was Detroit's first black mayor?", "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 410, "text": "Supreme Court Justice"}], "question": "What was Dennis Archer's former occupation?", "id": "5728d743ff5b5019007da7ee"}]}], ["Pada tahun-tahun berikutnya pertengahan tahun 1930-an, Detroit telah dirujuk sebagai \"City of Champions\" selepas Harimau, Lions, dan Wings Merah menawan semua tiga kejohanan sukan profesional utama dalam tempoh tujuh bulan (Harimau memenangi Dunia Siri pada bulan Oktober 1935, Lions memenangi kejohanan NFL pada Disember 1935, Red Wings memenangi Piala Stanley pada April 1936). Pada tahun 1932, Eddie \"The Midnight Express\" Tolan dari Detroit memenangi perlumbaan 100- dan 200 meter dan dua pingat emas pada Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1932. Joe Louis memenangi kejuaraan kelas berat dunia pada tahun 1937. <> Apakah nama samaran sukan Detroit berkaitan? || City of Champions <> Apakah nama samaran Eddie Tolan? || Midnight Express <> Siapa yang memenangi gelaran tinju pada tahun 1937? || Joe Louis <> Yang memenangi Piala Stanley pada tahun 1936? || Wings Merah <> Yang memenangi Siri Dunia pada tahun 1935? || Harimau", {"context": "In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the \"City of Champions\" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936). In 1932, Eddie \"The Midnight Express\" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 70, "text": "City of Champions"}], "question": "What is Detroit's sports related nickname?", "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eea"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 388, "text": "The Midnight Express"}], "question": "What is Eddie Tolan's nickname?", "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eeb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "Joe Louis"}], "question": "Who won the boxing title in 1937?", "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eec"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 326, "text": "Red Wings"}], "question": "Who won the Stanley Cup in 1936?", "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 224, "text": "Tigers"}], "question": "Who won the World Series in 1935?", "id": "5728d37b4b864d1900164eee"}]}], ["Detroit adalah rumah kepada beberapa institusi pengajian tinggi termasuk Wayne State University, universiti penyelidikan kebangsaan dengan sekolah perubatan dan undang-undang di kawasan Midtown yang menawarkan beratus-ratus ijazah dan program akademik. University of Detroit Mercy, yang terletak di Northwest Detroit di Daerah Universiti, adalah sebuah universiti kolej pendidikan Katolik yang terkenal yang bergabung dengan Persatuan Yesus (Jesuit) dan Sisters of Mercy. University of Detroit Mercy menawarkan lebih daripada seratus darjah akademik dan program pengajian termasuk perniagaan, pergigian, undang-undang, kejuruteraan, seni bina, kejururawatan dan profesi kesihatan bersekutu. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law terletak di Downtown di seberang Renaissance Centre. <> Universiti penyelidikan apa yang terletak di Midtown? || University of Wayne <> Apa universiti Katolik di Detroit? || University of Detroit Mercy <> Di mana distrik ialah Sekolah Undang-undang Detroit Mercy yang terletak? || Downtown <> Yang masyarakat Katolik ialah Detroit Mercy yang berafiliasi? || Masyarakat Yesus", {"context": "Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Wayne State University"}], "question": "What research university is located in Midtown?", "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da80e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 229, "text": "University of Detroit Mercy"}], "question": "What Catholic university is in Detroit?", "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da80f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 705, "text": "Downtown"}], "question": "In which district is Detroit Mercy's Law School located?", "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da810"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 391, "text": "Society of Jesus"}], "question": "Which Catholic society is Detroit Mercy affiliated with?", "id": "5728d8e3ff5b5019007da811"}]}], ["Seminar Utama Hati Kudus, yang pada asalnya diasaskan pada tahun 1919, bergabung dengan Universiti Pontifical Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum di Rom dan menawarkan gelar pontifikal serta sarjana muda dan ijazah sarjana. Seminari Utama Jantung Kudus menawarkan pelbagai program akademik untuk kedua-dua perkeranian dan pelajar awam. Institusi lain di bandar termasuk Kolej Pengajian Kreatif, Kolej Perniagaan Lewis, Kolej Marygrove dan Kolej Komuniti Wayne County. Pada bulan Jun 2009, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine yang berpusat di East Lansing membuka sebuah kampus satelit yang terletak di Pusat Perubatan Detroit. University of Michigan didirikan pada tahun 1817 di Detroit dan kemudian pindah ke Ann Arbor pada tahun 1837. Pada tahun 1959, University of Michigan-Dearborn didirikan di negara tetangga Dearborn. <> Apa Seminari terletak di Detroit? || Seminar Utama Jantung Kudus <> Kapan Seminar Utama Jantung Kudus diasaskan? || 1919 <> Apa Universiti membuka kampus satelit di Pusat Perubatan Detroit? || Negeri Michigan <> Bilakah University of Michigan diasaskan? || 1817 <> Bilakah Universiti Michigan meninggalkan Detroit? || 1837", {"context": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary, originally founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Sacred Heart Major Seminary"}], "question": "What Seminary is located in Detroit?", "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e0039"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 51, "text": "1919"}], "question": "When was Sacred Heart Major Seminary founded?", "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 498, "text": "Michigan State"}], "question": "What University opened a satellite campus in the Detroit Medical Center?", "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 698, "text": "1817"}], "question": "When was the University of Michigan founded?", "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 746, "text": "1837"}], "question": "When did the University of Michigan leave Detroit?", "id": "5728d9ff3acd2414000e003d"}]}], ["Detroit telah berjuang dengan jenayah yang tinggi selama beberapa dekad. Detroit memegang gelaran modal pembunuhan antara 1985-1987 dengan kadar pembunuhan sekitar 58 setiap 100,000. Jenayah sejak itu menurun dan, pada tahun 2014, kadar pembunuhan adalah 43.4 setiap 100,000, lebih rendah daripada di St. Louis, Missouri. Walaupun kadar pembunuhan meningkat sebanyak 6% pada separuh pertama tahun 2015, ia telah diatasi oleh St Louis dan Baltimore yang melihat pancang yang lebih besar dalam keganasan. Pada akhir tahun 2015, Detroit mempunyai 295 kes pembunuhan jenayah, turun sedikit daripada 299 pada 2014. <> Apakah kadar pembunuhan Detroit pada tahun 2014? || 43.4 setiap 100,000 <> Apakah kadar pembunuhan Detroit pada pertengahan hingga akhir tahun 80-an? || 58 per 100,000 <> Apa bandar yang mempunyai kadar pembunuhan yang lebih tinggi daripada Detroit pada tahun 2014? || St Louis <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan dilakukan Detroit pada tahun 2014? || 299 <> Berapa banyak pembunuhan dilakukan pada Detroit pada tahun 2015? || 295", {"context": "Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985-1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000. Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri. Although the murder rate increased by 6% during the first half of 2015, it was surpassed by St Louis and Baltimore which saw much greater spikes in violence. At year-end 2015, Detroit had 295 criminal homicides, down slightly from 299 in 2014.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "43.4 per 100,000"}], "question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in 2014?", "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f0e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "58 per 100,000"}], "question": "What was Detroit's murder rate in the mid to late 80s?", "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f0f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 244, "text": "St. Louis"}], "question": "What city had a higher murder rate than Detroit in 2014?", "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f10"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 496, "text": "299"}], "question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2014?", "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f11"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "295"}], "question": "How many murders did Detroit have in 2015?", "id": "5728d5b54b864d1900164f12"}]}], ["Bandar ini dikawal selaras dengan Piagam Piagam Rumah Kota Detroit. Kerajaan bandar dikendalikan oleh Datuk Bandar dan sembilan anggota majlis bandar dan kerani yang dipilih pada undi bukan partisan yang besar. Sejak pengundi meluluskan piagam bandar itu pada tahun 1974, Detroit mempunyai sistem \"mayoral kuat\", dengan Datuk Bandar meluluskan majlis jabatan. Majlis meluluskan belanjawan tetapi datuk bandar tidak diwajibkan untuk mematuhi sebarang pengkhususan. Ordinan bandar dan kontrak yang besar harus diluluskan oleh dewan. Kod Detroit City adalah kod peraturan tempatan Detroit. <> Berapa ramai orang di majlis bandar? || sembilan <> Bilakah Piagam Detroit diluluskan? || 1974 <> Siapa yang meluluskan belanja Detroit? || Majlis <> Apakah Piagam Detroit dipanggil? || Piagam Piagam Rumah", {"context": "The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk elected on an at-large nonpartisan ballot. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a \"strong mayoral\" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council. The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 123, "text": "nine"}], "question": "How many people are on the city council?", "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff97"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 245, "text": "1974"}], "question": "When was Detroit's charter approved?", "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff98"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 346, "text": "The council"}], "question": "Who approves Detroit's budgets?", "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff99"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 37, "text": "Home Rule Charter"}], "question": "What is Detroit's charter called?", "id": "5728d4373acd2414000dff9a"}]}], ["Di dalam sukan kolej, lokasi pusat Detroit dalam Persidangan Mid-Amerika telah menjadikannya laman kerap untuk kejohanan liga. Walaupun Kejohanan Bola Keranjang MAC bergerak secara kekal ke Cleveland bermula pada tahun 2000, Permainan Kejohanan Bola Sepak MAC telah dimainkan di Ford Field di Detroit sejak 2004, dan setiap tahunnya menarik 25,000 hingga 30,000 peminat. University of Detroit Mercy mempunyai program Divisi NCAA I, dan Wayne State University mempunyai kedua-dua program NCAA Bahagian I dan II. Bola sepak NCAA Little Caesars Pizza Bowl diadakan di Ford Field setiap bulan Disember. <> Permainan mangkuk mana yang diadakan di Detroit? || Little Caesars Pizza Bowl <> Di mana kejohanan MAC Football Championship dimainkan? || Ford Field <> Persidangan mana yang telah diadakan banyak permainan kejohanan di Detroit? || Persidangan Mid-American", {"context": "In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "Little Caesars Pizza Bowl"}], "question": "Which bowl game is held in Detroit?", "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 286, "text": "Ford Field"}], "question": "Where is the MAC Football Championship game played?", "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "Mid-American Conference"}], "question": "Which conference has held many of it's championships games in Detroit?", "id": "5728d2c23acd2414000dff6f"}]}], ["Pada bulan Mac 2013, Gabenor Rick Snyder mengisytiharkan kecemasan kewangan di bandaraya, menyatakan bahawa bandar itu mempunyai defisit bajet $ 327 juta dan menghadapi lebih daripada $ 14 bilion hutang jangka panjang. Ia telah memenuhi keperluan asas setiap bulan dengan bantuan wang bon yang dipegang di akaun escrow negeri dan telah memulakan hari mandat wajib bagi kebanyakan pekerja bandar. Masalah itu, bersama dengan perkhidmatan bandar yang kurang bernasib baik, seperti jabatan polis dan bomba, dan rancangan pemulihan yang tidak berkesan dari Bing dan Majlis Bandaraya mengetuai negeri Michigan untuk melantik pengurus kecemasan untuk Detroit pada 14 Mac 2013. Pada 14 Jun 2013 Detroit memungkiri hutang $ 2.5 bilion dengan menahan $ 39.7 juta dalam pembayaran bunga, sementara Pengurus Kecemasan Kevyn Orr bertemu dengan pemegang obligasi dan pemiutang lain dalam usaha untuk menyusun kembali hutang kota sebesar $ 18.5 bilion dan mengelakkan muflis. Pada 18 Julai 2013, City of Detroit memfailkan untuk perlindungan kebangkrutan Bab 9. Ia diisytiharkan muflis oleh hakim A.S. Stephen Rhodes pada 3 Disember, dengan hutangnya $ 18.5 bilion, katanya dalam menerima perdebatan kota bahawa ia pecah dan rundingan dengan ribuan pemiutangnya tidak dapat diterima. <> Siapa gubernur Michigan pada tahun 2013? || Rick Snyder <> Hakim apa yang mengisytiharkan muflis Detroit? || Stephen Rhodes <> Apa kebangkrutan jenis fail Detroit? || Bab 9 <> Bilakah fail Detroit untuk muflis? || 18 Julai 2013 <> Berapa banyak yang Detroit berhutang apabila diisytiharkan muflis? || $ 18.5 bilion", {"context": "In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy. On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection. It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 24, "text": "Rick Snyder"}], "question": "Who was Michigan's governor in 2013?", "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da948"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 999, "text": "Stephen Rhodes"}], "question": "What judge declared Detroit bankrupt?", "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da949"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "Chapter 9"}], "question": "What type of bankruptcy did Detroit file?", "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 882, "text": "July 18, 2013"}], "question": "When did Detroit file for bankruptcy?", "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1038, "text": "$18.5 billion"}], "question": "How much did Detroit owe when it was declared bankrupt?", "id": "5728d8182ca10214002da94c"}]}], ["I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) berjalan timur-barat melalui Detroit dan melayani Ann Arbor di barat (di mana ia terus ke Chicago) dan Port Huron di timur laut. Lebuhraya I-94 semasa dari Ypsilanti ke Detroit adalah salah satu lebuh raya akses yang terhad di Amerika sebelum ini. Henry Ford membinanya untuk menghubungkan kilang-kilang di Willow Run dan Dearborn semasa Perang Dunia II. Sebahagiannya dikenali sebagai Lebuhraya Willow Run. Lebuh raya I-96 berjalan ke arah barat laut tenggara melalui daerah Livingston, Oakland dan Wayne dan (sebagai Freeway Jeffries melalui Wayne County) mempunyai terminal timurnya di pusat bandar Detroit. <> Apa yang dipanggil I-94? || Edsel Ford Freeway <> Who built I-94? || Henry Ford <> Sebahagian daripada I-94 adalah contoh jenis jalan raya apa? || akses terhad <> Semasa konflik I-94 dibina? || Perang Dunia II", {"context": "I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east\u2013west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest\u2013southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 6, "text": "Edsel Ford Freeway"}], "question": "What is I-94 called?", "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa08"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 275, "text": "Henry Ford"}], "question": "Who built I-94?", "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa09"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 250, "text": "limited-access"}], "question": "A part of I-94 was an example of what type of highway?", "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 351, "text": "World War II"}], "question": "During which conflict was I-94 built?", "id": "5728e0c02ca10214002daa0b"}]}], ["I-275 berjalan dari utara-selatan dari I-75 di selatan ke persimpangan I-96 dan I-696 di utara, memberikan laluan pintas melalui pinggir pinggir barat Detroit. I-375 adalah laluan singkat di pusat bandar Detroit, perpanjangan Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) berjalan timur-barat dari persimpangan I-96 dan I-275, menyediakan laluan melalui pinggir utara Detroit. Diambil bersama, I-275 dan I-696 membentuk separuh bulatan di sekitar Detroit. Lebuh raya negeri Michigan yang ditetapkan dengan huruf M berfungsi untuk menghubungkan jalan raya utama. <> Jalan raya mana yang merupakan lanjutan dari Freeway Chrysler? || I-375 <> Apa yang dipanggil I-696? || Lebuh Raya Reuther <> Jalan raya mana yang berjalan melalui pinggir utara Detroit? || I-696 <> Michigan menggunakan huruf apa untuk menunjuk jalan yang menghubungkan lebuh raya utama? || M <> Jalan raya mana yang mengalir dari utara ke I-75 ke persimpangan I-96 dan I-696? || I-275", {"context": "I-275 runs north\u2013south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east\u2013west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 153, "text": "I-375"}], "question": "Which highway is an extension of the Chrysler Freeway?", "id": "5728e2104b864d190016500e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "Reuther Freeway"}], "question": "What is I-696 called?", "id": "5728e2104b864d190016500f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "I-696"}], "question": "Which highway runs through the northern suburbs of Detroit?", "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165010"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 492, "text": "M"}], "question": "Michigan uses what letter to designate roads that connect major highways?", "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165011"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "I-275"}], "question": "Which highway runs north from I-75 to the junction of I-96 and I-696?", "id": "5728e2104b864d1900165012"}]}], ["Metro Detroit mempunyai rangkaian jalan bebas hambatan bebas tol yang dikendalikan oleh Jabatan Pengangkutan Michigan. Empat Jalan Raya Interstate utama mengelilingi bandar. Detroit dihubungkan melalui Interstate 75 (I-75) dan I-96 ke Kings Highway 401 dan ke bandar utama Ontario Selatan seperti London, Ontario dan Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Freewater Chrysler dan Fisher) adalah laluan utara-selatan utama, yang melayani Flint, Pontiac, Troy dan Detroit, sebelum meneruskan ke selatan (sebagai Detroit-Toledo dan Freeway Seaway) untuk melayani banyak komuniti di sepanjang pantai daripada Lake Erie. <> Yang mana Interstate adalah laluan utara-selatan utama? || I-75 <> Manakah di Tasik Besar yang saya lulus bersebelahan dengan I-75? || Lake Erie <> Berapa banyak antara negeri utama yang berkhidmat di Detroit? || Empat", {"context": "Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north\u2013south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit\u2013Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "I-75"}], "question": "Which Interstate is the major north-south route?", "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 576, "text": "Lake Erie"}], "question": "Which of the Great Lakes does I-75 pass next to?", "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 120, "text": "Four"}], "question": "How many major interstates are serve Detroit?", "id": "5728dffeff5b5019007da8a6"}]}], ["The Detroit Free Press dan The Detroit News adalah akhbar harian utama, kedua-dua penerbitan broadsheet diterbitkan bersama di bawah perjanjian operasi bersama yang dipanggil Perkongsian akhbar Detroit. Kedermawanan media termasuklah program kewartawanan sekolah Detroit Free Press dan Dana Goodfellow Old Detroit Newsboys. Pada bulan Mac 2009, kedua-dua surat khabar itu mengurangkan penghantaran ke rumah selama tiga hari seminggu, mencetak isu-isu kios kertas yang dikurangkan pada hari-hari tidak-penghantaran dan memberi tumpuan kepada sumber-sumber berita berasaskan Internet. The Metro Times, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1980, adalah penerbitan mingguan, meliputi berita, kesenian & hiburan. <> Di bawah perjanjian itu, akhbar-akhbar utama Detroit diterbitkan? || Perkongsian akhbar Detroit <> Bilakah yang ditubuhkan The Metro Times? || 1980 <> Dalam tahun berapa dua akhbar utama Detroit mengurangkan penghantaran ke rumah? || 2009", {"context": "The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit. In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery. The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 169, "text": "Detroit Newspaper Partnership"}], "question": "Under which agreement are Detroit's major newspapers published?", "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0071"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "1980"}], "question": "When was The Metro Times founded?", "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0072"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 341, "text": "2009"}], "question": "In what year did Detroit's two major newspapers reduce home delivery?", "id": "5728db933acd2414000e0073"}]}], ["Pusat Perubatan Detroit secara rasmi menjadi sebahagian daripada Sistem Kesihatan Vanguard pada 30 Disember 2010, sebagai perbadanan keuntungan. Vanguard telah bersetuju untuk melabur hampir $ 1.5 B di kompleks Pusat Perubatan Detroit yang akan merangkumi $ 417 M untuk bersara hutang, sekurang-kurangnya $ 350 M dalam perbelanjaan modal dan tambahan $ 500 M untuk pelaburan modal baru. Vanguard telah bersetuju untuk mengambil semua hutang dan tanggungjawab pencen. Kawasan metro mempunyai banyak hospital lain termasuk Hospital William Beaumont, St. Joseph's, dan Pusat Perubatan Universiti Michigan. <> Pusat Perubatan Detroit telah menjadi sebahagian daripada Sistem Kesihatan apa? || Sistem Kesihatan Vanguard <> Berapakah rancangan Vanguard untuk melabur dalam DMC? || $ 1.5 B <> Apa nama sebuah hospital Katolik di Detroit? || St Joseph <<Berapa banyak yang akan dibelanjakan oleh Vanguard untuk membayar hutang untuk DMC? || $ 417 M <> Berapakah rancangan Vanguard untuk dibelanjakan dalam pelaburan modal? || $ 500 M", {"context": "Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment. Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations. The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 49, "text": "Vanguard Health Systems"}], "question": "Detroit Medical Center has become a part of what Health System?", "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 161, "text": "$1.5 B"}], "question": "How much does Vanguard plan to invest in DMC?", "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 484, "text": "St. Joseph's"}], "question": "What is a name of a Catholic hospital in Detroit?", "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 225, "text": "$417 M"}], "question": "How much will Vanguard spend to retire debt for DMC?", "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9e9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 307, "text": "$500 M"}], "question": "How much does Vanguard plan to spend in capital investment?", "id": "5728de4d2ca10214002da9ea"}]}], ["Pada 18 Februari 2015, Menteri Pengangkutan Kanada Lisa Raitt mengumumkan bahawa Kanada telah bersetuju untuk membayar keseluruhan kos untuk membina plaza Kastam A.S. $ 250 juta bersebelahan dengan jambatan Detroit-Windsor yang baru dirancang, kini Jambatan Antarabangsa Gordie Howe. Kanada telah merancang untuk membayar 95 peratus jambatan, yang akan menelan belanja $ 2.1 bilion dan dijangka dibuka pada tahun 2020. \"Ini membolehkan Kanada dan Michigan untuk memindahkan projek itu ke hadapan dengan segera ke langkah seterusnya yang termasuk kerja reka bentuk lanjut dan pengambilalihan hartanah di sebelah AS sempadan, \"kata Raitt dalam kenyataan yang dikeluarkan selepas dia bercakap di Dewan Rakyat. <> Siapa Menteri Pengangkutan di Kanada? || Lisa Raitt <> Berapakah kos plaza A.S. ATAU harganya? || $ 250 juta <> Berapa harga Jambatan Antarabangsa Gordie Howe dijangka akan dikenakan? || $ 2.1 bilion <> Bilakah Jambatan Antarabangsa Gordie Howe dijangka dibuka? || 2020 <> Berapakah jumlah Jambatan Antarabangsa Gordie Howe yang Kanada akan bayar? || 95 peratus", {"context": "On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit\u2013Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95 per cent of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. \"This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border,\" Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. ", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 50, "text": "Lisa Raitt"}], "question": "Who is the Transport Minister in Canada?", "id": "5728df482ca10214002da9fe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 128, "text": "$250 million"}], "question": "How much is the U.S. Customs plaza expected to cost?", "id": "5728df482ca10214002da9ff"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 335, "text": "$2.1 billion"}], "question": "How much is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to cost?", "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa00"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 376, "text": "2020"}], "question": "When is the Gordie Howe International Bridge expected to open?", "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa01"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 292, "text": "95 per cent"}], "question": "How much of the Gordie Howe International Bridge is Canada going to pay for?", "id": "5728df482ca10214002daa02"}]}], ["Juga diasaskan pada tahun 1935 dan berpusat di Detroit the Michigan Chronicle adalah salah satu surat kabar mingguan Afrika dan Amerika yang paling dihormati di Amerika. Meliputi politik, hiburan, sukan dan acara komuniti. Pasar televisyen Detroit adalah yang ke-11 terbesar di Amerika Syarikat; menurut anggaran yang tidak termasuk penonton yang terletak di kawasan besar Ontario, Kanada (Windsor dan kawasan sekitarnya di TV siaran dan kabel, serta beberapa pasaran kabel lain di Ontario, seperti kota Ottawa) yang menerima dan menonton Detroit stesen televisyen. <> Apa akhbar yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1935? || Michigan Chronicle <> Bagaimana kedudukan pasaran TV Detroit? || Ke-11 terbesar <> Berapa kerap yang ditulis oleh Chronicle Michigan? || mingguan <> Apa wilayah Kanada adalah pengguna besar pemrograman Detroit? || Ontario", {"context": "Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events. The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States; according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 46, "text": "Michigan Chronicle"}], "question": "What newspaper was founded in 1935?", "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 252, "text": "11th largest"}], "question": "How is Detroit's TV market ranked?", "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "weekly"}], "question": "How often does the Michigan Chronicle publish?", "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 366, "text": "Ontario"}], "question": "What province of Canada is a large consumer of Detroit programming?", "id": "5728dc74ff5b5019007da86d"}]}], ["Di dalam kota Detroit, terdapat lebih dari selusin hospital utama termasuk Pusat Perubatan Detroit (DMC), Sistem Kesihatan Henry Ford, Sistem Kesihatan St. John, dan Pusat Perubatan John D. Dingell VA. DMC, pusat trauma Tahap I, terdiri daripada Hospital Penerima Detroit dan Pusat Kesihatan Universiti, Hospital Kanak-kanak Michigan, Hospital Universiti Harper, Hospital Wanita Hutzel, Institut Mata Kresge, Institut Pemulihan Michigan, Hospital Sinai-Grace, dan Karmanos Institut Kanser. DMC mempunyai lebih daripada 2,000 katil berlesen dan 3,000 doktor gabungan. Ia adalah majikan swasta terbesar di City of Detroit. Pusat ini dikendalikan oleh doktor dari Sekolah Perubatan Universiti Wayne State, sekolah perubatan tunggal kampus terbesar di Amerika Syarikat, dan sekolah perubatan keempat terbesar di Amerika Syarikat secara keseluruhan. <> Berapa banyak hospital besar di Detroit? || lebih sedozen <> Apa yang dipanggil hospital Detroit VA? || John D. Dingell <> Berapa ramai doktor gabungan yang mempunyai DMC? || 3,000 <> Berapa banyak katil yang ada di DMC? || 2,000 <> Siapa majikan swasta terbesar di Detroit? || DMC", {"context": "Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit. The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 38, "text": "over a dozen"}], "question": "How many major hospitals are in Detroit?", "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9c8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 173, "text": "John D. Dingell"}], "question": "What is the Detroit VA hospital called?", "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9c9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 569, "text": "3,000"}], "question": "How many affiliated physicians does the DMC have?", "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many beds does the DMC have?", "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "DMC"}], "question": "Who is the largest private employer in Detroit?", "id": "5728dd4c2ca10214002da9cc"}]}], ["Detroit dihidangkan oleh pelbagai sekolah swasta, serta sekolah Roman Katolik parochial yang dikendalikan oleh Keuskupan Agung Detroit. Sehingga 2013 [kemas kini] terdapat empat sekolah gred Katolik dan tiga sekolah tinggi Katolik di Kota Detroit, dengan kesemuanya di sebelah barat bandar. Keuskupan Agung Detroit menyenaraikan beberapa sekolah rendah dan menengah di kawasan metro ketika pendidikan Katolik telah berhijrah ke pinggiran kota. Daripada tiga sekolah tinggi Katolik di bandar ini, dua dikendalikan oleh Persatuan Yesus dan yang ketiga ditaja bersama oleh Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary dan Jemaat St. Basil. <> Berapa banyak sekolah tinggi Katolik di Detroit? || tiga <> Berapa banyak sekolah gred Katolik di Detroit? || empat <> Dua daripada tiga sekolah tinggi Katolik dikendalikan oleh kumpulan agama mana? || Persatuan Yesus <> Di sebelah mana bandar bandar adalah semua sekolah Katolik yang terletak? || barat", {"context": "Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side. The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs. Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 191, "text": "three"}], "question": "How many Catholic high schools are in Detroit?", "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 159, "text": "four"}], "question": "How many Catholic grade schools are in Detroit?", "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 502, "text": "Society of Jesus"}], "question": "Two of the three Catholic high schools are operated by which religious group?", "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "west"}], "question": "On which side of the city of the city are all of the Catholic schools located?", "id": "5728dacc2ca10214002da9aa"}]}]], [["Pada tahun 1795, ahli bahasa dan ahli falsafah Prussian Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) menyeru antropologi yang akan mensintesis kepentingan Kant dan Herder. Semasa era Romantik, para ulama di Jerman, terutama mereka yang terlibat dengan pergerakan nasionalis-seperti perjuangan nasionalis untuk mencipta \"Jerman\" daripada pelbagai peribumi, dan perjuangan nasionalis oleh etnik minoriti terhadap Empayar Austro-Hungaria-mengembangkan lebih inklusif pengertian budaya sebagai \"pandangan dunia\" (Weltanschauung). Menurut pemikiran sekolah ini, setiap kumpulan etnik mempunyai pandangan dunia yang berbeza yang tidak dapat dikendalikan dengan pandangan dunia kumpulan lain. Walaupun lebih inklusif daripada pandangan terdahulu, pendekatan ini untuk budaya masih membenarkan perbezaan antara budaya \"bertamadun\" dan \"primitif\" atau \"suku\". <> Yang ahli bahasa Prusia yang dipanggil antropologi? || Wilhelm von Humboldt <> Di mana sebelum ini para sarjana Jerman mengembangkan budaya yang lebih inklusif? || Era Romantis <> Apakah nama Jerman diberikan untuk penciptaan budaya ini semasa era Romantik? || Weltanschauung", {"context": "In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767\u20131835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements\u2014such as the nationalist struggle to create a \"Germany\" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire\u2014developed a more inclusive notion of culture as \"worldview\" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between \"civilized\" and \"primitive\" or \"tribal\" cultures.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 47, "text": "Wilhelm von Humboldt"}], "question": "Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?", "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a5e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "Romantic era"}], "question": "During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?", "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a5f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 494, "text": "Weltanschauung"}], "question": "What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?", "id": "5727f7802ca10214002d9a60"}]}], ["Kamus Bahasa Inggeris Cambridge menyatakan bahawa budaya adalah \"cara hidup, terutama adat istiadat dan kepercayaan umum, sekumpulan orang tertentu pada masa tertentu.\" Teori Pengurusan Keganasan menimbulkan bahawa budaya adalah satu siri aktiviti dan pandangan dunia yang menyediakan manusia dengan ilusi sebagai individu yang bernilai dalam makna dunia-menaikkan diri mereka di atas aspek fizikal kewujudan semata-mata, untuk menafikan kepintaran dan kematian haiwan yang Homo Sapiens menyedari apabila mereka memperoleh otak yang lebih besar. <> Bagaimanakah Kamus Inggeris Cambridge menentukan \"Budaya\" dengan ringkasnya? || cara hidup <> Apakah nama teori ini bahawa budaya adalah satu siri aktiviti dan pandangan dunia? || Teori Pengurusan Keganasan <> Apa yang diperoleh oleh Homo Sapiens yang membolehkan mereka menyedari Budaya? || otak yang lebih besar", {"context": "Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is, \"the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.\" Terror Management Theory posits that culture is a series of activities and worldviews that provide humans with the illusion of being individuals of value in a world meaning\u2014raising themselves above the merely physical aspects of existence, in order to deny the animal insignificance and death that Homo Sapiens became aware of when they acquired a larger brain.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 54, "text": "the way of life"}], "question": " How does the Cambridge English Dictionary define \"Culture\" in short?", "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 170, "text": "Terror Management Theory"}], "question": "What is the name of this theory that culture is a series of activities and world views?", "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 518, "text": "larger brain"}], "question": "What did Homo Sapiens acquire that allowed them to become aware of Culture?", "id": "5727b6064b864d1900163b0c"}]}], ["Istilah \"budaya\" istilah ini didasarkan pada istilah yang digunakan oleh Cicero penguasa Rom Kuno dalam Tuputan Tusculanae, di mana ia menulis tentang penanaman jiwa atau \"cultura animi\", menggunakan metafora pertanian untuk pembangunan jiwa filosofis, difahami secara teleologi sebagai ideal yang paling sesuai untuk pembangunan manusia. Samuel Pufendorf mengambil alih metafora ini dalam konteks moden, yang bermaksud sesuatu yang serupa, tetapi tidak lagi menganggap bahawa falsafah adalah kesempurnaan semula jadi manusia. Penggunaannya, dan banyak penulis selepasnya \"merujuk kepada semua cara di mana manusia mengatasi barbarisme asalnya, dan melalui artifice, menjadi manusia sepenuhnya\". <> Apakah istilah \"budaya\" istilah moden? || istilah yang digunakan oleh orator Roman Kuno Cicero <> Siapa yang mengambil alih metafora yang digunakan oleh Cicero? || Samuel Pufendorf <> Samuel mengubah sesuatu yang ada dalam arti metafora yang lama, apa itu? || tidak lagi menganggap bahawa falsafah adalah kesempurnaan semula jadi manusia", {"context": "The modern term \"culture\" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or \"cultura animi\", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him \"refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero"}], "question": "What is the modern term \"culture\" based on?", "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 337, "text": "Samuel Pufendorf"}], "question": "Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?", "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection"}], "question": "Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?", "id": "5727c8104b864d1900163cfe"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) berhujah untuk \"perpaduan psikik manusia\". Beliau mencadangkan bahawa perbandingan saintifik semua masyarakat manusia akan mendedahkan bahawa pandangan dunia yang berbeza terdiri daripada unsur-unsur asas yang sama. Menurut Bastian, semua masyarakat manusia berkongsi satu set \"idea asas\" (Elementargedanken); budaya yang berbeza, atau \"idea rakyat\" yang berbeza (V\u00f6lkergedanken), adalah pengubahsuaian tempatan idea-idea asas. Pandangan ini membuka jalan untuk memahami budaya moden. Franz Boas (1858-1942) telah dilatih dalam tradisi ini, dan dia membawanya bersama dia ketika dia meninggalkan Jerman untuk Amerika Syarikat. <> Menurut Bastian, apa yang dia percayai semua masyarakat manusia dikongsi? || Idea asas <> Apa nama orang yang berhujah untuk \"Perpaduan psikik manusia\"? || Adolf Bastian <> Siapa terlatih di bawah idea Bastian mengenai budaya? || Franz Boas", {"context": "In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826\u20131905) argued for \"the psychic unity of mankind\". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of \"elementary ideas\" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different \"folk ideas\" (V\u00f6lkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858\u20131942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 276, "text": "elementary ideas"}], "question": "According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?", "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 9, "text": "Adolf Bastian"}], "question": "What was the name of the person argued for \"The psychic unity of mankind\"?", "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 493, "text": "Franz Boas"}], "question": "Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?", "id": "5727f88a4b864d19001640f4"}]}], ["Budaya secara luaran terjejas melalui hubungan antara masyarakat, yang juga boleh menghasilkan-atau menghalang-perubahan sosial dan perubahan dalam amalan budaya. Perang atau persaingan ke atas sumber boleh memberi kesan kepada perkembangan teknologi atau dinamika sosial. Di samping itu, idea-idea kebudayaan boleh dipindahkan dari satu masyarakat ke masyarakat lain, melalui penyebaran atau pembudayaan. Dalam penyebaran, bentuk sesuatu (walaupun tidak semestinya makna) bergerak dari satu budaya ke yang lain. Sebagai contoh, hamburger, makanan segera di Amerika Syarikat, seolah-olah eksotik apabila diperkenalkan ke China. \"Penyebaran rangsangan\" (perkongsian ide) merujuk kepada satu elemen budaya yang membawa kepada penemuan atau penyebaran yang lain. \"Peminjaman langsung\" di sisi lain cenderung merujuk kepada penyebaran teknologi atau ketara dari satu budaya ke yang lain. Penyebaran teori inovasi membentangkan model berasaskan penyelidikan mengapa dan apabila individu dan budaya menerima idea, amalan, dan produk baru. <> Apa yang mungkin memberi kesan kepada dinamika sosial dan pembangunan teknikal? || Perang atau persaingan atas sumber <> Dalam contoh yang diberikan, apa yang kelihatan eksotik apabila diperkenalkan ke China tetapi biasa di Amerika Syarikat? || makanan cepat saji <> Apakah maksud istilah penyebaran Rangsangan? || perkongsian idea <> Teori mana yang terdiri daripada berbudaya mengamalkan amalan, idea, dan produk baru? || Penyebaran inovasi", {"context": "Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce\u2014or inhibit\u2014social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. \"Stimulus diffusion\" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. \"Direct Borrowing\" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 147, "text": "War or competition over resources"}], "question": "What may impact social dynamics and technical development?", "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 478, "text": "fast food"}], "question": "In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?", "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "the sharing of ideas"}], "question": "What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?", "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 803, "text": "Diffusion of innovations"}], "question": "Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?", "id": "5727f460ff5b5019007d991d"}]}], ["Konflik sosial dan pembangunan teknologi dapat menghasilkan perubahan dalam masyarakat dengan mengubah dinamika sosial dan mempromosikan model-model kebudayaan baru, dan memacu atau membolehkan tindakan generatif. Pergeseran sosial ini boleh mengiringi peralihan ideologi dan jenis perubahan budaya yang lain. Sebagai contoh, pergerakan feminis A.S. melibatkan amalan-amalan baru yang menghasilkan peralihan hubungan jantina, mengubah jantina dan struktur ekonomi. Keadaan persekitaran juga boleh dimasukkan sebagai faktor. Sebagai contoh, selepas hutan tropika kembali pada akhir zaman ais terakhir, tumbuh-tumbuhan yang sesuai untuk pembebasan telah disediakan, yang membawa kepada penciptaan pertanian, yang seterusnya membawa banyak inovasi budaya dan pergeseran dalam dinamika sosial. <> Apa perubahan yang berlaku terhadap konflik sosial bersama dengan perkembangan teknologi yang ada pada budaya? || dinamika sosial dan mempromosikan model-model kebudayaan baru <> Apakah pergerakan budaya ini disebut yang melibatkan peralihan hubungan gender terutama melibatkan wanita? || Pergerakan feminis A.S. <> Tempoh masa mana yang digunakan dalam contoh perubahan dalam dinamika sosial? || zaman ais", {"context": "Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 101, "text": "social dynamics and promoting new cultural models"}], "question": "What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? ", "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9914"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 302, "text": "U.S. feminist movement"}], "question": "What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?", "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9915"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "ice age"}], "question": "Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?", "id": "5727f325ff5b5019007d9916"}]}], ["Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) telah menggubal definisi individu \"pencerahan\" yang serupa dengan konsep bildung: \"Pencerahan adalah kemunculan manusia dari ketidakmampuannya sendiri.\" Dia berpendapat bahawa ketidakmampuan ini bukan dari kekurangan pemahaman, tetapi dari kekurangan keberanian untuk berfikir secara bebas. Terhadap pengecut intelektual ini, Kant menggesa: Sapere aude, \"Berani bijaksana!\" Sebagai tindak balas kepada Kant, sarjana Jerman seperti Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) berpendapat bahawa kreativiti manusia, yang semestinya mengambil bentuk yang tidak dapat diprediksi dan sangat pelbagai, adalah sama pentingnya dengan rasional manusia. Lebih-lebih lagi, Herder mencadangkan satu bentuk bildung kolektif: \"Bagi Herder, Bildung adalah kesempurnaan pengalaman yang memberikan identiti yang koheren, dan rasa takdir yang sama, kepada rakyat.\" <> Siapa kata kenyataan berikut? \"Pencerahan adalah kemunculan manusia dari ketidakmampuannya sendiri\". || Immanuel Kant <> Apa maksud maksud Sapere aude? || Berani bijak <> Yang sarjana Jerman berhujah bahawa kreativiti manusia mengambil pelbagai bentuk dan sama pentingnya dengan rasional manusia? || Johann Gottfried Herder", {"context": "Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804) has formulated an individualist definition of \"enlightenment\" similar to the concept of bildung: \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity.\" He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, \"Dare to be wise!\" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744\u20131803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: \"For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Immanuel Kant"}], "question": "Who said the following statement? \"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity\".", "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "Dare to be wise"}], "question": "What does the term Sapere aude mean?", "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "Johann Gottfried Herder"}], "question": "Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?", "id": "5727f60f3acd2414000df0e3"}]}], ["Apabila digunakan sebagai kata nama \"budaya\", adalah satu set adat, tradisi dan nilai masyarakat atau masyarakat, seperti kumpulan etnik atau negara. Dalam pengertian ini, multikulturalisme adalah satu konsep yang menghargai hidup berdampingan secara damai dan saling menghormati antara budaya yang berbeza yang mendiami wilayah yang sama. Kadang-kala \"kebudayaan\" juga digunakan untuk menggambarkan amalan tertentu dalam subkumpulan masyarakat, subkultur (contohnya \"budaya bro\"), atau budaya kaunter. Dalam antropologi kebudayaan, ideologi dan pendirian analitik relativisme budaya berpendapat bahawa budaya tidak boleh dengan mudah disenaraikan atau dinilai secara objektif kerana sebarang penilaian semestinya terletak dalam sistem nilai budaya tertentu. <> Apakah maksud \"Count Count\" bermakna? || budaya <> Apa ciri-ciri kebudayaan yang jatuh di bawah istilah kata nama bilangan? || adat, tradisi dan nilai masyarakat atau masyarakat <> Apa yang termasuk dalam istilah \"antropologi kebudayaan\"? || ideologi dan pendirian analitik relativisme budaya", {"context": "When used as a count noun \"a culture\", is the set of customs, traditions and values of a society or community, such as an ethnic group or nation. In this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same territory. Sometimes \"culture\" is also used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society, a subculture (e.g. \"bro culture\"), or a counter culture. Within cultural anthropology, the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism holds that cultures cannot easily be objectively ranked or evaluated because any evaluation is necessarily situated within the value system of a given culture.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 27, "text": "a culture"}], "question": "What does the term \"Count Noun\" mean?", "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 53, "text": "customs, traditions and values of a society or community"}], "question": "What cultural traits fall under the term count noun?", "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 488, "text": "the ideology and analytical stance of cultural relativism"}], "question": "What falls within the term \"cultural anthropology\"?", "id": "5727c37eff5b5019007d94a2"}]}], ["Sebagai aspek yang menentukan tentang apa yang dimaksudkan untuk menjadi manusia, budaya adalah konsep utama dalam antropologi, yang merangkumi pelbagai fenomena yang ditransmisikan melalui pembelajaran sosial dalam masyarakat manusia. Perkataan ini digunakan secara umum sebagai keupayaan berkembang untuk mengkategorikan dan mewakili pengalaman dengan simbol dan bertindak secara imajinatif dan kreatif. Keupayaan ini timbul dengan evolusi kemodenan tamadun pada manusia sekitar 50,000 tahun yang lalu. Kapasiti ini sering dianggap unik kepada manusia, walaupun beberapa spesies lain telah menunjukkan serupa, walaupun kebolehan yang kurang kompleks untuk pembelajaran sosial. Ia juga digunakan untuk menandakan rangkaian amalan kompleks dan pengetahuan yang terkumpul dan idea-idea yang ditransmisikan melalui interaksi sosial dan wujud dalam kumpulan manusia atau budaya tertentu, menggunakan bentuk jamak. Beberapa aspek tingkah laku manusia, seperti bahasa, amalan sosial seperti kekeluargaan, jantina dan perkahwinan, bentuk ekspresif seperti seni, muzik, tarian, upacara, agama, dan teknologi seperti memasak, tempat tinggal, pakaian dikatakan sebagai budaya budaya, dijumpai dalam semua masyarakat manusia. Budaya material konsep merangkumi ungkapan fizikal budaya, seperti teknologi, seni bina dan seni, sedangkan aspek budaya yang tidak material seperti prinsip organisasi sosial (termasuk, amalan organisasi politik dan institusi sosial), mitologi, falsafah, kesusasteraan (kedua-duanya bertulis dan lisan), dan sains membentuk warisan budaya tidak ketara masyarakat. <> Di sekelilingnya ketika manusia dapat memahami sedikit apa yang dimaksudkan dengan budaya apa? || 50,000 tahun yang lalu <> Namakan beberapa alam semesta budaya yang wujud dengan manusia hari ini. || kekeluargaan, jantina dan perkahwinan <> Apa istilah \"budaya konsep konsep\" yang meliputi? || teknologi, seni bina dan seni", {"context": "As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a central concept in anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that are transmitted through social learning in human societies. The word is used in a general sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols and to act imaginatively and creatively. This ability arose with the evolution of behavioral modernity in humans around 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] This capacity is often thought to be unique to humans, although some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complex abilities for social learning. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that is transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Some aspects of human behavior, such as language, social practices such as kinship, gender and marriage, expressive forms such as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as cooking, shelter, clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies. The concept material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including, practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science make up the intangible cultural heritage of a society.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 430, "text": "50,000 years ago"}], "question": "Around when were humans able to understand to some degree what culture really meant?", "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 921, "text": "kinship, gender and marriage"}], "question": "Name some cultural universals that exist with humans today.", "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1212, "text": "technology, architecture and art"}], "question": "What does the term \"concept material culture\" cover?", "id": "5727ba4b4b864d1900163b9e"}]}], ["Di dalam kemanusiaan, satu perasaan budaya, sebagai sifat individu, telah menjadi tahap yang mereka telah menanam tahap kecanggihan, seni, sains, pendidikan, atau adab tertentu. Tahap kecanggihan budaya kadang kala dilihat membezakan tamadun daripada masyarakat yang kurang kompleks. Perspektif hierarki semacam kebudayaan juga terdapat dalam perbezaan kelas berasaskan kebudayaan elit sosial yang tinggi dan kebudayaan yang rendah, budaya yang popular atau budaya rakyat kelas rendah, dibezakan oleh akses berstrata kepada modal budaya. Dalam istilah umum, kebudayaan sering digunakan untuk merujuk secara khusus kepada penanda simbolik yang digunakan oleh kumpulan etnik untuk membezakan diri mereka dengan jelas antara satu sama lain seperti pengubahsuaian tubuh, pakaian atau perhiasan. [Meragukan - membincangkan] Budaya Massa merujuk kepada massa yang dihasilkan dan massa bentuk pengantara budaya pengguna yang muncul pada abad ke-20. Sesetengah sekolah falsafah, seperti Marxisme dan teori kritikal, berpendapat bahawa kebudayaan sering digunakan secara politik sebagai alat elit untuk memanipulasi kelas yang lebih rendah dan mewujudkan kesedaran palsu, perspektif seperti biasa dalam disiplin pengajian budaya. Dalam ilmu sosial yang lebih luas, perspektif teori materialisme budaya berpendapat bahawa budaya simbol manusia timbul dari keadaan material kehidupan manusia, ketika manusia menciptakan keadaan untuk kelangsungan hidup fisikal, dan dasar budaya ditemui dalam pelestarian biologis yang berkembang. <> Apa yang kadang-kadang digunakan atau dipakai oleh manusia awal untuk membentuk beberapa jenis budaya yang kelihatan? || pengubahsuaian badan, pakaian atau perhiasan <> Sekitar jam berapa Budaya Massa muncul? || Abad ke-20 <> Apakah beberapa sekolah falsafah mencadangkan budaya digunakan? || sebagai alat elit untuk memanipulasi kelas yang lebih rendah dan mewujudkan kesedaran palsu", {"context": "In the humanities, one sense of culture, as an attribute of the individual, has been the degree to which they have cultivated a particular level of sophistication, in the arts, sciences, education, or manners. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Such hierarchical perspectives on culture are also found in class-based distinctions between a high culture of the social elite and a low culture, popular culture or folk culture of the lower classes, distinguished by the stratified access to cultural capital. In common parlance, culture is often used to refer specifically to the symbolic markers used by ethnic groups to distinguish themselves visibly from each other such as body modification, clothing or jewelry.[dubious \u2013 discuss] Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. Some schools of philosophy, such as Marxism and critical theory, have argued that culture is often used politically as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness, such perspectives common in the discipline of cultural studies. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 763, "text": "body modification, clothing or jewelry"}], "question": "What was sometimes used or worn by early humans to form some type of culture visibly?", "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb55"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 927, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "Around what time did Mass Culture emerge?", "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb56"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1057, "text": "as a tool of the elites to manipulate the lower classes and create a false consciousness"}], "question": "What do some schools of philosophy suggest culture is used for?", "id": "5727bf163acd2414000deb57"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, \"Kajian Kebudayaan\" memfokuskan diri pada kajian budaya popular, iaitu makna sosial pengguna dan produk rekreasi yang dihasilkan secara besar-besaran. Richard Hoggart membentuk istilah pada tahun 1964 apabila beliau mengasaskan Pusat Birmingham untuk Kajian Kebudayaan Kontemporari atau CCCS. Sejak itu, ia telah dikaitkan dengan Stuart Hall, yang menggantikan Hoggart sebagai Pengarah. Oleh itu, kajian kebudayaan dalam pengertian ini dapat dilihat sebagai kepekatan yang terhad di selok-belok konsumerisme, yang dimiliki oleh budaya yang lebih luas yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai \"Tamadun Barat\" atau sebagai \"Globalisme.\" <> Di U.S apa yang \"Pengajian Budaya\" tertumpu pada bidang ini? || budaya popular <> Siapa yang pertama kali membentuk istilah \"Kajian Kebudayaan\" di Amerika Syarikat? || Richard Hoggart <> Apa nama syarikat yang diasaskan oleh Hoggart pada tahun 1964? || Pusat Birmingham untuk Pengajian Budaya Kontemporari atau CCCS <> CCCS telah dikaitkan dengan siapa? || Stuart Hall", {"context": "In the United States, \"Cultural Studies\" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as \"Western Civilization\" or as \"Globalism.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 73, "text": "popular culture"}], "question": "In the U.S what does \"Cultural Studies\" focus largely on in this field?", "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b8e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "Richard Hoggart"}], "question": "Who first coined the term \"Cultural Studies\" in the United States?", "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b8f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS"}], "question": "What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?", "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b90"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 333, "text": "Stuart Hall"}], "question": "The CCCS has since been associated with who?", "id": "572809bfff5b5019007d9b91"}]}], ["Sosiologi budaya berkembang dari persimpangan antara sosiologi (seperti yang dibentuk oleh ahli teori awal seperti Marx, Durkheim, dan Weber) dengan disiplin ilmu antropologi yang berkembang, di mana para penyelidik mempelopori strategi etnografi untuk menggambarkan dan menganalisis pelbagai budaya di seluruh dunia. Sebahagian daripada warisan pembangunan awal bidang itu berikutan kaedah (kebanyakan penyelidikan sosiologi kultural adalah kualitatif), dalam teori (pelbagai pendekatan kritikal untuk sosiologi adalah pusat kepada komuniti penyelidikan semasa), dan dalam tumpuan substantif Padang. Sebagai contoh, hubungan antara budaya popular, kawalan politik, dan kelas sosial adalah kebimbangan awal dan kekal di dalam bidang. <> Yang mana tiga teori awal membantu membentuk sosiologi budaya? || Marx, Durkheim, dan Weber <> Apa kebimbangan awal untuk bidang budaya Sosiologi? || budaya popular, kawalan politik, dan kelas sosial <> Apa yang paling banyak kajian terhadap budaya sosiologi? || kualitatif", {"context": "The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 105, "text": "Marx, Durkheim, and Weber"}], "question": "Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?", "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 626, "text": "popular culture, political control, and social class"}], "question": "What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?", "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "qualitative"}], "question": "What is most of the research into sociological culture ?", "id": "5728071d4b864d190016427e"}]}], ["Lain-lain pengkritik abad ke-19, setelah Rousseau menerima perbezaan ini antara budaya yang lebih tinggi dan rendah, namun telah melihat perbaikan dan kecanggihan budaya tinggi sebagai perkembangan yang merosakkan dan tidak semulajadi yang mengaburkan dan memesongkan sifat penting orang. Pengkritik ini menganggap muzik rakyat (seperti yang dihasilkan oleh \"rakyat\", iaitu kaum luar bandar, buta huruf, petani) untuk secara jujur menyatakan cara hidup semula jadi, sementara muzik klasik kelihatannya cetek dan merosot. Begitu juga, pandangan ini sering menggambarkan orang-orang pribumi sebagai \"orang liar mulia\" yang hidup yang sahih dan tidak bercela, tidak rumit dan tidak dapat dikalahkan oleh sistem kapitalis yang sangat bersahabat di Barat. <> Apa jenis muzik yang dikritik oleh pengkritik dengan budaya yang tinggi? || muzik rakyat <> Jenis muzik mana yang nampak cetek dan merosot? || muzik klasik <> Apa nama lain digunakan untuk budaya tinggi yang rosak dari orang-orang asli? || orang liar yang mulia", {"context": "Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by \"the folk\", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as \"noble savages\" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 298, "text": "folk music"}], "question": "What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?", "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "classical music"}], "question": "Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?", "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 528, "text": "noble savages"}], "question": "What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?", "id": "5727fec0ff5b5019007d9a74"}]}], ["Walaupun ahli antropologi di seluruh dunia merujuk kepada takrif budaya Tylor, pada abad ke-20 \"budaya\" muncul sebagai konsep sentral dan antropologi antropologi Amerika, yang mana biasanya merujuk kepada keupayaan manusia sejagat untuk mengklasifikasikan dan menyusun pengalaman manusia secara simbolik, dan berkomunikasi secara simbolik antropologi Amerika disusun menjadi empat bidang, masing-masing memainkan peranan penting dalam penyelidikan mengenai budaya: antropologi biologi, antropologi linguistik, antropologi budaya, dan arkeologi. <> Siapakah definisi kebudayaan yang dilakukan oleh antropologi? || Tylor <> Apa empat bidang membentuk antropologi Amerika yang memainkan peranan penting dalam penyelidikan budaya? || antropologi biologi, antropologi linguistik, antropologi budaya, dan arkeologi. <> Di abad mana \"budaya\" sebagai konsep sentral antropologi Amerika muncul? || abad ke-20", {"context": "Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century \"culture\" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "Tylor's"}], "question": "Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?", "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology."}], "question": "What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?", "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "In which century did \"culture\" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?", "id": "5728004a3acd2414000df1e3"}]}], ["Sosiologi budaya kebimbangan budaya-biasanya difahami sebagai ensemble simbolik yang digunakan oleh masyarakat-seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam masyarakat. Bagi Georg Simmel (1858-1918), budaya merujuk kepada \"penanaman individu melalui agensi bentuk luar yang telah menjadi objek dalam sejarah\". Budaya dalam bidang sosiologi dapat ditakrifkan sebagai cara berfikir, cara bertindak, dan objek material yang bersama-sama membentuk cara hidup rakyat. Budaya boleh menjadi salah satu daripada dua jenis, budaya bukan material atau budaya material. Kebudayaan bukan material merujuk kepada idea bukan fizikal yang ada pada budaya mereka, termasuk nilai, sistem kepercayaan, peraturan, norma, moral, bahasa, organisasi, dan institusi. Walaupun budaya Materi adalah bukti fizikal budaya dalam objek dan seni bina yang mereka buat, atau telah dibuat. Istilah ini cenderung relevan hanya dalam kajian arkeologi dan antropologi, tetapi ia secara khusus bermaksud semua bukti material yang boleh dikaitkan dengan budaya masa lalu atau sekarang. <> Siapa yang merujuk kepada budaya sebagai penanaman individu? || Georg Simmel <> Apa yang membentuk bahagian budaya sosiologi mengikut Simmel? || cara berfikir, cara bertindak, dan benda-benda material <> Apa gunanya budaya bukan material? || Idea bukan fizikal <> Istilah budaya material hanya berkaitan dengan apa? || kajian arkeologi dan antropologi", {"context": "The sociology of culture concerns culture\u2014usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society\u2014as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858\u20131918), culture referred to \"the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history\". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 143, "text": "Georg Simmel"}], "question": "Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?", "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9adc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects"}], "question": "What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?", "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9add"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 586, "text": "non physical ideas"}], "question": "What does non-material culture refer to?", "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9ade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 902, "text": "archeological and anthropological studies"}], "question": "The term material culture is only relevant to what?", "id": "572802a8ff5b5019007d9adf"}]}], ["Di United Kingdom, ahli sosiologi dan ulama lain yang dipengaruhi oleh Marxisme, seperti Stuart Hall (1932-2014) dan Raymond Williams (1921-1988), membangunkan kajian kebudayaan. Berikutan Romantis abad kesembilan belas, mereka mengenal pasti \"budaya\" dengan barangan penggunaan dan aktiviti rekreasi (seperti seni, muzik, filem, makanan, sukan, dan pakaian). Walau bagaimanapun, mereka melihat corak penggunaan dan masa lapang yang ditentukan oleh hubungan pengeluaran, yang menyebabkan mereka memberi tumpuan kepada hubungan kelas dan organisasi pengeluaran. <> Yang ahli sains dipengaruhi oleh Marxisme di United Kingdom? || Stuart Hall (1932-2014) dan Raymond Williams (1921-1988) <> Apa yang Marxist seperti Stuart Hall dan Raymond Williams mereka mengenal budaya sebagai? || barang penggunaan dan aktiviti riadah <> Apa yang membuat aktiviti dan barangan Leisure dilihat oleh Marxis? || seni, muzik, filem, makanan, sukan, dan pakaian <> Apa yang menyebabkan ahli sosiologi seperti Stuart dan Raymond memberi tumpuan kepada hubungan kelas dan organisasi pengeluaran? || melihat corak penggunaan dan masa lapang", {"context": "In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932\u20132014) and Raymond Williams (1921\u20131988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified \"culture\" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "Stuart Hall (1932\u20132014) and Raymond Williams (1921\u20131988)"}], "question": "Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?", "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b72"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 243, "text": "consumption goods and leisure activities"}], "question": "What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?", "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b73"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 293, "text": "art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing"}], "question": "What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?", "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b74"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 359, "text": "saw patterns of consumption and leisure"}], "question": "What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?", "id": "572808a2ff5b5019007d9b75"}]}], ["Sosiologi kebudayaan pertama kali muncul di Weimar Jerman (1918-1933), di mana ahli sosiologi seperti Alfred Weber menggunakan istilah Kultursoziologie (sosiologi kebudayaan). Sosiologi kebudayaan kemudian \"dicipta semula\" dalam dunia berbahasa Inggeris sebagai produk \"giliran kebudayaan\" pada tahun 1960-an, yang mengarahkan pendekatan strukturalis dan postmodern kepada sains sosial. Sosiologi budaya jenis ini mungkin dianggap sebagai pendekatan yang menggabungkan analisis budaya dan teori kritis. Ahli sosiologi kebudayaan cenderung untuk menolak kaedah saintifik, [rujukan?] Sebaliknya hermeneutically memberi tumpuan kepada kata-kata, artifak dan simbol. \"Kebudayaan\" telah menjadi konsep penting di banyak cabang sosiologi, termasuk bidang saintifik yang kukuh seperti stratifikasi sosial dan analisis rangkaian sosial. Hasilnya, terdapat kemasukan sosiologi kuantitatif baru-baru ini ke lapangan. Oleh itu, kini terdapat kumpulan sosiologi budaya yang semakin berkembang, yang membingungkan, bukan sosiologi kebudayaan. Para ilmuwan ini menolak aspek postmodern sosiologi yang ditiru, dan sebaliknya mencari sokongan teori dalam visi psikologi sosial dan sains kognitif yang lebih saintifik. \"Sosiologi budaya\" adalah salah satu bahagian terbesar Persatuan Sosiologi Amerika. Penubuhan pengajian budaya British bermakna kedua sering diajar sebagai disiplin yang jauh berbeza di UK. <> Di mana budaya sosiologi berasal? || Weimar Jerman <> Siapa yang pertama merujuk kepada budaya sebagai sosiologi? || Alfred Weber <> Apa yang dikatakan oleh ahli sosiologi budaya sebagai sifat utama budaya? || kaedah saintifik", {"context": "Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918\u20131933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then \"reinvented\" in the English-speaking world as a product of the \"cultural turn\" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. \"Culture\" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. \"Cultural sociology\" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Weimar Germany"}], "question": "Where did sociology culture stem from?", "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164234"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "Alfred Weber"}], "question": "Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?", "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164235"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 515, "text": "scientific methods"}], "question": "What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?", "id": "5728040b4b864d1900164236"}]}], ["Matthew Arnold membezakan \"budaya\" dengan anarki; orang Eropah yang lain, mengikuti ahli falsafah Thomas Hobbes dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau, membezakan \"budaya\" dengan \"keadaan semula jadi\". Menurut Hobbes dan Rousseau, orang asli Amerika yang telah ditawan oleh orang Eropah dari abad ke-16 telah hidup dalam keadaan alam; pembangkang ini dinyatakan melalui kontras antara \"bertamadun\" dan \"tidak bertamadun.\" Mengikut cara pemikiran ini, seseorang dapat mengklasifikasikan beberapa negara dan negara sebagai lebih bertamadun daripada yang lain dan sesetengah orang yang lebih berbudaya daripada yang lain. Sebaliknya ini membawa kepada teori Herbisme Spencer tentang Darwinisme Sosial dan teori evolusi budaya Lewis Henry Morgan. Sama seperti beberapa pengkritik berpendapat bahawa perbezaan antara budaya tinggi dan rendah adalah benar-benar ungkapan konflik antara elit Eropah dan bukan elit, beberapa pengkritik berpendapat bahawa perbezaan antara orang yang bertamadun dan tidak bertamadun benar-benar merupakan ungkapan konflik antara Eropah kuasa penjajah dan mata pelajaran penjajah mereka. <> Bagaimana Matthew Arnold melihat \"Budaya\" dengan? || anarki <> Yang mana dua ahli falsafah membezakan \"budaya\" dengan keadaan semula jadi? || Thomas Hobbes dan Jean-Jacques Rousseau <> Perlumbaan mana yang dianggap hidup dalam \"keadaan alam\" oleh orang-orang Eropah? || Orang Asli Amerika <> \"Dalam keadaan semula jadi\" dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan, di mana mereka? || \"bertamadun\" dan \"tidak bertamadun.\"", {"context": "Matthew Arnold contrasted \"culture\" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted \"culture\" with \"the state of nature\". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between \"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\" According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 41, "text": "anarchy"}], "question": "How did Matthew Arnold view \"Culture\" with?", "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 90, "text": "Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau"}], "question": "Which two philosophers contrasted \"culture\" with the state of nature?", "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 218, "text": "Native Americans"}], "question": "Which race was considered living \"in a state of nature\" by the Europeans?", "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 393, "text": "\"civilized\" and \"uncivilized.\""}], "question": "\"In a state of nature\" was divided into two groups, what where they?", "id": "5727fdad2ca10214002d9ad5"}]}], ["Dalam amalan, budaya merujuk kepada ideal elit dan dikaitkan dengan aktiviti seperti seni, muzik klasik, dan masakan haute. Oleh kerana bentuk-bentuk ini dikaitkan dengan kehidupan bandar, \"budaya\" dikenal pasti dengan \"tamadun\" (dari lat bandar, bandar). Satu lagi aspek pergerakan Romantik adalah minat dalam cerita rakyat, yang membawa kepada \"budaya\" di kalangan bukan elit. Perbezaan ini sering dicirikan sebagai antara budaya tinggi, iaitu kumpulan sosial yang berkuasa, dan budaya yang rendah. Dalam erti kata lain, idea \"budaya\" yang berkembang di Eropah pada abad ke-18 dan awal abad ke-19 mencerminkan ketidaksamaan dalam masyarakat Eropah. <> Apa yang dirujuk budaya dalam amalan? || elit ideal <> Apa yang dikaitkan dengan budaya semasa amalan Jerman ini? || seni, muzik klasik, dan masakan haute <> Seni dan muzik adalah beberapa bentuk budaya yang berkaitan dengan jenis kehidupan apa? || kehidupan bandar <> Idea budaya di Eropah pada abad ke-19 mencerminkan apa dalam tempoh masa ini? || ketidaksamaan dalam masyarakat Eropah.", {"context": "In practice, culture referred to an \u00e9lite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, \"culture\" was identified with \"civilization\" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a \"culture\" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of \"culture\" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "\u00e9lite ideal"}], "question": "What did culture refer to in practice?", "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df137"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 91, "text": "art, classical music, and haute cuisine"}], "question": "What was associated with culture during this German practice?", "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df138"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 168, "text": "urban life"}], "question": "Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?", "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df139"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 616, "text": "inequalities within European societies."}], "question": "The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?", "id": "5727fa303acd2414000df13a"}]}], ["Dari tahun 1970-an dan seterusnya, kerja perintis Stuart Hall, bersama dengan rakan-rakannya, Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, dan Angela McRobbie, mencipta pergerakan intelektual antarabangsa. Sebagai bidang yang berkembang, ia mula menggabungkan ekonomi politik, komunikasi, sosiologi, teori sosial, teori sastera, teori media, kajian filem / video, antropologi budaya, falsafah, kajian muzium dan sejarah seni untuk mempelajari fenomena budaya atau teks budaya. Dalam bidang ini penyelidik sering menumpukan perhatian pada fenomena tertentu berkaitan dengan perkara-perkara ideologi, kebangsaan, etnis, kelas sosial, dan / atau gender. [Kajian diperlukan] Kajian kebudayaan mempunyai keprihatinan terhadap makna dan amalan kehidupan sehari-hari. Amalan-amalan ini merangkumi cara orang melakukan perkara-perkara tertentu (seperti menonton televisyen, atau makan) dalam budaya tertentu. Bidang ini mengkaji makna dan menggunakan atribut manusia kepada pelbagai objek dan amalan. Khususnya, budaya melibatkan makna dan amalan yang dipegang secara bebas daripada sebab. Menonton televisyen untuk melihat perspektif awam mengenai peristiwa bersejarah tidak boleh dianggap sebagai budaya, melainkan merujuk kepada medium televisyen itu sendiri, yang mungkin telah dipilih secara budaya; Walau bagaimanapun, kanak-kanak sekolah menonton televisyen selepas sekolah dengan rakan-rakan mereka untuk \"sesuai\" pasti layak, kerana tidak ada alasan yang mendasari penyertaan seseorang dalam amalan ini. Baru-baru ini, ketika kapitalisme telah tersebar di seluruh dunia (sebuah proses yang dipanggil globalisasi), kajian kebudayaan telah mulai [ketika?] Untuk menganalisis bentuk-bentuk perlawanan lokal dan global terhadap hegemoni Barat [Globalisasi] dalam konteks ini dapat didefinisikan sebagai peradaban barat dengan cara yang lain, ia melemahkan integriti kebudayaan budaya yang lain dan oleh itu, ia adalah represif, eksploitatif dan berbahaya kepada kebanyakan orang di tempat yang berbeza. <> Siapa yang Stuart Hall bekerja bersama? || Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, dan Angela McRobbie <> Apa yang Stuart dan rakan-rakannya membuat? || pergerakan intelektual antarabangsa. <> Dalam bidang yang Stuart sedang bekerja, apa yang dia dan rakan-rakannya sering berkonsentrasi? || perkara-perkara ideologi, kewarganegaraan, etnik, kelas sosial, dan / atau jantina <> Kapitalisme boleh dirujuk sebagai proses apa? || sebuah proses yang dikenali sebagai globalisasi", {"context": "From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to \"fit in\" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 88, "text": "Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie"}], "question": "Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?", "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 163, "text": "international intellectual movement."}], "question": "What did Stuart and his colleagues create?", "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 549, "text": "matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender"}], "question": "In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?", "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1491, "text": "a process called globalization"}], "question": "Capitalism can be referred to as what process?", "id": "57280c92ff5b5019007d9bc7"}]}], ["Raimon Panikkar menunjukkan 29 cara untuk mengubah budaya. Sesetengahnya adalah: pertumbuhan, pembangunan, evolusi, involusi, pengubahsuaian, pemulihan, pembaharuan, inovasi, kebangkitan semula, revolusi, mutasi, kemajuan, penyebaran, osmosis, peminjaman, eklektik, sinkretisme, pemodenan, indigenization, dan transformasi. Oleh itu, pemodenan mungkin sama atau berkaitan dengan pencerahan tetapi istilah 'longgar' yang ditetapkan kepada ideal dan nilai-nilai yang berkembang. kepercayaan dalam kemajuan objektif. Juga dilihat sebagai kepercayaan dalam masyarakat sekular (bebas dari pengaruh agama) contoh objektif dan rasional, sains vs agama dan akhirnya menjadi cara modern tidak menjadi agama. <> Berapa banyak cara Raimon Panikkar percaya perubahan budaya boleh didasarkan? || 29 cara <> Apakah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan apa Pemodenan boleh sama atau berkaitan dengan? || pencerahan <> Apa jenis masyarakat yang dilihat dari 29 cara Raimon? || masyarakat sekular", {"context": "Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 28, "text": "29 ways"}], "question": "How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?", "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 398, "text": "enlightenment"}], "question": "What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?", "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 532, "text": "secular society"}], "question": "What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?", "id": "572818dfff5b5019007d9d2c"}]}], ["Dalam konteks kajian kebudayaan, idea teks termasuk bukan sahaja bahasa tulisan, tetapi juga filem, foto, fesyen atau gaya rambut: teks-teks kajian kebudayaan terdiri dari semua artefak budaya yang bermakna. [Disunting diperlukan] Begitu juga, disiplin meluaskan konsep \"budaya\". \"Budaya\" untuk penyelidik kajian budaya bukan sahaja termasuk budaya tinggi tradisional (budaya kumpulan sosial yang berkuasa) dan budaya popular, tetapi juga makna dan amalan setiap hari. Dua yang terakhir, sebenarnya, telah menjadi fokus utama kajian budaya. Pendekatan yang lebih lanjut dan baru-baru ini adalah kajian kebudayaan perbandingan, berdasarkan disiplin kesusasteraan perbandingan dan kajian budaya. [Rujukan?] <> Idea teks dalam kajian budaya boleh termasuk apa bentuk selain daripada bahasa tulisan? || filem, gambar, fesyen atau gaya rambut <> Yang dua amalan telah menjadi tumpuan utama dalam kajian budaya? || budaya yang tinggi (budaya kumpulan sosial yang memerintah) dan budaya yang popular <> Apa yang membentuk kajian budaya koperasi? || berdasarkan kepada disiplin kesusasteraan perbandingan dan kajian budaya", {"context": "In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of \"culture\". \"Culture\" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 100, "text": "films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles"}], "question": "The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?", "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 373, "text": "high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture"}], "question": "Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?", "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 621, "text": "based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies"}], "question": "What makes up cooperative cultural studies? ", "id": "57280ddfff5b5019007d9be8"}]}], ["Para sarjana di United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat telah mengembangkan versi kajian budaya yang agak berbeza selepas akhir 1970-an. Versi kajian kebudayaan British bermula pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, terutamanya di bawah pengaruh pertama Richard Hoggart, EP Thompson, dan Raymond Williams, dan kemudian Stuart Hall dan yang lain di Pusat Pengajian Kebudayaan Kontemporari di University of Birmingham . Ini termasuk pandangan politik, sayap kiri, dan kritikan budaya popular sebagai budaya massa \"kapitalis\"; ia menyerap beberapa idea kritikan Sekolah Frankfurt mengenai \"industri budaya\" (iaitu budaya massa). Ini muncul dalam tulisan para sarjana-sarjana ilmu budaya awal dan pengaruh mereka: lihat karya (sebagai contoh) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, dan Paul Gilroy. <> Di sekelilingnya apakah Amerika Syarikat dan United Kingdom mula mengembangkan versi pengajian budaya yang berbeza? || akhir 1970-an <> Bilakah versi kajian budaya British dimunculkan? || 1950-an dan 1960-an <> Siapa yang telah mempengaruhi pengajian budaya di U.K? || Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, dan Raymond Williams, dan kemudiannya dari Stuart Hall <> Universiti mana yang melakukan penyelidikan terhadap kajian kebudayaan berlaku di bawah CCCS? || Universiti Birmingham", {"context": "Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as \"capitalist\" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the \"culture industry\" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "late 1970s"}], "question": "Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?", "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df353"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 195, "text": "1950s and 1960s"}], "question": "When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?", "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df354"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 248, "text": "Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall"}], "question": "Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?", "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df355"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "the University of Birmingham"}], "question": "Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?", "id": "57280eea3acd2414000df356"}]}], ["Di Amerika Syarikat, Lindlof dan Taylor menulis, \"Kajian kebudayaan [didasarkan pada tradisi pragmatik, liberal-pluralis\". Versi kajian kebudayaan Amerika pada mulanya menaruh perhatian lebih kepada pemahaman sisi subjektif dan bersesuaian dengan reaksi khalayak terhadap, dan penggunaan, budaya massa; Sebagai contoh, penyokong kajian kebudayaan Amerika menulis tentang aspek pembebasan fandom. [rujukan?] Perbezaan antara helai Amerika dan British, bagaimanapun, telah memudar. Beberapa penyelidik, terutamanya dalam kajian budaya awal British, memohon Marxis model ke lapangan. Tekanan pemikiran ini mempunyai pengaruh dari Sekolah Frankfurt, tetapi terutamanya dari Marxisme strukturalisme Louis Althusser dan yang lain. Fokus utama pendekatan Marxis ortodoks menumpukan kepada pengeluaran makna. Model ini menganggap pengeluaran besar-besaran budaya dan mengenal pasti kuasa sebagai tinggal dengan mereka yang menghasilkan artifak budaya. Dalam pandangan Marxis, mereka yang mengawal cara pengeluaran (pangkalan ekonomi) pada dasarnya mengawal budaya. [Rujukan?] Pendekatan lain untuk kajian kebudayaan, seperti kajian kebudayaan feminis dan perkembangan Amerika di lapangan, menjauhkan diri dari pandangan ini . Mereka mengkritik asumsi Marxis makna tunggal, dominan, dikongsi oleh semua, untuk sebarang produk budaya. Pendekatan bukan Marxis menunjukkan bahawa cara yang berbeza untuk memakan artifak budaya mempengaruhi makna produk. Pandangan ini datang dalam buku Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Walkman Sony (oleh Paul du Gay et al.), Yang bertujuan untuk mencabar tanggapan bahawa mereka yang menghasilkan komoditi mengawal makna yang diucapkan oleh mereka kepada mereka. Penganalisis kebudayaan feminis, ahli teori dan ahli sejarah seni Griselda Pollock menyumbang kepada kajian budaya dari sudut pandang sejarah seni dan psikoanalisis. Penulis Julia Kristeva adalah antara suara yang berpengaruh pada pergantian abad ini, yang menyumbang kepada kajian kebudayaan dari bidang seni dan psikologi Perancis psikoanalitis. [2] Yang mana dua menulis kajian Budaya didasarkan pada pragmatik, tradisi pluralis? || Lindlof dan Taylor <> Dari pandangan Marxis, apa yang mereka percaya perlu dikawal untuk mengawal budaya? || pangkalan ekonomi", {"context": "In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, \"Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition\". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 22, "text": "Lindlof and Taylor"}], "question": "Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?", "id": "57281099ff5b5019007d9c42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1035, "text": "the economic base"}], "question": "From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?", "id": "57281099ff5b5019007d9c43"}]}]], [["Di selatan, Sahara dibatasi oleh Sahel, sabuk kering savana tropika dengan musim hujan musim panas yang meluas Afrika dari timur ke barat. Batas selatan Sahara ditunjukkan secara botani oleh batas selatan Cornulaca monacantha (ahli toleran kemarau dari Chenopodiaceae), atau batas utara Cenchrus biflorus, rumput khas Sahel. Berdasarkan kriteria iklim, batas selatan Sahara sesuai dengan 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet curah hujan tahunan (ini adalah purata jangka panjang, sejak hujan bervariasi setiap tahun). <> Apa yang ada di selatan Sahara? || Sahel <> Apakah jenis iklim Sahel? || kering tropika <> Apakah jangka panjang hujan purata Sahara? || 150 mm", {"context": "To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "Sahel"}], "question": "What is to the south of the Sahara?", "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e78"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 60, "text": "dry tropical"}], "question": "What kind of climate does the Sahel have?", "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e79"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "150 mm"}], "question": "What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?", "id": "5727d9374b864d1900163e7a"}]}], ["Di sebelah utara, rantau Sahara merangkumi Laut Mediterranean di Mesir dan bahagian Libya, tetapi di Cyrenaica dan Maghreb, Sahara bersempadan dengan hutan Mediterranean, hutan, dan semak belukar ecoregions di utara Afrika, yang semuanya mempunyai iklim Mediterranean yang dicirikan oleh panas musim panas dan musim sejuk dan hujan. Menurut kriteria botani Frank White dan ahli geografi Robert Capot-Rey, batas utara Sahara sesuai dengan batas utara penanaman kelapa sawit dan batas selatan spektrum, rumput yang khas dari kawasan iklim Mediterania Maghreb dan Iberia. Batas utara juga sesuai dengan 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet hujan tahunan. <> Apa lautan di Utara Gurun Sahara? || laut Mediterranean", {"context": "To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 36, "text": "Mediterranean Sea"}], "question": "What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?", "id": "5727d3f54b864d1900163e0a"}]}], ["Sahara adalah padang pasir panas yang paling rendah di dunia. Kawasan ini terletak di lintang kuda di bawah rabung subtropika, tali pinggang yang signifikan dari tekanan tinggi teras hangat subtropika separa kekal di mana udara dari paras paras troposfera cenderung tenggelam ke arah tanah. Aliran udara menurun yang stabil ini menyebabkan pemanasan dan kesan pengeringan di troposfera atas. Udara tenggelam menghalang air yang menguap dari naik dan, oleh itu, menghalang penyejukan adiabatik, yang menjadikan pembentukan awan amat sukar untuk hampir tidak mungkin. <> Apakah padang pasir rendah latitud rendah di dunia? || Sahara <> Apa yang ada di Sahara? || Lintang kuda <> Apa yang membuat kesulitan untuk membentuk awan? || tenggelam udara", {"context": "The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Sahara"}], "question": "What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?", "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f02"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 86, "text": "horse latitudes"}], "question": "What ares is the Sahara located in?", "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f03"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 387, "text": "sinking air"}], "question": "What makes it difficult for clouds to form?", "id": "5727dff64b864d1900163f04"}]}], ["Sumber utama hujan di Sahara adalah rendah khatulistiwa yang bersambung dengan sistem tekanan rendah di dekat khatulistiwa yang membawa musim hujan pendek, pendek dan tidak teratur ke Sahel dan Sahara selatan. Sahara tidak kekurangan hujan kerana kekurangan kelembapan, tetapi disebabkan kekurangan mekanisme penjanaan hujan. Hujan di padang pasir gergasi ini harus mengatasi halangan fizikal dan atmosfera yang biasanya menghalang pengeluaran hujan. Iklim yang sah di Sahara mempunyai ciri-ciri hujan yang sangat rendah, tidak boleh dipercayai, dan tidak menentu; nilai durasi cahaya matahari yang sangat tinggi; suhu tinggi sepanjang tahun; kadar kelembapan relatif yang rendah, variasi suhu diurnal yang ketara dan paras penyejatan berpotensi yang sangat tinggi yang merupakan rekod tertinggi di seluruh dunia. <> Apakah sumber utama hujan di Sahara? || sistem tekanan rendah <> Apakah sebabnya Sahara tidak mempunyai kelembapan? || kekurangan mekanisme penjanaan hujan <> Apa yang harus diatasi oleh padang pasir? || halangan yang biasanya menghalang pengeluaran hujan <> Apakah suhu seperti tahun di padang pasir? || suhu tinggi sepanjang tahun", {"context": "The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 84, "text": "low-pressure systems"}], "question": "What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?", "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da732"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 300, "text": "lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism"}], "question": "What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?", "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da733"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation"}], "question": "What does the desert have to overcome?", "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da734"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 630, "text": "high temperatures year-round"}], "question": "What is the temperature like year around in the desert?", "id": "5728c2f02ca10214002da735"}]}], ["Pembubaran awan kekal membolehkan sinaran cahaya dan haba yang tidak terhalang. Kestabilan atmosfera di atas padang pasir menghalang mana-mana perolakan terbalik, dengan itu menjadikan hujan tidak wujud. Akibatnya, cuaca cenderung menjadi cerah, kering dan stabil dengan risiko hujan minimum. Memudaratkan, menyimpang, jisim kering yang dikaitkan dengan sistem tekanan tinggi subtropika sangat tidak menguntungkan bagi pembangunan pancuran mandian konvensional. Rabung subtropika adalah faktor utama yang menerangkan iklim gurun panas (klasifikasi iklim K\u00f6ppen BWh) di rantau ini yang luas. Penurunan udara adalah yang paling kuat dan paling berkesan di bahagian timur Gurun Besar, di Gurun Libya yang merupakan tempat paling sunyi, yang paling kering dan paling hampir tanpa hujan di planet yang menggabungkan Gurun Atacama, yang terletak di Chile dan Peru . <> Apa yang membolehkan sinaran cahaya dan termal yang tidak terhalang? || pembubaran awan <> Cuaca apa yang hampir tidak wujud? || hujan <> Di mana udara yang paling kuat? || bahagian timur Gurun Besar", {"context": "The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 14, "text": "dissolution of clouds"}], "question": "What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?", "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 181, "text": "rainfall"}], "question": "What weather is virtually non-existent?", "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 680, "text": "eastern part of the Great Desert"}], "question": "Where is the air the strongest?", "id": "5727e65b4b864d1900163f8c"}]}], ["Penghambatan hujan dan pelepasan penutup awan paling menonjol ke atas bahagian timur Sahara dan bukannya barat. Massa udara yang terletak di atas Sahara adalah jisim tropika (cT) yang panas dan kering. Massa udara panas dan kering terutama terbentuk di padang gurun Utara-Afrika dari pemanasan kawasan tanah kontinental yang luas, dan ia menjejaskan seluruh padang pasir sepanjang tahun ini. Oleh kerana proses pemanasan melampau ini, rendah termal biasanya diperhatikan berhampiran dengan permukaan, dan adalah yang paling kuat dan yang paling maju semasa musim panas. Sahara High mewakili lanjutan benua timur Azores High, berpusat di Lautan Atlantik Utara. Penenggelaman Sahara High hampir mencapai tanah semasa bahagian paling keren tahun ini, sementara ia menghalang troposfera atas semasa tempoh paling panas. <> Apa seksyen penutup awan Sahara yang paling menonjol? || timur <> Apakah jisim udara yang terletak di atas Sahara? || panas dan kering <> Sebarang bahagian di negara ini yang kebanyakannya udara terbentuk? || Gurun Utara-Afrika", {"context": "The rainfall inhibition and the dissipation of cloud cover are most accentuated over the eastern section of the Sahara rather than the western. The prevailing air mass lying above the Sahara is the continental tropical (cT) air mass which is hot and dry. Hot, dry air masses primarily form over the North-African desert from the heating of the vast continental land area, and it affects the whole desert during most of the year. Because of this extreme heating process, a thermal low is usually noticed near the surface, and is the strongest and the most developed during the summertime. The Sahara High represents the eastern continental extension of the Azores High, centered over the North Atlantic Ocean. The subsidence of the Sahara High nearly reaches the ground during the coolest part of the year while it limits to the upper troposphere during the hottest periods.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 89, "text": "eastern"}], "question": "What section of the Sahara's cloud cover are the most   accentuated?", "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da720"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 242, "text": "hot and dry"}], "question": "What is the air mass lying above the Sahara?", "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da721"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 299, "text": "North-African desert"}], "question": "What part of the country does the air masses primarily form over?", "id": "5728c1b12ca10214002da722"}]}], ["Kesan tekanan rendah permukaan tempatan amat terhad kerana penenggelaman peringkat atas masih terus menghalang sebarang bentuk pendakian udara. Juga, untuk dilindungi daripada sistem cuaca hujan dengan peredaran atmosfer itu sendiri, padang pasir dibuat lebih kering oleh konfigurasi geografi dan lokasinya. Sesungguhnya, kelembapan yang melampau di Sahara tidak boleh dijelaskan hanya oleh tekanan tinggi subtropika. Pergunungan Atlas, yang terdapat di Algeria, Maghribi dan Tunisia juga membantu meningkatkan kelembapan bahagian utara padang pasir. Rangkaian gunung utama ini bertindak sebagai penghalang yang mengakibatkan kesan bayang hujan yang kuat di sebelah leeward dengan menjatuhkan banyak kelembapan yang dibawa oleh gangguan atmosfera di sepanjang permukaan kutub yang mempengaruhi iklim Mediterranean sekitarnya. <> Apa yang disekat kerana tekanan rendah permukaan tempatan? || pendakian udara <> Apa gunung membantu meningkatkan kelembapan padang pasir? || Pegunungan Atlas <> Di mana Pegunungan Atlas terletak? || Algeria", {"context": "The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "air ascent"}], "question": "What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?", "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 424, "text": "Atlas Mountains"}], "question": "What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?", "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 450, "text": "Algeria"}], "question": "Where are the Atlas Mountains located?", "id": "5728c2302ca10214002da72e"}]}], ["Bahagian tengah Sahara adalah hyperarid, dengan sedikit tumbuh-tumbuhan. Gurun utara dan selatan padang pasir, bersama dengan dataran tinggi, mempunyai kawasan padang rumput yang jarang dan semak belukar, dengan pokok-pokok dan pokok renek yang lebih tinggi di wadis di mana kelembapan mengumpul. Di tengah, bahagian hyperarid, terdapat banyak subdivisi gurun yang hebat seperti Tanezrouft, T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, Gurun Libya, Gurun Timur, Gurun Nubia dan lain-lain. Kawasan padang pasir mutlak ini dicirikan oleh kelembapan melampau mereka, dan beberapa tahun dapat berlalu tanpa hujan. <> Apakah bahagian tengah Gurun Sahara? || hyperarid <> Apa yang Sahara tidak ada? || Puncak utara dan selatan padang pasir <> Puncak utara dan selatan padang pasir adalah barang ganti apa? || padang rumput dan padang rumput padang pasir <> Apa Sahara mempunyai sedikit? || Hutan utara dan selatan padang pasir <> Berapa kerapkah Sahara pergi tanpa hujan? || tahun", {"context": "The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 34, "text": "hyperarid"}], "question": "What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?", "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9666"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"}], "question": "What does the Sahara have little to none of?", "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9667"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "grassland and desert shrub"}], "question": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?", "id": "5727cb242ca10214002d9668"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 75, "text": "The northern and southern reaches of the desert"}], "question": "What does the Sahara have little of?", "id": "5727cbd8ff5b5019007d956f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "years"}], "question": "How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?", "id": "5727cbd8ff5b5019007d9571"}]}], ["Sahara (Bahasa Arab: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649, a\u1e63-\u1e63a\u1e25r\u0101' al-kubr\u0101, 'Gurun Terbesar') adalah padang pasir panas terbesar di dunia. Ia adalah padang pasir ketiga terbesar selepas Antartika dan Artik. Kawasan permukaannya 9,400,000 kilometer persegi (3,600,000 kaki persegi) [termasuk rujukan] termasuk Gurun Libya-sebanding dengan kawasan tanah China atau Amerika Syarikat. Gurun ini terdiri daripada banyak tanah yang terdapat di Afrika Utara, tidak termasuk rantau pantai subur yang terletak melawan Laut Mediterranean, Pegunungan Atlas Maghreb, dan Lembah Nil Mesir dan Sudan. Sahara terbentang dari Laut Merah di timur dan Mediterranean di utara, ke Lautan Atlantik di barat, di mana landskap beransur-ansur beralih ke dataran pantai. Di selatan, ia dibatasi oleh Sahel, sabuk savana tropika separa gersang di sekitar lembah Sungai Niger dan Wilayah Afrika Sub-Sahara Afrika. Sahara boleh dibahagikan kepada beberapa wilayah, termasuk Sahara barat, pergunungan Ahaggar pusat, Pergunungan Tibesti, Pegunungan A\u00efr, padang gurun T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9, dan Gurun Libya. Namanya berasal dari perkataan bahasa Arab jamak untuk padang pasir (\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u1e63a\u1e25\u0101r\u0101 [s\u02e4\u0251\u0127\u0251\u02d0r\u0251\u02d0]). <> Apakah padang pasir terpanas ketiga di dunia? || Sahara <> Apakah gurun ketiga terbesar di dunia? || Sahara <> Apakah kawasan permukaan Gurun Sahara? || 9,400,000 kilometer persegi (3,600,000 persegi mi) <> Apakah padang pasir terpanas di dunia? || Sahara", {"context": "The Sahara (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u200e, a\u1e63-\u1e63a\u1e25r\u0101\u02be al-kubr\u0101\u202f, 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]\u2014including the Libyan Desert\u2014is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the A\u00efr Mountains, the T\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u1e63a\u1e25\u0101r\u0101\u202f [\u02c8s\u02e4\u0251\u0127\u0251\u02d0r\u0251\u02d0]).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sahara"}], "question": "What is the third hottest desert in the world?", "id": "5727b786ff5b5019007d9346"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The Sahara"}], "question": "What is the third largest desert in the world?", "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94dc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 205, "text": "9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)"}], "question": "What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?", "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94dd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Sahara"}], "question": "What is the hottest desert in the world?", "id": "5727ba822ca10214002d94de"}]}], ["Langit biasanya jelas di atas padang pasir dan jangka waktu cahaya matahari sangat tinggi di mana-mana di Sahara. Kebanyakan padang pasir menikmati lebih daripada 3,600 jam cahaya matahari setiap tahun atau lebih 82% dari masa dan luas di bahagian timur mengalami lebih daripada 4,000 jam cahaya matahari yang terang setahun atau lebih dari 91% masa, dan tertinggi nilai-nilai sangat dekat dengan nilai maksimum teoritis. Nilai 4,300 h atau 98% masa akan dicatatkan di Mesir Atas (Aswan, Luxor) dan di Gurun Nubia (Wadi Halfa). Rata-rata penyinaran solar langsung tahunan adalah sekitar 2,800 kWh / (m2 tahun) di Great Desert. Sahara mempunyai potensi besar untuk pengeluaran tenaga solar. Kedudukan matahari yang sentiasa tinggi, kelembapan relatif yang sangat rendah, kekurangan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan hujan menjadikan Gurun Besar kawasan paling padat di seluruh dunia dan pastinya tempat paling hangat di bumi semasa musim panas di beberapa tempat. Suhu tinggi purata melebihi 38 \u00b0 C (100.4 \u00b0 F) - 40 \u00b0 C (104 \u00b0 F) semasa bulan paling panas hampir di mana-mana di padang pasir kecuali di kawasan pergunungan yang sangat tinggi. Suhu tinggi purata yang direkodkan secara rasmi adalah 47 \u00b0 C (116.6 \u00b0 F) di sebuah bandar padang pasir terpencil di Gurun Algeria yang dipanggil Bou Bernous dengan ketinggian 378 meter di atas paras laut. Ia adalah rekod suhu tinggi tertinggi di dunia dan hanya Death Valley, pesaing California. Tempat panas yang lain di Algeria seperti Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane dengan ketinggian antara 200 dan 400 meter di atas paras laut mendapatkan purata purata musim panas sedikit lebih rendah sekitar 46 \u00b0 C (114.8 \u00b0 F) semasa bulan-bulan terpanas tahun. Salah, yang terkenal di Algeria kerana haba melampau, mempunyai suhu tinggi purata 43.8 \u00b0 C (110.8 \u00b0 F), 46.4 \u00b0 C (115.5 \u00b0 F), 45.5 (113.9 \u00b0 F). Tambahan pula, 41.9 \u00b0 C (107.4 \u00b0 F) pada bulan Jun, Julai, Ogos dan September. Sebenarnya terdapat tempat-tempat yang lebih panas di Sahara, tetapi ia terletak di kawasan yang sangat terpencil, terutamanya di Azalai, yang terletak di utara Mali. Sebahagian besar pengalaman padang pasir sekitar 3 - 5 bulan ketika rata-rata tinggi secara ketat melebihi 40 \u00b0 C (104 \u00b0 F). Bahagian tengah selatan padang pasir mengalami sehingga 6 - 7 bulan apabila suhu tinggi purata tegas melebihi 40 \u00b0 C (104 \u00b0 F) yang memperlihatkan keteguhan dan panjang musim yang benar-benar panas di Sahara. Beberapa contohnya ialah Bilma, Niger dan Faya-Largeau, Chad. Purata suhu harian tahunan melebihi 20 \u00b0 C (68 \u00b0 F) di mana-mana dan boleh mendekati 30 \u00b0 C (86 \u00b0 F) di kawasan-kawasan terpanas sepanjang tahun. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan padang pasir mempunyai nilai melebihi 25 \u00b0 C (77 \u00b0 F). Suhu pasir dan tanah lebih melampau. Semasa waktu siang, suhu pasir sangat tinggi kerana ia dapat mencapai 80 \u00b0 C (176 \u00b0 F) atau lebih. Suhu pasir 83.5 \u00b0 C (182.3 \u00b0 F) telah dirakam di Port Sudan. Temperatur suhu 72 \u00b0 C (161.6 \u00b0 F) telah direkodkan di Adrar of Mauritania dan nilai 75 \u00b0 C (167 \u00b0 F) telah diukur di Borkou, utara Chad. Oleh kerana kekurangan penutup awan dan kelembapan yang sangat rendah, padang pasir biasanya mempunyai variasi suhu diurnal yang tinggi antara hari dan malam. Walau bagaimanapun, itu adalah mitos bahawa malam sejuk selepas hari yang sangat panas di Sahara. Julat suhu diurnal purata biasanya antara 13 \u00b0 C (55.4 \u00b0 F) dan 20 \u00b0 C (68 \u00b0 F). Nilai terendah didapati di sepanjang kawasan pesisiran pantai kerana kelembapan yang tinggi dan seringkali lebih rendah daripada 10 \u00b0 C (50 \u00b0 F), manakala nilai tertinggi terdapat di kawasan padang pasir di mana kelembapan adalah yang terendah, terutamanya di Sahara selatan . Walau bagaimanapun, benar bahawa musim sejuk boleh menjadi sejuk kerana ia boleh turun ke titik beku dan juga di bawah, terutama di kawasan tinggi. <> Apa kawasan paling padat yang paling besar di seluruh dunia? || Gurun Besar <> Apakah suhu nilai di kebanyakan padang pasir? || 25 \u00b0 C <> Berapa peratus waktu adalah matahari pada umumnya di kebanyakan padang pasir? || 82% dari masa <> Apakah purata tahunan tahunan sinaran suria? || sekitar 2,800 kWh / (m2 tahun) <> Semasa siang hari, berapa suhu yang boleh dicapai? || 80 \u00b0 C (176 \u00b0 F)", {"context": "The sky is usually clear above the desert and the sunshine duration is extremely high everywhere in the Sahara. Most of the desert enjoys more than 3,600 h of bright sunshine annually or over 82% of the time and a wide area in the eastern part experiences in excess of 4,000 h of bright sunshine a year or over 91% of the time, and the highest values are very close to the theoretical maximum value. A value of 4,300 h or 98% of the time would be recorded in Upper Egypt (Aswan, Luxor) and in the Nubian Desert (Wadi Halfa). The annual average direct solar irradiation is around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year) in the Great Desert. The Sahara has a huge potential for solar energy production. The constantly high position of the sun, the extremely low relative humidity, the lack of vegetation and rainfall make the Great Desert the hottest continuously large area worldwide and certainly the hottest place on Earth during summertime in some spots. The average high temperature exceeds 38 \u00b0C (100.4 \u00b0F) - 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) during the hottest month nearly everywhere in the desert except at very high mountainous areas. The highest officially recorded average high temperature was 47 \u00b0C (116.6 \u00b0F) in a remote desert town in the Algerian Desert called Bou Bernous with an elevation of 378 meters above sea level. It's the world's highest recorded average high temperature and only Death Valley, California rivals it. Other hot spots in Algeria such as Adrar, Timimoun, In Salah, Ouallene, Aoulef, Reggane with an elevation between 200 and 400 meters above sea level get slightly lower summer average highs around 46 \u00b0C (114.8 \u00b0F) during the hottest months of the year. Salah, well known in Algeria for its extreme heat, has an average high temperature of 43.8 \u00b0C (110.8 \u00b0F), 46.4 \u00b0C (115.5 \u00b0F), 45.5 (113.9 \u00b0F). Furthermore, 41.9 \u00b0C (107.4 \u00b0F) in June, July, August and September. In fact, there are even hotter spots in the Sahara, but they are located in extremely remote areas, especially in the Azalai, lying in northern Mali. The major part of the desert experiences around 3 \u2013 5 months when the average high strictly exceeds 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F). The southern central part of the desert experiences up to 6 \u2013 7 months when the average high temperature strictly exceeds 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) which shows the constancy and the length of the really hot season in the Sahara. Some examples of this are Bilma, Niger and Faya-Largeau, Chad. The annual average daily temperature exceeds 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F) everywhere and can approach 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) in the hottest regions year-round. However, most of the desert has a value in excess of 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F). The sand and ground temperatures are even more extreme. During daytime, the sand temperature is extremely high as it can easily reach 80 \u00b0C (176 \u00b0F) or more. A sand temperature of 83.5 \u00b0C (182.3 \u00b0F) has been recorded in Port Sudan. Ground temperatures of 72 \u00b0C (161.6 \u00b0F) have been recorded in the Adrar of Mauritania and a value of 75 \u00b0C (167 \u00b0F) has been measured in Borkou, northern Chad. Due to lack of cloud cover and very low humidity, the desert usually features high diurnal temperature variations between days and nights. However, it's a myth that the nights are cold after extremely hot days in the Sahara. The average diurnal temperature range is typically between 13 \u00b0C (55.4 \u00b0F) and 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). The lowest values are found along the coastal regions due to high humidity and are often even lower than 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F), while the highest values are found in inland desert areas where the humidity is the lowest, mainly in the southern Sahara. Still, it's true that winter nights can be cold as it can drop to the freezing point and even below, especially in high-elevation areas.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 602, "text": "the Great Desert"}], "question": "What is the largest hottest continuously large area   worldwide?", "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2601, "text": "25 \u00b0C"}], "question": "What is the value temperature of most of the desert?", "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 192, "text": "82% of the time"}], "question": "What percent of time is the sun generally over most of the   desert?", "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "around 2,800 kWh/(m2 year)"}], "question": "What is the annual average direct solar irradiation?", "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 2750, "text": "80 \u00b0C (176 \u00b0F)"}], "question": "During daytime how high can the temperatures reach?", "id": "5728c4163acd2414000dfde3"}]}], ["Menjelang 500 SM, orang Yunani tiba di padang pasir. Pedagang Yunani menyebar di sepanjang pantai timur padang pasir, mewujudkan koloni perdagangan di sepanjang Laut Merah. Carthaginians menjelajah pantai Atlantik di padang pasir, tetapi pergolakan air dan kekurangan pasaran menyebabkan kekurangan kehadiran lebih jauh dari selatan berbanding Maghribi. Negeri berpusat yang mengelilingi gurun di utara dan timur; ia kekal di luar kawalan negeri-negeri ini. Serangan dari orang-orang Berber nomad di padang pasir adalah keprihatinan orang-orang yang tinggal di pinggir padang pasir. <> Di manakah orang Yunani menubuhkan koloni perdagangan mereka? || Laut Merah <> Pantai yang mana yang dicari oleh orang Carthaginians untuk perdagangan? || pantai Atlantik <<Siapa yang akan menyerang padang pasir meninggalkan rakyat dengan ketakutan? || Berber nomad", {"context": "By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 142, "text": "Red Sea"}], "question": "Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?", "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6aa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 178, "text": "the Atlantic coast"}], "question": "Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?", "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6ab"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 463, "text": "nomadic Berber"}], "question": "Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?", "id": "5728c930ff5b5019007da6ac"}]}], ["Menjelang 3400 BCE, Sahara adalah kering seperti hari ini, disebabkan oleh berkurangnya hujan dan suhu yang lebih tinggi hasil daripada peralihan di orbit Bumi. Sebagai hasil daripada penyembuhan ini, ia menjadi halangan yang tidak dapat ditembusi bagi manusia, dengan penempatan yang tinggal kebanyakannya tertumpu di sekitar oasis-oasis yang melanda landskap. Perdagangan atau perdagangan kecil diketahui telah melalui kawasan pedalaman dalam tempoh yang berikutnya, satu-satunya pengecualian utama ialah Lembah Nil. Sungai Nil, bagaimanapun, tidak dapat dilalui di beberapa katarak, menjadikan perdagangan dan perhubungan dengan bot sukar. <> Oleh Apa tempoh masa yang kering Sahara seperti hari ini? || 3400 BCE <> Apakah sebab utama bahawa Sahara menjadi kering? || menurunkan hujan dan suhu yang lebih tinggi <> Kawasan apa yang dikenali kerana mempunyai majoriti perdagangan? || Lembah Nil", {"context": "By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "3400 BCE"}], "question": "By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?", "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe69"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 58, "text": "reduced precipitation and higher temperatures"}], "question": "What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?", "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 467, "text": "the Nile Valley"}], "question": "What area is known for having the majority of the trade?", "id": "5728c8fb3acd2414000dfe6b"}]}], ["Cheetah Saharan (cheetah barat laut Afrika) tinggal di Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, dan Burkina Faso. Terdapat kurang daripada 250 cheetah matang, yang sangat berhati-hati, melarikan diri kehadiran manusia. Cheetah menghindari matahari dari April hingga Oktober, mencari tempat perlindungan semak-semak seperti baki dan akasia. Mereka adalah luar biasa pucat. Subspesies cheetah lain (cheetah timur laut Afrika) tinggal di Chad, Sudan dan wilayah timur Niger. Walau bagaimanapun, ia kini pupus di dalam liar Mesir dan Libya. Mereka adalah kira-kira 2,000 orang matang yang tinggal di alam liar. <> Berapa banyak cheetah kekal di kawasan Northwest Africa? || 250 <> Berapa bulan cheetah menghindari matahari? || April hingga Oktober <> Berapa banyak cheetah ditinggalkan di hutan? || 2,000", {"context": "The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 134, "text": "250"}], "question": "How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?", "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 240, "text": "April to October"}], "question": "What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?", "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "2,000"}], "question": "How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?", "id": "5728c608ff5b5019007da66c"}]}], ["Padang rumput Sahara Selatan dan hutan ekoregion adalah jalur sempit yang berjalan di timur dan barat di antara Sahara gersang dan sawan savana Sahel di selatan. Pergerakan Zon Penumpuan Intertropik Khatulistiwa (ITCZ) membawa hujan musim panas pada bulan Julai dan Ogos yang berkisar antara 100 hingga 200 mm (3.9 hingga 7.9 inci) tetapi berbeza dari tahun ke tahun. Hujan ini menanam rumput musim panas rumput dan tumbuhan, dengan hutan kering dan semak-semak di sepanjang jalan air bermusim. Eoregion ini meliputi 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) di Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, dan Sudan. <> Arah manakah yang dijalankan oleh Sahara Selatan? || timur dan barat <> Berapa bulan hujan musim panas? || Julai dan Ogos <> Apakah curah hujan purata antara bulan Julai dan Ogos? || 100 hingga 200 mm <> Berapa banyak tanah yang meliputi kawasan ekoregion? || 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)", {"context": "The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 74, "text": "east and west"}], "question": "Which directions does the South Saharan run?", "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "July and August"}], "question": "What months do the summer rains happen?", "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dbf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "100 to 200 mm"}], "question": "What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?", "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dc0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)"}], "question": "How much land does the ecoregion cover?", "id": "5728c5644b864d1900164dc1"}]}], ["Sahara tengah dianggarkan termasuk lima ratus spesis tumbuhan, yang sangat rendah memandangkan sebahagian besar kawasan tersebut. Tanaman seperti pokok akasia, palma, succulents, semak berkayu, dan rumput telah disesuaikan dengan keadaan gersang, dengan semakin rendah untuk mengelakkan kehilangan air oleh angin kencang, dengan menyimpan air di batang tebal mereka untuk menggunakannya dalam tempoh kering, dengan panjang akar yang bergerak mendatar untuk mencapai kawasan maksimum air dan untuk mencari sebarang kelembapan permukaan dan dengan mempunyai daun tebal atau jarum kecil untuk mencegah kehilangan air oleh evapo-transpiration. Daun tumbuhan boleh kering sepenuhnya dan kemudian sembuh. <> Apakah jumlah tumbuhan di Sahara Tengah? || lima ratus spesies <> Apa tanaman lakukan untuk mengelakkan kehilangan air? || tumbuh lebih rendah <> Di manakah tumbuhan menyimpan air mereka untuk mengelakkan keadaan? || batang tebal <> Apa yang membantu tumbuhan untuk mendapatkan sebanyak mungkin air? || akar panjang yang bergerak mendatar", {"context": "The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 43, "text": "five hundred species"}], "question": "What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?", "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 253, "text": "growing lower"}], "question": "What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?", "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0c"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 330, "text": "thick stems"}], "question": "Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?", "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "long roots that travel horizontally"}], "question": "What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?", "id": "5728c5dd3acd2414000dfe0e"}]}], ["Semasa Era Neolitik, sebelum permulaan penolakan, kira-kira 9500 BCE Sudan tengah telah menjadi persekitaran kaya yang menyokong populasi besar di seberang padang pasir yang sekarang tandus, seperti Wadi el-Qa'ab. Menjelang milenium ke-5 BCE, orang-orang yang mendiami apa yang kini dikenali sebagai Nubia, adalah peserta penuh dalam \"revolusi pertanian\", menjalani gaya hidup yang diselesaikan dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan dan haiwan peliharaan. Seni rumput Sahara dan peternak Sahara mencadangkan kehadiran kultus lembu seperti yang terdapat di Sudan dan masyarakat pastoral lain di Afrika hari ini. Megaliths yang terdapat di Nabta Playa adalah contoh yang jelas mungkin peranti arkaeoastronomi yang pertama kali dikenali di dunia, menjejaskan Stonehenge oleh kira-kira 2,000 tahun. Kerumitan ini, seperti yang diamati di Nabta Playa, dan seperti yang dinyatakan oleh pelbagai pihak berkuasa di dalam masyarakat di sana, mungkin menjadi asas bagi struktur masyarakat Neolitik di Nabta dan Kerajaan Lama Mesir. <> Semasa era apa yang tengah Sudan kaya dengan alam sekitar? || Era Neolitik <> Apa jenis seni batu ditemui di Sudan? || lembu dan herdsmen <> Apakah contoh-contoh arkaeoastronomy yang pertama diketahui di Nabta Playa? || Megaliths", {"context": "During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the \"agricultural revolution\", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 11, "text": "Neolithic Era"}], "question": "During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?", "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164dde"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 441, "text": "cattle and herdsmen"}], "question": "What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?", "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164ddf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 572, "text": "Megaliths"}], "question": "What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?", "id": "5728c71f4b864d1900164de0"}]}], ["Aktiviti manusia lebih cenderung mempengaruhi habitat di kawasan air kekal (oases) atau di mana air mendekati permukaan. Di sini, tekanan tempatan terhadap sumber asli boleh menjadi sengit. Jumlah populasi mamalia yang besar telah banyak dikurangkan dengan memburu makanan dan rekreasi. Dalam tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, projek pembangunan telah bermula di padang pasir Algeria dan Tunisia menggunakan air pengairan yang dipam dari akuifer bawah tanah. Skim ini seringkali membawa kepada kemerosotan tanah dan salinization. <> Apakah aktiviti dari mamalia ini mungkin akan menjejaskan kawasan habitat? || aktiviti manusia <> Apakah barangan bawah tanah yang membawa kepada kemusnahan tanah? || air pengairan yang dipam <> Tekanan apa yang boleh menjadi sengit di Sahara? || sumber semula jadi", {"context": "human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "human activities"}], "question": "What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?", "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da670"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 395, "text": "irrigated water pumped"}], "question": "What underground items have lead to soil degradation?", "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da671"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 162, "text": "natural resources"}], "question": "What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?", "id": "5728c675ff5b5019007da672"}]}], ["Menjelang 6000 BCE predynastic orang Mesir di penjuru barat daya Mesir sedang mengembara lembu dan membina bangunan besar. Sisa di penempatan yang teratur dan kekal dalam predynastic Mesir pada pertengahan abad ke-6 BCE berpusat pada pertanian bijirin dan ternak: ternak, kambing, babi dan kambing. Objek logam diganti sebelum batu. Penyamakan kulit binatang, tembikar dan tenunan adalah perkara biasa dalam era ini juga. Terdapat tanda-tanda pendudukan sementara atau hanya sementara Al Fayyum pada milenium ke-6 SM, dengan kegiatan makanan yang berpusat pada memancing, memburu dan mengumpul makanan. Anak panah batu, pisau dan pengikis dari era biasanya ditemui. Barang pengebumian termasuk tembikar, perhiasan, peralatan penternakan dan memburu, dan pelbagai makanan termasuk daging dan buah-buahan kering. Pengebumian di persekitaran padang pasir muncul untuk meningkatkan upacara pemeliharaan Mesir, dan mati dikebumikan menghadap barat. <> Apa yang menggembirakan Mesir pada zaman awal BCE? || lembu <> Dengan apa tempoh masa orang Mesir membina bangunan besar? || 6000 SM <> Item apa yang diganti barang-barang sebelumnya yang terbuat dari batu? || Objek logam <> Di manakah arah yang mati ketika mereka dikuburkan? || disebabkan barat", {"context": "By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 83, "text": "cattle"}], "question": "What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?", "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "6000 BCE"}], "question": "By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?", "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe36"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 324, "text": "Metal objects"}], "question": "What items replaced previously items made of stone?", "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe37"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 925, "text": "due west"}], "question": "In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?", "id": "5728c7763acd2414000dfe38"}]}], ["Orang-orang tinggal di pinggir padang pasir ribuan tahun lalu sejak zaman ais terakhir. Sahara kemudiannya menjadi tempat yang lebih basah daripada hari ini. Lebih 30,000 petroglif haiwan sungai seperti buaya dapat bertahan, dengan separuh dijumpai di Tassili n'Ajjer di tenggara Algeria. Fosil dinosaur, termasuk Afrovenator, Jobaria dan Ouranosaurus, juga terdapat di sini. Sahara moden, bagaimanapun, tidak tumbuh subur di tumbuh-tumbuhan, kecuali di Lembah Nil, di beberapa oasis, dan di dataran tinggi utara, di mana tumbuh-tumbuhan Mediterranean seperti pokok zaitun dijumpai tumbuh. Ia telah lama percaya bahawa rantau ini telah menjadi seperti ini sejak kira-kira 1600 SM, selepas pergeseran di paksi Bumi meningkat suhu dan menurunkan hujan. Walau bagaimanapun, teori ini baru-baru ini dipertikaikan, apabila sampel yang diambil dari deposit pasir 7 juta tahun yang lalu menyebabkan para saintis memikirkan semula garis masa untuk penurunan. <> Bilakah orang mula hidup di pinggir padang pasir? || zaman ais <> Berapa banyak haiwan sungai yang dipercayai dijumpai semasa era zaman ais? || Lebih 30,000 petroglif <> Kawasan mana Sahara penuh dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan? || Lembah Nil <> Apa yang dipercayai telah meningkatkan suhu di Sahara? || beralih ke paksi bumi", {"context": "People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 77, "text": "ice age"}], "question": "When did people start living on the edge of the desert?", "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da676"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 144, "text": "Over 30,000 petroglyphs"}], "question": "How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?", "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da677"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 436, "text": "the Nile Valley"}], "question": "What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?", "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da678"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 652, "text": "shifts in the Earth's axis"}], "question": "What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?", "id": "5728c6c4ff5b5019007da679"}]}], ["Purata hujan tahunan purata dari sangat rendah di pinggir utara dan selatan padang pasir hingga hampir tidak wujud di bahagian tengah dan timur. Pinggir sebelah utara nipis di padang pasir menerima lebih banyak kekaburan musim sejuk dan hujan kerana ketibaan sistem tekanan rendah ke Laut Mediterranean di sepanjang bahagian depan kutub, walaupun sangat dilemahkan oleh kesan bayang-bayang hujan di pergunungan dan purata hujan tahunan berkisar dari 100 mm (3,93 in) hingga 250 mm (9,84 in). Contohnya, Biskra, Algeria dan Ouarzazate, Maghribi terdapat di zon ini. Pinggir selatan padang pasir di sepanjang sempadan dengan Sahel menerima awan musim panas dan hujan disebabkan kedatangan Zon Penumpuan Intertropikal dari selatan dan hujan purata purata antara 100 mm (3,93 in) hingga 250 mm (9, 84 dalam). Sebagai contoh, Timbuktu, Mali dan Agadez, Niger ditemui di zon ini. Teras utama gurun yang sangat kering di padang pasir hampir tidak terjejas oleh gangguan atmosfera di utara atau selatan dan kekal kekal di bawah pengaruh rejim cuaca antikiklonik yang paling kuat dan hujan purata tahunan boleh turun hingga kurang dari 1 mm (0.04 in). Malah, kebanyakan Sahara menerima kurang daripada 20 mm (0.79 in). Daripada tanah seluas 9,000,000 km2 di Sahara, kawasan seluas kira-kira 2,800,000 km2 (kira-kira 31% daripada jumlah kawasan) menerima purata hujan tahunan sebanyak 10 mm (0.39 in) atau kurang, manakala kira-kira 1,500,000 km2 (kira-kira 17% daripada jumlah kawasan) menerima purata 5 mm atau kurang. Purata hujan tahunan adalah hampir sifar di kawasan luas sekitar 1,000,000 km2 di Sahara timur yang terdiri daripada padang pasir Libya, Mesir dan Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel , Wadi Halfa) di mana purata jangka panjangnya berkisar 0.5 mm setahun. Curah hujan sangat tidak boleh dipercayai dan tidak menentu di Sahara kerana ia mungkin berbeza dengan banyak tahun demi tahun. Berbeza dengan jumlah hujan tahunan yang tidak dapat dinafikan, kadar penyejatan berpotensi tahunan adalah sangat tinggi, kira-kira 2,500 mm / tahun hingga lebih daripada 6,000 mm / tahun di seluruh padang pasir. Di mana-mana tempat lain di Bumi udara ditemui kering dan menyejat seperti di rantau Sahara. Dengan kuasa penyejatan yang sedemikian, Sahara hanya boleh kering dan kering lebih jauh dan defisit kelembapan amat besar. <> Apakah sebabnya pinggir utara menerima lebih banyak awan dan hujan? || sistem tekanan rendah <> Apakah curah hujan purata Sahara? || kurang dari 1 mm <> Berapa banyak tanah gurun Sahara? || 9,000,000 km2 padang pasir <> Apa yang menyebabkan pinggir selatan menerima awan dan hujan? || Zon Konvergensi Intertropika", {"context": "The average annual rainfall ranges from very low in the northern and southern fringes of the desert to nearly non-existent over the central and the eastern part. The thin northern fringe of the desert receives more winter cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of low pressure systems over the Mediterranean Sea along the polar front, although very attenuated by the rain shadow effects of the mountains and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Biskra, Algeria and Ouarzazate, Morocco are found in this zone. The southern fringe of the desert along the border with the Sahel receives summer cloudiness and rainfall due to the arrival of the Intertropical Convergence Zone from the south and the annual average rainfall ranges from 100 mm (3,93 in) to 250 mm (9,84 in). For example, Timbuktu, Mali and Agadez, Niger are found in this zone. The vast central hyper-arid core of the desert is virtually never affected by northerly or southerly atmospheric disturbances and permanently remains under the influence of the strongest anticyclonic weather regime and the annual average rainfall can drop to less than 1 mm (0.04 in). In fact, most of the Sahara receives less than 20 mm (0.79 in). Of the 9,000,000 km2 of desert land in the Sahara, an area of about 2,800,000 km2 (about 31% of the total area) receives an annual average rainfall amount of 10 mm (0.39 in) or less, while some 1,500,000 km2 (about 17% of the total area) receive an average of 5 mm or less. The annual average rainfall is virtually zero over a wide area of some 1,000,000 km2 in the eastern Sahara comprising deserts of Libya, Egypt and Sudan (Tazirbu, Kufra, Dakhla, Kharga, Farafra, Siwa, Asyut, Sohag, Luxor, Aswan, Abu Simbel, Wadi Halfa) where the long-term mean approximates 0.5 mm per year. The rainfall is very unreliable and erratic in the Sahara as it may vary considerably year by year. In full contrast to the negligible annual rainfall amounts, the annual rates of potential evaporation are extraordinarily high, roughly ranging from 2,500 mm/year to more than 6,000 mm/year in the whole desert. Nowhere else on Earth has air been found as dry and evaporative as in the Sahara region. With such an evaporative power, the Sahara can only be desiccated and dried out further more and the moisture deficit is tremendous.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 268, "text": "low pressure systems"}], "question": "What is the reason the northern fringe receives more   cloudiness and rainfall?", "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1156, "text": "less than 1 mm"}], "question": "What is the average rainfall of the Sahara?", "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1253, "text": "9,000,000 km2 of desert land"}], "question": "How much desert land is the Sahara?", "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 699, "text": "Intertropical Convergence Zone"}], "question": "What causes the southern fringe to receive cloudiness and   rainfall?", "id": "5728c4ee3acd2414000dfdfe"}]}], ["Penjajahan Eropah di Sahara bermula pada abad ke-19. Perancis menakluki wilayah Algiers dari Uthmaniyyah pada 1830, dan pemerintahan Perancis menyebarkan selatan dari Algeria dan ke timur dari Senegal ke bahagian atas Niger untuk memasukkan Aljazair sekarang, Chad, Mali, Sudan Selatan termasuk Timbuktu, Mauritania, Maghribi (1912) Niger, dan Tunisia (1881). Menjelang permulaan abad ke-20, perdagangan trans-Sahara telah jelas merosot kerana barangan dipindahkan melalui cara yang lebih moden dan cekap, seperti kapal terbang, bukannya merentasi padang pasir. <> Tempoh masa apakah penjajahan Sahara bermula? || Abad ke-19 <> Apa negara menakluki Algiers dari Uthmaniyyah pada tahun 1830? || Perancis <> Semasa masa yang baik dipindahkan melalui cara yang lebih moden? || abad ke-20", {"context": "European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 48, "text": "19th century"}], "question": "What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?", "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "France"}], "question": "What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?", "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 379, "text": "20th century"}], "question": "During what time were good moved through more modern   means?", "id": "5728ca372ca10214002da7e2"}]}], ["Empayar Byzantine memerintah pantai utara Sahara dari abad ke 5 hingga abad ke-7. Selepas penaklukan Muslim Arabia (semenanjung Arab) penaklukan umat Islam Afrika Utara bermula pada pertengahan abad ke-7 hingga awal abad ke-8, pengaruh Islam berkembang pesat di Sahara. Menjelang akhir tahun 641 semua Mesir berada di tangan orang Islam. Perdagangan di seluruh padang pasir semakin meningkat. Perdagangan hamba yang penting menyeberangi padang pasir. Telah diperkirakan bahawa dari abad ke-10 hingga ke-19, sekitar 6,000 hingga 7,000 budak telah diangkut ke utara setiap tahun. <> Apa kumpulan orang yang memerintah kasut utara Sahara? || Empayar Byzantine <> Berapa tempoh masa penaklukan umat Islam Afrika Utara berlaku? || pertengahan ke-7 hingga awal abad ke-8 <> Berapa anggaran bilangan budak yang diangkut setiap tahun? || 6,000 hingga 7,000 budak", {"context": "The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "Byzantine Empire"}], "question": "What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?", "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e28"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "mid-7th to early 8th centuries"}], "question": "What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?", "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e29"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 486, "text": "6,000 to 7,000 slaves"}], "question": "What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?", "id": "5728c9a54b864d1900164e2a"}]}], ["Pada abad ke-16, pinggir utara Sahara, seperti kabupaten pesisir di Algeria dan Tunisia sekarang ini, serta beberapa bahagian Libya masa kini, bersama dengan kerajaan semi-otonom Mesir, diduduki oleh Empayar Uthmaniyyah . Dari tahun 1517 Mesir adalah bahagian penting dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah, pemilikan yang membolehkan orang Uthmaniyyah mengawal Lembah Nil, Mediterranean timur dan Afrika Utara. Keuntungan dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah adalah kebebasan bergerak bagi warga dan barang. Perdagangan mengeksploitasi laluan tanah Uthmaniyyah untuk mengendalikan rempah-rempah, emas dan sutera dari Timur, yang dihasilkan dari Eropah, dan lalu lintas hamba dan emas dari Afrika. Arab terus sebagai bahasa tempatan dan budaya Islam banyak diperkuat. Sahel dan wilayah Sahara selatan adalah rumah kepada beberapa negeri yang merdeka atau menjelajah klan Tuareg. <> Semasa 1500 yang merupakan bahagian penting dari Empayar Uthmaniyyah? || Mesir <> Apa yang diberikan oleh Uthmaniyyah kepada rakyatnya? || kebebasan bergerak untuk rakyat dan barangan <> Apakah bahasa tempatan pada masa ini di Mesir? || Bahasa Arab", {"context": "In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 260, "text": "Egypt"}], "question": "During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?", "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e2e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 466, "text": "freedom of movement for citizens and goods"}], "question": "What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?", "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e2f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 671, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What was the local language during this time in Egypt?", "id": "5728ca094b864d1900164e30"}]}], ["Tamadun bandar, Garamantes, muncul kira-kira 500 BCE di tengah-tengah Sahara, di sebuah lembah yang kini dikenali sebagai Wadi al-Ajal di Fezzan, Libya. Garamantes mencapai pembangunan ini dengan menggali terowong jauh ke gunung yang mengalir lembah itu untuk mengetuk air fosil dan membawanya ke ladang mereka. Garamantes berkembang pesat dan kuat, menakluk tetangganya dan menawan banyak budak (yang diletakkan bekerja memperluas terowong). Orang Yunani kuno dan orang Rom tahu Garamantes dan menganggapnya sebagai nomad yang tidak bertamadun. Walau bagaimanapun, mereka berdagang dengan Garamantes, dan mandi Rom didapati di Garamantes ibu kota Garama. Ahli arkeologi telah menemui lapan bandar utama dan banyak penempatan penting lain di wilayah Garamantes. Tamadun Garamantes akhirnya runtuh selepas mereka telah habis air yang ada di akuifer dan tidak lagi dapat menampung usaha untuk memperluas terowong lebih jauh ke gunung. <> Apa tempoh masa Garamantes tiba? || 500 BCE <> Apa yang Garamantes lakukan untuk membawa air ke tanaman mereka? || menggali terowong <> Berapa banyak bandar yang dipercayai ditemui oleh ahli-ahli arkeologi? || lapan bandar utama <> Apa sebabnya kejatuhan peradaban Garamantes? || habis air yang ada", {"context": "An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 52, "text": "500 BCE"}], "question": "What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?", "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "digging tunnels"}], "question": "What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?", "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 684, "text": "eight major towns"}], "question": "How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?", "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 832, "text": "depleted available water"}], "question": "What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?", "id": "5728c96d2ca10214002da7d3"}]}], ["Dialek bahasa Arab adalah bahasa yang paling banyak digunakan di Sahara. Hidup di Bukit Laut Merah dari tenggara Mesir dan Sudan timur. Bahasa Arab, Berber dan variannya kini berkumpul kembali di bawah istilah Amazigh (termasuk bahasa Guanche yang diucapkan oleh penduduk Berber asal Kepulauan Canary) dan bahasa Beja adalah sebahagian daripada keluarga Afro-Asiatik atau Hamito-Semitik. jiran Afrika Barat dan kerajaan pusat negeri-negeri yang terdiri daripada Sahara, bahasa Perancis mempunyai sedikit kaitan dengan wacana dan perdagangan antar-peribadinya di rantau ini, rakyatnya mengekalkan afiliasi etnik dan politik dengan pemimpin dan budaya Tuareg dan Berber. Warisan pentadbiran zaman jajahan Perancis terutama ditunjukkan dalam penyusunan semula wilayah yang digubal oleh republik Ketiga dan Keempat, yang menimbulkan perpecahan politik buatan di dalam wilayah yang terpencil dan berpori ini. Diplomasi dengan pelanggan tempatan dijalankan terutamanya dalam Bahasa Arab, yang merupakan bahasa tradisi urusan birokrasi. Pengantaraan pertikaian dan komunikasi antar agensi disampaikan oleh penafsir yang dikontrak oleh pemerintah Perancis, yang, menurut Keenan, \"mendokumentasikan ruang pengantaraan antar budaya,\" menyumbang banyak untuk memelihara identitas budaya pribumi di rantau ini. <> Apakah dialek yang paling biasa digunakan dalam Sahara? || Bahasa Arab <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan terutamanya di Afrika Barat? || Bahasa Perancis <> Apakah bahasa tradisional urusan Birokrasi? || Bahasa Arab", {"context": "Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family.[citation needed] Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, \"documented a space of intercultural mediation,\" contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?", "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e34"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 728, "text": "French"}], "question": "What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?", "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e35"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "Arabic"}], "question": "What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?", "id": "5728ca834b864d1900164e36"}]}]], [["Tafsiran \"formal\" lebih meluas daripada tafsiran \"substantif\". Formalis berpendapat bahawa undang-undang mestilah calon, terkenal, dan mempunyai ciri-ciri generality, kesamaan, dan kepastian. Selain daripada itu, pandangan formal tidak mengandungi keperluan mengenai kandungan undang-undang. Pendekatan formal ini membolehkan undang-undang yang melindungi demokrasi dan hak individu, tetapi mengakui kewujudan \"aturan undang-undang\" di negara-negara yang tidak semestinya mempunyai undang-undang sedemikian yang melindungi demokrasi atau hak individu. <> Yang tafsiran tentang kedaulatan undang-undang digunakan pada skala yang lebih besar? || formal <> Menurut pendekatan formalis, apa lagi, selain demokrasi, bolehkah undang-undang melindungi? || hak individu <> Menurut pendekatan formalis, berapa banyak ketenaran yang mesti ada undang-undang? || terkenal <> Berapa banyak keperluan untuk kandungan yang ada untuk kedaulatan undang-undang di bawah pendekatan formalis? || tiada keperluan <> Yang tafsiran mengenai kedaulatan undang-undang kurang biasa digunakan? || substantif", {"context": "The \"formal\" interpretation is more widespread than the \"substantive\" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of \"rule of law\" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 5, "text": "formal"}], "question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?", "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9600"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 361, "text": "individual rights"}], "question": "According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?", "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9601"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 136, "text": "well-known"}], "question": "According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?", "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9602"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 255, "text": "no requirements"}], "question": "How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?", "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9603"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 57, "text": "substantive"}], "question": "Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?", "id": "5727c6252ca10214002d9604"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1607, Ketua Hakim Inggeris Sir Edward Coke berkata dalam Kes Larangan (menurut laporannya sendiri) \"bahawa undang-undang itu adalah tongkat emas dan ukuran untuk mencuba penyebab subjek, dan yang melindunginya dengan selamat dan kedamaian: dengan mana Raja itu sangat tersinggung, dan berkata, maka dia harus berada di bawah undang-undang, yang merupakan pengkhianatan untuk mengesahkan, sebagaimana yang dikatakannya, yang saya katakan, bahawa Bracton berkata, yang tidak diperdebatkan oleh subkontraktor, sub Deo et lege (Bahwa Raja seharusnya tidak berada di bawah mana-mana orang tetapi di bawah Allah dan undang-undang.). \" <> Kepada apa kata Ketua Hakim Inggeris Sir Edward Coke membandingkan undang-undang? || keterlaluan emas <> Menurut Ketua Hakim Inggeris Sir Edward Coke, apa yang harus dilakukan oleh Raja? || Tuhan dan undang-undang <> Bilakah Ketua Hakim Inggeris Sir Edward Coke bercakap dalam Kes Larangan? || 1607 <> Bagaimana perasaan raja tentang apa yang dikatakan dalam Kes Larangan? || sangat tersinggung <> Apakah tajuk rasmi Edward Coke? || Ketua Hakim Negara", {"context": "In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) \"that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.).\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 132, "text": "golden met-wand"}], "question": "To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?", "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb83"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 527, "text": "God and the law"}], "question": "According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?", "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb84"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1607"}], "question": "When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?", "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb85"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 272, "text": "greatly offended"}], "question": "How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?", "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb86"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 17, "text": "Chief Justice Sir"}], "question": "What was Edward Coke's official title?", "id": "5727c05f3acd2414000deb87"}]}], ["Interpretasi fungsional istilah \"aturan undang-undang\", selaras dengan makna bahasa Inggeris tradisional, membezakan \"peraturan undang-undang\" dengan \"pemerintahan manusia.\" Mengikut pandangan fungsional, sebuah masyarakat di mana pegawai-pegawai kerajaan mempunyai banyak budi bicara mempunyai tahap \"peraturan undang-undang\" yang rendah, sedangkan sebuah masyarakat di mana pegawai-pegawai kerajaan mempunyai sedikit budi bicara mempunyai \"aturan hukum\" yang tinggi. Menegakkan kedaulatan undang-undang kadang-kadang memerlukan hukuman bagi mereka yang melakukan kesalahan yang dibenarkan di bawah undang-undang alam tetapi bukan undang-undang berkanun. Kedaulatan undang-undang itu agak bertentangan dengan kelenturan, walaupun fleksibilitas mungkin lebih baik. <> Menurut tafsiran fungsi, prinsip apa yang bertentangan dengan peraturan manusia? || Peraturan undang-undang <> Apakah tahap kebijaksanaan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dengan tingkat \"aturan hukum\" yang tinggi? || sedikit <> Apakah tahap kebijaksanaan yang dilakukan oleh kerajaan dengan tahap \"aturan hukum\" yang rendah? || banyak <> Apa yang berlaku kepada orang-orang yang tidak mengikut peraturan undang-undang? || hukuman <> Apa yang berperang terhadap kedaulatan undang-undang? || fleksibiliti", {"context": "The functional interpretation of the term \"rule of law\", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the \"rule of law\" with the \"rule of man.\" According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of \"rule of law\", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of \"rule of law\". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 121, "text": "rule of law"}], "question": "According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?", "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d950e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 350, "text": "little"}], "question": "What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the \"rule of law\" have?", "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d950f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 236, "text": "a great deal"}], "question": "What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the \"rule of law\" have?", "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9510"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 456, "text": "punishment"}], "question": "What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?", "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9511"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 627, "text": "flexibility"}], "question": "What fights against the rule of law?", "id": "5727c7a7ff5b5019007d9512"}]}], ["Walaupun banyak digunakan oleh ahli politik, hakim dan ahli akademik, kedaulatan undang-undang telah digambarkan sebagai \"tanggapan yang sangat sukar difahami\". Di kalangan ahli teori undang-undang moden, seseorang mendapati bahawa sekurang-kurangnya dua konsep utama peraturan undang-undang boleh dikenalpasti: definisi formalis atau \"nipis\", dan definisi substantif atau \"tebal\"; sekali-sekala menghadapi konsep \"berfungsi\" ketiga. Takrif formal tentang kedaulatan undang-undang tidak membuat penghakiman tentang \"justness\" dari undang-undang itu sendiri, tetapi menentukan sifat-sifat prosedur tertentu yang harus dijadikan kerangka hukum untuk mematuhi aturan hukum. Konsep-konsep substansif tentang peraturan undang-undang melampaui ini dan termasuk hak substansif tertentu yang dikatakan berdasarkan, atau berasal dari, kedaulatan undang-undang. <> Apa perkataan lain untuk definisi nipis? || formalist <> Apa kata lain untuk definisi tebal? || substantif <> Siapa yang biasa, atau sekurang-kurangnya cuba untuk mematuhi kedaulatan undang-undang? || ahli politik, hakim dan ahli akademik <> Apa aspek undang-undang undang-undang menentukan definisi formalis? || atribut prosedur tertentu <> Apa pendekatan yang ketiga dan yang lebih rendah merujuk kepada penentuan peraturan undang-undang? || berfungsi", {"context": "Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as \"an exceedingly elusive notion\". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or \"thin\" definition, and a substantive or \"thick\" definition; one occasionally encounters a third \"functional\" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the \"justness\" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 246, "text": "formalist"}], "question": "What is another word for a thin definition?", "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9592"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "substantive"}], "question": "What is another word for a thick definition?", "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9593"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 20, "text": "politicians, judges and academics"}], "question": "Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?", "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9594"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "specific procedural attributes"}], "question": "On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?", "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9595"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 356, "text": "functional"}], "question": "What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?", "id": "5727c25f2ca10214002d9596"}]}], ["Di Barat, orang-orang Yunani purba pada mulanya menganggap bentuk kerajaan yang terbaik sebagai pemerintahan oleh lelaki terbaik. Plato menganjurkan monarki kebajikan yang diperintah oleh seorang raja falsafah yang ideal, yang berada di atas undang-undang. Walau bagaimanapun, Plato berharap bahawa lelaki terbaik akan menjadi baik untuk menghormati undang-undang yang ditubuhkan, menjelaskan bahawa \"Di mana undang-undang itu tertakluk kepada beberapa pihak berkuasa lain dan tidak mempunyai apa-apa, keruntuhan negara, pada pandangan saya, tidak jauh; jika undang-undang adalah tuan kerajaan dan kerajaan adalah hamba, maka keadaan itu penuh dengan janji dan orang-orang menikmati semua berkat yang mandi dewa di negara. \" Lebih dari Plato cuba untuk melakukan, Aristotle tegas menentang membiarkan pegawai tertinggi menggunakan kuasa luar menjaga dan melayani undang-undang. Dalam erti kata lain, Aristotle menganjurkan kedaulatan undang-undang: <> Pada prinsip apa yang dikatakan oleh orang-orang Yunani Kuno yang paling baik untuk tadbir urus? || peraturan oleh lelaki terbaik <> Menurut Plato, yang berada di atas undang-undang? || raja <> Apa jenis kerajaan yang dikatakan oleh Plato? || monarki yang baik hati <> Di bawah pemerintahan apa yang Aristotle percaya negara harus diketuai? || peraturan undang-undang <> Kepada apa yang membandingkan Plato dengan kerajaan yang mengikut undang-undang? || hamba", {"context": "In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that \"Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state.\" More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 82, "text": "rule by the best men"}], "question": "On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? ", "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deadd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 176, "text": "king"}], "question": "According to Plato, who was above the law?", "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deade"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "benevolent monarchy"}], "question": "What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?", "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deadf"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 798, "text": "rule of law"}], "question": "Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?", "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deae0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 509, "text": "slave"}], "question": "To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?", "id": "5727bbc63acd2414000deae1"}]}], ["Peraturan undang-undang telah dianggap sebagai salah satu dimensi utama yang menentukan kualiti dan tadbir urus yang baik dari suatu negara. Penyelidikan, seperti Penunjuk Tadbir Di Seluruh Dunia, mentakrifkan undang-undang sebagai: \"sejauh mana ejen mempunyai keyakinan dan mematuhi peraturan masyarakat, dan khususnya kualiti penguatkuasaan kontrak, polis dan mahkamah, serta kemungkinan kejahatan atau keganasan. \" Berdasarkan takrif ini, projek Penunjuk Urus Tadbir Worldwide telah membangunkan ukuran agregat untuk kedaulatan undang-undang di lebih daripada 200 negara, seperti yang dilihat di peta di bawah. Kerajaan yang berdasarkan undang-undang boleh disebut \"nomokrasi\", dari Yunani nomos (undang-undang) dan kratos (kuasa atau peraturan). <> Untuk berapa banyak negara telah menguasai pengukuran agregat undang-undang yang telah dibangunkan? || lebih daripada 200 negara <> Apakah istilah yang menggambarkan kerajaan berdasarkan peraturan undang-undang? || nomokrasi <> Apakah perkataan Yunani untuk undang-undang? || nomos <> Apakah perkataan Yunani untuk kuasa? || kratos <> Apakah kualifikasi utama untuk menentukan tadbir urus yang baik? || peraturan perundangan", {"context": "The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: \"the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence.\" Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a \"nomocracy\", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 545, "text": "more than 200 countries"}], "question": "For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?", "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9680"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 651, "text": "nomocracy"}], "question": "What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?", "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9681"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 678, "text": "nomos"}], "question": "What is the Greek word for law?", "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9682"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 694, "text": "kratos"}], "question": "What is the Greek word for power?", "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9683"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "rule of law"}], "question": "What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?", "id": "5727cc002ca10214002d9684"}]}], ["Baru-baru ini terdapat usaha untuk menilai semula pengaruh Alkitab mengenai undang-undang perlembagaan Barat. Dalam Perjanjian Lama, terdapat beberapa bahasa dalam Ulangan yang memaksakan larangan terhadap raja Yahudi, mengenai hal-hal seperti berapa banyak istrinya yang dapat diperolehnya, dan berapa banyak kuda yang dapat dimiliki olehnya untuk kegunaan pribadinya. Menurut Profesor Bernard M. Levinson, \"Undang-undang ini sangat utopia pada waktunya sendiri yang nampaknya tidak pernah dilaksanakan ....\" Penglihatan sosial Deuteronomik mungkin telah mempengaruhi lawan dari hak ilahi raja, termasuk Bishop John Ponet pada abad ke-16 Inggeris. <> Di mana buku Bible adalah batasan pada raja-raja Yahudi yang digariskan? || Ulangan <> Yang bertentangan dengan hak-hak ilahi raja-raja di England pada tahun 1500-an? || Bishop John Ponet <> Prinsip apakah pembatasan pada hak raja-raja, seperti yang terperinci dalam Ulangan, mempengaruhi penentangan kemudian? || hak ilahi raja <> Apa buku sejarah yang mungkin mempunyai kesan yang signifikan terhadap amalan membuat undang-undang kontemporari? || Alkitab <> Menurut larangan yang diletakkan pada raja-raja Yahudi dalam Ulangan, pemilikan atas apa yang diatur? || kuda", {"context": "There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, \"This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented....\" The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 155, "text": "Deuteronomy"}], "question": "In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?", "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb41"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 563, "text": "Bishop John Ponet"}], "question": "Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?", "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb42"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 530, "text": "divine right of kings"}], "question": "What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?", "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb43"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 69, "text": "Bible"}], "question": "What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?", "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb44"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 277, "text": "horses"}], "question": "According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?", "id": "5727bec13acd2414000deb45"}]}], ["Ahli teori yang paling sah percaya bahawa peraturan undang-undang mempunyai ciri-ciri yang semata-mata formal, yang bermaksud bahawa undang-undang mesti diisytiharkan secara terbuka, dengan pemakaian yang prospektif, dan mempunyai ciri-ciri umum, kesamaan, dan kepastian, tetapi tidak ada keperluan yang berkaitan dengan kandungan Undang-undang itu. Lain-lain, termasuk beberapa ahli teori undang-undang, percaya bahawa peraturan undang-undang semestinya memerlukan perlindungan hak individu. Di dalam teori undang-undang, kedua-dua pendekatan terhadap kedaulatan undang-undang ini dilihat sebagai dua alternatif asas, masing-masing dilabel pendekatan formal dan substantif. Namun, terdapat pandangan lain juga. Ada yang percaya bahawa demokrasi adalah sebahagian daripada kedaulatan undang-undang. <> Menurut ahli teori undang-undang, apakah ciri-ciri yang harus dimiliki oleh undang-undang? || kesamaan, persamaan, dan kepastian <> Menurut sesetengah, apakah peraturan undang-undang yang dibentuk untuk melindungi? || hak individu <> Apakah sistem kerajaan dianggap sebagai komponen peraturan undang-undang? || demokrasi <> Menurut beberapa ahli teori undang-undang, apa yang ada tidak ada keperluan untuk sesuatu yang dianggap undang-undang? || kandungan <> Apakah dua pendekatan untuk menentukan konsep kedaulatan undang-undang? || formal dan substantif", {"context": "Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 198, "text": "generality, equality, and certainty"}], "question": "According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?", "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 408, "text": "individual rights"}], "question": "According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?", "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 645, "text": "democracy"}], "question": "What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?", "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 284, "text": "content"}], "question": "According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?", "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "formal and substantive"}], "question": "What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?", "id": "5727c3d12ca10214002d95c4"}]}], ["Peraturan undang-undang menunjukkan bahawa setiap warga negara adalah tertakluk kepada undang-undang, termasuk pembuat undang-undang sendiri. Dalam pengertian ini, ia bertentangan dengan autokrasi, diktator, atau oligarki di mana para penguasa dipegang di atas undang-undang. Kekurangan peraturan undang-undang boleh didapati dalam demokrasi dan kediktatoran, misalnya kerana pengabaian atau ketidaktahuan undang-undang, dan peraturan undang-undang lebih tepat untuk merosakkan jika kerajaan tidak mempunyai mekanisme pembetulan yang mencukupi untuk memulihkannya. Kerajaan berasaskan kedaulatan undang-undang disebut nomokrasi. <> Dalam apa bentuk kerajaan adalah pemimpin yang tidak dipegang oleh undang-undang yang sama dengan rakyat biasa? || autokrasi, diktator, atau oligarki <> Menurut peraturan undang-undang, siapa yang harus mematuhi undang-undang? || setiap warganegara <> Apa yang dipanggil kerajaan yang dibuat dengan peraturan undang-undang? || nomokrasi <> Apa yang berlaku kepada kedaulatan undang-undang jika kerajaan tidak mempunyai sistem yang berkesan untuk penyelenggaraan dan pemulihan? || Keruntuhan <> Atas sebab-sebab mengapa masyarakat demokratik tidak mematuhi peraturan undang-undang? || pengabaian atau ketidaktahuan undang-undang", {"context": "Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 138, "text": "autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy"}], "question": "In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?", "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9384"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 25, "text": "every citizen"}], "question": "According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?", "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9385"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 511, "text": "nomocracy"}], "question": "What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?", "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9386"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 384, "text": "decay"}], "question": "What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?", "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9387"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 316, "text": "neglect or ignorance of the law"}], "question": "For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?", "id": "5727ba02ff5b5019007d9388"}]}], ["Kedaulatan undang-undang adalah prinsip hukum yang harus memerintah suatu negara, yang bertentangan dengan keputusan sewenang-wenangnya dari pejabat-pejabat pemerintah masing-masing. Ini terutama merujuk kepada pengaruh dan kewibawaan undang-undang dalam masyarakat, terutamanya sebagai kendala atas tingkah laku, termasuk tingkah laku pegawai kerajaan. Frasa ini dapat ditelusuri kembali ke abad ke-16 Britania, dan pada abad berikutnya ahli teologi Scotland Samuel Rutherford menggunakan frasa dalam hujahnya terhadap hak ilahi raja. Kedaulatan undang-undang semakin dipopulerkan pada abad ke-19 oleh ahli hukum British A. V. Dicey. Konsep itu, jika bukan frasa, sudah biasa kepada ahli falsafah kuno seperti Aristotle, yang menulis \"Hukum harus memerintah\". <> Mana ahli teologi Scotland yang pertama dikreditkan dengan menggunakan ungkapan \"aturan undang-undang\"? || Samuel Rutherford <> Yang jurujual Inggeris yang mana kemudian membuat frasa \"aturan undang-undang\" yang popular pada tahun 1800-an? || A. V. Dicey <> Frasa apa yang digunakan Ariostle yang berkaitan dengan \"aturan undang-undang\"? || Undang-undang harus memerintah <> Samuel Rutherford menggunakan prinsip kedaulatan undang-undang untuk membantah titik apa? || melawan hak ilahi raja <> Menurut kedaulatan hukum, apa yang harus menahan penentuan aturan di tanah? || undang-undang", {"context": "The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote \"Law should govern\".", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 432, "text": "Samuel Rutherford"}], "question": "Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase \"rule of law\"?", "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d9358"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 595, "text": "A. V. Dicey"}], "question": "Which British jurist later made the phrase \"rule of law\" popular in the 1800s?", "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d9359"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 707, "text": "Law should govern"}], "question": "What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to \"the rule of law\"?", "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935a"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 482, "text": "against the divine right of kings"}], "question": "Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?", "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935b"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "law"}], "question": "According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? ", "id": "5727b808ff5b5019007d935c"}]}], ["Di India, teks perlembagaan terpanjang dalam sejarah dunia telah memerintah negara itu sejak 1950. Walaupun Perlembagaan India mungkin telah bertujuan untuk memberikan butiran yang akan membatasi peluang untuk kebijaksanaan kehakiman, lebih banyak teks terdapat dalam perlembagaan peluang yang lebih besar dapat dilihat oleh badan kehakiman. Menurut wartawan India, Harish Khare, \"Perintah hukum atau sebaliknya Perlembagaan [adalah] dalam bahaya digantikan oleh aturan hakim.\" <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai versi perlembagaan yang paling lama? || India <> Dalam tahun apakah perlembagaan India digubal? || 1950 <> Negara apakah yang mempunyai Perlembagaan terpanjang? || India <> Di Thailand, panjang perlembagaan memberi kesan kepada hakim peluang untuk melakukan apa? || semakan kehakiman <> Apa yang ada dalam kedudukan untuk mengawal kedaulatan undang-undang di Thailand? || peraturan hakim", {"context": "In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, \"The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "India"}], "question": "What country has the longest version of a constitution?", "id": "5727daee3acd2414000dee21"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 102, "text": "1950"}], "question": "In what year was India's constitution drafted?", "id": "5727daee3acd2414000dee22"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "India"}], "question": "What country has the longest Constitution?", "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d983e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 343, "text": "judicial review"}], "question": "In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?", "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d9840"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 491, "text": "rule of judges"}], "question": "What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?", "id": "5727dc5b2ca10214002d9841"}]}], ["Pada tahun 1959, perhimpunan antarabangsa lebih daripada 185 hakim, peguam, dan profesor undang-undang dari 53 negara, bertemu di New Delhi dan bercakap sebagai Suruhanjaya Jurisdal Antarabangsa, membuat perisytiharan tentang prinsip asas kedaulatan undang-undang. Inilah Deklarasi Delhi. Mereka mengisytiharkan bahawa kedaulatan undang-undang membuktikan hak dan kebebasan tertentu, bahawa ia menyiratkan sebuah badan kehakiman yang bebas, dan itu menandakan keadaan sosial, ekonomi dan budaya yang kondusif untuk maruah manusia. Perisytiharan Delhi tidak, bagaimanapun, mencadangkan bahawa kedaulatan undang-undang memerlukan kuasa perundangan untuk ditinjau oleh semakan kehakiman. <> Bilakah Deklarasi Delhi berlaku? || 1959 <> Berapa ramai hakim mengambil bahagian dalam Deklarasi Delhi? || 185 <> Menurut Deklarasi Delhi, apa yang memberikan hak dan kebebasan tertentu? || Peraturan undang-undang <> Menurut Deklarasi Delhi, apakah jenis syarat yang diperlukan untuk maruah manusia? || sosial, ekonomi dan budaya", {"context": "In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "1959"}], "question": "When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?", "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d970e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 44, "text": "185"}], "question": "How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?", "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d970f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 310, "text": "rule of law"}], "question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?", "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d9710"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 421, "text": "social, economic and cultural"}], "question": "According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?", "id": "5727dd8dff5b5019007d9711"}]}], ["Kebudayaan Asia Timur dipengaruhi oleh dua buah sekolah pemikiran, Confucianism, yang menganjurkan tadbir urus yang baik sebagai peraturan oleh para pemimpin yang baik hati dan berbudi luhur, dan Legalisme, yang menganjurkan kepatuhan terhadap undang-undang. Pengaruh satu sekolah pemikiran terhadap yang lain telah berubah sepanjang abad. Satu kajian menunjukkan bahawa di seluruh Asia Timur, hanya Korea Selatan, Singapura, Jepun, Taiwan dan Hong Kong mempunyai masyarakat yang teguh komited kepada keadaan undang-undang. Menurut Awzar Thi, ahli Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia Asia, peraturan undang-undang di Thailand, Kemboja, dan kebanyakan Asia lemah atau tidak ada: <> Apa falsafah Asia Timur menekankan kepemimpinan mulia? || Falsafah Asia Timur Apa yang ditekankan oleh falsafah Asia Timur? || Legalisme <> Berapa kuatnya undang-undang di kebanyakan negara Asia? || lemah atau tidak ada <> Negara-negara Asia mana yang tegas mematuhi undang-undang? || Korea Selatan, Singapura, Jepun, Taiwan dan Hong Kong", {"context": "East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 62, "text": "Confucianism"}], "question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? ", "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 164, "text": "Legalism"}], "question": "What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?", "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 605, "text": "weak or nonexistent"}], "question": "How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?", "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 358, "text": "South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong"}], "question": "Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?", "id": "5727d6363acd2414000dedc4"}]}], ["Di Thailand, sebuah kerajaan yang mempunyai perlembagaan sejak percubaan awal untuk menggulingkan sistem monarki mutlak pada tahun 1932, kedaulatan undang-undang telah menjadi lebih daripada prinsip daripada praktik sebenar. [Rujukan?] Prasangka purba dan kecenderungan politik telah hadir dalam tiga cabang kerajaan dengan masing-masing penubuhannya, dan keadilan telah diproses secara formal menurut undang-undang tetapi sebenarnya lebih dekat dengan prinsip-prinsip kerajaan yang masih dianjurkan pada abad ke-21. [rujukan?] Pada bulan November 2013, Thailand masih menghadapi ancaman lagi kepada kedaulatan undang-undang apabila cawangan eksekutif menolak keputusan mahkamah tertinggi tentang bagaimana memilih senator. [rujukan?] <> Di mana peraturan undang-undang lebih banyak teori daripada cara hidup? || Thailand <> Di Thailand, apakah cawangan kerajaan menolak cadangan pemilihan senator? || cawangan eksekutif <> Menurut prinsip apa yang paling undang-undang di Thailand memutuskan? || > Kerajaan Thailand pertama kali cuba menggulingkan kerajaannya yang dikendalikan oleh seorang raja? || 1932 <> Apa yang membahayakan pematuhan Perlembagaan di Thailand? || Prasangka purba dan kecenderungan politik", {"context": "In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 3, "text": "Thailand"}], "question": "Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? ", "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96ca"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 599, "text": "executive branch"}], "question": "In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?", "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cc"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 433, "text": "royalist"}], "question": "According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?", "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 122, "text": "1932"}], "question": "When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?", "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96cd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 212, "text": "Ancient prejudices and political bias"}], "question": "What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?", "id": "5727d93fff5b5019007d96ce"}]}], ["Perhimpunan Agung telah menganggap kedaulatan undang-undang sebagai item agenda sejak tahun 1992, dengan minat yang diperbaharui sejak tahun 2006 dan telah mengadopsi resolusi pada tiga sesi terakhirnya. Majlis Keselamatan telah mengadakan beberapa perdebatan tematik tentang kedaulatan undang-undang, dan mengadopsi resolusi yang menekankan pentingnya isu-isu ini dalam konteks perempuan, kedamaian dan keamanan, anak-anak dalam konflik bersenjata, dan perlindungan orang awam dalam konflik bersenjata. Suruhanjaya Peacebuilding juga sering menangani isu undang-undang berkaitan dengan negara-negara dalam agendanya. Perisytiharan Vienna dan Program Tindakan juga memerlukan kedaulatan undang-undang dimasukkan dalam pendidikan hak asasi manusia. <> Apabila kedaulatan undang-undang menjadi item agenda untuk Perhimpunan Agung? || 1992 <> Apa organisasi membahaskan peraturan undang-undang? || Majlis Keselamatan <> Organisasi apa yang memenuhi untuk membincangkan dan menentukan negara-negara yang dianggap oleh kedaulatan undang-undang? || Suruhanjaya Peacebuilding <> Apakah Deklarasi dan Program Tindakan Vienna menghendaki kedaulatan undang-undang digunakan? || pendidikan hak asasi manusia <> Pada tahun berapa faedah diperbaharui dalam kedaulatan undang-undang dalam Perhimpunan Agung? || 2006", {"context": "The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 72, "text": "1992"}], "question": "When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?", "id": "5727df564b864d1900163ef8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 167, "text": "The Security Council"}], "question": "What organization debates the rule of law?", "id": "5727df564b864d1900163ef9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 437, "text": "The Peacebuilding Commission"}], "question": "What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?", "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efa"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 647, "text": "human rights education"}], "question": "What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?", "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efb"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 106, "text": "2006"}], "question": "In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?", "id": "5727df564b864d1900163efc"}]}], ["Di negara-negara seperti China dan Vietnam, peralihan kepada ekonomi pasaran telah menjadi faktor utama dalam langkah ke arah kedaulatan undang-undang, kerana peraturan undang-undang adalah penting bagi pelabur asing dan pembangunan ekonomi. Ia masih tidak jelas sama ada peraturan undang-undang di negara-negara seperti China dan Vietnam akan terhad kepada perkara-perkara komersial atau akan tumpah ke kawasan-kawasan lain juga, dan jika demikian sama ada limpahan itu akan meningkatkan prospek untuk nilai-nilai yang berkaitan seperti demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia. Kedaulatan undang-undang di China telah banyak dibincangkan dan dibahaskan oleh kedua-dua ulama dan ahli politik di China. <> Yang mana dua negara Asia telah mula mengamalkan kedaulatan undang-undang? || China dan Vietnam <> Apa yang mempengaruhi China dan Vietnam untuk mematuhi undang-undang? || peralihan kepada ekonomi pasaran <> Siapa yang membahaskan pergantungan pada kedaulatan undang-undang di China? || cendekiawan undang-undang dan ahli politik <> Kepada siapa yang menjadi peraturan undang-undang yang penting dalam transaksi perdagangan China? || pelabur asing <> Apa nilai yang mungkin mematuhi peraturan undang-undang seterusnya mempengaruhi China? || demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia", {"context": "In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 21, "text": "China and Vietnam"}], "question": "Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?", "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ac"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "the transition to a market economy"}], "question": "What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?", "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ad"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 557, "text": "legal scholars and politicians"}], "question": "Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?", "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96ae"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 171, "text": "foreign investors"}], "question": "To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?", "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96af"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 458, "text": "democracy and human rights"}], "question": "What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?", "id": "5727d747ff5b5019007d96b0"}]}], ["James Wilson berkata semasa Konvensyen Philadelphia pada 1787 bahawa, \"Undang-undang mungkin tidak adil, mungkin tidak bijak, mungkin berbahaya, mungkin merosakkan, tetapi tidak begitu tidak berperlembagaan untuk membenarkan Hakim-hakim dalam menolak untuk memberi kesan kepada mereka.\" George Mason bersetuju bahawa hakim \"boleh mengisytiharkan tidak sah undang-undang yang tidak berperlembagaan, tetapi berkenaan dengan setiap undang-undang, bagaimanapun tidak adil, menindas atau merosakkan, yang tidak jelas di bawah penerangan ini, mereka akan berada di bawah kehendak sebagai hakim untuk memberikannya kursus percuma . \" Ketua Hakim John Marshall (bergabung dengan Justice Joseph Story) mengambil kedudukan yang sama pada tahun 1827: \"Apabila kewujudannya sebagai undang-undang ditolak, kewujudan itu tidak dapat dibuktikan dengan menunjukkan apa sifat-sifat hukum.\" <> Bilakah Konvensyen Philadelphia? || 1787 <> Siapa yang bercakap di Konvensyen Philadelphia tentang kekacauan berpotensi kerana tidak mempunyai hakim dapat menguatkuasakan undang-undang? || James Wilson <> Apakah tajuk John Marshall? || Ketua Hakim <> Apa yang George Mason menyatakan bahwa hakim dapat melakukan hukum? || mengisytiharkan tidak sah undang-undang yang tidak berperlembagaan", {"context": "James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, \"Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect.\" George Mason agreed that judges \"could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course.\" Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: \"When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 56, "text": "1787"}], "question": "When was the Philadelphia Convention?", "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7d"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "James Wilson"}], "question": "Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?", "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7e"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 506, "text": "Chief Justice"}], "question": "What was John Marshall's title?", "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded7f"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "declare an unconstitutional law void"}], "question": "What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?", "id": "5727d3cf3acd2414000ded80"}]}], ["Ulama terus membahaskan sama ada Perlembagaan A.S. mengguna pakai tafsiran tertentu mengenai \"kedaulatan undang-undang,\" dan jika ya, yang mana satu. Sebagai contoh, John Harrison menegaskan bahawa perkataan \"undang-undang\" dalam Perlembagaan hanya ditakrifkan sebagai yang mengikat secara sah, bukannya \"ditakrifkan oleh kriteria formal atau substantif,\" dan oleh itu hakim tidak mempunyai kebijaksanaan untuk memutuskan bahawa undang-undang gagal memenuhi kriteria yang tidak tertulis dan tidak jelas. Undang-undang Profesor Frederick Mark Gedicks tidak bersetuju, menulis bahawa Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, dan framers Perlembagaan A.S. percaya bahawa undang-undang yang tidak adil tidak benar-benar undang-undang sama sekali. <> Siapa yang tidak bersetuju dengan idea yang dicadangkan oleh John Harrison? || Undang-undang Profesor Frederick Mark Gedicks <> Untuk apa prinsip-prinsip apakah ia dibahaskan sama ada ia dibina atau tidak mengikut peraturan undang-undang? || Perlembagaan A.S. <> Menurut John Harrison, melalui Perlembagaan, apakah undang-undang? || yang sah mengikat <> Menurut Frederick Mark Gedicks, yang percaya bahawa undang-undang yang tidak adil itu tidak benar-benar undang-undang? || kerangka Perlembagaan A.S.", {"context": "Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the \"rule of law,\" and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word \"law\" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being \"defined by formal or substantive criteria,\" and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 443, "text": "Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks"}], "question": "Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?", "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9746"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 40, "text": "U.S. Constitution"}], "question": "For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?", "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9747"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 234, "text": "that which is legally binding"}], "question": "According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?", "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9748"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 543, "text": "the framers of the U.S. Constitution"}], "question": "According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?", "id": "5727d1372ca10214002d9749"}]}], ["Semua pegawai kerajaan Amerika Syarikat, termasuk Presiden, Hakim Mahkamah Agung, hakim dan penggubal undang-undang negara, dan semua anggota Kongres, berjanji terlebih dahulu untuk menegakkan Perlembagaan. Sumpah ini mengesahkan bahawa kedaulatan undang-undang adalah lebih baik dari ketentuan mana-mana pemimpin manusia. Pada masa yang sama, kerajaan persekutuan mempunyai budi bicara yang cukup: cawangan perundangan bebas untuk memutuskan apa statut yang akan ditulisnya, selagi ia kekal dalam kuasa yang disebutkan dan menghormati hak-hak individu yang dilindungi perlembagaan. Begitu juga cawangan kehakiman mempunyai tahap budi bicara kehakiman, dan cawangan eksekutif juga mempunyai kuasa budi bicara termasuk kebijaksanaan pendakwa. <> Menurut Perlembagaan, apakah yang lebih baik dari peraturan manusia? || Peraturan undang-undang <> Apakah hakim Presiden dan Mahkamah Agung bersumpah? || Perlembagaan <> Apakah hakim Presiden dan Mahkamah Agung bersumpah untuk menegakkan? || Perlembagaan <> Menurut Perlembagaan, apakah peraturan undang-undang yang unggul? || peraturan mana-mana pemimpin manusia <> Apakah cawangan kerajaan mempunyai budi bicara pendakwaan? || cawangan eksekutif <> Apa cawangan kerajaan boleh menentukan apa yang dia buat? || cawangan undang-undang <> Yang cawangan kerajaan mempunyai budi bicara kehakiman? || cawangan kehakiman", {"context": "All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 247, "text": "rule of law"}], "question": "According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?", "id": "5727ccf43acd2414000decbe"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?", "id": "5727ccf43acd2414000decbd"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 201, "text": "the Constitution"}], "question": "What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?", "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a6"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 274, "text": "the rule of any human leader"}], "question": "According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?", "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a7"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 635, "text": "executive branch"}], "question": "What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?", "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a8"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 378, "text": "legislative branch"}], "question": "What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?", "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95a9"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 574, "text": "judicial branch"}], "question": "Which branch of government has judicial discretion?", "id": "5727ce98ff5b5019007d95aa"}]}], ["Yang lain berpendapat bahawa kedaulatan undang-undang telah terselamat tetapi telah diubah untuk membolehkan pengawasan budi oleh pentadbir. Untuk sebahagian besar sejarah Amerika, pengertian dominan tentang kedaulatan undang-undang, dalam penetapan ini, telah menjadi sebahagian daripada versi AV Dicey: \"tiada seorang pun yang boleh dihukum atau boleh dibuat secara sah untuk menderita dalam tubuh atau barang kecuali pelanggaran undang-undang yang berlainan ditubuhkan dengan cara biasa biasa sebelum Mahkamah biasa tanah. \"Artinya, individu harus dapat mencabar perintah pentadbiran dengan membawa guaman di mahkamah bidang kuasa umum. Sebagai komisen kompaun pampasan pekerja, komisen utiliti awam dan badan-badan lain yang ditonjolkan, tidak lama kemudian menjadi jelas bahawa membenarkan hakim membuat keputusan untuk diri mereka sendiri semua fakta dalam pertikaian (seperti sejauh mana kecederaan dalam kes pampasan pekerja) akan mengatasi mahkamah dan memusnahkan kelebihan pengkhususan yang membawa kepada penciptaan agensi pentadbiran di tempat pertama. Malah, Charles Evans Hughes, Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat, percaya \"anda mesti mempunyai pentadbiran, dan anda mesti mempunyai pentadbiran oleh pegawai pentadbiran.\" Pada tahun 1941, kompromi telah muncul. Jika pentadbir mengamalkan prosedur yang lebih atau kurang dikesan \"cara undang-undang biasa\" mahkamah, mengkaji semula fakta dengan \"Mahkamah biasa tanah\" adalah tidak perlu. Iaitu, jika anda mempunyai \"hari komisen\" anda, kedaulatan undang-undang tidak memerlukan \"hari di mahkamah\" lagi. Oleh itu, peraturan undang-undang Dicey semula menjadi bentuk prosedur semata-mata. <> Bilakah kompromi mencapai prosedur pentadbiran untuk penentuan undang-undang? || 1941 <> Siapa yang boleh menentukan sama ada undang-undang harus didekati secara berbeza? || pentadbir <> Siapa yang patut dapat mencabar perintah pentadbiran di mahkamah? || individu <> Siapa yang bernama Charles Evans Hughes? || Ketua Hakim Negara Amerika Syarikat", {"context": "Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: \u201cno man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.\u201d That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed \u201cyou must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.\u201d By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked \"the ordinary legal manner\" of the courts, further review of the facts by \"the ordinary Courts of the land\" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your \"day in commission,\" the rule of law did not require a further \"day in court.\" Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 1151, "text": "1941"}], "question": "When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?", "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9760"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 110, "text": "administrators"}], "question": "Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?", "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9761"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 453, "text": "individuals"}], "question": "Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?", "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9762"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 1008, "text": "a Chief Justice of the United States"}], "question": "Who was Charles Evans Hughes?", "id": "5727d29d2ca10214002d9763"}]}], ["Pertubuhan Undang-Undang Pembangunan Antarabangsa (IDLO) adalah organisasi antara kerajaan dengan tumpuan bersama untuk mempromosikan kedaulatan undang-undang dan pembangunan. Ia berfungsi untuk memperkasakan orang dan masyarakat untuk menuntut hak mereka, dan menyediakan kerajaan dengan pengetahuan untuk merealisasikannya. Ia menyokong negara-negara maju dan negara berpendapatan sederhana untuk mengukuhkan keupayaan undang-undang dan peraturan undang-undang untuk pembangunan mampan dan ekonomi. Ia adalah satu-satunya organisasi antara kerajaan dengan mandat eksklusif untuk menggalakkan kedaulatan undang-undang dan mempunyai pengalaman bekerja di lebih daripada 170 buah negara di seluruh dunia. <> Organisasi apa yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan kepatuhan kepada kedaulatan undang-undang? || Organisasi Undang-undang Pembangunan Antarabangsa <> Apakah jenis ekonomi yang IDLO fokus untuk membantu? || ekonomi sedang pesat membangun dan pendapatan sederhana <> Dengan berapa banyak negara yang bekerja IDLO? || lebih daripada 170", {"context": "The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 0, "text": "The International Development Law Organization"}], "question": "What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?", "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 297, "text": "emerging economies and middle-income"}], "question": "What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?", "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 588, "text": "more than 170"}], "question": "With how many countries does the IDLO work?", "id": "5727e04e3acd2414000deeb5"}]}], ["Ahli ekonomi F. A. Hayek menganalisis bagaimana Peraturan Undang-undang mungkin memberi manfaat kepada pasaran bebas. Hayek mencadangkan bahawa di bawah Undang-undang Orang individu akan dapat membuat pelaburan bijak dan rancangan masa depan dengan keyakinan terhadap pulangan pelaburan yang berjaya apabila dia menyatakan: \"di bawah Peraturan Undang-undang, kerajaan dicegah daripada memusnahkan usaha individu dengan tindakan ad hoc Di dalam peraturan permainan yang diketahui individu bebas untuk mengejar hajat dan keinginan peribadinya, dengan pasti bahawa kuasa kerajaan tidak akan sengaja digunakan untuk mengecilkan usaha-usahanya. \" <> Apakah profesion F.A. Hayek? || ahli ekonomi <> Menurut Hayek, dengan aturan undang-undang di tempat apa yang akan membantu orang membuat pelaburan lebih bijak? || keyakinan dalam pulangan pelaburan yang berjaya <> Menurut Hayek, kuasa pemerintahan yang terbatas melalui kedaulatan undang-undang tidak melakukan apa-apa kepada orang? || kecewa dengan usahanya <> Menurut Hayek, orang bebas melakukan apa yang berlaku dalam kedaulatan hukum? || mengejar hajat peribadi dan keinginannya", {"context": "The economist F. A. Hayek analyzed how the Rule of Law might be beneficial to the free market. Hayek proposed that under the Rule of Law individuals would be able to make wise investments and future plans with some confidence in a successful return on investment when he stated: \"under the Rule of Law the government is prevented from stultifying individual efforts by ad hoc action. Within the known rules of the game the individual is free to pursue his personal ends and desires, certain that the powers of government will not be used deliberately to frustrate his efforts.\"", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 4, "text": "economist"}], "question": "What is F.A. Hayek's profession?", "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 215, "text": "confidence in a successful return on investment"}], "question": "According to Hayek, with the rule of law in place what will help people make more wise investments?", "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d1"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 554, "text": "frustrate his efforts"}], "question": "According to Hayek, limited governemnt power through the rule of law does not do what to people?", "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 445, "text": "pursue his personal ends and desires"}], "question": "According to Hayek, people are free to do what within the rule of law?", "id": "5727e43a2ca10214002d98d3"}]}], ["Peraturan Undang-undang sangat penting sebagai pengaruh terhadap pembangunan ekonomi di negara-negara maju dan peralihan. Sehingga kini, istilah \"peraturan undang-undang\" telah digunakan terutamanya di negara-negara berbahasa Inggeris, dan belum dijelaskan sepenuhnya walaupun berkenaan demokrasi negara seperti Sweden, Denmark, Perancis, Jerman, atau Jepun. Satu bahasa yang sama antara peguam undang-undang umum dan negara-negara undang-undang sivil serta antara komuniti undang-undang negara-negara maju dan membangun adalah sangat penting untuk penyelidikan hubungan antara kedaulatan undang-undang dan ekonomi sebenar. <> Bahasa apa yang digunakan dalam kebanyakan undang-undang negara? || Bahasa Inggeris <> Di negara bukan berbahasa Inggeris, apakah peraturan undang-undang yang disebut? || belum dijelaskan sepenuhnya <> Dalam apa jenis negara adalah peraturan undang-undang yang penting untuk ekonomi? || membangun dan memindahkan <> Apa negara-negara lain yang berjaya demokrasi? || Sweden, Denmark, Perancis, Jerman, atau Jepun <> Apa yang penting untuk perbincangan mengenai peraturan, undang-undang, dan ekonomi? || Bahasa biasa", {"context": "The Rule of Law is especially important as an influence on the economic development in developing and transitional countries. To date, the term \u201crule of law\u201d has been used primarily in the English-speaking countries, and it is not yet fully clarified even with regard to such well-established democracies as, for instance, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan. A common language between lawyers of common law and civil law countries as well as between legal communities of developed and developing countries is critically important for research of links between the rule of law and real economy.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 189, "text": "English"}], "question": "What language is spoken in most rule of law countries?", "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a2"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 227, "text": "not yet fully clarified"}], "question": "In non English speaking countries, what is the rule of law referred to as?", "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a4"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 87, "text": "developing and transitional"}], "question": "In what types of countries is the rule of law important to the economy?", "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a3"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 323, "text": "Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, or Japan"}], "question": "What other countries have successful democracies?", "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a5"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 369, "text": "common language"}], "question": "What is critically important for discussion of rules, laws, and the economy?", "id": "5727e339ff5b5019007d97a6"}]}], ["Salah satu aspek penting dalam inisiatif peraturan-undang-undang adalah kajian dan analisis peraturan undang-undang mengenai pembangunan ekonomi. Pergerakan peraturan undang-undang tidak dapat sepenuhnya berjaya di negara-negara peralihan dan membangun tanpa jawapan kepada soalan: adakah peraturan undang-undang untuk pembangunan ekonomi atau tidak? Ekonomi perlembagaan adalah mengkaji kesesuaian keputusan ekonomi dan kewangan dalam rangka kerja undang-undang perlembagaan yang ada, dan rangka kerja tersebut termasuk perbelanjaan pemerintah pada badan peradilan, yang, di banyak negara transisi dan berkembang, sepenuhnya dikendalikan oleh eksekutif. Ia berguna untuk membezakan antara dua kaedah rasuah badan kehakiman: korupsi oleh cawangan eksekutif, berbeza dengan rasuah oleh pelaku swasta. <> Impak peraturan undang-undang mengenai apa yang dikaji dengan teliti? || pembangunan ekonomi <> Doktrin apa yang cuba mengkaji peraturan dan hubungan mereka dengan ekonomi? || Ekonomi Perlembagaan <> Dalam apa cawangan kerajaan rasuah diperiksa? || cawangan eksekutif <> Di negara-negara membangun, yang membuat sebahagian besar keputusan perbelanjaan? || eksekutif <> Apakah istilah untuk rasuah oleh individu? || rasuah oleh pelakon swasta", {"context": "One important aspect of the rule-of-law initiatives is the study and analysis of the rule of law\u2019s impact on economic development. The rule-of-law movement cannot be fully successful in transitional and developing countries without an answer to the question: does the rule of law matter for economic development or not? Constitutional economics is the study of the compatibility of economic and financial decisions within existing constitutional law frameworks, and such a framework includes government spending on the judiciary, which, in many transitional and developing countries, is completely controlled by the executive. It is useful to distinguish between the two methods of corruption of the judiciary: corruption by the executive branch, in contrast to corruption by private actors.", "qas": [{"answers": [{"answer_start": 109, "text": "economic development"}], "question": "The impact of the rule of law on what is closely studied?", "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeed"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 320, "text": "Constitutional economics"}], "question": "What doctrine seeks to study rules and their relationship with the economy?", "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeee"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 729, "text": "executive branch"}], "question": "In what branch of government is corruption examined?", "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deeef"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 612, "text": "the executive"}], "question": "In developing countries, who makes most of the spending decisions?", "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deef0"}, {"answers": [{"answer_start": 762, "text": "corruption by private actors"}], "question": "What is the term for corruption by individuals?", "id": "5727e2483acd2414000deef1"}]}]]]